Biographical dictionary of medallists : coin, gem, and sealengravers, mint-masters, &c., ancient and modern, with references to their works B.C. 500-A.D. 1900

- m

(J

1

UILDINGUSE

NON'CIRCULATING
TO ALL

^.■^'JJ^AJl

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2007 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/biographicaldict02forriala

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

OF

MEDALLISTS

VOLUME II

PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (fRANCe)

Drj;': voa Gabr. C. i :•'. D«iliiger in Einiiadeln

^.^^^/r^^^^lf^y^^^

Portrait of Hetilinger, after Wyrsch.

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

OF

MEDALLISTS

COIN-, GEM-, AND SEAL-ENGRAVERS

MINT-MASTERS, &c.

ANCIENT AND MODERN

WITH REFERENCES TO THEIR WORKS

B.C. 500 — A.D. 1900
COMPILED

BY

L. FORRER

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY ;

MEMBER

OF THE BRITISH, SWISS, ITALIAN, BELGIAN, MILANESE AND VIENNESE NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES;

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETE FRANQAISE DE NUMISMATIQUE,

AND OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

OF NEW-YORK;

MEMBRE FONDATEUR DE LA SOCIETE HOLLANDAISE-BELGE DES AMIS DE LA MEDAILLE d'ART

ET DE LA SOCIETIE FRANgAISE DES AMIS DE LA MEDAILLE, &C.

VOLUME II

EDITION LIMITED TO 30O COPIES

LONDON
SPINK & SON U""

16, 17 & 18 PICCADILLY W. — I & 2 GRACECHURCH ST. E.G.
1904

C6

5'5'35
F77b

PREFACE

In presenting to my friends and to the public the second volume of the
Dictionary of Medallists, / wish to express my deep gratitude for the
very kindly reception given to the first, the sympathy and approbation of
those who have accepted what has been done, and excused deficieruies ,
errors and oversights, which the wide range of my subject rendered un-
avoidable.

Still more diffident in my own powers, but not less trusting in the
generosity of my critics, I venture to send out the present volume.

I feel I may justly be accused of devoting too much space to the works
of contemporary medallists, sculptors, and amateurs, who, though they
tnay be skilful modellers, have never had any training in actual metal
work, either in casting or in die-engraving, and are not therefore, as were
the older medallists, masters of the material in which their works are
finally to appear.

The inherent, I fear irremediable, defect of the work belongs to its
original aim and object. My endeavour was to give, of both old and
nwdern medallists, succinct biographical notices accompanied by concise
summaries of their productions, following in this the plan of such works
as Nagler's AUgemeines Kiinstler Lexikon and other similar foreign
Biographical Dictionaries of artists. And it was therefore impossible for me
not to include the many artists now working in Europe who have
established a popularity for medallic art hitherto quite unknown.

340000

VI PREFACE

In the case of the older masters, any interested student may, by consulting
the various sources from which I have drawn my information, obtain all
that he requires ; but it is not so easy to find out particulars concerning
contemporary artists, and I have made it a special point not to omit any if
possible and to mention all their medallic productions kttawn to me. To
leave out certain artists — and it is a somewhat ungrateful task to dis-
criminate between the merits of contemporaries — would mean wotinding the
susceptibilities of many who have very kindly helped me in varied ways.

In writing of what belongs to the present time it is almost impossible to
avoid more or less inaccuracy, but I have refrained from undue enthu-
siasm, and endeavoured to insure correctness in the same degree as in
writing of things in the past.

I know that by including the names of modern Engravers and
Modellers, I shall materially increase the bulk of the work ; on the other
hand I feel sure that many who are specially interested in contemporary
Art will be glad to find references to living artists.

The lists of Mint-tnasters and Engravers zvill I am sure be found of
great service to numisnmtists, asl have already ascertained.

With this apology, I commend the present volume to the appreciation of
all those to whom the work may appeal, and trust it may receive the same
kind support as its predecessor.

L. FORRER.
May 190^.

ERRATA

p. 22. 6«h line from bottom : Galeano.

P. 23 J. 4th line from top and under illustration : Director-General.

P. 383. 2nJ line from bottom : Num. Chron., 1904, Pari I.

Additional matter will appear in a final Supplement.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

OF

MEDALLISTS

Coin, Gem, ami Seal Engravers, Ancient and Modern,
u'ith References to their Works.

B.C. 500 — A.D. 1900
(Including the names of several hitherto unpublished Artists)

VOLUME II

E

E. (Greek). Supposed artists signature on coins of Thurium.

E. Fide EITZE Mint-master at duedlinburg, 1615-1617; also
T.E.

E. Fiii.' THOMAS EAST. London Die-sinker and Medallist of the
second half of the seventeenth century.

E. Fide EBERHARD. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1740-1754; also
G.H.E.

E. Fide JOHANN JACOB ENCKE. Mint-master, and Die-sinker at
Hanau, 1740-1770.

E. Fide EBLLIHG, JOHANN CHRISTOPH. Die-sinker at Brunswick,

1750-1766.

E. r/iA' TOBIAS ERNST. Die-sinker at Berlin, 1755.

E. Fide EINHORNING JUNIOR. Die-sinker at Stockholm, 1780-
1844; also C.E.

L. FoRREK. — Biographical Noticts of Medallists. — II. I

— 2 —

E. Vide. ENEGREN. Die-sinker at Stockholm, from 1815 to about
1855; also G.A.E.

£. and a key. Vide CASPAR AYRER. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
M., 1618-1625, and Mayence, 1627.

A. E. Vide ADAM HEINRICH EHRENREICH. Mint-master at Bres-
lau, I743I75I-

B. E. Signature of a Niello-engraver whose name and nationaHty
are unknown.

B. E. Vide BUDA (Mint) and ECKENBERGER (Kammergraf),
1458-1490.

B. E. Vide BENEDETTO ERIZZO. Rector of Cattaro, 15 74- 15 76.

CE. Vide CASPAR ENDERLEIN. Medallist of the first half of the
seventeenth century.

C. E. Vide CHRISTIAN EMMERICH. Mint-master at Gadebusch,
1621-1623.

C. E. rirf<? CARL ENHORNING. Medallist at Stockholm, 1780-1800.

C. E. r/W^CARLENHORNING. Medallist at Stockholm, 1809-1844.

C. E. C. Vide EKEBLAD. Die-sinker at Stockholm, circa 1800.

C. E. M. Vide CHRISTIAN ERNST MULLER. Die-sinker at Augs-
burg, 1717-1741, Warden of the Mint at Oettingen, 1759-1761.

C. E. R. Vide CARL ERNST RIESING. Die-sinker at Wiirzburg,
about 1793-1798.

C. E. S. Vide CHRISTOPH ENGELHARD SEIDENSTUCKER. Mint-
master at Zellerfeld, 1780-1785.

E. E. Vide E. ERCKRATH. Die-sinker at Offenbach, circa 1880.

F. E. F/Jc FRANZ ENGEL. Mint-master at Bonn, 1638-1649.

F. E. Vide FRIEDRICH EBERLE. Warden of the Mint at Mannheim,
1802.

F. E. Vide FRIEDRICH ERHARDT. German Die-sinker, circa 1840.

E. E. W. Vide FRIEDRICH ERNST WERMUTH. Mint-master at Hild-
burghausen, 1716-1718.

G. E. Vide GOTTFRIED EHRLICH. Warden of the Mint at Saalfeld,
1623, and Sagan, in the service of Wallenstein, 1628-1630.

— 3 —
G. E. Fide GREGOR EGERER. Mint-master at Prague, 1694-1709.

G. E. Fide GEORG EHLE. Die-sinker at Vienna, 1755-1759.

H. E Fide. HEINRICH ELBERSKIRCHEN. Mint-master at Coblenz,
1669-1675.

H. E. A. Fide HEINRICH ERNST ANGERSTEIN. Mint-master at
Coburg, 1686-1705.

I. E. Fide JACOB EISENVALET. Mint-master at Gottingen, 1626-
1628.

I.E. Fide JOHANN ENGELHARD. Polish Die-sinker, circa 1633.
I. E. Fide JOHANN ELERS. Mint-master at Magdeburg, 1678- 1690.

I. E. Fide JOHANN ENKE. Mint-master at Hanau, 1740-1770;
also I. I.E.

I. E. Fide I. ERICSSON. Swedish Die-sinker, 1860-1868.

I. E. B. Fide JOHANN EPHRAIM BAUERT. Die-sinker and Medal-
list of Copenhagen, 1760- 1794, -j* 1800.

I. E. C. Fide JOHANN ERNST CROLL. Mint-master at Dresden,
1779-1804.

I. E. G. Fide JOHANN ERNST GRAUL. Mint-master to the Princes
of Anhalt. 1692-1693.

I. E. K. r/i^ JOHANN ENGELHARD KRULL. Mint-master at Hanau,
1737-1742, and Brunswick, 1742-1750.

I. E. Fide I. ENDLETSBERGER. Austrian MedalUst 1 778-1826.

IE. 0. Fide GIROLAMO ORIO. Rector of Cattaro, 1492-1494.

I. E. R. Fide JOHANN EGIDIUS ROSCH. Mint-master at Nuremberg,
1794-1806.

I. E. S. Fide JOHANN ERICH SCHILD. Mint-master at Hanover*
1698.

I. E. V. C. Fide JULIANUS EBERHARD VOLKMAR CLAUS. Mint-
master at Stolberg, 1750-1765, Director of the Erfurt Mint, 1779,
t 1804.

K. E. Fide E. KERN (Warden) and EBENAUER (Mint-master) at
Schwalbach, 175 8- 1765.

M. E. Fide MICHAEL EDLER. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1724-173 1;
also I . M . E .

— 4 —
0. E. Vide OEXLEIN. Die-sinker at Nuremberg, 1740- 1787.
P. E. Vide PAUL EGGERS. Mint-master at Rostock, 1670-1672.

R. E. Vide RUDOLBH ERNST OECKERMANN. Mint-master at Dan-
zig, 1760-1766.

T. E. VideTOmnS EITZE. Mint-master at Quedlinbure, 1615-1617.

T. E. Vide ELIAS TISCO. Mint-master at Parma, 1 644-1652.

W. E. Vide EBERHARD WERNER. Mint-master at Minden, 1673,
Crossen, 1674, and Domitz, 1674-1680.

W. E. Vide E. WEBER (Warden) and EBERHARD (Mint-master) at

Wertheim, ij^yi'jj".

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, Erkldning der Abkilr^ungen auj
Mutt:{en der neuerenZeit, des MiUelalters und des Alterthitns , Berlin, 1896.

&. A fine medal of 1567, bearing the portrait, facing, of Wolft
Diirr, is signed JE in exergue. It is the work ot an unknown
German artist.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure des sech:^ehnten und siebiehnten
Jahrhuiiderts, Berlin, 1884.

(E. Signature of a German Medallist of the first half of the six-
teenth century. This monogram appears on the following struck
medals : 1530, John the Constant and John Frederick; — 153 3>
Charles V. and Isabella; — 1534, Steffan Schlick ^. Lorenz and
Katharina Schlick; — i535,Philipp of Hesse.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Erman, op. cit.

EAGLE (Medailleur a I'aigle) (Jtal.^. There is a series of six
medals, the reverses of which bear a spread eagle, sometimes sur-
charged with arms. One of these resembles very much the work
of Benedetto da Majano. Armand designates the unknown Medal-
list who executed these, as Medailleur a Vaigle. The medals are :
Giovanni Gaddi, -\ 1485; — Giovanni Gozzadini, 1477, -J- 1517;
— Giannantonio Guidi, 1459? f 1501; — Pietro Macchiavelli,
1460 -J- 15 19; — Maria Mucini; — and Filippo Strozzi, 1426
t 1491.

Bibliography. — A. Heiss, Les nu'dailleurs de la Renaissance : Florence et les Flo-
reuiins, I, Paris, 1891. —Armand, Les Medailleurs italiensdes XV^ et XVI^ siecles,
Paris, 1885. — Julius Friedlander, Die italienischen SchaumUnien des fiinfielmten
Jahrunderts, Berlin, 1880- 188 5.

EAST THOMAS (Brit.). Die-sinker and Seal-engraver to James II.
He was a pupil of Thomas Simon. His nephew, John Ross, filled

— 5 —

the office of Engraver at the Royal Mint until the accession of
George I.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, ShiTien -{ur Kunstgeschichte der modernen MedaiUen-
Arheit (142^-1840), Berlin, 1840. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Brit-
ain and Ireland, London, 1840.

EASTMAN, S. (Amer.). Designer of a medal, engraved circa 1856
by J. B. Longacre, of Commander Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham,
to commemorate the release of Martin Coszta.

E. B. Fide ERNST BRABANDT. Die-sinker at Celle, 1670-1705.

E. B. Vide LPERAI^ BRENN. Mint-master at Warsaw, 1774-1792.

E. B. C. FzV/^fiTIENNE, BOURGES (Mint-master) CHAMB£RY (Mint),
1565-1569.

EBELING, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Die-sinker, and Coin-
engraver at the Brunswick Mint, 1750-1766.

EBENAUER, JOHANN JACOB (G^rw.). Mint-master at Schwalbach,
1758-1767. His initial E and that of Kern, K, appear on the Con-
vention Thalers of that Mint between 1759 and 1767.

Bibliography. — J. L. Ammon, Sammlung beriihmter Medailleurs und Miini-
meister und ihre Zeichen, Nurnberg, 1778.

EBER, CONRAD or CUNTZ (Germ.). Mint-master at Nuremberg,
1509-11. He appears in 1481 as Goldsmith, 1488 asAssayer; 1493-
1506, Mint-master at Salzburg under Prince Bishop Leonhardt von
Keutschach; 1 506-1 508, Mint-master to Duke Albrecht IV. of
Bavaria.

EBERHARD, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Saalfeld,
1755-1765, and at Bayreuth, 1765-1768. He appears to have also
worked for Reuss in 1763. His initials I.C.E. appear on the cur-
rency issued under him. We have seen Convention Thalers and
Gulden of Henry XXIV. of Reuss-Lobenstein, dated 1765 by this
engraver, and also coins of John Frederick, of Schwarzburg-
Rudolstadt, 1764.

EBERHARD, G. H. (Germ.). Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1740-1754.

EBERHARD (Germ.). Mint-master at Wertheim, 1765-1777. His
issues are signed W . E .

EBERHARD, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-master at Wer-
theim, 1803.

EBERHARD, WERNER (Germ.). Born in 1627. He was not only
Master of the Mint at Crossen, but really Arrendator. From the

— 6 —

14''' February to 9'^ November 1674 he issued 8 Groschen pieces
to the value of 15454 Thalers, and Groschen for 10097 Thlr.
22 Groschen.

EBHERHARDUS (Austr.). Monetariuset dispensator. Mint-warden for
Styria, mentioned in 1166 and 1186.

EBERHARDUS (Austr.). Mint-master at Eger, fiirca 1279.

EBERLE, FRIEDRICH {Germ.). Warden of the Mint at Mannheim,
1802.

EBERLEIN, GUSTAV (Germ.). Contemporary BerHn Sculptor.
There is a commemorative medal by him of the Silver Wedding of
Crown-Prince Frederick of Germany, and Victoria, Princess- Royal
of England, 1883.

Bibliography. — D"" F. P. Weber, Medals and Medallions of the Nineteenth cen-
tury relating to England, hy foreign Artists, London, 1894.

EBERLINDS (EBERHARDUS) (Bohem.). Mint-master at Prague,
1253-1265.

EBERSON, L. H. (Belg.). Designer of a medal, engraved by de
Vries commemorating the centenary of the masonic lodge " De
Geldersche Broerderschap " at Arnhem, 1886.

EBICH, BLASIUS (Germ.). Die-cutter at Breslau, before 1592.

EBRALDUS (Freneh). Moneyer at Troyes, 11 57, under Count
Henry I. the Generous. He held the office oi magisterium et sculptura
ferrorum monete.

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Gravetirs de la Monnaie de Troyes du Xll« au
XVIlb siecle, Paris, 1892.

E. C. Vide ERNST DIETRICH CROLL. Mint-master at Weilburg,
1749-1752, Leipzig, 1753-1763, and Dresden, 1764-1778; also
E.D.C.

ECCLESTON, DANIEL (Brit.). His signature appears on a medal of
Washington, 1805, and on his token for Lancaster, 1794, which
exhibits his portrait.

E. C. D. Vide ERNST CASPAR DIFRR. Die-sinker at Dresden,
1670-1680, Zerbst, 1683-1692, and afterwards at Stettin and
Riga.

ECK, WILHELM VON (Germ.). Mint-master at Elbing, 1650-
1652.

ECKE, HANS VON (Germ.). Mint-master at Andreasberg (for
Brunswick, Cattenburg) (for Sayn-Wittgenstein) between 16 17 and

i62i ; afterwards for the Count of Schwarzenberg until 1622, and
at Osterode. This artist died before 1628.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

ECKFELDT, ADAM (Amer.). Coin-engraver to the United States
Mint, born in Philadelphia, June 15, 1769. We read in the
Illustrated History of the United States Mint, p. 115 : "He was
trained to mechanical pursuits by his father, who was a large
manufacturer of edge-tools and implements. On the establishment
of the Mint he was engaged to construct some of the machinery
for it. He built the first screw-coining presses. The contrivance for
ejecting the piece from the collar, together with some mechanical
appliance, were his invention.

"In an old pay-roll ot 1795, we find the name of " Adam Eck-
feldt, die Forger and Turner". His official connection dates from
January i., 1776, when he was appointed Assistant-coiner by
Director Boudigot, with the consent of President Washington.
Upon the death of Henry Voigt, Mr. Eckfeldt was appointed to
succeed him as Chief-coiner and remained in that position until he
resigned, in 1839. He continued to visit the Mint for some years
after; and he is yet remembered as a hard worker in the Mint,
without compensation. For half a century he was one of the cen-
tral figures of the Mint service. His mechanical skill, his zeal,
energy, and uprightness, brought him many distinctions, both as
an officer and a citizen. "

ECKERT, GEORGE N. (^Amer.), Seventh Director of the United
States Mint, i. July, 1851 to 4. April 1853.

Bibliography. — Illustrated History of the United States Mint, 1893.

ECKHER, HANNS VON SCHRECKENSTEIN {Boheni). Warden of the
Mint at Prague, 1621.

ECKHOF, MICHAEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Liibeck, circa 1546;
distinctive mark, an acorn.

ECKEREN, R. VAN. Dutch Die-sinker of the nineteenth century.

ECKHARD (Germ.). Engraver of Breslau, who worked at the Mint
of Glatz in 1807.

E. D. Vide EMANUELE DIANO. Mint-master at Chamb^ry, 1573-
1576.

E. D. Vide E. DRENTWETT. Die-sinker at Augsburg, eighteenth
century.

E. D. C. Vide ERNST DIETRICH CROLL. Mint-master at Weilburg,
1749-1752, Leipzig, 1753-1763, and Dresden^ 1764-1778.

EDER, ANDRE (G^TW.)- Mint-masterat Gratz (Hofpfenningmeister),
1605.
EDER, THOMAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Gratz, 1632.

EDLER, JOHANN MICHAEL (Genu.). Mint-master at Saalfeld.
1724-173 1. His issues are usually signed I.M.E.

EDLING, JOHANN JOACHIM (Austr.). Mint-master at St. Polten,
1624; distinctive symbol, a French double-lily. A thaler of 1625
bears the artist's initials I. I.E. and the lily. In 1627 he undertook
the management of the Mint of Gitschin, and previous to 1624, he
had worked the Presburg Mint. On the 15''' of March, 1625,
M. Fellner was instated Master of the Mint at St Polten, but on
the 13''' September of the same year, Edling contracted for it again,
but had to finally give it up at the end of 1625.

Bibliography. — Regesten :^u J. Newahfs Publimtionen uber osterreichische Mun:(-
toiagimgen. Mitth. des Clubs derMiinz- und Medaillen-Freunde in Wien, 1890.

EDMOND, ARTUS (French). Mint-master at Arras, circa 1648. He
struck gold Louis and silver Half-ecus (30 solpieces) by the mill
process (par lavoye dumoulin).

Bibliography. — Revue numisvialique, 1901, XV.

EDMUND, JOHN (Brit.). Goldsmith, and Coin-engraver at the
London Mint, appointed by King Richard 11.

Bibliography. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain, London,
1840.

E. E. Vide E. ERCKRATH Die-sinker at Offenbach, 1880.

EDWARDS, D-^ (Amer.). A physician of the end of the eighteenth
century. In the Bushnell sale (Lot 2768) was a counterfeit Halt-cent
of 1796, made by this engraver. It is said that after his decease the
dies and any specimens remaining were destroyed.

" EEMBRUGGE, RENIER VAN (Belg.). Mint-master for the Province
of Guelders, 3"* of September 1544 to 29*" of March 1546(1547
n. s.).

E. F. F/W^ ENHORNING. Swedish Court Medallist, 1780-1844.

E. F. or E. FAR. Vide EDGtNE FAROCHON. Die-sinker and Medal-
list at Paris, 1848-1861.

E. F. R. Vide ERNST FRIEDRICH RUPSTEIN. Mint-master at Stol-
berg, 1766-1792.

E. F. S. Vide ERNST FRIEDRICH SCHNEIDER. Mint-master at
Coburg, 1 63 6- 1 672, and Magdeburg, 1669 and 1670.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 9 -

EFFINGHAM, EARL OF (Brit.). Master of the Mint under
George III., anno 29.

E. G. Fide JACQUES EDOUARD GATTEAUX. French Medallist, 1788
1871.

E. G. Fide ELIAS GERVAIS. Die-sinker at Neuwied and Coblentz,

1750-1775.

E. G. F. Fide EBERHARD GREGORIUS FLEISCHHELD. Mint-master at
Zweibrijcken, 175 4- 1757; later on in the service of the Counts of
Hanau-Lichtenberg, 1758 and 1759.

E. G. N. Fide ERNST GEORG NEUBAUER. Mint-master at Berlin,
1725-1749.

EGAS, ALVARO (Port.). Engraver at the Mint of Porto, son of
Egas Gonsalves, whom he succeeded on the 7''' of March 1488.

EGAS, GONSALVES (Port.). Engraver at the Mint of Porto, before
1488, under John II.

Bibliography. — A. Raczynski, Dictionnaire hisiorico-artistique du Portugal,
Paris, 1847.

EGERER, GREGOR (Bokm.). Mint-master at Prague, 1694-1709.
His initials G.E. appears on coins and medals.

EGERTON, THOMAS (Brit.). Master of the London Mint under
Philip and Mary "By a proclamation ot the 20'*' August 1553,
and an indenture of the same date made with Thomas Egerton,
Thomas Stanley, and others, it was ordered that the gold coins to
be thenceforth made were to be the sovereign, which was to be
current for 30 i". ; the half-sovereign, to be called the royal of
gold, and to be current for 15 j. ; the angel at 10 j; and the half-
angel as 5 s. All to be of fine gold, /. e.; of the old standard, 23 cts.
3 I grs. fine gold to \ gr. alloy. By a proclamation of the 4*'' of
March 1553-4, the following foreign gold coins were made current
throughout the kingdom, and were ordered to be paid and received,
on pain, of imprisonment, at the rates fixed, namely, the
French crown of the sun at 6 j. 4 rf. ; the crown of the Emperor's
coin at the same rate ; the double-ducat of Spain, with two faces, at
135. 4 rf. ; the single ducat at 6 j. % d.\ provided in all cases they
were of just standard, weight, and fineness. And to these were
added by a proclamation of May, 1554, three Portuguese coins — the
single crusade, with the long cross, at 6 j. 8 ^., the same with the
short cross, aa the same rate ; and the pistolett at 6 j. 2 d. "

Bibliography. — Kenyon, Gold Coins of England, London, 1884, p. 117.

— 10 —

EGGENBERGER, BALTHASAR (Austr.). Mint-master at Gratz. He
died in prison, 1493. Kreuzerand Four-pfenning pieces, dated 1458,
are known by him.

EGGENSCHWYLER (Swiss). Celebrated Sculptor of Soleure ; begin-
ning of the nineteenth century; pupil of Joux. In 1804, he obtained
the Grand Prix for Sculpture. He executed some bas-reliefs and
portrait-medallions in clay.

EGGENSTEIN, GEORG (Austr.). Warden of the Mint at Hall i. T.,
1601.

EGGENSTEIN, TEOM AH (Austr.). Warden of the Mint of Innsbruck
i. T. 1577 Y 1601.

EGGERS, PAUL (Germ.). Mint-master at Rostock, 1 670-1672. His
initials P.E. appears on the coins issued by him.

EGGL, WOLFGANG (Austr.). Gem, and Seal-engraver of the end of
the sixteenth century. In 1594 he was appointed to cut the dies at
the Mint of Hall i, T. under Archduke Ferdinand, but he did not
retain his post more than three months.

EGLI, JOSEF (Swiss). Native of Hall in Tyrol (Hall im Ynthal).
He was sometime Mint-master for the Bishops of Sion, later on for
the City of Lucerne, 15 77- 15 79. In 1580, it appears from docu-
ments, that he was dead.

Bibliography. — D' Theodor von Liebenau, Die Munimeister von Ltiiern,
Bulletin de la Soci^t6 Suisse de numismatique, 1890. — Th. Haas, Einrichtung der
Mun:(sldlte Lu{ern, crc, Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1898.

EGRA, VINCENTZ (Germ.). Mint-master at Frankfort-on-M.,
1 5 46- 1 5 47. He struck Thaler and Half-thaler pieces of these two
dates.

E. H. Vide ERMENEGILDO HAMERANI, 1683-1744. Die-sinker at
Rome.

E. H. Vide EHRENREICH HANNIBAL, 1678-1741. Die-sinker at
Hanover, 1705, and Clausthal, 1715.

E. H. Vide ENGEL, HARTMANN. Die-sinker at Stockholm, 1740-
1760.

E. H. A. Z. Vide ERNST HERMANN AGATHUS ZIEGLER. Mint-
master at Stolberg, 1790-1807.

EHINGER, DAVID (Germ.), Mint-warden at Oppeln, Silesia, 1669-
1673.

— II —

EHLE, GLOKG (Austr.). Die-sinker and Medallist at Vienna, 1755-
1759. In cjnjunction with A. Wideman, he executed in 1759 a
medal showing portraits of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, with
their thirteen children.

Bibliography. — Domanig, Portralmedaillen des Erihauses Oesterreich, Wien,
1896.

EHRENREICH, ADAM HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Breslau,
1743-175 1 ; the currency is signed either A.E., A. E., or A. H. E.

EHRLICH, GOTTFRIED {Germ.). Warden of the Mint at Saalfeld,
1623, and later at Sagan in the service of Wallenstein, 1628-1630.
His signature on the coins is G. E. He was a native of Freiberg in
Saxony, and first filled the post of Warden at the Mint of Altenburg,
1618-1625.

EHRENREICH, HANNIBAL (Swed.) Medallist, born in 1678, died

at Clausthal, 1741.

Bibliography. — Ris-Paquot, Dictionnaire encydopediqiie des marqiies et mono-
grammes.

E. I. F/^<? ERICH JAGER. Mint-master at Zerbst, 1722 and 1725.

E. I. K. Vide E. I. KRULL. Mint-master at Hanau, eighteenth
century.

EICHHAUSER, STENZEL {Germ.). In conjunction with his brother-
in-law, Isaias Jessensky, he worked theTroppau Mint from i6i4to
1617, and afterwards the Vienna Mint from 1617 to 1619.

EICHELSTEIN, JOHANN JAKOB {Germ.). Mint-master at Worth
(Alsace), 1606.

EICHELSTEIN, JOHANN LUDWIG {Germ.). Brother of the last.
Mint-master at Zweibriicken, 1585-1605, Worth, 1606, Heidelberg,
1620, and again at Worth, 1624.

EILER JAKOB {Germ.). Mint-master at the city of Breslau, 1523
and following years.

EIMBCKE {Germ.). Mint-director at Breslau, 1750.

EISENVALET, JACOB {Germ.). Mint-master at Gottingen, 1626-
1628. His signature is I. E. on the coins.

EISEL, G. {Austr.). Die-sinker and Medallist of the middle of the
nineteenth century. There is a medal by him of 1857 on the Visit
of the Emperor and Empress of Austria to the Binda Institute at
Milan.

— 12 —

EISELE, GEORG (Germ.). Goldsmith, and Die-sinker, employed
by the Heidelberg Mint, during the last quarter of the sixteenth
century. He is mentioned in Mint-documents of 1576, 1578, I579)
1584, 1585, 1586, and later years for having cut dies for coins, and
probably also some for medals for Duke William.

Bibliography. — J. V. Kull, Aus hayerischen Arclnven, Mittheilungen der Baye-
rischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft, Munchen, 1900.

EISENDRAHT, JULIUS PHILIP (Germ.). Was employed at the
Crossen Mint before 1670, and was Mint-master at Zellerfeld
(Harz) from the 21. August 1672 to his death, in 1677.

EISKHER, ABRAHAM (Austr.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Kremnitz; appointed in 1580 by Maximilian 11. He had been
employed at the Mint since 1564.

EISLER, CASPAR GOTTLIEB (G^w.). Nuremberg Goldsmith of the
first half of the eigtheenth century. He was really a copper-plate
engraver, but is said to have executed several medals, one of which
bears a portrait of Esther Barbara Sandrart.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Erman, op. cit.

EITZE, T. (Germ.). Mint-master at Quedlinburg, 1615-1617.
His issues are signed T. E.

EJELHAUS, CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-master at the Court of Bran-
denburg, circa 1754.

Bibliography. — Ris-Paquot, Didionnaire des marques et monogrammes.

E. K. Vide EGIDIUS KRAUWINKEL. Nuremberg Counter-manufac-
turer, 1 571-1600.

E. K. Vide ENGELBERT KETTLER. Mint-master at Osnabriick,
1637, and Miinster, 1638-1656.

E. K. Vide ENGELHARD JOHANN KRULL. Mint-master at Hanau,
Kassel, and Frankfort, 1737-1742, and Brunswick, 1742-1750.
From 1737 to 1739 he signed his issues J. K., and from 1739 either
EK. or E. K. ; sometimes also E. I. K.

E. K. Vide ERNST KLEINSTEUBER. Mint-master at Gotha, 1828-
1838, t 1845.

EKEBLAD, C. (Swed.) Die-sinker of Stockholm, end of the
eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth, century. He engraved
a large number of medallic portraits of Swedish celebrities.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

EKHARDUS (Bohem.). Mint-master at Prague, 1292.

— 13 —

EKKENPERGER, ULREICH (Austr.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Gratz, 1436.

EKVALL (Germ.). An undated medal of the poet Tegner is signed
by this Die-sinker.

E. L. r/J^ EDWARD LEE. Archbishop of York, 153 i-i 541, Inspec-
tor of the York Mint.

E. L. r/J^ HIERONYMUS EQUES LUCENTI. MedalHst at Rome, circa
1670-1677.

E. L. Vide ERGOLE LELLI, 1702- 1 7 60. Die-sinker of Bologna.

ELBERSKIRCHEN, HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Coblenz,
1669-1675. His signature on the coins is H. E. or EE.

ELERS, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Magdeburg, 1678-1690.
His issues are signed J. E. We have seen his initials on Gulden of
1690 and 1693 of Frederick III. of Brandenburg (1688-1701).

ELHAFEN, IGNAZ (Germ.). Ivory-carver, 1 650-1710 (?), who

produced a number of medallic portraits carved in ivory.

ELIA DE JANUA, BATTISTA (Ital.). Genoese Medallist, who was
working circa 1480. Two medals by him are known ; those or
Battista II. Fregoso, elected Doge of Genoa in 1478, -|- 1502, and
Cosma Scaglia. The latter is signed : OP.BAPTE . ELIE . DE . lANVA.
Both medals are illustrated in Friedlander.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cU. — Friedlander, op. cit.

ELION, J. (Dutch). Contemporary Die-sinker and Medallist, resid-
ing at Amsterdam. His signature appears on a medal commemor-
ating the Third Centenary of Dutch independence, 1872, and on
another, with portrait of Gisb. van Tienhoven, Burgomaster of
Amsterdam, 1883. The latter is illustrated in the Revue beige de
numismatique, pi. xv, 1885.

ELKINGTON & CO (Brit.). A firm of London and Sheffield Silver-
smiths, which has from time to time edited medals^The City Cor-
poration medal of 189 1, commemorating the Visit of the Emperor
and Empress of Germany to London is signed ELKINGTON & CO,
and is a fine piece of work; that struck in 1886, on the Colonial
and Indian Reception, is also by the same firm. The medals on the
Industrial Exhibition at Toronto, 1879; the Marquis of Lome and
Princess Louise ; and those produced to celebrate the 1887 Jubilee,
and 1897 Diamond Jubilee, do not exhibit the same good work-
manship and execution . Their latest production is a coronation medal
of King Edward VII., June 1902, engraved by the artist George
Frampton, R.A.

— 14 —

ELLIS, S. (Canad.'). Die-sinker, residing at Toronto, circa 1858.
He is the author of a masonic medal ot the "Grand Lodge of
Ancient free and accepted Masons of Canada " and the designer of
several medals, mostly engraved by C.C.. Wright and J. Willson,
and others as : Major-General Winfield Scott (Mexican Cam-
paign); -■ — Major-General Zachary Taylor (Victory of Buena
Vista), 1847; — President Millard Fillmore, 1850; — President
Franklin Pierce, 1853 i — President James Buchanan, 1857; —
President Abraham Lincoln, 1862; — Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1865 ;

— &c.

ELLIS & CO, P. W. (Canad.). Firm of Die-sinkers and Medallists,
at Toronto. Their best known medals are : Montreal Carnival,
1885; — Canada's Winter Carnival, 1887; — Industrial Exhibi-
tion of Toronto, 1879; — Ontario Agricultural Exhibition, 1886;

— S' Andrew's Society of Toronto, 1886; — Lord Lansdowne,
1885 ; — Temperance Act sustained, 1884; — Toronto Collegiate
Institute; — Toronto Crystal Palace; — H. E. The Marquis ot
Lansdowne; — Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee, 1897; — School
Prize Medals of Ottawa ; — Opening of the Victoria Hospital, Lon-
don, Canada ; — Epworth League Societies' Medal ; — Canada's
Great Victorian Era Exposition and Industrial Fair; — Halifax
Carnival, 1896, &c.

P. W. Ellis & Co have during the past twenty years struck a
large number of commemorative medals of different events in the
history of Canada, and for distribution as prizes in its institutions
of learning. Some of these medals have artistic merit, and are perhaps
the best yet produced in Canada.

Bibliography. — R. W. Mc Lachlan, Canadian Diamond Jubilee Medals, 1898.

ELMERICH, CHARLES EDOUARD (French). Painter, Engraver, and
Sculptor; born at Besancon (Doubs) in 18 13. He is the author of
some Portrait-medallions in bronze and clay. There is also a medal
by him " Heur et malheur" exhibited at the Salon of 1870.

Bibliography. *- Chavignerie et Auvray, Diclionnaire giniral des Artistes de
Vicole frangxise, Paris, 1882.

ELSHOCHT, JEAN JACQUES MARIE CARL VITAL (French). Sculptor,
born at Dunkirk in 1797, died at Paris in 1856. At the Salon of
1834, he exhibited a frame of bronze Portrait-medallions, and again
in 1835. One of these is a portrait of Napoleon III.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

ELSHOLZ, JOACHIM (Austr.). Die-sinker at Kremnitz before 1598,
then at Schemnitz, 1601 and 1602.

— 15 —

EMANUEL, HARRY (Brit.). London Die-sinker, whose signature
we liave seen on a medal commemorating the American Alliance
of 1866.

EMBLERD, ANDRfi (i'zcm). Mint-master at Geneva, 29''' June 1556
to 29''' July 1557.

EMERT, ANDRfi (Siaiss). Mint-master at Geneva, from 1665 to
1667, again from 167 1 to 1674, ^"'^ ^^'^^ more in 1676. Distinc-
tive mark : JE.

Bibliography. — Demole, Histoire vionetaire de Genh-e, 1887.

EMERY, EDWARD (Brit.). " Collector, and dealer in coins and
medals, resided in London, and died at Hastings, about 1850. He
is best known for his forgeries of English gold coins, the dies for
which were made under his direction. " There is a modern medal
of Lady Jane Grey, 1 5 5 3 , by him ; a variety existed in the Montagu
Collection; another was sold at the Pearce Sale, October 1898.
A medallic coin on the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, with
Darnley, and other concoctions are attributed to him.

Bibliography. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of British History,
London, 1885.

EMERY, JEAN (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, in 1675, again in
1687, and once more in 1701. His initials LE. appear on the coins.
Bibliography. — Demole, op. cit.

EMERY, JEAN (French). 15 19-1526. Jeton-engraver of the first
half of the sixteenth century. He was probably the father of Nicolas
Emery. The name is more correctly spelt ESMERY. There is a
jeton of 1526, bearing the arms of Bishop deComminges, which is
attributed to this artist.

EMERY, NICOLAS (French). A Paris Die-sinker of the middle of
the sixteenth century, born in 15 10. His name should more

Jeton, or Pattern Testoon, by N. Emery.

correctly be spelt AYMERY. He was granted permission in 1553
to engrave jetons with the arms of Mary, Queen of Scots. Burns,

— i6 —

(Coinage of Scotland, II, 345) gives the following interesting
notes :

" In the register of the mint of Paris occurs the following
entry, bearing obvious reference to these pieces, described as
below :

1. Obv. FM in monogram, crowned, between two waved
stars, or suns of six points ; legend : -|- DILIGITE IVSTICIAM
1553. I^. Scottish escutcheon crowned ; legend : DELICIE DNI
COR HVMILE {illustrated).

2. Obv. M crowned, between two thistle-heads, both crowned ;
legend : MARIA DEI G SCOTOR REGINA. ^L. As preceding;
legend, similar.

'* Ce jourdhuy dernier jour de Janvier I'an mil cinq censcinquante
trois a este permys a Nicolas Emery, graveur, de graver une pille
et ung trousseu a fere gectons aux armes de la royne d'ecosse du
coste de la pille ; et du coste du trousseau y a une devise qui est
une F et une M lassees ensemble qui sont romaines et deux soleilz
au coste de la dite devise. Et autour dudit trousseau est escript
DILIGITE IVSTICIAM 1553. Et autour est escript MARIA.D.G.
R.SCOTORVM. " "There seems to be some words om/tted
after "autour" in the last sentence; as it is evidently intended to
be there stated that the inscription '* MARIA, &c. " is to be written
around the pilles " — " The jeton n° 2 is the complement of jeton
n° I, supplying the name of Mary, with her title as Queen of
Scots, which had been omitted on the jeton n° i, although so
stated in the directions given to Emery as at 31" January 1553-4.
It is clear that some alteration had subsequently taken place in the
instructions given to Emery, as he had made two jetons instead of
one, although using the same reverse die for both, with a different
distribution of the inscriptions from what had originally been
directed. "

N. Emery was born in 15 10; he resided at the Palace " sur les
grands degres". The following jetons were also engraved by him :
1 5 3 1 , Jeton for the Queen ofNavarre ; — 1550, Jeton : LVDOVIC VS
VERVS ABBAS (2 var. of^.); — 1553, Jeton with arms of Car-
dinal Chatillon; — Jeton of Galliot Mandat, 1534, &:c.

Bibliography. — Burns, Coinage of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1887, p. 345. —
A. Barre, Graveiirs en midailles de la Renaissance fran^aise, Annuaire de Numisraa-
tique, 1867. — Franks and Grueber, op. cit. — J.-A. Blanchet, Les Graveurs en
Bearn,DAx, 1888.

EMICH, GREGOR (Germ.). Mint-master of Jagerndorf, Silesia,
1566-8.

EMIL (Ilal.}). This signature occurs on a medal of Pope
Clement VIII.

— ty —

EMMERICH, C. F. (Germ.). Sculptor and Medallist of the first half
ot the nineteenth century. There is a Portrait-medallion of Kleber by
him, 1840, and another of Guttenberg, the inventor of printing.

EMMERT, HANS DAVID (Germ.). Mint-master at Culmbach,
16 14-1624. His issues are signed H.D.E. or PO.E. These initials
appear on a Thaler of Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 15 14.

EMPIN, LAURENT (Belg.). Goldsmith at Lille, circa 1657. He
presented a request for obtaining the right to set up a Mint there,
but his proposals were rejected.

EMPTMEYER, CLEMENS (Anstr.). Contemporary Die-sinker and
Medallist residing at Vienna. The following medals are amongst
his latest productions : Jubilee of the House of Foest, 1890; —
Memorial of Crown-prince Rudolf of Austria ; — Scientific Society
of Baden, near Vienna, &c.

D"" F. P. Weber mentions that ''he worked with the Wyons in
London about 1880-1887, and that he was employed to engrave
the following medal at the recommendation of the late Sir Edgar
Bohem ".

Roval Jubilee Decoration, 1887. Obv. VICTORIA D.G REGI-
NA ET IMPERATRIX F.D. Bust of Queen Victoria to 1., after
Boehm; below, the signature : C. EMPTMEYER. !^. Inscription
within open wreath, surmounted by a crown : IN COMMEMO-
RATION OF THE 50™ YEAR OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN
VICTORIA 21 JUNE. 1887.

This medal, was given, in gold, to members of the royal family
and royal visitors who were present at the Jubilee celebration ; in
silver, to Ministers of State and other dignitaries ; and in bronze
to the royal servants. In 1897, ^ clasp bearing the date was added,
and given to those who received the 1887 decoration. The medal
is worn with a ribbon, dark blue with two light blue stripes.

Bibliography. — D"" F. P. Weber, op. cit.

ENAUD, M"'^ ZOE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Paris ;
pupil of the celebrated sculptor and medallist, A. Charpentier.
Since 1881, this artist has exhibited various Portrait-medaUions at
the Paris Salons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, o/>. cit.

ENCKE, JOHANN JACOB (Germ.). Mint-master at Hanau, 1740-
1770. The coins issued under him bear his initials J.J.E. or
J.JE. He does not appear to have cut many dies himself, but
employed the engraver Charlotte Rebecca Damiset of Hanau, His
initials also appear on coins of Maria, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel,
1763, and on a medal of 1765, commemorating the 50 years'

L. FORRER. — BiographUal Xolices of Medallitts. — II. 2

- i8 —

Jubilee of Anton Mathieu, of Lausanne, Minister of the French
reformed church at Frankfort-on-Main, 1715-1765.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Tobler-Meyer, Die Mim\
iind Medaillen Sammhmg des Herrn Hans Wunderly von Muralt, Zurich, 1897-1899.

ENDERLE, DAVID VON BURGSTADT (Bohem.). Warden of the Mint
at Prague, in succession to Peter Keckh, 1591-1600. In 1608, he
was named Inspector of the currency in Bohemia. His distinctive
symbol is an eagle's head within a shield.

Bibliography. — Regesten ^u J. Newald's Puhlicationen, &c.

ENDERLE, DAVID (Austr.). A medal of Stephan, Count Schlick,
described below, is signed DE. Donebauer attributes to Enderle the
medals signed thus, and mentions that several members ot the
Enderle family were Masters of the Mints at Joachimsthal and
Kuttenberg. Obv. HER + STEIFFAN - SCHLICK + GRAF + ZU +
BASSAN + Bust ; below i • 5 • 26 ^ • 3 5 . ^L. D ^ LAVRENTIVS x
SCHLICK X COMES « KATHARINA « CONIVNX x Jugate busts
ofLaur. and Catherine Schlick; in the field 15-34.

Medal olC'oiints Stephan and Lorenz SchHck, by Enderle.

Another medal, of Counts Stephan and Lorenz Schhck, 1533,
by this engraver, realized 551 Mks. at the sale of Messrs L. & L.
Hamburger (April 1900). It is illustrated above.

Bibliography. — Ad. Hess Nachf, Katalog der Medaillen-Satmnlung Eugen
Felix, 1895. — L. and L. Hamburger, Raritalen Cabinet, 1900.

ENDERLEIN, KASPAR {Germ.). Wax Modeller, Founder and Lapi-
dary of Nuremberg, during the first half of the seventeenth century.
There is only one medal known of this artist; it is his own Portrait-
medallion ; the legend reads : CASPAR ENDERLEIN SCULPEBAT ;
on truncation are the letters CE. Enderlein died in 1633.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Erman, op. cit. — Doppelmayr,
Historische Nachricht von den Nurnbetgischen Mathematics und Kimstlern. Niirnberg,
1730.

- 19 -

ENDERLIN, JOSEPH LOUIS {French). Sculptor, born at Basle
(Switzerland); pupil of Jouffroy and Roubaud. He executed a
bronze portrait medal in 1878 of M, Fenon, and others since,
which have been exhibited at the Paris Salons.

Bibliography. — Chavigneiie et Auvray, op. cit.

ENDERS (Swiss). Mint-master in the service of the three cantons
of Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwald, arra 1550.

ENDLETSBERGER, JOHANN (Aiistr.) 1778-1826. Medallist and
Die-sinker at Vienna. His works are nearly all of a private char-
acter.

ENDRES, HANS (Germ.). Mint-master at Jagerndorf, Silesia, 1560-
5. He was also employed at the Breslau Mint before 1574. "His
distinctive sign appears to have been three hearts. In 155 1 he is
mentioned as Mint-master at Teschen, and is said to have been
born at Kassel.

ENEGREN, GUSTAF ADOLF (Swed.). Medallist of the first half of
the nineteenth century. He settled at Stockholm, circa 181 5. This
Die-sinker is the author of jetons and portrait-medals of Joh. Tob.
Sergell, 1815 ; — Fred. H. A. Chapman, vice-admiral, 1817; —
Casper Isaac M. Ehrenborg, 1829; — Badge of the Royal Patriotic
Society, 1824; — Portrait Medals of Charles XIII. and Oscar I, &c.
His signature on the medals is G. A. E. or ENEGREN.

Bibliography. - - Catalogue de la Collection de moiinaies defeti Christian Jiirgensen
TImusen, Bronce-Medailkr, Copenhague, 1889. — Hildebrand, Sveriges och Svenska
Konungahusels Minnespenningar, &c., Stockholm, 1875.

ENGEL, FRANZ (Germ). Mint-master at Bonn, 1638-1649. His
initials F.E. appear on the coins issued by him, and also on the
currency of Maximilian Henry, Prince-bishop of Cologne (1650-
1688).

ENGEL, JOHANN KARL (Germ). Medallist of the second half of
the eighteenth century. Bolzenthal does not record any of his
works.

ENGELBRECHT, JOHAN (Dan.). Mint-master at Copenhagen, 162 1,

and Frederiksborg, 162 i-i 623.

ENGELHART, CHRISTOPH (Atistr.). Die-sinker at the Mint of
Prague, 1625-1626.

ENGELHART, DANIEL (Germ.). Gem-engraver of the early part of
the seventeenth century.

— 10 —

ENGELHARDT, DAVID (Bohein). Die-cutter at the Mint of Prague,

1594-

ENGELHARDT, HEINRICH (Germ.). Medallist and Die-sinker of
Breslau. Three medals of John Sigismund Haunold, and others, bear
his initials. They date of the second half of the seventeenth cen-
tury, although some of them are of 1633. One or two were pro-
duced in conjunction with the Medallist Kittel.

ENGELHARDT, HEINRICH (G^rw.). Gem-engraver of the first half
of the sixteenth century. He resided at Nuremberg, and was a friend
of Albrecht Diirer. King mentions that he was famous for engraving
coats-of-arms on gems.

Bibliography. — Rev. C. W. King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

ENGELHART, JOHANN REINHOLD (Pol.). Die-sinker and Medallist
of the seventeenth century. He occupied the post of Mint-master
in Sweden before 1689, and afterwards resided at Breslau, where
he produced a number of inferior works.

A medal commemorating the Fortification of Breslau, in 1693,
is signed I.E. and ascribed to him. In 1696 he was accused of
forging old thalers for collectors, and retired to Stettin, where he
died in 17 13. By him are also : Wadislaus IV. of Poland (fully
signed; — Siege of Vienna, 1683; — Numerous historical
medals; — Kaspar Neumann, 1697; — Charles XII. of Sweden,
1697; — Copenhagen bombarded, 1700; — War between Sweden
and Denmark, 1700-1701 (sev. types); — Stralsund Luther Medal,
1700, &c.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Studien \ur schlesischen Medailleiikunde, 1696.
— Hildebrand, op. cit.

ENGELHART, OTTO (Germ.). Medallist of the first half of the
sixteeenth century. Bolzenthal considers him one of the best artists
of his time. He is the author of a Portrait-medallion of Bishop Eus-
tace (Wolowtcz) of Wilna. 1525.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

EN6ELLENDER, HANS (G^rw.). Mint-master at Frankfort-on-M.,
1487-1507. He was surnamed " Engellender", but his real name
was HANS GULDENLEWE. He struck Goldgulden, Thaler, and
Heller, and was in possession of the Imperial Mint, even for some
time after 1507.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph and Ed. Fellner, Die Miin:(en von Frankfurt am
Main, 1896.

ENGRAND, GEORGES (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Aire (Pas-de-Calais, Pupil of Cavelier. In 1878, he was awarded

— 21 —

a third-class medal for his exhibit at the Paris Salon of that year.
He is the author of several Portrait-medallions.
Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

ENHORNING, CARL {Swed.). Medallist to the Swedish Court,
1780-1844. He produced a large number of medals to commemorate
events relating to Sweden and Portrait-medallions of Swedish
celebrities. I have seen one of Gustavus III., 1788; and another
of Magnus Lehnberg, 1809, both signed C.E. Of 1797, there is a
masonic medal by him. He also engraved medals of Gustavus IV.
Adolphus of 1799, 1808, and other dates, illustrating various
events.

This artist's father was also a celebrated Die-sinker.

Hildebrand (^Sveriges och Svenska Konuttgahusets Minnespenningar ^
&c., Stockholm, 1875) describes the following medals by this
engraver : Gustavus I. (2 var.) ; — Erik XIV. ; — John III. ; —
Sigismund; — Charles IX.; — Christina (executed in 1786); —
Charles X. Gustavus; — Charles XL; — Charles XII. ; — Ulrica
Eleonora; — Frederick I. ; — Adolph Frederick ; — Gustavus III. ;

— Naval Victories over the Russians, 1788 ; — Crown-prince Gus-
tavus Adolphus, 1789; — Gustavus III., Portrait Medals (3 var.,
engraved in 1792); — Death of Queen Sophia Magdalena, 1813;
— ■ Portrait Medal of Queen Sophia Magdalena (2 var.) ; — The
Crown-prince Gustavus Adolphus visits the Stockholm Town Hall
^791 ; — Portrait Medal of Gustavus IV. Adolphus; — Gust. IV
Adolphus, accession, 1796 ; — Portrait Badge of the King, 1797 ;

— Opening of the Swedish Parliament, 1800; — Return of the
King and Queen from Germany, 1805 ; — Unveiling of a statue
to Gustavus in. 1808; — Prosperous state of the country; —
Royal Patriotic Society Badge; — Royal order 'Pro Patria' ; — Royal
Finnish Agricultural Society, 1799 ; — Society for the Encourage-
ment of Industry, 1797; — Society of the Greek Torch, 1797;

— Portrait Medal of King Gustavus IV. Adolphus ; — Queen Fred-
rika Dorothea Wilhelmina ; — Naval Victory over the Russians,
17. July 1788 ; — Duke Charles, Prince Regent under the minor-
ity of King Gustavus IV. Adolphus, 1792; — King Charles XIII.,
1810; — Union of Sweden and Norway, 1814; — Jubilee ot
Upsal University, 181 5 ; — Third Centenary of Luther, 18 17; —
Death of King Charles XIII. , 1818; — Medal for Civil Merit; —
Prosperous state of the country under the reign of Charles XIII. ;

— Royal Academy of Music; — Administration of Mining Com-
panies; — Royal Order PRO PATRIA; — Royal Agricultural
Society Prize Medals (2 var.); — Fire Insurance Medal; — Por-
trait Medal of Charles XIII. ; — Death of Queen Edwige Elisabeth
Charlotte, 18 18; — Death of Crown-prince Charles Augustus,
the adopted son of Charles XIIL, 1810 (3 var.); — Crown-prince

— 22 —

Charles XIV. John (2 var.); — The Crown-prince, Chancellor of
Upsal University, 1810; — The Crown-prince's first visit to Upsal,
181 1 ; — War with France, 181 3 ; — Battle of Dennewitz, 1813 ;

— Battle of Leipzig, 1813 ; — The Crown-prince's return to Swed-
en, 1814; — The Crown-prince visits Orebro, 1814; — Union
of Sweden and, Norway, with bust of Prince Charles John, 1814;

— Accession of King Charles XIV. John, 1818; — Coronation,
18 1 8 (2 var); — Portrait Medal of the King, 1818; — MiHtary
Reward; — Reward tor Public Services — Prize Medals for
Industrial Enterprises ; — Scandinavian Fire Insurance Society ; —
Portrait Medal of King Charles XIV. John ; — Crown-prince Oscar,
1818. :^. VIRTVTI ADOLESCENTI ; — Visit of the Crown-prince
to Upsal, 1819 ; — Portrait Medal of King Oscar I. &c.

This Medallist signed his works : E, or C.E., or C. ENHOR-
NING and sometimes also ENHORNING.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. —
Hildebrand, op. cit.

ENKE, JOHANN JAKOB {Germ.). Mint-master at Hanau, 1740-
1770. His coin - issues are signed I.I.E. or I.E. In 1751, he
endeavoured unsuccessfully to obtain the same post at Frankfort-
on-M. He also engraved the following medals : Coronation of
Charles VII., 1742 ; — Frankfort Ducat, 1749; — 50 years' Jubilee
of Pastor Mathieu of Frankfort, 1765; — Imperial Diet at Frank-
fort, 1 74 1, &c.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph und E. Fellner, op. cit.

ENZOLA, GIANFRANCESCO otherwise GIANFRANCESCO PARMENSE
(Jtal.). A Parmesan Medallist of the second half of the fifteenth
century. His works are comprised between 1456 and 1475, but he
was still living in 15 13. Some authors call him PARMIGIANO.

Armand ascribes to this artist the following medals : Taddeo
Manfredini, Count of Faenza, Lord oflmola, 146 1 ; — Francesco IV.
Ordelaffo, surnamed Cecco, Lord ot Imola, 1457; — Piermaria
Rossi, Count ofBerceto, Parmesan condottiere, 147 1 ; — Piermaria
Rossi, and Bianca Pellegrini, of Como, his mistress; — Bianca
Pellegrini, 1457, Obv. DIVAE.BLANCHINAE.CVMANAE.
SIMVLACRVM.MCCCCLVII. — V.F. Veiled bust of Bianca to
r. :^. 10 FRANCISCI.PARMENSIS.OPVS. Square turreted
tower, on which a bird is perched ; — Francesco Sforza, 4''' Duke
of Milan, 1456; — another with ^L. portrait of Galeazzo Maria
Sforza, son of Francesco, 1459; — Constanzo Sforza, Lord ot
Pesaro and his father Alessandro, V' ^. SYDVS.MARTIVM.
MCCCCLXXim — lO.FRAN.PARMENSIS.OPVS. Horsemen
crossing over a bridge defended by two towers ; — 2"*^ V,L.
INEXPVGNABILE . CASTELLVM . CONSTANTIVM . PISA-

— 23 —

VRENSE . SALVTI . PVBLICAE . MCCCCLXXV . — lO . FR . PAR .

MEN. View of Pesaro citadel; — y^ ^L. QVIES.SECVRITAS.
COPIA . MARTIS . HONOS . 7 . SALVS.PATRIAE. MCCCCLXXV.
— lO.FR.PARMENS.Constanzo Sforza on horseback; — Another,
obv. Bust of Constanzo 1^. Bust of Alessandro, 1475 ; — I^. of a
medal without obv, in South Kensington Museum, IHOANNIS.
FRANCISI . PARMESIS . OPVS . MCCCCLXVIII. Engagement
between a horseman and two foot soldiers; — Another, IHOAN-
NIS • FRANCISCI . HENZOLE . AVRIFICIS . PARMENSIS . OPVS .
1467. Four winged Genii playing together (a plaque).

Enzola also executed the following plaques : Child, nude,
riding on lion to r. ; — Martyrdom of S' Sebastian ; — Scenes
from the life of S* Jerome ; — Armed horseman galloping to r. ; —
Virgin, facing, seated on throne surrounded by cherubs (Plaque
of almond shape) ; — S' George in armour on horseback to 1 ; —
Children at play, &c.

This famous artist was filling the post of maestro delle stampe at
Ferrara in 1472, under Ercole 1. d'Este. It is not improbable there-

Doppia of Ercole I. d'Este, by Enzola (?)

fore that Enzola engraved the dies of the fine gold Doppia (illustrated')
of that Prince and of his other coins of Ferrara and Reggio. Three
of the labours of Hercules are depicted on the coins (gold and silver)
of Ercole I.

In some of his signatures he styled himself Goldsmith.

Enzola merits a place of honour amongst the earliest medallists
of the Renaissance, and Bolzenthal's opinion, that his works have
not been given all the attention they are worthy of, perhaps still
holds good in our days.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Cahn, Medaillen
und Plaketten der SamniJuno; IV. F. Mel^ler, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1898. — Emile
Molinier, Les Plaque ties, Paris, 1886. — I. B. Supino, // Medagliere Mediceo,
Firenze, 1899 — Fntd\inder, op. cit.

EPHRAIM, ITZIG and SONS (Germ.). A banking firm of Berlin,
which worked the Breslau Mint, 1755.

EPITONOS. Fictitious Greek signature on modern gems; it

— 24 —

appears amongst others on a Venus Victrix leaning upon a cippus
in the Thorns Collection.

EPITYNCHANOS (Greek). Gem-engraver of the early Roman
imperial period. His authentic signature appears on the following
camei and intagli : Portrait of Germanicus, signed CPITTfXA
(broken cameo in the British Museum; formerly in the Fulviu,
Ursinus, Strozzi, and Blacas Collections); — Bust of young Satyrs
signed CniTTTXANOT (Amethyst intaglio in the Collection de
Luynes, Bibliotheque nationale (illustrated) ; — Belierophon riding
on Pagasos, signed 6ni (Carnelian, of the French Cabinet).

Bust of young Satyr, by Epitynchanos.

M. Babelon suggests that this gem-engraver may have been the
freedman mentioned in an inscription of the columbarium of Livia,
and called there aurifex.

This artist's signature has been copied on numerous modern
gems; one ot these is given by King, and represents the Triumph
of Venus and Cupid.

Bibliography. — E. Babelon, Le Cabinet des Antiques. — Id., La Gravure en
Pierres fines, Paris, 1894. — Id., Art. Gemmae, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire
des Antiquit^s grecques et romaines, vol. II, 2^^ Part, p. 1479. — C. W. King,
AnliqueGems, London, i860. — Id., Handbook of Engraved Gems, London, 1884. —
Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, 1900. — D^ Heinrich Brunn, GeschiciHe der Griech-
ischen Kfmstler, Stuttgart, 1899.

EPLI (Germ.). Die-sinker of Miinster, during the second half of
the eighteenth century. His signature appears on a medal commem-
orating the Laying of the Foundation-stone of Munster Palace
1767.

£RARD Fide Gt^AKH-LtONkRH HflRARD.

ERCKRATH, F. D. (Germ.). Contemporary Die-sinker, residing at
Offenbach. His signature occurs on a medal struck in 1890 for the
Frankfort Photographic Society.

ERDMANN, PAUL VON SCHWINGERSCHUH (Bohem.). Mint-
master at Prague, 175 5 -1784.

ERDMAN-N, A. (French). Contemporary Sculptor, residing at

— 25 —

Paris. He appears to have modelled several of the medals issued by
A. de Rivet, and other medallists, and his signature occurs on
various modern artistic medals : S* George and the Dragon ; —
Horse Training; — Pigeon Training; — Agricultural Prize
Medals; — Head of the Republic; — Attributes of Shooting, &c.

ERHARDT, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Die-sinker of the second quarter

of the nineteenth century.

ERICH, GEORG (Germ.). Warden at the Nuremberg Mint, 1300-
1514.

ERICSSON, JOHAN EDVARD (Swed). Die-sinker at Stockholm,
between 1845 and 1875. The Thomsen Medal Collection contain-
ed the following medals engraved by this artist : Charles XV. and
Louise; — Prize for Music (2 var.); — Jubilee of S' Laurentius'
Cathedral, 1845, &c. Hildebrand describes the following : Corona-
tion of King Charles XV. and Queen Louise, i860; — Stockholm
Exhibition of Fine Arts, 1867; — Second Centenary of Lund Uni-
versity, 1868; — Royal Military Academy of Goteborg, 1866; —
Portrait-medal of Charles XV. &c.

ERIZZO, FRANCESCO. This artist's name is absolutely legendary ;
its existence rests with a faulty reading of the authors of " Tresor de
Numismatique et de Glyptique (Medailles italiennes, t. L pi. xv,
n° 3)", who have read the name ERIX instead of BRIX on a
medal.

ERKER, HANS VON SCHRECKENFELS (Bohem.). Son of Mint-
master Lazarus Erker; Warden at the same Mint, under Benedikt
Huebmer, 1610-1614.

ERKER, LAZAR VON SCHRECKENFELS (Bohem.). Mint-master at
Prague, 1583-1594. He originated from Annaberg, and was raised
ro the nobility in 1586 on account of his services to the State. His
distinctive mark on the coins is a double-lily.

ERKER, SUSANNA VON SCHRECKENFELS (Bohem.). Widow of
Lazar Erker and Mint-master at Prague, from her husband's death,
in 1594, until 1600, when she ceded her rights to HannsLizans. She
adopted her predecessor's mint-mark.

Bibliography. — Regesten ^u J. NewaWs Ptiblicationen fiber osUrreichiscJx Mun^-
prdgutigeu, Mittheilungen des Clubs der Munz und Medaillen-Freunde in Wien,
1890.

ERLACH, J. ANTHONY VON (Su'iss). The coinage of the town or
canton of Lucerne was farmed out to Erlach and his colleagues,
from 1549 to 1552. Under him were issued : Dickpfennige, Batzen

— 26 -

and Half Batzen, Shillings, Kreutzers, and Half-Shillings, Angsters
and Plapparts.

Bibliography. — Haas, Einrichtung der Mun:{stdUe Lu'^ern, &c., Revue suisse
de numismatique, 1898.

ERLMANN, ZACHARIAS VON ERLSFELD (Bohem). Mint-master at
Plan, 1620-1629, under the Counts of Schlick; distinctive sign,
parsley-leaf.

ERNESTO (Brazil). Contemporary Die-sinker. In 1871, he
engraved a masonic medal, in conjunction with Gameiro; it com-
memorates the aholition of slavery in Brazil, and was presented to
Viscount of Rio Branco, Grand Master of the Freemasons in that
country.

Bibliography. — Marvin, The Medals of the Masonic Fraternity, Boston, 1880.

ERNOUL (5(?/^.). Die-sinker, cited in 14 13, when he was Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Ghent. He probably succeeded to Jena
Belin, under Jean sans Peur. Having contracted debts, Ernoul ran
away with the coining-dies ; all endeavours to find hiin in Flan-
ders, Holland, Zeeland, and Brabant, were made in vain. This
engraver is supposed to be the author of a jeton, struck at Ghent in
1 41 6, for the Chambre des Comptes of Flanders, at Lille ; 299 speci-
mens in silver, weighing 4 Marks 6 Ounces 12 Esterlins, were
delivered to Jean Gobelet, private Mint-master of Ghent.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges. Revue de la
numismatique beige, 185 1.

ERNST TOBIAS (fierm.'). Die-sinker and Coin-engraver at the
Berlin Mint, 1755. There is a pattern Species-Thaler of Frederick
the Great by him.

ERONDELLE, JEAN {French), 1552-1556. This artist was appoint-
ed, in conjunction with Etienne Delaune, by letters patent of
25''' of April 1552, Engraver at the Paris Mint. He began reforms in
the coining process, and was the precursor of Briot and Warin in
this domain. The following letter addressed to Henry II., King of
Navarre and quoted by Blanchet, is of sufficient interest in this
connection, to be reproduced here :

** Au roi de Navarre,

" Sire, suivant I'entreprinse du faict de vestre moullin qu'il vous
pleut dernierement me commander, tous les modelles sont depre-
sent achevez en boys except^ ung engin pour la justification des
roUeaux que le roy a reconvert d'Allemaigne, depuis ung pen,
lequel j'ay trouv^ moyen de voir secrettement et auquel je
besogne pour le moment, qui est la chose la plus necessaire de

— 27 —

tome I'entreprinse, et parleqael Ton pourra employer a faire beson-
gner touttes petsonnes les premieres trouvees, qui sera ung grand
sollaigement et une grande advance.

" Suyvant les ouvriers que je vous avoys promis mener de deca,
je n'en ay encores voullu parler, tant que mes modelles seront
achevez, de peur que ce que j'ay toujours faict secrettement feust
descouvert mais incontinent que mes dits modelles seront achevez,
qui sera au plus tard dedans huict jours et qu'ils seront en chemin,
lors je parlerai ausdits ouvriers pour scavoir leur voulunte, et la, ou
je ne les pourre mener. je me aydere des vostres.

" Sire, il vous plaira me avoir pour excuse, si je n'ay sceu me
trouver au temps que je vous avoys promis, car I'envye que j'avoys
de recouvrer Tengin que je vous mande a este cause de mon tarde-
ment.

" Sire, je prire Dieu vous donner en bonne sant6 tres longue et
tres heureuse vye.

" A Paris, le XXIX-= Apvril 1554.

'* Vostre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur.

"Jehan Erondelle".

On the 17*'' of August 1556, Erondelle is mentioned as " Mint-
master of Pau"; it is evident that the King of Navarre, in reward
for the engraver's services, took him in his employ.

It is possible that the coins issued at Pau, about that time, and
others struck previously at Paris, were engraved by Erondelle.
Under Jeanne d'Albret, the mill of Pau turned out beautiful coins,
no doubt with the machinery introduced by this clever artist and
engineer.

Guiffrey has published a document, dated, 3"^ October 1541,
from Dijon, and signed by. Marguerite of France, Queen of
Navarre, where a certain Guillaume Erondelle, is mentioned as
Goldsmith to that princess.

Bibliography. — J. -A. Blanchet, Les Graveurs en Beam, Dax, 1888.

EROPHILUS. This inscription is found on a cameo in green jas-
per, presenting a bust of Augustus, and no doubt the work of a
modern Gem-engraver.

ERRARD, JEAN {French). Engineer in the service of Henri IV., of
France, worked at Bar-le-Duc, and was entrusted in 1595 and
1 599 with the coinage of various moneys, according to the following
notes in Chevrier's, Histoire civile, politique et litUraire de la Lorraine.

"II obtint de Henri IV le privilege singulier de faire frapper
monnoye pariout ou bon lui semblerait, en France, jusqu'a la
somme de cinquante ecus en sols marques seulement. Les lettres

— 28 —

patentes, qui lui confierent ce droit, sont datees de Sancerre, 1795.
La Chambre des Comptes les enregistra en 1599.

" L'original de cette concession est ainsi concu : « Aujourd'huy
vingt-huicti^me Janvier mil cinq cens quatre-vingt onze, le Roy
estant a Sancere, a permis a Jean Errard, son ingenieur ordinaire,
de battre et forger en touttes monnoyes et pour en taire ce que bon
luy semblera, jusquesa la somme de cinq cens escus d'or, de dou-
blons et deniers en payant par ledit sieur Errard les droicts accou-
tumez, m'ayant sa Majeste commands d'en expedier le present
brevet, et qu'elle a, pour ce, voulu signer de sa propre main et
iceluy contresigne par moy, son conseiller et secrettaire d'Estat de
son commandement et de ses finances. Signe : HENRI. Et plus
bas : RUZ£. »

Bibliography. — Gazette numistnatique frangaise, 1, 1899, p. 106.

ERTEL, TRAUGOTT (Germ.). Coin-en graVer, by whom exist
thirteen pattern coins of Munich, the earliest having been executed
in 1829.

Bibliography. — Eyb, Die Munien und Medaillen der Stadl Munchen, 1875.

ERWIN VON STEGE (Justr.). Mint-master at Vienna under
Charles V. His father Konrad had filled the same post at Frankfort-
on-Main, 1437-1456.

ESCHGER ET GHESQUIERE (French). A firm of Die-sinkers and
Medallists established at Paris, circa 1860-1882. They have issued a
large number of coins, jetons, medals, tickets, badges, &:c. The
coinage of Haiti, 1881, engraved by Laforestrie and Roty was
issued by them. Vide OESCHGER ET MESDAG.

ESCLAT, JEAN DE L' (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Troyes, 13 57-13 58.

ESCRIU (Span.). Medallist of the second half of the nineteenth
century. I have seen by him a medal of the Naval Exhibition of
Barcelona, 1872 ; another on the Accession of Alfonso XII., &c.

ESMERY, NICOLAS Vide fiMERY and AIMERY supra.

ESPARBfiS, LOUIS (French). Sculptor, born at Toulouse on the
^"' of March 1827; pupil of the Fine Art School of his native city.
He is the author of several Portrait-medallions in clay, one of which
was exhibited at the Salon of 1870.

Bibliography. — Chavignerle et Auvray, op. cit.

ESPERCIEUX, JEAN JOSEPH (French). Sculptor, born at Mar-
seilles in 1758, died at Paris on the 18''' of March, 1840. This artist
distinguished himself as a statuary of great merit and also executed

— 29 —

Portrait-medallions in clay and Bas-reliefs which were exhibited at
the Salons of the early part of the nineteenth century.
Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

ESPINAL, GUILLAUME {Fremh). Also OSPINEL or HOSPINEL.

Coin-engraver at the Mint of Troyes, from 1360 to 1361.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les graveurs de la Mounaie de Troyes dii XII^
au XVIII^ sikle, Paris, 1892.

ESPINE, CHARLES PIERRE DE L" (French). Mint-master at Paris,
from year V of the First Republic to 1820; symbol, a cock.

ESTENSE, BkLTEkSAR (Fide BALDASSARE ESTENSE, vol. I, p. 44).
This artist was born at Reggio (Emilia) in 1443 ; he is supposed to
have been the natural son of one of the princes of the Este family.
His pictures are all destroyed.

ESZ, FRANZ JOSEF (Auslr.). Sculptor of the second half of the
eighteenth century. He resided at Munich, where he modelled a
Portrait-medallion of Andreas Felix von OefFele, a Bavarian numis-
matist, 1780.

ETEX, ANTOINE (French). Sculptor of the nineteenth century,
born in 1808; by him are a bronze Portrait-medallion of Albert
Lenoir, 1833, and others in clay of Charles Lenormant, Ferdinand
de Lesseps, Pierre Leroux, Chateaubriand, Berryer, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

ETIENNE Fide STEPHEN VAN HOLLAND.
EDAINETOS Fide EVAENETOS.
EUARCHIDAS Fide EVARCHIDAS.

EUDES, EDODARD CHARLES (French). Sculptor and Ivory-carver;
pupil of Vechte.

The following Portrait-medallions in ivory were exhibited by
him at the ParisSalons : 1880, M"" Livalette ; — 1882, M*"' veuve
Tructin; — The Deliverance of Orleans; — Coronation of
Charles VII. at Reims ; — Bianca Capello, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

EUDES, LOUIS ADOLPHE (French). Sculptor, born at Ares(Gironde)
in 1818. Pupil of David d' Angers. This artist has executed some
fine Medallions in bronze and clay, in imitation of his master's;
the best known are : Captive des Amours, 1853; — La Meca-
nique et I'Hvdraulique, 1870; — Portrait of Alphonse Karr,
1882, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

^ ^0 -

EUDES, JEAN (^French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Saint-L6
circa 1625.

EUELPISTOS. A fictitious Greek signature, whicli appears on two
modern gems; one is a sard of the Grivaud Collection, representing
Nemesis ; the other exhibits a two-headed Chimaera, and an ele-
phant's trunk holding caduceus.

Bibliography. — King, op. cit.

EUHEHEROS. Also a fictitious Greek signature, found on a sard,
formerly in the Collection of the Landgrave of Hesse ; the subject is,
a Roman Emperor clad in armour.

Bibliography. — King, op. cit.

EUKLEIDAS {Greek). A Syracusan Coin-engraver of the period of
finest art, under Dionysios the Elder and his successors, B.C. 406-
345 . His productions excel in " in luxury of style and exquisite delicacy
ot work" ; the best is no doubt a three-quarter-faced head of Pallas,
which is justly famous ' .

The signature of this great artist, EYKAEI or EYKAEIAA, appears
on most of the following coins, and with one exception always on
the obv.

I. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. 2YPAK0II0I. Female
head to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair bound with sphen-

Syracusan Tetradradrachm by Eukleidas and Evaenetos.

done, tied above, and ornamented in front with a swan swimming
to 1., and at the back with stars of eight rays, and with engraver's
name EVKAEI ; around, four dolphins. ^. by Evaenetos (Fide
EV^NETOS). British Museum Catalogue Sicily, n° iqo. Du Chastel,
pl.Vn,75-

I . Numismatists now generally agree in considering the names, engraved in
small characters, sometimes expressed by initial letters only, and often hidden in
accessories or details of costume as artists' signatures, notwithstanding the strong
objections which some authors, and especially the learned Danish archaeologist,
Herr H. F. Kinch, have raised against this view.

2. M^. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. ^YPAKO. Similar;
ornaments in sphendone and engraver's name not visible. ^. by
Eumenes {Vide EUMENES). B. M. Cat., Sicily, n° 192.

3. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. 2YPAK0II0I. Female
head to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair rolled; beneath chin,

a diptych, on the tablets of which, ; around, four dolphins.

I^. by Eumenes (Fide EUMENES). B. M. Cat. Sicily, n° 19).
— Du Chastel, pi. VI, 62. — Mus. Hunter, t, 52, 17. — Torremu:^:{a
num. vet. Sic, t. J2, n° 11.

A variety exists with loop to the diptych.

4. JR^. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. Similar ^. by Evae-
netos (Vide EV^NETOS); tablet in field; dolphins in ex. Du
Chastel, pi. VII, 7./. — Spink's Numismatic Circular, May. 1901

n°7iS7S-\

There is a variety of head, with different ]^. Du Chastel,
pi. VII, 76.

Tetradrachm by Eukleidas and Eumenes.

5. /K. Tetradrachm by Eukleidas. Obv. KOIIflN. Female head
to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair bound with sphendone,
over which several tresses fly back ; beneath head, on a scroll,
slightly incuse, EVKAEI; around, four dolphins : plain border.
VjL. Quadriga to 1., driven by male figure holding reins in both

Tetradrachm bv Eukleidas,

hands, goad in r. ; horses prancing; above, Nike flying to r., about
to crown the charioteer; in ex., dolphin to 1., border of dots.
B. M. Cat., n° 194.

— 32 —

9- iR. Tetradrachm by Eukleidas. Similar type, without engrav-
er's name. B. M. Cat., Sicily, n° i^j. Du Chastel, pi. Fill,

Variety of Tetradrachm by Eukleidas.

7. iR. Tetradrachm by Eukleidas. Similar type, of better style,
with single bandeau behind. Du Chastel , pi . Fill, ^4.

Variety of Tetradrachm by Eukleidas"

8. iR. Tetradrachm by Eukleidas. Obv. lYP A KOIinN. Head
of Pallas, three-quarter face to 1., wearing necklace of pendants with
medallion in centre, and richly ornamented Phrygian helmet

having three crests, on the front of which, '•'^aAdlV. ^j^ound,

Tetradrachm by Eukleidas.

four dolphins : plain border. I^. Quadriga to 1., driven by female
figure (Persephone) holding flaming torch and reins; above, Nike
flying to r., about to crown her; the horses in high action; in ex.,
ear of barley to 1. : border of dots. B .M. Cat., Sicily, n° i^S. —

— 33 —

Du Chaslel,pl. VIII, n° 90. — P. Knight, num. vet. p. 2ji. K. ). —
Mus. Borh I. t. j6, 4.

9. M^. Tetradrachm by Eukleidas. Similar; medallion of neck-
lace bears a gorgon-head. B. M. Cat., Sicily, n° 199.

10. ifC. Drachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. Type of the preceding
coin, without engraver's name. ^. lYPAKOliriN. Leucaspis in
fighting attitude ; in ex. AEYKAinil. DuChastel, pi. XI, 126.

11. /R. Hemidrachm, after Eukleidas. Obv. as last. ^L. as n° 8.
Du Chaslel, pi. XI, i2j.

12. JE. Obv. Female head to 1., hair bound in sphendone ; in
front, above forehead, EY- I^. Wheel, within spokes of which
2Y — PA and two dolphins. (Berlin Museum.) Weil, pi. Ill, 8.

D' Barclay V. Head {Chronological Sequence of the Coins of Syra-
cuse, 1874) expresses the following judgment upon the work of
Eukleidas : " Eukleidas and Kimon excelled in the representation of
the full-fiice. The head of Pallas by Eukleidas, and that of Arethusa
by Kimon, are now justly celebrated, especially the latter, while
the former appears to have been so great a favourite at the time as
to have been adopted for the drachms and half-drachms of this
period, the reverses of which are, respectivel}^ Leukaspis, and quad-
riga. "

Prof. Rud. Weil describes in the following manner the art of
the great Syracusan Master in connection with that of his contem-
poraries :

" Die jiingere Reihe dersyrakusanischen Stempelschneider, deren
Kunstweise zu derjenigen der Katanaer, Herakleidas undChoirion,
in naherer Beziehung steht, hat ihren Hauptvertreter in Kimon. Ein
Mittglied zwischen diesen Kiinstlern und den oben behandelten
Syrakusanern (Eumenes, Sosion, Phrygillos, Euth, Evaenetos)
bildet Eukleidas, indem er mit der Mehrzahl seiner Stempel sich
noch den alteren Syrakusanern anschliesst, aber wegen seines Tetra-
drachmon mit dem Pallaskopf von Kimon nicht wohl zu trennen
ist. Wie die ganze jiingere Gruppe der syrakusanischen Kiinstler
arbeitet auch Eukleidas nur noch fiir Syrakus. A den Korakopf des
Phrygillos erinnertsein Frauenkopf mit gerolltem Haar, der Kiinst-
lername steht hier in vertieften Buchstaben auf einem autgeklappten

Diptychon -. Zu der zierlichen Hauptseite steht die plumpe

Quadriga des Eumenes auf der Kehrseite in seltsamen Contrast, und
doch wird an dem Nebeneinnnderarbeiten Bolder festzuhalten sein.
An Arethusakopfe mit dem Haar in der Sphendone, wie sie Eume-
nes and Evaenetos gebildet haben, reiht sich dem letzteren enge
verwandt ein solcherdes Eukleidas, das breite Stirnband der Sphen-
done schmiickt hier ein Schwan, den Kiinstlernamen tragt in kaum
erkennbaren erhabenen Buchstaben ein Streifen der Sphendone

L. FoRREK. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. J

- 34 —

hinten am Hals. Die Kehrseite bildet ein Evaenetos-Stempel. Ein
dem vorigen durchaus ahnlicher Kopf mit EY in dem Stirnband der
Sphendone stehtauf der icleinen Kupfermuiize (mit dem vierspeich-
igen Rad und zwei Delphinen als Kehrseite), die einer Serie des
Phrygillos parallel laufen, ziierst beschrieben von Sallet, Zeitschr.
f. Num. Ill, 240 (Taf. Ill, n.8, Berlin). Ein weiterer Arethusakopf
hatfliegendes Haar, miteinem breiten Bande umwunden, das gleich
der Sphendone vorn mit dem Delphin, hinten mit Sternen ge-
schmiickt ist ; unterm Kopfsteht auf einer geoffneten RoUe der Kiinst-
lername EYKAEIAA, dessen letzte Buchstaben durch den Doppel-
schlag nur in der Unterhalfte sichtbar werden. Mit dem Athenakopf
gelangen vvir auch in Syrakus zu den Kopfen in Vorderansicht ; die
Wangen sind mit reichen Locken umgeben, den Kopf bedeckt ein
Prunkhelm, iiberragt von hohem Biigel und aufgeschlagenen Sei-
tenklappen und geschmiickt mit reichem Palmettenornament in

Flachrelief, zwischen dem in feiner erhabener Schrift ^'^AfclA

A
sichtbar wird. Ohne beigefiigten Kiinstlernamen ist dieser Typus
auf Drachmen (Rs. Leukaspis) und Hemidrachm (Rs. Quadriga)
iibertragen. Von Kehrseitenstempeln ist nur einer mit dem Namen
des Kiinstlers versehen, eine Q.uadriga mit zwei in voile Vorder-
ansicht gebrachten Pterdekopfe; der Name steht klein vor den
Pferden, E etwas hoher, AEIAA iiber der Querleiste. Am nachsten
konimt diesem Stempel die Quadriga mit der fachelschwingenden
Wagenlenkerin (Kora), welche als Kehrseite bei dem Athenakopf
und ahnlich neben Vorderseiten des Phrygillos erscheint. ".

The head of n° 3 reminds one of that of Kore by Phrygillos, as
Prof. Weil notices in the above-quoted lines. There is also a great
analogy between the head of n° i, which is supposed to be that of
Arethusa, and the creations of similar style by the engravers Eumenes
and Evaenetos. The facing heads of Pallas by Eukleidas and Are-
thusa by Kimon are evidently due to the same inspiration and rank
amongst the finest productions of Greek monetary art. There is
perhaps more grace and suppleness in Kimon's style, whereas
Eukleidas still belongs to the period of transition, and for this reason
there is more strength in his work, which shows uncommon power,
originality "nd mastery in the e.xecution. One feels the Syracusan
engraver had a full comprehension of his art ; in his types of god-
desses' heads, at once graceful and diguilied, we see the exalted
beauty, the lofty sentiment, and all the grandeur that fascinate us
in Greek sculpture.

Bibliography. — D^ Barclay V. Head, Historia Numorum, London, 1887. —
Id., On the Chronological Sequence of the Coins of Syracuse^ London, 1874. — Regi-
nald Stuart Poole, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Vol. I.
Sicily, London, 1876. — Rudolf Weil, Die Kunstlerinschriften der Sicilischen MUn-

— 35 —

^en, Berlin, 1884. — H. F. Kinch, Observations sur les tioms attribue'es a desgraveurs
de monnaies grecques. Revue numismatique, 1889. — Raoul-Rocliette, Lettre a
M. le due de Lii\nes sur les graveurs dcs Monnaies grecques, Paris, 1851. — Comte
Albericdu Cliastel dc la Howardries, Syracuse, ses mommies d' argent et d" or au point
de vue arlististique, Londres, 1898. — Ad. Holm, GeschichleSiciliens im AUertbum,
Band III, Leipzig, 1896. — Arthur J. Evans, Syracusan ''Medallions" and their
Engravers in the light of reunl finds, London 1892. — Torremuz/.a, Siciliae Vt teres
nummi. Panormi, 1 77 1. — Von Sallet, Die Kiinstlerinschriften auf griechischen
Mun^en, Berlin, 1871. — L. Forrer, Le grave ur Eukleidas et ses monnaies. Revue
Suisse de numismatique, 1898. — D^ Heinrich Brunn, Geschichte der Griechisclxn
KUnstler, Stuttgart, 1899.

EUMELOS. Fictitious Greek signature on some ancient Syracusan
forgeries. Both the Due de Blacas and the Due De Luynes collections
contained specimens of these pieces, undoubtedly old, but plated
(fourrees). They were the work of contemporary forgers, who imi-
tated the productions of Eumeiies for the obverses and misspelt the
name of the artist, whilst they employed types of Camarina and
others for the reverses. The British Museum also possesses an
example of one of these curious coins.

Bibliography. — A. Salinas, Exanun de quelques contrefacons antiques des tetra-
drachnus de Syracuse et du pre'tendu nom de graveur Eumelus, Revue numismatique,
1864. — R. Weil, op. ctt.

EUMENES (Greek). A Syracusan Coin-engraver, who flourished,
circa B.C. 4 15-400. He belongs to the early school, and is the first
artist whose name appears only on Syracusan coins. D' B. V. Head,
referring to the Syracusan coinage under the Democracy, B.C.
412-406, says : " Particular attention seems to have been now
devoted to the coinage, and its beauty was regarded as an object of
public interest. Hence the die-engravers were permitted for the
first time to sign their work, and we frequently find that the two
sides of the same coin are by different artists. Eumenes, Soson, and
Phrygillos were the engravers employed principally upon the
obverses of the coins which I would place before B.C. 406, and
Eumenes, Evaenetos, and Euthymos upon the reverses during the
same years ".

The following coins, signed by this artist, are in the National
Collection :

I. yK. Tetradrachm. Obv. lYPAKOllOH. Female head to 1.,
wearing earring and necklace; hair rolled; across front of head,

ampyx, on which i^JnI/ ; around, four dolphins. ^. Quadriga

to I., driven by charioteer, holding goad in r. hand, reins in both ;
horses galloping in step; above, Nike flying to r., carrying an untied
wreath, and about to crown the charioteer : border of dots. B. M.
Catalogue, Sicily, n° 140. — Du Chastel,V\. VI, 66.

- 36 -

There is a variety without engraver's name. Du Chastel, PI. M,
67.

2. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. IVPAK02I0H. Similar head, without
ampyx; beneath, EVMHNOV; around, tor dolphins. ^. Similar,
B. M. Cat., n° 141. — Du Chastel, PI. VI, 68.

3. ifC. Tetradrachm. Obv. Similar. ^L. Similar type; beneath
horses, a crane to I. ; in ex., a fish swimming to 1., followed by a
dolphin. B. M. Cat., n° 142.

4. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. lYPAKOIION. Female head to 1.,
wearing earring and necklace; hair bound with a crossed cord,
locks of hair flying loose over the head; beneath, traces of
EYMHNOY; around, four dolphins. ^L. Similar type; no symbol ;
in ex., scallop; same border. B. M. Cat., n° 143. — Du Chastel,
PI. VI, var. 68.

5. ^. Tetradrachm. Obv. ZYPAKOIION. Female head to 1.,
wearing earring and necklace ; hair bound with a diadem crossed;
behind, EVMHNOV; around, four dolphins. ^L. Quadriga to 1., driv-
en by charioteer, holding goad and reins; horses galloping in step ;
above, Nike about to crown charioteer with untied wreath; in ex.,
EVMHNOV : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 144.

6. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. [ZY]PAKOIION. Female head to 1.,
wearing earring and necklace; hair rolled; behind neck, EY;
around, four dolphins. ^L. Quadriga to 1., driven by charioteer,
holding reins in both hands, goad in r. ; horses galloping in step;
above, Nike flying to r., about to crown charioteer ; beneath horses,
EY; in ex., a fish swimming to r., followed by a dolphin : border
of dots B. M. Cat., n° 146.

7. iR. Tetradrachm. Similar; beneath, EY. B. M. Cat.,
n° 147.

8. ^. Tetradrachm. Obv. By Eumenes. lYPA KOUHN.
Female head to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair rolled;
beneath, EVMENOY; around, four dolphins. ^L. by Evaenetos
(Fj^^EViENETOS). B. M. Cat., n° ij^^. — Head, PI. Ill, 13. - Du
Chastel, PI. VI, 64.

9. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. ZYPAKOIiriN.
Female head to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair bound with
sphendone, tied above and ornamented with stars; in field below,
EVMENOY; around, four dolphins. ^. Similar. B. M. Cat.,
n° 150.

10. M,. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. ZYPA... Female head
to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair rolled; beneath, EV ;
around, four dolphins. I^. by Evaenetos (Vide EViENETOS).
B.M. Cat.,n° 151.

21. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. Similar type to n° 9;

— 37 —

signature, EVMENOY. I^. by Euth... (Fide EUTHYMOS). B. M.
Cat., n° 152.

12. JK. Tetrad rachm. Obv. by Eumenes. lYPAKO 2. Head of
Persephone to 1., wearing earring and necklace to which is attached
a Hon's head ornament; her hair is rolled and bound with ears of
barley; beneath, EVM; around, four dolphins. I^. by Euth...
(Fide EUTHYMOS). B. M. Cat., n° 153. — Du Chastel, PI. VI,

71-

Tetradrachm by Eumenes and Euthymos.

13. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Soson. ^L. by Eumenes (?)
Quadriga to 1. driven by charioteer, holding goad in r. hand, reins
in both; horses galloping in step; above, Nike flying to r. car-
rying an untied wreath, and about to crown charioteer ; in ex., two
dolphins meeting : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n°* 154 and 155.

14. JK. Drachm, by Eumenes. Obv. lYPAKOIIflN. Female
head to r., w^earing earring and necklace; hair bound with diadem
crossed; beneath, EVMENOV; around, tour dolphins to r, I^.
AEVKAinil. Leukaspis advancing to r., in attitude of attack, wear-
ing crested helmet with feather at the side, and carrying on 1. arm
oval shield, and in r. hand sword, the scabbard of which hangs
behind him, suspended by a strap passing over r. shoulder : border
of dots. B. M. Cat.. n°' 162 and 163. — Head, PI. Ill, 15.

15. JR.. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Evaenetos. ^L. by Eumenes (?)
as n° 13. B. M. Cat., n° 189.

16. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv, by Eukleidas. j^. by Eumenes, as
n° 13. B. M. Cat., n° 191.

17. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. ^ by Eumenes.
Similar; beneath horses, EY. B. M. Cat., n° 192.

18. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. I^. by Eumenes.
Quadriga tol., driven by charioteer holding goad and reins; horses
galloping in step; above, Nike flying to r., about to crown chariot-
eer; in ex., EYMHNOV : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 193. —
Du Chastel, PI. VI, 62.

Mr Arthur J. Evans has shown that the true spelling of this
artist's name should be Eumenes, and not Eumenos : " On his

- 38-

more archaic coins with the civic inscription lYPAKOIION, this

artist invariably signs EYMHNOY or ^^q^- On his later types

associated with reverses by Evaenetos or Euth..., and with the
inscription lYPAKOIinN, the signature is always EVMENOY. This
shows that the true form of the name was Eumcms (Ej[j.evf,;), and

Tetradrachm by Eukleidas and Eunienes.

not Euminos (E"j;rr;vcc) ". The same writer expresses the opinion
that Evaenetos and Eukleidas were the pupils of Eumenes, whose
stj'le is somewhat rude in comparison with that of the later artists.

Bibliography. — Reginald Stuart Poole, op. cil. — Rud. Weil, op. cit. —
Oe du Chastel, op. cit., etc.

EUSEBIUS (Prankish). On a coin of the Bibliotheque Nationale in
Paris, the name of this moneyer appears; the coin was struck at
Canterbury, and it bears on obv. the legend EVSEBII MONITA,
and profile Merovingian bust to 1., and on ^L. + DOROVERNIS
CIVITAS with cross moline. It is supposed that Eusebius was "a
Prankish goldsmith who came over to England in the train of Qiieen
Berchta on her marriage with Aethelberht, king of Kent".

Bibliography. — C. F. Keary, Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum.
Anglo-Saxon Series. Vol. I, Int. XII, XV.

EUSTACHE, SYLLA (French). Contemporary Medallist, residing at
Paris. Pupil of Gabriel Guay, Emile Laporte and Gerbier. At the
Salon of 1898, he exhibited the following beautiful plaques :
Gelardin ; — Brunetta ; — Chatte Kiribi ; — Sarah Bernhardt, &c.
At the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900, this artist showed two
medals in gold with portrait of M""^ Sarah Bernhardt.

EUTHUS. Fictitious Greek signature on a modern cameo, repre-
senting Silenus seated on the ground ; in front, two cupids, one
playing the lyre, the other the syrinx.

Bibliography. — King, op. cit.

EUTHYMOS (Greek). Syracusan Coin-engraver, whose signature
EY0 appears on several coins of the best period.

— 39 —

r. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. ^. by Euth... Quadriga
to r., driven by naked winged youth, looking upwards towards
Nike, flying to 1., who crowns him; in ex., EYO, and SkyHa

Tetradrachm by Eumenes and Euthymos.

swimming to r., her r. arm extended towards a fish, which swims
before her, her 1. holding a trident over her shoulder; behind her,
a dolphin to r. : border of dots. B. M. Cat., Sicily, n°^ 152 and

153-

2. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Phrygillos. ^L. by Euth. Similar.
B. M. Cat., n°' 156 and 157.

On a coin of Elis, struck before B.C. 421, the engraver's name
EYO... appears and D' Head thinks that this artist " is not improb-
ably the same EYO... who was shortly afterwards employed as a
coin-engraver at Syracuse ". The coin in question has on obv., an
eagle devouring hare, the I^. is described as follows : Incuse square,
within which, FA ; Nike with spread wings running to 1. holding
wreath in outstretched hand; in tront, EYO...

The Syracusan type by Euthymos shows great resemblance to the
reverse of one of the latest tetradrachms of Selinus, and this com-
parison has induced D"^ Weil to regard Euthymos as a Selinuntine
or Akragantine engraver. M"^ Arthur Evans however does not adopt
this view, and is inclined on the contrary to believe " that engravers
of both cities (Syracuse and Selinus) borrowed the type independ-
ently from that found on a fine series of Kyrenean gold staters,
which, from the early character of their style and epigraphy, must
have been struck about the same period as our Sicilian pieces ".

It is interesting to note that " the Syracusan tetradrachms signed
EYO, presenting the Kyrenean scheme of the quadriga, seem to
have been specially selected for imitation by the Siculo-Punic die-
sinkers during the period of preparation which immediately preced-
ed the great Carthaginian invasion of 409 B.C. " (A. J. Evans,
Syracusan "Medallions", p. 63, sqq.)

It is probable that Euthymos flourished between B.C. 430 and
409, but whether the artist was of Eleian origin and, attracted by
the wealth of the Sicilian metropolis, later on settled at Syracuse,
or whether he was a Syracusan, who was entrusted with the cutting

— 40 —

of dies for Elis, it is a question which for the present cannot be
answered with any certainty.

Bibliography. — Reginald Stuart Poole, op. cit. — D^ B. V. Head, op. cit. —
A. J. Evans, op. cit. &c.

EUTYCHES {Greek). A celebrated Gem-engraver of the Augustan
age ; he was a son of the famous Dioscorides, whose two other
sons, Herophilus and Hyllus, also distinguished themselves in the
glyptic art. Eutyches is the author of a fine intaglio, engraved on
rock crystal, presenting a facing bust of Athena, holding her robe
on the breast. This celebrated gem, which is already mentioned by
Cyriacus of Ancona at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and
which now is in the Berlin Museum, bears a full signature ot the
artist :

6YTTXHC AIOCKOTPIAOY AirCIAOC €n (o-)-

From this inscription we learn that Eutyches was the son ot
Dioscorides, and that he originated from Aegae, in Cilicia.

In connection with this remarkable gem, King gives some fur-
ther particulars which are worth quoting here in extenso. " The
authenticity of the inscription on the gem of Eutyches has been
recently established in a'most striking manner by unexpected tes-
timonies, dating from a remote period, which furnish the strongest
external evidence to Tolken's internal reasons in favour ot the
genuineness of the inscription. De Rossi has found amongst the
papers of Cyriac ot Ancona, in the Vatican MS. , the following notice :
" Eugenii Papae, an. XV 1445) Venetum ser. ab urbe condita
M. XX. III. (f. e. 1023 years from the founding of Venice). Ad
crystallinam Alexandri capitis ymaginem. Hec antiquis Grecis lit-
teris inscriptio consculpta videtur.

EYTTXH20

AI02K0TPIAAT

AITEAIOZ-En

Quae Latine sonant : Eutychus Dioscuridis Aigeaius fecit. "
According to the words that follow, " Bertutio Delphino Venetum
Alexandreae classis, praetecto ", the gem appears to have been pre-
sented by the latter to Cyriac. The opinion of Em. Braun's, that
the supposed Alexander was no other than our Pallas, has received
a speedy confirmation by a further communication ot De Rossi's
out ot another Vatican MS., which proceeds from a contemporary
of Cyriac's /. e. the beginning of the fifteenth century : ''Ad
M. Laspomagnum ex K. A. (Kyriaci Anconensis) litterarum parti-
cula de Alexandri Macedonis in cristallino sigillo comperta nuper
imagine praescripta cum inscriptione. * Pr^eterea ut insigne admo-
dum aliquid tibi referam, cum mihi lo. Delphin ille Nau«px°» ^^^^~

— 41 —

gens atque 'I^iAsTrsvw-aTs; apud eum per noctem praetoria sua in
puppi moranti pleraque nomismata pretiosasquegemmasostentasset,
alia inter ejusmodi generis supellectiiia nobile mihide cristallo sigil-
lum ostendit, quod polliciaris digiti magnitudine, galeati Alexandri
Macedonis imagine pectore tenus, miraque Eutychitis artificis ope,
alta corporis concavitate, insignitum erat; et expolitae galeae orna-
mento, bina in fronte arietum capita, certa Ammonii Jovis insignia
parentis, tortis cornibus impressa : acsummo avertice thyara, cursu
veloci Aapv-y.oj; molossos hinc inde gerere videtur ; insigni arlis pul-
chritudine : et sub galea, tenuissimis hinc inde capillamentis prin-
ceps, subtili velamine et peregrino habitu elaboratis a summitate
listis amictus, dexteram et nudam cubitenus manum, vesti summo
a pectore honeste pertentantem, videtur admovisse ; et gestu miri-
fico facies, regioque aspectu acie obtuitum perferens, vivos nempe
de lapide nitidissimo vultus, et heroicam quoque suam videtur
magnitudinem ostentare. Cum et ad lucem solidam gemmae partem
objectares, ubi cubica corporalitate, intus sublucida et vitrea trans-
parenti umbra mira pulchritudine membra quoque spirantia enites-
cere conspectantur; et tam conspicuae rei opificem suprascriptis
inibi consculptis litteris Graecis atque vetustissimis intelligimus".
King gives three other gems, of a dubious character, by this engrav-
er; as other writers do not mention them, it is probable they are
not genuine : Phoebus in his car, onyx (The Hague) ; — Head of
a young Roman, calcedony; — and, Minerva putting her vote in
the urn at the trial of Orestes (Eckhel).

Bibliography. — Babelon, Pierres gravees, Paris 1894. — King, op. cit. —
Babelon, Gemmae, Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecques et romaines, p. 1479. —
King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, 1884. — Furtwangler, Antike Gemnun, Leipzig,
1900.

EViENETOS (Greek). " Kimon is a great artist : Evaenetos is the
greatest of all in the branch that he has cultivated. He is the Phei-
dias of coin-engraving ". This is Lenormant's opinion of the cele-
brated Engraver, whose signature appears, not only on coins of
Syracuse, but also on some of Camarina and Catana, and whose
fame is due, above all, to the magnificent dekadrachm, which
D' B. V. Head calls " the chef d'oeuvre of the art of coin-
engraving". M"" Poole, in Greek Coins as illustrating Greek Art
{Num. Chron., 1864, p. 244, sqq.) expresses the view that
" nothing more delicately finished has been produced by Greek art
than Evaenetos ' Persephone ", and long before him, Winckelmann,
quoted by Mr. Arthur Evans, remarked, speaking of this head,
"It transcends all imagining", and further, he asked, "Might
not Ratfaelle, who complains that he could not find in Nature any
beauty worthy to stand for Galatea, have taken her likeness from
the best Syracusan coins, since in his days — with the exception of the

— 42 —

Laocoon — the finest statues were not yet discovered? Beyond
these coins human comprehension cannot go".

The following coins were engraved by Evaenetos (Circ. B.C.

405-345)-

SYRACUSE

1. N. Piece of 100 Litra or Double Dekadrachm. Obv, 2YPA-
KOIION. Head of goddess to 1., wearing triple earring and necklace,
hair in sphendone, adorned with stars ; in the field, behind the
head, the artist's signature EYA. ^. lYPA Herakles kneeling on
r. knee, and strangling lion with both arms; behind, club. Weil.
PI. II, 3.

2. Another, similar, with signature EYAINE. Revue numismatique,
Paris, 1840, p. 21.

3. Another, similar, without signature {illustrated). Some of
these were also executed by Kimon ; a specimen in the British
Museum is signed Kl.

Obv. ot M Double Dekadrachm by Evaenetos.

4. M. Piece of 50 Litra or Gold Dekadrachm. Obv. lYPAKO-
2inN. Young male head (the River Anapus) to 1. ; around, border
of dots. ^L. lYPAKOlinN on a bar beneath an incuse square,
within which a free horse prancing tor. B. M. Cat., Sicily, n° 169.

5. Another, similar. Obv. lYPA; behind head E. B. M. Cat.,
n° 172.

6. Another, similar. Obv. ZYPA ; no signature ; behind head,
corn-grain. Montagu Catalogue, Greek, Part. I, n° 149.

Kimon also engraved dies for this piece.

7. iR. Dekadrachm. Obv. lYPAKOIIflN. Head of Persephone
to 1., wearing earring and necklace; hair turned up behind,
arranged in wavy curls, and bound with wreath of corn-leaves;
around, four dolphins; in field, under chin, A (Aey.aSpaxfjLov) ;
beneath the whole, EYAINE : border of dots. ^. Quadriga to 1.,
driven by charioteer holding goad and reins ; horses in high
action; above, Nike flying to r,, about to crown the charioteer;
in ex., a ledge or step, on and against which is placed a suit of
defensive armour, consisting of helmet and shield, cuirass and
greaves; beneath, AOAA : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 173.
Struck probably about 406 B.C.

— 43 —

8. Another, similar, without A on obv. Da Chastel, pi. 13.
n° 146.

7. Another, similar. Face of different style; AQAA under exer-
gual line. Dti Chaslel, n° 144.

Silver Dekadrachm by Evaenetos.

18. Another, similar. Signature, EYAINETOY in full under
neck; below, dolphin. Montagu Catalogue, Greek, Parti, n° 150.

11. Another, similar. Without signature; beneath chin, a dot.
B. M. Cat., n° 179.

12. Another, similar. Under chin, a dot; behind neck, a star ot
four rays. B. M. Cat., n° 182.

13. Another, similar. Under chin, a dot; behind neck, at star of
eight rays. B. M. Cat., n° 184.

14. Another, similar. Under chin, no dot; behind neck, a star
of eight rays. B. M. Cat., n° 185.

15. Another, similar. Behind neck, a scallop-shell. B. M. Cat.,
n° 186. Several varieties.

16. Another, similar. Beneath chin, griffin's head to r. B. M.
Cat., n° 187.

17. Another, similar. Behind the head, a griffin's head, and
beneath the chin, another. Num. Circ, 1896, col. 1559, n° 8.

18. Another, similar. In front of neck i and behind a scallop-
shell. Montagu, I, n° 151.

19. Another, similar. Cockle-shell, turned the reverse way to
what is generally seen, behind the head. Num. Circ, 1896,
col. 1559, n° 6. — Du Chastel, pi. 13, n° 144.

20. Another, similar, described as follows by Mr. Arthur Evans
and believed by him to be the work of a new artist : Obv. Head of
Persephone in a severer style, and with more flowing hair. Inscrip-
tion : lYPAKOIION removed to lower circumference of coin.
^. Quadriga, Sic, in new style, passing stand (?); action ol horses

— 44 —

less high and more rhythmic; arms larger and more ornate; and
inscription AOAA in large letters above shield. In right hand corner
of exergue, signature NK or HK in mon (?) in microscopic charac-
ters. Evans, Syraciisan "■Medallions" and their Engravers, p. i6,
n° 15.

20*. J^. Tetradrachm. Exact reproduction of Evaenetos' medal-
lion on a reduced scale. Carfrae Sale Cat., 1894, n° 68. — A late
Collector s Sale Cat., 1900, lot 154, realized £ 42.

These so-called "Medallions" by Evaenetos are considered by
most connoisseurs as the finest coins ever produced. " Depuis long-
temps ", wrote Lenormant, " le jugement unanime de tous les
connaisseurs a proclame ces Pentecontalitra de Syracuse, graves par
Evenete et Cimon, meme avantqu'on eut su discerner les noms de
leurs auteurs, le nee plus ultra de I'art monetaire. Des deux gra-
veurs, Cimon ne doit etre classe que le second, et pourtant ses
oeuvres surpassent de beaucoup ce qui a ete fait de plus remar-
quable dans le meme art a la Renaissance... Cimon n'est qu'un
grand artiste ; Evenete est le plus grand de tous dans la branche qu'il
a cultivee. II est comme le Phidias de la gravure en monnaies.
Regardez pendant quelque temps une piece gravee par lui, et bien-
tot vous oublierez les dimensions exigues de Tobjet que vous tenez
a la main ; vous croirez avoir sous les yeux quelque fragment
detache des frises du Parthenon ; c'est le propre de I'art parvenu
d sa perfection, de donner autant de grandeur aux plus petits
qu'aux plus immenses objets, et de rassembler sur un flan mone-
taire de six ou sept centimetres de diametre autant de beauteet de
puissance que dans une statue colossale (La Monnaiedans VAntiquite,
III, p. 269).

21. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. lYPAKOIION. Female head to 1.
(Arethusa ?) wearing earring and necklace ; hair bound with sphen-
done, tied above, and ornamented in front, with a dolphin to 1.

Tetradrachm hy Evaenetos.

above waves, and behind, with three stars of eight rays ; around,
four dolphins; on the lower dolphin in front EYAI. ^. Quadriga
to r. ; driven by bearded male figure holding goad and reins )

— 45 —

horses galloping ; the rein of the farthest horse broken and trailing
upon the ground ; above, Nike flying to 1., carrying a wreath with
which she is about to crown the charioteer, in one hand, and in the

other, a label suspended by a cord, bearing the legend p-T/-) ; in

ex., two dolphins meeting : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 88
{illustrated).

This coin is the earliest work on record by Evaenetos ; it was
struck before 420 B.C., and is the prototype of Kimon's earliest
" medallion ", and of some issues of Himera, before 408 B C. , and
Segesta, by about 415 B.C. The reverse type of this piece is often
found associated with obverses by Eumenes and Eukleidas.

22. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. bv Eumenes. I^. by Evaenetos, as
n° 21. 5. M. Cat., n° 148. — Head, PL III, 13. — Du Chaste!,
PI. VI, 64.

23. JB^. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. IJd,. by Evaenetos,
similar. B. M. Cat. n° 150.

24. ifL. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eumenes. ^L. by Evaenetos. Quad-
riga to r., driven by female charioteer holding goad and reins;
horses galloping ; the rein of the farthest horse broken and trailing
upon the ground; above, Nike flying to 1., about to crown char-
ioteer; in ex., a chariot-wheel lying on the ground, and on the
line of exergue, EYAINETO in minute characters : border of dots.
B. M. Cat., n" 151.

25. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Eukleidas. ^L. by Evaenetos. As
last. B. M. Cat., n" 190. — Du Chaslel, PI. VII, 75. (F/Jg Illustra-
tion under EUKLEIDAS, n° i).

26. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. by Evaenetos. As n" 21. I^. by
Eumenes (Fide EUMENES ?). B. M. Cat., n° 189.

27. iR. Hemidrachm. Obv. lYPAKOIIflN. Female head to 1.,
wearing earring, necklace, and sphendone, tied in front ; on either
side, a dolphin downwards. ^. Quadriga to 1., driven by chariot-
eer holding reins in both hands, goad in r., horses prancing; the
rein of the farthest horse broken and trailing ; above, Nike flying to
r., crowning charioteer; in ex., a chariot- weel lying on the ground :
border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 163. — Head, pi. Ill, n° 16.

Von Sallet and Mr. Arthur Evans agree in the opinion, that
"between the execution of Evaenetos ' early tetradrachm dies and
those of his "medallions" there must have elasped a considerable
period of years (two or three decennia) ". After the Athenian siege,
the artist is found again at Syracuse, when he engraved the new
gold hundred and fifty-litra pieces, about 409 B.C. During the
interval, the artist probably worked at Catana, Camarina, and
Segesta, on some of the coins of which cities we meet with his
signature.

-46

CATANA

28. JSL. Tetradrachm. Obv. KATANAION. Head of Apollo tol.,
laureate ; hair turned up behind ; on either side, knotted fillet, with
bell attached, and cray-fish upwards. ^L. Quadriga to 1., driven by
charioteer, wearing long chiton, holding reins in both hands, and
striking horses with goad ; horses in high action ; on this side of
the chariot, meta; above, Nike, flying to r., bearing wreath and
tablet inscribed EYAIN ; under horses' feet, pellet; Hne of ex.
double; in ex., crab : border of dots. B. M. Cat., Sicily, n' 35
(^illustrated).

Tetradrachm of Catana by Evacnetos

29. JB^. Drachm. Obv. AMENAN02. Head of young river-god,
Amenanos, tol., with short horn, diademed; around, two river-
fishes and cray-fish; beneath neck, EYAI. ^L. In exergue

ANAIil p^gj. quaJj-iga iq ^.^ driven by charioteer holding goad

and reins; rein of farthest horse hangs loose; above, Nike, flying
to 1., crowning charioteer : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 37.

Two varieties of this type, diftering in style and treatment of
the head of Amenanos are mentioned by A. v. Sallet in Zeitschrift filr
Numismatik, 1889, P- 2.

30. Another, similar. Obv. AMENANOI. Similar head; around,
three river-fishes; in field, to 1., EYAI. B. M. Cat., n° 39.

CAMARINA

31. iR. Didrachm. Obv. Bust of river-god Hipparis, three-quarter
face, towards 1. ; having small horn on either side of the forehead,
hair loose; on neck EYAI ; on either side, a fish, downward; all
in a circle of waves, ^. KAMAPINA. Nymph Kamarina, seated to
r., on the back of swan swimming to 1., with wings spread; the
nymph looks to 1., her r. arm is round the swan's neck, her
peplos falls over her knees, and she holds the upper part with both
hands as a sail; beneath swan, waves, amid which, fish to r. ; in
field to r., fish leaping : border of dots. B. M. Cat., n° 16.

— 47 —

SEGESTA

32. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv. ZEfEITAIlA, Head of Segesta tor:,
wearing earring, necklace, and sphendone, ornamented with star,
behind ; beneath, stalk of barley to 1. ^L. lEFEITAIflN Youth-
ful hunter to r., standing with 1. foot upon a rock; r. hand resting
on hip; I. elbow on knee; he wears pilos suspended behind neck,
a strap round shoulder, cothurni, and over 1. arm chlamys ; carries
in 1. hand two javelins; at his teet, two hounds to r. ; border of
dots. B. M. Cat., n° 32.

From the close analogy besween the obv. type of this coin and
the head of Arethusa on Evaenetos' early Syracusan dies,
Mr. Evans concludes that this tetradrachm of Segesta was executed
by this artist, " or at least by some Syracusan pupil of this engrav-
er ".

To Evaenetos, Mr. Evans attributes also a Syracusan Hemi-
drachm, signed E on ^L., and which he describes as follows :

33. M^. Hemidrachm ol Syracuse. Obv. Female head to 1., wear-
ing star-spangled sphendone, necklace, and, apparently, spiral ear-
ring; on either side, a dolphin downwards; below, 1YPAK02I0N.
I^. Quadriga to r., much resembling that of Evaenetos' signed
tetradrachms (5. Af. Cat., n° 188) but without the trailing rein,
driven by male charioteer, crowned by flyingNike. In ex. E between
two dolphins.

It is possible that Evaenetos practised the craft of Gold and Silver-
smith besides that of Die-Si nker, as they were nearly always asso-
ciated, and to again quote Mr. Evans, " it seems fairly ascertained
that he also exercised the profession of a Gem-engraver. ".

This artist's types have been imitated in the latest issues of
Syracuse, on the Siculo -Punic series, and on coins of Locri
Opuntii, Pheneus, Messenia, Pherae in Thessaly, Knossos in
Crete, Centuripae in Sicily, Metapontum, Arpi in Apulia, Massalia
in Gaul, and Rhoda in Spain, etc.

It would appear that the medallions of Kimon and Evaenetos
were struck out of the silver " poured into the Syracusan trea-
sury by the successful issue of the war against the Athenians".
Whether they were used as prize money either for the purpose ot
rewarding victors in the games or in actual warfare, is a matter of
conjecture. The writer above-referred to says, " It is in connexion
with the institution of the New Assinarian Games commemorating
the Athenian overthrow that the noble fitty-litra pieces were once
more issued by the Syracusan Mint. The Assinarian Games, as we
learn from Plutarch, were first celebrated in September, B.C. 412,
on the first anniversary of the Victory, and it is to this date that

-48-

the first distribution of these noble coins must in all probability be
referred. " (Evans, Syracusan 'Medallions', pp. 142 and 143.)

The period of Evaenetos' activity ranges between 425 B.C. and
385.

As to his style and art, Lenormant : " Comme beaucoup de
grands maitres, Evenete a progresse constamment dans le cours de
sa carriere et modifie sa maniere d'une maniere sensible. A ses
debuts, dans les dernieres annees du v^ siecle, son style et son faire
participent beaucoup de ceux d'Eumene, avec qui il commence par
etre associe et qui semble avoir ete son maitre. C'est Raphael dans
sa premiere maniere, encore sous I'influence du Perugin. Evenete a
d6ja, de plus qu'Eumene, ce je ne sais quoi de divin ou se sent
I'artiste de premier ordre; mais il lui emprunte un dernier reste de
la raideur et de la durete de I'ancien style. Peu a peu son style
s'assouplit et se perfectionne, il gagne de la douceur et de la
liberte, mais en gardant toujours un accent de grandeur simple et
de severite j usque dans la grace, qui atteint au sublime. Comme
precision et science du modele, il est incomparable; ses tetes de
divinites respirent un souffle vraiment ideal; il salt etre riche sans
tomber dans cette serie d'ornements et de details qui finit par rape-
tisser une oeuvre d'art. Son execution arrive a une finesse egale a
celle de la gravure des intailles ou des camees sur les gemmes ; cette
finesse inouie de travail est meme son ecueil, car dans les figures
de petite dimension des revers des tetradrachmes il la pousse
presque jusqu'a la secheresse. C'est a ce moment le plus complet du
developpement de son talent qu'il grave les coins des pentecontali-
tra. " {La Monnaie dans rAntiquite, III, 270).

"If nothing survived of all the sculpture of the ancients" said
the great art-critic, W. J. Stillmann, " Greek coinage alone would
demonstrate that the race to which it owed its existence was more
conversant with the qualities of beauty and had a finer spiritual
constitution than any other race of which we have any kind of
record. We learn from it that when all surrounding nations were
buried in the barbarism of wild, or sunk in the heaviness of sensual,
life, the Greeks were showing the most intense vitality and the
finest mental susceptibiHties as well as the purest moral qualities
that mankind have ever shown, and we do not need Plato and the
poets to assure us that the typical Greek of 400 B.C., and ot some
generations before and after, was, in all demanded by the balance
of the qualities belonging to man as the intellectual and spiritual
being, such as no age before or since, of which we know, has been
able to show. The complexus of art, as painting, sculpture, poetry,
music or any other form that may be devised, is the truest and
most absolute expression of the essential character of man that can
be made. Its existence as a dominant element of nationality or

— 49 —

individuality implies a iiealthy and stirring intellect, a temperament
open to all the influences of nature, and a more or less vivid sus-
ceptibility to those moral emotions which are the springs of all
aspirations and of all ideals, the life of our life, the animus of our
complex being. The subtlety, the infinite variety, the ineffable
beauty, the exalted ideal, which pervade Greek art could never
have had a beginning in men who were materialists, sensualists,
or dullards. The keen sense of beauty it shows is the proclamation of
a nature gifted with the keenest and subtlest perceptions of visible
things as well as of sensibility to the impressions which the mind
receives from those variations of external form that point to the
ideal.

"The origin of coinage was not due to art, although when the
Greeks took it up it became a favoured vehicle for artistic expression,
as did all articles of use with a people to whom beauty was the
main motive of intellectual activity. It came as the proper offspring
of commerce, its immediate progenitor being the personal seals
and symbols, the arms, as we may say, of monarchs and commun-
ities. The impression of a seal on an object, or on a disc of clay
attached to it, would naturally lead to the employment of the
same symbols on the coins when the idea of a medium oi exchange
was put into practice, as the guarantee of value of the sovereign
who adopted it ; but while in the object whose value was in the
manufacture, as an earthen pot, the name or mark of the maker
was the important item, in the piece of bullion, whose value was
in the certainty of the quantity of metal in it, the mark of the
guarantor was the only satisfactory one. When the Greek cities
were the coiners, of course the symbol of the city was the appro-
priate mark of coinage, and here the fine sense of the race found
its opportunity to embody, in the purest form of decoration the
world has ever seen, all the various objects of veneration or prefer-
ence of all its communities; and under the conditions which deter-
mined the nature of Greek art, it, in the later days, became ideal,
as in the Syracusan coins, where the cutter of the dies signed his
work, and in the head of the nymph Arethusa, of that later period
when Kimon, Eukleidas and Evaenetos put their names on their
dies — not for the glory of the nymph, but for their own. To say
that this marks the decline of art would be, in reference to motive,
true; but it is not the decline of absolute deterioration, but that
which follows the severe schools of ideal art, and which may be
called that of perfect ripeness rather than of decay. This is the
relation in which the art of Scopas and Praxiteles stood to that of
Phidias, and in the sense of artistic vitality there is no doubt that
the former shows a decline of the ideal creative powers. But art is
not alone conception — it is also expression. Not alone in the

L. FORRER. — Biographical Not icts of MedalUilt. — l\. 4

— 50 —

vaulting imagination is the gift of the poet shown, but in the
rhythmic ear, the musical sense ; and the analogy holds good in
graphic art, so that, with an admiration of the severe and intellec-
tual art of Phidias second to none, I am heretic enough the admit
that of the full circle of art Scopas and Praxiteles had more than
Phidias, just as Titian had more than Gian-Bellini. The element of
the sensuous is as determinate a part of perfect art as any other,
but the distinction is in the one subordination of it to what we
must consider the higher, because the more vital, element of intel-
lectual conception. The art that begins with the sensuous becomes
sensual and dies there, but that which never becomes sensuous
dries up, unfruitful stock ; and the art which has nearest attained
perfection is that which unites all the elements in the highest
degree.

"But the art of the coin-engraver has never the highest attain-
ment of the intellectual side of art — it belongs by its very purpose
to the form which succeeds that, and by the analogies of its com-
position to Scopas rather than to Phidias. The fine taste of the
Greek is shown here lor it is most interestingly demonstrated by
Professor Gardner that in the better epochs of coin-designing there
was no copying of statues — this was reserved for the decline of
art, when taste had decayed, and the poverty of invention, which
tollows, had come on the artists. The coin-designer felt his limita-
tion and his advantages, and his art came to perfection concurrently
with that form of sculpture which most nearly corresponds with it
in its element, about 350 B.C. It began later, and, so far as we can
determine, began to decay earlier, than sculpture. An additional
reason for this decline in numismatic art would be the general
acceptation of coins of commercial standard and the decline of local
mints, whose rivalry in excellence we must suppose to have been
an element in the art development. "

Bibliography. — D' B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, London, 1887. — Id.,
Chronological Sequence of the Coins of Syracuse, London, 1874. — A. J. Evans,
Syracusan "Medallions" and their Engravers, 1892. — R. S. Poole, op.cit. —
Dr Rud. Weil, op. cit. — A. von Sallet, of>. cit. — Ad. Holm, op. cit. — Raoul
Rochette, op. cit. — C« du Chastel, op. cit. — G. F. Hill, The Coinage of the
Gruks, Knowledge, 1895. — Prof. Salinas, op. cit., &c. — W. J. Stillman, Article
on the Greek Coinage, The Century Magazine, XIIL

EVARCHIDAS (Greek). Prof. Salinas (Notiiie degli Scavi, 1888,
p. 307, sqq.) has been the first to read correctly the name of this
Syracusan artist on the reverse of a coin, the obv, of which is by
Phrygillos. The signature, EYAPXIAA appears beneath the exergual
line. On this tetradrachm, Persephone is represented almost full
face, and driving the chariot; Nike above holds a small aplustre and
a wreath. The aplustre, Prof. Salinas and Mr. Evans, take to

~ 51 —

bear " a distinct allusion to the naval victory of 413 B.C., won by
the Syracusans over the Athenians in the Great Harbour of the
city, which left the land forces of the invaders at the mercy of the
conquerors. "

D' Weil, and other writers, ascribed this coin to Eukleidas.

Other specimens present a similar type of reverse, Persephone
with the torch, and Nike with the aplustre ; they are supposed to
be the work of Evarchidas, although unsigned.

Bibliography. — A. J. Evans, Syracusan " Medallions" and their Engravers,
London, 1892. — Prof. Salinas, Noti:(ie degli Scavi, 1888.

EVERARDI. r/cfe; h£RARD.

E. V. H. Signature of an unknown German Medallist of the end
of the seventeenth century. These initials appear on a religious
medal with obv. Head of Christ. 1^. Bust of Virgin.

Bibliography. — D"" Eug. Merzbacher, Kiinst-Medaillen-Katalog , Mai 1900.

EVODUS (Greek). A celebrated Gem-engraver of the second half of
the first century A.D. He is the author of a beautiful portrait of

Julia Titi, gem engraved by Evodus {from the illustration in Babelon,
" Pier res gravees ").

Julia, daughter of Titus, engraved on a fine aqua-marine of extraord-
inary magnitude. This famous intaglio is preserved at the Biblio-

— y>' —

theque Nationale ; it bears the artist's signature in the field : €Y0-
AOC 6nOI€I.The history of this gem is well-known. M. Babelon
says : " This intaglio, which is one of the jewels of ancient
glyptics, is known from Carolingian times; it was preserved at the
Abbey of Saint-Denis, until the Revolution, when in 1791 it was
transferred to the Medal Cabinet. The gem formed the lop piece of
a large reliquary called Oratoire de Charlemagne, and Titus's daugh-
ter filled in mediaeval ages the part of the Virgin Mary whose
name she had received. "

" Eudos " writes Prof. Furtwangler, " mit dem Portrat der
Julia Titi, das noch ein sehr tiichtiges Werk ist, schliesst die Reihe
der signierten gemmen ab. "

King mentions other gems by Evodus : Horse's head, sard
(Baron Roger); — Bust of a Muse, the head bound with a fillet
half-length (Lippert). No doubt the signature on these gems has
been added in modern times.

Bibliography. — Babelon, Pierres gravm, Paris, 1894. — Do, Dictiomiaire des
Anliquites grecqiies etromaines, etc. — King, op. cit. — Prof. D"" Furtwangler, Die
antiken Gemmen, Berlin, 1900.

fiVRARD, GUSTAVE GR£G0IRE (French). Sculptor of the second
half of the nineteenth century. Pupil of Bosio. At the Salon ot
1857, he exhibited a Portrait-medallion in clay of Madame Pastor,
and in 1868, another of Viscount Pemety, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

EVRARD, VICTOR (Fr^m:/;). Sculptor, born at Aire (Pas-de-Calais),
in 1807, He is the author of some Portrait-medallions, and Bas-
reliefs in clay; one of them, entitled " Dawn " was much admired
at the Salon of 1873.

Bibliography, — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

EYRE, JOHN (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist. At the
Royal Academy Exhibition of 1899 he exhibited medalhons in
translucent enamel of Christ in glory and the Four Evangelists.

EXAKESTIDAS (Greek). Coin-engraver of Camarina, who flour-
ished at the end ol the fifth century B.C. His signature appears on
the following coins :

I. ^. Didrachm. Obv. KAMAPINAION. Bust of river-god Hip-
paris, to left, having small horn on either side of the torehead,
hair bound with diadem ; beneath, between two upright strokes on
a raised band, is the inscription written backwards EZAKE; within
circle. ^L. KAMAPINA. Nymph Kamarina, draped in short-sleeved
tunic, seated to r. on swan, swimming to I,, wings spread, her left
holding inflated peplos; around, waves. R. Weil, op. cit. PL 11, n° 8.
— Salinas, Rev Num., 1864, pi. xv, 6.

— 53 —

2. JK. Tetradrachm. Obv. KAMAPINAION. Head of young
Herakles to 1., wearino; lion's skin, with the paws tied at the throat.
^. Quadriga to r., driven by Pallas, wearing crested helmet and
long chiton ; she holds reins in both hands, goad in r. ; horses
galloping; above, Nike flying to 1., crowning charioteer; in
exergue, two amphorae; on exergual line, EZAKEZTIAAZ. B. M.
Cat., Sicily, n° 14.

3. iR. Tetradrachm. Obv, Similar legend and type; in front of
head, diptvch, upon the two leaves of which is found the inscrip-
tion, EZAKEI. ^L. duadriga to r., driven by Pallas, towering
above chariot, and holding long goad ; the disposition of the horses
varies also from last type; in exergue, barley-corn; no signature
visible. Evans, Syracusan " Medallions", pi. x, n° 4.

B. M. Cat., n° 15, bears great resemblance to the last piece, and
is no doubt the work of Exakestidas.

Mr. Evans remarks : " The inscribed diptych on the obverse field
of the newly-discovered tetradrachm by Exakestidas recalls that
containing the name of Eukleidas, which occurs in much the same
position on a Syracusan piece. The Syracusan tetradrachm type in
question represents the earliest work of Eukleidas of which we
have any knowledge, and the two reverses with which it is coupled
are both signed by Eumenes, and executed in the rude early man-
ner of that artist. Syracusan influence is very marked on the dies
of Kamarina, and we have, indeed, the evidence of Evaenetos'
signature on the most beautiful of the didrachm types of this city
to show that a colleague of Eukleidas actually worked fo*^ the
Kamarinaean mint. "

The Camarina didrachm with the artist's signature E>».^r3
was in the collection of D"" Imhoof-Blumer, and is now in the Ber-
lin Museum.

Bibliography. — Evans, Syracusan '* Medallions" and their Engravers, Lon-
don, 1892. — R. S. Poole, British Museum Catalogue, Sicily, 1876. — Rud. Weil,
op. cit. — Salinas, Rei'ue numismatique, 1864. — Von Sallet, op. cit., etc.

EYCK, CORNEILLE VAN (Belg.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Antwerp, between 1571 and 1574. He succeeded in this office
to Arnould Gheelvoet.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges. Revue de la numis-
matique beige, 1855, p. 288.

EYCKE, HENRI VAN (Belg.). This Coin-engraver is the oldest
mentioned in Flemish records. In 1389, Henry le tailleur , who was
in the service of Johanna, Duchess of Brabant, was appointed to
engrave coins at the Mint of Malines ; afterwards, he worked at
Vilvorde and Louvain. The last mention made of him dates from
Christmas 1393. At Vilvorde, van Eycke engraved Double Gros,

— 54 —

Gros, Half Gros, of 8, 4, and 2 Esterlins, and at Louvain, silver
Deniers of one Esterlin, and gold Deniers, called Tours d'or.
Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, op. cit.

EYDT (Swiss). Mint-master at Lucerne, before circ. 1597.

EYMARD DE LANCHATRES, Mil-- JEANNE CL£MENCE (^French).
Painter and Sculptor, born at Metz. She is the author of some
Portrait medallions in clay, which were exhibited at the Paris Salons
between 1865 and 1880.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

55 --

F, Vide FRIEDRICH. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-Main, 1463-
1476, under the Emperor Frederick III.

F. Vide FISCHER. Mint-master in Christophsthal, 1622.

F. also <^ Vide FALCONER. Scottish Mint-master at Edinburgh,
1670-1676.

F. between two fishes. Vide FISCHER, Mint-master at Gotha,
1683-1690 ; also C. F.

F. Vide FALTZ. Die-sinker, and Court-medallist at Berlin, 1688-
1703 ; also Jl. F.

F. Vide FUNKE, Mint-master at Neustrelitz, 1759-1763; also
I F. F.

F. Vide EBERHARD GREGORIUS FLEISCHHOLD. Die-sinker at Zwei-

briicken, 1760.

F. Vide FORSTER, Mint-master at Nuremberg, 175 5-1764; also
I. M. F.

F, Vide FALK. Mint-master at Wismar, 1762,

F. Vide FISCHER. Mint-master at Erfurt, 1781.

F. Vide FEHRMANN, Die-sinker at Stockholm, 1740-1809 ; also
C. G, F. and D. F.

F. Vide FULDA, Mint-master at Cassel, 1783-183 1; alsoD. F.

F. Vide FRISCH. Die-sinker at Darmstadt, 1807-1817,

F. Vide FACIUS. Die-sinker at Weimar, 1812, f 1840.

F. Vide FRANKE. Die-sinker at Dusseldorf, 18 18, and Berlin,
1849.

F. Vide FERRARI. Die-sinker at Turin, 1828; also 0. F,

F. F/W^ FRITZ, Die-sinker at Brunswick, 1835.

-56 -

F. Fide FISCHER, GDSTAV THEODOR. Mint-master at Dresden,
1845-1860.

A. F. Vide ANGELICA FACIUS. Die-sinker at Weimar, circa 1824-
1860.

A. F. Fide ANTONIO FABRIS. Die-sinker at Venice, 1827-185 6.

A. F. Fide A. FISCHER. Modeller and Medallist, circa 1861.

A. F. Fide AGOSTINO FRANCHI. Die-sinker at Venice, 1750.

A. F. S. Fide A. F. STIELER. Die-sinker at Mayence, nineteenth
century.

B. F. Fide NICOLAS BRIOT. Medallist and Coin-engraver, at Paris,
Nancy, and London, 1608-1646; also N. B.

B F. FzV^ ULRICH BRUPACHER. Die-sinker at Lucerne, 1714-
1746 ; also U. B.

B. F. Fide I. M. BUCKLE. Die-sinker at Augsburg, 1764, and
Durlach, 1778-1811; also I. M. B.

B. F, These initials appears as those of the Engraver of a medal
of Johann Valentin Trohe, end of the sixteenth century. (?)

B. F. F/^g BERNIER. Medallist at Paris, 1790-1797.

B. F. Fide BRENET. Medallist and Coin-engraver at Paris, 1806-
1846.

B. F, Fide BARRE. Medallist and Coin-engraver at Paris, 1820-
1855.

B. F. Fide B. FORGEAIS. Die-sinker at Paris, 1848.

B. F. L. =- BOVY FECIT LAUSANNAE. Fide A. BOVY. Swiss Medal-
list and Coin-engraver, 1824-1877.

B. F. N. = BUNSEN (Mint-master) FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN (Mint)
NEUMEISTER (Warden), 1764.

C. F. Fide CASPAR FOCHTMANN. Mint-master for Saxe- Weimar,
Warden at Reinhardsbrunn, 1621-1623.

C. F. between two fishes. Fide CHRISTOPH FISCHER. Mint-master
at Dresden, 1678-1686.

C. F. Fide CHRISTIAN FISCHER. Mint-master at Gotha, 1683-
1690.

- 57 —
C. Fide COTEL Die-sinker at Rome, 1706-17 18 ; also B. C.

C. F. Vide CARL FALKNER. Mint-master at Eisenach, 1 692-1693 ;
also I. C. F.

C. F. Fide GEORG CONRAD FEHR. Mint-master at Darmstadt, 1741-
1743 and 1752-1766 ; also G. C. F.

C. F. Fide KARL FISCHER.

C. F. G. Fide CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH GERLACH. Mint-master at
Copenhagen, 1821-1831,

C. F. K. Fide CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KRULL. Die-sinker at Bruns-
wick, 1776-1802.

C. F. L. Fide CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH LUDERS. Die-sinker at Berlin,
1 702- 1 742.

C. F. L. Fide CARL FRIEDRICH LOWS. Die-sinker at Nuremberg,
1756-1770.

D. F. Fide DANIEL FAXEL. Mint-master at Stockholm, 1672-
1687.

D. F. Fide DaMIAN FRITSCH. Mint-master at Coblence, 1746-
1752, Altenkirchen and Mayence, 1755-1795-

D. F. FzJ^ DANIEL FEHRMANN, 1710-1780. Medallist at Stock-
holm, 1740-1764.

D. F. Fide DIETRICH HEINRICH FULDA. Warden, 1774, then Mint-
master, 1 783 -1 83 1, at Cassel.

D. F. Fide J. P. DROZ. Swiss Medallist and Coin-engraver, worked
at Birmingham, 1787- 1799, and Paris, 1800-1823.

D. F. Fide DANNENBERG. Die-sinker at Clausthal, 1789-1805 ; also
D.

D. F. Fide JOEXUfi VEIT DOLL. 1750-1835. Medallist of Suhl,
worked tor Loos of Berlin.

D. F. T/W^ DRENTWETT. Medallist at Augsburg, 1845.

D. F. H. Fide DANIEL FRIEDRICH HEIGELIN. Warden of the Mint
at Stuttgart, 1760^1794.

E. F. Fide EUGtNE FAROCHON. Die-sinker at Paris, 18^8-1861.

E. F. R. Fide ERNST FRIEDRICH RUPSTEIN. Mint-master at Stol-
berg, 1766-1792.

- 58 -
E. F. S. Vide ERNST FRIEDRICH SCHNEIDER. Mint-master at
Coburg, 1636-1672, and Magdeburg, 165 9- 1670.

G. F. Fide GIOVANNI FERRARI. Mint-master at Parma, 161 5.

G. F. Vide GOTTFRIED FROMHOLT. Warden at Crossen, 1668-
1674; Mint-master at Quedlinburg, 167 5- 1679.

G. F. Vide GUGLIELMADA. Die-sinker at Rome, 1 660- 1690; also
I. B. G.

G. F. Vide GIOVACCHINO FORTINI. Sculptor and Medallist at Flo-
rence, beginning of the eighteenth century, 1713-1735.

G. F. Vide GERVAIS. Die-sinker at Neuwied and Coblence, 1750-
1775 ; also E. G.

G. F. Vide GIROLAMO FOSCARINI. Mint-inspector at Venice,
1787.

G. F. Vide GIUSEPPE FERRARIS. Die-sinker at Turin, first half of
the nineteenth century. Circa 1828-1856.

G. F. — A. R. Vide GIOVANNI FERRARI and AGOSTINO RIVAROLO.

Mint-masters at Parma, 161 5.

G. F. B. Vide GEORG BUNSEN. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-Main,
1790-1833.

G. F. F. Vide GIOVANNI FRANCESCO FERRARI. Mint master at
Parma, 1615.

G. F. F. or G. F. Vide GIOVACCHINO FORTINI. Die-sinker at Flo-
rence, 17 1 3-173 5.

6. F. F. Vide GEORG FRANZ HOFFMANN. Die-sinker at Breslau,
1666-1706.

G. F. L. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH LOOS. Die-sinker at Nuremberg,
1742-1756, and Wiirzburg, 1762-1766.

G. F. H. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH MICHAEUS. Mint-master at Claus-
thal, 1802-1807.

G. F. M. Vide G. F. MORONE. Italian Die-sinker, circa 1628.

G. F. N. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH NURNBERGER. Die-sinker and
Mint-master at Nuremberg, 1682- 1724.

G. F. S. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH STAUDE. Mint-master at Weimar,
1673-1677, Gotha, 1677-1680, Meiningen, 1687, and Erfurt,
1689.

— 59 —

G. F. T. Fide GIOVANNI FRANCESCO TRAVANI. Die-sinker at Rome,
1655-1674 ; also I. F. T. or T. P.

H. F. Vide HIERONYMUS FEDERER. Die-sinker at Regensburg,
iC$o, then Mint-master, 1655,7 ^^ly-

H. F. or H. F. F. Vide HENRI FLtMALLE. Goldsmith and Coin-
engraver at Liege, 1670.

H. F. Vide HARTMANN Die-sinker at Stockholm, 1699-1739;
also G. G. H.

H. F. Vide EElfiMCE FUCHS. Austrian Medallist, 1716-1720.

H. F. Vide HASLINGH. Die-sinker at Hamburg, 1730-1749; also
D. H. F.

H. F. VideEkHT. Die-sinker atBayreuth, 1742-1776; also I. A. H.

H. F. Vide LAURENT JOSEPH HART. Medallist who worked at
Brussels, 1810-1860.

H. F. H. Vide HEINRICH FRIEDRICH HALTER. Warden at Bruns-
wick, 1693, Mint-master at Magdeburg, 1698.

H. FV. Vide H. FUGER, 1752-1818. Viennese Painter and Medal-
list.

H. F. W. Vide HEINRICH FRIEDRICH WERMUTH, 1703-1744.

Medallist at Dresden, between 1733 and 1744.

I. F. Vide JOHANN FREITAG. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-Main,
1690-1719.

I. F. Vide JACHTMANN, 1776-1842. Berlin Medallist.

I. F. F. Vide JOHANN FRIEDRICH FREUND. Mint-master at Altona,
1819-1848.

I. F. F. Vide I. FUNK. Mint-master at Neustrelitz, 1759-1763.

I. F. 6. F. Vide JOEkHHES FRANCISCUS GUGLIELMADA. Die-sinker
at Rome, about 1670-1680.

I. F. H. or I. F. H. F. Vide JOHANN FRIEDRICH HILKEN. Die-sinker
at Schwerin, 1703-17 17.

I. F. H. Vide JACOB FRIEDRICH HEERWAGEN. Mint-contractor at
Hanau, 1785-1821.

I. F. K. Vide JOHANN FRANZ KROPST. Die-sinker in Transsylva-
nia, 1710-1711.

— 6o —

I. F. M. Vide JOHANN FRIEDRICH MULLER. Die-sinker at Ansbach,
1758-1769.

I. F. 6 F. Fide JOHANN FRIEDRICH 6 FERAL. Mint-master at Leip-
zig, 1764-1765.

I. F. P. Fide JOHANNES FRIDERICUS PARMENSIS. Die-sinker at
Rome, 1549-1589; also F. P.

I. F. S. Fide JOHANN FRIEDRICH SAUERBREI. Warden, 1701, then
Mint-master at Berlin, 1713-1718.

I. F. S. Fide JOHANN FRIEDRICH SCHMICKERT. Mint-master at
Mitau, 1764-1765 .

I. F. S. FzW^ JOHANN FRIEDRICH STIELER, 1729-1790. Die-sinker
at Guben, 1755, then at Dresden, 1755-1790; also F. S.

I. F. T. or I. F. T. F. Fide JOHANNES FRANCISCUS TRAVANUS.
Medallist at Rome, 1655-1674; also G. F. T.

I. F. W. Fide JOHANN FRANZ WAYER. Mint-official at Kutten-
berg, 1718-1728.

K. F. Fide KRAFFT Die-sinker at Vienna, 1769-178 1 ; also M. K.

K. F. Fide KROHN. Medallist at Copenhagen, after 1830; also
F. K.

K. F. or C. F. (also in monogram). Fide KARL FISCHER, 1802-
1865. Die-sinker at Berlin, after 1829.

L. F. Fide LLETKEH. Die-sinker at S' Petersburg, 1694-1709;
also IL. L.

L F. Fide LUNGERBERGER. Die-sinker at S' Petersburg, 1730-
1745 ; also I. L. F.

L. F. Fide G. F. LOOS. Medallist at Nuremberg and Wiirzburg,
1742-1766.

L. F. Fide LAVY. Medallist at Turin, 1 796-1 827.

M, F. These initials appear as those of the Engraver of a religious
medal of the seventeenth century. They may stand for the signa-
ture of Mathias Freude of Rostock and Hamburg, 1630-68.

M. F. (or in monogram) Fide MODESTINUS FACHS. Mint-master
at Anhalt, 1567-1595.

M. F. Fide MARTIN FRITSCH. Mint master at Olmiitz, 163 1.

— 6i —

M. F. Fide MATHIAS FREUNDT. Mint-master at Hamburg, 1635-
1637.

M. F. Jlde MATHIAS FREDDE. Mint-master at Rostock, 1630, and

Hamburg, 1637-1668.

M. F. Fide MATHIAS FREUDE. Son of the last, Mint-master at
Hamburg, 1668-1673.

M. F. (or in mon.). Fide MICHAEL FABER. Mint-master at Frank-
fort-on-Main, 1667-1689.

M. F. T/V/f MERKEL. Die-sinker at Bamberg, 1682.

M. F. (or in nion.)- Fide MICHAEL FEDERER. Mint-master at
Ratisbon, 1674-1700.

M. F. (or in mon.). Fide MARTIN FISCHER. Die-sinker and Mint-
master at Bremen, 1743-1747.

M. F. Fide MANN (Warden) and FORSTER (Mint-master) at
Nuremberg, 175 5-1760.

M. F. Fide MARCHIO FOSCARINI. Mint-contractor at Venice, 1764.

M. F. Fide MAURISSET. Paris Medallist, 1790- 1825.

M. F. Fide MICHAEL FLOR. Mint-master at Altona, 1787-1818.

M. F. Fide M. FRUMERIE. Stockholm Medallist, 1801-1841.

M. F. F/J<? L. MANFREDINI. Medallist at Milan, 1800-1840; also
L. M.

M. F. S. S. Fide MICHAEL FEDERER. Die-sinker at Ratisbon,
1674-1700.

N. F. Fide LUDWIG NEUFAHRER. German Medallist, 1537-1560;
who worked at Vienna, Prague, and other places.

N. F. Fide NICOLO FRANCHINI. Mmt-master at Ferrara, 1621 ;
also F. N. or F. R.

0. F. Fide JOEkJiH FRIEDRICH 6 FERAL. Mint-master at Leipzig,
1764-176), and at other Saxon Mints, 1734-1764

P. F. Fide PETER FLOTNER. Die-sinker at Nuremberg, circa 1538.

P. F. Fide PETER FALZER. Coin-engraver at Breslau, circa 1675.

P. F. Fide PIERRE FERRIER. Die-sinker at Geneva, 1790- 1798.

P. F. Fide p£rier. Author of cast medallions of inferior work-
manship, 1848.

— 62 —

p. F. B. Fide PHILIPP BUNSEN. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
Main, 1764-1790 ; also P. C. B., or C. P. C. B. N.

P. F. C. Fide PAUL FRIEDRICH CRUM. Mint-master at Coburg,
1685-1714.

P. F. F. F/W^ PFEUFFER. Die-sinker at Berlin, 1825-1851.

Q. F. Fide QUIRINOS FRITSCH. Mint-master at Neuwied, 1752-
1755, and at Altenkirchen, 179$.

R. F. Fide RAIMUND FALTZ, 1658-1703. Die-sinker and Court-
medallist at Perlin, 1688-1703 ; also F.

R. F, Fide RIESING. Die-sinker at Wurzburg, 1763-1789, and
later; also L V. R. F., or C. E. R.

R. F. Fide REICH. Die-sinker at Furth, 1758-1814 ; also I. C. R.

R. F. Fide REMIGIUS FEHR. Mint-master at Darmstadt, 1772-
1809, f 1810.

R, F. Fide RIEDEL. Die-sinker at Leipzig, after 1839.

R. F. rf^RABAUSCH. Die-sinker at Augsburg, after 1840.

S. F. FideH. SCHAUBEN. Die-sinker at Copenhagen, 1590-1599;
also NIC. S.

S. F. Fide SAMUEL FISCHER. Die-sinker at Berne, 1679.

S. F. r/J^ A. SCHULTZ, Die-sinker at Copenhagen, 1716-1724;
also A : S.

S. F. Fide SCHOLZ (Warden) and FORSTER (Mint-master) at
Nuremberg, 1760-1764.

S. F. FideSCnXBLL. Die-sinker at Vienna and Venice, 1765-1797;
also A. S.

S. F. T. Fide SAMUEL TOMSCHUTZ. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
Main, 1836-1837.

T. F. Fide THOMAS FISCHER. Mint-master at Harzgerode, 1695.

T. F. Fide TODA. Medallist of Vienna, 1739-1765 ; also G. T.

V. F. FideG. W. VESTNER. Medallist of Vienna, f 1740.

V. F. Fide A. VESTNER. Medallist of Vienna, f 1754.

V. F. or U. F. Fide URBAN FELGENHAUER. Mint-master at Bonn,
1631-1649, Waldeck, 1652-1654, Hoxter (Corvey), 165 5-1657,
Einbeck, 1659, and again at Hoxter, 1659.

-63-

V. F. Fide V. FARENBERG. Mint-master at Cassel, 1681-1697;
also I. V. F.

W. F. Fide WERNER. Die-sinker at Erfurt, 1724-1762; also
I. H. W.

W. F. Fide WOLFGANG FROMMEL. Mint-master at Gehren, 1620,
and Neustadt a. d. H., 1622-1623.

W. F. Fide WILHELM FESER. Mint-master at Wurzburg, 1746-
1748.

Z. F. Fide ZORZI FOSCOLO. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1734- 173 5.

Z. F. B. Fide ZUANO FRANCESCO BRAGADINO. Rector of the Mint
at Cattaro, 1604-1606.

Z. F. C. Fide ZUANO FRANCESCO CANALE. Rector of the Mint at
Cattaro, 1551-1552.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, Erklaerung der Abkur^unqen auf
Muni^en der neueren Zeit, des Mittelalters and des AUerlhmns, Berlin, 1896.

F (Germ.). Signature of a Die-sinker who was working at Bruns-
wick, during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. His ini-
tial F appears on a masonic medal, with portrait bust of J. F. Lan-
gerteldt, who was 25 years presiding Master of the Lodge " Charles
of the Crowned Pillar ".

Bibliography. — Marvin, The Medals of the Masonic Fraternity, Boston, 1880.

F {Dutch). Initial of an Artist, probably of Dutch or German
origin, who engraved a memorial medal of Charles I. of England,
1649, with I^. seven-headed monster, rampant, which is apparently
copied from the device of another medal on the same subject.

Bibliography. — Franics & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great
Britain and Ireland to the death of George II., London, 1885.

F., C. DE (French). Signature of a contemporary Die-sinker, who
engraved a pattern Five Franc piece, with bust of Napoleon IV, and
dated, 1874.

F. A. Fide FRIEDRICH ALSING. Die-sinker at Altona, 1826-1844.

F. A. B. Fide FRAHCLSZO ANTONIO BONTINI. Mint-inspector at
Venice, 1758.

F. A. H. Fide (Fecit). ALBERTUS HAMERANUS. Die-sinker at
Rome, 7 1677.

F. A. S. Fide FRANZ ANDREAS SCHEGA, 1711-1787. Die-sinker at
Munich, after 1739.

- 64-

F. A. V. M. C. P. = FACIEBAT VALENTINUS MALER CUM PRIVI-
LEGIO ; Fide V. M.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FABER, FRANZ, VON ROSENSTOCK (^Mj/r.). Mint-master at Vienna

in 1659, and again from 1666 to 1679.

Bibliography. — Die Munistatte fVien unter Leopold /., iSyj-iyO), Mitthei-
lungen des Clubs der Munz-und Medaillen-Freunde in Wien, Juli 1893.

FABER, MICHAEL (Germ.'). Mint-master at Frankfort-on-Main,
from 1667 to 1689. In some instances the coins issued under him
or engraved by him are signed M. F. in monogram, at least after
1681 ; his distinctive symbol is a hammer, which is found on
Thalers, Gulden, Half Thalers, Tournois, Albuses, Kreuzers, &c.
of that period.

Bibliography. — P.Joseph & E. Fellner, Die Munjenvon Frankfurt am Maiti,
1896.

FABI, JOSEPH (Austr.). Joint Mint-master with Tobias Johann
Schobel, at Vienna, 1780, under Maria Theresia. Their initials S. F.
appear on the thalers of that date, and modern struck Levantine
dollars.

FABII, F. M. (Ital.). Gem-engraver of Venice, during the second
part of the eighteenth century. This artist did not produce any
work of great merit.

Bibliography. — E. Babelon, La Gravure en Pierres fines, Paris, 1894.

FABIO, F. {ItaL). Misread signature, FA.MANT.AQV. of the
Roman sculptor, FABIUS MARCI ANTONII AQUILI, who was
a grand-son of the celebrated painter Antonazzo Aquilio, who flour-
ished under Sixtus IV. This medallist worked during the second
half of the sixteenth century; the only medal known by him com-
memorates Hadrianus Caesander, priest and jurisconsult (1598); a
specimen exists in the British Museum.

Bibliography. — Alfred Armand, Les Medailleurs Ualiens des XV' el XVI' sikles,
Paris, 1883- 1 887. — C. F. Keary, A Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals at the
British Museum, London, 1893.

FABRIS, ANTONIO (ItaL). Venetian Coin-engraver and Medallist
of the first half of the nineteenth century ; he was employed at
the Mint of Venice from about 1827, and in 1856, when he struck
a medal commemorating the visit of the Emperor nnd Empress of
Austria to Venice, he still filled the same post. This artist was
born at Udine, learned the goldsmith's art, and first worked at Flo-
rence, where he came in 1823. By him are several Portrait-medals
of the great sculptor Canova, which count amongst his earliest
works; in 1833, he produced a commemorative piece of Grand

- 65 -

Duke Peter Leopold of Tuscany, and in 1848, two beautiful medals
celebrating the stirring epoch of the 1848 Revolution. Of that
year exist two types of Five Lire pieces, the one, dated 22"'' March,

Venetian Five Lire Piece, by Fabris.

and the other, 11*'' August; both are signed by the artist, and were
issued by the Provisional Government of the Venetian Republic.
I have also seen with his signature the following medals : Ladislas
Pyrker, 1827; — Sismonde de Sismondi, 1844; — Vittore Fos-
sombroni, 1844; — Dante Alighieri; — Vittorino da Feltre; —
Inauguration of the Academy of Borgo San Sepolcro ; — Academy
of Architecture of Leghorn ; — Various medals of celebrated
Painters and Poets &c. He also executed a reduction of Ghiberti's
famous gates of the Baptistry at Florence. The work of Fabris is
characterised by great purity of design allied with extreme delicacy
of execution.

Bibliography. r= Bolzenthal, Skii^^en ^ur Kunstgeschichle der modernen Medaillen-
Arbeit {142(^-1840), hixWn, 1840. — Nicolo Papadopoli, Alcune notiiie sugli inla-
gliatori della ^ecca di Feneiia, Venise, 1888. — Die Medaillen aus der RegkrungST^eil
Sr. Majestdt des Kaisers Fran^ Josef /, 1892.

FABY, JOSEF (5o/;fw.). Mint-master at Prague, 1800-1810.

FACCIOLI, GIROLAMO (Jtal.). Bolzenthal quotes this artist, whose
name is also found as FACIUOLI, a native of Perugia, who
worked between 1530 and 1574, as a clever Goldsmith, Copper
plate-engraver, and Medallist. The author above-mentioned adds
that Faccioli the Elder must be distinguished trom his son, who
flourished during the second half ol the sixteenth century. Benve-
nuto Cellini refers to the elder Faccioli in his Autobiography ^ and
says that he worked from designs by Francesco Mazzola. We possess
no medaUic works by this artist. He was Coin-engraver at the Mint
of Bologna, and on his death, in 1573, was succeeded by Ales-
sandro Menganti.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Francesco Malaguzzi, La Zecca di
Bologna, Rivista Italiana di Numismatica, 1898.

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallitis. — II. S

~ €6 —

FACHE, REN£ {French). Sculptor, born at Douai (Nord) on the
ly^ of November, 1816. He was a pupil of David d' Angers. Several
bronze Portrait-medallions were exhibited by him at the Paris
Salons during the seventies : M. Pirot; — M. G**** ; — M. A.
de Saint-O**; — D^ Gellex; — M. Moreau ; — M. Murex ; —
General Delcambre, &c. There are about a hundred Portrait-medal-
lions by this artist.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, Dictionmiire general des artistes de
Yecoh fratifaise, Paris, 1869-1882.

FACHS, MODESTINUS (Germ.). Mint- master at Anhalt, 15 67-1 595.
On the coins issued and engraved by him appear his initials M. F.,
generally in monogram. His name is sometimes given as FLAGHS.

Bibliography. — J. L. Amnion, Samtnlutig beruhmter Medailleui s tind Miin\-
meister ncbst ihren Zeicheu, Nurnberg, 1778.

FACIUS, ANGELICA (Germ.). Gem-engraver and iMedallist ;
daughter of F. W. Facius ; pupil of Ranch ; born in 1806, died at
Weimar in 1840. Trained by Rauch of Berlin, she surpassed her
father in skill, and some of her productions are not without merit.
By her are the following medals : Goethe, 1825; — Death of

Impression of Goethe's ring, mounted with carnelian, engraved by AngeHca Facius.

the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 1829; — Prof. Benedict
Wilhelm's Jubilee, 1836; — and other commemorative pieces of
local interest. Her signature is generally F or sometimes also ANG.
FACIUS. She was very clever in Gem-engraving.
Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Paul Joseph & Ed. Fellner, op. cit.

FACIUS, FRIEDRICH WILHELM(G<'rw.). Medallist and Gem-engrav-
er of Weimar, during the earlv part of the nineteenth century.
His initial F appears on a masonic medal of Weimar, with bust of
Wieland, 1812; but his full signature FACIUS is found on two
commemorative pieces of the meeting at Erfurt of Alexander I. of
Russia and Napoleon I., 1808. This artist's daughter was a medaUist
of some note. Vide siiprd.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cii. — Edwards, The Napoleon Medals, Lon-
don, 1837.

- 67 -

FACONNET, M"-^ MARIE ANNE EUGEniE {French). Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Paris. Pupil of J. Lequien J^ She is the author
of a number of Portrait-medallions in clay which are not without
merit. One exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1870 is mentioned by
Chavignerie.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FADDEGON (Dutch). Contemporary Medallist, of whom I have
seen a Portrait-plaque of Ruysch van Duchteren.

FAESCH, SEBASTIAN (Swiss). There is a cast medal in lead of
Basle, obv. INCLYTA BASILEA. Bust of city to r. ^L. PROVI-
DENTIA SEN AT VS. Two senators holding between them a statue
of Peace. Haller states that it is probable that the medal was
designed by Sebastian Faesch, an artist of the middle years of the
eighteenth century.

FAGNIER, GUILLAUME (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Troyes, from the 28''' February 1726 to the 25''' of same month,
1739. His distinctive mark was a lily.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les ^raveurs de la Monnaie de Troyes, Mdcon,
1897.

FAILLOT, EDMOND NICOLAS (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Auxerre (Yonne). He executed a number of Portrait-
medallions in clay.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil.

FAJIUOLI. Vide FACCIOLI supra.

FALCKENBURG, REINHER VON (Germ.). Mint-master at Meisen-
heim, for Count Palatine Ludwig of Zweibriicken, in 1464. He
appears to have died in the following year.

Bibliography. — Amnion, op. cit.

FALCONER, JOHN (Brit.). Mint-master at Edinburgh, in conjunc-
tion with Nicholas Briot, his father-in-law. He was installed in
office on the 3"^ of August 1657. After Briot's death, Falconer was
ratified in the Office of Master in 1646. In 1650, Sir John Falconer
is directed " to stryk three scoir stane of copper ", and on the
restoration of Charles II, an Act of Parliament dated I2*^ June 1661
orders " Sir Johne Falconer, Master of the Conyehouse and Charles
Maitland of Haltoun, Generall of his Maiesties Mint heer in
Scotland, to coyne or cause to be coyned in Turners three thousand
stane weight of good poore copper". Some of Falconer's issues are
signed F or tj.

In a note, p. 202, Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and
Ireland, Mr. Grueber says : " Whether Falconer actually engraved

— 68 —

dies has been questioned. He may have placed his initial on the
die merely to show that the coins were issued under his authority.
In any case all the designs appear to have been done by Briot. "
Bibliography. — Burns, Coinage of Scotland, vol. II, p. 452.

FALCONET, £tiENNE MAURICE (^French). Sculptor, born at Paris
in 1716, died there in 1791. He is best known by his famous statue
of Peter the Great executed for Catherine II. in 1766, and erected
on a huge block of granite at S' Petersburg. His Milo of Croton at
the Louvre is very fine. This artist is also the author of some
Portrait-medallions in clay.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FALIERO, LUCA (ItaL). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1631. His issues
bear the initials L. F.

FALIZE, FRfiRES (French). A Paris firm of Jewellers and Gold-
smiths. They have reproduced a medal of the sixteenth century, with

bust of Christ and ^L. Hebrew legend, and are well known for
other medallic works and jewellery of exquisite taste.

FALK {Germ.). Mint-iriaster at Wismar, 1762. The coins struck
under him usually bear an F as distinctive symbol.

FALKENHAYN, CHRISTOPH VON (Germ.). He farmed a Mint in
1622 in the Principality of Breslau.

FALKENSTEIN (^Danish). Die-sinker of the second half of the
seventeenth century. He practised the medallic art as a dilettante,
and trained a pupil who attained great celebrity, Karlsteen.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

- 69 -

FALKNER, JOHANN CARL (G^rm.). Mint-master at Eisenach, 1692-
1693. He signed his issues I.C.F. In 1681, he appears to have
been Master of the Darmstadt Mint.

FALOT, E. (French). MedaUist and Coin- engraver to the Mint of
Mexico, under Maximilian I. By him are some medals ot Napo-
leon III, on the French intervention in Mexico, 1862-3; Military
medals of Maximilian I, of various types, &c.

Bibliography. — Benjamin Betts, Mexican Imperial Coinage, Boston, 1899.

FALTZ, RAIMUND {Sived.). A celebrated Medallist and Coin-
engraver of the second half of the seventeenth century. He was born
at Stockholm on the 4'^ of July, 1658, and died at BerUn, on the
21" May, 1703. His father was a goldsmith, and under him the
young artist learned the first elements of engraving. At an early
age, Faltz visited Copenhagen, Augsburg, Strassburg, and then
went to Paris to study medallic art under F. Cheron ; there he
soon attracted attention and gained considerable reputation. He
even obtained from Louis XIV an annual pension ot 1200 Livres.
Some time before 1688 he left France, was entrusted with the exe-
cution of coins and a number of medals for Charles XI. of Sweden
and Ulrica Eleonora, and finally settled at Berlin, where he spent
the remainder of his life, in the service of Frederick III., with the
exception of a few months during which he worked for the court of
Brunswick-Liineburg.

By Faltz are the following medals : The Elector of Branden-
burg supports the rights of William of Orange to the Crown of
England, 1688 (2var.); — Victories on the Rhine, 1689; — Foun-
dation of the Long Bridge, 1692 ; — Laying out of the Het/^garten,
1693 ; — Foundation of the University of Halle 1694; — Aggrand-
izement of the City of Berlin, 1701 ; — Prize-medal of the Berlin
Academy ; — Coronation of Frederick William I, First King of
Prussia, 1701 (2 var.); — Portrait-medal of Sophia-Charlotte
(2 var.) ; — Frederick III. and Sophia-Charlotte ; — Philip William,
Mati^rave of Brandenburg ; — Wax model of King Frederick Wil-
liam I; — Undated Medal of Frederick William I ^L. PATRIOS.
lAM.CONCIPIT.IGNES. Eagle;— The Princesses Mathilda and
Sophia, 170 1 (struck to demonstrate the claims of the Electress
Sophia to the English throne, through her descent from Matilda,
daughter of Henry II. ; — Portrait of Louis XIV., 1698 ; — Secret
of the King's resolutions; — The Glorv of France ; — Defeat of
the Tripolitan privateers, 1681 ; — Statue on the Place dcs Vic-
toires; — Bust of the Dauphin ; — Head of the King ; — Ol.
Thegner, 1687; — George Lewis of Brunswick-Liineburg; —
George Augustus of Brunswick-Liineburg, 1701 ; — The Belgian
Campaign of Frederick III., 1690 ; — Building of a Sluice at Berlin,

— 70 —

1 694 J &*^- ^ ^'sf o^ other medals is given by Lochner : Second
Marriage of Wiadislaus IV. of Poland; — Maximilian Emmanuel of
Bavaria, Battle of Mohacz, 1687; — Taking of Strassburg by the
French ; — Sophia of Hanover, 170 1 ; — King of Prussia ; — King
Augustus II. of Poland, &c.

Hildebrand {Sveriges och Svenska Konungahusets Minnespenningar,
Stockholm, 1875) describes the following medals connected with
Sweden and engraved by Faltz : Sweden's prosperity under
Charles XL, 1687; — others, ^L. PATRIAE— HINC—SALVS—
QVIESOVE (3 var.); — The Balzar Grill gold Portrait-medal of
Charles XL, 1694 5 — King Charles XI. and consort Q.ueen Ulrica
Eleonora(2 var.); — Coronation of Queen Ulrica Eleonora, 1680; —
Portrait-medals of the Queen, 1689, 1690 (3 var.); — Charles XIL,
as Crown-prince (3 types) ; — Marriage of Frederick I. with Louisa
Dorothea Sophia of Brandenburg, 1700, &c.

Faltz was engaged at the Pomeranian Mint as Coin-engraver by
Charles XL of Sweden, but he did not fill that office very long.
His signature on medals appears indifferently as K. F., — FALTZ,
— R. FALTZ, — R. FALZ, and K F in monogram.

Flad gives the name of Pfaltz to this medallist, and Postolacca,
in his Catalogue of the Wellenheim Collection, repeated the error;
Faltz never used this form of spelling.

Bolzenthal commends the artist in the following terms : " Faltz
war korrekt in der Zeichnung, tiichtig in der Technik, und
erreichte dabei in dem Portrait eine seltene Aehnlichkeit. Von
seinem Fleiss zeugen die noch aufbewahrten Modelle, die er bis
ins Kleinste in Wachs ausgefiihrt hat. Was wiirde dieser in vieler
Hinsicht treffliche Kiinstler geleistet haben, hatte er in einer Zeit

Thaler of Frederick III. of Brandenburg, by Faltz.

gelebt, wo die allgemeine Geschmacksbildung, deren Einfliissen der
Einzelne sich nur hochst selten entzicht, von besserer Art gewesen
ware : ein Gedanke, der bei der Betrachtung der Werke von Faltz
unwillkurlich in der Seele aufsteigt. "

— 71 —

Prof. D'Menadier in Schaumi'in^n des Houses Hohen:^olkrns writes :
**Ein neues Ideal, eine neue Kunstansciinuung und Formgebung
brachte Raimund Faltz zur Geltung. Ein geborener Sclnvede, hatte
dieser auf ausgedehnten Reisen namentlich in der Werkstatt
Cheron's als Medailltur sich ausgebildet und war nach der Riick-
keiir in die Heiinath bei der schwedischen Miinze in Ponimern
beschaftigt, als Kurfiirst Friedrich III. im Jahre 1688 ihn nach Ber-
lin berief. Wie er sie in Paris gelernt, hielten eine gefiillige Form
und leichte Eleganz nunmehr auch in die Berliner Miinze ihren
Einzug. Von einer unbedingten Naturwahrhaftigkeit und bis
auf den innersten Kern durclidringenden Charakterisirung zu
Gunsten des schonen Scheines ein wenig nachlassend, \.ar er ein
Kiinstler wie geschaffen fiir die glanzvolle Hofhaltung des pracht-
liebenden ersten Konigs. Mag er immerhin namentlich das Bild des
Herrschers selbst idealisirt haben, er bewahrte dabei, so oft er das-
selbe auch wiederholt hat, wie in dem der geistvollen und zugleich
schonen Herrin eine ausgezeichneie Kunst, welche nicht nur in den
Wachsmodellen Achtung gebietet, sondern auch in den nach ihnen
unter technischen Verbesserungen hergestellten Pragungensiegreich
hervortritt. Und an Auftragen hat es Friedrich weder als Kurfurst
noch als Konig fehlen lassen : in gleicher Weise bot der am Nie-
derrhein gegen die Franzosen siegreich gefiihrte Krieg wie die
Pflege von Kunst und Wissenschaft, insbesondere die reiche Aus-
stattung der Residenz mit neuen Instituten und grossen Bauwerken
stets von Neuem die erwiinschte Veranlassung, (lurch die Kunst des
Medailleurs den eigenen Ruhm zu mehren. Vor AUem aber gait es,
die Erwerbung der Konigskrone zu feiern und zu verherrlichen. —
Aber Faltz starb, dem Konige zu fruh, bereits im Jahre 1703. Die
beiden unter ihm herangebildeten Stemptlschneider Marl und
Liiders konnten ihn nicht nur in keiner Weise ersetzen, sondern
sind iiberkaupt nicht mitzurechnen, soweit es sich um Kunst
handelt ; ihre Schaumunzen sind durchweg robe Machwerke und
zumeist geradezu Karikaturen. Ihnen geheniiber war der Konig auf
fremde Kiinstler angewiesen. Vorubergehend war der Niederlan-
der Boskam in Berlin thiitig, wie im Anfange seiner Regierung
auch Smeltzingeinige Medaillen zu Friedrich's Ruhm gearbeitet hat.
Die vornehmlichsten Stiicke aber Hess der Konig durch Christian
Wermuth in Gotha arbeiten, unter ihnen als die zumeist verbrei-
tete die Schaumiinze auf den Schluter'schen Neubau des Schlosses
vom Jahre 1704; ihn an Stelle des Faltz fiir Berlin zu gewinnen,
gelang jedocht nicht. "

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, of>. cit. — J. -J. Guiffrey,
La Moniiaie des Me'Jailks, Histoire metalliqtie de Louis XIV et de Louis XV, Revue
numismatique, 1888. — Lochner, Sammhing meikwurdiger Medaillen. — Kohler,
Miinihelustigungen. — Nuniophylac. Burckhard. — Lesser, Munieti auf gelehrten
Gesellschaften. — Flad, Beriihmte Medailleurs. — Hildebrand, op. cit. — Schau-
miin^en des Houses HohenioUeru, Berlin, 1901.

— 72 —

FALZER, PETER (Genu.). Die-sinker at Breslau, circa 1675. His
works are signed P . F.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FANI, PETRUS DOMO Vide PIETRO DA FANO.

FANNIERE, FRANQOIS AUGUSTE (French). Sculptor and Goldsmith,
born at Longwy (Moselle) on the 24'*' of November 1818; died in
Paris on the 29''' November 1900. Pupil of Drolling. He is the
author of a number of bronze Portrait-medallions : 1841, Auguste
Maone; — M. A***; — M. V***; — 1849, M''= A. R***; —
M/L. F***;— 1853, M""=F**; — 1855, Three medals, n. d.; —
Soci^te des Regates du Havre; — 1863, Napoleon HI; — 1876,
Medal, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FANO, PIETRO DA (ltd.). Medallist of the second and third quar-
ters of the fifteenth century ; his works probably date between 1457
and 1462; the artist is supposed to have died in 1475 or soon after.
No biographical details are known.

Three of his medals are known, two being signed, and the
third is attributed to him on account of similarity of work, which
is very characteristic and exhibits all the fine qualities which have
rendered Renaissance medallic art so conspicuous.

His signature : OPVS. PETRI DOMO FANI appears on a
medal of Ludovicus III. of Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua; obv. Bust
to 1. :^. NOLI ME TANGIERE. A boy seated on rock, holds bow
and arrow; beside him, a hedgehog; in the field, a crown. This
medal is very fine ; the representation on ^. is taken from a medal
by Boldu, who was his contemporary.

Pietro da Fano is also the author of two medals of Pasquale
Malipieri, Doge of Venice, and his consort, Giovanna Dandolo :
a. Obv. Bust of Giovanna, I^. Two female figures, draped, stand-
ing (signed OPVS. PETR VS. D. DOMO. FANI). — b. Obv. Bust
of the Doge ; I^. Bust of his consort (not signed, but undoubtedly
by the same artist).

Bibliography. — Alois Heiss, Les Medailleurs de Venise, 1887. — D"" Julius
Friedlander, Die italienischen Schaumun:{en des fnnf\ehnten Jahrhunderts (^i4JO-i^jd),
Berlin, 1882. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Armand, Les viedailleurs italiens des XV^
et XVI^ siecles, Paris, 1885-1887. — G. Castellani, Noti^ie di Pietro da Fano,Meda-
glista, Rocca S. Casciano, 1898.

FARAIL, GABRIEL EMMANUEL (French). Sculptor, born at Saint
Marsal (Pyrenees-Orientales); pupil of Oliva and Farochon. At the
Salon of 1874, he exhibited a fine Portrait-medallion in bronze of
M"* Lecoeur. Some medals of no great interest are the work of this
artist.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 73 —

FARBOT, JEHAN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Grenoble,
1 524-15 54. He was a goldsmith by profession, and succeeded
Jacques Gauvain.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Graveurs ge'ne'raux et particuUers des Monnaies de
France, Annuaire numismatique, 1867. — Natalis Rondot, Jacques Gauvain, Paris,
1897.

FARENBERG, I. V. (Germ.). Mint-master at Cassel, 1681-1697.
His signature appears as VF (in monogram) or I. V.F. on the cur-
rency issued by him.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FARINET (Siuiss). Forger of 20 Centime pieces, of the years
1879 and 1880; he worked in the Bas-Valais (Switzerland).

Bibliography. — Dr Lade, Catalogue des Monnaies et Medailles, Geneve, avril
1899.

FARINOS (Span.). This name appears on a Prize-medal for horti-
culture at Valencia, 1855, ^^ ^^^ inventor or designer; Navarrete
was the engraver.

FARNESI, ADOLFO (ltd.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
residing at Lucca. I have seen his signature on the following
medals : Inauguration of an equestrian statue of King Victor Emma-
nuel at Florence, 1890; — D"" Oreste Andrei, 1890; — Death of
Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta ; — Agostino da Montefeltro, the
celebrated preacher; — Giuseppe Garibaldi; — Leo Xin.,&c.

This artist is the author of numerous private and personal
medals, and agricultural prizes, &c. His full name is Adolfo di
Nicola Farnesi.

Bibliography. — A. Comandini, MedagUe Italiane del i8po, Rivista Italiana di

Numismatica, 1892-3.

FAROCHON, JEAN BAPTISTE EUGtlNE (French). Medallist and
Sculptor, born at Paris, on the 10''' of March, 1812 ; died in 1869.
He was a pupil of David d'Angers and entered the Ecole des Beaux-
Arts on the 5''' of October 1829. In 1835 he obtained the Prix de
Rome for medal-engraving; subject : Romulus carrying war-
spoils; and in 1863 he was elected Professor at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts. The artist exhibited numerous medals, medallions,
patterns of coins, jetons, &c. at the Paris Salons between 1833 and
1868. He is the author of a medal in clay of Christ from which
was cast the figure adorning the church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.
His statues. Integrity, S' John the Baptist, Firmness, Saint-Remy,
Hugh Capet, Saint-Leon, Isaias, &c. are amongst the best known.

The following medals are by Farochon : Liberty and Public
Order; — Charles X; — Louis-Philippe; — Ingres; — Portraits
of various pensioners of the French Academy at Rome ; — Casimir

— 74 —

Delavigne, 1848 ; — Prize-medals for physical sciences and mathe-
matics; — D''Barby ; — Four patterns submitted to the 1848 Coinage
Commission of the Second French Republic {illustrated) ; — Eugene

Pattern Twenty Francs, 1848.

Sue; — Various jetons for Private Societies, &c. ; — M. S***, 1853;

— Fleury ; — Jetons for the Society of French Bibliophiles ; —
Roumanian Union; — Orfila; — D"" Barby, 1863 ; — Corot, 1864;

— Portrait-medallions, 1865 and 1866 ; — Ingres, 1868; — M. Stoltz;

— M™^ Stoltz; — Vernier; — Child laden with fruit, &c.

Obv. of Pattern Five Francs, 1848.

Pattern Ten Centimes, i{

Bibliography. — R. Marx, Les Me'dailleurs fiattfais, Paris, 1897. — Chavigne-
rie et Auvray, op. cit. — J.-Adrien Blanchet, Farochon, Grande Encyclop^die. —
De Saulcy. Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de 1848.

— 75 -

FARROR, JOSEPH (Brit.). Issuer of Halfpenny tokens, payable in
Anglesey, London or Liverpool, 1792. This Joseph Farror is said to
have bequeathed sixpence per week in perpetuity to keep the statue
of Lord Nelson clean.

FARSTER. KONRAD {Germ.). Die-cutter at the Mint of Jagerndorf,
Silesia, 1563. Fricdensburg, Schlesiens neuere Miii^geschichte, 1900,
says : " vielleicht dieselbe Person wie Leonhard Wurster.

FATINELLI (ItaL). Director of the Mint at Ronie under Cle-
ment XI, circa 171 3. His arms appear on a Scudo of that year,
with a view of the Piazza della Rotonda on ^.

FADCHER, GDILLADME (French). Sculptor of the second half of
the nineteenth century; born at Paris in 1827 ; pupil of A. Dumont
and Meusnier. He executed a number of Portrait-medallions. Chavi-
gnerie mentions the following : Feu B***, 1868; — M™' B***,
i860; — Richard Lenoir; — Young T. S***, 1870.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvrav, op. cit.

FAUGINET, JACQUES AUGUSTE {French). Sculptor and Medallist,
born on the 22"** of April, 1809, at Paris; died in 1847. Pupil of
Gatteaux ; entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1826. In 1831, he
obtained the Second Prix for medal-engraving ; subject : Oedipus
explaining the riddle of the Sphinx. At the Salon of 1833, this
artist exhibited a frame of Medals, Portrait-medallions, and Gems.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FAUQU£ (French). Die-sinker of Paris, who took part in 1848 in
the competition for the coinage of the Second French Republic.
There is a pattern Ten Centimes by him, illustrated in De Saulcy,
Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de 1848.

FAULCON, PIERRE (French), 1493-1529, Goldsmith of Spanish
origin, in the service of Anne of Britanny, Francis I, and Queen
Claude. He executed some medals (Ymaiges fa^on de metalles)
which are now lost.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Medailkurs lyonuais, Lyon, 1896.

FAULKNER (Brit.). Die-sinker, who was working circa 1821-
1826. Possibly this Engraver is the same person as Benjamin Raw-
linson Faulkner, 1787-1849, the well-known Portrait-painter, born
at Manchester, whose first exhibit at the Royal Academy in 182 1
was so much admired.

By this artist are the following medals : Visit of George IV. to
Edinburgh, 18 12; — Sir Walter Scott (Mudie's National Medals) ;
— Another, I^. Scene from the " Lady of the Lake " ; — Masonic

- 76 -

medal of the Old Lodge S' John's, I anark, 1822; — Lord Byron
memorial, 1824; — General Viscount Combermere, 1821 ; —
Surrender of Bhurtpore, 1826; — Death of Frederick, Duke of
York, 1825 ; — Jones's Love Tokens, of Birmingham,

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Cochran-Patrick, op. cit. —
H. A. Grueber, English Personal Medals from i'j6o. Numismatic Chronicle, 1888
and 1890. — W. J. Davis, Token Coinage of fVanvickshire , Birmingham, 1896.

FAUR, CAPIT. JEHAN (French). Mint-master at St. Palais, 1602-
1605.

FAURE, BERTRAND (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Tou-
louse, 1 63 7- 1 647.

FAURE, GUILLAUME (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Tou-
louse, circa 1603. Another engraver of the same name, was
employed at the Toulouse Mint, circa 1693.

FAURE, NICOLAS (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Riom,
circa 1594.

FAXEL, DANIEL (Siued.). Mint-master at Stockholm, 1672-1687.
His initials D.F. appear on the coins issued by him.

FATOLLE (French). Medallist and Die-sinker, who was established
in the Galerie de Valois, Palais-Royal, Paris, until circa 1890, when
he was succeeded by M. E. Pouteau. He dealt mostly in Orders,
Decorations, &c.

F. B. Vide FR£d£ric BRIOT. Die-sinker at Montbeliard and Stutt-
gart, 1 393-1609.

F. B. Vide FRIEDRICH BRANDT. Mint-master at Rostock, 1782-
1795-

F. B. Vide FILIPPO BALUGANI. Die-sinker at Bologna, 1770-
1780; also F. B. F. or F. BAL.

F. B. Vide FRANCESCO BARATTINI. Die-sinker at Bologna, 1770-
1796.

F. B. Vide FRANCESCO BARBARO. Mint-master at Venice, 1796-
1797.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. B. (French). Initials of an Engraver, who was working, circa
1761. They appear on a medal of Louis XVL with ^. View of the
Mines ot Piegue, Curban and Arzillier.

Bibliography. — Hennin, Hisloire nutnismalique de la Revolution franfaise,
Paris, 1826.

— 77 —

P. C. Vide FRANQOIS CHARON. Medallist who worked at Rome
and Paris, 1635-1699.

F. C. FMenu??0 CROPANESE. Die-sinker at Rome, 1756-1773.

F. C. Vide FRIEDRICH COMSTADIUS. Die-sinker at Warsaw, 1769-
1811.

F. C. B. Vide F. C. BURCARD. Die-sinker at Basle, circa 1756.

F. C. F. Vide F. CESARINO. Die-sinker at Rome, circa 1670-
1680.

F. C. H. Vide FRIEDRICH CASPAR HERBACH. Die-sinker at Copen-
hagen, 1 647- 1 664. His son of the same name was Mint-master
there, 1663-1670.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. C. Vide FED. COC. infra.

F. D. Vide FILIBERTO DIANO. Mint-master at Borgo in Savoy,
1584-1589.

F. D. Vide FRANCESCO DANDOLO. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1783-
1784.

F. D. Vide VtLlX DUPRfi. Coin-engraver at Liege, 1830.

F. D. Vide FERNAND DUBOIS. Contemporary Belgian Medallist.

F. D. S. V. Vide FERDINAND DE SAINT-URBAIN. Medallist who
worked at Bologna, Rome, and Nancy, -j* 1738.

F. D. W. Vide T. D. WINTER. English Die-sinker, end of seven-
teenth century.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. E. Vide FRANZ ENGEL. Mint-master at Bonn, 1 638-1 649.

F. E. Vide FRIEDRICH EBERLE. Warden of the Mannheim Mint,
1802.

F. E. Vide FRIEDRICH ERHARDT. German Die-sinker, t/r^fl 1840.

F. E. W. Vide FRIEDRICH ERNST WERMUTH. Mint-master at Hild-
burghausen, 17 16-17 18.
Bibliography. — Schlikeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FflART ADRIEN (French). Sculptor and Medallist, born at S6dan
(Ardennes), on the 11''' of April, 1813 ; pupil of Danton. Chavi-
gnerie mentions the following medals by this artist : Society of reli-
gious concerts, founded by Prince de la Moskowa; — 1863, Jetons
for the Naval Insurance Companies, Etoile de la Mer, and Nep-

-78 -

tune; — 1865, Summer; — 1867, Spring; — 1870, Portniit-medal
of M. V***; — 1874, M""^ P. de G***; — M--^ Marie Edmee Pau ;

— 1875, C. L***; — 1876, Maron-Bretagne, Vice-president of the
Society for Protection of Animals; — 1877, M""^ la Comtesse
G. de R*** ; — M. Boisville, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — Revue de h Numismalique
beige, 1874, p. 399.

FECHTEL, PAUL {Danish). Die-sinker of Lubeck, held the office
of Coin-engraver at the Mint of Copenhagen, where he was still
employed in 1599. He is supposed to have engraved a Portrait-
medal of himself, with the curious inscription : GOD. HEFT.
GEGEVEN.GELVCK.VND.LANG.LEVE. In Jorgenson, Bcskri-
velse over Danske Moriter 144S-1SSS, Paul Fechtel's name appears
as Mint-master at Copenhagen from 1541 to 1565.

BlBUOGR.\PHY. — Bolzenthal, d/). cii.

FECHTER, FRIEDRIGH {Swiss). Medallist and Coin-engraver of
the second quarter of the seventeenth century. He signed his pro-
ductions F. F., and seems to have resided at Basle, 1629-16)3, as
most of his works belong to that city. The Wunderly-von-Muralt
Collection contained the following specimens : Religious Medal
of Zurich, 1638 (3 var.); — Suppression of the Insurrection of
the Peasants, Berne, 1653 ; — Medallic Quarter Thaler, with view
of Basle and bust of Lucius Munatius Plancus ; — Medallic Thaler
of Basle, so-called " Gliickhennenthaler " ; — Medallic Double
Thaler of Basle, with representation of Daniel in the den of lions ;

— School Prize of Basle, 1642; — Small Prize-medal, with view
of Basle and Dog, 1630 (5 var.) ; — Others, undated (5 var., diffe-
rent types) ; — Religious medal with David on ^L. ; — Another,
^L. View of Basle (2 var.); — Octagonal Prize medal, IN GOTT
MEIN HOFFNUNG; — Another, dated 1643, View of city; —
Small commemorative medal, ^L. Christ as a Child (2 var.) ; —
Medal, undated, ^L. King David ; — Conclusion of the Thirty
Years' War, and Peace of Westphalia, 1648 (5 var.).

The Swiss Collection at the South Kensington Museum com-
prises most of these.

Engel and Lehr (PI. xxxviii, 5) illustrate a piece known as the
Medal of the 20 Corporations, the obv. of which has been used by
the engraver Johann Georg Lutz for a medal of Strassburg, publish-
ed by Herr Julius Feist in the Revue Suisse de Numismatique (1892,
p. II)). Hildebrand describes several portrait-medals and badges of
Gustavus Adolphus by this engraver.

It is not settled whether the F.F. should be interpreted as Frie-
drich Fechter or Fechter Fecit, but there can be no doubt that these
letters are the signature of this artist, and not of the engraver

— 79 —

Fechter, whose works mostly belong to the beginning of the
eigiiteenth century.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, o/>. cit. — Wilhelm Tobler-Meyer, Die Miini-imd
MeiiaiUen-Siimmlung des Herrn Hans IViiiuierlyv. Mimill in Zurich, Zurich, 1897-
1899. — R. S. Poole, Siciss Coins in the South Kensington Museum, London, 1878.
— Hildebrand, op. cit.

FECHTER, JOHANN (Swiss). According to Bolzenthal, the full name
of this Medallist and Coin-engraver xsjohann Ulrich Fechter. He resided
at Basle, at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eight-
eenth, centuries. The following medals are by him: Reward of the City
of Basle to the Swiss confederates (^. engraved by Friedrich Fechter),
1709; — Emmanuel Socin of Basle, f 17 17 (signed : J. FECHTER).

Both Friedrich and Johann Fechter were no doubt employed by
the Basle Mint, although other engravers, notably, J. de Beyer and
Handmann, seem to have signed most of the currency of that period.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, o(). cit. — W. Tobler-Meyer, op cit. — R. S.
Poole, op. cit.

FED. COC. Vide FEDERIGO COCCOLA, suprd (Vol. I, p. 283).

FEDERER, HIERONYMUS (Germ.). Mint-master at Regensburg,
from 1655 to 1673, ^^^^ y^^^ of his death. Coins and medals were
engraved by him as early as 1650, and are signed, H. F., H. I, P.,
or F. These initials occur on Thalers of that city, dated 1653, and
1658, and on a Ducat of 1664, which was sold in the Reimmann
Collection, 1892.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. - Madai,
TIjakr Cabinet, n°^ 5097, 5578. — Ad. Hess, Reimmann Sale-Catalogue, n° 7829.

FEDERIGO. Vide CESARE DA RAGNO (Vol. I, p. 43).

FEDERIGO PARMENSE. Vide EONZAGNA (Vol. I, p. 104).

FEODOROWNA, MARIA (Kuss.). Empress of Russia, widow of
Paul I., and ^ clever Medallist and Gem-engraver of the first quarter
of the nineteenth century. She died in 1827. Her works are signed
MARIA. F., MAR.?., or MAPII.P (Maria Fecit). The Czarina was a
member of various European Fine Art Academies, and excelling
herself in the glyptic art, she extended her sovereign protection
towards the artists who flourished at S' Petersburg during her life-
time.

Maria Feodorowna was born a Princess of Wiirtemberg, in 1759,
and married to the Grand Duke Paul, in 1776, but the intrigues of
the Russian court, under the capricious rule of Catherine II., and the
sad events w- hich befell the Princess during the last years of her con-
sort's life, caused her to find in art a solace amidst her afflictions,
and under the training of Leberecht and other engravers, she

— 8o —

became a distinguished artist. Bolzenthal praises her very highly,
and commenting on the medal which she engraved to commemorate
the successes of her son, the Czar Alexander I, over the French,

Medal ot Alexander I. of Russia, by the Czarina Maria Feodorovvna.

1814, he writes : " This is undoubtedly the most artistic produc-
tion that was ever executed by a woman's hand. "

— 8i -

A gem, bearing her signature, has lately come under my notice;
it is an intaglio copied from the antique and of exquisite work. I have
not been able to obtain a list of this distinguished engraver's medals
and gems, but from all accounts, it is an extensive one, including
Portrait of Catherine II., 1789, Emperors Paul (i8oi)and Alexan-
der I., of herself and many other members ot the Russian Imperial
family.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

FEHR, GEORG CONRAD (G^rm.). Mint-master at Darnstadt, 174 1-
1743 and 1752-1766. His signature on the coins is C. F. or G. C. F.
These initials also occur on a piece ofSix Albus of Frankfort-on-M.,
1758.

FEHR, R. (Germ.). Mint-master to the Elector Palatine, circa
1732-1736. His initials R. F., appear on ro and 5 Gulden pieces of
those years.

Bibliography. — Amnion, op. cit.

FEHR, REMIGIUS (Germ.). Mini-master at Darmstadt, 1772-1809;
died in 1810. His initials R. F. appear on the coins issued by
him.

FEHRMAN, CARL GDSTAF (Swed.). Son of the Medallist, Daniel
Fehrman; was born at Stockholm in 1746, where he died in 1809. He
occupied the post of Medallist to the Swedish Court, and succeeded
his father as Chief-engraver at the Royal Mint in 1764. The younger
Fehrman produced a large number of medals, amongst which the
best known are : Birth of Princess Sophia Albertina, 8. October 1753 ;

— Restoration to health of Queen Louisa Ulrika, 1767 ; — Death of
King Adolphus Frederick, 177 1 ; — Foundation of the Academy at
Stockholm; — Death of Queen Louisa Ulrika, 1782; — Admiral
Henrik Trolle, 1784; — ■ Daniel Fehrman, 1783 ; — Marriage of
Crown-Prince Gustavus with Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, 1766 ;

— Return of Gustavus III. from his travels abroad, 177 1 ; — Coro-
nation of Gustavus III. 1772 (3 var.); — C. L. Grill, Swedish
Minister of Commerce, 1767; — Johan von Bierken, 1780; —
Revolution of 1772; — Abolition of Torture, 1772; — Abroga-
tion of Land Taxes, 1772 ; — The King and Queen visit the
Country, 1772; — Establishment of a National Bank, by Royal
Charter, 1773; — Royal Decrees of the 21. July, 1774; — The
Kings visits the Czarina Catherine II. at Czarskoieselo, 1777; —
Birth of Charles Gustavus, 1782; — The King's return from a
journey to Italy and France, 1784; — Prize Medal for Bravery,
1785; — Royal Banking Company, confirmed by Decree of
13. April 1787; — Siege of Goteborg by the Danes, 1788; —
War Medal for services in the field, 1790; — Naval Victory over

L. Forres. — Biographical Solicts of Medailisls. — I[. 6

— 82 —

the Russians of Svensksund, 1790; — Peace concluded with Rus-
sia, 1790 (3 var.); — Return of the King trom Finland, 1790 ; —
Return of the King from Aachen, 1791; — Assassination of
Gustavus III., 1792 (sev, varieties); — Portrait-medals of Gus-
tavus III., 1792 (sev. varieties); — Portrait-medals of Gustavus III ;

— Reward for Valour (2 var.); — Prize Medals of the Swedish
Academy (7 var.) ; — Prize Medals of the Antiquarian and Histor-
ical Society (4 var.); — Royal Military Academy, 1786; —
Administration of Agriculture, 1791; — Jubilee Festivities at
Upsal, 1793; — King Gustavus IV. Adolphus, 1796; — The King's
visits to the Stockholm Mint, 1796 and 1797 (2 var.); — Mar-
riage of the King with Frederika Dorothea Wilhelmina of Baden,
1797; — Tournament at Stockholm, 1799; — Tournament at
Drottningholm, 1800; — Agricultural Prize Medal, 1794; — Royal
College of Music, 1797 (3 var.); — Various Prize Medals, 1794
and 1797 (3 var.); — Duke Charles, Masonic Medal, 1787; —
Death ot Prince Frederick Adolphus at Montpellier, 1803 ; — Por-
trait-medal of Prince Frederick Adolphus; — Princess Sophia
Albertina, ^. VASORVM SORORI, 1783; — Sophia Albertina,
Abbess of Quedlinburg, 1787 (2 var.); — Erik V'aderhatt ; —
Olaf I Bjornsson ; — Edmund Slemme; — Erik Segersall; — J. C,
Hedlinger; &c.

The work of this artist is not of very great merit. His usual
signature was C. G. F., or C. G. FEHRMAN.

Bibliography. — Bozenthal, op. cit. — Hildebrand, op. cil. — Thomsen, Cata-
logue of Danish Medals. — Marvin, op. cit. — Schaumun:^en des Hattses Hohen^ol-
lern, Berlin, 1901.

FEHRMAN, DANIEL (Siued.). MedaUist, born in 17 10, at Stock-
holm, where he died in 1780. He was a pupil of the famous Hed-
linger, and father of C. G. Fehrman. The period of his activity is
comprised between 1735 and 1764, when he was employed at the
Stockholm Mint as Medallist and Coin-engraver. The Swedish his-
torian Jonas Hallenberg has given a list of some of the works of
this artist, and Hildebrand {Sveriges ochv Senska Koniingahusets Min-
nespennhigar , ike, Stockolm, 1875) also describes a number of
them : Foundation of the National Bank, 1668 (engraved in 1755);

— Marriage of Crown-Prince Adolphus Frederick of Sweden with
Eleonora Ulrica, 1750; — Promotion of Trade, 1747; — Medals
and Badges of the Order of the Seraphim, 1748 (5 var.); — Foun-
dation of Stockholm Observatory, 1748 ; — Increase of the Swed-
ish Fleet, 1749 ; — Death of King Frederick I. (4 var.) ; — Acces-
sion of Adolphus Frederick, 1743 ; — Birth of Prince Gustavus,
1746; — Royal Academy of Science, 1747; — Birth of Prince
Charles, 1748; — Military School for young Noblemen at Stock-
holm, 1748; — Birth of Prince Frederick Adolphus, 1750; — Sil-

-83 -

ver Mining Works, 1750; — Royal Mining College, 1750
(2 var.); — Coronation ofKing Adolphus Frederick, 175 1(3 var.) ;

— Inauguration of Stockholm Observatory, 1753 ; — Birth of Prin-
cess Sophia Albertina, 1753 ; — Swedish Liberties (1756 (3 var.);

— Coming of age of Crown-Prince Gustavus, 1762 ; — Foundation
of a Weaving Factory at Drottningholm. 1762; — Marriage of
Crown-Prince Gustavus with Sophia Magdalena of Denmark,
1766 ; — Prize Medal for Weaving; — Prize Medal for the Culture
of Mulberry Trees, 1755; — Royal Mining College; — Jetons
with bust of Crown-Princess Louisa Ulrika ; — Coronation of
Queen Louisa Ulrika, 175 1; — Swedish Academy of Literature,
1753 ; — Jetons with bust of the Queen ; — Birth of Prince Gusta-
vus, 1 746 (3 var.) ; — Crown-Prince Gustavus' sixteenth Anniversary,
1761 ; — Sophia Albertina, Abbess of QuedUnburg, 1753 ; — Olat
Skotkonung; — Anund Jakob; — Sienkil ; — The two Kings
Erik; — Ingo the Elder and Halstan ; — Hakan Rode; — Philip
and Ingo the Younger; — Ragvald Knapfofde; — Magnus I ; —
Sverker I ; — S' Erik ; — Magnus II ; — Carl VII. Sverkersson ; —
Knut Eriksson; — Sverker II Carlsson ; — Erik Knutsson; —
Johann I Sverkersson ; — Erik Eriksson Lapse ; — Waldemar ; —
Birger Jarl of Bjalbo; — Magnus Ladulas; — Birger Magnusson ;

— J. C. Hedlinger; — Linnaeus, 1758; — John von Bierken, &c.
I'his artist's signature appears as F., D. F., D. FEHRMAN, and

DAN. FEHRMAN.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, o/». cit. — Marvin, Masonic Medals, Boston,
1880. — Ammon, op. cit. — W. Tobler-Meyer, op. cit. — Thomsen, Bron:^e-
Medailhn, Copenhague, 1869. — Hildebrand, op. cit.

FEJER (^Hung.). Editor of a medal on the assassination of the
Empress Elizabeth of Austria, 1898. His initial F appears on
the ^.

FELGENHAUER, URBAN (Germ.^. Mint-master at Bonn, 163 1,
1635, 1649, Waldeck, 1652-1654, Hoxter (Corvey), 165 5- 1657,
Einbeck, 1659, and again at Hoxter in 1659. The name of this
engraver is also found as FEL6ENHEWER, and his signature appears
in various forms, as V. F., VF, V. N. H, AFH, \FJ. The Reimmann
Collection contained a Quarter Thaler of Arnold von Valdois,
Bishop of Corvey, 1657, by tiiis artist, and also a Thaler of 1656.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Ad. Hess, Mirnien und
Medaillm-Cahimt des Justi^raths Reimann in Hannover, Frankfurt a M., 1891.

FELIX {Roman). Gem-engraver, whose signature is found on an inta-
glio formerly in the Marlborough Collection. The gem represents Dio-
medes and Ulysses carrying off the Palladium {illustrated). On the
altar is found in minute letters the artist's name : OHAIZ €nOI€l,

^ 84 —

and in the fields above Ulysses' head, that of the owner of this fine
sard : KAAnOTPNIOT C€OrHPOT.

King calls Felix a freedman of Calpurnius Severus, and mentions
three other gems bearing his signature : Centaur carrying two bask-
ets, sard (Odescalchi); — Victory slaughtering a bull (Raspe); —
Head of Mercury, red Jasper (Bibliotheque Nationale).

Gem engraved by Felix.

A Florentine gem-engraver of the eighteenth century, Felice Bar-
nabe, signed his works 0EAIZ, and M. Babelon says that his pro-
ductions have often been attributed to the Graeco-Roman artist who
flourished during the first century of our era.

Brunn, Geschichte der Griechischen Kiinstler, makes the following
remarks on the w^orks of Felix :

" Eine der ausgefiihrtesten Darstellungen des Palladiuniraubes,
mit den Figuren des Diomedes und Ulysses und der Andeutung
einer dritten todt am Boden liegenden Figur, so wue mit manchem
architektonischen Beiwerk, finded sich auf einem Sardonyx der Marl-
Dorough' schen, friiher der Arundel' schen Sammlung. Im Abschnitt
liest man die Inschrift !

KAAnOYPNIOY C60THP0Y
OHAIZ €nOI€l

Stosch t. 35, Bracci II, 75 (Gems of Marlb, I, pi. 39), Millin
gal. myth. t. 171, n. 565 ; Raspe 9433; C- I. 727T. Dass Kohler
(S. 100) den Sardonyx auf d.is Zeugniss des Bracci hin tiir eine
Arbeit des Flavio Sirletti erklaren wollte, beruht auf einer Ver-
wechselung mit einem nachher zu erwahnenden Stein. Die Ver-
theidihung hat diesmal Stephani Libernommen, der hier eine der
wenigen echten Steinschneider-Inschriften anzuerkennen geneigt
ist, wenn, her auch, in Ermangelung eines guten Abdruckes des
Steines ein entscheidendes Urtheil nicht auszusprechen wagi (Ang.
Steinschn. S. 238). Der Hauptgrund, welcher fiir die Echtheit
spricht, liegt in der Passu ng der Inschrift : « Hatte ein Falscher
durch den Namen des Calpurnius Severus den Vater des Felix
bezeichnen wollen, so wiirde er auch so gut, wie jeder andere,
gewusst haben, welche Reihenfolge der Worte dazu nothig ist..:

Hingegen giebt dieser Genetiv einen guten Sinn, sobald man ihn
auf den Weihenden oder Schenkenden bezieht (vgl. audi Letronne
Ann. d. Inst. XVII, p. 274). Den Namen aber eines solchen aut
diese weise beizufiigen, stimmt nicht mit der Sitte der Falscher
iiberein; deren Kenntniss wohl nich einmal soweit reichten, und
dass die Zeile der Inscrift ein spaterer zu der ersten gemachter
Zusatz sei, wird durch die Vertheilung im Raume, wenn man den
Abbildungen trauen darf, unwahrscheinlich. Gewiss wird demnach
dielnschrift so lange tur echt zu gelten haben, als sich nicht durch
gewichtige Griinde ein Zweifel rechtfertigen lasst.

'' Auf einer Wiederholung derselben Darstellung findet sich die
Inschrift.

cDHAIZ

€noi€i

an der Basis, auf welcher Diomenes kauert. Gori besass einen
Abdruck dieses Steins, wie er meint, aus Andreini's Sammlung, aus
der er mit anderen verschwunden war. Nicht zu verwechseln ist er
mit einer andern Wiederholung in florentiner Museum. Diese
Andreini 'sche Gemme ist es, welche Kohler fiir eine Arbeit des
Flavio Sirletti erklart : Gori Mus. Fior. II, p. 69 ; Bracci II, p. 105 ;
Caylus rec. de ^00 tetes pi. 173 ; Raspe 9435 ; Cades III, E. 278;
C. I, 7271 b. Wohl aus Versehen bezeichnet Worlidge Gems 115
den Stein mit dem Namen auf der Basis als in Marlborough's Besitz
befindlich.

" Ein Carneol der Strozzi 'schen Sammlung, Amor und Psyche,
der capitolinischen Gruppe ziemlich entsprechend, mit der Inscrift
OHAII ist eine Arbeit des Felix Bernabe, eines Steinchneiders des
vorigen Jahrunderts : Raspe 7181, pi. 43; Cades XXII, p. 9;
Stephani bei Kohler S. 286. Diesem ist vielleicht auch das Bild
eines Centauren mit der Inschritt <t>HA. £CP beizulegen : Raspe
4445, Ebenfalls modern ist eine angebliche Lucretia mit der In-
schrift <DHA. Zr bei Cades XXII. P. 10. Dass die Buchstaben
KO neben einem Mercurkopf mit Raspe 2291 nicht KaXzcupvicu
♦I>fj/.'.; gedeutet werden durfen, braucht nicht weiter bewiesen zu
werden. Ebenso konnen hier die Steine mit der lateinischen In-
schrift FELIX iibergangen werden : Raspe 1758; R, Rochette
Lettre p. 137, Clarac p. 117".

Bibliography. — E. Babelon, La Gravure en pierres fines, Paris, 1894. — King,
Antique Gems, London, i860. — E. Babelon, Gemmae, Dictionnaire des Antiqui-
t6s grecques et romaines, etc. — H. Brunn, Geschkhte der grieschischen Kunstler.

FELLNER. MATHIAS VON FELDEGG (Austr.). By an order of the
13''' of March, 161 2, Fellner was elected Master of the Mint at

— 86 —

Vienna, with a stipend of 400 florins per annum, which was rais-
ed to 500 later on. He filled this post until 1634, and died on the
21^* of September, 1637, at Margarethen. The coins issued by him
bear his monogramm M. F.

Bibliography. — Die Mun:(itaHe Wien unter Rudolph II. i)j6 bis 1608, Mathias
1608 his iiig als LandesfHrsten von Niederosterreich, uni Ferdinand II. 161 9 bis
i6j7, Mittheilungen des Clubs der Munz-und Medaillen-Freunde it Wien, 1893.
— Regesten \u J. Neivald's Publicutionen iiher osterreichische Prdgtingen, 1, c. 1890.

FELON, JOSEPH (French). Sculptor, Painter, Lithographer, and
Medallist, born at Bordeaux, 21" August, 1818. The following
medallic works were exhibited by him at the Paris Salons : 1850,
Portrait-medallions of M. F***. — P. L***, Keeper of the Bordeaux
Museum; — A. G*** ; — M"-^ A. J. F***; — 1852, Louis-Napoleon,
Prince-President of the French Republic; — Amphitrite ; — 1855,
Six bronze Medallions : Princess Maria of Sardinia, and others.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FENNER, IGNAZ SEBASTIAN (Austr.). Mint-master at Hall in
Tyrol; elected on his father's resignation 23'''^ April, 1718.

FENNER, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (Austr.). Mint-master at Hall,
from 1688, to 1718, when he resigned his office in favour of his
son, Ignaz Sebastian Fenner.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten :(ii J. Newdld's Publicationen iiber
osterreichische Mtmiprdgimgen im ersten Viertel des XVIII. Jahrhunderts, Mittheilun-
gen des Clubs der Munz-und Medaillen-Freunde, in Wien, 1890.

FENROTHER, ROBERT (Brit.). Mint-master at the Royal Mint,
London, in conjunction with Bartholomew Reed, anno 9 of
Henry VU.

Bibliography. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain, London,
1840.

FERWICK, A. (Brit.). Die-sinker and Medallist, residing at Birm-
ingham; pupil of Joseph Moore, and a fairly clever Engraver. He
works for the trade, and is known by some medals commemorat-
ing Queen Victoria's Jubilees of 1887 and 1897, ^^ ^^^^ ^^ numerous
badges, prize medals, &c.

FEODOROFF, MICHEL (Rtus.). Mint-master at S' Petersburg,
1812-1820.

FERAL, JOHANN FRIEDRICH 6 (Germ.). Son of Friedrich Wilhelm
6 Feral. Mint-master at Leipzig, 1753. Saxon Convention -Thalers
of 1763 and 1754, issued at that Mint, are signed I. F. 6 F.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Palimann, op. cit.

- 87 -

FERAL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM 6 (Gfrw.)- Mint-master at Dresden,
1734-1764. His signature F. W. 6 F., is found on the Gold coins,
Thalers, Gulden, and Groschen, issued under him for Saxony and
Poland.

Thaler of Frederick Augustus II, issued by F. VV. 6 Feral.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cil. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. —
Ad. Hess, Reimmaiin Catalogue.

FERDINANDO DA LOTARINGIA (Ital.). Coin-engraver at the Mint
of Bologna, 1691-1697. Fide SAINT-URBAIN, FERDINAND DE. He
was succeeded by Thomas Bayard.

FERME {French). Die-sinker and Medallist of the last quarter of
the seventeenth century. He resided at Paris, and his nnme occurs
several times between 1677 and 1680 in the Comptes des Bdtiments
du Roi, in connection with medal-dies which he engraved for the
Medallic History of Louis XIV. During those three years the artist
was paid 1660 livres for work executed on behalf of the King. The
Mercure mentions several jetons engraved by Le Ferme, or De la
Ferme.

Bibliography. — J. ]. Guiffrey, La Monnaie des Medailles, Revue numisma-
tique, 1888.

FERNANDEZ (Pt)r/z<;^.). Sculptor and Medallist of the second half of
the nineteenth century, bv whom we have seen a medal of the
sculptor L. E. Cocheret, and another of Salustiano de Olozaga,
Spanish minister; also a Prize-medal of the School of Painting and
Engraving of Barcelona, 1870.

FERRARI, LUIGI (//a/.). Mint-master at Vercelli, 1548-1564. The
coins issued by him bear the letters V. L. F.

FERRARI, GIOVANNI (Jtal). Mint-master at Parma, 1615.

FERRARIS, GIUSEPPE (^ItaL). Medallist and Coin-engraver of
Turin. His earliest medal is dated 1828. Under Charles Albert,
King of Sardinia, he was Chief-engraver of the coins at the Mint
of Turin, a post which he retained under Victor Emmanuel II, after
the latter's proclamation as King of Italy and which he still held in
1869. His signature appears in full, FERRARIS, on the coins engrav-
ed by him.

Five Lire Piece of Victor Emmanuel, by Ferraris.

Ferraris executed also numerous medals, relating mostly to events
in contemporary Italian history. His busts ot Victor Emmanuel are
of undisputed merit. The following medals are by him : Mercurin-
Arboree de Gattinara, Chancellor of Charles V., 1845 5 — Samuel
Jesi, 1855 i — Cesare Saluzzo, Directore of the Military School at
Turin, 1854 i — Marriage of Ferdinand I. of Austria with Marian-
na Pia, 183 1.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Various Sale Catalogues, &c.

FERRET, EUGENE {French). Contemporary Medallist, born at
Rouen, in 1825; pupil of J. J. Barre. He exhibited at the Salon
of 1 90 1 a plaque of Sainte-Blanche. This artist first began as a
Chaser, but entered the Paris Mint in 1848, where he worked
under Barre, and was employed until i86r. He later on became
Engraver to the Ministere des Finances, constructed a Reducing-
machine, and executed numerous medals, besides making coin-dies.
He was awarded the following medals : 1858, bronze medal; 1873,
Universal Exhibition at Vienna, gold, silver and bronze medals;
1867, Paris Universal Exhibition, two bronze medals, and two in
1878 ; 1891, silver medal ; 1898, silver-gilt medal. He has exhibit-
ed sixteen times at the Paris Salons.

FERRET, GUILLAUME {French). 1636-56. Medallist of the first half
of the sixteenth century. He engraved the following jetons : 1536,
Jeton for Cardinal de Chhtillon; — 1563, Jeton for the duchesse

- 89 -

d'Estouteville, comtesse de Saint-Pol; — 1556, Jeton for the Due
de Longueville, &c.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Graveurs en medailles de la Renaissance franfaise,
Annuaire numismatique, 1867.

FERRIER, PIERRE (Swiss). Die-sinker and Medallist, who was
working at Geneva, circa 1790-1798. He engraved a number of
badges, prize-medals, &c., but is best known for his fine medals of
Bonaparte of which at least eight varieties exist, and which
represent him as First Consul, Chief of the Army of Italy, Liber-
ator, &c. ; these are all dated 1796 ; numerous imitations and modern
copies exist of them. By Pierre Ferrier is also a medal of S. Aug.
Adet, 1794, a French resident at Geneva, and a Prize medal for
Music, of 1798.

Bibliography. — Bulletin & Revue suisses de Numismatique, 1888-1898.

FERRIER, S. (Swiss). Contemporary Die-sinker of Geneva. He is
the author of two masonic medals; one for the Lodge " Constante
et Avenir" of Vevey, 1S97, and the other for the French Lodge
" La Fraternite " of Geneva, 1897.

Bibliography. — Revtte suisse de numismatique, 1898.

FERRIERE. PIERRE. Fide above.

FERRY, JEAN (French). Mint-master at Nancy, from 12. June
1574 to 21. June 1582, when he was succeeded by Nicolas Gen-
netaire, his brother-in-law.

Bibliography. — Lepage, op. cit.

FERVILLE-SUAN. CHARLES GEORGES (French). Sculptor, born at
Mans (Sarthe); pupil of Jeuffroy. In 1872, 1876, 1877 and 1878,
he has exhibited Portrait-medallions in bronze of various private
persons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FESER, WILHELM (Germ.). Mint-master at Wiirzburg, 1746-
1748.

FETZER. PETER (Germ.). Die-cutter at the episcopal Mint ot
Nesse, Silesia. His name appears on a medal of Bishop Frederick
on the Washing of the Feet.

FEUCHilRE, JEAN JACQUES (French). Sculptor, born at Paris,
24''' August, 1807; Jie^j 25*'' July, 1852. He was a pupil of Cortot
and Ramey. At the Salons of 1833 and 1834 he exhibited some
Portrait-medallions, and a medal on " Fishing", which are not
without merit. His Portrait-medal of Guizot, French State Minis-
ter, 1844, is perhaps the best known of his medaUic works.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 90 —

FEUGtRE DES FORTS, VINCENT tUlLE (French) . Sculptor, born at
Paris on the 17''' of November, 1825 ; pupil of Heim and Dusei-
gneur. Between 1840 and 1870, this artist exhibited numerous
Portrait-medallions at the Paris Salons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FEURER, PASQUIER (French). Medallist of the third quarter of the
sixteenth century. He engraved in 1560 a jeton for the English
Ambassador : Obv. NON EST VOLENTIS SED MISERENTIS.
Arms. ^L. MEDIO TUTISSIMUS IBIS. Hawk.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, I. c.

FEUVRIER (French). Die-sinker of the first half of the nineteenth
century. By him are the following medals : His Grace Claude
Antoine Gabriel, due de Choiseul, 1828; — Masonic medal of the
Friends of Order, Paris; — Eynard the great "Philhellene"; —
H. M. Berton, 1824; — &c. I think that the name on these
medals has been misread for PEUVRIER (Vide infrd).

Bibliography. — Marvin, op. cit. — Various Catalogues.

F. F. Vide FRIEDRICH FECHTER suprd. Coin-engraver at Basle,
1629-1653.

F. F. Vide FRANCESCO FOSCARI. Mint-inspector at Venice, ii|8o.

F. F. Vide FRIEDRICH FREUND. Mint-master at Altona, 18 19-
1848.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op, cit.

F. G. Vide FLORIAN GRUEER. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1585-
1597, Erfurt, 1599-1607, and Nordhausen, 1615.

F. G. Vide FRANZ GUICHARD. Die-sinker at Mompelgart, 1610-
1620, and Stuttgart, 1621-1628.

F. G. VideYlU??0 GALEOTTI. Mint-master at Gubbio, 1626.

F. G. = FECIT GATEOTTUS Vide PAOLO EMILIO GALEOTTI. Die-
sinker and Mint-master at Gubbio, 1646- 1673.

F. G. FiW^ FRIEDRICH GRUNER. Mint-master at Christiana, 1652-
1675.

F. G. Vide FRANZ GILLY. Mint-master at Langernagen, 1690-
1694, ^^so F.I.G.

F. G. Videf. GORDILLO Medallist of Mexico, 1808-1824.

— 91 —

F. G. D. Fide FR£d£rIC GUILLAUME DUBUT, 1711-1779. Medal-
list who worked at Dresden, Danzig, and S* Petersburg, -f ijj^ et
Danzig.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. H. Vide FRIEDRICH HAGENAUER. German Medallist of the first
half of the sixteenth century.

F. H. B. Vide FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDT. Mint-master at
Rostock, 1782-1795.

F. H. K. Vide FRIEDRICH HEINRICH KRUGER. Coin-engraver at
the Dresden Mint, after 1797.

F. H. P. Vide FRANZ. HERMANN PRANGHE. Warden of the Wurz-
burg Mint, 1762-1790.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. H. (Swiss'). Signature of a Medallist, who worked at Schaf-
fhausen, end of the seventeenth century. There is a medal of that
city by him, with Peace on obv, and I^. View of the town of
Schafthausen with the Rhine, the bridge, and in the background
the fortress of Munoth ; legend : DIE WEIL GOTT | MEINE
HOFNVNG 1ST | SO FORCHT ICH KAINER {sic) \ FEINDEN
LIST.

Bibliography. — R. S. Poole, Swiss Coins in the South Kensington Museum,
London, 1878.

F. H. C. in monogram pt£; (Germ.). This signature appears on
three small medallic wood-models, which resemble somewhat the
work of the celebrated medaUist, Friedrich Hagenauer. One ot
these medals presents the portrait of Raimund Fugger, and is dated
1534; the other two are of anonymous persons, and were engraved
between 1534 and 1537.

Bibliography. — Adolf Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1844.

F. I. G. Vide FRANZ JOHANN GILLY. Mint-master at Lengenargen,
1690-1694.

F. I. K. Vide FRANZ IGNATIUS KIRSCHENHOFER. Mint-master at
Oppeln. 1673-1685.

F. I. W. Vide F. I. WURSCHBAUER. Viennese Medallist, aV^a 1750.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FICHTBAUER, JOHANN CASPAR (Germ.). Merchant of Riga,
1815; issued 50 and 10 Kopeck pieces in tin, with his initials
I.C.F.

— 92 —

FIDELLES, PHILIPPE DE {French). Mint-master at Compiegne,
1589-15915 ; his distinctive mark A, or ACa), appears on the coins
struck by him : Henry III, Double Ecus d'or, Ecus d'or, Quarter
Ecus; -- Henry IV, Double Ecus d'or, Ecus d'or, Quarter Ecus",
Half Francs, Quarter Francs, Douzains, Gros de Nesle, &c.

- B^LiobRAPHY. — P. Bordeaux, Ateliers vionetaires de Compiegne et tie Sfelmi,
Annuairenumismatique, 1895.

FIEBIG, GOTTFRIED (Germ.). Die-cutter at Breslau, 1726, 173.3.

FIESEL, CHRISTOPH {Aiisir.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Kremnitz, circa 1558. He cut the dies of the fine medallic Thalers
struck at that Mint about this date.

FIGINO, GIROLAMO {ltd.). Mint-master at Rome, second half of
the sixteenth century.

FIGUEREDO or FIGUEIREDO, JEAN DE {Port.). Medallist, born at
Aveiro, about 1725, died at Lisbon, on the 10''' January 1809. He
entered the Lisbon arms foundry in 1749, and learned drawing,
modelling and medal-engraving. Amongst the medals executed by
Figueredo are : 1775. Medal of Joseph I. representing the King on
horseback (this piece was copied in various metals and in china by
Bartolomeo da Costa); — 1782. Portrait-medal of Dona Maria;
— 1783. Medal of Dona Maria and Don Pedro III., struck on the
foundation of the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart; — 1785. Prize
medal of the Academy of Sciences (the Qieen seated presents a
laurel-wreath to Minerva) ; — 1790. Notre-Damede la Conception
(prize-medal for ihe students of the College of Nobles) ; — 1791.
S' John the Baptist (for the students of Crato). Figueredo, towards
the latter part of his life, received from the Government an annual
honorarium of 100.000 Reis, besides a pension ot 120G reis per day.

His son Francis .Xavier was employed at the Royal Mint, and
died in 1818; another of his pupils, Cyprian da Silva, also cut dies
for the Portuguese coinage.

.Bibliography. — A. Raczvnski, Dictionnaire historico-artiAiqtie du Portugal,
Paris, 1847.

FILARETE. Vide AVERLINO, ANTONIO (Vol. I, p. 38). This Engrav-
er executed also some fine plaques. Heiss places the date of his
birth in 1414.

Bibliography. — E. MoHnier, Les Plaqiiettes, Paris, 1886. — Heiss, Les Me'dail-
letirs de la Renaissance, Florence et les Florentius, Paris, 1891.

FILIBERTI, ANTONIO {ftal.). ^Medallist of the second half of the
seventeenth century, who worked at Rome, and is said to have
engraved a medal of Innocent XL with I^. Mater Dolorosa.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

— 93 -

FILLEUL, CHARLES ALEXANDRE {French). Sculptor, born at Mans
(Sartlie) ; pupil of Cavellier and A. xMillet. At the Salons of i8Si
and 1882 he exhibited some portrait-medallions in clay.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Aiivray, op. cit.

FINIGUERRA, MAZZO (//fl/.)- Niello-engraver of the fifteenth cen-
tury, born at Florence in 1410, where he died in 1480. His principal
works are : Adoration of the Magi ; — The Virgin surrounded by
Angels and Saints; —The Virgin accompanied by S' Sebastian and
S* Roch; — Baptism of Christ; — Assumption or Coronation of
the Virgin (Bibliotheque nationale); — Allegory on Love; —
Allegorical figure, &c. Finiguerra is said to have invented or
imported into Italy the art of engraving on metal. Some of his
productions are in the .style of Albrecht Durer.

"No one", says Mr. Giuliano, in a Paper read before the
London Society of Arts, Marth 19, 1889, on The Art of the Jewel-
ler, " no one was ever known to engrave so many figures in so small
a space, and with such perfect correctness of drawing. Among the
nielli of silver preserved in the cabinet of bronzes of the Florentine
Gallery, may be seen a Pax executed by Finiguerra in 1452, for the
Baptistry of S' John ; this is further curious as being the plate of the
first engraving ever printed, and of which the Bibliotheque natio-
nale possesses the only impression. Thus the fame acquired by
Finiguerra as a skilful goldsmith was justly eclipsed by the glory ot
having been the inventor of the art ot taking impressions of an
engraving upon metal. "

Bibliography. — Duchesne, Essai stir lesNieltes, Paris, 1815.

FIORAVANTI ARISTOTELLE (Ital.). Bolognese Engineer, Architect
and Goldsmith, who worked for Pope Paul II, and whom M. G.
Milanesi regards as the author of a medal of that Pontiff" signed
A— BO.

FIORENTINO, EERTOLDO. Vide BERTOLDO DI GIOVANNI (Vol. I,
P-79)-

FIORENTINO, NIGCOLO (//rt/.), 1430, 7 1 5 14. Apparently there
were two medallists of this name, perhaps father and son. Niccolo
di Forzore Spinelli was bornat Florence in 1430 and died in 15 14;
his father, who was a goldsmith, died in 1477, and was a nephew
of the celebrated painter Spinelli of Arezzo, 1 333-1410, whose life
is to be found in Vasari. The earliest dated work known of this artist
is a medal of Duziari of 1485 ; Niccolo was then fifty-five years of
age. It is possible, as Heiss suggests, that he is the Nicolas de Spinel,
twice mentioned in the accounts of the Dukes of Burgundy, in
1468, with the title of " tailleur et graveur des sceaux de Mgr ie

94

Medal of Lorenzo de' Medici, by Niccolo Fiorentino.

— 95 —

due de Bourgogne ». A medallist of the same name, Nicolas de
Florence, worked at Lyons from 1493 and died there in 1499; he
was the son-in-law of Louis le Pere, a goldsmith and engraver of
that city, and in conjunction with him, executed the dies for the
medal with portraits of Charles VIIL and Anne of Brittany ; this
artist also engraved, conjointly with Jean Le Pere, the medal of
Louis XIL, with I^. Porcupine, from the design of Jean Perreal.
M. Rondot took Nicolas de Florence to be the same person as
Niccolo Fiorentino, but M. G. Milanesi, after more recent investi-
gation, has come to the conclusion that they were different artists,
perhaps father and son.

Heiss was inclined to attribute to Niccolo Fiorentino medals of
several celebrities of the court of Charles VIII, and to his son,
known as Nicolas de Florence or Fleurance, and son-in-law of Loys
le Pere, only the gold piece with portraits of Charles VIII. and
Anne of Brittany.

The following medals bear the artist's signature : Silvestro
Duziari, Bishop ofChioggia, f 1487? (signed, OPVS.NICOLAI.
FORZORII.FLORENTINl), dated MCCCCLXXXV ; — Alfon-
so I. d'Este, Third Duke ofFerrara, dated, MCCCCLXXXXII ; —

Obv. of Medal of Giovanna Albizzi, by Fiorentino (?)

Antonio Geraldini, 1456-j- 1589 (signed, OPvs.NIcolai.FOrzorii.
SPinelli.FIlii) ; — Antonio di Biagio della Leccia (signed NIco-
lai.Forzorii.Florentii); — Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent,
obv. Bust to 1., head bare. ^L. TVTELA. PATRIAE. The City of
Florence seated to r. ; below, FLORENTIA; signed, OPvs.Nlco-
lai.Forzorii.Spin'elli {illustrated); Another, similar, without^.
To Niccolo Fiorentino, Heiss and other writers ascribe the unsign-
ed medals given below : Alberto Belli, f 1482 ; — Leonora
Altoviti, circa, 1484; — Jean Greudner, 1460 -|- 15 12; — Maria

- 96 -

de Morelli; — Rinaldo Orsini, f 1510; — Giovanni P. de Papie;

— Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 1463 f ^494 ^- PVLCHRI-
TVDO. AMOR.VOLVPTAS, The Three Graces; — Antonio
Pizzamani, 1462 f 1512; — Angelo Ambrogini, surnamed PoH-
ziano, 1354 "f 1494; — Pohziano and PoHziana ; — PoHziana,
alone (3 varieties of 1^.); — Niccolo di Michele Puccini da Pescia,
1450 -J- 1 5 19; — Bianca Riario ; — Girolamo di Lodovico Ridolfi,
1465 -J- 1526; — Bernardo Salviati, 1404 -|- 1486; — Giovanni
Tornabuoni (3 var. of ^L.); — Lorenzo Tornabuoni, and his
consort, Giovanna Albizzi, [466 f 1497; — Lorenzo Tornabuoni ;

— Giovanna Albizzi (2 var. of ^. obv. illustrated); — Lodovica
Tornabuoni, daughter of Giovanni Tornabuoni; — Cosimo de'
Medici, the Great, obv. Bust to 1., ^. PAX LIBERTASQVE
PVBLICA. Female figure seated on curule chair; below : FLO-
RENTIA (Brit. Museum Catalogue, n° 30).

The following French medals executed at Lyons in 1494 are
given to Niccolo Fiorentino bv Armand, Heiss, Rondot, and others :
Charles VIIL ^L. VICTORIAM . PAX SEQVETVR; — Another,
^L. Female standing near column, piercing her breast ; at her feet,
a dog; — Jean Du Mas, Seigneur de I'lsle; — Jean Matharon de
Salignac, President of the Council of Provence, f 1495 ; — Beraud
Stuart d'Aubigny, -|- 1507; — Antoine de Bourgogne, surnamed
Le Grand Batard de Bourgogne, 1421 -f 1504; — Antoine de
Gimel; — Gilbert de Bourbon, Count of Montpensier, &c. It is
true that Armand, in his third volume of Les Medailleurs italiens,
p. 23, writes : " We know to-day that Niccolo Fiorentino did not
come to France, and that he has nothing in common with the
"Nicolas de Florence ", who settled at Lyons, and there is no
reason for attributing the works above-mentioned to " Nicolas de
Florence ", whose manner is utterly different, as shown by the medal
commemorating the visit to Lyons of Queen Anne of Britanny ; "
he therefore calls the author of those French medals an Italian
medallist of the court of Charles VIIL But Heiss, who had Armand's
notes when compiling his second notice of Niccolo Fiorentino {Les
Medailleurs de la Retiaissance. Florence el les Florentins, Paris, 1891),
was still inclined to believe that "the son ot Spinelli Forzore might
have been called to Lyons during the sojourn which the King of
France made there from the month of March 1494 to the 22"'' of
August following".

If. Niccolo Fiorentino was the " Nicolas de Spinel " of the
Burgundian records, he also engraved the seals of Charles the Bold.

Fiorentino copied the antique, and excelled in his art ; the quad-
riga on the I^. ot his medal of Alfonso I. d'Este was designed
from Athenion's cameo, Gigantomachos in quadriga ; the ^L. of the
medal of Antonio Geraldini is a reproduction of a I^. type of a

- 91 -

Sestertius of' Balbinus, and others of his designs can be traced back
to the originals.

Bibliography. — Arniand, op. cit. — Heiss, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. —
Tresor de numismatiqite, vieditilles italiennes, \h partie. — N. Rondot, Les Orfevres
de Lyon, Paris, 1888. — I. B. Supino, // Medagliere Mediceo, Firenze, 1899.

FIRLEY (Polish). Treasurer to the Court of Poland, circa 1590;
his initials I. F. appear on the coinage of that period.

FISCH, ANTOINE (Belg.). Contemporary Medallist, who resided
at Brussels, and died on the 12'^' March, 1892. He was born on the
12''' April, 1827, began his artistic career as a manufacturing
jeweller, and afterwards studied medal-engraving under Wiirden.
His medals mostly relate to works of charity and public events in
Belgian history. On the occasion of the 50*'' Anniversary of the
Independence of Belgium, he engraved no less than twenty-six
varieties of commemorative pieces. Between 1869 and 1871, he
was entrusted with the execution of Jetons de presence distributed
to the parish councillors of Brussels. Two of his medals are of
interest to English collectors : London International Exhibition at
the Crystal Palace 1884 (^L. only); — and Belgian PubHc Works
Company, 1867, and others are described in Mittheilungen des Clubs
der Miin:{-und Medailkn-Frcunde in Wien, 1890-1898 : Betrothal
of the Crownprince of Austria, 1880 (5 var.); — Departure of
Princess Stephanie from Brussels, 1881 (3 var.), &c.

Bibliography. — Revue beige de numismalique, 1872 and 1892. — D^ Weber,

op. cit.

FISCH. PAUL (Belg.). Contemporary Medallist, residing at
Brussels. He presented fourteen medals engraved by him to the
Belgian Numismatic Society on July 2, 1899. ^^ ^'^so undertook
to engrave the jetons for this Society from 1899 to 1902. His Portrait-
medal of Houzeau de Lehaic is one of his best works; he also
engraved : Portrait-medal of Jules de Burlet, 1899 ; — Belgian Fede-
ration of Gymnasts, 1895 ; — Exhibition of Ghent, 1899.

FISCHBACH, ORTLIEB VON (Austr.). Moneiurius, 1 187. Mint-
master for Duke Otacher of Traungauer, who had inherited the
Mint of Neuenkirch-Fischbach (Styria) from Count Formbach-
Putten.

Bibliography. — Th. Uuger, Kleine Beitrdge \ur Munikutide des Kronlandes
Steiermark, 1890.

FISCHER (Germ.). Mint-master at Christophsthal, circa 1622.

FISCHER (Germ.). Mint-master at Erfurt, circa 1781.

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Noticts of Medallists. — II. 7

-98-

FISCHER {Genu.). Die-sinker of the second quarter of the nine-
teenth century. His initial F appears on a Double Thaler ot
Ernest 11. ot Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1847.

FISCHER, A. {Germ.). Sculptor and Modeller, whose name appears
on medals, struck at Berlin in 1861, and commemorating the Coro-
nation of William I., King ot Prussia, and on others ot 1858,
Marriage of the Crownprince of Prussia with Princess Victoria of
Great Britain, and, 1859, Birth ot Prince Frederick William Victor
Albert, the now reigning Kaiser, William II. Vide FERDINAND
AUGUST FISCHER.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Schaumun^eii dts Hauses Hohai^ollern, Berlin, 1901.

FISCHER, CARL {Germ.). Medallist of the second quarter of the
nineteenth century. His signature K. FISCHER appears on coronation
medals of Frederick William IV. of Prussia, 1840. F/Jt' JOHANN
KARL FISCHER.

FISCHER, CHRISTIAN {Germ.). Mint-master at Gotha, 1683-
1690.

FISCHER, CHRISTOPH {Germ.). Mint-master at Dresden, 1678-
1686; distinctive symbol, his initials C-F and two fishes dos-a-
dos. He was the son of Peter Fischer, Warden of the Gotha Mint,
and nephew of Christian Preuss, Mint-warden of Dresden. Chris-
toph Fischer was born at Dresden on the 5''' October, 1620, and
was employed at the Mint there from 1642; in 1635 he became
assistant Warden and in 1678, Mint-master. He died on the j'** July,
1686.

Bibliography. — Julius and Albert Erbstein, Erorterungeti au/detn Gehiete der
sachsichen Mun:^-und Medaillm-Geschichte^ Dresden, 1888.

FISCHER, FERDINAND AUGUST {Germ.). Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Berlin, 1805, died there in 1866. D"^ Weber mentions that
he studied in the BerHn Art Academy under Schadow, and was
afterwards Professor there. This artist designed KuUrich's commem-
orative medals of the Marriage of the Princess Royal of England
with the Crownprince of Prussia, 1858, and Birth of the German
Emperor, William II., 1859. Vide k. FISCHER.

Bibliography. — D^ F. P. Weber, Medals and Medallions of the nineteenth cen-
tury relating to England , hy foreign Artists, London, 1894.

FISCHER, GUSTAV THEODOR {Germ.). Mint-master at Dresden,
1845-1860.

FISCHER, JOHANN KARL {Germ.). Medallist and Gem-engraver of
BerUn, born in 1802, f 1865; he worked for some time at Loos'
establishment there, and is no doubt the K. Fischer, mentioned

— 99 —

above, who engraved the coronation medals of Frederick
Wiliam IV. of Prussia, 1840. Ferdinand August Fischer was his
brother.

Fischer's cast medallion of the great sculptor Schadow, is a fine
piece of work, and executed in the German style. By him are also :
Portrait-medallion of Queen Elizabeth of Prussia, 1843 ; — Another,
of 1849; — Commemoration of the Silver Wedding of the King
and Queen of Prussia, 1848; — Prince Frederick WiUiam ot
Prussia's service Jubilee, 1857; — Marriage of Princess Louise of
Prussia with Alexis, Landgrave of Hessen-Philipstal-Barchfeld; —
Marriage of Princess Louise of Prussia with Frederick, Grand Duke
of Baden.

This artist has produced numerous medallic portraits of celebri-
ties, the finest of these being that of Frederick WiUiam IV., of which
Bolzenthal says : " Weit iiber die Produktionem fast aller deutschen
Kunstgenossen erhebt sich das von Fischer in Stahl geschnittene
Portrait des Kronprinzen von Preussen : so viel WoUkommenheit
liegt vereinigt darin ausgedriickt. "

Prof. D"" Menadier remarks in Schaumiinz^en des Hauses Hohen:(ol-
lern : '* Weit iiberlegen aber war diesen (Jachtmann und Pfeuffer) in
der Wiedergabe des menschlichen Bildes K. Fischer, der auch in
Stein-und Elfenbeinschnitte Tiichtiges leistete. Von him war Frede-
rich Wilhelm IV. schon als Kronprinz in trefilicher Weise auf einer
Medaille dargestellt. Nach dem Thronwechsel zeichnete er auch als
Konig ihn dadurch aus, dass er sich und die Konigin fiir neue
Schaumiinzen von ihm portraitiren liess. So konnte er denn nicht
nur dem Doppelbildnisse der auf die silberne Hochzeit gefertigten
Jubelmunze, sondern namentlich auch dem Bildnisse der Konigin aut
der schonen Gussplakette das AD.VIV. beifiigen. " Vide C. FISCHER.

Bibliography, — D"" F. P. Weber, o[>. cit. — SchaumutiT^en des Hauses Hohen-
:(ollern, Berlin, 1901. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

FISCHER, LUDWIG HANNS (Austr.). Contemporary Painter, resid-
ing at Vienna. He has designed the following medals : Christoph
Reisser, 1892; — The Benedictine-Institute of Gottweig, 1892;
— Victor Conradi, 1892; — Herzogenburg, 1893, &c. All these
medals bear the artist's monogram LHF.

FISCHER, MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-master and Coin-engraver at
Bremen, 1743-1747. His initials or monogram appear on the
coins; I have noticed it on a Double Thaler of 1744 (^lot. 2357,
Catalog der Ed. Suchsland'schen Thaler Sammlung, 1900).

FISCHER, PETER. Vide PETER VISCHER.

FISCHER, SAMUEL (Smiss). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Berne,
circa 1679. The series of coins, issued there, in that year, with

-=- 100 —

eight B's disposed in cruciform fasiiion, were engraved by this die-
sinker, whose work is very praiseworthy.

FISCHER, THOMAS (Germ.). Mint-master at Harzgerode, circa
1695-

FISHER, ALEXANDER (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor, MedaUist
and Enameller. At the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1899, the fol-
lowing works by this artist attracted considerable attention : The
Earl of Portsmouth (medallion, enamel on copper); — The
Annunciation (medaUion, champlev^ enamel on silver); — Trip-
tych : The Transfiguration (enamel on copper), &c.

FITZ OTTO, HUGH (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the London Mint
under Edward I.

FITZ OTHO, THOMAS (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the London Mint
(Die Graver in Fee) under Edward L

FITZ, OTHO (OTTO), WILLIAM (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the Lon-
don Mint under Henry L, John, and Henry IIL

FITZ, WILLIAM OTHO (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the London Mint

under Edward L

Bibliography, — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage oj Great Britain and its Depend-
encies, London, 1840.

F. K. F/^FRIEDRICH KLEINERT. Medallist of Nuremberg, 1633-
1714.

F. K. Fide ANTON FRIEDRICH KONIG. Medallist of the first halfot
the nineteenth century; he worked at Berlin and then at Dresden;
also F. K. F., F. KO, or F. KOENIG.

F. K. Fide FRIEDRICH KARIUS. Goldsmith and Die-sinker at
Erfurt, circa 18 17.

F. K. F/W^ FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH KROHN. Danish Medallist of the
middle years of the nineteenth century.

F. K. Fide F. KORN. Medallist and Coin-engraver of the second
half of the nineteenth century ; worked at Frankfort-on-Main and
Mayence.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F, L. Fide FILIUS LUTMA. Son of Jan Lutma, who died in 1660;
Dutch Medallist.

F. L. Fide FRIEDRICH LOOS. Medallist of the end of the eighteenth
and begining of the nineteenth, century; died in 1806.

— lOI —

F. L. Vide FRIEDRICH LAUTENSACK. Mint-master at Rostock,
1796-1802.

F. L. S. F/Wt' FRIEDRICH LUDWIG STUBER or STIEBER. Mint-master

at Danzig and Elbing, 1 760-1767.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FL. TO (French). Signature of a Medallist, who was working circa
1560; it is found on a medal of Pierre d'Albret, natural son of the
King of Navarre, Jean d'Albret, 7 1568; obv. Bust to 1. of Pierre
d'Albret. ^L. VBI.MAGIS.IBI.MINVS. Female, standing, rests on
rudder.

Bibliography. — Armand, Les Me'dailleurs italiens des XV^ et XVI^ sikles,
Paris, 1883.

FLACH£rON, JEAN FRANCOIS CHARLES ANDRfi {French). Sculptor
and Medallist; born at Lyons; pupil of David d' Angers. In 1839
he obtained the second Grand prix pour Rome : Hercules crushing
Antaeus. At the Salons of 1872, 1873, ^^74 ^"d 1875, he exhibit-
ed several fine statues. None of his medallic works are mentioned
in Chavignerie, although he is there described as a Medallist only.
He no doubt executed Portrait-medallions in his master's style.

FLACHS, MODESTINUS {Germ.). Mint-master in Anhalt, 1569-
1595 ; his coins are signed M. F. or VP.

Bibliography. — J.-L. Ammon, Sammlimg beruhmUr Medailkurs und Mutt:^-
meisUr nebst iliren Zeichen, Nurnberg, 1778.

FLADNIG, PAUL ANTON {Austr.). Warden of the Mint at Vienna,
I545-I547-

FLANAGAN, JOHN (^m^r.). Contemporary Medallist, whose exhibit
attracted well-deserved praise at the Paris Salon ot 1899. ^^^^ ^^
his latest Portrait-medals is illustrated in M. R. Marx's article on
The Medallist's Art in the The Studio, vol. XXII, p. 226.

FLAM AND, 6IRARD LE {French). Engraver at the Mint of Troyes
after 1330. He died between 1335 and 1337.

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Graveurs de la Monnaie de Troyes du Xlh au
XVIII<= sikle, Paris, 1892.

FLAS, PIERRE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Lyons, circa
1449-1466 ; he is again mentioned in 1452.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Graveurs de monnaies a Lyon, Macon,
1897.

FLASSIG, JOHANN FERDINAND {Germ.). Gem-engraver of Breslau,
circa 1699.

— 102 —

PLAINER, PETER. VidefLTLR PLOTNER. Medallist of Nuremberg,
1538.

PLAVIO, T. P. LARGONIO (Roman). We find in Don. CI. 8, n° 15.
the name, T. Flavio T. F. Largonio accompanied by the epithets,
fabro, flatuario, sigillariario , showing that this engraver was
employed to cut coin-dies and gems.

PLAXMAN, JOHN (Brit.), (175 5-1826). One of the "greatest
English sculptors of the nineteenth century. He was born at York,
but came to London whilst quite young, where his father carried
on business as a moulder of plaster figures. He gave early proof of
his genius and displayed as a child uncommon abilities. He first
exhibited at the age of 12, and when only 14 years old, he received
the silver medal of the Royal Academy. For some time, the artist
worked for the Wedgwoods ; then, in 1787 he went to Rome where
he resided for some years; in 1810 he was named Professor of
sculpture to the Royal Academy. Flaxman executed many fine stat-
ues of eminent men, exquisite bas-reliefs, and a series of designs
illustrating Homer, Dante, and Aeschylus. He is said to have
designed most of the cameos produced by Josiah Wedgwood, and
especially the fine f.eries of Medallion -portraits of contemporary
celebrities, white upon blue. He also designed various medals for
engravers, and modelled portraits in clay of numerous personages.

There is a bronze pattern rupee, executed by a native artist,
after Flaxman's design :

Obv. Lion and date tree.

^L. Bombay, 1828, in an ornament; star.

(Letter from G. Sparkes Esq. to the late W. Webster, dated

3, m. 1859.)

We read the following details of Flaxman's work as a modeller
of medallions in Professor Church's monograph of " Josiah Wedg-
wood ", p. 93.

" It was on the recommendation ofBentley that John Flaxman's
aid as a designer and modeller was first secured by Wedgwood. The
project of making large tablets for chimney-pieces wms under dis-
cussion between the partners in 1775. On the 14''' January in that
year Wedgwood, in replying to a letter from Bentley, says, " I am
glad you have met with a modeller, and that Flaxman is so
valuable an artist. It is but a few years since he was a most supreme
coxcomb, but a little more experience may have cured him of this
foible. " Wegdwood who soon learnt to estimate very highly the
genius on the young sculptor, wrote of him as " the greatest artist of
the age", and gave him a long series of important commissions. I
have already indicated, in preceding chapters, how many of the finest
portrait-medallions and classical figures and groups can be unhesita-

- 103 —

tingly assigned to Flaxman, but the sculptor was occupied with
many other commissions for the potworks of Etruria during the
whole period 177 5-179 5-

" The story of Flaxman's life is so well known that the briefest

V

\

Portrait-mcJ-Ulion ot i-laxnian.
(From Pro!. Church's monograph of " Josiah Wedgwood ").

summary of the chief incidents of its earlier part is all that need
be here given. His father was a maker and seller of plaster casts,
but was occasionally employed as a modeller by Roubiliac, Schee-
makers, and other sculptors of the time. His second son, the sub-
ject of this notice, was born on 6''' July, 1755. The boy's health

— 104 —

was weak, and his time was spent, except for a brief period, at
home, and chiefly amongst the casts of his father's shop. We hear,
however, of the notice taken of him by some of his father's artistic
and Hterary patrons. He occupied himself in drawing and model-
ling and in teaching himself classic fables and Latin. When no more
than twelve years old he gained the first prize for a medal from
the Society of Arts, which awarded him a similar distinction three
years later. From 1767 onwards he contributed works to several
public exhibitions : in 1770 he exhibited a wax model of Neptune
in the Royal Academy, of which he then became a student. In the
competition for the gold medal in 1772 the President and Council
of the Royal Academy awarded it to a rival. This reverse seems to
have exercised a salutary effect upon the youth, checking his tend-
ency to self-assertion. In 1775 ^^ began working for Wedgwood,
who during the last twenty years of his life helped in many ways
the young sculptor. When Flaxman was twenty-four he executed
the lifelike portrait of himself which is given here from the speci-
men at South Kensington ; for this the authorities of the Museum
gave € 161 14 s. just thirty years ago. A replica of this terra-cotta
medallion is in the collection of Mr. Propert.

" His series of monumental designs was commenced in 1780, and
was continued until his death in 1826. Of his larger works these
public monuments were the best, but as the marbles were too
often completed by Italian workmen; the spirit of Flaxman's origin-
al models frequently evaporated under their hands, a certain
degree of emptiness and insipidity being the result. In his smaller
works, especially in the wax portraits and classical bas-reliefs
executed entirely by his own hand for Wedgwood, the life and
power ot the sculptor is well seen. By many critics his pen and
pencil and washed sketches are considered to be Flaxman's most
characteristic and satisfactory work. Their simplicity and grace
were caught from antique vase-paintings and bas-reliefs, but these
drawings, slight though they generally are, are instinct with person-
al observation, and possess the charm of tender feeling and happy
invention.

"In 1782 Flaxman married Ann Denman ; five years afterwards,
helped by the recommendations and pecuniary aid of Wedgwood,
he went to Rome where he remained until 1794; the rest of his
life was spent in London. "

FLAXMAN, WILLIAM (Brit.), (1753 ?-i795 ?)• Modeller. He
contributed to the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists in 1768,
and those of the Academy at intervals, between 1781 (when he
sent a portrait of John Flaxman in wax) and 1793.

Bibliography. — Dictionary of National Biography.

— I05 —

FLEISCH, GEORG VON LERCHENBERG (Austr.). Mint-master at
Kremnitz, 9''' November, 1606 to -f August 1618 ; he was employed
there before 1600. The Thalers of 16 14 and 161 5 with the Hungar-
ian arms under the eagle were engraved by him.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten ^u J. Neu-ald's Publicatiottem uber
osterreichische Muif^prCigungcn, Wien, 1892.

FLEISCHHOLD, EBERHARD GREGORIUS {Germ.). Die-sinker at
Zweibriicken, circa 175 4- 1760; he was also Mint-master there, and
his initials appear on a thaler of 1754. Ris-Paquot calls him
Fleischfeld.

Bibliography. — Amnion, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FL£malle, HENRI (Bel^.). Goldsmith and Die-sinker of Liege, circa
1670. There is a medal by him, bearing the above date, and repre-
senting on one side, the Virgin with Child on her knees, and on
the other Saint-Roch, angel and dog. This piece is signed H. F. F.
and is better chased than drawn. Flemalle executed a statue in silver
of S' Joseph.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Graveurs beiges, Bruxelles, 1870. — Biographie
tiationale de Bruxelles.

FLEMMING, CASPER {Dan.). Mint-master at Helsingfor, 1614.

FLEMMING, HANS {Dan.). Mint-master at Helsingfor, 1607-
1614.

FLEURET, PASQUIER {French). Engraver at the Paris Mint, under
Charles IX. He is known by a jeton which he executed for the
English ambassador, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, in 1560. This
piece was probably intended as a token of sympathy towards Mary
on the death of her consort, King Francis II.

Bibliography. — Franks Sc Graeher, MeddUic Ilhislrations of IIk History of Great

Britain and Ireland, London, 1885.

FL£ville, l£ON {French). Contemporary Gem-engraver; pupil of
Roux, L. Couteau, and Bissinger. At the Salon, this artist exhibit-
ed a cameo in onyx of Faustina, 1878; in 1879, another, engraved
on agate, entitled. Study of a head; and again in 1880, a similar
gem, cut in onyx.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FLINT, NICHOLAS {Brit.). Master of the Mints at Dublin and
Waterford, under Henry VII. He issued Groats, Half-groats and
Pennies, the general type being like that of the English coins,
second type, of the same King.

Bibliography. — H. A. Grueber, Handbook of the Coins oj Great Britain and
Ireland, London, 1899.

— io6 —
FLEURY, LOUIS (French). Mint-engraver at Moulins, c/Vm 1550.

FLOR, MICHAEL (GiTw.). Mint-master at Altona. 1787-1818; his
initials M. F. appear on the coins.

Bibliography. — C. J. Jorgensen, Beskrivelse over Danske Monter 1448-1488,
Copenhagen, 1888.

FLOREN {Germ.). Mint-warden to Count Palatine Louis of Zwei-
briicken, at Wachenheim, circa 1466.

FLORENCE, ANTOINE TiY, (French), 1493, f 1501. Engraver at the
Mints of Grenoble and Montelimar, 1495-1498-1501, and pre-
viously at Lyons, 1485. His son was Domingius de Florence, a
goldsmith, settled at Lyons.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Orfevres de Lyon du XIV^ an XVIII^ sikle,
Paris, 1888. — Id., Les Graveurs de monnaies a Lyon, Macon, 1897.

FLORENCE, NICOLAS DE (//«/.), 1493, f 1499 (Vide NICCOLO FIO-
RENTINO supra). This artist's name occurs also as Nicolas de Fleu-
rance, Florentin or Le Florentin ; he seems to have settled at Lyons,
circa 1493, where he married Guillierme (Guilliermine or Guille-
mine), daughter of Louis le Pere, and died between the 26''' June
and 17'*' September, 1499.

Nicolas de Florence is apparently not the same person as Niccolo
Fiorontino, who may also have worked at Lyons, circa 1492, and
executed a number of Portrait-medallions of personages of
Charles VIII's court.

Nicolas de Florence, in conjunction with his tather-in-law,
Louis le Pere, engraved in 1494 the dies of the medal with por-
traits of Charles VIII, and Anne of Britanny, of which a hundred
specimens were struck and given to this Princess by the Consulate.
He and is brother-in-law, Jean Le Pere, made the gold cup in
which the hundred medals were offered to the Queen.

On the 26''' June, 1499, Jean Le Pere, and Nicolas de Florence,
undertook to engrave, from the design of Jean Perreal, the gold porcu-
pine medal which was to be presented to Louis XII. They were
paid for this work " un mille et ung escu d'or en or faictz au
soleil".

A document preserved in the Archives of Lyons mentions
Louis Lepere and Nicolas de Provence " qui ont fait les coings des-
dites pieces et ont fait deux fois le coing de la Royne. "

Bibliography. — Nat. Rondot, op. cii. — Id., Les Me'daiUeurs lyonnais, L5'on,
1896.

FLORET, G. (French). Medallist who worked for Mexico, circa
1867. There is a medal by him on the return of President Benito
Juarez to Mexico, 1867.

Bibliography. — Betts, Mexican Imperial Coinage, 1899.

— 107 —

FLORIAN (^Swiss). Contemporary Medallist, by whom I have
seen a medal on the Centenary of J. J. Rousseau, 1878.

FLORIS, CORNEILLE, DE VRIENDT (BeJo^.). MedaUist of Antwerp,
who flourished in the middle years of the sixteenth century, circa
1550-1575. ToM. Camille Picque, Keeper of the Brussels Museum,
belongs the honour of having restored him from obHvion. This
able Die-sinker as produced several Portrait-medallions : Jean Lotin,
of Bruges; — Antonius de Taxis, Imperial postmaster at Antwerp,
1552; — Reinart van Busdal; — Christophorus Volckmar (all
dating circa 1552-1533); — Frans Fioris, &c.

Corneille Fioris, who died on the 20''' October, 1575, was a
clever Sculptor as well as Architect; one of his latest works was the
Jube of Tournai cathedral. Baron Jean Bethune, writing in Revue
beige de Numismatiqiie, 1894, on the medallion of Jean Lotin says :
** Ce medaillon est incontestablement I'oeuvre d'un artiste eminent;
ia nettete du travail, I'habile gradation des plans, la vivacite du
relief, la pose simple et aisee du modele decelent une main exerc6e
et douee d'un grand sens esthetique. "

Bibliography. — C. Picqu6, LArt ancien a VExposition de iSSo. — Id.,
Me'dailks d'art flamandes ine'dites du XVI" sikle, 1 880.

FLOTNER, PETER (Germ.). Sculptor, Engraver, Architect and
Medallist, of the first half of the sixteenth century. Until recent
years very little was known ol this celebrated artist; the works of
Domamg (Peter Floiner ah Plastiker und MedaiUeur, Berlin, 1895),
and Lange (Peter FJotner, Berlin, 1897) have called attention to
him, and although all experts do not agree with some of their
attributions, as we shall see, there is no doubt that Flotner merits
a place of honour amongst the distinguished Medallists of Nurem-
berg, who flourished during the first half of the sixteenth century.

Peter Flotner and Flodner (also Fledner or Flettner) died at
Nuremberg on the 23"^ of October, 1546; the date of his birth is
still unknown. It would appear that his early years were spent at
Rothenburg, that he was apprenticed to some sculptor of the name
of Dill Riemenschneider, or Jacob Miihlholzer of Windsheim, that
he later worked at Ansbach and settled at Nuremberg some time
before 1523, when he was received a burgher of the city. He is
supposed to have visited Italy and made a stay at Venice. His third
and last wife, whom he married in 1532, was Margaretha, widow
of Gregorius Sonnenschein ; by the first, Anna, he had a son named
Kaspar. Apparently Flotner died, as he had lived, a poor man. As
D'' Merzbacher, remarks, German artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, who engraved medals, were often but obscure artisans,
whether they belonged to the sculptor of the goldsmiths ; their

— io8 —

activity was displayed in quietness and to their contemporaries and
immediate successors they passed unobserved.

The attribution of a number of medals and plaquettes to Flotner
has been a subject of controversy amongst German savants, espe-
cially of late years. Erman {Deutsche Medailieure) thinks the
Nuremberg sculptor owes his reputation as Medallist to the collec-
tors of the seventeenth century, who, according to a passage of San-
drart (Teutsche Acad. II, 230), ascribed to him the Nuremberg
stone models, as they did the wooden ones to Hans Schwartz or
Diirer, and he adds: " Natiirlich wurden ihm diese ,, sehr vielen
curiosen Contrafate in Stechstein ,, nur zugeschrieben, well man
bei Neudorffer las : ^^ Flotner's Lust in taglicher Arbeit war in
weissen Stein zu schneiden, das waren aber nichts anders dann His-
torien den Goldschmieden zum Treiben und Giessen damit sie ihre
Arbeit bekleideten, geordenet. ,, "

Medals bearing Flotner's signature P. F. are the only works
ot this kind that may be ascribed to him without uncertainty.
They are :

1. Commemorative medal, dated M.D. XXXVIII, of the forti-
fication of Nuremberg Citadel. Tresor de Num., pi. xxi, 6. Doma-
nig, pi. Ill, I. Imhoofu, p. 14, 11.

Obv. Crowned double-eagle and arms ; below, cartouche inscrib-
ed : FVNDAMENTVM | SALVTIS NOSTRAE | .CHRISTVS;
in sunk letters P.F.

^L. Inscription in 17 lines : DEO OPT. MAX. | S.P.Q.N.
MVROS ARCIS I NON SATIS FIRMOS, &c.

Size : 74 mill. D"" Merzbacher only knows of silver specimens,
cast and chased, sometimes also gilt. This medal was not cast by
Flotner, but by Hans Maslitzer.

2. Salvator medals, also signed P. F. Domanig, p. 10, fig. 10.
Obv. Bust of Christ to r. ; above, dove surrounded with clouds ;

inscription on either side of the field :

ICH = BIN o lo CAPTo

DAS LEM NIMANTo

LEIN DAS KVMPTo

DER WE ZU o DEM

LT o SVNDo VATER cD

TREGT o 10 AN o DVRCH

HANESo MICH o lOo

AM= AM o XIIII

above, in sunk letters CRISTVS (jtV!); below, to r. P. F.

— 109 — '

^L. Bust of Pope to 1. wearing tiara, to which clings the Devil;
inscription on either side of the field :

SO BIN

ICH DAS

KINDT

DER VE

RDERB

NVS

VND

DER SV

NDEN

SAGT

SANT

PAVLI

IN DER

Z EPISTEL

AN DIE T

ESSALO

NICK

ER

D"" Merzbacher possesses a specimen ot this medal (illustrated).

v^^^^:^

Salvator Medal, by Peter Flotner.

A Specimen of this medal has on ^. a representation of the
Crucifixion (illustrated in Ermann, pi. ii, 9). Notwithstanding
Erman's attribution to Flotner, this reverse is not by him, as prov-
ed byLange and D"" Merzbacher.

A lead model, also signed P. F., in the Germ. National Museum
at Nuremberg; size 21 X 48 mill., has been ascribed to Flotner by
Lange (pi. iv, 58). It represents the portraits of Charles V. and his
consort Isabella (?) and is dated 1532.

— no —

Domanig and D' Merzbacher are agreed in considering this
medal as the work perhaps of Hieronymus Magdeburger or Michael
Hohenauer; the letters P. F,, might be interpreted Pius Felix.

3. In the South Kensington Museum, London, there is a model
in hone-stone, signed P. F., dated 1526, and bearing a portrait of
Philip, Count Palatine (Jlhistrated).

Portrait-model in hone-stone of Philip , Count Palatine.

4. Medal of Carolus de Solario, Dominus Morety.

Obv. CAROLVS • DE • SOLARIO • DNS • MORETY • ANN •
AGENS... Bust facing to 1. ; on truncation, traces of signature.

^. VIRTVS • ET • FORTVA • VIROS • EXERCET • ET • ORNAT
* On rocky shore, horse rearing in front of dolphin. JE. Old cast.
58 mill. (Collection of D"" Simonis).

Prof. Lange gives this model to Peter Flotner. Although D' Merz-
bacher states that this piece does not exhibit work similar to that
of the known medals of the artist, he cannot prove the attribution
to be incorrect.

Amongst the undoubted productions of Flotner are the following
Plaquettes, which were intended to serve as models to goldsmiths

— Ill —

and still form the most important portion of tlie work know ot this
celebrated artist.

5. Noah mocked by his sons, 50X105 mill.

6. Abraham entertains the angels 52X 103 mill.

7. Lot and his daughters in the cavern, 97 X 107 mill.

8. Moses strikes the rock, 51 X 106 mill.

9. The prophet Jeremiah seated before the walls of Jerusalem,
46 X63 mill.

10. Bathsheba bathing, 103 X no mill.

1 1 . Christ standing with flag and serpent ; in the background,
The Fall, 65X45 mill.

12. Baptism of Christ, 46x103 mill.

13. The Lord and the Samaritan woman at Sychar's well,
50 X 53 mill.

14. The Disciples on their way to Emmaus, 46 X 102 mill.

15-21. The Seven Planet-gods Standings jj X $2 mill.

15. Saturn with scythe; — 16. Jupiter, bare head, holding
sword in right hand; — 17. Mars with halberd, sword and helmet;
— 18. Sol with sceptre and radiated crown; — 18. Venus, holding
arrow and burning hand. Molinier, 661; — 20. Mercury with
caduceus ; — 21. Luna with horn and crescent.

22-23. 1^"^^ Planets riding in Chariots, 65X103 mill.

22. Mars riding in chariot drawn by wolves; — 23. Venus riding
in chariot drawn by doves.

24-32. The Nine Muses Standing, 71X49 mill.

24. Kalliope ; — 25. Klio; — 26. Euterpe in profile to 1.
blowing the pipe; before her, a hand-organ; — 27. Melpomene
reading; — 28. Terpsichore with harp advancing to 1.; — 29.
Eralo with violin; — 30. Polyhimnia playing the lute; — 31.
Urania with globe, compasses and astrolabium; — 32. Thalia
dancing. Molinier, 662.

32.-40. Nine Nude Genii with Attributes of the Muses, 49 X 33 mill.

33. CALI-OPE with plate; 34. I-CLIO with books at her
feet ; — 35. EVT-ERPA with pipe and hand-organ ; — 36. MELPO-
MEN(e) with book; — 37. TERP(s)-ICHORE with harp; — 38.
ERATO with violin ; — 39. POL-INMIA (j/c) with two lutes; —
40. VRANIA with globe and compasses; — 41. THA-LIA gesti-
culating. Molinier, 658.

— - 112 --

4^. Ate and the Litai, circular, diam. 149 mill. (Illustrated in
Lange, pi. v, 38).

43-44. Two Genii of Bacchic Character, circular, diam. 36 mill.

(These may be termed Venus and Amor; they are in the "Ger-
manisches Museum " at Nuremberg.)

45-48. Four Celebrated Ladies of Antiquity, Seated, circular,
diam. 72 mill.

45. Jael with hammer and nail; — 46. Dido plunging dagger
into her breast ; — 47. Lucretia in the same attitude ; — 58. Cleo-
patra holding snake to her breast.

49-61. The 12 (i^) Oldest German Kings, Standing, 50 X 37 mill.

49. Tuiscon; — 50. Mannus; — 51. Wygewon; — 52. Heri-
won ; — 53. Eusterwon; — 54, Marsus ; — 55. Gambrivius; —
56, Suevus; — 57. Wandalus; — 58. Ariovistus ; — 59. Armi-
nius; — 60. Charlemagne; — 61. The Thirteenth (called Armi-
nius, by Domanig).

62. Busts of Charles V. and consort Isabella, 22 X 48 mill.

63-69. The Seven Cardinal Virtues, Seated, 78x66 mill.

63. Caritas, with two children; — 64. Justitia, with sword and
scales; — 65. Fides, with cup and cross; — 66. Spes, in prayerful
attitude; — 67. Fortitudo; behind her, Uon crouching; — 68.
Temperantia, pouring water into wine; — 69. Patientia, pointing
to a Lamb.

70-76. The Seven Small Cardinal Virtues, Seated, circular,
diam. 35 mill.

70. Caritas; — 71. Justitia; — 72. Fides; — 73. Spes; — 74.
Fortitudo; — 75. Temperantia; — 76. Patientia.

77-84. The Seven Large Cardinal Virtues, Sealed, circular,
diam. 70 mill.

77. Prudentia, with janiform head and mirror (stone model in
the South Kensington Museum); — 78. Caritas, with two chil-
dren (stone model in the South Kensington Museum); — 79.
Justitia, with sword and scales; — 80. Fides, with cup and cross;
— 81. Spes, in prayerful attitude; — 82. Fortitudo, seated on
crouching lion; — 83. Temperantia, in profile, to 1., pouring

- Hi -

water into wine; — 84. Patientia, raising both arms in mournful
attitude; behind, a conflagration,

85-91. The Seven Cardinal Virtues, 72x48 mill.

85. Caritas (^Molinier, 655); — 86. Justitia {Domanig^ p. 20,
fig- 19)5 — ^7- Fides; — 88. Spes ; — 89. Fortitudo ; — 90.
Temperantia; — 91. Patientia.

92-95. Isolated Cardinal Virtues.

92. Prudentia, with janiform head, mirror, and Amor 58 X 82
mill. (Donianig, p. 19, fig. 16) ; — 93. Caritas, with two children,
trapezitorm shape, 84X52 (above) and 25 mill, (below); — 94.
Spes (?), 53 X40 mill. (Lange is not quite sure whether this plaque
is by Flotner); — 95. Fortitudo Q) holding a tower in her hand
(a companion piece to n° 94).

96-98. Three Very Small Seated Figures from the Series of Virtues

and Vices.

96. Spes; — 97. Fides, holding cross in r., and cup in 1. ; —
98. Voracity, a half-nude figure, vine-leaves entwined around body,
seated on pig.

99-105. The Seven Deadly Sins, 71X48 mill.

99. Pride, with wing of peacock plumage, mirror, and horse; —
100. Avarice with wings of bat, eyes bound, and holding money-
satchel and toad; — 10 1. Unchastity, represented as Venus, with
burning arrow and winged hearts; a bull at her feet; — 102.
Wrath, a cuirassed winged figure with torch and spear, wearing
lion's skin headdress, and plunging a crooked dagger into her breast
{Molinier, 628); — 103. Voracity, a winged female figure with
vase and pig; — 104. Jealousy, a hag, winged, with hound gnawing
at a heart; — 105. Laziness, with half-closed eyes, wings hanging
down, and behind her, an ass.

1 06-1 12. The Seven Consequences of Drunkenness, 39X64 mill,
(also round, diam. 62 mill.).

106. Pride (or Inconsiderateness ?). Wreathed male figure,
riding on lion, and swinging a crooked sword; — 107. Avarice (or
Hatred ?). Male figure, seated, looking at a dog barking, two bones
above, and leaning against cask, the contents of which are flowing
out; — 108. Unchastity (Lewdness?) Male figure, seated, in
the act of vomiting, &c. ; behind it, a pig; — 109. Wrath
(Slander ?) Male figure, seated, grimacing, and with both hands

L. FoKRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. 8

- 114 -

raised to its ears; — i lo. Voracity. Bacchus lying under a vine and
reaching a bunch of grapes with his left hand ; — 1 1 1 . Jealousy
(Gout?) A Drunkard, sticking his right leg in a bottle, and
advancing to left; — 112. Laziness (Imbecility?) A Drunkard
sleeping under a tree ; beside him, a sheep.

1 1 3 - 1 1 5 . Three of the Five Senses.

113. Smelling, 51X76 mill. A mother wipes her child; another
female holds her nose; — 114. Sight, 63X87 mill. Noah and his
family viewing the rainbow; — 115. Feeling, 60x85 mill, (also
53 X78, or 58 X 9 1, or 65X90). Venus consoling Cupid, who
has been stung by bees.

116. Allegory of Feeling, or Jealousy (?) 60x87 mill, (also
70X95, or 65X90); — 117. Allegory of the Avaricious Regi-
ment, circular, 63 mill. (South Kensington Museum); — 118.
Memento mori, 64 X 89 mill. Sleeping youth, near skeleton and
sand-glass; — 119. The great Temptation of Faith, 110X95
mill. ; — 120. The minor Temptation of Faith, 52 X 75 mill. ; —
121. Astronomer in a landscape, 41 X68 mill.

The above list ofplaquettes is taken from Prof. Lange, who remarks
that, with the exception of n°* 94 and 95, there can be no doubt
as to their correct attribution to Flotner. These plaquettes exist
not only in lead and bronze, but also in silver, copper and pewter,
and especially in hone-stone. They were destined to be used as
models, from which goldsmiths "cast and chased" reliefs in
various metals. {Vide, vol. I, Albrecht Diirefy p. 477.)

As to Flotner's medals, we have seen that only three may be
ascribed to him, in so far that they bear his signature. The desire to
classify under some artists' names the most beautiful medallic pro-
ductions of the German Renaissance has no doubt prompted such learn-
ed experts as D' Domanig and Prof. Lange to group certain series
of medals exhibiting analogy of treatment and execution, in order
to give them to known Medallists ; as in the present case, to Flotner.
D*^ Merzbacher does not hold with the conclusions they have
arrived at concerning the Nuremberg artist's share in the execution
of these works, but as the medals Prof. Lange describes will prob-
ably henceforth be known amongst collectors as Flotner's produc-
tions, we cannot omit to name then here : JR.. Medal of Count
Palatine Philipp, 1528, 42 mill.; — JE. Otto Heinrich and his
brother Philipp, 1528, 37 mill.; — JR.. Otto Heinrich, 1528,
44 mill.; — JR. Ditto, 1530, 21 mill.; — JR. Countess Palatine
Susanna, 1530, 20 mill.; — JR. Otto Heinrich and consort
Susanna, 1530, 36 mill.; — JR. Gilt. Countess Palatine Susanna,
1530, 35 mill.; — iR. LudwigX. of Landshut, 1535,43 mill.; —

— tl5 —

JE. Count Palatine Ludwig V., 1535, 44 mill.; — J^. Georg
Hoffmann, 1528; — Stone, Wilhelm Sshmidmayr, 1531, 38 mill.;

— ifL. Ulpain Moser, and consort, Apollonia Schwerzin ; — JE. The
three Friends, Hermann, Riebisch, and Mair, 153 1; — &. Georg
Hermann, 1527, and 1529; — JE. Konrad Mair, 153 1; — ^.
Georg Loxan ; — Hieronymus Holzschuher, 1529 ; — JE. Christoph
and Katharina Scheurl, 1533 ; — Hone-stone, Hans Puchner, 1537 ;

— ^.SigmundPfinzing, 1536; — ifC. MelchiorPfinzing, 28 mill.;

— 3^. Castulus Fugger, 1528; — iR. Emperor Charles V. and
consort Isabella, 1530, &c.

D"" Karl Domanig of Vienna has, in two articles on *' Peter
Flotner als Medailleur", published by the Monatsblattjier numisma-
tischcn Gesellschaft in Wien and the Numismatische Zeitschrift, 1900,
refuted D"" Merzbacher's conclusions. For a long time to come the
subject must remain one of discussion between savants unless
turiher evidence of an undoubted character comes forward in
support of the theories suggested by the one or the other side.
D"" Domanig in publishing the recently discovered medal, signed
by Flotner, of the Simonis Collection, that of Carolus de Solario
Dominus Morety, describes and illustrates two other medals of John
Dantiscus which offer a striking analogy in the work and style
with the signed piece, and which may possibly also belong to Flotner.

As to Flotner's activity in other directions the interested reader
will find full particulars in Prof. Lange's admirable monograph on
the artist. It is beyond doubt that this Nuremberg master's influence
has been widespread throughout Germany, and as further light is
thrown on this period, we may learn that Flotner is responsible
tor more medallic works than even modern writers have been
ascribing to him.

Bibliography. — Johann Neudorfer, Schreib-und Rechenmeisters ^11 Nurnberg ;
Nachrichten von Kunstlern und JVerkleuten daselbst (^iJ4j), Jxrausgegebeti von Lochner ;
Quellenschriften fur KunslgeschichU und Kunsttechnik da Miltelalters und der Renais-
sance XS. IIS "'"^ ^2/. — G. K. Nagler, Neues allgemeines Kunsllerlexikon IV
(1837). — A. Rosenberg, Die Maler der deutschen Renaissance unter dem Einfluss
Durers, in Dohme's, Kunst und KUnstlern /, 1877, — R. Bergau, NUrnberger Kunst-
ler des XVI. und XVII. JaMmnderts, Wartburg VII, 1880. — J. Stockbauer, Peter
Flotnei-, Kunst und Gewcrbe XXI, 1887. — W. Bode, Geschichte der deutschen
Plastik, 1887. — J. Reimers, Peter Flotner nach seinen Handieichnungen und Hol:^-
schnitten. 1890. — Karl Domanig, Peter Flotner als Plastiker und Medailleur,
Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des AUerhochsten Kaiseherhauses, XVI,
1895. — Erman, Deutsche Mcdailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Bolzenthal, Kunstge-
schichte der modernen Medaillen-Arbeit, Berlin, 1840. — Domanig, Porlrat-Medaillen
des Er^lnuses Oesterreich, Wien, 1896. — Ad. Hess Nachf., Medaillen-Sammlnng
Eugen Felix, Frankfurt a. M., 1895. — D^ E. Merzbacher, Beitrdge ^ur Kritik der
Deutschen Kunstmedaillen yMunchen, 1900. — D°,Kunst-Medaillen-Katalog, 1900. —
Konrad Lange, Peter Flotner, Berlin, 1897. — Molinier, Les Plaquettes, I & II. —
Dr E. Merzbacher, Mittheilungen der Bayerischen numismatischen Gesellschaft, XVIII.
Jahrgang. — D' Carl Domanig, Peter Flotner als Medailleur, Monatsblatt der] num.
Gesellschaft in Wien, Juli 1900. — D®, Peter Flotner als Medailleur, Numisma-
tische Zeitschrift, 1900.

FLUERKIN (Belg.) Goldsmith of Ghent, who in 1377, engrav-
ed a seal in silver for Jean d'Audenarde, seigneur of Painele, 1374-
1379. Fluerkin appears to be the Flemish diminutive form of
Florent.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Bibliographie des graveiirs beiges, Revue de la
numismatique beige, 1852.

F. M. Fide FEDERIGO MOLINI. Mint-inspector at Venice, circa
1630.

F. M. Fide FRANCESCO MOROSINI. Rector at Cattaro, 1608-1610.

F. M. Fide FRIEDRIGH MARL. Die-sinker at Berlin, 1704 f 1743.

F. M. Fide FRANQOIS MARTEAU. Paris Medallist, 1 720-1749.

F. M. Fide FRIEDRICH MAUL. Mint-master at Diisseldorf, 1738-

1741-

F. M. Fide FRANZ MATZENKOPF. Medallist and Coin-engraver at
Salzburg, 1738- 1754; also F. M.K. or F. MK.

F. M. Fide FRANZ MATZENKOPF. Son of the last, and also a Die-
sinker of Salzburg, 175 5-1796.

F. M. R. F/i^ FRANCESCO MARIA RIZZI. Mint-inspector at Venice,
circa 1786.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. M F. (Ital.y Signature of a Medallist who was working
circa 1592, and engraved a medal of Pope Clement VIII.
^L. GREGEM.NE.DESERAS. Shepherd imploring the protection
of Heaven upon his flock. M. G. Milanesi thinks the signature
F. M. F. probably belongs to the Florentine Sculptor FRANCESCO
MOCHI, whose best works date from the begining of the seven-
teenth century.

Bibliography. — Arniand, op. cit.

F. M. L. (Jtal.^. Signature of a Medallist of the middle years
of the sixteenth century, circa 1550- 1555. It is found on a medal
of Pope Julius in., obv. Bust, tor. 1^. Atlas supporting the globe.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cit.

F. N. Fide NICOLO FRANCHINI. Mint-master at Ferrara, 1621.

F. N. r/rf^ FRANZ NOWACK. Mint-master at Breslau, 1698-1717.

F. N. Fide FRANZ NUBELL. Mint-master and Coin-engraver at
Schwerin, after 1832.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 115-^

A GERMAN SIXTEENTH CENTURY HONE-STONE MEDALLION
^VRONGLY IDENTIFIED, AND ATTRIBUTED TO FLOTNER

D"" Lange, in his admirable work on Peter Flotner (Berlin, 1897)
describes at some length, on page 87, a beautiful medaUion in hone-
stone, which he wrongly attributes to this artist. He further errone-
ously identifies the male figure represented on this medallion with
that of Count Palatine Louis V.

The medallion in question, when described by D' Lange, was in
the possession of Messrs J. &S. Goldschmidt of Frankfort-on-Main,
who had purchased it at the Spitzer Sale (Paris, 1893. N° 2280).
It has since changed hands, and is, I believe, the specimen now in
the collection of Mr. Max Rosenheim, F.S.A., of London, the
well-known antiquarian, through whose kindness I am able to
rectify an error of attribution which might have been perpetuated
by others and into which I have fallen myself in my notice of the
celebrated German medallist's (Flotner's) work.

Theunfortunate mistake would not have occurred, could D*" Lange
have seen another hone-stone medallion, or only noticed its descrip-
tion in the Spitzer Catalogue (N° 2281), that bearing the portrait
of Johann PhiHp Adler. He would no doubt have been struck with
the similarity of work and treatment between the two, the resem-
blance between the portrait of N° 2281 and that of the male figure
of N° 2280 (which the Spitzer Catalogue points out), and he must
have inevitably come to the conclusion that the Rosenheim medal-
lion forms the Reverse of the other one (now in M"" Julius Werner's
collection); that it does not refer to Count Palatine Louis V. and
cannot have been Flotner's work, who died on the 23"^ of October
1546, seven years before the execution of the Adler portrait-piece,
which is dated 1553.

The late Mr. Spitzer or some other collector must have cut the
complete medallion in two, perhaps to enable him to show the two
sides at the same time, or to enhance its value, but by thus doing
he has not only caused two portions ot one of the finest productions
in hone-stone to be separated, but has indirectly led an eminent
art-critic to ascribe one of the portions to Flotner and from com-
parison with this, to attribute other Vv'orks to the same artist.

115*^

Our medallion, illustrated below, may now be described as
follows :

JOHANN PHILIP ADLER. Hone-stone. Diam. 137 mill.

Obv. Half-length portrait of Johann Philip Adler, three-quarter
face to L, wearing long beard and short hair. Clad m a doublet, he
holds his gloves in the r. hand, with the 1. arm akimbo; a medal-
lion is suspended from his neck. Legend : lACOBVS.PHILIPPVS.
ADLERR . ANNO . AETATIS . SVAE . XXXX . lAR . M . D . LIIl.

Medallion in hone-stone of Johann Philip Adler (reduced size). Obv.

^L. To L, at the foot of the trunk of a withered tree, is a female,
in sixteenth century costume, seated, and placing a laurel-wreath
on the head of a man, asleep, who leans against, her knees in a
reclining attitude. The male figure, which is represented with a
long beard and short hair, as on obv., is clad in a doublet; his
armour and sword are lying beside him. Above, an eagle flying
under shining sun.

D*" Lange, as already noticed, took the male figure, on the
Rosenheim medallion, to represent Count Palatine Louis V.,

115^

with whose various Icnown portraits it very favourably compares;
whereas it is conclusive that we must identify it with Johann
Philip Adler. As to the execution and style of the medallion, its
striking analogy with the work of Flotner, as exhibited on his
numerous plaquettes depicthig landscapes, led to its erroneous
attribution to the great Nuremberg sculptor, whose date would
have fitted in very well with that of the Bavarian Prince named
above.

Medallion in hone-stone of Johann Philip Adler (reduced size). Rev.

There is still a good deal of uncertainty as to the extent of
Flotner's medallic work; D' Lange, D' Domanig, D"" Merzba-
cher, and other German savants are not likely to agree with each
other in this respect : comparison of style may help one very oft-
en, but attributions based on such comparison, must always
remain more or less open to doubt.

Of the medals signed P.P., that commemorating the fortification
of Nuremberg Citadel may not have been cast by Flotner, but by Hans
Maslitzer ; the lead hiodel bearing the portraits of Charles V. and
his consort Isabella (?) is ascribed to Hieronymus Magdeburger or

115°

Michael Hohenauer ; and the hone-stone Portrait-medallion of
Philip, Count Palatine, dated 1526, and preserved in the South
Kensington Museum, is, I fear, a modern production. Since writing
on the subject, I have had an opportunity of closely examining it,
and I think that this medallion is not the work of Floiner, a
view which is shared by Mr. Rosenheim and other experts.

L. F.

PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (frANCE)

— 117 —

F. N. (ItaJ.). Signature of a Medallist of the end of the sixteenth
century. In 1591, he executed a medal of Pope Gregory XIV.
I^. Busts fiice to face of Christ and the Virgin. M. G. Milanesi
suggests the artist's name to be FRANCESCO NOVELLINO.
There is another Medal, probably of 1595, with portrait of Ugo de
Loubens-Verdala, Grand-Master of the Knights of Malta, bearing
these initials.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cit. — C. F. Keary, A Guide to tlx ExMbition
of Italian Medals at the British Museum, London, 1893.

F. N. (Dutch). Initials of an Engraver by whom is a medal of
William (III) of Orange, 1677, and another commemorating the
Battle of Naerden, 1673.

Bibliography. — Franks and Grueber, op. cit. — H. Montagu, Manuscript

Notes on English Medals

F. 0. nde FRANZ OFFNER. Mint-master at Heidelberg and
Mannheim, 1732-1750.

FLYNTE, NICHOLAS (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the Royal Mint,
London, under Henry VII. He is styled Sculptor de et pro ferris.
Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit.

FOCHTMANN, CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-master to the Court of
Saxe-Weimar, and Warden of the Mint at Reinhardsbrunn, 1621-
1623. I have noticed his initials on Thalcrs and Quarter-Tha-
lers of Johann Ernst and his brothers Friedrich Wilhelm and
Friedrich, 1622.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FOGELER, DANIEL (Gcrw.). Warden of the Mint at Frankfort-on-
Main, circa 1490. He issued Turnos, EngUsh and Hellers.

Bibliography. — P. Joseph u. Ed. Fellner, Die Mtm^en von Frankfurt am Main,
1896.

FOGELBERG, B. E. {Sued). Sculptor of the second half of the
nineteenth century. His name appears on some medals engraved by
Leah Ahlborn, as that of the designer or inventor.

FOGGINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (Jtal.). Mazzucchelli mentions a
medallion of Vincenzo Viviani by this artist, dating from the
first half of the eighteenth century.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

FOISIL (French). Contemporary Medallist, whose three latest
medallic works are mentioned in Gazette numismatique fran^aise,
1900, p. 429 : Candour (25 mill.); — Universal Exhibition of
1900 (36 mill.); — L'Aiglon (18 mill.).

— Il8 —

FOLIGNO, GIOVAN ANTONIO DA (Ital.). Coin-engraver at the
Mint of Ferrara (1505-1522) under Alfonso I. d'Este. By this
artist are probably the following coins : Scudo d'oro, obv. Arms.
1^. IN-HOCSIGNOVINCES; — Testone, obv. Bust to 1.,
beardless. ^. DE-PORTIDVLCEDO. Seated figure of Samson
holding lion's head in r. hand; another, with bearded head {illus-
trated); — Mezzo Testone, obv. Bust to I. V^L. DE MANY LEONI.

Testone of Alfonso I; Duke of Ferrara.

Hercules strangling the lion; — Testone. ^. FIDES • TVA • SAL-
VAM'TE'EECI. Mary Magdalene at the feet of the Saviour; —
Quattrino, obv. Arms. I^. SM' AVRELIVSPROTEC. Head of
a Saint, &c.

Bibliography. — Blanchet, Notweau Manuel de Numisfnatique du nioyen age et
moderne, Paris, 1890, vol. II, 365, 370. — Catalogo delle Monete italiane del Cav.
Giancarli di Roma, 1880.

FOLIGNO, LUDOVICO DA (Ital). Goldsmith and Medallist, re-
siding at Ferrara, and. mentioned in 1445, 1464 and 1471. From
documents we learn that he executed the following medals : Sigis-
mondo d'Este; — Lionello d'Este, 1464; — Marriage of Bona
di Savoia with Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1468 ; — Galeazzo Maria
Sforza, 1461 ; — Bona di Savoia; — Pietro de' Medici, and
perhaps, Giovanni de' Medici, if the medal known of the former is
that executed by Ludovico da Foligno.

Bibliography. — A. Heiss, Les Medailleurs de Florence, Paris, 1891. —
Armand, op. cit. — Blanchet, op. cit.

FOLKEMA, JAN JAKOB {Dutch). M. Pinchart attributed to Fol-
kema a series ot 31 medals of Louis XIV., which however are
not his work. This artist probably never resided in Paris. The
only medal M. Rouyer thought might possibly belong to him is
one commemorating the Peace of Ryswick {Medallic Illustrations,
II, 178), but Mr Dirks has recently proved that the signature
/. Folkema, which appears in Van Loon's Plates is that of
Jakob Folkema, copper-plate engraver and designer of a certain
number of the blocks which served to illustrate that work.

— 119 -

This is a curious instance of how easily mistakes can be perpe-
trated — the whole biography of a Medallist, who never existed,
is built upon a signature which does not refer to the medals
but to the engraver of the plates illustrating them !

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, o/>. cit. — Alex. Pinchart, Jean-Jacques Fol-
ketna. Revue de la numismatique beige, 1856. — J. Rouyer, De Vorfhre frison
Jean-Jacques Folkema en ce qui concerne les me'dailles de Louis XIV, et metres qui Itii
sonl attribuees, loc. cit., 1885. — C«« Maurin Nahuys, Penningkundig Repertorium
de M.J. Dirks, loc. cit., 1887.

FOLONIA, THOMAS DE (French). Mint-master at Chamb^ry, circa

1420 — 4''' June, 1421.

Bibliography. — D"" Lade, Contribution a la Numismatique des Dues de Savoie,
Revue suisse de numismatique, 1896.

FONS, GUILLAUME (French). Engraver at the Mint of Bayonne,
circa 1648.

FONSON, JEAN BARTHfiLEMY (Belg.). Medallist and Gem-engraver
of the first half of the nineteenth century. Born in 1808, he stud-
ied under Simon and afterwards largely contributed to this artist's
" Medallic Gallery of Celebrities of the Netherlands". In 1827,
Fonson won a prize for Medal-engraving ; his exhibit was a com-
memorative piece of the marriage of Princess Louise of Prussia
with Prince Frederick of the Netherlands. After 1830, Fonson
gave up engraving altogether. Several cameos are known by him.

Bibliography. — Guioth, Jean Barlhelemy Fonson, Revue de la numismatique
beige, 1853.

FONTAINE. MICHELE DE (Ilal.). Die-sinker at Turin, between
1659 and 1680. His works are signed M. D. F. F. A large medallion
in bronze of Bruyere, Bishop of Orleans (diam. 169 mill.) which
I have recently seen is signed FONTAINE.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FONTAINE. EMMANUEL (French). Sculptor of modern times,
born at Abbeville (Somme); pupil of Jouffroy. At the Salons ot
1877, 1878, 1879, 1880 and 1882 this artist exhibited Portrait-
medallions in plaster ot various personages, that of M. Vitaux being
the only one mentioned in full.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FONTANA, ANNIBALE (Ital.). Architect, Sculptor, Goldsmith,
Gem and Coin-engraver, born in 1540, died at Milan in 1587. He
is the author of a medal of Ferdinando Francesco d'Avalos, mar-
quis of Pescara, obv. Half-figure to r. in armour. I^. QVAMVIS
CVSTODITA DRACONE. Hercules to r. plucking apples in the

— 120 —

Garden of the Hesperides. Lomazzo, in Trattato deW Arte delJa
Pittura ascribes this medal to Annibale Fontana, of whom several
sculptures are still to be seen at Milan. From the following sonnet
addressed by Lomazzo to the artist, we gather that the medal of
Gianpaolo Lomazzo, obv. Bust to 1. I^. VTRIVSQ\'E Lomazzo
bowing before Fortune to whom he is introduced by Mercury, is also
by Fontana :

" SOPRA UNA MEDAGLIA FATTA DI ANNIBALE FONTANA

La Prudenza ch' insieme e la Fortuna
A cui sto innanzi chin, soprA un roverso
Por fei d'una medaglia, u con stil terso
Un mi ritrassse per furor di luna. "

Bolzenthal and Keary were inclined to attribute to Fontana two
medals of Giovanni Battista Castaldi, Marquis of Cassano, one with
I^. LIPPA CAPTA, Lippa seated beneath trophy, and the other
with ]^. CAPTIS SVBACT . FVSISQ . REG . &c. Female figure to r.
presenting sceptre to Castaldi.

Fontana was famous for his camei and intagli ; he received 6000
scudi for a small coffer in crystal which he made for WiUiam IL,
Duke of Bavaria.

M. C. Jolivot has attributed to Annibale Fontana a cast medal
of Gonzalvo di Cordova.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Blanchet, op. cit. — Babelon, Pierres
grave'es, Paris, 1894. — King, op. cit. — Armand, op. cit., I, 253, III, 121. —
Br. Mus. Catal., Italian Medals. — C. Jolivot, Une medailh de Gonialve de Cordoue,
Revue beige de numismatique, 1890.

FONTANA, ANTONIO (//a/.), Florentine Medallist of the first half
of the eighteenth century. He belongs to the school of Silvestri,
Sarti, Broccetti, Lazari, Franchi, Ciantogni, and others. Bolzenthal
mentions a large Portrait-medal executed by him of the philosopher
and physician Bartholommeo Curzj.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

FONTEMENT, RENAUT {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Troyes, 1357-58, 1361-63, and 1364-5.

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Graveurs de la Monnaie de Troyes du XII^ au
Xllb Steele, Paris, 1892.

FONTENAY, JDLIEN DE (Fr^Mc/;). Vide CODOKE, vol. I, p. 184.
Gem-engraver to King Henry IV. ; a pupil of Codor^ or Coldore,
with whom he has often been confused by his biographers.
Olivier Coldore came to England before 1600, was employed
by Queen Elizabeth, and never returned to France; whereas

— 121 —

Jnlien de Fontenay's name appears until i6ir on documents con-
nected with the Royal Estate of Fontainebleau.

During the second half of the sixteenth centur}^, Julien de Fon-
tenay, who had a workshop in the Rue Bourg-l'Abbe at Paris,
followed the profession of a dealer in precious stones and excelled in
the art of engraving cameos. With the accession of Henry IV.,
he became attached to the Court and was installed at the Castle of
Fontainebleau. For twenty years after 1590 his names occurs in the
accounts of the King's house; in 1596, he was qualified "Engraver
to the King; in 1597, "Engraver in precious stones"; in 1600, he
became valet de chambre. to His Majesty, and in 1608 his salary was
raised to one hundred livres, and he was granted the privilege of a
domicile in the Great Gallery of the Louvre, although he did not
habitually reside in Paris. " Son talent", says of M. Lhuillier, "le
placait au rang des artisans les plus renommes et des plus excellents
maitres du royaume", and Michel de MaroUes, abbot of Villeloin,
in his Quatrains a qiielques peintres, sculpteurs et ingenieurs loge^^ dans
les galeries does not forget :

Julien de Fonteine en ses joyaux si rares.

Although a very prolific worker, only very few gems, if any, by
this distinguished artist, are still extant. Even a hundred years after
his death, the abbot of Fontenay regretted the disappearance of so
many wonderful treasures. In the Catalogue of Gems of the Biblio-
theque nationale, Paris, published in 1858, the only stones which
are attributed to Julien de Fontenay are representations of
Henry IV., en pied, after Porbus I^. of an antique cameo, — bust
in armour and with laur. head. — and as Hercules (n°^ 32, 326
and 2490). By him are also, probably, a cameo with conjoined
portraits of Henry IV. and Marie de Medicis(n° 334), and a portrait
as the same Queen (n° 335), both of exquisite workmanship.

Julien de Fontenay did not survive Henry IV. very long. After
161 1, at which date the artist was probably in his seventieth year,
his name disappears from contemporary documents, and it does not
seem certain whether he died in the Galeries of the Louvre or at
Fontainebleau.

His son, Claude de Fontenay, was also a talented Gem-engraver;
in 1644 he is mentioned as "Graveur du Roi en pierreries", but
nothing more definite appears to be known about his work.

Bibliography. — Jal, op. cit. — E. Babelon, La Gravure en piei res fines, Paris,
1894. — Th. Lhuillier, Julien de Fontenay, graveur en pierres fines du roi Henri IV,
Paris, 18.88.

FONTENELLE, CHARLES CLAUDE {French). Sculptor, born at St.-
Marcel-de-F6lines (Loire), on the 16**' June, 181 5, died at Paris,

— 122 —

29*'' May, 1866. He was a pupil of David d' Angers, and also pro-
duced some medallions after his master's style.
Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cii.

FOOL, C. (ItaL). Medallist of the second half of the eighteenth
century. His signature is found on a medal of Charles and Ferdi-
nand, representing a naval engagement on ^L.

FOOT & TOBAY (Bril.). Edited a handsome medal on the removal
ot Temple Bar, 1878 ; it was struck in lead taken from the roof,
and engraved by C. H. and J. Mabb, sculptors. An illustration of
this medallion appears in C. Welch's "'Numismata Londinensia",
pi. VIII.

Bibliography. — Charles Welch, Medals strtick by the Corporation 0/ London to
commemorate important Municipal Events, London, 1894.

FOPPA. Vide CARADOSSO (Vol. I, p. 206).

FORBES, CAPT. W. N. (Brit.). Mint-master at Calcutta, succeeded
to Robert Saunders in 1836. The letter F appears on some of the
Rupees struck under him.

FORBICI, ANTONIO DALLE (ItaL). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Venice. He is mentioned on a document dated the 21^* December,
1 391, as having worked there for over sixteen years, under Doge
Antonio Venier.

Bibliography. — Niccol6 Papadopoli, Alcune Noti:(ie siigli Intagliatori delta
Zecca di Venecia, Milano, 1888.

FORCEVILLE-DUVETTE, g£d£ON ADOLPHE CASIMIR DE (French).
Contemporary Sculptor, born at S' Maulvis (Somme). He has exe-
cuted several Portrait-medallions in bronze ; the two best known
are : J. B. Gribeauval, 1875, and Marie de la Hotoie of Amiens,
1877.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and
Royal Academician, well known for his numerous works of
statuary. He died on the 23'''' of December 1901.

*' E. Onslow Ford " says Victor G. Parr, in Men and Women of
the Time, London, 1899, p. 376, " was born in London, July 27,
1852, and as a boy, had a great desire to become an artist. In 1870
he went to Antwerp, and entered ^the School, working his way up
to the Antique School, where he studied under M. Buffeau. In
1 87 1 he went to Munich and joined the Academy, still studying
painting ; but shortly before leaving he gave up painting and took
to sculpture. In 1874 he returned to England, where he has since
resided. His principal statues are "Sir Rowland Hill, K.CB. ",

— 123 —

i882; "The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P.," 1883;
"Henry Irving, Esq., as Hamlet," 1883; and "Linus", 1884.
Besides these he has executed a number of busts, amongst which
may be mentioned : " Sir John Brown, " 1881 ; " Sir Charles
Reid " and " Rev. John Rogers", 1882; " The Archbishop of
York," 1884; and " Lieut. -General Sir Andrew Clarke", 1886.
In 1885, he exhibited a relief, "In Memoriam, " and his statuette,
" Folly ", was purchased by the Royal Academy under the terms ot
the Chantrey Bequest. Among his most recent works are a bronze
statue of "Applause", and a statue of the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone, and bronze busts of Mr. Arthur Hacker, A.R.A.,
M. Walter Armstrong, the late Sir John Millais, and his fellow-

Academicians Orchardson, Briton Riviere, and Herkomer, as well
as the following statues : General Gordon on camel, now at
Chatham ; the Shelley Memorial, University College, Oxford ; the
equestrian statue of Lord Strathnairn, Knightsbridge, London ;
Sir James Gordon, Mysore, India; Sir William Pearse, Glasgow;
D' Dale, Birmingham. One of his latest works is a bust of Jacob
Bright Esq. M.P., exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1899.

In 1893, this artist sent in several designs, at the invitation of
the committee presiding over a new issue of the coins of the
realm. Mr. Lewis F. Day, the eminent art-critic, says : "It will be
seen from his designs that Mr. Onslow Ford goes nearest to
meeting the demands of reaUsm, especially in his uncrowned head,
which more than most suggests a study from life. "

— 124 —

In a recent article on this artist in the Magazine of Art, we
read :

" The most remarkable thing to be said about Onslow Ford is
that he is a purely British product. He is perhaps the only great
Anglo-Saxon sculptor who has ever hammered his knowledge all
out for himself, owing nothing whatever to Continental influence

Obv. of Half-Crown. I^. of Half-Cro\

I^. of Shilling.

I^. of Half-Crown.

^L. of Sixpence.

Shilling.

or schooling. Until two or three years ago he had not even
paid a visit to Italy, the country that is the cradle of most sculptors
and the Mecca of all. In the course of a life-time he has made a
few brief visits to Paris, but has never studied there. When a lad
his mother gave him a number of months in Antwerp and Munich
where he took some drawing lessons. At that time they had no
idea that he would ever become a sculptor. His time of study was

— 123 —

short and at an early age he found himself face to face with the
problem of earning a living in London. "

The talented young medallist, Mr. Frank Bowcher, was a pupil
ofE. O. Ford.

" At Burlington House this year (1901) Mr. Ford exhibited a
nude figure, very modern in feeling, designed to honour those
who have fallen in South Africa, and called it " Glory to the Dead ".

There is no need to enumerate the many portrait busts
that grew year by year under the sculptor's busy hand, nor to
discuss at length his imaginative works. The series of studies in
girlish forms, which began with the " Folly", now in theChantrey
Bequest Collection, and to which he turned from time to time,
includes much work that is of a very delicate and poetic charm, and
some that is curiously lacking in these qualities. His aim was to
blend the decorative and the realistic. When it was achieved the
result was bound to give pleasure, for Mr. Ford had a keen sense ot
beauty and a temperament that impelled him always to strive after
the beautiful. It was this more than any great originality or power
in his work that brought it into high favour. M. Ford was elected
A.R.A. in 1888 and R.A. in 1895. He leaves a widow and a
family. Two of his sons have already made some mark as artists and
have had their work exhibited at Burlington House and elsewhere. "

Bibliography. — Lewis F. Day, The Coin oj the Realm, Magazine of Art,
1895, and Numismatic Circular, March, 1898.

FORESTIER, DENIS LE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Rouen, betore 1527.

Bibliography. - A. Barre, Graveurs parliculUrs des tnoniiaies de France, 1867.

FORFELIER {French). Die-sinker of the second quarter of the
nineteenth century. In 1833 he engraved a medal for the " Asso-
ciation de la Jeune France", in imitation of Dupre's coins, with
Genius on j^.

FORGEAIS. B. {French). Die-sinker at Paris, circa 1848. He engrav-
ed a medal on the Vote of the 1848 Constitution; it bears inscrip-
tions only, on both sides, and is signed B.F.

Bibliography. — De Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de 1848,
Paris.

FORGEOT, CLAUDE-ERNEST {French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Moule (Saone-et-Loire) ; pupil of Rude. He is the author
of a number of Portrait-medallions ; the only one given by Chavi-
gnerie is that of M.P.F*** executed in 1877.

FORME, PIERRE DE {French). Mint-engraver at Troyes, circa 1342.
Bibliography. — Rondot, op. cit.

'— 126 —

rORMSCHNEIDER, HIERONYMUS or ANDREW (Germ.). A renowned
Nuremberg artist who flourished between 1529 and 1556. He was
a modeller, and engraved Coin-dies at the Mint of Nuremberg,
1535-1542. His death took place on the 7*^ May, 1556.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-
Pallmann, op. cit.

FORNENBERGK, JOHANN VON {Germ.). Coin-engraver to Land-
grave Charles of Hesse, circa 1682. His signature I.V.F. appears on
some of the currency.

Bibliography. — J. -A. Blanchet, Nouveau manuel de mimisniatique du moyen
age et moderne, tome II, Paris, 1890.

FORSTER, JOHANN MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-master at Nuremberg,
circa 17 5 5-1 774. He was still living in 1778. The coins issued by
him bear his signature F, or M.F.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit., p. 98, n" 251. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann,
op. cit.

FORSTER, FRANQOIS ( Swiss). Copper-plate Engraver, born at Le
Locle in 1790, died in Paris, in 1892. He was apprenticed to an
Engraver of watch cases, but earned his reputation as a Copper-
plate Engraver. How much he contributed to Medallic art it is diffi-
cult to establish, but he no doubt exercised an influence in this
direction also.

Bibliography. — Mttse'e muchdlelois, 1873.

FORTINI, GIOVACCHINO (Ital.). Florentine Sculptor and Medallist
of the beginning of the eighteenth century. This artist engraved a
series of Portrait-medals of the Grand Ducal family of Florence.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, of), cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FORTISCH, MARCUS DOMINICUS (Germ.). Warden at the Mint of
Breslau, 1723-9.

FORTUNE, MfiDAILLEUR A LA (Ital.). Medallist named thus from
his having used the figure of Fortune holding an inflated veil over
her head for the reverse type of his medals. One of these is dated
1495, so that the period of activity of this anonymous artist must
be placed at the latter end of the fifteenth century and perhaps also
beginning of the sixteenth.

The following seven medals are given to him by Armand :
Lorenzo Cigliamochi, 1495; — Ludovico Lucio of Sienna; —
Gianozzo Salviati, a Florentine; — Alessandro Vecchietti (obv.
illustrated); — Unknown, Personage, obv, VOLGLGLIOCHL
PIATOSI . AI . MIE . LAMENTI . Bust to left of youn^ man bearded,
wearing biretta, hair long. ^L. POCHE. FORT VNA. VOLE.

CHECOSI.ISTENSI. Fortune, &c. ; — Francesco Barbolano
and Giuliano Danielo Nicolai.

Alessandro Vecchietti, by ^the Medallist known as " M6dailleur k la Fortune".

On the medal of Lorenzo Cigliamochi appear the letters L.C.M.
on the I^, ; according to M. Milanesi they are the initials of the
medallist who probably was Lorenzo Cigliamochi himself, and it is
not at all unlikely that he is also the author of the six other medals
with similar reverse.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cit. — Heiss, Les Medailleurs de la Renaissance,
Florence, vol. 1, XIV. — I . B. Supino, op. cit.

FORZORE. Vide FIORENTINO, NICCOLO suprh.

FOSCARINI, GIACOMO (Jtal.). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1788-89.

FOSCARINI, GIROLAMO (ItaL). Mint-inspector at Venice, circa
1787.

FOSCARINI, MARCHIO (ItaL). Mint-master at Venice, circa 1764.

FOSCARINI, LEONARDO ALOYSIO (Ital.). Mint-inspector at Venice,
1778-9.

FOSCOLO, ZORZI (Jtal.). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1734-5.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. ctt.

— 128 —

fOSSANO, FRANCESCO BERNARDINO {Ital.). Mint-master at Milan,
in conjunction withlppolitoBonsignore, 8'*' March to a""* July, 1605,
and alone, from the 31''' July 1613 to 21"' of January, 1614.

Bibliography. — Gnecchl, Le Monde di Milano, 1884.

FOSSfi, ATHANASE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Allouville (Somme) ; pupil of Cavelier. He is the author of a
number of Portrait-medaUions, one of which, that ofM"^ S*** was
exhibited at the Salon of 1879.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FOUQUET, £MILE FRANCOIS (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris on the 13*'' of June, 18 17. He was a pupil of Foyatier.
This artist produced a number of medallions in wax, clay, and
bronze, one of which was exhibited at the Salon of 1879. He also
appears to have engraved medal-dies.

Marvin describes a masonic medal, or rather an octagonal jeton,
of the Lodge of the Union of the Family, at Paris, bearing this
engraver's signature.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — Marvin, Masonic Medals,
Boston, 1888.

FOULIS, THOMAS (Scotch). Goldsmith and Die-sinker, who was
employed on the Scottish coinage, at the end of the sixteenth and
beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Burns informs us that "on
the 2"'' August 1598, the profits and casualties ol the mint (Edinburgh)
were let for six years to Thomas Foulis, goldsmith, and Robert
Jowsie, merchant, burgesses of Edinburgh, at an annual rent ot
€ 5000 or 7500 merks. The coinage of ten-shilling pieces and
their parts, and ot the corresponding gold money, which, on the
expiry of the tack of the Burgh of Edinburgh, had been suspended,
was now resumed, in the value, weight, and fineness as before".
But as early as 1 591, we hear of Foulis being employed in the
capacity of coin-engraver at the same Mint. " By the Act of privy
council, of the 8"' of March 159 1-2, Thomas FouUis, goldsmith to
his Majesty, and sinker of the irons at the cunyehouse, was com-
missioned to contract with sir William Bowes of London or others,
for the reducing of all the base and the alloyed money, the pennies
and two penny placks alone excepted. Two thousand four hundred
stones of base money were to be reduced ; for the reduction and
refining of which, on every twelve ounces, Thomas Foullis was to
pay " aucht pennyis Stirling, or sax shillingis Scottis money,
" thus giving at this time the value of English money as exactly
nine times that of Scottish money. "

The dies of the Thistle Noble (1588) of James VL were engrav-

— 129 —

ed by him, as also those of the Forty-shilling piece of 1582, the
portrait of the King being drawn by Lord Seyton's painter.

In 1605, Thomas Foulis is once more mentioned in contempo-
rary documents as " Sinker of His Majesties Irines ",

Bibliography. — Burns, The Coinage of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1887. — H. A.
Grueber, Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1899.

FOURCADE, DOMINIQUE PHILIPPE JEAN (French). Sculptor and
Medallist, born on the 29''' of August 187 1, at Plan (canton de
Cazeres, Haute-Garonne) ; studied first at Toulouse under the
sculptor A. Belon ; entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts of that city,
and worked under A. Fabre, A. Laporte and H. Maurette ; obtained
fifteen prizes and a mention at the Toulouse School of Fine Arts ;

a diploma of honour at the International Exhibition of Toulouse
in 1895 ; a silver medal at the International Exhibition of Bordeaux
in 1895 ; an" honorable Mention "at the Salon des Beaux-Arts, Paris,
1899 ; competed twice in sculpture and medal-engraving for the Prix
de Rome, and gained several prizes at the National School of
Fine Arts. At Paris, the artist studied under G. J. Thomas,
H. Dubois and H. L. Marqueste ; he is now an Officierd' Academic.
M. Fourcade's principal works are : Bas-relief representing " The
Defence of the Flag", which belongs to the 126''' Infantry Regiment;

— Bas-relief representing "The Presidential Election of M. Casi-
mir-Perier, 27 June 1894", belonging to the Ministry of Fine Arts;

— Bas-relief representing "The Death of Duranti, 11''' February
1589", acquired by the Direction des Beaux- Arts and presented
by the State to the Palace of Justice of Toulouse ; — Historical
panel, "The Parliament of Toulouse in 1444, the Court of Appeal

L. FoRilER. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. J

• — 130 —

in 18 ro, and the Court of Appeal in 1896, " the property of the
Toulouse Court of Appeal; — Historical panel, "The 17*'' Arm\''
Corps in 1896," portraits of Generals, belonging to the Military
School of S' Cyr ; — Bust of Gambetta, and Statue of Agrippina,
acquired by the Government of French Indo-China ; — Bas-relief
in bronze, " Visit of President Carnot to Toulouse, " belonging to
the Department of H'*' Garonne; — Two large Cabinets of French
Southern Types, one the property of the Tunis Museum and the
other of the Imperial Museum at S' Petersburg; — Panel represent-
ing Types of Toulouse, owned by Sir Geo. Faudel Phillips,

Study of a French Southern Type.

ex Lord Mayor of London ; — Medal executed for the Central
Syndicate of French agriculturists, and exhibited at the Universal
Exhibition of 1900; — Bas-relief in bronze representing "Louis
Defies composing the " Toulousaine" , acquired by the city of Tou-
louse (illustrated) ; — Various busts of PoHticians andMiUtary and
Artistic Celebrities.

At the Salon of 1901, he has exhibited a Panel representing :
Farmers; — Defence of the Flag; — Orientals; — Christ dying;

— Deffes composing tlie Toulousaine; — Young girl with cat; —
Portrait of M. A. Mercie ; — Portrait of M. Benjamin-Constant;

— Portrait of M. A. Idrac ; — Portrait of M P. Pujol ; — Portraits

— 131 —

Dettes composing the " Toulousaine".

of M""= Goudouli; — MM. Thillet; — Clausade; — Sarraut; —
Magre ; — Joube; — Old Woman, and various studies.
Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by the artist.

FOURDRIN, ADRIEN (French). Sculptor of the middle of the
nineteenth century. At the Salon of 1850, he exhibited a bronze
medallion, a Study of a head with flowers.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 132 —

FOURNAUX, AUGUSTE (French). Medallist and Gem-engraver ot
the second half of the nineteenth century. The following works by
him are recorded in Chavignerie et Auvray : 1865, Portrait of
M. H***, agate-onyx; — 1879, Cameo-portrait of Henry IV., after
a medal by Dupre (1606); — Lyric Poetry, agate-onyx cameo; —
Minerva, agate-onyx cameo ; — Roman Priest, cameo cut on a
Brazilian agate.

Fournaux was a pupil of Galbrunner.

FOURNIER, LOUIS (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
S^ Donat (Drome). He is the author of some fine Portrait-medal
lions: 1867, M. Omer-la-Croix, General secretary of the Grande
Aumonerie de France, and other notable personages of the Second
Empire. He also engraved the following medals : Federal officers'
Fete, 1822 (2 var.); J. L. Bovy, 1821

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil.

FOURNIER-SARLONtlVE, M^e M. (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris, in 1843. Pupil of M. Mathieu-Meusnier. Chavignerie
records a Portrait-medallion of xM.A.F.S**, executed by her and
exhibited at the Salon of i868.

FOURON, PIERRE or DE FORON (French). Mint-master at Pau,
1622-1626.
Bibliography. — Blanche:, Histoire monetaire du Beam, Paris, 1893.

FOVET, JEAN (French). Seal-engraver to the Duke of Burgundy,
Phihppe le Hardi, circa 1360. We possess records of 21 large and
23 small seals, executed by him for various bailliwicks of the
County of Burgundy, and note that he was paid 100 francs for his
work.

Bibliography. — Lecoy dela Marche, Les Sceaiix, Paris, 1889.

FOVILLE, A. DL(French). Director of the Paris Mint for a number
of years prior to 1900. He was one of the strongest supporters and
patrons of the present Renaissance of French medallic art.

FOX, EDWARD (Brit.). Mint-master at Dublin, under James II.

FOX, DANIEL M. (Amer.). Superintendent of the United States
Mint, 1869-1889; f March, 1890.

Bibliography. — Illustrated History of the United States Mint, 1893.

FOY, B. (French). Contemporary Jeweller and Medallist, some of
whose fine works are described in Revue des Arts decoratifs, January
1900.

F. P. Fide FRANCESCO PISANI. Rector of Cattaro, 1548-9.

— 133 —

F. P. Vide FEDERIGO PARMENSE, really FEDERIGO BONZAGNA,
Medallist of Parma, who worked at Rome, 1 549-1 589, and cut
the celebrated S' Bartholomew Massacre medal, in 1572.

F. P. r?V/^ FRANCESCO DAL PRATO. Roman Die-sinker, f 1562.

F. P. Fide FRANCESCO PASQUALIGO. Mint-inspector at Venice,
1741.

F. P. r/Jf FRANCESCO PUTINATI. Milanese Medallist, 1775-1843.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

F. R. Vide FRANCHINI and RIVAROLA. Mint-masters at Ferrara,
1619-1622.

F. R. TzV/^ FRIEDRICH RITTER. Mint-master at Brunswick, 1800-
1814, and Director of the Mint, 1814-1820.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FR., SA. or F., S. (Genu.). Medallist of the end of the sixteenth
century. Two medals bear the signature SF on ^. : 1591, Christoph
Silbereisen, Abbot of Wettingen in Switzerland; and, 1593 Hugo
Blotius, Imperial librarian at Vienna. The last had the full signature
onobv., of which only S' FR... are now legible. Erman believes
the artist to have been a Viennese.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.

FRA. AN. BRIX. Vide ANTONIO DA BRESCIA supra, p. 27.

FRAGNY, LORENZO usually known as LORENZO PARMENSE (Ital.).
Parmesan Goldsmith, Medallist, Gem and Coin-engraver; employed
at the Papal Mint of Rome, in the accounts of which he is men-
tioned in 1572, 1576, and 1586; was still living in 1618. Armand,
Blanchet, and other biographers, say he distinguished himself in
imitating ancient coins.

The following medals, mostly signed LAV. P., or L.P., are by
this artist : Cristoforo Madruzzo, Cardinal, 1 542-1 578; — Greg-
ory XIII., obv. GREGORIVS.XIII.PONT.MAX.AN.il— LP.
Bust of the Pope to 1.; a) ^. DOMVS . MEA . &c . The Lord driv-
ing the dealers out of the Temple ; F) 1^. No legend. Female
seated near altar; r) ^L. RESTAVRAVIT TIBER. Bridge over the
Tiber surmounted bv statue of Madonna ; — d) ^L. ET PORTAE.
CCELI.APERTAE.SVNT. The Holy Jubilee Gate;— D°, Obv. Simi-
lar with AN. in. 1^. Bridge over the Tiber, as last; — Obv. GRE-
GORIVS.XIII.PONT.MAX.AN.IVBILEI.MDLXXX. — LAV.
P. Bust of Pope to 1., wearing tiara. ^L. VIRGO. TVA. GLORIA.
PARTVS Madonna and Child; — Obv. GREGORIVS-XUI.&c.

— 134 —

M.D.LXXV; a) ^L. ET.PORTAE.CCELI. APERTAE SVNT.
ROMA. Angel blowing trumpet before the Holy Gate; b) Christ
driving the dealers out of the Temple; — Obv. GREGORIVS.
Xm.PONTIFEX.MAX.AN.V.L P. ^L. TVTVM. REGIMEN.
ROMA. Helmeted female figure seated on arms; — Obv. GRE-
GORIVS. XIII. PONTIFEX. MAX. A. 1577. LAV. P. ^L. As last;

— Obv. Similar, of 1578. ^L. PROVIDENTIA CHRISTI. Female
figure holding spear and rudder; — Obv. Similar of 1583; a)
^. TVTVM REGIMEN. ROMA. Female seated on arms; — b)
^L. ET- IN. NATIONES. GRATIA SPIRITVS . SANCTI . S^ Paul
preaching at Athens; — c) ^L. SECVRITAS.POPVLI.ROMANI.
Female seated, holding spear; — d) ^L. ANNO.IOBILAEO.
MDLV— PETRO . APOST . PRINC . Facade of S« Peter's Cathedral ;

— e) ^L. VERVS.DEI.CVLTVS.S.ROM.AC. Religion holding
keys; — f) ^L. PROVIDENTIA CHRISTI. Providence;—;^)
^. ANNONA.PONT. Abundance; — Obv. GREGORIVS. XIII.
PONTIFEX. MAXIMVS. LAV. PARM. Bust of Pope to 1., head
bare a) ^.. VIATORVM . SALVTI . ANN . DNI . MDLXXX .
PELIA. Bridge over the Paglia; — b) ^. SECVRITAS.POPVLI.
ROMANI. Security seated ; ~ c) ^. SVPER . HANC . PETRAM .
ROMA . Facade of S' Peter's ;—d)^L. APER VIT . ET . CL AVSIT .
ANNO. MDLXXV. ROMA. The Holv Jubilee Gate; — 0 ^•
ET. IN. NATIONES. GRATIA. SPIRIT VS. SANCTI. S' Paul
preaching at Athens; —Obv. GREGORIVS. XIII PONT. OPT.
MAXIMVS . L . PARM . a) ^L. ANNO . RESTITVTO . M . D .
LXXII. Ram's head within circle formed by a snake biting his tail;

— b) ^L. VT.FAMVLV.TVV.GREG.CONSERVARE.DIGNE.
1582. Facade of the Church of S' Gregory of Nazianza ; — c) ^L.
GREGORIANA.D.NAZIANZENO.E)ICATA. View of the Chap-
el of the same church ; — Obv. Similar, with some differences in
the ornaments a) ^L. SVPER. HANC. PETRAM ROMA. Facade
ofS' Peter's; — b) ^L. AB.REGIBVS.IAPONIOR. PRIMA. AD.
ROMA. PONT. LEGATIO EF.OBEDIENTIA. 1585 ; — Pope
Sixtus V, 1585-1590. Obv. SIXTVS.V.PONT.OPT.MAX.L.
PAR. Bust ot Pope to r. a) ^L. NE.DETERIVS. VOBIS.CON-
TINGAT. Christ addressing a kneeling crowd ; b) I^. BEATI
QVI.CVSTODIVNT.VIAS.MEAS. Bust of Christ; — c) ^L.
TVTVM. REGIMEN. ROM A. Helmeted female figure seated on
arms; beside her, a dragon; — d) ^L. SECVRITAS.POPVLI.
ROMANI. ALMA. ROMA. Female seated holding spear surmount-
ed with fleur de lys; — e) ^L. Similar, without ALMA ROMA.

The Germanisches Museum at Nuremberg acquired at the Sale
(Raritaten-Cabinet, IV) of MM, L & LL. Hamburger (April 1900) a
medal of Cardinal Otto Truchsen von Waldburg (illustrated) signed
L. P. This specimen realized 430 Marks.

— 135 —

Lorenzo Parmigiano probably engraved the dies for some of the
coins of Gregory XIIT., but it might be difficult to prove which
were executed by him and which by Federigo Parmense and other
artists, who also worked aj Rome for the same pontiff. We how-

Medal of Cardinal Otto Truchsen von Walburg.

ever may take it for certain that the portrait of Gregory XIII.
on his testoni was cut by this clever artist, who also seems to have
been a gem-engraver, according to some of the best authorities.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Armand, op. cit. — J.-B. Supino, op.
cit. — Bertolotti, Artisti Lomhardi & Artisti vene^iani.

FRAGONARD, JEAN H0N0R£ or NICOLAS {French). Painter of the
second half of the eighteenth century; he was born at Grassein 1732,
and died at Paris on the 22"*^ of August, 1806. He was a pupil of
Boucher, Chardin, &c. Thome says that his pictures are singularly
characteristic of Parisian society, immediately preceding the revo-
lution of 1789, and adds : "On his return to Paris, Fragonard
painted historical subjects ; his large picture, ' Coresus and
Callirhoe ', excited great admiration, and secured his admission to
the Academy. But yielding to the fascinations ot society, he took to-
painting small pictures of bacchanalian and erotic subjects and con-
versation pieces, which he painted in a light, facile, meretricious
manner, but with a piquant, refined, and courtly air, wiiich charm-
ed the brilliant circles of the Parisian salons, and which led to
their immediate multiplication by the burin. "

M. J. J. Guiffrey has found the record of several payments made
to the artist tor designs ot medals engraved at the Paris Medal
Mint.

Bibliography. — Revue numismatique, 1886, p. 92. — Imperial Dictionary of

Biography.

F^AlKlfi (Belg.). Die-sinker at Brussels, circa 1850-1860. There
is a medal by him of King Leopold I. of Belgium.
Bibliography. — Revue de la numismatique beige, 1852, p. 452.

- 136 -

FRAMPTON, GEORGE J., A. R. A. (5n7.)- Sculptor, born in i860;
pupil of the sculptor Frith of Lambeth, and Professor Brown. "In
1882, says Victor G. Parr (Men and Women of the Time, London,
1899, p. 384)" Frampton joined the Academy schools, where he
won prize after prize until 1887, when be went out with the Gold
medal and i, 200. He was thus enabled to proceed to Paris, where
he studied sculpture under Dagnan-Bouveret and Mercie. In the
Salon of 1889 he exhibited his first successful work, the " Ange
de la Mort ", for which he obtained a medal. Other well-known
works of his are " The Captive ", and St. Christina ". He has
been a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy. In 1895 he exhibit-
ed "Mother and Child", a group in bronze, " Music and Danc-
ing"; low-relief panels in silver; and the "Gold medal tor Glas-
gow University "; in 1896, a panel for a door, the subject of
which was " Seven Heroines out of La Mort d'Arthur" ; in 1897 a
Portrait-medallion in bronze of the late Charles Keene, and a statue
in bronze and marble of Dame Alice Owen for Owen's School ; in
1898 a bronze memorial, an enamel, and a bronze bust of John
Passmore Edwards, Esq., for the Leighton Memorial Museum and
School at Camberwell. He has done much fine decorative work,
notably the Terra-cottas in the Constitutional Club. He was made
A.R.A. in 1896".

In 1899 this artist exhibited a low-relief panel " Charity" and a
statue "St. George". His Winchester Quincentenary medal, exe-
cuted in 1893, is a fairly good piece of work, and also, his gold
Medal for Glasgow University, 1895.

In vol. XXI, p. 260, of The Studio, a medal by Frampton is illus-
trated commemorating the Raising of the City Imperial Volunteers ;
this medal which was designed and executed for the Corporation
of the City of London was exhibited in 1901 at the Royal Academy
with a seal for the Queen Victoria Clergy Fund.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Victor G. Parr, op. cii. — The Studio, 1899.

FRANCE {French). 1528-1529. Coin-engraver " tailheur de
monoy, graveur", at the Mint of Lyons, from 1528-1529. Accord-
ing to documents brought to light by M. Rondot, France is prob-
ably the same as Maitre Fernin or Maitre Fernin le Doyen.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Graveur s des Monnaies a Lyon du XIII^
au XVIlh siecle, Macon, 1897.

FRANCE, JACQUES {French). Contemporary Medallist. His signa-
ture appears on a medalet commemorating the Fete of the 14*'' July,
1882. The head of Liberty is very artistic and well modelled.

FRANCHI, AGGOSTINO {ltd.). Die-sinker of Venice, first half of
the eighteenth century. His best known works are two Portrait-

— 137 —

medals of the Venetian senator, Flaminio Cornaro,
Angelo Qiiirini, Cardinal and Italian numismatist.
Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

1750, and

FRANCHINI, NICOLO (Jial). Mint-master at Ferrara, 1621. His
initials N. F. appear on some of the Papal coins of Ferrara, issued
under Pope Gregory XV.

Bibliography. — Cinagli, Le Monele dei Papi, Rome, 1848.

FRANCIA, ANGELO (French). Sculptor, born at Rodez (Aveyron)
in r833.. He executed a number of Portrait-medallions, three of
which are mentioned by Chavignerie et Auvray, Dictionnaire des
artistes frangais : S. 1868, M. Darolle; — S. 1869, M. A. Domalain ;
— S. 1880, M. Aur^lien Scholl, &c. These medallions are in
plaster of Paris.

FRANCIA (Ilal.). One of the leading artists of the Italian
Renaissance, whose correct name is FRANCESCO RAIBOLINI.

Fra.ncesco Raibolini

He was born at Bologna, according to Vasari, in 1450, and died
there on the 5*'' of January, 15 17. His father, Marco Raibolini, is
described as an artisan. Young Francesco was first apprenticed as
a goldsmith to a certain Francia whose name he is said to have
adopted from gratitude. He studied design under Marco Zoppo and

- 138 -

became a pupil ot the celebrated Caradosso, who taught him
medal-engraving.

Francia distinguished himself in various branches of art. "In
him", says a recent writer ', "Bologna was tor the first time to have
an artist of the highest order, and who would take his place
among the best Florentines of the day, rivalUng even Perugino's
genius, and winning the praise of Raphael ; an artist not indeed of
great inventive faculty or wide range of powers, but w^ho, in pure
and tender feeling, in elevation of aim and thought, in the expres-
sion of the deepest religious emotion, was to find few equals in the
history of art. "

Felice Italia che in se chiude

Si sublime ingegno e si bella effigie

Che fanno al cielo e a natura guerra.

Thus reads the great artist's epitaph as a testimony of the high
esteem his contemporaries had tor him.

Francia was several times elected Steward of the Goldsmiths'
Guild, and for a number of years he filled the Post ot Master of the
Zecca or Mint of Bologna, under the Bentivogli and Pope Julius II.

Vasari states that " the work in which Francia delighted above all
else and in which he was indeed excellent, was in cutting dies for
medals ; in this he was highly distinguished and his works are most
admirable, as may be judged from some on which is the head of
Pope Julius II., so life-like that these medals will bear comparison
with those of Caradosso. He also struck medals of Signor Giovanni
Bentivoglio, which seem to be alive; and of a vast number ot
princes who, passing through Bologna, made a certain delay, when
he took their portrait in wax, and afterwards, having finished the
matrices of the dies, he despatched these to their destination,
whereby he obtained not only the immortality of fame, but like-
wise very handsome presents. "

Vasari's affirms that the whole of the dies for the coinage of the
Bentivogh were prepared by Raibolini, and also the money struck
there for Pope Julius II., mentioning as an instance the gold zec-
chini and silver bolognini thrown to the crowd on the occasion of
thePope's entry into Bologna in 1 506, with the legends : BON(ONIA).
P(ER). JUL(IVM). A.TIR ANO.LIBERAT(A) and figure of St. Peter;
but these statements must be dismissed as erronesus, for D' Luigi
Frati, Keeper of the Public Museum at Bologna, has established, on
irrefutable authority, that these special coins were not Francia's work.
Notwithstanding, a specimen which was sold at Frankfort-on-
Main in January 1902, for 63 Marks, from the celebrated Gnecchi
Collection, was still ascribed to Francia by the compilers of the
catalogue.

I. C. G. Williamson, Francia, London, 1901.

— 139 —

What remains certain is that Francia cut coin-dies for Gio-
vanni II. Bentivoglio and Pope JuHus II., perhaps also for Pope
Leo X. of whom he executed medals too. By a decision of the
Bolognese Senate, the artist was appointed on November 19, 1508,
Director ot the Mint (no doubt only confirmed in the office he had
held previously under the Bentivogli), and was given the entire
charge of the provision of money for the city.

In all probabihty the following coins of Antignate and medals
were ihe work of the artist : AI. Doppio Zecchino. Obv. lOANNES
BENTIVOLVS.II.BONONIENSIS. Head of Giovanni II. Benti-
voglio to r., wearing close fitting biretta. I^. MAXIMILIANI.
IMPERA.MVNVS Arms; helmet and imperial eagle above (illus-

Double Zecchino of Bologna, by Francia.

trated) ; — J^. Testone of similar type; — Al. Zecchino, of simi-
lar type, but with BONONIEN. on obv. and MAXIMILIANI
MVNVS on 1^. {illustrated) ; — ^R. Thick Doppio Testone.
Obv. lOANNES.BENTIVOLVS II.BONONIENSIS. Boldbust, in

Zecchino of Bologna, by Francia.

biretta, to r. ^. MAXIMILIANI.IMPERATORIS. MVNVS.
MCCCCLXXXXIIII. Weight : 19,5 grammes (the Gnecchi specimen
realized 455 Marks); — J^. Testone, a variety withlOANNES.
BENTIVOLVS.BONONIENSIS (without the II); — .R. Mezzo
Testone. Similar type, with MVNS on 1^. ; — JR.. Quarto Tes-
tone. Obv. lOANNES.BENTVOLVS.II.BONONIENSIS-:- ^L.
MAXIMILIANI. IMPER.MVN.xMCCCCXXXXIIII. JR. Grosso,

— 140 —

1494- Obv. lOANNI BEKTIVOLO Shield of arms. ^L. CON-
CESSIO MAXIMILIANI. Crowned imperial ea^le; — JE. 1489.
Obv. lOANNES.BENTIVOLVS.II.BONONIENSIS. Bust to r. of
Giovanni II. wearing biretta, hair long, cuirassed. I^. MA —
XIMILIANI — IMPERATORIS— MVNVS— MCCCCLXXXV— Iin
in six hnes; — JE. 1494. Obv. Similar, j^. MAXIMILIANI—
IMPERATORIS— MVNVS— MCCCCLXXXXIIII in the field; —
Billon. Denaro piccolo. Obv. lOANNI BENTIVO. Arms. ^L. S.
10. . . . S. EVANGEL. Half-length portrait of the Saint. — Litta
has reproduced eighteen coins of Giovanni II. Bentivoglio, said to
have all been engraved by Francia and proceeding from the main
types described above.

To Francia, the following coins of Popes Julius 11. and Leo X.
have been attributed : JULIUS. II., 1503-15 13. N. Zecchino.
Obv. IVLIVS . II . PONTIFEX . M AXIM\'S . Bust to r . I^. S . P . BO-
NONIA.DOCET. St. Petronius seated, facing; below, the arms of
the Papal Legate, Francesco Alidosi ; — JK. Giulio, similar type,
but arms of Bologna under the Saint's figure on I^. ; — JB^. Testone.
Obv. Same legend and similar bust. I^. BONONIA . DOCET .
St. Petronius, as before; below, the arms of Bologna and Alidosi.
— LEOX., 1513-1521. ^.Testone. Obv. LEO. X. PONTIFEX.
MAXIMVS. Bust to r. of the Pope, head bare. I^. BONONIA.
MATER . ST VDIORVM . Lion rampant holding standard and the
Medici arms.

Of the numerous medals said to have been executed by Francia,
Armand and other writers agree as to the following being his
work : Julius II, size 40 mill., obv. IVLIVS. II. LIGVR. P.M.
Beardless bust of the Pope to r., head bare. ^L. CONTRA STI-
MVLVM.NE.CALCITRES. Representation of St. Paul, on the
road to Damascus, being suddenly struck with blindness (N. and
JB^.)i varieties are known with IVLIVS. II. (illustrated) . Mr. Keary

Medal of Julius II., by Francia.

has pointed out that the portraits of the Pope on the coins and
medals by Francia are " curiously unlike those by Raphael in the

— 141 —

Stanze of the Vatican and Pitti Palace, and that the difference
does not lie only in the presence of a beard in the later portraits
by Raphael". This may be explained by the fact that the medals
were struck between 1505 and 1306 and the portraits painted after
15 1 1. — Four medals of Julius II. are attributed to Francia,
besides the two described above, but competent authorities do not
include them in their lists, except one ot similar obverse, but with
VATICANVS M. and facade of St. Peter's on ^L. Armand calls
this reverse a reduction from that of Caradosso's medal of the same
Pope, and does not think it improbable that the Milanese engraver
executed both obv. and I^. of this piece.

D' Julius Friedlander and Armand ascribe to Francia the fine
medals of Girdinal Alidosi, Bernardo Rossi, Governor of Bologna,
Ulysses Musotti, and Tommaso Ruggieri : Francesco Alidosi,
Legate of the City of Bologna. Obv. FR. ALIDOXIVS.CAR.PA-
PIEN.BON.ROMANDIOLAE.Q.C.LEGAT. Bust of the Cardi-
nal in biretta and mozette. 1^. HIS.AVIBVS CVRRVQ.. CITO .
DVCERIS. AD. ASTRA. Jupiter in chariot drawn by two eagles.
Size : 62 mill, (illustrated). Bernardo Rossi, Count of Berceto,
Governor of Bologna, in 15 19. Obv. BER.RV.CO.B.EPS.
TAR.LE.BO.VIC.GV.ET PRAE. Bust in biretta and mozette.
^. OB.VIRTVTES.IN.FLAMINIAM RESTITVTAS. Female
standing in chariot drawn by eagle and dragon. Size : 66 mill.
" Both these medals", observes Mr. G. C. Williamson, the latest
biographer ot Francia, " are powerfully drawn and in very high
relief. The faces are clear cut, and very full of character, and the
lettering is big and clear, and they have the special marks of Raibo-
lini's lettering and classic style of draughtmanship ". Ulysses
Musotti, a Bolognese lawyer, 1508-15 15. Obv. VLIXES.MVSO-
TVS . I . D . ANT . FILI VS . Bust to 1., wearing skull cap, hair long.
^L. ORPHAN VM . ET . AD VENAM . NO . DESTITVIT . PVPILIS •
ET.VIDVE.FVIT.ADIVTOR. Inkstand, books, globe, torch, &c.
Size : 68 mill. Tommaso Ruggieri, 15 12-15 21. Obv. RVGERIVS.
THOMAS TI. Bust to r. ^L. MAGNAE.SPES. ALTERA. RO-
MAE. Type as last. Size : 72 mill.

Besides these, D"" Jul. Friedlander gives to Francia the following
pieces, but as his attributions are entirely conjectural, I shall not
describe them : Marriage of Maximilian I. and Bianca Maria Sforza,
1494; — Giovanni II. Bentivoglio. ^L. H ANNIBALIS . FI . R . P .
BONON— PRINCEPS. Arms of the Bentivoglio; — JK. Testone
of Duke of Ercole of Ferrara, ^L. Hydra of Lerna; — Another,
B/L. Samson holding lion's head about which hovers a swarm of bees;
— Another I^. Nude figure on horseback ; — ^R. Testone of Alfonso,
Duke of Ferrara ^L. The Flight into Egypt; — vR. Testone of
Julius II. I^. Justice and Vulcan ; — Another ^L. TVTELAShep-

— 142 —

herd seated on rock and feeding his floclc; — Loais II., Marquis
of Saluzzo. ifl.. Testone. ^L. S' Constantius on horseback to r. ; —
Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, JE coin.

Medal of Cardinal Alidosi, by Francia.

Mr G. C. Williamson in his nomenclature of Francia's medallic
productions gives other medals of Julius 11., and Clement VII., but
it is evident that he has not consulted either Armand, Friedlander,
nor any of the more competent contemporary writers on this par-
ticular subject.

— 143 -

Francia worked also as a Gem-engraver, and Mr. G. C. William-
son remarks : ''Fine as Raibolini's medals are, it was not as a
medallist that he did his best work in these goldsmith days, but as
a worker in niello " and he adds some interesting information on
the art, which is worth quoting in extenso : " Niello work, which
must not be confused with enamel, was a method of producing
delicate anH minute decoration upon a polished metal surface by
incised lines, filled in with a black metallic amalgam, the black
substance differing from true enamel in being metallic and not
vitreous. In the sixteenth century it was in great vogue, and is
often mentioned by Vasari, notably in what he has to say as to
Cellini and Maso Finiguerra. — According to Theophilus, a monk
who wrote in the twelfth or thirteenth century (" Div. Art. Sch.
Hendric", edit. 1847), the process was as follows : The design was
cut with a sharp tool on the metal. An alloy was formed of two
parts silver, one-third copper, and one-sixth lead. While still in the
fluid state in the crucible a quantity of sulphur was added, and
when cold, the brittle amalgam, was pounded fine and sealed up in
large quills for use. A solution of borax to act nsa flux having been
brushed over the metal plate and thoroughly worked into its incis-
ed lines, the powdered amalgam was shaken on to the plate so
as to completely cover the engraved design. The plate was then
carefully heated over a charcoal fire, fresh amalgam being added, as
the powder fused, upon any defective places. When the powder
had become thoroughly liquid so as to fill up all the lines, the
plate was allow^ed to cool, and the whole surface was scraped so
as to remove the superfluous niello, leaving only what had sunk
into and filled up the engraved pattern. Last of all the nielloed plate
was very highly polished till it presented the appearance of a
smooth metal surface enriched with a delicate design in fine gray-
black fines. The contrast was very vivid between the whiteness of the
silver and the darkness of the niello, and as the slightest scratch upon
the metal received the niello and became a distinct black line, orna-
ment of the most minute and refined description could easily be
produced. There is much ot this work to be seen in Italy, espe-
cially in vessels and ornaments intended for ecclesiastical use, and
RaiboHni became well known for the beauty of the nielli that he
produced. The art had been known since the days of the Romans,
and many great artists, as Brunelleschi, Pollajuolo, Cellini, and
Caradosso, as well as Raibolini practised it with success". Two
of Francia's nielli are preserved in the rooms of the Secretary of the
Academy of Fine Arts, Bologna ; they have been reproduced by
Vallardi of Milan in the Manualedi Calcografica.

D' Friedlander expresses the following opinion on Francia's style
in medallic art : " Im Gegensatz zu der derben, oft grossartigen,

— 144 —

zuweilen an das Rohe streifenden Behandlung der grossen gegossen-
en Medallions anderer Kiinstler spricht sich in Francia's Arbeiten,
sowohl in den Miinzen und den kleinen gepragten Medaillen, als
in den grosseren Gussmedaillons, die sinnige und teine Idealitat des
Malers aus. Die Kompositionen der Kehrseiten, besonders der
Gussmedaillons welche bei ihrem grosseren Umfang der Entfal-
tung mehr Raum boten, zeigen durch ihren Reichthum und die
Grazie ihrer schon geschwungenen Linien sogleich den Maler. Die
Ausfiihrung ist von vollendeter Zierlichkeit, und erinnert durch ihre
bei aller Scharfe grosse Weichheit und Zartheit an die schonsten
antiken Miinzen, welche unzweifelhaft seine Vorbilder waren.
Erschwert ward ihm die Aufgabe durch die fiir Miinzen notige
Flachheit des Reliefs. Das Technische der Pragung ist von voUkom-
mener Sauberkeit ; vielleicht stammt diese schone Technik aus
Mailand, wo man schon in der Munzpragung wie in aller Metall-
Arbeit der anderen Stiidten vorangeschritten war. "

Francia is considered one of the greatest painters of Bologna ;
his style is a medium between that of Perugini and Giovanni Bel-
lini. His earliest painting dates from 1494, and is now preserved at
the Bolognese Gallery ; it represents the Virgin enthroned with
St. Augustine and five other saints. Another, Judith and
Holofernes is in the style of Mantegna. The London National
Gallery possesses two beautiful paintings by Francia. Raphael, in a
letter dated 1508, wrote " that few painters or none had produced
Madonnas more beautiful, more devout, or better portrayed them,
than Francia ".

Francia was a man of great prudence ; he led a most regular life,
and was of a robust constitution. He was almost worshipped in
Bologna, where a large number of statues, decorative works in
plate, paintings, &c. by him may still be seen. At his death in the
year 15 17, he received honourable interment from his sons.

Francia had more than 200 pupils. Amongst these Marcantonio
Raimondi was the most renowned, and others, Lorenzo Costa,
Amico Asperini, Francia's son, Giacomo, and his cousin, Giulio,
attained celebrity.

Bibliography. — C. G. Williamson, Francia, 1901. — Julia Cartwright,
Francia and Mantegna, 1881. — Francesco Malaguzzi, La Zecca di Bologna, Ri vista
italiana di numismatica, 1898. — Kriskteller, A//W/i del Francia. — Encyclopaedia
Britannica, IX. Ed. — Grande Encyclopedie . — Grand Dictionnaire Larotisse. —
D"" Luigi Frati, SuW erronea AUribw^ione al Francia delle nionete gettate al popolo
ml solenne ingresso in Bologna di Giulio II. per la cacciata di Gio 11. Bentivoglio,
Riv. stor., 1897, p. 49. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Armand, op. cit., 1, 103 ; II, 289 ;
III, 30. — Vasari, Lives of the Painters, 11,294; VI, 141 (Mrs Foster's translation).
— King, op. cit. — Babelon, Pierres gravees, 1894. — E. Plon, Benvenuto Cellini,
1884. — Supino, op. cit. — Blanchet, op. cit. — Dr Friedlander, Die Italienischen
SchaumUnien, 14^0-1^30, Berlin, 1882. — Keary, British Museum Guide to Italian
Medals. — E. Muntz, Les Arts a la Cour des Popes. — E. Muntz, Histoire de I'Art

— 145 —

pendant la Renaissance. — Numismatic Chrotiicle, 1879, p. 204. — E. Saglio, La
medaille dn cardinal Alidosi et LeFranciade Bologne, Art, 1893. — Calvi, Francesco
Raiholini, Bologna, 1812.

FRANCE, JOHANN {Germ.) Mint-master at Bayreuth, 11. Sept.
1 62 1 to 8. February 1622.

FRANCOIS, CLAUDE (French). Seal-engraver of Nancy, first half
of the seventeenth century. He is recorded as having executed in
1634 s'^ sedls bearing the arms of the city of Nancy.

Bibliography. — Lepage, Notes et Documents stir les graveurs de monttaies et
tnedailles des dues de Lorraine, Nancy, 1875.

FRANGOIS, HENRI LOUIS (French). Contemporary Gem-engraver
and Medallist, born at Vert-le-Petit (Seine-et-Oise), in 1841, died
at Paris in 1896. Pupil of Bonnat and Chapu. M. Babelon says
concerning him : " Cest un maitre veritable, aussi modeste
qu'habile, qui nous parait avoir, mieux que tout autre, reussi k
s'inspirer des nobles traditions duxviii^siecle ". He was an ofEcerof
the Legion of Honour.

The following works by him may be seen at the Luxembourg
Museum, Paris : The French Republic, cameo in natural sardonyx
of two layers; — Veuus emerging from the waves, cameo in agate;

— Andromeda, onyx cameo of three strata; — Filial Love, agate;

— Sappho on the rock of Leucas ; — The Genius of Painting inspir-
ing herself from Truth, cameo in agate.

Chavignerie and Auvray give a list of this artist's exhibits at the
annual Salons, between 1867 and 1882 : S. 1867, Duke of Morny,
cameo; — S. 1868, Venus disarming Cupid, cameo in oriental
onyx ; — S. 1869, Invocation to Pan; — Portrait of M"^ M.B*** ; —
Portrait of M. J. C***, after the medallion by Chapu (camei) ; —
S. 1870, The Spring, after Ingres ; — Study of a Head, after the
antique ; — Portrait of M. A. Remisy (camei) ; — S. 1872, Liberty,
cameo in carnelian ; — M""' F***, Portrait-medallion in bronze ; —
S. 1873, Portrait of M. H. Lahaye, carnelian; — S. 1874, Prome-
theus, cameo in sardonyx; — S. 1875, Portrait of the Emperor
Francis Joseph, cameo ; — S' George, cameo in sardonyx ; —
S. 1876, Greek Head, onyx cameo; — Venus playing with Cupid,
onyx; — Amour transi, carnelian; — S. 1877, Portrait of M. J.
Remisy, carnelian; — Eve, onyx cameo; — S. 1880, Venus
emerging from the waves; — 1881, Butineuse, onyx cameo; —
S. 1882, Andromeda, onyx; — Portrait ofM. H. Chapu, carnelian;

— Portrait of D' Henri Claisse, carnelian, &c.

In connection with the works of this artist, M. Babelon remarks
in La Revtie de VArt ancien et modenu, 1900, p. 226 : '' A c6t6 de
VApotheose de Napoleon par Adolphe David, sont exposdes, au

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. 10

— 146 —

Luxembourg, quelques-unes des oeuvres d'un grand artiste, enleve
prematurement, il y a peu d'annees, et dont je voudrais voir hono-
rer la memoire comme celle du precurseur de la renaissance de la
glyptique moderne, Henri Francois. Le dessin et la composition de
ses cam^es, Andromeda et Sapho sur k rocher de Leucade, graves sur
de belles sardonyx a trois couches, sont de la plus grande purete,
les figures d'une grace exquise, I'execution achevee; les memesqua-
lit^s se retrouvent dans Le Genie de peintiire s'inspirant de la verite.
Ces oeuvres, devant lesquelles les amateurs ne s'arretent pas assez,
doivent etre comptees parmi les meilleures productions de la glyp-
tique de ce siecle. Le souffle de I'inspiration anime vraiment I'artiste
et I'afFranchit; il a su tirer un habile parti des couches multicolores
de gemmes bien choisies; il donne en un mot le signal precurseur
d'une renovation originale, comparable a celle dont I'art de la
medaille etait Tobjet a la meme epoque ; moins modeste, Henri
Frangois eut atteint a la celebrite de novateur et de chef d'ecole".

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, o/>. cit. — E. Babelon, op. cil. —
L. Benddite, op. cit.

FRANCES, ROBERT (Hung.) Sculptor and Medallist, residing at
Zagrel (Croatia-Slavonia). At the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900,
he exhibited several works of sculpture and a frame of medals and
medallions. In the Studio, Vol. XXII, p. 221, is an illustration of
one of his latest medals.

FRANKE (Gem.). Die-sinker of the first half of the nineteenth
century. We find him at Dusseldorf after 1818, and in 1849 he
removed to Berlin. There is a well-known medal by him on the
Recovery of Archbishop Count Spiegel, 1833; ^^ ^^ signed :
FRANGKE F.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Reimmaim Sale Catalogue.

FRANSSEN, ADRIEN (Belg.) Mint-master at Luxemburg, 10*'' Feb-
ruary, 1616, to 22"*^ December, 1617. Under him the following
coins appear to have been struck : i, | and | Patagons, of 48, 24
and 12 Sous resp., Escalins or 6 Sous, 3 Sous, Sous, Half-Sous,
and JR. Liards.

Bibliography. — R. Serrure, Numismatique luxembourgeoise, Annuaire nurais-
matique, 1893.

FRANTZ, ALOIS (Bohem). Mint-master at Prague, from 1848 to
1857. The Mint of Prague (Mint-mark C.) was definitely closed in
1857. Rossner engraved the coins under him.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Beschreibung der Sammlung hbhmischer Miln:(en und
Medaillen, Prag, 1888. — Eduard Fiala, Die Beainteii der Piager Miln-^stdtte,
Numismatische Zeitschrift, 1898.

— 147 —

FRAY, JOSEPH (Brit.). Manufacturing Jeweller and Medallist,
residing at Birininghani. He has engraved a number of masonic
medals and badges, and also produced some commemorative pieces
of the Jubilee, 1887, and Diamond Jubilee, 1891, of H. M. Queen
Victoria.

FREEMAN, SIR RALPH (Brit.). Mint-master at the Royal Mint,
London, under Charles I, anni 11-16 of his reign, and again under
Charles II. Kenyon (Gold Coins of England, p. 169) mentions the
following fact : " Charles II. upon his restoration made no alteration
in the coins, except by restoring the type used by his father, with
a laureated bust substituted for a crowned one. The indenture for
this coinage was made with Sir Ralph Freeman, on the 20''' ot
July, 1660, and Unites, Double Crowns, and Britain Crowns were
made by virtue ol it, the dies being engraved by Simon. "

Bibliography. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, &c. — Kenyon, op. cit.

FREESE, T. W. (Brit.). Contemporary Ivory-carver, who has
executed some fine Portrait-medallions of modern celebrities.

FREI, HANS (Swiss). Contemporary Medallist, and Sculptor.

Born at Basle on the 30''' of April, 1868, he was destined in his
first youth to the calling of a copper-plate engraver, and, with that
object in view, was apprenticed to a professional of his native
town. While still working under him, he applied himself to design

and studied modelling, in which he met with uncommon success,
thanks to his natural ability and a display of extraordinary perse-
verance under trying circumstances. He then visited Vienna,
Cologne, and Geneva, where he stayed some years, and finally
went to Paris. There the young engraver pursued his artistic
studies as a pupil of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and later of the
Academie Julian. He also benefited from his training under the
celebrated sculptors, Charpentier and Puech, and the renowned

— 148 —

medallist, O. Roty. In 1895 the artist settled in business on his
own account, and he resided in the French capital until May, 1899.
The secret of H. Frei's success as a medallist lies in his strong
originality and adaptation of mediaeval style to modern technique.
His work will become popular, in the same way as the productions
of the contemporary French masters foster, says M. Roger Marx,
" the ever-growing interest of the masses. " Public taste is becom-
ing gradually educated to the beauty and value of the medal, as
is demonstrated by the increase in number of medallists during the
past few years.

Lili.

In his beautiful cast and chased plaque, entitled "Lili", H. Frei
gives us a truly realistic portrait of a young girl reproduced in all
the suave candour of innocent girlhood.

" Lauretta " is the bust of a handsome young woman, in the full
zenith of her loveliness and grace ; she is conscious of her beauty,
but there is nothing in the expression that would betray affectation ;
the limpid eyes accentuate the intensely life-like character of the
face; the soft contour of the chin, the firm but graceful mouth,
the thin, delicate nose, and the hair roughly tied in a knot behind,
form so many traits of a picture altogether charming because so

— 149 —

natural. The portraits of " Friiulein Hoflinger" and " Frau Louise
Bachofen " are of equal merit.

In the " Holbein" medal we have a beautiful full-face portrait
of the great painter, whilst the reverse bears a shield against which
are leaning on either side two German lansquenets in their quaint
fifteenth century uniform.

Of greater interest still is the exquisite portrait-plaque of " Eras-
mus of Rotterdam ". The contemplation*'of this excellent medallic

Lauretta.

picture produces a profound and mysterious impression on the
mind. The great savant is there seen seated in profile, clad in a
friar's cloak, and covered with the picturesque mediaeval biretta;
he holds a pen in his right hand, and the other rests on an open
volume ; he seems deeply engaged in the subject upon which he is
writing; the eyes are almost closed; the noble lines of the face are
uncommonly austere without being hard ; the expression is that of
the deep thinker, the keen observer, who has studied man tho-

— 150 —

roughly, and can with rare insight sound the mysteries of the heart
or analyse the themes of philosophy.

If, from thTs masterpiece of glyptic achievement, we turn to the
charming medallion representing " Helvetia ", we shall get an idea
of Herr Frei's supple talent, which enables him to depict with such
success the varied aspects of human expression. Nothing could be

Erasmus.

more tasteful than this fresh, energetic, and graceful bust of Liberty,
symboHsing a vigorous, valiant, and industrious nation, proud ot
her past, hopeful of the future, and trusting in God for the contin-

uance of her glorious traditions.

The following is a complete list of Herr Frei's medallic pro-
ductions :

I. STRUCK MEDALS

1894, Marriage Medal, executed for the Society of Germans at
Basle, 50 mill.; — 1896, 150''' Anniversary of the birth of Pesta-
lozzi, and Inauguration of his monument at Yverdon, 57 mill. ; —
Marriage Medal, struck for M. Massonnet, publisher in Paris,

— 151 —

32 mill.; — 1897, Inauguration of the Bubenberg Monument at
Berne, 57 mill. ; — 300''' Anniversary of Holbein, 45 mill, (official
medal); — 1898, Inauguration of the Swiss National Museum at
Zurich, 57 mill, (official medal of the Swiss Confederation); —

Helvetia.

Centenary of the Massacres at Stanz, Nidwald, under the French
invasion, 1798, 38 mill, (official medal); — Helvetia, uniface, and
varieties, 24 and 18 mill. ; — 1899, Zwyssig, composer, 45 mill,
(official medal); — Cabral, 400''' Anniversary of Brazil, 57 mill.;
1900, Opening of the Elbe Canal; — Cantonal Rifle competition

The Swiss Village at the Paris Universal Exhibition.

at Basle ; — The Swiss Village at the Paris Universal Exhibition
(illustrated); — Lausanne Rifle Competition Medal; — 1901,
Federal Rifle Competition at Lucerne; — Prize Medal of the Exhi-
bition at Basle.

— 152

II. PLAaUES, CAST AND CHASED

1895, Pestalozzi, after his monument by Lang, 70 by 100 mill.;
— Erasmus of Rotterdam, after the portrait by Hans Holbein in
the Louvre, 70 by 100 mill.; — 1896, Menelik, Emperor of
Abyssinia; — Lauretta, a study from nature, 130 by 210 mill. ; —

Cabral, 400''! Anniversary of the Discovery of Brazil.

Hans Frei, the medallist himself, 35 by 46 mill. ; — 1897, Fer-
nandi, a study from nature; — Portrait of Fraulein Helena
Vischer (belongs to the family) ; — Portrait of H. J. Herzog,
painter; — Portrait of Frau Louise Bachofen (belongs to the
family); — 1898, Portrait of Dr. Jakob Burckhardt, Protessor at

— 153 —

the University of Basle, 90 by 140 mill. ; — 1899, Portrait of Dr.
Auguste Socin, Professor at the University of Basle, 90 by 130
mill. ; — Lili, Portrait of a child ; — A young girl picking off the
petals of a daisy; — Portrait of Dr. H. Angst, Director of the Swiss
National Museum; — 1901, Fourth Centenary of Basle.

III. MEDALLIONS, CAST AND CHASED

1894, H. J. Imhoof, President of the Fine Art Society of Basle,
43 mill. ; — The Basilisk of Basle and View of the City; — 1895,
Helvetia, 100 mill.; — Erasmus of Rotterdam, 60 mill.; —
1897, Frriulein Marie Hoflinger; — Hans Holbein, 100 mill.; —

The Holbein medal.

1899, ^- Hans Wenk, 300 mill.; — Study of a Head, smiling,
150 mill.; — Betrothal Souvenir, Portraits of the Artist and his
fiancee; — Dr. H. Angst, Director of the Swiss National Museum ;

— 1900, P. A. Zwyssig, composer of the Swiss National Anthem;

— 1 90 1, Ernest Stiickelberg, Painter (on his seventieth Birthday).

IV. DECORATIVE OBJECTS

1 894- 1 896, Armorial bearings, cast and chased (executed for
various families of Basle); — 1898, Gold watch o( repousse work
(Prix d'honneur of the Federal Rifle Competition at Neuchatel) ;
— Gold presentation watch, oi similar work (official gift to
M. Godet, of Neuchatel); — 1896, Bust of H. Frei, senr., in

— 154 —

marble; — 1899, Gold presentation ring with portrait engraved on
platinum.

Herr Hans Frei is happily gifted; his productions are a combina-
tion of the Renaissance style, inspired from the antique, with the
easy grace of the eighteenth century. As a portraitist he is truthful,
bold in his definition of the male physiognomy, eminently elegant
in the picturing of female beauty; in a word, his subjects are
wonderfully lifelike, yet none the less picturesque.

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied hy Herr Hans Frei. — D"" H. J.
de Dompierre de Chaufepi^, Les Medailles et Plaquettes modernes, Haarlem, 1899.
— L. Forrer, A Swiss Medallist : Herr Hans Frei, Magazine of Art, November,
1 901. (^Blocks kindly lent by M. H. Spielmann Esq., Editor of the Ma^a^ine of Art.)

FREIDINGER, HANS (Germ.). Mint-master of Luckau, Niederlau-
sitz (Saxony), 1621-22, He issued Heller and Groschlein of 1622.

Bibliography. — E. Bahrfeldt, Das Mum^wesen der Stadt Luckau in der Nieder-
lausiti, Wiener Numismatische Zeitschrift, 1884. — Julius und Albert Erbstein,
Erorternugen aufdem Gebiete der sdchsischen Miini-undMedaillen-Geschichte, Dresden,
1888.

FREITAG, JOHANN JEREMIAS {Germ.). Mint-master at Frankfort-
on-Main, 1690-17 19. The coins struck by him generally bear his
initials I.I.F. or I.F.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FREISTEIN, JOHANN {Germ.). Mint-master at Joachimsthal for
the Counts of Schlick, 1649-1650. His distinctive sign on the
currency is the forepart of a griffin.

Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit.

FRELLACHER {Germ.). Mint-master at Gratz, 163 1.

Bibliography. — Th. Unger, Kleine Beitrage \ur Miin^kunde des Kronlandes
Steiermark, Mittheilungen des Clubs der Miinz-und Medaillenfreunde in Wien,
1890.

FREMANTLE, THE HON. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM K. C. B. {Brit.),
• born at Swanbourne, Bucks, on Aug. 12, 1834; third son of the
late i^* Lord Cottesloe.

**In 1868 he was appointed Deputy-Master and Comptroller of
the Royal Mint; and in 1870 was constituted principal executive
officer of that department, the Mastership of the Mint having by
the Coinage Act of that year been vested in the Chancellor of the
Exchequer for the time being. He retired from that appointment
in 1894. He was appointed, in 1876, a member of the Playfair
Commission, to inquire into the constitution and management of
Public Departments, and in 1886 a member of the Royal Com-
mission on Gold and Silver, which reported on the question of
bimetallism. Since the date of Sir Charles Fremantle's appointment

— 155 —

to the Mint, annual reports have been issued by that department,
giving full information, not only as to the coinage of the United
Kingdom, but also as to the coinage and currency nf other nations.
In 1896 Sir Charles was appointed one of the official directors of
the Suez Canal Company. " (Victor G. Parr, Men and Women of the
Time, London, 1899, P- 39 1)-

Sir Charles Fremantle's successor at the Royal Mint in 1894
was Horace Seymour Esq., the present Deputy-Master.

FRfiMIET, EMMANUEL (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris in 1824 ; pupil of Rude; since 1878, Officer of the Legion of
Honour, He has occasionally executed some medals and especially
in recent years. At the Luxembourg Museum, there is a medal by
him. Portrait of a Hunter, cast in bronze. The artist exhibited at
the Salon of 188 1 a medal of the Grand Conde, and in 1882, ano-
ther of Stefan-al-Man, Prince of Moldavia. A S' George Medal,

Medal of Jeanne d'Arc.

inscribed DEO FORTITVDO MEA, was illustrated in the
Studio (Oct. 1898,). In Medailleurs contemporains , by M. Roger
Marx (Plate 22, 4), there is a representation of a medal of
J. -J. Paul-Rattier, seen on horseback, and dated 1894.

His medal representing Joan of Arc {illustrated) is one of his
best known medallic productions.

M. Premier is a worthy representative of the French school ot
medallists, which is now playing so important a part in the
development of modern Art. He belongs to the elite of French
statuaries, and is, since 1892, a member of the Institut.

Bibliography. — Roger Marx, Medailleurs francais, Paris, 1897. — L. BJn6-
dite, op. cit. — R. Marx, Les Medailleurs frangais contemporains. Paris, 1898. —
The Studio, October 1898. — Art 1894. — Chavignerie et Aubray, 0/). cit.

FRENCH DANIEL CHESTER (Amer.). Contemporary Sculptor,
residing at New- York. He is one of the most popular and at
the same time one of the best sculptors now living in the United

- 156 -

States of America. The artist was born in New |Hampshire and
spent his early life at Concord.

The Magaxine of Art (1901, p. 311) has devoted an interesting
article to this brilliant representative of American genius, from
which an idea may be gathered of his achievements.

As a Medallist, we known him only as the author of the medal-
lion offered by the Americans to Admiral Dewey, in 1898.

Medal presented to Admiral Dewey by the American Government, by D. C. French.
(filock kindly lent by M. H. Spielmann Esq., Editor of " The Magazine of Art " ).

'* The versatility of this American Sculptor ", says the writer ot
the article above mentioned, " is his most remarkable character-
istic. His little angel reliefs — wonders of poetry and exquisite
feeling — are in curious contrast to his portrayals of the strenuous
American life he is so fond of depicting. "

One of French's most tamous works is the *' Angel of Death
staying the Hand of the Sculptor ", which was exhibited at the
World's Fair of Chicago, 1893.

FR£my, CLAUDE (Belg.). Medallist of the first half of the
seventeenth century. He was a contemporary of Jacques Zagar,
Jacques Jonghelinck, J. B. Houwaert and others, but none of his
works have been deemed worthy of mention by Pinchart.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Graveurs beiges. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

FR£mT, fDOUARD d£sir£ {French). Contemporary Medallist and
Sculptor, born at Paris in 1827. The following Portrait-medallions
in bronze were exhibited by him at the annual Salons, between
1865 and 1882 : S. 1865, M. Pasquier; — S. 1868, M'"'^ Gastat;
— S. 1869, Irmond Libre Bardin ; — S. 1870, M. Cruet; — S.
1872, D' Dereins; — S. 1874, M"^ Tisy; — S. 1875, M. Robert;

— 157 —

— S. 1876, M""= Ricard; — Clemence Fischer; — S. 1877,
M""' Fremy-Ricard ; — S. 1878, M. Sene ; — M. A. Gaulet; —
Mile c. M***; — M. ¥***; — M"' E. Lacarriere ; — Adolphe
Thiers ; — S. 1879, M. Babinet, Member of the Institut; — S.
1880, M. Gil-Naza, Actor; — S. 1881, Three Portrait-medallions;

— S. 1882, M"^ Louise Pasquier; — M"= Andrea Louis, etc.
Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FRENER, JOHANN BAPTIST {Swiss). Sculptor and Medallist,
1821-1892; who discharged from 1854 to 1892 the duties ot
Chief-engraver to the Mint of the Republic of Guatemala.

Frener was born at Lucerne on the 10''' of December, 1821,
and was the third son of humble parents, who, to bring up their
large family of eight children, were obliged to place two or three
in an orphanage or charitable institution. John Baptist left home in
his tender years, but he nevertheless received a good general edu-
cation. At an early age he evinced a marked taste for drawing, and
his precocious talent did not pass unobserved by his first teachers,
who encouraged such brilliant natural inclination. He was hardly
fourteen years old when he was placed as an apprentice or pupil
with the sculptor. Prof. Frantz Schlatt, under whom he made
such rapid progress that with the help and protection of some
friends he obtained a Government grant to pursue his artistic studies.

Frener's first work of importance, which brought his name into
public notice, dated from 1839. Aged only eighteen, he modelled

- 158 -

the busts of various composers and poets for the facade decoration
of the Lucerne Theatre. Soon afterwards he was entrusted with the
erection of a sepulchral monument to State-Councillor Singer.

About 1840, the young sculptor first turned his thoughts to
medal-engraving, an art which he studied with his usual energy
and determination. To it he henceforth devoted his life and the
resources of his genius. In 1842, he produced an armorial shield
for the ancient Bernese family, von Vischer, and two medals which
were exhibited at the Swiss National Fine Art Exhibition that
took place in the same year.

In 1843, Frener visited Vienna, and in the following year went
to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of the medallist
Antoine Bovy, his countryman, who took a great interest en
him and procured him work. At the end of 1844, the artist entered
the ficole des Beaux-Arts and studied there for about twelve

Federal Rifle Competition Medal of Lucerne, 1863.

months. From Paris he proceeded to Rome, but it is not known
exactly how long he resided in Italy. His stay in the land of art
par excellence was not lost to the fertile mind of Frener, who never
missed an opportunity to increase his knowledge. While at Rome,
he received from the Lucerne town-council the order to engrave a
medal designed by von Schwegler, and intended to commemorate
the '*Freischaarenzug, " 5'^ of December, 1844, and 31" of March,

Frener married in 1846 Adelaide Comucci, of Florence, who
died in 1849. During his sojourn at Florence, he met the famous
composer, Giuseppe Verdi, of whom he executed a portrait-medal-
lion. After the death of his wife, the artist travelled for some time
in Germany and obtained in 1849, at Munich, a first award for
engraving a medal of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria. Between 1850
and 1854, he appears to have lived at Lucerne, and from this period

— 159 —

of his activity date the following medals : The Lion of Lucerne
Monument (several varieties) ; — Federal Rifle Competition at
Lucerne, 1863 (illustrated); — Fifth Centenary of the Admission
of Berne into the Swiss Confederation, 135 3-185 3 ; Portrait-
medalHon of D' Kasimir Pfyffer, etc.

In 1854, Frener accepted an engagement from the Republic of
Guatemala as Engraver to the Mint. A great task was in store for
him there, and this responsible post he held with success and honour.
Not only did he improve the coinage of the Republic, but he reno-
vated the Mint, its machinery and its working, after modern
principles, imported from Europe. His untiring efforts were
recognized on his becoming, in 1879, Master of the Mint of Gua-
temala. He died on the i" of May, 1892, in the full discharge of
his duties.

From a letter, communicated to me by M. Arnold Robert, late
President of the Conseil des £tats, at Berne, I learn tha Frener
possessed a collection of medals which he had the injetntion of
bequeathing to his native town, but as no mention was made of
the bequest in the artist's will, negotiations had to be entered in-
to between his family and the town of Lucerne, with what result
I have as yet been unable to ascertain.

The coins ot Guatemala issued between 1854 and 1893 were
mostly engraved by Frener, whose signature appears also on
several medals and portrait-medallions of the various Presidents ot
the Republic who succeeded each other during his term of office.

The Fonrobert collection contained the following coins engraved
by Frener and all signed by him : Double Peso, Peso and Real of
1859; Peso, I Peso, Peseta, and Real of i860 ; \ Onza, | Peso,
Toston, Peseta and Real of 186 1, Peseta, Real and | Real of 1862 ;
Peso and Toston of 1863 ; AT | Peso, JR, Peso and Peseta of 1864;
Peso, Toston, Peseta and Real of 1865 ; Peseta and Real of 1866 ;
Peso, Toston, Peseta, Real and Cuartino ot 1867, Peso, Peseta and
Real of 1868 ; N | Onza, | Onza, 5 Pesos, Peso and | Real of
1869; Peso and | Peso of 1870 ; Peso of 1872, signed : LBt.
FRENER F and Peseta ; Peso, Toston, Peseta, | Real and Cuartino
of 1873 (various types); N 5 Pesos of 1874, ^"^^ ^^ Liberty,
signed FRENER, etc. A large number of the coins bear the bust of
Rafael Carrera, President of the RepubHc of Guatemala, 185 1-
1865, even after his death. — Some of Frener's currency tor Gua-
temala was used as obsidional money in the San Salvador Republic
under President Gerardo Barrios, 185 8- 1865 ; they are counter-
marked with an R (Revisadd) .

Frener revisited Europe in 1876, and obtained in 1878 a gold
award medal at the Paris Universal Exhibition.

The National Museum of Guatemala is adorned with 24 statues
executed by this artist.

— i6o —

Frener's early career was not without trouble, but he was
supported through all his woes by a singularly happy and buoyant
nature. He triumphed over many disappointments, and once his
lucky star in the ascendant, he enjoyed an ample reward for long
years of perseverant labour and unflinching energy.

He cannot, of course, be called a great artist; but he was more
than a successful artisan. He has cleverly used the graving tool, and
his portrait heads are remarkable for their individuality and deli-
cate execution. Had the field of his activity been less restricted, he
might have produced more and better work. The coinage of Gua-
temala did not offer the artist a wide scope to display his talent;
his pieces are not free from the over-minuteness and dryness of
finish which so often blemish the engraver's work ; nevertheless,
Frener must rank amongst the first medallists America has as yet
possessed.

Bibliography. — F. Haas, Johann Baptist Frener, Revue siiisse de numismatiqiie,
1892. — Do, Nachtrag \uden bibliographischen Noti-^en fiber J. B. Frener von Lu:ern,
loc. cit., 1895. — Arnold Robert, Notices biographiques sur lesgraveiirs des midailles
officielles f rappees d, Voccasion des tirs fe'de'raux, he. cit., 1891. — Ad. Weyl, Die
Jules Fonrobertsche Sammlnng uherseeischer Miin:(en und Medaillen, Berlin. — JVun-
derly-von-Muralt Miin^-und Medaillen-Sammlung , vols I-V. — R. S. Poole, Swiss
Coins in the South Kensington Museum, London, 1878. — L. Forrer, /. B. Frener,
American Num. and Archeol. Journal, 1900.

FRENTZEL, JOHANN {Germ.'). Saxon Artist of the second half ot
the seventeenth century. Several medals of the reign of John
George II. of Saxony bear his initials MIF {Magister Johannes Frent-
T^el) as the designer ; they were engraved by Johann Buchheim of
Breslau.

Bibliography. — Julius u. Albert Erbstein, op. cit.

FRENTZEL, SALOMON {Germ.). Warden of the Imperial Mint at
Oppeln, Silesia, 1625.

FR£RE, jean JULES {French). Sculptor of the second half of the
nineteenth century ; born at Cambrai (Nord) ; pupil of Cavelier
and Cordier. He has executed a number of Portrait-medallions, as
for example : M. G. Locquet, architect; — M. C. du Bacq ; —
General d'Aigremont, &c.

FR£rET, JEAN {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Montpellier,
before 1608.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Graveurs particuliers des monnaies de France, Ann.
num., 1867.

FRESCHIRAT, ANTHOINE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Villefranche-en-Rouergue, after 1522. That Mint was closed in
1548.

— i6i —

FRESNAYE, Mii° MARIE ALPHONSINE {French). Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Marenla (Pas-dc-Calais) ; pupil of Maindron. At
the Salon of 1874, she exhibited a Portrait- medallion of M"= A. F***,
and ill 1875, one entitled, Brothers and Sisters. These are in
clay.

FRESNE, PIERRE DU (Belg.) Goldsmith and Engraver of the second
half of the seventeenth century; a contemporary ofWarin, Herard
and Flemalle. He resided at Liege, where he is said to have executed
some medals, none of which have however been traced by
M. A. Pinchart.

Bibliography. — A. Finchim, Graveurs beiges, etc.

FREUDE, MATHIAS (Girm.). Mint-master at Rostock, 1630, later
at Hamburg, 163 7-1 668. His initials M. F. appear on the currency
issued by him.

FREUDE, MATHIAS (Germ.). Son of the preceding, and his suc-
cessor as Mint-master at Hamburg, 1668-1673.

FREUND, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Altona,
1819-1856. He often signed his coins F. F. or IFF.
Bibliography. — Jorgenscn, op. cit.

FREUNDT. MATHIAS (Germ.). Mint-master at Hamburg, 1635-
1637.

FREYBERGER, WOLF (Germ.). Mint-master at Breslau under the
Emperor Rudolf II., 1 572-1 578. He may have filled the post some
years before and after the above mentioned dates. But he more prob-
ably settled after 1578 in Poland.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schksieiis neuere Mun:(geschichte, Breslau. 1899.

FREYSEYSEN, JOHANN GEORG (Auslr.). Mint-master at Krem-
nitz, circa 171 5.

FREYSTEIN, NIKLAS (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at Gratz,
1614.

FREYTAG, JOHANN JEREMIAS (Germ.). Mint-master atFrankfurt-

on-Main, 1690-1725. He died in 1736. His initials ilF appears on

the currency of his period.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph u. Eduard Fellner, Die Mun{en von Frankfurt
am Main, 1896.

FRIBIL, ADGUSTIN (Gtrm.). Modeller of Breslau, 1592, f 1606.

FRIEDE, JOACHIM (Germ.) Mint-master at Schauenstein, circa
1 62 1, for the Margraves of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

L. Forrer. — Biographical Noiicts of Mtdallists. — II. ii

— l62 —

FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (Germ.) Medallist of the end of the sixteenth
century. He signed medals of Winse, Stimmel, Griineberg, &c.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

FRIEDERICHSEN, HEINRICH DANIEL (Germ.). Mint-master at
Liibeck, 1793-1801. He signed his currency H. D. F. These ini-
tials appear on Ducats of 1797 and 1801, with title of Emperor
Francis II.

FRIEDRICH VON AICHELBURG (Austr.). Interim Mint-master at
Joachimsthal, in 1535.
Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit.

FRIESE, HEINRICH CHRISTOPH RUDOLPH (Germ.). Mint-master at
Gcslar, 1734-1764, and in between at Harzgerodeand Zerbst, 1744-
1747, and Berlin, 1752. On the coins his initials H. C. R. F, gener-
ally appear.

FRIESE, JOHANN HEINRICH (Germ.). Saxon Mint-master, circa
1669. He seems to have been also in the service of the Archbishops
of Magdeburg. His currency is signed H. H. F.

FRINGS (Germ,.). Warden ot the Augsburg Mint, circa 1758-
1769.

FRISCH (Germ.). Die-sinker and Medallist of Darmstadt, 1807-
1817. His name is mentioned by Schlickeysen, but I have not
seen any of his works, which are probably of a purely local char-
acter and do not offer much interest to lovers of Art.

FRISON, BARTHfiLEMY (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Tournay (Belgium), and naturalized a Frenchman in 1848; pupil
of Ramey and Dumont. At the Salon of 1863 he exhibited a Por-
trait-medallion in bronze of his father, which is only one amongst
many similar that the artist executed during his long career.

FRITSCH, MARTIN (Austr.) He is responsible for an issue of coins
at Olmiitz in 1627, for the Duke of Friedland. Schlickeysen men-
tions him as Mint-master at Olmiitz in 163 1, and gives his initials
M. F. as being found on Kreuzers of th£ Emperor Ferdinand 11.

FRITSCH, DAMIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Coblentz, 1746-
1752, Altenkirchen and Mayence, 1755-1795.

FRITSCH, QUIRIN (Germ.). Mint-master at Neuwied, 1752-1755,
and Altenkirchen in 1795, according to Schlickeysen. He engraved
a medal in 1752 on the concord between Frederick Alexander and
Francis Charles Louis, Counts of Wied.

- i63 -

FRITZ (Germ.y Die-sinker at Brunswick, circa 1830-185 9. By
this engraver are the following medals : Erection of the Waterloo
Column, 1837; — Adolph Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, 1831;
— Military Reward of King Ernest Augustus of Hanover, 1837 ; —
George, Crownprince of Hanover, 1843 ; — William, Duke of
Brunswick, 1838; — Double Thaler of 1856, on the 25*'' Anni-
versary of William's reign; — Thaler of 1859, &c- Apparently
this artist was attached to the Brunswick Mint as Coin-and Medal-
engraver. There is also a masonic medal by Fritz, obv. S* John the
Baptist in the Wilderness {Marvin y n° CCCLXXI).

FROBOSE, CONRAD {Germ.'). Coin-engraver at the Minis of Git-
schin and Sagan, 1632, under Albrecht von Wallenstein, Duke of
Friedland.

Bibliography. — A. Meyer, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Her^og von Friedland und
seine MUn^en, yjien, 1886.

FROHLICH, HANNS (^?ii/.). Styrian Mint-master trom 1620-1628.

FROHLICH, ZACHARIAS (Atistr.). Mint-master at Nagy-Banya, in
Transsylvania, after 17 13.

FROIDEVAUX (French). Mint-master at Bordeaux, from an XIII to
1809, under Napoleon I. His distinctive mark was a fish. In an
XIII, he appears as Mint-master at Geneva, with the same sym-
bol.

FROMANGER, ALEXIS HIPPOLYTE (French). Sculptor of the second

half of the nineteenth century. By him are several Portrait-medal-
lions exhibited at the Salons between 185 1 and 1870.
Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FROMENT-MEURICE, CHARLES FRANCOIS MARIE JACQUES (French).
A contemporary manufacturing Jeweller ot Paris ; pupil of Chapu
and Patey, who has within the last fifty years produced a large
number of gems, camei in Renaissance or modern styles, intagli
after the antique, and every variety of artistic jewels. His master-
piece was the magnificent bust of Napoleon m., cut in aquamarine,
and which disappeared in the fire of the old Paris H6tel-de-Ville,
1 87 1. At the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900, he exhibited a
medal.

Bibliography. — E. Babelon, Pierres grave'es, Paris, 1894.

FROMHOLD, GOTTFRIED (Germ.). Warden of the Mint ofCrossen,
1668-1674; Mint-master at QuedUnburg, 1675-1679.

FROMMEL, WOLFGANG (Germ.). Mint-master at Gehren, 1620,
and Neustadt a. d. H., 1622-1623.

— 164 —

FROMONT, PIERRE (Belg.). Mint-master at Amiens, under Philip
thd Good of Burgundy, 24. September, 1 417, to 15. February,
1438.

FROSCHL, BENEDIKT (Germ.). Gem-engraver of Augsburg, circa
1557, who worked for the Munich Mint.

FROSINO, NICCOLO DI (Ital.). According to Blanchet (Nouveau
Mamiel de Numistnatiqm du moyen age etmoderne, II, p. 371), Medal-
list of Pisa, circa 1560.

FROULLfi, AUGUSTE ADOLPHE (French). Sculptor and Gem-engrav-
er, born at Paris, on the 15''' July, 1821 ; pupil of M. Naigeon.
The following exhibits are recorded by Chavignerie et Auvray : S.
1848, Diogenes, shell cameo; — S. 1852, Mars and Venus; — S.
1 86 1, The Death of Hyrnetho, wife of Deiphontes, King of Epi-
daurus, engraved cameo; — S. 1862, Apollo and Thetis, engraved
cameo; — S. 1864, The Prosperity of the Empire, shell cameo; —
S. 1866, Alcides conquering Jealousy, cameo; — S. 1869, The
Olympian Jupiter; — Cleopatra; — S. 1870, Bacchante, bronze
medal; — S. 1872, The Holy Family, cameo; — S. 1874, The
Descent from the Cross, cameo; — S. 1875, Adonis starts for the
Hunt, cameo ; — S. 1876, Triumph of Bacchus, shell cameo ; — S.
.1877, The judgment of Paris, shell cameo; — S. 1878, Ronald,
prisoner of Armides, shell cameo, &c. This artist exhibited under
the name of Varnier.

- FRUMERIE, C. M. (Swed). Die-sinker and Medallist of Stockholm,
circa 1801-1843. He worked for the Swedish Court. His signature
appears on a medallion of King Charles XIV. John, 1843, and on
medals of A. F. Wedenberg, 1820; — Peter Frigel, musician, 1841 ;
^ — The Swedish Royal Family, 1829; — Charles XIIL, Protector
and for 45 years Grand Master of the Masonic Fraternity ot Sweden,
1818; — Coming of age of Crownprince Oscar of Sweden, 1817.
This engraver was employed at the Stockholm Mint and was a con-
temporary of C. Enhorning. He has executed a large number ot
medallic works commemorating various events of Swedish history
or giving portraits of members of the Royal family and celebrated
persons ot the first three or four decades of the nineteenth cen-
tury.

Hildebrand describes the following medals by this artist : Gustavus
Adolphus IV. (2 types, undated); — Coronation of Charles XIII.,
1809; — Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, 1810; — Luther
Festivities, 1818; — Death of Charles XIIL; — Various Prize
Medals; — Vaccine, 1813; — Crownprince Charles John, 1809;

— Charles XIV. John, 1819; — Birth of Prince Oscar, 1829; —

- i65 -

Charles XIV. 's 25 years Jubilee, 1843 (2 types); — Crownprince
Oscar, 1 8 19; — Centenary of the Academy of Fine Arts, 1835 ; —
Association of Swedish Hunters; — Prize Medals with bust of
Oscar I. (numerous types); — Crownprincess Josephina ; &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op, cit. — Sclilickeysen-Pallman, op. cit. —
Marvin, op. cit. — TlMmsen's Catalogue. — Hildebrand, Sveriges och Svenska Konutig-
ahusels Minnespenttingar, Stockholm, 1875.

F. S. F/Vc FRIEDRICH STIERBNITZ. Mint-master at Sorau, 1622.

F. S. Fide FRIEDRICH SCHRATTAUER. Mint-master at Coblentz,
1693-5.

F. S. Vide FRANCESCO SEVO. Piedmontese Engraver of the eigh-
teenth century.

F. S. interlinked. Vide LEOPOLD FERDINAND SCHARFF. Mint-
master at Prague, 1714-1744.

F. S. Vide FRIEDRICH SIEGMUND SCHAFER, 1725-1776. Die-sinker
at Weilburg, 1749-1754; Mint-master at Eisenach, 1755.

F. S. Vide FRIEDRICH SYLM. Mint-master at Warsaw, 1765-
1767.

F. S. Vide FRIEDRICH SCHULZE. Mint-inspector at Rostock, 1783.

F. S. Vide FRIEDRICH STIELER. German Medallist of the end ot
the nineteenth century.

F. ST. Vide FRANTZ STUCKHART. Medallist, who was working at
Prague in 1796, and Vienna, from 1801 to 18 16.

F. S. Vide F. STAUDIGEL. Berlin Medallist, aV^a i860.
BiBLioGPAPHY. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann,o/». cit.

T. S. (Ital.). Signature of a Medallist who was working circa
1588, and which occurs on a medal of Sperone Speroni, a Paduan
writer. M. G. Milanesi considers this signature to be that of a
Paduan sculptor in marble and bronze, Francesco Segala, whose
name occurs on documents of 1565. The Uffizi Gallery at Florence
possesses a copy of the Speroni medal.

Bibliography. — Armand, op. cit. — J. B. Supine, op. cit.

F. T. Vide FRANCESCO TAGLIA PIETRA. Rector at Cattaro, 1525-6.

F. T. Vide FRANCESCO TREVISANO. Mint-inspector at Venice,
1756.

F. T. Vide FRINGS (Warden) and THIEBADD (Mint-master) at

Augsburg, 1758.

— i66 —

F. U. F'ide FRIEDRICH ULRICH. Warden, then Mint-master, at Cas-
sel, eighteenth century.

F. V. Vide FRANCESCO VENERI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1539.

F. C. V. Vide FRANZ CARL UHLE. Mint-master at Jagerndorf,
1610.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

FDCHS, EMIL (Brit.'). Contemporary Painter, Sculptor and Medal-
list of Austrian descent, residing in London. He exhibited several
Portrait-medals of H. R. H. the Prince ot Wales and various mem-
bers of the Rothschild family at the " Ausstellung Moderner
Medaillen " at Frankfort-on-Main (April 1900). Since, he has execut-
ed Portrait Medals of H. M. the Queen ; — Field Marshal Earl Roberts ;

General Sir George White.

— General Sir George White, the Defender of Ladysmith ; — Gene-
ral Baden-Powell, of Mafeking fame; — a Peace Medal, of very
creditable work; — Medal of H. M. King Edward VII., as Patron
of the Society of Arts ; — Coronation-medal of King Edward VII.,
1902, &c.

At the Royal Academy Exhibition of 190 1, this artist had a case
of medals comprizing portraits of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria,
H. M. King Edward VII., Lord Roberts, General Sir George White,
General Baden-Powell, and the Peace Medal, of which two varieties
exist.

He designed the new Postage Stamps of King Edward VII. which
have not found much favour with the public as the style is
foreign.

Mr. Emil Fuchs was born in 1866, and studied sculpture at the
Royal Academy of Berlin (Prix de Rome, 1891). In 1896 he
gained the gold medal at Munich for a group in marble entitled
*' Mother's Love". During the past year, 1901, the King bestowed
upon him the Victorian Order (Hon. Fourth Class). Mr. Fuchs,
before coming to England, was domiciled in Rome, and, having

— 167 —

received a commission for a bust in marble from an English lady
for which she was unable to give in Italy the requisite number of
sittings, came at her suggestion to England — in the year of the
Diamond Jubilee — to finish it in this country. Since which he has
settled in London.

FUCHS, HEINRICH (Austr.). Medallist of the first half of the
eighteenth century; contemporary with Donner, Kittel,and Schega;
he was working in Austria between 171 6 and 1720. His signature
H. Fuchs appears on a medal, dated 17 19, of Count von Dohna,
struck in honour of the Emperor Charles VI. This engraver was appar-
ently employed at the Mint of Vienna and worked for Bohemia.
He is the author of a number ot medals of Charles VI., two of
which are described in H. Weifert's paper " Meine Sammlung
von Medaillen auf die Eroberungen Belgrads in den Jahren 1688,
1717 und 1789 und den Frieden von Passarowitz" in Mittheilungen
des Clubs der Milni-und Medaillenfretinde in fVien. One is given by
Domanig, Peace of Passarowitz, 1718.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Schlickeysen-Pallman,o/'. cit.

FUCHS, NIKOLAI BERNHARD (Dan.). Mint-master at Konigsberg,
1729-35 ; signed his issues NBF ; was relieved of his functions on
account of insubordination.

Bibliography. — Jorgensen, Beskrivehe over Datiske Monter, 1448-1888.

FUETER, CHRISTIAN (Swiss) 1 7 5 2- 1 844 . Medallist, and Mint-master
at Berne, 1792- 1837, and Engraver of the Coins.

He was born on the 2"^^ ot June, 1752, in London, the young-
est son of Daniel Fueter, a Goldsmith, who had taken refuge in
England for political reasons.

His family went to New York, 1754, and afterwards resided at
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where young Fueter received his first
training in drawing. They returned to Switzerland in 1769 and
settled on the borders of the Lake of Neuchatel, whilst Christian
went to his city of origin, Berne.

He studied the art of engraving on steel and precious stones
under the celebrated artist Morikofer, and then went to Paris,
where he made the acquaintance of, and worked for Graff, Schultze,
the renowned painter Greuze, and others.

With his father, young Christian had acquired some skill as a
gold-and silversmith, and he was very clever as an Engraver of
seals and medals.

These many qualifications made him worthy of recommendation
to the post of Master of the Mint at Berne.

The Bernese government, amongst whom Fueter possessed as
patrons and friends such men as Jenner von Brunnadern and the

— i68 —

old magistrate von Steiger, now took the artist under its protection,
and sent him, at its own expense, to visit the mints of Strassburg,
Frankfort, Augsburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Dresden, and London,
to get the last finishing touch to his technical perfection.

In 179 1, Fueter returned to Berne and was duly installed as
Mint-master there. The Mint-building, which had been destroyed
by fire in 1787, was reconstructed, but not furnished until 1793.

Some few years before he had married Katharina Canting, by
whom he had eight children, four of whom died young. " Acht
Kinder hat mir Gott geschenkt. Ich habe mit Ihm geteilt; viere
gab ich zuriick ; viere liess er mir. Ich klage nicht ! "

In his profession, Fueter displayed uncommon skill. Mint-
reforms gave him much to do. One of his earliest medals was
engraved in 1786; it commemorates the inauguration of an Orphan-
age: obv. Arms with supporters between Abundance and Charity;

^L. Inscription. He executed several medals for private orders.
Well-known are his medals commemorating the Battle of Laupen,
and that known as the "Insel-Medaille".

To our Medallist belongs the honour of having been the means
to introduce the French system of currency, which was adopted
at the end of the eighteenth century by Berne and the states
known as Concordat-cantone.

On the fall of the Repubhc of Berne in 1798, Fueter was able
to hide part of the treasury of the Mint from the plundering
French.

The government of the Helvetic Republic reinstated the Mint-
master in his post. At that time the currency for the whole ot

— 169 —

Switzerland was struck at Berne, Basle, and Soleure, and from the
dies engraved by Fueter.

As a medallist, Fueter set Hedlinger before himself as a pattern.
One of his well-known medals, is executed in Hedlinger's style of
General Paoli. Landolt ascribes to him the Thaler of the Helvetic
Republic, struck at Berne, 1799, and by him are also the following
coins of Appenzell : Thaler of 18 12 {illustrated); — Half-Thaler
of 1812; — Halt Schweizer Franken of 1809, &c. ; also : 10 Batzen,
Batzen, and Angster of Lucerne, 181 1, and Thaler of 1813, &c.
The artist distinguished himself also as a Gem-engraver; one of
his best cameos is a portrait of Voltaire,

In 181 1, Fueter is called Miinzmeister in Bern in a document
of Lucerne relating to the cutting of dies for an issue of ro Batzen
pieces, Batzen, and Angster, and in 18 13 for 4 Frank Thalers.

Up to a few years before his death, Fueter remained in office at

Thaler of Appenzell, engraved by Christian Fueter.

the Mint, and during his long career produced a large number of
dies, mostly for coins. As the currency is not signed, it is difficult
to give an exact list of his works, but one can safely attribute to
him the larger proportion of the coins issued at Berne during his
term of office, not only for the canton of Berne, but for other
cantons of the coinage-confederacy.

Christian Fueter was a man of sterling qualities, true, wise,
active, full of lofty aspirations, who took life earnestly and was
never satisfied until he had gained complete mastery over his diffi-
culties.

He died from old age on the 19'*" of January, 1844.

There is a Portrait-medal of him by Griiner.

Bibliography. — Lina von Greyerz, Christian Fueter, Sammlung Bernischer
Biographien, Bern, 1900. — Stammbaum d. Fueter, NekroJog im Intelligen^hlatt
vom 24. Jan. 1844. — Bericht von Dubi im Bernertaschenhuch 18^6. — Bulletin de

— 170 —

la Socie'te Suisse de numisniatique, 1892, p. 263. — W. Tobler-Meyer, Die Muni-und
Medaillen Sammlung des Herrn Hans Wunderly-V . Miiralt in Zurich, 1896-8. —
R. S. Poole, SvAss Coins in the South Kensington Museum.

FUGER, L. (Austr.). The name of this Artist appears as that oi
the designer of a medal, engraved by Detler, on the marriage of
Francis I. of Austria with CaroUne of Bavaria, 18 16. His initials
L. F. appear on some other medallic works.

Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit.

FULCONIS, VICTOR LOUIS PIERRE (French). Sculptor, born at
Algiers ; pupil of Jouffroy and Bonassieux. By him are some Portrait-
medallions, that of Gambetta, executed in 1870, being among the
best known.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

FDLDA, DIETRICH HEINRICH (Germ.). Warden, 1774, then
Mint-master at Cassel, 1783-1831. His initials D. F. appear on the
coins.

FULLERTON, COLONEL (Brit.). 1754-1808. Fellow of the Royal
Societies of London and Edinburgh. A number of pattern tokens
for Ayrshire (Scotland), and engraved by J. Milton, were issued in
silver and copper by Colonel Fullerton (or FuUarton) who was
afterwards Governor of the Island of Trinidad. These are described
as Halfcrowns, Shillings, Sixpences, Halfpennies and Farthings,
and bear on obv. the Bust of George, Prince of Wales, as
Seneschal of Scotland, and on 1^. the Arms of England. Col.
Fullerton had obtained the sanction of the Prince of Wales, "intend-
ing to circulate them in Scotland, but from the presumed illegal-
ity of using the Royal Arms the design was never carried into
effect, a few proofs only being struck in copper of the larger sized
pieces, similar to a halfpenny, and a few silver proofs of the
shilling size ; of the other a few only in soft metal were taken off
at the time. Afterwards M"" Matthew Young, in whose hands the
dies remained, had sdhie struck in silver of all the varieties. They
are of beautiful workmanship, and are still very rare " (Boyne
Silver Tokens, p. 25). Spink's Catalogue of the Montagu Collection
describes 3 varieties of Halfcrowns, 2 of Shillings, 3 of Sixpences,
and 5 of Halfpennies.

Col. Fullerton also issued a token with helmeted head of
Wallace, of which w^re issued 4 specimens in silver, 72 proofs in
copper, and 500 ordinary impressions; and another with profile of
Adam Smith on obv., a few proofs only having been struck.

Bibliography. — Boyne, Silver Tokens, London, 1866. — Sharp, Catalogue of
Sir George Chetwynd's collection, London, 1834. — Spink and Son, Catalogue of
Mr. Montagu's Collection, etc.

— lyi —
FUNK, I. (Germ.). Mint-master at Neustrelitz, 1759-1763.

FUNCKE, ANDREAS (Germ.). Mint-master at Schneeberg, after
1499 (?), and before at Zwickau, 1494- 1500, under the Electors
John Frederick, Mauritius, and Augustus. He is also mentioned in
1509 and 1522 as Mint-master " im Buchholz " near S* Annaberg.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallman, op. cit. — Amnion, op. cit. —
Dr Erbstein, Erorterungen, etc.

FUNCKE, CONRAD (Germ.). Mint-master at Schunberg, 1492-
1594, and before at Zwickau, 1493 -1478, and Leipsig.
Bibliography. — D^ Erbstein, op. cit.

FUNCKE, SEBASTIAN (Germ.). Son of Andreas Funcke, and
Mint-master at Schneeberg, Buchholz and Zwickau, 1530, 1556,
and later. He probably died in 1569 or 1570, and was succeeded
by his son Hans Funcke, who filled the post of Mint-master for six
months, the Mint of Schneeberg having been closed in 1570. In
a letter of the Elector Augustus addressed on the 21*' of February,
1 5 67, to the Emperor Maximilian 11. from the camp before Gotha, he
is named " Miintzmeister und lieben getrewen Seoastian Funken ".
Ammon mentions that Funcke's old hause at Schneeberg was still
called the Mint when he wrote.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Df Erbstein, op. cit.

FURET, LOUIS (Swiss). Contemporary Die-sinking establishment
of Geneva. M. L. Furet was the successor of Marc-Louis Bovy, at
the old City Mint, Rue Chantepoulet 91, and is now in Rue de
I'Arquebuse. He has issued a large number of medals, which will
be found enumerated under the names of the engravers : Hugues
Bovy, George Hantz, C. Richard, and other artists who are
working for him.

Between 1825 and 1848, the Geneva Mint always belonged to a
member of the Bovy family, whom the government entrusted
with the issue of its currency. Jean Samuel Bovy was the first,
from 1825 to 1838, then came Bovy freres et O'' until 1840, and
between 1840 and 1848 Marc Louis Bovy, the father of the cele-
brated engraver Antoine Bovy. The decimal coinage of Geneva of
1838, 1839, 1843, 1846, 1847 and 1848 was issued at the Rue
Chantepoulet's works.

The illustration given on p. 173 of the establishment of M. Furet
has been obligingly lent me by the Editor of " La Patrie Suisse ",
who first published it in June 1897.

The machine in the foreground of the picture serves to cut
the flans or discs of metal destined to receive the impression ; the
press which occupies the centre of the workshop is used for the

— 172 —

striking. The glass cases in the background contain the puncheons,
dies, collars, &c.

FURST, MORITZ {Hung.). Medallist of the first half of the
nineteenth century, born in 1782 near Pressburg in Hungary.
He studied at Vienna and Milan, and was a pupil of J. N. Wurth.
In 1807, he went to the United States of America and in the
following year obtained the appointment of Engraver at the Mint
of Philadelphia, a post which he still filled in 1838. His signature :
FURST F. appears on a large number of medals, some of which
exhibit fair workmanship, according to D' P. F. Weber's opinion :
Colonel George Croghan, 1835 ; — General Harrison, 18 18. —
Governor Isaac Shelby, 18 18; — Major-General Scott, 18 14; —
Major-General Gaines, 1814; — Major-General Porter, 1814; —
Major-General Brown, 1814 ; — Brigadier-General Miller, 1814;

— Brigadier-General Ripley, 18 14; — Major-General Macomb
(Battle of Plattsburg), 18 14; — Major-General Jackson, 1815; —
Captain Jacob Jones (Action between the '* Wasp " and '* Frolic "),
18 12; — Captain Stephen Decatur, Capture of the Macedonian,
18 1 2 ; — Captain Bainbridge, 1812 ; — Captain Lawrence, 18 13;
Lieutenant Burrows, 18 13; — Lieutenant Mac Call; — Captain
Perry, 1813 ; — Captain Elliott; — Captain Warrington, 1814;

— Captain Blakeley, 1814, — Captain Macdonough, 1814; —
Captain Henley, 1814; — Lieutenant Qissin, 1814; — Captain
Biddle (Capture of the British Ship " Penguin ", 181 5 ; — Captain
Stewart, 181 5. " This series of 27 medals ", says D"" F. P. Weber,
" commemorating American successes during the war between
England and the United States, 1812-1815, was struck by special
resolution of Congress ". By him are also a small medal on
Captain Perry's naval success on Lake Erie, lo*^ Sept., 18 13,
ana a coronation medal of Queen Victoria, 1838, signed F. F.,
and the following Portrait-medals : President James Monroe,
1817; — President John Quincy Adams, 1825; — President
Andrew Jackson, 1829; — President Martin van Buren, 1837;
etc.

Bibliography. — D"" F. P. Weber, Medals and Medallions, etc. — J. R. Snow-
den, A Description of the Medals oj Washit^ton ; of National and Miscellaneous
Medals, Philadelphia, 1861. — H. A. Grueher, English Medals, London, 1891. —
Loubat, The Medallic History of tlx United States of Ametica, iy/6-iSp6.

FUSSLI, PETER {Szviss). Bell-founder of Zurich, beginning of the
seventeenth century, who is supposed to have had some connec-
tion with the Mint and have been employed there as engraver.
There is a bell at Zug, dated 1619, cast by him, which bears
fifteen figures of saints, the shield of arms of Zug, and the

o

a

'O
O

o
H

— 174 —

inscription MONETA NOVA TUGIENSIS. This is perhaps the
only bell with a monetary legend.

Bibliography. — Bulletin dela Societe suisse de numismaliqtie, 1887, p. 159.

FUTTER, KASPAR (Swiss). Mint-master at Lucerne, 15 97-1 606.
Betore 1592 he was employed at the Mint ot Chur; then he
became Mint-master at Zug and in the Valais ; fled to Italy ;
became Mint-master to Count Agostino Spinola. Between 1601 and
1606, Putter issued currency for 188.000 Gulden. He was received
a burgher of Lucerne, in 1597.

Bibliography. — Of Th. von Liebenau, Die Munimeister von Luiern, Bulletin
de la Societe suisse de iiumismatique, 1890. — F. Haas, Beitrage ;jm einer
Lu:(ernerischen Miin^eschichte, Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1899.

F. V. (Ital.'). Signature of a Medallist, who was working circa
1560. These initials are found on a medal of Edward IL of Portu-
gal with bust on obv. and ^. HAVD. SIMPLEX. VIRTVTIS.
OPVS.— BOM. Pallas to 1. The 1^. was cut by Bombarda.

Bibliography. — Armand, o/j. cit.. Vol. Ill, p. 99.

F. V. Vide FRANCESCO VENERI, Mint-inspector at Venice, circa
1539-
F. V. C. Vide FRANZ CARL UHLE, Mint-master at Jagrendorf, 1610.

F. W. Vide FRIEDRICH WENDEL, Mint-Master at Bonn, 1690-
1726 ; in 1695 at Cologne for Waldeck.

F. W. Vide FRANZ (XAVER) WURTH, Die-sinker at Wienna,
1745-1790.

F. W. Vide FRIEDRICH WELLE, Mint-master at Arolsen, 1807-
1829.

F. W. 6 F. Vide FRIEDRICH WILHELM 6 FERAL, Mint-master at
Dresden, 173 5-1763 ; f 1764.

F. X. M. Vide FRANZ XAVER MATZENKOPF, 1762-1844, Medallist
of Salzburg and Vienna.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 175

G

G Vide GRASSLER or GROSSLER or GRASSLIN. Mint-master at

Augsburg, 1444-1472.

G Vide GEORGE NEVILLE. Archbishop of York, 1465-1476.
Pennies of Henry VI. and Edward IV. struck at the ecclesiastical
Mint ot York occur with a G for George Neville, the Archbishop.

G Vide GOULAZ. Mint-master at Geneva, 1542-1552.

G Vide G AST ALTiO. Mint-master at Dezana, 1580-1586.

G Vide GASPARI CORNAGLIA. Mint-master at Chamb^ry, 1594-
1595-
G Vide GROBERT. Mint-master at Chamb^ry, 1595-1600.

G Vide GIORGI RAN. Roman Die-sinker, 1590-1610.

G Vide GRUBER. Mint-master at Erfurt, 1599-1607; also F. G.

G r/i^ GRONBERGER. Mint-master at Erfurt 1607-1609; also
H. G.

G Vide ARNOLD GALL (?). Mint-master at Cassel, 1637.

G Vide GEORGENS. Mint-master at Liineburg, 16 12- 1645 ; also
I. G.

G Vide HEINRICH PETER GROSSKURT. Medallist at Berlin and
Dresden, 1 694-1734.

6 FiW^GESSNER. Father and Son, Die-sinkers and Mint-masters
at Zurich, 1706-1770.

G Vide GOUIN. Russian Medallist, 1707-17 14.

G Vide GEORGI. Swedish Medallist, worked at BerUn, 1750-1782 ;
t 1790.

G Vide GODECKE. Hamburg Medallist, 1736-1761 ; also P. H. G.

G Vide GODECKE. Mint-director at Leipzig, 1750-175 3; also
I. G. G.

^ 176 ^

G nde GRAVENSTEIN. Die-sinker of Mittau, circa 1764.

G Vide GERVAIS. Die-sinker and Medallist, at Coblenz and
Neuwied, 1750-1775 ; also E, G.

6 Vide JOHANN SAMUEL GOTZINGER. Die-sinker at Ansbach,
1752 f 1791.

G Vide FRIEDRICH GOTZINGER. Die-sinker at Wiirzburg, circa
1795-

G Vide GARTENBERG. Mint-director at Krakau, 1 765-1 772 ;
also V. G.

G Vide JOHANN BALTHASAR GASS. Die-sinker at S' Petersburg,
1768-1797; also I. B. G.

G Vide F. W. GASS. Medallist of S' Petersburg, circa 1798.

G Vide JOHANN GEORG GROHMANN. Mint-master at Dresden, 1833-
1844. On the rare Saxon thalers of 1844, the G is followed by a
dot, which signifies that they were struck alter Grohmann's death.

G r/J^ HEINRICH GUBE. MedaUist at Berlin, 1820, and S' Peters-
burg, 1830.

6 r/i^ GOTTLIEB GOETZE. Berlin Die-sinker, «V^^ 1828- 1840.

G Vide GALEAZZI. Turin Die-sinker, 1846.

G Vide GORI. Florentine Die-sinker, born in 1838.

G Vide JONAS GORGENS. Mint-master at Liineburg, 1612-1645.

GG Vide GEORGE GALE. Mint-master at York, 1 547-1553.

A. G. Vide ANDREA GABRIEL. Rector and Provisor of Cattaro,
1586-1588.

A. 6. Vide ANTON GROTH. Mint-master at Stockholm, 1641-1645.

A. G. F/W^ ARNOLD GALL. Mint-master at Cassel, 1637-1657;
t 1657.

A. G. Vide ALOYSIO GRITTI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1688.

A. G. F/Je ANTOINE GUILLEMARD. Medallist at Prague, 1760-
1812 ; also A. G. F.

— 177 —

A. G.Fidc ALEXANDER GRANDINSON. Mint-master at Stockholm,
circa 1837.

A. G. FUe A. GIROMETTI. Medallist at Rome, circa 1848.

A. G. P. Fide ANTON GOTTFRIED POTT. Mint-master at Miinster
and Paderborn between 1714 and 1723; Hoxter, 1715, 1721 and
1725 ; and Cleves, 1742.

B. G. Fide B. GABRIEL. Rector of the Mint at Cattaro, 1469-1472.

B. G. Fide GIOVANNI BACCEROTTI. Papal Mint-master at Fuligno,
1513-1516.

B. G. Fide BACCUET and GAINIER. Joint Mint-masters at Geneva,
1638.

C. G. Fide CHRISTIAN GOTTER. Mint-master at Eisleben, Stolberg
and Ellrich, 1577-82.

G. G. Fide CHRISTOPH GROSSE. Ducal Mining-director at Saalfeld,
1597-1610.

C. G. Fide CASPAR GIESELER. Mint-master at Moritzburg, near
Hildesheim, 1628-34.

C. G. Fide CHRISTIAN GUTTMANN. Mint-master at Bromberg,
1642-1651.

C. G. Fide CASPAR GEELHAAR. Mint-inspector at Konigsberg in
Prussia, 1667-1670, Warden there, 1692, then Mint-master,
f 1728.

C. G. Fide CLOSTER GARS. Private Issuer of tokens &c. 1744.

C. G. Fide CLADDIO GHERARDINI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1615.

C. G. F. Fide CARL GUSTAV FEHRMANN, 1746-1809, Swedish
Medallist.

C. G. H. Fide CARL GUSTAV HARTMANN. Swedish Medallist, 1699,
t 1739-

C. G. K. FideC. G, KORN. Medallist, and Mint-master at Mayence,
second half of the nineteenth century.

C. G. L. Fide CARL GOTTLIEB LAUFER. Mint-master at Nuremberg,
1746-1755.

D. G. Fide DOMENICO GRITTI. Rector and Provisor of Cattaro,
1526-7.

D. G. F/J^ DEGENNARO. Medallist of Naples and Vienna, 1702-
_I730 ; also De G., or DE GEN. or A. D. I.

L. FoRREli. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. 12

- 178 -

D. G. Fide DE GIANELLI. Neapolitan Medallist, 1731-1768.

E. G. Fide JACQUES EDOUARD GATTEAUX. Medallist of Paris,
early part of the nineteenth century.

E. G. or E. G, F. FideLLlkS GERVAIS. Die-sinker of Neuwied and
Coblentz, 1750- 1775.

E. G. F. Fide EBERHARD GREGORIUS FLEISCHHELD. Mint-master at
Zweibriicken, 1754- 1757, afterwards in the service of Hanau-
Lichtenberg, 175 8- 175 9.

E. G. N. Fide ERNST GEORG NEUBAUER. Mint-master at Berlin,
1725-1749.

F. G. Fide FLORIAN GRUBER. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 159 5- 15 97,
Erfurt, 1 599-1607, and Nordhausen, 1615.

F. G. Fide FRANZ GUICHARD. Die-sinker at Mompelgart, 1610-
1620, and at Stuttgart, until 1628.

F. G. Fide TILI??0 GALEOTTI. Mini-master at Gubbio, 1626.

F.G. = FECIT GALEOTTUS. r/^^ PAOLO EMILIO GALEOTTI. Die-
sinker, and Mint-master at Gubbio, 1646- 167 3.

F. G. r/^ FRIEDRICH GRUNER. Mint-master at Christiania, 1652-
1675.

F. G. FideTRk^Z GILLT. Mint-master at Langenargen, 1690- 1694;
also F. I. G.

F. G. Fide GORDILLO. Mexican Die-sinker, early part ot the nine-
teenth century.

F. G. D. FideT^tntmC GDILLAOME DUBUT, 171 r- 1799. Die-sinker
at Dresden, Dantzig and S' Petersburg.

H. G. Fide HANS GEBHARD. Mint-master at Nuremberg and men-
tioned as Die-sinker between 1 579-1 588.

H. G. Fide HIERONYMUS GRONBERGER. Mint-master at Erfurt,
1 607- 1 609.

H. G. Fide HANS GRUBER. Die-sinker, and Mint-master at Saal-
feld, 1 5 82-1 5 84, and Nordhausen, 1618-1624.

H. G. Fide EKVS GLASER. Mint-master at Schleswig, 1641-1644.

— 179 —

B. G. Fide HANS GEBHARD. Austrian Die-sinker, 1603-1633, Mint-
master at Glatz, 1629.

H. G. Fide HANS GESSNER. Father and Son, Die-sinkers at Zurich,
1706-1770.

H. G. Fide HEINRICH GUBE. Die-sinker at Berlin, and at S' Peters-
burg, after 1830.

H. G. M. Fide HANS GE0R6 MEINHART. Mint-master at Winsen on
the Luhe, 1620-21, and Moisburg, 1622-1623.

H. G. {Germ.^. These initials appear on a silver medal of Luther,
I52r.

H. G. {Germ.). Initials of a Frankfurt Medallist. They appear on the
following medals : 1573, Anna Deublingerin; — (1577), Johann

Georg Weyss von Limburg.

Faust von Aschaffenburg ; — 1578, Matthias Ritter; — 1579,
Georg Weyss of Limburg (illustrated); — (1580), Hieronymus
zum Jungen. These initials occur sometimes in monogram K>-
Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsclie, Medailkure, Berlin, 1884.

I. G. (French). Copper-plate-engraver, who worked at Lyons,
circa 1522-1526. Some have seen in these initials the signature ot
Jacques Gauvain, the Medallist, but M. Rondot is of opinion that
they stand for Jean de Gourmont.

I. G. Fide JACOB GLADEHALS. Goldsmith and Die-sinker of Berlin,
circa, 1597-1617.

I. G. Fide. JORG GEITZKOFLER. Mint-master at Joachimsthal,
1563-1577.

I. G. Fide JEAN GOUJON. French Die-sinker, f 1572.

I. G. Fide JACOB GRYNAEUS of Basle. His initials appear on a
School-token of 1596.

— i8o —

- I. G. Vide JONAS GEORGENS. Mint-master at Steinebeck, near
Hamburg, 1603-1609, Lauenburg, 1609-1618, Luneburg, 1612-
1645 and 1649.

I. 6. T/Wd JOACHIM GADE. Mint-master at Wismar, 1715-1738.

I. 6. Fide JOACElti GARLIEB. Mint-master at Rostock, 1796.

I. G. B. Fide JOHANN GEORG BANDEL. Die-sinker at Darmstadt,
circa 1666.

I. G. B. or G. B. Fide JOHANN GEORG BUTTNER. Mint-master at
Cassel, 1 65 7- 1 680.

I. G. B. Fide JOHANN GEORG BREDER. Die-sinker, and Mint-master
at Brunswick, 167 5 -1685.

I. G. B. Fide JOHANN GEORG BUNSEN. Mint-master at Frankbrt-
on-Main, 1790-183 3.

I. 6. B. Fide JOEkHH GOTTFRIED BETULIUS. Medallist of Stuttgart,
1786-1797.

I. G. G. Fide JOHANN GEORG GOEDECKE. Mint-director at Leipzig,
1752-1753, and Altenkirchen, 1747-175 5.

I. G. H. Fide JOHANN GEORG HOLTZHEY, 1695- 1760. Medallist of
Amsterdam.

I. G. H. Fide JOEAHH GEORG HOLTZHEY, 1728- 1808. Medallist of
Amsterdam.

I. G. H. Fide JOHANN GOTTFRIED HELD, 1734-1799. Die-sinker
at Breslau.

I. G. H. Fide JOEAUfi GERHARD HULLS, 1735-1815. Warden, and
Mint-master at Cologne.

I. G. H. Fide I. G. HANCOCK. Birmingham Medallist, 1780-1802.

I. G. I. Fide JOHANN GEORG JUNKER. Die-sinker at Leipzig, 1708-
1716.

I. 6. I. Fide I. G. JAGER. Medallist of S' Petersburg, second half of
the eighteenth century.

I. G. K. Fide JOHANN GOTTLOB KITTEL, 1702-1738. Die-sinker of
Breslau.

— i8r —

I. G. M. Fide JOHANN GEORG MADELUNG. Mint-master at Konigs-
berg, 1797-1807.

I. G. P. Vide JOHANN GEORG PRAHM. Mint-master at Kongsberg,
1807-1824.

I. G. S. Vide JOHANN GEORG SORBERGER. Die-sinker at Gotha,
1680-1690.

I. G. S. VideJOEkHH GEORG SEIDLITZ. Gem and Medal-engraver at
Vienna, 1699-1716.

I. G. S. Vide JOHANN GEORG SCHOMBURG. Mint-master at Gotha,
1689; Vienna, until 1716; Dresden, 1716-1734; i* 1735.

I. G. S. Vide JOHANN GOTTFRIED SIEGEL. Mint-master at Harzge-

rode, 1752-1767,

I. G. S. Vide JOHANN GOTTFRIED STUDER. Mint-master at Dres-
den, 1813-1832.

I. 6. W. Vide JOHANN GOTTFRIED WICHMANNSHAUSEN. Mint-
master at Gotha. 1683-1690.

I. G. W. Vide JOHANN GEORG WUNSCH. Mint-master at Heidel-
berg, 1712-1736.

I. G. W. Vide JOHANN GEORG WACHTER. Medallist, born at Heidel-
berg in 1724, resided at S' Petersburg, 1741-1791.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, Muti:(^Abkur^ungen, Berlin, 1896.

I. G. (Gd-rm.). These initials appear on a medal ofWilliam of Baden,
dated 16 17, which Erman is inclined to attribute to Guichard,
although the signature does not seem to be FG.

K. G. VideKARL GRONAU. Mint-master at Warsaw, 1830-1833.

L. G. Vide LARS GRANDEL. Die-sinker at Stockholm, 1800-1836.

L. G. Vide L. GENNARI. Die-sinker at Rome, circa 1824.

L. G. L. Vide LAZARUS GOTTLIEB LADFER. Mint-master at Nurem-
berg, 1670-1690.

M. G. VideMlCELLL GROBERT. Mint-master at Chambery, 1583.

M. G. Vide MICHELE GUARDINI. Mint-master at Parma, 1594-
1596.

— l82 —

M. G. A. Fide MAGNUS GUSTAV ARBIEN. Medallist of Copenhagen,
1732-1760.

. Bf. G. A. Fide MARINO E. SEPULVEDA. Die-sinker at Madrid, circa
1800.

M. G. or M6 (Germ.'). A number of medals, all dated 1543,
bear this signature of an unknown Nuremberg Medallist.
Erman mentions a MATHES GEBEL, whose name is recorded
as a sculptor (Bildschnitzer) in 1523, and who possibly is the
author ot these medals, the work on which is quite character-
istic. These medals are : 1543, Johann van der Aa; — Flo-
rian Griespeck, Secretary to King Ferdinand; — Augustin
Hirschvogl, a Nuremberg artist ; — Ulrich Stark ; — Leopold
Heyperger (illustrated) ; — Ph. Hermann ; — Jacob Seisneckher,

Leopold Heyperger.
Court-Painter to Ferdinand I (illustrated') -y — Hans Loffelholz,

Jacob Seisneckher.

of Colberg. From a similarity in the treatment and work, the
following medals may be attributed to the same artist : 1542, Hans
Loffelholz ^. Armour, helmet and shield ; — 1 542, Hans Christoph
Loffelholz; — (1542), Felicitas Loffelholz; — 1537, Hans Eisen ;
— Arnold and Nicholas Vennck ; — Hans Poczke ; — Wolf Pesler ;
— Bartholomaeus Haller; — 1540. Se bald Cam ere r ; — 1541, A

- i83 -

member of the Lira family; — Wilhelm Loffelholz; — 1542, Hans
Nuykum ; — Ulrich von Kudorff; — 1543, Melchior von Osse;
Undated, Hans Holzer; — Servatius Etinger ; — Hans Guttetter ; —
Stephan and Margarethe Praun ; — I544- Jorg Kres; — 1546,
Friedrich Mulner.

As a rule the style of this artist is sketchy ; his portraits are rude
and fugitive ; the decorations rough ; the legends small. Of course,
it may be, these medals do not belong to one hand, but are the out-
come of a school ; at any rate, there is a vast difference between
these inferior productions and the glorious works of the early part of
the sixteenth century.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.

N. G. A. Vide NICOLAS GATTEAUX, 175 I- 183 2. Medallist at Paris,

P. G. Vide PETER GRUNER. Mint-master at Copenhagen, 1629-
1643, and Christiania, 1643-1652.

P. G. Vide PETER GRUNER. Mint-master at Christiania, 1675-1685.

P. G. Vide PETER GIANELLI, 1761-1806. Medallist at Copenha-
gen, 1786-1806.

P. G. N. Vide PAUL GOTTLIEB NURNBERGER. Mint-master at Nu-
remberg, 1721-1743.

R. G. Vide ROLANDO GASTALDO. Mint-master at Dezana, 1580-
1586.

T. G. Vide TRIFONE GRADENIGO. Rector at Cattaro, 1532-1533.

T. G. Vide GEORGE GALE. Mint-master at York, 1547-1553.

V. G. Vide WOLFGANG GUGLINGER. Mint-director at Kremnitz,
1542-1545.

V. G. Vide URSUS GRAF. Die-sinker at Basle, 15 16-1532.

V G. Vide VON GARTENBERG. Mint-director at Krakau, 1765-
1772.

V. G. T. Vide GIROLkUO TORRATO. Mint-master at Vercelli, 1544-
1548.

Z. G. Vide ZUANO GARZONI. Rector of Cattaro, 1596-1598.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cil.

6 (Germ.). The medals of the artist whose initials JG or GOG
appear on them are all uniface and in silver. They are : 1548,

— 184 — • '

Ludwig von Hutten ; — (1551)- Thomas Loffelholz von Colberg;
— 1552, Georg Tetzel {illustrated) ; — 1553, Otto Flosser, phy-

Georg Tetzel, 1552.

sician; — Mathias LofFelholz von Colbert; — 1555, Michael Bur-
genmaister.

Erman names JORG GAR, a Nuremberg Goldsmith, born in 15 18,
as the possible author of these medals. Nagler and other writers
have suggested Jorg Geitzkofler, but it is now proved that they
are not his work.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit. — Nagler, Monogiammistetu, &c.

G (Saxofi). Unknown MedalHst, or Goldsmith, who was w-orking
in Saxony circa 1530. This initial letter G occurs on a medal of
Prince-Elector John of Saxony and his son.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Die Monogramtnisten, 1881. — Tenzel, Tab. V, n" 7.

G. A. Vide GEORG ANDRAEA. Mint-master at Weimar, 1 620-1 624.

G. A. C. Vide GIACOMO ANTONIO CONTARINI. Mint-inspector at
Venice, 1752.

C. A. D. Vide GOTTLOB AUGUST DIETELBACH. MedalHst of the first
half of the nineteenth century, w^ho resided at Munich, then at
Stuttgart.

G. A. E. Vide GUSTAV ADOLPH ENEGREN. Swedish Medallist of the
first half of the nineteenth century.

G. A. F. Vide GIOVANNI ANTONIO FASULO. Die-sinker at Naples,
circa 1596.

G. A. H. Vide GEORG ALBRECHT HILLE. Mint-master at Riga,
1694-1700.

- i85 -

G. A. S. Vide GIROLAMO ANTONIO SORANZO. Mint-inspector at
Venice, 1760.

G. A. S. Fide GLORG ANTON SCHRODER. Mint-master at Rethwisch,
in the Duchy of Plon. 1 761-1762.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

GAAB, G. D. (^Germ.y Medal-chaser and Embosser, of the middle
of the eighteenth century. He was probably a native of Augsburg,
and was employed by a Mr HoUis. Mr H. A. Grueber states that
Gaab's medal of Sir Christopher Wren is the only one which
bears his signature, and that the workmanship is good.

The following medals, embossed and chased, are supposed to be
the work of this artist : Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond,
-j- 1509; — Philip and Mary, 1555; — John Ray, naturalist,
T 1705, &c.

Gaab, as well as Stuart, were much employed upon imitations
of fifteenth and sixteenth century medals.

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, MedalUc Illustrations of British History,
London, 1885.

GAAP, JOHANN ADOLPH (Germ.). Modeller and Embosser of the
second half of the seventeenth century ; died at Augsburg in 1703.
He resided many years in Italy,- where he executed a medaUion in
iron with portrait of the celebrated painter Carlo Maratti. Bolzenthal
adds, this work is perhaps the only one of the kind that we owe
to this artist.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, Kunstgeschichte der modertun Medaillen- Arbeit.
Berlin, 1840.

GABALUS (Germ.). Ammon (Sammlung beriihmter Medailleurs,
Niirnberg, 1778) mentions this artist's signature on a medal,
dated 1736, on the canonization of Johannis Nepomuceni.

GABET, JEAN CLAUDE (French). Mint-master at Lyons, from
an XI to 1816; distinctive mark, a bee.

GABET, JOSEPH RAINERY (French). Son of the last, and Mint-
master at Lyons, from 18 17 to 1823 ; similar symbol.

GABRIEL, ANDREA (Ital.). Rector and Provisor of the Mint of
Cattaro, 1586-1588, under the Venetian domination. His initials
appear on the currency.

GABRIEL, B. (Ital.). Rector of Cattaro, 1469-1472. Some of the
coins bear the letters E.G.

GABRY, JEAN (Belg.). Seal-engraver, circa 1552. He was paid the
sum of 15 livres by the magistrate of Tournay in 1552 for engrav-

— i86 —

ing the large and small seals of the mayor and aldermen of the
city. The document reads: " A Jehan Gabry, le josne, orphevre,
pour avoir refaict les grand et petit sceaulx d'argent des mayeur et
eschevins de ladicte ville.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Bibliographie des graveurs beiges, Revue de la
numismatique beige, i860.

GACHET, J. (Swiss). Contemporat}'^ artist, who designed a prize-
medal of the " Soci^te d'horticulture de la Cote ". His name appears
on the medal, with that of the engraver, C. Richard, of Geneva.
The obverse side represents the Castle of Nyon. The piece was
struck by L. Furet at Geneva.

Bibliography. — Rei'ue de la societc siiisse de numismatique, 1893.

GADE, JOACHIM (Germ.). Mint-master at Wismar, 171 5-1738.

GAGGINI, ANNIBALE (^Ital.). Medallist of Palermo, who worked
there between 1583 and 1607. The renowned sculptor Antonio
Gaggini was his uncle. Three medals, all dated 1583, are known
by this engraver : Marcantonio Colonna, Duke of Paliano, 1535-
1584; — Cesare Marcello, Archbishop of Palermo, 1578-1588.
^L. Dove holding olive-branch in its beak flying towards Noah's
ark; — Another, ^L. Inscription in the field, and date
A.D.MDLXXXIII. All three medals are described by Armand from
specimens in the Palermo Museum.

Bibliography. — Armand, Les medailkiirs italiens des XV^ el XVI<^ siecles, Paris,
1883-1887. — Blanchet, Notiveau manuel de Numismatique du moyen age et moderne,
Paris, 1890.

GAGIA, ALEXANDER DE (Hung.). Mint-warden at Karlsburg
(Transsylvania), under Maria-Theresia, 1705.

Bibliography. — Resch, Siebenbiirgische Munien und Medaillen, 1901.

GAGNEPAIN, JEAN-LOUIS (Belg.). His initials or name appear on
some of the obsidional coins of Antwerp, 1814.

GAIOS (Fide CAIUS, vol. I, p. 192). The gem mentioned as this
artist's work is described as follows, in the Marlborough Sale Cata-
logue, 1900, Lot 270, and realized i. no.

"Head of the Dog Sirius, radiated and open-mouthed, in front
face. A very renowned intaglio, most profoundly cut, and mar-
vellously finished in a material worthy of it, the kind of carbuncle
known as the " Syriam " or " Siriam " garnet, as being obtained
of the finest quality from the neighbourhood of the ancient capital
of Pegu.

"On the collar of the dog is the signature TAIOC 6nOI€l.
Natter first described it in his " Traite de la methode antique de
graver", &c, N° XVI., and also in the Bessborough Catalogue,

- i87 -

N° 40 C, and he acknowledges to have copied it. His copy, in to-
paz, is at S' Petersburg. Other gems with this subject, some of them
certainly antique, but similarly treated, exist in different collec-
tions; one is in the Payne Knight Collection in the British Museum,
and another in that at Berlin. "

The Marlborough gem was bought by a dealer who had large
orders from the Boston Museum, but I carniot say whether it has
found in America its resting place.

King, in his Handbook of Engraved Gems, p. 263, adds the
following interesting particulars concerning the Sirius of the Marl-
borough Collection.

" A garnet on which the Head seen in front of a dog, Sirius or
the Dogstar, with the inscription FAIOC €nOI€l on the collar, is
very deeply cut, and which formerly belonged to Lord Bessborough
and afterwards passed with the rest of his gems into the Marlbor-
ough Collection, belongs to the list of very famous gems. This
Head is so perfect and spirited a work that one is at a loss what
most to admire in it, whether the imitation of life here carried to
the highest point, or the extraordinary skill in the overcoming ot
all the difficulties, the licking, tender flesh in the muzzle, the inside
of the jaws, the teeth, the nose, or the tongue that hangs out —
* ut fessi canes linguam ore de patulo potus aviditate projiciens '.
Raspe doubted as to the antiquity of this stone ; Natter had prac-
tised his profession a considerable time in London, and to him has
this work been ascribed. " Thus speaks Kohler, p. 138. But does
this report (which Murr expressly points out as resting upon an
error) possess sufficient weight that, upon the strength of it, we
should forthwith " number amongst those gems in which both
work and legend are modern", what Kohler himself styles '* a work
so carefully finished that neither ancient nor modern tines have
produced its equal " ? Nevertheless, Natter in the Bessborough
Catalogue calls the stone a Bohemian garnet; a species, according
to Kohler, not known to the ancient gem -engravers. On the other
hand, Clarac, I know not on what authority, calls it a Syrian
garnet. [It is actually an Oriental garnet of the finest quality, which
might be taken for a spinel.] Natter, it is true, openly acknow-
ledges that he did occasionally put Greek names upon his own
works, yet does he as distinctly deny that he ever passed them off
for antiques. But the gem in question he calls Greek, and only
professes (p. 27) to have copied it with some success. Finally, as to
what concerns the name which Kohler stigmatises as not happily
chosen, because thereby a Roman engraver — Caius — appears upon
the scene, on this very account would a forger have made a more
" happy " choice of a designation. The name, however, in itself, is
not liable to the objection that we hereafter are obliged to make

— i88 —

good against the names '' Quintus" and '* Aulus" : as the example
of the jurist Gaius can sufficiently prove. In addition to this, it
cannot be proved in a single case that gems with the name of Gaios
were known earlier than our Sirius. Upon the Berlin obsidian even
Winckelmann had overlooked the inscription. Therefore it seems
to me that as yet no sufficiently valid reasons have been adduced
for its suspiciousness, although the full certainty of its genuineness
can only be attained by a repeated examination of the original. But,
after repeated examination, I fear this noble piece must be given
to some great artist of the Cinque-cento ; the work displaying none
of the hieratic stiffness ever characterising this head of the Egyptian
Solar Lion, Sirius Southis, not uncommon in garnets of Hadrian's
time. But — the point of most weight with me — the surface
shows none of the wear of time that bites ever so deeply into the
antique stone; and here this has certainly not been rectified by
modern repolishing] ".

GAILLANDON, ANTHOINE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Poitiers, 1563-1590.

GAILLANDON, FRANCOIS (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Poitiers, 1 570-1 583.

GAILLANDON, JEHAN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Poitiers, 1544-15 50.

GAILLANDON, RAPHAEL (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Poitiers, 1555-1563.

GAILLARD, CYPRIEN (French). Mint-master at Marseilles, from
an IX to 1809. Distinctive symbol, a star.

GAINIER Fide GDAINIER suprd.

GALABERT, JEAN (Freftch). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Toulouse,
1693-1698. He fled into Spain after having taken possession ot the
puncheons belonging to the Mint.

Bibliography. — Alb. Barre, Graveurs particuliers des monnaies de France,
Annuaire de la Societe de numismatique, 1867.

6ALBRUNNER, PAUL CEARLLS (French) . Gem-engraver, Sculptor,
and Medallist, born in Paris on the iS*'' February, 1823, died in
1900. He was a pupil of F. Rude and Farocnon, and entered
the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1844. The following works by him
were exhibited at the annual Paris Salons : 1849, Portrait of
^me Q** intaglio; — 185 1, Two Portrait-medallions and a Medal;
— 1853, Portrait of M"'' Pauline L**, agate-onyx; — 1855, Four
engraved gems. Portraits on carnelian ; — Study, after a coin ot
Pyrrhus; — 1859, Portraits of the children of M™^ H**, agate-onyx;

— i89 —

— Head of Bacchus, agate-onyx, after the antique; — i86r, Bust
of Antinoiis, Brazilian amethyst; — Spring, onyx cameo; — Head
of Medusa, agate-onyx cameo; — 1863, Three Portrait camei in
agate-onyx; — 1866, Portrait of Napoleon III., oriental chalcedony;

— 1867, the Eucharist, agate-onyx, cameo; — 1869, Two Portrait-
camei on Brazilian agate-onyx; — Ofterings to Minerva (now at
the Luxembourg Museum); — 1873, Two Portrait-camei, agate-
onyx; — 1874, Portrait of M"'^ L**, Medallion in terra cotta; —
1880, Five Portrait-camei, agate-onyx; — 1881, Portrait-medallion ;

— 1882, Portrait of the late P. Simonet, cameo in sardonyx, &c.
At the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900, this artist exhibited a
marble bust and one in chalcedony of M"^ M. H**.

M. Babelon, in Revue de I'Art ancien el vwdcrne, Nov. 1900,
writes : "M. Galbrunner a, au Luxembourg, une allegorie de
dimensions modestes, intitulee ''Les Offrandes a Minerve"; le
sujet correctement traite rappelle certains camees de la Renaissance
italienne. Ce meme artiste a expose au Grand Palais un excellent
buste de jeune fille en ronde bosse, sur une calcedoine couleur mine
de plomb, teinte sombre et mate qui, malheureusement enleve ^
I'oeuvre toute espece de charme. "

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvra)', op. cil. — L. Benedite, Catalogue du
Musee du Luxembourg, Grande Encyclopedic. — Babelon, Pierres gravies, Paris,
1894.

GALEj_GEORGE {Brit.'). Mint-master at York, 1547-15 53. His
initials ^ G {sic) are met with on a shilling of Edward VL
{Rud., IX, 10). Hawkins adds " TG are said to be the initials of
Thomas Gale, Mint-master at York; but this a mistake, for that
officer's name was George". It is more likely that the monogram
has been misread.

Bibliography. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage oj Great Britain, 1840. —
Hawkins, 5i7v^r Coins of England, London, 1887.

GALEAZZI (Ital.). Medallist and Die-sinker at Turin in the middle
years of the nineteenth century. I have seen his signature on the
following medals : Josephine TornieUi-Bellini, Italian philanthro-
pist, 1837; — A. M. Vassali-Landi a celebrated physician; —
Thomas Valperga de Coluso, Italian scientist, &c.

GALEAZZO, MONDELLA (Ital.). Gem-engraver at Verona in the
sixteenth century.

GALEOTTO, ANTONIO (Ital.). Mint-master at Gubbio under
Innocent XII., 1691-1700. All the Quattrini of that Pope described
in Cinagli, under N°' 184-229, were struck at Gubbio by Antonio
Galeotti and his two brothers, Giuseppe and Michelangelo, and
some were even issued during the Sede Vacante of 1700.

Bibliography. — Cinagli, Le Monete dei Papi, 1848.

— 190 —

GALEOTTO, GIOVANNI, FRANCESCO (Jtal.). Mint-master at Gubbio
under Benedict XIII., 1725. He struck Mezzi Baiocchi of the Jubilee
year 1725.

GALEOTTO, GIUSEPPE {ltd.). Mint-master at Gubbio under
Innocent XII., 1691-1700, in conjunction with his two brothers,
Antonio and Michelangelo.

GALEOTTO MICHELANGELO {ltd.). Mint-master at Gubbio under
Innocent XII., and Clement XL, circa 169 1- 1720. This Zecchiere
issued Quattrini and Mezzi Baiocchi.

GALEOTTO, PAOLO EMILIO {ltd.). Mint-master and Coin-engraver
at Gubbio under Pope Innocent X., Alessandro VII., Clement X. and
Innocent X. circa 1648- 1686. His Quattrini are signed F. G. {Fecit
Galeottus) or G G {Galeotto Gubbio).

Bibliography. — Cinagli, op. cit. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, 1881.

GALEOTTO, PIETRO PAOLO {ltd.). Goldsmith, Coin-and Medal-
engraver, generally known as PIETRO PAOLO ROMANO. He was born
at Rome, came quite young to Florence and studied there wood-
carving and medal-engraving under Maestro Salvestro. The first
mention of him is dated 1532 ; about 1550 he entered the service
of Cosimo I., Grand Duke of Tuscany, as Die-cutter at the Mint ot
Florence, where Giovanni Paolo and Domenico Poggini were
already employed in a similar capacity. Armand informs us that in
1575 he became assistant-engraver at the Papal Mint, a post which
he probably did not fill very long, as he died at Florence on the
19''' of September, 1584. Vasari praises the artist in very eulo-
gistic terms and mentions twelve reverses of medals of Duke
Cosimo, executed by Pietro Paolo Galeotto. He says : " These
represent Pisa restored by the Duke almost to her pristine condi-
tion, he having drained the marshes around the city and effected
other improvements; the Aqueducts whereby Florence has been
supplied with water brought from divers places; the magnificent
and beautiful edifice erected for the magistrates ; the Union of the
States of Florence and Sienna ; the erection of a City and two for-
tresses in the Island of Elba; the Column brought to Florence from
Rome, and set up in the Piazza della Trinita ; that work of public
utility, the preservation, enlargement, and completion of the
Library of San Lorenzo ; the Institution of the Knights of San Ste-
fano; the resignation of the government to the Prince; the fortifi-
cation of the State ; the Militia or armed bands of the country ; and
finally the Palace of the Pitti with its magnificent and royal gardens,
fountains, and other decorations. These works are all very beauti-
ful, and are executed with much care, in a very graceful manner;

— 191 —

as is the head of Duke Cosimo, which is a work of perfect beauty ".
(Vasari, V, 390, note i, and VII, 543.)

A certain Pietro Paolo Romano received in 1487, in conjunction
with Emiliano Orfini, a payment on account of the Mint of
Foligno. This artist may have been our Galeotto's father.

It is probable that a large number of the coins of Cosimo I.
were engraved by Galeotto.

Scudo of Cosimo I., probably engraved by Galeotto.

Only six of Galeotto's medals bear dates, which comprise the
period between 1552 and 1570. Judging from the number of his
productions still extant, he must have been one of the most active
medallists of the sixteenth century. His signature was PPR or P.P.R.
and in some instances P.P.RO or PETRVS PAVLVS ROM. The
following works are nearly all signed by him : Federigo Asinari,
Count of Camerino; — Annibale Attellami ; — Antonio Calmone,
2 types ; — Gianbattista Castaldo, a Neapolitan, Count of Piadena,
one of Charles V.'s generals and Governor of Transsylvania, 155 1-
1556, -|- 1562; — Ottavio Farnese, second Duke of Parma, and
Margaret of Austria ; — Goffredo Franco ; — Vincenzo Goletti ; —
Giovanni Alvise Gonfalonieri and Elisabetta Scotti ; — Cesare Gon-
zaga, son ot Ferrante Gonzaga, 1523-1575; — Vespasiano Gon-
zaga, Duke ot Sabbionetta, 1531-1591; — Gianbattista Grimaldi, a
Genoese nobleman, philosopher, theologian and poet, circa 1565;
— Francesco Guereri ; — Franco Lercari; — Alberico Lodrone,
one of Charles V.'s generals; — Giampaolo Lomazzo, a Milanese
painter and writer, 15 38-1600; — Fulgentia Luzara Cereda, dated
1560; — Cristoforo Madruzzo, Cardinal, 15 42- 15 78, 3 var. of ^L.
a.) P . P . RO Harbour, with Shipping, and Neptune ; — b.) TRAN-
QVILSame type; — c.) VT. VIVAT.— V.E.V. Phoenix; —
Another, of smaller diameter, and with different bust, dated 1552
and signed PPR.; — Giorgio Madruzzo, -f 1560; — Fortunato
Madruzzo ; — Isabelle de Challant, wife of Gianfederigo Madruzzo,
dated 1557; — Gianantonio Maggi; — Tommaso Marini, Duke of

— 192 —

Terranuova; — Jacopo de' Medici, Mar<^uis ofMarignano, one of
Charles V.'s generals, 1497-15 5 5 ; — Cassandra Marinoni Melilupi,
witeof Deifobo II, -|- 1575 ; — Giampaolo Melilupi, sonofDeifobo II.
and Cassandra Marinoni ; — Francesco Cornelio Musso, the Iso-
crates of Italy, -J- 1574 (^illustrated) — Camillo Orsini, Marquis

Francesco Cornelio Musso.

of Lamentana, 1492-1559; — Bianca Pansana Carcania, three
varieties of j^. a.) Promethus and the vulture ; b.) Small island ,
c) Abundance; — Baldassare Ravoyra, Domino della Croce, dated
1559 ; — Giuseppe Rossi; — Emmanuel-Philibert, Duke of Savoy;
1 5 28- 1 5 80; — Faustina Sforza, Consort of Marquis Caravaggio
Muzio ; — Francesco Sforza, Marquis of Caravaggio ; — Fran-
cesco Taverna, Count of Landriano, f 1561, two types ; — Chiara
Taverna ; — Cesare Taverna ; — Fernando Alvares di Toledo, Duke
of Alba, 1 508-1 5 82 ; — Unknown gentlewoman ^L. Venus in biga,
and Cupid; — Gianfrancesco Trivulzio, Marquis of Vigevano

Gianfrancesco Trivulzio, Marquis of Vigevano.

(illustrated); — Girolamo Cardini, 1550, physician and celebrated
author; — D. Ruiz Lopez d'Avalos; — Girolamo Calderini, Bolo-
gnese; — Carlo Caraffa, Cardinal, 1517-1561; — Alessandro

— 193 —

Colin, sculptor ofMalines, 1526-1612; — Johannes, Ritter von
Corenburg; = Don Gabriel de Cueva, Duke of Albuquerque,
Governor of Milan, 1564-1571 ; — Margaret of Austria, Consort of
Ottavio Farnese ; — Juan de Figueroa, Goveinor of the Duchy of
Milan, in 1558; — Camillo Gonfolonieri; — Leonardo de' Marini,
Archbishop of Lanciano, 1562, Bishop of Alba, in Piedmont,
1566 ; — Andrea Marini; — Alberto Litta, dated, 1565 ; — Cris-
tofore Madruzzo, 2 more varieties^, a.) Female near a lake; b.) A
variety and Bust on obv, differently treated; — Pierantonio Sanse-
verino, Prince ofBisignano; — Isabella Visconti, dated 1558.

The attribution of the following medals of Cosimo to Galeotto
rests on the testimony of Vasari, quoted above. Armand has divid-
ed them into two groups according to whether they were executed
before or after 1569, the date of Cosimo's accession to the dignity
of a Grand Duke. To the first period belong : ^L. PVBLICAE.
VTILFFATI Gate ; — Completion of the Library of San Lorenzo;

— I^. MVNITA.THVSCIA. — SINE . IVSTITIA IMMVNITA,
Institution of the Militia or armed bands ofthe country; — I^. PVL-
CHRIORA. LATENT, The Pitti Palace; — ^L. EXPLICANDO.
IMPLICATVR, Two hands untying a knot; — ^L. RES.MILITA-
RIS CONSTITVTA, Distribution of flags to armed soldiers; — 1^.
^L. IMMVNITVS.CREVIT. Bull; — M. SICCATIS . MARITIMIS.
PALVDIBVS.— COELVM.SALVBRE.SIREM. Pisa restored by
the Duke; — 1^. VICTOR VINCITVR, Institution of the Knights
of San Steflino; — ^L. IVSTITIA VICTRIX. The Column
brought from Rome to Florence and set up on the Piazza della
Trinita; — I^. QVO.MELIOR.OPTABILIOR. Aqueducts; —
^L. THVSCORVM . ET . LIGVRVM . SECVRITATI . ILVA.RE-
NASCENS. Erection of a city and two fortresses in the island of
Elba. All these medals bear the same bust of Cosimo, accompanied
by the legend: COSMVS.MED.FLOREN.ET.SENAR.DVX.il.
After 1569, the medals have the legend : COS.MED. MAGNVS.
DVX.ETRVRIAE, but the bust remains the same. The types are :
^L. EXPLICANDO. IMPLICATVR. Two hands untying a knot ;

— ^L. RES. MILITARIS. CONSTITVTA; — ^L. VICTOR.
VINCITVR; — ^L. IVSTITIA. VICTRIX; — ^L. QVO.ME-
LIOR . OPTABILIOR ; — I^. PVBLICAE . COMMODITATI. The
manufactory of the Uffizi; — J^. ETRVRIA PACATA. Union of
the States of Florence and Sienna ; — ^. P . V . P . M . OB . EXIM . &c.
The Medici arms ; — ^L. Bust of Francesco de' Medici (2 varieties).
Besides these, Bolzenthal mentions also a medal of Noel Carpentier,
and speaks of Galeotto's works as very praiseworthy. Mr Keary in an
article on ItaUan Medals (Num. Chr., 1879, p. 205) says his pro-
ductions "are extremely numerous, and belong to quite the later
development of sixteenth century art ", and he further tells us that

L. FoRREK. — Biographical Notices of Medallisls. — 11. 15

— 194 —

he.- did not execute medals for any of the Popes. It would seem
therefore that Armand is wrong in stating that Galeotto worked for
the Papal Mint; he probably confounded Pietro Paolo with one of
the numerous Galeotti who engraved for a whole century the coins
issued at Gubbio.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Armand, op. cit. — Domanig, Portrdl-
medaiUen des Er{hauses Oesleneicli, Wien, 1896. — I. B. Supino, // MedagUere
Mediceo, Firenze, 1899. — Cinagli, Le Moneie de" Papi, Roma, 1848. — Cahn,
Medailkn tind Plaketten Sammlung W. P. Met{ler, Frankfort-on-Main, 1898. —
C. F. Keary, A Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals, 1893, Nnmismatic Chronicle,
— E. Miintz, Les Arts a la Cour des Papes Innocent VIII, Alexandre VI et Paul III.
Paris, 1898. — Ad. Resch, Siebenbi'irffische Milnien und Medailkn, Hermanstadt,
1901.

GALEOTTUS Vide GALEOTTI, PAOLO EMILIO supra.

GALL, ARNOLD (Germ,). Mint-master at Cassel, 1637-1657. I
have seen his initials A.G. on a Begrdbniss Thaler and Half-Thaler
of Amalie Ehzabeth, widow of William V. of Hesse-Cassel, 165 1,
and on a Thaler of William VI., 1655. His initials occur sometimes
in monogram. A. G. Vide ARNOLD GALLEN.

GALLE, ANDR£ {French). Celebrated MedalHst, born at S' Etienne-
en-Forez (Loire) on the 15''' ot May, 176 1, died at Paris on the

ly^ ot December, 1844. His father, who was a fairly clever Die-
sinker and Seal-engraver left S' Etienne in 1773 to settle at Lyons.

— 195 —

There he placed his son as apprentice in the button factory of Paul
Le Cour, at the age of 12 years. Already young Galle was beginning
to display exceptional disposition for the arts, and he was per-
mitted to follow the public schools for drawing. This however did
not satisfy him, and in 1776 he left his master and came to Paris,
where a better situation had been promised him, but instead of
which he found himself soon penniless and obliged to enlist in the
Army. The harsh treatment he was submitted to whilst engaged on
some government earthworks at S' Denis so thoroughly disgusted
the young man from his escapade that he was quite pleased and
thankful, when through his fluher's intervention, he obtained his
release from service and reinstatement in the Lyons button factory.
Henceforward Galle, then scarcely 16 years old, gave himself up

Portrait-medal of Andre Galle, by E. Oudine.

to work with extraordinary assiduity ; he learned engraving, made
good progress in designing, and acquired a thorough knowledge ot
the various branches of industry he was engaged in. Once, his
master having to absent himself for a few days, entrusted to
his foreman the impression of a button, engraved for some noble-
man, and which was to be delivered on the following day. Unfor-
tunately the die broke during the tempering process. Great conster-
nation follovv^ed in the workshop, when our young artist offered to
execute a new die and temper it within the limited time, a feat
which he accomplished to the delight of every one concerned, and
not least to that of his chief, who shortly after took him into

Partnership. Some years later, on the death of his associate, he
ecame sole head of the factory and began to devote his attention

— 196 —

to medal-engraving. In 1792, Galle executed his first medal, repre-
senting a head of Liberty ; this piece ot delicate workmanship was
the means of his receiving the honour to be deputed to Paris by
the city of Lyons on the question of casting bells. It is at this time
that he produced two patterns for coins struck in bell-metal; one of
these bears the head of Mirabeau, which is one of the best likenesses
of the great orator (illustrated). Soon after his arrival in the capital.

Pattern Coin in bell-metal, engraved by Galle.

the " Comite de Salut public" ordered kom him a medal the
subject of which was to be "Hercules; crushing the Hydra,"
symbolizing the French people destroying the abuses of the monar-
chical system.

About this time, the artist became acquainted with the celebrated
engraver Dupre who procured work for him at the Mint; he also
studied sculpture under Chaudet, in order to attain greater efficiency
in modelling.

Conquest of Upper Egypt, by Galle.

In 1799, Denon,who later became Directorofthe Imperial Museum,
entrusted Galle with the execution of a commemorative medal of the
Conquest ot Upper Egypt, which remains one of his best productions.

Between 1806 and 1839, the artist was a regular exhibitor at
the Annual Salons : 1806, Conquest of Upper Egypt (illustrated);

— 197 —

— Return from Egypt ; — Bonaparte's arrival at Frejus ; — Coro-
nation of Napoleon (ordered by the Prefecture de la Seine) ; —
Taking of Vienna and Presburg ; — State Seals ; — 1808, Portrait-
medallion of H. M. the Emperor and King; — The Mayors ot
Paris at Schoenbrunn ; — Battle of lena; — Battle of Friedland ;

— Austria subdued; — Portrait of Xavier Bichat; — Notaries of
the Arrondissement of Lyons ; — Seal of the King of Naples ; —
18 ID, Marriage of the Emperor with the Archduchess Marie-
Louise; — Princess Eliza; — V. Denon ; — 1812, The King of
Rome ; — Hippocrates ; — Two Portrait-medallions of Ladies ; —
Battle of Wagram ; — 18 14, Retreat from Russia ; — Memorial to
the Duke of Montebello ; — Portrait of Jean Goujon ; — Portrait
of Philibert Delorme ; — State Seals; — " Medaille de Fidelite" to
Louis XVIIL ; — 1 8 1 6, Return of Louis XVIIL to France ; — Marriage
of the Due de Berry ; — 1819, Plate for 500 Francs Banknote of the
Bank of France ; — Medal on the Death of Louis XVL ; — Portrait of
King Louis XVIIL ; — Lamoignon de Malesherbes ; — Rene Descartes;

— Baptism of the Duke of Bordeaux ; — Medal presented to the
Prefect of police by the Paris brokers; — 1822, Louis XVIIL enters
Paris ; — The End of the Captivity of Madame ; — Jeton of
the Notaries of the Laon Arrondissement; — Industry promoted
by Science ; — 1824, The Duchess of Angouleme leaving France ;

— Portrait of Louis David, 1822 ; — Portrait of Henry Grattan,
the Irish statesman ; — Portrait of Lamoignon de Malesherbes; —
Portrait of Michele Colombo, Italian writer ; — Portrait of Ren^
Descartes; — Medal for the Mining Company of S' Etienne; —
Prudence holding mirror surrounded by serpent; — Commemora-
tion of the erection of a Statue to Louis XIV. at Lyons ; — Study
of a head; — 1839, Conquest of Algiers; — Peace and Com-
merce ; — Portrait of Charles X. ; — Portrait of A. M. J. J. Dupin;

— Portrait of Matthew Boulton (a fine piece of work) ; — Portrait
of James Watt ; — Memorial of Canning; — 1840, Translation of
the ashes of Napoleon to the Invalides. When Galle executed this
last medal, he was eighty years old.

Galle's signature is invariably found as GALLE or GALLE F.

As a copper-plate engraver, this artist produced, besides patterns
for Bank-notes, the portraits of Louis David, Bichat, Watt, Canning,
Baron Gros, Alexander I., and other notabilities.

He obtained in 1809 the Decennial Prize, was elected Member of
the Institut in 18 19, and made a Knight of the Legion of Honour
in 1825.

His principal pupils were : Dubourg, Michaut, Oudin^ and
Adrien Vauthier.

** Galle", said M. Raoul-Rochette, " fut I'historien en bronze
du Consulat et de I'Empire et son nom restera eternellement

— 198 —

associe aux souvenirs de cette glorieuse periode par autant de
medailles qu'elle a compte de victoires. "

The artist, self-taught as he was, was a man of great abilities.
Larousse has perhaps gone too far in his tribute of praise to the
artist, but it is nevertheless true that some of his compositions
compare favourably with the best medallic productions of his con-
temporaries, and that they betray the hand of a master.

M. Roger Marx is nearer the mark in his appreciation of Galle's
talent when he says : " Jusqu'a I'extreme vieillesse, il reste le
ciseleur de boutons de ses debuts, I'ouvrier impeccable qui ne
s'epargne aucun detail, et dont I'outil, merveilleusement adroit a
consigner les minusculites en apparence insaisissables, desesperera la
patience et I'envie des graveurs a venir. »

Baron Gros has made a remarkable portrait of the artist, which
is still kept by the family.

Bibliography. — Grand Dictionnaire Larousse. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op.
cit. — Magasin encychpedique Millin, 20^ anne'e, 181^, Tome V, p. 214. — D^ F. P.
Weber, Medals and Medallions of the Nineleenlh Century, relating to England, by
foreign Artists, London, 1894. — R. W. Cochran-Patrick, Catalogue of the Medals
of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1884. — E. Edwards, Napoleon Medals, London, 1837. —
Thomsen's Catalogue, Bronce Medaillier. H. A. Grueher, English Personal Medals
from 1760, Num. Chronicle, 1888-1891. — Gabet, Dictionnaire des Artistes de
Ve'cole franfaise, Paris, 183 1. — Bolzenthal, o/». cit. — N. Rondot, Les Graveurs
de Lyon, Macon, 1897. — R. Marx, Les Me'dailleurs Jranfais depuis 17^9, Paris, 1897.
— P. Bordeaux, La numismatiqne de Louis XVIII dans les provinces beiges en iSiS,
Paris, 1902. — A. Evrard de FayoUe, Numismatique de la Chambre de commerce de
Bordeaux, 1899.

GALLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE {French). Brother of Andre Galle, and
like him, also an engraver, was first employed in the Lyons button-
factory of Paul Le Cour, and then worked tor the founder and
medallist Jean Marie Mouterde.

GALLE, GUILLAUME (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges, eighteenth
century.

GALLEN, ARNOLD (Germ.). Mint-master at Cassel, 1C37-1657.
Vide GALL, ARNOLD supra.

GALLI ERNESTO (Ital.). Roman Die-sinker of the first half of the
nineteenth century. He engraved a number of medals commemorat-
ing contemporaneous events of Italian history and portraits of cele-
brities. I have seen by him : Marriage-medal of Charles IIL of
Parma with Louise Marie de Bourbon ; — Scipione MafFei ; —
Giov. Batt. Bodonius; — Pope Gregory XVL ; — 1838, Opening
of the Stone Bridge on the Nure; — &c. — Galli belonged to the
celebrated family of artists and painters of that name; his first work
dates from 181 6 and commemorates the arrival of Marie Louise at
Parma. Later he was employed as Assistant-engraver at the Mint at

— 199 —

Milan. — A certain Galli forged Q.uinarii of the Emperors of the
Lower Empire, but I cannot say anything more definite about him.

GALMOLE, THOMAS (Brit.). Master and Worker of the Money of
Silver in Devylyn (Dublin) and Waterford under Edward IV. In
1483 " an indenture for Ireland was made with Thomas Galmole,
gent., miaster and worker of the money of silver, and keeper of the
exchanges in the cities of Devylyn and Waterford. He was to make
two sorts of monies : one called a peny, with the king's arms on
one side, upon a cross trefoyled on every end ; and with this
inscription REX ANGLIE & FRANCIE, and on the other side the
arms of Ireland upon a cross with this scripture, DNS HIBERNIE.
Of such penyes in the pound weight of the Towre iiij c. 1. pecs
which is in nombre xxxvijx. w]d. The other money to be called the
halfpenny with the like impression and inscription, and in weight
one half of the first. All of the old sterling ". His name appears also
as Thomas Archibold, Master of the Dublin Mint, temp. Richard III.
and Henry VII.

Bibliography. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain, Sec. London,
1840, p. 289. — Dr Aquila Smith, Irish Coins of Edward III., p. 42, note ; .

GALLO Vide SANGALLO.

GALY, HIPPOLYTE MARIUS (Freneh). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Algiers; a pupil of Jncquot and Corbon. His works ot
sculpture are very numerous, and at the Salons of 1880 and 1882
he exhibited Portrait-medallions in bronze. There is also a fine
medallion of Count Agenor de Gasparin by him executed in 1895.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie ct Auvray, op. cit.

GAMBARO, PIETRO DI MATTEO DAL {ItaL). From a document,
dated January 30, 1495, we learn that this goldsmith was named ^
cunium et ceccani to assay (or perhaps) engrave the dies for the coins
of Bologna. In 1498 the Bolognese Mint was 'ceded for a period
of three years to another goldsmith, Antonio Magnani.

Bibliography. — Francesco Malagu?zi Valeri, La Zecca di Bologna, Rivista Ita-
liana di Numismatica, 1897.

GAMBELLO Vide.. CAMELIO Vol. I, p. 195.

GAMOONI, ALI {Arab.). Mr. Henry A. Rhind writing in 1862
says : " There is now at Thebes an archforger of scarabaei — a cer-
tain Ali Gamooni, whose endeavours, in the manufacture of these
much sought after relics, have been crowned with the greatest suc-
cess. Scarabaei of elegant and well finished descriptions, are not
beyond the range of this curious counterfeiter. These he makes ot
the same material as the ancients used — a close-grained, easily cut
lime-stone — which after it is cut into shape and lettered, receives a

— 200 —

greenish glaze by being baked on a shovel with brass filings. Ali
not content with closely imitating, has even aspired to the creat-
tive; so antiquarians must be on their guard lest they waste their
time and learning, on antiquities of a very modern date ".
Bibliography. — Isaac Meyer, Scarabs, New-York, 1885.

GAMOT, ALARD FRANQOIS JOSEPH (French). Coin-engraver at the
Mint of Lille, probably from 1745 to 1774.

GAMPER, A. {Ardent.). Contemporary Die-sinker, residing at
Buenos Ayres. There is a medal commemorating the new Prison
Buildings in that city, 1872, cut by him.

Bibliography. — A. Rosa, Monetario Americano, Buenos Ayres, 1892.

GAMUS (Rom.). This signature, a fictitious one, appears on a
gem, representing Hope, cut in emerald (Kestner Collection).
Bibliography. — Rev. C. \V. King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

GANDRI, SIMON FRANCOIS (^French). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at S' Jean-les-deux-Jumeaux (Seine-et-Marne) ;
pupil of Hardouin and Perrault. At the Salon of 1875, he exhibited
a Portrait-medallion in bronze of a young lady, and in 1877, another
entitled Jeanne.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GANSERT, MARTIN (G^rm.). Mint-master at Lichtenberg (Hanau)
under Count Frederick Casimir, circa 1673. His initials appear on
the coins, which he probably engraved himself.

GAR, JORG (Germ.). Nuremberg Goldsmith, born circa 15 18, son
ot Sebald Gar, and perhaps theauthor of some medals signed J.G. :
1548, Ludwig von Hutten ; — I55ij Thomas Loffelholtz von
Colberg; — 1552, Georg Tetzel; — 15535 Otto Flosser; —
Mathias Loffelholtz von Colberg; — 155 5, Michael Burgenmaister.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleiire, Berlin, 1884.

GARAPON (French). Editor of several medals, commemorating
incidents of the French Revolution of 1848, at Lyons. Two of these
are illustrated in F. de Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolu-
tion de 1848, PL XLii, 6 and u, 2.

GARRETT, S. (Brit.). Sculptor and Medallist of the first half 01
the eighteenth century. His signature appears on a fine Portrait-
medal of Cardinal Fleury, dated 1741, engraved by him in imita-
tion of the similar work by Roettier.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

— 201 —

GARCIA, J. (Span.). Engraver of some Republican medals, dated
1868 and 1869, and also of 1873.

GARDE, AUGER DE LA (French). Mint-master at Morlaas, 1562-
1582.
Bibliography. — Blanchet, Histoire monetaire du Beam, Paris, 1893.

GARDEL, LOUIS (French). Sculptor and Medallist of the second
quarter of the nineteenh century. By him are several Portrait-
medallions, representing various members of the family of Baron
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1837, and at the Salon of 1849 he exhibited
a Portrait-medallion in clay of M"*" P***.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

6ARDET, JOSEPH ANTOINE (French). Contemporary Medallist of
the modern schoolof Chaplain and Roty, born at Paris in 1857 where
he died in 189 1. Some of his medallic productions are exhibited at
the Luxemburg Museum, and the artist is held in great esteem.
Medal-engraving does not however seem to have been his favourite
branch, which no doubt accounts for the scarcity of his medals.
There is one at the Luxemburg Museum, a cast Portrait-medal of
the engraver, Jean Patricot, which exhibits beautiful work.

M. Roger Marx in Les Medailleurs franfais contemporains illustrates
a Portrait-plaque of the Comtesse J. de Chambrun, another of
M""' Ernest Hehert, and a medalet with a fine bust of M. de Krugh.

Bibliography. — R. Marx, Les MedaiUeurs frangais depuis ijS^, Paris, 1897. —
Id., Les Me'daiUeiirs fratifais contemporains, Paris, 1898.

GARDET, GEORGES (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list of considerable repute. One of his finest productions is the

G. Gardet. — The Fight (obv.).

— 2()2 —

Plaquette illustrated here, representing Stags at fight on one side,
and at rest on the other; it was executed in commission for the

-^*^

a

G. Gardet. — At Rest (I^.)-

Societe des Amis de la Medaille fran^aise, on the recommendation of
M. Roger Marx, the well-known Champion of modern French
Medallists.

GARDEY, JEAN BL (French). Mint-master at Morlaas, circa 1483.

GAREAU, JEAN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Tours,
circa 1643.

GARIN, FRANQOIS (French). Private Master ot the Mint of Corna-
vin at Geneva from May, 145 1, to January, 1453. In 1452 he was
elected Master of all the Mints north of the Alps (Savoy).

Bibliography. — D"" Lad^, Contribution a la Numismatiqiie des Dues de Savoie,
Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1896.

GARLIEB, JOACHIM (Germ.). Mint-director of the city of Rostock,
1796.

GARMOISE, PIERRE DE LA (French). Mint-master and Coin-engrav-
er at Troyes, 1 395-1417.
Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les graveurs de la Monnaie de Troyes, Paris,

GARNEIRO (Brazil). Contemporary Medallist, whose name is
found on a masonic medal struck by the Masons of the Grand
Orient of Brazil on the occasion of the abolition of slavery in that
country and presented to their Grand Master, the Viscount of Rio
Branco, who was President of the Imperial Council at the time.
The medal is dated 1871.

Bibliography. — Marvin, Masonic Medals, Boston, 1880.

— 203 —

GARNER, RICHARD {Brit.) Master of the Royal Mint, London,
anno 14 ofHenr}' IV., 1413.

GARNIER, HENRI ADOLPHE (French). Sculptor and Medallist, of
the middle years of the nineteenth century. At the Salon of 1834
he exhibited several Portrait-medallions, one of the finest being
that of M. Armand de Vaudricourt. Between 1830 and 1870, he
executed a large number of busts, and in 1835 ^ colossal statue
representing the Nymph Echo. After that date he does not seem to
have taken a very active part in the yearly art competitions, as
Chavignerie et Auvray do not mention any of his works posterior to

1835. His monument to General Marceaux, 1869, deserves recording.
This artist engraved at least two commemorative medals of the
French Revolution of 1848, one on the Republican Victory of
the 24*'' of February (obv. illustrated), and the other to com-
memorate the creation of the Provisional government.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — F. de Saulcy, Souvenirs
numismatiqiies dela Revolution de 1S48.

GARNIER, JEAN (French). Designer and painter, 1632-1705. His
portraits of Remy, Figuel, Dantan, Balthazar, etc. served as proto-
types of medals, etc.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GARNIER, JEAN (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist.
Mr, Roger Marx, in Medailleurs modernes en France et a V^tranger,
1900, illustrates two very fine medals by this artist : Head of the
French Republic^ and a St. George killing the Dragon.

GAROFOLINI, C. A. (Ital.) Coin-engraver at the Papal Mint ot
Viterbo, circa 1800. There is a very rare Half-Scudo of the Sede
Vacante, 1799, bearing his initials C. A. G, : obv. FEDELTA —
RELIGIONE. Bust ot the Virgin, nimbed. J^. L'INCENDIO DI

— 204 —

RONCIGLIONE ANNO 1799. View of the burning town ; below
C. A. G.

GARSIDE, HENRY {Brit.). Contemporary Numismatist and Expert
on the British Imperial and Colonial Coinage of the nineteenth
century. He resides at Accrington (Lancashire). He is the origina-
tor of a medal, engraved by Mr. John Pinches, illustrated below.

The obv. bears a portrait of Mr. Robert Trotter Hermon-Hodge,
who represented the Accrington division of Lancashire from July 1 886
till July 1892.

The design of the 1^ is symbolical of the Parliamentary Union
of Great Britain and Ireland.

GARTENBERG, VON (Austr.). Mint-director at Krakau, 1765-1772.
He signed his productions V. G. or v. G.

GARZONI, ZUANO (ItaL). Rector at Cattaro, 15 96- 15 98. His ini-
tials Z. G. appears on the coins issued during his term of office.

GAS. CA... {ItaL). Signature of a Medallist, who worked at the
end of the sixteenth century. He is the author of a medal of Pope
Clement VIII. (1592-1605), with bare bust on obv. and on ^.
DNE. IVBE. ME. AD. TE. VENIRE. Christ walking on the sea.
Perhaps this artist is the same as Gasparo Cambi.

Bibliography. — J. B. Supino, // Medagliere Mediceo, Firenze, 1899.

GASPARI, CORNAGLIA (ItaL). Mint-master at Chamb^ry, 1594-
1595-

GASPARINI (ItaL). Gem-engraver ot the middle years of the
seventeenth century. None of his productions are of great impor-
tance.

— 205 -^

GASQ, PAUL (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, born
at Dijon (Cote-d'Or) 31. March i860; pupil of Jouffroy, Falguiere,
Mercie and Hiolle, of whora a Portrait-medallion of M. Joliet is
mentioned in Art et Decoration, 1899. He began in 1881 to exhibit
at the Paris Salons, and is, since 1896, a Knight of the Legion of
Honour.

GASS, JOHANN BALTHASAR or BAPTIST (Russ). MedaUist and
Coin-engraver of S' Petersburg, second half of the eighteenth cen-
tury, circa 1768-1793. He entered the S' Petersburg Mint as assis-
tant-engraver in 1768, and was raised to the post of Chief-engraver
in 1772 with a salary of 1200 roubles per annum. In 1797, his bad
state of health obliged him to resign his post and he was granted a
pension from the government. J. B. Gass worked principally for
Catherine the Great for whom he cut a number of medals commem-
orating important events of her reign, and also for the Grand Duke
Paul. I have met with the following pieces : Foundation of the
Agricultural Society of S' Petersburg, 1768; — J. W. von Schlatter
of Zurich. 1768 (1^. only); — The Peter the Great Memorial of
S' Petersburg, 1770; — Count Alexis Gregorewitch Orlow, 1770;
— Conquest of Georgia ; — Lanskoy, the celebrated favourite of
Catherine II. ; — Apraxin ; — Bensman ; — Peace with Turkey ; —
Peace between Sweden and Russia, 1790; — Portrait-medal of
Baron G. von Asch I^. Hygiaea, MDCCLXX.

The Hermitage, and the University of S' Petersburg collections
contain thirty-two medals by this artist.

J. B. Gass signed his works IBG.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ad. Hess Kichf.yReimmannSak Cata-
logue, no 8016. — lOnifl IIBEPCEHA, C.lOBAPb ME;iA.lbEPOB'b II APyPHXTj

JiimT>, S« Petersburg, 1874. — Ilaoop. B-b Coop. PyccK. Mej., Bbm- —
Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Iversen, Medaillen auf die Thaten Peters des
Grossen, S* Petersburg, 1872. — Nagler, Monogrammisten.

GASS, F. W. (Russ.). Son of the preceding, and also a Medallist.
He resided at S' Petersburg and was employed at the Mint there in
the capacity of Coin-engraver and Medallist from 1787; pupil of
his father and of the Mineralogical College of S* Petersburg. In 1794
he entered upon the definite service of the Government, but died three
years after, in October 1797. By him are a number of historical
medals and portrait-pieces of Russian celebrities, including several
types of Peter the Great and Catherine II. Most of these medals are
found in the Imperial Hermitage and in the Collection of the
S* Petersburg University.

Bibliography. — As above.

GASTALDO, ROLANDO (ItaL). Mint-master at Dezana, 1 580-1 586,
and before, circa 1578, at S* Beninge de Fruttuaria, and Frinco. His

— 2o6 —

iniiials R.G. appear at the end of the legends on coins of the
Counts of Dezana.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Nagler, Monogrammisten.

GASTAUDI, GIAN PIETRO (Ital.). Mint-master at Turin, 1517-
1519.

GASTON GUITTON, VICTOR flDOUARD GUSTAVE (French). Sculptor
of the second half of the nineteenth century ; pupil of Rude, Sarto-
ris and Menard. At the Salon of 1874 he exhibited a Portrait-
medallion of a young lady, which is not the only work of the
kind executed by this artist.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GATET, ANDR£ (French). Die-sinker at Lyons, . . 1693-17 13, was
employed at the Mint there as Engraver, and cut the dies for a
coinage in 1709. He also executed medals, jetons, and seals.

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Graveurs de Lyon, Macon, 1897.

GATTEAUX, JACQUES £D0UARD (French). Sculptor and Medallist,
son of N. M. Gatteaux, was born at Paris on the 4*^ November

1788, where he died on the 9''' February, 188 1. He learned medal-
engraving with his father, and sculpture under Moitte. In 1809, he

— 207 —

obtained the Frix de Rome, and as a pupil of the French Academy
at Rome, greatly distinguished himself. On his return to France he
was called to the office of Medallist to Louis XVIII. and executed a
number of fine medals on the Peace of 1814, the Holy Alliance and
Portrait-medallions of contemporaneous celebrities.

Edouard Gatteaux's first medal commemorates the capitulation
of Mantua, 1797 {illustrated), of which there are two vatieties ;
it was executed in 1807.

Capitulation ot Mantua, by E. Gatteaux.

In 1809, liis medal representing "Mars followed by Victory"
won for him the Prix de Rome. In 1824, he received a medal, and
again in 183 1 ; knighted in 1833, and elected a Member of the
Institute in 1845 ; in 1855 he was granted a medal of the first class
and in 1861 was created an officer of the Legion of Honour.

Between 1807 and 1847, when he appears to have engraved his
last portrait-piece, Gatteaux has executed no less than 289 medals,
amongst which are the following : Reestablish ment of the French
School at Rome; — Peace of Paris, 1814, and Restoration of the
Bourbons ; — Peace of 1 8 1 5 ; — The Holy Alliance ; — 18 17, H. R. H.
Monsieur, the King's brother ; — Pierre Corneille ; — Montaigne ; —
La Fontaine ; — Malherbe ; — Richelieu ; — Buffbn ; — J. F. Ducis ;

— Jean Philippe Rameau; — Pierre Puget; — Inauguration of the
Louis XIII. Statue on the Place royale, 1829; — 1819, Puget; —
Rabelais; — Haydn ; — M'"^ de Stael; — Philibert de I'Orme; —
Jean Varin; — Cassini, 1825 ; — Various jetons; — 1824, Zamois-
ky, Polish chancellor in 1704; — Gaspard Monge, one of the
founders of the Ecole polytechnique ; — Massena, Marshal of France ;

— G . Edelinck, copper-plate engraver ; — Barthelemy ; — Mirabeau ;

— Coronation of CharlesX. ; — 1827. Journey of Charles X. through
the provinces; — 1833, Coronation of Louis-Philippe; — Portrait
of Louis-PhiUppe; — Lafayette; — P. A. Delanneau, Director
of S'^ Barbe College; — Beethoven; — Nicolas Gatteaux; —
Taking of Antwerp Citadel ; — Prize Medal of the Ecole royale

— 208 —

des Beaux-Arts; — 1835, Surrender of Antwerp Citadel; — Por-
trait of N. Gatteaux ; — Charles Mercier-Dupaty, French Sculptor,
1825; — Duke of Enghien, 1804; — Royal Academy of Music,
1816; — The Deputies of La Vendee, 1820; — Jeton of the
Chamber ot Notaries of Evreux; — The Comte d'Artois visits the
Paris Mint, 18 18; — Jean Pierre Cortot; — Modeste Gretry, French
musician, 18 14; — Jeton of Bordeaux; — Marriage of the Prince
Royal, 1837; — 1847, Sully.

Amongst his most important works of sculpture, it may be worth
mentioning : Bust of Napoleon ; — Bust of Marie-Louise; — Stat-
ue of Chevalier d'Assas; — Triptolemus ; — Statue of Hippolyte
Bisson, erected at Lorient, 1833 J — Anne de Beaujeu, Duchess of
Bourbon nnd Auvergne (Luxemburg Gardens) ; — Minerva after
the Judgment of Paris, 1839; — Michael Angelo; — Grand Prize
Medal for Engraving ; — &c.

In his Notice of Gatteaux, read before the '" Academic des
Beaux-Arts", M. Chaplain, makes the following remarks : " L'acti-
vhh de la gravure en medailles, au debut du siecle, fut longtemps
assez limitee. TioUer et Michaux, a qui Ton doit les monnaies de
I'Empire, celles de Louis XVIII et de Charles X, n'ont gnere fait
autre chose. Andrieux, Brenet, Caunois, Petit, ont montre plus de
soin que d'invention originale; plus tard seulement, a I'epoque ou
Domard nous a donn^ la monnaie de Louis-Philippe, on vit s'ap-
pliquer a cet art un plus grand nombre de talents. Barrepere, Bovy,
Depaulis, Desboeufs, Gayrard. C'est dans ce milieu et a sa date
au'il faut replacer M. Gatteaux, qui des le premier quart du siecle,
Qonna I'exemple d'une singuUere application. II a grave 289 medailles.
Celle de I'ficole des Beaux-Arts est faite d'apres un dessin de
M. Ingres. Toutes les autres sont exclusivement de lui, depuis la
medaille commemorative de la capitulation de Mantoue, en 1808,
jusqu'i celle de Sully, en 1847, la derniere qu'il ait gravee, croyons-
nous.

"II avait tonde la serie des illustrations frangaises ou galerie
m^taUique; il lui a donne un tres grand nombre de portraits de
grands hommes : Malherbe, Richelieu, Varin, Gerard Edelinck,
I'abbe Barthelemy, Cassini, P. Corneille, La Fontaine, Montaigne,
Buffon, P. Puget, Rabelais, M™'^ de Stael, Philibert de I'Orme,
Mirabeau, Monge, Mass^na.

" Le critique et I'artiste etaient assez diff^rents chez M. Gatteaux.
Le critique comprenait toutes les perfections de la Renaissance, sa
vari^t^ si vivante, ei, plus tard, il s'eprit de I'art grec, alors qu'on
commenga a le bien connaitre. L'artiste, plus reserve et plus timide,
s'en tint d I'id^al que representait surtout I'art romain. C'est
dans cet esprit que sont congues la plupart de ses oeuvres. On
s'^tonne de la reserve qu'il s'impose, de la prudence avec laquelle il

— 209 —

imite la Renaissance. II adore I'aniiquit^; mais, quand il s'en ins-
pire, il nous fait penser malgre nous aux poetes classiques et aux
tragedies du premier Empire. Ce qu'il recherche avant tout, c'est
une dignite un peu froide, une simplicity qui pourrait etre plus ele-
gante, si la vie y etait plus naturelle et plus sensible. "

Ot the medal struck in commemoration of the establishment of
the Architectural School of Paris, Larousse expresses the following
opinion : "■ Cette medaille, d'un module enorme, etait moins un
travail de numismatique qu'un excellent morceau de sculpture. La
tete de Philibert Delorme, representee sur la face, est, en effet, des-
sinee et modelee avec une ampleur magistrale, qu'on rencontre
rarement dans la gravure en medailles. "

In 1855, Gatteaux obtained a medal for his exhibits at the Salon.
After that date, he seems to have taken a well-deserved rest. Better
gifted than his father, he did not, however, surpass him very much
as a medallist. His numerous works of statuary and sculpture have
bestowed upon him greater notoriety, and as a critic remarked,
" his name will ever remain amongst the most distinguished
names of French Art. "

Gatteaux was for a long period of years a member of the Consul-
tative Committee on Coinage.

He was a collector of taste, but had the sorrow to see a portion
of his art treasures destroyed during the conflagration that followed
the insurrection of 1871. At his death, he made an important
bequest to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil. —
D"" F. P. Weber, op. cit. — Thomseti Catalogue. — Hennin, Numismatique de la
Revolution franfaise, Paris, 1826. — J. C. Chaplain, Notice sur M. Gatteaux, 1881 .
— Grande Encyclopedie . — Grand Dictionnaire Larousse. — Nouveau Larousse illus-
tri.

GATTEAUX, NICOLAS MARIE {French.). Medallist, born at Paris
on the 2"'^ ot August, 175 1, died there on the 24'" of June, 1832 ;
pupil of Delorme and Gros ; elected Medallist to the King in 178 1.
His father was a locksmith in poor circumstances, so that the
young artist had to work his way up by perseverance and deter-
mination of character. At the age of 17, he was left the sole
support of his family, but thanks to his happy disposition and
uncommon abilities, he soon obtained a remunerative situation as
engraver, and some years after, in 1773, he was introduced to
Decotte, Director of the Paris Medal-Mint, and engaged by him.
His first medallic work is a portrait of Louis XV., for the Series of
Kings of France.

To Gatteaux was entrusted the engraving of the Lottery tickets,
of the principal Assignats and of the Stamps of the Regie. He is the
inventor of an ingenious machine of great service to sculptors.

L. FoRREK. — Biographical Notices of Medal I ills. — II. 14

— 2 10

Gatteaux exhibited only once at the Salon, in 179 1. His best
known medals are : Death of Louis XV. ; — Coronation of
Louis XVL ; — Foundation of a College of Surgeons; — Birth of
the Dauphin; — Invention of B.dloons by Montgolfier; — Estab-

Portrait-Medal of N. M: Gatteaux, by his son E. Gatteaux.

lishment of a Lazzaretto at Marseilles ; — Travels of Lapey-
rouse ; — Opening of the Canal of Burgundy ; — Federation of the
Departments of France ; — Abolition of Privileges; — Passage of
the Rhine and Danube by Moreau, in an VIII; — Prize Medal of
the French Academy; — Medals for the United States; — Prize
Medal of the French School of Medicine, with busts of Ambroise
Pare and Andre Fernel, \^<)/{{illusi rated); — Portrait-medal of Haydn,
struck to commemorate the production of his celebrated Oratorio,
The Creation ; — Comte de Maurepas ; — d'Alembert ; — Lalande;

— The Three Consuls ; — Seals of the National Assembly, of the
Conseil des Anciens, of the Conseil des Cinq-Cents; (var. of various
dates) ; — Independence of the United States of America; — Fete
des bonnes gens; — Elie de Beaumont; — Conquest of Bavaria;

— Horace Gates, 1777; — Anthony Weyne; — John Stewart,
1779; — Reestablishment of the British Roman Catholic College in
Paris, 1804(2 var.); — Aerostatic Experiments, 1783 ; — Jetons of
Languedoc, 1785; — Jeton of S' Jean, 1786; — Generality of
Orleans, 1787; — Jetons with bust of Louis XVL, 1789; — French
Republic, 1797, — Ecu of the Republic or Royal Academy of
Music, 1799; — Jeton for Normandy; — Appeal Tribunal of Paris ;

— Jeton of Bordeaux, with bust of Louis XVL; — Louis XVL,
Assembly of Nobles at Paris, 30"^ May, 1789; — Louis XVL

— 2ir —

and Necker, 1789; — Life-saving Medal to the brave Picard,
1789; — Louis XVL abandons his Privileges, 1789; —
Freedom of the Press, 1789; — The Raynal Agricultural Prize,
17S9J — Medals of the Forts du Port aux bleds of Paris, 1789;

Medal of the French Scliool of Medicine, by N. M. Gatteaux.

— Do, ofSoissons, 1790; — Confederation of the French, 1790
(4 var.); — Ticket for Civil Commissioners, 1790; — Caisse
patriotique of Paris, 1791; — Pattern Six Livre piece of 179 1

— 212

(2 var., one illustrated) ; — To Immortality, 1792 ; — Prize Medal
tor Virtue, LA BONNE MERE (^ var.) ; — Tribunal de cassation of
Paris, 1794; — Jetons for the Conseii des Cinq-Cents, 1797; —

Pattern Six Livre Piece ot 1791, by N. M. Gatteaux.

The French Republic to its Defenders, 1797 ; — The National
Lottery, 1797; — Sciences and Arts, 1798; — The School of
Medicine of Paris, 1798 ; — Agricultural Medals of Bordeaux, Dijon
and Paris, 1798, and 1799 ; — Concert of Amateurs in Paris, 1799 ;
— Burgoyne's Surrender at Saratoga, 1777 ; — Storming of Story
Point, N. Y., 1779; — French National Academy of Music, 1804
(2 var.). ; — Munificence of the Commerce of Bordeaux, 1807 ; —
The Grand Master of the Imperial University, 1808 (2 var.); —
J. Fernel, 1808.

This artist usually signed his name in full; but his signature
appears also in very few instances as N.GA.

Miel {Notice sur N. M. Gatteaux, Paris, 1832) informs us that
Gatteaux engraved no less than 289 medals between 1773 and
1802, and adds : « Les ouvrages de Gatteaux denotent une imagi-
nation vive et brillante, une grande facilite de composition. L'alle-
gorie dont on a tant abuse, fut toujours employee par lui avec
discernement, et s'il y eut souvent recours, ce fut toujours en vue
de rendre avec nettete et precision une idee vraie et forte. Ce qu'il
y a de remarquable, c'est que sa main ferme et soigneuse ne fut
jamais entrainee par la vivacite de son esprit. Prompt k concevoir,
prompt a ex^cuter, il n'en imprima pas nioins a ses ouvrages le
caractere de la reflexion. Tous sont rendus avec maturite ; tous
sont finis avec la plus minutieuse attention. Adroit et entrepre-
nant, il ne recula jamais devant les difficultes quelles qu'elles
fussent; mais son courage, ainsi que son genie, se.nblait croitre
avec elles. Aussi a-t-il etendu le domaine de son art. Tout ce qu'il
a imaging de nouveau pour perfectionner le mecanisme de la gra-
vure en m^dailles, a ete g^neralement adopts, et ce qui, avant lui,

— 213 —

paraissait presque impossible, est aujourd'hui d'lin usage courant. »
Miel mentions also Gatteaux's invention of a special type of
copying machine, which served as a prototype to our present
reducing machine. This is his description : « La gravure en
medailles n'etant que la sculpture en miniature, I'art du sculpteur
ne pouvait etre oubliedans les combinaisonsdu graveur-m^canicien.
Personne n'ignore combien I'ebauche d'un marbre est imparfaite et
perilleuse par le proccde de la mise a point. Gatteaux fit una
machine qui remplace avantageusement ce delectueux appareii, et
qui transporte sur le marbre, avec une precision mathematique, les
points correspondants du modele, tout en laissant a I'auteur de la
statue la tache vraiment creatrice de la terminer. Ce mecanisme a
obtenu le suffrage de la commission de sculpture de I'Academie des
Beaux-Arts; plusieurs de nos plus habiles statuaires s'en servant
pour ebaucher leurs ouvrages; il a valu a son auteur, en 1819, une
medaille d'argent a I'exposition des produits de I'industrie nationale. »
Larousse, in his Grand Dictionnaire, expresses his opinion of
the artist in the following manner : « Le burin de Gatteaux
est gracieux et delicai. Ses medailles rappellent toutes, ou des faits
historiques, ou les traits des personnages illustres. Dans sesgrandes
medailles il a deploye toutes les qualites d'un statuaire de premier
ordre, et jusque dans les plus petites, son style est reste grand,
Idger et simple. »

Commenting on the medallists of the latter end of the eighteenth
century, amongst whom N. M. Gatteaux and the Duviviers stand
foremost, M. Roger Marx writes : « Tout a I'heure, ils s'attar-
daient avec d'exquises caresses de burin, a celebrer les rosieres, la
vertu, ^ conter par le menu I'existence de Louis XVI, les decou-
vertes, les entreprises, le premier or trouve dans les mines d'Alle-
mont, la construction du canal du Centre, I'invention des aerostats
par MM. de Montgolfier... Maintenant, plus d'oeuvres muries a
loisir, plus de tranquilles images de I'oisivete royale, plus de sujets
a la Greuze, — La bonne mere, Le bon chef de famille, Le culiivateur
laborieux, — chers a la vieillesse sentimentale d'un siecle corrompu.
On exigeait d'eux le souvenir hatif des episodes multiples de I'agi-
tation contemporaine, la figuration des rues, des places avec la
houle des foules en mouvement; on leur demandait de revcnir a
I'antique, d'abandonner le style qui avait marque par I'enrente de
I'arrangement et le naturel de I'elegance, la medaille fran^aise au
cours du xviii^ siecle. Besogne ardue que de se plier a la tendance
nouvelle! >>

Bibliography, — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Betts, American Medals. — Chavigne-
rie et Auvray, op. cit. — D"" F. P. Weber, op. cit. — Thomsen Catdogm. —
Hennin, op. cit. — Gratide Encyclopedie. — Grand Dictionnaire Larousse. — Marx,
Lesmedailleurs franfais depiiis ijScf, Paris, 1897. — Sale Catalogue, etc. — A. Evrard
de Fayolle, Hisloire numismatique de la Clximbre de Commeru de Bordeaux, 1901.

— 214 —
GARROT. MICELL (French). Mint-master at Angers, 1660-1661.
Bibliography. — Adrien Planchenault, La tvonuaie d" Angers, 1896.

GASPARE DE' TOZOLI (liaL). Gem-engraver at the Court of Pope
Paul II. ; perhaps only a dealer in gems.

GASPARINI (Ital). Gem-engraver at Mantua, seventeenth cen-
tury.

GATTI (Ital.y Savoyard Mint-master at Geneva (Cornavin),
1485-1500. On the coins issued by him are the letters G. G. =
(GATTI, GINEVRA).

GATZ, PETER {Germ.'). Master of the Mints of Frankfort, Basle and
Nordlingen under the Emperor Sigismund. He was a native of
Basle, and appears to have filled the post of Mint-master at Frank-
fort from 1423 to 1428, but there is no distinctive mark on the
Gulden coinage of that period that would indicate his tenure ot
oflSce.

Gatz was installed Mint-master at Basle for a period of five
years in 1429. His Goldgulden were to be similar to those struck
at Frankfort, bearing on one side, sceptre and cruciferous orb,
accompanied by the legend : SIGISMVND « ROMANOR « REX,
and on the othtr side, Virgin and Child, with : MONETA BASI-
LIEN.

Goldgulden of Basle, under Sigismund.

From contemporaneous documents, we learn that the Mint-
master had to pay to the Royal Treasury ^Gulden for every Mark of
gold that he coined. We also read : " Er soil vor Niemand zu
Reclue stehen als vor dem Konige; er soil auch iiber seine Familie
und Gesinde allein richten, mil Ausnahme von Mord oder Dieb-
stahl, in welchem Fall der Rath zu Basel richten soil. "

Under Peter Gatz, the Mint of Basle issued a very important
series of currency, but already in 143 1, Sigismund mortgaged the
Mints of Frankfort, Nordlingen and Basle to Conrad von Weinsberg
for the sum of 5450 Gulden.

— 21) —

The name of Gatz is mentioned as late as 1458 in connection
with the Mint of Basle.

Bibliography. — A. Sattler, Zur Geschichle der Riichsniun^sldtle ;ii Basel, Bul-
letin de la Socidte Suisse de numismatique, 1882. — Paul Joseph und Eduard
Fellner, Die Mun:(en von Frankfurt am Main, 1896.

GADDENS. AUGUSTIN SAINT- (American). Sculptor and Medallist,
residing at New York, hut of Irish origin ; one of the most clever
artists and exponents of art in the United States at the present
time. He studied for a number of years at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts,
Paris; his recent exhibits at the Paris Salons have produced quite
a stir and made the name of the sculptor famous in the world of
art.

Saint-Gaudens' Medallions are not behind in merit with his works
of sculpture; the best known are : Robert Louis Stevenson; —
Charles Beaman ; — Francis Millet; — Martland Amstrong ; —
Georges Menard ; — Bastien-Lepage; — Mrs. Schuyler van Reusse-
laer; — Miss Violet Sargeant; — Prescott Hall Butler; — Jacob
Schiff; — Homer S' Gaudens; — Cornelius Vanderbilt; — Leo
Mortimer Schiff and Consort ; — Mr. & Mrs. S' Gaudens, the artist's
parents; — Mr. Sargeant, &c.

The artist had been commissioned to execute the commemorative
medal of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893, which he did. The obv.
represented a young male figure holding wreaths in left hand, and
lighted torch in right; on the I^. Christopher Columbus was
depicted, setting foot on American soil and raising his eyes in
thankfulness to heaven. The xMedal Committee rejected the obv. on
moral objections, but the ^. was accepted and used with another
obv. type designed by Mr Barber, Chief-engraver of the United
States Mint.

M. Gaston Migeon has appreciated lately the work of Saint-
Gaudens in the following words, which I extract from " Art et
Decoration", 1899.

" Les Medallions en bas-relief, modeles avec une infinie delicatesse,
avec une entente superieure des jeux de la lumiere constituent une
serie tres importante de I'oeuvre de M. Saint-Gaudens. C'est la
charmante figure pensive et poetique de Robert Louis Stevenson,
le romancier ecossais, represent^ malade, etendu sur ses oreillers
et dont la main longue et affinee feuillette un cahier ouvert sur ses
genoux. Ce sont ceux, tous energiques et graves de Ch. Beaman,
Francis Millet, de Martland Amstrong ou le profil de si grand
caractere, au nez busque, de Georges Menard C'est aussi le
medallion de notre Bastien-Lepage execute a Paris en 1880, au
moment de sa Jeanne d'Arc. Puis la figure si vivante d'ardente
intelligence et de ferme decision de Mrs Schuyler van Russlaer ou
la charmante Miss Violet Sargeant tenant uneguitare. Cesont enfin

— 2l6 —

ces delicieuses figures d'enfant, ceux de Prescott Hall Butler,
appuy^s I'un sur I'autre, ceux de Jacob Schiff, tenant en laisse un
levrier et le petit Homer S' Gaudens, a la figure ronde, a peine
formee, aux joues encore toutes pleines de lait, et pour laquelle la
main paternelle a petri et modele la glaiseavec une d^licatesse toute
particuliere,

** A penetrer I'ceuvre d'Augustin Saint-Gaudens, on se sent
enclin a la plus profonde sympathie pour cette siucerite, cette
force concentree, cette simplicite et cette noblesse de sentiment.
C'est de nos jours un de ceux qui auront porte sur lasociete de leur
temps et de leur pays, le regard le plus penetrant et le plus con-
scient de son caractere particulier. "

M. Roger Marx in his latest work devotes a whole Plate of
illustrations to the works of this clever American Sculptor and
Medallist.

Bibliography. — Gaston Migeon, Le sculpteur Aiigiistin Saint-Gaudens, Art et
Decoration, 1899. — Roger Marx, Les Medailleurs modernes en France et a I'elran-
ger, Paris, 1901.

GAUDEFROY, L. M. M™^ (^French). Contemporary Sculptor, and
Miniaturist, born at Amiens (Somme), in 1856. Pupil of M"''' Leon
Bertaux, Joseph Carlier, M"^ Gabry Bureau, Mabille, FeHx Martin,
and others.

Since 1890, this artist has exhibited at the Paris Salons the follow-
ing works : Smile of Spring; — Portrait of Marguerite Bulot; —
Portrait of Ghislaine de Margard ; — Portrait of Felix de Beauville;

— The Unhappy; — The Happy; — Sre Cecile; — Maternity;

— Spring; — Simonne and Yvonne de Lymarie ; — Portrait of
M"^ Gabrielle de Beauville de Gillot, &c. All these are Medallions
in clay, bronze, or marble.

Some of M'"^ Gaudefroy's Plaques in pewter are of a highly artistic
character : Jeannette ; — Portrait of M*"* Gaudefroy sen' ; — Nests
of Love ; — Marguerite (plaquette in silver); — ^ Prayer; — Cupids
playing, &c.

As a Sculptor and Miniaturist, the Artist has obtained several
medals in London, Versailles, Lille, Paris, and at the Universal
Exhibition ot 1900 she was awarded the Bronze medal.

Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by the artist.

GAUDOT, JOSU£ {Swiss). King's Councillor at Neuch^tel under
the reign of Frederick L, King of Prussia. On the jo'*" of
November 17 12 a contract was passed between the Government
and Gaudot for the working of the Neuch^ltel Mint. With him
worked the engraver Jean Patry, who also filled the post
of Mint-master, his son Jean Francois Patry, and as Warden
of the Mint, Pierre Chevrier ; all three came from Geneva. The

— 217 —

coins struck in 1712 and 1713 bear the initials I. P-, but the dies
were executed at BerHn. Gaudot received 1200 Frs for the installa-
tion of the Mint and a yearly income of 6000 Frs.

Bibliography. — D"" Frhr. von Schrotter, Die Muniprugiitig in Neuenhurg in
den Jahren ijij, 14 und //, Zeitschrilt fur Numismatik, 1899.

GAUL, FRANTZ (Aiistr.). Medallist and Director of the K. K. Gra-
veur-Akademie of Vienna for a number of years; born on the
27''' of June, 1802, died on the 22"^ of October, 1874. He was a
pupil of LuigiPichler and Joseph Klieber. He succeeded to J. D. Boehm
as Director of the Graveur-Akademie in 1866. The Austrian coins
issued between 1848 and 1857 were engraved by him. He also
executed a number of medals, the best known of which are those
of the Empress Elizabeth and Fanny Essler; also one representing
Hagar in the Wilderness.

The dies for the Hungarian Gulden pieces of 1870-79, Four
Kreutzers of 1868-1869, Double Gulden of 1873 on the 25*'' Anni-
versary of Francis Joseph's reign, Four Ducats of 1857, '58 and
'59, &c. were also'cut by this eminent artist.

His initials F. G. appear on the I^. of the Marriage Thaler of
Francis Joseph of Austria and Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, 1854
{illustrated), and his full signature F. GAUL on a medal of the
Agricultural Society of Klausenburg, undated.

Marriage Double Gulden of Francis-Joseph I. and Elizabeth of Bavaria.

His biographer says : "Seine Medaillen sind stilvoll gezeichnet
und modelHrt, seine Technik ist sicher und kraftvoll. "

There is a Portrait-medalet of F, Gaul by A. Scharff, executed in
1866, and reproduced in Mittheilungen des Clubs der Miini- und
Medaillen-Freunde in IVien, 1895, p. 93.

Bibliography. — Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Leipz\g, 1878. — Mittheilungen
des Clubs der Mimi- und Medaillen-Freunde in IVien, 1890-1900. — Ad. Resch,
op. cit.

— 2l8 —

GADLE, MARTIN LE (French). Engraver of jetons, circa 1520.

GADLARD. TthlX £mILE (French). Gem-engraver and Medallist,
born at Paris on the 29''' of August, 1S42. Pupil of Levasseur,
C Salvatelli, and Bissinge. He began, on his own initiative, at the
age of 27, without a master, tocui precious stones, an art in which
he became so efficient that he now holds the highest rank as a gem-

L'ldeal, by F. E. Gaulard.
(Block kindly ,lent by the Editor of the Revue de VArt ancien et moderne.)

engraver. At the Universal Exhibition of Paris, 1900, he was
awarded a gold Medal.

This artist exhibited the following works at the Salons from
1866 to 1 90 1 : i86r. Portrait of his Son, shell cameo; — 1867.
Portrait ot General S***, shell cameo; — Portrait of H. . S***,C
shell cameo; — 1868. Faust and Marguerite, after A. Scheffer,
cameo ; — 1869, Hebe ; — Ajax ; two camei; — 1870. La Vierge

— 219 —

a la chaise, after Raphael, cameo; — 1874. Ajax, in pietra dura;
— 1875. Mars, in pietra dura ; — 1876. Moses on the mountain
watching the fight between the Israelites and Amalekites, cameo in
carnelian ; — 1877. Portrait of M'"^ X***, onyx ; — 1878. Portrait ot
M. Emile Gaulard, sardonyx ; — Mucins Scaevola before Porsenna,
onyx; — 1879. Portrait of the artist's son, Lucien ; bust in sardo-
nyx ; — 1880. The Torment of Prometheus, sardonyx (acquired

L'enl^vemenl de Dejanire, by F. E. Gaulard.
(Illustration kindly lent by the Editor of the Revue de VArl ancimet wodertie.)

by the State for the Luxembourg Museum); — 1881. Phoebus,
cameo in opal; — 1882. Dolphins bringing Amphitrite to Nep-
tune;— 1884, Birth of Minerva, cameo in chalcedony (acquired
by the State for the Luxembourg Museum; — 1885. The Flag,
cameo in sardonyx; — 1886. Hebe, agate of four tints; — 1887.
Hippolyte, agate of six strata; — 1888. Eve, oriental agate; —
1889. Judith, statuette in pink chalcedony; — 1890, Gallia, stat-

— 220 —

uette in burnt topaz (Luxembourg Museum); — 1891. L'Ideal,
cameo in sardonyx (for which the artist was awarded a medal of
the second class (illustrated); — 1893. Christ, statuette in green
Indian jade; height : 18 cm. — 1895. The Rape of Dejaneira,
cameo in sardonyx (acquired by the State for the Luxembourg
Museum (illustrated); — 1896. Leda, cameo in sardonyx of three
strata (acquired by the State for the Luxembourg Museum); — 1897.
The Return of the Conqueror, sardonyx of five strata; — 1898.
Hebe, sardonyx of three layers; — 1899. After the contest between
Ideal Love and Material Instinct, cameo in sardonyx (awarded
a Medal of the First Class); — 1900. The Dawn of the French
Republic, cameo and electrotype; — 1901. Portrait of M. Muzet,
Deputy of the Department of the Seme, onyx cameo, &c.

M. Gaulard has also executed Portrait-medallions of M. Weiss;

— M"^ Gille ; — M. Muzet ; — M. le Comte de Valcours ; — of the
Artist himself, &c., both in clay and bronze.

At the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900, this artist exhibited the
following works : Gallia (statuette in burnt topaze); — The
Ideal (cameo on sardonyx of three strata) ; — Dawn (cameo on
natural chalcedony); — Christ (jade); — Rape of Dejanira
(cameo in sardonyx); — Portrait of M. E. G***. (cameo in sardo-
nyx); — 7° Portrait of M"'^ G. (cameo); — 8° Leda (cameo in
sardonyx in three strata); — 9° Return of the Conqueror (cameo
in sardonyx of five strata); — 10° Hebe (cameo); — 11° After the
contest between Ideal Love and Material Instinct (cameo in sardo-
nyx); — Portrait of M. Hubert Weiss (medallion).

At the Salon of 1901, he further exhibited : Portrait ot
M. Alexis Muzet, bronze plaque; — Similar portrait, onyx cameo;

— Chimaera ; — After the Fight, electrotype after a cut stone.

In 1902, the artist's exhibits were very much admired; they
consisted of a sardonyx cameo representing Spring, and another
cameo, entitled " Towards the Unknown " in mosaic, composed of
pink-sardonyx, blood jasper, Hungarian opal, blue chalcedony from
the Oural, gold and silver.

"L'Ideal", remarks M. Babelon in a recent article of the Revue
de VArt (La Gravure en pi-rrres fines, 10 novembre 1900) " est le reve
d'un musicien. Le sujet est poetiqueet la composition en est pleine
de sentiment et d'emotion ; on sent I'inspiration dans I'attitude de
ce jeune homme agenouille sur leplus hautsommet d'une montagne
et qui etend les bras en brandissant sa lyre, tandis qu'au-dessus de
lui, couch^e dans les nuages et bercee par eux, la Gloire endormie
tient un rameau de laurier ".

And of Gaulard's fine cameo " L'Enlevement de Dejanire ", the
same writer says :

**L'artiste a bien tire parti des dilRrentes couches de la belle et

— 221 —

grande gemnie qu'il a su choisir; il y a meme dans son oeuvre de
la profondeur comme dans une raedaille de Roty, et I'archer qui
vient de percer d'une fleche le centaure Nessus est bien place dans
le lointain. "

M. Gaulard is one of the foremost Gem-engravers of our times,
and belongs to the school of H. Frangois, Georges Lemaire,
G. TonneHer, Galbrunner, and B. Hildebrand.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auray, op. cit. — L. B^nedite, Catalogue dn
Musee dit Luxembourg. — E. Babelon, La Gravure en pierres fines. Revue de I'Art,
nov. 1900.

GAULARD, LUCIEN ACHILLE (French). Gem-engraver, born at
Paris; pupil of M. Frank; resides at Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (Seine-et-
Oise).

At the Salon of 1902 he exhibited a figure of Bacchante, on a
sardonyx cameo of three strata.

GAUQDifi, HENRI (French). Sculptor, born at Flers-16s-Lille
(Nord) ; pupil of CaveHer and Fache. At the Salons of 1881 and
1882 this artist exhibited Portrait-medallions in bronze and
clay.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GAURAMUS ANICETUS. This signature (?) is found on a gem in
bloodstone, representing a combat between a dog and wild boar.
King thinks the name may be that of the dog.

Bibliography. — King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

GAUSBY, MARRIAN AND (Brit.). A Birmingham firm of Die-
sinkers, who issued in 1846 several pattern coins. The Montagu
Collection contained a set of Pattern pieces, comprizing the Ten,
Five, Two and One Cent pieces; obv. Head of Queen Victoria to 1.,
hair tied in knot behind, plain fillets; MARRIAN & GAUSBY D .
BIRM. below the head ; no legend; broad rim, within which is a
beaded circle, on both sides; §6. SMITH ON DECIMAL CUR-
RENCY 1846; floral ornament each side of date; in the centre in
two lines, indication of value; edge plain, extremely rare.

Vide MARRIAN & GAUSBY.

Bibliography. — Spink, Catalogue of Mr. Montagu's Collection oj Coins from
George 1. to Victoria, London, 1891.

GAUTHERIN, JEAN (French). Sculptor, born at Ouroux (Nievre),
on the 19"' of Decem.ber 1840; knighted in 1878. Since 1865, this
artist has occasionally exhibited Portrait-medallions in clay and
bronze at the annual Paris Salons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 121 —

GAUTHERON, ANTHOINE (French). Engraver at the Mint of Mont-
pellier, during the fourth decade of the seventeenth century.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Graveurs parlicuUers des montiaies de Frattce,
Annuaire de humismatique, 1867.

GAUTHIER, CHARLES (French). Sculptor, born at Chauvirey-le-
Chatel (Haute-Saone) on the 7''' of December 1831 ; pupil of Jouf-
froy ; knighted in 1872.

By him are various Portrait-medallions in clay and bronze which
have been exhibited at the Annual Paris Salons since 1854.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil.

GAUVAIN, JACQUES (French), surnamed PICARD or LE PICARD.

Goldsmith, Engraver and Medalli.st oi Lyons, where he appears to
have settled from Picardy. His name is variously spelt : Gauvain,
Gauveyn, Gauvyn, Gouveyn, Gaveyn, Gavain, Gauvan, Gavan,
Gauvain and Cavan. In contemporary documents he is also styled ;
" Jaques Gauvey dit Astrigot, orphevre", and " Maistre Jaques
I'orfevre " ; on medals with his portrait : lACOBVS GAVVANVS
and lACOBV'S GAVANVS. Gauvain's first wife was the daughter
of Jean le Pere, the artist of the celebrated gold porcupine medal
presented to Louis XIL, 1499, &c.

In 1 52 1, Gauvain was elected to the office of Coin-engraver to
the Mint of Grenoble; in 1523, he engraved the dies of the Blancs
a la couronne or Douzains, and also those ot the Ecus au soleil and
Testons. He was succeeded in this post by Jehan Farbot in 1524.
At the same time, Gauvain was carrying on the trade of a gold-
smith at Lyons, and from a document, we learn that he valued his
work at one ecu d'or per day (about € 2 of our money).

We know the following medals by Jacques Gauvain ; they are
all cast :

1. Obv. .lACOBVS.GAVANVS.AVRIFABER. Portrait of the
artist to r. No ^L. (Berlin Cabinet; T.W. Greene Coll.) Size :
51.6 mill.

2. Obv. .lACOBVS.GAVVANVS.AVRIFABRI- 1523. Bust to
r. No^. (T.W. Greene Coll.). Size : 45.6 mill.

3. Obv. .lACOBVS. GAVVANVS. Bust to r. No ^L. (Louvre
Mus.) Model in clay.

4. Medal of Queen Eleonora (now lost).

5. Medal of the Dauphin Francis (JE specimen in the Collection
of M. Chabrieres-Arles).

6. Medal of Chancellor Duprat (now lost).

These three large medals in gold were presented in 1533 by the
Consulate of Lyons to Queen Eleonore, the Dauphin Francis and
the Chancellor Legate of France on their visit to Lyons.

7. Medal of Margaret of Austria : obv. MARGARITA CAESARIS

— 223 —

MAXIMILIANI FILIA. Bust to r. ^L. VICTRIX FORTVNAE
FORTISSIMA; ex. VIRTVS. Virtue leaning against column; at
her feet, Fortune prostrate (Cabinets of Brussels and Vienna; Coll.
Jules Bizot). Size : 39.1 mill.

The artist was probably residing at Brussels when he was
entrusted with the execution of this medal.

M. Rondot surmises Gauvain to be the author of the medals of
Francois Clouet, Francois do la Colombiere and Thomas de Gadagne
from the similarity ol style and treatment with those signed by him.

Jacques Gauvain's name is mentioned for the last time in 1547 ;
he was then probably a little over seventy years of age.

1 his artist's work bears some analogy with that of Flemish
masters, whilst the composition savours of Italian influence.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Jacques Gauvain, orflvre,graveur el medatlleur
a Lyon au sei^ienic sikle, Lyon, 1887.

GAVANI, JACOBUS. Vide JACQUES GAUVAIN suprd. D' Merzbacher
has erronneously ascribed the following medal to an Italian gold-^
smith of the first half of the sixteenth century. The name is only the
latinized form of Jacques Gauvain. JE. Mm. 51. Obv. JACOBVS,
GAVANVS, AVRIFABER. Bust to r. (described above).

Bibliography. — D-" Eug. Merzbacher, Kunst-Medailhn-Katatoi, Munchen,
1900. — Cat. Rolas du Rosey, 2773.

GAVARDINO (Ital.). Goldsmith, and Niello-engraver of the
sixteenth century.

Bibliography. — Duchesne, Les Nielles, Paris, 1825.

GAVARDINO so-called ; actual names, ANTONIO and FRANCESCO

BALZANI, father and son (Jtal.) Both occupied the post of Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Bologna, the former before 1545, the year of
his death, and Francesco, for a short timeafterw^ards. They are praised
for having been very efficient in their art. Francesco was succeeded
by Cornelio Malvasia, who belonged to a noble Bolognese family.
Bibliography. — Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri, La Zecca di Bologna, 1898.

GAY, LYDIA (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, of the
school of Alphonse Legros. At the Royal Academy Exhibition of
1899, her Portrait-medallion of Miss Lancaster was generally admir-
ed. She is also the author of Portrait-medallions of Lord Kelvin,
Prof. Thomas Huxley, and of others, unnamed, exhibited at the
Society of Medallists' Exhibition in 1897, with Prize-medals, &c.

GAYRARO, PAUL (French). Son of Raymond Gayrard, born at
Clermont (Puy-de-D6me), died on the 2"'^ July, i8s5 ; Sculptor and
Medallist ; pupil ol his father and others ; was awarded medals of the

— 224 —

second class in 1834 ^^"^ ^^^^ ^^^ss in i8|6; decorated with the
Legion of Honour in 1853.

By him are Portrait-medaUions of pubHc and private persons,
which were exhibited at the Salons between 183 1 and 1855. The
Catalogue of 1837 mentions a frame of medals in bronze, which
are however not described.

Bibliography. — Jules Duval, Raymond Gayrard, Paris 1859.

GAYRARD, RAYMOND (French). Sculptor, Medallist and Gem-
engraver, born at Rodez (Aveyron) on the 25''' of October, 1777 ;
died at Paris on the 4'*' May, 1858. Of humble birth, Gayrard
displayed very early an uncommon disposition for artistic pursuits.
Between 1796 and 1802, he served under the French Republican
flag in Italy and Switzerland, and was wounded at the Battle of
Zurich. After the peace of Amiens, he settled down at Paris and
devoted himself henceforth entirely to chasing and engraving, and
worked for several goldsmiths, continuing in the meantime to
stud}' sculpture and the glyptic an under Boizot, Taunay, Jeuf-
froy and other masters. The artist very soon distinguished himself
and obtained encouragement from the highest circles. Denon took
him under his protection, and from 18 10 to the date of his death,
Gayrard's career was but a long series of success. The French
government rewarded his talent by knighting him in 1825.

Gayrard was above all a medallist, but he has done very fine
work as a sculptor and statuary; he is known also as a poet and
moralist.

His biographer, M. Duval, describes 211 medals, 78 statues,
41 low relievi, 46 busts, 10 1 medallions, 20 gems, a chased vase
and a fine chalice by him, but he adds that this list does not
represent the whole of his work, as the medallions alone number
probably 300 specimens.

Gayrard cannot be said to have influenced medallic art to a great
extent; he is not the master of a school, and although a good
portraitist, he adhered in his style to the old principles of the
eighteenth century; nevertheless he is worthy to occupy an honour-
rable place amongst the most eminent artists of his time.

Of especial interest to English collectors are this medallist's
commemorative pieces of the Naval Engagement off^ Malaga, 1704 ;
— The Bridge at Almarez, 181 2; — Roger Bacon ; — The French
people to the English nation, 1838 (the last engraved in collabora-
tion with Caqud).

Though not complete, the following is a fairly representative
list of Gayrard's meaallic works.

— 22 =

COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS

1807, Battle of Montenotte, obv. (illustrated); — 1806, Ticket
for the Masonic Lodge, "LaClemente Amitie" ; — 1807, Road from
Nice to Rome; — Sebastien Hillaire; — 1808, Imperial Univer-
sity (jeton); — 1810, Commission of Secret remedies; — Marie-
Louise and Napoleon; — Another variety, with different busts; —
Napoleon, Marie-Louise and Francis IL, (2 var.); — 18 12, Heur et
malheur (jeton, 2 var.); — Love and Fortune (jeton); — Napo-
leon the Great; — 181 3, The Coal trade (jeton); — 1814, The
French Empire, obv. Bust of Napoleon, ^. Eagle on fulmen; —
Francis IL visits the Paris Medal Mint ; — Frederick William III.
of Prussia visits the Mint ; — Charles Philip of France (Rien nest
change en France, il ny a quun Fran^ais de plus) ; — 181 5, Charles
Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (Soldats, ne tire:^ pas; nous somrnes tons
Frangais); — Louis Antoine, Duke of Angouleme; — Maria The-

Battle of Montenotte (obv.), by R. Gayrard.

resa Charlotte, Duchess of Angouleme; — Second Return ot
Louis XVIII. ; —The Paris Bar; — 1816, Louis XVIIL, King of
France (Aucun des articles de la Charte ne sera revise) ; — Louis XVIIL
distributing Colours to the army; — Homage to Louis XVI. ; —
Transfer of the ashes of the Duke of Enghien to Vincennes Chapel;

— Caroline-Fernande, Duchess of Berry (Connexa lilia crescunt);

— The Duke and Duchess of Berry (2 var.); — i8i7,The Famine
of 1 8 17; — 1 8 18, Retreat of the Allies; — The Count of Toulouse,
Admiral of France; — Battle of Velez-Malaga; — The Water from
the Ourcq brought to Paris ; — Reconstruction of the Bridge of
Millau; — The Church of Notre-Dame de Lorette; — 18 18,
Louis XVIIL, King of France and Navarre; — Nicolas G^rardin of
Orleans; — The Slaughter-house ot Orleans; — Building of the
Chapelle du Temple; — The Fire-engine of Marly; — The Paris

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notica of liedallisit. — II. IJ

— 226 —

Custom house (Octroi); — Church of Noisy-le-Sec ; — Church
of Bercy; — Church of Pres-Saint-Gervais; — Church of Mont-
rouge ; — Town Hall of Le Mans; — Inauguration of the Law Courts
of Orleans; — The Corn Exchange of Orleans; — 1817, Exhibi-
tion Award medal; — Society for the Amelioration of Prisons;

— 1820, Bridge of Livorno; — Award medal; — Completion of
the Bridge of Bordeaux; — Quiroga, Spanish general; — Vacci-
nation in the provinces; — Assassination of the Duke of Berry
(3 types) ; — The Duchess of Berry (Non est dolor sicut dolor meus;
niipta ij jun. 1816, orba I4febr. 1S20); — The Duke of Berry ^L.
Henry IV. ; — Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, Regrets of the
Society of Friends of Art; — To the Memory of the Bourbons
who perisJied under the assassin's steel ; — The Department of the
Nord to the Memory of the Duke of Berry; — Birth of the Duke
of Bordeaux (6 different types); — Louis XVIII. (Ne dis plus, 6
Jacobs que le Seigneur sommeille); — 1821, Baptism of the Duke of
Bordeaux (2 var.); — Treaty of Commerce between France and
America; — 1822, Re-estabHshment of the statue of Louis XIV. on
the Place des Victoires ; — Plague of Barcelona; — Ferdinand VII.,
King of Spain; — Cadiz taken; — 1823, Triumphal Entry of the
Duke of Angouleme in Paris (2 types); — 1824, Lesueur, French
painter; — Death of Louis XVIII. ; — Saint-Louis, King of France;

— Re-establishment of the statue of Henry IV. ; — Bust of
Louis XVIII. ; — Charles X., King of France; — Accession of
Charles X.; — Charles X. swears to maintain the Constitution ; —
Agricultural Prize Medal of Senegal; — Church of Saint- Vincent-
de-Paul; — Bridge of Moissac; — Bridge of Saumur; — Law
Courts of Perigueux; — Monument at Lege to the memory of
Charette; — Bridge of Roche-de-Glun (Drome); — Church of
Saint-Denis au Marais; — Church of Neuilly ; — Cambrai Hall of
Varieties; — Restoration of Cambrai Hospital; — Restoration of the
Chamber of Deputies; — Thanksgivings for theaccessionofCharlesX.;

— Honorary Council of the Royal Museums; — 1825, Coronation
of Charles X. (5 var. one illuslrated); — The King enters Paris; —
Bolivia independent; — Monument to Louis XVI.; — 1827,
Charles X. at Amiens; — The King at Arras; — Charles X. and
the Dauphin visit Colmar; — 1830, Manufacture of Saint-Gobain
(jeton); — Algiers taken; — Liberty of the Press (En publiant elk
eclaire); — Universal fraternity; — Distribution of Colours to the
Garde nationale by Louis-Philippe; — Bust of Louis-Philippe; —
1832, Louis-Philippe, King of the French; — Mgr de Quelen ; —
1839, The " Providence " Fire Insurance; — 1841, The Loire
Railway (jeton); — 1842, Viscount de Bonald; — 1843, S. E.
Cardinal du Pont, Archbishop of Bourges; — 1844, John and
Joseph Darcet; — France crowning Printing; — Exhibition Award

— 12J —

Medal; — The Central Railway; — Cardinal du Pont, ^L. S' Gre-
gory's house at Neuville; — Mgr Affre, Archbishop of Paris; —
Henry of France; — 1847, Cardinal Giraud, Archbishop ot
Cambrai; — Mgr Clausel de Montals, Bishop of Chartres ; — Life
Insurance Society " La Providence "; — Marriage of Leopold,
King of the Belgians; — 1848, French Republic; — Death of
Mgr Affre (^Au martyr de la charite chrelienne); — 1849, The
National Assembly; — Promulgation of the Constitution; —
French Republic; — 1850, Award Medal of the French Republic;

— National Agricultural Show (3 types); — Agricultural Society
of Clermont (Oise); — Industrial Exhibition; — Ministry of
Agriculture; — Agricultural Society of Chartres; — The Plague
of 1850; — Eugene de Genoude, Director of the " Gazette de
France"; — Pius IX. returns to Rome; — Pius IX. visits the
wounded French soldiers; — Savings Bank of Senlis (jeton); —
185 1, Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia; — The Queen of
Sardinia; — Reception of the Lord Mayor of London; —
Fine Art Exhibition; — 1852, France crowning the Fine Arts;

— Bank of Algeria; — Town of Gray, Plague medal; — H.I.H.
Princess Mathilda; — Election of Louis-Napoleon; — Con-
version of the French Rente; — 1855, Queen Victoria visits
Paris; — The King of Sardinia visits Paris; — The new " Hotel
de Ville " of Havre; — M™^ Virginie Ancelot; — M""= de Saint-
Surin-Cendrecourt; — 1856, Peace of Paris; — 1857, S* Theresa;
etc.

By Gayrard are also: 1839, Male portrait; — Female portrait;

— 1840, Comte de Sabran; — Pelouze, Member of the Institute;

— Gamier; — Nibelle; — Baillot; — Zimmermann; — du Theil;

— M"^ Flaugergues; — 1841, Prince Eugene de Beauharnais; —
^me p***. — 1842, Mrs Julia Fitz-Gerald; — Colonel Carcenac ;

— Mrs Geraldine Fitz-Gerald; — Dumoutin Celestin; — P. Paris;

— Emile Deschamps; — F. Reiset; -- Charles de Bousquet; —
Pierre Jeannin, French jurisconsult; — Inauguration of the Sevres
Starting post, 1824; — Insurance Company "L'Union", etc.

NUMISMATIC PORTRAIT GALLERY

Abeilard; — Bacon; — E. de Beauharnais; — Bossuet; —
Calvin; — Cervantes; — Charles V. of Germany; — Cherubini;

— Coligny; — General Dampierre; — Dante Alighieri; —
Duguesclin ; — Fenelon ; — Francis I. ; — GaHleo Galilei ; — Gliick ;

— Gr^try; — Guttemberg; — Heloise; — General Hoche; —
Hoche, Commander in chief; — President Jeannin; — Marshal
Lannes; — Leo X.; — Clement Marot; — Mazarin; — Michael-
Angelo; — Moliere; — Auger de Montyon; — D"" Etienne

— 228 —

Pariset; — Raynal; — M™' de Sevigne; — Tomaso Sgricci;
SufFren; — De Thou; — Turenne.

PORTRAIT-MEDALLIONS

The Comte de Chambordand Henry IV.; — Chateaubriand; —
M.A***, Greek priest; — Viscount of ArHncourt; — Baillot; —
Eugene de Barrau ; — Hippolyte de Barrau ; — Bauchesne ; — Beau-
regard, editor of the " Gazette de France"; — Boissonnade,
Architect; — Boucharlat, Mathematician; — Charles de Bousquet;

— Pierre Cabrol; — EHe Cabrol; — Colonel Carcenac; — Viscount
de Canisy; — Philarete Chasles, Professor at the College of
France; — Viscountess de Contades (Duchess of Luynes); —
M"= V"^ de Contades (Duchess of Chevreuse); — Count Max. ot
Damas; — Abbe Deguerry, curate of the Madeleine at Paris; —
Edm. Delvincourt; — R.P. Dominique; — Delzers; — Emile
Deschamps; — M""^ Dumont; — Jules Duval; — M. Dutheil (2
types); — Count Estourmel; — Ferrand; — Mrs Julia Fitz-Gerald;

— Miss Geraldine Fitz-Gerald; — M"^ Pauline Flaugergues; —
^me (jg Fontmichel; — M. Garnier, Painter; — Gustave Gayrard;
Abbe Gayrard; — M"^ Marie Gayrard; — Girou de Buzareingues;

— Louis Girou de Buzareingues; — Emile Glandy; — Ch. Gos-
selin; — M. Guizaid; — M"'= Guizard; — The children ot
M. Guizard; — Jules Hocede; — Abbe Just; — Armand d'Izam;

— Charles Lacretelle; — Charles de Ladoucette; — M"'*^ Ch. de
Ladoucette; — M"^ B. de Ladoucette; — Baron de Lamotte-Lan-
gon; — Pierre Lamotte; — Latour-Dumoulin; — Guillon-Lethiere;

— Jean Lemoinne; — D"" Le Saulnier; — Henri de Libessart; —
de Ligny; — Edouard Loche; — M™^ Savarin Loche; — Paul de
Lourdoncix; — M"^ de Malleville; — M. de Malleville; — General
Marcy-Monge; — Monseignat; — Montn^erque; — Celestin
Moreau; — Baron de MuUer; — Abbe Mutel; — Nibelle, Lawyer;

— Desire Nisard ; — Oury; — Jules Pagezy, Mayor of Mont-
pelher; — Sophie Pannier; — Paulin Paris; — Pelouze; — Petit-
Radel; — de Portets; — Poujoulat; — de Puymaurin, Director
of the Mint; — Regnault; — M""^ Jacques Reiset; — Frederic
Reiset; — Jules Reiset; — Count Gustave de Reiset; — Henri de
Reiset; — Ferdinand Riant; — Abb6 Rozier; — Count Henri de
Ruolz; — Count de Sabran; — Xavier Saintine; — Seghers,
Musician; — Adolphe Trebuchet; — Abbe Trebuquet; — Edouard
Turquety; — D"" Vallerand-Lafosse ; — Viennet, of the French
Academy; — Berger de Xivrey; — Zimmermann, Composer; etc.

— 229 —
PATTERN COINS

In 1848, Gayrard was one of the competitors for the engraving
of the coins of the Second RepubHc. He submitted to the Mint

Pattern Five Franc piece, 1841, by Gayrard.

Patterns for the 20 Franc piece, 5 Francs (illustrated) and Copper
currency.

ENGRAVED GEMS

Helmeted head of Napoleon, onyx cameo; — Napoleon in
triumphal chariot, onyx cameo; — Napoleon enters Moscow; —
Henry IV. at Arques (2 var.); — Second return of Louis XVIII. ;

— Cadiz taken; — Baptism of Our Lord; — Portrait of Alexander I.
of Russia; — Frederick-William of Prussia; — Murat, King of
Naples; — Louis XVIII. , King of France; — Comte de Chambord ;

— Cardinal du Pont; — Cardinal Giraud; — Charles de Ladou-
cette; — P. Lamotte; — Pelouze; — Raymond Gayrard; — Gus-
tave Gayrard; — Head of Jesus Christ; — Head of the Virgin; — ■
Head of S* Joseph; — Birth of Jesus Christ; — Jesus Christ and
the Disciples at Emmaiis; — Death of Christ; — Christ in heaven;
etc. Several of these are shell camei.

Gayrard was a modest man, and died beloved by all his sur-
roundings. He has described his life in the following rhymes.

Quelques flatteurs m'ont dit que j'animais I'argile,

Que i'acier fut toujours a mon burin docile,

Et que sous mon ciseau le marbre palpitait.

Sans croire a ces discours, mon cceurs'en d^lectait...

Ah ! je dois I'avouer, la louange m'enflamme,

C'estelle qui seduit, qui subjugue mon ame!

Pour elle, jeune encor, j'ai quitte le repos;

Jusqu'a la paix d'Amiens, j'ai suivi nos drapeaux.

Apr^s la guerre, aux arts j'ai demande la gloire.

Oui, je te pr^ferais, pacifique victoire!

Invente, m'6criais-je, invente et tu vivras;

Et puis j'ai dit au ciel : Seigneur! tu m'aideras.

— 230 —

Mais, helas! tout s'eteint, et la froide vieillesse
Vient blanchir mes cheveux et calmer mon ivresse ;
Je suis un vieux lutteur, fatigue de combats;
Sur ce qu'il est, pour Dieu! ne jugez pas mon bras.
A quiconque voudrait me faire cet outrage
Je cite mes travaux et rappelle mon age.

Speaking of Barye, Desboeufs and Gayrard, the eminent critic,
M. Roger Marx sa3's : *' Ces artistes, sculpteurs et medailleurs tout
ensemble, proclament I'unite, la solidarite de I'art et c'est comme
I'espoir d'un relevement prochain. "

Bibliography. — Jules Duval, Raymond Gayrard, Graveur et statttaire, Paris,
1859. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — Grande Eucydopedie. — R. Marx,
Medailleurs franfais, Paris, 1897. — Do, Les Medailleurs modernes en France et a
I'Etranger. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of
British History, London, 1885. — H. A. Grueber, British Museum Guide of English
Medals, London, 1891. — Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1892. — F. de Saulcy,
Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de 184S. — D"" F. P. Weber, English
Medals by foreign Artists, London, 1894. — Hennin, Numismatique de la Revolution
frangaise, Paris. 1826. — Mudie, National Medals. — Thomsen, o/». ci/. — A. Evrard
de FayoUe, Histoire numismatique de la Chambre de commerce de Bordeaux, 1900.

G. B. (in monogram) or I. G. B. Vide JOHANN GEORG BUTTNER.

Mint-master at Cassel, 1657-1680.

G. B. or . B. . Vide GEORGE BOWER. London Medallist, 1650-

1690.

G. B. Vide GEORG BINNENBOSE (Binnenbohs). Mint-master at
Hoxter, 1683 -1688, and Steuerwald, near Hildesheim, 1689-
1690.

G. B. Vide GIAMMARIA BASSI. Medallist of Bologna, 1692.

G. B. Vide GIROLAMO BONLINI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1757.

G. B. Vide GEORG BARRIER. Die-sinker at Dusseldorf, 1765-
1803.

G. B. F/Vi^ JOHANN GEORG BUNSEN. Mint-master at Frankfort-on
M., 1790-1833.

G. B. Vide GEORG (VALENTIN) BAUERT. Die-sinker at Altona,
1790-1840.

G. BET. Vide I. G. BETULIBS. Die-sinker at Stuttgart, 1786-
1797.

G. B. M. Vide GEORG BEST. Mint-master at Coburg, 1585.

G. B. P. Vide GIOVANNI BATTISTA POZZO. Die-sinker at Rome,
1580-1590.

— 231 —

G. B. V.F. G.... Vide BARTOLOMEO VAGGELLI. Die sinker at Flo-
rence, middle years of the eighteenth century.

G. B. V. M. F. Vide GYS BERT VAN HOELINGEN. Die-sinker at
Delft, 1770.
Bibliography. — SchlickeysenPallmann, op. cit.

G. B. {Swiss). Initials of an Engraver or Mint-master of Lucerne,
found on an undated Florin of Forty shiUings of the eighteenth
century.

G. C. Initials of artist on medal of Frederick VI. of Denmark,
1833 (In Boston Collection), This medal which presents on ^. a
portrait of D' Matthias Riben of Stockholm commemorates the
convalescence of the King.

G. C. Vide GIRARDINO CAGNASSONE. Mint-master at Turin, 1556-
1562.

G. C. Vide GIUSEPPE CERBARA. Die-sinker at Rome, 1820-
1850.

G. C. B. Vide GEORG CHRISTOPH BUSCH. Mint-master at Ratisbon,

1773, fiSii.

G. C. F. Vide GEORG CONRAD FEHR. Mint-master at Darmstadt,
1741-1766.

G. C. R. Vide GEORG CHRISTIAN REUSS. Mint-master at Bremen,
1708-1710.

G. C. W. Vide GEORG CHRISTOPH WACHTER. Die-sinker, born at
Heidelberg, 1729, worked many years at Mannheim, and was Hving
in 1 77 1 at S' Petersburg.

G. C. W. F. Vide G. C. WINKLER. Die-sinker at Esslingen, 1769.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. D. Vide GIULIO DONA. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1675.

G. D. Vide GUILLAUME DUPRfi. Medallist of Paris, 1597-1643.

G. D. B. VideQi. DE BACKER. Die-sinker at Namur, 1711-1715.

G. D. R. Vide GEORG DANIEL ROTENBECK. Mint-master and Die-
sinker at Nuremberg, 1668, 7 1705.

GDV. Vide GUILLAUME DUPR£. Medallist of Paris, 1597-1643.

— 232 —

G. D. Z. Fide GEORG DAVID ZIEGENHORN. Mint-master at Olden-
burg, Jever, Bielefeld, Zerbst and Minden, 166^-16'j').
BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. D. (Gertn.y Signature of a Die-sinker who worked for the
Bavarian Court, towards the end of the eighteenth century. His
initials are found on a medal of Charles Theodore, struck on the
occasion of his marriage with Maria Leopoldine, Archduchess of
Austria.

Bibliography, — Domanig, PortrdtmedaiUen des hrihauses Oeskrreich, Wien,
1896.

G. DE B. Fide G. DE BACKER (FoL I, p. 41).

G D R (3[F() probably GEORG DANIEL ROETENBECK (Fide infra).
This monogram occurs on three medals : 1668, Georg Schweiger,
Nuremberg sculptor; — 1671, Religious badge, obv. Christ, ^L.
Paschal Lamb ; — 1672, Johann Wilhelm Baier, Nuremberg theo-
logian. Roetenbeck was born at Nuremberg in 1645 and died there
in 1705.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailkure, Berlin, 1884, — Doppelmayr,
Historische NacJiricht von den NurnbergiscJjen Matheniaticis und Kfinstlern, Nurnberg,
1730.

G. E, Fide GOTTFRIED EHRLICH, Warden of the Saalfeld Mint
1623, in the employ of Wallenstein, 1628- 1630.

G. E. Fide GREGOR EGERER. Mint-master at Prague, 1694-1709.

G, E, Fide GLO^G EHLE. Die-sinker at Vienna, 1755-1759.

GEBEL, MATHES (Germ.). Sculptor of Nuremberg, circa 1523.
Fide MG supra.

GE6HARD, GLORG {Germ .) . Mint- warden of the Franconian Circle,

cirt. 1624,

Bibliography, — D^ Emil Bahrfeld, Das Miuf^-und Geldwesen der Fttrstenthumer
Holxniollern, Berlin, 1900.

GEBHARDT, HANS (Germ.). Coin-engraver, circ. 1579-1588;
1579, Mint-master at Frankfort-on-M, ; Mint-warden of the Fran-
conian circle, 1597 ; later Mint-master at Nuremberg, " Amtmann
in derSchau", 1 597-1622, Ammon names him JOHANN GERHARD.
He appears to have worked in 1623 for Duke Karl of Troppau,
Riippel suggests this artist as the author of medals of Georg Weiss
von Limpurg, 1579, and Mathias Ritter, 1588,

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, o/j. cit. — Wills, Nurnbergtsche Mun:(^-
helusligttngen. — Friedensburg, Studien ^ur schksischen Medaillenkunde, Schlesiens
Vorzeit in Bild und Schrift, Breslau, 1895. — Nagler, Motwgrammisten. — Rup-
pel, Ahieichen, Natnen und Initiakn aufaenfur die Stadt Frankfurt gefertigtenMun-
^en, &c.

— 233 —

GEBHARDT, HANS (Austr.). Medallist, and Coin-engraver in
Austria, 1605-163 3 ; Mint-master at Glatz, circ. 1629. On some
thalers of Ferdinand III. struck at the Mint of Glatz, which was open-
ed in 1626, the initials of the engraver H. G. are found. This
signature appears also on a rare Double Thaler of Eggenberg, 1629,
issued by Duke John Ulrich (Madai 6786).

BiBLiOGR.^PHY. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten ^ii J. Keuuild's Publicationen ubet
osterreichische Miiu^prdgungen, Wien, 1890. — Schlickevsen-Pallmann, op. cit. —
Ad. Hess, Reimmann Sale Catalogue, 1892,

GEBHARD, GEORG {Germ.). Mint-warden at Fiirth, middle years
of the seventeenth century, succeeded to Georg Wagner. His ini-
tials occur on the coins.

Bibliography. — Ammon, Sammlung berfthwier Mcdailleurs mid Mutf^meister
nebsl then Zeichen, Nurnberg ,1778.

GEBHART, TOBIAS {Austr.'). Warden of the Mint at Prague,
1561; elected Mint-master there in 1568. In 1569, on account ot
an outbreak of plague at rhe Mint, the works were transferred to
Budweis, where Gebhart exercised his functions until 1577. He then
returned to Prague, where he again filled the post of Mint-master,
1 578-1 583. At Budweis his mint-mark was a lion's jaw; at Prague,
a star of six rays. In 1573, his salary oi 200 Thalers was increased
by an annual pension of 50 Thalers. The period of Gebhart's activ-
itv extended over the whole reign of Maximilian II. and part of
that of Rudolf 11.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Oesterreicher, he. cit, — Fiala, Besclireibting der Sammlung
bohmischer Mfinien und Medaillen, Prag, 1888.

GEBHART, ULRICH (UTZ) (Germ.). Mint-master, Coin-engraver,
and Medallist, of Saxon origin ; perhaps a relative of Tobias
Gebhart, named above. In 15 18, he was appointed Mint-master at
Leipzig, by Duke George of Saxony, and empowered to issue gold
currency as well as Half Groschen and Hellers. In the following
year, he entered the service of the Counts of Schlick as Master of
the Joachimsthal Mint, where, in conjunction with Stephan
Gemisch, he struck the first Thalergroschen. In 1522, he gave up
his post, but returned in 1526. Two years after, Gebhart was
engaged by King Ferdinand, receiving special instructions at Vienna
on November 30, 1528. During his residence in the Austrian capi-
tal, he still worked in the capacity of engraver for the Joachim-
sthal Mint. 1530-31 we find him as Mint-master at Zwickau, and
in 1532, he was apparently re-instated at Leipzig.

Gebhart was a clever Engraver. He engraved a large number of
coin-dies and also several Medals of low-relief. His distinctive signs
on the currency were : aMaltese cross >h, oracross on crescent + .

Amongst the medals by this artist, we may mention : Sterbe-

— 234 —

thaler of the Count of Schlick ; — Portrait-medals of Christ ; —
Pestthalers of 1528, obv. The Crucifixion ^L. The brazen Serpent
(Donebauer 4291, 2 & 3); — ReUgious Medal, obv. The Fall of
man j^. The Resurrection of Christ, with legend : -\- CHRISTUS
-I- 1ST -}- AVERWECT + VON + DEN + TOTN + DVRC
+ DI + HERIIKET + DES -|- VATRS + KO + 6 ALSO —
SOLN + AVC + WIR + IN -f EIM + NEVEN + LEBN --
WANDELN + I + COR + 15 + TOI; — Religious Medal,
Obv. The Crucified Christ between two soldiers J^. The brazen
Serpent and four Figures, legend : DER.HER.SPRACH.ZV.
MOISE . M ACH . DIR . EIN . ERNE . SCHL ANG . VN . RICHT . SI .
-^ Z VM . ZEIGE . AVF . WER . GEBISE • 1ST . VND . SIT . SI . AN .
DER.SOL.LEBiE; and others.

There are many religious medals by Utz Gebhart, some of which
are rare.

Lot 236 of D" Merzbachev's Knnst-Medaillen-Katalog (Mai 1900)
was a medal in lead, without reverse, of Frederick III. and Maximi-
lian I., by U. Gebhart. Vide GEMISCH, STEPHAN infra.

Bibliography. — Eduard Fiala, Das Mun:^iL'eseti der Grafen Schlick, Numisma-
tische Zeitschrift, 1890. — Oesterreicher, op. cit. — Ad. Hess Nachf., Felix
Sammhing-Katalog .

GEDEON, SALOMON (Swiss). Engraver, proposed as Master of the
Lucerne Mint, in 1794.

GEEFS, ANTOINE (^Belg.). Medallist, born in 1829, died at Schaer-
beck, on the 27''' August, 1866. He was a pupil of Braemt, Mint-
engraver at Brussels. Amongst his best known medallic works are :
International Free Trade Congress in Brussels, 1856 (with heads of
Sir Robert Peel and Turgot) ; — International Exhibition at Dublin,
1865. Prize medal; — Portrait-medal of the painter Antoine
Wiertz; — Correction of the water-course of the Escaut; — Inaug-
uration of New Railways, 1859; — Abolition of the Octroi, with
portrait of Frere Orban; &c. — Geefs engraved a number of local
Prize Medals for agricultural and other shows, which are of little
merit.

Bibliography. — D^F. P. Weber, English Maials by Foreign Artists, 1894. —
Revue beige de numismatique, 1866, p. 427.

GEELHAAR, CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-inspector at Konigsberg in
Prussia, 1667- 1670; Mint- warden, 1692; then Mint-master and
Mint Councillor, 1722 ; died in 1728. He may be the author of a
medal of Frederick William of Brandenburg, 1673, and of another
of Duke George William of Brunswick-Celle.

GEERTS, EDOUARD LOUIS (Belg.). Medallist of Brussels, born in
1826, died at Ixelles, 24''' November 1889. He was a pupil of the

— 235 —

sculptor van der Stappen, and is known by several fine medals :
National Health Society, London, 1893; — Portrait of D' Pierre
Joseph van Beneden, Louvain (Boston coll"); — Professor J. S. G.
Nypels, 1885 ; — General Saint-Paul de Sin^ay, 1887 (obv. illus-
trated); — Marriage of Crown-prince Rudolph of Austria with

General Saint-Paul de Sin^ay, 1887, by Ed. Geerts.

Princess Stephanie of Belgium, 1881; — Inauguration of the
Monument to Adrien Francois Servais, 1871 (2 types); — North
Sea Gmal, Holland.

Bibliography. — D^ F. P. Weber, op. cit. — Mittheilungen des Clubs der
Munz-und Medaillen Freunde in Wien, 1890, p. 6. — Revue beige de nuniisma-
tique, 1886, p. 114.

GEIS, E. (Chil.). Die-sinker residing at Lima. His name appears
on a medal struck to commemorate the inauguration of a Line of
Tramways at Lima, in 1878.

GEISS, CASPAR (Germ.). The initials C. G. appear on a medal by
Sebastian Dattler commemorating the Marriage ot Sophie Eleo-
nore of Saxony with Landgrave George IL of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Caspar Geiss was the designer of this medal. He was a town coun-
cillor, and died in 1640.

Bibliography. — J. & A. Erbstein, Erorterungen aus dent Gebiete der sdchsiscben
Muni'Und Medaillen-Geschichte, Dresden 1888.

GEISSLER, JOB ANN (Germ.). Stone-cutter at Munich, mentioned
in Mint-documents between 1580 and 1586, for having cut
armorial shields for the three young Margraves of Baden, and
engraved seals.

Bibliography. — J. V. KuU, Aus hayeriscJxn Arclnven, 1900.

— 236 —

6EISSLER, ANDREAS (GtT;».).Seal-and Gem-engraver, 1561-1569,
at Munich.

GEISSLER, JOACHIM (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Munich, 1592-
1603.

GEISSLER, MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Munich, 1603.

GEITZKOFLER, GEORG (lORG) VON GAILEN6ACH IN HAUSHEIM UND
MOSS. (Austr.). Mint-master and Coin-engraver, who died 14''' July
1577. He was of TyroUan origin. On June 8, 1559, Ferdinand I.
sanctioned at Augsburg the appointment by Archduke Ferdinand
of Geitzkofler as Warden of the Joachimsthal Mint. After the death
of Puelacher, June 1563, he became Mint-master. His distinctive
sign on the coins was a head of a chamois. There are several
varieties of playing counters engraved by him, with his initials on
obv. and those of his first and second wives, Barbara, and Ursula
Geitzkofler.

It is quite evident that the medals signed, IG, Tetzel, 1552, and
others, are not by this engraver, notwithstanding Nagler'sand other
writers' attribution.

Bibliography. — Oesterreicher, Regesten :jm /. Nnuald's Publicalionen, &c. —
Fiala, op. cit.

GELDNER, PETER (Germ.). Imperial Inspector of the Mint at Glo-
gau, 1623. He obtained a lease of the Mint in 1624.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Studien \ur schlesischen Munikunde, Schlesiens
Vorzeit in Bild und Schrift, 1895.

GELHAAS, CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-master to the Margraves of
Brandenburg, «Vc. 1700.

GELLI (ItaL). Die-sinker of the first half of the nineteenth cen-
tury. D' H. R. Storer has brought to m}'^ knowledge a medal with
his signature struck on the foundation of a Library ;it Parma,
1836.

GELRE, GODEFROID VAN (Belg.). Goldsmith and Medallist of Brus-
sels, circ. 1 5 85 -1 604. Philip II. appointed him Councillor and Mint-
master general, on the 6'*' of March 1585, and he was confirmed in
his office by the Archdukes on the 7''' of November 1600.

In 1589, he chased two gold medals with portrait of the King,
and two others with that of the Duke of Parma, Governor-general
of the Netherlands, to be presented, in the name of Philip II., by
Ferdinand Lopez de Villanova, to several personages in Denmark,
as a reward for services rendered. A few months after, he executed
another Portrait-medal of the King, with a gold chain, for which
he was paid 696 Uvres 7 sols. In 1594, he was ordered to make

- 237 —

four more, and again, in 1597, he received a further order. Wheth-
er this medal of Philip II. is that illustrated in Van Loon, vol. I,
p. 496, remains open to doubt.

Godefroid van Gelre (also called GODEFROID VAN GELDEREN) was
qualified in 1600 as Goldsmith to the Court of the Archdukes; he
was still living in 1604.

In the Records of the " Chambre des Comptes ", the name of
HANS VAN GELRE, Goldsmith, is mentioned in 16 13, as having
supplied silver jetons of lower standard than that agreed to. Hans
was probably the son of Godefroid van Gelre.

Bibliography. — A Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, Revue beige de
numismatique, 1852, p. 273. — Van Loon, Histoire me'talliqiie des XVIII prm^inces
des Pays-Bas, depuis Vabdication de Charles-Quint jusqtCa la paix de Bade, IJ16,
La Haye, i722-i7}7.

GELUCWYS, JEAN (Belg.). Mint- master at Antwerp, 1478-148 1.
His distinctive mark was a tower. In 1488 he was elected to the
office of Keeper of the coins of Luxemburg.

Bibliography. — Georges Cumont, Jeton de Jean Geluctvys, Gazette numisma-
tique fran^aise, 1899.

GEMISCH. STEPHAN (Austr.). Mint-master at Joachimsthal in con-
junction with Ulrich Gebhart (</. v.), 1519-1522, under Count
Stephen ofSchlick. They issued Double, Single, Half and Quarter
Thalergroschen, which were probably engraved by Ulrich Gebhart.

Joachimsthaler, issued by Stephan Gemisch & Ulrich Gebhart.

The name of Thaler is supposed to be derived from Joachimsthal,
where this denomination is said to have been first struck. The
Joachimsthalers (or Thalers) of 15 19 are undated ; the dated series
begins with 1520. On the obv. is the legend : ARM A DotniNO-
Kuni SLICORVm STEFANI ET FRATR«m COMITV/w De BASAIA
Figure of S' Joachim holding shield of arms; and on ^L. LVDO-

- 238 -^

VICVS PRIMVS DE GRACIA REX BOEM/V. Crowned Bohemian
lion rampant to 1.

I extract from Fiala, p. 394, the following particulars rela-
ting to the striking of these first Thalergroschen : " Ueber die
Pragung der ersten Thalergroschen schreibt Mathesius in seiner
Sarepta : Es ist heut zu tag nicht ein gemeine kunst in der giesz-
kammerein beschickung zu machen und ordentliche undgebiirliche
korn und schlag behalten und ein rund und rein gepreg auff ein
circkel rechte und ebne platten pregen wie auch hiezu vil miihe
unnd barter arbeit gehoret wenn man die grossen stiick silber mit
meisseln zuschrottet und in die tiegel eindrenget und darnach das
rot nach gesetzter prob zusetzet und recht beschicket wie es der
halt erfordert. Item so man ausz dem zerlassenen werck silber zeinen
geusset unnd diinne schlegt und nachdem sie wieder gluet fein
zuschrottet oder schrottling drausz stiickelt unnd mit quetzsch-
hemmern breit schlegt oder quetzschet und in der gliihpfannen wider
abgluet und folgend mit der benemscheer beschneidet oder benim-
met dasz ein jedlichs stiick sein schrot und gewicht behelt. Item
wenn man solch benummen gelt wider zugleichet und es zum
drittenmal gluet unnd darauff in den beschlagzangen mit platthem-
mern beschlegt und kurtz beschlagen gelt drausz macht und nach-
dem es abermals gegluet und wider gequetscht und beschlagen ist
zu Churfiirsten machet, drauff es wider gegluet und geklopfft un
die platten weisz gemacht wenn sie in weinstein gesotten werden. Als
den werden die platten rein gepreget wenn pregstock und pregeisen
rein geschnitten und woU aufeinander gefiiget undder preger seiner
kunst gewiszund fertig ist. Da aber die geschlagene miintz nich rein
oder zu grund angangen unnd sie keppicht vergriffen verruckt zukeut
oder suschrickt ist das nennet man von der eisen oder ihrem
schmidstock der vom schmiden oder stiickeln also genennet cisa-
lien die setzet man neben den andern so ir schrot korn und gewicht
nicht haben wider in tigel und guesset und miintzet es vom neuen.
So vil miihe und arbeit gehoret hiezu wenn man was reines und
saubers machen wil".

On the value of the Thalergroschen, the same Mathesius writes :
" Heut zu tag halten anderthalber alter Joachimstaler zwolf quin-
tet, so vil gilt ein ungerischer gulden. Darumb gilt heut zu tag das
gold zwolf mal so vil als das silber; denn was dem golde am grad
fehlet das gehet dem vermiintzten silber am korn ab. "

Bibliography. — Fiala, Beschreibung der Sammlung hdhmischer Mun:(enund Medail-
lendes Max Dotiebatter, Vrag, 1888. — Johannes Mathesius, Bergpostilla oder sarepta.

GENDRE CLEMENT (^French). Sculptor and Engraver of Lyons,
1626-1648. In 1633 he was Coin-engraver at the Mint there. Some
ot the Consular jetons of 1647 are known to be by him, and he is

— 239 —

the author of several medals : Charles of Neufville, Marquis of
Villeroy; — Commemoration of the Building of theChapelle de la
Confrerie des Penitents blancs de Notre-Dame du Gonfalon ; —
The H6tel-de-Ville of Lyons (partly the work of Jean Warin, but
not the celebrated Paris medallist).

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Lts MedaiUeurs lyonnais, Lyon, 1896. —
Stanislas Lami, Dictiounaire des sciilptetirs de Vecole franfaise, Paris, 1898. —
N. Rondot, Les Graveurs lyonnais, Mkcon, 1897.

GENGEMBRE, C. A. I. {French). Coin-engraver at Hamburg, during
the Napoleonic period. In 1809 currency was issued, during the
blockade by Marshal Davout, with engraver's signature C.A.I.G. ;
the same dies were used again in 18 14.

GENGEMBRE, PHILIPPE (Frf«^/;). Superintendent of the Machinery
at the Paris Mint (Mecanicien des Monnaies), 1796, and later on
Inspector-general of the Coins. He invented a machine for counter-
marking coins, and altering the indication of value of the Two
Decimes to One Decime, and One Decime to Five Centimes.
Hennin describes the process as follows : '* Ces machines consis-
taient principalement en fraises d'acier qui, tournant avec vitesse,
enlevaient le chifFre 2 et la lettre S au revers des pieces de
deux decimes, a la maniere de la gravure sur verre; puis en mou-
tons de petite dimension qui frappaient la contremarque : UN. Des
moyens mecaniques etaient en outre disposes pour que les pieces
ne fussent entamees et contremarquees qu aux endroits convenables.
Ces machines Etaient construites de fagon, et les ouvriers acquirent une
telle habitude de ce travail, qu'un seul homme, de ceux qui devinrent
les plus habiles, effagait 17.000 pieces dans une journee de
dix heures, ou en contremarquait 42.000 dans le meme espace de
temps. "In 1797 Gengembre invented another machine which cut
the flan out from the metal and struck the piece in one blow of the
hammer. Only one centime pieces were struck with this machine.
There is a pattern issued by this process.

Obv. LIBERTY L'AN CINQ.. Head of Liberty, wearing Phry-
gian bonnet, to 1. ^L. In the field : COUP£ ET FRAPPfi EN
MEME TEMPS PAR PH. GENGEMBRE (sev. varieties).

— 1^0 —

In 1799 Gengembre executed a pattern Para for Eg\'pt : Oov
UN PARA within border ot dots. I^. Lotus branch. This coin
was made at the request of Bonaparte, but the French occupation of
Egypt did not last long enough to allow of the striking of a regu-
lar coinage at the Paris Mint. Of an 8 and an 9 there are pattern
coins by Gengembre, with bust of Lavoisier, and of an X, with
bust of Bonaparte (engraved by Jaley).

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Hennin, Hisloire niimiswatiqtie de la
Revolution fratigaise, Paris, 1826.

GENNARI, L. (Ital.). Medallist of the beginning of the nineteenth
century, who worked for the Papal Court under Pius VIL, Leo X.,
and Pius VIIL

Bibliography. — Bolzeuthal, op. cit.

GENNARO, MARIA ANTONIO DI or also ANTONIO DE JANUARIO

(Ital.). Medallist, born at Naples, where he was working in 1702
for' the King. Between 17 13 and 1725, he resided at Vienna, and
in 1730, we find him again at Naples. He died in 1744. By a reso-
lution, dated Vienna, 18. December, 171 3, this engraver was
appointed " Kays. Miinz Eysenschneider " at the Mint of Vienna,
with a yearly income of 600 florins; and in 173 1, he became
Director ot the Vienna " Graveurakad^mie".

Antonio Magliabecchi, by Gcnnaro.

Gennaro engraved a number of the coins issued at the Vienna
Mint under Charles VL, and also worked for Saxony and Poland.
His initials appear as well on Salzburg Thalers of 1723 and 1724.

Amongst his most noteworthy medals are : Leopold L (Domanig,
n° 212); — Empress Amalie, widow of Joseph L, 171 1; —
Charles VL, Peace of Vienna, 1725; — Antonius Rambaldus Col-
lalti, 1723 ; — Antonio Magliabecchi, Librarian at Florence,
163 3-17 14 (illustrated); — Leopold L, Incorporation oi Trans-

— 241 —

sylvania into the Holy German Empire, 1690- 1705 ; — Em-
press Elizabeth Christina, 1723 ; — Another, undated, ^.
REGNA 10 VIS CONIVNX; — Johann Joseph Graf von Waldstein,
17 1 6 (the Donebauer specimen realized 175 Mk. at Hamburger's
Sale, Theil IV, Riiritaten-Cabinet, April 1900, lot 115); — Livius
Odescakhus; — Marriage of King Charles III. oi Naples, 1738; —
Antonius Pignatelli of Belmonte, 1727.

On a bronze medal with portrait of Gennaro is the inscription :
Caes. Numism. Sculptori i/^S.

His works are numerous.

Gennaro's signature appears variously as follows : G. F. ; D. G. F. ;
DE GENNARO ; DE GENNARO F. ; D. G. ;' De G. ; DE GEN ; GENHARO ;
A. D. I.; ANT. DE lANUARIO ; A. D. lANVARIO F. ; ANT. DE lANVA-
RIO NEAPOLITANVS F.

Bibliography. — Bolzenihal, op. cil. — Domanig, o/». cit. — Fiala, Beschreibiing
der Samtnhirig bohmischer Muniin tmd Medaillen des Max Donehaiur, Prag, 1888.

— Ammon, op. cit. — Kirmis, Handhuch der Polnischen Mnn:;;kunde, Posen, 1892.

— Ad. Resell, Siebenbiirgische Miin^en iittd Medaillen, Hermanstadt, 1901.

GENNETAIRE, CLAUDE {French). Master of the Mint at Nancy,
from the 7''' of July 1620 until 1624. He was the son of Nicolas
Gennetaire. He issued Testons, Gros, Half, and Quarter Gros,
Liards, and Double Deniers, engraved by Demenge Crocx.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — H. Lepage, Notes et Documents sur les Graveurs de Montmies
et Medailles et la fabrication des monnaies des dues de Lorraine, Nancy, 1875.

GENNETAIRE. NICOLAS {French). Master of theMintat Nancy from
the 21^' June 1582 to the 7''' of July 1620. He issued gold and sil-
ver currency, as well as copper coins. Under him worked the
engravers Florentin Olryet, Philippe Ancelot, Jean Le Poivre,
Nicolas de Lassus, Julien Maire and Nicolas Briot, The Lorraine
coins of that period, especially those of Henri II (i 608-1 624),
mostly the work oi Briot, are very fine.

BiBLioGR.\PHY. — H. Lepage, op. cit,

GENTIL, JEAN (French). Coin-engraver and Medallist of the latter
part of the sixteenth century and first three decades of the seventeenth.
He was employed at the Mint of Villeneuve-Saint-Andre-lez-
Avignon from 1581 to 1596, when this mint was closed and
transferred to Orleans. Later on the artist resided at Paris. A medal
of 1600, bearing the signature, I. GENTILIS FEC. represents on obv.
a bust of Henry IV. (legend : HENRICUS III DEI GRATIA
FRANCORVM ET NAVARRAE REX PATER RELIGIONIS ET
LIBERTATIS RESTAURATOR), and on ^L. arm holding naked
svk'ord between two swords in saltire; above, crowned arms of
France (legend : DEUS DEDIT ET DABIT UTI. 1600). This

L. FoKRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. 1 6

— 242 —

medal commemorates the war betwen France and Savoy. A Portrait-
piece of Gustavus-Adolphus of Sweden, with King on horseback on
obv. and 1^. four cartouches with arms, sword and sceptre, crown
on roclcs and motto, is dated 163 1 and signed I G L F (/. Gentil
Lutetian fecit^.

These medals are cast and chased but the work is of inferior
quality.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — A. Barre, Graveurs particiiliers des
Monnaies de France, Annuaire de Numismatique, 1867. — Hildebrand, Sveriges
ocb Svenska Konungabusets Minnespenningar Praktniynt och Beldningsmedaljer
Stockolni, 1874.

GENTILLY, ANTHOINE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Villeneuve-Saint-Andre-lez-Avignon, between 1550 and 1581,
when he was succeeded by Jean Gentil.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, loc. cit.

GENTOT, NICOLAS (Fr^wc/;). 165 2- 1687. Master-engraver at Lyons,
was employed at the Mint from 1662 to 1670. He is the author of
some jetons of Lyons.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Graveurs de la Monnaie a Lyon, Macon,

u

GENTZ, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at
Breslau, 1763, Mint-master, 1764, Mint-director, 1777 j appointed
Prussian Mint-director-general at Berlin on June 28. 1779,
f 8 December 18 10.

GEORG & CO (Swiss). A firm of contemporary booksellers at
Geneva, who have edited one or two commemorative medals within
recent years.

GEORGE (French). Coin-engraver and Medallist oi the early part
of the nineteenth century. He went to Holland one year before the
death, at the age of 81, of the Amsterdam engraver John George
Holtzhey, whose place he took at the Mint there in 1807. The
period of his activity in the Netherlands is confined to the reign ot
Louis-Napoleon. He contributed several medals to the Napoleonic
series, as : Jeton ot the Masonic Lodge " Anacreon ", 1807 (^L.
L'AMITlt, LES ARTS, LES DAMES) ; — Presentation to Louis-
Napoleon of the sword of Grand Constable of France, 1806; —
Occupation of Hamburg, 1806 (1^. only); — Occupation of Ber-
lin, Warsaw and Koenigsberg, 1807 (^L. only); — Bonaparte
elected First Consul for life, 1802.

The Dutch government entrusted George to engrave the dies of
the coinage of King Louis-Napoleon. His first productions are

— 243 —

very imperfect pattern pieces, which have become very rare. Both
Holtzhey and George competed for the coinage of the new sove-
reign, but apparently the latter's designs were accepted by the
monetary commission.

Of 1807 there are two pattern Daalders of 50 Stuivers and a
Gulden, bearing the signature GEORGE, whilst a third pattern
Daalder, with the legend : SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDIC-
TVMon rim, is by Holtzhey and a pattern Ducat by David van der
Kellen. The regular Daalder was struck in 1807, but only put in
circulation in 1808. Of the Mint of Utrecht, we find with the date
1807 a Double ducat, Ducat, and Rijksdaalder, without name of
engraver, and probably not by George. In 1808, the following
coins were struck at the Amsterdam Mint : 20 and 10 Gulden,
both signed GEORGE F. ; — Ducat, with or without signature ; —
2 I Gulden (2 var., one with GEORGE F., and the other with G
only); — Daalder of 50 Stuivers (illustrated) ; — Pattern Gulden,

Daalder of Louis-Napoleon, 1808, by George.

with GEORGE F. ; — 10 Stuivers, with and without signature ; —
I Duit, for Java (2 types unsigned). Of 1809, there is a A^. Ducat,
Al. 20, 10 and 5 Gulden pieces, JK. Daalder, 2 | Gulden piece,
Pattern Rijksdaalder (2 types). Gulden, 5 Daalder, and JE Duit for
Java, all unsigned, and 18 10, Gulden, with GEORGE F. and JE. Duit,
for Java (2 types).

I do not suppose that we can rightly attribute to George the
designing of the Royal Order for Merit, 1806, Royal Order of
Holland, and Royal Order of the Union, 1807.

Bibliography. — C«e de Nahuys, Histoire numismatiqtte du roydume de Hollande
sous Louis-Napoleon, 1855. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Edwards, The Napoleon Medals,
1821. — Reimmann Sale Catalogue, n"' 8199, ^2°^ ^^^ 4- — Hazlitt, Coinage oj tlx
European Continent, 1892.

GEORGE (Greek). Engraver of the coins struck at the Island of
Aegina in 1830 under the Governor Jean Capodistrias after the

— 244 —

independence of Greece trom Turkish rule. This George was a
native of the village of Kariteno, and was surnamed the Master.

Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by M. f. P. Lambros.

GEORGENS, JONAS (G^m.). Mint-master at Steinebeck near Ham-
burg, 1603-1609, Lauenburg, 1609-1618, and Liineburg, 1612-
1645 and 1649. Schlickeysen thinks that this Georgens may be
the same person who signed the Holstein-Pinneberg Groschen
(I4 Thaler pieces) of 1601. The latter coins are signed I.G., where-
as Georgens' usual signature was <^.

GEORGI, NIKOLAUS or NILS (Swede). Medallist, born at Stock-
holm on the 16* of August 1717, where he died on the 6''' of
April 1790. He was a pupil of the celebrated Hedlinger, under
whom he worked for the Royal Mint at Stockolm. Between 1744
and 1746 he executed various medals for the Court of Russia;
in 1747 he settled at Berlin, where he was appointed Konigl. Hof-
medailleur, and resided there until 1782, in which year he returned
to Sweden. His series of medals commemorating remarkable events
of the reign of King Frederick II. of Prussia is well-known.

There is no list of his works in existence, but I have seen the
artist's signature on the following medals : 1741, Death of Queen
Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden (2 types); — Adolphus Frederick, Duke
of Schleswig-Holstein, hereditary prince of Sweden, 1743 ; —
Accession of King Adolphus Frederick, 175 1; — Jubilee of the
Academy of Sciences of Berlin, 1750; — Prize-medal for the
Encouragement of the Silk-industry in Prussia (described in Anti-
quitdten-Zcitung, 1900, p. 170); — Peace of Hamburg between
Prussia, Russia, and Sweden, 1762 (2 var.); — Restoration of a
Monetary Unit in Prussia, 1764; — Marriage of William V. of
Nassau with Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess of Prussia,
1767 ; — 67''' Anniversary of the Queen of Prussia, Sophia
Dorothea, 1754; — Reform of the Administration of Justice in
Prussia, 1748 ; — Battles of Lissa and Leuthen, 1757; — Peace of
Teschen, 1779; — Birth of Prince Frederick William (III) of
Prussia, 1770; etc.

One of this engraver's most artistic medals is said to be a Portrait-
piece of Paul Werner of Colberg in the uniform of a Hussar,
commemorating the Defence of Colberg, 1760.

Georgi's signature on the medals appear as GEORGI F. or
simply G.

Prof. D"" Menadier gives in Schatwtun:(en des Hausei Hohen:(oIlern
many interesting particulars concerning the work of Georgi at
Berlin.

Under Frederick the Great Medallic Art did not make any
progress, as there were no artists whose productions were good

— 245 —

enough to impress the King, and he does not seem to have
given much attention to the representations of his person. When
Georgi received the order to execute a commemorative medal of
the Battle of Hohenfriedberg, Knobelsdorf and Posne, he was
told " he could make it as he pleased ", showing how Httle Fred-
erick was concerned in the carrying out of the piece, although he
was not unaware ot the political importance oi these mementoes
of his exploits and victories.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. —
Ammon, op. cit. — Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1898. — Reimmann Sale-cata-
logue, 1892. — Antiquitaten-Zeitung . — Hildebrand, op. cit. — Paul Hcnckel, Die
P. Henckelsche Sammlung Brandenburg-Preussischer Miinien und Medaillen, Berlin,
1876. — Information kindly supplied by Herren Ad. Hess Nachf. of Frankfort-on-
Main. — Schaumunien des Hauses Hoheniollern, Berlin, 1901. — Nagler, Die
Monogramtnisten, Leipzig, 1881.

GERAMB, CARL VON (Boheni). Mint-master at Prague, raised to
the peerage in 1770. His initials are found on Zzvan:(iger of Gratz,
1770. Between 1767 and 1779 he was also Mint-master at Gratz.
On the Styrian coins of 1767 he signed himself C.G., but on those
of 1768, 1769 and 1771, C.V.G.

Bibliography. — Th. Unger, Kleine Beitrdge :(ur Munikunde des Kronlandes
Steiermark, Mitth. des Clubs, &c., pp. 15 and 28.

•
g£rard, CHARLES LOUIS {French). Medallist and Gem-engraver of

modern times. By him are the following works, which were
exhibited at the annual Paris Salons : 1874. Hagar sent away by
Abraham, after Van Dyck, carnelian cameo; — 1875. Perseus, after
Benvenuto Cellini, cameo on sardonyx; — The favourite Sheep,
after Boucher, cameo on carnelian; — 1876. The Lion of Florence,
onyx cameo; — Jupiter, cameo on pietra dura; — 1877. Christ,
cameo on agate; — 1878. Henry II. of France, cameo on carne-
lian ; — Catherine of Russia, cameo on carnelian; — Mercury, after
Jean de Bologne, cameo on carnelian, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GflRARD, CONSTANTINE JOS£PHINE (French). Daughter of Charles
Louis Gerard. A contemporary Gem-engraver. At the Salon of
1876, she exhibited a sardonyx cameo representing Innocence, and
in 1877, another, of Psyche.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

g£rard, JEAN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Nancy,
circa iGij. His name appears as the engraver of jetons for the new
Councillors and Town-clerks elected in that year.

Bibliography. — Lepage, op. cit.

— 246 —

GERARD, JAMES (Brit.). Chiet-engraver of H.M's seals in 17 19
(George I).

Bibliography. — Wyon, Great Seals of England, London, 1887.

G£rARD DIT guerre, NICOLAS (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva,
circa 1618-1619.

GERARD DIT GUERRE, PIERRE (Siuiss). Mint-master at Geneva,
circa 16 18-16 19.

Bibliography. — Leroux, MMaillier du Canada, Montreal, 1888.

GERBIER, LOUIS ADOLPHE (French). Contemporary Medallist and
Gem-engraver, born at Paris, pupil of M. Le Sache. The following
works by him are mentioned in Chavignerie et Auvray's Dictionary :
1873. Portrait of M. E. de la Bedoliere, cameo and silver medal;
— Portrait of M. J. M**, cameo and silver medal; — 1874. Por-
trait of M™^ Adelina Patti, cameo, and silver medal; — 1876.
Exhibition of Porto Rico, bronze medal; — "Le Conservateur"
Assurance Company, bronze medal (in the Boston Collection); —
1877 Folies-Bergeres, silver medal; Rebuilding of the Church of
Saint-Louis at Bordeaux, 1874; — The Museum of Bordeaux,
1875; — Inauguration of the Faculty of Sciences and Letters at
the Bordeaux University, 1880 (2 var.) ; — Ihe Waters of Budos
(Gironde) brought to Bordeaux, 1887; — Various Prize-medals
with arms of Bordeaux; — Medal of the Supreme Council of Peru,
given to Antonio de Souza-Ferreira, silver medal, &:c. Gerbier's
signature occurs on a Jeton of the " Societe de Pharmacie " of Bor-
deaux, issued in 1879, and on an undated " Medaille des Hospices ".

This engraver executed also a number of agricultural Prize-
medals, amongst which one of the Agricultural and Industrial
Exhibition at Quebec, described in Leroux, Medaillier dtt Canada.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — A. Evrard de Fayolle,
Jelotis medicaux bordelais, 1901. — Information kindly furnished hy M. de Fayolle.

GEREMIA CRISTOFORO (IlaL). Sculptor and Medallist of Mantua,
whose name appears also as Christophorus Hierimia, Chrislophorus
Hierimiae and Christophorus de Geremiis de Mantua. Filaretus men-
tions him in 1460 as one of the best contemporary sculptors. The
probable dates of his birth and death are 1430 and 1473, respective-
ly; and according to E. Miintz, he may have been a son of the
goldsmith Nicolino di Geremia. In 1461 the artist went to Rome,
and until 1465 remained in the service of the Cardinal ot Aquileia,
Lodovico Scarampi Mezzarota ; after the latter's death, he was
employed by Pope Paul II., as the following passage in Volaterra-
nus, Comtnentariorum urbanorum Jibri, Bk 21, quoted by Friedliinder,
confirms : " Andreas Cremonensis Pium II. iconicum numismate
expressit, in quem est Campani epigramma; Christophorus autem

— 247 —

Mantuanus Paulum 11., Lysippus vero eius nepos adolescens Xis-
tum nil. Mirumque in ea domo vel feminas nullo praeceptore pic-
turas omnes ab ipsa natura delineare edoctas, cera etiam fingere
solitas fuisse. " In 1468, Christophorus was entrusted with the
restoration of the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius which was
then in San Giovanni Laterano, a work for which he was paid the
sum of 300 florins, but after this date no mention of him occurs in
contemporary records, and Rossi surmises that he must have died
in the early years ot Sixtus IV. 's pontificate, whose medal was
executed by Lysippus, Christophorus's nephew.

As a medallist, we only know of two productions by this artist :
I. Medal of Alfonso V. of Aragon. Diam. 75 mill. Obv. Bust to
r . ]^. CORONAT • VICTOREM • REGNI • MARS • ET • BELLONA.
The King, seated on throne, between Bellona and Mars; signed :
CHRISTOPHORUS. HIERIMIA. The date of this fine work is put down
to 1453 by Armand, who remarks : " Cette medaille suffirait a pla-

Medal of Altonso V., by Crisloforo Geremia.

cer cet artiste au meilleur rang parmi les medailleurs du milieu du
xv^ siecle. Rapproche des portraits que le Pisanello a laisses sur ses
celebres medailles du roi de Naples, le buste d'Alphonse V par
Cristoforo soutient cette comparaison sans inferiorite. "

2. Medal of the Emperor Augustus. Diam. 73 mill. Obv. Bust
to r. ^L. CONCORDIA.AVG.S.C. Augustus and Abundance
shaking hands; signed : CHRISTOPHORUS. HIERIMIAE.F. A specimen
of this medal was sold at Munich in May 1900 for 80 Marks
(Merzbacher Sale Catalogue, 1900, Lot 38).

On these two medals, Miintz remarks : "La medaille d'Al-
phonse V brille par la science des raccourcis, par une haute dis-
tinction et une suavite inexprimables qui semblent trahir un

— 248 —

artiste familiarise avec de plus hautes taches; I'autre, celle de I'em-
pereur Auguste, d'une facture tres serr^e, mais d'un style moins
pur, moins genereux, nous montre I'invasion des souvenirs clas-
siques.

Raphael Maffeius Volaterranus, quoted above, mentions that
Cristoforo Geremia executed a Portrait-medal of Pope Paul II. ; no
signed specimen has however come down to us.

Molinier describes a plaquette by this artist, representing the ^.
of the medal of Augustus. A specimen is exhibited at the South
Kensington Museum ; another was sold at the Spitzer Sale.

One of Christophoro's most distinguished pupils appears to have
been the artist Meliolus, whose medals bear such striking resem-
blance in style and execution with his that Friedlander erronneously
concluded that Cristoforus and Meliolus were one and the same
person. As already stated, Lysippus was a nephew of our artist,
and probably also one of his pupils.

Bibliography. — U. Rossi, Cristoforo Geremia, Archivio Storico dell' Arte,
anno I. — I. B. Supino, // Meda^lieie Mediceo, Firenze, 1899. — Armand, Les
Medailleurs italiens, Paris, 1883. — Friedlander, Die Italienischcn Schatimfinien,
1440-1^^0, Berlin, 1882. — E. Miintz, Les Arts a la Cour des Papes. — Bolzen-
tha\, Skii:(en :(ur Kunstgeschichte der modernen Medaillen- Arbeit {i42(}- 1840), Berlin,
1840. — E. Molinier, Les Plaquettes, Paris, 1886. — E. Miintz, Les Arts a la Cour
des Papes, &c. — E. Miintz, Histoire de I'Art pendant la Renaissance.

GERGER, JOHANN (Bohem). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Prague,
1831-40.

GERHARDT (Danish). Mint-master at Copenhagen, circa 1536.

GERL, CARL (Hung.'). Contemporary Medallist and Coin-engraver
at the Royal Hungarian Mintot Kremnitz. Amongst his best known
medals, I may mention : Death of Crown-Prince Rudolph of
Austria, 1889; — Opening of the Royal Hungarian Mining Acad-
emy of Kremnitz, 1892 ; — M. Jokai, on the 70*'' Anniversary of
this celebrated poet, 1893 ; — D' Wekerle (obv. by Gerl, ^, by
J. Reisner, also a Mint-engraver at Kremnitz), &c.

H. Cubasch jun. in his paper " Die Mtinzen unter der Regierung
des Kaisers Franz Joseph I. " mentions the following coins engraved
by Carl Gerl at Kremnitz : i Gulden, Type 1882, of the years 1882,
1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890; Type 1890,
years 1890, 1891 and 1892, possibly of following years; —
I Kreutzer, Type 1891, years 1891, 1892, and following years.

Bibliography. — Mittheilungen des Clubs der Muni- ""'^ Medaillenfreunde in
fVien, i8po-iS^6.

GERLACH, CONRAD FREDERICK {Danish). Mint-master at Copen-
hagen, 1821-1831. His initials G FG appear on the coins.

Bibliography. — C. T. Jorgenson, Beskrivelse over Danske Monter, 1448-1SS8,
Kjobenhavn, 1888.

— 249 —

GERMAIN, ALPHONSE JOSEPH {French). Sculptor, born at Paris;
pupil of Gilbert. At the Salon of 1874, ^his artist exhibited a Portrait-
medallion of M. A. Leroux, and, in 1876, two others of P. Bar-
bier and C. Duvaux.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GERMAIN {Vide PIERRE GERMAIN).

GERMAIN, GUSTAVE {French). Sculptor, born at Fismes (Marne);
son of J.-B. Germain; pupil of Gumery and L. Debut. At the
Salons of i88r, 1882, and following years he exhibited Portrait-
medallions in clay and bronze. This artist was rewarded with a
bronze medal in 1889 and had an exhibit at the Paris Universal
Exhibition, 1900.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GERMAIN, JEAN BAPTISTE {French). Sculptor, born at Fismes
(Marne); pupil of Dumont and Gumery. At the Salon of 1866, he
exhibited a Portrait-medallion of M""^ C.H.C*** and he has execut-
ed several bas-reliefs in silver. He obtained in 1883 a Third-class
Medal, and had an exhibit at the Paris Universal Exhibition 1900.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GERMAIN, PIERRE {French). Goldsmith and Medal-engraver of
the second half af the seventeenth century. He was born at Paris in
1645 and died thereon the 24''' of September, 1684. The Paris Mint
records show that an engraver of the name of Germain executed in
1678 and 1679 dies for the " Medallic History of Louis XIV ", and
that he received, in two payments, the sum of 853 livres 2 sols.
Whether this Germain, whose christian name is not given, is the
same person as Pierre Germain, who at about the same time was
executing important articles of plate for the King, is a question that
remains still unsettled. This Germain is also the author of a jeton
for the " Extraordinaire des Guerres ", 1682, and of another of the
*' Batiments", 1688. Chavignerie attributes to him as well a jeton
of the Provost of Merchants, bearing the artist's initial G.

Pierre Germain was a pupil of Le Brun. Colbert entrusted him
with the engraving of allegorical designs for the gold covers of the
book " Recueil des Conquetes du Roi". In 1679 the artist was
given an apartment in the Galerie du Louvre, as a reward for his
eminent services.

P. Germain was a son ofFran(;ois Germain, a celebrated goldsmith,
and his son, Thomas, 1 673-1748, became noted as a chaser.

M. Germain Bapst, in his important work, itude stir Vorfevrerie
fratifaise an XVIII^ siecle. Les Germains, Paris, 1887, makes the
following references to Pierre Germain's activity as an engraver :

** Durant la periode des victoires du grand siecle, Pierre Germain

— 250 —

n'avait pas seulement ete orfevre, il s'etait occupe aussi de gravure.

" On lui attribua plusieurs medailles representant les conquetes
de Louis XIV ou retracint les evenements principaux du regne,
pieces qui semblent avoir disparu comme le reste de son oeuvre.

" Le dictionnaire de Lempereur et Bolzenthal donne a Ger-
main le qualificatif d'habile graveur. Tous les biographes, apres
eux, le lui ont maintenu jusqu'au moment ou Jal lui contesta cette
qualite, en s'appuyant sur le fait que les conservateurs du Cabinet
des Medailles ne connaissaient aucune piece a son nom.

''Nous avons ete assez heureux pour retrouver dans les Coniptes
des Bdtiments les deux quittances suivantes, qui ne laissent aucun
doute sur la veracite du dire de Lempereur.

« Le 8 juillet 1679. a Germain, a compte des poincons qu'il
grave... 250 1.

« Le 23 may 1680, a Germain, graveur, parfait payement de
853 1. 2 s. pour les poincons carrez et medailles qu'il fait pour I'his-
toire du Roy. ..603 1. 2 s. »

" Mais il existe encore une preuve plus positive : M. d'Affry de
la Monnoye, dans ses recherches sur les jetons de I'Echevinage
parisien, cite un jeton de I'Extraordinaire des Guerres de 1682, sur
lequel on voitd'un cote I'effigie de Louis XIV, « au revers, un soleil
brillant et sans nuages, et autour : Et fvlnien sine nvbe parat, pour
faire connoistre que le Roy, estant au milieu de sa Cour et luy fai-
sant preparer de nouveaux divertissements, se rend de Fontainebleau
a Strasbourg. On lit sous I'exergue : « Extraordinaire des guerres,
1682. Cette gravure est de Germain et la devise de M. de Santeuil. »

" Au moyen de cette description, M. Babelon, avec une courtoi-
sie parfaite, a bien voulu guider nos recherches au Cabinet de
France, a la Bibliotheque nationale, et grace a lui, nous avons trouve
le jeton en question, qui porte sur sa face I'effigie de Louis XIV,
avec la signature G.

"Cette decouverte 6tait pour nous d'une grande importance,
parce que, d'abord, elle tranche definitivement la question :
Pierre Germain 6t3.\t graveur en medailles; et, en second lieu, parce

— 251 —

que c'est la seule oeuvre de cet artiste qui, croyons-nous, subsiste
encore. "

Bibliography. — J. J. Guiffrey, La Monnaiedes Me'dailles, Revue numismatique,
1888. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil. — Grande Eitcyclope'die. — Grand Diclion-
naire Larousse. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Bulletin de Numismatique, t. VI, p. 141.
— Blanchet, Kouv. maniwl de numismatique, II, p. 397.

GERSDORF. MAXIMILIAN VON (Germ.). Mint-master to whom the
Breslau Mint was leased from the 20''' of July 1648 to they'*" of
October 1652, at which date the direction of the Mint was returned
to a tormer official, Georg Reichart. Gesdorf struck a very large
issue of coins.

Bibliography. — Schhsiens Vor:(eit in Bild und Scltrijt, iSp^. — Friedensburg,

MUn-^geschichle Schhsiens, &c.

GERSON, ARON {Sivede). Medallist at Goteborg, during the second
half of the nineteenth century. He was a native of Goteborg, and
worked for the Royal Mint of Stockholm. His signature is found
on a Medal of the Goteborg Exhibition of Fine Arts, 1869, and on
a Prize-medal of the Goteborg Industrial and Professional Associa-
tion, 1869.

Bibliography. — Hildebrand, Sveriges och Svenska Konungahusets Minnespen-
gar, &c., Siockholm. 1875.

GERSON, MARIE (Pole). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
residing at Warsaw. She is a daughter of the painter Adalbert
Gerson ; pupil of M.irczewski, Voydyga and Puech ; and has lately
executed a medal of the celebrated musician, Fr. Chopin. This
medal was published by Prof. K. Kozlowski of Posen. At the Uni-
versal Exhibition in Paris, 1900, Miss Gerson exhibited a fine piece
of sculpture, " Mater Dolorosa".

GERSTMAN, CHRISTOPH FRANZ (Germ.). Mint-warden at Oppeln,
1690, and tilled some post at the Breslau Mint from 1704 to 1731.

GERVAIS, A. (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, circa 1553.

GERVAIS, ELIAS (Germ.). Medallist, and Coin-engraver at
Neuwied and Coblence, 1750-1775. His initials E. G. are found
on Thalers of Mayence, Treves, and Ellwangen, of 1764, 1765,
and 1768 (Amnion, Sammlung beriihmter Medailleurs, n° 468).
I have seen them on the following pieces : Mayence, Conven-
tions-Thaler of 1765, of Emerich Joseph, Freiherr von Breitbach-
Biirresheim ; — Treves, Conventions-Thaler of 1764, of Johann
Philipp, Freiherr von Walderdortf; — Treves, Conventions-
Thaler, and Half, of 1770, of Clemens Wenzel, Prince of Poland
and Duke of Saxony; — Ellwangen, Conventions-Thaler, and
Gulden, of 1765, of Anton Ignaz, Count von Fugger-Glott ; &c.

— 252 —

Nagler, Monogramisten, gives the date of his activity at Neuwied
and Coblence, from 1760 to 1778.
He signed his productions E. G.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. —
Reimmann Sale-Catalogtie, iSp2. — Madai, Foils latidiges Thaler-Cabinet.

GESLIN, ERNEST LEOPOLD (French.). Contemporary Sculptor
and MedaUist, born at Paris; pupil of M. Claudius Marioton. At
the Salon of 1902 he exhibited two Portrait-medals.

GESSLER, JAKOB (Germ.). Die-cutter at the Mint of Munich,
1592-93.

GESSNER, HANS JAKOB (Swiss). Mint-master and Coin-engraver
at Zurich, from 1706 to 1737. Born in 1677, he was a son of Hans
Caspar Gessner, second son of Jacob Gessner, Amtmann of Cons-
tance. Without having received any special instruction, he became,
through genius and perseverance, one of the most expert coin-
engravers of his time, and as a medallist, his work ranks
equally very high. He seems to have excelled in reproducing por-
traits, and is praised both by Meyer vonKnonau (Gemdlde , II, 100)
and Fiisslin (Ki'instler-Lexicon) for the perfection of his work. His
signature generally appears as HIG or HG.

The following Hst of the artist's signed productions may be
fairly complete :

ZURICH. M. 5 Ducats, 1720; — Thaler in gold, 1724 (10
Ducats); — Similar, of 1725; — JK.. Thalers, 1722 (2 var.) ;
1723, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1732; — Half-
thalers, 1720 (2 var.), 1721, 1722, 1723 (2 var.), 1725, 1726,
1727, 1728, 1730, 1732 (2 var.), 1734, 1736 [1739 (2 var.), 1741
(2 var.), 1743, 1745, 1748, 1751, 1753, 1756 (2 var.), 1758
(2 var.), 1761 (2 var.), 1767,1768 (3 var.), 1773]; — Wappen-
thalers, 1714, 1728, 173 1 (the last, unsigned); — Prize Medal of
the City of Zurich, circa, 1707, M. weight : 15 Ducats; — An-
other, weight : 10 Ducats; — Another, weight : 16 Ducats; —
Another, weight : 24-25 Ducats ; — Another, ^R. from die of the
15 Ducat piece ; — Large Prize Medal of 1733, ^- 5 — Another of
1729, M,. and iE. ; — Another, of 1730, J^. ; — ReHgious Medal,
undated, obv. View of Zurich. ^. Piety ; — Medal commemorating
the death of the wife of Hans Georg Steiner of Zurich, who was
daughter and co-heiress of Heinrich Rahn of Winterthur, 1725,
obv. Arms of the Rahn and Steiner families. ^. FLOS DEFLUIT
ET REFLUIT. Death to right, mowing with scythe in field of corn
and flowers; ex. M.D.CCXXV. ; artist's signature HIG.; —
Commemorative Medal of the Corporation Building " zum Safran ",
1724 ; — - General Field Marshal Heinrich Biirkli von Hohenburg,

— 253 —

1730 ; — Heinrich Bullinger, second centenary ot the Reformation,
1719J — Heinrich Bullinger, and Ulrich Zwingli, struck on* the
same occasion, 17 19 {illustrated) ; — Heinrich Escher, Burgomaster

Medal of Bullinger and Zwingli, by H. I. Gessner, the Elder.

of Zurich, 1706; — Another, of 1710 (2 var.); — Another, AT.
weight : 17 Ducats; — Another, JR. gilt, without ^. ; — Con-
rad Gessner, "the German PHny", 15 16-1565 ; — Johann Heinrich
Hottinger, Theologian and Orientalist, 1620-1667 (2 var.); —
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Scientist, 1672-1733 (3 var.); —
Second Centenary of Zwingli, 1719 (7 var. in J^. N, and JEy
amongst which the so-called " Zwingli Ducat "of 1719) ; — Bur-
gomaster Andreas Meier, 171 1 ; etc.

BERNE. Samuel Frisching, 163 8-1 721 (2 var.) ;

URI. A/". Ducats of 1720 (2 var.), and 1736 ;

CONSTANCE. Portrait-medals of Prince Bishop Johann Franz
Schenk von Staufenberg (2 var. ; one dated, 1726) ;

FISCHINGEN. Jubilee Medals of Abbot Franz Troger, 1688-
1728 (3 var. in N. and JK.) ;

MURI. Jubilee Medals of Prince Abbot Placidus von Zurlauben,
1720 (3 var. in AI. and JR..) ;

GRAUBUNDEN. Medal on the Alliance of the Graubunden
with the Republic of Venice, 1706;

CHUR. Thaler of 1736 of Joseph Benedict Freiherr von Rost,
1728-1754;

MISCELLANEOUS. Medal on the Foundation of the Swiss Con-
federation ; — Successes of Berne and Zurich arms in the Toggen-
burger War, 17 12 (5 var.) ; — State of the Swiss Confederation
in the eighteenth century (2 var.); — Treaty between Zurich,
Berne, and Venice, 1706 (2 var.) ; — Medal of the eight old
cantons, 1721 ; — Zurich and its Bailliwicks, 1714; etc.

— 254 —

Besides these enumerated works, Gessner engraved dies for a large
number of coins of Zurich,, Berne, and other Mints, on which his
signature does not appear.

Bibliography. — Wilhelm Tobler-Meyer, Die Muti:(-und Medaillen-Sanwilung
des Herrn Hans Wunderly-v. MuraUin Zurich, / vols, iSpS-iSpS. — R. S. Poole,
Swiss Coins in the South-Kensington Museum, London, 1878. — Bohenlhal, op. cit.

— Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit, — Ammon, op. cit. — Bulletin et Revue de la
Societe numismatique Suisse, 1882-igoo. — Reivnnann Sale-Catalogue. — Ris-Paquot,
Marques et Monogravimes, n° jigj. — Haller, Schu-ei:(erisches Mun^-und Medaillen-
Kabinet, Bern, 1780-81. — Meyer von Knonau, Genidlde, II, 100. — Leu, Le.xicon,
VIII , 482 . — Fusslin , Kunstler- Lexicon . — Information kindly supplied by
M. Arnold Robert. — NeujaJirsblatt der Stadtbibliothek in Zurich, 1863.

GESSNER HANS JAKOB {Swiss). Medalhst and Coin-engraver of
Zurich, son of the preceding. He took his father's place at the
Zurich Mint, on the latter's death, and although it is possible that
some of the Elder Gessner's dies remained in use after 1737, I
should think the younger Gessner engraved the signed Half-thalers
of Zurich, from 1739 to 1773 and other coins of that period.

Amongst this engraver's best known works are : Medal on the
Fourth Centenary of the Establishment of Guilds at Zurich, with
portrait of their Founder, Burgomaster Rudolf Brun, 1736 (5 var,);

— Hans Jakob Gessner, Monetarius.
Bibliography. — Tobler-Meyer, op. cit.

GESSNER, SALOMON {Swiss). Poet and Painter of Zurich, 1730-
1788. His name merits a place here as the Designer of various
coins and medals, amongst others, of the so-called " Gessner tha-
ler " of 1773, engraved by Voster of Diessenhofen, and of a Prize
Medal of Zurich, the dies for which were cut by J. C. Morikofer
of Frauenfeld.

Bibliography. — Tobler-Meyer, op. cit.

GEYER, GEORG {Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor, residing at
Berlin. His signature is found on a medal of the International
Exhibition of Fine Arts at BerHn, 1891, and engraved by Otto
Schultz, the engraver of the Transvaal Coins of 1892, signed 0. S.

GEYTON, WILLIAM {Brit.). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver, men-
tioned under Richard 11. as having received money for altering
the great and other seals.

Bibliography. — Wyon, Great SeaU of England, London, 1887.

GEWCHRAMER, MICHEL DER {Aust.). Mint-master at Vienna,
1393-1395.

GEYKRAMER, NICOLADS (^«.y/r.). Mint-masterat Vienna, i^o8(?)
G. F. F/fi?^ GIOVANNI FERRARI. Mint-master at Parma, 161 5.

— ^)) —

G. F. Fide GOTTFRIED FROMHOLT, 1 668-1 674. Warden of the
Mint at Crossen, 1675-1679. Mint-master at Quedlinburg.

G. F. Vide I. B. 6UGLIELMADA. Die-sinker at Rome, 1660-1690.

G. F. Vide GIOVACCHINO FORTINI. Architect and Die-sinker at

Florence, at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

G. F. Vide E. GERVAIS. Coin-engraver at Neuwied and Coblence,
1750-1775.

G. F. F/ti^ GIROLAMO FOSCARINI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1787.

G. F. Vide GIACOMO FOSCARINI. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1788-
'89.

G. F. Vide GIUSEPPE FERRARIS. Coin-engraver at Turin, from
1828 until after 1875.

G. F.-A. R. Vide GIOVANNI FERRARI and AGOSTINO RIVAROLO.

Mint-masters at Parma, 161 5.

G. (F.) B. Vide GEORG BUNSEN. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
Main, 1790- 183 3.

G. F. F. Vide GIOVANNI FRANCESCO FERRARI. Mint-master at
Parma, 161 5.

G. F. F. Vide GIOVACCHINO FORTINI. Coin-engraver at Florence,

circa 171 3-173 5.

G. F. H. Vide GEORG FRANZ HOFFMANN. Coin-engraver at Breslau,
1666-1706.

G. F. L. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH LOOS. Coin-engraver at Nurem-
berg, 1742-17 56, and Wiirzburg, 1762-1766. His signature appears
also as G. F. LOOS or only LOOS.

G. F. M. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH MICHAELIS. Mint-master at
Clausthal, 1802-1807.

G. F. N. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH NURNBERGER. Mint-master, and

Coin-engraver at Nuremberg, 1 682-1724.

G. F. S. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH STAUDE. Mint-master at Weimar,
1673-1677, Gotha, 1677-1680, Meiningen, 1687, and Erfurt,
1689.

G. F. T. Vide GIOVANNI FRANCESCO TRAVANI. Die-sinker at
Rome, 1655-1674.
Bibliography. Schlickeystn-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 256 —

G. G. H. (Germ.^. Signature of an unknown Medallist, wlio was
working at Cologne during the second half of the seventeenth cen-
tury. He is the author of a fine medal with portrait of Archbishop
Joseph Clement of Cologne l^-L. Aaron and Korah, 1689.

G. G. Vide GATTI. Mint-master, and GINEVRA, Mint, 1485-1500.

G. G. Vide GEORG GEITZKOFLER. Mint-master at Joachimsthal,
1563-1577.

G. G. Vide GABRIEL GORLOFF. Mint-master at Oppeln, 1647,
and Teschen, 1648-1653.

G.G. r/^ GALEOTTI. Mint-master, and GUBBIO. Mint, 1655.

G. G. F. Vide GIOVANNI GUALTIERI. Die-sinker at Parma, 1673.
Mint-master before 1708.

G.G. Vide BERNHARD GODT. Mint-master at Coblence, 1698-
1734-

G. G. F. Vide GIUSEPPE GIRGMETTI. Architect, and Die-sinker at
Rome, born in 1780.

G. G. L. Vide GIANNI GIROLAMO LONGO. Mint-inspector at Venice

1749-
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallman, op. cit.

G. H. Vide GEORG BURNER. Warden of the Mint at Breslau, 1645-
1665.

G. H. Vide GOTTFRIED HEYER. Mint-master at Herborn, 1681-
1682.

G. H. r/^g GEORG HAUTSCH. Medallist at Nuremberg, 1683-171 1.

G. H. Vide GERHARD HULS. Warden of the Mint at Cologne,
1726-1750.

G. H. Vide GEERT HULL. MedalHst at Copenhagen, 1782-1810.

G. H. Vide GIOVACCHINO HAMERANI JUNIOR. Medallist at Rome,
1780-1805.

G. H. E. Vide GEORG HIERONYMUS EBERHARD. Warden of the
Mint at Saalfeld, 1732, Mint-master there, 1740-1754.

G. H. F/i^ GEORG HOLDERMANN. Die-sinker at Nuremberg, 1619.

G. H. P. Vide GEORG HARTMANN PLAPPERT. Coin-engraver to the
Westphalian Circle aV^flj 1659, Mint-master at Idstein, 7 1692.

— 2)7 —

G. H. S. Fide GEORG HEINRICH SINGER. Warden of the Breslau
Mint, 1746, and Mint-master there from 1752 to 1760.
Bibliography. — Sclilickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. H. V. F. (Germ.). Signature of an unknown MedalHst of the
eighteenth century. He is the author of a very large medallion ot
Marcellus Malaspina ^L Minerva and Themis crowning Malaspi-
na's bust, 1736.

GHEELVOET, ARNOULD (Belg.). Mentioned in 1567; died in
157 1. Coin-engraver ar Antwerp of the currency of Brabant and
Guelders ; he succeeded Jerome Van den Manacker, who, after the
death of Jean Noster in 1564, had provisionally filled that office
until 1567. Under Gheelvoet were struck the gold Real, the Half,
Fifth, and Tenth silver Philippus Real; also Burgundian Daelders ;
PhiUppus Daelders, and subdivisions, i. e. Half, Fifth, Tenth,
Twentieth, and Fortieth Daelders.

Pinchart quotes the following document which shows that
Gheelvoet executed coin-dies for the Nymwegen Mint : " Aernt
Gheelvoet den welcken onse heere de coninck, by oepenen
besegelde brieven, gecommitteert ende gesteet heeft gehadt totter
officien van ysersnyder der munten van Nyemeghen.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges. Revue de la
numismatique beige, 1853, P- 289.

GHfiMAR {Belg.'). M. Chalon in Revw beige de la Numismatique ,
1869, p. loi, describes a satirical jeton, as one of the medallic
productions of this artist.

GHERARDINI, CLAUDIO {Ital). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1615.

GHIBERTI, LORENZO {Ital.). Circa 1378-145 5. Sculptor and

Designer, born at Florence ; immortalised his name by the execu-

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallisit. — II. 17

— 258 —

tion of two doorways, with bas-relief designs, in the Baptistery
at Florence, a work over which he spent 50 years, and which
Michael Angelo declared " fit to be the Gates of Paradise ".

Ghiberti was the first master of Michelozzo Michelozzi, and it is
presumed that this artist not only had a direct influence upon
Medallic art, but probably himself designed some of the medals of
his contemporaries.

In 1428, he mounted as a seal for Giovanni, son of Cosmo de'
Medici, a carnelian of the size of a walnut engraved in intaglio,
which, it was said, had once belonged to the Emperor Nero and
also mounted gems on the tiara of Pope Hugenius IV. He is one
of the greatest sculptors of the Renaissance, and classed among
the first of goldsmiths.

GHINGHI, FRANCESCO (Ilal.). Neapolitan Gem-engraver of the
eighteenth century ; his works are mostly without much import-
ance. He was born at Florence in 1689 and died at Naples in
1766. He resided at the court of Cosmo III., Duke of Tuscany,
whose portrait he executed, as also that of Don Carlos, King of the
Two-Sicilies. The Florence Gallery preserves a fine collection of
camei engraved by this artist.

Bibliography. — Nouveau Larousse illustre.

GHIRLANDAJO, otherwise DOMENICO CURRADI (Ital.) 1449-
1494. Painter, born at Florence : first acquired celebrity as a
designer in gold, then devcJted himself to fresco and mosaic work.
His best known frescoes are " The Massacre of the Innocents " at

Gbirlaodajo.

Florence, and " Christ calling Peter and Andrew" at Rome. Michael
Angelo studied for a time under him. Heiss in Medailleurs de la
Renaissance, Florence. I, p. 80 remarks that the style of the medals
executed by the so-called " Medailleur ^ I'Esperance " is that of the

— 2S9 —

school of Ghirlandajo, and we shall not, perhaps, err very much,
in suggesting that these fine works were either produced by the
great Florentine painter, or by one ot his pupils. Fide HOPE.

GHYSBRECHT. Fide GILBERT.

G. I. (in mon.). Fide JORG GEITZKOFLER. Mint-master at
Joachimsthal, 1563-1577.

G. I. (in mon.). Fide JONAS GEORGENS. Mint-master at Luneburg,

1621 ; issued copper currency at Harburg, in conjunction with
Barthold Bartels. Bahrfeldt, in Beitrdge ^ur MUnigeschichte der Liine-
burgischen Lande, Wien, 1893, P- 225, illustrates a Portrait-jeton of
this Mint-master, and Neumann, Kupfermiitf^en, Bd. V. n°' 31534/5
describes other jetons of him, dated 1628.

G. I. B. Fidt G. I. BUTTNER. Mint-master at Cassel, 1657-1680.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

GIACOMO GARAGLIO {ltd.). Fide CARAGLIO.

GIAFFIERI (Ital.). Gem-engraver of the seventeenth century. His
productions, like those of his contemporaries, are of inferior merit,
and cannot rank with the works of the sixteenth century.

Bibliography. — Babelon, 'Pierres gravies, Paris, 1884.

GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO. Fide ROMANO.

GIANELLI, PIETRO LEONARDO (7/^/.). Medallist and Coin-engraver,
born at Copenhagen on the 27''' October 1761 ; obtained in 1784
the small silver medal of the Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1787, the
large medal. In 1791 he went abroad, where he resided for some
years. In 1798 he became a Member of the Academy of Fine Arts
of Copenhagen, and in 1800, was elected Royal Medallist to the
Copenhagen Mint. He married in 1802 Anne Marguerite Louise
Boisen, and died on the 23"* December 1807.

His son Harald Gianelli (1803- 183 2) was a modeller of note and
was granted the small silver medal of the Academy of Fine Arts.

The signature of the artist generally appears as P. G. and some-
limes also as P. GIANELLI.

The "Cabinet Royal des M^dailles" at Copenhagen preserves
eight medals engraved by P. L. Gianelli, which are the only ones
known by him.

1 . 1792. Medal struck on the occasion ot the Abolition of Slavery
in the Danish West Indies.

2. 1800. Prize Medal for attendance at Sunday Schools.

3. 1 80 1. Medal of Honour to Officers and Privates who distin-

— 26o —

guished themselves in the naval engagement oif Copenhagen, on
the 2"*^ April, 1801.

4. 1804. Portrait-medal of the botanist Martin Vahl (obv.
only).

5. Undated. The Large Medal oi the Academy of Fine Arts.

6. Undated. The small Medal of the Academy of Fine Arts.

7. Undated. Prize Medal of the Royal Society of Literature.

8. Undated, Medal of Honour for Members of the Commission of
Arbitration.

All these medals are of great rarity.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cil. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. —
Calahgtie of the Thoinsen Colleciion, Copenhagen, 1873. — Information kindly
furnished by Herr P. Hauberg, Director of the Royal Coin Cabinet of Copen-
hagen, and Herr Julius Meili, of Zurich (Switzerland).

GIAMBERTI. Fide SAN GALLO.

GIANFRANCESCO PARMENSE. Fide ENZOLA.

GIANNINI, GIULIANO, also JULIANO JANNINI (Ital.) ...? f after
1599. Italian, probably Florentine, Goldsmith and Medallist, who
settled in Belgium, circa 1580, and was still Uving in 1599, although
very aged and infirm. M. Pinchart has been the first to draw atten-
tion to this artist in his Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des gra-
veiirs en medailles, de sceaux et de monnaies des Pays-Bas, and Heiss in
Medailkurs de la Renaissance has been able to gather further informa-
tion about him.

By Giannini, whose signature generally appears as IVLIAN. F. ;
IVLIAN F. F.; or IVLIANO. F. F., are the following medals : Ottavio
Farnese, and consort, Margaret of Austria ; — Alessandro Farnese,
Governor of the Low-Countries. ^. Siege ofMaestricht (2 types);
— Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, 1568. ^. RELI-

Medal ot Alexander Farnese, bv Giannini.

GIONEM . ET . OBEDIENTJAM . REDINTEGRA VIT . MDLXVIIL
Minerva on chariot drawn by two owls; — The Duke of Parma
^L. Column, 1585, struck on the occasion of the capture of Ant-

— 26l —

werp; — Alexander Farnese ^L. SIVF PACEM SIVE BELLO,
GERAS. Branches of olive and palm (obv. illustrated); — Philip II,
1592, from Poggini's portrait. The three last medals are unsigned,
but ascribed to Giannini by Pinchart oil account of similarity ot
work. Heiss has omitted them in his description of this artist's
works. The medal of Ottavio Farnese with veiled bust of Margaret
of Austria was executed in 1560, under order of Captain Francesco
Marchi.

Keary, in Italian Medals has given to Giannini a medal on the
Siege of Antwerp, 1585.

Bibliography. — Armand, Les Medailleurs italiens, Paris, 1883-1887. — Pin-
chart, Histoire de la Gravure des Medailles en Belgique, depuis h XV* Steele jusqu'en
1794, Bruxelles, 1870. — Heiss, Les Medailleurs de la Renaissance. Florence et la
Toscane sous les Medicis, Paris, 1892, II, 81.

GIANNOTTI. GIACOMO {ItaL). Goldsmith residing at Rome in the
middle years of the sixteenth century, and who was employed
also to do medal work. He was entrusted in 1550, 1551, 1552,
1553 and 1555 with the making of the Golden Rose.

Bibliography. — E. Plon, Benvenuto Cellini, Paris, 1883.

GIESELER. CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-master at Moritzburg near Hil-
desheim, 1628-1634.

GIESS, MATTHAEUS (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Breslau, 1678,
i68r.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens muere Mun:i^eschichte, Breslau,
1899.

GIFFORD, D"^ (Brit.). A number of restrikes, some round, others
octagonal, exist of the rare Colchester obsidional Shillings, " from
the original dies which came into the possession ofD' Gifford, by
whom thev were subsequently deposited in the public library at
Bristol "."

Bibliography. — H. A. Grueber, Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and
Ireland in the British Museum, London, 1899, p. 125.

GIGLELMADA mentioned in Ammon; Vide GUGLIELMADA infra.

GIGOT (French). Die-sinker of the latter part of the eighteenth
century ; author of Portrait-medals of Drs. G. de Guillaume, and
Henri de Granjean, Paris, 1780.

Bibliography. — Duisburg, op. cit., p. 60, CLI and CLII.

GIL, GERONIMO ANTONIO (M^xzVa«). Coin-engraver and Medallist,
employed at the Mint of Mexico, during the last quarter of the
eighteenth century. Besides the coins struck at Mexico under
Charles III. and Charles IV. of Spain, this clever artist executed

— 262 —

a large number of fine medals of which the following are best
known : Mexican Academy Prize Medal, undated; — Proclamation
of Charles IV. at Durango, 1790; — Proclamation of Charles IV. at
Guanajuato, 1790(2 var.); — Another, of Guadalaxara, 1789; —
Another, of Vera Cruz, 1789; — Another, of San Luis Potosi,
1790; — Another of Mexico, 1789 (illustrated); — Marquis de
San Juan de Rayas, 1790; — The Miners of Guanajuato to
Charles IV. 1790; — Mexican Accession Medal of King
Charles IV. (5 var. of type and size); — Mexican Archiepiscopal
Proclamation Medal of Charles IV., 1789 (2 var.); — Proclama-
tion Medal of the Mexican Consulate, undated; — Mining
Proclamation Medal of Charles IV., 1789; — The Mexican
Academy, 1790; — Orizava Proclamation Medal, 1790; — Procla-
mation Medal of the Inhabitants of Los Angeles (2 var.); — Proc-
lamation Medal of the City of Los Angeles, 1790; — Queretaro
Proclamation Medal, 1790 ; — Another of San Miguel el Grande,

Mexican Proclamation Medal of King Charles IV., by G. A. Gil.

1791 ; — Another ot Valladolid de Michoacan, 1791 ; — Another
of Veracruz, 1791 ; — Another of Zacatecas; — Charles III., Pro-
tector of Sciences; The Royal Academy of Mexico founded,
1778; — Another, with the King as Protector of the Academy,
1777; — Birth of Prince D. Carlos, 1780; — Prosperity of the
Royal Family (2 types of 1784 and 1785); — The Mexican Acad-
emy to the memory of its founder. King Charles III., 1788; —
Agricultural Prize Medal for the Philippine Islands, 1782 ; — The
Mexican Mines to King Charles III. on the birth of his nephew
Ferdinand (2 types of 1784 and 1785); — Royal Spanish Order
of Noble Ladies, 1793; — Erection of a statue to Charles IV. at
Mexico, 1796 (sev. varieties of type and size), etc.

The signature of this Medallist appears variously as GIL ; G. A.

— 263 —

GIL; GERONI. ANTONI. GIL; GERONIMO A. GIL; or GERONIMO
ANTONIO GIL.

Bibliography. — Rosa, Monetario Americano, Buenos-Aires, 1892. — Betts,
Contemporary Medals, illustrating American Colonial History, New- York, 1894. —
Thorn sen Catalogue. — Arturo Pedrals y Moline, Catalogo de la colleccion de Monedas
y Medallas de Manuel Vidal Quadras y Ramon, de Barcelona, 1892. — Dupriez,
Ga:^ette numismatique, Oct. 1898. — Medina, Medallas coloniales hispano-americanas
Santiago de Chile, 1900.

GIL, J. GABRIEL (Mexican). Son of the preceding; was associated
with his father in some of the latter's works, and has signed a few
medals, as for instance the following : Encouragement of Com-
merce and Industries in the Philippine Islands, 1785 (sev. var.);
— Military Reward for service in the Philippine Islands; — Proc-
lamation of Ferdinand VII. at San Luis de Potosi, 1808.

Bibliography. — Medina, Medallas coloniales hispano-americanas, Santiago de
Chile, 1900.

GILBERT (Flem.). Meester Ghysbrecht was appointed Engraver
of coins at the Mint of Louvain, by the Charter of the 24*'' of
November, 1380, which decreed the reopening of the Mint for the
coining of gold Peters, and silver Double Schurmans, Schurmans,
and Small Schurmans. Nicolas Raest was to be Mint-master, Amelin
Van Santvoirt, Warden, and Guillaume Van der Berge, Assayer.
Gilbert had to swear that he would faithfully engrave the coins,
without altering them in any way, and not to work in any Mint
without permission of the sovereigns of the good cities of Brabant.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Biographies des Graveurs beiges. Revue de la numis-
matique beige, I, S I, 56 ; I, S II, 402.

GILBERT, ALFRED {Brit.) R. A., D. C. L. Sculptor, born in Lon-
don in 1854; studied under Boehm and Cavelier. Besides numerous
statues, busts, etc. he has executed the tomb of the late Duke of
Clarence in the Memorial Chapel at Windsor, and the Shaftesbury
Fountain in the centre of Piccadilly Circus. This great artist has
exhibited from time to time at the Royal Academy Portrait-
medallions of various persons, amongst others that of D' Sir
William Laurence.

" Mr. Gilbert's medal for the Art Union takes a high place, "
remarks Mr Spielmann in British Sculpture and Sculptors of to-day,
London, i^oi. " The fine design and superb execution of Post
equitem sedet altera cura made such a sensation in the Academy at
the time of its exhibition that it is hardly likely to be forgotten. "

GILBAULT, FERDINAND {French). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Brest (Finistere) on the 20''' of March, 1837.
Pupil of the sculptor Hippolyte Maindron. His first studies were

— 264 —

conducted at Brest under M. Auger, hut he went to Paris at the
age of 16, when he was presented to Maindron (author of the
Velleda) who discovered in him, and fostered, the love of the
young student for the fine arts.

Prayer.

For reasons of health, Gilbaut had to abandon at an early age
statuary for medal-engraving.

Among his Busts and Portrait-medallions, we may notice :
£)rs Verchere, de Cours, Naulin, Mallet, E. Dubois, Devis, Monin,
Rivals, Letourneau, Royer Landais, Donon, Berger, Dehenne,

Jour de Fete.

Roblot; — L. Delobeau, Senator; — Vicomtesse de Trentinian ;
— Auguste Dorchain, the Poet; — Albert Maignan ; — Jean Car-
lus; — M. & M-= Ehrlich.

— 26) —

At the Salon of 1894, the artist exhibited Portrait-medals of
Children, and at those of 1900 and 1901, I have seen the following
plaquettes : Breton Girl; — Carlus; — M. Berger ; — Bag-pipe
Player; — Jean Guiton ; — M"- P. G***; — M. & M™^ Ehrlich ;
— Robert Kemp; — Albert Maignan ; — Marguerite C.***; —
Prayer (illustrated); — Jour de Fete {illustrated); — D' Verchere ;
— Jean Audema; — Jour de Deuil; — The Children of D*" Verchere,
etc.

The Musee du Luxembourg at Paris possesses three silver Por-
trait-plaques of Jules Valadon, Pa'imtr (illustrated); — Van Dar-
gent, Breton Painter ; — and Admiral Vallon, Deputy of Brest.

Jules Valadon.

The Brest Museum exhibits a case of medals comprising nume-
rous works by Gilbaut, especially Portrait-medallions of notabilities
of the country and Breton types of costume. Other medallic pro-

— 266 —

ductions of this artist may be seen in the Museums at Quimper,
Breslau, Brunswick, also in Egypt, Russia, and South America,
where he resided in succession.

At the Salon of 1902, Gilbault exhibited a frame of Portrait-
medals, comprising : Bigouden ; — Arlesian Girl; — M. Berger;
— D' Dehenne ; — Auguste Dorchain ; — Silvain, of the Comedie
francaise, etc.

Gilbault holds a place of honour amongst modern Medallists for
the exceptional qualities he has developed in that special art of
Medal engraving.

Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by the artist. — Catalogue du
Musce du Luxembourg. — Revue francaise de numismalique, 1894, p. 359.

GILBERT, FRANgOIS AMBROISE GERMAIN (Fnncb). Sculptor, born
at Choisy-le-Roy (Seine), on the i" of April, 1816; pupil of Cortot.
Between 1845 and 1880 this artist has exhibited a number of
Portrait-medallions in bronze and clay of celebrities and private
persons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GILBERT, JEAN {French). Mint-inspector at La Rochelle, 1740.

GILBERT, MICHAELL (Brit.). Goldsmith to Mary, Queen of
Scots; a burgess of Edinburgh. He most probably was the author
of a medal of George, Lord Seton and Isabella FLamilton, struck
in 1562. Mr Grueber says that " it is uncertain whether he was a
medallic artist, or only struck from dies probably executed in
France ". This nif^dal exists in two sizes, and occurs in gold and in
silver.

The subjects ot this medal are the " loyal and magnanimous "

Medal of George, Lord Seton, and Isabella Hamilton, by Michaell Gilbert.

Lord Seton, the devoted adherent of Queen Mary, and his wife,
Isabella, the daughter of Sir William Hamilton of Sanquhar. A
record of this piece has been brought to notice by D. Hill Burton,

— 267 —

and is published in the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland,
Chronicles and Memorials, Scotland, vol. i, p. 227 : — Apud
Edinburgh, sexto Januarij, anno, etc., lxij°. In presence of the
Lords of Secrete Counsale, comperit Michaell Gilbert, burges of
Edinburch, and producit ane pile and ane tursall maid for
cuneyeing of certane pecis of gold and silvir, the pile havand sunken
thairin foure lettris, viz. G S I H, linkand within utheris, and the
circumscription thairof berand " nemo potest duobus dominis
servire " ; the tursell havand thre crescentis with ane thirsell closit
within the samin written about " un dieu, un loy, un foy, un roy ",
togidder with twa punscheownis, the ane berand the saidis letteris
GSIH linkit as said is, and the uther berand the saidis crescentis
and thirsell inclosit as said is ; with the quhilkis pile, tursell, and
punscheownis he cunyeit certane pecis of gold and silver, quhilkis
being swa producit wer in presence of the saidis Lordis deliverit
to Andro Hendersonn, wardane of the cunyehous, to be kepit be
him unusit or prentit with in tyme cuming. "

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great
Britain and Ireland to the death of George II, London, 1885, p. 103.

GILES, S. (Brit.). Engraver of the first half of the eighteenth
century; he prepared the dies for some of the Vernon Medals, and
his signature appears on a medal in the British Museum, with full-
length figure of the Admiral on the obv., and on ^. six ships
entering Porto Bello harbour, in commemoration of Vernon's
taking of Porto Bello in 1739. No other particulars are known ol
this artist.

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations &c.

GILES, MISS MARGARET (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist; member of the Society of Medallists, at whose exhibition
in 1897 she had a seal and impression for a Submarine Cable Co.

GILIBERTO (French). Goldsmith, who worked for Pope Alexan-
der VI. Borgia, circa 1499. He may have had some office at the
Papal Mint. His name is recorded as " Giliberto francioso orefice".

GILLI, NIKOLAUS (Germ.). Director of the Posen Mint, 1660- 1662.
His initials N.G. appear on coins of Posen of these two dates.
In 1663, he was accused of having issued money of lower standard,
and sought refuge in a convent, after which he settled at Fraustadt.
In 1664 we find him employed at the Mint of Krossen, and
in 1666, he was chief Mint Director in Brandenburg; after 1674,
when he was imprisoned, no record of him remains.

Bibliography. — Kirmis, Handbuch der Polnisclxn MUnikunde, Posen, 1892. —
Friedcnsburg, Schlesiens neuere MUn^eschichte, Breslau, 1900.

— 268 —

GILLY, FRANZ JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Langenargtn,
1 690- 1 694. His initials F.I.G. appear on some of the currency ot
Anton, Administrator, of Montfort.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Reimmann Catalogue.

GIMBERCHIE, MACHAIRE DE {Flemish). Seal-engraver and Gold-
smith, of the end of the seventeenth century, who resided at Oude-
narde, for which city he engraved a number of seals.

Bibliography. — Edmond Vanderstraeten, Notes sur Guillaume et Roland Blans-
train, graveurs de sceaux, a Andenarde, an seiiieme siecle. Revue de la numismatique
beige, IIS, V, p. 493.

GIMBLETT, JOHN (Brit.). A Birmingham Manufacturer of Tokens,
end of the eighteenth century. He issued Penny-tokens of Birm-
ingham, engraved by Dixon.

Bibliography. — Pye, Provincial Coins, London, n. d.

GINDRA, KARL R. (Aiistr.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist
residing at Vienna. In 1897, he executed a fine Portrait-medal of
the scientist and politician, Herr Eduard Suess, and another of
Paula Mark, opera-singer at Vienna, 1895.

GINELLI DE (ltd.). Coin-engraver and Medallist at the Mint of
Naples under Charles III. of Bourbon and Ferdinand IV., 1731-1768.
Most of t!ie larger coins of that epoch bear the artist's signature :
DE G, His medals illustrating events of the two reigns above-
mentioned are not of much importance from an artistic point of view\

GINGHAIO, F. (Ital.). Gem-engraver to the last two Dukes ot
Florence, Giovan Gastone dei zMedici and Francesco III. of Lorraine.
In 1750 he was living at Naples. His name is sometimes also met
with as GHINGHI. Vide, suprd.

Bibliography. — King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

GIOMETRA (Ital.). MedaUist of the beginning of the sixteenth
century. A medal of Giovanni II. Bentivoglio of Bologna, dated
1503, bears his signature on ^. GIOMETRA FE. This interesting
piece, commemorating the unsuccessful attack ot C^sar Borgia on
Bologna, was first published by M. Venturi and is described in
Armand, Medailleurs ilaliens, III, p. 44. The style resembles that
of Cristoforo Geremia.

6I0RGI, RAN. (Ital.). Die-sinker, who was residing at Rome,
circa 1 590-1610. He appears to have worked for the Papal Court
under Clement VIII. and Paul V.

GIORGI, LUIGI(//a/.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist resid-
ing at Florence. I have seen his signature on medals of Ama-

— 269 —

deo, Duke of Aosta 7 1890; — Giuseppe Mazzini, Inauguration of
his Monument at Lucca, 1890; — Prize Medal oftiie "Beatrice"
Exhibition at Florence, 1890; — Medal of the Capi di Guardia

Medal of 1885.

Medal ot 1S95.

Medal of 1900.

della Misericordia of Florence, 1885 (illustrated); — Another, of
1895 {illustrated); — Another, of i<^oo (illustrated); — Dante; —
Boccacio ; — Petrarca ; —

Bibliography. — Rivista italhna di Numisnuitica, 18^2, iS^s, 1900. — Num.
Circular, 1 90 1, cot 462^-46^1.

GIOVANNI DELLE CORNIOLE. Fide Vol. I, p. 291. M. Babelon
mentions this Gem- engraver in the following terms in La Gravure
en Pier res fines, p. 249 : " Giovanni delle Corniole, dont le nom
comme celui de Domenico, atteste la spdcialite, fut le prot^g^
favori de Laurent le Magnifique; il travaillait a Florence, et Ton
admirait surtout son portrait de Savonarole, qu'il avait intaille sur
une cornaline, aujourd'hui dans la Galerie des Offices, a Florence.
Giovanni delle Corniole, qu'il ne faut pas confondre avec son con-
temporain et son emule Prospero delle Corniole, eut pour principal

— 270 —

eleve Domenico di Polo, qui grava a la fois des medailles et des
pierres fines".

GIOVANNI BERNARDI DA CASTEL-BOLOGNESE. Vide BERNARDI.
Vol. I, p. 77.

Vasari, III, p. 477, says : " Giovanni Bernardi of Castel Bolo-
gnese, in the course of three years, which time he passed very
honourably in the service of Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, brought
many small works to completion for that prince... ; the first large
production which he executed was an intaglio in crystal, wherein
he set forth the whole Battle of the Rampart, a most beautiful thing.
He afterwards engraved the portrait of the Duke Alfonso in steel,
for the purpose of making medals, and on the reverse he repre-
sented Our Saviour Christ, led prisoner by the multitude.

"Giovanni then repaired to Rome, being induced to do so by
the advice of Giovio ; and there the intervention of the Cardinals
Ippolito de' Medici and Giovanni Salviati sufficed to procure him
an opportunity for taking the portrait of Pope Clement VII. ; where-
upon he made an intaglio foi medals from the same, which was
most beautiful, the reverse representing Joseph making himself
known to his brethren. For this he was rewarded by His Holiness
with a Max^ti ; the same being an office which he sold during the
pontificate of Pope Paul III., obtaining two hundred scudi as its
price. For the same Pope Clement, Giovanni engraved the four
Evangelists on four round crystals. They were highly commended,
and caused the master to obtain the favour and friendship of many
most reverend and distinguished personages ; above all they secured
for him the good-will of Salviati and of the Cardinal Ippolito de'
Medici, that sole refuge and unfailing protection of artists, whose
portrait Giovanni took in steel for medals. He also executed a work
in crystal for the Cardinal Ippolito, the subject of which was the
wife of Darius presented to Alexander the Great.

*' When the Emperor Charles V. repaired to Bologna to be
crowned, Giovanni made a portrait of that monarch in steel ; and
having formed a medal of gold with the same, he took it at once
to the Emperor, who presented him with a hundred golden doub-
loons, and inquired of the master if he would accompany him into
Spain. But Giovanni e.xcused himself, affirming that he could not
abandon the service of Pope Clement and the Cardinal Ippolito, for
whom he had commenced w^orks which were still incomplete.

^'Having returned from Bologna to Rome, Giovanni then execut-
ed for the above-named Cardinal de' Medici a Rape of the Sabines,
which was most beautiful. For all these things the Cardinal consid-
ered himself to be much indebted to Giovanni, and therefore show-
ed him many courtesies, presenting him moreover with nume-

— 271 —

rous gifts; but what was more than all, when the Cardinal was
departing for France, and was conducted to a certain distance by
many nobles and gentlemen, he turned to Giovanni, who was there
among the rest, and taking from his own neck a small collar or
chain, to which was appended a cameo worth more than six hun-
dred scudi, he gave it to Giovanni, telling him that he was to keep
it until his return, and with the intention then to reward him

as he considered his great ability to deserve

" Giovanni also executed the portrait of Madonna Margherita of
Austria, the daughter of the Emperor Charles V., who had been
the wife of the Duke Alessandro de' Medici, and was then the con-
sort of the Duke Ottavio Farnese; this work he performed in
competition with Valerio Vicentino. For all these labours executed
for the Cardinal Farnese, Giovanni received from that prelate as his
reward, the office of a Janissary, which brought him in a good sum
of money ; he was besides so much beloved by the Cardmal that he
obtained many favours at his hands, and the latter never passed
through Faenza, where Giovanni had built himself a most commo-
dious house, that he did not go to take up his abode with the
artist. Having settled himself, therefore, at Faenza, with the pur-
pose of seeking retirement from the toils of the world, after having
performed many labours therein, he remained there from that time
forward, and his first wife having died without leaving him any
children, he took a second, with whom he lived very happily,
being in very easy circumstances, and having an income from lands
and other sources, which amounted to more than four hundred
scudi. The second wife of Giovanni presented him with two sons
and a daughter; he lived content to his sixtieth year, and when
he had attained to that age he resigned his soul to God ; this
happened on the day of Pentecost, in the year 1555. "

GIOVANNI DI GIROLAMO {Ital). This Artist's name is found on a
Portrait-medal of the sixteenth century, described by Sign. Ber-
nardo Morsolin in Rivista itaiiana di Numismatica, 189J, p. 85 ;
obv . HEC . EFFIGIES . EST . JOANNIS . BARTOLOMEI . FILII .
JOANNIS.CRISTOFORI.D'ARZIGNANO . CIVIS. VINCENTINI.
Bust to 1. of Ginmbartolomeo d'Arzignano. I^. HOC.OPV.
FECIT . JOANNIS . HIERONIM' . DE AGNI . XIIII . M . CCCC.
LXXX.V.III. A dead tree. This medal is now in the Museo Correr
at Venice.

GIOVANNI MARIA (Ital.). Coin-engraver at the Papal Mint ot
Rome, under Pope Alessandro VI. This artist is qualified as
"sculptor testae S.D.N, pro imprimendis monetis cudendis". He
was a native of Ferrara, and is the author (not Caradosso) of the
early coins issued by that Pope.

Bibliography. — E. Muntz, Les Arts a la Cour des Papes {1484-1 ^oj), Paris
i8q8.

— 272 —

GIOVINE, ANDREAS (Span.). Mint-master to King Charles II. of
Spain at Naples, circa 1683-1693. His initials appear on the coins.

Bibliography. — Ammon, SammJung heruhmter Medaillenrs und Munimeister
nebst ibren Zeichen, Niirnberg, 1778.

GIPFEL, GABRIEL (Germ.). Goldsmith of Dresden, early part of
the seventeenth century, mentioned in 1606 in connection with a
medal of Christian II. and consort, of Saxony, made from portrait-
jewels executed by him.

GIPFEL, HANNS (Austr.) Mint-master at Joachimsthal, trom
13''' August, 1604, to II*'' August, 1606.

GIRARD, CASIMIR (French). Sculptor, born in Paris on the
10*'' May, 1836; pupil of Duret and Guillaume. At the Salons of
1870 and 1876, he exhibited Portrait-medallions of various private
persons.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GIRARD, NICOLAS and PIERRE (Swiss). Joint Mint-masters at
Geneva from the 15*'' of April 16 17 to the 4**' May 1621. On the
coins their initials NP.G. sometimes occur.

Bibliography. — E. Demole, Les Mailres, les Graveurs et Jes Essayeurs de la
Monnaie de Geneve (1535-1792), Bulletin de la soci6i^ Suisse de nuniisraatique,
1885, p. 22.

GIRARD, NOEL JULES (French). Sculptor, born at Paris on the
22""* of August 1816; pupil of David d'Angers and Petitot ; entered
the Ecole des Beaux-Arts on the 2"'* of October 1837. He model-
led some Portrait-medallions, which were exhibited at the Paris
Salons during the second half of the nineteenth century.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GIRARDET, A. G. (French). Contemporary Medallist; he exhibited
at the Salon of 1899 a Portrait-medal of the Duke of Caxias.

GIRARDET, ABRAHAM (Swiss). Copper-plate Engraver, born at
Le Locle (canton Neuchatel) in 1764, died in Paris on the 2"'* ot
January 1823. One of his engravings is reproduced on the reverse
of a medal by M. Hugues Bovy of Geneva, commemorating the Cen-
renary of the Great Fire of La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1794-1894.

Bibliogr.\phy. — Musee neuchatclois, 1895, p. 186.

GIRARDIN, P. (French). Die-sinker of the first half of the nine-
teenth century. His signature appears on a Portrait-medal of Ras-
pail, 1849.

— 273 —

GIRAULT (Freticb). Medallist of the second quarter of the nine-
teenth century. His signature occurs on some medals of Louis-
Philippe.

GIROD, JEAN JACQUES (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva; two con-
tracts were concluded between the City and him, on the 19*^ May
1750, and y^ of October of the same year for the striking of coins.
Girod retained his post until August 1762.

Bibliography. — E. Demole, he. cit.

GIROMETTI, GIUSEPPE (//rt/.). A celebrated Sculptor, Gem-engrav-
er and Medallist of the first half of the nineteenth century, born
in 1780; died 17. Nov. 185 1. He worked at the Papal Mint at
Rome for Popes Pius VII., Leo XIL, Pius VIII. and Gregory XVI.,
Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, and cut Portrait-medals of the sculptor
Antonio Ginova; — the poet Giov. Batt. Niccolini, which medal
Bolzenthal considered as one of the best Italian works of the time; —
Caesar Baronius; — Petrus Bembus; — Michelangelo Buonarotti;
— Philippus Brunellescus; — Benvenuto CeUini; — Marcantonio
Colonna ; — Vittoria Colonna ; — Enrico Dandolo , Doge of
Venice; — Franciscus de Marchi; — Franciscus Guicciardini ; —
Macchiavelli ; — Cosmo de' Medici; — Andreas Palladio ; —
Petrarch; etc.

Most of these belong to a series of medals of celebrated Itahans
of all ages, to which Girometti's son, Pietro, and the MedaUist Niccolo
Cerbara, also contributed.

Girometti was a pupil of the sculptor Pacetti, President of the
Academy of Fine Arts, and first executed marbles for the Cathedral
of Foligno. He then gave up sculpture for Gem-engraving, in which
Art he soon became facile princeps. His cameos after Canova, Tene-
rani, &c., those executed from his own designs, reproductions of
antique gems, portraits of modern and contemporary celebrities are
all of superior work. Among his portrait-cameos I must notice :
Raphael ; — Leonardo da Vinci ; — RicheHeu ; — Colbert ; —
Racine; — La Fontaine; — Washington; — Napoleon, &c. His
bust offspring" at the Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris) is a fine
example of Girometti's style; by him are also two large cameos with
heads of Genius and Perseus, after Canova ; others representing
Terpsichore and Magdalena ; Psyche, after Tenerani, &c. ; and King
mentions a head of Proserpine and a Diomede with the Palladium,
surpassing, to his taste, any production of the artists of antiquity in
this department.

D"" Storer has brought to my knowledge the following medals by
Girometti : Congress of Italian Scientists at Genoa, 1846; —

L. FoRRBR. — Biographical Noltcef ofMettaUists. — II. l8

— 274 —

Congress of Italian Scientists at Lucca, 1843 ; — Med. Clin.
Academy of Ferrara, 1847.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — E. Babelon, op. cit. — King, op. cit.

— Grande Encyclopedic.

GIROMETTI, PIETRO (ItaL). Son of Giuseppe Girometti, Gem and
Medal-engraver of considerable merit, died in London in 1850.
M. Babelon says of him that he succeeded in raising himself above
his contemporaries of all countries by the excellence of his works.
He contributed to the series of medals of celebrated Italians under-
taken by his father in conjunction with Niccolo Cerbara, and engrav-
ed several medals of Gregory XVI., Vittoria Colonna, Enrico
Dandolo and other Italian celebrities.

In the Morrison Collection there was a cameo, an onyx of two
strata, white upon green ground, engraved in high relief, with figure
of a faun supporting upon uplifted foot an infantile faun, which is
supposed to be the work of Girometti or of his father.

In the Boston Collection are two medical medals, bearing
P. Girometti's signature on obv. : D"" Francesco Mandini, Bologna;

— Santo Spirito Hospital at Rome, 1754.

GIROT (^French). Die-sinker of the end of the eighteenth, and
beginning of the nineteenth century. His best known medallic
work is no doubt a portrait piece of Mirabeau, on his death, 179 1.
Obv. LE DEMOSTHENES FRANgOIS. Laur. head of Mirabeau
to 1. ; beneath : GIROT F. I^. HONORE RIQUETTI MIRA-
BEAU. Sword surmounted with Phrygian cap; in the field : MORT
LE2 AVRIL1791.

Bibliography. — Hennin, Hisioire numismaiiquede la Revolution franfuise. Fans,
1826.

GISORS, JEAN or JANIN (French). Engraver at the Mint of Troyes,

circa 1360.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Graveurs de la Monnaie de Troyes du
XII^ ail XF//C sikle, Paris, 1892.

GITTERMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN {Germ.). Mint-master at Esens
(East Friesland), 1730-1746. His initials I. C. G. appear on coins ot
Princes George Albert and Carl Edzard.

GIULIANO Fide GIANNINI suprd.

G. K. Vide KILIAN KOCH. Die-sinker at Nuremberg (sixteenth cen-
tury).

G. K. Fide GEORG KRUCKENBERG. Mint-master at Cassel, 1637-
1640, Hoxter, 1646, and Hildesheim, 1 660-1 661.

— 275 —

G. K. Fide GEORG KRUGER. Die-sinker and Mint-master at Copen-
hagen, 1665-1680.

G. K. F/^^ GEORG (CHRISTOPH)KUSTER. Mint-master at Darm-
stadt, 1733-1740, and Cleve, 1740-175 5.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. ctt.

G. K. (Dutch). Signature of an unknown Medallist, who is the
author of a Portrait-medal of Prince-elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria
as Stadhouder of the Netherlands (Van Loon IV, p. 83, n° 2), and
of another on the Arrival of the Stadhouder in the Netherlands,
1692. (Van Loon p. 85.)

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogrammisten.

G. L. Vide GABRIEL LOMBARDO. Mint-inspector at Venice, circa
1565.

6. L. r/d^ GIROLAMO LUCENTI. Die-sinker at Rome, le-jo-i^-j-j.

G. L. Vide GOTTFRIED LEYGEBE. Medallist, 1630-1683, who work-
ed at Nuremberg and Berlin.

G. L. or 6. L. F. Vide GABRIEL LUNDER. Norwegian Die-sinker
who worked at Nuremberg, Koenigsberg, and from 1742 to 1782
at Copenhagen.

G. L. Vide GUSTAV LIUNGBERGER. Swedish Medallist, who work-
ed at Stockholm from 1765 to 1801.

G. L. Vide GOTTFRIED BERNHARD LOOS. Founder of the famous
Die-sinking establishment of Loos at Berlin, born 1773 ^ 1843.

G. L. C. Vide GABRIEL LECLERC. Die-sinker at Basle, 1685, then at
Cassel, and circa 1708 at Berlin; Mint-master at Bremen, 1737
t 1743-

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

GLADEHALS, JACOB (Germ.). Nicolai, Nachrichten von den Baumeis-
tern, Bildhauern... in Berlin, Berlin, 1786, informs us that the name
of this artist occurs in 1597 in the Berlin archives as that of a
Goldsmith to the Electoral Court. Apparently he was not a native

— 276 —

ot this city, but settled there late in life ; he was still living in
1 6 17, when it is said he was of a great age and in painful circum-

stances. According to the same writer, we must ascribe to Glade-
hals the beautiful medallic jewels of John George and his consort,
dated 1597, and John Sigismund (illustrated), which gems are pre-
served in the Royal Museum at Berlin. Bolzeinhal, Erman, and also
D"" Menadier, in his recent work Schaii,miin:^en des Hauses Hohen:{ol-
lern, have not corrected Nicolai's attribution of these beautiful jewels
to Gladehals, whose initials he stated he had seen on some

— 277 —

examples. Before Gladehals, Peter Wolff of Zurich, who was Court
Goldsmith at Berlin in 1583, had executed similar works, and after

him Cornelius von Thale, circa 1613 distinguished himself in the
same capacity.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Bolzcnthal, op. cit. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin,
1884.

GLAGEMAN, JOHANN HEINRICH (Bohem.). Mint-engraver at Prague
from 1670 to 1693, under Leopold I.

GLASBERG, STEPHAN {Germ.') Mint-master at Freiberg in Saxony

before 1465.

GLASER, HANS (Gmn.). Mint-master in Schleswig, 1641-1644.

GLASER, J. (Austr.). Contemporary Medallist residing at Vienna.
In 1879 he issued a commemorative medal of the Silver Wedding
of the Emperor and Empress of Austria.

— 278 —

GLASERE, MARC DE (Bel^.). Seal-engraver and Goldsmith of the
first quarter of the sixteenth century, residing at Bruges. He work-
ed for Margaret of Austria, Dowager Duchess of Savoy and Regent
of the Low-Countries.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, DicHontiaire des Graveurs beiges, Revue de la
numismatique beige, 1851, p. 413.

GLEASON A. (Amer.) Die-sinker of Hielsdale (Mich.) and manu-
facturer of Mott & Brother's token, Druggists (Anier. Journ. Num.
490).

GLEDE, MORITZ (Germ.) Die-cutter at the Mint of Moisburg
(Liineburg), 1622.

Bibliography. — M. Bahrfeldt, Beitrdge ■{iir MimT^eschichte der Lunehitrgischm
Lande, Wien, 1893.

GLEICHEN,COUNTESS FEODORA (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor
and MedaUist ; she exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1900 a bronze
relief Memorial to the late General Sir Henry Ponsonby. She is a
Member of the Society of Medallists, and at this Society's Exhibi-
tion in 1897, her medallic productions were very much admired :
The Shropshire Horticultural Society Medal ; — Portrait-medal of
H.R.H. the Princess of Wales ; — Medal for the Royal Agricultu-
ral Show at Windsor, 1889; — A Mirror; — Bas-relief in pewter,
&c. At the Second Exhibition of the Society of MedaUists, 1901
(November), I noticed the following exhibits : Portrait bust, Queen
Victoria; — Joan of Arc; — Silver cup; — H. M. The Qiieen,
when Princess of Wales (a medal) ; — A medal. Queen Victoria
(lion, reverse).

The following notice of Countess Gleichen's artistic activity is
extracted from Mr. Spielmann's British Sculpture and Sculptors of
To-day, 1901.

" The Countess Gleichen was the pupil of her father. Prince
Victor ot Hohenlohe, and of the Slade School at University College
under Professor Legros, and completed her studies in Rome. Her
chief work has been the life-size statue of Queen Victoria for the
Jubilee Hospital, Montreal. It is an imaginative composition, in
which the Sovereign is represented in royal robes, with a little
child asleep at her knee, while on the opposite side, on the steps
of the throne, another child stands with its arm in a sling. Shortly
before her death Queen Victoria gave sittings to Countess Gleichen
for the bust now at the Cheltenham Ladies' College.

" Besides these are the memorial to the artist's father in Sunning-
dale Church (near Windsor), and a bust of Queen Alexandra,
when Princess of Wales (Royal Academy, 1895), "ow in possession
of the Constitutional Club, London. In the same year a statuette of

— 279 —

Lady Henry Bentinck was exhibited at the New Gallery, but it
attracted less attention than the " Satan " shown at the Royal Acad-
emy in 1894. This fanciful and weird design shows a scaly,
armed and winged knight, seated on a throne tortuous with snakes.
The work reveals undoubted skill and invention, although it is
somewhat overloaded. The statue of "Peace" (1899) showed a
much purer teeling; and the beautiful hand-mirror of jade and
bronze of the same period, which first appeared in the Royal Acad
emy and was sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1900, proved a great-
er appreciation of design and decoration, and achieved a success
commensurate with its considerable merit. There are also by Count-
ess Gleichen a half-length figure of M. KubeUk, the violinist; a
stone fountain with a life-size nude fieure of a nymph for a garden
in Paris ; and another in bronze and coloured marbles with a figure
of Diana, for a garden near Ascot.

" It is no flattery to the Countess Gleichen to say that many sculp-
tors, contributing to the exhibitions, have tailed to produce work
as good as her's. It is highly refined, with charming feeling, and if,
as in *' The Queen Alexandra ", it is a little timid in treatment,
we do not resent the weakness which savours of delicacy ; for we
like a woman's work to be effeminate. Countess Gleichen's early
tendency to be too smoothed-down, technically called "soapy",
practically disappeared with the advent of a more modern feeling.
The lady's sculptural portraits are excellent likenesses, with the
delightful merit of being elegant and distinguished. These include
M""" Calve, M" Walter Palmer,and Sir Henry Ponsonby as busts ;
several bas-reliets, of which one is a memorial to Sir Henry Pon-
sonby, with figures in armour as supporters; and others are of
children, in different materials. The silver statuette of a Madonna, in
an agate and mosaic shrine, should not be passed over ".

GLEINITZ (^Austr.). Mint-master at Gratz under Archduke Charles,
1581.

GLITZMANN, VOLKMAR and CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Stone-cutters
who worked at Breslau, 1566 and 1589. They appear to have been
employed at the Mint to engrave coin-dies.

Bibliography. — F riedenshur g, Studien :(tir schUsischenMedaillenkunde, 1899.

GLOWACKI, W. (Austr.). Contemporary Die-sinker residing at
Krakau. I have seen two medals engraved by him, one on the
Visit of Emperor Francis Joseph to Krakau in 1880, and the other
on the Transfer of the body of Mickiewicz to Krakau in 1890.

GLUME (Germ.). Sculptor and Modeller in wax of the second half
of the eighteenth century. Bolzenthal mentions a cast Portrait-

— 28o —

medallion of D"" Johann Nath. Lieberkiihn, which was executed
from a wax model by Glume. A specimen is in the Berlin Museum.

GLYCON (Greek). The signature TAYKGON, which some experts
doubt, appears on a sard cameo (illustrated) in the Paris Medal
Cabinet.lt represents Amphitrite.

Cameo said to have been cut by Glycon (Babelon, Pierres gravies ^
fig. 126), of the nereid Galene riding on bull-headed sea-monster
above waves ; around the nymph a dolphin and five Erotes playing.
'* A poor work", says Kohler, "of the Renaissance, in which the
accessories are better done than the goddess".

Bibliography. — Babelon, Pierres grave'es. — H. Brunn, op. cit., t. II, p. 612.
— Furtwangler, op. cit. — Daremberg et Saglio, op. cit., p. 1478. — King, op.
cit., p. 219. Handbook of Engraved Gems, 1884.

G. M. Vide GEORG MEINHART. Mint-master at Eisleben, Halle and
Stolberg, 1595-1615.

G. M. (?) FiWg GEORG MEINHOLT. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1595-
1623.

G. M. Vide GASPARE MOLD. Swiss Medallist, born at Lugano,
worked at Florence and Rome, 16 ro ^ 1669. A second artist of
this name lived in the middle years of the eighteenth century.

G. M. Vide GOTTFRIED (WILHELM) METELLES. Coin-engraver at
Minden, 1690-1711.

G. M. Vide GOTTHARD MARTINENGO. Mint-master at Coblenz,
1762-1794.

G. M. Vide GEORG MICHAELIS. Mint-master at Clausthal, 1802-
1807; also G. F. M.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 28l —

G. N. Fide GEORG NURNBERGER. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
Maine, 1644-1646.

G. N. Vide GEORG NEUMEISTER. Warden of the Mints at Wiirz-
burg, 1754-1762, and Frankfort-on-Maine, 1763-1777.

G. N. FidetiLSTl. Die-sinker at Florence, second quarter of the
nineteenth century.

G. N. P. B. Fide GEORG NEUMEISTER. Warden, and PHILIPP
BISCHOFF. Mint-master, at Wiirzburg, 1760-1762.

G. N. R. Fide GEORG NIKOLAUS RIEDNER. Mint-master at Nurem-
berg, 1764-1793.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. N. {Ital.). Signature of a Medallist of the third quarter of the
sixteenth century. This signature occurs on a Portrait-medal of
Claudio Brama, with inscription ANNO . ETATIS . SVAE . VIII . on
^., and described in Armand, op. cit., I, p. 237.

GNAIOS. Fide CNEIVS. Vol. I, p. 282.

M. Babelon, in Diet, des ant. grecques et romaines, Gemmae, t. II,
p. 1479, expresses the opinion that Gnaios seems to have been
inspired by the works of Polycleites.

The aquamarine representing the head of Herakles, pubHshed by
Faberas the signet of Cn. Pompey, has given rise to a heated con-
troversy between experts. Kohler, quoted by King, says : *'The
signature on this gem belongs to the best authenticated that we
have, and we can prove beforehand that it cannot but designate
an artist, since the work of the head is of that fine quality that would
justify the engraver in putting his name to it ". D"" Brunn is of a
different opinion, and his criticism may be worth quoting, as it
throws light upon the vexed question whether the ancient gem-
engravers really did sometimes sign their works :

" Der bekannteste Stein mitdem Namen des Gneius ist ein blau-
hcher Aquamarin, auf welchem der Kopf des jugendlichen Herakles
dargestellt ist; neben dem Halse siehtman flach gearbeitet die Keule
und unter dem Abschnitte des Halses die Inschrift TNAIOC !
Stosch t. 23 ; Gori Mus. Flor. II, t. 7, 2 ; Bracci I, 49 ; Winck.
Descr. II, 1682; Lippert I, 539;Raspe 5458; Cades III, A, 2;
C.I. 7174. Er kam aus Andreini's Besitz (Gori Col. hb. Liv.
p. 155), in die Strozzi'sche, spater in die Schellersheim'sche und
neuerdings in Blacas'sche Sammlung. Aber wir haben von ihm
noch weit iiltere Kunde. Faber, der Herausgeber von Ursinus 'Illus-
trium imagines, erwahnt ihn (S. 66), indem er die Inschrift auf
Pompeius bezieht und den Stein fiir eines der Siegel dieses Rdmers

— 282 —

halt. Es macht daher einen sonderbaren Eindruck, wenn Kohler S.
143 Folgendes bemerkt :

*' Der Herakleskopf des vorgeblichen Gnaeos konnte folglich
(weil Kohler die KiJnstlerinschriften der Andreini 'schen Sammlung
fast sammthch als aus Betrug entstanden betrachtet) aus keiner
verdachtigeren Quelle herriihren, als aus der Sammlung des
Andreini, und es leidet keinen Zweifel, dass, hatte sie ihre Auf-
schrift nicht iiber hundert Jahre vor Andreini bekommen, er gerade
der Mann gewesen sein wiirde, der am wenigsten gezaudert hatte,
sie damit zu versehen ".

" Es leuchtet ein, dass bei einer solchen Befangenheitin den eigen-
en Vorurtheilen eine Wiirdigung auch der einfachsten vorliegen-
den Thatsachen geradezu unmoglich wird. So heisst es nun von
der Inschrift : ** Die Buchstaben des Namens, durch den dieses
Werk, nach Visconti's Meinung, einem romischen Sclaven oder Frei-
gelassenen zugeschrieben wird und den schon darum kein Vorur-
theilsfreier fur alt nehmen kann, sind zwar nich iibel gerathen, tra-
gen aber durch ihre Aenlichkeit mit so vielen anderen Aufschriften
vollig das Geprage ihres neuen Ursprungs. "

"Nachdem er dann spater auf das Unbegriindete der Meinung
Faber's, dass der Stein zum Siegelringe des Pompeius gedient,
hingewiesen, schliesst er weiter : ,, es ergiebt sich doch, daraus so
viel, dass zu Orsini's und Faber's Zeit der Name Gnaeos auf Ver-
langen eines Schlechturiterrichteten der Gemme in der Absicht
eingeschnitten war, um sie fur den Siegelring des Pompeius aus-
zugeben " ; und dabei wird dann auf die Steine des Aetion, Hyllos,
Hellen, und Aulos hingewiesen, welche damals ein gleiches Schick-
sal erfahren batten. Weiter heisst es S. 168 : ,, Unnothig ist eszu
bemerken, warum die Vornamen Cneius und Aulus das nichtanzei-
gen konnten, was man damit bezweckte ; dass durch sie die Neuheit
dieser Zugaben nur zu sehr bekraftigt wird ; und dass diese Vorna-
men, ihrer Unbestimmtheit wegen, nicht einmal geeignet waren,
die Besitzer der Ringsteine anzuzeigen ; Uebrigens sind die Eigener
der Ringsteine stets mit alien drei Namen, und seltener im Nomi-
nativ, als im Genetiv auf ihnen gegraben". Wie hier alles auf
Vorurtheil beruht, ist nicht schwer nachzuweisen. Ueber die Steine
mit den Namen des Aetion, Hyllos u. s. w. ist schon friiher
gehandelt worden. Gesetzt nun aber man hatte zu Orsini's Zeit
einen Stein durch eine Inschrift zu einem Siegelsteine des Pom-
peius machen wollen, wie ware man damals, wo gewiss noch
wenige Gemmeninschriften romischer Namen mit griechischen
Buchstaben, wohl aber schon eine Zahl rein romischer Inschriften
bekannt sein mochte, auf den Gedanken gekommen, den Pompeius
durch seinen Vornamen in griechischer Form bezeichnen zu wol-
len ? Die einfachste und natiirlichste Folgerung ist vielmehr, dass

— 283 —

die Beziehungauf Pompeius erst aus der vorhandenen, vor Augen
liegenden Inschrift FNAIOC entstanden sei. Auffallend, aber doch
nur scheinbar auffallend, ist allerdings die Unbestimmtheit des Vor-
namenszur Bezeichnung einer Person.

"Aber die Consequenz der Inschriften offentlicher Monumente
diirfen wir nicht von denen der geschnitteten Steine verlangen,
welclie dem Privatgebrauche dienten. Gerade durch den Privat-
gebrauch konnte die Beschrankung auf den Vornamen motivirt
sein. Eben so konnte aber auch ein beruhmter Steinschneider sich
durch einen solchen deutlich genug bezeichnet erachten, wie wir in
der neueren Zeit uns gewohnt haben, eine Menge gerade der
beriihmtesten Kiinstler, wie Raphael, Michelangelo, Domenichino,
Marc Anton fast immer nur mit ihren Vornamen zu nennen. Dass
wir fiir diesen Gebrauch unter den antiken Bildhauern und Malern
keine Analogien nachweisen konnen, erklart sich einfach daraus,
dass iiberhaupt nur sehr wenige mit romischen Namen bekannt
sind. Die Inschrift FNAIOC unter dem Kopfe des Herakles gehort
demnach zu den am besten beglaubigten, welche wir besitzen ; und
dass sie einen Kiinstler bezeichne, diirfen wir wenigsiens nicht von
vorn herein als unmoglich abweisen, indem auch die Arbeit des
Kopfes von der Art ist, dass sie den Kunstler zur Beifiigung seines
Namens wohl berechtigen durfte. Zwar urtheilt Kohler S. 144 im
Gegensatz zu Visconti's emphatischen Lobspruchen, dass,, durch
den grossen Fleiss, den man in der Ausfiihrung des Gesichtes und
der Haare verschwendet, das Ganze an Kraft und Geist verloren
habe". Doch aber erkennt auch er S. 142 an, dass dieser schone
Jiinglingskopfmitsehr viel Zartheit und Gefiihl dargestellt worden,
dass die Locken leicht, mannigfaltig und abwechselnd, zugleich
reich und zierlich gebildet seien".

The standing Athlete anointing himself, formerly in the Marl-
borough Collection, has been pronounced by King to be a paste,
and not a jacinth, undoubtedly antique, and not the work of
Natter, as Kohler suspects it. D' Brunn considers the work of little
merit, and although he had not seen it, was inclined to doubt its
genuineness. D"" Furtwiingler pronounces this gem, and the agate
representing the Rape ot the Palladium, in the Berlin Museum,
antique.

G. 0. Fide GIACOMO OZEGNI. Die-sinker at Turin, 1622-1625.

GOZ. Fide JOHANN SAMUEL GOTZINGER, born in 1734, f 1791.

Coin-engraver at Ansbach.

G. 0. H. Fide GOTTFRIED OTTO MEYER. Mint-master at Herborn,
1681-1682.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, o/». cit.

— 284 —

GOBEL, GEBRUDER {Germ.). Mint-contractors at Danzig. Between
1578 and 1585 this firm struck Denarii, Schillings, Groschen, Drei-
groschers. Ducats and some gold coins of higher denominations
(5 and 10 Ducats), all, which, with the exception of the Denarii,
bear the annulet, which was the Mint-mark of the Brothers Gobel.

Bibliography. — Kirmis, Handbuch der Polnischm Mun^kunde, Posen, 1892,
p. 69.

GOBELET, JEAN (Belg.). Mint-master at Ghent, circa 1430. On a
commission, given under the seal of Philip the Good, Duke of Bur-
gundy, 27**" October, 1430, he is named : Janne Gobelet, muntmeester
van Brabant.

Bibliography. — Rante de la num. beige, 1842, p. 311 ; 185 1, p. 144.

GOBERT DE SAINT-QUENTIN (French). Mint-master at S' Quentin,
1436-1439.

GOBRECHT, CHRISTIAN (Anier.). Coin-engraver at the Philadel-
phia Mint, from December 21, 1840, until his death, July 23,
1844. He was born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., December 23,
1785 ; went to Philadelphia in 181 1, where he became an engraver
of bank notes, seals, calico-printers' rolls, bookbinders' dies, &c. In
1836 he was appointed assistant to Mr Kneass, Engraver at the
U.S.A. Mint, and on the latter's death, he was chosen to fill the
vacancy. Besides coins, Gobrecht engraved several medals, one of
which, the Franklin Institute Medal, exhibits very commendable
work, and another of the New England Society for the Promotion
ot Manufactures, etc., 1826.

Bibliography. — Evans, Illustrated History of the United States Mint, Philadel-
phia, 1892.

GODARD, A. (French). Editor of artistic medals, residing at Paris,
and agent for the works of the Medallist Roty, and others.

GODDARD, THOMAS (Brit.). Mint-master to James II., at Dubhn (?)
in conjunction with John Trinder, William Talbot, WiUiam
Brumfield, Francis Rice and Edward Fox.

60DEBSKI (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at M^ry-sur-
Cher (Cher). Pupil of Jouffroy. Although not a Medallist, he has
executed some Portrait-medaUions in clay, as that of M. G. Mail-
lard, exhibited at the Salon of 1876.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

- 285 -

GODEL (French). Bolzenthal mentions this Medallist's name with
those of Veyrat, Henrionnet, Rogat, Masson, Sornet, Peuvrier and
other artists of the first half of the nineteenth century, who collab-
orated with others in Durand's Series numistnatica universalis viror urn
illustrium, and to Medaillier des Francais celebres,XIX^ siecle; Galerie
de la Fid elite; Collection des hommes il lustres, &c.

In D' Storer's Collection there is a medal of N. Copernicus by
him (Durand Series).

I have seen his signature recently on a Jeton of the Societe du
Jardin et des Eaux de Sceaux, 1843.

GODELE, JEAN (Belg.). A clever Chaser of Liege, who lived dur-
ing the first half of the fifteenth century.

GODET, HENRI (Fretich). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist.
Pupil of the ficole nationale des Beaux- Arts, and of M. Mathurin
Moreau. He was born at Paris.

At the Salon of 1901 he has exhibited a frame of medals : three
bas-reliefs in bronze representing Poppies, and three others ot
Cupids.

Bibliography. — Catalogue du Salon, 1^0 1.

GODIN (^French). Moneyer of Abbeville, circa 1187.

GODIN (French). Sculptor, born at Melun (Seine-et-Marne),on the
21'* of August 1823. Pupil of Toussaint. Entered the £cole des
Beaux-Arts in 1846. As late as 1876 he exhibited at the Paris Salon
a Portrait-medallion of M. Cabs, which is not his only work of the
kind.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GODOFFRE, CLAUDE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot
Lyons, 1594-1612. Son of Pierre Godoffre. He was appointed on
the 14*'' of April 1594 " tailleur particulier de la monnaie" and
obtained from the King, on the 5*'' of May of the same year, con-
firmation of his nomination. In 1595 this Engraver was actively
employed in the execution of coin-dies. Testoons struck at Lyons
in 1602 bear I.E. (for Jean de Bourges, Mint-master) and acres-
cent with mullet which is probably Godoffre's sign.

This artist engraved the Jeton of Pierre de Baillon, 1600 and 1601,
and also satirical medals at the time of the League. Some of the Deniers
douzains in the name of Charles X. were also engraved by Claude
Godofire.

Bibliography. — Rondot, Les Graveurs de monnaies d Lyon, Mdcon, 1897.

GODOFFRE, PIERRE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Lyons,
1 5 74- 1 5 94. He engraved the dies for the Deniers douzains issued

— 286 —

in the name of Cardinal de Bourbon, proclaimed King in 1589
under the name of Charles X., and struck until 1594. He resigned
office in April 1594 in favour of his son Claude Godoffre. His
name appears on Mint documents as "Tailleur Pierre Godoffre".
Ill 1 594, the Masters and Officers of the Mint were ordered, " not to
strike any coins of gold, silver, or billon under charge of lese-majeste,
except in the name of Henry IV., by the grace of God, King of
France and Navarre. "
Bibliography. — Rondot, op. cit.

GOEDECKE or GODICKE, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Mint-master at
Leipzig, 1752-175 3, and Altenkirchen, 1744-175 5, He signed :
I.G.G.

GOEDECKE, PAUL HEINRICH (Germ.). Medallist of Hamburg, 1730-
1764. Signed P.H.G. He worked for the Court of Denmark, and is
the author of a number of Portrait-medals of private persons. One
of these commemorates the Marriage of Frederick, Prince of Den-
mark with Princess Louisa, 1743 ; another, of 1759, bears a portrait
of Frederick Charles ot Holstein. There are also by this artist the
following medals : Coronation of Charles VII., 1742 ; — Corona-
tion of Francis L, 1745, Festivities at Hamburg ; — Coronation of
Adolphus Frederick of Sweden, 1745 ; — Adolphus Frederick and
Louisa Ulrica, 1744; — Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755 (^L. only);
— &c. His medals are signed P.H.G.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Paul Joseph u. Eduard Fellner, Die
Mi'm:(en von Frankfurt am Main, 1896. — Hildebrand, Sveriges och Svenska Konun-
gahusets Minnespenningar, &c. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations, &c.

GOEDEKING, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Bres-
lau, 1 8 10, and appointed in the same year as general Mint-master
of Prussia. In 1843 a commemorative medal was struck with his
portrait.

GOEDT, BERNHARD (Germ.). Mint-master at Coblenz, 1698-

1734-

GOELLNER (Germ.). Contemporary Die-sinker, residing at Stutt-
gart, and author of a number of prize-medals.

GOERCE, S. (French.). Die-sinker of the nineteenth century. His
signature occurs on the obv. of a Portrait-medal of Jacques Beau-
lieu of Besan^on.

GOETZ (Germ). Contemporary Die-sinker, whose signature I have
seen in conjunction with that of Schwenzer on a medal commemor-
ating the Sixth Centenary of the University of Heidelberg, 1886,
and on a Portrait-medal of Prof. D' Virchow.

GOETZE, GOTTLIEB (Germ.). Medallist of the second quarter of the
nineteenth century. He filled the post of Medallist to the Mint at

— 287 —

Berlin, between 1830-1840, when on account of increasing blindness
he retired to his native town of Suhl. This talented artist would have
accomplished much more, had not his failing eyesight obliged him
to give up his profession. One of his best medals, that of the great
sculptor Thorwaldsen {illustrated) exhibits uncommon skill of execu-
tion; the drawing is good and the style very bold. By Goetze are
also : Medal on the Death of Ludwigl., Grand Duke of Hesse, 1830;
— Prize Medal for Vaccination, after Ranch's model ; — Prize Medal

The Thorwaldsen Medal, by Goetze.

of the Society for Encouragement of Industry ; — L. A de Guion-
neau. Grand Master of the Masons of the Three Globes, 1824; —
Daniel Frederic Loos, 18 16; — Schinkel's Theatre at Berlin,
1821 ; — Commemorative Medal of the War of Independence,
1813-1815, struck in 1822; — Frederick William, Crown Prince of
Prussia and Consort; — Baron D*^ Georg Christian Gottlieb von
Wedekind of Darmstadt (Boston Collection); — Establishment ot
Vaccination in Prussia (Boston Collection).

Bibliography. — Menadier, Schaumunien des Hatises Hoheniollern, Berlin,
1901. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Marvin, Masonic Medals, Boston, 1880. — Reim-
tnann Catalogue.

GOETZINGER, FRIEDRICH {Germ.'). Coin-engraver at Wiirzburg,
1795, His initial 6 appears on a Memorial-medal of Bishop Franz
Ludwigvon Erthal, 1795.

GOETZINGER, JOHANN SAMUEL {Germ.). Medallist, Coin, and
Gem-engraver, of the second half of the eighteenth century, 1734-
179 1. Most of his medals illustrate the history of Margraves Charles
WiUiam Frederick, and Alexander. As early as 1752, the initial
G of Goetzinger appears on coins ot Brandenburg. The Reimmann
Collection comprised the following signed coins and medals by
this Engraver : Reichsthaler of 1752, with bust of Charles William

— 288 —

Frederick of Brandenburg; — Gulden of 1753 (signed I S G); —
Marriage Medal of Prince Alexander with Princess Frederica Caro-
line of Saxe-Coburg, 1754; — Conv. Gulden of 1760; — Conv.
Thaler of Alexander, and Gulden, of 1765; — Medal of 1767 of
the Bruckberger Porcelain Works; — Medal and Thaler of 1769
on the Union of the Margraviatesof Culmbach and Ansbach (2 var.);

— Prize Medal for Clover-growing, 1775; — Conv. Thaler and
Gulden of 1775, 1777 and 1779; — Thaler of 1779 on the Restor-
ation of the Order of the Red Eagle ; — Thaler of same date com-
memorating the Peace of Teschen ; — Conv. Thaler of 1783 ; —
Commemorative Medal of Margravin Frederica Caroline, 1760,
struck for the County of Sayn, &c.

Besides these, D'' Menadier describes in Schaumi'in^en des Hauses
Hohenxpllern : Thaler of 1769 on the death of Margrave Frederic
Christian -, — Undated Medal on the Heron Chase ; — Medal on
the election of Margrave Alexander as Captain of the Franconian
Circle, 1765 ; — Portrait-medals otthe Margrave Alexander (3 var.).
Two medals in the Berlin Cabinet are signed GOZINGER IVN. F. ;
one was struck on the death of Margravine Frederica Louise, 1784,
and the other is an undated Portrait-medal of Margrave Alexan-
der.

It is evident that J. S. Gotzinger had a son who worked in the
same capacity as himself at the Ansbach Mint and perhaps succeeded
him, but I have found no further information on the subject.
Whether J. S. Gotzinger's father, whom Ammon calls
JOHANN GOTZINGER and to whom he attributes medals dated 1728
and 1735, as well as the earlier of those described above, also filled
the office of Coin-engraver and Medallist to the Court at Ansbach,
does not appear quite settled, notwithstanding Bolzenthal's asser-
tion. In the affirmative case, there would have been three Engrav-
ers of the name of Gotzinger, as it is not very likely that
J, S. Gotzinger would have signed himself GOTZINGER IVN. as late
as 1784 when he had been known over thirty years as a Medallist.
Bolzenthal states that shortly before Margrave Alexander's abdica-
tion in 1791, J. S. Gotzinger died at the age of fifty-seven.

Gotzinger's signature appears in various ways : G, — I.S.G.

— GOZ.F. — GOZINGER F. — GOZINGER — GOZINGER F.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Reimmann Catalogue. — Ammon, op.
cit. — D"" Menadier, op. cit. — Kohler, Munibelustigungen XXII, 217. — Madai,
op. cit. — Schulthess, op. cit. — Spies, Brandeni. Munxhelust. I, 169; II, 41 &
253 ; III, Titelblatt. — Bauer's Auserlesme Munien, Nos 16 & 17. — Injormation
kindly furnished by Mr. Simon Sclmtt-lVallerstein of Frankjurt a. M.

COFFIN, DANIEL (French). Founder and Engraver, born at
Givonne, near Sedan (Ardennes). He flourished circa 1614. At about

— 289 —

that time, he engraved sixty pairs of dies for the gold, silver and
copper coinage of Sedan, and for that ot the sovereignties of Rau-
court, La Tour-i-Glaire, and Chateau-Regnault. This artist, who
belonged to the protestant faith, undertook in 1627 to execute dies
for the silver coins which Lambert de Duras, Count of Meldre,
Governor of Bouillon, had arranged to strike with his arms, by
edict of the 27''' October of that same year, on his assumption of
sovereignty.

In Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feodales de France, a large number of
coins of the Duke of Bouillon, Sovereign Lord o\ Sedan and
Raucourt, struck in 1614 and 1615 from Daniel Coffin's dies;' are
illustrated on Plates 146 to 148, and exhibit fine workmanship. The
jetons engraved bv him are, however, of little merit; one of them
bears his name as ^L legend : ' DANIEL " COFFIN * A "
SEDAN.

It would appear that Coffin cut dies at the Mint of La Vanette,
for imitations of Spanish, Italian, and German coins, and that on
the forgeries being found out, Jean de la Noue, the Mint-master,
was arrested and hanged in 1629. The coins engraved for the Sei-
gneur Lambert d'Oyembrugge de Duras consisted of One and Six
Sol pieces, Patagons, Florins, Ecus, Half-reals of the types of Liege
and the Netherlands, Rycksdalers similar to those of Nuremberg,
Frankfort and Hamburg, Dalers resembling those of Bouillon,
Ducats of the type of the Dutch ducats, with the ^L. legend :
LAMBERIVS DE DVRAS B. SVPREMVS HAYON.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Revue beige de numismatique 184S, p. 55. —
Chavignerie et Auvrav, op. cil. — J. Rouyer, Unefabriqiu de Jetons d'a parence
fratifaise a Sedan du temps de Louis Xlll, Revue numismatique, 1887, p. 422.

GOFFIN, JEAN {French). Mint-master to the Bishop of Liege,
circa 1650. Probably a relative ot Daniel Coffin.

Bibliography — Inslruclion et ordonnance snivant laqiielle Jean Goffin, Mattre
Monnoyeur de S. A. 5™', se devera goiiverner et regler an Jait de la Monnoye £or et
d'argent que S. A. lui a permis de forger, etc., Revue beige de numism., 1866,
p. 269.

GOIS, llTIENNE PIERRE ADRIEN {French). Sculptor and Engraver,
1731-1823. He is the author of a number of Portrait-medallions
and Bas-Reliefs in clay and in bronze, as for instance : Portrait of
Count d'Artois ; — Winter, etc.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GOLDBETER, BARTHOLOMEW (5n7.). Mint-master under Henry V.,
anno IX, and from the first to the eleventh year of Henry VI. 's
reign, at London, York, Bristol and Calais. He is sometimes called
Bartholomew Seman Goldbeter.

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. 19

*— 290 —

In a recent article by Mr. F. A Walters on the Coinage ot
Henry V. and VI. (^Numismatic Chronicle, 1902) further interesting
particulars of this Mint-master may be found.

Bibliography, — Ruding, op. cit.. Vol. I, p. 32.

GOLDER, LEODEGARI (Swiss). In conjunction with J. Anthoni
von Erlach, and Sebastian Knab, Leodegari Colder worked the Mint
at Lucerne, from 1549 to 1552.

Bibliography. — Revue suisse de numismatique, 1898, p. 163.

GOLDNER, PETER (Germ.). Steward of, and Under-inspector of
the Mint at Clogau, in 1623; in the following year he entered a
contract to work this Mint for the government. Distinctive sign : a
double-lily.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

GOLDSCHMIED, VALENTIN (G^rw.). Coldsmith, 1543, Mint-master
and Assayer at Neisse, until 1566, He died in 1573. — Another
Coldschmidt was engraver at the Hechingen Mint.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit. — Schlesiens Vorieit in Bild und Schrift,
1899, p. 55. — Bahrfeldt, MUnien der FUrstenthUmer Hohen\ollern, Berlin, 1900.

GOLDSCHMIDT, MARX (Germ.). A Nuremberg Coldsmith of the
early years of the seventeenth century. He cast some of the medals

Medal ot Johann Philip, Bishop of Bamberg.

modelled byHeinrich Knopf, and amongst these that of the Bishop
of Bamberg, Johann Philipp von Gebsattel (illustrated).
Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.

GOLDSMITH, JOHN EDMUND (Brit.). Mint-engraver, under
Richard l\.,anno XII. He was appointed by the King. This die-cutter

— 29i —

was probably a goldsmith by trade, and in this case his name would
be JOHN EDMUND.

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Ruding, op. cit.

GOLDSMITH, D. B. (Brit.). In 1396 a grant was issued to Marga-
ret, Countess of Norfolk, and D. B. Goldsmith, of London, "licen-
sing them to melt down groats, half-groats, and sterlings, to the
amount of one hundred pound, and to make thereof a silver vessel
for the use of the said Margaret ".

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit.. Vol. I, p. 246.

GOLDSMYTH, HENRY (Brit.). Forger of coins, during the reign
of Richard II. He resided at Eton, in the county of Bedford. In
1393 " he was suspected of having counterfeited the coins of gold
and silver in that village " and was to be taken, " together with
his engines, instruments, and counterfeit money " and brought
before the king and council. A Henry Goldsmyth appears also in
Scotch documents as Forger of false billon of Inverness, etc., under
James I (1406-1437).

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit. — Burns, Coinage of Scotland, II, p. 54.

GOLDSMYTH, WILLIAM (Scotch). Moneyer undernames III. (1460-
1488). He coined "Black-money" Farthings, originally circulating
for Halfpennies.

"Bibliography. — Burns, op. cit., II, 168.

GOLTZIUS, HEINRICH (Dutch). Painter and Line-engraver, born
at Mulbrecht in 1558, died at Haarlem in 1617, where he had
settled, after spending some years in Germany and Italy. His father
taught him drawing, and Coornhaert, engraving.

Goltzius executed an engraved Portrait-plaque of the Earl of
Leicester, Governor-General of the Low-Countries, 1586. Mr
Grueber, describing this medal, remarks : " Goltzius' works with
the graver are remarkable for their freedom of shading, and at the
same time for their sharpness of outline.

As copper-plate engraver, Goltzius marks the highest point of the
art. To him we owe no less than 330 plates, many of which are
master-pieces, especially the celebrated set of six in the Munich
Collection.

His portrait of Coornhaert, and others in the same style, give
him a place amongst medallists.

** Mit dem Tode dieses Meisters " says Prof. Wehnert (Hendrik
Goltzius, Antiquitaten Zeitung, Nr. 24, p. 185, 1901) " ging ein
Mann dahin, der eine ganze Reihe Kiinstler als leuchtendes

— 292 —

Vorbild gedient hat. Seine VerJienste, die er sich in seinem
arbeitsreichen Leben erworben hat, werden allseits anerkannt. Seine
Blatter regen den Eifer jedes Sammlers an und sind fiir den
Handler ein kostbarer Handelsartikel ".

BiBUOGRAPHY. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of the History oj
Great Britain, London, 1885, II, p. 726. — Singer, Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexicon,
Frankfurt-a-M, 1896.

GOMANSKI {Riiss.'). A Niello-engraver of the eighteenth century.

GOMEZ, JEAN BAPTISTE {Port.). Coin-engraver and Medallist,
who was employed at the Lisbon Mint under John V. Having
misconducted himself, he fled to Rio de Janeiro, where he lived
under the assumed name of Thomas Xavier d'Andrade. Later on
he became Engraver to the Foundry of Villa-Rica. He died in
1754. Gomez executed numerous Portuguese medals.

Bibliography. — Raczinski , Dictionnaire historico-artistiqtu du Portugal,
Paris, 1847.

GOMEZ, JOSfi {Mexican). Die-sinker of the beginning of the
nineteenth century. In 1798 he engraved a Portrait-medallion ot
King Carlos IV.

Bibliography. — Medina, Medallas Coloniaks Hispano- Americanos, Santiago de
Chile, 1900.

GONDRECOURT, HUMBELET DE {French). Master of the Mint of
Bar, from 1352, until circa 1365. In documents of 1364 he receives
the title of maistre des tnonnoyes de la contei de Bar.

Bibliography. — Max Wehrly, Recberches historiques sur les Monnayeurs et les
Ateliers monitaires du Barrels, Revue beige de num., 1874.

GONDRECOURT, JOFFROY DE {French). Mint-master at Clermont
(Bar), before 1354.
Bibliography. — Max Wehrly, op. cit.

GONON, EUGilNE {French). Sculptor, born at Paris, on Oct. 17,
18 14; died on Sept. 11, 1892. He is the author of numerous
Plaques cast in bronze, two of which, " Bird and Insect ", and
" Autumn " were exhibited at the Salons of 1857 and 1888.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GONZAGA {Ital.). Forger of Papal coins. His name is mentioned
in the Rossi Sale Catalogue as the maker of an imitation coin of
Gregory XII.

Bibliography. — Sambon, Rossi Sale Catalt^tu Qoi 403) Roma, 1880.

GONZALVES, EGAS {Port). Engraver at the Mint of Oporto. He
lived under Edward and Alfonso V., fifteenth century, and cut

— 293 —

most of the dies for the coinage of these two reigns, struck at
Oporto.
Bibliography. — Raczynski, op. cit.

GONZALVES, JAO DE GUIMARAES, surnamed En^enhoso (Port.).
Coin-engraver under John III. and Sebastian. This very clever
artist, not only invented machinery to strike coins and medals,
but also reformed the coinage of Portugal. A Portuguese gold
coin, struck in 1562, under Sebastian, is still known as Engenhoso;
on the obv. are the arms of Portugal and on the 1^. S* George's
cross, date, and motto : IN HOC SIGNO VINCES; its value is
500 Reis.

BiBi.iOGR.\PHY. — Raczynski, op. cit. — F. J. de Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Eluci-
dario, etc., 7798. — Patriarche, Liste des Artistes.

GONZALVES, VASCO (Port.). Goldsmith, and Coin -engraver at
the Mint of Lisbon, under Alfonso V., 1495. He was appointed to
this office in place of Gil Vasquez.

Bibliography. — Raczynski, op. cit.

GONZATE, DAMIANO DA (Ital.). Goldsmith of the first half of
the sixteenth century. His name, and that of his brother, GIA-
COMO FILIPPO DA GONZATE, appear in connection with fine
models in wax and bronze castings, which the two brothers have
produced. They were natives of Parma, and the period of their
activity is comprised between 1620 and 1645.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

GOOD, JAMES (Brit.). A Birmingham Manufacturer of Tokens of
the last decade of the eighteenth century. Amongst his issues are :
Abergavenny, Birmingliam, Bristol, Eastbourne, Holt, London
(Clark, Eaton), Lowestoft, Maidstone, Maldon , Monmouth,
Montrose, and Yarmouth Penny tokens.

Bibliography. — Pye, Provincial copper Coins, Tokens, etc.

GOOR, PIERRE WADTIER VAN DE (Bel^.). Coin-engraver, and
Medallist; born at Antwerp on the 29'^ of January, 1783 , died in
185 1. He first studied at Paris, and on his return to his native
country, the government of the Netherlands engaged him as
Engraver at the Mintof I3ru.ssels, where he cut the dies for the first
Ten Florin pieces. Later, he was sent to the Utrecht Mint, where
he engraved the Colonial Half and Quarter Florins for the Dutch
East Indies. Guioth remarks that Van de Goor was one of the few
Belgian officials whom the Dutch government retained after the
Revolution of 1830.

By Van de Goor are the following medals : Inauguration of the

— 294 —

First Railway in Holland, 1839; — Accession of William I., iSvj
(various medals and jetons issued by the Chamber of Commerce
of Antwerp and other public institutions); — Meeting of Parlia-
ment at Brussels, 1816; — Baron Van Derlinden d'Hooghvorst.
Mayor of Brussels, 1816; — Baron de Thysebaert, 1816; —
Royal Academy of Fine Arts, 1817 (2 types).

Bibliography. — Guioth, Gravetirs en tne'dailles anciens et modernes, Revue beige
de numisniatique, i854,^p. 240.

60RDILL0, F (Mexican). Coin-engraver and Medallist, of Mexico,
first quarter of the nineteenth century. The following works bear

Proclamation Medalet of Augustin I, by F. Gordillo.

his signature : The College of Santa-Cruz to Fernando VII., 1810;
— Battle of Del Monte de las Cruces, 18 10; — Antonio (Bergosa

Proclamation Medal of Ferdinand VII, by Gordillo.

y Jordan); Bishop of Antioquia, elected Archbishop oi- Mexico,

— 295 —

1814; — Prize Medal for Fidelity to Ferdinand VII. (3 var.); —
Marriage of Ferdinand VII, and Maria Isabel, 1817 ; — Educational
Prize Medal of Puebla, 1818; — Proclamation Medals of Augus-
tin I., Emperor of Mexico, 1822, for Oaxaca (2 var.), Queretaro,
Veracruz and Mexico, 1823; — Proclamation Medals of Ferdi-
nand VII, 1808, for Mexico (illiistraled), Valladolid de Michoacan,
Veracruz, Zacatecas, etc; — Board of Health (Protomedicatus),
City of Mexico, 1813 (Boston Coll").

This Medallist's signature appears as F.GORDILLO ; —
GORDILLO/. M. ; — "^G. en Mxo. ; — or F. G.

Bibliography. — Alejandro Rosa, Monetario Americano, Buenos Aires, 1892 . —
Benjamin Belts, Mexican Imperial Coinage, New-York, 1899. — Medina, MedaUas
Coloniales Hispano- Americanos, Santiago de Chile, 1900. — Arturo Pedrals
Moline, Catalogo de la Coleccion de Monedas y MedaUas de Manuel Vidal Quadras y
Ramon de Barcelona, 1892. — P. Krohn, Bronce-Medailler, Thomsen Catalogue,
Q)penhagen, 1873.

GORDON, JOSEPH FRANCIS (Brit.). Mint-master at Bruges, 1744.
In that year he undertook the striking of a copper currency.

Bibliography. — Revue beige de numismatique, 1897, p. 230.

GORET, P. (Belg.). The signature of this Die-sinker occurs on a
medal with portrait of Genevieve d'Urfe, Duchess ofCroy, belong-
ing to the beginning of the seventeenth century. Nothing appears
to be known of this artist.

Bibliography. — Camille Picqud, La medailh de Geneviive d^Urji, Duchesse de
Croy, Revue beige de numismatique, 1897, p. 74.

GORGENS, JONAS (Genn.). Mint-master to the city of Luneburg,
1612-1645. Signature : G.

GORI, LUIGI (ItaL). Medallist, bom at Florence, in 1838, where

ID Centesimi of San Marino, by Gori.

he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts. Besides engraving dies for
coins, such as the 10 Centesimi of San Marino, 1875 (illustrated),

— 296 —

this artist produced numerous medals on commission for govern-
ments as well as private persons.

Amongst his more important Portrait-medals, I have seen the
following : Dante ; — Galileo ; — Prof. D"^ Virchow ; — Miche-
langelo; — Giovanni Dupre; — Farini; — Antonio Cecchi; —
Rossini and other Italian celebrities.

For the Republic of San Marino he engraved : Medal in honour
of Carlo Padiglione, the historian (illustrated) ; — Another, of

Medal of Carlo Padiglione.

Medal of Francesco Azzurri.

Francesco Azzurri, Architect of the Government Buildings (illuS'

— 297 —
trated) ; — Medal for Military Valour (illustrated) ; — Medal for

Medal for Military Valour.

Civil Reward.
Civil Merit (Reward for Life Saving, or Services in the domain of

School Prize Medal.
Arts and Sciences, illustrated'); — School Prize Medal, 1873

— 298 —

(illustrated); — Medal of the " Esposizione Beatrice" at Florence,
1890; — Benedetto Cairoli, 1890; ^General RafFaele Cadorna,
1890, cScc.

Gori engraved the coins of the Provisional Government of Flo-
rence, during the Revolution of 1859.

Medals of the " Capi di Guardia della Misericordia ".

Several Medals of the Florentine Institution (three illustrated) oiiht
*' Capi di Guardia della Misericordia" were cut by Gori, or his son,
who is also a Die-sinker, in the years 1869, 1887, 1890, 1894
(signed : LUIGI GORI E FIGLIO INC.), &c.

Bibliography. — Rivista italiana di Numismalica, 18^2, 189s . — Reimmann
Catalogue, n° S774. — Spink's Numismatic Circular Aug. 1899, April 1900, and
May 1901.

GORLOFF, GARRIEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Oppeln, 1647, and
Teschen, 1648-165 3. His initials appear on coins of Wladislaus IV.,
1647, for Oppeln.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

GORMANI Vide KORNMANN infrd.

GORSTEIN, JOHANN (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Vienna ; in 1681
he cut dies for coins.

GORTZ, BARON VON (Sived.). Issuer of a series of money of
pecessity under Charles XII., between 17 15 and 1719. One of

— 299 —

these tokens bears a bust of Baron von Gortz on obv. and has
the following inscription on I^. : « NECESSITAS . CARET
LEGE; in the field : H^ - DALER — S.M — DE A.15.INCL.

— 1719- The principal types ot this issue of i Daler tokens are :
17.15. Crown above date 1^. i. | DALER | S.M; — 1716.PV-
BLICA FIDES Pallas seated;— 1717.WETT OCN WAPEN.
Warrior standing ^L. i | DALER | S.M. | 1718.IVPITER ; —
1718.MARS; — 1718.MERCVRIVS;— 1718.SATVRNVS; —
1718.PHOEBVS; — r7i8.FLINK OCH FARDIG Warrior; —
1 7 19. HOPPET.Hope, &c.

Bibliography. — Mailliet, Monnaies ohsidionahs et de ne'cesiite, Bruxelles, 1870.

— Neumann, Beschreihung der bekanntesten KupfermunT^m, Prag, 1858.

GOSCHL, ALEXANDER {Austr.). Partner of the firm of Angerer
& Goschl, dealers in works of art at Vienna. He died on Aug. 14,
1900, and his name is mentioned in Die Moderne Medaille, Aug.
1900. He probably edited medals, although I have not seen his
signature on any.

GOSS, S. E. (Swiss'). Architect of Geneva, and Designer of two
medals of Louis Favre, Engineer of the S* Gothard tunnel, 1893.
The dies of these medals were cut by C. Richard.

COSSET. The name of a renowned Huguenot Family of Modellers
in wax, who were settled in London, and of whom the most conspic-
uous were : ISAAC COSSET, 1713-99, MATTHEW COSSET,
1683-1744, and perhaps also GIDEON GOSSET, 1707-1785.

GOSSET, GEDEON (Brit.). Brother of Isaac Cosset. Supposed to
have worked as Modeller in wax, but no medals can be traced to
him. He was descended from Jean Cosset, the refugee, who on his
adopting the Protestant faith, after 1555, was deprived of his title
to the Norman nobility, and fled to Jersey, from S* Sauveur or
St. Lo.

GOSSET, ISAAC (Brit.). Brother of the preceding; a celebrated
Modeller in wax, and Medallist, born on the 2"'' of May, 17 13,
died at Kensington on the 28*'' of November, 1799. He learnt under
his uncle, Matthew Cosset, and became the best artist of the family.
" He excelled in modelling cameo portraits, and his works include
the Royal Family, and many distinguished persons from the reign
of George 11. to 1780. "

To this artist are attributed the following wax-medallions, some
of which have been cast in bronze, or used to make medal-dies
from, by Kirk, and others : John Vincent Anthony Canganelli,
Pope Clement XIV. (an exquisite model, probably the best work

— 300 —

of the artist) ; — Twelve Roman Emperors : Julius Caesar, Augus-
tus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius,
Vespasian, Titus and Domitian ; — Twelve Heads in one frame.
Epicurus, Unknown, Apuleius, Livia, Pompeia, Lepida, Aratus,
Heraclitus, Zeno, Democritus, Unknown, and Aristophanes; —

Portrait-medallion of Isaac Gosset.

Frederick, Prince of Wales ; — Consort of Frederick, Prince of
Wales ; — George III. ; — Queen Charlotte; — George II. ; — Duke
of York ; — Duke of Cumberland ; — Lord North ; — Lord-Chan-
cellor Thurlow ; — Gideon Gosset; — Dr. Gosset; — D"^ Walker;
— D' Harris ; — Brother of George III. ; — Unknown. A man in a

— 501 -

flowing wig; — Unlcnown. A Doctor with a pigtail; — David
Garrick ; — A Madonna ; — Two recumbent figures of children
sleeping ; — A bust, said to be of Sir Joshua Reynolds ; — The
Princess of Wales, mother of George III. ; — Isaac Gosset's son ; —
General Wolfe (after which Kirk cut his medal, illustrated) ; —

Medal of General Wolfe, by Kirk, after Gosset's Portrait-medallion.

H.R.H. Princess Augusta; — The Duke of Sussex; — George,
Prince Regent ; — Henry Pelham, Prime Minister ot England,
•\ 1754; — George Grenville, Prime Minister of England, -j* 1770;

— Robert Carteret, Earl Granville ; — Augustus Henry Fitz Roy,
Duke of Grafion ; — Sir William Molesworth ; — Henry, Earl
Bathurst, Lord High Chancellor, 1777; — Dr. Robert Lowth,
Bishop of London, 1780; — Charles, Lord Maynard, Baron Much
Easton ; — Unknown ; — Gentleman unknown ; — Richard Trevor,
Bishop of Durham (the head from which Bartolozzi is said to have,
made his engraving of the Bishop) ; — Francis Hutcheson, the phil-
osopher (from this wax model, Antonio Selvi, a Florentine artist,
cast a medal, which is described in Franks and Gnieber, Medallic
Illustrations, &c.y Vol. 11, p. 621) ; Kirk also engraved a medal after
Gosset's medallion, bearing the signature GOSSET M.KIRK S.) ;

— Earl of Mansfield (from which Kirk engraved a medal) ; —
Mrs Delany, made about 1776 ; — Charles Townshend, Chancellor
of the Exchequer ; — Countess of Aylesbury; — The Farnese Her-
cules; — Lady Mary Coke; — Pope Benedict XIV., 1757 ; — Por-
trait ot a Nobleman ; — Lord Camden ; — Lord Chesterfield (copied
by Tassie) ; — George I. ; — Queen Caroline, wife of George 11. ;

— Henry Fox, Lord Holland ; — William Augustus ; — William
Pitt, Earl of Chatham; — Frederick, Baron North K.G. ; — Ben-
jamin Hoadley, Bishop of Winchester (from which Kirk engraved
a medal), and numerous other Portrait-medallions, described in

— 302 —

the Catalogue of the Incorporated Artists' Society as Portraits of Genx
tlemen, Ladies, &c.

Lord Clive Medal, by Gosset.

Several of Gosset's wax models are preserved at Windsor Castle,
and some in Lady Charlotte Schreiber's Collection in the South
Kensington Museum.

A medal of Lord Clive, struck on his Successes in India, 1766,
bears on 1^. the initials C.G and is attributed by Mr Grueber to
C. GOSSET, but I have failed to trace the name of this Engraver.
Cochran-Patrick erroneously attributes the model of the Earl of
Mansfield's medal, engraved by Kirk, and signed GOSSET M . KIRK
S. to the same artist, but it is undoubtedly the work of Isaac Gosset.

Gosset invented a composition of wax, in which he modelled
portraits with much abiUty. He was a contributor to the first Artists'
Exhibition in 1760, and was a member of the Incorporated Society
of Artists.

Bibliography. — Mary H. Gosset, A Family of Modellers in ffax. Huguenot
Society Proceedings, London, 1892. — Franks & Grueber, op. cit. — H. A.
Grueber, English Personal Medals from lyOo, Numismatic Chronicle, 1890, p. 60;
1892, p. 241. — Do, Guide to the English Medals in the British Museum, London,
1891. — Cochran-Patrick, Catalogue of the Medals of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1884. —
Betts, American Colonial History illustrated by Contemporary Medals, New- York,
1894. — Redgrave, Dictionary of Artists of England. — Dictionary of National Bio-
graphy. — T. HoUis, Memoirs, II, 8} 3. — Gentleman's Magazine, 1799. — Nichols,
Lit. Illustr., VIII, 570. — Gray, fames and William Tassie, Edinburgh, 1894.

GOSSET, MATTHEW {Brit.). Wax-modeller, born in 1683, died
on March 27, 1744. He formed a famous pupil in his nephew,
Isaac Gosset.

The only medallions, which can be ascribed with more or less
certainty to this artist are : The Calydonian Boar Hunt ; — Perseus
with Medusa's head ; — The Wars of the Titans against the Gods ;
— Ganymede in the Palace of Jupiter.

Matthew Gosset was one of the gentlemen of the band of pen-
sioners of King George 11. and a member of the Spalding Society.

Bibliography. — Mary H. Gosset, op. cit.

GOTFRIDUS (^Mj/r.). Moneyer at Egcr, 1281.

GOTTER, CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Eisleben, Stolberg,^
and EUrich, 1577-1582.

GOTTHARD (Germ.). On obsidional coins ot Livonia, issued
in 1559 and 15 61, appear the letters G.M.Z.L. (Gotthard, Meister
:^u Lievland).

GOTZ^Austr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1329-1345.
GOTZ. Fide GOETZE suprd.

GOUBAULT, ANTOINE (Belg.). Goldsmith of Tournai, employed
by the Mint of Mons, 1595-96, to cut dies for the coins and lead
mereaux. In 1573, Goubault engraved a jeton for one of the Magis-
trates of the town of Mons.

Bibliography. — Revue de la numismatique beige, 1857, p. 311.

GOUfiZOU, ACHILLE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
St.-Brieuc (C6tes-du-Nord). At the Salon of 1875, he exhibited a
Portrait-medallion in bronze of M.E.B.***, in 1876, another of
M. Boisville; and in 1878, a third of Dr. Piogey.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GOUJON, JEAN (French). A celebrated Sculptor and Architect,
born at Paris, circa 1520. He did the reliefs on the Fountain of the
Innocents and the fagade of the old Louvre. He was a Huguenot,
but died before the Massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572.

Bolzenthal, and others writers, have attributed to this great artist
the medals of Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici, which are
unsigned; but modern authors ascribe them to Germain Pilon,
who is much more likely to have cut the dies for these medals.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

GOUIN (Dutch). Coin-engraver at the Mint of S* Petersburg, and
Medallist to the Russian Court, under Peter the Great, 1708-17 13.
With Haupt, he engraved the dies for the early coinage of Peter
the Great which bear the initials G. or H. (O.H.) and he is the
author of the following medals, signed G. or GOUIN : Battle of
Leesno (3 var.); — Victory of Poltava (2 var.); — Building and
Fortification of the Port of Taganrog; — Equipment of the Four
Fleets (2 var.); — Second Expedition of the Russian Fleet to

Finland (2 var.) ;
Admiral Apraxin ;

— 304 —

Taking of three Swedish Frigates, 17 19;
Czarevich Alexis Petrovich, &c.

Rouble of Peter the Great, by Gouin.

Gouin was a Fleming by birth.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Iversen, Medaillen auj die ThaUn Peter
des Grossen, S* Petersburg, 1872.

GOULAZ, CHARLES (Siuiss). Mint-master at Geneva, in conjunction
with Andr^ Emblerd, from the 29''' of July, 1557, to the 18''' of
August 1558 (sign. G) ; alone, from the 23"^ of August, 1558, to
the 19''' of October, 1559 ; again, from the 28"' of January, 1564,
to the 9*" of July, 1573; in conjunction with Jean Rosset, from
the 9*'' of July 1573 to the 24''' of February, 1581. Under this
Mint-master the fine Genevese sixteenth century thalers, engraved
by Aim6 des Arts, and Henry Barthelemy, were struck.

Bibliography. — Eug. Demole, Les Maitres, hs Graveurs et les Essayeurs de la
Monnaie de Geneve (15 3 5-1 792). — Do, Classement des Tlmlers de Geneve, non dates.
Bulletin de la Soci^te Suisse de numismatique, 1885. — Do, Histoire monetaire ds
Geneve. — Tobler-Meyer, Die Muni-und Medailkn-Sammlung des Herrn Hane
Wunderly-v. Muralt, Zurich, 1898.

GOULAZ, HENRI (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, from the 24*''
of January, 1539, to the 6*'' of December, 1546; again, in conjunc-
tion with Francois Daniel, and Philip Berthelier, from the 16''' of
January, 1548, to the iS*** of July, 1555 ; once more alone, from
the 18''' of July, 1555, to the 29*'' of June, 1556, when he was
succeeded by Andre Emblerd. Henri Goulaz was the father of
Charles Goulaz. Distinctive sign : G. He had filled the office of
Mint- master at Cornavin for Duke Charles II. of Savoy, from May 27,
1528, to Oct. 29. 1532. The currency issued under him between
1528 and 1530 bears CG, and between 1530 and 1532 GHG.

Bibliography. — As above. — D"" Lade, Contribution a Vbistoire niimismatiquf

— 305 —

des pays voisins da Leman, Bulletin de la soci^te Suisse de nuinismatique, 1888. —
Do, Lii premiere marque d' Henri Gonlai, Revue Suisse de num., 1891.

GOURDEL, JULIEN JEAN {French). Sculptor, born at Veneffles
(Ille-et-Vilaine) on Nov. 5, 1804, died at Paris on the 13'^ of
March, 1846. Pupil of Pradier. He executed some Portrait-medallions
in bronze and clay.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GOURDEL, PIERRE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Chateaugiron (Ille-et-Vilaine). Pupil of J. J. Gourdel and Bonas-
sieux. By him are the following Portrait-medallions : 1874,
M"^ M***; — Francois Blin, Painter; — 1875, L. R. de Caradeuc
de la Chalotais; — 1880, Ad. Mouchez, Sec.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GOURNAY, JEAN DE (French)... 1419-1438. Goldsmith, who was
engaged as Assayer at the Mint of Troyes in 141 9, and appointed
'* cutter of the dies" at the same Mint, in 1423. He appears to
have died in 1438.

Bibliography. — Natalis Rondot, Les Graveurs de Troyes.

GOUROT, JOSEPH (French). Mint-master at Lille, before 1745.

GOUSSE, MATHURIN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Angers, entered into office on the 21. Feb. 1520.

Bibliography. — Planchenault, La Monnaie d" Angers, 1896.

GOUY, JEAN DE (Belg.). Seal-engraver, mentioned in 1419, resid-
ed at Valenciennes, and later at Lille. He cut the seals of Philip
the Good ot Burgundy. « A Jehan de Gouy, graveur de seaulx,
demourant a Valenciennes, pour iij mars d'argent qu'il a livrez
pour faire les seaulx de Monseigneur, et pour ses despens d'estre
venu de Valenchiennes a Lille devers Monuitseigneur, et pour son
retour audit lieu a Valenchiennes, en xx escuz d'or : xxj livres. ».
(Kegistre n° F. Ill, f° xY"^ )^°, de la Chambre des Comptes, aux
Archives du departement du Nord, a Lille).

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Biograplnes des graveurs beiges. Revue de la numisraa-
tique beige, 1861, p. 408.

GOUY, ROBERT DE (Belg.). Probably a relative of Jean de Gouy.
Seal-engraver to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, circa

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Noiica of Medallisls. — II. 20

— 3^6 —

1419- He cut the seal and signet used by the Duke on his accession
to the Duchy of Brabant and County of Namur. A document
of 14 1 9 mentions his name : « A Robert de Gouy, graveur de
seaulx, la somme de iiij'"'' escuz d'or, qui deubz lui estoient par
Monseigneur, c'est assavoir : les Lxx escus pour avoir taillie et
grave le grant seel et contre-seel de Monditseigneur, et les x aultres
escuz pour ses despens d'estre venu du Quesnoy-le-Conte devers
Monditseigneur en sa ville de Lille, pour marchander dudit
ouvrage, et depuis avoir icellui ouvrage raporte en la ville d'Arras
tons fais par devers Monditseigneur, si comme il appeit par man-
dement de Monditseigneur, donne a Arras, le ij^ jour de decembre
mil cccc et xviii).» (Registre n° F, 111 cite, f" vij-^'' xv™.)
Bibliography. — Pinchart, /. c.

G. P. Vide GIAN METRO GASTALDI. Mint-master at Turin, 1517-
1519.

G. P. Vide. GEORG PFRUNDT, Medallist of Nuremberg, 1603 -1663.

G. P. Vide GIOVANNI POZZO. Medallist of the early part of the
eighteenth century, who resided at Rome.

G. P. F/Wt;GAETANO PIGNONI. xMedallist of Bologna, 1786-1795.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. P.P. (Ital.). Signature of a Medallist, who was working circa
1590. This signature is found on a Portrait- medal of Girolamo
Fabrizio d'Acquapendente, Physician and Anatomist, 1537-1619.
The ^. of this medal represents .^sculapius and Hygieia.

Bibliography. — ArmanJ, Medailleurs italiens, I, 299.

G. R. Vide GIUSEPPE RAVASCHIERO. Mint-master at Naples,
1560-1580.

G. R. Vide GIORGIO RAN. Medallist of Rome, 1590-1610.

G. R. Vide GERHARD ROGGE. Coin-engraver and Mint master at
Dantzig, 1639-1656, and Thorn, 1645-1648.

G. R. Vide GEORG RIEDNER. Mint-master at Nuremberg, 1764-
1793-

G. R. Vide GEORG REICH. Mint-master at S' Gall, 1729-1738.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 307 —

G. R. F. (Ital.). Signature of a Medallist, who was working circa
1580. This signature occurs on a medal with Portrait of Pietro
Vettori, a Florentine scholar, 1499-585. The medal, which is
dated cid.id.lxxx depicts on the I^ the contest between Pallas and
Neptune.

Bibliography. — Armand, o(?. cit., I, 282; III, 153.

GRAAFT, GOTFRIED (Genn.). Gem-engraver, surnamed // Tedesco,
worked at Rome, during the early part of the eighteenth century.
His work does not deserve special commendation.

Bibliography. — King, Aulique Gems, London, i860, p. 271.

GRALE Fide GRILLE! .

GRAB, RUDGER VOM {Aiistr.). Mint-master atGratz, circa 1466.

GRABITZ, VITUS (Auslr.). Die-sinker of the third quarter of the
eighteenth century. His signature occurs on a Portrait-medal ot
Archduke Joseph of Austria, 1772.

GRAEFENSTEIN, G. Z. (Riiss.). Medallist and Coin-engraver to
Duke Peter of Curland at Mitau, second half of the eighteenth cen-
tury. By him is a medal on the 74*^ Anniversary of the birth of
Duke Ernest John, another ot Duke Peter, and a third conmiemorat-
ing the Restoration of Peace in Curland.

GRAF, URSUS (Swiss). Copper-plate Engraver, Modeller, and Die-
sinker of Basle, born circa 1485-90 at Soleure, died at Basle in
1537. He was apprenticed to a Goldsmith at Zurich, and led a very
adventurous life, fighting with the Swis^ at Marignano, and under-
going various terms of imprisonment. Between 15 16 and 1532, he
appears to hnvc worked for the Mint at Basle, and Bolzenthal
expresses the opinion that he cut the dies for the Basle coinage ot
that period. In that case he would be the engraver of the Gold-
gulden of 15 16, 1528, Dickthalers of 1520, 1521, and other coins
of that time, described in the Wunderly Catalogue, and in that of
the Townshend Collection, now in the British Museum. His
signature on wood-carvings occurs as G V in mon. or <d.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Haller, ScJnvei\erisches Mun^-und
Medaillen-Kahiuct, Bern, 1780. — Singer, Kunstler-Lexikon. — Nevjaliisbldtter,
Zurich 1863. — Nagler, Die Monogrammlslen, 1881.

GRAF, PAUL HENRI (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list. At the Salon ot 1899 this artist exhibited an oval medal " Emu-
lation nautique", and in 1902, Portraits of M"'^ Paul Graf; —
MM. Gerbeau, Senior and Junior; — Ch. Benard; — M"' Andree
Papillault ; — Prize for Drawing, &c.

— 3o8 —

Graf was born at Boulogne-sur-Mer ; and has been a pupil of
MM. Thomas, Ponscarme and Patey.

GRAFF, GEORG GABRIEL (Germ.). Mint-warden at Breslau,
1770-7 1782, January 25.

GRAFIN Vide GREFIN.

GRAHAM, THOMAS (Brit.). Master of the Mint, London, under
Queen Victoria. In 1869 he caused to be struck a Pattern Half-
sovereign, or Trial Piece, in Palladium-Hydrogen ; obv. Head ot
the Queen, as on the current half-sovereign; no legend or date;
^L. PALLADIUM. HYDROGENIUM; the name GRAHAM in the
centre between two lines; date 1869. This extraordinary piece
is said to contain 900 times its volume of hydrogen. Weight :
35.4 grs. Graham's initials T.^. appear on Pattern Cents for
the Copper Coinage of Hong Kong, 1862.

Bibliography. — Numismatic Chronicle, 1865, p. 78. — Spink & Son, Cata-
logue, of Montagus Collection, p. 141.

GRAILLE, CHARLES H0N0R£ (Fm^r/;.). Mint-master at Aix, 1776-
1786.

GRALE, C. (Germ.). Medallist of the second half of the seven-
teenth century, in the service of Prince-Elector Frederick William
of Brandenburg. By him is a medal on the Prince's accession in
1657.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogravimisten.

GRAMMER (Siuiss). Contemporary Die-sinker of Geneva, by whom
there is a Portrait-medal of J. J. Rousseau, struck in commemora-
tion of the Centenary of his death, 1878.

GRANDAMY, JACQUES (French). Mint-master at Angers, 1610-
1612.

GRANDCHAMP, LOCHEY Bi: (French). 1674- 1690. Coin-engraver and
Medallist at Lyons, during the third quarter ot the seventeenth
century. He is said to have executed several Portrait-medallions
of Louis XIV. and Princes of the Royal House of France, but two
only are known and both are rare. In 1674, Grandchamp was
appointed Engraver at the Mint of Neufville; in 1690, he was
filling a similar office at Montpellier, and later on was transferred
to the Mint of Riom. The two Portrait-medaUions known by this
artist represent Louis XIV., and Maria-Theresia ; both are signed :
DE GRANDCHAMP.

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Medailleurs lyonnais, Lyon, 1896.

— 309 ~

GRANDE, R. (Anier.). Contemporary South American Medallist.
His signature : R. GRANDE appears on the following medals : Memo-
rial Medal, 1893, on the Recapture of Buenos- Ayres from the English,
1806; — Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Argentinian Eastern
Railway, 1882 ; — Foundation of a College at Juarez,
1882; — Foundation of the School Board Buildings of the
Province of Buenos-Ayres, 1883 ; — Erection of the Caridad
Asylum, 1883 ; — Erection of the Ayacucho Hospital, 1884; —
Inauguration of 54 School Buildings at Buenos Ayres, 1886 ; —
Inauguration of the Church ot Balcarce, 1886; — Inauguration of
a Tramway-Line at Cordoba, 1886; — Inauguration of lour
School Buildings in the Province of San Luis, 1887; — Inaugura-
tion of the Statue of General Juan Lnvalle, 1887; — Inauguration
of the Railway to La Magdalena, 1887; — The Railways of the
Province of Buenos Ayres, 1890; — Second Argentinian Exhibition
of the Society of Sciences, 1876; — Prize Medal of the Provincial
Exhibition of San Juan, 1885; — General Exhibition of Entre-
Rios Parana, 1887; — Prize Medal of the Agricultural and Indus-
trial Society 01 Argentina, 1889 ; — Commemoration of the 100*''
Concert of the German Choral Society of Buenos Ayres, 1889; —
Cholera in Uruguay, 1887 ; — Cholera in the Argentine Republic,
1886-7, &c. '

The productions of this Medallist are of inferior merit.

Bibliography. — D^ F. P. Weber, English Medals by foreign Artists. — Rosa,
Monetario Americano, Buenos Ayres, 1892.

GRANDEL, LARS (Swede). Medallist of the end of the eighteenth
and first halt of the nineteenth centuries, resided at Rome from
1770 to 1800 and at Stockholm between 1800 and 1836. By him
are the following medals : Medal of Gustavus III., 1772. V^L. Perseus
and Andromeda; — Revolution ot the 19*'' August, 1772.
^. CONCORDES REGIQ.FIDELES; — Assassination of Gusta-
vus III , 1793 ; — King Gustavus IV. Adolphus, Chancellor of the
Upsala University, 1796; — Coronation of King Gustavus IV.
Adolphus and Queen Frederica Dorothea at Norrkoping, 1800
(3 var.) ; — Inauguration of the New Academy Buildings at Abo,
1802; — Agricultural Prize Medal, 1803 ; — Military Reward for
Merit, 1806; — Various Prize Medals, 1805-6 ; — George Axel of
Sillen, 1802 ; — Crown Prince Charles of Sweden installed Chan-
cellor of Upsala University, 1792 ; — Agricultural Medal with Por-
trait of Charles XIIL ; — The Royal Agricultural Society, 181 1 ; —
Coronation of King Charles XIV. John at Stockholm, 1818; —
Jubilee Thaler of 1821, with busts of Gustavus I., Gustavus II.
Adolphus, and Frederick I. on V/L. ; — Agricultural Prize Medal of

— 3^0 —

Charles XIV. John, 1819 (sev. var.) ; — Arcliaeological Society ot
Sweden, 1832; — Military Reward of 1825 ; — Royal Agricultur-
al Society, 1822; — Royal Society PRO PATRIA ; '— Prize
Medal of 1818 ; — Royal Insurance Society; — Portrait-Medallion
of Charles XIV. John, King of Sweden.

Grandel who signed his works : L. GRANDEL, or L. G , or
L. G. SCULPSIT appears to have worked for some years at the
Stockholm Mint, and probably engraved some of the dies of King
Charles XIV. John's coinage, most of which however are the work
of Carl Magnus Mellgren.

The date of the artist's death I have been unable to ascertain.

Bibliography. — Hildebrand, Sveriges Kontingahusets Mitnmpetniingar ,
Stockholm. — Thomsen Catalogue. — Reimmann Catalogue.

GRANDENIGO, TRIFON (Itnl.). Mint director at Cnttaro, 1532-
'533-

GRANDHOMME (French). Contemporary Painter and Modeller,
mentioned by M. Roger Marx in MedaiJkurs franfais contemporains
as a contributor to French modern medallic art. On Plate 32 of
that work is illustrated a very pretty medalet by this artist, repre-
senting a female head in quaint headdress.

GRANDINSON, ALEXANDER (Swede). Mint-master at Stockholm,
1837.

GRANDJEAN (French). This signature occurs on a medal of 18 19
with portrait of the famous poetess, M""^ Deshoulieres.

GRANDJEAN, EUGtlNE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born on
the 14''' of August 1842; pupil of Chardigny. Author of several
Portrait-medallions, oneot which, that of M. L. N. Vidal was exhib-
ited at the Salon of 1870.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GRANGER, M»^ GENEVIEVE (French). Contemporary Medallist ot
exceptional abilities, born at Tulle. Pupil of Henri Dubois and
Miissoulle. She has exhibited at the Salons of the ''Societe des
Artistes Francais" since 1895, and also at the Universal Exhibition
of 1900. In 1899, she obtained a "Mention honorable", and in
1901 a medal of the third class.

This artist's speciality is portraits, which M. Lucien Benedite
calls '• d'un bon esprit sobre et serieux ". Her principal exhibits at

— 311 —

the recent Salons were : S'^ Genevieve; — Portraits ; — The Wind
- The Ocean ; — Poetry ; — Peace ; — M"= M*** ; — M-"*^ W
_ ^n. £)***. _ Louise Waltz, &c.

HBI^

Myy»»r,-y..jaHBWl

SH

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^hI

^^^^^^^^B

^^^^^^^BA j^*-* '

^^^^^^^1

^^^^^^KSk^

Wry >' i^^B

^H

E

9

Portrait-plaque of M"e Genevieve Granger, by herselt.

At the Royal Academy of 1902 M"^ Granger exhibited a frame
of six medals.

Bibliography. — L. Bent^dite, La Medaille au Salon tie i8gp, Art et Dico-
lation, II, 1899 — Information kindly furnished by the artist herself. — Catalogue
j/ the Paris Exhibition, 1900, p. 198. — Catalogueof the Salon, ic^oi (n° 3639).

GRANS, MICHEL DE (Ital.). Mint-master at Turin, circa 1467.

GRASS, PHILIPPE (French). Sculptor, born at Volxheim (Bas-
llhin) on the 6*'' of May, i8or. Pupil ot Omacht and Bosio. Author
of numerous Portrait-medallions in clay and bronze, amongst which
I may mention : 183 1, Portrait of a Gentleman; — 1841, Por-
traits of E. Souvestre; - L. Batissier ; - M™^ B*** ; — 1870,
Portrait of M-'-^L***.

BiBLioGR.APHY. — Cluvignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 312 —

GRASSI (Ital.). Contemporary Die-sinker of Bologna, whose
signature appears on a medal of D' Francesco Rizzoli, of Bologna.

GRASSLER or GROSSLER or GRASSLIN, STEPHAN (Germ.). Mint-
master at Augsburg, 1444-1472 (or 1477)- His initial G appears on
Pfennige of Bishop Peter von Schaumburg, and other coins.

Bibliography. — Nagler, op. cit.

GRASZ, ANTON (Austr.). Pupil of the Academy for Medal-engraving
at Vienna, 1752.

GRASZ, CHRISTOF (Austr.). Engraver at the Vienna Mint, 1765-
1792.

GRASZ, JOHANN (Aiistr.). Pupil of the Academy for Medal-
engraving at Vienna, 1747.

GRATSCHEFF, NICOLAUS (Russ.). Mint-master at S* Petersburg,
1825-1842. On his issues the letters HT. frequently appear.

GRATELOUP (French). Die-sinker of the beginning of the eigh-
teenth century, who resided at Bordeaux. He engraved several
reverses of medals of the Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux,
1706, under Louis XIV., the obverses of which were cut by Mauger
and Bernard.

Bibliography. — Fayolle, Histoire numistnatique de la Chambre de commerce dc
Bordeaux, 1900.

GRAVE, FRANQOIS ALEXANDRE JACQUES DE (Belg.). Vide. Vol. I,
p. 369. M. Gilleman has published an interesting notice of this
Medallist in Revue numismatique beige, 1902, p. 518, from which
I am now able to give further information about the artist.

De Grave was born at Ghent on the 26''' of May 1770, and died
on the 9''' of October 1832. In 1792 he obtained the First Prize for
Drawing at the Academy of his native town. At the Salon of 1817,
he made the acquaintance of Simon, whom he accompanied to
Brussels. There he collaborated with him on the series of medals of
celebrated Dutchmen published by Simon, to which belong the Por-
trait-pieces of Quentin Matsys, and Pierre Breughel.

In 1819, De Grave, and Termondois, another pupil of Simon,
were granted each a pension of 300 Florins of Holland, and Simon's
succession as Engraver to the King. In that same year, de Grave
won at Antwerp the gold medal for gem-engraving, the subject
being a cameo representing the head ot Apollo. He exhibited gems
and medals at the Brussels Salons between 18 18 and 1821.

M. Gilleman possesses a cliche with the head of Cybele, signed
DE GRAVE, and in the library of Ghent University are two designs
of Prize medals by this artist.

De Grave seems to have excelled in the art ot gem-engraving.

— ^n —

GRAVELOT, HUBERT FRANQOIS BOURGUIGNON (Fm/f/j). Engraver
and Draughtsman, born at Paris in 1699, came to England in 1733,
returned to Paris in 1746, and died there in 1773. This artist
drew the design for the engraving of the die of the Jernegan's
Lottery Medal, which was cut by Tanner.

Bibliography. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations , &c.

GRAVENSTEIN {Germ.). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot Mitau,
circa 1764. Vide GRAEFENSTEIN supra.

GRAZIOLI, FRANCESCO (Ital.). Contemporary Medallist, residing
at Milan. He is the author of the Jubilee Medal of the Ticinese
Society of Friends of Public Education, with portrait of its founder,
Stefano Franscini, 1887. By him is also a Prize Medal ot the
Society for Commercial Exploration in Africa, described in Rivisla
italiana di numisniatica, 1893, P- 485-

GREBE. J. G. (Duirb). Silversmith and Modeller ot Rotterdam of
the first half of the nineteenth century. Bolzenthal commends him
as a clever artist.

GRECCHETTO Vide CLSkll, Vol. I, p. 242. D' Merzbacher in his
Catalogue of the Gutekunst Collection, May 1900, attributes to Cesati
the following medals, adopting in this D"" Weber's suggestion :
Priam, Huston obv. I^. ILION Viewol a fortified city; — Dido,
^L. View of Carthage; — Artemisia, Queen ofCaria, ^L. MAY-
iflAEION. View of the mausoleum. In the above sale, a bronze
medal of Pope Paul III., I^. 0EPNH-ZHNOZ. Ganymede,
realized 40 marks; another of Pope Julius III. I^. A View of the
Villa Giuliain Fontevergine went for 10 marks.

GRECO, J. (Ital.). This Engraver's name is found on a medal struck
in Uruguay on the death of King Victor Emmanuel II., 1878.

GREENE, EDWARD (Brit.). Coin engraver at the Royal Mint under
Charles I., anno V.
Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit., I, p. 44. — Rymer, XIX, p. 254.

GREFIN sic (Brit). This signature is found on a medal of Marquis
de La Rochefoucauld, on the Convention of Universal Peace, Lon-
don, 1843.

GREGOIR (Pol.) This signature occurs on a medal of D' N. Coper-

licus. Gregoir resided at Warsaw.

— 314 —

GRfiGOIRE, ALICE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, and Model-
ler; born at Aix-la-Chapelle; pupil of A. Durand, C. Jacquand, and
A. Haussmann. She has exhibited a large number of Portrait-
medallions in wax at the Salons of 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870,
1872, 1873, 1874, 1873, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879 and 1880.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GR£G0IR£, CHADJI {Armenian). Engraver ot the coins struck by
Jean Capodistrias in the island of Aegina, in 1858, and consisting
of the following pieces; vR. i 4>slv'.^ (equivalent to i Drachma);
JE 20, 10, 5 and I AszTa (Lepta),

Bibliography. — lu formation kindly furnished by M. Jean P. Lambros of Athens

GR£gOIRE(F/-^«^/;). Contemporary Medallist, at present " pcnsion-
naire" at the Villa Medicis, has done some good work, and gives
much promise.

GRENUS, FRANQOIS (Swiss). Mint-master, at Geneva, in conjunc-
tion with Jean Richard, 4''' of March 1622 to 4"' of April 1625 ;
distinctive mark RG or GR.

Bibliography. — Demole, Histoire monetaire de Geneve. — Bulletin de la Societd
Suisse de niimisniatique, 1885.

GRESSET, JACQUES (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, by appoint-
ments of 27. December 1774, 25. August 1775, and 9. April
1776. Distinctive mark : IG.

Bibliography. — Demole, op. cit. — Bull. Soc. Suisse num.

GRESSET, JEAN (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, by appointments
of 28. August 1762, 22. April 1763, and i. October 1764. Dis-
tinctive mark Gr. or IG.

Bibliography. — Demole, op. cit.

GRET, P. DE. Die-sinker, circa 1477, mentioned by Schlickeysen-
Pallmann.

GREUTTER, HANNS CONRAD (Bohem.). Goldsmith of Prague, and
Die-cutter at the Mint there, under B. Hu.bmer, 1 601 1625.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten :^u J. Newald's Publicationen fiber
oesterreicbische MUu^rdgungen, 1890. — Fiala, op. cit.

6REVENICH, FRANQOIS ALFRED (French). Sculptor, who died at
Paris in 1847, He is the author of some Portrait-medallions
in bronze and Bas-reliefs.

— 31) —

GRIESSINGER, FRANQOIS {French). Sculpto and Modeller;
exhibited in 1900 at Paris a series of engravings on silver and
plaquettes.

Bibliography. — Catalogue of tlx Paris Universal Exhibition, p. 255.

GRIFFIN, W. (Brit.). A London Die-sinker ol the middle
of the nineteenth century. His name occurs on a medal of Mark
Isambart Brunei, 1843, on the completion of the Thames Tunnel.

GRIFFO, SILVESTRO (//a/.). Mint-engraver at Venice, 1470 1503,
succeeded by Piero Benintendi.

Bibliography. — Papadopoli, Alciine Notiiie Intaglialori della Zecca di Vene:;ria,
Milano, 1888.

GRILLICHES (Riiss.). Medallist and Coin-engraver at the Mint
of Wilna, nineteenth century. A self-taught artist, his productions
include : A one-sided medal in commemoration of Count
Eustace Tyskiewich ; — a new die for the Grand Medal award-
ed by the Moscow Society for the Promotion of Cattle-
breeding; — Engravings for the obverse and reverse of the Medals
struck in commemoration of Chevkin, and to celebrate the Jubilee
of the Mining ("Corporate") School. He also engraved a topaz
cameo representing the features of M. Levinson of St. Petersburg.

GRIMM {Swiss). Designer of a medal, engraved by J. C. Moriko-
fer, of the Sedecimviri of the Outer State of Berne, 1757, obv.
PAULATIM Arms. V^L. LUDENS FIT APTIOR Roman youth
crowned by Mercury.

GRINGALLET, JEAN {Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, in conjunc-
tion with Jean Chenu, from the 26'** September 1588 to 1592
(distinctive marks on the coins : C.G or l3^); alone, from 1593 to
25 Sept. r6oi (disr. marks (^ or @ or ^); again, from February
1602 to the I*' March, 1610 (dist. mark -X-) ; 'ii"'<i ov\cq more
from the 4''' May 1610 to the 6'*" November, 1621, the year of his
death (dist. mark G).

Bibliography. — Demole, Histoire nionHaire de Geiuve. — Blavigiiac, op. cit.
— Bull, dc num., 1885/7, 21, 22

GRINGALLET, JOSEPH {Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, from the
10''' of November 1621 to the 4''' of March 1622 (distinctive mark
Ho). The letter G appears on a i Sol piece of 1622, but this coin
may be attributed to Jean Gringallet, who was striking One Sol

- 3i6 -

pieces a few days before his death and who may already have dated
ihem 1622. We find Joseph Gringallet again appointed as Mint-
master on the 25''' of December 1646, a post which he retained
until the 25'^' of December 1649 (distinctive mark It) t^r &)•

Bibliography. — As above.

GRILLADD, JEAN (French). Coin-en, raver at the Mint ot Poitiers,
before 1719.

GRILLAUD, JEAN AMBROISE (French). Mint-engraver at Poitiers,
1724-1744; no doubt a relative of the last, probably his son.

GRILLET (Germ.). Sculptor and Medallist of the second half o^
the seventeenth century. He worked for Prince Elector John Wil-
liam of the Palatinate, of whom, and of whose consort he engrav-
ed some medals. His name also appears on an undated Portrait-
medal of George William, Duke of Brunswick and Liineburg, with
^L. FAVENT—CONSTANTIBVS— ASTRA Crowned pillars.
(Reimmann Catalogue, n° 8928).

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Amnion, op. cit. — Fr. Exter, Ver
such einer Sammlung von Pjalt^ischen MedailUn, Zweibrucken, 1759-75.

GRILLON. PIERRE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Tours,
before 1539.

GRIPENHIELM, A. N. (Swede). A Swedish gold Ducat ot
Charles XL, 1695, known as the "Gripenhjelm Ducat" bears this
signature in full.

GRITTI ALOYSIO (Ital.). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1688.

GRITTI, DGMENICO (7/^/). Mint-director at Cattaro, 1526-7.

GRIVEAU, CLAUDE (French). Goldsmith, and Die-cutter at Troyes,
circa 1580.

GRIVEAU, JEAN (French). . . 1439-i' '479- ^^^ name also appears
as GRIVEL or GRIVET, Die-engraver at the Mint of Lyons, 1446-
1450; appointed by the Dauphin (later, Louis XL) on the
7*'' December, 1430, as Coin-engraver at the Mint of Cr^mieu in
place of Jacques Vincent.

Bibliography. — Rondot, Les Graveuis de Lyon.

GROBERT, MICHEL (French). Mint-master at Chamb^ry, 1583-
1600.

— 317 —

GROHMANN, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Mint-master at Dresden,
1833-18^4. Distinctive mark on the coins, G. The rare Saxon
Thalers of 1844, which have a dot after the G were struck after
Grohmann's death. I have seen a Double Thaler of 1842 of Joseph ot
Saxe-Altenburg with this Mint-master's initial under the Duke's
bust.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

GROSSKURT, HEINRICH PETER {Germ.), Medallist of the end ot
the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries (c/Vra 1694-
1734). He may have resided at Berlin sometime, but finally settled
at Dresden. He worked for the reigring houses of Brunswick,
Prussia and Saxony, especially for Frederick Augustus I. and his
successor Augustus II. ot Poland and Saxony, of whom he execut-
ed several Portrait-medals, and others. One of his best works is the
commemorative medal of the Miihlberg Encampment, and not
without merit are also : Dedication of the Church at Salzdahlum,
1701; — Withdrawal of the Swedes from Saxony, 1707; — Mar-
riage of the Prince Elector of Saxony with the Archduchess Maria
Josepha, 1719; — Marriage of Crownprince Frederick of Prussia
with Princess Christiana Elizabeth of Brunswick-Liineburg, at
Salzdahlum, 12. June 1733 (2 var) ; — Portrait-medal of Frederick
Augustus I., Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and his
consort Christiana Eberhardina, on the Birth of the Prince-Elector,
in 1696; — Alliance of Poland, Prussia and Denmark against Swe-
den, 1709 ; — Portrait-medallion of Augustus II. ^L. CVM VITA
DEPONAM; — 50'^ Anniversary of Augustus II., 1720; — Death
of Augustus II., 1733 ; — Gold Medallion of King Augustus II. ot
Poland Tweight : 37 ^ Ducats). ^L. Crowned pillar with serpent
entwined around it, and motto : FVLGITVR PRVDENTIA; —
Medal of Frederick Augustus I. of Saxony t^. Dea Salus; —
Medallion on the Foundation of the Order of the White Eagle; —
Medal on the Foundation of the " Gnadcns-Cassa ", 1707; —
Interview between the three Kings at Berlin, 1707; — Marriage
Medal of King Augustus II. Dresden, 1719 ; — Accession of
King Augustus III. of Poland, 5 Oct. 1733 ^L. Coronation scene;
dated 1734; — Recovery of Augustus II. of Poland, 1728 (Boston
Collection).

'1 hese medals are generally signed : H.P.G.,but on some we find
GROSKVRT F; — GROSKVRT Fecit; — H. P. GROSKVRT ; — GROS-
KDRT and G.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. —
Ad. Hess Nachf.. Reimmann Catalogue, n"* 3621, 9257, &c. — Ammon, op. cit. —
Max Kirmis, Handbuch der Pohusclxn Mun:;kunde. — D^Menadier, Schaitnmu::;en des
Houses Hol}in:^olIern, Berlin, 1901. — MuUer and Singer, Kiliisller Lexicon. —
Nagler, Monogrammisten.

- 3i8 -

GROSS, CHRISTOPH (Germ). Coin-engraver of the Gratz Mint,
1752. He cut two seals of the Abbot of Admont in that year, and
eceived 7 florins for his work.

GROSS, MAXIMILIAN (G<TW.). Mint-engraver at Hall, from 1616
to 1617, in conjunction with David Ziigl; appointed Die-engraver
in 16:8 with a salary of 150 florins.

Bibliography. — Oesterreicher, Ret^esten ;j« /. NeualJ's Pnblicationen uber osler-
reichische Mhii:;^pragiitigen, Mittheil. des Club, &c., 1890.

GROSSE, CHRISTOPH (Gfrm.). Saxon ducal Mining-master, whose
initials appear on coins of Saalfeld, 1597-1610.

GROSSE, TH. {Germ.). Designer of a medal engraved by W. KuU-
rich to commemorate the German Victories of 1 870-1 871.

Bibliography. — D^ Menadier, ScJxiumunien des Haiises Hohen^ollfrn, p. 116.

GROSSI, ANGELO (ItaL). Neapolitan Gem-engraver, born on the
18''' of February, 1854. He was a pupil of Alvino and Sista, and
won numerous prizes for Gem-engraving and Sculpture on wood.

Bibliography. — Muller and Singer, Allgemeines Ktin slier- Lexikon, Frankfort-
on-Maine, 1896.

GROSSI, JEAN (JtaL). Milanese Draughtsman and Modeller, born
in 1 7 18, died in 1781. He settled in Portugal where he formed a
School of Modellers, and he is said to have executed medals.

Bibliography. — Raczynski, Dktioiinaire historico-artistiqtu du Portugal.

GROSSOT DE VERCY, CAMILLE (French). Sculptor and Modeller,
born at Paris on the 26**^ October 1838; pupil of Bonnassieux and
A. Dumont; entered the Lcole des Beaux-Arts in 1863. He exhibit-
ed at several Salons, and executed some Portrait-medallions which
are said to be not without merit.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GROTH, ANTON (Swede). Mint-master at Stockolm, 1641-1645.
He signed : A. G.

'o*

GROTHE (Canad.) Silversmith of Montreal, and publisher of a
medal commemorating the Cholera epidemic in Canada.

GROTIOHANN, P. (Germ.). Designer ot a medal, engraved by
W. KuUrich of Berlin ot the sixth Federal Rifle Shooting Com-
petition at Diisseldorf, 1878.

— 319 —

GROTTOLINI (Ital.) Die-sinker of the first half of the nineteenth
century. He engraved in 1843 a medal designed by the sculptor
Piccioli to commemorate the first representation of Rossini's
Stabal maier.

GROTZ, HAINREICH {Austr.). " Der Munzer in der Traubotten-
strass ". Moncyer at Vienna, 1449.

GRUBER, CONRAD (Gm«.). Mint-master at Neuburg (Palatinate),
1521.

GRUBER, FLORIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1 585-1 597,
Erfurt, 1599-16G7, and at Nordhausen, 1615. He signed his
issues : F. 6.

GRUBER, HANS (G^rm.). Son of the preceding. Mint master and
Coin-engraver at Saalfeld, 1 582-1 584, and Nordhausen, 1618-1624.
His issues are signed : H. G.

GRUEBER, HENRY (Germ.). Contemporary Die-sinker or Publisher
of medals residing in London. Most of his productions are
cheap medalets, sold in the streets at a penny apiece. I have
seen by him : Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887; — Silver Wedduig
of the Prince and Princess of Wales, 1888; — Visit of the German
Emperor to London, 1S91 ; — Marriage of the Duke and Duchess
of York, 1893; — Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, 1897; —
Imitation Pond of President Kruger; — Death of Queen Victoria;
— Accession of King Edward VIL ; — Coronation of King
Edward VIL ; — Lactopeptine token (" Patent") ; &c.

These medalets are made in papier mache covered over with a
shell struck in thin metal.

Some of the medalets are signed H. G. & 0°.

GRUEBER, LEONHART (^M5/r.). Joint Mint-master at Gressdenitzka,
1532, with Marx Stettner, a burgher of Laibach.

GAULOIS, ISAAC (Belg.). " Premier garde des coins " at the Mint
ofTournay, under Philip IV., 1657.

GRUET, E. (French). Founder, whose name appears on a Plaque
by Mr. F. Bowcherof D"^ Sir Hermann Weber, of London.

GRUN, MAURICE (Rtiss.). Medallist, residing in London, and
working for various firms as Die-engraver, &c.

GRUN, SAMUEL (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Modeller
residing in London. At the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1901, he
attracted notice by a bronze relief (a plaque) representing a Brit-
tany girl.

— 320 —

At the Salon of 1902, M. Samuel Griin exhibited the following
medals : Plaquette for the Association ot Siege Engineers; — Pla-
quette of Concarne; — Portrait of my father Lazare; — Study ot
a Child's head, &c.

M. Babelon in a recent article ot the Revue de VArt ancien et
tnoderneQinn. 1902,11, p. 22), makes the following remark in con-
nection with M. Griin's exhibits at the Salon of 1902 : " C'est la
force et la robustesse qui distinguent les figures allegoriques de la
plaquette de M. S. Grun, pour I'Association des ingenieurs de
Liege ; ces fcmmes, vigoureusement musclees, symbolisent bien les
mines et la metallurgie, la mecanique et I'electricite; il y a de
I'ideal meme et une conception synthetique dans ces scenes
d'usines, ou le plus grand ecueil des artistes qui veulent etre vrais
est la vulgarite. "

He is a pupil of MM. Jedelet, Caniez, J. P. Laurens and Benja-
min Constant.

GRUNBERGER Fide GRONBERGER siiprd.

GRUNDLER, JOHANN JEREMIAS {Germ.). Mint-master at Strass
berg, 1710-1747, and Sangerhausen, 1747-1750, in the County of
Stolberg. He signed : I.I.G. on Thalers of Henry, Count of Mans-
feld, 1747, and on currency of Anhalt-Bernburg. I have noticed
Grundler's initials " Eintrachtsthaler ", 1719, of Christopher
Frederick and Jobst Christian, engraved by Christian Wermuth,
Gulden of 1720 and 1729, Jubilee Thaler of 1730; Gulden and
Half-gulden of Christopher Lewis IL of Stolberg and Frederick
Botho of Rossis, 1742 and 1745; — Funereal Thaler, Half, and
Quarter Thaler ofCountErnest of Stolberg-Isenburg, 1710, engraved
by Chr. Wermuth ; — and other coins of Christian Ernest of Stol-
berg Wernigerode, 1725, &c.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Amnion, op. cit.

GRUNDSGHLOSS, DAVID (Germ). A Goldsmith of Fraustadt, who
superintended the coinage of that city for a short time, circa 1596.
He is also mentioned as Moneyer to the King of Poland, and from
documentary evidence we learn that on the 16. February 1622 he
applied for the post of Mint-master at Glogau.

Bibliography. — Kirmis, Handhuch der Polnischen Mun^hinde. — Friedensburg,

op. cit.

GRUNER, FRIEDRICH {Norwegian). Mint-master at Christiania,
1 65 2-1 675. Probably a son of Peter Gruner Senior.

GRUNER, PETER {Norw.). Mint-master at Christiania, 1629-43,
and Copenhagen, 1643-51.

— 321 —

GRUNER, PETER (Norw.). Mint-master at Christiania, 1675-86,
and afterwards on his own account, until 1695. Probably a son of
Friedrich Griiner.

Bibliography. — C. T. Jorgensen, Beskrivelse over Datuke Monter, 1448-1888,
Q)penhagen, 1888.

GRUNER, JACOB FRIEDRICH SAMUEL {Swiss). Medallist of the first
half of the nineteenth century, who resided at Berne, He was born
in 1803, and is described in the Register of the Guild of Butchers
as " Graveur". By him are the following medals : Third Centenary
of the Reformation, 1828 (2 var.); — School Prize Medal (Studien-
pfenning) of the City and Republic of Berne, obv. Arms ^L.
Temple; signature : G (several varieties, vide Catalogue of the
Wunderly von Muralt Sale, n°* 1379, 1381, 1387); — Por-
trait-medal of Christian Fueter, Mint-master at Berne, 1792-1837,
and Coin-engraver; — Prize-medal granted by the Canton of
Unterwald (Nidwald) for Merit, undated and signed GRUNER F.
(2 var.) ; — Bernische Verdienstmedaille ; — Commemorative
Medal of the Construction of the Nydeck Bridge at Berne.

Griiner died in the early sixties; he had been Intendant of the
Arsenal at Berne.

Bibliography. — Tobler-Meyer, JVunderly-von Murali Catalogue, Zurich, 1898.
— Various Sale Catalogues. — Information kindly suftplied by M. Artwld Robert, and
Herr Adrian, Master of the Mint at Bernt.

GRUPELLO, GABRIEL DE (Ital.). Sculptor and Medallist born at
Grammont, 22. May 1644, died at Ehrenbreitstein, near Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, 20. June 1730. He was of Italian origin. In 1673, he was
appointed Master in the corporation of sculptors, and soon after he
became Sculptor to King CharlesII.and the city of Brussels; in 1695,
he was appointed Sculptor to the Elector Palatine John William, for
whom he worked at Diisseldort, and in 1706, on the death of his
protector, he returned to Belgium. The Emperor Charles VI.
reinstated him, by letter of the 19. March 1719, as First Sculptor
to the Sovereign-Prince of the Netherlands. From documentary
evidence, we learn that Grupello was paid 48 Livres in 1684 for a
Portrait-medal of Charles II., which M. Cumont believes to be the
medal, wrongly attributed to Denis Waterloo by Pinchart, commem-
orating the Declaration of war against France, 1683, and depict-
ed in Van Loon, vol. Ill, p. 300. (Dutch edition).

Bibliography. — G. Cumont, Une tue'daille deClxirUs II d'Espagnepar Grupello,
Revue beige de numismatique, 1889, p. 202.

GRUPPE, N. D. (Germ.) This name occurs, conjointly with that of
F. Hartung Schilling, as the Designer or Engraver of the reverse of
a medal, issued by the Loos Establishment at BerUn in 1854, in

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of Mtdallists. — II. 21

— 322 —

commemoration ot the Visit to Coblentz of Frederick William
Crown-prince of Prussia and his consort Augusta.

GRUTER, ANTOINE DE (Belg.). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver, who
died at Malines in 15 18. He executed the seal of William, Lord of
Rogghendorf, governor of Friesland for Charles V., and was paid
40 Flemish Livres for that work.

Bibliography, — Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, Revue de la num.
beige, 1852.

GRUTER, JEAN DE (Belg.). Son of Antoine de Gruter and also a
Goldsmith and Seal-engraver, established at MaUnes, during the
sixteenth century.

GRUTER, PIERRE OE (Belg.). Goldsmith, Coin, and Seal-engraver
of Malines; another son of Antoine de Gruter, He was condemned
to capital punishment in 1536 for having cut dies intended for
striking imitations of English coins, "pour les crismes, delict et
mesuz par lui comis et perpetrez d'avoir par deux fois grave
aucuns fers a forgier monnoye d'Angleterre et iceulx delivre a
Martin Marmion, lequel en a use, a estre eschaffaulde au-devant
du palais, et illecq estre flatry an front de I'ung des fers par lui
gravez, et en oultre banny de tous les pays et seigneuries de I'em-
pereur, sur le hart, et tous ses biens d^clairez confisquiez. "

Bibliography. — Pinchart, op. cit.

GRYNAEUS, JACOB (Swiss). Issuer, at his own expense, of a
School Pfenning ot Basle, in 1596, His initials, I. G. appear on this
medalet.

G. S. Vide GEORG FRIEDRICH STAUDE, Mint-master at Gotha,
1677-1680.

G. S. Vide GREGOR SESEMANN. Mint-master at Copenhagen,
I 680- I 690.

G. S. Vide GEORG SCHULER. Die-cutter in Transsylvania, circa
1710.

G. S, Vide HANS JACOB GESSNER. Mint-master, Medallist, and
Coin-engraver at Zurich, 1706-1737. His son, of the same name,
and signature, worked there between 1745 and 1770.

G. S, Vide GOTTFRIED STUDER, Mint-master at Dresden, 1813-
1832.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. S. {DiitcJ}). Initials of a Middelburgh Medallist of the end of
the sixteenth century. These appear on a rare medalet struck to

— 323 —

commemorate the Alliance of France and England, and illustrated
(fig. 147) in Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol. I, p. 163.

G. T. Vide GUGLIELMO TRONO. Superintendent of the Mint at
Rome, 1578-1596.

G. T. Vide GIOVANNI TODA. Die-cutter of Florence; worked at
Vienna, 1739-1765.

G. T. Vide GIROLAMO TICCATI. Die-cutter ot Florence, f 1734;
also G.T.F.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

G. T. F. (Ital.'). These initials, which according to Milanesi may
belong to Girolamo Todeschini, a Venetian Painter, occur on
medals of the Doges Niccolo Marcello and Giovanni Mocenigo, struck
in 1474 and 1478, and of other Venetian celebrities. The medals
are : Zaccaria Barbaro, Bust to 1. ; no I^. ; — Stefano Memmo,
Bust to 1.; no ^. ; — Doge Niccolo Marcello, 1473-1474, Bust
to 1. :^. IN • NOMINE • IHV • OMNE • GENV • FLECTATVR •
CELESTIV-TERESTRIV -INFERNO. Monogram of Jesus, within
halo of glory ; — Doge Giovanni Mocenigo, 1478-1485, Bust to 1.;
no ^.

D"" Friedlander doubted whether the author of these medals was a
contemporary of the personages he depicted, and was inclined to
look at his works as retrospective.

Bibliography, — Armand, op. cit., I, 56; III, 13. — Friedlander, Di^ Italk-
nischm Schaumiin-^en des fiitiJiehnten Jahrhunderts (^14)0-1^30), Berlin, 1882.

GUACIALOTTI. F;W<? GUAZZALOTTI infra.

GUAINIER, DAVID (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, in conjunction
with Augustin Baccuet, from 1638-40. Their joint issues are
signed GB or BG separated by cinquefoil or crown of spread-eagle.

Bibliography. — Demole, Histoire monetaire de Geneve.

GUAINIER, DAVID {Swiss'). Keeper of the Coinage at the Mint of
Geneva from 17 10 to 23. December 1733. .

GUALCHERI, GIOVANNI CARLO (Jtal.). Mint-master at Bologna,
under Pope Alexander VIII., 1689-91.

GUALCHERI, STEFANO {Ital.). Mint-master at Bologna, after 1709.

GUALTIERI, GIOVANNI {Ital.). Mint-master, and Die-cutter at
Parma, 1 673-1708. His initials GG occur on coins of Rainutius II.
Farnese, for instance on the 1692 Scudo. He appears to have worked
at Rome also, and was recommended to the Bolognese Mint by the

— 324 —

Pontifical Ambassador on the accession of Innocent XL, 1676, in
place of the Ferrarese Engraver, Angelo Faccini. Gualtieri executed
coins for the Duke of Modena, Francesco II., circa 1683.

GUARDINI, MICHELE (Ital.). Mint-master at Parma, 1 594-1 596.

GUAY, JACQUES {French). Gem-engraver of considerable repute,
born at Marseilles on the 26'^ September 171 1, died in poverty
and obscurity at Paris towards 1793. He began his artistic career
as an apprentice to a goldsmith ol his native town, which he soon
left for Paris to learn drawing under the celebrated painter,
Francois Boucher. In the capital he made the acquaintance of a
renowned collector of engraved stones, Pierre Crozat, Member of
Parliament, who instilled into the young artist a taste for Gem-
engraving and thus revealed to him his vocation. In 1742 we find
Guay at Florence, studying the rich cabinet of gems of the Grand-
Duke; then at Rome, where he began to produce various works
after the antique : a head of Octavius, another of Marcus Aurelius,
and a third of Antinoiis, of which M. Babelon says that it excited
the admiration of all connoisseurs in Paris, under the name of Je
Lantin. Recalled from Rome, Gua}^ received important orders, and
before long came under the notice of M™^ de Pompadour, who not
only became his Patron, but also his pupil, and provided apartments
for him at Versailles, where " he executed that interesting series of
subjects which have transmitted to us the principal events of the
reign of Louis XV. and the interludes of gallantry provided for the
King's entertainment. " Under the able tuition of Jacques Guay,
^me ^jg Pompadour made several intaglios, signed with her name,
which I shall enumerate in due course.

Once at Versailles, the successful artist was appointed to the
post of Gem-engraver to the King, in succession to Barier; but only
after the production of a master-piece, the carnelian intaglio, com-
memorating the Victory of Fontenoy (11. May 1745), from the
design of Bouchardon. "No modern engraver", says King, "has
ever thrown into his work such spirit as Guay has done in this gem ",
of which all trace is now lost. To this period belong other histori-
cal cameos and intaglios : Victory of Lawfeldt (2. July 1747); —
PreUminaries of Peace, 1748 ; — Birth of the Duke of Burgundy,
175 1 ; — France's wishes for the restoration to health of the Dau-
phin; — Thanksgivings on the Dauphin's Recovery, 1752; —
Death of the Duke of Aquitaine (22. February 1754); — Franco-
Austrian Alliance ; — Battle of Liitzelberg (10. October 1758); —
Erection of a Statue of Louis XV. on the Place de la Concorde,
1763, &c. Amongst Guay's most charming compositions I
cannot omit : The Genius of Poetry ; — The Rape of Dejanira ; —
Minerva (M™^ de Pompadour) protecting the Art ot Gem-engrav-

— 325 —

ing ; — and Military Genius, a carnelian intaglio, which is the joint
work of Guay and M™^ de Pompadour, on the former's own testi-
mony.

Guay excelled also as an Engraver of Portrait-cameos, The most
remarkable of these, one which is considered by M. Babelon as the
*' chef-d'oeuvre de la glyptique moderne ", is a bust of Louis XV.
on a fine sardonyx of three strata, which was exhibited at the
Salon of 1755 and is now preserved in the Cabinet des medailles
at Paris. Beside this, the artist executed other portraits of Louis XV.,
in relief and in incuse; — also of M"'^ de Pompadour; — the
Dauphin, Louis, and Maria-Josepha of Saxony (Salon of 1739);

— Marie- Antoinette ; — Louis XVL ; — the King of Poland;

— the Prince of Saxe-Gotha; — Cardinal de Rohan ; — Marechale
de Mirepoix ; — Crebillon, &c., which are all admirable works.
The Paris Cabinet preserves an interesting seal, signed by Guay,
which contains a cameo-portrait of M"'*= de Pompadour concealed in
a medallion. The medallion forms the mounting and is engraved
with a Cupid and the words : L' AMOUR LES ASSEMBLE. Pro-
bably the real belonged either to the Marquise or to Louis XV.
Of a similar character are many of the artist's graceful produc-
tions : Cu pid as musician ; — Cupid and Psyche ; — Cupid gardening ;

— Cupid having disarmed the gods presents a wreath to his Hero
(Louis XV.), &c., which not a little contributed to Guay's
celebritv and favour at Court.

Mnie Je Pompadour's Seal, by Guay.

The early works of Jacques Guay are unsigned; later on he
signed them GUAY F, or GUAY, and also G.F. These signatures are
somewhat puzzling, as they vary considerably, the letters being in
some instances particularly well formed and in others very imper-
fect by revealing the artist's hand. "It is therefore consi-
dered ", as Mr. Cyril Davenport observes, " that Guay, who
was very illiterate, could not have made the inscriptions himself,
but must have had them cut for him by some other artist (or
artists) more skilful in this particular. "

The later years of Guay were spent in obscurity, but until
1793 his name appears in the " Almanach royal de France

— 3^ —

amongst the Academicians, as : " Guay, graveur en pierres, aux
galeries du Louvre. " This is the last official mention of him. Two
ol his pupils survived him : Michel and Mayer Simon, but neither
" was capable to sustain after the Master the Art which he had
carried to such a high degree of perfection . "

Reduced Reproduction of the Print in Traite des pienes gravees, by
P. J. Mariette (Paris, 1750, vol. I. p. 208), representing Guay at
worii in his studio at Versailles.

*'Guay's drawing is correct," says King, "and his imitation
of the Greek style perfect. " M. Babelon calls the artist " the
cleverest gem-engraver of the eighteenth century " and " a worthy
rival of Pyrgoteles, Dioscorides, and Valerio Vicentini." Leturcq,
his principal biographer, praises him for the manner in which he
treated the portrait, and above all, the historical portrait. He adds :

" On pent dire, sans crainte d'exageration, qu'il atteignit dans
cette specialite le supreme degre, et qu'aucun artiste moderne, ni
dans ses devanciers, ni dans ses successeurs, n'a pu lutter avec lui
et ne pourra I'egaler. "

A number of Quay's gems are reproduced in the Collection of
Prints (Recueil d'estampes) engraved by M"^ de Pompadour. The
artist did not always compose his subjects, but in many instances
copied drawings which were supplied to him by Boucher, Vien,
and Bouchardon.

The following list of Guay's productions is borrowed from
Leturcq's Notice sur Jacques Guay (Paris, 1873) :

Gems preserved in the Cabinet des Medailles, Paris. Portrait-
cameo of Louis XV. (^illustrated), sardonyx of three strata
(58 mill.); — Louis XV., laur. bust, sardonyx; — Louis XV.,

— 327 -

laur. bust in armour, garnet; — Louis XV., laur. bust, sardon3x
of three strata, signed: GUAY ; — Louis XV., laur. bust, sardonyx
of two strata, signed G (mounted as a ring); — Cameo-portraits of
the Dauphin and his Consort; — Birth of the Duke of Burgundy,
cameo; — The Genius of Music, cameo, signed : POMPADOUR F.
1752; — AUiance of France with Austria, cameo; — Erection of

Portrait-cameo of Louis XV., by Guay.

an equestrian statue of Louis XV. ; ex. 1763 , cameo in agate-onyx ot
two strata; — Culture of Laurel-trees, cameo; — Faithful Friend-
ship, Genius playing with a dog ; ex. GUAY F., agate-onyx cameo ot
two strata ; — Marquise de Pompadour, cameo-portrait in agate-
onyx of two strata,. signed : GUAY; — Seal described above, with
carnelian representing Cupid holding lys and rose (illustrated^ ; —
Victory of Lawfeldt, intaglio ; — Preliminaries of the Peace of 1748,
intaglio; — Jacquot, Drum-major of the King's regiment, 175 i,
intaglio ; — France's wishes for the Dauphin's restoration to
health ; — Minerva (M™* de Pompadour) benefactress and protec-
tress of the Art of Gem-engraving, intaglio; — M""' de Pompa-
dour's seal on a topaze of three facets engraved with Love sacrihc-
ing to Friendship, Love and Friendship, and the Temple of Friend-
ship ; — Death of the Duke of Aquitaine, son of the Dauphin,
1754, intaglio; — Victory of Lutzelberg, 10. October 1758, inta-
glio; — Love and the Soul, intaglio; — Love cultivating a myrtle-
bush (Cupid gardening), intaglio; — Offering to the god Termi-

— 328 —

nus, intaglio ; — A child making a libation on altar placed at the
feet of Flora, sardonyx intaglio, signed : GUAY FECIT.

Gem in the Royal Collection, Berlin. Sardonyx cameo
representing two heads, signed P. (joint work of Guay and M"^ de
Pompadour.

Gems in private Collections. Profile head of Louis XV. to 1.,
carnelian intaglio, signed : GUAY, mounted in a ring; — Profile
head of the Marquise de Pompadour, carnelian intaglio, signed :
GUAY; — Louis XV. and M"'^ de Pompadour, carnelian intaglio,
signed : GUAY, also mounted in a ring; — Marquise de Pompadour,
oriental carnelian mounted in a ring, and signed GUAY F 1761 and
I. A. P. POMPADOUR. AN. iSE. 39; — Cupid offering a libation before
an altar, behind which is the staff of Aesculapius, 1764, intaglio
in rock crystal ; — Head of Antinoiis, carnelian intaglio, signed :
GUAY (ring); — The Genius of Poetry, sardonyx intaglio (ring);

— Leda and the swan, sardonyx intaglio, signed : GUAY F. (ring);

— Head of Homer, sardonyx intaglio, signed : GUAY F. (ring); —
Male and female figures entwined within wreath of flowers, carne-
lian intaglio, signed : G (ring) ; — Profile bust of Marie-Antoinette,
carnelian intaglio, signed : GUAY F. 1787 (ring) ; — Head of
Louis XV., cameo in agate-onyx of three strata, signed : POMPA-
DOUR F. ; — Head of Marie- Antoinette, sardonyx cameo of three
strata, a splendid gem in the possession of Baron Octave Roger de
Sivry in 1873 ; — The Genius of France, Allegory to the Victory
of Liitzelberg, 10. October 1758, carnelian intaglio in Princess
Soltikoff's collection; — Alexandrine Lenormant d'Etioles, 1754,
sardonyx intaglio ; — Cupid holding wreath above altar on which
is a butterfly, sardonyx intaglio, signed : GUAY.

Stones reproduced in Madame de Pompadour's work and Now
Lost. The Triumph of Fontenoy ; — Apollo crowning the Genius
of painting and sculpture; — Head of Augustus; — Portrait of
M""" de Mirepoix; — Female head; — Portrait of Frederick
Augustus, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony; — Friendship ;

— The Genius of Music; — Henry IV.; — Study of a female
Head; — Cupid playing the double flute; — Marcus Aurelius; —
Bacchic Vase; — Ciebillon ; — Arms of M. de Calvieres; — Plato;

— Head of Satyr; — The Prince of Saxe-Gotha; — Cardinal de
Rohan ; — Cupid disarming the gods and offering a wreath to
Louis XV. ; — Infant Bacchus; — The Comtesse de Brionne; —
Rape ofDejaneira; — MiUtary Genius; — Faithful Friendship; —
Love; — Gardener's Trophy; — Egyptian Priest; — Cupid; —
Hunting Dog; — Cupid presenting a bunch of flowers; — Seal
of the King; — Love quieting itself under the reign of Justice; —
The Dog "Mimi"; -Love; — The Dog "Bebe"; — The Genius
of Music; — Gardener fetching water.

— 329 —
Gems by Guay described in various Catalogues. Portrait of the
Countess of Bury; — Portrait of M. Plastrier, 1759; — Head of
Minerva; — A variety ot " La culture des lauriers"; — Portrait ot
Montesquieu; — Portrait of Voltaire; — An owl; — Copy of the
intaglio known as " Michael Angelo's seal "; — Cupid seated
playing with a dog, signed : GUAY, 1760; — Portrait of the King
of Poland on matrix of emerald ; ex. : GUAY ; — Copy of a gem in
the French Collection, representing a Bacchanalian scene; — Dia-
demed head of Homer, signed : GUAY; — Louis XV. (3 var.); —

— Head of Cicero (?); — Female head, temp. Louis XVL,
signed : GUAY (2 var.); — Mask and Thyrsus; — Female portrait,
signed : GUAY F. ; — Portrait of the painter Luders.

Gems by Guay known from impressions in the LnTURca Collec-
tion. Profile-portrait of Louis XV., signed : GUAY F. ; — Another,
with bust in armour, and similar signature ; — Portrait of M""^ de
Pompadour, signed: GUAY F. 1763; — Variety of the bust ot
Henry IV. ; — Varieties (2) " of Love and the Soul " ; — Allegori-
cal subject representing a military scene ; — Wishes for the Recov-
ery of M™' de Pompadour, 1764; — Accession ot Louis XVL,
1774; — Portrait of Louis XVL, signed : G. 1785; — Another
Portrait of Louis XVL ; — Young Female kneeling before altar at
the foot of Terminal statue ; signed : G. ; — Young Female offer-
ing fruit and flowers to the god Term ; — Scene of the worship
of the god Term; — Young Female, nude, seated, in front of a
table on which is a compass ; — Young Female, nude, in the
presence of a rustic divinity ; — Cupid holding nest on which a
hen is lying, signed : GUAY; — Hygiiea, signed : GUAY; —
Female Bather, signed : G. (4 var.); — Cupids (3 var.); — Por-
trait of unknown Lady (2 var.); — Head of Apollo, signed : GU. ;

— Portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour (2 var.); — A variety
of the gem representing the statue of Louis XV. ; — Portrait of
Henry IV., after a medal by G. Dupre; — Portrait of Franklin,
after Nini's terra-cotta medallion ; — Two Portraits of Gentlemen;

— A Pigeon, with spread wings ; — Faun dancing with a Nymph ;

— Cupid holding mask; — Cupid seated; — A Dog; — Copy of
the Cameo on the Triumph ofFontenoy.

Uncertain, but attributed to Guay by Leturcq.- Fulmen and
caduceus in saltire, 1738 (in the Cabinet des Medailles) ; — Por-
trait of Henry IV. on sardonyx (also in the same Collection).

Jacques Guay was the first Gem-engraver admitted as Member of
the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.

Bibliography. — J. F. Leturcq, Notiu siir Jacques Guay, graveur sur pierres fines
dn roi Louis XV., Paris, 1873. — Babelon, Pierres gravies, Paris, 1894. — King,
Antique Gems, London, i860. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cii. — Grande Ency-
pedie. — Muller and Singer, Allgemeines Kfinstler-Lexikon. — Babelon, Histoire
de la Gravure sur Gemmes en France depuis les origines jusqu'd J'epoque contemporaine,
Paris, 1902.

— 330 -

GUAZZALOTTI, ANDREA otherwise ANDREA G. PRATENSE {ItaL).
Sculptor and Medallist, born at Florence in 1435, died in 1493. In
1464, he was Ginon of the Cathedral of Prato, Collector of Church
tithes, and Priest of Aiolo, where his church, house and furniture
were burnt down. Heiss informs us that the artist was in close
relations with Lorenzo the Magnificent, for w^hom he used to
procure works ot art.

The following ten medals are by Guazzalotti : i. Nicholas V.,
obv. Bust to 1. :^. SEDIANNOOCTODI-XX-OBTXXV-
MAR-MCCCC'LIIII. The Pope, seated in boat inscribed ECCLE-
SIA; signature : ANDREAS • GVACIALOTIS ; — 2. Calixtus III., obv.
Bust to 1. I^. ALFONSVS BORGIA GLORIA ISPANIE. Pontifi-

Medal of Alfonso of Aragon, by Guazzalotti.

cal arms of the Borgia family; — 3. Pius II., obv. Bust to 1., head
bare ^. MCCCCLX PONT • ANNO . SECVNDO . Pontifical arms of
the Piccolomini family; — 4. Pius II. obv. Bust to 1., as last VL.
ALES • VT • HEC CORDIS • PA VI • DE • SANGVINE • NATOS •
Pelican; — 5. Niccolo Palmieri, 1402-1467, obv. Bare head tol.
I^. Incuse legend : CONTVBERNALISB-P- VIX- AN-LXV-
OBIIT- A-DM-CCCC-LXVII. Time, under the figure of a youth,
standing; ex., signature in relief : ANDREAS GVACIALGTVS; —
6. Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Calabria, obv. Bust three-quarter
face, to 1. {illustrated) I^. NEAPOLIS VICTRIX. Alfonso in
triumphal chariot, accompanied by troops and preceded by captive
Turks; beneath: OB ITALIAM AC FIDEM RESTITVTAM
MCCCCLXXXI; ex. : OPVS AND . G . PRATENS . (there is a
var. of ^L. of this type, with ITALIAQVE RESTITVTA. 1481 ;

— 331 —

— 7. Do, Obv. Similar ^L. ALFOS POTES PARCERE SVBIEC-
TIS ET DEBELLARE SVPERBOS Constancy standing, holding
spear and leaning against column, at the foot of which are captives
and various arms; in the field, incuse : MCCCCLXXXI ; ex. :

Medal of Pope Sixtus IV., by Guazzalotti.

CONSTANTIA ; — 8. Do, obv. Bust of Alfonso of Aragon, in
armour, head in biretta. ^L. SVPER 'MONTE IMPERIALI" VI '
EXPVGNATO. Mars standing to 1. ; to r. Alfonso armed ; between
them, priest sacrificing bull ; in background, fortress and camp; in

— 332 —

the field : SACRVM" MARTI"; — 9. Sixtus IV., obv. Bust to 1.,
wearing tiara I^. SIXTE POTES PARCERE SVBJECTIS ET
DEBELLARES SVPERBOS. Constancy, somewhat similar to last
(illustrated) ; — 10. Do, obv. Similar. ^L. CONCOR ET AMATOR
PACISPON MAX PPP. Augustus standing to 1., draped, laur.,
and holding caduceus; above XT" ; ex. : ECCLESIA.

Beside these medals, a few others are ascribed to Guazzalotti, on
account of similarity of work : Dotto of Padua, obv. Bust to r.
^L. Constancy standing and leaning against column ; — Constance,
Consort of Antonio Pico della Mirandola, ^L. Similar; — Girolamo
Santucci, Bishop of Fossombrone ^L. Similar; — Guillaume
d'Estouteville, 1403-1483, obv. Bust to 1. j^. GLORIA FRAN-
COR. Genius standing. Milanesi is inclined to attribute the three
first of these pieces to Costanzo the author of the two fine medals
of Mohammed II., and the last to the Sculptor Domenico Rosselli
of Roverzano, 143 9- 1497.

Heiss, comparing Guazzalotti with Vittore Pisano, remarks :
*' Le talent du chanoine de Prato est d'un ordre moins eleve que
celui de son predecesseur, Victor Pisano. II est plus realiste, il sert
de plus pres la nature, ses tetes sont generalement modelees avec
une science, une sincerite, une simplicite admirables. Quant au type
de ses revers, il ne les cherche pas beaucoup, il se contente souvent
de les prendre au Pisan, comme dans une de ses pieces de Pie II,
ou a Geremia, dans un de ses bronzes de Sixte IV; quelquefois
aussi c'est a lui-meme qu'il emprunte soit un droit, soit un revers ;
Alphonse II et Sixte IV ont un revers commun et le meme buste
de Sixte IV lui sert, avec une simple modification dans la legende,
pour deux medailles de diametres differents. II savait tirer plusieurs
moutures d'un meme sac. "

The identity of Andrea Guazzalotti and Andrea G. Pratense has
been established by D"" Friedlander, who quotes a distich from a
poem by Bishop Campana, in which the artist is mentioned as the
author of a Portrait-medallion of Pope Pius II :

AD ANDREAM PRATENSEM SCULPTOREM

Acre Pium Andrea caelas Pratensis et auro,

Vivo ut credatur vivus in aere loqui.
Sic oculos, sic ora trahis, numerantur et anni

Quos notat artifici ruga magisterio.
Certa manus, quam nee tenuis vel linea fallat,
Quaeque ipsum posset vincere Pyrgotelem ;
Ars tamen heu manca est umbrasque effingit inanes,

Nee summi dotes Principis ilia capit.
Quippe animum invictuni facundaque pectora nujlo
Nee tractu potuit sculpere docta manus.
Tu tamen es dignus cui prospera vota precemur,
Si minima effingis, maxima cum nequeas.

— 333 —

This artist signed himself : ANDREAS GVACIALOTVS ; —
ANDREASGVACIALOTIS; — AND. G. PRATENS, &c.

Gaz;^alotti was celebrated as a Sculptor also, and as a Medallist he
is one of the earliest at Rome who practised the art of Medal-
casting.

" The art of making dies", says Mr. Keary, " in the degree in
which it was understood in the fifteenth century, would not permit
the striking of coins otherwise than in very low relief; it was alto-
gether unsuited to the production of medals, so that these were,
in early times, always cast. A model was made in wax, and this
was first imbedded in fine moulding earth or charcoal. This mate-
rial must be so fine as to be almost impalpable. When it has fitted
itself into every crevice of the wax model, it was stiffened
with some kind of lye, the wax was melted out, and into the
mould thus left the metal was poured. What does not certainly
appear is how far the same mould could be used more than once,
whether it was preserved or broken up, and whether a second
medal was made from this original mould, or from a fresh one
taken from the first medal. The first medal taken was very
frequently, but by no means always, of precious metal, gold or
silver; but few of these pieces have been preserved. "

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — D"" Friedlander, Italienischen Schatimunxen des funfiehuten
Jahrhttnderls, Berlin, it Si. — A. Heiss, Les MedaiUeurs de la Renaissance. Florettce
el les Florentins, I, p. 47. — Armand, Les MedaiUeurs italicns des XV^ el XVI^ sikles,
Paris, 1883-7. — Bolzcntlial, o/». cil. — Perkins, Les Sculpleurs ilaliens, II, p. 437.
— Supino, // Medagltere del R. Miiseo Naiionale di Firen^e, 1899. — Keary, B. M.
Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals, London, 1893. — D^ Merzbacher, Kunst-
Medaillen KataJog, Mai 1900. — D' Simonis, L'Art du medailleur en Belgique.

GUBE, HEINRICH (Germ.). Medallist and Coin-engraver, born at
Breslau in 1805, died in 1848; known in Russia as Audrey Ignatie-
wich Gouin. He studied at Vienna, first worked at Berlin, at the
Dan. Fr. Loos establishment, where he earned a well-merited
reputation, and in 1830, he was appointed at St Petersburg by
Imperial command to fill the post of Chief-engraver and Medallist
at the Mint there. His signature appears on coins of Nicholas I;
Pattern i| Rouble of 1836 {illustrated); — Memorial Rouble of
Alexander I., 1834 (illustrated): — Another of 1839. I^. The
Borodino Column ; and Medals on the Death of Czarina Maria
Feodorowna; — Golden Wedding of Jacob PhilippLeerse (Sarasin),
1838 ; — Augusta, Princess of Liegnitz; — Nicholas I. of Russia
and his consort, 21. April 1836; — Marriage of Prince Charles of
Prussia and Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke Charles Frederick
of Saxe- Weimar, 1827 ; — Marriage of Louise, Princess of Prussia,
with Frederick, Prince of the Netherlands, 1825; — Charles XIV.
John of Sweden, 1822; on the Opening of the Gota Canal; —
Jos. Fr. Oscar, Crown Prince of Sweden, Marriage with Josephina,

— 334 -

Maximiliana Eugenia, Princess of Leuchtenberg, 1823 ; — Masonic
Medal of the Lodge Frederic of the Golden Sceptre, Orient of
Breslau, 1826; — Marriage of Alexander II. (as Czarewitch) with
Princess Marie of Hesse, 184 1 ; — Jubilee Medal of Emanuel von

Pattern 11 Rouble of Nicholas I., 1836.

Schimonski. Prince Bishop of Breslau, 1825; — Prize Medal of
Nicholas I. ; — Silver Wedding of J. des Arts and L. H., his
consort, nee Sillem, 1830; — Various medals commemorating the

Memorial Rouble ot Alexander I., 1834.

Turkish Campaign ot 1828-29; — a Prize-medal awarded to
Officers on the completion of their course of scientific training at
the Military Academy ; — a Medal to celebrate the Termination
of the Labours of the General School Congress; — the Medal
struck at the Inauguration (or opening for traffic) of the Moscow
Triumphal Arch ; — the Medal commemorating the wedding of
the Emperor Alexander Nicolayevich ; — the Medal struck in
honour of General Bakhtin, Count Ouvarov and General Ellers;
— D^ J. Blumenbach of Gottingen (^); — D^ Carl Gottfried
Hagen of Koenigsberg (Obv.) ; — D^ Johann Wendt of Breslau
(Obv.); etc.

— 333 —

The artist was elected a Member of the BerUn Academy ot
Fine Arts in 1829.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. n7. — lOATH IIBEPGEHA, CAOBAFb
MHAAAbEP0B7j II APHrilXt AllU'b, 1874. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann,
op. cit. — Dr Menadier, Schaumfm^en des Hauses Hoheni^ollern, Berlin, 1901. —
Thomsen Catalogue. — Reimmann Catalogue. — Hildebrand, Sveriges Konungahusets
Minnespenningar, Stockholm, 1875. — Marvin, Masonic Medals, Boston, i860. —
Various Sale Catalogues &c. — Muller & Singer, Allgem. Kunstler Lexikon.

GUBE, IGNAZ (Germ.). Father of Heinrich Gube, the St. Peters-
burg Medaihst. In 1807 he was a Glass-cutter at the Mint of Glatz,
and was even employed in cutting coin-dies, in which he did
not prove very efficient. In 18 12 he removed to Breslau.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens MUn-jigeschichte, Dresden, 1900.

GUBE, MAX (Germ.). Contemporary Medallist, Hofgraveur at
Munich. I have seen his signature on a medal commemorating the
Completion of the Palace of Justice at Munich, 1897, and on an-
other struck on the Marriage of Alphonse of Bavaria with Princess
Louise d'Orleans, in 189 1 ; also on a centenary Medal of Mozart,
1891.

At the Exhibition of Modern Medals at Vienna, 1899, this artist
was represented by several Portrait-medals.

Bibliography. — Die Modeme MedatUe, 1900, p. 5.

GUEF, PIERRE (French). Mint-master at Chalons-sur-Marne ,
entered on office on i. July 1423. He must have previously suffer-
ed imprisonment as, on May 28. 1423, he is described as being
still in prison.

GUfiRARD, HENRI (French). Contemporary Painter and Medallist,
residing at Paris. M. Roger Marx in Medailleiirs frangais contempo-
rains, PI. 31, illustrates three medallions by him, cast, in the style
of Cazin.

M. Guerard is one of the few French Painters, who like Cheret,
Grandhomme and others now and then model a medal in the way
of recreation. His manner is very realistic.

GUERCHET (Belg.). Nineteenth century Die-sinker, known by
his medal " Ambulance de la Presse. Roi des Beiges ". D' Storer
knows of five other medals by him, of which two are in the Bos-
ton Collection.

GUERDAIN, AARON D"^ (Brit.). Mint-master at the Royal Mint,
London, anni 1-3 of the Commonwealth, in succession to Sir
Robert Harley, who refused to carry out the alterations in the
coinage, settled by a resolution of Parliament ordering that money
of gold and silver should be coined with their style and title.

- 336 -

Under D*" Guerdain were issued : N. Unites, Double Crowns,
and Britain Crowns; — JR.. Crowns, Half-Crowns, Shillings,
Sixpences, Half-Groats, Pennies, and Halfpennies ; — all these
coins, of which many varieties are described in Kenyon, Hawkins,
Ruding, etc., were engraved by Thomas Simon. Patterns of the
same period were executed by Blondeau and Ramage.

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit. — Kenyon, op. cit.

GUfiRIN (French). This artist's signature, followed by pinx. appears
on the obv. of a Portrait-medal of D"" Charles Louis Fleury Pan-
ckouke of Paris, 1824 (Boston Collection).

GU£rin, CHRISTOPHE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Strassburg, before 1788. He is the father of the two engravers
Jean and Gabriel Gu^rin. He founded the Strassburg Picture
Gallery.

GU£rin, jean (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Strassburg,
before 1760. Probably the father of Christophe Guerin.

GU£rin (French). Contemporary Medallist of the modern
School. In 1898 he exhibited two medals: Ecole des Beaux-Arts
de Marseille (41 mm.), and Conser^'atoire de Musique de Marseille
(41 mm.) which are of undoubted merit.

GU£rin, NARCISSE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris ; pupil of Gaillouette and Delagrange. He has executed some
bronze Portrait-medallions, and Bas-reliefs in repousse work on
copper. " Christ in the Praetorium ", after Steinle, one of his
finest productions, was exhibited at the Salon of 1868.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GUfiRIN, PIERRE (French). Mint-master at Grenoble, 1546-15 51.
Characteristic mark : C on Douzains a la croix blanche and Liards
au dauphin.

Bibliography. — Roger Vallentin, Les Diffirents de la Monnaie de Grenoble,
1894.

GUERINO, GIOVANNI (7/fl/.). Mint-engraver at Rome, 1548-1549.
M. Eug. Miintz identified Giovanni Guerino with the celebrated
Moderno, from a document of 1548, thus worded : 1548. 12 Sep-
tembre. Domino Johanni Guerino Moderno alme Urbis Zeccherio
scuta centum de poulis X pro scuto, sine relentione, ad bonum
computum sue provisionis occasione dicte Zecche.

I shall return to this identification, when I come to the bio-
graphical notice of MODERNO (q. v. infra').

Bibliography. — Eug. Muntz, UAlelier monetaire de Rome, Paris, 1884.

— 337 -

GUERRE, surname of PIERRE GIRARD (Swiss) who was Mint-
master at Geneva in conjunction with Nicolas Girard, 15. April
1617 to 4. May 1621. Mark : NP. G.

Bibliography. — Demole, Histoire monelairede Getikm.

GUERRERO, PEDRO JUAN MARIA DE {Mex.) Medallist and Coin-
engraver at Mexico under Ferdinand VII. of Spain, beginning of the
nineteenth century, and until after the downfall of Augustin,
first Emperor of Mexico.

The following medals bear Guerrero's signature : Royal Badge
of the Mexican College of San Ildefonso, r8o8; — Royal Badge ot
Fidelity to King Ferdinand VII., of the Collegium Mexicanum,
1809; — The Royal University of Mexico, 1809; — Ferdi-
nand VII., Royal Badge of Allegiance " College of Puebla de Los
Angelos ", 1809 {illustrated); — Ferdinand VII., Prisoner of the

Badge of the Royal College of Puebla de Los Angelos, 1809, by Guerrero

French, 1809; — The Chapter of Nueva Leon to Ferdinand VII.,
undated; — The Seminario Tridentino of Mexico to the captive
King of Spain, 1809; — The Ecclesiastical Mexican Chapter's
Homage to Ferdinand VII., 1814; — Election of an Archbishop
at Mexico, 1814; — Proclamation of Mexican Independence, 1821 ;
— Augustin I., Emperor of Mexico, 1821 ; — The city of Tolu-
ca's Proclamation Medal, 1821 ; — Inauguration of Augustin,
First Emperor of Mexico, 1822; — Proclamation Medal of the City
of Mexico, 1822; — Oath of Allegiance taken by Mexico, 1823 ;
etc.

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Nolica of MedalUsls, — II. 33

- 338 -

The coins of the first Empire of Mexico bear the initials J. M. of
an engraver, whom I suspect to be JOSE MEDINA {vide infra).

Bibliography. — Rosa, Monetario Americano, Buenos- Ayres, 1892. - - Betts,
Mexican Imperial Coinage, New York, 1899. — Medina, Medallas Coloniaks His-
pano- Americanos, Santiago de Chile, 1900. — Chalon, Medaille Hispano-Ame'ri-
caine de Ferdinand VII, Revue beige de num., 1861.

GDERSANT, PIERRE SfiBASTIEN {French). Draughtsman and Pain-
ter, born at Deols, 20. January 1789, died at Paris, 5. April 1853.
He was a pupil of Cartelier, and distinguished himself by numerous
works of art, during the first half of the nineteenth century.

The Paris Mint Accounts show that money was paid out to this
artist for designs of medals illustrating the History of Napoleon I.

Bibliography. — Blanchet, Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique, II. p. 389.

GUEST, WILLIAM (Brit.). A teller in the Bank of England,
** who was proved to have been in the habit of filing some of the
guineas in his charge, and afterwards making a newly milled edge
with an ingenious machine invented by himself. Nearly five pounds'
weight of gold filings was found in Guest's house ".

Bibliography. — Maberly Phillips, Tlie Token Money of the Bank of England,
London, 1901.

GUESZ, HANS (Austr.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Kremnitz,
1618-1648. He prepared dies for a Hungarian coinage of Ducats,
Thalers, Half, and Quarter-Thalers, of various dates. He also
engraved several medals, signed H. G. : Portrait-medal of Ferdi-
nand II., as King of Hungary, 1618; — Prize MeJal for the
Kremnitz College, 16 18; — Religious medal; — Commemorative
medal of the Diet of Ratisbon, 1633; — Ferdinand III., 1638; —
Ferdinand III. and Queen Maria Anna ; — Susanna Hoflinger ; —
Johann von Wendenstain, 1628; — Hermann Roth von Rothen-
fels, 1632; — Religious Medal (Talisman) of 1628; — Religious
medals of 1633, 1634, 1648, and undated, etc. ; — Thalers, Half,
and Quarter Thalers for Hungary, 1648 ; — Portrait-medal of
Ferdinand III. ; — Marriage of Ferdinand III. with Maria Leopol-
dina of Austria, 1648, etc.

Bibliography. — Katalog der MUni-und Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des K. K.
HauptmUn^amtes in Wien, 1902.

GUfiTROT, FRANQOIS REN£ {French). Sculptor, born at Ocques
(Loir-et-Cher). Pupil of A. Calmels. He exhibited the following
Portrait-medaUions at the Paris Salons : 1864, M"^ M. F.***; —
1866, M"'^ la Vicomtesse de la R.***; — 1870. Eug. L.***; —
1870, Eugenie, Empress of the French.

BiBLioGRArHY. — Chavigneric et Auvray, op. cit.

— 339 —

GUGLIELMADA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (//a/.). Usual signature I. G.,
I. B. G. or I. B. G. F. Medallist of the second half of the seven-
teenth century. He worked for Popes Clement IX. (1667-1669)
and X. (1670- 1 676), Innocent XI. (1676- 1689), for the Dukes of
Mantua and Modena, and also for King John Sobieski of Poland,
of whom he executed a medal on the Peace of 1686 between
Poland and Russia, with ^. PAX FVNDATA CVM MOSCHIS,
Pole and Russian, in national costumes, shaking hands.

According to BruUiot, App. II, n° no, this artist signed his
works G. F. or G. Fecit. I have also seen the signature GUGLIEL-
MADA INC.

A medal of Pope Innocent XL, with the Washing of Feet ^. is
mentioned bv Nagler (^Mouogramviisten, p. 1030) and one with
^L. VENITE"'.ET.VIDETE. OPERA. DOMINI represents the Pope
receiving an Embassy from Tonkin in 1688 ; another of Cardinal
Duke Ferdinand of Mantua and Modena, is dated 1686. He also
executed medals of Prince Caesar Ignatius d'Este, Duke of Modena,
^L. Eagle and crown, 1687; — Vincenzo Reis. I^. Lamp; —
Clement X., Bust of St. Paul, 1675.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Nagler, Die Monogrammisten, 1881.

GUGLIELMO, LANGE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Toulon in 1839. Pupil of Joutlroy. He was rewarded in 1880
with a Medal of the third Class.

This artist's best known sculptures are : Innocency; — Abel
dying; — Giotto revealing to himself his Vocation.

In 1867, he exhibited at the Salon a Portrait-medallion in bronze
of M™^ G. L.***, and in 1873 a Plaque representing a " Woman ot
the environs of Genoa ".

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GUGLIELMUS, C. (Germ.). This signature appears on a medal of
Prince Bishop Camille.

6UGLINGER, WOLFGANGUS (Austr.). Director of the Mint at
Kremnitz, 1542-45. His issues bore his initials V. G, He was Coin-
engraver at the same Mint before 1536.

Bibliography. — Katalog der Miini-und MedaiUen-Stempel-Sammlung des K. K.
Hauptmun:^amh'S in H^ien, Wien, 1902.

GUIBfi, PAUL (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Modeller,
born at St. Brieuc (C6tes-du-Nord). Pupil of Barr^ and Og^. He
has executed a series of Portrait-medallions in plaster and bronze,
some of which were exhibited at the Paris Salons of 1879, 1880,
1881 and 1882.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil.

— 340 —

GUIBERT, AYMERI {French). Moneyer at Limoges, 1538 " auquel
le Roy, par ses lettres patentes doiinees a Villers Costerez, le
XVP jour d'aoust, a balhe a main ferme la monnaie pour le temps
de VI ans ".

Bibliography. — Louis Guibert, La Monnaie de Limoges, 1895.

GUIBERT, £TIENNE (^French). Mint-master at Limoges, nV^:^ 1525.

GUIBERT, FRANQOIS (French). Mint-master at Limoges, 1524-
1525. Another, Coin-engraver there, 1650.

GUIBERT, GUILMOT {French). Mint-master at Limoges, circa 1525.

GUIBERT, LEONARD {French). " Monnayeur recoyteur, ouvrier
assiz de plaine part tant d'or que d'argent de la monnoye " ; son
ofGrandJehanGuybert. — Another, Mint-master at Limoges, 1648.

GUICHARD, FRANZ {Germ.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Montbeliard, 16 10-1620, and at Stuttgart until 1628. The name
of this artist has been identified by Binder {fViirttembergische Miin:{-
und-Medaillenkunde, 1846).

Guichard was Briot's successor at the Court of Wiirtemberg, and
there is a great analogy in the style and manner of these engravers.
To Guichard Erman attributes the following medals : 16 10.
Johann Friedrich of Wiirtemberg (2 medals); — 1610. Ludwig
Friedrich of Montbeliard (Itzinger coll"); — 161 3. Johann
Friedrich of Wiirtemberg ; — 1619. Ludwig Friedrich of Mont-
beliard; — 1630. Ludwig Friedrich, as Administrator; — 1638.
Anselm Casimir,- Archbishop of Mayence; — Undated. Julius
Friedrich of Wiirtemberg (1631-1633); — 1634. Eberhard IIL of
Wurtemberg. These medals are signed : F. G. On a portrait-piece
of Wilhelm of Baden, 1627, very similar in execution to Gui-
chard's productions, the artist's signature is I. G. ; this is perhaps
an error for F. G. The initials F. G. occur also on a Coronation
Medal of Count Palatine Frederick and Elizabeth of Bohemia, 161 9,
described in Medal lie Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol. I, p. 229.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Franks &
Grueber, op. cit. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GUICHARD {French). Sculptor of the first half of the nineteenth
century. Some Portrait-medallions by him are known. In 1817, he
executed a bas-relief " La Monnaie et les Medailles " for the Bas-
tille Fountain.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GUIDIZZANI, MARCO (?) {Ital.). Venetian Medallist, who was
working, circa 1460. His signature : M. GVIDIZZANI occurs on three

— 341 —

medals : Bartolommeo Colleone, Condottiere of Bergamo, 1400-
1475 ; — Orsato Giustiniani, Procurator oi St. Mark at Venice,
1459-1464; — Pasquale Malipieri, Doge of Venice, 1457-1462. A
fourth, representing the last-named Doge and his consort Giovanna
Dandolo, was attributed to this artist by D"" Friedlander, but is really
the work of Pietro da Fano.

No biographical details of Guidizzani have come down to us.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, ofy. cit. — Heiss, Les Medailleurs de Venise, 98. —
Armand. op. cit. — Supino, op. cit.

GUIDO DANTONIO. T/^f ANTONIO. Vol. I, p. 519.

GUIDO GIOVANNI AGRIPPA. Vide AGRIPPA. Vol. I, p. 13.

GUIQUERO. JEAN LOUIS (French'). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot

Nantes, in 1718 and after. Symbol, a lily.

Bibliography. — Camille Amoult, Notice historique sur le Monnayage natiotial
et r atelier d'Orlratis, i8p8.

GUIQUERO. JOSEPH AMY (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Orleans, after 178 1 until 1792. Svmbol, a star. There are Pattern
Colonial copper coins of Louis X\T., 1781, by this Engraver.

GUIQUERO, MARC AMI (French). Coin-engraver at Orleans, after
1739. Symbol, lion's head.

6UILBAUT, GUSTAVE (French). Sculptor, bom at Nantes, on
June 7, 1842. Author of Portrait-medallions : Salon of 1870,
Portrait of D' Gu^pin ; — Salon of 1879, M"'"^ P.***

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvrav, op. cit.

6UILBAUT. FERDINAND. Fide GILBAUT suprd.

GUILBERT. ERNEST CHARLES DtMOSTHfiNES (French). Sculptor,
born at Paris on October 13, 1848. Pupil of D upon t and Chapu.
In 1867 and 1870, he exhibited Portrait-medallions at the Paris
Salons, the most notable of which is that of President Lincoln. His
chief productions in sculpture are : Daphnis and Chloe; — Chris-
topher Columbus; — Et. Dolet, etc.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

6UILLARD, LOUIS (Su>i.<;s). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Geneva
from the 2"** to the 29**" of August, 1539. He succeeded Claude de
Chateauneuf, a goldsmith, who had cut the dies for the coinage of
Geneva from 1535 to 1539.

Bibliography. — Demole, Les Maitres, les Graveurs et les Essayeurs de la
Motmaie de Genh'e (ij jj-iycf2), Geneve, 1885.

GUILHARD (Germ.). Occupied a post at the Mint of Wiesbaden

in 1839.

Bibliography. — D"^ Dannenberg, Mfin^-und Gddwesen der Fiirstenthumer
HohenioUern, Berlin, 1900.

— 342 —

GUILLAUME, VICTOR (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Toulon. Pupil of Cordouan and Vian de Pignano. At the Salon of
1880, he exhibited a Portrait-medallion of M. G. V.***

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op cit.

GUILHEM, FRANQOIS (French). Mint-master at Lyons, 15 19,
under Francis I. His distinctive mark was a trefoil and F atbeginning

Teston of Francis I., struck at Lyons, under Guilhem.

of legends. The engraver of the coins at that date was Francois
Nicolet dit de Montpancier (i 503-1523).

Bibliography. — Hoffmann, Mo««ai>5 royales de Fratice, Paris, 1878.

GUILHERMAYRE, JEAN (French). Silversmith and Medallist of
Valence, beginning of the sixteenth century. He executed the medal
which was presentend to Francis I. in 15 16 on his visit to Valence,
and was paid 4 livres for the work.

Bibliography. — MazeroUe, Les MedaiUeurs fratifais du XV^ Steele au milieu du
XFi/e, Paris, 1902.

GUILLEMARD, ANTON (French). Medallist ot the last quarter of
the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. He first
worked at Paris as Medallist to King Louis XVL According to
Schlickeysen, he died in 181 2, but Fiala places the date of his death
in 1820, which is more likely to be correct. D'Domamg mentions
that he was working at Milan in 1770 or thereabout, whereas it
would appear that in the previous year he filled the post of Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Prague, and that he was still in office in 18 10
and even later. His name appears in 1809 as " K. K. Medailleur
und Obergraveur beim Miinzamte in Prag; " he had been re-elected
in 1795 on the definitive constitution of the Prague Mint.

Amongst Guillemard's best known works are : Visit of Emperor
Francis IL to Prague, 1804; — Marriage of Archduchess Maria
Amalia with Ferdinand of Bourbon, Duke of Parma, 1769; —
Marriage ot the Austrian Emperor with Maria Louise Beatrix of
Austria-Este, 1808; — Baptismal Medal of Michael Muschek, 1810;

— 343 -

— Marriage of Napoleon I. with Marie-Louise, jeton ; — V'accina-
tion Medal, 1803 ; — Medallic-Calendar for 1807 ; — Love Token,
1805 (2 var.) ; — Socrates ; — Eleventh Centenary of the Discovery
of the Toplitz Mineral Springs, 1806; — Maria Theresia and her
son Joseph IL, 1774. ^. LVCINAPIA; — Gustav Mauritius
Armfelt, Minister ot War at Stockholm, 1800 ; — Installation of
Procop Benedict Henniger as Provost of Wisschrad, 1802; —
Pattarus Buzzacharenus, Prefect of Bergamo, 1775 ; — Portrait-
plaque of Francis IL ; — Marriage by proxy at Giinzburg of Marie-
Antoinette, 1770; — Hermolaiis III. of Pisa, Prefect of Verona,
1791; — Francesco Donato, Prefect of Verona, 1780; — Agricul-
tural Medal, 1804, for Bohemia ; — Luigi Marchesi, musician,
1785 ; — Vaccination Commission of Bohemia, 1803 ; — Obstetric
Schools ot Milan and Mantua, 1774 ; — Baron D' Leopold von
Berchthold, 1809 ; — Improvements of the old Customs Laws in
the Mantuan district, 1770; — Prize medal of the Royal Academy
of Mantua for mechanical studies, 1772 (2 var.); etc.
He signed most of his productions A. G.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Donehauer Samnilung von Bohniischen Mun^en und
Medailkn, Prag. — Domanig, Portrdtmedaillen des Er:(hauses Oesterreich, Wien,
1899. — Edwards, Napoleon Medals. — Thomsen & Reimmann Catalogues. — Fiala,
Die Beam ten der Prager Munistdtte, 179S-1857, Num. Zeitschrijt, 1898. — Nagler,
Monogrammisten. — Katalog der Mun:(-tind Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des
K. K. Hauptmun:^amtes in Wien, 1902.

GUILLEMOT (French). Engraver of the end of the eigtheenth century.

GUILLERME (French). Moneyer at Limoges, 1358.

GUILLERMIN, JEAN (French). Sculptor and Medallist of Lyons,
who was ordered in 1646 to cut a medal in commemoration ot
the foundation of the Hotel de Ville of Lyons.

Bibliography. — Blanchet, Manuel de numistnatiqw du moyen age et moderne.
Vol. II, p. 387. — N. Rondot, Revue du Lyonnais, 1887, II, 257; 1888, I, 172.

GUILLIOBE (Brit.). Sculptor and Modeller of the second halt ot
the eighteenth century. He worked for Wedgwood. His name occurs
on a Portrait-medallion of George Willisson, Painter, 1722-1797.

Bibliography. — Grzy, James and William Tassie, Edinburgh, 1894.

GUILLOD, PERRONNET (French). Mint-master at the Savoyard Mint
of Bourg-en-Bresse, from 29. January 1457 to 21. Jun. 1497,
with a short interruption in 1468. He worked under the three
Dukes of Savoy, Louis, Amedeus IX., and Philibert I.

Bibliography. — D"" Lad6, Numismatique de la Savoie, Revue Suisse de numis-
matique, 1896.

— 344 —

GUILLOT, JEAN (French). Mint-master at Montpellier, eighteenth
century.

GUINIER, N. (French). Parisian Goldsmith, to whom M. Mazerolle
attributes medals of Henry IV. and Marie de Medicis. The period
of his activity is comprised between 1601 and 16 [4, in which latter
years he executed silver medals with busts of Louis XIII., Marie de
Medicis and other personages. His signature appears as N. G. F. or
N. GVI.

Bibliography. — Mazerolle, op. cit.

GUINZANO, CARLO (ItaL). Mint-master at Milan, from 8. June
1675 to 1681.

Bibliography. — Gnecchi, Le Monete di Milano, 1884, Int. LXXXIV.

GUITBERT, RAYMOND (French). Mint-master general for the King
of England and Prince of Wales, at Limoges, 1365.
Bibliography. — Louis Guibert, La Monnaie de Limoges, 1893.

GUITON, GERMAIN (French). Medallist, and Jeton-engraver, men-
tioned in documents between 15 31 and 1547-

The following Jetons are mentioned by Mazerolle : 1531, Jetons
for Fran(;ois Benenaud ; — 15 S3, 1534 and 1537, Jetons for Francis,
Duke of Brittany, Henry de France, Duke of Orleans, and Charles
de France, Duke of Orleans, also for the Master of the Chambre
aux Deniers du Roi ; — 1540, Jetons for Renee de France, Duchess
of Ferrara, and her officers; ~ 1540, Jetons tor Jean Chassebras,
seigneur of Brean, and Antoinette Balue, his wife; — 15 43, Jetons
for Antoine Bohier ; — 1547, Jetons for the Sieur de Burge, &c.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Noms de Graveurs en me'daiUes de la Renaissance
franfaise, Ann. de numismatique, 1867, p. 173. — Blanchet, op. cit., vol. II,
p. 395. — Mazerolle, op. cit.

GUITON, GILBERT (French). Jeton-engraver at Paris, circa 1549;
probably a relative of Germain Guiton.

GUITTET, GEORGES (French). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Cholet (Maine-et-Loire); pupil of Roulleau,
Tureau, and Theodore Riviere. At the Salon of 1902 he exhibited
a Portrait-medallion of M. Caux.

GULDEN, PAUL (Dane). Mint-master at the Danish Mint of Fre-
deriksborg, after 1581, under Frederick IL and Christian IV.
Bibliography. — Jorgensen, Beskrivelse oiier Danske Monter 1448-18S8.

GULDENLEWE otherwise HANS ENGELLENDER (Germ.). Mint-
master at Frankfort-on-Main, 1487- 1507. Fide. ENGELLENDER
Vol. II, p. 20.

— 345 —

GULDENLIEBEN. PETER (Germ.). Mint-warden at Frankfort-on-
Main, 1441. In his issues appears a G between tlie legs of S' John
the Baptist, on Goidgulden of the Emperor Frederick.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, of>. cit. — Ruppel, Ak^eicJien auf
Frauhfurkr Munien, im Archiv fur Frankfurts Geschichte. Hett 8. S. 59. — Nagler,
Die Motipgramviislen, 1881.

GULLEN, CASPAR HIERONYMUS (Germ.). Modeller, born at
Nuremberg in 1658. In 1686, he executed a Marriage Medal
(Hochzeitsschilling) for his brother Achatius. He is probably the
author of some other unsigned Portrait-medallions in hone-stone.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Blanchet, op.
cit., II, 578.

GUNDLACH, GEORG (Atistr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1503. Died
in 1506.

GUNDLOCH. ULREICH DER (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna,
1420-1423, 1425.

Bibliography. — Arnold Luschin von Ebengreuth, Muniwesen, Handel und
Verkehr im spdteren Mittelalter , Wien, 1902.

GUMERAUER, NIKOLAUS (Bohem.). Mint-master at Eger (Bohe-
mia) from 1 410 to 141 8.

GUMERY, CHARLES ALPHONSE (French). Sculptor, born at Paris
on the 14''' of June 1827. Pupil of Toussaint. In 1850, he earned
the distinction of the First Grand Prix de Rome. He is the author
of several Portrait-medallions; that of J. Ampere was exhibited at
the Salon of 186 1.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

GUMPERTZ, HERZ, MOSES & CO (Germ.). A Jewish Banking Esta-
blishment, which was granted the privilege to issue coins in 175$ at
Breslau for the Government.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Neuere Mun:;^eschichte Schlesiens.

GUNDEL (Austr.). Mint-master (?) at Vienna, circa 1296.

GURSCHNER, GEORG (Germ.). Seal-cutter and Heraldic-engraver
of Breslau, 1696-1723. He was employed at the Mint of that city.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit. — Schlesiens Vor^eit in Bild und Schrift
1897.

GUSSMANN, WENZEL (Germ.). An Assistant-engraver at the Mint

of Breslau, 1656.

— 346 —

GUTENSON, HANS or JOHANN JOACHIM (Swiss). A native of Son-
nenberg (Canton St-Gall) ; Mint-master and Coin-engraver at
Zurich, apparently between 1555 and 1561, then at Altdorf for the
three Cantons of Uri, Schwytz and Unterwald, until 1564, when
he sold his work material to the city of St. Gall. In 1565, he was
engaged by Count Palatine Wolfgang of Zweibriicken as Mint-
master at Meysenheim, in which office he, was succeeded on his
death in 1566 by his two sons, David and Thomas.

The mark of this engraver on the coins of Zurich is f^. We find
it on a series of undated Thalers and Half Thalers, issued between
1555 and 1561 ; Double Thalers of 1556 and 1559; Thalers of 1556,
1557, 1558, 1559 (so-called *' Schnabelthaler ") and 1560 (several
varieties exist of each date, and some were engraved by Jakob

" Schnabelthaler " of Zurich, by Gutenson.

Stampfer) ; Half-Thalers ot 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559 and 1560;
Quarter Thalers of 1556, 1557 and 1559; Groschen of 1555, 1356,
1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, and i56i,&c.

By him are probably also : Thalers of Uri, Schwytz and Unterwald
1 561, 1562, and 1563, of which several varieties are known.
Undated Dicken of various types; Doppler ; Dickpfennige (Doppel-
vierer); Kreutzer and Kronen.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Poole, Swiss Coins
in the South Kensington Museum. London, 1878. — Bodecker, Die Thaler von
Zurich ausdem sechs^ehnten Jalirhundert, Bulletin Suisse de numisinatique, 1887. —
Sattler, Die von Uri, Sclrwyi und Unterwalden gemeinschaftlich geprdgten Miin:(en,
Bull. Suisse de num., 1888^

GUTENSON, DAVID (Swiss). Son of Hans Gutenson. Mint-master
at Meysenheim, after 1566.

GUTENSON, THOMAS (Swiss). Son of Hans Gutenson. Mint-master
at Meysenheim, in succession to Hans Gutenson, after 1566. He

— 347 —

was arrested in 1571 and imprisoned at Zweibriicken for fraud
in connection with his office.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit.

GUTMANN, CHRISTOPH (G^rm.). Mint-master at Bromberg, 1639-
1653. Distinctive mark : C.G.

GUTTENSTEIN, ALBRECHT HERR VON {Bohem.). Mint-master
general of Bohemia, 15 33-1 542. Distinctive mark : three stags'
antlers.

Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit., p. 688 A.

GUTTMANN, CHRISTIAN {Germ.). Seal-cutter and Heraldic-
engraver of Breslau. He died at the age of 28, in 1696. He worked
in connection with the Breslau Mint.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

GUYBERT. JEAN dit Petit-Jean {French). Moneyer at Limoges,
1 5 14, in conjunction with Martial Ruaud.

G. V. Vide GRAF, VRSVS.

G. W. Vide GEORG WUNSCH. Mint-master at Heidelberg, 1712-
1736.

G. W. Vide GEORG WORSCHLER. Mint-master at Durlach, 1760-
1779.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

* G. W. *. These initials appear on two German medals of the
first half of the sixteenth century. One represents the creation of
Eve and the Final judgment, after Holbein's design, with the
legend : ANNO MDXLV CONDITORI ET CONSERVATORI
ORBIS DEO TRINO ET UNO HOC FACIE. G.W. The other
is a Portrait-medal of PhiUp of Hesse, 1535, signed on obv. G.W.
and on 1^. "R.

D' Merzbacher describes in Kunst-Medaillen-Katalog, Miinchen,
1900, n° 261, another medal by the same artist, whom Fiala calls
a Kremnitz Engraver. This piece is dated 1545 and represents on
obv. The Adoration of the Magi and on I^. that of the Shepherds

- 348 -

(illustrated). Several later imitations and varieties exist of this
medal. One of tiiein representing probably Florian Griesbech von

Religious Medal, by G. W., after Holbein.

Griesbach may be attributed to the Medallist W.G. ofjoachims-
thal.

Another Medallist, who signed G or GW executed the following
medals : David and Jonathan ; — Religious Medal of 1543, obv.

— 349 —

Luna ^. Abundance; — Conversion of Saul of Tarsus, 1558 ; —
Florian Griesbech, 1567, &c.

The Adoration of the Magi and Shepherds, by un. .^lasici G«W.
Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884, p. 45.

GUY, VANNE or VENNE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Troyes, 1309-13 10, and from 13 10-13 11 i" conjunction with Pierre
La Coste.

BiBUOGR.\PHY. — Rondot, Graveurs de Troyes, Paris, 1892.

GUYBERT, PIERRE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint ot Tours,
1553-1563.

GDYON, GERMAIN (French). Jeton-engraver at Paris, circa 155 i.
Mazeroile does not think he can be identified with Germain Guiion.
Guyon is the author of some Jetons ot Raoul Moreau.

Bibliography. — Mazeroile, op cit.

GUYONNET L AMOUREUX. Fide AMOUREUX. Vol. I, p. 5 I4.

GUYOT, HARDOYN (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Angers,
15. November 1358 to 6. August 1563.
Bibliography. — Planchenault, La Motiitaie d' Angers, 1896.

GWORDEN, JOHANN (G^rw.). Mint-assistant at Brieg, 1673.

GWALCZHOFER, SIGMUND (/i/wj/r.). Mint-master in Austria, whose
name occurs on documents, 1477, 1479-82, 1484-88, 1491 ; he
died in 1494.

Bibliography. — Nentwich, Regesten :^Hr Geschichte der Munistdtte Wien, 1901.

— Ebengreuih, op. cit.

GYOT, PIERRE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Rennes
1593-1597-

GYOT, PIERRE JUNR (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Saint-L6, 1 584-1602.

— 350 —
GYOT, PIERRE (^French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Rennes,
1593-1597-

GYR, JU. DE (Dutch). Medallist of the early part of the seventeenth
century. One of his productions, dated 16 18, represents Peter
Gyron, Duke of Ossuna, Count of Urena, Viceroy of Sicily,
1579-1624.

Bibliography. — D"* Merzbacher, Ktinst-Medaillen-Katalog , Mai 1900.

r {Greek). According to Lermann (Athenatypen auf Griechischen
Miin^en, Miinchen, 1900), this letter represents an Engraver's name
on coins of Hyria, Pandosia, Thurium, Neapolis, Velia, and
Rhegium, as well as on gold, silver, and copper coins of Bruttii,
but I doubt if this attribution is correct.

— 351 —

H

H. {Greek). Possibly an Engraver's signature, which occurs on
Tarentine staters of the period comprised between 380-345 B.C.

I. ,<R. Didrachm. Obv. Naked youth galloping to r., grasping
reins with both hands; plain border.

^L. TAPA2. Taras astride on dolphin to 1. ; holds acrostolium in
outstretched r. hand ; on dolphin, artist's signature, H ; plain
border. Weight : 7.79 grammes.

Collection M. P. Vlasto; Hunterian Collection (PI. V, ^); Collec-
tion Seltman ; Paris Medal Cabinet ; Athens Medal Cabinet.

The reproduction is from M. Flastos specimen, which is the finest
known.

2. JK. Didrachm. Prototype of Type C. Evans, Horsemen of
Tarentum, p. 58, with different obverse. Obv. Naked horseman
with small shield; below, A.

^L. TAPA2. Taras seated sideways on dolphin; beneath P, and
on dolphin H. Weight : 7.90 grammes.

Collection M. P. Vlasto {from the Car f roe Sale).
3. yR. Didrachm. Cfr. Evans, Type A, n" 2 ; Period H,
Type E. 2, and p. 120. Also Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, II, i.

— 352 —

Obv, Naked horseman crowning his horse; in front, caduceus;
below horse, A.

' ^L. TAPAZ. Taras seated on dolphin to r. ; on dolphin H;
beneath P. Weight : 7.74 grammes.

Unpublished variety from M. P. Vlastds collection.
The Imhoof-Blumer specimen, without the caduceus visible, is
not correctly described in Evans, PI. Ill, i.

Note. — All the specimens which I reproduce here have been kindly communicated
to me by Mr. M. P. Vlasto, to whom I wish to tender my best thanks.

The subject of artists' signatures on Greek coins is a somewhat
difficult one, and for want of absolute knowledge, it is impossible,
except in the well-known instan:es on coins of Camarina, Catana,
Clazomenae, Cydonia, Metapontum, Polyrhenium, Syracuse,
Terina, Thurium, Velia, &c., to speak of them with anything like
certainty.

Mr. Arthur J. Evans has done a great deal towards clearing the
obscurity that surrounds these engravers and their works, and he
does not hesitate to attribute to artists many of the numerous signa-
tures which are found on Tarentine staters. Amongst these is the
letter H, which appears on the back of the dolphin on the varieties
reproduced above. Von Sallet was also disposed to consider as the
initial of an engraver's name the letter E which occurs in the same
position on a coin in the Berlin Museum. These signatures E, H
and also A have the same characteristics as EYAI on the small
dolphin in front of the nymph's head, on the fine Syracusan tetra-
drachm by Evaenetos, or KIMON on the dolphin ot the fine deca-
drachm by this artist.

The following remarks of Mr. Evans in Horsemen of Tarentumy
p. 120 sqq. are well worth quoting, as they elucidate many diffi-
cult points in the controversy :

"There is one side to the question which does not seem to have
been sufficiently considered by those who have approached the
subject from the standpoint of pure art criticism. It seems some-
times to be assumed that the actual engravers only signed in their
artistic capacity. Modern specializations of calling which separate the

- ^53 -

die-sinker's art-work from that of those who actually strike tiie
coins, and both again perhaps from that of the responsible mint
official, must not be allowed to pervert our judgment. The whole
character of the signatures on the Tarentine pieces shows that the
engravers signed as those responsible for the weight and metal as
well as the execution of the individual piece that bore their mark.
This is in perfect keeping with mediaeval analogies, and fits in
with what we know of the system in vogue at Antioch in Antiochos
Epiphanes' day', and apparently in other Asiatic Greek cities where
the coinage was in the hands of private individuals, who, like
Demetrios the Ephesian, seem to have united the callings of
moneyer and silversmith or jeweller. The appearance of more than
one die-sinker's name on the same coin is easily accounted for by
the existence of -jvEpvaTa'. or companies of moneyers and gold or
silversmiths, of which we have epigraphic evidence, or even of
smaller partnerships in business. The appearance of more than one
signature on the same side of a coin may occasionally afford an
illustration of a practice not unknown in the allied craft of gem-
engraving, and of which an instance may be cited in the celebrated
cameos 'inscribed AAOHOC CYN APEOflNI where EPOIOYN is
obviously understood. Such a collaboration, so familiar in the great-
er works of ancient art, enabled either artist to contribute his spe-
cial faculties towards the production of a composition. On the
whole, however, it is safer to suppose that in most cases the pre-
sence of more than one signature on the same die indicates the joint
responsibility of several maestri working in the same bottega. It is
further to be observed that in these cases one of the signatures
occurs at greater length than the others — an indication that this
more emphatic signature belongs to the actual engraver of the die.
Thus we find the artists who sign KAA. <J>I and API grouped toge-
ther in a series of coins of Period IV., all presumably from the same
atelier, buton coins where <i>\ occupies the principal place on a die we
find signatures of the others in the abbreviated forms of K or /R. »
On the fine Thuriumtetradrachm, inscribed I2T0P02 on exergual
line, we have another striking instance of a second signature in the
monogram NE which occurs as well on the rump of the bull.
H. Vide HPA, HPAKAEIAAI injrd.

H. Vide F. HAGENAUER of Strassburg, Medallist; resided at
Augsburg, 15 18-1543. Hi^ signature occurs also as F. H.

I . The story of King Antiochos, going about the city as a private person and
visiting the workshops of the moneyers ( ip^jyjy.o-v.x) and goldsmiths is ^iven by
Athenaeos (Lib. 10) on the authority of the 26«'' book of Polybios : " MaXiaxa 81
Jtpo? TO'.? apyjpoxo-st'o'.; i'jpiixi-o xai ypjaoyooi?, tOpsatXoywv xai 5ptXoTc/vwv 7^005
Toj; topEjTa; y.ai toj; aXXou; T£/viTa; ". The conjunction here with the Toreuta is
significant.

L. FoKRER. — Biographical NoUca of Medallists. — II. 3}

— 354 —

H. and trefoil above. Fide HIERONYMUS MAGDEBURGER. Medallist,
and Mint-master at Freiberg and Annaberg, circa 15 30-1 540.

H. Fide LUBERTUS HAUSMANN. Mint-engraver at Miihlhausen in
1616, and at Cassel, 1635-1639.

H. Fide ALBERTO HAMERANI. Medallist of theseventeenth century;
worked at Rome; died in 1677. Also A. H.

H. Fide OTTO HAMERANI. Medallist at Rome, seventeenth cen-
tury; died in 1768. Also 0. H.

H. Fide JOHANN HORN. Medallist and Coin-engraver at Danzig in
1659, afterwards in the service of the Electors of Brandenburg;
died in 1693 at Langenfuhr, near Danzig. Also I- H.

H. Fide JOHANN HORN JUNIOR. Medallist of the second halt ot
the seventeenth century; died in 1693. Also I. H.

H. Fide GIOVANNI HAMERANI. 1649-1705, Medallist at Rome,
circa 1677- 1705.

H. or ^ Fide HAUTSCH. Nuremberg Medallist, 1683-1711.
Also G. H.

H. r/Jg GABRIEL ROLLING. Die-sinker at Cassel, 1723-1728.

H. Fide HARTMANN. Medallist at Stockholm, 1699-173 9. Also
G. G. H.

H. FfJg ENGEL HARTMANN. Son of the last-named; Medallist of
Stockholm, 1731-1760.

H. Fide HILKEN. Die-sinker at Schwerin, 1703-17 17. Also
I. F.H.

H. Fide HAUPT. Medallist and Coin-engraver at St. Petersburg,
1700-1710. Also T. H.

H. Fide HANNIBAL. Die-sinker at Hanover and Clausthal, 1705-
1741. Also E. H.

H. Fide NORBERT HETLBROUCK. Engraver at the Mint ot Bruges,
eighteenth century.

H. Fide HIERONYMUS FORMSGHNEIDER. Nuremberg Modeller,
1529-1556.

H. Fide HEINRICH FRIEDRICH HALTER. Mint-master and coin-
engraver at Magdeburg, 1698-17 19.

- 355 —

H. Vide MARTIN CONRAD HANNIBAL. Die-sinker at Clausthal,
1741-1748.

H. Fide HERMANN. Mint-master at Cologne, 1715-1720. Also
I. I.H.

H. Fide HEDLINGER. Swiss Medallist; resided at Stockholm; died
in 1771. Also I. C. H.

H. Fide HAAG. Die-sinker in the service of Antony, Count of
Montfort, 1736.

H. Fide JOHANN HAAG. Medallist, and Coin-engraver; worked for
the Bishop of Chur, 1740-1749; was at St. Gall in 1777. Also I. H.
or 10. HA

H. Fide HANDMANN. Coin-engraver at the Mint of Basle, 1740-
1769. Also I. HM.

H. Fide HANF. Die-sinker at Bayreuth, 1742-1776. Also I. A. H.

H. Fide HARREWYN. Medallists (3) of Brussels, eighteenth cen-
tury.

H. Fide HOLZHAUSER. Medallist at Warsaw, 1764- 1792. Also
I. PH.

H. Fide HABERBACH. Coin-engraver at Goslar, 1764, andatZerbst,
1766-1781.

H. Fide HERMANN HELD. Die-sinker at Magdeburg, 1877.

H. Fide JOHANN GOTTFRIED HELD. Medallist at Breslau, 1764-
1799. Also I. G. H.

H. FiWfLUDWIG HELD. 1805-1839. Die-sinker at Berlin.

H. Fide HAGEN. Coin-engraver at the Mint of Clausthal, 1776-
1789.

H. Fide. HEIGELIN. Warden at the Stuttgart Mint, 1760-1794.
Also D. E. H.

H. Fide HOLTZHEIMER. Die-sinker at Hanau, 1775-1820.

H. Fide HEIN. Die-sinker at Neustrelitz, end of eighteenth cen-
tury.

H. Fide WENZEL HAINL. Assistant-engraver at the Vienna Mint,
1770-1780.

- 356 -

fi. Fide HANCOCK. Die-sinker at Birmingham, end of eighteerith
century and beginning of nineteenth century. Also I. G. H.

H. Fide HELBIG. Mint-master at Dresden, 1804-1813. Also
S.G. H.

H. Fide HEURTHADX. Die-sinker at Paris, 1805-1812.

H. Fide EASE. Mint-director at Hanover, 1803-18 18. Also
G. H. H.

H, Fide HALLIDAY. Die-sinker at Birmingham, beginning of the
nineteenth century; worked circa 1810-1844.

H. Fide PHILIPP HUHN. Die-sinker at Darmstadt, 18 17- 1820.

H. Fide LAURENT JOSEPH HART. 1810-1860, Die-sinker at
Brussels.

H. Fide HERKNER. Die-sinker at Warsaw, circa 1852.

H. Fide HILLE. Mint-master at Halberstadt, 1 666-1 674, Bruns-
wick, 1675-76, again at Halberstadt, 1677-81, Minden 1682-1713,
and Rendsburg, 1716-1726. Also B. H.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, Ahkui-^ungen auf Mutf^en der neueren
Zeit, des Mittelalters und des Alter thiivis, Berlin, 1896.

TCH (mon.)or T. CH. Signature on a Dutch seventeenth century
Plaque in repouss^ work, representing themy th of Adonis and Venus.

H. Fide HIERONYMUS MAGDEBURGER. Medallist at Freiberg and
Annaberg, arm 1530- 1540.

H. and J^. (fiermS). This signature is found on an oval box-wood
Medallion of 1523, representing on obv. a female head, and on ^.
a Centaur. The style and execution are quite in keeping with the
period.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.

HAM. F/<ig ERMENGILDE HAMERANI. Medallist at Rome, 1704-1744.

H^B {Germ.). Signature of one of the best Medallists of the
German Renaissance. The period of his activity extended trom 1540
to 1555, and as his productions mostly represent eminent
Nuremberg citizens, it is more than likely that Nuremberg was the
place of his residence. Erman calls attention to the remarkably thin
hollow casting of his medals.

Signed by this artist are the following medals : Undated. Ursula
Durr, of Nuremberg (aet. 46). Stone model in the Berlin Museum,
accompanied by a notice, written in the eighteenth century :
,, Vom Augustin Hirschvogl war diese Ursula Durrer in diesen

— 357 —

Marmorstein 1530 geschnitten worden. Sieh dessen Zeichen unter
dem linken arm. "); — 1540. Christoph Scheurl, of Nuremberg
(Berlin); — 1540- Christoph Tetzel, of Nuremberg (Berlin); —
1 5 41. Mathes Hes, of Nuremberg (Itzinger Collection; specimen
sold tor 360 Marks in December 1889) ; — (1546.) Ursula, Countess
Solms-Lich, obv. .;• VRSVLA GEPOREN GREVIN ZV SOLMS
Z.IRS ALTERS IM.XVII. Bust to 1. Tin, uniface (Felix Collec-
tion, n" 251 of Sale Catalogue, 1895). In connection with this
medal, Erman remarks : " Die mehrfach besprochene Frage, ob
auch Abgiisse in Blei oder Zinn in allgemeinem Gebrauch waren,
glaube ich bejahen zu miissen. So besitzt Herr Itzinger ein hohl
gegossenes Zinn (die ^L. einer der Solms'schen Medaillen des
H;j^B), an dessen Alter mir nicht der geringste Zweifel gestattet
zu sein scheint, und von den Medaillen des Tobias Wolff giebt es
zahlreiche einseitige Bleiabgiisse, von denen das Gleiche gilt.
Ebenso wurden nach Neudorffers Angabe (ed. Lochner S. 159)
1538 in den Grundstein eines Niirnberger Bauwerkes goldene una
bleierne Exemplare der dazu verfertigten officiellen Denkmiinze
gelegt. Dazu kommt die Thatsache, dass in einem Thurmknopf zu
Dresden 1701 ein Depositum gefunden wurde, das fiinf bleierne
Medaillen enthielt (i Herzog Georgs, 3 seiner Rathe, i Karls V.
von 1530) und dass sie bei der Erbauung niedergelegt waren,
bevvies ein dabei liegender Zettel (Tentzel, lin. Alb. S. 223). Damit
will ich aber natiirlich nicht behaupten, dass alle die scheinbar alten
Exemplare in unsern Sammlungen Originale sind ; vielmehr weise
ich ausdriicklich auf die Notiz bei Stetten hin, dass der " selige
Hertel " Hagenauers Medaillen gesammelt und ** in Bleiabgiissen

Portrait-medal of Lenhart Kobolt (Berlin).

bekannter gemacht " habe ". We have seen also that most of
Flotner's productions are only known in lead impressions, undoubt-

- 358-

edly contemporar)'^ ; and likewise some of the medals attributed to
Diirer, as for instance the Portrait-medallion of Michael Wohl-
gemuth in the possession of Max Rosenheim Esq., F.S.A. illustr.
Vol. I, p. 474.) 5 — (1546)- Amalie, Countess Solms-Lich (Felix
Collection; described in Bergmann); — 1546.... Countess Solms-
Lich, Lady of Minzenberg (^. only, from theltzinger Collection).
In the Sale Catalogue (lot 307) this medal is described as probably
the work of Hans Sebald Beham, and the Cataloguer adds : " Die
Medaille ist von meisterhafter Arbeit und Ausfuhrung ") ; —
1547. Lorenz Muiler and Margarete Nesin (Berlin); — IH7-
Johann Fichard and Frau Elisabeth, of Frankfort (illustr. in Riippel);
— 1547. Justinian von Holzhausen, of Frankfort (illustr. in Riippel);
— 1547. Jurig von Hoi '' Kais. Maj. Oberster " (Berlin) ; — 1552.
Lenhart Kobolt, of Nuremberg (^illustrated); — 1552. Wenzel

Portrait-medal of Willibald Gebhard.

Jamnitzer, a Nuremberg artist ; obv. WENCZEL lAMNICZER—
XLIIII, lAR ALT, IM.MDLIL Bust to r., with long beard ; signa-
ture on truncation (Berlin ; an impression in lead is described in

Medal of Stephan Bair.

D' Merzbacher's Kunst-Medaillen-Katalog , n° 337); — ^553-
Willibald Gebhard, Clerk to the Nuremberg Town Council
(Berlin; illustrated); — Mr Max Rosenheim has allowed me to

— 359 —

illustrate his specimen of tiiis rare medal. In the Felix Collection
existed a lead impression of the same medal by Rockl; — 1555.
Stephan Bair, Clerk to the Town Council ot Nuremberg (Berlin ;
illustrated); — Undated. Laux Kreler and his consort Elisabeth.

All the medals mentioned above are of exquisite style; the por-
traiture on them rivals that of the finest contemporary productions
of the great masters. Hagenauer, Hans Schwartz, Peter Flotner,
Tobias Wolff, the artists who sign themselves j{), MH,, H;,^B,
and others belonging mostly to the first half of the sixteenth century
have left us true gems of medallic art, worked with all the patience
and delicacy characteristic of German Renaissance work. They
remained strangers to all research of ideal beauty, but consciously
copied nature, and " their medals recommend themselves for their
poignant accent of living truth and realistic expression of the phy-
siognomies " .

Medallists did not always themselves look after both the casting
and chasing of their medals, and this explains the reason why one
meets with rude castings which nevertheless are undoubtedly old.
They were done by unskilled hands, goldsmiths and other artisans,
at the time, to supply the large demand that then existed for them.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medaillenre, Berlin, 1884. — Bergmann,
Medailkn auf berulmile Maimer des osterreich. Kaiserstaates, Wien, 1844. — Bolzen-
thal, op. cit. — Lenormant, Mommies el Medailles, Paris, n. d. — Hess, Sammliing
des Herrn Eugen Felix in Leip:^ig. — Hess, Sammlung des Herrn Wilhelm It^inger
in Berlin. — D"" Merzbacher, Kunst-Medaillen-Katalog, Mai 1900. — Ruppel,
Kescheihung tind Ahhildung der SctMumiin^en, welche :(um Angedenken von Beu'ohnern
Frankftirts geferligt wtirden, Frankfurt a. M., 1855.

H (Germ.). Signature on a medal of Frederick IV. of Liegnitz,
1595-

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens neuere Mfin^eschichle, 1900.

m and J-R;. Vide HANS REINHARDT. Saxon MedaUist, i 535-1544.

IH (or IB, or HE). In Tresor de numismaliqne et de Glyptique a fine
oval medal of John George III. of Saxony is illustrated on PI. 44,
8, where the signature may be read as above.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit., p. 91.

H {French). Initial ot an Engraver of the end of the eighteenth
century. It occurs on a medal commemorating the Death of
Louis XVI., 1793, and on another with bust of General Bonaparte
and ^L. BELLO GLORIOSO PACIS AEQVVS IDEM PACE
PARTA LIBERTATIS ADSERTOR, struck at the time of the
Peace of Campo-Formio, 1797.

Bibliography. — Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Revolution francaiu,
Paris, 1826.

— 3^0 —

y. Fide HANS DOLLINGER. German Medallist of the first half of
the sixteenth century.

A. H. Vide ALBERT HUET. Mint-master in Transsylvania , circa
1606.

A. H. or Ai Vide ALBERTO HAMERANI, 1620 + 1677. Medallist
at Rome.

A. H. or AI r/J^ ANDREAS HILLE. Mint-master at Stade, 1670;
Rostock, 1672-1678; Schleswig, 1674; and Ratzeburg, 1678.

A. H. Vide HEINIG. Die-sinker at Freiberg, circa 1 730-1740.

A. G. H. Vide HILLE. Mint-master at Riga, circa 1700.

A. V. H. Vide AUGUST HAKEBERG. Mint-warden at Minden, 1674-
1675.

B. H. Vide BASTIAN HILLE. Mint-master at Halberstadt, 1666-
1674; Brunswick, 1675-1676; Halberstadt, 1677-1681 ; Minden,
1682-1713 ; and Rendsburg, 1716-1726.

B. H. r/c?^ BEATRICE HAMERANI. Die-sinker at Rome, died in 1703.

B. H. Vide JOHANN GEORG BUNSEN and HEINRICH HILLE. Mint-
master and Warden of the Mint at Frankfort-on-M., 1790-1825.
These initials appear on coins of the Grand Duchy of Frankfort,
1810-1812.

C. H. Vide CASPAR HERBACH, surnamed KUNST-CASPAR, of
Saxony, Goldsmith, Architect and Medallist; worked at Copenha-
gen; died in 1664. Also F. C. H.

C. H. Vide CLAUS HINDEIKSEN. Mint-master at Arboga (Sweden),
1627.

C. H. Vide I. C. HEDLINGER. Medallist at Stockholm; died in 1771.
Also I. C. H.

C. H. Vide I. C. HEUGELIN. Mint-master at Stuttgart, 1784-1808.
Also I. C. H.

C. H. H. Vide CHRISTIAN HEINRICH HASE. Mint-master at Hano-
ver, 1803-1817; f 1818.

C. H. I. Vide CHRISTIAN HEINRICH JASTER. Mint-master at Neu-
strelitz, 1745-1749, and Berlin, 1749-1763.

C. H. K. Vide CONRAD HEINRICH KUCHLER. Flemish Medallist;
worked at Darmstadt, 1763-1772; Frankfort-on-M., 1775; and
later in England, where he died in 1802. Also K.

- 36i -

C. H. L. Fide CASPAR HEINRICH LYNG. Mint-master at Altona,
1771, and Copenhagen, 1783; Mint-director there, 1788; died
in 1805.

C. H. M. Vide CHRISTOPH HEINRICH MDLLER. Medallist at Augs-
burg, eighteenth century.

C. H. N. Fide CHRISTOPHORUS HOEFLICH NORIMBERGENSIS.

Nuremberg Goldsmith, circa 1528.

C. H) or C. K). F, Fide SAMOLLA JUDIN. Russian Die-sinker, 1704-
1750.

C. H. R. Fide C. H. ROLL (?) Die-sinker at Kremnitz.

C. H. S. Fide CHRISTOPH HENNIG SCHLUTER. Mint-master at
Lippe, i658-i66o;Goslar, 1674-1675 ; Mint- Warden of the District
of Lower Saxony, 1681.

C. H. S. Fide CONRAD HEINRICH SCHWERDTNER. Mint-master at
Hanau, 1757-1758, Dantzig and Elbing, 1759-1761 ; and Mitau,
1762.

g. H. & S. A. P. Fide CARL HOFER UND JOHN AUSPRAG. Die-
sinking Establishment at Prague.

C. H. S. U. Fide C. H. S. ULITSCH. Die-sinker at Breslau, circa

1757-
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

C. H, {Germ.). These initials occur on a medal of 1687 on the
proposed Building of a Church for French Refugees, at Koenigsberg.

Bibliography. — D^ Menadier, Schaumun\en des Houses HohenioUern, Berlin,
1901,

D. H. Fide DANIEL HEIGELIN. Warden of the Stuttgart Mint,
1760-1794. Also D. F. H.

D. H. F. Fide DANIEL HASLINGH. Die-sinker at Hamburg, 1730-
1749.

D. H. M. Fide DAVID HEINRICH MATTHAUS. Mint-master at
Stettin, 1685-1688, and Stralsund, 1688-1691.

E. H. Fide HERMENGILDO HAMERANI, 1 683-1744. Die-sinker at
Rome, after 1704.

E. H. F/V/g EHRENREICH or EHRENFRIED HANNIBAL, 1678-1741.
Die-sinker at Hanover, 1705, and Clausthal, 171 5.

E. H. Fide ENGEL HARTMANN. Medallist at Stockholm, 1740-1760.

— 3^2 —

E. H. A. Z. Vide ERNST HERMANN AGATHUS ZIEGLER. Mint-
master at Stolberg, 1790- 1807.

F. H. FideF. HOHLEISEN. Mint-master at Augsburg, 1764.

F. H. or H. Vide HIERONYMUS FORMSCHNEIDER. Nuremberg
Modeller, 1529-1556.

F. H. or ;^ or H. Vide FRIEDRICH HAGENAUER. Medallist at
Augsburg, 1326-1332; still living in 1546.

F. H. Vide FRINGS (Warden) and HOHLEISEN (Mint-master) at
Augsburg, 1760-1769,

F. H. Vide FRIEDRICH HEIGELIN. Warden of the Mint at Stuttgart,
1760-1794. Also H. or D. F. H.

F. H. Vide FRIEDRICH HEHRWAGEN. Mint-administrator at Hanau,
1785-1821. Also I. F. H.

F. H. Vide FRIEDRICH HOFFMANN. Mint-master at Warsaw,
1827-1830.

F. H B. Vide FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDT. Mint-master at
Rostock, 1782-1795.

F. H. K. Vide FRIEDRICH HEINRICH KRUGER. Coin-engraver at
Dresden, from 1787.

F. H. P. Vide FRANZ HERMANN PRANGHE. Warden of the Mint •
at Wiirzburg, 1762- 1790.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

f^ (^Gerni.) This monogram occurs on three small box- wood
models in the Berlin Cabinet. One ot them, dated 1534, repre-
sents Raimund Fugger ; the other two are anonymous. From
similarity of work to the known productions of Hagenauer, these
medals are ascribed to that renowned artist.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit., p. 39.

G. H. Vide GEORG HEINECKE or HEINKE. Mint-master at Liegnitz,
1612-1623. Also G.III.H. or G.(L.) H.

G. H. Vide GEORG HUBNER. Warden of the Mint at Breslau,
1645-1665.

G. H. Vide GOTTFRIED HEYER. Mint-master at Herborn, 1681-
1682. Also G. 0. H.

G. H. Vide GEORG HADTSCH. Medallist at Nuremberg, 1683-
1711.

- 363 -

G. H. Vide GERHARD HULS. Warden of the Mint at Cologne,
1726-1750.

G. H. Fide GEERT HULL. Medallist nt Copenhagen, 1782-18 10.

G. H. Vide GIOACCHIMO HAMERANI JUN«. Medallist at Rome,
1780-1805.

G. H. E. Vide GEORG HIERGNYMUS EBERHARD. Warden of the
Mint at Saalfeld, 1732; Mint-master there, 1740-1754.

G. H. F. Vide GIOVANNI HAMERANI. Medallist at Rome, 1780-
1805.

G. H. Vide GEORG HOLDERMANN. Die-sinker at Nuremberg, 1619.

G. H. P. Vide GEORG HARTMANN PLAPPERT. Coin-engraver to
the Westphalian circle, circa 1659 ; Mint-master atldstein, -f 1692.

G. H. S. Vide GEORG HEINRICH SINGER. Warden of the Mint at
Breslau, 1746; Mint-master, 1752-1760.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

•H^and .H. R. H. {Germ.). Vide also E. A. Signature of an excel-
lent Medallist of the Rhine Province, who worked during the
second half of the sixteenth century. Erman ascribes to him four
medals : 1560. Georg Mirdel, " Canonicus Sancti Stephani ";
perhaps a Dutch ecclesiastic (Berlin Museum); — 1573. Eucharius
(Kretzer), " Decanus S. Paulini prope Treverim (Dannenberg
collection^; — 1580. Jacob von Eltz, Arcbishop of Treves (BerHn ;
illustrated) ; — Undated (?). Daniel Brendel of Homburg, Arch-

Medal ot Jacob von Eltz, Archbishop of Treves.

bishop of Mayence (Berlin).

Erman observes : " Ein vortrefflicher rheinischer Kiinstler;
seine drei sicher beglaubigten Arbeiten haben trotz der zwanzig-
jahrigen Differenz noch Gemeinsames ".

— 3^4 —

The celebrated Saxon Medallist, Hans Reinhard, whose period of
activity extends from 1535 to 1547, signed also -j-j^ or FR, and his
son, Hans Reinhard Jun"", bywhom a medal is known, dated 1582,
used the monogram IR.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit., p. 66.

I. H. VideJOST HALTERMANN. Mint-master at Riga, 1660.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HORN the Elder, Medallist at Danzig, 1636-
1687.

I. H. or H. or JB or EIVN or ^h Fide JOHANN HOHN junior,
Medallist and Coin-engraver at Danzig and in the service of the
Electors of Brandenburg; died in 1693 ^^ Langenfuhr, near
Danzig.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HOFFMANN. Mint-master at Detmold, 1671-
1695.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HORCHER. Mint-assistant at Erturt, 1675-
1676.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HOHN. Die-sinker at Danzig, circa 1697.

I. H. or I. HF. or 10. H. Vide JOHANNES HAMERANUS, 1649-1705.
Medallist at Rome, from 1677.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HERMANN. Mint-master at Cologne, 17 15-
1720. Also I. I. H.

I. H. T/V/c JOHANN HITTORF. Mint-master at Bonn, 1733-1738.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HAAG. Medallist at Tettnang and Langenar-
gen, 1740-1763. Also H. or 10. HA.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HANDMANN. Coin-engraver at Basle, 1740-
1769. Also I. H. M.

I. H. Vide JOHANN HEIMREICH. Mint-master at Eisenach, 1750-

1754-

I. H. Vide JEAN BAPTISTE HARREWYN. Belgian Medallist, second
half of the eighteenth century, 1764-1783.

I. H. Vide JEAN HARDY. Medallist at Paris, under Louis XIV.

I. H. Vide JOHANN BAPTIST HARNISCH. Medallist at Vienna,
1785-1833.

I. H. B. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH BERG. Mint-master at Rostock,
1750-1764.

- 565 -

1. fl. F. yide JOflANN HILCKEN. Medallist at Schweriri, I703-
1717. Also I. F. H.

I. H. I. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH JACOB. Mint-master at Sagan,
under Wallenstein, 1629.

I. H. L. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH LOWE. Mint-master at Ham-
burg, ijiyijSo, and Stralsund, 1761-1763.

I. H. L. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH LOWE. Mint-master at Neustre-
litz, 1769-1786.

I. HM. Vide JOHANN JACOB HANDMANN. Coin-engraver at
Basle, 1740-1769.

I. H. M. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH MADELUNG. Mint-master at
Oldenburg, 1760-1766; Warden of the Mint at Kongsberg, 1770,
and Mint-master there, 1773-1776.

I. H. Vide GIUSEPPE ORTOLANI of Venice, Medallist at Rome,
1689-1734.

I. H. R. Vide GIOVANNI HAMERANI. Medallist at Rome, second
half of the seventeenth century, 1649- 1705.

I. H. S. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH SIEGEL. Mint-master at Harzge-
rode, 1744-175 2.

I. H. S. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH SCHEPP. Mint- master at Weil-
burg, 1749- 1 750.

I. H. S. Vide JOHANN HENNIG SCHLDTER. Mint-master to the
Landgraves of Hesse, 1750-1760; died at Frankfort-on-M. in

1773-

I. H. S. Vide JOHANN HOLZHAUSER (IN) SLONIN. Medallist in
Poland, end of eighteenth century.

I. H. T. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH TAGLANG. Mint-master at

Zweibriicken, 1621-1626.

I. H. T. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH THIELE. Coin-engraver at
Brunswick, 17 14; Warden of the Mint there, 1723, and Mint-
master, 1729; died in 1732.

I. H. V. U. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH VON USLAR. Mint-director at
Hildesheim, 1764-1784; died in 1806.

I. H. W. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH WERNER. Medallist at Erfurt,
1732-1762.

— 366 —

I. H. W. Vide JOEAim HENRIK WOLFF, 1727-1788. Coin-engraver
at Copenhagen, 1760, and Altona, I77i-i779;t 1788.

I. H. Z. Fide JULIUS HEINRICH ZWITTIGMEYER. Mint-master at
Hanover, 17 69-1 781.

L. H. or H Fide LUBERT HAUSSMANN of Cassel. Mint-master at
Muhlhausen 1616, and at Cassel, 1635-1638.

L. H. Fide LUDWIG HELD, 1805-1839. Medallist at Berlin.

H Fide HAUBOLD LEHENER. Coin-engraver at the Ratisbon
Mint, 1598-1632.

L. H. B. Fide LUDWIG HEINRICH BARBIEZ. Medallist at Berlin,
1738-1754.

L. H. L. Fide LUDOLPH HEINRICH LUDERS. Mint-master at Det-
mold and Brake, 1716-1727.

M. H. or m Fide MELCHIOR HOFFMANN. Warden of the Mint at
Berlin, 1589 ; Mint-master, 1602; died in 1620.

M. H. Fide MICHAEL HODERMANN. Warden of the Mint at Brom-
berg, 1671-1678.

M. H. Fide MARTIN HOLTZHEY, 1697-1764. Medallist at Ams-
terdam, from 17 1 7.

M. H. Fide MARTIN HANNIBAL. Mint-master at Clausthal, 1741-
1748.

M. H. 0. FideMARTlH HEINRICH OMEIS, 1650-1703. Medallist
and Coin-engraver at Dresden.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

MH (Germ.') One of a series of rough oval medals, apparently
all done by the same artist, bears the indistinct monogram MH.
The author of these medals must have been a Nuremberg
Medallist who worked at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
1603. Anthon Geuder (Berlin Museum); — 1603. Magdalene
Geuder, daughter of the last (Berlin; illustrated); — 1603.
Christoph Purer, husband of the last (Berlin); — 1603. Hans
Nutzel (Berlin); — 1603. Paul Diether (Berlin); — Undated.
Georg Pfintzing (aet. 36) (Berlin); — Undated. Martin Haller

- 367 -

(act, 51) (Berlin); — 1603. Jeremias HarsdorfFer and Frau Susanna
(Berlin) ; — 1603. Paul Harsdorffer (Berlin).

Medal of Magdalene Geuder.

According to Erman, two medals of Christoph Purer, dated
1602 and 1612, and one of Hans Volland, 1604 (all three in the
Berlin Collection) may possibly belong to the same artist.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche MedaiUeure, p. 77.

M. H. {Genn.y D"^ Merzbacher in his Sale Catalogue of the
Gutekunst Medals describes a Portrait-piece of Conrad von Ofen-
bach, dated 1571, on which he has read the signature M. H. and
which he attributes to a North German Medallist of the latter
part of the sixteenth century.
* Bibliography. — D"" Eug, Merzbacher, Kunst-Medailkn-Katalo^, Mai 1900.

N. H. Fide NIKOLAUS HONEL. Mint-master at Olkusz in Poland,
1586.

N. H. or NH- Ficie NIKOLAUS HENNIG. Mint-master at Elbing,
1652-1662.

0. H. or H. Fide OTTONE HAMERANI, 1 694-1768. Medallist at
Rome; Mint-master there, 1734.

0. H. K. Fide OTTO HEINRICH KNORRE. Mint-master at Schwerin,
1751-1756, also at the same time and until 1760, Mint-master at
Stralsund, and at Hamburg, 1761-1805.

P. H. Fide PETER HEMA. Mint-master at Glatz, circa 1630.

P. H. Fide HACKL, PHILIP IGNATZ. Mint-master at Krummau,
1681-1689.

— 568 —

i»H. fiAL. Fide PHILIPPVS BALUGANI, 1734-1780. Die-sinker at
Bologna. Also F.B.

P. H. G. Fide PAUL HEINRICH GODECKE. Medallist at Hamburg,
1730-1764.

P. H. L. Fide PETER H. LUNDGREN. Medallist at Stockholm,
second half of the nineteenth century.

P. H. M. Fide PHILIPP HEINRICH MULLER, 1650-1718. Medallist,
and Coin-engraver who worked at Nuremberg and Augsburg.

PH. R. FideVElLlFP ROETTIERS. Coin-engraver ot the eighteenth
century; -f 1732.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

^ (Germ.y Monogram of a Modeller ot the second halt ot the
sixteenth century. This monogram occurs on the stone model of
a medal of Jacob Mutfel (Dannenberg Collection) and on another
of a medal ot Georg Roggenbach (Berlin). The last is dated 1575,
and the personage represented was *' Consulent der RepubHk
Niirnberg ".

Nagler mentions medals of Melanchthon signed P. H.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit., p. 55. — Nagler, Motiograinmisten.

P. H. (Swiss^ Signature of an unknown MedaUist of the beginning
of the eighteenth century. These initials appear on a medal of 1707
commemorating the Alliance of the Reformed Cantons.

Bibliography. — Nagler, op. cit.

R. H. (Germ.). These initials occur on a Groschl of 1624 struck
at Breslau.
Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens neuere Mun:^geschichte, Breslau, 1900.

S. H. FideSkVlUEL HANHARDT. Coin-engraver at Basle, 1624-1654.

S. H. Fide SEBASTIAN HUGGENBERG. Coin-engraver at Salzdahlen,
1689-1700.

S. H. or S. H. S. Fide SALOMON HAMMERSCHMIDT. Mint-master
at Breslau, 1666-1690.

T. H. Fide THEODOR HAUPT. Coin-engraver at S^ Petersburg,
1700-1710.

T. H. or T. H. F. Fide T. HALLIDAY. Die-sinker in London, early
part of the nineteenth century.

V. H. Fide DAVID GERHARD VON HACHTEN. Die-sinker at Ham-
burg, 1 704- 1 726.

— 369 —

V. H. Fide VON HAVEN. Mint-master at Copenhagen, I747-1761 .
AlsoP.W.V.H.

V. H. Fide VON HOVEN. Mint-master at Fulda, 1765 -1796.

W. H. (^Germ.). These initials of a Mint-master or Coin-engraver
of Cleves, appear on currency issued between 1690 and 1695.

W. H. or WR. H. Fide JOHANN WERNER HENSCHEL. MedalUst at
Cassel, circa 1838.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. A. Fide HEINRICH ANGERSTEIN. Mmt-master at Coburg, 1686-
1705. Fide H.E.A.

H. A. K. Fide HANS ADAM KIENLEN. Mint-master at Ulm, 1663-
1667.

HA misread monogram for HR. Fide HANS REIMER. Goldsmith,
and Medallist of Munich, who worked for Duke Albert V. ot
Bavaria, The monogram HR occurs on a medal of Albert V., dated
1554, ^^'^ o" ^ second one of Margarethe von Fraunhofen. The
first of these medals used to be ascribed, erroneously, to Anton
Hundertpfund, who was Mint-master at Munich under Albert V.
Herr J. V. KuU has established the identity of the author of this
medal, who is Hans Reimer.

Medal of Albert V. of Bavaria, signed HR.

Bibliography. — J. V. KuU, Ein Monogramm anf bayerischen PorlraitmedailUn,
Mittheilungen der Bayerischen Numisniatischen Gesellschaft, Munchen, 1898. —
Zimmermann, Die hildenden Kunsle am Hof Her^og Albrechis V von Bayern, Strass-
burg, 1895. — P. f. Meier, Blatter fur Munifreutide, col. 204s, Note. — Auktion
Kat.Eug. Felix, P\. II, 64.

L. FokKEK. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. >4

— 370 ~

HAAG, ANTON (Germ.). Coin-engraver for the Counts of Montfort
before 1736, when he was succeeded by Johann Haag, presumably
his son.

HAAG, JOHANN (Germ.). Medallist and Coin-engraver ot the
second and third quarters of the eighteenth century. According to
several writers and the testimony ot the coins, this Engraver worked
for the Count of Montfort, between 1736 and 1752; in 1734 he
succeeded Jonas Thiebaud as Die-cutter at the Mints ot Langenargen
and Tetnang, in the service of Prince Frederick William of
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, with a salary of 52 Florins. He worked
for the Lucerne and Unt^rwald (Obwald) coinage in 1743; his
signature occurs on several issues of 1749 of Joseph Benedict
Freiherr von Rost, Bishop of Chur, and, 1773- 1777, he filled the
post of Mint-master and Engraver to the Mint of S* Gall, under
Bishop Beda Anghern von Hagenwyl.

The following coins engraved by Johann Haag have come under
my notice. With the signature, I. HAAG : N. 5 Ducats (Trachsel)
7 Ducats (Poole) of Joseph Benedict Freiherr von Rost, Bishop of
Chur (1728-1754), dated 1749; — sig. I. HAAG, F. : ^R. Thaler
of Ernest, Count of Montfort (1734-1788), dated 1749; — JR..
Thaler of 1752; — Michaelsgulden of Beromiinster, undated
(3 varieties) ; — sig, H : AT. Ducal of Beda Anghern von Hagen-
wyl, Bishop of St, Gall (1767-1796); — JR.. Thaler of 1777; —
20 Kreutzer piece, 1774; — 12 Kreutzer piece, 1773 ; — Kreutzer,

Thaler of St. Gall, 1777, by Johann Haag.

undated ; — A^. Ducat of Joseph Benedict, Bishop of Chur, dated
1741 (3 var,); — N. Ducat of 1749; — Sig. I. H. : Batzen of
Lucerne, 1743; — Halt-batzen, 1743; — AT. Ducat of Unterwald
(Obwald), dated 1743 (2 var,), and silver impression of the Ducat;
— sig. 'H. : AT. Ducat of Joseph Benedict, Bishop of Chur, dated
1749-

— 371 —

Haag's signature occurs also on a medal struck in commemora-
tion of the Removal of the Relics of St. Othmar, first Abbot of
St. Gall, middle ofthe eighth century, issuedby Abbot Beda, in 1773.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. -■
C. F. Trachsel, Die Mun:^en und Medaillen Grauhundens , Berlin, 1866. —
Ad. Inwyler, Die Michelspfennige des Collegialstiftes BeromunsUr, Revue Suisse de
numismatique, 1898. — Ammon, op. cit. — Tobler-Meyer, IVunderly v. Miiralt
Catalogue. — Reimmann Catalogue. — Bahrfeldt, Mnnien der Ffirsteiitljfwier Hohen:(ol-
lern, Berlin, 1900.

HAASE, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH {Germ.). Mint-master at Hanover,
1814-1818.

HAASE, BDRKHARD (Germ.). 1603, Mint- warden to Duchess
Anna Maria of Liegnitz; 1614-1616, Mint-master at Troppau ;
then again in the service of the Princes of Liegnitz-Brieg. His ini-
tials are found on coins of Reichenstein, dated 16 16, and 1617;
Brieg, 1621 and 1622. From 1619 to 1621 Haase executed coin-
dies for the Duke of Oels, &c.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Stuiien \ur schhsischen Medaillenkundey Schle-
siens Vorzeit in Bild und Schrift, 1897.

HABERBACH (Germ.). Coin-engraver at the Mmt of Goslar, in
1764, and at Zerbst, from 1766 to 178 1. His initial H appears on
some of the currency which he engraved. Nagler calls this artist
HABERLACH.

HABERKORN, IGNATZ (Bohem). The obsidional coins issued by the
French General during the siege of Eger by the Austrians, in 1743,
were engraved by a belt-maker of the above-name.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Beschreibung der Sammlung Bohmischtr MUnien und
Medaillen des Max Donebauer, Prag, 1888.

HABERLE, A. (Bohem.) Contemporary Die-sinker at Prague. His
signature appears on several medals which have come under ray
notice : Prize Medal of the American-Bohemian Athletic Competi-
tion at Cesky Brod, 1887; — Agricultural Prize Medal of Caslau,
1879 ; — Medal on the Presentation of a Flag to the Athletic Society
of Chlumetz, 1885 ; — Twentieth Anniversary of the Athletic
Society of Pilsen, 1883; — Silver Wedding ofthe Emperor of
Austria, Francis Joseph and Empress Elizabeth, 1879 (sev.
var), &c.

Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit.

HACHTEN, DAVID GERHARD VON (Germ.). Medallist and Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Hamburg, 1704-1726. His initials V. H. or
the signature : VON HACHTEN, appear on his medals. He also
worked for the Court of Sweden. By him are the following medals :

— 372 —

Hamburg Jubilee Medal, 1717; — Charles XIL, Peace between
Sweden and Prussia, 1703 ; — Another, on the same event, 1704,
signed : V. HACHT. ; — Return of King Charles XII. to Stralsund,
17 14, signed : Hamb. Exc. ab Hachten; — Anniversary of King
Charles XIL, 28. January 1715 (5 var.) ; — The three Fredericks
(of Denmark, Prussia and Poland), leagued against Charles XIL,
1716; — Death of Charles XIL at Friediichsthal, 17 18; — &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Hildebrand,
op. cit.

HACKEBERG, AUGUST (G^rm.). Clerk at the Mint ot Berlin, 1672-
1679 ; worked the Mint at Crossen. His initials HA-B occur on some
of the currency issued under him.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

HACKHL, PHILIP IGNATZ (Austr.). Administrator, 1677-1681,
and Master, i68r-i689, of the Krummau Mint, in the ser-
vice of John Christian, Duke of Krummau, Prince of Eggenberg.
The coins issued under Hackhl bear his initials P. H. and were
engraved by the Viennese Die-sinker Hans Georg Muller.

Bibliography. — Fiala, op. cit.

HACKWOOD, WILLIAM (Brit.). Modeller and Sculptor of the
second half of the eighteenth century. He was employed by Wedg-
wood and Bentley, for whom he executed Portrait-medallions.

Bibliography. — Gray , James and William Tassie, Edinburgh, 1896.

HADERMANN, MICHAEL {Germ.). Warden of the Mint at Brom-
berg, 1 67 1, and 1677- 1685. His issues are signed M. H.

Bibliography. — D^ Max Kirmis, Handhnch der Polnischen Mun:(kuttde, Posen,
1892.

HADLEY, ROBERT DE (Brit.). Money er of St. Edmundsbury in
1280, under Edward I. On Pennies issued by him we find his
name : ROBERT DE HADELEIE and also : ROBERTVS DE HADL.

" This is the last instance of a moneyer's name forming the
legend upon any English coin ".

Penny of Edward I., issued by Robert de Hadley.

I have not included in my List of Engravers, Mint-masters, &c.,
the names of Anglo-Saxon, Merovingian, etc. Moneyers, in order

— 373 —

to avoid overcrowding, but there is no doubt that many of these
Moneyers, if not most of them, themselves engraved the dies of
the coins which they issued. On p. 498, Vol. I, I have said a few
words about the Merovingian moneyer Abbo, who also worked in
England, and have given there an illustration of a " Coiner at work",
from a reproduction in Robertson's, Coins of Scotland. I only wish
to add a few remarks on this subject. The monetarius (mynelere)
first received official recognition in England with the introduction of
the Penny, circ. A.D.760, and, observes Mr. Keary in Brit. Mus.
Catalogue, Anglo-Saxon Series, Vol. I, Int. xxxiii, " the earliest
mention of the mynetere is in the laws of Aethelstan, where it is
ordained that the guilty moneyer shall have his hand struck off and
that it shall be placed over the mint smithy (uppon ba mynet-
smiddan. " From this, the writer above-named inferred ** that the
moneyer at this time was the actual fabricator of the coins, not an
officer made responsible for them ". This supposition seems to be
confirmed by the fact that occasionallv the name of the moneyer is
followed by the legend, " me fecit " on the coins; for instance,
under the reign of Aethelstan II. (878-890) the moneyer Elda,
signed his currency in this manner; likewise also the moieyers
Adalbert, Adradus, and Bascic on the memorial coinage of St.
Eadmund. Mr Grueber in Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain
and Ireland, p. xxiv adds : " If this was the moneyer's position
under Aethelstan, we may conclude that it had existed previously.
When the change to the making of the dies at one centre was
introduced, the moneyer must have ceased to be a mechanic, as
there w'as no need ot technical skill in his office. He became now
an overseer, and he was only responsible for the purity of the
metal from which the coins were struck and for their proper manu-
facture. In Domesday we are told that for each month that the
dies were in use the moneyer had to pay a fine of 20 solidi,
besides the sum he had already disbursed on receiving the dies.
To be responsible for so large a sum he must have been a man of
some substance. Madox, in his Hist, of the Exchequer, gives a good
deal of information about the monevers during the reigns of
Henry II. and III. Like the other officers of the mint he was
elected by the burgesses, and it was a stipulated qualification that
he should be a trusty and prudent man. It was not required that
he should have any technical knowledge He was to be a person
selected for his integrity, to be possessed of means, and one fully
responsible for the performance of the duties of his office. He was
also liable to be summoned to Westminster to take part in the
assays of the coins and in the trials of the Pix, and if necessary to
bring his workmen with him. His position, therefore, was a very
different one from that of the moneyer, who for a dishonest act

— 374 —

ran the risk of losing a member. As the constitution of the mint
under Henry 11. appears to have been the same as under WiUiam I.
and Edward the Confessor, may it not be inferred that the same
conditions prevailed in the time of Aethelred II., who, judging
from the nature of his coinage, first instituted the custom of having
the dies engraved at one central place, and then sent for distribu-
tion to all the local mints. If this were so, then the change in the
status of the moneyer dates from his reign, and it continued
without any material alteration so long as the office lasted ".

On Merovingian coins, the name ot the mint was very often
followed by fitur, fitu, fii, fi, or f, to indicate that the coin had
been struck at the place inscribed on it ; the name of the moneyer
was accompanied by his title, Mon., Monil., etc.

M. Blanchet does not agree with the supposition that the
moneyer, under Merovingian times, was the engraver of the coins
This however may have been the case up to a certain time, as
with the Anglo-Saxons.

By the nature of their profession, goldsmiths were very otten
entrusted with the cutting of coin-dies. Thus, at the end of the
sixth century, the clever goldsmith Abbo of Limoges was Moneyer
at that locality.

Bibliography. — Hawkins, op. cit. — Keary, Catalogue of English Coins.
Anglo-Saxon Series, Vol. I, 1887. — Grueber, Handbook, etc. — Blanchet, Non-
veau manuel de numismatique dii moyen age et moderne, Paris, 1890, p. 31. — Lenor-
mant, Monnaies et Me'dailles, Paris, n. d. — Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of
Great Britain and Ireland, II, 20, 21, 22.

HAECKL. Vide EACKL.

HAESEN, JEAN (Bel^.). Goldsmith, and Coin-engraver at the
Mint of Maestricht, after the decease of Ulric Peeters.He filled this
post from the ii*'' February 1523 to the 31" May 1534, which is
the date of his death. During his tenure of office, the following
denominations were issued at the mint of Maestricht : N. Reals,
Halt-reals, and Florins Carolus; JB<. Reals, Half-reals (or pieces of
3 gros), and Sols; JE. Negenmannekens.

Haesen was probably a native of Sittard. His receipts are signed :
Ich Jan Haesen van Syttart, and in a document of 1534 he is
designated : Janne Ha\en, ysersnydere.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Bic^raphie des Gravetirs beiges. Revue de la
numismatique beige, 1853, P- 285.

HAESELER. C. (Germ.). Medallist of the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, who worked for Duke Frederick WiUiam of
Brunswick. He engraved the Brunswick Waterloo Medal, 181$,
with 1^. BRAUNSCHWEIG SEINEN KRIEGERN & Q.UA-
TREBRAS UND WATERLOO ; in centre : 1815.

- 375 —

HAESLING, DANIEL (Dane). Medallist, and Coin-engraver of the
first half of the eighteenth century. He was a native of East Goth-
land, and a pupil of the celebrated Hedlinger, From 1730 to 1749

Victory of Dettingen, 1743, by D. Haesling.

he filled the post of Coin-engraver at the Mint of Hamburg, and he
also worked for the Courts of Poland and Denmark.

This engraver's signature occurs on a medal of George II., com-
memorating the Battle of Dettingen, 1743, and on a Marriage
medal of Frederick, Prince of Denmark, with Princess Louisa, the
voungest daughter of George II., 1743 (full signature on obv. ; on
I^. D.HAESL.F.)-

His initials D. H. F. are found on a Banco-Portugaloser of 17^2,
Half Banco-Portugaloser of 1735, whereas on the Admiralty-
Portugaloser of 1736, the initials appear on obv. and the full signa-
ture on I^.

I have not discovered any medal by this artist, referring to Poland.

Bibliography. - Bo\ztx\\.\\a.\,KunstgeschkhtedermodernenMedaiUen- Arbeit, 1840.
— Ammon, Sammlun^ heruhmter Medailleurs, Nurnbero;, 1778. — Schlickeysen-
Pallmann, op. cit. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations of the History of
Great Britain and Ireland, London, i88$. — Kohler, Ducaten-Cabinet , Hannover,
1760. — Grueber, Brit. Miis. Guide of English Medals, London. 1891.

HAFFNER, HEINRICH (Germ.). Medallist, and Die-sinker of
Nuremberg. Son of Hermann Haffner, born in 1660. Ammon calls
him a Coin-engraver (Miinz-Eisenschneider). He died on the i" of
December, 1732, at the age of seventy-two, having succeeded his
father at the Mint in 169 1.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, of>. cit. — Wills, Niirn-
beri^ische Miinibelustigungen, P. II, 141. Ill, 9, 10. IV, 367 &c. — Diptycha Capellae
Beatae Mariae, p. 41 &c.

HAFFNER, HERMANN (Germ.). Medallist of Nuremberg, born in
1637, died on the 11"^ of August 1691. He was Engraver of the
coins, seals, and armorial bearings to the Council of Nuremberg,
and had studied the Art under Matthaeus Schaffer, 1652-1658. From

— 376 —

i68o until his death, he was employed at the Mint, as Assistant-
engraver to Johann Jakob Wolrab ; Georg Hautsch became his
colleague at the Mint in 1683.

The best known medal by Hermann Haffner is that struck in
honour of the City and Councillors of Nuremberg with a represen-
tation of the Temple of Wisdom. Another, said to be by him, bears
the portrait of Sigmund Seifried, Grat von Promnitz, 1595-1654,
and is signed H. H.

Bibliography. — C. F. Gebert-Nurnberg, Geschichte der Munistdtte der Reich-
stadt Nitrnberg, 1891. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Ammon, op. cit. — Wills, Nurn-
bergische Munzbelustigungen, P. IV, 367. — Diptycba Capellae Beatae Mariae
p. 41 seq. — D"" Eug. Merzbacher, Ktinst-Medaillen-KataJog, Mai 1900(101455).

HAFFNER, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at NordUngen, Bavaria,
1521.

HAG, BAY11i(Austr.). Privy Counsellor to the Emperors Maximi-
lian 11. andRudolf II., is mentioned in various documents connected
with the Mints of Vienna and Kremnitz. He died in 1599.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten ^u f. NexvaWs Ptiblkatiotmi uber
oesterreichische Mun:{prdgungen^ Mitth. des Clubs der Miinz-und Medaillen-Freunde
in Wien, 1890.

HAGBOLT, T. {Brit.). Wax-modeller of the first half of the nine-

Portrait of William Tassie, by T. Hagbolt.

teenth century. At the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1833 his
Portrait-medallion in wax of William Tassie (illustrated) was very

— 377 —

much admired. It is now in the possession of Rev. J. R. Vernon,
and is marked on the back of its frame : By I. Hagholt of ji Princes
St., Leicester square. The Duke of Richmond at Goodwood possesses
another Portrait-medalUon in wax by Hagbolt, of Alexander,
4'*' Duke of Gordon.

Bibliography. — J. M. Gny, James & William Tassie, Edinburgh, 1894.

HAGEMANN. FRIEDRICH {Germ.). Sculptor, born in 1773, died
in 1806 at Berlin. He was a pupil of Schadow, and a member of
the Berlin Academy. He is said to have designed and modelled
medals.

HAGEN (Germ.). Die-cutter at the Mint of Clausthal, 1776-1789.

HAGEN {Germ.). Die-sinker at Clausthal (Brunswick) 1776-1789.
He was employed at the Mint there, between 1780 and 1789.
Bibliography. — Nagler, Die Monogrammisten, Leipzig, 188 1.

HAGENAUER, FRIEDRICH {Germ.). Medallist and Sculptor of the
first half of the sixteenth century, was probably born at Strassburg,
worked at Augsburg, circa 1526, and was still living in 1546. This
great Master is one of the worthiest representatives of German
Renaissance Medallic Art, and in Nagler's opinion, he stills stands
unrivalled as a Modeller in miniature. His signature appears in
various forms pi-|, p-|, H, the letters sometimes accompanied by a
vine-leaf or branch, or other ornamentation.

Little is known of Hagenauer's greater works of sculpture,
although from his correspondence we learn that he was employed
in such work by the higher clergy, but to use his own terms, " he
sought to earn his bread as a Medallist ".

To Bolzenthal is the honour due of having discovered the name
of Hagenauer, and Bergmann was the first to give a good notice
of his works. It seems fairly certain that the artist resided at Munich
and Augsburg between 1525 and 153 i, and that in 1537 he settled
at Cologne, where he was still working in 1546; he tells us
himself that he practised his art "at many courts and places". At
Augsburg his colleagues subjected him to much annoyance as a
" foreigner ", to which fact we perhaps owe that only his Augs-
burg productions are signed. Erman had not met with any medals
by Hagenauer of the years 1533 to 1536; those of the period
between 1526 and 1532 portray distinguished personages of Augs-
burg and princely representatives at the imperial diet; after 1537,
his productions are unsigned, but their style and execution leave no
doubt as to their authorship.

Bolzenthal's notice of Hagenauer is of especial interest and worth
quoting. He says : " It is probable that the medals with the letter H,

- 378 -

the reverses of which have only an inscription, or are left quite
plain, belong to Friedrich Hagenauer, born at Strassburg, who
about 1530 lived some time in Augsburg. Stettin quotes from the
city archives that Hagenauer rendered himself famous as a portrait
painter and sculptor, and acquired much honour by his art in many
courts, etc. That he should have executed some also in Augsburg,
for which he was not authorized, proves the circumstance of the
citizens complaining against him. After what has been said of the
style of the German masters in the sixteenth centurv, the idea
presents itself that many artists who carved wood-plates for print-
ing, mav have done models in this material or in soft stone tor
medals. Supposing that they knew not how to treat medals, yet
they knew how to cast moulds for the goldsmiths and how to work
up the cast. In this manner many works have undoubtedly been
done, which are the productions of a collective talent, but which
it is impossible to appropriate from our entire ignorance ot their
authors. "

D"" Emil Bahrfeldt informs us that the artist was probably the
son ot the sculptor Nicolaus von Hagenau of Strassburg, who
completed in 1501 the High Altar of the Cathedral there. Friedrich
Hagenauer styled himself " Portraiter und Bildhauer ". He executed
his models in wood, and his medals were cast in silver, bronze, or
lead. His productions are not all of equal value; whereas some
are of the highest artistic merit others betray their hurried and
superficial execution.

The early Portrait-medals are large and have characteristic
reverses, consisting in most cases of some motto and a date ; the
relief is flat; the casting is thin; and the form of the letters quite
peculiar. In a few instances, Hagenauer finished the models without
any legends, adding them atterwards by glueing the letters singly
on to the flans.

The following list of Hagenauer's medals, indicated in their
approximate chronological order, is as complete as I was able to
compile from the existing literature on the subject : 1526, Lucas
Furtenagel, Painter at Augsburg (Tresor 6, 10); — 1526, Caspar
Pircker (Berlin Museum); — (1525), D' Conrad Peutinger (Berlin
Museum); — Undated, Matthias, according to the inscription a
Court-jester (Berlin) ; — Undated, Wood model of an unknown
Person (Berlin) ; — Undated, Similar Wood model (with modern
addition of the Diirer monogram) ; — Undated, Andreas Gennisch,
an Augsburger (signed H, 56 mill., FeHx Collection; illustrated);
— 152$, Walther von Cronberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic
Order (Dudik, PI. Ill, 35) ; — 1526, Caspar Winzererthe Younger,
a Knight (Bergmann); — 1526, Georg Ratdolt, of Augsburg
(Bergmann ; dated 1528, according to Nagler); — 1527, Ambro-

— 379 —

sius Hechstetter the Elder, an Augsburg merchant (described by
D' Habich and illustrated in Mittb. d. Bayer. Num. Ges. 1897/8);
— Another, of same design, smaller, but without inscription, on

Portrait-model in wood of Andreas Gcnnisch, by F. Hagenauer.

which at a later date a legend has been engraved purporting the
medal to belong to Albert IV. of Bavaria; — 1527, Ambrosius

Portrait-medal of Anna Rechlinger, by F. Hagenauer.

Hechstetter the Younger, lead, 20 1/2 gr. (Published by D"^ Habich);
— 1528, Barbara Hechstetter in, a niece of the elder Hechstetter,

— 38o —

and wife of Wolfgang Breischuch, lead, i6 1/2 gr. (Published by
D' Habich); — 1527, Sibylla Reichingen, ol Augsburg (Publ. by
Erman); — 1527, Bartholomaeus Schubinger, of St. Gall (Haller I,
156); — 1527, Wilhelm Neumann (Bergmann); — Undated,
Johann Neumann (Bergmann). Nagler gives a specimen of this
medal, dated 1528, and describes it, Johannes Neumann de Villach ;
— 1527, Sebastian Ligsaltz, of Munich (model in wood); — 1527,
Ursula Ligsaltz (model in wood); — 1528, Christ of Friedrich Graf
zu Zollern (Bergmann) ; — 1528, Walther von Cronberg (Dudik,
PI. IV, 61 ; III, 56); — 1528, HansPfanzelt (Bergmann); — 1529,
Ulrich Frick, of Ulm (Berlin); — 1529, Anna Rechlinger (Felix
Coll", illustrated); — 1529, Robert von Croy, Bishop of Cambrai
(Itzinger Coll"); — 1529, Otto Heinrich, Count Palatine and
Susanna (Bergmann); — 1529, Caspar von Fruntsperg (two
varieties of type, described by Bergmann); — 1529, Margarethe
von Firmian, Consort of Caspar von Fruntsperg (Berlin ; illustrated
in Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik, XI, PI. VI, i); — 1529, Balthasar von
Fruntsperg (Berlin); — 1530, Huldrich von Fruntsperg, Knight
of the Teutonic Order (Felix Collection); — 1530, Bosse von der
Schulenburg (Tresor, PI. VII, 6). Later casts in soft metal are
known of this Portrait-medal ; — 1530, Joachim 1. von Branden-
burg (Tresor, PI. XLV, 2; Felix Coll"); — is 30, Matthaeus
Schwarz, of Augsburg (Bergmann); — 1530, Lndislaus von Prag
(Nagler calls this, Lasla a Prag, Barode Winthag) (Tresor, PI. VIII,
6) ; — 1530, Susanna Olwein (Berlin) ; — 1530, Unknown Lady
of ecclesiastical rank (Berlin); — 1530, Heinrich von Eppendorff
(Felix Coll"); — 15 31, Johann Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-
Anspach; — 153 1, Franz Welsor, of Augsburg (Tresor, PI. VIII,
i) ; — 1 5 3 1 , Walther von Cronberg (Tresor, PI. X, 2) ; — 1 5 3 1 ,
Bartholomaeus Lother, Subdeacon of Augsburg, (Tresor, PI. VIII,
9); — 1 53 1, Magdalene Diem, of Augsburg (Berlin); — 1532,
Matthias Stefli von Ensisheim {Zeitschr. f. Num. XI, PI. IV, 2); —
1532, Walther von Cronberg (Berlin); — 1533, Ernest, Margrave
of Baden (Berlin; Tresor, PL X. 8; Her. XXXVIII, 12);— 1533,
Bernhard von Baden (Her. XXXVIII, i); — Undated, H. von
Singen (?), Court-jester (Tresor, PL XV, ro); — Undated, Marga-
rethe Hirschkernin (Bergmann).

The following, mostly unsigned, medals, which although some-
what different from the earlier style of the artist, have many points
in common with the Augsburg productions, seem to have been
executed at Cologne, and Erman pronounces them undoubtedly
the work of Hagenauer. 1537, Wolf Otmar (Berlin); — 1527
(read 1537), Sibylla von Aich (Berlin); — 1537, Hermann von
Wied, Archbishop of Cologne (Berlin); — 1538, Johann zu
Epstein, Cologne (BerHn); — 1538, Peter Hutter (BerHn ; illtiS'

- 38i -

trated);— 1539, Dietherich van Drypt (Felix Collection) ; — 1541,
H. A. Sittard, Hollander (Berlin); — 1542, Sibylla von Straelen

Portrait-medal of Peter Hutter, by F. Hagenauer.

(Berlin); ~ 1543, Caspar von MuUem (Berlin);— 1543, Melan-
chthon (Berlin; Tresor, PI. XVI, 2; illustrated. The Felix speci-

Portrait-medal of Philip Meianchihon, by F. Hagenauer,

men, sold at the Wunderly von Muralt Sale, in April 1900, brought
950 Marks); — i543j The same, ot" smaller size (BerHn ;
Tresor, PI. XVI, 3); — 1543, Caspar Hedio (Berlin; Tresor,
PI. XVI, 6). The model is at Brunswick {Zeitschrift fiir Num.
Bd. XI, p. 133); — 1543, Martin Bucer (BerHn; Tresor, PL XVI,
5); — i543,Johann Sturm (Tresor, PI. XVI, 4); — Johann
Pistori, Reformed Minister (Collection of M. Georges Gallet at La
Chaux-de-Fonds) (illustrated); — Undated, Unknown Personage
(Model in wood, illustrated in Tresor, PL XLVIII, 2); — 1544,
William, Duke of Juliers (Itzinger Collection); — 1544, Hans
Hauschel (Berlin; Felix Coll"); — 1545, Hermann von Wied, Arch-
bishop of Cologne (Berlin); — 1546, The same, Berlin).

— 382 —

Two small medals of 1526, those of Magdalena Roemer me
Welser (Berlin), and Peter Gleichperger (Berlin), seem, at first
sight, according to Erman, to be works by Hagenauer; against this
attribution stand the somewhat unusual size and an incuse P on

rjn/r '

■:rr. 'rr.n r.

Portrait-medal of Johann Pistori, by F. Hagenauer.

the second piece. The letter E appears on the j^. (meaning perhaps
only exemplutn) of two other medals, formerly in the Felix Collec-
tion, which most probably belong to Hagenauer : 1523, S. Stettner
(^illustrated), and 1542, Count Johann von Isenburg.

Portrait-medal of S, Steitner, probably by Hagenauer.

Erman describes three small wood-models of the Berlin Collec-
tion, which resemble Hagenauer's later works; they are, 1534,
Raimund Fugger, and two others, one dated 1537, representing
anonymous persons, all three bearing the monogram f*^ . As the
artist's medals, between 1532 and 1543 are not signed, it is impos-
sible to say whether he altered his signature at that time into the
monogram depicted above.

J. V. KuU, in an article of the Mittheilungen der Bayerischm

- 383 -

Numismatischen Gesellschaft (VIII, i), entitled " Die Miin^en des
giaflichen undfiirst lichen Hauses Fngger " ascribes to Hagenauer two
medals of Raimund Fugger, of 1527, one of which is signed Fi,
I^. PVDH AT AMICI DIEM PEDIDISSE M.D. XXVII. He also
mentions two other medals which undoubtedly belong to Hage-
nauer's school; they are both of the same type and dated 1530; the
one is 41 mill, in diameter and the other, which is 21 mill., was
described in the Numismatic Circular for January 1902.

Further medals, apparently by Hagenauer, are described in Sale
Catalogues, &c. : Wolfgang von Griinenstein, Prince-Abbot of
Kempten, 1535-57 (Tresor, PI. XVII, 6; Felix Coll") ; — 1526,
Au^ustin Loesch von Hilgertshausen, Bavarian Chancellor (Beierlein,
I, PI. I, I, lead. Felix Coll"; — Beierlein ascribes this medal to
Hagenauer ; it certainly bears a striking resemblance to that of
Peutinger, which Erman gives to our artist); — Anton Rudolff, of
Augsburg (illustrated in Felix Sale Cat., where it is described,
" Vorziigliche Arbeit in der Art Hagenauers ") ; — 1526, Ludwig
Sennfl, Poet at the Court of Duke William IV. of Bavaria (with
monogram and floral ornamentation); — 1526, Sebastian Jordan;

— 1530, Wolfgang, Count of Montfort and Rothenfels ; — 1532,
Jost Veter, 1532 (Inscription on ^L. Do Reiser Carli ist mil dem
gant-^ remisch Reich uider den Tirken ge^ogen) ; — 1543, Jean Cesaire,
German physician (published by V, de Munter) ; &c. — 1526,
Lienhart Seyeigner(Merzb. Cat., n° 194) ; — 1527, Sebastian Ligsalz,
of Munich; — 1527, Ursula Ligsalz, wife of the last (D' Habich
has been able to identify Hagenauer's signature in red ink on the
two last wood-models, which leaves no doubt as to their author-
ship) ; — Anna, Countess Lodron, consort of Georg von Fruntsperg;

— 1529, Ulrich Frick, Canonicus at Backnang.

Portrait-medal of Michael Mercator, by F. Hagenauer.

D' Julius Cahn attributes also to Hagenauer the Portrait-medals
of Michael Mercator (Fide Medallic Illustr., I, pp. 41-43) hitherto
considered to have been executed by Mercator himself. He has, in
an article on the subject, in Num. Chron., 1903, Part II, given his
reasons for this attribution. These medals bear the mark of

- 384 -

F. Hagenauer, a three-lobed vine-leaf, and in style and form they
entirely correspond to the German master's work. It is further
noted that in the years 1539-40 Hagenauer was in the Nether-
lands, when he probably met Mercator at Venloo.

The Munich Museum possesses the finest collection of Hage-
nauer's medals that exists, and I understand that Dr. Habich is
intending to bring out shortly a monograph of the artist, which
will no doubt add much information on the subject.

" Eine eigenartige Erscheinung als Kiinstler von feinster Emp-
findung, sicherer Beobachtungsaufgabe und unermiidUchem Fleiss
tritt Friedrich Hagenauer aus der Reihe der deutschcn Medailleure
hervor ". Thus does D"^ Julius Cahn give his appreciation ot the
artist, and he adds, " Einige seiner Holzmodellen gehoren zu dem
Schonsten, was in dieser Kunst geleistet worden ist. "

Bibliography. — Adoli Ernian, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Nagler,
Die Monogramtnisten, Band II, n" 2139. — Bolzenthal, Kunslgeschichte der modernen
Medaillen- Arbeit, Berlin, 1840. — J. Bergmann, Medaillen auf beruhmte und ausge-
:(eichnete Manner des osterreichischen Kaiser staates, Wien, 1844. — J. B. Beierlein,
Medaillen auf ausgeieichnete und beruhmte Bayern, in Abbildungen, etc. — Stetten,
Augsb. Kunst-utui Handwerkgeschichte , S. 279. — Tresor de numismatique et de glyp-
tique. Clmx de medailles execulees en Alleniagne aux XVI^ et XVll^ siecles, Paris,
1841. Fol. — Ad. Hess Nachf., Sammlung Eugen Felix. Kunstmedaillen I.Hiupt-
sdchlich aus der Periode der deutschen Renaissance, Frankfurt a. M., 1895. —
Dr Georg Habich, Zu Friedrich Hagenauer, Mitth. der Bayer. Num. Gesellschaft,
1897/8. — Dudik, Des deutschen Ritterordens Mun:^samtnluug in Wien, Wien, 1858,
40. — Haller, Schweiierisches Mfini-und Medaillenkabinet, Bern, 1780, 2 vols, 8°.
— Heraeus, Bildnisse der regierenden Fursten und berUhmter Manner... Wien, 1828,
Fol, — I. B. Supino, // Medagliere Mediceo, Firenze, 1899. — D"" Eugen Merz-
bacher, Kunst-Medaillen Katalog, Munchen, 1900. — D"" Menadier, Schauitiun^en
des Hauses Hohem;ollern, Berlin, 1901. — Victor de Munter, La tnedaille de Jean
Cesaire gravee par Frederic Hagenauer, Revue beige de numismatique, 1893,
p. 215. — Bahrl'eldt, Munien der Furstenthfimer Hoheniollern, 1899. — D^ Julius
Cahn, Medaillen u. Plaketten-Sammlung W. Met^ler, Frankfurt a. M., 1898. —
Dr Emil Bahrfeldt, Das Muni-und Geldwesen der Fiirstenthvimer Hoheniollern, Ber-
lin, 1900.

HAGENEL {Dutch.). Mint-master at Enckhuysen, circa 1678. He is
styled on a document of that date, Muntnieester vande nieuwe mtinte
tot Enckhuysen. He issued coins called Scheepes-schellingen.

HAHN, HERMANN (Gfrw.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
residing at Munich. At the Frankfort Exhibition of Modern Medals
in 1900, I saw a Portrait-medal of Bismarck and Moltke by him,
executed in imitation of the antique; also another of Pettenkofer.
These medals, which are struck, are of very pleasing effect, espe-
cially the latter.

Bibliography. — Moderne Medaille, 1900, p. S-

HAIDER, DANIEL (Austr.). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Kremnitz,
circa 161 5, He was ordered in that year to prepare Patterns for

-385 -

the coinage, in conjunction with Ananias Biittner. He succeeded
Michael Sackh.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten :(u J. Newald's Publicationen uber
oesterreichisclx Mfiuiprdgungen, Mitth. des Clubs der Munz- und Medaillenfreunde
in Wien, 1890. — Katalog der Mhni- und Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des K. K.
Hauptmiin^aiittes in JVten, 1901.

HAIDLER, CASPAR (Austr.). Gem and Die-engraver of the eariy
part of the seventeenth century. In i6ro he was attached to the
Mint at Vienna as Coin-engraver, and in 16 14 he engraved the
great seal for the Emperor Mathias, a work for which he was paid
the sum of 95 florins. His signature is found on two medals
described in the Schulthess-Rechberg Catalogue (n°^ 2432 and
2438). On the 22. April 1616 he was given the Court goldsmith
Hanns Georg Ritter as assistant.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, op. cit.

HAIME (Germ.). A native of Ratisbon, Mint-master at Vienna,
circa 1330.

HAIMHAUSEN, SIGMUND Graf von (Germ.). Mint-master general
for Kuttenplan and Herenberg under Prince-Elector Maximilian
Joseph III. of Bavaria, 1745-1777.

Bibliography. — Mittheilungen der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft,Vll,
83.

HAINDL, FRANZ XAVER (Germ.). Mint-warden at Munich, 1839-
1849. He was born on the 19. September 1778 at Plattling, and
died at Munich on the i" August 1852.

Bibliography. — D^ Emil Bahrfeldt, Das Muni- uiui Gelduiesen der Fursten-
thi'ttner Hohen^olh'rn, Berlin, 1900.

HAINL, WENZEL (Austr.). Assistant Coin-engraver at the Vienna
Mint, 1770-1780. His name is found on Pattern 4 Ducat pieces,
1778; IE soldi, 1776, Quattrini, 1777, Half Soldi, &c. for Milan
(signed H) ; Jeton on the Marriage of the Archduchess Marie Antoin-
ette ot Austria with the Dauphin Louis of France, 1770 ; —
Investiture of Maximilian Franz, 1770; — Marriage jeton of
Archduke Ferdinand and Maria Beatrix of Modena, 177 1 ; — Death
of Duchess Caroline of Lorraine and Bar, 1773 ; — Visit of
Archduke Maximilian to the Vienna Mint, 1774; — Death ot
Joseph Wenzel, Prince of Liechtenstein, 1772; — Franz, Count
von Zichy, Bishop of Raab, 1774, etc.

HAINREICH DER SCHUHELER (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna,
1338, and 1340.

HAIRT, JOHN (Scotch). Moneyer, or Mint-master at Edinburgh,
under Queen Mary. He appears to have been in office for a short

L. FoRKES. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. i 5

— 386 —

time only, between 1560 and 15 61, during John Achesoun's exile
in France. In the Hopetoun MS, quoted by Burns, he is stated to
have coined Ducats, "quhdkfor the maist pairt wes of gold gottin
of gylt challices and vther Jowellis ", and Testons " of. . .deneyris
fyne, V in the ounce, ilk pece weyand iiij deneyris xix gr'% having
cowrse... VS ilk pece, fra the vij of Junij 1561, as the buikis
beiris, vijcxlj st. vj ounce. " The date of 7''' June 1561 should pro-
bably read 1560, and Achesoun having been reinstated in office and
commenced an issue of Portrait -testoons of Mary on the i" July
1 561, it is probable that Hairt was not more than a year Mint-
master. The dies for Hairt's issues may possibly have been prepared
by Guillaume Martin, at Paris {l^ide Hoffmann, Monnaies royales de
France ^ p. 125).

Bibliography. — Burns, The Coinage of Scotland, Vol. II, pp. 321 and 324.

HAKEBERG, AUGUST (Germ.^. Mint-secretary at Berlin, 16. March
1672 ; then Mint-cashier at Crossen ; he was employed between 1674
and 1675 as Warden of the Minden Mint by the Abbess of Quedlin-
burg. His initials A. V. H. are said to appear on some of his issues ;
but the same letters are also found on coins of Crossen, when
Hakeberg had no longer any connection with that Mint.

Bibliography. — F. Friedensburg, Nachlrdge und Berichtiginigen ^u Schlesiens
Mun^geschichte im Mitlelalter, Berliner Munz- Blatter, December 1899. — Schlesiens
Vor\eit in Bild und ScJjrifl. 1899. p. 56.

HALBECK, JEAN VAN (Belg.). Die-cutter at the Brussels Mint,
1612-1617. Cited by de Witte, Numismatique brabatifontie.

HALLAICHER, JOHANN ANSELM (Germ.). Mint-master at Wer-
theim, 1694-1696. From 1696 to 1703 he was probably in the
service of the Bishop of Wiirzburg. His issues bear the initials I. A. H.
or lA. H.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cil.

HALLAICHER, JOHANN LUDWIG {Germ.). Mint-master at Frank-

fort-on-Main, 1645 -1667; He came from Augsburg, and was at first

installed for a term of three years only, on the 20. January 1646.

His distinctive sign consists of three acorns, which are seen on

coins from 1646 to 1666, as well as on some undated Ducats.

Besides the Gold Ducats, Hallaicher struck also Doppelthalers,

Thalers, and Half-Thalers, Schiisselpfennige, Albuses, &c., and

some medals of 1650 on the Conclusion of Peace at the end of the

Thirty Years' War, 1652 on the Education of Children, and 1658

on the Coronation of King Leopold. Hallaicher, in common with

many of the earlier German mint-masters no doubt engraved his

own dies.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph und Eduard Fellner, Die Mimzen von Frankfurt
a. M., 1896.

- 38? -

HALLE, JOSSET HE (French) . Seal-engraver mentioned in fourteenth
century documents of Lille and Dijon. His name appears also as
JEAN DE HELLE and JEAN DE HEYLEM. He worked for the Duke of
Burgundy Philippe le Hardi, between 1382 and 1404, and cut seals
for his own use and that of the State.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, 1861. — Migne,
Dictionnaire d'orfivrerie, degravure el de ciselure chritiennes, Paris, 1857.

HALLfi, MISS ELINOR (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list, who first made her mark at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1884,
with a low-relief of "Music", and other works, has quitted the
field of sculpture, says Mr. M. H. Spielmann, in 5n7/j/; Sculptors of
To-day, first for medal-designing and afterwards for enamelling.

Miss E. Halle is a Member of the Society of Medallists, at which
exhibitions she has exhibited some nice works. The Studio,
Vol. XIII, p. 264, illustrates one of her Panels.

HALLfi, JULES FERDINAND (Frm^/;). Medallist, and Gem-engraver
of the second half of the nineteenth century; he was a pupil ot
Bouvet, who signed some of the Five Franc pieces of Napoleon HI.
At the Salon of 1879, this artist exhibited a frame containing two
cameos in sardonyx representing a Head of Medusa, and Corneille
and Moliere.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HALLER, BERNHARD PAUL (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at
Neisse, 1692-1694. He was probably a brother of Leopold Haller,
who was Mint-master there from 1698 to 1701.

HALLER, CHRISTIAN (Aiistr.) Coin-engraver at the Mints of
Vienna, 1777- 1787, and Brussels, 1787-1793. This Engraver,
" graveur scolaren ", who had been rewarded with a gold medal
by the Austrian Academy, was engaged at the Mint of Brussels on
the 7. April 1787 with a yearly stipend of 1000 German florins.
When in 1793, General Dumouriez occupied Brussels, Haller went
over to the French, and agreed to strike coins for them, but was
hindered doing so by the arrival of the Austrians. Haller was born
at Egenburg, in Lower Austria.

Besides coins, Haller executed also some medals; one of 1793,
was struck in honour of Francis II. of Germany on his Prohibition
of the meetings of the Masonic Fraternity.

Bibliography. — Kevue beige de numismatiqtie, 1889, pp. 357 sqq. and 475.

HALLER, GUSTAVE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris. Pupil of Carpeaux and Mathieu Meusnier. He has exhibited
Portrait-medallions in marble, clay, and bronze at the Salons in the
seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 388 —

HALLER, LEOPOLD (Germ.). Mint-master at Neisse, 1 698-1 701.
He signed his issues with the initials L.P. H.

HALLER, PHILIPP (Austr.). Die-cutter at the Mint of Vienna,
previous to the 21. Nov. 1569. He engraved a medal of Franz
Ygelshofer, Imperial Councillor of the City of Vienna.

Bibliography. — Katalog der Muni-und Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des K. K.
Hauplmfiniamtes, Wien, 1901.

HALLER VON HALLERSTEIN, RUEPRECHT(y^«^/r.). Mint-contractor
at Pressburg, circa 1522; he was deposed in 1530 for dis-
honesty.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, op. cit.

HALLIDAY, GEORGE (Brit.). Contemporary Cha.ser and Medallist,
residing at Sheffield. He exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1899, a
panel, in copper, repousse, representing a Dancing Girl.

HALLIDAY, THOMAS (Brit.). Medallist, Token-engraver and

Manufacturer of buttons, studs, etc., born about 1780, established
in Newhall street, Birmingham, between 1810 and 1842, or there-
about.

His signature is usuallv HALLIDAY F. , but also appears as T. H. F.,
T. H., H., HALLIDAY FECIT.

Halliday either engraved dies for the trade or engraved
and manufactured tokens and medals at his own works for
all traders who wished to issue them : Edward Thomason.
afterwards Sir Edward, (Birmingham's first Knight), Young &
Deakin of Sheffield, Younge & Co. Liverpool, and H. Morgan,
Token Merchant, London, all availed themselves of Halliday 's
skill. He had a number of apprentices, among whom was Peter
Wyon, father of the celebrated William Wyon, who, for his
excellent works was promoted to the rank of R.A.

It was at Halliday's that William Wyon commenced to learn the
art of die-engraving under his father Peter Wyon.

Besides his versatile designs found on the Nineteenth Century
tokens, Halliday executed some of the finest racing, truck. Society,
and school tickets which are to be found handed to us from his
time. His works also include some of the best commemorative
medals of national and personal events, including Reform, Anti-
slavery and Public Institution medals. One ot his latest, 1854, ^^
illustrated here.

Thomas Halliday was a successful man who quietly did his work.
Public questions or position had no attractions for him.

His will decreed that his principal clerk, one C. Smith, should, if
he desired, purchase the business at the smallest possible sum.
This Smith did, but as the demand for die-engraving had fallen

- 389 -

off the nature of the business was diverted to that of Stamping and
Piercing, and in this form it was eventually purchased by Mr. James
Hinks, the founder of the present famous. firm of Hinks Limited,
Lamp Manufacturers.

Prize-medal, by Thomas Halliday.

Amongst his best-known medals of which I have descriptions,
are : 1810, Jubilee of George IIL ; — 1812, Lord Brougham
and Vaux, Repeal of the Orders in Council of 1807 advocated;
— 181 4, Relief of the Hanseatic Towns, Departure ot Napoleon

Portrait ot harl Urev, by Halliday.
(I of actual si^e).

for Elba, &c; — 1814, Blackburn Pitt Club, with bust of Pitt;
— 181 5, Battle of Waterloo, with busts of Wellington and
Bliicher; — 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte, Memorial medal; — 18 r 6,
Column Erected to Lord Hill at Shrewsbury; — :8i6. Marriage of
Leopold L, with Charlotte Augusta, daughter of George IIL; —
18 1 9, Wyken Colliery, Shop Ticket, edited by Whit well (2 var.);
— 1822, Visit of George IV. to Scotland; — Tables of Kings of

— 390 —

England, ^L. George IV. born in 1762; — 1824, Memorial of
George Gordon, Lord Byron; — 1830, Earl Grey, Parliamentary
Reform advocated (illustrated) ; — 183 i, The Reform Bill; — 183 1,
Thomas Attwood, Parliamentary Reform advocated (2 types); —
New Infirmary of Liverpool (Boston Coll") ; — 1832, J. S. Cromp-
ton, Ripon Election; — 1832, Jeremy Bentham, Memorial medal;

— 1832, Earl Grey, The Reform Bill passed; — 1832, Another, with
jugate heads of Lords Grey, Russell and Brougham; — 1832, Sir
Walter Scott; — 1837. Foundation of Marischal College, Aber-
deen; — Prize Medal of the Royal Northern Agricultural Society;

— 1837, Birmingham Free Grammar School, founded 1552, obv.
Bust of Edward VI. ; — 1835, Col. J. Bolton, Waterloo Estate
Medal; — 1835, Daniel de Lisle Brock, Export Privileges of the
Channel Islands defended; — 1842, Maternal Visit of Queen Vic-
toria to Scotland (HALLIDAY FECIT ET DIREXIT) ; — Liverpool
Race Course Ticket ; — Prize Medal (illustrated) ; — Sir George
Chetwynd, Baronet, 1842, Grendon Halfpenny; — 1839, The
W. H. Medal to encourage a steady perseverance in Industry,
Courtesy and Integrity ; — Charles Linnaeus; — D"^ Joseph Hume;

— Rowland, Lord Hill, 1816 ; — Pope Pius VII. ; — Prince Smo-
lenski, 1814; — Francis 1. of Austria, 1816; — George Washing-
ton, 1816; — George III.; — George, Prince of Wales; — M. Wood,
Lord Mayor of London, 1816, &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illuslrations,
&c. — Cochran-Patrick, Medals of Scotland, 1884. — H. A. Grueber, English Per-
sonal Medals from i^jo. Num. Chron., 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891 and 1892. —
Thomsen Catalogue of Medals. — Joseph u. Fellner, op. cit. — Davis, Ihe Token
Coinage of Warwickslnre. — Information kindly supplied by Mr. W. f. Davis of
Birmingham.

HALOU, ALFRED JEAN BAPTISTE PAUL (French). Sculptor, born
at Blois, on March 23, 1829; pupil of Husson and Duret ; entered
the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1847. At the Salon of 1859, this
artist exhibited Portrait-medallions of M. de La Saussaie, member
of the Institute; — Pierre Dupuis; — M. Lafitte; — M. Martin;

— M. Lancry; — M. Soubeyran, prefect of Loir-et-Cher; —
M. Vollon ; — M™^ Bourdonneau ; — M. Bourdonneau ; — Doc-
tor Boulay : in 1863, M»<= M. C***; 1864, M"^ de***; 1868,
Mile L_ N^*^ etc.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HALTER, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master, and Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Magdeburg, from 1698 to 17 19. He exe-
cuted the following medals : 1707, Birth of Prince Friedrich
Ludwig, son of the Crown-prince Frederick William of Prussia and
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, 23. Sept. 1707. and Transfer of the
Principality of Neuchatel to the House of Prussia, obv. NOVVA
CASTRVM, King to r., receiving sceptre and palm-branch from the

— 391 —

city of Neuch^tel, ex : REGIS FRIDERICI SAP. | REGNVM
PROVINCIA I AVCTVM.3 NOV. | A. 1707. I^. NOVVS
HEROS. Female figure to r. holding infant on I. arm, presents
laurel-\^reath to the King, wearing ermine cloak over Roman
armour, etc.; ex : REGIS FRIDERICI | SAP. GENS NEPOTE |
AVCTA.A.r707. | 23 NOV.; on edge : FORTES GENERAN-
TVR A FORTIBS ET BONIS ; signature H ; — Another, same
event, obv. Inscription : O. P. NEPOTE A.S, etc. (sign. HFH).
I^. REGI^ FLOS FRUCTUSQUE | IVVENT.E ; ex : AUREA
CONDAT I SECULA. Landscape; edge : ADSIT AVREA PAX,
FELIX CONCORDIA, COPIA RERUM.

This Mint-master's initials H. F. H. or H. occur on the coinage
of Magdeburg from 1698 to 17 19.

Bibliography. — Menadier, Schaumunien des Hauses Hohen\olhrn, 1901. —
R. Stuart Poole, Catalogue 0/ Swiss Coins, etc. — Ad. Hess Nachf., Reimmann
Catalogue. — Von Schrotter, Das Preussische Mfin:(weseii im 18. Jahrhundert,
Berlin, 1902.

HALTERMANN, JOST (G^rw.). Mint-master at Riga, circa 1660.
Signature : I. H.
HAMER, SAMUEL HENRY (Brit.). Contemporary Collector of

Tokens, who issued in 1899 two private medalets (or tokens) as
Christmas gifts to some of his friends.

— 392 —

HAMEL (French.). Die-sinker of the third quarter of the nine-
teenth century. His name occurs on a medal of Napoleon III.
commemorating D'^ Jenner. Another medal is signed HAMEL ET
LECOMPTE (Vide Amer. Journ. of Num. n° 755-6-1015).

HAMERANI. The name of a celebrated family of Medallists and
Coin-engravers, who were employed for nearly two centuries at
the Papal Zecca of Rome.

JoHANN Andreas Hameran =r Margherita Corradini
came to Rome from Hermannskirchen,
A. D. ito5-i62o; died 17. August 1644

Alberto Hamerani = Maria Aguccia
b. 10 Oct. 1620 -J- 20 June 1677

I I

Giovanni Alberto Hamerani = Brigitta Marchioni Anka H.

b. 50 Oct. 1649 f 25 June 1705 f aged 37.

Beatrice H. Ermenegildo H. Ottone H. =:Theresia Velli

b. 1675 J 1704 b. 1685 -^ circa 1744 b. 1694 f 1768 (?)

Gioacchimo H.
worked under Pius VI. and VII.
until about 1807.

Bibliography. — Mazzio, Serie dei Conj di Medaglie Potiiificie da Martino V.
fi.no a tulto il Pontijiciito delta San. Mem. di Pio VII. esistenti nella Ponlificia Zecca
di Roma, Roma, 1824. — Hawkins, Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations
of the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the death of George II., London, 1885.

— Bolzenthal, Ski:(;{en \ur Kunstgesclnchte der modernen Medaillen-Arhcit (142^-
1840), Berlin, 1840. — Lochner, Sammlung merkwHrdiger Medaillen u. s. w.,
1 74 1. — R. Sainthiil, Papal Medals and the Hamerani family of Engravers, OUa
Podrida, II, 1853. — R. Venuti, Niimismata Romanorum Pontificum , Roma, 1744.

— Cinagli, LeMonete de'Papi, Roma, 1848. — Krohn, Thomsen Bronce Medaillen,
Copenhagen, 1867. — C. F. Keary, British Museum Guide to the Exhibition of
Italian Medals, London, 1893. — Hildebrand, Sveriges och Svenska Konungahusets
Minnespenniu^ar Praktmynt och Beloningsmedaljer, Stockholm, 1874. — Nagler,
Die Monogrammisten, 1881. — Adolph Hess, Munien-und Medaillen-Cahinet des
fustil\raths Reimmann. Frankfurt-a-M., 1891. — Karl Domanig, Portrdt-Medaillen
des Er^hauses Oesterreich, Wien, 1896. — Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la
Revolution franoaise, Paris, 1826. — R. W. Cochran-Patrick, Scottish Medals,
Edinburgh, 1884. — J. L. Ammon, Sammlung heruhmter Medailleurs und Mun:^-
meister nebst ihrenZeichen, NArnberg, 1778. — Information kindly furnished by Count
Ehrensvdrd.

HAMERANI, ALBERTO (Ital.). Medallist and Coin-engraver, born
at Rome in 1620, where he died in 1677. His father was Johann
Andreas Hameran and his mother Margherita Corradini. Appoint-
ed Medallist to Pope Clement IX., he was confirmed in his office
by Clement X., under whose pontificate he died. It is probable
that a number of his earlier medals were not signed, as he worked
at the Zecca before the accession of Clement IX., and it is there-

- 393 —

fore impossible to give a list of them. Besides engraving coins and
medals for the Holy See, he executed Portrait-medals for private
persons, and amongst these one of Cardinal Vincenzo Costaguti
is perhaps the best known. He was singularly skilful in the art of
medal-engraving.

His signature appears as : ALBERTO HAMERANI F. ; — ALB.
HAMERAN.; — A. H.; — ALB. HAMERANI ; — ALBERT AMERANO ;

— AL. AMERANO ; — A. HAMERANO; — OPVS HAMERANI; — m.

By this artist are the following medals : Clement IX (1667-
1669). Anno I. ^. ALUS NON SIBI CLEMENS. A Pelican
feeding itsvoung, alluding to the Pontiff's love tor his subjects; —
Anno I, The Washing of the Feet ; — Anno II. ^L. CLEMENS.
FOEDERIS. OPVS. Peace and Clemency (struck to commemorate
the Treaty of Peace between France and Spain through the Po{>e's
mediation) ; — Anno III, Beatification of the two Saints, St.
Petrus de Alcantara and Sta. Maria Magdalena de Pazzis (2 types) ;

— Anno III. ^L. ELIO.PONTE. EXORNATO. Restoration of
the Aelian Bridge by Cav. Bernini ; — Clement X. (1670-1676).
Election of the Pontiff. ^. SPIRITV.ORIS.EJVS.OMNIS.VIR-
TVS.EORVM. The Holy Dove; — 1670. E^. ROMA RESVR-
GENS. St. Peter assisting St Paul in raising Rome, alluding to
the Remission of Taxes (2 types); — 1671, The Washing of the
Feet ; — Anno I. ^L. CVM . ME . L AVDARENT . SIM VL . ASTRA.
MATVTINA. The Holy Circumcision ; — Anno I, Our Lord
delivering the kevs to St. Peter; — Anno I, ^L. COLLES
FLVENT.MEL.de PETRA. St. Peter Martyr (allusion to the Pope's
election wh'ch took place on this Saint's name day); — 1671,
Beatification of five Saints, S. Filippo Benizi, S. Gaetano Tiene,
S. Francesco Borgia, S. Lodovico Bertrando, and S. Rosa di Lima
(3 tvpes), with legends, PLENA EST OMNIS TERRA GLORIA
EORVM; SOLEM.NOVA.SYDERA.NORVNT; DECOR. EJVS.
GLORIA. SANCTORVM (one of the last by Giovanni Hamerani ;

— Anno VI. I^. APERVIT. DOMINVS Porta Sancta; — Obv.
Bust of St. Paul. ^L. Bust of St. Peter.

None of the coins of the Popes under whom Alberto Hamerani
worked have his signature ; some of the silver Scudi of Clement X.
are signed : EQ.HiER.LVCENTI for Cav. Girolamo Lucenti, the
Engraver, or G. C. G., the initials of the die-cutter at the Mint of
Bologna. The artist also engraved medals of Queen Christina of
Sweden in 1659, and had the Swedish word " makalos ", which
signifies unparalleled, put in in Greek letters, this in order to
puzzle her courtiers and admirers. Eight various medals were struck
with this inscription : three by Hamerani (only one signed), three
by Giovanni Francesco Travani in 1665, one by J. S. Breuer, and
another by Arvid Karlsten.

— 394 —

Alberto Hamerani had two children : Anna and Giovanni
Alberto. He died at Rome, on the 20. June 1677, and was buried
in the Campo Santo, near the Vatican.

HAMERANI, ANNA (Ital.). Daughter of Alberto Hamerano, and
sister of Giovanni, died in her thirty-seventh year. Sainthill tells
us : " She was highly skilled in the art of incising, and obtained
the distinguished praise of sculptors. She was a woman of a mas-
culine disposition, and thoroughly knew the art of chasing crystals,
and accomplished many works on glass. She recorded historical
events chronologically, of which the proofs are certain spherical
segments, inserted in the gold candelabra, in the court of the Vati-
can, and in which the skilful hand of the woman was conspicuous.
She also painted historical subjects in a masterly manner '\ {Olla
Podrida, II, p. 343).

HAMERANI, BEATRICE (ItaL). Medal-engraver of some note;
daughter of Giovanni Hamerani ; born at Rome in 1675, where
she died in 1704, barely twenty-nine years old. Bolzenthal remarks
that notwithstanding her youth, the artist left a good name
behind her; her portrait of Pope Innocent XII. is of noble charac-
ter, '* though somewhat lightly treated, but at the same time full of
spirit and expression as a whole ". She excelled in cutting seals,
and assisted her father in preparing wax models for dies. A Mezzo
Scudo of Clement XI, is signed B. H., according to Cinagli.

Beatrice Hamerani signed her medals : BEA. HAMERANI F. ; —
B. H.

According to this artist's biographers, the only medals engraved
by her are : Innocent XII. (1691-1700). Anno III, bust of Pope
wearing tiara. ^. ERIT.EGENO.SPES.JOB. V. ; beneath :
MDCXCIV. Rural scenerv and buildings ; — Anno III. V,L. SI-
NVM . SVVM . APER VIT . EGENIS. Pelican tearing its breast to feed
its young; signed on obv. BEATRIX HAMERANA. Clement XI.(ijoo-
172 1 ). Anno II: The Pope sends Monsig. de Tournon (later Car-
dinal di S. Chiesa) to China, VADE .ET . PR^DICA . MDCCII ;
— Anno XII. The Washing of the Feet, TV. DOMINVS.ET.
MAGISTER. ex. EXEMPL.DEDI.VOBIS (signed B. H.). As
Beatrice Hamerani died in 1703, unless the signature B. H. is not
an error for E. H., an old die by her must have been used for the
last described medal.

HAMERANI, ERMENEGILDO (ItaL). Medallist and Coin-engraver
at Rome under Popes Clement XI., Innocent XIII. and Benedict XIII.
He was the son of Giovanni Hamerani, to whom he succeeded at
the Papal Zecca in 1705 ; he was born in 1685 and died in 1744.
Although his reputation procured for him the membership of the
Academy of S. Luca at Rome, it must be owned that his work is

— 395 —
much inferior to that of his father. The medals of that age were
no longer worthy of the name of artistic productions ; they exhibit
a sad want of originality in their conventional designs and superficial
execution. The hard and machine-made look of these struck medals
contrasts very unfavourably with the older specimens produced by
casting and chasing.

This artist signed his works in various forms : HERMENE-.
GILDVS.HAMERANVS; — HERMENEG.HAMERANVS ; — HERMEN.
HAMERANI ; — E.H.;— HAMERANVS; HERMEN. HAMERAN.; —
HAMERANVS F. ; — HAMERANVS; — E. HAMERAN. ; — E. HAME-
RANI ; — E. HAMERANVS ; — HAMERANI ; — HERMEN . HAMERANVS ;
— H; — HAM

The following medals are by E. Hamerani : Clement XL (1700-
1721) N.d., The Pope's reluctance in accepting the Pontificate,
FACTVS . EST . PRINCIPATVS . SVPER . H VMERVM . EJ VS. Our
Lord succumbing under the weight of the cross. This medal is
highly praised by Venuti, who mentions that the engraver was then
only .seventeen years old ; — Restoration of the Basilica of the
twelve Apostles, AVXILIVM.MEVM- A. DOMINO; ex. NOVA
BASILICA. SS. XII APOST.MDCII; — Anno II, Embassy of
Cardinal Tournon to the Chinese. Of this medal his sister Beatrice
engraved another type ; — Anno III, The Pope's constancy in the
European War, ROBVR. AB.ASTRIS. Figure of armed Force
seated with lion at her feet; — Anno V, Building of a Granarv,
COMMODIORI.ANNON.E PRitSIDIO, 1705; — Anno VI,
Building of the flight of steps to the Porto di Ripetta, COMMO-
DITATI.ET.ORNAMENTO, MDCCVI; — Anno VE., The
machine invented by Car. Carlo Fontana to excavate a large granite

Medal by Ermenegildo Hamerani.

column buried near the Casa de' Missionarii on Monte Citorio
DEO. SACRA. RESVRGET (illustrated); — Anno VIII, The
Altar of S. Crescentino in the Cathedral ot Urbino, IN.HONO-

— 396 —

REM.S.CRESCENTINI.MARTYRIS; — Anno Villi, Procession
with the image of Ssmo Salvatore del Laterano, PORTA VERVNT.
TABERNACVLVM. FOEDERIS, ex. MDCCIX ; — Anno X, The
Albani Chapel dedicated to St. Fabian in the Basilica di S. Sebas-
tiano, IN.HONOREM.S.FABIANI.PP.ET.M.; MDCCX ; —
Anno XI, The War of the Spanish Succession, DOMINE.DEPRE-
CABILIS.ESTO, ex. MDCCXI. The Church kneeling on arms;
— Anno XII, Beatification of SS. Pius V., Andrea d'Avellino,
Felice da Cantalice and Catherine of Bologna, INTER . SANCTOS .
SORS.ILLORVM.MDCCXII; — Anno XIII, Building of Baths,
ECCLESIA.NOVISQ.. AEDIBVS . AD . BALNEA . NVCERINA .
CONSTRVCTIS; — Anno XIII, Conclusion of Peace between the
Christian Rulers, IN.VIAM.PACIS, ex MDCCXIII. Moses crossing
the Red Sea with the Israelites ; — Anno XIV, View of the Church
and Fabric at the Bagni di Nocera, ECCLESIA . ET . DOMIBVS .
AD.BALNEA.NVCERINA.CONSTRVCT, ex. MDCCXIV ; —
Anno XIV, Medal placed by the Pope in the foundation-stone of the
Church of Sacre Stimmate di S. Francesco, ARCHICON.SACR.
STIGMATVM.F.F. around; in centre : D . O . M . CLEMENS XI.
P.M. PRIMARIVM . LAPIDEM . IMPOSVIT . DE . MENSE . SEP-
TEMB. ANNO. SAL VTIS. MDCCXIV; - Anno XV, Restoration
of the Church of St. Clement, TEMPLO S . CLEMENTIS . INS-
TAVRATO; — 1715, Translation of the body of St. Leo the
Great to the Chapel in the Vatican crypt, CORPORE S.LEONIS.
MAGNI.TRANSLATO.DIE.XI.APRILIS.MDCCXV; — Anno
XVI, Raising of the Christian Rulers against Achmet III., AVXI-
LIVM.CHRISTIANORVM. The Holy Virgin del Rosario and
crowd, kneeling; in the distance, a fleet; — Anno XVII, The
Holy Virgin after the mosaic bv Maratta in the Court of the Qui-
rinal, VIRGO. POTENS ORA PRO. NOBIS ; — Anno XVIH,
The Holv Roman CathoHc Church, SVPER .FVNDAMENTVM.
APOSTOLOR.ET.PROPH' T, ex. CONSTANTINI . BASILICA .
STATVIS.ET.PICTVR.ORNATA; — Anno XIX, Monsig.
Mezzabarba sent on a mission to China, VENTI.ET.MARE.
OBEDIVNT.EI. Our Lord and his disciples in the boat; —
Anno XX, The Institute of Sciences at Bologna, BONARVM.
ARTIVM.CVLTVI.ET.INCREMENTO; ex. INSTIT.SCIENT.
BONON. View of Buildings ; — Anno XX, Celebration of Cle-
ment XL's twentieth year of Pontificate, ANNO. SAL. MDCXX.
PONT. XX. Innocent XIII. (172 1- 1724). Accession of the Pope,
MICHAEL . ANGEL . DE COMITIBVS . ROMA N VS . ELECTVS .
DIE . VIII . CORONATVS . DIE . XVIII . MAII . MDCCXXI. ; —
Anno I, St. Michael killing the Dragon, CONSTITVI.TE.PRIN-
CIPEM.; — Anno I, Similar type, RENOVABIS.FACIEM.
TERR^ ; ex. MDCCXXI; — Anno II, The Washing of the Feet;

— 397 —

— Anno II, ^. OMNIA . POSSVM . IN EO . QVI . ME . CONFORT,
ex. MDCCXXII, Faith holding orb and keys ; — Anno III, Papal
Council , FRANCISCAN . COMITIIS . SVMMO . PONTIFICE .
PR.'ESIDtNTE, Pope enthroned surrounded by the Chiefs of the
Religious Order of the Minori Osservanti ; — Benedictus XIII.
(1724-1730). Anno I, Accession of the Pontiff, DOMINVS.ILLV-
MINATIO.MEA, ex. ELECT VS. D. XXIX. MAIL CORON AT.
D.IV.IVNII.MDCCXXIV. The Candelabrum of the Temple of
Jerusalem and Holv Dove ; — Anno I, The Ancestry of the Domi-
nican Order, QVID. VOLO.NISI. VT. ACCENDATVR. S. Dome-
nico in glory with the angels ; — Anno I, Jubilee Medal, HAV-
RIETIS.IN.GAVDIO.DE.FONTIBVS.SAL.; ex. JUBIL^I.
INDICT. 1724. Faith holding cross and chalice; — Anno I, The
armorial bearings of the Orsini family, ^L. DE.RORE.COELI.
The Rose of the Orsini arms; — Jubilee>Mejdal, FLVENT.AD.
EVM.OMNES GENTES. View of the Vatican; inscription on
banner- IN.SPLENDORE.STELLARVM ; — Anno II, Pilgrims
enter the Porta Sancta, PER.ME.SI.QVIS.INTROIERIT.SAL-
VABITVR ; — Erection of an equestrian statue to Charlemagne by
the sculptor Agostino Cornacchini Fiorentino, in the Portico of
the Basilica Vaticano, CAROLO . MAGNO . ROMANCE . ECCLE-
SI.E.VINDICI; ex. ANNO.JUBILEI.MDCCXXV ; — Medal
placed in the foundation stone of S. Gallicano's Hospital, ANNO.
J VBILEI . MDCCXXV ; D . O . M . BENEDICTVS . XIII . PONT .
MAX . PRIM AR . LAPIDEM . IMPOSVIT . DE . MENSE . MARTII ;

^L. of Scudo of Clement XI., by Erraenegildo Hamerani.

— The Pope closing the Porta Sancta, RESER AVIT . ET . CLAV-
SIT. ANN. JVB. ; — The Pope receiving the Poor, BEAT VS. QVI.
INTELLIGIT.SVPER.EGENVM.ET.PAVPEREM; — Allusion
to the Pope's consecration of churches, altars, vases, &c. EREXIT.
IN.TITVLVM. ; ex. MDCCXXVI ; —Anno IV., The Church and

- 398 -

Hospital of S. Gallicano, COR NOSTRVM . DILATATVM . EST ;
ex. S.MARI^.ET.S.GALLICANl.NOSOCOMIVM.1727; —
Anno V, View of the Dungeon near Corneto, ERGASTVLVM.
CENTVMCELLENSE, MDCCXXVIII ; — Anno VI, Beatification
of St. John Nepoinucenus, APOTHEOSIS. IN. LATERANO, ex.
S.JOAN. NEPOM.MDCCXXIX. The Saint crowned by angel ; in
the distance, the Lateran Church; — Anno VII, The Washing of
the Feet.

From the fifth year of Clement XL, Ermenegildo Hamerani
engraved half the silver coinage ; some of the gold issues bear also
this engraver's signature, which is equally found on numerous coins
of Innocent XIII., and Benedict XIII.

By this artist are also : 1705, Augustus II of Poland (commis-
sioned to Hamerani by Cardinal Albani) ; — 1720, Nicolaus Duodo,
Venetian ambassador at Rome.

HAMERANI, GIOACCHIMO (Ital.). Medallist to Popes Pius VI.
and VII., end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the
nineteenth. He was the son of Ottone Hamerani and the last
representative ot that noted family of engravers. His work is unfor-
tunately poor.

This artist's signature appears as G.HAM.F. ; — G.H. ; — G.
HAM. ; — G.H.F. ; — H ; — G. HAMERANI ; — J. HAMERANI ; — J.
HAM. ; — HAMERANI;

By him are the following medals : Pius VI. (177 5- 1800).
Anno XIV, Restoration of the Via Appia, VIA . ALBAN . VELIT .
A . P . AD . POMPT . RESTIT. ex. AN . MDCCLXXXVIII ; —
Anno XV, Consecration of the Church of Subiaco, TEMPLI.
SVBLAC.CONSECRATIO. ex. MDCCLXXXIX. The Pope
assisted by the Clergy consecrating the Church; — Anno XVI.,
Abolition ot Duties, ANNON^. P. R.LIBERTATE.RESTITVTA.
ex. MDCCXC. Abundance standing; — Anno XVII, Building of
Canals and drainage of the Pontine Marshes, AGRO.PROMPTIN.
COLONIS.REST. ex. MDCCXCI. Female figure seated, &c. ; —
Anno XVIII, Water- works, ANIENE.NAVICLARIIS.PATERE.
JVSSO. ex. MDCCXCII ; — Anno XIX, The Arsenal of Civita-
vecchia, PORTVTNSTAVRATO.VRBE.MVNITA ex. CEN-
TVMCELLAE; — Anno XX, ^. VELINOTN.NAR.TERT.
EMISSO. ex. MDCCXCIV. Two rivers uniting their waters ; —
Anno XXI, The Pontiff receives emigrant French priests, CLERO.
GALLIA. PVLSO.HOSPIT.ET.ALIM.PR.EBITA. Pius VII.
(1800-1823). Anno I, Accession Medal, ADVENTVI.OPT.PRIN-
CIPIS.Y.NON.QVINCT. ex. MDCCC. The Triumphal Arch on
the Piazza del Popolo ; — Anno II, I^. INEVNTE . PONTIFICA-
TVM.SOLEMNITER. The Holy Dove ; — Anno III, ^. REFVL-
SIT.SOL. The Sun illuminating the Vatican and St. Peter's; —

— 399 —

Anno IV, The Coinage Reforms, MONETA.RESTITVTA. ex.
MDCCCIII. Helmeted figure of Rome seated ; — Anno V, Free
Trade, PROMERCIOR.PRIVILEGIA. ABOLITA. ex. MDCCCIV.
Female figure seated; — Anno V, The Virgin, CAVSA.NOS-
TRAE.LiETITI^; beneath : J.HAMERANI. Bust ot the Virgin;

— Anno VI, Restoration of the Ponte-Molle, EX. GALLIA.
REDEVNTI.POSTR.EID.MAI ex. P.MILVIVS.REST.MDCCCV;
beneath : J.HAM.; — Anno VII, Opening of Salt works at Cor-
neto, SALINE . TARQ.VIN . INSTiTVT^E. ex. J . H AMERANI .
Standing figure, &c.

This artist engraved also a medal of Girdinal Prince Henry
Stuart (Henry IX) of Great Britain, with ^L. NON.DESIDERIIS.
HOMINVM.SED.VOLVNTATE.DEI. Religion holding Bible and
cross; at her feet, a lion ; signed : G.HAM.F.

Gioachino Hamerani's signature is found on some of the coins
of Pius VI, the Roman RepubUc, 1798-1799, and Pius VU., also
on medals of Cicero, 1799, etc.

HAMERANI, GIOVANNI (ItaL). Medallist and Coin-engraver, born
at Rome on October 30, 1649, where he died on June 25,
1705, from apoplexy. He was the son ot Alberto Hamerani, and
left behind him two sons, Ermenegildo and Ottone and a daughter-
Beatrice, who all three distinguished themselves as noted medal-
engravers. Giovanni Hamerani was appointed Medallist after his
father's death, to Pope Clement X. and later also to Innocent XL,
Alexander VIIL, Innocent XIL and Clement XL Bolzenthal remarks
that this artist, in common with his father, possessed a pure artistic
taste, and in style, expression and strength of execution, was much
superior to the engravers of his time.

Giovanni Hamerani's signature is met with in different forms :
J. HAMERANVS, F. ; — H; — JO. HAMERANUS ; - JO. HAMERA-
NUS F. ; — OPUS HAMERANI; — HAMERANVS ; — HAMERANVS F. ;

— HAMERAN ; _ J. H. ; — HAMER ; — JOAN HAMERANI. F. ; —
I.H.F. ; — Jo! HAM. ; -1 HAM. ; — OP.I.H. ; — OPVS HAMER ; —
HAMERANO; &c.

To him we owe the following medals : Clement X. (1670-1676).
Anno II, Beatification ot five Saints, ^L. DECOR EIVS GLORIA
SANCTORVM; - Anno III, Roman Charity, ^L. VIVIFICAT
ET BEAT. A girl feeding her old father in prison; —
Anno IIII, ^L. PER. ME. VITA. EXTRA. ME. MORS. Religion
holding cross; — Anno IIII, St. Peter and St. Paul, INTERCE-
DITE. PRO. NOBIS; — Anno IIII, The Pontirs apostolic care in
providing the Papal States with corn during the famine, UT.
ABUNDAMTIUS.HABEANT; -Anno V. ^. DOMVS.DEI.ET.
PORTA. COLLI. Ihe Pope opening the Holy Gate (3 types, with

— 400 —

APERI . EIS . THESAVRVM . TVVM and date MDCLXXV or 1 67 5 ;
and APERVIT.DOMIN VS. THESAVRVM. TVVM., &c.) ; —
Anno VI, Commemoration of the Jubilee Year, FLVENT AD
EVM OMNES GENTES View of the Vatican (illustraled) ; —
Another, dated MDCLXXV, LAVDENT. IN. PORTIS. OPERA.
EJVS. The Pope closing the Porta Sancta ; — Another, on the
same event, with legend : BENEDIXIT.FILIVS.IN.TE. ; —
Anno VI. ^L. DOMVS ALTERIA, ex. MDCLXXV, View of the
Palazzo Alfieri. This medal is praised by Venuti. Innocent XL
( 1 676-1689). Accession of the new Pontiff, ^L. INNOCENS.
MANIBUS.ET.MVNDO.CORDE. The Pope seated on the Sedia

^

Jubilee Medal of Pope Clement X.

Gestatoria carried to St. Peter's accompanied by the Sacred College ;
— 1676, The Pope's intervention for Peace between France and
Spain, FIAT.PAX.IN.VIRTVTE.TVA; — The noble ancestry
of the Odescalchi family, ^L. DIVINAENVNCIA MENTIS. The

Jubilee Medal of Pope Clement X.

Zodiac with the signs Aquila and Leo; — Anno I., St. Peter walk-
ing on the sea sustained by Our Lord, SALVA NOS DOMINE
(2 types); — Anno II, ^L. AVDITE. VOCES. SVPPLICVM

— 401 —

St. Peter and St. Paul standing; — Anno III, ^L. NON.DEFI-
CIET.FIDES/rVA. St. Peter seated; — 1679, ^L. GLORI^E.
PONDVS . MOMENTANEVM . ET . LEVE. AETERNVM. Crowned
figure seated and flying Genius; — Anno III, ^L. IN.S.£CVLVM.
STABIT. Faith, veiled, holding cross, &c., and standing; in the
distance, view of the Vatican ; — Anno IIII, The Washing of the Feet ;

— Treaty of Peace of Nyniwegen, FECIT . PACEM . SVPER . TER-
RAM. Piety kneeling with lamb at her feet; — Anno V, RL. IN.
COELO. SEMPER. ASSISTITVR, St. Michael killing the Dragon;

— Anno V, Charity, NON.QVAERIT.QVAE.SVA.SVNT; —
Anno VI,Extinction of Michele Molino's heresy, I^. VNA . SVPER.
VNVM. The Church holding cross near circular temple; to r., an
Angel ; — Anno VII, The Roman Catholic Faith, ^L. IN.SAECV-
LVM. STABIT. Religion standing with keys and cross in her
hands; above, two angels; — Anno VIII, The Washing of the
Feet; — Anno XIII, The Turks raise the siege of Vienna, 1683,
DEXTER A . TV A . DOMINE . PERCVSSIT . INIMICVM. The-same
inscription was used by Pius V. for the medal commemorating the
Victory ofLepanto ; — Anno VIII, Conclusion of an Alliance against
the Turks by the Pope, Emperor Leopold, John III. of Poland and
Marc Antonio Giustiniani, Doge of Venice, HABETO.NOS.
FOEDERATOS.ET.SERVIEMVS.TIBI. Altar, on which Tiara,
Imperial and Royal crowns, and the Ducal beretta ; — N. d.,
^L. CONFORTAMINI . ET . NON. DISSOLVANTVR . MAN VS.
VESTRAE. The Venetian Lion; — Anno VIII, Religion; —
Anno IX, The Venetians seize the island of S. Maura from the
Turks, DOMINVM FORMIDABVNT. ADVERSARII.EJUS. The
Church; — Anno X, St. Peter seated, NON DEFICIET. FIDES.
TVA. ; — Anno XL Victory over the Turks in Hungary, IN.
PERPETVVM . CORONATA . TRIVMPHAT. Cross on mount, &c.;

— Anno XII, Same event, SPERENT.INTE.QVI.NOVERVNT.
NOMEN.TVVM. Hope standing; — Anno XIII, The Pope's
constancy in the troubles of that year, when began the War
between Christian Princes, and James II. of England was dethron-
ed, FORTITVDO.MEA. DOMINE. Seated figure of Fortitude. &c.
Alexander Fill. (1689-1691). 1689, Accession of the Pope, MVNIT
ET VNIT Orb and Zodiac; 1690, The Pontiff's affability, SVA-
VITATE; — 1690, The Paschal Feast, DOMINI EST ASSVMP-
TIO NOSTRA. St. Peter's cathedral; — Anno I, ^L. As last;
bust different ; — N. d., S. Lorenzo Giustiniani in the attitude of
blessing, LAVRENTIO . J VST IN . SS . ALBVM RELATO; ex.
PETRO.ET. JOANNE. LANDIS. OR AT.VEN.ADNITENTIBVS.
(2 tvpes); — Sede Vacante (i6^i). Medal with heads of St. Peter
andSt. Paul. ^. VENI . LVMEN . CORDIVM— ROM AE. The Holy
Dove. Innocent XII. (1691-1700). Anno I, Coronation of the Pope,

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notice} of Medallirts. — U. i6

— 402 —

A.DEO.DATVS.DIE.XII.CORONAT.XV.JULII. ; — Endea-
vours of the Pope to pacify the Christian Princes, IVSTITIA. ET.
ABVNDANTIA.PACIS. Seated figure of 'Justice; — The Pon-
tiffs good will to the Powers, A. DEO. ET. PRO. DEO Charity;

— Another, with legend : PACEM.DONES.PROTINVS; —
Anno II, The Pope enthroned receiving a deputation of poor
people, BEATVS . QVI . INTELLIGIT . SVPER . EGENOS . ET .
PAVPERES; — Anno III, St. Peter watching over the City ot
Rome, VIGILAT.QVI.CVSTODIT.EAM.; — Anno III, Foun-
dation of the Apostolic Hospital at Ripa Grande (MDCXCIV); —
Anno IV (COIDCVC), The Curia Innocenziana on Monte Citorio,
erected by Bernini and Fontana; legend : IVSTITIAE ET.PIE-
TATI; — Anno IV, The Church of Santa Maria delle Fornaci,
AEDIS.D.MARIAE.DEVM. &c. ; — Anno V, The Basilica Anto-
nina transformed into the Dogana di Terra, QVAESTVS . MAGNVS .
PIETAS.CVM.SVFFICIENTIA; ex. MDCIIIIC; — Anno V., The
Pontiff allowing a large sum for Oriental Missions, ANNVN-
TIATE. INTER. GENTES, Pope seated, &c. ; — Anno VII, Busts
of St. Peter and St. Paul, FVNDAMENTA.FIDEI; ex. CODCIIC;

— Anno VIII Jubilee Medal, JVBILEI.SAECVLARIS.INDIC-
TIO;ex. CIDlbCD The Porta Sancta, ^c. ; — Anno VIII, The
Washing of the Feet. TV.DOMINVS.ET.MAG. ; ex. EXEMPL.
DEDI.VOBIS; — 1699, Figure of the Holy Virgin executed in
mosaic by Giuseppe Conti in the Court of the Quirinal, SVB.
TVVM.PRiESIDIVM; — 1700 (MDCC), Procession of pilgrims
entering the Porta Santa, INTROITE. PORTA. EJUS ; — Another
Jubilee Medal, with I^. IVSTITIA . ET . ABVNDANTIA . PACIS .
Justice seated. Clement XL (1700-1721). Accession on the 23"^ of
November 1700, ^L. REPLEVIT.ORBEM.TERRARVM. The
Holy Dove; — Allusion to the Pope's difhculties in connection
with the Spanish war of Succession, INFVNDE LVMEN; ex. VT.
SINT.ASPERA.IN.VIAS.PLANAS. The Holy Dove, and Pon-
tiiFs arms ; — Anno I, The Pope's endeavours to restore Peace,
FIAT . PAX . SVPER . ISRAEL 1 70 1 . Kneeling figure of the Church ;

— 1702, Restoration of the Basilica de Ss. Dodici Apostoli, AVXI-
LIVM . MEVM . A . DOMINO ; ex. NOVA . BASILICA . SS . XII .
APOST.MDCCII; — Anno III, Restoration of the ancient Aque-
duct of Civitavecchia, HAVRIETIS.IN GAVDIO; — Anno IIH,
The Reformatory erected by Pope Clement XL near the Hospital of
St. Michael, VT . ERVANTVR . A . VIA . M ALA . ; — Anno IHI,
The Granaries enlarged by the addition of the Fabric near S. Ber-
nardo, ADDITO ANNONAE.PRAESIDIO.1704, &c.

Giovanni Hamerani executed two medals belonging to the
English series : 1683, Cardinal Howard, Bust to r. :^.^NE VICTA
RESVRGANT Hercules searing the decapitated necks of the
Hydra (Med. 111. I, ||), always cast (JE and lead); — 1689, Inno-

— 403 —

cent XI. condoles with James 11., Bust of Pope ^L. FORTITVDO.
MEA . DOMINE. Fortitude seated to r., caressing a lion (Med. 111.
I, ^ (.R. and JE.).

Gold and Silver coins of Innocent XL, Alexander VIII., Inno-
cent XII., and Clement XI. bear Giovanni Hamerani's signature in
various forms ; the names of other engravers, as Lucenti on the
coinage of Innocent XI., Travanus on that of Alexander VIII.,

Scudo of Innocent XI., by Giov. Hamerani.

P. P. Borner on that of Innocent XII., and St. Urbain on that of
Clement XI., show that more than one die-cutter was employed
at the Papal Zecca at the same time.

The following medals, of which I have seen descriptions, bear
Giovanni Hamerani's signature : 1673, Louis XIV,, I^. QVIS.
CONTRA. NOS Massacre of the Huguenots in theCevennes; —
1680, Christina of Sweden, I^. NE.MI.BISOGNA ; — Another,
^. Victory ; — Francis I, Duke of Parma. ^. IVNGVNTVR, &c.

HAMERAN, JOHANN ANDREAS (Germ.). Medallist of the first half
of the seventeenth century. He was born at Hermannskirchen in
Bavaria and settled at Rome under the pontificate of Paul V.
( 1 605-1 621). This engraver was the ancestor of the celebrated
family of medallists who worked tor the Papal Zecca for nearly two
centuries. His son Alberto, born in 1620, was the first artist to
bring the name of Hamerani into prominence, and Giacomo, who
was still working circa 1807, the last. *' To have continued the same
occupation for four, or possibly, five generations, would have been
very unusual in life; but to have retained the same office under
thirteen successive elective sovereigns, no one of whom was related
to his predecessor or biased by his predilections, is much more
remarkable, and may fairly be ascribed to superior talent, which,
however, had declined under Benedict XIV., and almost vanished
under Pius VI. " (R. Sainthill. Olla Podrida, II, p. 340).

— 404 —

Venuti informs us that John Andrew Hameranus Hermanskerker
was engaged under Pope Paul V. at the Zecca to strike medals
and coins. His productions not being signed, it is impossible to
ascribe any to this artist. According to Sainthill, he married
twice; by his first wife, Margaret Corradini, he had a son named
Albert, who succeeded him at the mint ; and by Margaret Aguccia,
two daughters, Anna-Maria and Theresia. He died at Liburni on
August 17., 1644.

HAMERANI, OTTONE (or OTTO). Medallist and Coin-engraver,
born at Rome on the 5. of November 1694. where he died in
1768. He was the younger son of Giovanni Hamerani, and held
the office ot Medallist to Popes Clement XII., Benedict XIV. and
Clement XUI. As an artist. Otto Hamerani did not come up to his
father, nor even to his brother. He was an especial favourite of the
Old Pretender of England, James (III.) Stuart, tor whom he
struck several medals, and who gave him as a token of esteem and
admiration a precious ring. He had learned to draw and design
under Luti ; he then modelled in wax, and finally devoted himself
entirely to medal-engraving.

Hamerani held the office of Master of the Mint at Rome from
1734 until his death in 1768.

Lochner gives an incomplete list of the productions of Ottone
and Ermengildo Hamerani, who both worked also tor private
persons and on foreign orders.

Ottone Hamerani's signature on medals appears in various forms
also : HAMERANI ; — OTTO ; — HAMERANVS ; — 0. H. ; — OTTO
HAMERANI F. ; — HAMERANI F. ; — 0. HAMERANI; — OT. HAME-
RANI ; — HAMER.

The following medals are by this artist : Clement XII. (1730-
1740). 173 1, Foundation of the Temple of the Child Jesus on the
Esquiline, IN.HONOREM.INFANTIS.JESV; DIE.QVA.FVN-
DAMENTA.JACTA.SVNT.TEMPLI.MDCCXXI; — Anno I,
^. PORT^.INFERI.NON.PR^VALEB., ex. MDCCXXXI.
The Church standing; in the distance, the Vatican ; — 1732, The
Port of Ancona exempted from Taxes, ADJVTOR.IN.OPPOR-
TVNIT., ex. MDCCXXXII. View of Ancona and harbour; —
Anno III, The Washing of the Feet; — Anno III, Restoration ot
the Arch of Constantine, OB. MEMOR- CHRISTIAN. SECVRIT.
REST., ex. MDCCXXXIII; — Anno III, Addition of a new Por-
tico to the Church of the Lateran, ADORATE.DOMINVM.IN.
ATRIO.SANCTO.EJVS, ex. MDCCXXXXIII; beneath : ALEX.
GALILEVS.ARCHTNV. View of the Facade of S. Giovanni in
Laterano with Portico inscribed, CLEM. XII. etc.; — Anno III,
The Corsini Chapel in the Lateran, SACELLO. IN. LATER ANEN.
BASIL . S . ANDREiE . CORSINIO . .EDIFICATO, ex. A . S .

— 405 —

CDOCCXXXIII OH.; beneath : ALEXANDER . GALILEVS .
INVENT. ; — Anno III, Lazzaretto built at Ancona by the Pope,
PVBLICAE.INCOLVMITATIS.PRyESIDIO, ex. DORICAE.VR-
BIS.LOEMOCOMIVM 1734 : beneath : L. VANVINTEL.ARCH.
INVEN. ; — Anno IV, Foundation of the Capitohne Museum,
MVLTIPLICASTI MAGNIFICENTIAM, ex. VETERIBVS SIGNIS.
IN CAPITOLIO.ERECTIS. Rome seated on orb inscribed 1734,
etc. ; — 1735, The Mint, B^. EX CONLATICIA . PROBATAQ .
MONETA, ex. PVBLIC^. FIDEL MONIMENT. Pavilion and
keys, 1735, and motto : ASSAGIVM.GENERALE ; — Anno V,
Ravenna protected from inundations, SECVRITAS.POPVLI.RA-
VENN., ex. MDCCXXXV. Ravenna reclining between two vases,
representing rivers, and inscribed : MONTO and RONCVS; —

— Anno VI, The Great Fountain dell'Acqua Vergine built by the
architect Nicolo Salvi Romano, FONTE. AQViE. VIRGINIS.OR-
NATO, ex. MDCCXXXVLO.H.; — Anno VI, Foundation of
the Church of Santa Maria on the Forum of Trajan, SACERDOS.
M AGNVS . IN . DIEBVS . SVIS . CORROBORAVIT . TEMPLVM .
ECCL.50.MDCCXXXVI ; — Anno VII, The Palazzo della Con-
sulta , ADMINISTRORVM . COMODO . ET . EQVIT VM . STA-
TIONIBVS, ex. MDCCXXXVII.O.H. ; — Anno VII, Beatification
of St. Vincent de Paul, San Francesco Regis, St. Catherine of
Genoa and S. Giuliana Falconieri, on the Lateran, ILLOS.ET.
GLORIFICAVIT, ex. MDCCXXXVIII.O.H. ; — Anno IX, The
Pope's generosity, PIA . DOMO . SERVATA. Clement XII. receiving
mothers with their children. Benedict XIV. (1740-1758). 1740,
Accession of the Pontiff, JVDICABIT.IN.yEQVITATE.MDCCXL.
The Church ; — Anno I, Restoration of a new Portico in the Basi-
lica Liberiana, TEMPLVM. CORROBORAVIT. ET.ATRIVM.
EREXIT . BENED . PP . XIV . AN . MDCCXLI . PONT . I. ; — Restor-
ation of the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, BASIL. LIBER.
PORTIC.REST. ; — Divine Providence, VT.MECVM.SIT.ET.
MECVM.LABORET. MDCCXLI; — Anno II, The Port of Civi-
tavecchia freed from Duties, VECTIGALIBVS . REMISSIS, ex.
AD.CENTVMCELL. 1742. Abundance; — The Tomb of Maria
Clementina Sobieski in St. Peter's, built by Barrigioni and Bracci,
MEMORISE. M.CLEM. BRIT. REGIN.E; — Anno III, The Mint,
EX. PROBATyE. MONETAE SEGMENTIS., ex. FIDES. PVBLI-
CA.1742. Pavilion and keys; ASSAGIVM.GENERALE; —

— Anno IV, Restoration of the Triclinio Leoniano in the Lateran
Church , TRICLINII . LEONIANI . PARIETINIS . RESTITVTIS ;

— Anno V, The Schools of design and Statues of the Campidoglio,
VIRTVTI . TROPH^A . NOVA . NON . DEGENER . ADDAM, ex.
ADDITO . IN . C APITOLIO . SAPIENTI^.. PABVLO . 1745 . Pallas;
in the distance, the Capitol ; Anno VI, Beatification of the

— 4o6 —

Saints, St. Fidel of Sigmaringen, S. Giuseppe da Leonessa, S.
Camillo de' Lellis, S. Pietro Regalada and S. Catterina de' Ricci,
VNIVIT.PALMAMQVE.DEDlt; ex. III.KAL.JVL. AN.SAL.
CDIDCCXLVI; — Anno VI, Tiie Pope's generosity, PIA.DOMO.
SERVATA. Benedict XIV. amidst the Poor' and children; —
Anno VII, The Pope in lectica between Guards carried to Civita-
vecchia, CVRA.RERVM.PVBLICARVM, ex. AD.CENTVM-
CELLAS.PROFECTIO; — Anno VIII, The Pope's wise disposi-
tions in connection with the Tribunale di Segnatura, EGO.JVS-
TITIAS.JVDICABO, ex. SIGNATVRA GRATIyE.RESTITVTA.
Wisdom, etc. ; — Anno VIII. ^L. EX.COLLECTIS.FRAGMEN-
TIS MDCCXLVII, Pavilion and keys ; — Anno IX, The Picture
Gallery at the Capitol, AMPLIORIBONAR. ARTIVM.INCRE-
MENTO. ex. CAPITOLIO.PICTVRIS. DECOR ATO. Genius of
Arts, etc. and view of the Picture Gallery ; — Jubilee Medal,
FLVENT.AD.EVM.OMNES.GENTES. The announcement of
the Jubilee, view of St. Peter's cathedral; angel holding
banner inscribed : IN . SPLENDORE . STELLARVM ; —Another.
^. MDCCL. The Pontiff assisted by the Clergv opening the
Porta Sancta; — Another. ' }^. INTROITE. PORTA S.EJVS;
beneath : HAMERANVS F. Procession entering the Porta Sancta;
— Another. ^L. ET.CLAVSIT, ex. MDCCL. The Pontiff
closing the Porta Sancta; — Another. ^. AN. MDCCL. FRAN-
CIS. COMIT . PRAES . The Pope and the Chapter General of the
Franciscan Order; — Anno XI, Administration of Justice, EGO.
JVSTITIAS.JVDICABO, ex. SIGNATVRA . GRATIiE . RESTI-
TVTA. Seated figure of Justice and Genius; — Anno XII, Public
Security, SECVRITAS PVBLICA, ex. MOENIA . VRBIS . RES-
TAVRATO. Security seated leaning against column, 1752; —
Anno XIII, Conclusion of a Treaty between the Pope and Venice,
CONCORDIA. MVTVA. ex. TERMINIS.AD.PADVM.CONS-
TITVTIS. The Church shaking hands with the Republic of
Venice ; — Anno XIV. Settlement of dispute with the Patriarch
of Aquileja, NOVO.ECCLESIARVM .FOEDERE. ex. TRAN-
QVILLITAS.RESTITVTA. Two bishops holding cross, etc. ; —
Anno XIIII, The Washing of the Feet; — Anno, XV, Treaty
between the Pope and the King of Naples, VOTA. PVBLICA. ex.
RELIGIONE . AVSPICE . A . MDCCLV. The Pope seated on throne,
and various figures; — Anno XVI, The Mint, PROVIDENTIA.
PONTIFICIS. ex. EX. PROBATA. MONETA. A. MDCCLV ; —
Anno XVI, Flourishing state of Commerce, AVCTO. TERRA.
MARiaVE.COMMEKCIO, ex. MDCCLVI. Abundance and Nep-
tune ; — Anno XVII, Restoration of the Pantheon, PANTHEI.
DECORE . RESTITVTO . ET . AVCTO . AN . MDCCL VII . Interior
of the Rotunda restored by the architect Posi ; — Anno XVIII,

— 407 —

The Washing of the Feet; — Anno XVni, ^. FRVCTVM.
SVVM.DEDIT. IN TEMPORE. Cross, at the feet of which two
angels kneeling. Sede I'acante (1758). :^. SPIRITV.ORIS.EJVS.
The Holy Dove. Clement XJIL (175 8- 1769). Anno I, Accession,
ORIETVR.IN.DIEBVS.EJVS. ex. MDCCLVIII. Justice stand-
ing; - Anno I, Public charity, DEDIT . PAVPERIBVS . ex.
MDCCLIX. Charity standing; — Anno II, Distribution of corn to
the Poor, VT . COMEDANT . PA VPERES . POPVLI. ex. MDCCLX.
The Granaries of Termini; — Anno III ([761), New Warehouses
built at Civitavecchia, MERCIVM.IMPORTANDARVM. COM-
MODITATI. View of the harbour; — Anno III, ^. GRE-
GORIO . BARBADICO . S . R . E . CARDINALI . E . EPISC . PATA VI-
NO IN. ALBVM.BEATOR.RELATO. within olive- wreath ; —
Anno IV, The Pope visits Civitavecchia, ADVENTVS PONTIFI-
CIS.CENTVMCELL. ; — Anno V, Navigation on the Tiber resu-
med, NAMGATIONE.TYBERIS.RESTITVTA, ex. 1763; —
Anno \'I, View of Civitavecchia and fortress, CENTVMCELLIS.
AMPLIATA.CIVITAS. ex. MDCCLXIV; -Anno VII. Gift by
the Pope to the Capitoline Museum of the two marble Centaurs
found at the Villa of Hadrian, CVRA . PRINCIPIS • AVCTO .
MVSiEO . CAPITOLINO . ex . CELEBERRIMIS . ADRIANiE .
VILLyE.ORNAMENTIS.

The English medallic series claims the following medals by
Ottone Hamerani : 17 19, Escape of Princess Clementina from
Innspriick. 28. April (N. S.) 1719. Bust of Princess. ^. FOR-
TVNAM . CAVSAMQVE . SEO VOR . EX . DECEPTIS . CVSTODI-
BV.MDCCXIX. The Princess in a car drawn by two horses; in
the distance, Rome (Med. III. II, ^) ; — 17 19, Marriage of James

(III.), the Old Pretender, and Princess Clementina — ^, I7i9>

Bustsconjoined.I^.REGIVM CONNVBIVM. Ex. KAL.SEPTEM-
BR.MDCCXIX. Hercules and Venus,attendedbyCupid.(Med.Ill.II,
^') (iR. and JE.); — 1719; Another medal, on the same event.
Bust of Prince James. ^. Bust of Princess Clementina (Med. III.
11,^'). (/K and ^E, illustrated); — 1789, Portrait-medallion of
Princess Clementina, engraved on steel and set in a brass rim
(Med. III. n, %) ; •-- 1720, Birth of Prince Charles, Young Pre-
tender, f Dec. 1720. Busts conjoined. ^. PROVIDENTIA
OBSTETRIX. Ex. CAROLO.PRINC : VALLIyE NAT : DIE.
VLTIMA A : MDCCXX. Providence, leaning against column,
holds child in her arms (Med. III. II, §--) (iR and JE); — 1721,
James (III.), Old Pretender, Appeal against the House of Hano-
ver, obv. VNICA SALVS. Bust of Prince James to r. ^. Q.VID.
GRAVIVS.CAPTA. Ex. MDCCXXI. The Hanoverian Horse
trampling upon Lion and Unicorn; Britannia seated; View of

— 408 —

London in the distance (Med. 111. II, ^) (JR. and JE) ; — 1729,
Prince Charles and Prince Henry, obv. MICAT. INTER. OMNES.
Bust of Prince Charles. R,. ALTER. AR.ILLO. Bust of Prince
Henry; edge : DIE .XXXI. DECEMBR. MDCCXX. EXTVLIT.
OS.SACRVM.COELO. (Med. 111. II/-|) (A^, JR. and -JE); —
1729, The two Princes, obv. NVNC . SALTEM . EVERSO . IVVE-
NEM. Bust of Prince Charles. 1^. TRIPLICIS.SPES.TERTIA.
GENTIS. Bust of Prince Henrv (Med. 111. II, '^^). (^and.^).

Marriage medal of the Elder Pretender and Princess Clementina,
by Otto Hamerani.

By Otto Hamerani are also : 17 17, King John V. ot Portugal.
^. alludes to the participation of the Portuguese fleet in the Vic-
tory over the Turks in Morea ; — Charles VI, Taking of Temesvar
and Belgrade; — Birth of Archduke Charles of Austria, 1745

Obv. of Scudo of Benedict XIV., by Otto Hamerani.

(executed for the Milanese Mint); — Quarantine Hospital at
Ancona; D"^ Giuseppe Cervi of Parma (Boston Coll").

— 409 —

Most of the silver coinage of Popes Clement XII., Benedict XIV.,
and Clement XIII. was engraved by Otto Hamerani ; some of the
Scudi, Half-scudi, and Testoni are signed HAMERANI or H., or also
0. H. This artist does not appear to have been employed on the
gold coinage.

HAMETEL, GUILLAUME DE (French). Mint-master at Troyes for

the silver coinage, 1338.

HAMILTON, M" L. VEREKER (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and

Medallist. "The artists who have dabbled in medal-making are
many", says Mr M. H. Spielmann in British Sculptors of To-day,
*' but few are those who have remained entirely faithful to it.
Among them is Mrs Vereker Hamilton. Influenced by her master,
Mr. Legros, and following the bold and apparently rugged and
lumpy manner of the French medallist M. Charpentier — as opposed
to the exquisitely refined modern classicism ot M. Roty — she has
produced an extremely clever series full of character, including
" Lord Roberts " ; — " Viscount Gort " ; — " Sir Donald Stewart " ;
— and the " Maharajah of Kapurthala " {illustrated). The last

The Maharajah of Kapurthala, by M« Hamilton.

named was purchased for the Luxembourg Museum in Paris. "

At the Exhibitions of the Society of Medallists this artist has
shown a series of medals, amongst which were Portrait-medal-
lions and Medals of Miss Dorothy Swainson ; — Mrs Swainson ; —
Bretony peasant ; — Field-Marshal Lord Roberts ; — Field-Marshal
Sir Donald Stewart ; — Major-General Sir Ian Hamilton, etc.

HAMILTON, JAMES, MARQUIS OF (Brit.). In 1622 a grant was
confirmed to Ludovic, Duke of Lennox, and James, Marquis of

— 410 —

Hamilton, ior the issue of a coinage of Farthing Tokens. These
tokens had been first issued in 1613 ^^ pursuance of a patent
granted to John Lord Harrington, of Exton. Fide. HARRINGTON.

HAMLET (Brit.). Signature of a Die-sinker on a Portrait-medal
of Rev. Robert Fellowes (Am. J. Num. 1067).

HAMMANN (^French). This engraver's name occurs on a medal

struck to commemorate the Inauguration of the Bridge of La Caille
in Savoy.

HAMMERSCHIDT, ANTON JOSEF (^M^fr.)- Mint-master at Karlsburg
(Transsylvania) under Maria Theresia, circa 1765. His initial H
appears on Ducats of that year, in conjunction with that of Alexan-
der de Gagia, Mint-warden, G.

Bibliography. — Ad. Resch, Siebenbiirgische Mim^enund Medaillen, Hermanns-
tadt, 1 90 1.

HAMMERSCHMIDT, JOSEF (Austr.). Imperial Mint-warden at Her-
mannstadt (Transsylvania) from the opening of that Mint until 171 1.
Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher. op. cit.

HAMMERSCHMIDT, SALOMON {Germ.). Mint-master at Breslau,
1666-1690, and perhaps until 171 1, On coins his initials are S. H.
or S. H. S. His son was " Schmiedemeister " at the same mint from
1711 to 1726.

HAMMERSCHMIDT, SIGMDND (Austr.). Warden of the Mint at
Briinn, then at Vienna.

HAMMERSMITH & FIELD (Jm^r.). Jewellers of San Francisco (Cali-
fornia) whose designs for the Medal presented to California Volun-
teers for services in the Spanish-American War, 1898-99, were
accepted by the official Committee. I do not know who engraved
this medal,

HAMMOND, BONHAM (Brit.). Manufacturer of Tokens, who was
residing at Birmingham, at the end of the eighteenth century.
Amongst his issues is a Leith Halfpenny of 1797.

Bibliography. — Pye, Provincial Copper Coins, London, n. d.

HANCOCK, JOHN GREGORY (Brit.). Medallist and Die-sinker of the
latter part of the eighteenth century and first two decades of the
nineteenth, circ. 1775-1815 ; resided at Birmingham, and owes his
reputation to his skill as an Engraver of tokens. He worked for
Matthew Boulton at the Soho Mint, and later for P. Kempson, for
whom he executed the dies of a series of medals commemorating
British victories over the French, the Union with Ireland,
George III., and Statesmen of the time, as well as Prize-medals,

— 411 —

badges, tickets, &c. His later productions are of much greater merit
than the earlier ones.

I have been unable to obtain a more complete list of this
engraver's medals, which are nearly all signed : HANCOCK or
I.G.HANCOCK, but occasionally also I.e. H orH. Several belong
to Mudie's Series of National Medals. 1795, War with France,
Defeat of French fleet off" Port d'Orient by Admiral Hood, Lord
Bridport; — I797> Engagement off Camperdown, with bust of
Lord Viscount Duncan, Admiral of the White; — 1797,
Another, with bust of Sir Richard Onslow Bart., Admiral of the
Blue; — 1802, Peace of Amiens; — 1803, Henry Addington,
Viscount Sidmouth ; — 1 803 , Earl of Liverpool (Lord Hawkesbury) ;
— 1 80 1, Campaign in Egypt, Battle of Alexandria (Regimental
medal struck by order of the officers of the 97*'' or Queen's German
Regiment, for presentation to the men of the regiment who were
engaged in that battle); — 1801, Death of Abercromby, 28 March
1801 ; — 1802, Death ol the Duke of Bedford, 2. March 1802; —
1814, Samuel Fereday, Peace of Paris; — 1800, Opposition to the
Union with Ireland, with bust of Fox; — 1800, Richard Greene,
Memorial; — 1812, Rowland, Viscount Hill, capture of Forts of
Almare?. (the signature H may stand on this medal for Hopper, the
sculptor of a bust of Lord Hill, from which Mills engraved the
portrait. Mr Grueber interprets the H as Hancock, Num. Chron.,
1892, p. 237); — I799> Sir William Sidney Smith, Bonaparte
repulsed and Siege of Acre raised; — 1783, D' Joseph Priestley
(^illustrated) ; — Masonic medal on the Union of the two jRites,

D"- Joseph Priestley, by J. G. Hancock.

with accolated busts of George, Prince of Wales, and William,
Duke of Clarence, 1802; — 1800, Charles James Fox ; — 1800,
George III. preserved from assassination; — 1803, Washmgton
Memorial medal (illustrated) ;— ly^SySk Henry TroWope, Knight,
Engagement off Helvoetsluys; — 1798, Admiral, Lord Nelson,
Victory of the Nile; — Temple, the Actor; — 1802, Marquis

— 4^2 —

Cornwallis; — George III.'s Insanity (A. J. N. 1171); — Dr.
Richard Greene of Lichfield, 1800 {A J. N., 1176).

The tokens engraved by J. G. Hancock are very numerous.
Sharp .says of the engraver that among the Artists who produced

Washington, Memorial Medal, by J. G. Hancock.

the eighteenth century tokens " his name stands pre-eminent".
The best known of these signed tokens are: Priestley (2 var.) Wil-
kinson Iron master ; — Coventry tokens, with bust of Philemon
Holland, 1801 (7 var.); — Anglesey, Paris Mine Co (sev. var.);

— Birmingham, G. H. Barker (sev. var.); — Blything Hundred
Lord Rous; — Brimscombe, T & S. Canal Co; — Bristol, H. Bird;

— Penny Token issued by Thomas Welch, 1799 (Warwickshire
Yeomanry); — Caermarthen, J. Morgan; — Chichester, Sharp
and Chaldecot; — Cambridge, J. Burleigh; — Coventry, E. W.
Percy; — Edinburgh, T. & A. Hutchison; — Elmsthorpe, R.
Fowke; — Exeter, S. Kingdon ; — Hull, Garton &Co. ; — Lan-
caster, Worswick & Son; — Leeds, R. Paley; — Liverpool, J.
Clarke; — London, J. & R. Davidson; — London, Founders
Field; — Lichfield, R. Wright; — Macclesfield, Roe Co; —
Rochdale, J. Kershaw; — Shrewsburg Token, 1793; — Sou-
thampton, Taylor Co; — Tamworth, John Harding; — Willey,
J. Wilkinson (sev. var.); — Yarmouth, W. Absolon.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Davis, Token Coinage of Warwichhire.

— Pye, op. cit. — Grueber, English Personal Medals, Num. Cliron., 1887, 1890,
91 and 92. — Marvin, op. cit. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, III, no 2437. — Hen-
nin, Numismalique de la Revolution fraufaise .

HANCOCK, JOHN GREGORY (Brit.). Son of the preceding, and also
a clever Die-sinker, especially noted for his precocious talent. At
the age of seven, he engraved a token of uncommon merit,
and his subsequent productions, when he was eight and nine years
old were of great promise. Unfortunately nothing is known of the
subsequent career of this young artist, and it is indeed beyond

— 413 —

comprehension, as Mr W. J. Davis remarks, that all attempts
should fail to trace what became of him. Amongst his best known
works, the competent token-collector above-named, gives the
following : Birmingham Pennies, issued by George Barker — Obv.
Bust of WiUiam Pitt, Earl of Chatham ; beneath : I.G HANCOCK
SCULP. AGED -X YEARS. I^. Blank (only four mipressions in tin
exist of this piece); — Obv. Variety of last bust, with figure 8 in
inscription beneath. I^. THIS UNPARALLED PRODUCTION
OF EARLY GENIVS WAS STRUCK UNDER THE INSPEC-
TION OF GEO. BARKER 1800; — Obv. Similar bust; beneath :
BORN 1708 DIED 1788 on raised band I^. A beehive and bees,
THE WORK OF JOHN GREGORY HANCOCK AGED NINE
YEARS 1800 PENNY TOKEN FOR EXCHANGE, crossed laurel-
leaves under date ; edge : BY GEORGE BARKER BIRMINGHAM
K K X (tin and bronze); — Obv. DIVA BRITANNIAE : FAVFRIX
ARTIVM. Bust of Britannia to r. ^. As last, without the beehive
and laurel-branches; VTILE DULCI FOR EXCHANGE; edge :
BY GEORGE BARKER BIRMINGHAM MUCCC in raised letters
(24 impressions only, illustrated); — Another variety, with. ^L.

Token by J. G. Hancock Jun^.

blank, and inscription on edge : I PROMISE TO PAY ON
DEMAND THE BEARER ONE PENNY. "Pye tells us that
doubts having been expressed as to the bona-fides of this work
being that of young Hancock, induced his father to make an affi-
davit that they were entirely engraved by his son ; and the gentle-
man for whom they were made declares they were perfectly con-
vinced of the truth of this affidavit. " (Davis, The Token Coinage of
Warwickshire, p. 3). Obv. Bust to 1. ; on broad rim : THE WORK
OF JOHN GREGORY HANCOCK AGED 9 YEARS*' ; under
the bust : FROM A MODEL BY I.G.HANCOCK SEN. ^. TO
ENCOURAGE A RARE INSTANCE OF GENIUS THIS COIN
WAS STRUCK FOR T.WELCH BIRMINGHAM rSoo in nine
lines; edge : PENNY TOKEN PAYABLE ON DEMAND

— 414 —

(^illustrated) ; — A variety of the last without inscription and with
^. blanl<; on edge : ON DEMAND I PROMISE TO PAY THE
BEARER ONE PENNY. Birmingham Halfpennies : Obv. SIR

Token by J. G. Hancock Jun^.

ORIGINAL. Bust to r., with wig; tor. TG.H. l^.THIS IS | MY
WORK I JOHN I GREGORY | HANCOCK | AGED 7 YEARS |
1800. In exergue : INDUSTRY | PRODUCETH | WEALTH
(Copper and brass, illustrated); — Obv. W. SHAKESPEARE.

Token by J. G. Hancock Jun"".

Bust of Shakespeare to 1.; beneath : I.G.HANCOCK AGED 7
Y'S. ^L. As last (Copper and brass).

Bibliography. — W. J. Davis, op. cit. — Pye, op. cit. — H. A. Grueber, B.
M. Guide, English Medals, London, 1891.

HANCOCK, JOHN (Brit.). Medallist, or Publisher of Tokens and
Dealer, of the end of the eighteenth century. On his tokens, appar-
ently engraved by him, he styles himself Umbrella maker and
Dealer in Coins and Medals, of Leather Lane, Holborn, London.

HANCOCK, THOMAS (Brit.). This Engraver's name or signature
occurs on two medals I have met witii : William, third Viscount
Dudley and Ward, his munificence, 1817; — and Joseph Hume.

— 415 —

HANDL, ANDRAE {Aiistr.). Mint-warden at Vienna. 1587; then
Mint-master, 1605-1611. In 1617, he received an annual pension
of 300 florins for his twenty-five years' service, and in 1621, he
was elected Master of the Spanish Mint set up at Vienna by Count
Ognat, and struck 48 Kreutzer pieces and Kipperthalers, dated
1622.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesien an J. Newald's Puhlicationen, etc.

HANDL, THOMAN (Austr.). Mint-warden at Vienna, circa 1570;
received in that year a commission, in conjunction with Mint-
master Hartmann, to strike 102 Marks 12 Loths of gold in Ducats,
and 19 Marks 12 Loths of silver in Thalers. On the 29. June 1584,
Handl was raised to the post of Mint-master. He died in 1587.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, op. cit.

HANDMANN, JOHANN JAKOB (5"«//.f5). Medallist and Coin-engraver,

Thaler and Ilalf-Thaler of Basle, by Handmann.

who was working at Basle, circa 1740- 1770. His signature occurs
as H., I.H. or I.HM. on coins and Prize medals. The Wunderly
von Muralt collection contained the following examples of Hand-
mann's work : BASLE. Thaler in gold, 1741 (weight of 20 Ducats);
— duarter Thaler in gold, 1740 (weight of 4 Ducats (3 var.); —
Double Thaler, 1741 ; — Thaler, 1741 ; — Thaler, 1756 (3 var.);

— ^i6 —

— Half Thaler, 1741 (4 var. one illustrated'); — Prize Medal
of 1769 (signed : HANDM.); — Prize Medals (3) of 1770, with
Mercury and Minerva; and in the Townshend Cabinet, bequeathed
to the South Kensington Museum, are two undated Half and
Quarter Ducats of Basle, signed H; — Double Thaler, 1741 ; —
Thalers, 1741, 1756; — Halt Thalers, 1741, 1765; — Quarter
Thalers, 1740, &c.

J. J, Handmann also cut seals.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Tobler-Meyer, op. cit. — Nagler,
Monogrammisten. — R. Stuatt-Poole, Catalogue of Swiss Coins, London, 1878.

HANDMANN, J. (^Szuiss). Probably the son of Johann Jakob
Handmann; worked at Basle between 1770 and 1798, as Coin-
engraver at the -Mint, Medallist, and Seal-engraver. His signature
appears on the following coins : Thaler, 1785, 1793 ; — Half
Thalers, 1785, 1786; — and on the Medal of Merit of 1791 and
1792, in gold and silver, granted by the City and Republic of Basle
for services in the field. To this engraver are ascribed the Thalers
and Half Thalers of 1798, struck at Basle and Soleure, for the
Government of the Helvetic Republic, but it is not impossible that
the signature H on these coins stands for J. F. Hueber, who also

Thaler of 40 Batzen of the Helvetic Republic, 1798.

worked at Basle at the end of the eighteenth century in the capacity
of Medallist and Coin-engraver.

Although very few coins bear Joh. Jak. Handmann and his son's
signatures, it is quite likely that they engraved a great many ot the
dies for the coinage issued at Basle between 1740 and 1798, espe-
cially of the smaller denominations.

Bibliography. — As above.

HANDS (Brit.) Die-sinker ot the end of the eighteenth century,
who resided at Sheffield, and engraved a number of Halfpenny

— 417 —

Tokens for currency at that town, in 1794. Three types are illus-
trated in Pye, Provincial Copper Coins, PI. 44, n°* 4, 5 & 6.

HANES, GUILLAUME (French). Goldsmith and Coin-engraver to
the Duke of Lorraine, Rene II., circa 1484-86. He was commis-
sioned to cut seals for the Duke, and was paid " 28 livres tournois in
XV escuz d'or" for this work. It is possible that Hanes engraved the
coinage of Gros doubles, Gros simples, Half Gros, Blancs and
Mailles issued according to an order of the 3'''* November, 1484. The
Master of the Mint at Nancy at this time was Jehan Polde.

Bibliography. — Lepage, Graveurs de Monnaies et Medailles des Dues de
Lorraine, Nancy, 1875.

HANF, JOHANN ADAM (Germ.). Medallist, and Coin-engraver of
Bayreuth, born in 1715, died in 1776. His signature occurs on
Brandenburg-Bayreuth Ducats, Thalers, &c. of 1742, 46 and 52.
Amnion mentions that he cut dies for the coinage issued at Bayreuth
and Stuttgart between 1750 and 1770. A Portrait-medal of
Frederick, son of the Markgraf George Frederick, commemorating
his election to the Captaincy of the Franconian Circle, 1742, is
signed HANF. On other medals and coins, the Engraver's signature
is H., or H. Fe., or HANF F.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Ammon, op. cit. — D^ Menadier, Schiumunien des Houses
HobenioUern, 1901. — Spiesen, Brandenb. Mnnibelustignugen, PI. Ill, 76, 89. —
Nagler, Monogrammisten.

HANFELDER, WOLFGANG (Germ.). Mint-master at Dachsbach,

16. Feb. — Aug., 1622.
Bibliography. — C. F. Gebert, op. cit.

HANGLAISE, JEAN FLEURY (French). Sculptor of the second half
of the nineteenth century, who executed Portrait-medallions,
amongst others one exhibited at the Salon of 1872 of M"' de
Saint A***. He was born at Toulon-sur-Arroux, but resided at
Paris.

Bibliography. — Chavigneric et Auvray, op. cit.

HANHARDT, SAMUEL (Swiss). Medallist and Coin-engraver who
worked at Basle, circa 1654. He is the author of the so-called
" Gluckhennen Thaler " in gold, of Ten Ducats' weight, with
view of City on obv. and hen sitting on ^L., signed on both sides
SH, and of which there are the subdivisions, probably by the same
artist but without his signature. Hanhardt executed also the well
known religious Double Thaler of Basle, undated, with view of
City on obv. and the Judgment of Solomon on ^L. According to
Tobler-Meyer, this Engraver was a native of Steckborn.

Bibliography. — Reg. Stuart-Poole, Catalogue 0/ Swiss Coins, London, 1878.
— Tobler-Meyer, Kalalog der ii'underly von Muralt Sammlung, Zurich, 1896-8.

L. FoRRER. — Biographeal Notices of MedalUslt. — II. ^7

— 4i8 —

HANIN, GUYOT DE {French). Coin-engraver at the Royal Mint of
Paris, who worked for Lyons, circa 14 12-1427, M. Rondot quotes
the following extract from a document of 141 5 :

" 3 Janvier 1415 (1416). Guiot de Hanin, tailleur de la monnoye
de Paris, apporta au comptoir (des g^neraux maitres de monnaies)
une paire de fers a or et deux paires a grans blancs, tous pres a
monnoyer, lesquelx lui avaient este ordonnez de faire pour pt^rter
4 Lyon pour ilec edifier une monnoye de nouvel ".

Bibliography. — Abbe Migne, Dictionnaire d'Orfevrerie, Paris, 1857. —
N. Rondot, Gravetirs lyonnais, Macon, 1897. — Archives nationales, Z ibi.Biblio
th^que de la Sorbonne, Ms Hi, 9, no 174, fo 107^0.

HANISCH, WALENTIN {Germ.). Mint-master at Reichenstein,
1585-1596.

HANKMANN, HANS HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Idstein
(Nassau), 1692. Distinctive mark : H(?)— H.

Bibliography. — Julius Isenbeck, Das Nassauische Miin\u<esen, Wiesbaden,
1879.

HANNEAUX, E. {French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
residing at Paris, ir Impasse Rousin (152, rue de Vaugirard). He
entered the ficole des Beaux-Arts in 1876, and is a pupil of Dumont,
Thomas and Bonnassieux. In 1887 he obtained the first second
Grand Prix de Rome, and in 1884 he was awarded a Medal ot
the 3'''^ Class at the Salon of the Societe des Artistes francais for
a statue in plaster representing " The Woodcutter ". His group
"Le Drapeau", which was acquired by the State, won for him a
medal of the 2"'' Class, and in 1894 he received the medal of the
I'* Class for a marble statue " La Mort d'Orphee", which is now
exhibited at the Luxembourg Museum. It is only of recent years
that the artist has made himself conspicuous as a Medallist ; several
of his Portrait-medallions and plaques may be seen at the Luxem-
bourg Museum; amongst others : J. J. Henner, the celebrated
Painter {illustrated); — Mgr. Dupont des Loges, Bishop of Metz;
— Sebastien LeClerc, the Engraver, &c. ; and various compositions.
Mercury and Bacchus; — Nereides; — An Idyl; — Love and
Music, &c.

"La Plaquette si vivante, si noble dans sa verit^, de M. Henner,
et celle de I'eveque Dupont des Loges, qui semble inspir^e par la
statuaire de la cathedrale de Reims, peuvent etre placees parmi les
plus belles oeuvres du temps present. " (Saunier, La Medaille fran-
gaise contemporaine, Art decoratif, Nov. 1901, p. 70).

At the Exposition Universelle of 1900, M. Hanneaux was
entrusted with several important works, as for instance, two large
angle groups for the Palais du Genie civil and the bas-reliets of the

— 419

pylons of the Chateau d'Eau, for whicn works he obtained a Gold
Medal and the Knight's cross of the Legion of Honour. He also

Portrait-plaque of J. J. Henner, by E. Hanneaux.

exhibited there : Fleur de Sommeil, marble group (acquired by the
State); — Orpheus; — Mercury and Bacchus; — St. Caecilia,
high relief.
Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by the artist.

HANNEMANN, ROBERT {Russ.). Medallist, born in 1819, was
educated at the Russian technical School for Mining at the Techni-
cological Institute, and was attached to the St. Petersburg Mint in
1842. He executed a number of copies of medals of the time of Peter
the Great and his successors down to Catherine 11.; amongst others
I have seen his signature P. TAHNEM. on the following commem-
orative pieces : Taking of Azow, 1696; — Building of the Peter
the Great monument at Weskowo, 1852 (signed p. rAHNEMA'Oi
— Battle ofPoltawa, 1709; &c.

— 420 —

It is well known that numerous later strikes of the Russian
medals commemorating events of Peter the Great's reign exist,
bearing various artists' signatures, but depicting the same types.
The best known copyists are J. B. and F. W. Gass, Leefken,
S. Judin, P. MeschcrjakofF, J. G. Wachter, Simeon and Timothy
Iwanoff, A. Ljalin, C. Leberecht, Gouin, 0. K. (perhaps Ottfried
Konig), I. K. (perhaps Johann Kittel), J. G. Jaeger, KUmentoJff,
Wassiljeff, and others.
Bibliography. — J. Iversen, Medaillen aitf die Thaten Peter des Grossen, 1872.

HANNEQUIN (^French). Goldsmith at Aix, circa 1445, is mention-
ed in Blanchet's list of French Engravers and Medallists of the
XV. and XVI. centuries {Numismatique du ?noyen age et moderne, II,
1893, P- 395)-

HANNIBAL, EHRENREICH or EHRENFRIED (Germ.). Medallist and
Coin-engraver, born at Stockholm on the 9''' April 1678. He was a
pupil of Karlsteen and in 1705 became Medallist to the House of
Brunswick at Hanover; later on he was appointed Master of the
Mint and Die-cutter of the Clausthal Mint (171 3). He died in
March 13, 1741, leaving a son, Martin Hannibal, to succeed him
in office. Bolzenthal states that his reputation was so great in Ger-
many that he was called upon to work for the Prince -elector of
Cologne, the King of Prussia, the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt,
and the City of Hamburg. " Mit Recht gait Hannibal fiir einen
tiichtigen Produzenten seiner Zeit ", adds his German biographer.

To the English Medallic Series Hannibal has contributed several
pieces, which are of course connected with the Hanoverian Royal
family : 1705, Marriage of George Augustus, Electoral Prince of
Hanover, (afterwards George II. of England), with Princess Caro-
line of Anspach (2 var.) ; — 1708, George Louis (afterwards
George I. of England), Elector of Brunswick; — 1714, Electress
Sophia of Hanover, mother of George I.; — 17 14, George I.,
proclaimed King; — 17 14, Coronation of George I.; — 1727,
Accession of George II. ; — 1727, Accession of Queen Caroline
(illustrated); — 1729, George II. 's Visit to the Hartz Mines; —
1734, The Weir built at Hameln ; — 1734, University of Gottin-
gen instituted (University Prize Medal); — 173 7, University of
Gottingen opened (3 var.). etc.

On these medals, and others the artist signed hisname in various
ways : E. H.; — E. Hannibal; — Hannibal; — HANNIBAL; —
HANNIBAL F. ; — E. HANNIBAL ; — E. HANNIBAL f. ; — E. HANNI-
BAL F. ; — E. HANNIBAL FECIT.

I have also come across Hannibal's signature on the following
medals and coins : 17 17, Ducat of Hamburg, commemorating the
second Jubilee of the City; — 1705, Medal on the Death of

— 421 —

George William, Duke of Brunswick ; — 1706, Marriage Medal of
Sophia Dorothea, daughter of George I. with Frederick William,

Accession of Queen Caroline, by E. Hannibal.

Crown Prince of Prussia; — 17 10, Duke George Louis elected
Archtreasurer of Brunswick; — 1700, Charles XII. of Sweden.
I^. CONTUITU UNDIQVE VERSUM TUTAE (Hildebrand,
Sveriges och Svenska Konungahusets Minnespennitigar , Stockholm,
1874, Ij P- 5085 ^° 53) J ~~" 173 ij Convention of Vienna, Bust of

— 422 —

George II. RL. Neptune (Knyphausen 3201); — 1722, George II,
obv. Bust. I^. Landscape (Knigge 3244); — George Louis

^L. of George II. 's Accession Medal, 1727.

(afterwards George I), undated, obv. Head; beneath : E. H.
^L. IN RECTO DECVS. Column and landscape (Knigge 2841).
According to Ammon, Hannibal's father was a Painter, and his
surname was Martin ; his mother's name was Christina Lente, and
that of his wife Anna Maria Hollingen.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Thomsen Cata-
logue. — Kohlers Mun:(belusligiingen, P. IX, 9, 49, III, 233, 297. — Kimwphyl.
Biirkhard. P. II. — Kohler, Diicaten Cabinet. — Vollst. Braiinsclnu. Li'niehurg.
Mihi:( und Medaillen Cabinet. — Flad, BcrHihmte Mrdailleur. — Lochner, Medaillen
SamniJuvg. ■ — D"" Menadier, Schaumuu:^en des Haiises Hohen^oUern, Berlin, 1901.
— Nagler, Monograniniislen, etc. — Knigge, Braunsclnveig. Medaillen. — Informa-
tion kindly sent by Herr Sally Rosenberg.

HANNIBAL, MARTIN (Germ.). Son of Ehrenreich Hannibal, and
his successor as Mint-engraver at Clausthal, from 1741 to 1748, in
which year he died. He was sent by the Hanoverian Court to
Sweden to study the art of engraving under the celebrated Hedlin-
ger. His signature M. HANNIBAL appears on a medal of 1743,
commemorating the Battle of Dettingen (Franks & Grueber, op.
cit II iii:'^

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Kohlers Mfm^bel.,
PI. IX, 112. XIII. Vorrede, p. III. — Vollstdndiges Brannsclnveig-Liinelrurgisches
Mi'inz und Medaillen Cabinet.

HANS (?) (Austr.). Mint-master at Eger, 1485 f 1486.

— 423 —

HANS (Austr.). Several moneyers of that name appear in the
Vienna Mint documents of the first half of the fifteenth century.

HANS AN DEM CHIENMARKT (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna,

1380-81.

HANS DER STEGER (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1437.

HANSEN, HANS (Danish). Also called Mester Hans, Mint-master
at Bergen, 1527, and Opflo, 1525-35.

Bibliography. — C. J. Jorgensen, Beskrivelse over Dansh Monter 1448-1888.

HANS VON FDLDA (Germ.). Mint-master at Wiirzburg, in 1407,
to Bishop John.

HANSES, GEORG (Germ) Mint-master at Winsen, 29. January
1625 to 1626. Son of Henning Hanses.

HANSES, HENNING (Germ.). Mint-master for Nassau-Saarbriick,
1594; 1601-1605, Mint-master at Hildesheim ; 1604/5 ^" the ser-
vice of Count Simon of Lippe ; 1604 ''^'^o Mint-master at Altona
(Holstein) where he remained until 16 18. Between 1609 and 1612 he
coined money at Altona for Liineburg, and in 16 19 he became
attached to the Hamburg mint. In 1622 he was called to Winsen
as Mint-master, and died there in 1623.

Bibliography. — H. Bahrfeldt, Beitrage ^ur Mfin:^eschichte der Lutuburgiscben
Lande, Wicn, 1895.

HANTSCH Vide HAUTSCH. The name of the Medallist Hautsch
is often misspelt Hantsch in works describing medals by him.

HANTZ, GEORGES (Swiss). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
Director of the Museum of Decorative Arts, at Geneva ; was born
at La Chaux-de-Fonds (Canton Neuchatel) on the 4''' of November
1846, from parents of French origin; settled at Geneva in 1869
where he studied at the municipal Schools of art. He became a natu-
ralized Swiss and first started work as an Engraver of decorative
watch-cases, obtaining then many prizes and rewards at the various
exhibitions to which he sent.

Whilst engaged in artistic pursuits, and at his instigation, the
Administrative Council of the City of Geneva founded the Museum
of Decorative Arts, of which he became President in November
1885, and he still enjoys that position. The artist was also several
times elected President of the Classe des Beaux-Arts of Geneva.

The following are the principal medallic works executed by
G. Hantz since 1892 : — 1892, Morel Fatio (61 mill.); — 1893,
Leo Tolstoi" (6r mill., illustrated); — Colonel Frey, Federal Coun-
cillor (61 mill); — J. Etienne Dufour, State Councillor of Geneva

(2 var., 6 1 and 37 mill,);

— 424 —
— Adrien Lachenal, Federal Councillor

Count Leo Tolstoy, by G. Hantz.

(61 mill.); — Ruchonnet, Federal Councillor (2 var., 61 and 37
mill.); — 1894. Alphonse de CandoUe (61 mill.); — Cardinal
Mermillod (61 mill.); — Antoine Carteret; — Belgian Exhibition
at Geneva (61 mill.); — Daniel CoUadon (61 mill.); — Can-
tonal Rifle Competition at Lucerne (45 mill.); — H. F. Brandt,
Jeton ot the Swiss Numismatic Society; — Federal Athletic
Fete at Lugano (40 mill.); — Helvetia, Jeton of the *' Usine de
d^grossissage d'or" of Geneva (31 mill., illustrated); — Federal

Helvetia.

Rifle Competition at Winterthur (45 mill.); — Insurance Com-
pany *' La Genevoise ", Jeton (37 mill.); — 1895. Federal Rifle
Competition at Rio de la Plata (37 mill.); — 1896. Swiss National
Exhibition, Souvenir medal (40 mill.); — Another, edited by the
** Usine de d^grossissage " (45 mill.); — Another, official medal

— 425 —

(small size, 45 mill.); — Another, with ^L. of the large medal
(62 mill.); — Philatelic Society of Geneva (50 mill.); — Medal
of the Swiss musketry instructors (62 mill.); — Rifle Club oi.
Buenos Ay res (37 mill.); — Swiss Postage Stamp Association (45
mill.); — 1897. The Rifle Club " Guidon genevois " ; — Centen-
ary of the Independence of Canton Vaud (37 mill.); — 1898.
Centenary of the Lausanne Grenadiers (45 mill.); — Inauguration
of the Masonic Temple at Geneva, Hiram Festival (37 mill.);
— 1899, Prize-Medal of King George I. of Greece with loop for
suspension (in commission for His Majesty); — 1900, Bernese
Cantonal Rifle meeting at St. Imier (45 mill,); — " Arquebuse et
Navigation", Inauguration of the Hotel (45 mill.); — Rifle Com-
petition of the Lausanne Carabineers (27 mill.); — 1901. Male
Choir, with portrait ot Attenhofer, the Director; 75''' Anniversary;
Zurich (37 mill.); — The Swiss Village at the Paris Exhibition,
Head of Helvetia 1^. Swiss country-girl in national costume (37
mill.); — J. M. Morikofer, Jeton of the Swiss Numismatic Society,
1901 (27 mill.) ; — 1902. Prize Medal of the Thudichum Boarding
School " La Chatelaine " ; — Jeton of the Watch Factory Patek
Philippe & Co of Geneva (37 mill.); — Prize Plaquette tor the
pupils of the " Pensionnat Hacius ", Chateau de Lancy (39 X 27 |
mill.); — Plaquette of the Swiss note-issuing Banks, with portrait
of Friedr. Frei on obv. and I^. Town hall and Bank of Basle (80
mill.), &c.

Many of these medals are reproduced in the Revue Suisse de
numismatique, Moderne Medaille, and the latest works on modern
Medallists. The artist is highly praised for originality of style, and
he wrote of himself to me : « J'ai poursuivi avec acharnement le but
de donner aux objets que nous fabriquons chez nous un caractere
national par I'introduction des elements d^coratifs si varies que nous
offre notre nature alpestre. »

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by the Artist.

HALBECK, JEAN VAN (Bel^.) Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Brussels, 1612-1617. His name occurs also as HALBBECK.

Bibliography. — A. de Witte, Histoire monelaire des Comtes de Louvain, Dues
de Brabant, et Marquis du Saint Empire remain, Anvers, 1899.

HANYN, or HAVYN, PIEBRE (French). 1559-1565. Medallist of
the third quarter of the sixteenth century, known by two jetons :
1558, Jeton for the Confraternitv of Notre Dame-de-Bonne-
Delivrance; legend : ST.ESTIENNE DES GR£S; — 1565, Jeton
for M* Petremole, Advocate to the Parliament; — 1561, Jetons
for Queen Mary Stuart; — 1563, Jetons for Cardinal, Charles of

— 426 —

Lorraine. One of his ancestors (?), Guyot de Hanyn was Engra-
ver at the Paris Mint.

Bibliography. — A. Barre, Noms de gravetirs en medaUles de la Renaissance
franfaise et indication de quelques-unes de leurs ceiivres, Ann. soc. num., 1867. —
F. Mazerolle, Les Medailleurs Jranfais du XV<^ siecle an milieu dii XVII^, Paris,
1902.

HAPP, HANNS GEORG (Germ.). Mint-administrator at Onolzbach
in 1623.

HARBACH, CASPAR (Danish). Medal-engraver (or Assayer) to the
Royal Court of Denmark, before 1644, in which year he was still
living.

Bibliography. — Amnion, op. cit. — Kohler, Muni(bel, PI. xii, 146.

HARDEGEN, HARDEG (Germ.). Mint-master at Weende near Got-
tingen, 1621. His initials are said to appear on coins.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

HARDEGG, COUNT FRIEDRICH GEORG (Austr.). Mint-administra-
tor at Hardegg, 16 18.

HARDEN, ERNEST (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Paris, pupil of his father and Millet, resides at Aulnay-les-
Bondy (Seine), Villa des Petits Ponts. At the Salon of 190 1, he
exhibited a frame of four silver medals.

HARDER, HANNS (Austr.). Mint-warden at Linz, 1548, Mint-
administrator at Prague, 1561, and still in office in 1578. His spe-
cial mark appears on coins, first as a griffin's head, then as O or <j).

Bibliography. — Osterreicher, op. cit.

HARDER, JOACHIM (Brit.). Coin-engraver at the Edinburgh Mint
under Charles II. In 1663, he "was instructed to grave and sink

Half Merk of Charles II.

irons agreable to the circumscriptions and impressions of the
severall pieces above-mentioned with all diligence ". The coinage
in question, tor which Thomas Simon prepared the puncheons.

— 427 —

consisted of Four Merk pieces (issued after 1664), Two Merl<, One
Merk, and Half Merk pieces, struck in compliance with two orders
of the Privy Council of 20. Oct. 1663 and 24. March 1664. The
dates on these coins are 1664, 1665, 1670, 1673, 1674 and 1675.

Harder only cut dies from Simon's puncheons, and nothing
more appears to be known concerning his work.

Bibliography. — Burns, Coinage of Scotland, 1887. — Grueber, Handbook, &c.

HARDER, SIMON (Austr.). Son of Hanns Harder, Warden at the
Mint of Prague, 11. July 1 579-1 583.

HARDMAN, JOHN & C° (Brit.). Die-cutters of Birmmgham. This
signature occurs on a medal of the Medical Department of Queen's
College, Birmingham (Atner. Jotirn. of Num., 910).

HARDOYN, PIERRE {French). Mint-engraver at Angers, before 1558
(according to Barre). Planchenault (Jm Monnaie d' Angers) does
not mention him, but gives a HARDOUIN GUYOT, 15. November
1558 to 6. August 1563 and a HAUDOUYN MATHURIN, who was
employed at the Angers Mint some time later.

HARENT, C. {French). Mint-master general (?) under Henry IV.
of France, end of sixteenth century.
Bibliography. — F. Mazerolle, op. cit.

HARDY, HERMANN VON DER {Germ.). Mint-master or Warden at
Mellen, near Osnabriick, in the County of Tecklenburg, circa
1660.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit.

HARDY, CLAUDE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Nancy
from 1698 to 1702. "His work," remarks Lepage {Les Graveurs
de monnaies et medailles des dues de Lorraine, 1875) "showed taste
and intelligence, but his early death prevented him from greater
success". His father (?) had occupied a similar post previously
{Vide JEAN HARDY). Although Rondot {Les Graveurs de monnaies
a Lyon, 1897) '^oes not appear to have noticed it, I should think
this Claude Hardy is the same engraver who was employed at the
Paris Mint from 1674 to 1676, cut dies for the coinage of Four
Sol pieces issued at Lyons in 1674, and was appointed, by Royal
letters of 28*'' November 1686, Die-cutter and Engraver at the Mint
of Lille.

HARDY, JEAN {French). First mentioned in 1647 as " Master Gold-
smith and Engraver" at Nancy, where he cut seals in commission for
Charles IV., Duke of Lorraine, His initials H. F. are found on a

— 428 —

small medal or badge of that Duke, with a view of Nancy on ^L.
and the date 1660; Fame hovers above the town and the legend
is : FAMASVA.CIRCVIT-ORBEM. (Lionnois, Histoire de Nancy,
t. 11, p. 461). Probably the same artist, who died some time pre-
vious to the ii**^ of October 1684, when his wife received payment
of 200 Livres for work done by her late husband, is the author of
the following medals which were engraved in commission for the
Paris Medal Mint : Portrait of the Due d'Ampville ; legend : FR.
CHRIST. DE LEVI D.D. DAMPVILLE P.FKANC.PROREX
AMERICiE; signed : J. HARDY, F. 1658 ; — Bust of Louis XIV. ;
signed : HARDY, F. ; — Portrait ot Gaston of Orleans ; signed :
HARDY, F.

Bolzenthal is evidently in error when he gives the year 1669 as
the date of Hardy's death.

Dampville, Viceroy ot America, by J. Hardy.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Lepage, op. cit. — J. -J. Guiffrey, La
Monnale des Medailks, Revue numismatique, 1888, p. 311. — C. Wyllys Betts,
Atnerican Colonial History illustrated by Contemporary Medals, New- York, 1894.

HARLEMANN, JOHANN VON(Gm«.). Eighteenth century Medallist,
and pupil of the celebrated Medallist Hedlinger. He died quite
young. Also HORLEMAN.

HARLEY, SIR ROBERT (Brit.). Master of the Royal Mint in Lon-
don, from the first to the eleventh year of Charles I. and again
from the eighteenth year to the end of the reign. He was relieved
ot_ his functions, with other officers of the mint, soon after the
King's death, D"" Aaron Guerdain being appointed his successor by
the Commonwealth. He had refused to comply with an order of
the House, deciding " that money of gold and silver should be

— 429 --

coined with its own style and authority, the type and inscription
having been settled by a resolution ot the 25''' of April and an Act
of the 17"^ of July, 1649."

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit. — Kenyon, op. cit., p. 166.

flARNISCH, JOHANN BAPTIST {Aiistr.). iMedallist of the first
quarter of the nineteenth century, resided at Vienna, and was
Director of the School of Engraving, died in 1826 (according to
Bolzenthal). Schlickeysen gives his date as 1785 -183 3, erroneously
1 believe. Very little appears to be known about him, except that
between 1812 and 1826 he was Court Medallist and between 1808
and 1 8 12 Coin and Medal-engraver at the Vienna Mint.

By this artist are : Marriage of the Empress Marie-Louise, 18 10;

— Foundation of the Polytechnic Institute; — Medical Faculty of
Buda-Pest, 1819; — Foundation of the Bank Buildings; — Foun-
dation of a Veterinary College at Vienna, 1823 (in Boston Coll");

— Entry of the Emperor Francis II. into Vienna, 16. June 18 16; —
Carolina Augusta of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, and fourth con-
sort of Francis II. ; — Frederick VI., King of Denmark, Medal of
Merit, 18 14; — Francis Neumann, Director of the Viennese Coin
Cabinet, 1816; — First Ascent on the Gross-Glockner, 1799; —
Rudolph, Count of Wrbna, 1817; — Foundation of the Kaiser
Joseph Academy at Vienna, 1785; — Convention Thaler of 1820;

— Medal for Valour in the field, 1805 ; — Marriage of Napoleon
and Marie-Louise, 1810 ; — Visit of Alexander I. of Russia to Vienna,
1814; — Visit of Frederick William of Prussia to Vienna, 1814;

— Visit to Vienna of King Maximilian of Bavaria, 1814; — Visit
to Vienna of King Frederick of Wurtemberg, 1814; — Visit to
Vienna of King Frederick of Denmark, 18 14; — Prize Medal of
the Copenhagen Academy of Fine Arts; — Prize Medal of the Rifle
Meeting at Innspruck, 1816; — Return of Emperor Francis I. to
Vienna, 1816; — Marriage of Francis I. with his fourth Consort,
Carolina Augusta of Bavaria, 1816; — Lemberg University Rec-
torship, 18 17; — Journey of Francis I. to Italy, 18 19; — Journeys
of the Emperor and Empress of Austria in Italy, 1 8 1 9 ; — Rectorship
of the Pesth University, 18 19 ; — Prize Medals for the Theological,
Legal, Clinical, &c. Students ot Pesth University; — Archduke
Rudolf Franz, Cardinal Archbishop of Olmiitz, 1819; — The
Viennese Conservatoire, 1821; — Visit of the Emperor and
Empress to Pressbourg, 1825 ; etc.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Donianig, op. cit. — Edwards,
Napoleon Medals, Sec. — Fiala, op. cit. — Domanig, KataJog der Mfin^- und
Medaillen-Stempel Sammlung des K.K. HauptmUniatnles in Wien, 1901.

HARNISCH, JOSEPH (Atistr.). Mint-engraver at Vienna, 1827-
1835, 1844-1848.

— 430 —

HARNISCH, MATHIAS (^//5/r.). Mint-engraver at Vienna, 1833-
1835, 1844-48.

HARPER {GermJ). Painter of the first half of the eighteenth cen-
tury, designed several medals, amongst others that commemorating
the Marriage of Princess Charlotte at Berlin, 1733 (engraved by
Koch) and several Accession medals of Frederick the Great, execut-
ed by L. H. Barbiez and other Medallists.

Bibliography. — Menadier, SclMttmunien des Haiises Hoheniollern, Berlin, 1901.

HARPER {Brit.y London Die-sinker of the beginning of the
nineteenth century. I have met with his signature on a Volunteer's
Medal (Reward of Merit) of the 4''' Reg' Loyal London Volunteers,
1804.

HARREWYN, FRANCOIS (BeJg.). Mint-engraver at Brussels, 1725-
1764. Probably a son of Jean Harrewyn and father of Jean Bap-
tiste H. He was a Copper-plate Engraver; pupil of Romain de
Hooghe. According to some, he was born in 1680; he died in
1764. In 1725, he was appointed Engraver of the coins at the Mint
of Brussels, and Engraver of the Emperor's seals. To him was
entrusted the execution of the new seals on the death of Charles
VL in 1740. In 1730, he had made a prolonged stay in Portugal,
with a special authorization, and did important work for the King
of that country.

By Frangois Harrewyn are the two following medals : Princess
CaroUne ot Lorraine ; obv. QUAS NUTRIT ARTE; ex. .• CAROL :
LOT : PRINC : PROTECT. The Princess seated, holding wreath ;
^. iEMULA LAURI; ex. : ACAD : CIV : BRUG : BRAVIUM.
Tree flanked with two shields representing Architecture and Paint-
ing; date M.DCC.LX; — Accession of Maria Theresia, 1744,
imitation of the medal by Jacques Roettiers and s'igned H.

In 1734, Harrewyn's salary amounted to 438 florins.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Histoire de la Gravure des Medailles en Belgique,
1870. — A. de Witte, Histoire monetaire, etc.

HARREWYN, JEAN (Belg.). Copper-plate Engraver and Medallist
of the second half of the seventeenth century and first quarter of
the eighteenth; he was still working in 1723. Pinchart has seen
his signature on a Portrait-medal of Princess Anne of Croy ; obv. Bust
in profile; legend : OBIIT 1660 A AETATIS.70. ^L. Crowned
shield ofarms ; legend : ANNA D . G . NATDVCISS • SED • POM'&c
ULTIMA HUIFAMIL- VIDUA ERNESTI PRINC CROY. The
same Engraver is most probably the author of two jetons signed
H.F, and issued, one in 1675, by the Council of Finances, and the

— 431 --

other in 1686, by the Castellany of Furnes, with the head of King
Charles II.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Histoire de la Gravtire des Medailles, Bruxelles,
1870.

HARREWYN, JEAN BAPTISTE (Belg.). Mint-engraver at Brussels,
1764-1783. A son of Fran(;ois Harrewyn, was sent to Vienna in
1753 by the Government ot the Netherlands to study the art of
engraving, under Matthias Donner, and remained there until
1764. On his return to Brussels, he was associated with his father,
and in December 1768 he was appointed to succeed him both as
Coin and Seal-engraver at the Mint. The works of this Medallist
are of inferior merit. I have found the description of the following :
Charles of Lorraine, 1754; — The flourishing State of Belgium.
^L. BELGICAE FELICITATIS SECULUM NOVUM; — Magis-
trate's jeton of Bruges; — Magistrate's jeton of the Castellany of
Courtrai ; — Foundation of the Roya4 Academy of Sciences and
Letters, 1772 (2 var.); — Prize-medal of the Royal Academy; —
Foundation of a House of Correction, with bust of the Governor-
general of the Netherlands, 1773 ; — Erection at Brussels of a Statue
to the Governor-general, 1775; — The Great Seal of Brabant,
1768, &c.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, op. cii. — Piot, op. cit. — Revue beJge de nuniisma-
lique, 1891, 1895, p. 297; 1896, p. 349. — A. de Witte, op. cit.

HARREYNS. Schlickeysen gives this name as that of a Die-sinker
of Brussels, 1777. It is probably an error for Jean Baptiste Harre-
wyn.

HARRINGTON, LORD (Brit.). Harrington fltrthings constitute the
first copper currency issued in England, Montagu, Copper Coins of
England, p. 6, gives the following particulars concerning these coins.
" James I. had seen the advantage of a copper coinage in Scotland,
and the beneficial result of the royal issue in Ireland of copper coins
bearing date 1601 and 1602. A pattern, presumably for a copper
piece, was struck early in his reign, but was not adopted. Harring-

• •

Harrington Farthing.

ton tarthings or tokens were then coined, and were so-called from
the fact that the origii
Exton, in the county

the fact that the original patent was granted to Lord Harrington of
nty of Rutland, who secured a portion of the

— 432 —

profits of the issue, the rcmahider being reserved for the King. This
patent was granted in 1613. As each coin was to weigh six grains,
the profit was immense, and the difference between the nominal
and the intrinsic value was so great that forgeries were of the ut-
most prevalence. Lord Harrington died a few months after the patent
was granted, and his son and successor shortly afterwards, and a
second grant was made to Lady Anne Harrington, the widow of
the first patentee. This was followed by a grant to the Duke of
Lennox and others. Gerard Malynes and William Cockayne at first,
and subsequently others, became the contractors for the issue.
These tokens bear : obv. A crown over two sceptres more or less in
saltire: lACO. D.G.MAG. BRL (or BRIT.). 1^. A crowned harp.
FRA.ET.HIB.REX."

Bibliography. — Montagu, The Copper, Tin and Bronze Coinage and Patterns
for Coins of England, London, 1893.

HARRIOT, JOHN {Amer.): Contemporary Die-sinker of Boston ;
author of an unsigned medal ot the Boston City Hospital, 1864
{Amer. Journ. of Num., 153).

HARRIS, HENRY (Brit.). Engraver at the London Royal Mint,
anno 32 of Charles IL He is referred to in 17 16 as " His Majesty's
late (Chief) engraver of public seals ". Bolzenthal, following Evelyn
{Sculplura, or History and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in
Copper, &c. London, 1662, 1755, &c.) mentions his name as a
Medallist, and Babelon (La Gravure en Pierres fines, p. 297) places
him amongst British Gem-engravers. Apparently none of his works,
at least no signed ones, have been preserved to us.

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit. Vol. I, p. 45. — Snetling MS. List. — Wyon,
The Great Seals of England, London, 1887.

HARRTUNG, VON (Germ.). Sculptor of the middle years of the
nineteenth century, whose group " Vatcr Rhein und Mosel " is
reproduced on a medal, engraved by Schilling in 1854, ^^ comme-
morate the Visit to Coblence of Prince William of Prussia and
Consort.

Bibliography. — Menadier, Schaumun:(en des Haiises Hohen^ollern, 1901, p. 118.

HARRUCKER, JOSEF (Germ.). Imperial Court-councillor, who
in 17 13 was ordered to coin into imperial Thalers 81.663 Phifippi,
200.000 Guineas and 1970 Pistoles which had been withdrawn at
the Augsburg Mint. This was done in conjunction with Prunner,
Mint- warden at Hall, and Angermeycr, Mint- warden at Munich,
the result being an issue of Thalers to the value of 753239 fl. 35 kr.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten etc., Mitt, des Clubs der Miinz-
und Medaillen-Freunde in Wien, p. 154.

— 433 —

HART, LAURENT JOSEPH {Belg.). Medallist of the second and
third quarters of the nineteenth century ; born at Antwerp in
November 1810; died at Brussels on the 10*'' of January i860. He
was a pupil ot Braemt, Veyrat and Jouvenel. Before the Revolution
of 1830, this artist was attached as Coin-engraver to the Mints ot
Brussels and Utrecht. Later, he resided at Brussels. His productions
were numerous, and some rank above the average in merit. The
following are the best known : 1830, Medal for the Civic Guard
(2 var.); — To the Defenders of Belgium; — 183 1, General
Niellon; — Signing of the Treaty of London (7 var.); — 1832,
Institution of the Order of Leopold ; — Marriage of King Leopold L
(4 var.); — The King and Queen enter Brussels (2 var.); —
Anniversary of the 27''' of September 1830 ; — Medallic Award for
services rendered during the cholera epidemic ; — Siege of the
Citadel of Antwerp (2 var.) ; — 1833, General Niellon; — Con-
vention of the 21" of May (3 var.); — Reorganization of the
Chamber of Representatives ; — Birth of the Crown-Prince ; —
1834, Death ot the Crown-Prince; — Laying of the Foundation
Stone of the Church of Molenbeek-St. Jean ; — Gustaf Wappers;

— The Theatre Royal ot Antwerp ; — The Order of Leopold ; —
The Order of the Iron Cross; — 1835, Exhibition ot Industrial
Products (^. only); — Another (^. only); — 1836, Inauguration
of the Railway from Liege to Verviers ; — Eugene Verboeckhoven ;

— 1838, The Masonic Precepts; — Society of Volunteer Light
Cavalry; — The Province of Brabant to the Arts; — Jubilee of
Notre-Dame d'Hanswyck ; — 1839, Baron Stassart (5 var.); —
Medal of the Ladies of the Blessed Heart of Mary ; — Nicaise de
Keyser ; — Mathieu Van Bree ; — 1840, The Province of
Antwerp to Schools (3 var.); — Jeton for the Rubens Cele-
bration ; — Portrait-medal of Rubens ( 6 var . ) ; — Medal for
Senators; — Medal for Members of the Chamber of Representa-
tives; — 1 84 1, Prize-Medal for the Exhibition of Industrial Pro-
ducts; — Henri Van Assche; — Foundation of the Church of
Borgerhout ; — Prize-medals (2 var.) for the Industrial Exhibition ;

— A. M. Nihoul, Director of the "Harmony" of Tongres; —

1842, Death of the Duke of Orleans ; — Defacqz, Grand Master of
the Masonic Order (6 var.); — J. P. Cluysenaar, Architect; —

1843, Communal Fete at Vilvorde (2 var.) ; — Seal of the Lodge
" Grand Orient de Belgique " (^. only); — Masonic Reward; —
For the Ushers of the Bibliotheque royale ; — For the Congrega-
tion ot Mary, founded by the Jesuits of Brussels ; — Fine Art
Exhibition at Antwerp ; — Landing of Queen Victoria at Ostend ;

— Queen Victoria at Bruges; — Queen Victoria at Ghent; —
Queen Victoria at Brussels ; — Embarkation of Queen Victoria at
Antwerp ; — Inauguration of the Railway from Verviers to Aix-la-

L. FOKREK. — Biographical Nolicts of MuLallisls. — II. 28

— 434 —

Chapelle ; — Jetons (2 var.) on the same event; — 1844, Foun-
dation of Brussels Warehouses (2 var.); — Arrival of H. M. Fre-
derick-Augustus, King ot Saxony, in Belgium ; — Inauguration of
the Casino at Courtrai ; — Inauguration of the Railway uniting
the Rhine with the Escaut; — First Communion Souvenir (3 var.);
— 1845, The Belgian Liberals to Eugene Sue; — Eugene L^* F^
Ch% Prince de Ligne, Belgian Ambassador to England, 1838, and
France, 1842; — Auguste Wahlen (3 var.); — Shield with the
arms of Louvain ; — Prize Medal of the City of Louvain for Devot-
edness. Humanity and Courage (2 var.); — Landing of the Queen
of England, and Embarkation, 1844 ; — 1846, Society of St. Hubert's

Portrail-medal of King Leopold I. of Belgium, by Hart.

Galleries ; — Agricultural and Botanical Society of Louvain ; —
Inauguration of the Railway from Brussels to Paris (2 var.); —
Medical Society of Antwerp ; — Inauguration of the Antwerp
Theatre Royal; — 1847, Portrait-Medallion and Medal of King
Leopold L ; — Louis Jacobs, an Antwerp lawyer; — The Royal
Arms ; — Belgian Industry (2 var.) ; — Inauguration of the Galleries
St Hubert ; — Hart's Die-sinking Establishment in the King's
Gallery; — Inauguration ot the King; — Pattern Five Franc
Piece; — Agricultural Exhibition, opened under the auspices of
the Government, by the Linnasan Society; — Masonic Medal (Order
of the Agathop •'.• Menagerie); — Fruit and Flower Exhibition in

— 435 —

the St. Hubert-Galleries; — Medal of Pius IX.; — 1848, Prize-
medal for Cattle-breeding ; — The '* Garde civique " of the Kingdom
(2 var.); — Inauguration of the statue of Godefroy de Bouillon;

— Inauguration of the new Palais de Justice at Mons; — The
second Grand Master of the ORDRE DES AGATH ••• MENA-
GERIE (very rare); — 1854, The Crimean War (2 var.); — 1855,
J. de Pelichy-van Huerne, Burgomaster of Bruges; — Victor
Emmanuel II., King of Sardinia, later of Italy; — Society ot
Medical and Natural Sciences of Brussels ; — Medical Society of
Antwerp; — Cholera in Belgium, 1849 (in Boston Coll"); — D""
M. J. Eugene Sue, Paris; — D*" Rambert Dodsens, Societe royale
d'Horticulture ot Malines (Boston) ; — Linnasus (Linn. Society
of Brussels).

Hart's last work is a medal with bust of Leopold I. dedicated to
the National Congress and Constitution; its diameter is 150 mill,
and at the time (1859) it was the largest medal ever struck (obv.
illustrated | si:(ey

Bibliography, — Immerzeel, De levens en werken der lx>llatidsche en vlaamsche
kunstschilders, bceWmuwers, graveurs en bouumieesters, Amsterdam, 1843, t. II, p. 17.

— C. P. Serrure, L. I. Hart, Revue beige de numismatique, 1847, p. 290; 1850,
p. 195. — Histoire numismatique de la Revolution beige. — Guioth, op. cit. —
Bolzemhal, op. cit. — Weber, Medals and Medallions oj the nineteenth century, &c.

— American Journal of Numismatics.

HARTENPECK, PETER (Germ.). A Portrait-medal of Archduke
Maximilian, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, bearing the date
of 1604, is signed by this artist, who was Coin-engraver at the
Mint of Hall from i. April 1595 to 16. April 1616, the date of his
death. He succeeded Wolfgang Eggl, Seal-engraver, and in 1597-
16 12 his yearly salary was 150 Gulden. On May 23. 1603, he
received 30 Gulden for altering coin-dies.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Ed. Fiala,
Verschiedenes aus der Haller Mun:(e, Num. Zeitschrift, 1900. — Blanchet, op. cit.,
11,378. — Katalog der Miin:(^-und Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des K.K. HauptmHn^-
amtes in fVien, 1901.

HARTM ANN, ADAM (Austr.). Mint-master at Reichenstein, from
1582 to 1585. The Breslau Coin- engraver Mathias Kauerhase
supplied dies for the coinage of Ducats, issued by this Adam Hart-
mann von Lesdorf.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Beschreibung der Sammlung Bohmischer MUn^en und
Medailkn des Max Donebauer, Prague, 1888. — Schlesiens Vorreit in Bild und
Schrift, VII.

HARTMANN, ADAM (Austr.). Son of the Viennese Mint-master
Andrae Hartmann, and Mint-master himself from 1557 to 1579.
In 1569 he was commissioned to strike, in conjunction with

— 4^6 —

Thomas Handl, Warden, 102 Mark 12 Loth of Gold in Ducats,
and 19 Mark 12 Loth of Silver in Thalers. He coined silver in 1573
for the widowed Princess Katharina Bathiaiy, and is mentioned in
numerous Mint documents until 1579, when he was obliged to
resign the post of Mint-master. He died in 1582 at the age of
fifty.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, loc. cit., p. 58. — D"" Friedrich Kenner,
/. c.

HARTMANN, ANDRAE (^«j/r.). Mint-warden of Vienna, installed
in 1523. He cut coin-dies for the Mints of Vienna and Linz.
In 1527 he received 66 Fl. 2 Shill. for the engraving of two seals
of Ferdinand L for Hungary and Bohemia. He refused to undertake
the working of the Joachimsthal Mint in 1544 for reasons of health,
but in 1545 he entered into a contract with the government for
the acquisition of the Vienna Mint, and in 1554 (April 6) he
was paid for an issue of Hungarian ducats. He died in 1556 and
was succeeded by his son, Adam Hartmann. His special mark was
a trefoil.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, loc. cit. — D"" Friedrich Kenner, Urkund-
liche Beitrdge :{ur Geschichle der Mim^en und Medaillen unter Kaiser Ferdinand I
(1520-1564), Num. Zeit., 1902.

HARTMAN, CARL GUSTAV {Swed.). Medallist of the first half of
the eighteenth century; died in 1739. He was a pupil of the cele-
brated medallist, Karlsteen, and is best known as the author ot
a series of Medals of the Kings and Queens of Sweden after N.
Keder. The following of his productions are described by Hilde-
brand : John IIL ; — Gustavus Adolphus ; — Christina (2 var.) ;
— Charles XIL, Battle of Narva, 1700 (2 types); — Victory of
Riga, 1701 ; — Military Badge of Charles XIL %L IE : HOVA
EST SOLATIVM MEVM; — Death of Charles XIL, 1718
(2 types) ; — Ulrica Eleonora 1723 ; — Another of 1729, PIETATI
CONSECRATA ; — Peace with Russia concluded at Nystad,
1721 ; — Frederick, King of Sweden, 53'''^ Anniversary, 1728; —
Death of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, 1730; — Frederick and
Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden (6 types); — Nic. Keder, Archaeologist
of Stockholm, -^ 1735.

Hartman did some very commendable work, but he did not reach
to the excellence of the productions of his master Karlsteen, nor of
Hedlinger who succeeded Karlsteen as chief-engraver at the
Stockholm Mint, and under whom Hartman worked for many
years.

Schlickeysen-Pallmann gives C.G. Hartman's date as 1699- 1739.

— 437 —

His usual signature on medals was C. G. M. but it also occurs as
C. G. HARTMAN.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Hildebrand, Sve-
riges Kommgahusets Minnespenningar , etc. — Thomsen Catalogue. — Nagler, Mono-
grammisten.

HARTMAN, ENGEL (Sived.). Son of Carl Gustav Hartinan, and
likewise a Medallist at Stockholm during the first half of the
eighteenth century. Ammon mentions that he obtained a poor
tuition from his father, but notwithstanding gave signs of ability.
His signature E.H. or E. HARTMAN is to be seen on Birthday
Medals of Queen Ulrica Eleonora, 1728, 1729, King Frederick,
1728 ; Portrait-medals of both King and Queen ; Accession of
Adolph Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, to the throne of
Sweden, 1743 (2 types), etc. Schlickeysen-Pallmann places the
period of Engel Hartman's activity between 173 1 and 1760.

Bibliography. — As above.

HARTMANN, JOSEF (Swiss). Mint-master at Lucerne, 1620-165 6.
He was born in 1593 and died in 1673. By trade he was a Gold-
smith like his father. Between 1620 and 1622 he issued coins to the
value of 210,800 Gulden.

HARTMANN, JOST (Swiss). Mint-master at Lucerne, 1605-1616.
He was a Goldsmith and Die-sinker, and is first mentioned in 1579.
He died on the 7*'' April 16 16 and was succeeded four years later
by his son, Josef Hartmann.

Bibliography. — Bulletin et Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1885-1892.

HARTWACH, HANS (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Nuremberg, 1580-
1585.

HART WIG (^u'/ji-). Die-sinker of the third quarter of the nine-
teenth century. His full signature occurs on medals and jettons of
the National Rifle Meetings of La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1865, Schwytz,
1867, Zurich, 1872, St-Gall, 1874, Griitli Medal, undated, &c.

HARTWIG (Swed.). " Fusus ab ". Author of a medal of D' Mathias

Riben of Stockholm.

HASARD, JEAN or JEANNIN (also called JEAN HASARD DE PARIS).

Mint-engraver at Troyes, 1359-1360.
Bibliography. — Rondot, Graveurs de Troyes.

HASE, BURKHARD (Aiistr.). Mint-master at Troppau for the
Princes of Liechtenstein, 1614-1616; in 1603 he had been Warden
of the Mint at Brieg, and from 16 16 to 16 17 we find him at Rei-

- 438 -.

chenstein, 1619-1621 at Oels, 1621-1623 again at Brieg, and after
1623 in the imperial service.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens neuere Mun:(geschichte.

HASE, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Hanover,
1802, and Mint-director 1817; he died in 1818.

HASEROTH, MAX (Germ.). Contemporary Medallist, " Hof gra-
veur" at Berlin. He is the author of several medals and plaquettes :
Edmund Gustav Dietrich, of the Lodge Archimedes, 1901 ; —
Medal of the Berlin Geographical Society, with portrait of Nach-
tigall, &c.

HASELER, C. (Gertn.). Medallist of the beginning of the nineteenth
century. His signature is found on a Waterloo Medal, given by
Duke Frederick William of Brunswick to soldiers in 181 5.

HASLINGK, DANIEL (Danish). Die-sinker at Hamburg, 1730-46.
His signature D.H. occurs on a Medal struck by the Hamburg
Freemasons when the Senate of the City forbade them to attend
the meetings at the Lodge "Absalom", 1741, and on another
struck in honour of the dedication of St George's Lodge in Ham-
burg, HasHngk was a pupil of HedUnger; he died at St Petersburg
in 1746. Vii HESLING infra.

HASLINGK, I. L. (Germ.). Die-sinker of the first halt of the
eighteenth century, whose signature LL.H. is found on a Masonic
Medal struck in 1744 in honour of the establishment of the Lodge
" Jonathan the Pillar " at Brunswick.

HASQUIN, JEHAN (French). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver at Paris,
early part of the fifteenth century.

HASTESANUS (Ital.). Die-sinker of the second quarter of the
seventeenth century ; probably resided at Rome, where he engraved
a medal of Pope Urban VIIL

HASTINGS, WILLIAM LORD (Brit.). Mint-master at London and
Calais, under Edward IV., anni 1-16. '* Of the King's peculiar
munificence the same year he had a grant of the office of Master
of his Mint in the Tower of London, and Town of Calais, for
twelve years" (Dugdales Baronage, vol. 1, p. 580). "From an
Indenture of 4*^ E.IV. it appears that Lord Hastings was also
Keeper of all manner of the King's Eschaunges and Outchaunges
in the Tower of London, Realm of England, Territory of Ireland,
and Town of Calais " (Ruding, Annals &c., p. 33, note 36).

Kenyon mentions two indentures with Lord Hastings, by which
in 1464 and again in 1465, the weight of the silver coins was altered
as well as the nominal value of the gold coins.

— 439 -

HATTEN, JEAN VAN (Belg.). Coin-engraver and Medallist, died
in 1 69 1. He was Philippe Roettier's predecessor at the Brussels
Mint, where since 1672 he combined the functions of Engraver-
general of the coins of the Netherlands, and Engraver to the Mint
of Brussels. Pinchart mentions that he has met with this artist's
signature (I. V. HATTEM) on a pretty jeton of a member of the
Pipenpoy family. De Witte spells his name Hatten.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Histoire de la Gravure des Medailks, Bruxelles, 1870,
p. 65. — A de Witte, Histoire mouetaire &c.

HATTEN, JEAN PIERRE VAN {Belg.). Mint-engraver at Brussels,

1685-1695.

HATTON, LORD {Scottish). General of the Mint of Edinburgh,
temp. Charles II. In 1682 he was removed from his office, with Sir
John Falconer, Alexander Maitland, and Archibald Falconer, and
prosecuted for malversation.

Bibliography. — Bums, TIk Coinage of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1887, p. 501.

HAUGER, CHRISTOPH SIGMUND {Germ.). Bavarian Mint-warden
{circa 1674) to Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm of Neuburg, who
later became Prince-Elector, 1685-1690.

HAULTEVILLE, PIERRE DE {Belg.). Mint-master at Ghent, in
conjunction with Jean Rasoir, after November 8, 1426.

HAUPT, G. {Germ.). Coin-engraver and Medallist to the Court ot
St. Petersburg under Peter the Great, in the early period of the
eighteenth century, from about 1706 to 17 10. His signature H,
G.H or HAUPT F. appears on some of the roubles and commem-

Rouble of Peter the Great, by Haupt.

orative medals issued between these two dates. Iversen {Medaillen
auf die Thaten Peter des Grossen, St-Petersburg, 1872) mentions the

— 440 —

following works by Haupt : Commemorative medals of the Battle
of Kalisch, 1706 ; — Prize-medal with portrait of Peter the Great;
— ^L. of Medal on Battle of Leesno, 1708 ; — ^. of Medal on
Battle of Poltava, 1709 (2 varieties); — ^L. of Medal on the
Equipment of the four Fleets (2 varieties) ; — Roubles dated 1707,
1708, 1709 and 1710 in Russian characters.

Schlickeysen erroneously gives his Christian name as Theodore.

Bolzenthal remarks, in connection with this artist and his contem-
porary, Gouin : "The genius of Peter the Great who laid the
foundation of the fame and power of Russia, darted its revivifying
rays on all sides. Some engravers of the coinage in his reign, such
as Gouin and Haupt, failed not in attempts to execute some good
works; but later artists found means to preserve in a worthy
manner the memory of this celebrated Prince and his successors. "

HAUPTMAYER, HANS or HUBMAYER (Germ.). Seal-cutter at
Breslau, 1567; he is mentioned in documents of the Imperial
Chamber, dated 1578, 1583, &c.

HAUSEN, ELIAS VON (Germ.). Mint-warden for Suabia, 1641-1644.

HAUSEN, MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-master at Wiesbaden, 1592.
He was a native of Cassel.

HAUSMANN (Germ.). Contemporary Medallist, who exhibited at
Frankfort-on-Main (April 1900) a cast Portrait-plaque of the Prel-
ate D"" Schneider, and another of the Scientist Staniek.

HAUSMANN, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg,
Saxony. 1541. He died in his first year of office,- and was succeeded
by Hans Weller, or Molsdorf. Also HAWSMANN.

HAUSMANN, HANS (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg, Saxony,
1499-1S41. Distinctive mark : a double lily. He coined money under
Albrecht derBehertzte, Georg derReiche and Henrich derFromme.

HAUSMANN, HANS (Germ.). Mint-masterat Cassel, circa 1 5 72- 1 6 10,
at the same time as Hans Bauer and afterwards Christoph Traubell.

HAUSSMANN, LUBERT (Germ.). Mint-master and Engraver of the
coins at the Mint of Miihlhausen, 1616, and at Cassel, 1635-1638.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

HAUSMANN, NICKEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg, Saxony,
1492 or '95 to 1499. Also HAWSMANN.

Bibliography. — Erbstein, Erdrterungen auf dem Gehiete der Sachsischen Mun\-
und Medaillen-Geschichte, Dresden, 1888.

HAUTMANN, MICHAEL (Germ.). Mint-engraver ?it Munigh^ i8q2-
1804. Emit Bahrfeldt ex Mscpt.

— 441 —

HAUTSCH, GEORG (Gf /■///.). Medallist of the end of the seventeenth
century and beginning of the eighteenth. He worked at Nurem-
berg, his native city, from 1683 to 1712, for Kleinertand Lauffer(at
the Mint) who issued a series of medals ; then he settled at Vienna,
where he continued to practise the art of medal-engraving. His
private mark was a star, and his signature on medals is generally
G. H.

To the British medallic series, Hautsch contributed the following
medals : 1689, Coronation of William III. (signed on I^. L.G.L.
for Lazarus Gottlieb Laufter, Master of the Nuremberg Mint); —
1690, Amnesty in Ireland ; — 1691, Congress of the Allies at The
Hague; — 1691, Pacification of Ireland (two types); — 1692,
Battle of La Hogue (illustrated) ; — Another, on the same event,

Battle of La Hogue, by G. Hautsch.

^. Fame and Victory with History and Time; — 1695, Namur
retaken; — 1697, Peace of Ryswick (two varieties); — 1702,
Expedition to Vigo Bay (engraved by Hautsch in conjunction with
Georg Friedrich Nurnberger); — 1703, Baron de Cohorn ; Bonn
taken (signed X on obv. and G.F.N, on ^.); — 1704, Prince Louis
of Baden; Battle of Schellenberg; — 1704, Duke of Marlborough;
Battle of Blenheim (four types ; three of these medals bear a star on
truncation, the mark of Georg Hautsch); — 1704, British Victor-
ies; — 1706, Battle ot Ramillies and Conquest of Brabant (two
var.); — 1706, Barcelona relieved and Conquest of Brabant (this
medal belongs to the series issued by Friedrich Kleinert at Nurem-
berg); — 1708, Attempted Invasion of Scotland by the French;
— 1709, Battle of Malplaquet; — 1710, Successes of Prince
Eugene and Marlborough ; &c.

The star, which was the private mark of Georg Hautsch, was
adopted by Georg Wilhelm Vestner, after the former's decease in
1712,

— 442 —

By Hautsch are also : 1697, Medal of Emperor Leopold I. and
his family; — 1690, Coronation of Emperor Joseph I. ; — 1703,
Charles XII. of Sweden; his Victories; — 1704, Victories of
Charles XII., 1700-1706 (two types); — Undated, Charles XII. of
Sweden,:^. PAR ANIMO ROBVR; — 1688, Capture of Stuhl-
weissenburg by the Emperor Leopold I.; — 1690, Coronation ot
Leopold's third consort and son Joseph I. ; — 1701, Coronation of
Frederick I. of Prussia; — 1703, Medal of Christian Augustus,
Count Palatine, on his eightieth birthday; — 1687, Hungarian
Coronation of King Joseph I. at Presburg; — 1691, Portrait-medal
of John George IV. of Saxony; — Religious Medal, obv. Tobias and
Samuel ^L. Joseph and Daniel ; — Various Medals on the Devasta-
tions by the French on the Rhine ; — Medals on various Events in
Hungary; — Nuremberg " Rathhaus Thaler"; — Double Thalers of
Nuremberg with busts of the Emperor Joseph, and Charles VI.,
various dates (signed H) ; — Leopold I. and consort Eleonora
Magdalena Theresia, 1676; — Genealogical Medal of 1697; —
Capture of Landau, 1702 (2 var.) ; — Another, of 1704; —
Another, of 1709 ; — Franz Eusebius Thrautson, Count von
Falkenstein, 171 5.

Hautsch also engraved coin-dies. His signature occurs on Thalers
of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg (according to Ammon).
He was a pupil of Wolrab.

Hautsch signed : G. HAVTSCH — G.H. _ H. — X.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Ammon, op. cit. — Singer, Kunstler
Lexikon. — Domanig, op. cit. — Franks and Grueber, Medallk Illustrations, &c.

— Grueber. B. M. Guide to the Exhibition of English Medals, London, 1891. —
Nagler, Monogrammis ten, 1881 . — Reimmann Sale Catalogue. — Hildebrand, op. cit.

— Fiala, op. cit. — Betts, op. cit. — Katalog der Miini^- und Medaillen-Stempel-
Sammlung des K.K. Hauplmfiniamtes in Wien, 1901. — Kull, Repertorium, &c., II,
p. 703.

HAVEN, PETER NICOLAUS YOfi (Danish). Mint-master at Copenha-
gen, 1747-1761. Some of his issues are signed V. H. or P. N. V. H.
Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, Munich, 1881, vol. V, no 1209.

HAVYN. Vide HANYN.

HAWKESBURY, LORD (Bril.). Mint-master at the Royal Mint ot
London, under George III., 1799-1801.

HAWSMANN, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg
(Saxony), 1541. Fide HAUSMANN.

HAWSMANN, HANS (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg (Saxony),
1499-1541. Vide HAUSMANN.

HAWSMANN, NICKEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Freiberg (Saxony),
1492 or 95-1499. Vide HAUSMANN.
Bibliography. — Erbstein, op. cit.

— 443 —

HAY, ADtlLE (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor who has exhibited
Bronze Panels in relief; amongst them one entitled " Dawn " at the
Royal Academy of 1899. I do not know whether she has produced
any models for medallic work.

HAYD, SEBASTIAN (Austr.). " Hofpfenningmeister " at Gratz
circa 1657-1669. Also named HAYDT VON HAYDTEGG. He issued
Fiinfzehner signed S. H. In 1665 he received instructions to coin
only Groschen and Kreutzers.

Bibliography. — Th. Unger, Kleine Beitrdge \ur Mun:(kunde des Kronlandes
Steiermark, 1891.

HAYE, NICOLAS DE LA Fide DELAHAYE (Biog. Diet, of Medallists,
I, p. 371).

HAYENEUFVE, JEHAN (French). Mint-master at Angers in 1558;
he died on Nov. 15, 1558.
Bibliography. — Planchenault, La Monnaie d' Angers, 1896.

HAYM, HANS JACOB (Germ.). Mint-master at Roth and Eckers-
miihlen, 1621-1622; circa 1622, in Brandenburg-Anspach.

HAYM, NICOLAS (Germ.). Medallist, born at Rome; died in 1730.

HAZEN, JEAN (Dutch.). Mint-engraver at Maestricht, 1524-1533.

H i|^ B. (Vide supra, p. 356).

For some supplementary information on the Medallist H -^ B's
work, I am indebted to D"" Julius Cahn's valuable monograph :
Frankfurter Medailleure im 16. fahrhiindert, Frankfurt a. M. 1903.

The critic above-named has not been able to discover the iden-
tity oftheartist, but he gives D'Th. Hampers suggestion that he may
have been the Architect and Goldsmith Hans Polsterer or Bolsterer,
whose name frequently occurs in Nuremberg official documents
and whose period of activity would exactly fit in with that of the
Master H -^ B.

The Master H ^ B began his artistic career at Nuremberg. To
the period of 1 540-1 541 belong his three medals of Nuremberg
celebrities : Christoph Scheurl, Christoph Tetzel and Mathes Hes ;
also a model in hone-stone of Ursula Diirr. In 1546, we find him
in Frankfort-on-M., and of this year are the two unique medals in
the Viennese Museum depicting the sisters Ursula and Amalie,
Countesses oi Solms-Lich, also that of their mother, Countess
Margaret. The other Frankfort productions of this Medallist are all
of 1547 : Justinian von Holzhausen; — Johann Fichard and con-
sort Elisabeth ; — Georg von Holl (original lead model, unsigned,
in Berlin Museum) ; — Lorenz Miiller and Consort Margarethe ; —
Anna Rauscher (original model, in a private collection at Frankfort).

— 444 —

In 1548, the master -^executed the fine Portrait-medal ofCharlesV.,
obv. * CARVROMIMPAVG-HISPREXCATHODVX-
AVST. Bust ot the Emperor to r. in beretta and furs; on trunca-
tion H i(i B.:^. QVODIN CELISSOL HOC IN TERA CESAR-
EST'A^ 1548. Crowned double eagle between two pillars; above
* PLVS— VLTRA * 49 mill.

Between 155 1 and 1555, the artist was again at Nuremberg,
and in addition to the medals of that period generally known as
his, D"" Cahn describes and illustrates an unpublished Portrait-
piece in lead of Siegmund von Nanckenreut, 15 61 (British
Museum).

The Master H -^ B was, according to D' Cahn, a pupil of Peter
Flotner, whose style he closely copied. His work, however exhibits
characteristics which are peculiar to him, and D"" Cahn remarks
in this connection : *' Meister H -^ B hat einen so eigenartigen,
ausgebildeten Stil, dass man bei einiger Kentnis seiner Arbeiten
diese sofort unter anderen erkennen kann, auch wenn sie nicht
signiert sind. Besonders bewunderswert ist der diinne, hohle Guss
seiner Medaillen, welchen keiner seiner Zeitgenossen in solcher
Vollendung zu Stande gebracht hat. Er liebte es, jede Seite der
Schaustiicke einzeln zu giessen, die dann zusammengesetzt wurden,
aberauch allein vorkommen. Der Guss ist so fein ausgefiihrt, dass
selbst die Ornamente der Bekleidung auf den Riickseiten vertieft
erscheinen; nachziseliert hat er h6:hst selten.Das Relief ist meistens
nicht sehr hoch, nur auf den friihesten Arbeiten tritt es starker
hervor. Wahrend er die meisten der darzustellenden Personen, der
allgemeinen Sitte folgend, im Profil aufgenommen hat, ging er bei
seinem zweiten Niirnberger Aufenthalt auch dazu uber, sie hie und
dahalbvon vorn abzubilden, bekanntlich eine hochst schwierige Art
der ModeUierung die nur wenigcn Kiinstlern gelungen ist. "

D"" Cahn has always seen the H -^ B form of signature on the
medals of this Master, where as Erman gives H B.

o*

H. C. Fide H. CHRISTENSEN. Medallist of Copenhagen, second
half of the nineteenth century.

Q Vide HANS VON CULMBACH. Medallist of Nuremberg, 1323.

H. C. A. S. Fide HEINRICH CHRISTIAN ANDREAS SIEGEL. Mint-
master at Sondershausen, 1763-1764, and Harzgerode, i'j6j-i'j^6.

H. C. B. Fide HEINRICH CHRISTIAN BONHORST. Mint-master
adjunct at Clausthal, 1702-1711, Mint-director, 1712-1725.

H. C. B. Fide HEINRICH CHRISTOPH BAUMGARTEN. Mint-master
at Neustrelitz, 1749-1759.

— 445 —

H. C H. ride HEINRICH CHRISTOPH HILLE. Mint-master at Clet-
tenberg, 1684, Arnstadt, 1685, and Brunswick, 1689; died in 1739.

H. C. M. Vich HENNING CHRISTOPH MEYER. Senior, Mint-warden
at Miihlhausen, 1676, Mint-master and Engraver at Kongsberg,
1686-1716.

H. C. M. Vide H. C. MEYER, Junior. Mint-master at Kongsberg,
1716-1727.

H. C. M. Fide HEINRICH CHRISTIAN MULLER. Mint-master at
Herborn, 1682- 1684, Eisenach, 1689- 1690; Mint-warden at
Konigsberg in Prussia, 1691; died in 1718.

H. CONR. or H. C. Vide HARALD CONRADSEN, born in 1817.
Medallist of Copenhagen ; son of JOHANNES CONRADSEN, and father
of the present Engraver at the Copenhagen Mint.

H. C. R. F. Vide HEINRICH CHRISTOPH RUDOLPH FRIESE. Mint-
master at Goslar, 1734-1764, and during a portion of that time
(I'i^. 1 744- 1 749) at Harzgerode and Zerbst, and for one year (yis;^.
1752) at Berlin.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

(H. D.) y. Vide HANS DOLLINGER. {Biog. Diet, oj Medallists,
Vol. I, p. 414).^

This sculptor's medals are not difficult to distinguish. Only three
types are known, of each of which the Berlin Museum has a speci-
men : 1522, Philip, Count Palatine (three-quarter-length portrait

Portrait-medal of Count-Palatiiie Philip, by Hans DoUinger.

down to the knees); — 1527, Portrait-piece of the same Prince
{illustrated) ; and Portrait-medal of Otto Heinrich, undated.
Bibliography. — Ernian, DeutscJie Medailleure^ Berlin, 1884.

— 446 —
H. D. Fide HANS DETLEFF. Mint-master at Rostock, 1623- 1630.

H. D. Vide HEINRICH DEPFERN. Mint-master at Wolfenbuttel,
1585-1593, Goslar, 1590, and Andreasberg, 1593; died in 1612.

H. D. Fide HIERONYMUS DAMISET. Medallist of Hanau, 1756-
1764.

H. D. E. Fide HANS DAVID EMMERT. Mint-master at Culmbach,
1614-1624.

H. D. F. Fide HEINRICH DANIEL FRIEDERICHSEN. Mint-master at
Lubeck, 1773-1801.

H. D. S. Fide HEINRICH DANIEL STUMER. Mint-master at Det
mold, 1769-1787.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. E. Fide HEINRICH ELBERSKIRCHEN. Mint-master at Coblence,
1669-1675.

H. E. A. Fide HEINRICH ERNST ANGERSTEIN. Mint-master at
Coburg, 1 686-1705.

HEBENSTREITT, STEFAN (Austr.y. Assistant Mint engraver at
Vienna, 1756-1768.

HEATON, RALPH & SONS [See MINT (The) Birmingham, Limited].
This establishment is not to be confused with the late SOHO MINT,
founded in 1762 by Matthew Boulton, and which, under the name
of JAMES WATT & C° failed in 1895, ^'i^ minting machinery and
rolling mills having been secured by the Mint, Birmingham,
Limited. For an account of the SOHO MINT, Fide BOULTON (Biogra-
phical Dictionary of Medallists, Vol. I, p. 117) and WATT & C° (James
Watt & C°) infra.

The Birmingham Mint has become famous, especially for the
manufacture of the subsidiary coins, not only for England and the
British Colonies, but also for important powers as Italy, France
Russia, South American Republics, &c. Its history has been closely
connected with that of the coinage of this country for nearly a
hundred years, having been founded in 18 19, and on account of its
numismatic interest, I believe it should find a place in the Biograph-
ical Dictionary of Medallists, although the lives of the individual
artists, who have done so much to enhance the reputation of the
firm, cannot be retraced here, no documents being available and

— 447 —

no record of their various productions having been kept. The
present Directors of the Mint are, unfortunately, unable to give
much information on the early working of the establishment, but,
thanks to their courtesy, I am enabled to append a list of the
various coinages issued by them in later years, and especially within
the last three decades.

Exterior view of the Mint, Birmingham, Limited.

'*The importance of the varied operations carried on at the Bir-
mingham Mint may be inferred from the fact that the Company
holds special appointments as coiners to the British, French, Italian,
Russian, and numerous other Governments, and as manufacturers
of metals or blanks and minting machinery; and for all these
countries respectively, it has been entrusted from time to time with
large contracts for the coinage of various metals. The Mint is also
largely engaged in other branches of metal manufactures — as metal
of all kinds, rolled, strip, sheet, or blanks; metal and blanks for
cartridge cases and caps; tubes of copper, brass, and tin, plain and
ornamental, and seamless copper tubes, manufactured by a patent
process; wire, gas and meter fittings, stove fittings, stamped orna-
ments, stampings of all kinds, metallic address labels, metal checks,
spun copper, &c. , Sec. In these multifarious departments of metal
manufacture the Biimingham Mint holds a foremost place, and the
works are an important industrial feature among the products of
the Great Midland Metropolis. The Mint is in Icknield Street,
once known as the " Old Roman Road ". At the front of the
building are offices and warehouses, the minting department is at
the back, and the central portion of the works comprises casting
shops, rolling mills, engine and boiler houses, &c. " (Extract from
the Birmingham Mint's Guide).

- 448 ~

The following is a list of the principal coinages which have been
undertaken, wholly or in part, by the Company : — Great Britain,
France, Italy, Denmark, Republic of South Africa (Transvaal),
Burmah, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, United States of Columbia, Chili,
Hong Kong, India, Ecuador, Germany, Guatemala, Guernsey,
Hayti, Ionian Islands, Jamaica, Jersey, Liberia, Mauritius, Norway,
New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Portugal, Paraguay,
Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Russia, Roumania, Servia, Bulgaria,
Sarawak, British North Borneo, Siam, Straits Settlements, Sweden,
Salvador, Tuscany, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

These coinages consist of silver, bronze, nickel and copper coins,
some of which bear the Birmingham Mint-mark, a small H in the
field.

COINAGES EXECUTED BY THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LIMITED

Arabia. — Silver coinage, 1898, 1900, 1902.

Bolivia. — Nickel Coinage of 10 and 5 Centavos, 1892 and 1893.

Brazil. — 5lickel coins of 400, 200 and 100 Reis, 1901-2.

British north Borneo. — One Cent, Arms with supporters.
1^. ONE CENT within wreath (signed H), 1882, 1884, 1886, 1894,
1896; — Half Cent, similar type, 1885, 1886.

Brunei (Sultanate ot). Copper Coinage of Cents dated 1304.

Bulgaria. — Copper Coinage of 188 1 (10,5 and 2 Stotinki
pieces) to the value of 2.100.000 francs.

Burmah. — Supply of machinery for the Burmese Mint, 1864.
Issue of Rupees and subdivisions of the Peacock type.

Burmese Rupee.

Canada. — " Quebec Bank Penny " Halfpenny Tokens 1852,
1857; — Bank of Upper Canada, Penny & Halfpenny, 1854,
coinage of Silver 50, 25, 10 and 5 Cents, 1870-75, 1880-1887,

449

1902;
1900.

Coinage of Bronze Cents 1870-75, 1880- 1887, 1898,

{--^- Z./

Quebec Bank Token.

Chili. — Centavo and Half centavo, 185 1. Bronze Coinage
of i860.

China. — Pattern Dollars and subdivisions in Silver, and Brass
Cash. (The whole of the iMint-machinery was suppHed by the
Birmingham Mint in 1887, capable of coining 2.700.000 pieces per
day, and a staff of workmen sent out to instruct the Chinese how to
work a Mint in Canton.) — Nankin Dollar and subdivisions in
Silver, and Brass Cash. (All the Mint-machinery w^as supplied by
the Mint, Birmingham, in 1897, and workmen sent out to instruct
the Chinese.) Mints have also been sent out for Hang Chow and
Pekin.

CoLO.MBiA. — Silver coinage of Halt Dollar pieces, 1892. Nickel
2 I Centavos, 1881. Nickel i| Centavo, 1874.

Costa rica. — Silver coinage of 50, 25, 10&5 Centavos in
1892 and 1893.

Cyprus. — JE. Piastres, Half and Quarter Piastres, 1881 (to the
nominal value of € 550), 1882 (£ 500).

Denmark. — Bronze blanks for a coinage of 5, 2 & i Ore
pieces, 1874 ^^'^ later.

Dominica. — Nickel coinage ot 2\ Centavos, 1887 and 1897.

East Africa C. — Silver coinage of Rupees and Half Rupees,
1888. Copper coinage of Quarter Annas, 1888.

East india c°. — Copper coinage of Quarter Annas, 1858.

Ecuador. — Gold Coinage of Condores 1899 and 1900. Silver
coinage of Dollars, 50, 20 and 10 Cents, 1884 and later. Nickel coin-
age of 5, I, and I centavos, 1886. JE 2 and i Centavos in bronze,
1872.

France. — Coinage oi JE 10, 5, 2 and i Centime pieces of
Napoleon III., 1856, 1857 (from dies cut by Barre).

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Notices of MtdalUsis. — IF.

»9

— 450 —

Germany. — Bronze blanks for i and 2 Pfennig pieces, supplied
to the Mints of Berlin, Frankfort-on-Main, Hamburg, and Hanover,
1875 and 1876.

Guatemala. — Silver coinage, 1894. Nickel coinage, 1900,
1 90 1.

GuERNESEY. — Brouze coinage, 1885, 1886, 1893, 1898, 1901.

Hayti. — Billon coinage of the Republic, 1864. Bronze coinage
of 10 and 5 Centimes, 1881.

Hongkong. — Silver and Bronze Coins : 20, 10 and 5 Cents;
Cents, 1874; — 50, 10 and 5 Cents; Cents, 1876 ; — 20, 10 and
5 Cents, 1877; — 20, 10 and 5 Cents; Cents, 1880, 1882, 1892,
1897, 1900J 190I5 1902. Bronze Mils, 1865.

Ionian islands. — Bronze coinage of 1862.

Italy. — Bronze coinage of i, 2, 5 and 10 Centesimi pieces,
1 86 1 and 1862 (to the nominal value of 16.000.000 lire). Bronze
10 Centesimi pieces, 1868(5.000.000 lire). Bronze 10 Centesimi
pieces, 1893 (6.000.000 lire).

Jamaica. — Nickel Pennies, Halipenniesand Farthings, 1882.

Japan. — Machinery supplied to the Mint at Osaka?

Jersey. — Bronze coinage of Pence, Halfpence and Farthings,
1877-1887.

Liberia. — Silver coinage ol 50, 25 and 10 Cents, Bronze
2 and I Cents, 1896.

Mauritius. — Silver coinage of 20 and 10 Cents, ^5,2 and
I Cents, 1877, 1882 & later.

Muscat. — Coinage of Copper Quarter Annas, 1898.

Mombasa — Silver Rupees and subdivisions ; JE Quarter Annas,

1888 (^Vide EAST AFRICA C°).

Newfoundland. — Gold coinage of Two Dollar . pieces, 1882.
Silver 50, 20, 10 and 5 Cents 1872, 1876, 1882 and later.

— 451 —
Nicaragua. — Silver coinage of 20, 10 and 5 Centavos, 1880.

Norway. — Bronze blanks for a coinage ot 5, 2 and i Ore
pieces, 1875 and later.

Nova scotia. — Bronze coinage of Penny & Halfpenny tokens,
1856.

Nyassa-land. — Silver coinage of looo and 500 Reis, and
Bronze 20 and 10 Reis, 1894.

Paraguay. — Bronze coinage of 4, 2 and i Centesimos, 1870.

Portugal. — Silver blanks of 500 and 200 Reis supplied to the
Portuguese government to be struck in Lisbon, 1892 ; also Bronze
blanks of 20, 10 and 5 Reis, 1892.

Roumania. — Bronze coinage of 10, 5, 2 & i Bani pieces, 1867
and 1868.

Russia. — Copper coinage of 3, 2, i, | and | Copeck pieces,
1895, 1896, 1897, 1898.

Salvador. — Nickel coinage of 3 and i Centavos, 1889.

Sarawak. — Cents, Half Cents, and Quarter cents, 1863, 1870,
1879, 1880, 1882, 1884, 1890, 1892, 1896. Silver coinage of 50,
25, 10 and 5 cents of 1900.

Servia. — Bronze coinage of 10 and 5 Paras, 1880. Nickel
coinage of 20, 10 and 5 Lepta, 1884.

10 Para of Servia.

SiAM. — Bronze coinage oi 2, i & | Atts, 1895. Nickel coinage
of 20, 10, 5 and 2 1 Stangs, 1898.

Straits settlements. — Silver coinage of 50, 20, 10 and
5 Cents, 1874, 1876, 1880, 1882, 1897 and 1900, Copper Cents,
1874 & later.

Sweden. — Bronze blanks for the coinage of 5, 2 & i Ore
pieces in 1874 and later.

— 452 —

Transvaal. — (South African Republic). The "Burgers" Pond
in gold 1874.

Burgers Pond ot 1874.

Tunis. — Coinage of JE, dated A.H.1281, of i, |, |, j|, .^,
g| piastres.

Tuscany. — Copper coinage for the Provisional Government
of 5, 2 & I Centesimi pieces, 1859.

Uruguay. — Copper coinage of 4, 2 and i Ceniesimos, 1870,

Venezuela. — Bronze and Copper coinage, 1852, i860.

-^

Centavo of Venezuela.

At various periods, when the Royal Mint, London, was pressed
with work, the Birmingham Mint was entrusted with the striking
of the English bronze coinage of Pence, Halfpence and Farthings,
1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1881.

In 1872, this establishment supplied blanks for the silver coinage
of 1872, amounting to i, i. 000. 000 nominal value. Testimonials
from Sir Charles W. Freemantle, late Deputy Master and Compt-
roller of the Royal Mint, speak in high praise of the excellence,
correctness, and despatch of the work undertaken by the Birming-
ham mint to his entire satisfaction. In 1874 one hundred tons of
bronze coins were executed by contract for the Royal Mint ; in
1875 ^ similar quantity of bronze coins was manufactured, and in
1 88 1 the greater part of an issue of bronze coins to the value ot

— 453 —

i 21,280 were struck at Birmingham. All these coins are distin-
guished by an " H " under the date.

Penny of 1876.

The best known medals issued at the Birmingham Mint within
recent years are the following : Visit of T.R.H. the Prince and
Princess of Wales to Birmingham, 1874; — Queen Victoria's
Jubilee, 1887; — Diamond Jubilee, 1897 ; — Peace Medal, on the
conclusion of the Anglo-Boer War; — Portrait-medals of Lord
Roberts,. General White, etc. (the last three by the Medallist Emil
Fuchs, q. V. Vol. II., Biog. Diet, of Medallists, p. 166); — Coro-

General Sir George White.

nation ot King Edward VII., 1902, by George Frampton, R. A. ;
— Sir David Salomon's Medal, 1888; —

Some interesting particulars of the process of striking coins are
given in the Birmingham Mint's little Guide, from which I extract
the following notes :

"The dies used by the Mint are all made on the premises by
skilled workmen specially employed in this department. Two dies
are required for each coin, for the obverse and reverse respectively.
The original dies or matrices are made of finest steel, from which
punches are taken. Working dies are produced from the latter, thus
avoiding great expense and loss of time in engraving. The engrav-

— 454 —

ing of a pair of matrices might occupy an expert die-sinker several
weeks, and tliese might crack in the coining press after a few
hours' wear. For this reason " working dies " are used in the press,
and original matrices are not employed in this machine.

The mechanical process of "striking" coins is perfectly auto-
matic. The operator simply drops in good blanks, and the powerful
— almost noiseless — machinery does the rest. These machines are
of the most improved type made by the Company, and supplied to
the Royal Mint, London, the Imperial Mints of Canton and
Nankin, and many other foreign Governments. They possess great
advantages over the old style of coining press, for, besides being
silent and automatic, they require no foundation. In each press is
a movable steel slide, in the centre of which is a circular hole the
size of the die, called a " collar". The blanks to be impressed are
placed in a long tube or feeder, constantly replenished as the work
proceeds. From this feeder one blank drops into the "collar"
with each movement of the steel slide, and, the blow being struck,
the blank receives the requisite impression on both sides at once.
The coins fall out and are received in a box or receptacle under
the machine. The coins having been " struck " are carefully examin-
ed, and any defective pieces rejected. Those approved are conveyed
to the packing room, where they are counted, weighed, placed in
bags, and finally packed in strong iron-bound boxes to be forward-
ed to their destination ".

As a result of the spread of the Arts and Crafts movement all
over the world within recent years, the Birmingham Mint has
also had to break with the bonds of tradition and adopt modern
principles and notions in connection with medallic art. This is suf-
ficiently shown by the employment of such artists as Mr. George
Frampton, Mr. Emil Fuchs, and others, who, with one of the fore-
most living British medallists, Mr. Frank Bowcher, of London, have
made themselves the exponents in this country of the French and
Austrian Schools. The old classic doctrines will die hard, and
perhaps more so at Birmingham than anywhere else, but the
rupture, although neither immediate nor sudden, is increasingly felt,
and the Mint in Birmingham is leading the way there in the new
path. The greatest hindrance to a more rapid evolution and pro-
gress lies in the apathy, and even dislike, of the British public in
general, to the new style, so-called, which has strong enemies even
in the highest quarters. It is however a matter for rejoicing that
the medallist's art is in course of transformation in Kngland also,
and advancing towards an enfranchisement from the old rou-
tine to a better comprehension of Art in that particular domain.

HfiBERT, LOUIS GEORGE (French). Sculptor, born at Caen (Cal-
vados) in 1 84 1. He has also cut a number of gems. Amongst his

— 455 —

best known medallic and glyptic works, Chavignerie mentions :
1867, Portrait-medallion ofM. B***; — 1870, Medallion represent-
ing Medusa; — 1876, onyx camei, comic and dramatic masks;
— 1880, Medallion, A Study, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvrav, Diclionnaire genhal des Artistes de

VEcoh' frati(aise, Paris, 1882.

h£BERT PIERRE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Vil-
labe (Seine-et-Oise) on the 31. October 1804; died at Paris on the
15. September 1869. By him are several medallic works : 1850,
Portrait- medallion of M. D***; — 1868, Portrait-medallion of
M. S***, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HUBERT. PIERRE EUGtNE flMILE (French). Contemporary Sculp-
tor, son of the last, born at Paris on the 12. October 1828. To this
artist we owe : 1867, Poland, bronze medallion, and Portrait-pieces
in clay and bronze.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HECHENGARTEN, PETER (Aiistr.). Mint-engraver at Carlsburg,
1848-1857.

HECHT, ERNST PETER (Germ.). Mint-master at Zellerfeld, Bruns-
wick, 1723-173 1. Between 1693 ^^^ I7i4> he filled the post ot
Mint-master at Leipzig. Distinctive mark : E. P. H.

HECHT, JOHANN BENJAMIN (Germ.). Mint-master at- Zellerfeld,
Brunswick, 173 9- 1769.

HECK, ROCHUS (Germ.). Coiner at the xMint of Brieg (Silesia),
1622. An Imperial Dreier of 1624 is signed R. H., which initials
may stand for Heck.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

HEDLINGER, JOHANN KARL (Stviss). One of the foremost Medal-
lists of the eighteenth century ; was born at Schwytz on the 28'''
of March 1691, where he died on the 14''' of March 177 1, from a
stroke of apoplexy. He claimed descent from the noble Fon Hett-
lingen family, whose name was derived from the village of Hettlin-
gen, near Winterthur, in canton Zurich. One of his ancestors settled
at Schwytz in 1575 during the religious wars. The name of his
father was Johann Baptist Hedlinger, an artist, who between 1700
and 1708 filled the post of Inspector of Mines at Bolentz in Ger-

- 456 —

many ; that of his mother, Anna EHsabetha Betschart, a native oi
Immenfeld. The MedalUst was the third of a family of four.

During his residence at Bolentz, Johann Karl visited the schools,
studied the classics, and developed uncommon abilities for dravv'ing
and engraving, which he learned without a master. On his parents
moving to Sion, in canton Valais (1708), he was placed as an
apprentice with Wilhelm Krauer of Lucerne, a goldsmith who was
at that time Mint-master at Sion. Two years afterwards, he tollowed
Krauer to Lucerne and carried on the trade of a gold-and silversmith
at that place. His father died in 1711 and shortly after his mother
also. The Toggenburger war put a sudden stop, happily of short
duration, to the young man's artistic career. He gallantly fought at
Villmergen and saved an officer's life, 25. July 17 12. This same
year, we find him again with Krauer at Lucerne, who on the 31.
March 17 13 entered into a contract with the town for the working
of the Mint. HedHnger tells us that he now began to be employed
in the cutting of dies for the Lucerne coinage and also engraved
medals. One ot these, dated 17 14, is known, and presents on obv.
a view of the city of Lucerne and on ^L shield of arms with two
Nimrods as supporters. The Thaler of 1714, Half Thaler of 1713,
and Ten-Kreuzer piece of 171 5, are most probably his work, and if
so, they testify to the skill of the young artist.

In 171 5, the Mint-master and City authorities quarrelled over
some questions connected with the coinage, the result of which
was the temporary closing of the Mint, and Krauer accepted the
working of the Mints of Montbeliard and Porrentruy, where
HedUnger was transferred in January 17 16. Here he first had the
opportunity of drawing from life the portraits of the Rulers of
both states for their currency; and here he executed, to use his own
words " a so-called medal of the Bishop of Basle, " whose seat was
then at Porrentruy. A specimen of this medal, dated 171 5, may be
seen in the Lucerne Coin and Medal Collection; it is of oval shape
and in the form of a badge.

The time had come when the young Medallist found out that
he could no longer learn anything from his old master, Wilhelm
Krauer, and with the desire of increasing his general knowledge
and perfecting himself in his art, he set out, on the 26''' July
1716, on his European journeyings. His first stopping place was
Nancy, where he wished to meet St. Urbain, the famous
Medallist, who was then considered as one of the best artists of
his time. It appears that St. Urbain at first refused to receive him,
but later on engaged him as a die-cutter at the Mint. There he did
not stay long, and instead of accompanying St. Urbain to Rome,
he preferred to go to Paris, May 1717. His first acquaintance
in the French capital was Professor de Lancre, who introduced

Dniek T<!0_ti«br._C * N. lientiier in.Einn.iel

Portrait of Hedlinger, after Wyrsch.

- 458 -

him to De Launay, Director of the Medal-Mint and procured
work for him there. In 1781, he was entrusted with the execution
of a medal for the Duke of Orleans, but suffered the disappointment
of being prevented from finishing it in time, owing to illness.
During his eighteen months' stay in Paris, the young artist
enjoyed the close friendship of Roettiers and de Launay, for
whom he is said to have engraved the dies of several medals
belonging to the " Medallic Series of Louis XIV ". The King pre-
sented him with a gold snuff box, as a special mark of favour.

In 1718, Baron Goertz, Minister ot Charles XII. of Sweden, who
was in the French capital on important affairs of State, and at the
same time looking out for young artists on behalf of his Royal
Master, met Hedlinger and induced him to accompany him to
Sweden, which he willingly did, as for some time he had been
thinking of leaving Paris. He however would not accept an engage-
ment until he had had an opportunity of showing to the King
some of his work. Charles XII. was so satisfied that he at once
appointed him to the post of Chief-engraver at the Stockholm
Mint, this post having become vacant through the death of Karls-
teen. In a letter to his brother, dated 25. October 17 18, Hedlinger
wrote : "My circumstances are now in order. I am Medallist to
the King and Engraver of the coins, for which I receive a yearly
income of 750 Thalers with residence at the Mint.^^

Not long after Hedlinger's arrival in Sweden, Charles XII.
died, but Queen Ulrica Eleonora, his successor, continued to
extend Royal patronage to the artist and honoured him with her
esteem and special kindness. He engraved a number of portrait-
medals of her, as well as of her predecessor, and his signature is
also found on coins of that period.

In 1723, Peter the Great sought in vain to attract HedHnger
to St. Petersburg. Notwithstanding the considerable advantages
which he would have thus secured, the artist preferred to remain
faithful to the Swedish court, to which he was sincerely attached.
Three years after, he was granted a lengthened leave of absence
to revisit the continent, and especially to study the antiques in
Italy. He crossed over to Germany, stayed a little time in
Holland and Switzerland, spent several months in Rome, Naples,
and other Italian towns, returning via Venice, the Tyrol, Suabia,
Bavaria, Austria, stopping at Vienna, and from there going on to
Breslau, Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg and Copen-
hagen, arriving at Stockholm after eighteen months' absence.
During his travels, he made the acquaintance of several artists
of mark, notably Sohmena of Naples, Rusconi of Rome, Trevisani,
Caval. Ghezzi, the antiquarian Ficoroni, and the engraver Jacques
Frey. At Rome, he executed the Portrait-medal of Pope Benedict

— 459 —

Xin., from memory, and was decorated by the Pontiff with the
Cross of the Order of Christ.

The curious medal with the inscription AAPOM, engraved by
Hedlinger in imitation of the antique, on his return from Italy, is
considered one of his best works ; and, according to Mechel's
testimony, it even deceived antiquarians, until the artist disclosed
its authorship. From this period also date the various Jettons com-
memorating the Commerce, Manufactures, and Mines ot Sweden,
and the Medallic Series of Kings and Queens of Sweden to which
Daniel Fehrmann, Hedlinger's pupil, largely contributed.

Thaler of Lucerne,'i7i4.

In 1728, Augustus I., King of Poland, endeavoured in vain to
obtain the services of the Medallist, and two years later, the Czar-
ina, Anne Ivanowna, made him an offer of 1000 Ducats per
annum, beyond his yearly salary, if he settled at St Petersburg.
Finding that she was unable to tempt him, she begged from the
King of Sweden that the artist might be spared for a little time.

Tiic " Lagom " Medal, by Hedlinger.

and with the Royal assent, he went to St. Petersburg in 1735,
where he engraved a beautiful Portrait-medal of the Empress and

— 460 —

others of various celebrities of her entourage. Two years later he
was recalled to Stockholm, and left the Russian Court laden with
presents from the Czarina. Further attempts to draw him to
bt. Petersburg were made by Princess Anne of Mecklenburg, on
her accession to the regency, and later, the Empress Elizabeth,
also finding it impossible to secure his services, sent him her por-
trait for a medal, which he executed to her entire satisfaction,
" surpassing even the original in its likeness".

Hedlinger had now been 23 years away from his native coun-
try; it was natural therefore that he should wish to revisit it, and
he was allowed a prolonged leave of absence. During his stay in
Switzerland, he married in 1741 Maria Rosa von Schorno, his
brother's wife's sister. The next year, he made a journey to Berlin,
where the King of Prussia would gladly have retained him ; then
he went back to Schwytz, resided for two years at Fribourg, and
in 1743, returned alone to Sweden, but not to remain very long.
The King of Sweden, as a token of his esteem and pleasure at
seeing him again, made him a Court Steward and procured his
admission to the Stockholm Academy of Sciences. However the
news of his wife's illness, and his own failing health, decided
the artist to rejoin his family and to seek in retirement the rest which
his advancing year demanded. He left Stockholm in November 1745,
suffered shipwreck whilst crossing the .sea to Copenhagen, and arrived
safely at Fribourg on New year's eve 1746. As Chief-engraver at
the Swedish Mint he had left his pupil, Daniel Fehrmann, to take
his place.

In Switzerland, Hedlinger settled at Schwytz. There he did not
forget his favourite occupations, but accepted orders from foreign
governments. In 1748 he undertook a short journey to Nurem-
berg, where he finished the medal of Landgrave William of
Hesse-Cassel, wiiich he had begun at Stockholm. While in Ger-
many, he executed another to commemorate the foundation of the
Academy of Berlin, of which he was unanimously elected a member.
On his return to Schwytz, he engraved a large Portrait-medal of
the King of Prussia, and two other medals, one of the Republic ot
Berne, and the other on the occasion of the Secular Jubilee of the
Consecration of the Chapel of Notre Dame des Hermites.

The years 1753, '54 and '55 brought great trials to Hedlinger.
His friend. Baron Karl von Horleman, died in 1753 ; in the following
year, his brother, and also his beloved wife, were taken from him.
His daughter, the only child of their marriage, proved a solace
to the artist in his irreparable loss, and to her he devoted the
remainder of his life. Hedlinger has recorded the features of his
wife, as well as of his daughter, on several medals.

The Medallist's m.otto was " Nulla dies sine linea " and to the

— 4^^ —

end of his career he laboured untiringly and the quaUty ot his
work was maintained. His later medals, that of the Academy of
Sciences or Stockholm, 1760, the Portrait-medal of George II.,
1765, those of the Empress-Q.ueen Maria Theresia, Charles XII.,
and of the artist's friend, Keder, betray no sign of waning powers.

Hedlinger died at Schwytz, on the 14'^ of March 1771, from an
apoplectic fit, at the age of eighty. " His memory ", says Bolzen-
thal, " is also to be honoured as a man ".

Not long before his death, the artist executed a fine medal of his
rriend and protector, the Swedish Count Tessin ; this piece bears
on I^. SCULPSIT SENEX | J. C. HEDLINGER. He had also
undertaken to give the history of his own country in a series of
medals, of which only two were struck, those commemorating the
Battle of Morgarten, and Nicolas von der Flue, &:c.

Hedlinger's signature occurs variously as : I. C. H. ; — HEDL.F. ; —
C. HEDLINGER ; — C. HEDLINGER F. ; — I. C. HEDLINGER ; — I. C.
H. F. ; — I. C. HEDLINGER F. ; — H.

This Medallist, without being the head of a school, had
numerous pupils, amongst whom several attained celebrity : Daniel
Fehrmann, Chief-engraver and Medallist to the Swedish Court,
1746-1764 ; Nils Georgi, Court- medallist to the King of Prussia, at
Berlin, 1747-1782; Hartmann, Medallist at Stockholm, -|- 1739;
Daniel Hesling, for 12 years Medallist to the City of Hamburg,
and who died at St Petersburg in 1746; Arbien, Medallist at
Copenhagen, -j- 1760; Johann Wickmann, Coin-engraver; Johann
Horleman ; Vol, Medallist at Copenhagen, and others.

*' Mit Hedlinger's Tod " remarks Pfarrer Amberg, the artist's
latest biographer " schloss ein reiches Kiinstlerleben, besonders
bedeutsam fur die Kunstgeschichte der Medaille. Hedlinger war ein
Kiinstler von Gottes Gnaden. Das reiche Talent, womit ihn der
Schopfer ausgestattet, war auf das kriiftigste unterstiitzt von einem
unermiidlichen, rastlosen Streben nach VoUkommenheit, nach den
hochsten Zielen der Kunst, und dahin brach er sich siegreich Bahn,
obwohl ihm als Anfanger ein eigentlicher Lehrmeister fehlte.

" Die eigenthche Grosse Hedlinger's griindet sich auf seine
Behandlung der Kopfe, wie schon Kupferstecher Wille richtig
bemerkt. Es giebt Reverse dieses Meisters, welche man jetzt mit
gemischten Gefiihlen betrachten kann, fur seine Kopfe aber kennen
wir nur das siisse Gefuhl des Wohlgefallens, welches sich in seinea
besten Werken zur Bewunderung, ja zum Entziicken steigert.
Wer Hedlinger's Biisten betrachtet, vergisst den harten Stahl, aus
dem sie heraus gemeisselt sind. Es ist als batten sie gar keine
Muhe gekostet und als hiitte der Kiinstler es hier mit einer weichen
fiigsamen Masse zu thun gehabt, der er zwanglos jegliche noch so
feine Form verliehen. Und doch, bei aller Weichheit, ist alles so

— 462 —

kriiftig, klar und bestimmt, Weich und durchscheinend ist das
Fleisch, es ist, als ob organisches Leben darin pulsirie. Ueber den
Bildern liegt eine hohe Anmuth und Schonheit, wie ein zarter
Hauch auf Rosenbliithen ; ihnen hat der Kiinstler als zweiter
Schopfer Geist und Leben eingegossen. Dazu kommt ein Adel und
eine Reinheit der Formen, ein vom hochsten Schonheitssinn
geleiietes Masshalten, ein Zug der Wiirde und Erhabenheit, wie
man solches nur in den edclsten Kunstgebilden wahrnehmen kann
und wodurch Hedlinger seine Kopfe weit iiber die Bedeutung des
Portrats hinaushebt. Das Relief ist zwar nicht besonders erhaben,
und doch erscheint alles rund ".

List of Hedlinger'sworks, alphabetically arranged (T/;^ dates
indicate the year or period when they were executed).

Jeton ot the Academy of Abo; — Portrait-medalet of Adolt
Frederick, Crown Prince of Sweden, and Consort Louise Ulrica,
1744; — Accession to the Swedish throne of Adolph Frederick of
Holstein, 175 1; — Medalet of Albert, King of Sweden, 1728-45;

— Anne, Czarina of Russia; large medal with I^. Minerva, 1736;

— Another, ]^. Trophies, 1736-38; — Another, small medal
with B^. Minerva, 1739; — Commemorative Medal of the Augs-
burg Confession, 1730; — Building of a Bank at Stockholm, 1730 ;

Pope Benedict XIIL, 1726 ; — Portrait-Jcton of Saint Charles

Borromaus, 1726; — Erich Benzelius, Bishop of Linkog, 1744-45 ;
Karl Renald Berch, an Antiqiiniinn and friend of the artist; —

Portrait-medal of Karl Renald Berch, by Hedlinger.

Jeton of the Falun Mining Works, 1728-45 ; — Mining Works ot
Nordmark, 1726 ; — The Academv of Berlin, 1747-174^ ^ — Bern-
ese Medal ^L. VIRTUTI ET PRUDENTIA, 1742-52; — Medal-
et of Biorno, King of Sweden, 1728-45 ; — Medalet of Birger,
Count of Bialbo, King of Sweden, 1745-60; — Another, of the
same King; — Portrait-medal of Count von Biron, 1736-37; —
Medalet of Canut, King of Sweden, 1745-60; —Portrait-medal or
Christian Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg, 1743;— Christian VL ot

— 463 —

Denmark^. The Fleet, 1732-33; — Another, Accession Medal,
1732-33 ; — Eleventh Anniversary of King Christian VI'.s marriage
with his consort Sophia Magdalena, 1732-33; — Medalet of
Christiernl., King of Sweden, 1728-45; — Medalet oiChristiern II.,
1728-45 ; — Medalet of Christina, Queen of Sweden (2 var.); —

— Medalet of Christoph of Bavaria, King of Sweden, 1731-45 ; —
Count Gustav Cronhiclm, 173 i; — Portrait-medal of Elizabeth,
Czarina of Russia, 1 744-45 ; — Another, with the Empress represented
as Diana, 1736-37 ; — Medalet of the two Eriks, Kings ot Sweden,
1745-60; — Medalet of Erik Aethikus, King of Sweden, 1745-60;

— Erik, the Saint, K. ot S., 1745-60; — Erik, Lespe, K. of S.,
1745-60; — Erik of Pomerania, K. ofS., 1728-45; — Erik XIV.,
K. of S., 1728-45 ; — Erik, King of Sweden, 1728-45 ; — Nicho-
las von der Fliie (two varieties) ; one with inscription ; the other
representing his vision, 1728; — Another, medalet with inscrip-
tion; — Frederick the Great, King of Prussia (two varieties); one
with 1^. Eagle, the other with inscription, 1 747-1750; — Fred-
erick, King of Sweden, Coronation Medal, 1720; — Another, Com-
memorative Medal, struck on his death, BONO SVBDIT, 1754;
Another, Medal on his return from Hesse, 173 1; — Another,
Medal on the Peace of Rystadt (two varieties), 1721 ; — Another,
Prize Medal, SACRVM VIRTVT.PRAEMIVM, 1 721 ; — Another,
Medal commemorating the King's journey to Hesse, 173 1; —
Another, on his Jubilee, 1721; — Thalers of 1731 (2 var); — ■
Pattern tor a small coin of Frederick of Sweden ; — Medalet with

Thaler of Frederick and Ulrica Eleouora, 1731, by Hediinger.

portrait of Frederick (1728-45); — Prize Medals and Jetons with
portraits of King Frederick, for the Academy of Sciences, Academy
of Fine Arts, Mint, Mining Industries, Manufactures, Commerce,
Knights' Palace, Parliament, Return from Hesse, &c. ; — Frederick
and Ulrica, Marriage Medal, 1720?; — Medalet, on the same

— 4^4 —

event; — Medals with their portraits and two varieties of ^., one
commemorating the House of Vasa, and the other the Assembly of
State; — Thaler, on their Marriage, 173 1 (illustrated); — Antonio

Medal of George II., by Hedlinger.

Maria Gennaro, Medallist, 1739-41 ; — Portrait-medal of George II.,
King of England, commemorating the State of the Country, 1760
(illustrated); — Nicholas Golowin, Russian admiral; — Gusta-

— 465 —

vus I., King of Sweden; Jubilee Medal, 1721 ; — Portrait-medalet
of Gustavus I. (belonging to the series of Kings and Queens of
Sweden), 1728-45; — Portrait-medalet of Gustavus Adolphus,
King of Sweden, I1728-1745 ; — Jeton 'for Commerce and Indus-
try, 1728-45; — Portrait-medalet of Haquinus, King of Sweden,
1728-45; — Portrait-medalet of Haquinus, Rode, King of Sweden,
1745-60; — Portrait-medal of the Artist, a cast piece, 1727-34?;
— Another, with mirror, 1730; — Hedlinger and his wife
(two I^. varieties), 1741-62 ; — Johann Joseph Hedlinger (two I^.
varieties, with arms and female figure) ; — Portrait-medalet of
Lars Hesling, 1744; — The Marriage Feast at Cana, obv. only
(a trial piece); — Baron Karl Horleman, a friend of the artist (two
^L. varieties), 1737; — Portrait-medalet of Baron Horleman and
his mother, 1728-45 ; — Count Arvid Horn, Medal with J^. five
altars, 1720; and Jeton with I^, cornucopiae, 1728-45 ; — Our
Lord with His disciples in the boat, 1730; — Portrait-medalet of
Ingo the Elder andHalstan, King of Sweden, 1745-60; — Portrait-
medalet of Ingo the Younger, King of Sweden, 1745-60; —
Portrait-medalets of Kings John I., John II., John III., Charles VII.,
Charles VIII. , Charles IX., Charles Gustavus, and Charles XI of
Sweden (8); — Emperor Charles VI., 1723-25 ; — Medalet of the
Academy of Lunden, with portrait of Charles XL ; — Charles XII.,
King of Sweden, Medal on his Betrothal; — Another, ^L. Lion
bound, 1718; — Portrait-medalets of the same King, with two ^s.
club and inscription, 17 18; — Medalet, of the Series of Kings,
1728-45; — Arvid Karlsteen, Medallist, 1725 (illustrated); —

NOBTLI3 •

CAELATORIt
.\RVIDI . KARL srCZSll

i I.MA<HN£M'

[ fMMDKEMJTATI • TRAUVNT.

ET-I- C: 'HRDLIXOKR •
^ HE1.V36TIV6 •

~K MDCCXICV-

Portrait-medal of Arvid Karlsteen, by Hedlinger.

Nicolaus Keder, Antiquarian (two varieties ot ^.), one with
Saturn on ruins and the other with Atlas supporting the Globe,
1728; — Another, I^. Saturn, 1725 ; — Another, cast, 1728; —
Another,:^. Inscription, 1766; — Another, a medalet, ^L. Phoenix,

L. FoRRER. — Biographical Nolias of MedallUlt, — II.

30

— 466 —

1728-45; — Katharina Magdalena Krell, 1725; — Jeton of the
Stockholm Academy of Fine Arts, 1728-45 ; — The so-caWed Lagom
Medals, 5 varieties with ^L. Owl, 1730?, Inscription, 1733, Cur-
tain, 1746, Mirror, 1756-57, Lagom as a skull with inscription,
1770; — General Lewenhaupt, 1733-35; — Portrait-medalet of
Louise Ulrika, Princess of Sweden 1^. Eagle with pearl, 1744; —
Another, struck on her Wedding 1744; — Two trials of dies for
a medal representing lions; — Louis XV., King of France, two
varieties of ^L. ; — Jeton of the Academy of Lunden ; — Prize
Medal of Lucerne, 1714; — Various Coins of Lucerne, 1714-15 ;
— Portrait-medalets of Kings Magnus L, Magnus IL, and
Magnus IIL, of Sweden, 1745-60 (3); — Magnus Erik Smeck
1731-45 ; — Jeton ot Manufactures, 1728-45 ; — Portrait-medal of
Margaretha, Queen of Sweden, 1731-45; — Portrait-medal of
Maria Theresia, Empress, 1761-68; — St. Meinrad; — Commemo-
rative Medal of the Battle of Morgarten, 1734; — Jeton of the
Mint, 1728-45 ; — Medal with legend NIL H AEC CONN VBl A TVR-
BET; — Count Ostermann, Portrait-medal, 1738 ; — Palmstierna,
Portrait-medal, 1741 ; — Portrait-medalet of Philip and Ingo the
Younger, 1745-60; — Portrait-medalet of King Raynaldus of
Sweden, 1745-60; — The four States of Parliament, 1739 ?; — The
Palace of Knights of Sweden, Medal and Jeton, 1728-45 ; — Por-
trait-medal of Joseph Charles Roettier, 1734-36 (illustrated); —

Portrait-medal of J. C. Roettier, by Hedlinger.

Portrait-medal and medalet of Wilhelm Rumpf, Belgian Minister
to Sweden, 1728; — Russian Seals of State, 1736-37; —
Portrait-medalet of Baroness de Sack, 1728-45 ; — Marriage Medal
of Maria Rosa Franziska Schorno, Hedlinger's wife (two varieties of
]^.), arms and inscription; — Commemorative Medal on the Death
ot the last-named person, 1755 ; — State-seals of Canton Schwytz,
1728; — Various seals, one of them belonging to the Medallic

— 467 —

series of Kings and Queens of Sweden ; — Seals for Buxtorf and
Sinner, 1753; — Portrait-medalet of Sigismund, King of Sweden
and Poland, 1731-45; — Commemorative Medal of the Eclipse of
the Sun in 1748; — Portrait-medal of Sophia Magdalena, Queen
of Denmark, 1732-33; — Portrait-medal of Count Stenbock; —
Portrait-medalets of King Stenkillus of Sweden and Administrators
Steno Siure the Elder and Younger, 1731-45 ; — Portrait-medal of
Baron Stiernkrona ; — Medal of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences ;

— Portrait-medal of Philip, Baron von Stosch, 1728; — Por-
trait-medal of Administrator Svante Sture, 1731-45; — Portrait-
medalets of Sverker I. and 11. , Kings of Sweden, 1745-60; — The
Tartar Envoys to Sweden, 1727-34?; — The Baptism of Christ,
1771; — Count Karl Tessin, several varieties, with plumb-line,
inscription, arms, compass, and with blank ^L. ; medals executed
ta various dates between 1728 and 1771; — Nicodemus Tessin,
Portrait -medal I^. Minerva, 1727-32?; — Medalet of the same,
I^. Lily, 1725; — John Baron Thegner; — The Turkish Envoy
to Stockholm, 1727-34?; — Queen Ulrika Eleonora, three varie-
ties of I^. Lioness and her young, Zodiac, and Echpse of the sun;

— Another, with PONDERE TVTA SVO, three varieties of ^.
Rose-bush, star, and inscription (medalets); — Jeton of the Acad-
emy of Upsala ; — Portrait-medalet of King Waldemar of Sweden,
1745-60; — Watrangh, Finance Minister, 1733 ; — Portrait-medal
of William, Prince of Hesse, 1747; — Count de Buffon (in Boston
collection).

Hedlinger engraved also numerous seals.

Bibliography. — Johannes Amberg, DerMedailhurJohann Karl Hedlinger, Einsie-
deln, 1887. — Chretien de Mechel, CEuvre du chevalier Hedlinger ouRecmildes tnedailles
de ce celebre artiste, gravies en taille douce, accompagnees d'une explication historique et
critique et precedees de la vie de I'auteur, Bale, 1776. — Des Kilters Job. Karl. Hed'
linger' s Medaillen- IVerke, ge^eichnet von Johann Kaspar Fuessli und in scfnvar:(er Kiinst
bearbeitet von Johann Elias Haid, Augsburg, 1781. — Lebensabriss des berUhmten
Medailleurs Ritter Johann Karl Hedlinger (v. Hetllin^en)von Schwy^, Numismatische
Zeitung, Blatter fur Munz-, Wappen- und Siegelkunde Nr. 18, 19 and 20,
Vol. XXXIX, 1872. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Fuessli, Collection complete de toutes
les tnedailles de J. C. Hedlinger, 1789. — Hawkins, Franks and Grueber, Medallic
Illustrations oj the History of Great Britain, &c., London, 1885. — Tobler-Meyer,
Die Mun\- und Medaillen-Sammlung des Herrn Hans Wunderly- V. Muralt in Zurich,
1898. — Revue beige de numismatique, 1891, p. 264, 1894, p. 84. — Bulletin et
Revue suisses de numismatique. 1882-87. — Ammon, op. cit. — Domanig, op. cit.

— Menadier, Schaumunien des Hauses Hoheniollern, 190 1. — Hildebrand, Sveriges
och Svenska Konungahusets Minntspenningar Praktmynt och Beloningsnudaljer , Stock-
holm, 1874.

HEDMANN, J. (Swiss). Designer of a medal commemorating the
20*^' Anniversary of the Rifle Club " Amis du Mannequin " of
Geneva, 1893. The medal was engraved by C. Richard.

— 468 —

HEDWIGER, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-administrator at Gels,
1611-12, afterwards Mint-master at Reichenstein-Ohlau, until
August 6, 1620, then in the same year, at Neissen and Schweidnitz.
Distinctive mark : stork on globe above three stars.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

HEEL, JOHANN (Germ.). Bolzenthal gives the following notice ot
this Engraver, who worked during the second half of the seventeenth
century, and died in 1709.

"Johann Heel of Augsburg established himself in Nuremberg
for some time ; he was an excellent goldsmith, and Doppelmayr
expressly places him among the casters of coins, without however
mentioning any of his works. We are inclined to agree with Mohsen,
and to consider Heel as the author of a medal with the portrait of
the physician Gregor Hilling, 1670, at which time Heel had taken
up his abode at Nuremberg. "

Migne, Dictionnaire d'Orfevrerie chretienne, p. 922, mentions
Heel, as a Goldsmith and Engraver, who worked at Nuremberg,
circa 1664, 1665, and produced several pieces of religious plate.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Doppelmayr,
Nilchricht von Nurnhergischen Malhematicis und Ki'instleni, p. 226. —

HEERT, LAURENT JOSEPH. Schlickeysen erroneously gives the
name of this Engraver, which should be spelt HART q. v.

HEERWAGEN, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-administrator at Hanau,
1785-1821. I have noticed his initials F. H. on a Bieberer Mining
Thaler ofLandgrave William IX., ofHesse, 1787. Also HEHRWAGEN.

HEID, CHRISTOPH VON HEIDENPURG (Atistr.). Mint-master at
Ensisheim, 1591. In 1603 he was ordered to send all blanks for the
coinage to Hall to be examined and tried.

HEIDLER, ANDREAS FERDINAND (Atistr.). Mining-master and
Coin-engraver in the service of the Counts ot Schlick, at the Mint
of Plan, 1649-1665. He was a clever artist; one of his first pro-
ductions is a Groschen of 1649, which bears his distinctive mark,
a working miner, and initials A. H.

Bibliography. — Ed. Fiala, Das Mun:^wesen der Grafen Schlick, Num.
Zeit., 1890.

HEIDEGGER, SEBASTIAN (Swiss). Goldsmith and Modeller of
Zurich, who worked at Vienna. There is a medal by him, with his
likeness and the date 1536, which shews the period of his activity.
He was the son of Erhard Heidegger, the first burgher of Zurich
of that name.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Tobler-Meyer, Wunderly Catalogue,
no 998.

— 4^9 —

HEIDENREICH or HEIDENREITER, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Cutter
of armorial bearings at Breslau, 1 579-1 586; also mentioned as
Coiner in 1570.

HEIGELIN, DANIEL (G^rw.). Mint-warden at Stuttgart, 1760-1794.
Some of the coins issued under him bear the letters H, or D. E. H.

HEIMREICH, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Eisenach, 1750-
1754. Signature : I. H.

HEIM (French). Artist of the early part of the nineteenth century,
who designed and executed models for medals of the Napoleonic
series.

Bibliography. — Blanchet, Num. du moyen age et moderne, II, p. 389.

HEIN (Germ.). Die-sinker at Neustrelitz, 1794.

HEINCKE, GEORG (Germ.). Goldsmith at Liegnitz, where he
worked for the Mint. He engraved dies for coins of Liegnitz, 1622
and 1623, and his initials GH occur also on two issues of the
Goldberg Mint; in 1623 he designed a Groschen of George Rudolf.
Schlickeysen's suggestion that Heincke was Mint-master in 16 12 is
an error. Distinctive sign G(L)H or G. H.

HEINE or HEIN Vide suprd.

HEINECKE, GEORG Vide HEINCKE.

HEINICKE, G. B. (Germ.). MedaUist at Cassel, circa 1863, and
partner in the firm of Schuchardt & Heinicke. His name occurs
on a medal of the Masonic Lodge of Unity and Constancy, Orient
of Cassel, 1866, dedicated to the brethren by Br. Julius Hahlo.

HEINIG, A (Germ.). Medallist at Freiberg im Erzgebirge, circa
1730- 1 740 (?). His signature occurs on a Coronation medal of
Charles VL, struck to order of the city of Hamburg, 171 1, and on
a Portrait-medal of King Augustus IL of Poland and consort, Chris-
tiana Eberhardina, 1699. Ammon gives his name as HEINIVS.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, 0/). cit. — Menadier, op. cit. — Joseph u. Fellner,
Die Miin^en von Frankfurl-a.M., 1896.

HEINIUS. Vide A. HEINIG.

HEINOCK. Vide HEINECKE and HEINCKE.

HEINRICH, BENEDIKT (Swiss) of Steinbriicken, Mint-master at

Lucerne, 1560.

HEINRICH, KASPAR (Germ.). Mint-master at Jiigerndorf, 161 3.

— 470 —

HEINRICH, FLORIAN (Germ.). Mint-worker at Bernstadt, Silesia,
1684.

HEINRICH DER WURFEL (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1349.

HEINRICH DER MUNZER (Austr.). Die-cutter at the Mint ot
Vienna, 1400.

HEINRICH DER MUNZER (Swiss). Die-cutter at Zofingen, 1286.

Bibliography. — D^ Carl Brun, Schmierisches Kunstler-Lexicon, Frauenteld,
1902.

HEIOS. A fictitious signature of a Greek Gem-engraver, found on
modern gems : Diana the huntress, sard (Stosch); — Dying
Amazon, sard (Raspe) ; — Head of youth with curly hair, sard
(Lord Greville) ; — Minerva, nicolo (Raspe); — Ulysses and Dio-
mede killing Dolon (Blacas).

Bibliography. — Babelon, La Gravure en pierres fines, Paris, 1894. — A. Furt-
vangler, Studien fiber die Gemmen mil Kunstlerinscliriften, in lahrhitch des Kais.
Deutsch. Archaeol. Instituts, 1888-9. — C. W. King, Antique Gems, i860.

HEJDA (Austr.). Contemporary Sculptor and Author of a cast
bronze Portrait-plaquette of August Duesberg, 1896.

HELBIG, S. G. (Germ.). Mint-master at Dresden, 1804-1813.

HELD, AUGUST LUDWIG (Germ.). Medallist of the early part ot
the nineteenth century. He was born in 1805, and died quite
young, on 17. September 1839. "He has left a considerable
number of works", says Bolzenthal, " in which some richness of
composition is to be observed ; he was however too rapid to be
able to execute anything important. " He resided at Berlin, but came
from Altenburg, and worked for Gottfried Bernhard Loos.
Ludwig Held's signature occurs on the following medals which
have come under my observation : Jubilee of Alexander Baron von
Vrints-Berberich, 1835; — Prince Metternich, 1835 (2 var.) ; —
Schleiermacher; — Vaccination in Prussia (Boston Coll"); —
Coronation Medal of Ferdinand V. resp. L, King of Bohemia, 1836,
iii,c. The Medallist Christoph Carl Pfeuffer succeeded him at the
Loos Medal-Mint.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

HELD, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Nuremberg, 1622.

HELD, HERMANN (Germ.). Contemporary Medallist at Magdeburg.
His signature : H. HELD MAGDEB occurs on a medal commemora-
ting the centenary of Froebel's birth, 1882, and H. HELD on another

— 471 —
of the semicentennial Convention of German Naturalists and Phy-
sicists, Leipzig, 1872.

HELD, JOHANN (Germ.). Medallist to the Breslau Mint, under
Frederick the Great, 1747-1769. By him are the large medal of
Burg and that on the Siege of Breslau, 1760. Bolzenthal gives his
name as JOHANN GOTTFRIED HELD.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, Sludien \ur schlesisclxn MedaiUenhinde.

HELD, JOHANN (Germ.). Son of the last, born in 1734; died on
October 17, 1808, at Kreutzburg. Medallist to the Breslau Mint,
where he first worked with his father, as early as 1768. He is the
author of the following medals : General von Farrat; — Christian
Garve, Philosopher; — Prince Hohenlohe; — Honicke; — Minister
von Floyen ; — Christian L. Ludovici; — Bernhard von Sternen-
heim of Brieg, 1771 ; — General von Tauentzien ; — Weger ; —
Extinction of the Piasts, 1775 ; — Medal of Olf, 1768, &c.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, oj). cit. — Nagler, op. cit. — Bahrfeldt, op. cil.

HELDEN, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-contractor at Nuremberg,
1 62 1, for a copper coinage.

HELFRICHT, EMIL (Germ.). Son of F.F. Helfricht, and also a
MedaUist, who in 1894 was working in London. Fie is the author
of a medal of Bayard Taylor, the American author, on his death at
Berlin, in 1878, and he engraved the ^. otthe medal commemora-
ting Duke Ernest II. 's golden wedding in 1892. Flis signature
I noticed also on a Portrait-medal of the Orientalist W. Pertsch.

HELFRICHT, FRIEDRICH FERDINAND (Germ.). Court-medallist at
Gotha, born on 8. September 1809, died on 17. May 1892. ''His
talent for medallic work", says D"" F. P.Weber," showed itself in
early life, and his medal of the Gotha statesman, Lindenau, attracted
the attention of Duke Ernest I. of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, by whose
aid he was able to study at the Berlin Academy. There, under the
sculptor Shadow, his love for the antique was developed, and this
taste is well shown in his marriage-medal of Duke Ernest II. of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1842), one of his finest medals. The medal
on the golden wedding of Duke Ernest II. (1892) is Helfricht's last
medal, the reverse of which is by his son Emil Helfricht. Many of
Ferd. Helfricht's medals may be seen at the South Kensington
Museum. "

Since 183 1, Prof. Helfricht was Engraver at the Mint of Gotha.

Amongst this artist's best known works, we find : Marriage ot
Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of Coburg-Gotha, 1840; —
Visit of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort to Ohrdruf, 1845:

— 472 —

— Marriage of Princess Charlotte of Prussia with Duke George 11. ,
of Saxe-Meiningen, 1850; — Confirmation of Princes Ernest and
Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1835 ; — Semi-centennial of the
S' John's Lodge at Gotha, 1856; — Homage to Prince Ernest ot
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1826; — Martin Luther; — Schiller; — D""
Karl Friedrich von Kielmeyer of Stuttgart; — Medal of Merit of the
Ernestine Branch of the Saxon Ducal House, with bust of Duke
Friedrich (sev. var.) ; — Duke Ernest (sev. var.) ; — Duke Bernhard
Erich Freund; — Duke George, etc.; — Silver Medal for female
Merit ; — and various other Prize Medals.

Helfricht was employed for some time at Loos' Die-sinking
Establishment at Berlin. Bolzenthal remarks that he executed a
series of medals which show his acquaintance with the works of
antiquity, and which are highly meritorious.

Bibliography. — D'' F. P. Weber, Medals and Medallions of the nineteenth
century, relating to England, by foreign artists, London, 1894. — D"" R. Hodermann,
General An^eiger, Gotha, 1893. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Reimviann Catalogue. —
Menadier, op. cit.

HELLE, JEAN DE (Flam.). Seal-engraver to the Dukes of Bur-
gundy, tourteenth century. He is mentioned by De Laborde, with
Arnoul Clotin and Thierri von Staveren, as a clever specialist,
whose work is remarkable for its fineness and elegance.

Bibliography. — Lecoy de la Marche, Les Sceaux, Paris, 1889.

HELLECK, JOHANN (Germ.). Goldsmith, and Seal-engraver, of the
middle years of the seventeenth century. He lived at Nuremberg.
Bibliography. — Migne, op. cit.

HELLEMMES, JACQUES DE (Belg.). Mint-master at Namur ; in
conjunction with Jean Bernard, 24. July 1426 to 30. November
1426 ; alone, i. December 1426 to Easter 1427.

HELLEMMES, MARC DE (Belg.). Son of Jacques de Hellemmes ;
Mint-master at Namur, 10. June 1426 to 16. May 1433; again, in
conjunction with Nicaise de Hellemmes, 30. May 1433 to 10. Octo-
ber of same year.

HELLEN. A fictitious signature of a Greek artist on modern gems.
It occurs on the following pieces : Bust of Antinous as Harpocrates,
sard (Stosch Collection); — Comic mask (Blacas); — Full face ot
young Faun, EAAHNOV. The Bust of Antinous is praised by
Kohler as of the finest antique stamp and finished wdth inconceiv-
able delicacy. King suspects EAAHN in its origin to be but the
signature of the famous Alessandro II Greco, a most natural dis-
guise for that artist to have assumed.

Bibliography. — King, op. cit. — Babelon, op. cit.

— 473 —

HELLENBACH Fide HOLLENBACH, I. C. (Germ.). Medallist of Ber-
lin, first half of the nineteenth century. His name occurs on
Masonic, Agricultural, and Personal Medals.

HELLER, PHILIPP (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Vienna, 1564.

HELLER, FLORENT ANTOINE (French). Sculptor, Painter, Medal-
list, and Silversmith, born at Saverne (Alsace). He was brought up
in Paris where he served his apprenticeship as an Engraver of armor-
ial bearings and seals, ex-libris, etc., for such men as Edmond
About, Sarcey, and others. Baron de Bussieres, Director of the
Paris Mint, 1861-1879, recommended the young artist as a pupil
to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he was received as pensionnaire
of Saverne, and studied under Laemlein, Farochon, and especially
Jean Leon Gerome. In June 1870 he obtained a Gold Medal at the
same time as Chaplain, his fellow apprentice in steel-engraving.
He engraved, in that year, Gerome's "Cockfight", cameo; also
his "Faun", modernised antique. On the outbreak of the Franco-
German war, Heller had to serve, and on his return, after the
declaration of peace, his pension was stopped by the Govern-
ment, Alsace having been incorporated into the German Empire.
He then left France for America, settled at New York, where he
worked forTiffan}' and executed a set of dish covers, « Olympia »,
purchased by the Prince of Wales, and for which he was awarded
a Gold medal. Afterwards, the artist returned to Gorham & C° and
produced there several silver Dinner services : The Raphael pattern;
the Fontainebleau (medal at the Salon of 1883); the Versailles;
the Coligny; the Medicis; the beautiful service "Mythology"

The Genius of France, by Heller.

(rewarded with a gold medal of the 2"** class and now exhibited at
the Luxemburg Museum); the Paris (gold medal at the Buffalo
Exhibition 1901).

— 474 —

After Heller's return to Paris, he executed also a number ofpla-
quettes and medals : Alsace ; — The Slave ; — Time and the Sea-
sons; — Low relief portrait of Erkmann, the novelist; — Apotheosis
of Carnot; — The Election of Carnot; — Comedy and Trag-
edy; — Battle of Froeschwiller (Plaquette, " Honneur aux braves
de Froeschwiller"); — Montmartre and its legend; — The Night
of Bethlehem (oval plaquette) ; — Frieze, the Deadly Sins, &c.

Chavignerie et Auvray's JDictionary of French Artists, gives a list
of a number ofmedallic works, and several camei by F. A. Heller:
Salon 1865, The Vision of Zacharias, camei, after Laemlein's pic-
ture ; — S. 1866, Cupid ; — The Amateur Monkey, camei; — S.
1867, Diogenes, cameo; — S. 1868, A. Guard; — Portrait of
M. X. P***; — Hercules and Hebe ; — Melpomene, camei, the last
of which was made for M"^ Agar; — S. 1869, Portrait-medallion
of Baron de L*** ; — Childish Plays, camei ; — Medal for the
Societe des Gens de Lettres; — S. 1870, Portrait-medallions and
camei of M. H***, M'"^ Z**'; — Medal for a Fine Art Society; —
Portrait-medallion of M"^ Algar ; — S. 1872, Portrait-medallion of
M"^ V. E. About; — A Bird, cameo; — S. 1875, Portrait-medal-
lions of M''« V. P***, M''« A. G. G***; — Neptune as a child, intag-
lio; — S. 1876, Commemorative medal of the Centenary of Amer-
ican Independence; — New York bringing Abundance to Paris in
1871, JR. medal. At the Universal Exhibition of 1878, the artist
exhibited a frame containing 31 medals.

At the Paris "Exposition Universelle" of 1900, Heller exhibited a
frame containing 50 medals, amongst which were : Bacchanales ;
— Medee; — Portrait of M. Erkmann ; — Saverne; — Mont-
martre ; — Athenee ; — Com6die et Tragedie ; — Froeschwiller ; —
Herodiade; — Frieses &c.; and at the Salon of 1901, I noticed :
Idylle ; — Les Inseparables ; — Au Lever ; — Ex- Veto de la Butte,
plaquette, &c.

The three medals : Reve d'Alsace; — Salve Gallia; — and Zeus,
exhibited by Heller at the Salon of 1902 are very fine.

M. Roger Marx, who in Medailleurs frangais cantemporains gives
a Plate of reproductions ot Heller's plaquettes and medals, describes
this artist's work as "original et divers", and in a recent article,
oi Art et Decoration, 1899, P- 52, M. Leonce Benedite, Keeper of
the Luxemburg Museum, gave the following appreciation of
M. Heller's talent : "M. Heller a, malgre ses lacunes et ses exces,
une forte saveur romantique, parfois d'un gout un peu sauvage,
mais parfois aussi d'une chaude couleur. C'est un vaillant burineur
qui travaille directement I'acier. Dans les envois un peu inegaux
de son cadre (au Salon de 1899), on remarquera surtout deux pla-
quettes ^'Herodiade, en particulier celle qui represente la danse de
Salome, levant son voile devant le tetrarque, composition bien 6qui-

— 475 ~

libree, quoique mouvement^e, qui rappelle I'esprit de peinture de
Vien. "

At the Salon of 1903, Heller exhibited three medals : Vigils on
Mount Calvary; — The three sailing Vessels of Columbus; —
New Error; — Portrait-m.edallions (6).

Heller has in recent years produced some fine work in plate, as,
for instance, a Goblet for Falize, which is now at the Museum ot
Decorative Arts, since 1896.

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied hy the Artist. — Chavignerie et

Auvray, op. cit. — Various Art Magazines, &c.

HELLMANN, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at St. Petersburg,
1803-1811 and 1817; signature S. T.

HELLWIG, BLASIUS (Germ.). Mint-warden to the Franconian

Circle, end of the sixteenth century.

HEMA, PETER (Germ.). Die-sinker and Contractor, of Dutch extrac-
tion ; he worked at the Mint of D.mtzig, with his brother Henry,
in the service of his cousin Jacob Jacobsen, circa 1620. In 1623,
he went to Glatz, first as Assayer, and was afterwards promoted to
Mint-master. Between March and April 1630, he worked the Mint
of Breslau. In 1631, we find him again at Glatz, until 1634. The
coins of Olmiitz of that period, signed H P, may have been issued

under him. His distinctive sign was p within circle or Hf! FP.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit. — Fiala, op. cit. — C. Oesterreicher,
Regesten etc.

HEMANN. PETER Vide HEMA. This Breslau Mint-master's name
is variously spelt as Hema, Heman (on Glatz documents), and even
Hermann.

HEMING & CO (Brit.). Publishers ot a medal of William Blades,

Prize Medal, by Heming & Co.

the celebrated Printer, and Collector of typographical medals, 1890,

— 476 —

and various Prize Medals, one of which {illustrated) bears the
monogram of George J. Frampton, the Sculptor.

HEMSTERHUIS (Dutch). Designer of a Medal of D"" Pieter Camper
of Ley den {A. J. N. i^i^).

HENAULT, JHEROME (BeJg.). Jeton-engraver, employed at the
Mint ot Mons, 1580-81. Jacques de Surhon was Mint-master at the
time.

Bibliography. — Revm de la numismatique heJge, 1857, p. 309.

HENDERSON, JOHN (Brit.). Dentist in London, Collector ot Coins
and Medals, and amateur Modeller of portraits in wax, in the style
of the Tassies, early part of the nineteenth century.

Bibliography. — Gray, op. cit.

HENDERSONN, ANDRO (Scotch). " Warden of the cunyehous " at
Edinburgh, 1562.

HENDERT (Canad.). Contemporary Die-sinker of Montreal, whose
signature occurs on a medal of the Cercle Jacques Cartier, with
portrait.

HENDRICY, MARTIN (French). Medallist of Lyons, 1614-62, who
is known also as a Sculptor, Painter, and Architect. He was born
at Liege in 16 14, but spent twenty-nine years of his life at Lyons.
Rondot describes him as a servile imitator of Claude Warin.

In 1648, he obtained the title of Sculptor to the city, and in 1659,
his letters of naturalization. He worked for the churches and was
for a long time occupied at the Hotel de Ville.

Bibliography. — Rondot, Lalyame, Hendricy el Mimerel, Sculpteurs et Medail-
leursdLyon, 1888.

HENDRT (Canad.). Engraver of medals awarded to Canadian
Indians, The same probably as HENDERY, supra.

Bibliography. — Mac Lachlan, Medals awarded to Canadian Indians, p. 29.

HENDTSCHEL, BENEDIKT (Austr.). Die-sinker at the Mint ot
Joachimsthal, 1620. He engraved the dies for a Bohemian Heller
of 1620.

HENNEQUIN, GUSTAVE NICOLAS (French). Painter and Sculptor,
born at Metz, on the 22. January, 1834; pupil of Rouillard and
Jacquot. He executed various Portrait-medallions of M. Deflou,
1874, E- Rigaut, 1875, M""= Meyer, 1880, etc.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

— 477 —

HENNEQUIN, JEAN (French). Painter of the Renaissance period,
whose name M. Blanchet mentions in a Note stir des peint res du XV"
et du X^P sieck ayant execute des projets de monnaies et de tnedailleSy
with that of another miniaturist, Jean Bourdichon, showing tlie
close connection between the miniatures of the manuscript of Anne
de Bretagne and certain coins of Nantes.

Bibliography. — Rapport du Cong res de Vhistou e de Vart (seance du 26juillet ipoi).

HENNIG, NIKOLAUS (Gi'/w.)- ^int-ni^ster at Elbing, 1652-1662.
He signed NH or m.

HENNL, HANS {Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1478.

HENNIN, JEAN DE (French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of
Tournai, 1427-1464.

HENNING, JOHN (Brit.). Sculptor, Medallist and Modeller in wax,
born at Paisley in 1771, died in London in 185 1. "It was by him",
says J. M. Gray, the biographer of the Tassies, "that the modelling
of wax portrait medallions from the life, in the manner ot the
Tassies, but usually cast in white biscuit porcelain, was most
exclusively and successfully continued till almost our own time.
A manuscript Catalogue of his works of this kind that I have
compiled contains nearly ninety items; and it might probably be
extended by further research. Ranging from 1802 to 18 13, his
medallions include portraits of Lord Brougham, 1802 ; — the Rev.
D' Archibald Alison, 1808 ; — the Rev. D' Alexander Carlyle, of
Inveresk, 1808; — Sir William Forbes, 1808; — Mrs Siddons,
1808; — Francis Horner, 1808; — Sir Walter Scott, 1809; —
David, Earl of Buchan, 1810; — James Watt, 1810; — Lord
Jeffrey, 1813 ; — Protessor Dugald Stewart, 18 13 ; — of the artist
himself; and of various other persons of distinction : and his works
form an interesting addition to our national portraiture. "

I have noticed Henning's signature on the following medals :
H. R. H. The Duke of Clarence as Lord High Admiral; — The
Duke of Wellington, 1827, medal published by S. Parker ot
London ; — President Abraham Lincoln ; &c.

Bibliography. — J. M. Gray, Janies and fVilliaiu Tassie, Edinburgh, 1894.

HENNING, HANS (Genu.) and HENNING GIESSEL. Mint-masters
of Nassau-Saarbriicken and Nassau-Wiesbaden, 1594.

HENRICVS (v4«j/r.). Moneyer at Vienna, died in 1342.

Bibliography. — Arnold Luschin von Ebengreuth, Wiens Muniwesen, Handel
und Verketir im spdteren Mittelaller, Wien, 1902.

HENRIONNET (French). Medallist of the first half ot the nineteenth

- 478 -

century. He collaborated with Veyrat, Godel, Rogat, Masson,
Peuvrier, and others on Durand's Series of personal medals " Series
numismatica universalis virorum illustrium ", and '* Galerie metal-
lique des grands hommes francais ", etc

I have noticed Henrionnets' signature on the following medals :
Debuire-du-Bas, Song-writer of Lille, 1851; — Choral Society
" Concordia du Nord ", 186 1 ; — Louis XVIIL, Charter of 18 14 ;

— Rene Descartes (obv. only — Durand Series, 1822) ; — Christ-
ian Huyghens, 1821 ; &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

HENRY, j£R0NYME {French). .. 1503-1539. Goldsmith and
Medallist of Lyons. His name occurs also as jfiROME HENRY. His
father was the Goldsmith Pierre Henry. He executed several articles
of plate for Pomponne de Trivulce, Governor of Lyons, 1533,
Antoine du Bourg, Chancellor ol France, on his visit to Lyons
in 1536, etc. This artist may have executed several medals, dated
1 5 18, amongst which those of Jean de Talaru ; — Jacques de Vitri;

— Antoine de Tolede ; — and perhaps also the anonymous medal
of the Florentine merchant, Bartolomeo Panciatichi, who founded
a chapel in the Church of Notre-Dame de Confort at Lyons in
15 17; also that of Rene de Marye, Abbot of St. Mihiel. " Henry ",
observes Rondot, *'has followed the traces of Candida, but the
influence of Flemish art is very marked in his work. The most
superficial comparison brings out the incomparable talent of the
Italian artist. Jeronyme Henry has neither the same firmness nor
vivacity in the likeness and expression. "

Bibliography. — N. Rondot, Les Medailkurs lyonnais du XV^ au XVII^ Steele,
1896. — F. MazeroUe, 1^5 Medailkurs frangais du XV^ au XV 11^ sikle, Paris, 1902.

HENZL (Bohem."). Die-cutter at the Mint of Kuttenberg, 1523-
1524.

HEPPE, E {Belg.y Contemporary Die-sinker of Brussels, whose
signature I have noticed on a commemorative medal on the
Marriage of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria with Princess Ste-
phanie of Belgium, 1 88 1.

HERA (HPA) {Greek). Signature of Coin-engraver, perhaps
HPAKAEIAA2, who worked at Veha, circa 400-350.

A Didrachm in the British Museum Collection, with the
engraver's signature HPA is thus described in the Catalogue, Italy,
p. 308, n° 38.

Obv. Head of Pallas to r., wearing necklace and crested Athen-
ian helmet, high in upper part Hke the Phrygian, adorned with
olive-wreath; on upper part of helmet, HPA; above, E.

— 479 —
^L. YE AHTEH N. Lion seizing stag ; behind stag, A-

^7

Didrachm of Velia. by HPA.

A Velian Didrachm of the same period bears the letter H, which
however probably designates a magistrate.

Bibliography. — Head, Hisloria Nuniorum, p. 74. — L. Forrer, An Unpub-
lished Didrachm oj Velia with a new Artist's signature. Numismatic Circular, 1902,
col. 5067.

HERAKLEIDAS (HPAKAEIAAI) (Greek). Coin-engraver at Catana,
during the period comprised between B.C, 400 and 336. His signa-
ture occurs on the following coins :

J^. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head ot Apollo, three-quarter face
towards I., laur. ; hair long and loose; in field, to r., HEPAKLEI-
AAZ.

I^- KATANAinN (in ex.). Quadriga to 1., driven b); male char-
ioteer, holding reins in both hands ; horses in high action ; above,
Nike, holding wreath and fillet, is flying to r., crowning charioteer;
in ex., fish to 1. (B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 46, n° 31. — Salinas, Le
Monete delle antiche Citla di Siciiia, Palermo, 1867, PL xix, 2 varie-
ties, n°* 17 and 20).

Tetradrachm of Catana, by Herakleidas.

This same obv. type, with the die-cutter's signature occurs with
two other varieties of ^., described in B. M. Cat., Sicily y p. 47,
n°^ 32 and 33. Another, with full signature is described and repro-
duced by Mr. Macdonald, Catalogue of the Hiinterian Collection.

Other varieties exist without the signature.

The signature HPAKAEIAA is also found on the ^L. of a Drachm
of Catana, the obv. of which is signed by the engraver XOI (PinN).
This coin is described as follows :

— 480 —

JK. Drachm. Obv. AM EN A... Young head or river-god Amena-
nos, three-quarter face towards L, hair diademed and wavy; on
either side, cray-fish and fish ; beneath neck, XOI.

I^. TA (in ex.). Fast quadriga r., driven by female charioteer,
holding spear in r. and shield in 1. ; above, Nike, flying to 1.,
crowning charioteer; in ex.; marauder pattern; in field to r.,
HPAKAEIAA (B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 49, n° 42).

A Tetradrachm, with H in exergue, described by D"^ Imhoof-

Tetradrachm ot Catana, in the style of Herakleidas.

Blumer and Salinas, is attributed to the same artist, Herakleidas,
on account of the similarity ot treatment of the head, and style of ^.
The earlier tetradrachms of Catana. ot the archaic period, signed
H or X, do not of course belong to Herakleidas.

Bibliography. — Head, Hisforia Numorum, p. 116. — Percy Gardner, B. M.
Cat., Sicily (jCatana), pp. 46-49. — Rud. Weil, Die Kiinsllerinschiiften der Sici-
lischen Miinien, Berlin, 1884. — L. Forrer, A variety of the Tetradrachm of Catana
with facing head oj Apollo, Num. Circ, 1903, col. 5813.

HERAKLEIDAS (Greek). Gem-engraver, probably a Dorian Greek
of Sicily or Southern Italy, whose date according to epigraphy and
style, may be placed* between the third and second centuries before
Christ. His signature occurs on the following gem of the Naples
collection. Head of a beardless Roman cut in a mixed metal let
into a massy gold ring, found a few years back near Capua ; com-
pared by Em. Braun, for the beauty of the work, to a " certain coin
of Catania ". The signature behind the head in minute characters
is: ...AKAEIAAC €n06l.

Bibliography. — C. W. King, Handbook of Engraved Gems, London 1885. —
Prof. Furtwangler, Anlike Gemiiien, I, p. 163, pi. xxx, 15.

HfiRARD, GfiRARD LEONARD (Belg.). Sculptor and Medallist, born
at Liege in 1630; died at Paris on November 8, 1675. He was
admitted a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
of Paris, on the 16''' of October 1670, at the same time as his
fellow-countryman, the painter Barthelemi Flemalle.

Besides various statues, busts, marble medallions, some of which
were executed by order of Louis XIV. for the Castle of Versailles,
a sum of 1730 Livres was paid to the artist for silver jetons which

— 48i —

he had made in 1672. Pinchart only knew of one medal engraved
bj' Herard; it is dated 1670, and bears a profile bust of Lambert de

Lambert de Liverlo, Bishop of Liege, by Herard.

Livedo, Chancellor of Maximilian Henry, Prince-Bishop of Liege.
This medal is in the style of Warin, with whom he worked. The
Paris Medal Mint records give several other works by the artist :
Bust of Leonardo da Vinci ; — Bust of Michael Angelo, 1673 ; —

— Bust of Louis XV. ; — and several jetons of 1672, 1673 and 1675
executed for the city of Paris.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Histoire de la Gravure des MddaiJles en Belgiqtie,
1870. — Boizenihal, op. cit. — Nagler, Neties allgenieines Kunstkr-Lexicon, t. IV,
p. 147. — Bon de Chestret de Haneffe, G. L. Herard, Scidpleur el Graveur, Revue
beige de numisni., 1891, p. 420.

HERBAGE, FRIEDRICH CASPAR (Germ.). Goldsmith, Architect,
and Medallist. He came from Saxony, and is also known as
" Kunst-Caspar ". He worked at the Copenhagen Mint from 1647
until his death, in 1664. Signature : F. C. H.

BiBLioGR.\PHY. — Schlickeysen-Pallmami, op. cit. — Jorgensen, op. cit.

HERBACH. FRIEDRICH CASPAR (Germ.). Son of the last; Mint-
master at Copenhagen, 1663-1670.

HERBEMONT, AUGUSTE ALBERT (French). Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil ot Ponscarrae and Marioion. He executed also Medals
and Portrait-medallions : C. P. Lelarge ; — President Magnaud ;

— Louis O***; — Jules H***; — Study of a Head (plaquette),
etc., which were exhibited at the Salons of 1901 and 1902.

HERBESTEIN, FELIGIAN, FREIHERR YOS(Hnng.). Mint-contractor
for the King of Poland, Stephan Bathory. He had a Mint erected

L. FoanEK. — Biorrapbical Nolicts of Medallists. — II. }l

— 482 —

atNagy-Bdnia, and there struck Ducats, and the Thalers with the King's
name and arms, and Thalers with bust of the Emperor Rudolph II.,
also Hungarian Deniers. He died in 1599.
Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, he. cil.

HERBESTEIN, FRIEDRICH, FREIHERR VON (Hung.). On his brother
Felician's death, in 1599, Friedrich, Baron von Herbestein contin-
ued the working of the Mint until 1601.

HERCLAS, P. (Danish). Medallist of Copenhagen, second half ot
the seventeenth century. His best known work is a Portrait-medal
of King Frederick III. of Denmark.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

HERCULE, BENOIT LUCIEN (French). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Toulon (Var) ; pupil of Jouffroy. He is the
author of several Portrait-medallions in marble and bronze of M. Jean
Aicard, etc.

At the Salon of 1898 he exhibited a medal of the " Conseil
general ".

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cil.

HERDECK, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-warden at Jagerndorf, 1563.

HERGMANN, F. (Germ.). Die-sinker at Hamburg, second part of
the nineteenth century. There is a masonic medal, dated 1879,
with portrait of D"" Joseph Piza, of the grand Lodge of Hamburg.

Bibliography. — Marvin, Masonic Medals, Boston, 1880.

HERE (Germ.). Monetarius at Cham (Bavaria), circa 1002.

HERIBERT (Brit.). Mi)neyer, or Lord of the City of Lincoln,
whose name appears on Lincoln Pennies of Alfred the Great. The
coins may have been struck between 872 and 878, and probably
by some Danish chieftains in Alfred's time.

Bibliography. — Hawkins, op. cit., pp. 124, 127.

HERLUISON, TH. (French). Contemporary Die-sinker of Orleans,
who edited a series of jetons of the Franco-German War, 1870-71,
and also a medal of Boieldieu, the composer.

HERKNER (Germ.). Medallist at Warsaw, area 1852. He prepared
dies from an original specimen of the rare Dantzig Thaler of 1567,
for the Restrikes issued by the Russian Consul Edward Tys. His
signature occurs also on a Polish Musical Medal of 1852.

Bibliography. — Kirmis, Handbuch der polnischenMunikunde, Posen, 1892.

HERMAISCOS. A fictitious signature of a Greek Gem-engraver on
modern gems.

-483 -

HERMANN, R. (^Anier.). Contemporary Die-sinker residing at New
York. He cut a medal in 1894 of the Brooklyn German Hospital
(J. J. N. 908).

HERMANN, STEPHAN (Germ.). Seal-engraver of Culmbach, circa
1586.

HERMANN VON EISENACH (Germ.). Mint-master at Koburg,
1378-1382.

HERMAN VON S^ POLTEN (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1320.

HERMANN, JOHANN (Gcrw.). Mint-master at Cologne, 1715-1720.
Signed : I.I.H.

HERMANN. DAVID (Germ.). Adjunct Mint-warden at Dresden,
1655, Mint-warden, 1678.

HERMES, FLAVIUS (Ital.). The signature HERMES FLAVIUS prob-
ably designates a Medallist, who was working at the beginning of
the sixteenth century. The medal on which it is found represents
Alexander Etruscus, ALEXANDER. ETRVSCVS.ADOLESCEN-
TIAE.PRINCEPS. Youthful bust, and on ^L. within laurel- wreath,
Pegasus carrying Genius and flying to 1., with legend : HERMES.
FLAVIUS . APOLLINI . SVO . CONSECR A VIT. '

Bibliography. — Armand, Les Medailleurs italiens, I, 120.

HERNE, SIR JOHN (Brit.). A patent for seven years was granted
to Sir John Heme and others in 1694 for the coinage of Halfpennies
and F.irthings, under William and Mary.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Montagu, Copper, Tin and Bronze Coinage of England, Lon-
don, 1893.

HEROLT, WOLF VON AUPH (Austr.). Mint-master at Kuttenberg,
1593 ~h 1598- His mark is still found on coins of 1599, and it
appears that his wife continued for some short time the working of
the Mint.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, loc. cil.

HEROPHILUS (Greek). Gem-engraver of the first half of the first
century after Christ. He was one of the three sons of Dioscorides,
who distinguished themselves in the glyptic art. The only gem on
which his signature appears is a blue paste cameo in the Vienna
Museum, representing a laureated head of Tiberius in profile, with
the incuse inscription : HPOOIAOC I AIOCKOYP (•.ooj). In King's
opinion, "this gem is one of the very few examples beyond suspi-
cion, satisfying as it does every condition."

Bibliography. — Babelon, La Gravure en pier res fines, 1894. — Daremberg et
Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecques et romaines, IV, 1478. — King, Hand-
book of Engraved Gems, 1885. — Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, 1902.

- 484 --

HEROS. A fictitious Greek signature on a modern gem of the
Borgia Collection, representing a Shepherd leaning on his crook.
Bibliography. — King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

HERPICH, VICTOR FRflDfiRIG {French). Contemporary Sculptor,
horn at Paris ; pupil of A. Dumont. He has executed various
Portrait-medallions of General Grant, AlphonseLamotte, and others.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HERPIN, REN£ (French). Mint-engraver at Poitiers, 163 2-1 643.

HERRE, JEAN DE {French). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Sedan,
1612-1613. He worked under Nicholas Briot, to whom he had been
apprenticed.

HERRERA, FRANCISCO DE {Span.). A distinguished Spanish
Painter, 1576-1656, founder ofthe "Seville school", born at Seville.
His finest paintings include "The Last Judgment " and a "Holy
Family ", both in churches at Seville; others are in the Louvre,
Paris. His name, unfortunately, is known in numismatics, as an
artist who employed his talent in the coinage of flilse money.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

HERRENSCHWAND, DAVID or DANIEL {Swiss). Pos.sibly the
engraver of a commemorative medal of the Battle of Morat, undat-
ed, which is signed DBS.

Bibliography. — Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1882, p. 77.

HERSELLES, JEAN DE {Belg.). Seal-engraver at Brussels, first half
of the fifteenth century. In 143 1/2 he was ordered to engrave the
seal ofthe Order ofthe Golden Fleece.

HERTEL {Germ.). Stetten, (p. 499), mentions that the " late
Hertel " used to collect Hagenauer's medals and had lead reproduc-
tions made of them, in order to make them better known.

Bibliography. — Stetten, Kunst, Gewerbs-und Handwerksgeschichte der Reicbsiadt
Augsburg, 1779.

HERTER, E {Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, whose
name appears in conjunction with that of O. Schultz on a medal
commemorating the Opening of the Kiel Canal, 1895, and bearing
on the obv. the bust of the three Emperors William I., Frederick,
and William IL Menadier, Schanmiln^en des Haiises Hohenxpllern,
illustrates another medal, engraved by Schultz, and the reverse of
which was modelled by Herter, that of the International Fine Art
Exhibition at Berlin, 1891.

Bibliography. — Menadier, op. cit.

HERTERSEURGH, GILES DE {Brit.). Mint-master at London anni,
10-12 of Edward IL

- 485 -

HERTLYFF, HERMANN {Belg.). Goldsmith of Bois-le-Duc, and
Engraver at the Mint there, on its opening in 1580. He died prob-
ably in 1582, Monachy succeeding him, and remaining in office
there until 1604.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Bic^. des graveurs beiges. Revue beige de num.,
185?, p. 294.

HERWIG, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Monetarius at Ratisbon, 1263.

HESLING. DANIEL {Danish). Medallist of the first half of the
eighteenth century ; a pupil of Hedlinger ; died at St Petersburg
in 1746. He resided at Hamburg for some years, and engraved
there several masonic medals. Vide HASLINGK supra.

HERZ, SEBALD (Germ.). Mint- warden at Nuremberg, 1560.

HERZ. M. AND SON (Aiistr.). Issuers of a Francis Joseph Jubilee

Medal, in 1898.

HESS, M. (Germ.). Counter-manufacturer at Nuremberg, 1620.

HESSE. LOUISE (French). Contemporary Painter and Sculptor,
born at Paris ; pupil of M. Gallier. She has exhibited Portrait-
medallions in bronze at the Salon of 1870, and later.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HESSEL6REN, ED. (Sived.). Contemporary Die-sinker of Stock-
holm, whose signature is found on Prize medals, &c., 1870.
Bibliography. — Hildebrand, op. cit.

HERVt. CLAUDE (French). Mint-engraver at Grenoble, some time

before, and until 1710.

HERY. CLAUDE DE (French). Engraver General of the French

Coins at the Paris Mint, 1557-1582. He engraved dies from portrait
models by the celebrated Germain Pilon. The seals and the case of
the Order of the Saint-Esprit were made by Claude de Hery, and
probably also the accompanying medal which is very similar in the
treatment of the work.

Bibliography. — F. Mazerollc, Claude de Hiry, medailUur du rot Henri III,
1891. — Id., Me'dailleurs fraii(ais, 1902.

HEUBERGER, LEOPOLD (Austr.). Medallist of the first half of the
nineteenth century. He engraved in 1827 a medal on the Recons-
truction of the University of Gratz, and the reverse of a medal of
Charles John, Crown Prince of Sweden, and Field Marshal Prince
von Schwarzenberg, with busts on either side ; also medals of Prince
Metternich ; — Prince Hieronymus von Mansteld-Colloredo ; — Field
Marshal von Bliicher ; — Pattern Double Gulden of 183 1 (not
approved of by the Monetary commission) j -- Visit of Alexander I.

— 486 —

of Russia to Vienna, 1814 ; — Marriage of Archduke Francis and
Princess Sophia of Bavaria, 1824; — Competitive Medal for
the office of Court Medallist, 1S25 ; — Recovery of Francis I.
from illness, 1826; — Medal of Merit for Civilians, 1826; —
Marriage ot Crown Prince Ferdinand of Austria and Maria Anna,
Princess of Sardinia, 183 1 ; — Badge of the Knight of the Blue
Earth of Wildenstein ; — Ludwig van Beethoven, &c.

HEUGELIN, DANIEL FRIEDRICH {Germ.). Mint-warden at Stutt-
gart, 1760-1791. The signatures ot I. C. as well asof D. F. Heuge-
lin occur on a Convention Thaler of Joseph William, of
Hohenzollern-Hechingen, 1783.

HEUGELIN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Stutt-
gart, 1783-1808. He signed his issues I. C. H.

HEURTHADX, NICOLAS (French). Die-sinker at Paris, circa 1805-
181 5. He appears to have worked for the Medal Mint, and engraved
several jetons and perhaps also some medals belonging to the
Napoleonic Series. Very little appears to be known of this Engraver,
whose signature I have noticed on the two pieces described here :
Masonic Jeton of the Lodge of Angers, 181 r, signed HEURTHUAX F
(sic) ; Pattern 5 Franc Piece, for the monetary commission of
1814/15 ; etc. In An XI he was one of the competitors for the
coinage and submitted dies for the 5 Franc piece (illuslrated).

Pattern Five Franc piece of An XI, by Heurthaux.

Bibliography. — Nagler, MonogrammisUn. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
— Catalogue Dewamin. — Edwards, Napoleonic Medals, etc. — H. Denise, Le
concours del'anXl, Gaz. num. fran(;. 1902.

HEUS, H. D. (Dutch). Die-sinker of the early part of the nine-
teenth century. His signature occurs on a medal of 1809 commem-
orating the Introduction of Vaccination in Holland ; also on an
Independence Medal, 18 13 (2 var.) and on others ot the Siege of
Naarden, 1814. — The Hague Volunteers, 1813, &c.

- 487 -

HEUS (Genn.). Court-Councillor at Stuttgart, second half of
the eighteenth century ; he had some connection with the Mint and
Coinage of the Dukes of HohenzoUern-Hechingen.

HEUSCHEL Fide HENSCHEL, JOHANN WERNER (Germ.). Sculptor
and Medallist at Cassel, 1838.

HEUSDIN, JEAN DE (Flem.). Count de Laborde mentions this
artist as a Seal-engraver. A document of 1380 records that he
engraved Gold Deniers for the Count of Flanders.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, Revue beige de num.,
1851, p. 105.

HEUSS, STEPHAN (Germ.). Die-sinker of Breslau, who worked
for the Mint there in 1576 and 1579.

HEYDEN, CHARLES VAN DER (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges,
2, May 1685 to 8. April 1686.

HEYDEN, GILLES VAN DER (Belg.). Assayer at the Mint of
Antwerp; provisional Mint-master from the 24. December 1638
to I. March 1639.

HEYDEN, JACQUES VAN DER (Belg.). Mint-master at Antwerp,
5. August 1524 to 20. December 1529 in conjunction with Pierre
Jongelinck ; again, alone, from the 29. Aug. 1529 to December of
the same year.

HEYDEN, PIERRE VAN DER (Belg.). Mint-master at Brussels,
21. June 16 1 6 to 31. December 1622.

HEYER, GOTFRIED otto (Germ.). Mint-master at Herborn, i68r-
82. He signed his issues : G. H., or G. 0. H. Nagler adds that he
was not a Die-sinker.

HEYLRROECK, NORBERT (Belg.). Goldsmith of Ghent; appointed
Engraver to the Mint at Bruges in 1749 ; ten year later he asked to
be transferred to Brussels. He is the author of a medal of Maria
Theresia, signed N. H., 1752. In 173 1 this Engraver had been
condemned to imprisonment for life as a fiilse coiner, but in 1735,
his wife obtained his release from the Archduchess Marie Elizabeth,
Governor of the Netherlands.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Hisloire de la graviire des ntidailles en Belgique,
Bruxelles, 1870. — Gilleman, Revue beige de tiumismatique, 1903, i" livr. — oio-
graphie nationale de Belgique.

HEYLEN, JEAN (Belg.). Seal-engraver of Brussels, 1425-1436. He
engraved the seals of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy ; others

— 488 —

for the Chancellor, Jean de Homes, Edmond and Ambroise de
Dynter, Dreux Van der Vacquerien, the Duke's secretaries. He was a
first-rate artist as the seals known to have been engraved by him
prove.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Biosrr. des graveurs beiges, Revue belg. de num.,
1850, p. 168.

HEYNDERICKX, JACQUES AUGUSTIN (Belg.). Die-sinker and
Maker of coin- weights for the district of Waas, 1750-1773.

H. F. Vide HIERONYMUS FEDERER, of Ratisbon. Coin-engraver at
the Mint there in 1650 ; Mint-master in 1655 ; died in 167^.

H. F. Fide HENRI FL£maLLE. Goldsmith and Medallist of Liege,
circa 1670. Also H. F. F.

H. F. Fide HARTMANN. Medallist of Stockholm, 1699-1739. Also
C. G. H.

H. F. Fide HEINRICH FUCHS. Die-sinker in Austria, 17 16-1720.

H. F. Fide DANIEL HESLING. Die-sinker at Hamburg, ij}o-ij^6.
Also D. H. F.

H. F. Fide HANF. Die-sinker at Bayreuth, 1742-1776. Also
I. A. H.

H. F. Fide LAURENT JOEPH HART. Medallist of Brussels, 1810-
1860.

H. F. H. Fide HEINRICH FRIEDRICH HALTER. Mint-warden at
Brunswick, 1693. Mint-master at Magdeburg, 1698. Court-councillor,
1721.

H. F. W. Fide HEINRICH FRIEDRICH WERMUTH. Medallist of
Dresden, 1703-1744.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. G. (Germ.y Signature of a German Medallist of the sixteenth
century. It occurs on a beautiiul Portrait-medal of Luther, 1521,
which is copied from an engraving by Hopfner, not by Cranach,
as stated by Erman, in Deutsche Medailleure, p. 48.

A specimen of this medal, from the Volcker Collection, was
sold for 2705 Marks at the Sale of the Wunderly-von Muralt Collec-
tion (Part IV, April 1900).

- 489 -

The signature is engraved in the incuse, as is the date also.

Medal of Marihin Luther, by H. G.
Bibliography. — Ernian, Deutsche Medaillmre, Berlin, 1884.

H. G. and HJ {Germ.). Signature of a Medallist of Franktort-on-
Main, third quarter of the sixteenth century. Fide supra. Vol. II,
p. 179.

The identity of this Medallist has been undoubtedly established
as HANS GELTHER by D"" Julius Cahn, in his recent monograph :
Frankfurter Medailleure im 16. Jahrhunderl, 1903. Hans Gelther was
a Goldsmith, who came to Frankfort from Hall in Tyrol. Besides
the medals already ascribed to him, D"" Cahn has added others with
portrait of Mathias Ritter (Joseph u. Fellner, 254), i$88; —
Simon Naub and consort Maria, 1587 (Jos. u. Fellner 252). The
last of these medals reminds one in style and workmanship of the
Nuremberg Medallist Valentin Maler.

H. G. Vide HANS GEBHARD. Die-sinker, 1579-1588; later, Mint-
master, at Nuremberg, after 1597.

H. G. Vide HIERONYMUS GRONBERGER. Mint-master at Erfurt,
1 607- 1 609.

H. G. Vide HANS GRUBER. Die-sinker and Mint-master at Saalfeld,
1 582-1 584, and Nordhausen, 16 18-1624. His son,Florian Grueber,
was Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1 585-1 597, Erfurt, 1 599-1607, and
Nordhausen, 161 5.

— 490 —
H. G. Fide HANS GLASER. Mint-master at Schleswig, 1641-1644.

H. G. Vide HANS 6EBHARD. Die-sinker in Austria, 1603-1633 ;
Mint-master at Giatz, 1629.

H. G. Fide HANS GESSNER. Father and son. Medallists of Zurich,
1706-1770.

H. G. Fide HEINRICH GUBE. Medallist at Berlin, 1820; after 1830
at S' Petersburg.

H. G. M. Fide HANS GEORG MEINHART. xMint-master at Winsen
on the Luke, 1620-21, Moisburg. 1622-23.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. G. Fide HDSERUS GLATZENSIS. Die-cutter at the MintofGlatz,
1629. His initials occur on 10, 8 and 2 Ducat pieces, Thalers and
subsidiary coins of that period.

H. G. Z. (Swiss). Signature of a Coin-engraver at the City Mint
of S* Gall, second half of the eighteenth century. I have noticed it
on a 15 Kreutzer piece of 1786 and on 6 Kreutzer pieces of 1786
(Z) and 1790 (H. G. Z.).

Bibliography. — Reg. Stuart Poole, Catalogue of Swiss Coins, &c.

H. H. Fide HANS JACOB HUSER. Mint-master at Glogau, 1622.

H. H. Fide HARDEG HARDEGEN. Mint-master at Wessode, near
Gottingen, 1621.

H. H. F/(i? JOH ANN HEINRICH HOFFMANN. Mint-master at Nord-
heim, 1671-1676, Buckeburg, 1677, Cassel, 1680-1681.

H. H. Fide HERMANN HAFFNER. Medallist of Nuremberg, 1637-
1691.

H. H. Fide HEINRICH HAFFNER. Medallist of Nuremberg, 1660-
1732.

H. H. Fide HEINRICH JOHANN HILLE. Mint-master at Stralsund,
1662, and from 1666 at the same time at Stettin and Giistrow,
1692-1693 ; died in 1705. Also H. I. H. or ffl.

H. H. Fide HEINRICH HORST. Mint-master at Zellerfeld, 1711-
1719.

H. H. r/c?<! HERMANN HELD. Medallist at Magdeburg, 1877.

HH. F. Fide HANS HEINRICH FRIESE. Mint-master at Halle, 1669-
1677, and Goiha, 1678. Also I. H. F.

— 491 —

H. I. (?) P'ide JOflANN HEINRICH JACOB. Mint-master at Sagan,
in the service of Wallenstein, 1628.

H. I. Fide HEINRICH ILDERS. Mint-master at Bautzen (Budissin),
1666-1667,

H. I. A. B. Fide HANS JACOB ARNOLD BRANTH. Mint-master at
Konigsberg, i'j'j6-i-j^'j, and Copenhagen, 1797; Mint-director,
1802-1810.

H. I. B. Fide HANS JACOB BULLINGER. Die-sinker and Mint-
master at Zurich, 1660- 1700.

H. I. G. or H. G. Fide HANS JACOB GESSNER. Medallists and Mint-
masters at Zurich, Father and son, 1706-1770.

H. I. G. B. H. Fide HEINRICH HILLE. Mint-warden, and JOHANN
GEORG BUNSEN, Mint-master, at Frankfort-on-Main. Hille died in
1802, his son Joachim George having already succeeded him in 1798.

H. I. M. M. Fide HANS JACOB MUNTZ-MEISTER. Mint-master at
Saalfeld, Eisleben and Dresden, between 16 12-1625.

H. I. S. Fide HEINRICH JUSTUS SEBASTIANI. Mint-warden at
Steuerwald, near Hildeshcim, in 1692; Mint-master from 1694 to
1702.

R. IVN. Fide JOHANN HORN JUNIOR. Medallist of Dantzig and in
the service of the Margraves of Brandenburg; died in 1693 at Lan-
genfuhr, near Dantzig.

H. I. W. Fide HANS JACOB WOLRAB of Ratisbon. Medallist at
Nuremberg, Mint-master to the Franconian Circle, 1673 -|- 1690.
He introduced in Germany the engraving of legends on the edge
of coins.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

HIELTIMANN, GEORG (Germ.). Modeller, employed at the Mint of
Oels, 1 62 1.

HIERIMIA, CRISTOFORO. Fide GEREMIA, vol. II, p. 246.

HIERONYMUS FORMSCHNEIDER. Fide FORMSCHNEIDER, vol. II.,
p. 126.

HIKESIAS (Greek). Accordijig to Diokles (Diogenes Laertius vitae
philosophorum) Hikesias was a Money-changer, and perhaps also
Mint-contractor, oy;;j.oc7{3:v -^xtA'^olv lyun ; his son Diogenes, the

— 492 —

Cynic, was accused of having coined false money in his youth,
before he turned to philosophy. On Coins of Sinope, magistrates'
names IKE2I0Y and AlO occur, but ot a later date, and cannot
refer to Hikesias, or his son, Diogenes.

Bibliography. — K. Regling, Zur griechischen Mun:(kunde, Zeit. fur Num.,
1901, p. 108.

HILCKEN, HEINRICK FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Brother of Johann Frie-
drich Hilcken, and also a Medallist, fie resided at Hamburg circa
1700, and worked tor the Royal Family of Prussia. His productions
are signed H. F. H.

HILCKEN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Medallist of Hamburg,
who worked also at Schwerin in the early part of the eighteenth
century for the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1703-1717. He
was born at Nordhausen, and learned medal-engraving under the
celebrated Christian Wermuth. His works are signed I- F. H. or
I. F. HILCKEN F. A medal commemorating the conferring of the
Order of the Elephant on Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg
bears the signature HILCKEN on obv. and I. F. H. on ^. ; and on a
Lubeck Thaler of 17 12, on the Election of the Emperor Charles VI.,
which is probably by him, we find I. H. F. By J. F. Hilcken (or
Hilken) are also : Marriage of Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick with
Frederick William I., King of Prussia, 1706; — Marriage of Sophie
Luise of Mecklenburg-Grabow with Frederick I. of Prussia, 1708;
&c., &c.

HILDEBRAND, PROFESSOR ADOLF (Germ.). One of the foremost
German Sculptors of modern times, was born at Marburg, on the
6*'' of October 1847. He studied first at Jena, then at Nuremberg;
he visited Rome in 1867 where he made a stay of eighteen
months; in 1870, he settled at Berlin, but two years after returned
again to Italy, opening a studio at Florence. He now resides at
Munich.

The works of Hildebrand are very numerous; several have been

f)urchased by the German government and are exhibited at the Ber-
in National Gallery. He executed busts of Th. Heyse, D' Fiedler,
Duke Charles Theodore of Bavaria, Arnold Bocklin, Ignaz Dollin-
ger, Hermann von Helmholtz, Max von Pettenkofer, D. Haase and
Otto Ludwig; statues in clay, marble, or bronze, representing
Adam, Water Carrier, Flute Player, Female figure, the Dioscobo-
lus. Mercury, Marsyas ; various groups; terra-cottas ; portraits;
stone reliefs, Leda, A Panic, Christ; the Wutelsbach Fountain at
Munich ; the Fountain " Father Rhine " at Strassburg; Monuments
to Brahm at Meiningen, Hans von Biilow at Hamburg, and many
other important pieces of statuary and sculpture.

— 493 —

Prof. Hildebrand modelled also several Bronze Portrait-medallions
and Plaques, some of which are illustrated in Heilmeyer's biogra-
phy of the artist : Bismarck, Chancellor of State; — Hans von Biilow ;
— Arnold Borsig ; — D' Max von Pettenkofer, Munich, 1 900 ; &c. His
medalet ot Bismarck, in helmet (illustrated), struck in commemo-
ration of the Chancellor's eightieth birthday, i. April 1895, is
one of the most admired and finest productions ot modern German
medallic art.

Prince Bismarck, by A. Hiiucurand.

**Der Kiinstler," observes Heilmeyer, " steht im fiinf und fiinf-
zigsten Lebensjahre, er kann die Welt noch mit manchem Werke
erfreuen. In der Ausgestaltung von bestimmten Situationen, durch
Bauten, Denkmalern, Grabmalern undBrunnen, steht er mit seinem
Schatfen unmittelbar im Leben der Gegenwart. In seinen Einzel-
werken ist er der Mensch, der ihm bei der Mannigfaltigkeit an
individuellen Arten immer wieder neue Motive darbietet.

** In seiner Gestaltungsweise offenbart sich eine Grundanschau-
ung unseres allgemeinen Verhaltnisses zur Natur, er bereichert
unsere Vorstellung um neue raumUche Anschauungsformen und in
der Darstellung des Menschen um neue individuelle Ausdrucks-
werte. Hierin zeigt sich der eigenartige und wahrhaft ideal Charakter
seiner Kunst. "

Hildebrand competed with success for the designs of the latest
coinage of Saxe-Meiningen.

Bibliography. — Alexander Heilmeyer, Adolph Hildebrand, Velhagen & Klas-

ing, Leipzig, 1902.

HILDEBRAND, BERNARD (French)! Contemporary Gem-engraver,
born at Mantoillot (Cote-d'Or). He studied drawing at the Munici-
pal School under M. Lequien, Rue des Petits-Hotels, Paris, and
there obtained a gold medal. His first exhibits at the Salon, in 1885
and 1886, are Cameo-portraits, a large number of which he exe-
cuted at about that time for American families then residing at
Paris, In the following years, Hildebrand produced, beside very fine
Portraits, some beautiful cameos, amongst which M. Babclon notes

— 494 —

for their special merit : 1887, Hebe, cameo on sardonyx of three
strata; — 1888, Orpheus losing Eurydice ; — 1889, Macbeth and
Banquo meeting the witches, cameo on sardonyx of three strata,
which was awarded a " Mention honorable"; — 1890, Youthful
Bacchus and Bacchante; — 1892, Love undecided, cameo
representing Venus restraining Cupid from discharging his

Diana surprised, by B. Hlldebrand.

arrows; — 1892, Andromede delivered, for which the artist
obtained a medal of the third class; — 1895, Esmeralda, cameo
purchased by the State, and now on exhibition at the Luxembourg
Museum ; — 1896, Eve, cameo on sardonyx of three strata; —
1897, Venus disarming Cupid, large cameo on reddish sardonyx of
two layers, for which Hildebrand was awarded a medal of the
second class ; it is one of the artist's most important works ; —

— 495 —

i899) Prometheus chained, cameo on sardonyx of three strata;
— 1901, The Nest, and three portraits of Children (Jeanne, Alice,
Robert) on sardonyx; — 1902, Diana surprised, cameo on sardo-
nyx of two layers {illustrated) ; — 1903, Toilet of Venus, sardonyx
cameo of three strata.

Bibliography. — Babelon, Histoire de la Graiure sur Gcmmes en France, Paris,
1902-190}. — Catalogue du Salon, ipoi-i^o^. — Catalogue de V Exposition univer-
selle de ipoo. — L. Ben^dite, Catalogue du Muse'e du Luxembourg.

HILLE, ANDREAS (Germ.). Mint-master at Stade, 1670, Rostock,
1672-1678, Schleswig, 1674, ^"^ Ratzeburg, 1678.

HILLE, BASTIAN (G^rw.). Mint-master at Halberstadt, 1666-1674,
Brunswick, 1675-1676, Halberstadt, 1677-1681, Minden, 1682-
1713, and Rendsburg, 1716-1726.

HILLE, GEORG ALBERT (G^rw.). Mint-master at Kign, circa 1700.
Some of the coins (ducats) he issued are signed G. A. H. and

G
others AI.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, II, p 965, no 2704,

HILLE, HEINRICH CHRISTOPH (G^rm.). Mint-masterand Medallist;
worked at Clettenberg, 1684, Arnstadt, 1685, and Brunswick,
1689. He died in 1729.

HILLE, HEINRICH JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Stralsund,
1662, and from 1666 at Stettin conjointly, then from 1692 to 1693
at Giistrow. He died in 1705. He signed H. H. or IH, or H. I. H.

HILLE, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Stralsund,
1706 ; died in 1721.

HILLE, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-master, whose initials
appear in 1686 on coins of Schwartzburg.

HILLE, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Warden of the Mint atFrankfort-
on-Main, in succession to his father, Johann Heinrich Hille, from
1798 to 18 16. His initials are found on the current coins, between
1803 and 181 2, in connection with those of the Mint-master,
Johann Georg Bunsen. He was born in 1772 and died in 18 16.

HILLE, JOHANN HEINRICH (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at
Frankfort-on-Main, 1790- 1798. He succeeded Georg Neumeister,
and died in 1798. His initials appear on the coins (I. H. or H. H.)
from 1790 to 1796 in conjunction with those of the Mint-master
Johann Georg Bunsen.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph u. Eduard Fellner, Die Miin:i;en von Frankfurt
am Main, 1896.

— 496 —

HILLE KASPAR (Germ.). Medallist and Seal-engraver of the
middle years of the sixteenth century. The seal of Koenigsberg
University, 1544, was cut by him. He is presumably also the
author of a cast uniface Medallion of Albert, first Duke of Prussia,
and of another of his consort, Duchess Anna Marie, These medal-
lions are painted in oil colours, and surrounded by a wreath of
leaves.

Bibliography. — Menadier, Schaumiinien des Hanses Hohen:{ollern, Berlin, 1901.

HILLEBRAND, JACOB (Austr.). " Hofpfenningmeister " at Gratz,
in the middle years of the seventeenth century, circa iG^yiGj').

BILLIARD NICHOLAS (Brit.). Goldsmith and Jeweller to Queen
Elizabeth and James I., Limner, and Miniature Painter, born
in 1547, died in 16 19. He was, so Walpole states, the son of
Richard Hilliard of Exeter, High Sheriff of the city, and of Lau-
rence, daughter of John Wall, goldsmith, of London.

As a Miniature Painter, Hilliard stands very high, although he
did not attain the force and nature of his model, Holbein. He
executed Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book, portraits of Henry VIL,
Henry VIIL, Edward VL, Jane Seymour, his own, inscribed :
" Nicus Hillyard Aurifaber Sculptor et Celebris illuminator serenis-
simae Reginae Elizabethae, " Queen Elizabeth, Lord Hunsdon,
Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir Francis Knowles, Sir Francis Drake
and Sir Edward Osborne; also Mary, Queen of Scots, dated 1579,
The Countess of Dorset, James L, &c.

" In a patent which he received in 16 17 from James L, granting
him a special licence for twelve years, to invent, make, &c.,
pictures of the King and Royal Family, Hilliard is called an
Embosser of medals in gold" (Med. III., II, 727).

This artist may have engraved some of the counters issued during
the reign of James I., but most of these were produced by Simon
Passe or de Passe, who was employed by him, Walter Schultz, and
other engravers. Mr. Grueber, in Med. III., I, p. 375, remarks :
"These counters are stamped in imitation of engraving. They
were used as markers or counters "for reckoning and for play ".
They appear to have been issued in sets of thirty-six, composed
either of pieces of different types or of repetitions of the same type.
Some of these counters were executed by Nicholas Hilliard, jeweller,
goldsmith, and engraver to Elizabeth, and afterwards to James I.
From the latter, HilUard received in 1617 a patent granting him
the monopoly for twelve years of all engraved portraits of the King
and the Royal Family, and in virtue of this patent he sold licences
to other engravers to execute these counters. Simon Passe and his
brother, both of whom excelled in the art ot engravmg, are said
to have received such licences. The period over which the issue of

— 497 -

these pieces ranges is from 1616 to 1638, the earlier date corres-
ponding with that when Simon Passe commenced his portraits of
various members of the Royal Family and others. " (Med. III.,

I>375)-

The counters mentioned above comprise the following portrait-
pieces : James Land Prince Charles (several varieties) ; — Charles I.

>NKHt)liAS HiLJ-iARD.

a-lfltis lua; ;}o. i-,- j

/rr'tft ft ftfrUit^Uf at /'t'rl.<^f4fnrt .

Tf\» iligiar •'*«^-

and Henrietta Maria (sev. var.) ; — Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
and his Queen Maria Eleonora ; — Set of thirty-six counters bearing
portraits of the sovereigns of Eubjland, from Edward the Confessor
to Charles I., and others of Henry, Earl of Darnley, Mary, Queen
of Scots, Anne of Denmark, Henry, Prince of Wales, Henrietta
Maria, Queen of Charles I., Charles II. as Prince of Wales, Frede-

L. FuKRER. — Btoarapbicul i^olias of Mi-iallisls. — II. J2

- 49B -

rick and Elizabeth of Bohemia, and their son, Charles Louis; —
Set of thirty-six counters with portraits of the English sovereigns
and others of Philip II. of Spain, Anne of Denmark, Henry,
Prince of Wales, Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., Charles
II. as Prince of Wales, James II. as Duke of York, Frederick and
EUzabeth of Bohemia as Count and Countess Palatine of the
Rhine, and their son, Charles Louis (these were issued in 1636,
and arenot Hilliard's, nor Simon Passe 's work); — Charles I. ; —
Henrietta Maria; — Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden; —
Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- Weimar ; — John Bauer, &c.

Hilliard's son, Laurence, may have executed some of these coun-
ters; he sold to Charles I. a hne jewel containing the portraits of
Henry VIL, Henry VIIL, Edward VI., and Queen Mary, with an
enamelled representation of the Battle of Bosworth on one side,
and on the other, the red and white roses.

A fine Pendant of Gold, enamelled, and set with jewels, of
Queen Elizabeth, size 2 | in. by 2 | in., dated 1580, and supposed
to have been presented to Sir Francis Drake by the Queen on his
return from his famous voyage, is ascribed, although unsigned, to
Nicholas Hilliard, and was sold at Christie, Manson & Woods, on
July 18, 1902, for i. 5250.

This fine jewel was thus described in Christie's Catalogue.

" The front face of the jewel is occupied with an oval plaque of
gold, modelled in relief with a profile portrait bust of Queen Eli-
zabeth. The Queen is represented facing the left, her hair elabor-
ately dressed and enclosed in a net which is richly decorated with
pearls and jewel-work; around her neck is a deep ruff; her bodice
embroidered with chevron bands, encircled at the neck with a
necklace of pear-shaped pearls ; outside this is another larger
necklace, apparently of various cut stones; her sleeves are ample
and of open riband work. The field upon which this portrait is
represented is enamelled a .translucent aventurine blue, the surface
being stippled, the effect produced by the gold ground of the enamel
being delicately and evenly scored with short lines; around the
edge of the medallion, painted upon the surface of the enamel in
gold, runs the inscription, ELIZABETHADGANG FRAET"
HIBREGINA. This relief portrait is protected by a convex glass.

" The opposite side ot the pendant forms an opening locket, hinged
at the top, and which, when open, discloses a miniature portrait,
in gouache, of the Queen. Here she is represented three-quarter
face, with light auburn hair, facing somewhat the left. In the coiffure
are introduced brooches of sapphires and gold, knots of pearls and
many mauve-coloured flowers. Her dress is not visible, being
hidden by the large lace ruff that encircles her neck; a small tight
ruff is also round her chin. A sapphire, gold and pearl necklace.

-- 499 —

together with a rope of pearls, rests on her bosom ; sapphire and
ruby broochee are at intervals dispersed over her ruff. At the base
of the ruff is attached a small posy of red roses. The background to
the miniature, as was customary at this period, is azure-blue, ins-
cribed in gold lettering, ANO 1580.

"The oval plate that forms the covering to this portrait is enam-
elled en plein in translucent colours wdth the two following

'.^•1.

'1

The Elizabethan Pendant, sold at Christie's in 1902.

subjects : On the outside, tke Ark floating on a troubled sea, with
rain falling in torrents from heaven, inscribed round the border in
opaque black enamel, S^VAS— TRANQVILLA— PER— VNDA.
On the inside of the plate is a conventional arrangement of the
Tudor rose, encircled by its foliage, around which runs the following
inscription : HEI MIHI QVOD TANTO VIRTVS PERFUSA
DECORE NON HABET ETERNOS INVIOSATA DIES.

'* The whole of the central jewel is bordered by strapwork a /oMr,
characteristic of the later Elizabethan ornamentation; on one side
it is enamelled opaque azure-blue, and on the reverse opaque white ;
this at intervals is further enriched by settings of table-diamonds
and rubies ; the ring for suspension above is formed as an arrange-
ment of scrolls.

" The jewel is enclosed in a black shagreen case, set with small
gold studs.

— 500 —

'* This jewel is in the finest possible state of preservation, the
enamels retaining their pristine freshness, and the jewels their fine
polish. The miniature of the Queen, although unsigned, must be
closely associated with the work oi Nicholas Hilliard ; whilst the
gold relief portrait is the replica ot the famous gold medal now in
the British Museum. "

Hilliard died on the 7'^ of January 1619, and was buried in
St. Martin's Church in the fields, Westminster, in which parish he
had a house. He made his will in the preceding December, leaving
twenty shillings to the poor of the parish ; to his sister Anne Avery
twenty pounds of thirty (Hilliard had the same salary as Holbein)

Engraved Portrait Plaque of Queen Elizabeth, by Simon Passe.

that were due of his pension; the remaining ten pounds to his
other sister ; some goods to his servant maid ; and all the rest of
his effects, plate, jewels, rings, &c. to his son, Laurence Hilliard,
his sole executor. (Walpole, op. cit., p. 164).

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations, &c. — G. C. William-
son, Portrait Miniatures, London, 1897. — Horace Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting.

HILTOFT, PETER DE (Brit.). Seal-engraver of the fifteenth century.
In a document he is styled " King's engraver residing in the Tower
of London".

Bibliography. — "Wyon, Great Seals 0/ England, London, 1887.

HILTORP. Fide HITTORF, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Bonn,
1733-1738.

— 501 -
HILTPRAND, ANDRE (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1442 (?).

HIM(ERIOS) (Greek). In Weil, Kiinsilerinschriften auf Sicilischen
Mun:(en, p. 20, the letters IM which appear on the two Syracusan
Coins described and reproduced below, are taken to represent a
Coin-engraver's signature.

ifL.Tetradrachm (B.C. 406-3 45). Ohv. Mni20>IAqYI. Female
head to 1., wearing necklace and earring ; hair bound with diadem,
visible only above forehead; behind, IM ; beneath, three dolphins:
plain border. ^L. Quadriga to 1., driven by charioteer, extending r.
hand and holding reins in I. ; horses prancing ; the rein of the far-
thest horse hanging loose ; above, Nike flying to r., about to crown
charioteer; in ex., lion devouring bull to 1. ; border ot dots.

Weight ; 264,6 grs.

M. Tetradrachm, by Himerios (?)

B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 178, n* 214. — Head, Coins 0} Syracuse,
PI. V, n° 3. —Poole, Num. Chron., 1864, p. 246.

This coin is of peculiar style, as noticed by Poole, who calls it
"of unmistakably Ionian work", whilst D-" Head observes :
"Whether the peculiaritv in stvle of this piece, so different
from the other tetradrachms of Syracuse, is due to its being the
work of a native of Greece proper or Asia Minor, or only to its

M.. Hemidrachm, by Himerios (?) and Kimon.

being some ten or twenty years later, it is impossible to say ". The
head on this coin occupies almost the whole surface of the flan, and
the dolphins are drawn smaller than is usual on the Syracusan
coins. The ^L. type reminds one ot the (Quadriga on Euainetos*
tetradrachm of Catana ; and in the exergue is a bull devoured by a
lion, the well-known type of Akanthos.

— 502 —

JK. Hemidrachm. Obv. [lYPAjKOIinN. Female head to r.,
wearing diadem, earring, and necklace; hair flowing; above, IM;
in front, a dolphin to 1., upwards : plain border. I^. Quadriga to
1., driven by charioteer, holding reins in both hands; horses pran-
cing; above, Nike flying to r., crowning charioteer; in ex., pilos
and KIM : plain border.

Weight : 29,8 grs.

B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 181, n° 233. — Head, op. cit., PI. V, 8.

The obv. of this Hemidrachm is no doubt by the same artist IM
who engraved the tetradrachm ; the ^. bears the signature KIM
which stands tor KIMON, the celebrated Syracusan artist.

Himerios (if such be his full name) worked less minutely than
some other artists, Parme(nidas) for instance, but his style is softer,
as D' Weil justly remarks.

Bibliography. — Rud. Weil, KunstlerinschrifUn, 8ic., p. 20. — B. M. Cat.,
Sicily. — Head, Coins of Syracuse, 1874.

HINDEIKSEN, GLAUS {Swed}. Mint-master at Arboga, in the
Swedish Province of Westermanland, 1627.

HINNERUP (Danish). Mint-master at Copenhagen, seventeenth

century.

HINGRE, LOUIS THfiOPHILE (Ff^m:/;). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Ecouen (Seine-et-Oise), came to Paris at the age
of twelve years, and made his apprenticeship at the works oi
Messrs Gervais. In 1858, he was obliged to take refuge in England,
where he took employment with Messrs Elkington at Birming-
ham as a chaser and ornamental sculptor. He resided seven years
in England and while there made his first studies of animals. Since
1862 he has been a constant exhibitor at the Paris Salons of the
Champs Elys^es.

Hingre's principal works of sculpture are : The Inundation, a
large group of dogs, presented by the artist to his native town ; —
The Farm ; — Cows at rest ; — Marabou ; — Elephant ; — Show-
man's Dromedary ; — The Peacock complaining to Juno; — The
Frogs asking for a King, etc.

Amongst his medallic productions, I may notice : Family of
Pheasants (plaquette) ; — Fold of Sheep (medal and plaquette,
intended as Agricultural prizes); — Duck shooting; — Dogs; —
S' Hubert (Hunting medal) ; — Spring ; — Six Plaquettes " Menu
holders" (awarded two prizes in 1877 and purchased by the King
of the Belgians at the Universal Exhibition in 1900); — The Jay
adorned with peacock's feathers (plaquette); — Turkey and Hen;
— Boar, etc.

At the Salon of 1903 , Hingre exhibited seven Plaquettes in plated
bronze.

— 503 -

The artist, who has also executed various productions in decora-
tive art, is the holder of several prizes : Medal of the second class
of the Exposition des Arts appliques a I'industrie, 1862 ; Gold
Medal in 1878; Silver Medal at the Universal Exhibition of 1889;
— Mention at the Salon of 189 1, etc. Since 1899, he is an Officier
d'Academie, and Member of the State Jury for the Department of
the Seine.

Saunier in his article on La MedaiUe fratifaise contemporaine men-
tions Hingre as " un observateur ingenu et ingenieux de I'animal,
dont il sait titer un parti heureux dans mainte plaquette deco-
rative".

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by the artist. — Catalogtu of tlx
Salon, 1901 . — Revue des Arts dc'coratijs, 1901 , Nov., p. 70. — Rei'ue de VArt ancien
et moderne, II, 1902, p. 25.

HINTZE, KARL (Germ.). Court-Medallist, residing at Breslau. His
signature occurs on various medals, but I have only seen a Rifle-
men's Badge of Breslau, signed by him.

HIOLIN, LOUIS AUGUSTE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, who
in 1882 exhibited at the Salon several Portrait-medallions in clay
and bronze.

HIPPMANN, JOSEF (Bohem). Mint-master at Prague, 1822-1846.
He had previously been Mint-assayer at Gratz.

Bibliography. — Eduard Fiala, Die Beaviten der Prager MUn^stdtle, 1898.

HIPPOCRATES (Greek). Coin -engraver at the Mint of Rhegium
(Bruttium) during the first quarter (?) of the fourth century before
Christ. The signature IPPOKPATHI appears on a rare tetradrachm,
described as follows in B. M. Cat., Italy, p. 375, n° 26 :

iR. Tetradrachm (Period of finest Art, circ.B.C. 415-387). Obv.
Lion's scalp; Hon's mane arranged in a double ridge on the top of
the head : border of dots.

JR.. Tetradrachm by Hippocrates (?) or Kratesippos (?)
I^. PHriNOI. Head of Apollo to r., laur.,hairturned up; behind,

k P AT H

sprigof olive; in front, in small letters, 'Vr' '"Weight : 267.5 grs.

— 504 ~

The above illustration is from, Gar rucci,Mo«f/^ d'Italia,V\. CXIV,
n" 22. The artist's name should perhaps be read KPATHIIPPO, as
suggested by Garucci, and more recently by Mr. G. F. Hill,
Handbook oj Greek and Roman Coins, p. 195. In the latter case, the
name would appear in the eenitive, as we find it the case with the
signature EYAINETO, NIKANAPO, &c.

Bibliography. — Head, Historia Ntiworutn, p. 94. — Garrucci, op. cit., Rome,
1885.

HIRON, S. (Brit.y Dealer in Coins, Tokens, Checks; Engraver,
&c. of Birmingham, early part of the nineteenth century. On one
of his tokens, he styles himself '' Die-sinker, Seal-engraver and
Medallist ". Marvin, Masonic Medals, p. 270, describes an adver-
tisement ticket of S. Hiron, who belonged to the Masonic broth-
erhood.

Bibliography. — W.J.Davis, The Token Coinage oJ Warwickshire, 1895.

HIRSCH (Germ.). Medallist of the first half of the nineteenth
century, mentioned by Bolzenthal, p. 321.

HIRSCHVOGEL. AUGDSTIN (Germ.). Sculptor of the first half of the
sixteenth century. An undated medal of Ursula Diirr of Nuremberg,
bearing the signature H ^^B, in the Berlin Museum, is accompa-
nied by a descriptive notice in an unknown eighteenth century
hand, ascribing it to Hirschvogel : " Vom Augustin Hirschvogel war
diese Ursula Durrer in diesen Marmorstein 1530 geschnitten
worden. Sieh dessen Zeichen unter dem linken arm".

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.

HISTOROS (Greek). Coin-engraver at the Mint of Thurium
(Lucania), first halt of the fourth century before Christ. His signa-
ture I2T0P02, appears in full on a beautiful tetradrachm of the
Collection de Luynes, published by D' F. Imhoof-Blumer, and
since by Garrucci.

M.. Tetradrachm (Circ. B. C. 390-350). Obv. Head of Pallas
to r., wearing crested Athenian helmet, adorned with Skylla and
griffin.

^. OOYPinN. Bull butting to r. on basis inscribed in minute
characters : I2T0P02 ; on bull's rump the monogram ^E; in
exergue, fish to r.

D' Head observes : " The coinage of this period, B. C. 390-350,
reaches the highest point of excellence in respect of execution,
without perhaps losing much of the severe deHcacy of style which
is so remarkable on the coins of the earlier time ".

" I2T0P02 appears to be a new Artist's signature ", says
D' Imhoof-Blumer in Monnaies grecques, p. 7 ; " it occupies the

— 505 —

same position as the names of M0A02I0I and NIKANAPO on
the coins of the same town (Thurium). As to the monogram on
the bull's rump, it does not present an isolated instance; amongst
the coins of Thurium in my collection I find specimens on which

Imhoof, Moiin. ^r., PI. A, n" 4. (Collection de Luynes.)

the animal is marked with A, E. K- M« 0 or [a, . In many cases the
same letter, which appears on the bull's body, is repeated on the
obverse, generally in front of the goddess's helmet. The same
manner of marking animals with letters and symbols is also to be
seen on coins of Tarentum (H and E on the dolphin), Lykkeios
(p or K on the lion) ; Dyrrhachii (A on the cow), Corcyra (M, A,
<t>, and trident on the cow), Ambracia (A on Pegasos), of kings
Pausanias and Amyntas III. {caduceus on the horse), of the Bisaltae
(/E on the horse), of Alexander of Pherae (bipennis on the horse),
of Corinth {buirs head on the Pegasus), Pheneos (caduceus on the
bull), of Ainel, king of Byblos (^ on the bull), etc. " (Vide n
supra, p. 352).

HITSCHLER, BALTHASAR (Germ.). Mint-warden and Engraver at
Munich, 1592/93.

Bibliography. — J. V. Kull, Ausbayerisctun Archiven, 1900.

HITTORF, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Bonn, 1733-1738.
He signed his issues J. H.

HITCHCOCK. D^ J. S. (Amer.). Dentist of Oswego (N. Y.), whose
signature occurs on the ^L. of a Medallion of D"" A. P. Southwick,
dentist of Buffalo (N. Y.) (Am. Jouru. of Num., 1413).

H. K. Vide ELIUKICE KOHLER. Mint-master at Copenhagen, 1643-
1662.

H. K or HK. Vide HANS KRDG (Germ.). Die-sinker at Nuremberg,
died in 15 19.

H. K. T/W^ HANS KRUG. Nuremberg Modeller, aVffl 1570.

— $o6 —

H. K. (?). Vide HERMANN KAPPLAN. Warden to the Ducal Saxon
Mint ofSaalfeld, 1 595-1601.

H. K. Fide HANS KRAUWINKEL. Counter-manufacturer of
Nuremberg, 1580-1601.

H. K or K. Vide EElUmCE KOHLER. Mint-master at Copenhagen,
1643-1662.

H. K. Vide HEINRICH KEMPER. Mint-master at Domitz, 1669-
1673.

H. K. or ffi. Vide HEINRICH KOPPERS. Mint-master at Cologne,
1722-1734.

H. K. Vide NICOLAUS KOSIN. Medallist at St. Petersburg, after
1850.

H. K. or H. K. F. Vide HEINRICH KARL. Medallist at Vienna, first
quarter of the nineteenth century.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallniann, op. cit.

H. K. (Germ.). Signature of a Nuremberg Medallist of the third
quarter of the sixteenth century. These initials H. K. appear on a
medal of " Wolf Muntzer von Babenberg", dated 1567, and pre-
served in the Berlin Museum.

Portrait- medal of Wolf Munzer, by H. K.

Erman remarks that one cannot ascribe this medal to the later
Nuremberg Medallist, Heinrich Knopf (early part of the seventeenth
century), as the style is absolutely diiferent from his.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, 1884.

— 507 —

H. L. Fide HANS LACHENTRESS. Mint-master at Moritzburg, near
Hildesheim, 1608-1611.

H. L. or H. L. H.. Fide HEINRICH LAFFERT. Mint-master at
Driesen, 1612-1615, and previously at Posen.

H. L. or a. Fide HEINRICH LOHR. Mint-master at Quedlinburg,
1617-1619.

H. L. Fide HANS LAUGH. Mint-master at Quedlinburg, 1620-
1624, and again, 1633-1637.

H. L. or a. Fide HANS LENKER. Die-sinker and Medallist at
Augsburg, 1 620-1 630.

H. L. Fide LEOPOLD (VON DER) HOCHSTRASSE. Mint-master at

Vienna ; fourteenth century.

H. L. Fide HANS LIPHART (or LIPHARD). Mint-master at Erfurt,
1592-1599.

H. L. or a. Fide HEINRICH LAMBERT. Mint-master at Deutz,
1608, 1615 and 1616.

H. L. Fide HANS LIPPE. Mint-master at Thorn, 1629-1630.

H. L. Fide HANS LAUFER. Counter-manufacturer at Nuremberg;
died in 1632.

H. L. or a. Fide HANS LUDWIG KIENLEN. Mint-master at Ulm,
1635-1639.

H. L. or a or B?. Fide HERMANN LUDERS. Mint-master at Bre-
men, 1670-1673, and Hamburg, 1674-1692. He coined also for
Schleswig-Holstein, 1676- 1689, and for the city ot Liineburg, 1677-
1678; in 1 68 1 he became Warden of the District of Lower-Saxony.

H. L. or a or j^. C. Fide HANS LUDERS. Mint-master at Hil-
desheim, 1695-1710 and later at Detmold, 1710-1716.

H. L. Fide HEINRICH LORENZ. German Medallist ot the middle
of the nineteenth century; he was working at Berlin in 1833,
and at Altona in 1848.

H. L. F. Fide HANS LOBSINGER. Medallist of Nuremberg, circa
1520.

H. L. F. Fide HANS LUTZELBURGER. Modeller of Southern Ger-
many, circa 1524.

— 5o8 —

H. L. K. Fide HANS LUDWIG KIENLEN. Mint-master at Ulm,
1635-1639.

H. L. 0. Vide HEINRICH LAURENZ ODENDAHL. Mint-master at
Miinster, 1696-1700 and 1704-1706, Hoxter, 1698 and 1708,
Muhlheim-on-Rhine, 1700-1701, Osnabriick, 1701 and 1703, and
Paderborn, 1701-1702.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. L. Vide HANS LORENZ. Mint-master at Teschen, 1620-1621.
His initials occur on Zwolfer and 3 Kreuzer pieces of 1620, Vier-
undzwanziger and Zwolfer of 162 1.

HLAVSA, PETER VON LIBESLAW (Bohem.). Mint-master general
in Bohemia, circa 15 53-1 561. He had carried out improvements at
the Mint of Kuttenberg at his own cost, in 1557-8, the result of
which was a surplus of 20.000 Thalers in 1560. In 1561 he was
deposed.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten ^u ]. Neivald'-s Puhlicationen i'lber
osterreichische Miin^Jn-dgnngen.

H. M. Vide CONRAD HUNT, MAGDEBURGENSIS. Mint-master at
Magdeburg, 1577- 15 94; special mark, a dog's head.

H. M. Vide HEINRICH MEYER. Mint-master at Barby, 1611-1615,
Magdeburg, 1617, and Konigssee, 1620.

H. M. Vide HANS MULLER. Mint- master at Konigsberg in Prussia,
1661-1666.

H. M. Vide HENNING MULLER. Mint-master at Sondershausen,
1675-1681; at the same time also at EUrich, 1675-1678, and
Gotha, 1 681-1683.

H. M. Vide HANS HALMBERG. Mint-master at Stockholm, 1738-
1762.

HM. Vide HANDMANN. Coin-engraver at Basle, 1740- 1769.

H. M. Vide HEINRICH MEIDINGER, Mint-director at Fulda, 1765-
1770.

H. M. Vide NICOLAUS MUNT. Mint-master at Katharinenburg,
1810-1821.

H. M. 0. Vide HANS MATTHAUS OBERMULLER. Mint-master at
Meiningen, 1714-1717.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

— 509 —

H. N. Fide HANS NEUMANN. Mint-master at Schleusingen, 1550-
1553 and 1555-1569,3111! at Eisleben, 1554-1555.

H. 0. Fide HANS ODENDAHL. Mint-master at Munster and Hoexter,
1683-1696.

H. 0. Fide HEINRICH OMEIS. Medallist of Dresden, 1680-1703.

HOE. or H(E. Fide CARL WILHELM HOEGKNER. 1749-1820.
Medallist of Dresden.

BiBLiOGRAPHY. — Schlickevsen Pallmann, op. cil.

H. 0. Fide HEINRICH OECKELER. Mint-master at Brunswick ;
died in 1605. On a counter, we find his arms on one side, and on
the other a representation of Abraham's Sacrifice.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogramtnisten, III, n" 1509.

HOCHSTETTER, JOACHIM (Brit.) struck Groats and one-third
Groats of the third issue of James V. of Scotland (1527), under a
contract between the Edinburgh Mint and himself in conjunction with
his brothers. They were also ordered to make two-thirds Groats,
but none appear to have been struck. The Groats of this issue were
known as " Douglas " Groats, because they were struck while Sir
Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie was Lord High Treasurer of
Scotland. The Groat was then current for 18 d.

JK. Groat. Edinburgh. 3^Mssue (1527). Obv. -|- IWCOBVS
••• 5 .-. liEI ••• GKK ••• HEX ••• SCOTORV. Bust of king to r. in
profile, wearing crown with single arch and open coat.

^L. .-. OPpTdV .-. EDINBVRCI. Shield on long cross -four-
chee. Weight : 41. 5 grs.

Edinburgh Groat of James V.

^.One-Third Groat. Edinburgh, y^ issue. Similar to above, but
reading R : SCOTOR. Weight : 12. 5 grs.

" The agreement with the Hochstetters was that for every pound
of pure silver coined by them they should give to the king twenty
ShiUings Scottish. Further, they were taken bound to import and
fabricate as much silver monev as would allow to the king, during

— Sto —

each of the ten years of their contract, a royalty of at least £. 3000
Scottish, and this sum was to be secured to his majesty and his
successors, whether the amount of money that was requisite to
yield it should have been coined or not. "

Bibliography. — H. A. Grueber, Handbook oj the Coins oj Great Britain and
Ireland, London, 1900. — Burns, The Coinage of Scotland, II, pp. 230 and 233. —
Sale Catalogue of the Pollex/en Collection.

HODERMANN, MICHAEL (Germ.). Mint-warden at Bromberg,
1671-1678.

HODICK, FRANgOIS DE (French). '' General des Monnaies", 1612.

HOECKNER, JOHANN CASPAR (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Dresden,
1654-167 1. He was born at Weimar on the 28. November 1629,
and was the son of Gottfried Hockner, a goldsmith. He was engaged
at the Mint with a yearly income of fifty Thalers. On some Saxon
medals (Tentzel 50, IV) and jetons, his signature occurs as J)-H
or simply H. Bolzenthal gives Johann Wilhelm Hockner as the
founder of a family of artists, some of whom have made them-
selves distinguished but D"" Erbstein has shown that half a century
before him, die-sinking was already practised in this family.

By Johann Caspar Hoeckner are i halers of John George I., tenth
issue, 1654, 1^55 ^^^ ^^5^ (*^"^ illustrated); — Medal on the

Death-Thaler ot 1656.

Jubilee of the Treaty of Passau, 1654; — John George II., Vica-
riate Double and Single Thaler (signed H), Half Thaler, Ortsthaler
and Half; and probably also most of the later issues until 1668,
although many are unsigned, &c.

HOEGKNER, KARL WILHELM (Germ.). Die-sinker of Dresden ; son
of Johann Wilhelm Hockner, born in 1720, died in 1786. He held
the appointment of Seal-engraver to the Ducal Court of Saxony.

HOECKNER, KARL WILHELM (Germ.). Medallist and Gem-
engraver of Dresden, born in 1749, died in 1820. His signature
HOE. or HOE. F. occurs on some ot his productions. He learned
the art of die-sinking with his father, of the same name, but only
practised it as a hobby, as by profession he was a musician, and
never worked at the Mint. His signature HOECKNER F. occurs on a
medal of C. J. Goetz, numismatist of Dresden, 18 16; on another
of Leopold II., Frederick William, and Frederick Augustus, Treaty
of Pilnitz, 1791, and several other Saxon medals (Dresden School
for the Poor, 1793 ; — Homage of the city of Leipzig to Frederick
Augustus III., on his 50''' Birthday, 1800; — Return of Frederick
Augustus of Saxony and his family from their captivity in Prussia,
1815; — Jubilee of King Frederick Augustus of Saxony, i8i8,&c.).

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit., p. 215.

— Hennin, Histoire uumismatique de la Revolution frangaise, 1826.

HOECKNER, F. (Germ.). Gem-engraver of Dresden, died in 1795.
He is the author of a Portrait-medal of Dr. August Ferdinand
von Wolff of Warsaw (In Boston Coll"").

Bibliography. — Julius u. Albert Erbstein. Eidrknmgen auf dent Gebiete der
Sdchsischen Mhn:^-inid Medaillen-Geschichte , Dresden, 1888.

HOECKNER, JOHANN WILHELM (Germ.). Medallist of Dresden,
and Engraver at the Mint, in the early part of the eighteenth cen-
tury, circa 1702-173 3. His issues are mostly signed I. W. H. He
worked for the Royal Court of Poland and Ducal House of Saxony
under Augustus the Strong. Amnion attributes to him a medal of
Count von Beichlingen, dated 1702, on which he has read the
signature : I. W. HOGENER.

Bolzenthal remarks that this artist was the founder of a family
of engravers, but D' Erbstein mentions a Johann Caspar Hoeckner
who practised die-sinking half a century earlier.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Flad, Berufmite
Medailktire, p. 20. — Numophyl. Burckb. PI. II, n. 21 15. — Dresdner Medaillen
Catalog, 1746, PI. Ill, p. 64, nos 515 and 516.

HOEFER, or HOFER, CARL (Bohem.). Die-sinker of the first half of
the nineteenth century, who resided at Prague. His signature
C. HOEFER F. occurs on several religious badges and medals : Pil-
grim's Badge ot Albendorf; — Commemorative Medal ot the
Karlsbad mineral springs; — Pilgrim's Badge of "Heiliger Berg";

— Another, of Mariaschein ; — Imitation Shekel in tin ; — Medalet
with head of Christ, ECCE HOMO ; — Discovery of the Toplitz-
springs in Bohemia; — Pilgrim's Badge ot Warta, &c.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Bfschreibting der Sammhing Donebauer, Frag, 1888.

— 5t2 —

HOEFLER, GEORG {Germ.). Gem-engraver of the first half of the
seventeenth century, of whom Bolzenthal says that he " ably,
subtilly and clearly cut in stone, not only arms, but emblems, and
figures also ". Babelon mentions also this artist in « La gravitre en
pierres fines . »

HOELAER, AERDEN VAN (Belg.). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver of
the beginning of the sixteenth century ; he is mentioned in 1501/2
as having executed a seal for the Abbess Marguerite de Douvrin.
The name of this engraver may have been misread for HOELAER.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, Biographiis des graveurs helves. Revue de la Num.
beige, 1852, p. 210.

HOFER, ANDREAS (^Austr.). The Tyrolian leader during the War
for Independence issued from the Mint of Hall Zwanziger and
Kreuzer in 1809.

HOFER, J. J. (^Swiss) . Lithographer of Zurich, and founder of
the present firm of Hofer & C'' ; died in 1892. He is mentioned in
Revue Suisse de numismatique, 1894 ^^ '^he designer of the j^. of a
medal commemorating the International Philatelic Exhibition held
at Zurich in 1893.

HOFER, PETER (Austr.). Medallist of the second half of the
eighteenth century. I have come across his signature on a medal of
Joseph II., representing mining in Transsylvania, dated 1770 (Ad.
Resch, Siebenbiirgische Milnxen und Medaillen, Hermannstadt, 1901).
He is mentioned in 1767 as one of the artists who worked in con-
nection with the Mint at Vienna under Maria Theresia.

Bibliography. — Kalalog der Mun:^en-uiid MedailJen-Slempel-Sanimlung des K.K.
Hauplmun-^amtes in Wien, 1902.

HOFFER, DANIEL (Germ.). Goldsmith and Die-sinker at Nurem-
berg, during the first quarter of the sixteenth century.

HOFFMANN (Gem.). Coin-forger, mentioned in the Numismatic
Chronicle, 1845, p. 149, as one of a gang who successfully imitated
some of the mediaeval scarce coins of England and France, and
supposed to have been connected with the notorious Rousseau mint.

HOFFMANN (Germ.). Silversmith of Frankfort-on Main, who
issued imitations of the medal commemorating the burning of the
cathedral in 1867.

HOFFMANN, BENEDICT RUDOLF (Austr.). Mint engraver at
Prague and Kuttenherg for about sixteen years; appointed Warden
ot the Prague Mint on 26. August 1714, and at Vienna,
16. February 17 17. He still appears to have cut dies for the Mint
at Prague between 17 17 and 1721. B. R. Hoffmann was the

— 513 —

nephew ot Job. Mich. Hoffmann, the distinguished Viennese
MedaHist.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — C. Oesterreicher, op. cit.

HOFFMANN, CARL CONRAD {Austr .). Son of Georg Franz
Hoffmann. Mint-engraver at Brcslau, from 1702 until after 1722.
He succeeded his father as Chief-engraver in 17 13, and executed
coin-dies for the Mints of Oppehi and Brieg.

BlBLiOGR.^PHY. — Friedciisburg, Schlesiens uetiere Miin:;;geschichU.

HOFFMANN, CARL JOSEF (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Karlsburg
(Weissenburg), Transsylvania, in the early portion of the eigh-
teenth century. His initials C. H. occur on a gold medal of the weight
of 25 ducats commemorating the foundation of the Fortress of
Karlsburg by General Steinville, 17 14 (also in JR. and JE); on
another, dated 171 5, weighing 80 ducats, and on the same event,
he signed himself C. I. H. The medal on the Pragmatic Sanction,
1722, is signed with an H only. From 1713 to 1719 this Engraver's
salary amounted to 200 florins per annum, and afterwards to 300.

Bibliography. — Ad. Resch, op.cii. — C. Oesterreicher, op. cit.

HOFFMANN, GEORG FRANZ {Austr.). Mint-engraver at Breslau ;
brother of the Viennese Medallist Joh. Mich. Hoffmann, and father
of Carl Conrad H. He worked at Oppeln, Brieg and Breslau. His
initials G. H. occur on the Breslau Thalers of 1709 (Schulthess 413)
and on numerous coins of Leopold I. (Schulthess 369, 370, 374).

The period of his activity as an Engraver is comprised between
circa 1660 and 1710.I have met with his signature G F H on a 1666
Thaler of Christian, Duke of Silesia-Liegnitz ; and it occurs also on
coins of Brieg of 1666 and 167 1, as well as on Imperial coins of
1666, 1678, 1679 and 1706. According to Newald (^Wiener Niim.-
Zeitschr., Bd. 13), he died in 1713 and was succeeded by his son
Carl Conrad. In the early part of the eighteenth century, eight
engravers of the name of Hoffmann, all more or less related, were
employed in various mints of the Austrian dominions, where they
rendered able and faithful services.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Nagler, Motto^rammisten, etc. — Schlesieii's Vor:^eit in Bild
undSchrift, VII, 58.

HOFFMANN. FRIEDRICH {Germ.). Mint-master at Warsaw, 1827-
1830.

HOFFMANN. HANS (Germ.). Mint-master at Kulmbach (Bavaria),
1622.

L. I-ORRER. — Biographical Noticts of Medallist. — II. 35

— 514 —

HOFFMANN, HEINRICH {Germ.) Warden of the Nuremberg Mint,
1514-1519.

HOFFMANN, JACOB {Germ.). Goldsmith ot Landshut ; Mint-
engraver at Munich, 1594.

Bibliography. — J. V. Kull, Aus hayerischen Archiveu, 1900.

HOFFMANN, JACOB {Germ.). Goldsmith of Nuremberg; died in
1564. Neudorffer states that he was an experienced Modeller, but
Erman has not met with any medal by him, with the exception
perhaps of a portrait of the artist himself, dated 1560, which stands
alone in style and cannot be attributed to any of the known
Medallists. Blanchet names this artist in his list of Nuremberg six-
teenth century Medallists.

" Hoffmann", says Bolzenthal, " was highly skilled in carving
and casting counterfeits and coats of arms and in gold and silver work
and was highly valued on that account by princes and noblemen ".

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884. — Bolzenthal, op. cit.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN {Genu.). Goldsmith and Mint-engraver at
Landshut, 1594.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN {Germ.). Contracted to work the Mint at
Schweidnitz, in 1621.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN (Gtrw.). Mint-engraver at Breslau, 171 1.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN (Ge;v;/.). Mint-master at Detmold, 1671-1695.

HOFFMANN JOHANN HEINRICH {Germ.). Mint-master at Nord-
heim, 1671-1676, Biickeburg, 1677, and Cassel, 1680-1681.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN JACOB {Germ.). Mint-warden at Diez (Nas-
sau), 1 60 1.

Bibliography. — Isenbeck, Das Nassauische Miiniwesen, Wiesbaden, 1879.

HOFFMANN, JOHANN MICHAEL {Austr.). Mint-engraver at Vienna,
from May 29 1680 to 1733. On a document of 1683 he is styled
" kayserl. Siegel und Wappensteinschneider ". By him are the
following coins and medals : Thalers and Half Thalers of various
dates (Austrian currency); — Medal on the Siege of Vienna by
the Turks (3 types); — Medal of 1685 on the War against the
Turks ; — Thaler of Prince John Adolph von Schwarzenberg,
1682; — Thaler of Prince Ferdinand William Eusebius of
Schwarzenberg, Landgrave of Sulz, 1696 (with jugate busts of the
Prince and his consort); — Thaler of Joseph L, 171 r (signed

— 51) —

I. M. H.) ; — Frankfort Coronation Medal of Charles VI., ryii ;
— Presentation of the Imperial Orb to Charles VI., 171 1 ; — Res-
toration of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1712; — Prague
Coronation Medal ot Charles VI., 1723 (2 var.) ; — The Pragmat-
ic Sanction, 1722; &c.

In 1715 the artist was appointed Warden of the Vienna Mint.

Hoffmann was sent in 1693 to instal the Mint at Kremnitz; and
in 1705 he was commissioned to execute three seals for Bavaria,
for which he was paid 72 florins.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterrcichcr, op. cit. — Katalog der Mnn^eti-und-
Mediiillen-Stetupel-Samtuhing in IV ten.

HOFFMANN, KASPAR (Germ.). Mint-w.irden at Eichstadt, 1623.

HOFFMANN, LEONHARDT WILLIBALD (Germ.). Mint-warden at
Nuremberg, cited by Ammon, who adds : " Er ist der Autor des
so beriihrnten Miinzschlussels ". Fide Wills Niirnbergische Miinz-
belust. PI. II, 93. He officiated between circ. 1666-1685.

HOFFMANN. MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-master at Schwabach, 1693.

HOFFMANN, MELCHIOR (Germ.). Mint-warden at Berlin, 1589;
Mint-master in 1602 ; died in 1620. He signed his coin-issues with
M. H. or sometimes also MJ. I have seen the initials M. H. on a
very rare Quarter Thaler ot Johann Sigismund, Margrave of Bran-
denburg, dated 1612, and on a Thaler of 16 14.

HOFFMANN, ?AXJL (Austr.). Mmt-master at Joachimsthal in 1584.
He died on Feb. 17, 1599. Distinctive mark : star and crescent
within circle.

HOFFMANN. WOLFGANG HIERONYMUS (Germ.). Nuremberg
Couniermakcr ot the tirst half of the eighteenth century. A counter
wiih portrait of King George I. of England is signed on I^ WOLF:
HIRON : HOFMANN : RE : P.

Bibliography. — Franks & Grucber, op. cil.

HOFFMANN. W. (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Nuremberg, second
quarter of the eighteenth century. He signed a medal of 1735
commemorating German Victories over the French on the Mosel,
and in conjunction with Niirnberger, executed another on the
conclusion ot Peace with France, on May 2, 1737.

HOFFMEISTER, EElfiZ(Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor, residing at
Berlin, whose name appears on a medal of the Academical Fine Art
Exhibition at Berlin, 1888. The medal was engraved by O. Schultz.

- 516 -
HOFFMEISTER, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Crailsheim, 1622.

HOGARTH, ERICHSEN & CO (Bril.). A firm of Jewellers at Sydney,
who issued a number of Threepenny Tokens, dated 1858, i860, &c.,
bearing on obv. emu and kangaroo, and on I^ denomination of
value, etc.

Bibliography. — Atkins, Coins of British Possessions and Colonies, London,

HOGARTH, J. (Brit.). Perhaps a member of the firm ot S\'dney
jewellers above-named, the issuers of the well-known Threepenny
Tokens, of various types. J. Hogarth was probably the engraver of
the fine Penny Token, illustrated below, on which his signature
appears on ^L.

Victoria Penny Token, engraved by J. Hogarth.

This coin was struck for currency in Victoria, and is dated
1856. The Queen's head on obv. is copied from that by W. Wyon,
but is of finer style than is usually met with on these Australian tokens.

HOGARTH. WILLIAM (Brit.). Painter, Caricaturist, and Engraver,
1697-1764. One of the prize-medals of the Art Union of London,
with his portrait, 1848, depicts on I^ one of this artist's pictures
"Two men bribing a third " with the mention HOGARTH DES.
This medal, struck nearly a century after Hogarth's death, was
engraved by Leonard Wyon.

Hogarth designed several of the metal Admission Tickets used at
the Vauxhall Gardens, London, about the middle of the eighteenth
century; one of these is reproduced in Wroth's work.

The artist was first apprenticed to a silversmith.

Bibliography. — H. A. Grueber, Encrlish Personal Medals from iy6o, Num.
Chron., 1892, p. 245. — Wroth, Admission Tickets to the London Pleasure Gardens
in the eighteenth century.

HOGENER. Videi. W. HOCKNER.

— 517 —

HOGER, ALBRECHT (Germ.). Counter-manufacturer of Nuremberg,
second half of the eighteenth century. He also cut some medals ,
but is better known for his counters with portrait of Louis XV.,
signed with the artist's initials.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monc^rammisten, I, no 690.

HOGER, JOHANN CONRAD (Germ.). Manufacturer of Counters,
who lived at Nuremberg, and produced a number of Jetons and
Counters, between 17 18 and 1720. A counter, with Queen Anne's
portrait, is described in Med. III., II, p. 414, and bears on ^ the
inscription : lOH . CONRAD HOGER . RECH . PFN . COUNTERS.

HOGH, WILHELMP.C. (Germ.). Ivory-carver, born in Hamburg,
1846 ; came to England, 1866. After having for some time devoted
himself to the more commercial side of his art he afterwards, since
1876, applied himself to Miniature-sculpture and Carving of
Portraits in ivory. Members of the Royal Family, the Nobility,
and several Lord Mayors and City magnates are in possession of
some of his most successful Carvings. Among his Statuettes may
be mentioned : " Grace Darling "' ; — " Dick Whittington " ; —
" Marguerite "and others; and amongst his Portrait-Medallions; —
The Jubilee Medallion of Queen Victoria ; — The Duchess of Albany ;
— The late Duchess of Sutherland (Memorial); — Sir Ernest Cas-
sell ; — Lord Beaconsfield ; — The Rt. Hon^''^ W. E. Gladstone ; —
The Rt. Hon''"' J. Bright; — M' Winans ; — A. P. Welch Esq.
J. P.; &c.

HOHENAUER, MICHAEL (Austr.). Medallist and Seal-engraver of
the second quarter and middle of the sixteenth century, and
a contemporary of the artists Ludwig Neufarer, David Enderlein,
and the master who signed G. W. Fiala is the first to have recognis-
ed in the monogram H Michael Hohenauer's signature, hitherto
wrongly attributed to a certain Hieronymus Magdeburger, even by
such an authority as Erman.

"Hohenauer's Producte", observes Fiala, " deren eine bedeu-
tende Anzahl bekannt ist, wurden seit jeher alien moghchen
Stempelschneidern zugetheilt, unter welchen namentlich ein gewis-
ser Hieronymus Magdeburger die Hauptrolle spielte. Wer zuerst
auf diesen Namen kam, ist mir unbekannt geblieben; auch die
Zutheilung dieser Medaillen nach Sachsen oder Bayern ist falsch und
durch nichts begriindet. Die betreflenden Medaillen sind so gut
osterreichische Werke, wie jene des Neufarer; allcin es wurde zur
Kegel, alle mit dem Monogramme H bezeichneten Medaillen dem vor-
geblichen Magdeburger beizulegen, ohnedass mansich umdie weit-
ere Provenienz der Medaillen gekiimmert hatte. Erst Erman, dcr

- 5i8 -

aber noch an der Autorschaft Magdeburgers festhalt, ausserte die
Ansicht, dass es sich hier wohl um einen Kiintsler handle, der
nahe Beziehungen zu Neufarer hegte. "

Michael Hohenauer was probably a native of Prague ; he worked
at the Mint there as a Die-cutter and held the office of Warden of
the Mint, from circa 1554 to 1558 ; for a short time, he even filled
provisionally the post of Mint-master. As he was succeeded in
1558 by Hans Harder, it is probable that the artist died in that year.

Hohenauer's productions, several of which were executed in con-
junction with Neufarer, present such characteristic work that they
are not difficult to recognise; most of them are signed with the
artist's monogram, the relief is low, and in some instances, certain
parts of the type, as the dress of the figures or the foliage of trees
are gilt.

iMedal on the Battle of Mohacs, by M. Hohenauer.

Fiala considers the artist's commemorative medal of the Battle of
Mohacs and death of King Ludwig II., 1526 (illustrated) as his
best production. It is executed with special care and is a remarkable
piece of workmanship, of characteristic style.

To Hohenauer belong the following medals : Portrait-piece of
Count Stephan Schlick ^ Huss at the stake (signed H) (Bohtn.
Privatmed., PI. l, n° 426); — Various medals of the Reformer
Huss (Bohtn. Privatmed., PI. xix, n°^ 153, 154, 155, 156, 158;
PI. Lxxix, n° 668). The artist seems to have delighted in that
subject, and probably professed sympathy for the Hussite doctrines ;
— ^L. of Medal of Philip of Hesse, signed on obv. 6.W., 1535
(Tresor 20,3); — Duke George, the Bearded, of Saxony, 1530
(Felix coll"; illustrated)-, — Various Religious Medals (Fiala
mentions that he is acquainted with over twenty different types)
of which one of the best represents Lot's Flight from Sodom
(Doneb. n° 4297; Coll" Prince Windischgratz) ; this is dated 1535 ;

— 519 —

another depicts the Atonement, obv, Christ on the cross I^
Moses raising the brazen serpent in the wilderness; — Seal
representing a galley in full sail (signed M.H. or HH); — The
History of Hagar ; — The Baptism of Christ ^ John the Baptist
in the wilderness; -- Saul of Tarsus and the Apostle Paul (the last
three mentioned by Ernian, p. 45) ; &c.

In D*" Merzbacher's Catalogue of the Gutekunst Collection, sold
at Munich in May 1900, several medals, described under n°^ 240-
249, are attributed to Hohenauer : John Huss, obv. Bustl^ Refor-
mer at the stake; — John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, 1535; —
Christ and the Samaritan woman ^L Christ and His disciples in the
boat, 1535 ; — Job seated on trunk of tree I^ Flagellation of Christ,

Portrait-medal of George, the Bearded, by M. Hohenauer.

15395 — The Resurrection of Lazarus 1539; — St. James and
St. Philip; — Saul and Paul; — Descent of the Manna I^ The
Holy Supper (most of these bear Hohenauer's monogram).

Hohenauer may have been a pupil or a colleague of Neufarer.
The Huss medals, that of Stephen Schlick, and others, were
executed by the two in conjunction, Neufarer engraving one side,
and Hohenauer the other, as their signatures show.

Bolzenthal's particulars of Magdeburger's artistic career cannot
apply to Hohenauer, who never worked at Freiberg or Annaberg,
and is a purely Austrian Medallist.

Hohenauer worked for the Joachimsthal Mint in 1557.

Bibliography. — Fiala, Michael Hohenauer, Num. Zeits., 1890, p. 258. —
Fiala, Beschr. der Doneb. Samml., p. 486. — Katalog der Munien-und Medaillen-
Stempel-Sammlung des K.K. Hatiplmun^amles in Wien, 1902.

— 520 —

HOHLEISEN, CHRISTIAN (Germ.). Mint-master and Engraver at
Augsburg, end of the seventeenth century. His initials occur on
coins struck at that Mint, and on Thalers ot the Suabian District,
issued in 1694 by Prince-Bishop of Constance Marquard Rudolf von
Rodt. In 17 1 3 he signed a contract with the town for the restriking
of silver to the amount of 100.000 Gulden. His productions are
also signed with A between two wimbles.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten :(ti ]. Neuvld's Pvhlkatiomn, &c.

HOHLEISEN, FRANZ (Germ.). Mint-master and Engraver at Augs-
burg, circa 1760-65. Some of the Augsburg currency of that date
bears his signature F.H. which occurs also on Ducats, Thalers and
Half-Thalers of Prince-Bishop Cardinal Francis Conrad of Cons-
tance, 1 76 1, and on the Conventionsthalers of Augsburg, 1765.

Bibliography. — Tobler-Meyer, op. cil. — Reimann Catalogue.

HOHN, HEINRICH (Germ.). Nuremberg artist who collaborated
with Valentin Maler and Bernhard Rehm in the making of a
Portrait-medal of Ernst von Mengersdorf, Bishop of Bamberg,
1584 (Erman, op. cit., p. 58). — Appel, Repertorium I, 124).

HOHN, JOHANN (Germ.). Medallist of Dantzig, perhaps the father
of the artist who on some medals signs himself Hohn Junior. He
probably lived in the first half of the seventeenth century, but no
particulars are known either of his career or of his work.

HOHN, JOHANN (Germ.). Medallist of the second half of the
seventeenth century. He lived and worked at Dantzig, circa 1637-
1693, for the Mint of Dantzig, the Electoral Court ot Brandenburg,
and various foreign Courts. He died at Langenfuhr in 1693. His
signature occurs in various forms : I.H. ; I. HOHN; HOHN; JJ, Ih,
and hIVN.

The initials I.H. occur for the first time in 1636 on a Polish
Thaler (Catalogue Hutten-Czapski I, n° 1768), then in 1637 on
two medals of Dantzig, commemorating the End of the war
against the Russians, Turks and Swedes, and the Marriage of King
Wladislaus with Archduchess CeciHa Renata, daughter of Emperor
Ferdinand II. D' Erbstein suggests that the artist may have been a
pupil of Sebastian Dadler, who spent the last years of his life at
Dantzig.

Bolzenthal mentions that Hohn executed historical medals of the
reigns of John Casimir, Michael and John III. Sobieski of Poland,
Duke Ernst Bogislaw of Croy, and other princes. He further adds :
" We conjecture that there were two artists of this name, father
and son, as on several medals we read the name of Hohn Junior;

— 521 —

however, all havin*; the initials of his name appear to be the work
of the same hand. "

To the Prussian medallic series, Hohn contributed the following
medals : Accession of Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg,
the Great Elector, 1640 (signed hIVN) ; — Portrait-medal of the
Great Elector, engraved by Hohn in conjunction with C. Maler,
undated (probably the medal struck for presentation to foreign
Envoys); — Proclamation of the Great Elector at Konigsberg,
1663 ; — Portrait-medal of the Great Elector, 1663 (signed hIVN;
illustrated) ; — Commemorative Medal of the Victory at Fehrbel-
lin, 16. Jrne 1675 (signed I.H.); — Capture of Stettin, 1677; —
Capture of Stralsund, 1678; — Portrait-medal of the Great Elec-
tor; obv. Bust to r. ; ^ Eagle hovering above nest placed on

Medal of the Great Elector, by Joliann Hohn.

rocks surrounded by the sea (signed J-C); — Expelling of the
Swedes out of Prussia, 1679; — Proclamation of the Great Elector
at Magdeburg, 1681 ; — Portrait-medal of the Great Elector and
his consort Dorothea, 1669 ; — Proclamation of Frederick III.,
1688 ; — Death of Princess Elisabeth Henrietta, 1683, &c.

By Hohn is a medal struck in 1650 on the Peace of Westphalia,
which is more or less a copy of that cut by Dadler at Dresden in
1629 on the Leipzig convention in defence of the Augsburg con-
fession. Another medal, probably on the same event, and not on
the Peace of Oliva, as hitherto accepted, bears the signatures of
Dadler and Hohn. (Fide Erbstein, Erorterungen auf deni Gebiete der
Sdchsischen Miiuz^und MedaiUen-Geschichte, Dresden, 1888, p. 184.)

Domanig, Portrdtmedaillen der Er:^hauses Oesterreich, reproduces
several medals executed by the elder Hohn, circa 1670; King

— 522 —

Michael of Poland, undated; — Archduchess Eleonora, daughter
of Ferdinand III., and consort of King Michael (3 types). In the
Gutekunst collection, sold at Munich in May 1900, the following
works of the same artist were represented : John III. Sobieski, King
of Poland, 1674-1696 (Racz. 256); — Coronation Medal of the
same King, w4th his bust on obv. and that of his consort, Maria
Casimira on ^ (Czapski 2499) ; — Peace ol Oliva (PACIS OLI-
VENSIS), 1660 (2 types; one with UNSER FEIGENBAUM Hen
and brood of chickens). All these are signed I.H. These initials
appear further on a commemorative medal of the Siege of Thorn

Medal on the Siege of Thorn by King Gisimir of Poland, engraved
by Johann Hohn.

by King Casimir, 1658 (illustrated), struck in gold (of the weight
of 50 Ducats) and silver.

By Johann Hohn are also medals ot : Louise Caroline Princess
Radziwill, 1675 (Reimann Cat., n° 1669); — Raising of the Siege
of Vienna by the Turks, 1683 (signed I. HOHN on truncation of
bust of Duke John George III. of Saxony); — Medallion of the
Great Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, 1663 (signed on
obv. H.IVN and ^. I. H.); — Victory of Fehrbellin, 1675 (90
Mill.); — Death of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (undated);
— Congress of the Allies at the Hague, 1691, signed 1. H. (Med.
Illustr., II, p. 18); — Queen Christina of Sweden (2 types);

— 523 —

— Another, of 1643, struck at Riga, under Mint-master Henrik
Wulf(2 I^ types); — Peace ot Westphalia, 1650, obv. CORDA
MONARCHARUM &c. 1^. GERMANUM REDIVIVA REDIT
CONCORDIA IN ORBEM (signed : I. H.); — Field Marshal
Count Melchior von Hatzfeld ; — Field Marshal Baron von Der-
flinger; — Ernest Bogislaus, Duke of Croy and Aerschot, 1667;

— Another, of 1668 ; &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Ammon, op. cit. — Menadier, Schau-
inun:^en ties Houses Hobenxollent, Berlin, 1901. — Domanig, op. cil. — Wiiuderly-
V. Muralt Sale Catalogue, IV, Frankfurt-a-M., April, 1900. — Hildebrand, op. cit.

— Nadrowski, Die Stadlansicht von Thorn auf Mfw^en und MedaiUeu, Num. Circ,
1893, p. 124. — Nagler, Monogrammisten. — Kohler, Mi~in:(helustigungen, p. in.

HOISON, GUILLAUME (French). Gem-engraver of the first half of
the sixteenth century; probably a pupil of Matteo del Nassaro.
Babelon gives the following notice concerning this artist. " Un
compte des menus plaisirs du Roi, de 1530, rait mention d'une
somme de 448 livres, payee a Guillaume Hoison, lapidaire a Paris,
« pour une Notre-Dame d'agathe garnie de neuf grosses perles,
d'ung saphir et de deux rubis... et ung poignart ayant le manche de
cristal et garny par la guesne de trois camayeux » ".

Bibliography. — Babelon, La gravnre en pierres fines , Paris, 1884. — Migne,
Dictionnaire d'orfevrerie cbretienne, Paris, 1856, p. 1054. — Labarte, Histoire des
Arts iridustriels, t. Ill, p. 2II.

HOHMANN, CARL (Germ.). Medal-engraver, domiciled at Brussels,
where he works for the firm of Wissaert & C°. He was born at
Barmen on October 15, 1871, and studied drawing and modelling
under the Medallist Max von Kawaczynski, and at the Fine Arts
School of his native city. His apprenticeship completed, he worked
in succession for Mr. F. Homberg at Berne, Mess'^ Huguenin fr^res
at Le Locle, and then visited London and Utrecht, for the purpose
of perfecting himself in his branch. Since 1898 he has resided at
Brussels, employed as an Engraver by the firm of Wissaert & Co.
Some of his medals, that of Leibnitz, Portrait-medal of M"'*= Hoh-
mann, decorative works, &c., show some taste and ability in steel-
engraving.

Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by tlx Artist.

HOLBEIN or HOLLPEIN, FRANZ (Aiistr.). Mint-engraver at
Vienna, 1763- 1780, under the Empress Maria Theresia, and later
under Joseph II., Leopold II., and Francis II., 1780-1800.

Bibliography, — Katalog der Mimien-und Medaillen-Stempel-Sammlung des
K. K. Hauptmun:(atntes in fVien, 1902.

— 524 —

HOLBEIN, HANS (THE YOUNGER) (Gm/i.)- T'lis celebrated German
Painter deserves mention in the present work on accountof his indi-
rect connection with themedallicart. Various medals, contemporary
with the artist and later ones, were copied from paintings by him,
and it is known that he designed armorial bearings, decorative articles,
such as " vessels of various kinds, hand mirrors and other toilet-

HAXS HOLBEIN

From the Portrait by the Artist at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

apparatus, handles for daggers, earrings, brooches and other orna-
ments for gentlemen and ladies — every object an example of fine
taste both as regards form and richness of decoration, and almost
always enUvened by figures. A number of the drawings give merely
figure-compositions which were obviously intended as patterns for
delicate ornamental work in the precious metals " (Knackfuss, Hol-
bein, 1899). "One of his principal works of that kind is the design

— 52) —

for a tall cup with successive tiers of ornament, carried out with the
pen with suggestions in colour of the combined effect of gold,
pearls and precious stones. The drawing is in the Bodleian library
at Oxford. The sumptuous vessel was intended for the Queen,
Jane Seymour; it bears her motto : " Bound to obey and serve ",
and the joint initials H and I (Henry and Jane). None of the most

Medallic Portrait ot Henry VIII., after a drawing by Holbein.

famous masters ot ornamental art at the Renaissance surpassed
Holbein in the richness and distinction of his taste " (op. cit. 142).
Hans Holbein was born at Augsburg and died in London m
1)43 of the plague. He was trained by his father, and in 15 15 left
his native city never to return, making Basle his resideiice, until
Erasmus, who took a great interest in him, persuaded him to go
to England. His first visit to London was brief though successful,
thanks to the protection of Sir Thomas More, to whom Er.ismus

— 526 —

had introduced him. During his second sojourn, he was patronised
first by the Merchants of the Steelyard, and was brought later
under the notice of Thomas Cromwell, the all-powerful Minister,
who procured for him a permanent salary from the court. In 1538,
he returned for a short while to Basle, where he had accepted the
office of town painter, but in December of that year he was once
more at the English court. During the last five years of his life, the
artist devoted himself to portrait painting.

Among Holbein's most renowned w^orks, the following are his
best : Burgomaster Mayer and his wife, 15 16; Bonifacius Amer-
bach, 15 19; Scenes from the Passion ; Dance of Death; numerous
Portraits; Rehoboam ; Samuel and Saul; The Triumph of Riches
and Poverty; The Ambassadors; Portraits of Sir Thomas More,
1527 ; Christina of Denmark, 1538 ; Henry VIII. ; Prince Edward ;
the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth ; the King's goldsmith Morett ;
Queen Jane Seymour; Anne of Cleves ; the Duke of Norfolk, &c.
The artist was engaged upon a picture representing Henry VIII.
granting a charter to the Masters of the Barbers' Surgeons' Company
when death laid him low.

"Holbein", wrote one of his biographers "is seen at his
highest in his portraiture ; and in this department his expressional
power, his veracity and dignity, and his noble technical qualities
of unerring, draughtsmanship, subtle and perfect modelling, and
richness and force of colouring entitle him to rank with the greatest
masters".

A portrait-medal of Henry VIII., the workmanship of which
may be German, and which I illustrate here, was evidently exe-
cuted after a painting by Holbein. Mr Grueber, of the British
Museum, who kindly favoured me with a plaster cast of this
medal, writes : "The portrait of the King is precisely similar to
that of the famous drawing by Holbein for the Whitehall wall
painting in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire.

In Med. III., p. 48, the medal is described thus : "Bust ot
Henry VIII., nearly full face, flat hat, trimmed with feathers and
decorated with jewels under the brim, medal suspended by riband
from his neck; he also wears the rich collar of rubies which,
Evelyn says, was afterwards sold by the family of Charles I. to
supply them with the necessaries of life during their exile : the
whole within laurel border.

No reverse.

4.4; 3.95; 4.1 by 3.45. Van Mieris, r 1.155. Perry, Supp. 1.3.

MB. JE. &. gilt, lead (oval), Bodley, iE. Rare.

These medals are always cast... There are two specimens of the
second size in the British Museum, which are certainly contempo-
rary castings; as well as that in lead, which is oval and without a

— 527 —

border. These medals do not appear to have been issued for any
special event, but merely as portraits ; such medals of the Sove-
reigns of Europe of that time being not uncommon. The work-
manship may be German".

The Creation and Final Judgment, after Holbein.

Another medal, executed after drawings by Holbein, is described
by Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, p. 45. It is the work ot the
medaUist who signs G. W. I reproduce it here, from a plaster-cast

— 528 —

obtained from the Berlin Museum, through the kindness of Prof.
Menadier. On one side is represented the Creation of Eve and on
the other the Last Judgment. The legend reads : ANNO MDXLV
CONDITORI ET CONSERVATORI ORBIS DEO TRINO ET
UNO HOC FACIE. G.W. '' The design of both sides, " remarks
Erman, '" is copied from Holbein, as Prof, von Sallet has informed
me." The technique of this medal is very peculiar; it appears to be
a struck piece, but chased.

The medallion or brooch, known as the " Holbein George",
which is traditionally believed to have been worn by Henry VIII.,
may or may not have been executed by Holbein. '' There is nothing,
however, to prove that Holbein had a hand in its construction ; in
fact, his designs for jewels, preserved in his Basle Sketch-Book and
his London Sketch-Book at the British Museum, show few points for
comparison with the style of work on this jewel. Moreover, with
the exception of a note in an ancient chronicle, where Henry is
described as wearing in his hat "a riche brooch with y^ image ot
Sainct George ", there are no means of verifying the tradition that
it was the actual ornament worn by the bluff King Hal. The figure
of St. George on horseback is in full relief, and the dragon vigor-
ously modelled; the figure of the Princess Labra can just be seen
kneeUng in the background. The whole is of gold, finely chased
and brilliantly enamelled, and surrounded with a raised border of
green enamel. In the time of George IV. the jewel was enclosed in
a glass box, surrounded by the Garter and motto in blue enamel
of coarse work. Its workmanship is evidently South German,
showing some signs of Italian influence, of the early pan of the
sixteenth century, and made possibly at Augsburg. It should be
compared, particularly with respect to the modelling of the white
horse and its rider, with a beautiful brooch or hat-medallion of
very similar character in the collection of Mr. George Salting at the
Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. " (The Connoisseur.^

HOLGZER, WOLFGANG (Aiistr.). Mint-master at Vienna, 1452-
1456, and 1462-63, and in conjunction with Niklas Teschler,
1460.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Von Ebengteuth, Wiens Muniwesen, Handel und Verkehr,
Wien, 1902.

HOLD, G. Vide 6E0RG HOLDERMANN.

HOLDERMANN, GE0R6 {Germ.). Nuremberg Artist, probably a
Goldsmith, of the first half of the seventeenth century ; his medal-
work is comprised between 1610 and 1629. Erman observes that
Holdermann's Portrait-medal of himself (illustrated) offers very fine
work, but most of his productions are weak.

Medal on the completion of the Nuremberg Town Hall, by G. Holdermann,

L. FoRRER" — Bioi^nipliiciil Xolices of MeJalliili. — II. 34

— 530 —

Erman gives the following list of the artist's medals : Undated,
Pirkheimer and Diirer (Tr^s. i, 5; Bedin Mus.); — 1610, The
Artist himself (aet. 25) and his mother (?) Maria Magdalena (Berlin);
{illustrated^; — 1619, Medal on the Completion of the Nuremberg

Portrait-medal of Gcorg Holdermann and his mother.

Town Hall; signed G. HOLDERMAN F., IE. BERCKHAUSEN PERF.
fTres. 41,7; illustrated) \ — 1623, Willibald and Hans Imhot
(Berlin); — 1625, Heinrich Miilleg (Berlin); — and perhaps also
Veit Adam von Gubeck, Bishop of Freisingen (Berlin).

On account of similarity of work with Holdermann's Portrait-
piece of himself, Erman is inclined to attribute the following
unsigned medals to him also : 1627. Bernhard Maeyr (Berlin) ; —
Undated, Georg Volkamer, aet. 68 (Berlin); — i628,Ulrich Grunt-
herr (Berlin) ; — (1628), Andreas III. Jmhof (Berlin); — (1629),
Sigmund Gabriel Holzschuher (Berlin); — (1629), Christoph
Fuerer (Berlin); — and (1620), Andreas III. Imhof and his wife
Resina.

Some of the artist's medals are signed : G. HOLD.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, Berlin, 1884.
Sammlung Eugen Felix. -- Blanchet, op. cit.

Hess, Medaillen-

HOLLANDIGUS, STEPHANUS or STEPHEN VAN HOLLANT (Dutch).
Medallist of the middle of the sixteenth century, only known
by the medals he executed between circa 1548 and 1562. He lived
in Holland, as his name Stephan von Holland implies, and later on
worked for Sigismund, King of Poland. During a visit to England,
he produced several medals belonging to the English series, and
described in Medallic Illustrations : William Parr, Marquess of
Northampton, 1562 (signed : STE. H.); — Marchioness of North-

— 531 —

ampton, 1562 (signed : STE. H. F,); — William, Earl of Pembroke,
1562; — Anne Heneage, 1562; — Thomas Stanley, 1562; —
Richard Martin and his wife Dorcas, 1562 (illustrated^; — Edmund

^

Richard Martin and his^wife Dorcas, by Stephen of Holland,
(f of actual size).

WithipoU, 1 5 62 {illustrated') ; — Another, with bust in profile, to r. ;
— Maria Dimock, 1562; — Michel de Castelnau, 1565. *' All these
medals are cast and chased, and of most delicate execution " (Med.

Edmund WithipoU, by Stephen of Holland,
(f of actual size).

Illnstr. II, p. 741). "They are certainly very fine examples of
Dutch Art", observes Mr, Grueber in his Guide to the Exhibition of
English Medals, int. xviii. " "It is not improbable that this artist
first studied at Nuremberg, which was the great school for medal-
lists in Germany, and in which Albert Diirer himself had worked."

Pinchart, Etienne Van Hollaut (Revue beige de numism., i860,
p. 178) remarks that the artist probably lived at Utrecht, as many
of his medals represent personages of that town. In the fifteenth
century a tamily of the name of Van Hollant was occupying high
position in the magistracy.

Stephen of Holland's signature appears further on the following
medals cited by Pinchart : 1558, Cornelius Van Myerop (Van Mieris,

— 532 —

Histori der Nederlandsche Vorsten, t. Ill, p. 125); — 1558, Gauthier
Van Yler, Bailiff of the Teutonic Order at Utrecht (Van Loon,
Hist, niit.des Pays Bas,i. I, p. 25) ; — 1558, George, Earl of Egmont,
Bishop of Utrecht (Van Mieris, II, p. 403); — 1558, Another, ot
the same personage I^ PIETATEM EXERCE ; — 1558, Cecile Vees-
elar, aet. 37; — 1559, Floris Allewien (Rev. beige, 1867, p. 348);

— 1 561, Charles deCocquiel; — 1561, Sigismund Augustus, King
of Poland and his Queen, Catherine (Bolzenthal, p. 182); — 1562,
Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland ^ DA MIHI VIRTVTEM
CONTRA HOSTES TVOS Horseman brandishing his sword ; —
Undated, Antoine de Moor dit Moro, a celebrated artist of Utrecht;

— and perhaps by Stephen of Holland is also a medal of Pope
Adrian VI., with legend in Dutch rhymes * M *7Tt)RIEN *VAN
♦ GOD * GHEKOREN i P7CVS * VA * ROMEN *
TVTREGHT 4» GHEBOREN ; — Undated, Lucas Munich, Abbot
of St. Bavo in Ghent, -f i'y62 (Merzhacher, Kimstmedaillen Katalog,

Sigismund II. Augustus of Poland, by Stephen of Holland.

n° 526); — Anton de Blocklant, aet. 26 (Nagler says of this
portrait : ''Der jugcndhche Profilkopfist sehr gut gearbeitet").

Domanig (Portrdtmedailkn des Er:(I)auses Oesterreicli) who repro-
duces the meaal of Sigismund II. Augustus of Poland, mentions two
others made in the style of Stephen of Holland : Duke Albrecht V.
of Bavaria and his consort the Archduchess Elizabeth, 1558; — and
Archduchess Katharina, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand L, 15 62 (?).

Stephen of Holland's medallic portraits are of eminent merit. The
execution is of extraordinary finish, and resembles in some respects
the work of the Augsburg and Nuremberg early sixteenth century
artists. The likenesses are very life-like and happily rendered.

BiBLiCKJRAPHY. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, op. cit. — Franks & Grueber,
Medallic. ////w/r. & Album of Plates, 1904. — H. A. Grueber, B. M. Guide to the
Exhibition of English Medals, 1891. — Pinchart, Etienne van Hollant, Rev. de la
num. beige, i860, 1867. — D^ Merzbacher, Kunsttmdaillen Catalog, April 1900.
— Nagler, Monogrammisten, V. — Van Loon, op. cit. — Van Mieris, op. cit.

— ^33 —

HOLLAND, JOHANN LORENZ(G<'n;;.).Mint-mnster at Dresden, under
King Frederick Augustus!., 1698-17 16. Various coins of that reign
bear his initials, such as the Thalers illustrated below of 1706,
1709,1711, 1715.

Frederick Augustus I , Dresden Thaler of 1706.

Frederick Augustus I. " Monogram" Thaler of 1709.

Frederick Augustus I., Vicariats Thaler ot 171 1.

534

Frederick Augustus I., Dresden Thaler of 1715.
Bibliography. — Kirmis, Handbtich der boJnischen Munikuiide, 1892.

H0LLEN6ACH, J. C. (Germ.). Die-sinker of Berlin, first quarter ot
the nineteenth century. He is cited by Schlickeysen-Palhnann. On
a masonic medal of 1820, with bust of D"" Johann Wilhelm Ellen-
berger (Zinnendorf) 1820, his full signature reads : C. HOLLEN-
BACH. He also engraved a Portrait-medal of D' Johann Carl Friedrich
Meyer of Berlin (in Boston Coll").

HOLLING, GABRIEL (Germ.). Die-sinker at Cassel, 1723-1728.

H OLLM A YR (G^rm.). Electoral Mint-director, 1633. According to
contemporary documents he received 1 105 florins for 16 gold chains
and 2 presentation medals which he delivered in that year.

Bibliography. — Mittheihingen der Bayerischen NtimisuialiscJjen Gesellschaft,
1902.

HOLLOWAY, T. (5n7.). Medallist of the third quarter of the eigh-
teenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. I have only come
acrosshis signature on two Portrait-medals of Whitfield, 1770 (on his
death at Newbury Port) and D"" Peter Clare, 1779 (on his discoveries
in surgery). The artist was born in London, in 1748, and died in
1827. "He was a skillful workman ", says Betts (Hist. Medals of
America), " and was Engraver of Hisloiy to the King. "

HOLM, J. J. (Danish). Court-medallist at Copenhagen, during
the second halt of the eighteenth century (according to Bolzen-
thal).

HOLMBOE, M. (Norw.). Contemporary Medallist who exhibited
some medals at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1900. M. Roger
Marx reproduces two of his works in MedaiJleurs modernes en France

— 535 —

et a r^tranger : Exhibition Medal of Bergen, 1898 ; — and Pigeon-
training.

HOLLBEIN. FRANZ Fide HOLBEIN.

HOLLPEIN, LEOPOLD(^//^/r.).Mint-engraverat Vienna, from 1833

to 1836.

HOLROYD, CHARLES (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list; a member of the Society ot Medallists, at whose exhibitions in
1899 and 1 90 1, he showed several medals : Geoffrey Chaucer. I^
A man kindling fire from dry wood ; — Portrait of a gentleman ;
— Six medals of old Italian Masters, &c.

HOLSTEIN, BARTflOL (Germ.). Founder, of the early part of the
seventeenth century, who resided at Bamberg, and cast, in con-
junction with Heinrich Scheurer, a Portrait-medaUion, modelled by
the Nuremberg goldsmith, Heinrich Knopf, of Johann Gottfried
von Aschhausen, Bishop of Bamberg, 1610.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cil.

HOLTER (Anstr.). A Salzburg Goldsmith of the eighteenth century
who executed a uniface Portrait-medallion of Mozart (Mitth. des
ClubSy &c., p. 112).

HOLTZEMER, KARL LUDWIG (Germ.). Medallist of Hanau, during
the third quarter of the eighteenth century, and beginning of the
nineteenth. The name should really be spelt HOLTZHEIMER (q. v.).

HOLTZHEIMER, KARL LUDWIG (Germ.). Die-sinker at Hanau,
circa 1775-1820. He was employed at the Hanau Mint in thecapa-

Bieberer Mining Thaler, by Holtzheimer.

city of Engraver of the coins. On a Bieberer mining Thaler, 1796
(illustrated), with bust of Landgrave William IX. of Hesse, his

- 536 -

signature H occurs on truncation, and his full name HOLTZEMER is
found on a medal of 1803, struck by the town of Hanau to com-
memorate the accession to the dignity of a Prince-Elector of
WiUiam I. of Hesse; also on a medal of 1790 on the Emperor
Leopold II. 's coronation.

HOLTZHEY, JOHANN GEORG (Dutch). Medallist of the second half
of the eighteenth century. He was the son of Martin Holtzhey,
born at Amsterdam in 1729, appointed Master of the Mint in
Zealand in 1754, and died in 1808. He worked for Frederick the
Great of Prussia and other German princes, and was occasionally
employed by Louis XV. and Louis XVI. of France.

He is the author of the following medals : William V., Prince ot
Orange, Knight of the Garter, 1752; — Death of the Princess ot
Orange, 1759; — Battle of Minden, 1759 ; — Medal struck in the
Netherlands in the hope of the speedy return of Peace, 1762
(illustrated); — The Peace of Paris, 1763; — Another, on the
same event ^L ALMA PACE INTER RUSSIAM, &c. ; — Treaty

-' %: Af y^^T

Medal ot the Hope ot European Peace, by J. G. Holtzhey,

of Neutrality, 1780; Bust of Catherine the Great I^ Allegorical
representation; — Capture of St. Eustatia, 1781 (2 types); —
Battle of Doggersbank, 1781 (2 types); — Holland receives John
Adams as Envoy, 1782; — Treaty of commerce between Holland
and the United States, 1782; — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748,
with bust of William C. H. Friso, Prince of Orange ; — Naval
Action off Cadiz, 1780; — Frederick the Great, ^ 742 (^ by
Martin Holtzhey); — Peace concluded at Dresden, 1745 ; — Battle
of Prague, 1757 (signed I.G.H.F.); — Battles of Rossbach and
Leuthen, 1757; — Death of Frederick the Great, 1786; — Mar-
riage of William V. of Nassau-Orange with Princess Sophia Wilhel-
mina, 1767 (2 types); — Marriage of William I., King of the

— 537 --

Netherlands, 1791 ; — King Louis XVI. and his Finance Minister,
Necker (signed H.); — Anglo-Russian Expedition against Holland,
and Victory of Kastricum, 1799; — Medal of the College of the
Forty at Emden, 1751; — Medal on the Death of William IV.
Charles Henry Friso, Stadholder of the United Netherlands, 175 1 ;

— Death of Friso's Consort, 1759; — Cornelia Bierens, Dutch
centenarian, 1790; — William IV. of Orange; Accession to the
Stadholderate, 1774 (signed HOLZEY on ^ and HOLTZEY on obv.);

— Amsterdam Foundling Hospital, 1766 ; — Amsterdam Life
Saving Society, 1767; — Count Bestuschef Riumin, 1757; —
Preliminaries of the Peace of Breslau, 1742; — Battle of Pirna,
1756; — Peace Medal, 1760; — Peace Medal, 1761; — Medal
of the Society for the Defence of Evangelical Worship; — Prize
Medal of the Dutch Society for the Promotion of Industry ; —
Silver Wedding of Christian Scholten and Johanna Caiharina a
Wesde, 1775; — William Charles Henry Friso, Stadholder of Holland,
1747; — Fireworks at The Hague in connection with the Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1749; — The New Year, 1750; — Prince
William IV. as Margrave of Veere and Flushing, 175 1 ; — Mar-
riage of Prince William V. witli Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina,
Princess of Prussia, 175 1 ; — Burial of William IV., 1753 (2 var.);

— The New Year, 1760; — Marriage of Princess Caroline of
Orange-Nassau with Prince Charles Christian of Nassau-Weilburg,
1760 (2 var.) ; — Landtag Medal of Friesland in honour of Princess
Caroline of Nassau-Weilburg, 1765 ; — Death of William IV., 1781
(4 var.); — Princess Anne ot England, 1752 (2 var.); — Marriage
of William V. with Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess ot
Prussia, 1765 (2 var.); — The New Year, 1768; — Triumphant
Entry of the Prince and Princess into Amsterdam, 1768 (3 var.); —
Birth of the Hereditary Princess of Orange, 1770 (3 var.); —
Homage rendered to the Stadholder William V., 1766 ; — Landtag
Medal of Friesland in honour of WiUiam V., 1766; — William V.
visits Kampen, 1766 ; — Holland's inclination towards Prussia and
Aversion of the French, 1766 ; — The Prince returns to The Hague,
1787; — Marriage of the Hereditary Prince William Frederick
u'ith Frederica Louise Wilhelmina, Princess of Prussia, 1791, &c.

Bolzenthal says of J. G. Holtzhey : "Although in the prevaihng
taste, he executed a medal of Frederick II. of Prussia, which in many
respects was very good and by its resemblance maintained a high
value. This artist secured to himself a worthy remembrance by his
numerous works. "

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Nagler, Mouogrammiskn , 1881. —
Franks and Grueber, McdalHc llhislrationsoflhe History of Great Britain. — Calalo-
S'ls vail MedaiUes betrekkelyk de Historie der Nederlanden, Amsterdam, 1755. —
Heiinin, Histoire numismatique de Ja Revolution fran(aise. — Van Loon, op. cit. —
Num. Chronide, 1895, p. 310.

- 538 -

HOLTZHEY, MARTIN {Dutch). Medallist of the first half of the
eighteenth century; born at Ulm in 1697, settled at Amsterdam,
where he obtained the appointment of Master of the Mint, and died
at Middelburg in 1764. Mr. Grueber calls him " an excellent
medallist".

By him are numerous medals, amongst which I note : Second
Treaty of Vienna, 173 1 (2 types). — Projected Marriage of William,
Prince of Orange, and Princess Anne, 1733; — Their Marriage,
1734 (4 types); — Arrival of William, Prince of Orange, and
Princess Anne at Leeu warden, 1734 ; — Convalescence of William,
Prince of Orange, 1734; — Battle of Culloden, 1746 ; — Concord
of Holland, England and Germany, 1746; — William, Prince ot
Orange, Stadholder, 1747 (2 or 3 types); — Birthday of Princess
Carohne of Orange, 1748 (3 var.); — Birth of Prince William ot
Orange, 1748 (3 var.); — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ; preliminaries

Obv. ot Coronation Medal of Francis I., by Martin Holtzhey.

signed, 1748; — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded, 1748 (sev.

var.); Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755; — Portrait-medallion ot

Gustav Wilhelm von ImhofF, Governor-general of the Dutch East
India Co; — Frederick the Great, 1742 (obv. by J. G. Holtzhey);

— Another, on the Conquest of Silesia, 1742; — Coronation ot
Francis I., Emperor of Austria, 1745 (illustrated)-, — Peace conclud-
ed at Fiissen, 1745; — Jean Jacques Vitrarius, Jurisconsult of
Geneva, 1743; — Peace of 1742 (several varieties); — Peace of
Dresden, 1745 (2 var.); — Battle of Pirna, 1756; — Peace of
Hubertusburg, 1763 ; — Prize Medal of the Leyden University ; —
Planting the May-poles at The Hague, 1737; — William Charles
Henry Friso, Stadholder of Holland, 1747 ; — William Charles
Henry Friso, Hereditary Stadholder of Holland, 1747 (8 varieties);

— The New Year, 1748, and Fifth Birthday of Princess Carolina

— 539 —

(6 var.); — Birth of Prince William, son of William IV. and Anne
of England, 1748 (3 var.) ; — Preliminaries of the Peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle (3 var.); — Peace of Aix-la Chapelle (2 var.) ; — Birth or
the Prince of Orange, 1748 ; — Jubilee Festivities in remembrance
of the Peace of Munster, 1748 ; — Visit of the Prince and Stadhold-
er to Amsterdam, 1748; — The Hereditary Prince and Stadhold-
er receives the Earldom of Culemborgh, 1748; — Opening of the
Mint at Harderwyk, 1753, &c.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustra-
tions, &c. — Domanig, op. cit. — Menadier, Schaimiun\en des Houses Hohtn-ollerv ,
1901. — Thomsen Medal-Catalogue. — Cochran-Patrick, op. cit. — Amnion, op.
cit. — Hildebrand, op. cit. — Friedensburg, Schlesiens Mun:{en und Medaillen der
neiieren Zeit, 1901. — Dirks, Reperloriinn, &c. — De Historie penningen in Munten
betrekking hebbende op bet Stamhuis van Orange-Nassau.

HOLTZHEY, MARTIN {Dutch). Son of Martin Holtzhey, and Mint-
engraver at Middelburg, from 1752 to 1754. He is said to have been
dismissed on the suspicion of having engraved satirical Dutes,
though this cannot be proved. Through the exertions of his father,
his salary h id only just been raised from 400 to 600 florins per
annum when he left the Mint.

Bibliography. — Marie de Man, Les Dutes ^e'landaises. Revue beige de numis-
matique, 1900, p. 305.

HOLTZHEY, MATTHIAS JOHANN (Dutch). Cousin of the last, who
took the place of Martin Holtzhey Jun"" as Mint-engraver at Middel-
burg, after 1754.

HOLTZLER, KONRAD (Austr.). Mint-master at Vienna, in con-
junction with Valentin Liephart, 1466.

Bibliography. — Arnold Luschin von Ebengreuth, fViens Mtin:(wesen, 1902.

HOLU..., JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Wohlau, at the
beginning of the sixteenth century.

HOLZHAUSER, JOHANN PHILIP (Germ.). Medallist who resided at
Warsaw, 1764- 179 2. He worked for the Mint, on the restoration
of which by King Stanislaus Augustus of Poland in 1766 he
engraved a medal, described by Raczinski, 507. Ammon mentions
also a medal of this King by Holzhauser, of the weight of 25 gold
ducats, of which only twelve specimens are known. His initials
occur on a Pattern Thaler in pure silver of 1771, obv. Bust of
king. I^ DAT JUSTI PRETIUM Scales for weighing money.

Bolzenthal says : " In Warsaw we find a German J. P. Holz-
hiiuser, w^ho w-as much employed by the Court, and whose pro-
ductions give him a place among the principal artists of his time.

— 540 --

He several times engraved the portrait of Stan. Augustus. Tiie King
rewarded the artist by raising him to the nobiHty, and gave him
the commission to recoin in reduced proportions ail the medals
struck in his reign, several of which the monarch had himself

Portrait-medal of Holzhauser.

invented. He was also induced to transmit to posterity the likenesses
of some celebrated persons. His style is light and graceful ".

His medals are mostly signed I. P. H. There is one of King
Frederick William II. of Prussia, 1785, struck by order of the city
of Konigsberg. D"" Storer has brought to my knowledge two medical
medals by this Artist : Portrait of D"^ Johann Ludwig Regenmann
of Warsaw, 1781 ; — and D"" O. Orlowski of Wilna.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Nurnhergerische
Felseckerische Zeilwtg, 1767, no 231. — Menadier, op. cit.

HOLZ, SEBASTIAN VON STERNSTEIN (Austr.). Mint-master at
Kuttenberg, 16 17, replaced by Chotochowsky.

Bibliography. — C. Oesterreicher, Regesten, &c.

HOLZSCHUHER, LEOPOLD (Germ.). Warden of the Annaberg Mint
in 1545, Mint-master after 1550. His special mark (his family arms)
is found on coins of Annaberg between 1554 and 1558. In that
year, 1558, the Annaberg Mint was with that of Dresden. Imhof,
in his Niirnbergischen Miin^-Cabimt (II. Abtheil., p. 399 sqq.),
amalgamated has given a list of the coins, shooting medals, &c.
bearing the Holzschuher mark.

Bibliography. — Erbstein, Erorterungen auf dent Gebiete der sdchsischen Mitni-
und Medaillen-Geschichte, Dresden, 1888.

HORE or HOARE, JAMES (Brit.). A London Goldsmith ; Warden
of the Royal Mint, in conjunction with Charles Duncombe,

— 541 —

1678-81. He was Comptroller of the Mint in 1661, and Surveyor
of the Meltings and Clerk of the coins in 1665.

HOLY FRtlRES (Szuiss.). Watch-case Manufacturers and Die-
sinkers, established since 1893 ^^ S^- Iiiiier (Switzerland). The
firm, directed by M. Franz Holy, born in November 1867 and

Exterior view of tlie works.

M. Jules Holy, born in November 1872, bears a well-earned repu-
tation for original work and exceptional taste in the decoration of
watch-cases; indeed for finished workmanship, the quality of their
productions can hardly be surpassed.
Many are the elegant and charming
designs of every variety that ornament in
gold, silver, brass, and art metal, the
watch-cases manufactured by Holy freres.
These designs are their exclusive property
and are duly protected. The work is
executed by the firm's own stafi", a ^, ^ . . t^
considerable number of technicians and ^^'^ ^^"""^ P^"'"-
skilled hands being employed in the offices, workshops and
forge.

MM. Holy freres have recently launched out in a new field, that
of medal-making, and in this branch also good work has already been
produced. Ample opportunities for the development of this
department, notwithstanding keen competition, is afforded by the
custom, long prevalent in Switzerland, of issuing Commemorative
and Prize-medals for all the numerous Federal, Cantonal, and
Urban Rifle Meetings, Patriotic Festivals, Industrial Exhibitions, &c.
that take place yearly in that country.

— 542 —
The Medals issued by Holy treres are not very numerous, but

Cantonal Kifle Meeting ol Thurgau at Weinfelden, 1903.
they are not wanting in artistic taste, and with the collaboration ol

Cantonal Bernese Rifle Meeting at Biel, 1903.
eminent sculptors, this enterprising firm offers fair promise of yet

Swiss Federal Meeting ot Athletic Sports at Zurich, 1903.

— 543 —

greater success. These medals are : Commemorative Medal of the
Thurgovian Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Weinfelden, 1903; —
— Bernese Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Biel, 1903; — Portrait
Plaque of Ernest Francillon, Watch-manufocturer at S' Imier

Ernest Francillon.

(executed by M. Jules Holy) ; — Commemorative Medal of the
Swiss Federal Meeting of Athletic Sports at Zurich, 1903 ; —
Chilian Society for the Protection of Infancy, &c.

Chilian Society for the Protection of Infancy.

The firm of Holy freres affords a notable example of that commer-
cial entreprise which keeps pace with the times and studies the
requirements of the hour.

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by AfM. Holy freres.

— 544 —

HOMBERG, F. {Swiss). Contemporary Medallist, residing at
Berne, was born at Magdeburg on the 12''' of April 185 1. His grand-
father, who served under Napoleon I., 1809- 18 14, settled in Thu-
ringia from Switzerland and his father earned reputation as a
clever tool-maker, draughtsman and sculptor in wood. With him,
young Homberg learned the elements of drawing and was initiated
into the first principles of art. Unfortunately, the father died early.
In 1865, the youth was sent as an apprentice to the die-sinking
establishment of Falkenberg & C°, where he was taught engraving
and was employed in making seals, cliches, and such like work.
During his leisure hours, he studied modelling and practised steel-
engraving. His apprenticeship being ended in 1869, Homberg w^as
engaged as a volontaire by the Berlin medallist Pfeuffer, and now
became better acquainted with chasing, die-sinking, &c. Between
1870 and 1 87 1, he worked as an Engraver at the Royal Printing
House von Decker at Berlin, and afterwards, for two years, he was
employed by the Court-engraver G. Schiller at Stuttgart. From there,
he went to Strassburg, then returned to Stuttgart, made a short
stay in Paris, and in 1876 settled at Berne, where he married in
1 88 1 and became naturalized in 1886.

Homberg's style is very much admired in Switzerland, and his
work certainly deserves being better known. His countrymen, as a
majority, do not appreciate modern French workmanship, especially
in German Switzerland, and necessity obliges the artist to study the
requirements of his clients, as he writes : " Die deutsche Schweiz
verlangt ihre Medaillen im deutschen Geschmack, hohes Relief mit
Stempelglanz, und es gelang mir erst bei zwei Medaillen, mich mehr
der franzosischen Manier anlehnen zu diirfen. Wahrend Kenner
die franzosische Medaille durch ihre weiche, fast verschwommene
Modellation und durch ihre malerische Wirkung schatzen, weiche
wirklich einzig dasteht, kostet es hier Muhe von den Auftraggebern
die Erlaubniss zur Ausfiihrung in vorerwahnter Art, zu erhalten . . .
Unsere schweizerischen Verhaltnisse gestatten keine so gliinzende
Bezahlung, wie man sie in Deutschland und Frankreich fiir derartige
Arbeiten geben kann. Frankreich bezahlt fiir eine gute Medaille
Frs. 8.000. — — 10.000. — , wahrend wir hier fiir unsere beste
Arbeit, fiir die Composition, die Ausfiihrung des Modells, die
Graviire der Stempel im Maximum Frs 1200. — erhalten (gegen-
vvartig Frs. 400. — ). Die Folge davon ist, dass, wahrend sich der
Pariser Graveur-Meaailleur mit Ruhe und Musse in seine Aufgabe
kiinstlerisch vertiefen kann, wir hier in der Hast und Aufregung
derartige Arbeiten abwickeln miissen, das ist miihe-und sorgenvoll;
dann nebenbei heisst es noch alle die industriellen und kunst-
gewerblichen Aufgaben, die das Brod bringen, mit auszufiihren ".

To my mind, many of Homberg's medals are superior in merit,

— 545 —

grace of design, execution and finish to the latest productions
of the French decadent school. I do not speak of such masters as
Roty, Chaplain, the Dubois, Vernon and many others, but there is
a growing tendency to imitate the style inaugurated by Charpentier,
the so-called Art Nouveau, which consists in depicting nature in its
worst or ugliest forms; haggard faces, bony and shapeless figures,
undefined and lifeless creatures, which appear to be the outcome of
a diseased, overwrought imagination.

For the last twenty-five years, Homberg has been at the head of
his present establishment, and besides undertaking all kinds of work
of die-sinking, seal-engraving, copper plate-engraving for bank-
notes, documents, &c., has always given his special attention to the
cutting of medal-dies.

Commemorative Medal ot the Foundation of Berne.

The following list comprises all the b^'st medals executed by this
artist : 1879, Federal Rifle Meeting at Basle (35 mill., 50 JK., 200
JE., 500 in other metals (0. m.), total 750 specimens struck); — 1881,
Industrial Exhibition at La Chaux-de-Fonds (60 mill., 200 JR..,
400 JE. = 600) ; — 1888, Munich Club " Schlaraffia" (38 mill., 250
JR<., 350 JE. := 600) ; — 1890, Federal Choral Festival at Thun (38
mill., 120 JR^., 150^. = 270); — National Fine-Art Exhibition
at Berne (38 mill., 75 JR^., 8oiE = 155); — 1891, Cantonal Rifle
Meeting at Burgdorf (45 mill., 1656 JB^., 1380 JE. = 3036) ; —
Commemoration of the Foundation of Berne (2 sizes, 38 and $0
mill., 1850 JK., 1650 JE., 3000 0. m. = 6500; illustrated); —
1892, Federal Rifle Meeting at Glarus (45 mill. , $oJR.., 12 JE. =
62); — 1893, Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Binningen (45 mill., 705
iR.); — Federal Choral Festival of Basle (45 mill., 80 J^., 30
JE. = ijo); — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Bienne (45 mill., 1186

L. FoRRBK. — Biographical Notices of Medallists. — II. }S

— 54^ —

JK., 800 JE. = 1986); — 1895, The Berne Cathedral (2 sizes, 38
and 70 mill., 3 Al., 288 ^R., 173 iE. = 464); — 1894, Cantonal
Rifle Meeting atThun(45 mill., 1452 J^., ji^JE. = 2ij6); —
Exhibition at Yverdon, Vaud (50 mill., 250 J^., 400 JE.,\ioo 0. m.
= 750); — 1895, Cantonal Rifle Meeting at^St. Gall (45'mill.,
800 ^.) ; — Agricultural Exhibition at Berne (50 mill., 644 yfC.,

Inauguration of the Bubenberg Monun . :

400iE.^i044); — Commemoration of the Inauguration of the Tell
Monument at Altdorf (2 sizes, 38 and 50 mill., 3 M., 2120 /R.,
620 JE., 3600. m. = 3103); — 11896, Cantonal Rifle Meeting at
Baden (45 mill., 850 ^., 450 JE. = 1300); — Jubilee Rifle
Meeting at Aarau (38 mill., 400 JR,., 230 JE. = 630); — Rifle
Meeting at Wangen a/A. (Ehr& Wettschiessen)(38 mill., 100^.);

A

<^

Central Swiss Rifle Meeting at Langentlial, 1899.

— 1897, Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Sissach (2 sizes, 38 and 45 mill.,
1250 JB^.); — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Berne (45 mill, 1250^.,
635 JE. = 1885); — Inauguration of the Bubenberg Monument at
Berne (33 mill., 200 JK. illustrated); — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at
Altdorf (38 mill., 240^.); — 1899, Rifle Meeting of Central Swiss
Clubs, at Langenthal (30 mill., 850^. illustrated) ■^— Cantonal Rifle

— 547 —

Meeting ai Flawyl (2 sizes, 33 and 45 mill., 1000 JR..y, — Aargau
Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Wohlen (45 mill., 780 JR..); — Prof.
Schleuniger Commemoration Medal (45 mill., 250 JR., 200 JE. =
450); — Bird Show at Berne (33 mill., 40 ^., 36 JE.=j8);
— Bernese Cantonal Exhibition at Thun (50 mill., 376 JR.,
47 JE. = 423); — 1900, Rifle Meeting at Chur(33 mill., i N.,
360 JR. = 361); — Central Swiss Rifle Meeting at Zofingen (38 mill.,
330 .^R.); — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Amrisweil (45 mill., 520
JR.); — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Uster (2 sizes, 23^ and 45 mill.,
74 M., 1030 JR. = 1 104); — Jeton of the Swiss Numismatic
Society, with Portrait of Aberli (25 mill., 2N., 65 JR., 106 JE.,
160 0. /«. ^ 333 ; illustrated); — 1 901/2, Hotel Employees' Tickets

Jeton of the Swiss Numismatic Society, 1900.

(23 and 33 mill., 60 N., 60 JR., 140 JE. ■=- 260) ; — 1902, Can-
tonal Rifle Meeting at Bellinzona (30 mill., 100 JR.) ; — Marksmen's
Association of Berne (30 mill., 100 JR.); — Cantonal Rifle
Meeting at Zug (45 mill., 300 iR.); — 1898, Bergen Norwegian-
Swedish Exhibition (45 mill., 12 JR.) ; — 1900, Portrait-medal of
Colonel Hofer, National Councillor 25 mill., 12 .^.) ; — 1900/1.
The New Century (150 JR.); — Alpinist; — Portrait-medal of
T. M. the King and Queen of England; — 1902, Commemorative
medal on the Erection of the new Parliament Buildings at Berne ;
— 1903, Prize Medal of the Ski Club of Berne; — Swiss Society
of Hotel Proprietors ; — Cantonal Rifle Meeting at St. Imier,
1900 (after a model from Holy freres).

Homberg, as a rule, cuts his own dies. Many ot the so-called
Medallists of the present time are only modellers; as were, after, all
the early Renaissance Medallists, who modelled and then cast their
medals and had never learned the use of the chasing tool. Their
works belong to sculpture more than to the art of medal-engraving,
as they are really bas-reliefs of large proportions mechanically
reduced to the dimensions of a medal or plaquette. Still, considering
that most artists now avail themselves of the services of the reduc-
ing machine, it is impossible to make a distinction between
medal-engravers and medal-modellers, and the term Medallist,

- 548 -

as I use it, should be understood to comprise both. It is needless to
say that the engraver's work is far more difficult and delicate than
the modeller's. Whether or not sufficient consideration is taken of
this fact by jurors awarding prizes at exhibitions of medallic works
is open to doubt, and if the art of engraving medals, gems, &c.,
received greater encouragement, we might see a school spring up
that might produce as good a work as the present much and
rightly praised French school of Medal-modellers.

HONDT, FRANgOIS DE (Belg.). Goldsmith, Chaser, and Medallist,
born at Bruges at the end of October 1786, where he died on the
18*'' of May 1862. He was first apprenticed to a Goldsmith of the
name of Praet, then he entered into the service of another, Des
Mys, also of Bruges. On his leaving the last-named firm, de Hondt
started business on his own account, and produced several articles

Portrait-medallion of F. de Hondt, by himself.

of plate, which are of exceptional merit. His first medal is dated
1818; it is a silver plaque with the arms of the Netherlands, and
inscribed : PROVINCIE WESTVLAANDEREN (39 mill.); —
1 82 1, Medal of the Society " Eendracht en Vaderlandsliefde "
(40 mill.); — 1822 or 1823, Van Hende, Physician (41 mill.); —
1828, Jan van Eyck (42 mill.); — Do, Prize Medal of the city of
Bruges (42 mill.); — Do, Royal School of's Hertogenbosch
(52 mill.); — 1829, Pope Leo XII. (50 mill.); — 183 1, Leopold I.,
King ofthe Belgians, on his election (50 mill.); — 1836, Charles Fran-
cois Van den Driesche, Director ofthe Ghent Seminary (42 mill.);
— Do, Amb. Charles Gis. Goethals of Ghent (42 mill.) ; — Auguste

— 549 —

Joseph Ryckewaert (42 mill.) ; — Pierre Joseph Triest (42 mill.);

— 1837, D"" Jean Antoine Jacques Fierens, of Antwerp (56 mill.) ;

— D"" Francois Laurent van Hende of Bruges ; — Do, Prize Medal
of the Bruges Academy of Fine Arts; — 1840, Restoration of
Bruges cathedral (47 mill.); — 1841, Leo de Foere Tiletanus
(47 mill.); — 1842, Hendrik Goethals, of Ghent (43 mill.^; —
Do, Prize Medal of the Province of Flanders (2 var. ; 58 mill.); —
1846, Simon Stevin (48 mill.); — 1847, Pattern Five Franc piece ;

— 1850, Medal of the " Sacred Blood " (2 var. ; 48 mill.) ; — Do,
Agricultural Prize Medal, with bust of Leopold L (50 mill,) ; — Do,
Jacques Louis Kesteloot, Physician (50 mill.); — D*" J. de Meyer
(150 mill.) ; — Invention of Drawing; — The Cholera at Bruges;

— 1858, Portrait-medallion of De Hondt, the artist's last work,
executed when he was seventy- two years old.

De Hondt was before everything a chaser; until 1842 he cut all
his medals in relief in the steel as a sculptor cuts in the marble;
later on he availed himself of the services of the reducing machine.

This artist's work is very creditable; one of his medals, that
commemorating the Provincial Exhibition of 1850, which I have
before me, shows the hand of a skilful engraver, with a good
knowledge of draughtsmanship.

F. de Hondt usually signed his medals : DE HONDT F. ; — F. DE
HONDT F. ; — or F.D.H.

Bibliography. — V. Lemaire, Franfois de Hondt, orfivre, ciseUur midailleur.
Revue beige de numismatique, 1894, p. 510. — Biographic nationale. — Guioth,
Histoire numismatique de la Revolution beige. — Dirks, Beschrijving der Nederlandscbe
of op Nederland en op Nederlanders hetrekking hebbende penningen, geslagen tusschen
nov. 18 1 J en nov. j86j. — Dictionnaire des Hommes de lettres, des Savants et des
Artistes, Bruxelles, 1857. — Piot, Catalogue des Poiufons, &c. — Bolzenthal,
op. cit. — Revue lelge de numismatique, 1892, p. 587.

HONDIUS, JODOCUS or JOOS DE HONDT (Dutch). Engraver, born at
Wacken in Flanders in 1563 ; settled in London in 1583 ; returned
to Holland in 1594, and died at Amsterdam in 1611. '' He was
the most eminent cartographer and map-engraver in England at the
end of the sixteenth century. With his graver he made pieces of
Sir Francis Drake's voyage about ye world, the Holy Land, and
divers others. "

A silver circular plaque, stamped in imitation of engraving, and
recording the famous vo3'age of Sir Francis Drake, 1580 (of which
only three specimens are known ; one in the British Museum ;
a second, formerly in the Viscount Dillon and Murdoch collections ;
and the third in a private cabinet) was supposed by Franks and
Grueber, on Vertue's statement, to be the work of Hondius, but
Mr. Miller Christy, in his interesting book, The Silver Map of Drake's
Voyage ij/y-ij8o , expresses strong doubts as to this attribution.

— 550 —

and rather considers the engraver F. 6. (author of a Paris map,
dedicated to Richard Hakluyt, 1587) as the artist. I do not quite

The silver Map ot the World, by Hondius (?)
agree with his opinion, especially it we presume the map to have

— 551 —

been executed between 1584 and 1586, after Hondius' settlement
in London, as it bears a general resemblance with his later map
entitled Vera Totius Expeditioiiis Nauticae, &c., 1595, forming part ot
a large sheet intended to commemorate the circumnavigations ot
Drake (i 577-1 580) and Cavendish (1586-8).

"As a medallion ", says Mr. Christy, " the Silver Map is notable
because it is an example of that uncommon kind which, though
apparently engraved, is really cast or struck. Moreover, it is at once
the earliest and the largest example known of this uncommon
kind of medallion. "

Bibliography. — Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations &c,. I, p. 131. —
Miller Christy, The SUv.r Map of Drake's Voyage, London, igoo. — Betts, op. cit.,
— Dillon Sale Catalogue, 1892. — Murdoch Sale Catalogue 0/ Medals, 1904.

HOOGE, ROMAIN DE (Dutch.). Designer of a civic Medal of the
town of Alkmaar, commemorating the siege of 1573, and repro-
duced in the work of Count Nahuys, pi. x, n° 67.

Bibliography. — O^ de Nahuys, Histoire numismatique du Foyaume de
Hollande, 1858.

HOOGHENDORP, ALBERT VAN (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges,
19. April 1559 — 25. April 1568.

HOOGHENDORP, CORNEILLE VAN (JBelg.). Mint-master at Bruges,
5. May 1568 to 8. May 1571, and 8. May 1574 to 12. November
1579-

Bibliography. — Serrure, Dictionnairegeographique de Vhistoire monelaire helge,
Bruxelles, 1880.

HONEGGE, J. J. HOE VAN (Danish). Die-sinker of Copenhagen, circa
1728. Nagler mentions him as a Medallist, and states that he
executed dies for coins and medals, some of which are signed
H.V.H.

Bibliography. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, III, no 1645.

HOOREBEKE. JACQUES, VAN (Belg.). Goldsmith of Ghent of the
end ot the seventeenth century; perhaps the author of a commem-
orative medal of the marriage of Charles II. of Spain with Marie
Louise of Orieans, with ^. legend NUPTIS CELEBRATIS, PACE
FIRMATA MDCLXXIX.PACEM MIHI FERTIS AMANTES.
SP.a.G.

HiBuoGRAPHY. — Ch. Gillenian & A. van Werveke, Medaillesgantoises, Revue
beige de numismatique, 1902, p. 495. — Serrure, Revue beige de num., 1879,
p. 300.

— 552 —

HOPE (MfiDAILLEUR A L'ESP£rANCE) (//«/.)• Under this heading,
Armand and Heiss have described a number oi fine Renaissance
medals, dated 1489 and 1492, on which the figure of Hope is
usually represented, sometimes accompanied by Faith and Charity.
Some ot these medals bear the legend Ispero in Deo and Milanesi
has attributed them, but not with sufficient reason, to the Floren-
tine painter Sperandio di Giovanni, who is cited in 1472 and lived
until 1522.

The following medals appear to have all been executed by the
same artist : Bernardo di Pietro Banducci, Florentine physician ;
^. CHARITAS.SPES. FIDES. The three cardinal Virtues; —
Bernardo del Barbigia, Florentine, 145 3- 1526; ^L. ISPERO. IN.
DEO. — AN. XXXVI Hope ; — Nonina Strozzi, wife of Bernardo
del Barbigia; ^. Hope, and legend as last, with AN. XXIII; —
Barbara Torelli, wife ot Ercole Bentivoglio ; ^. SPES ; — Gio-
vanni Marco Bonaldi ; ]^. FIRMAVI Hope ; — Roberto di Dante
Castiglione, Florentine, born in 1464; I^. ISPERO. IN. DEO. AN.
XXVIII. Hope (2var.). ; — Antonio di Dante Castiglione; without
^L. — Giovanni Mendoza; ^L. SPES. BONIS. DVX. Hope; —
Alessandro di Pietro Pagagnoti, Florentine, born in 1422 ; ^.
SPES Hope ; — Giuliano di Particino Particini, Florentine, born
in 1470; ^L. ISPERO. IN. DEO. AN. XXII. Hope; —Camilla
Buondelmonti, wife of Gianozzo Salviati, born in 1473, married
in 1490 ; ^L. ISPERO. IN. DEO. Hope (illustrated); — Giovanni
da Stia; i^. SPES Hope (Obv. illustrated); — Giovanni Torna-
buoni, Ambassador of the Florentine republic at Rome in 1480;
^L. FIRMAVI Hope ; — Another, of same personage ; ^L. FIR-
MAVI — MCCCCLXXXXII Hope ; — (The two las\ are ascribed
to Niccolo Fiorentino by Cornelius von Fabriczv, p. 61); — Bust ot
an unknown youth; ^. AV . BESOING . SPERAVI . E . FAVLT .
Hope; — Neri Capponi, Florentine, 13 88- 145 7 ; 1^. ISPERO. IN.
DEO Hope ; — Johann Greudner, of Brixen in Tyrol, 1460-15 12 ;
^L. FIDES. CHARITAS.SPES. Female figure standing to 1. placing
her hand on a child's head and with eyes raised towards heaven; —
Giovanni de' Medici, Cardinal (later. Pope Leo X) ; I^. CARITAS.
SPES. FIDES. Female figure symboHsing the three cardinal Virtues;
— Luigia Pio, wife of Bernardo Morelli, married in 1486;^.
ISPERO. IN. DEO. — AN. XXIII. Hope ; — Filasio Roverella, of
Ravenna, Archbishop there, 1476-15 16, f 1521; ^. FIDES.
CHARITAS.SPES. The three cardinal Virtues.

« La plupart des pieces au revers de I'Esperance », observes Heiss,
« sortent ^videmment d'un meme atelier. Que la femme qui la
represente soit tournee a droite ou a gauche, ce n'en est pas moins
la meme figure dans une attitude semblable, drapee de la meme
maniere et dont le style est celui de I'ecole du Ghirlandajo. »

— 553 —

Von Fabriczy, in Medaillen der italienischen Renaissatice, p. 62, trans-
fers some of the medals hitherto attributed to the " Maitre a I'Es-
perance " to Niccolo Fiorcntino, and remarks : "Da ein dichter

Nonina Strozzi.

Schleier der Anonymitat ihre Schopfer unseren Augen verhiillt,
haben die franzosischen Fachautoritaten, in der Absicht, sie nach
MogUchkeit auseinanderzuhalten, zu dem Auskunftsmittelgegriffen,

— 554 —

sie nach den Gestalten zu benennen, die sich aut den Kehrseiten
ihrer Stucke in der Kegel wiederholen. So sind fiir den genannten
*' Maitre a I'Esperance " 15-20 Mcdaillen in Anspruch genommen

Camilla Buondelmonti.
worden (Heiss und Armand weichen in ihren Attributionen etwas

Giovanni da Stia.

voneinander ab), aus deren Reihe wir vor allem als die lieblichste
jene der Nonnina Strozzi, Gattin eines sonst unbekannten Bern.

— 555 —

Barbigia wiedergeben. Der Vergleich mit Niccolo Fiorentino's
Albizzi-bezw. Giov. Tornabuoni-Medaillen fiihrt den Unterschied
der beiden Meister besser als es Worte vermogen vor Augen, Ganz
ausgezeichnet aber kommt der Charakter der Personlichkeit in dem
Portrat Alessandro Pagagnotti's, eines nicht naher behannten Flo-
rentiners zum Ausdruck : hier geht die Detaillierung bei der
Durchbildung der Ziige. weit dariiber hinaus, was uns die Floren-
tiner Medailleure sonst zu bieten pflegen. "

Bibliography. — Armand, Medailleurs ilaliens, etc., I, 93. — Heiss, Les
Medailleurs de hi Renaissance. Florence et les Florentins, I., p. 81. — Supino, op. cit.
— Fabriczy, Medaillen, 1903, p. 62.

HOPE, SIR JAMES, OF HOPETOUN {Brit.). General of the Scottish
Mint at Edinburgh, 1641.

HOPFGARTEN, LAZARUS CHRISTIAN {Germ.). Mint-master to the
Bishop of Moritzburg, near Hildesheim, elected on April 16,, 1625
for a term of five years; also Mint-master at Harburg, 1625-26. He
was deposed for having issued light coins.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Bahrfeld, Bettra^e ^ur Mun^gesclnchte Luneburg, 1893.

HOPPE, fiDOUARD {Germ.). Medallist born at Asbeck (West-
phalia); settled at Brussels in 1872, and died there on June 7,
1890.

He engraved a number ot medals for various editors. Some of
his works are signed E. \p ; amongst them a Marriage Medal of
Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria with Princess Stephanie of Bel-
gium, 1881.

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by M. Alph. de Witle, oj
Brussels.

HORN, AUGUSTIN {Germ.). Mint-master at Zwickau, circa 1478-
1494; distinctive mark, a trefoil.

HORN, CHRISTOPH {Germ.). Mint-master at Creussen, in conjunc-
tion with Georg Osten, from the 9''' of February to the 21'' ot
September 1622.

Bibliography. — Gebert, Die Brand enburg-Frankischen Kippermun^stempel,
1620-1633.

HOROS {Greek). Probably a fictitious signature, which is found
on two gems described by King : Head of Tiberius (Abbe Pullini
Coll") ; — Silenus (Gori Coll").

Bibliography. — King, Antique Gems, London, i860.

HORRION, GlLL^S {Belg.). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver of Brussels,

- 556 ~

circa 1548-15 5 5. He engraved seals for Maestricht, Philip II., on
his becoming Duke of Brabant, and for the State.

Bibliography. — A. Pinchart, Gilles Horrion, Revue de la num. beige, 1832,
p. 265.

HORST, HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Zellerfeld, 1711-1719.
He coined for the Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg, Georg Ludwig,
afterwards George I., King of England, and signed his issues
H. H.

Bibliography. — Ammon, op. cit. — Atkins, British Colonial Coins, p. 24.

HORSTORFER, JOHANN (Austr.). General Mint-master of Bohemia,
1496-1499.

HORTOLANI, GIROLAMO. Vide ORTOLANI infra.

HORVATTE, LOUIS EUGfiNE {French). Contemporary Medallist and
Gem-engraver. He was born, and resides, at Paris. At the Salon
of 1879, he exhibited a cameo representing the ''Rape of Amy-
mone", alter Giacomotti; and another, cut in sardonyx, " La
Chiesa, " after Raphael. His latest work was exhibited at the Salon
of 1903, a cameo on sardonyx, *' Flora pursued by Cupids carrying
away Zephyrus. "

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. — Le Salon, 1903. — Babelon,
La Gravure en pierres fines et medailles au Salon de 190J, Revue de I'Art, juillet
1903.

HORY {French). Medallist of the second half of the seventeenth
century. Nagler suggests that he was the author of a Portrait-medal
of the physician Jean Baptiste Moreau, 1674, signed G. H.

Bibliography. — Bolzeuthal, op. cit. — Nagler, Monogrammisten, II, no 30s 3.

HOTMAN, JACQUES {French). Engraver-general of the coins ot
France, who in 1630 sold his office to Jean Darmand dit " Lor-
felin ".

HOUDAUT, G. {French). Moneyer at Avalon, in the fifteenth century.
M. Babelon, in Traite des Monnaies grecqties et romaints, I, col. 817,
reproduces this moneyer's seal, which exhibits as principal emblem
a hand holding coining pincers, almost identical with the old
Roman tool shown on coins of the Carisia gens.

HOUDON, JEAN ANTOINE {French). A noted French Sculptor, born
at Versailles, about 1741 ; died at Paris, July 16, 1828. " He
won the prix de Rome at the age of nineteen, and remained in
Italy ten years during the period of Winckelmann and the excava-

— 557 —

tions at Pompeii and Herculaneum. While in Rome, he made the
famous statue of St. Bruno at Sainte-Marie-des-Anges, On his
return to France he exhibited in the Salon of 1771 a statuette of
Morphee which secured his admission to the Academy of France,
and soon after he made his famous "Ecorch^", reduced copies of
which are well known in the art-schools. He visited America with
Franklin and resided with Washington at Philadelphia, w^here he
modelled a bust from which he afterwards made his Richmond
statue. In 1 77 3 he executed busts of Catharine II. of Russia and of Dide-
rot, and in 1775 busts ofTurgot and Gliick and a statue of Sophie
Arnould as Iphigenia. In the Salon of 1781 he entered his nude
statue of Diana (which was excluded), the statue of Tourville and
the famous Voltaire of the Theatre francais. He also made busts ot
Moliere, Rousseau, Franklin, and d'Alembert. His bust of Buffon
is perhaps his finest work. In the Revolution he was denounced at
the tribunal of the Convention for having a statue of a Saint in his
atelier, and esoiped through the presence of mind of a member who
declared that the work was a statue of Philosophy" (Century Cyclo-
pedia of Names).

Houdon executed a number of Portrait-medallions in terracotta,
some of which were cast in bronze. One of them, with conjoined
busts of the artist's wife and daughter, is reproduced in Les ArtSy
Sept. 1903, p. 14. These Portrait-medallions can hardly be classed
amongst medallic productions.

HOUTON, HUGH DE (Brit.). Mint-master at St. Edmundsbury,
anno XIII of Edward II. He had previously filled the post of Assay
Master at the same mint, under Edward I., 1320.

Bibliography. — Ruding, op. cit. — Reg. Kerape, Harl. MSS., n" 645
folio 117.

HOXER, MELCHIOR (Germ.). Mint-master at Calenberg, 1566-
1574; Gottingen, 1573-1574.

HOXER, VALENTIN (Germ.) of Einbeck; Mint-master at Gottin-
gen, 1553-1557; Munden, 1560-1564.

HOUZELOT (French). Die-sinker of the middle of the nine-
teenth century. He engraved several medals of the Revolution
of 1848, reproduced in De Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiques, etc.;
one represents Lamennais, and another. Archbishop Affre. He also
engraved a Portrait-medal of Armand Barbes, 1848, and another on
the Death of Chateaubriand, 1848.

HOVE, B. VON. ride VAN HOVEN. Contemporary Medallist at The
Hague, who works for the Bergeer Die-sinking establishment.

- 558 -

HOVEN, VON (Germ.). Mint-master at Fulda, 1765-1796. His
initials V. H. occur on coins.

HOWARD (Brit.). Moneyer at Norwicii, under Henry 1., and pre-
viously under the first two Williams. The late Mr. Toplis described
in Num. Chron., 1881, p. 38, a Norwich penny of Henry I., on
which this moneyer's name (HOPORD) occurs, and mentioned there
that at least twenty-five pennies of the PAXS type of Howard's
mintage were present in the great hoard found at Beaworth, Hants.

Bibliography. — Hawkins, op. c'U., p. 177. — Num. Chron., /. c, pi. iii,
no I.

HOTER (Swiss). Die-sinker of Lausanne, early part of the nine-
teenth century. He engraved in 18 17 the remarkable dies which
served to strike the coins of Geneva of that epoch.

Bibliography. — Durand, Dictionnaire des Graveurs en medailles anciens et
modernes, Geneve, 1858 (MS. kindly lent by M. Paul Ch. Stroehlin, President ot
the Swiss Numismatic Society).

HOYER, ANTON (Germ.). Mint-master at Cleves, 1620-1646, and
Bielefeld, 1622.

Bibliography. — J. V. KuU, Repertorium :(ur Munikunde Bayerns, 1903.

HOYER, GOTTFRIED OTTO (G^rw.). Mint-master at Herborn, 1681-
1682. His signature is found on Double Albus pieces of 1681 and
1682, I Albus pieces of same years, and Kreutzers of 1681. Hoyer
had previously been employed at the Goslar Mint.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph, Das Milnirecht ^u Herborn, Frankfurter Munzzei-
tung, 1 90 1.

H. P. Fide HEINRICH PECHSTEIN. Mint-master at Andreasberg,
1623-1629.

H. P. or IP. FideEANS PERNDORFFER. Mint-master at Cassel, 1539-
1583.

p
H. P. or g. Fide PETER HEMA. Mint-master at Glatz, 1628.

H. P. (or mow.). Fide HANS PULS. Mint-master at Stralsund, 1628-
1632, Gnoyen, 1632-1634, and Stralsund again, 1635-1636.
Schlickeysen remarks that this Mint-master's activity at Gnoyen is
doubtful, as at that time neither Wallenstein nor the Dukes of
Mecklenburg coined at that Mint.

H. P. G. Fide HEINRICH PETER GROSSKURT. Medallist at Berlin
and Dresden, 1694- 173 4.

— 559 —

H. P. K. F/cf^ HANS PHILIP KOBDRGER. Mint-master at Eisleben,
1 63 2- 1 665; also at Magdeburg and Zerbst, after 1661.

H. P. L. Fide HEINRICH PETER LUDERS. Mint-master at Bremen
and Hamburg, 1674-1691.

Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

ffi. Fide HEINRICH RAPUSCH. Saxon Medallist of the third quarter
of the sixteenth century.

H. R. Fide HANS ROSSNER. Mint-warden at Glatz, 1631-16^6.

H. R. or m. Fide HANS REINHARD Senior. Medallist of Leipzig,
circa 153 5-1 547.

H. R. or ffi. Fide HANS REINHARD Junior. Medallist, and son of
the last, circa 1582-16 19.

H. R. Fide HILDEBRAND RUCKER (or RUCK). Mint-master at Mar-
burg, 1588 ; died in 1593.

H. R. or ffi. Fide HANS RYDELL. Austrian Mint-master, «Vca 1626.
He is the author of the rare Hunting Thaler of the Emperor Ferdi-
nand II., dated 1626.

H. R. or ffi. Fide HANS RDCKE SENIOR. Mint-master at Harburg,
circa 1 6 10.

H. R. Fide HERMANN RYTKER. Mint-master at Krakau, 1596-
1598.

H. R. or ffi. Fide HEINRICH VON REHNEN. Mint-master at Berlin,
1 603- 1 605, and Dresden, 1605- 1624; after 161 1, his distinctive
mark was a swan.

H. R. Fide HANS RIEGER. Mint-warden of Breslau, 161 5-1635.
There were two Mint-officials of that name, father and son.

H. R. or ffi. Fide HANS RUCKE. Mint-master at Harburg, circa
1610, Bremervorde, 1616-1618, Moisburg, 1622-1626, and Harf
burg, 1626-1627.

H. R. Fide HANS RIDDER. Mint-master at Lubeck, 1 673-1715.

H. R. or ffi and H. R. F. Fide HENRI ROUSSEL. Medallist of Paris,
1654-1711.

H. R. Fide HEKTOR ROSSLER. Mint-master at Darmstadt, after
1817.

— 5^0 —

H. R. K. Vide HERMANN RYTKER (Mint-master) and KRAKAU
(Mint).

H. R. Vide HANS RIEDEL. Mint-warden at Breslau, 1624-25.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. R. F. (mon.) Vide HANS REIMER. Goldsmith 01 Munich, six-
teenth century.

HR.H. or H. R. H. (Genn.^. This signature, of an excellent
Medallist of the Rhine country, who lived during the second half
of the sixteenth century, occurs on the following medals : 1560.
Georg Mirdel, Canonicus Sancti Stephani (perhaps a Dutchman)
(Berlin Museum); — i573- Eucharius (Kretzer) " Decanus S. Pau-
lini prope Treverim " (Dannenberg Collection); — 1580. Jacob

Jacob von Eltz, Archbishop of Treves.

von Eltz, Archbishop of Treves (illustrated^ ; — Undated, Daniel
Brendel of Homburg, Archbishop of Mayence (Berlin).

The first three medals are signed H. R. H. ; the fourth shows
remains of a monogram.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailletire, p. 66.

HI. (^Swiss). Signature of a Seal-engraver, of the end of the seven-
teenth century. He executed the fine seal of Abbot Celestin of St.
Gall, area 1690-1700.

Bibliography. — Nagler, op. cit., Ill, no 1408.

HI. (Austr.). Signature of a Medallist of the first halt of the
seventeenth century, which occurs on a Marriage Medal of the Emper-
or Ferdinand II. and Eleonora of Mantua, dated 1626.

Bibliography. — Domanig, op. cit.

^. {Germ.^. Signature of a Bavarian Medallist, found on a Portrait-
medal of Albert V. of Bavaria, 1554, reproduced in the Gutekunst
Catalogue, 1815. VideYL. R. F. (mow.), and HANS REIMER.

Bibliography. — Erman, op. cit.

- 56i -

HROZA {Germ.). Moneyer and Engraver of Deniers ot the town
of Stade, under Henry II. the Good, 976-1016. On two coins,
described by H. Dannenberg, Die altesten Miuj:^cn der Grafen von
Stade (Ze'ii. fiirNum., 1886, p. 236), we find on I^ the legend
HROZA ME EEC. These deniers offer a great similarity in style
ot work with Ethelred's Pennies.

H. S. (B). F/^^ HANS JAKOB STAMPFER. Medallist of Zurich,
1531-1579.

H. S. (}sj). Vide HEINRICH SCHABBEL. Mint-administrator at Wis-
mar, 1 579-1600.

H. S. (pj). Fide HANS SCHAMP AN. Mint-master at Stettin, 1612-
1619.

H. S. Fide HENNING or HEINLING SCHREIBER. Mint-master at
Halberstadt, 1614-1626; Goslar, 1622; and Clausthal, 1630-1640.

H. S. Fide HANS STADLER. Die-sinker at Augsburg, 1620-1630.

H. S. Fide HERMANN SCHLAUBUSCH. Mint-master at Goslar,
1619-1625.

H. S. Fide HEINRICH STRAUB. xMint-master at Nuremberg, 1622,
Munich and Bayreuth. Also H. ST. and ST.

H. S. Fide HENNING SCHLUTER. Mint-master at Zellerfeld, 1625-
1672. He also worked for the Harburg branch of the House of
Brunswick-Liineburg, after 1636.

H. S. Fide HEINRICH SCHULTHEISS (or SCHULTZE). Mint-masier
at Thesa (Anhalt), 1623, and Dessau, 1624.

H. S. or I. S. Fide HANS SCHMIDT. Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
M., 1624-1637.

H. S. Fide HANS SCHWARTZ. Sixteenth century Medallist of
Nuremberg and Augsburg.

H. S. FideEkHS SCHULTES. Medallist of Nuremberg, seventeenth

century.

H. S. Fide HENNING STOR. Mint-master at Wismar, 1661-1670.

H. S. Fide HEINRICH SIEWERT (also SYVERZ, or SIEBERTS).
Mint-master at Thorn, 1 668-1 671 ; and later at Koenigsberg in
Prussia, i674--j- 1694.

L. FoRREK. — Biographical NolUis of Mtdillitt. — II. }6

- 562 -

H. S. Fide HEINRICH SEBASTIANI. Mint-master at Steuerwald,
1694-1702. Also H. I. S.

H. S. Vide JOHANN HEINRICH SIEGEL. Mint-warden at Detmold,
1711 ; Mint-master at Eisenacli, 17 16.

H. S. or I. H. S. Fide JOHANN HEINRICH SIEGEL. Mint-master

at Harzgerode, 1744- 17 54.

H. S. or H. C. A. S. Fide HEINRICH SIEGEL. Mint-master at Son-
dershausen, 1763-1765; and Harzgerode, 1767-1796.

H. S. Fide HEINRICH SCHWARZE. Mint-master at Dortmund,
1752-1758.

H. S. or H. ST. Fide JOHANN HEINRICH STRAUB. Die-sinker at
Munich, 1761-1782.

H. S. Fide HANS SCHLUTER. Mint-master at Harzgerode, 1795-
1821.

H. S. K. Fide HANS SCHIERVEN KNOPH. Mint-master at Copen-
hagen, 1761-1783; and afterwards Mint-director and Councillor ot
State, t 1788.

H. S. K. Fide HANS SCHIERVEN KNOPH. Mint-master at Hamburg,
1805-1842.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. S. (or in various monograms). Vide HANS SCHWARTZ. German
Medallist of the first half of the sixteenth century.

H. T. Fide HANS VON TYRNA (or VON TIRAN). Mint-master at
Vienna, 13 56-1370.

H. T. Fide HANS TUCHMANN the Elder. Mint-master at Teschen,
1608-1610.

H. T. or PT. Fide HANS TUCHMANN. Mint-master at Reichenstein
in 1615, and Bernstadt, 1621 ; also at Oels and Meisenheim, same
date.

H. T. or IT. Fide JOHANN HEINRICH TAGLAN6. Mint-master at

Zweibriicken, 1621-1626.

H. T. R. Fide HIERONYMUS TICCIATI. Die-sinker at Florence ;
died in 1734.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

- 563 -

HUARD, PIERRE (French). Painter, born at Paris, died in 1857; a
pupil of Legay. He filled for some time the post of Director of the
School of Art and Keeper of the Museum of antiques at Aries. Some
of his pictures are taken from cameos, antique and modern.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HUBEROT, JEAN (Belg.). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver of Bruges,
circa 1474. He executed the seal and signet of the Parliament of
Malines under Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

Bibliography. — Pincliart, op. cit., Revue beige, IV, 2^ sine, p. 531.

HUBER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (Swiss). Medallist and Coin-engraver,
born at Basle in 1766. He studied at Rome, and was a pupil of
Johann Martin Buckle. Towards the end of the eighteenth century
he was working at the mint of Basle, but in 1805 he entered into
partnership with an art-dealer of his native city, from which time
he apparently ceased to do medal- work.

Thaler of the Helvetic Republic, 1798, attributed either to Huber or Handmann.

Huber's full signature I. F. HVBER appears on a Prize Medal of
the City and Republic of Basle, 1792, given to representatives of
Swiss States which furnished troops to protect the frontier at the
time of the French wars. A Portrait-medal of Andreas Buxtorf,
Burgomaster of Basle, 1786, is signed Huber.

According to some, the Thalers and Half Thalers of the Helvetic
Republic, 1798, signed H, were engraved by Huber, although they
are attributed to Handmann by others. Handmann was employed
at the Mint of Basle at the same period and signed some of the
coins with IM or H.

Schlickeysen mentions a certain Huber as Die-sinker at Nurem-
berg in 1797.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cil. — Reginald Stuart Poole, Svjiss Coins in
ihc South Kensington Museum, 1878. — Tobler-Meyer, IVundeily von Muralt Cata-
log'tie.

— 564 —

HUBERT, JEAN ESTIENNE dit de SAINT-JEAN {French). Coin-
engraver at the Mint of Tours, 15 63 -15 90.

Bibliography. — Barre, Gniveurs particnliers des Monnaies de France, 1867.

HUBERT, JEAN FRANQOIS (BeJg.). Contemporary Die-sinker,
born at Gembioux, on the 5''' of November 1813, resided at Brus-
sels. M. de Witte only knows of a single medal with bust of King
Leopold I., 1838, by this Engraver; it is described in Revue de la
Numismatique beige, t. IX, p. 408.

HUBNER or HUEBMER, GEORG ANDREAS (Germ.). Mint-warden at
Breslau, 1645-1665. His initials G. H. occur on coins issued under
him for the sovereigns of Liegnitz, 16 52-1 65 3 and Imperial cur-
rency, 1 648- 1 664. In 1634 and later he had filled the same post at
Glatz.

Bibliography. — Friedensburg, op. cit.

HUBY, MAURICE (French). Mint-contractor at Nancy, 1 698-1701.
Bibliography. — Lepage, op. cit.

HUDELET, HENRY PAUL (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born
at Langres (Haute-Marne); a pupil of A. Dumont. At the Salon of
1877 he exhibited a Portrait-medallion in bronze of M"* N***.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HUCHLER, R. (Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor, residing at
Cannstadt. He his known to have modelled some Medals and
Plaques, amongst others one commemorating the Third centenary
ot the Salzbrunn Waters (Silesia), 1901.

HUE, ERNEST (French). Contemporary Gem-engraver, born at
Paris ; a pupil of A. Toussaint and Salmson Sen^ He has exhibited
the following gems at the Paris Salons : i86r. Cupid chained at the
foot of a bust of Minerva by a female who scorns his anger, after
Prud'hon's picture, onyx cameo; — 1875. Diane de Poitiers, after
Jean Goujon, bust in sardonyx; — Prevost, of the Comedie-Fran-
caise, cameo in onyx; — Universal Exhibition of 1878. Terpsi-
chore and Erato, after Prud'hon, sardonyx cameo ; — Gallia, onyx
cameo ; — Syracuse, onyx cameo, &c.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HUE, REGNIER (French). Enameller and Seal-engraver at Paris,
circa 1348-13 53.

HUEBER, JOSEPH (Justr.). Coiner (Prager) at Gratz, 1752.
HUEBER, MATHIAS (Austr.). Mint- warden at Vienna, circa 1624.

- 565 -

HUEBMER, BENEDIKT VON SONNLEITHEN (Aiistr.). Mint-master at
Prague, 1610-1622. He signed Kipperthalers, Half Tiialers and
Quarter Tiialers of 1621. In 16 17 he issued Coronation coins of
the Archduke Ferdinand as King of Bohemia.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — C. Oesterreicher, loc. cit.

HUEBMER, GEORG ANDREAS. F/J^HUBNER supra.

HUEBMER, LORENZ (Austr.). Warden at the Mint of Vienna,
elected on November 2, 1584; became Mint-master, on the deatii
ot Thomas Handl, 6. October 1587 ; and died at the end of June
1604.

BiBLioGR.\PHY. — C. Oesterreicher, loc. cit. — Fiala, op. cit.

HUET, ALBERT (Austr.). Mint-master in Transsylvania, circa
1606.

HUEY or HUEZ, JEAN (French) ...1534 f 1582. Goldsmith of
Tours, who signed himself JEHAN HUEY. He was appointed Mint-
engraver at Troyes in 1544, and was Moneyer and Mint-master
therefrom 1545 to 1548.

BiBLioGR.'VPHY. — Rondot, Les Graveurs de Troyes.

HUFNAGEL. HANS (Germ.). Mint-warden at Nuremberg for the
Circle of Franconia, 1602- 1610, in succession to Georg Dietrich.
He died on February 21, 1612. (Kull, II, p. 705).

HUFNAGEL, ULREICH (Austr.). Moneyer at Vienna, circa 1420.

HUFNAGEL, WILHELM (Gm//.). Mint-warden at Kitzingen, 1623.

HUG, JOHANN (Swiss). Mint-engraver at Berne, during the first
half of the eighteenth century. In 1723 he engraved a Medal com-
memorating the fidelity ot Lausanne to Berne ; it is signed : I.HVG.F.
Haller calls Hug a mediocre Die-sinker, and a burgher ot Berne.
According to Babelon, he also engraved gems.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Haller, op. cit. — Tobler-Meyer, op.
cit. — Babelon, La Gravure en Pierres fitus, Paris, 1894. — A. Durand, op. cit.

HUG, HANS (Germ.). Mint-contractor at Frankfort-on-M., circa
147 1, in which year he received an order to strike Tournois. He
was Mint-master in 1474, and 1486-7, and Mint-warden from
1480-1482. His issues consist of Tournois and Hellers.

Bibliography. — Paul Joseph u. Ed. Fellner, Die Mun^en von Frankfurt-am-
Maiti, 1896.

HUGELIN, BALTHASAR (Germ.). Mint-master at Frankfort-on-M.,
1531-32 and 1339.

— 566 —

HUGELIN, or HEUCHELING, LORENZ (Germ.). Mint-master at
Frankfort-on-M., 1 507-1 527. He issued Tournois and Half- Hellers.

HUGGENBERG, SEBASTIAN (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Salzdahlcn,
1689-1700. He executed medals for the Dukes of Brunswick-Lune-
burg, such as Portrait-pieces of Anton Ulrich. Ammon states that he
was a Sculptor. His signature occurs occasionally as S. H. or S. HUGEN-
BERG F. His work is poor.

Bibliography. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Ammon, o[). cit. — Numophyl. Biir-
ckhard, P. 11, no 2238. — VolhtdndigBraunsdm'.-Lunebiirg Mimi unci MedaiUen
Cabinet, nos483, 513, 569.

HUGIERE (French). Die-sinker of the third quarter of the seven-
teenth century. His signature occurs on a medal of 1669 commem-
orating the installation of public lanterns.

The name of this engraver is probably HUPIERE (q. v. infra).

HUGO (Germ.). Mint-director tor Hohenzollern-Hechingen at
Langenargen, 1732 (Kull, II, 706).

HUGO, LEOPOLD ARMAND (French). Sculptor and Modeller, resid-
ing at Paris. He is the author of some Portrait-medallions.

HUGUENIN, JEAN PIERRE VICTOR (French). Sculptor, born at Dole
(Jura), on the 21'' of February, 1802, died at Paris on the 7''' ot
January i860. He was a pupil of Rameyjn', and entered the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts in 1825.

Beside numerous works in statuary, this artist executed Portrait-
medallions in clay and bronze, one of the best known being that
of General Bonaparte, exhibited at the Salon of 186 1, after
Huguenin's death.

Bibliography. — Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.

HUGUENIN FRfiRES (Swiss). One of the foremost Die-sinking
establishments of Switzerland, founded at Le Locle (Canton Neu-
chatel) in 1868, and occupying at the present time over one hundred
workmen. Besides manufacturing watch-cases, in which branch
Huguenin freres have earned a well-merited reputation, the firm
has been also connected for the last twenty years with medal-work,
and has developed into an eminently successful business concern,
thanks to the sound professional knowledge of the partners, their
spirit of enterprise, and combination of artistic sense with executive
skill.

At the works of Huguenin freres, medals are designed, modelled,
and reduced, occasionally also dies are engraved by hand ; then they
are struck and entirely finished, without any outside aid.

The two principal partners in the firm, who are connected with
medal work are : HUGUENIN-JACOT and HENRI HUGUENIN.

— 5^7 —

Frit^ Huguenin-Jacot was born at Le Locle in 1845, where he stud-
ied drawing and made an apprenticeship of watch-case-engraving.
In 1868 he founded, in conjunction with brother Albert, the present
establishment of Huguenin frcres, which he has so ably and judi-
ciously conducted ever since, keeping pace with the times and leav-
ing no requirement unprovided for. With the collaboration of another
medallist of Le Locle, M. Jacot-Guillarmod, M. Huguenin executed
his first medal in 1888, that commemorating the monument to
Daniel Jean-Richard. Soon afterwards, he designed and manuflictured
the medal for the Federal Rifle Meeting at Claris, 1892, and that
for the Neuchatel Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Le Locle, of the same
year; also the dies for the cases of the Prize- watches distributed on
the same occasions. To this artist we owe further the Portrait-medals
of Bachelin, and Schenk, that of Diaz, President of the Republic of
Mexico (in collaboration with his son), the medal of the Solothurn
Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Olten, 1895, and that on Alpine cUmb-
ing and Mountaineering.

Fritz Huguenin-Jacot obtained the first prize for his competitive
design of the medal commemorating the Vaud Cantonal Rifle Meeting
at Lausanne, 1894, and a second prize for that of the medal of the
Master Riflemen. He designed also the medals of the Rifle Meeting at
Engelberg, Zurich Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Wintherthur, 1902,
and other Prize-medals, athletic, agricultural, nautical, &c. All the
medals published by Huguenin freres were executed under his
direction.

Henri Huguenin was born at the Locle in 1879, and is the son of
Fritz Huguenin-Jacot. He learned under his father's tuition the art
of medal-engraving, and studied drawing and modelling, first at
the ^coJe professionnelle of his native city, then at the Ecole des Arts
Industriels of Geneva, and later at the £cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris,
as a pupil of the Medallist Ponscarme. At Geneva he obtained most of
the first prizes, and the diploma of the School after three years' study.

— 568 —

instead of five, the usually required stage; he was also awarded the
Prix Galland of the city of Geneva, and had the satisfaction of seeing
his model for the commemorative medal of the Fifty years' Jubilee
of the Republic of Neuchatel adopted by the judges in the competi-
tion. At Paris, when only twenty years old, his exhibit was admit-
ted at the Salon, and he distinguished himself as a pupil of the Aca-
demic Jullian.

}>'.^^u. ot the Swiss Touring Club.

Since the artist's return to Le Locle, he has executed the
following medals : Unterwald Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Engelberg,
1899; — Lucerne Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Kriens, 1899; —
Award Medal of the Swiss Touring-Club, 1899; — Portrait
Plaque of Numa Droz, Statesman, 1900; — Fourth Centenary

Oiten Rifle Meeting, 1897.

of Schaff"hausen's admission into the Swiss Confederation, 1901
(from instructions furnished by the Committee) ; — Jetons for
the Swiss Numismatic Society, with portrait of Morel-Fatio, and
J. P. Droz (iilustrated) ; — Medal of the Zurich Cantonal Rifle
Meeting at Winterthur, 1902, &c.

— 569 —

Henri Huguenin was awarded two first Prizes at the Competitions
for the medals of Yverdon, 1899, and Vevey, 1901.

By virtue of his sound knowledge, his pure and deUcate taste,
one may confidently predict that he will soon take place among the
foremost of Swiss Medallists.

As a firm, Huguenin freres deserve special mention for their fine
commercial organisation and the periect arrangement of their

50»ii Anniversary of the Republic of Neuchatel, 1898.

establishment. Any casual visitor must be struck with the splendid
accommodation they possess, and the facilities, throughout so

Unterwald Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Engelberg.

complete, which render the smooth conduct of a large and complex
business a matter of certainty ; enabling them to combine the most
modern ideas of production with the highest standard of quality.
In the basement and annexe buildings are the furnaces, foundry, &c. ;
on the ground floor and upper stories are distributed in various

— 570 —

spacious workshops the engineers, press workers, engravers,
modellers, designers, speciallists in niello-work, &c. The reducing
machines, constructed on the premises, drop presses of the most
recent type, and a perfect set of tools of various kinds and great

Portrait Plaque of Numa Droz.

power constitute the working material of this important die-sinking
establishment.

Rifle Meetino; at Neumunster.

The following is a list of the principal medals and plaquettes
issued by Huguenin freres : 1888, Daniel Jean Richard; — 1892,
Federal Rifle Meeting at Claris ; — Neuchatel Cantonal Rifle Meeting
at Le Locle; — Portrait-medal of Auguste Bachelin; — Portrait-

— 571 --

medal of Schenk, Statesman; — 1897, Solothurn Cantonal Rifle
Meeting at Olten {iUustralcd) ; — Medal of the Golf Club ; —
The Swiss Touring Club; — 1898, Fifty years' Jubilee of the
Republic of Neuchatcl (il lustra led); — Portrait-medal of Diaz,
President of the Republic of Mexico; — Prize Medal for Regattas;

Rifle Meeting at Dornbirn, 1902.

— Alpine Climber and Mountain Guide; — 1899, Unterwald
Cantonal Rifle Meeting at Engelberg (Obwald) ; — Lucerne Can-
tonal Rifle Meeting at Kriens ; — Portrait-Jeton of Morel-Fatio
(issued for the Swiss Numismatic Society) ; — Portrait-plaquette
oi Numa.-Droz (illustrated); — 1901, Commemorative Medal of the
fourth Centenary of Schaffhausen's admission into the Swiss Con-

Neuchatel Federal Rifle Meeting, i!

federation (from instructions furnished by the Committee); —
Medal of Dornbirn ( Vorarlberg) ; — 1902, Federal Rifle Meeting
(Flobert) at Neumiinster, Zurich ; — Zurich Cantonal Rifle
MeetingatWinterthur ; — Portrait-jeton of J. P. Droz, the Medallist
(issued for the Swiss Numismatic Society).

At Huguenin freres' Works were also executed : Portrait-medil

— 572 —

of Bocklin, after a model by Sandreuter; — Neuchatel Federal Rifle
Meeting, 1898 (struck from dies supplied by the artist F. Landry);

— Cantonal Agricultural Exhibition at Vevey, 1901, after a model
furnished by the Committee; — Inauguration of the Albula Rail-
way, 1903; — Cantonal Rifle Meeting of Graubiinden, 1903 ; —
Federal Athletic Fete at Lugano, 1903 ; — 400''' Anniversary of the
Entry of Schaffhausen into the Swiss Confederation, 1901 (after a
design by Herr Dammhohler); — Rifle Meeting at Dornbirn
(Vorarlberg), 1902; — Rifle Meeting at Zurich-Neumunster,
1902.

Many of the watch-cases manuiactured at Huguenin freres partake
of the character of medals, and are of exceptional artistic merit. In
this particular branch, the firm has been most successful, being well
organised and adapted for the production of all possible kinds of
patterns to meet all requirements.

At the Salon of 1903, M, Henri Huguenin exhibited a frame of
medals and plaquettes.

Bibliography. — Information kindly supplied by MM. Hiii^^uenin freres, and
M. Arnold Robert. — Revtie universelle Internationale illiislre'e, No 444, p. 36. —
Revue internationale de VHorlogerie, 15 aout 1902, p. 540.

HUIS, HUBERT (Belg.) Mint-master at Namur, 6 October 1500 —
8. June 1504,

HUITTIG (Germ.). Die-sinker's signature on a medal of the Ham-
burg Society, Pathological & Clinical Association.

HUIZINGA, D'' J. (Dutch.). Designer of a medal with portrait of
George Eberhard Rumphius, 1902, struck by Begeer, Haarlem.

HUJER, LUDWIG (Aiislr.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Wilhelmshohe (North Bohemia) on the 20. July 1872. He
visited the Industrial Schools of Gablonz where he learned the first
elements of modelling and chasing. After two years' practical appren-
ticeship at Vienna, he entered in 1891 the studio of the sculptor
Prof. Kahne, and in 1893 became a pupil of the medallist Prof.
Steflm Schwartz. Between 1895 and 1898, when he definitively
settled at Vienna, the young artist visited Belgium, France, — where
he came into contact with Chaplain, Tasset, Charpentier, Lalique, &c.

— and worked at Wyon's die-sinking establishment in London.
Hujer obtained the Second Prize in the competition for a commem-
orative medal of the Ministry of Commerce in 1901, and in 1902
the First Prize, from the Austrian Society for the promotion ot
Medallic and Decorative Arts^ for a Triptych representing Dancing,
Music, and Singing.

By the artist are the following medals, &c. : 1899. Prof. Victor
Griinberg (illustrated)-, — Heinrich Hujer ; — 1900. The Austrian

— 573 —

Pavilion at the Paris Universal Exhibition ; — H. M. Francis
Joseph I., Emperor of Austria-Hungary ; — Wiihelm Wodnansky,
Painter; — 1901-3 H. H. Pope Leo XIII.; — Anton Barthlme;
— Friiulein Mitzi Fischer Edle von Roslerstamm ; — Frau Emma
Fischer Edle von Roslertamm ; — Herr Wahlberg; — Portraits of
Hujer's parents on the 30''' anniversary of their marriage; — The
Artist's two-year-old Child ; — Medal of Anton Barthlme, &c.

" Vielseitig beschriftigt ", observes a writer in Mittheil. des Klubs,
&c., "ohne im entferntesten sein Ideal, sich ausschliesslich der
Medaille und dem Portratplake widmen zu konnen, erreicht zu

Prof. Victor GrOnberg, by L. Hujer.

sehen, ist Hujer, um den unabweislichen materiellen Bedurfnissen
entsprechen zu konnen, gezwungen, einen grossen Teil seiner Zeit
und seines Konnens dtm Kunstgewerbe zuzuwenden und sich
ausserdem noch als Lehrer an einer Fortbildungsschule zu betatigen.
Trotzdem bewahrt er sich eine ausgesprochene kiinstlerische Indi-
vidualitat. Seine erste grossere Arbeit ,, Friihlingserwachen" darge-
stellt dutch eine 85 cm hohe weibHcheFigur, welche unter bliihen-
den Baumen einem Voglein lauscht, hat im Jahre 1900 das Grazer
Landesmuseum fiir ihre Sammlungen erworben".

Bibliography. — August R. von Loehr, Wiener Medailleure-Nachtra^, 1902. —
Miltheilwigci des Klubs der Mtini-utid Medaillenfreiinde in Wien, March-April
1903.

HUMBELOT, ANTOINE {Belg.^. Mint-master at Bruges; in conjunc-
tion witii Marc Wains, 6. September 1536 to 31. August 1539;
alone, 18. July 1544 to 5. June 1546.

HUMBELOT, GUILLAUME (5t;/^.). Mint-master at Bruges, 3. August
1510 to 5. October 1513.

— 574 —

HUMBELOT, JEAN (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges; in conjunction
with Philippe de le Berghe and Pierre Michiel, 20. March 1496 to
2. May 1499 ; again, in conjunction with Philippe de le Berghe,
2. May 1499 to 5. September 1500; and alone, 9. September 1500
to 25. May 1504.

Bibliography. — R. Serrure, Diclionnaire ikV Histoire mouetaire beige, Bruxelles,
1880.

HUHN, PHILIPP (G^rw.). Die-sinker at Darmstadt, 1817-1820.

HULLEGARDE, JEAN CHARLES VAN {Belg.). Mint-director at Ant-
werp, I. January 1744 to i. January 1745.

HUHNERKOPF, WOLF (Germ.). Mint-master at Annaberg (Saxony),

1534, 1547, 1562; died before 1570. His distinctive sign ® occurs

from 1539 to 1544 on Annaberg Thalers and Half Thalers, and

also on an Ortsthaler of 1545.

Bibliography. — Erbstein, Erdrterungen auf Jem Gebiete der sdchsischen Mun:^-
und Medaillen-Geschichte, Dresden, 1888.

HULFF, FRANZ (Germ.). Mint-master at Gandersheim, 1621-1624,
and Gottingen, 1624.

HULL, GEERT (Dan.). Mint-engraver and Medallist at Copenhagen,
1782-1810. He was a Norwegian by birth and studied at Paris. By
him are two medals on the Alliance of Sweden w'ith Denmark, in
1794; they are signed G.HVLL and G. H. respectively.

BiBLiOGR.\PHY. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Jorgensen, op. cit. — Hildebrand, op.
cit., II, pp. 235-6.

HULL, JOHN (Amer.). First Mint-master of New England, born in
Market Harborough, Lancashire, in 1624, went over to Boston
in 1635, entered the Army, and was chosen Corporal under Major
Gibbons in 1648, sergeant in 1652, ensign in 1654, ^"^^ captain of

Massachussetts " Pine Tree " Shilling.

the South Military Company of Boston. He was treasurer of war
during Philip's war. He died Oct., i, 1683.

*' The most interesting fact about Hull is that he was the famous

— 575 —

coiner of the old ' Pine Tree Shilling ', the first silver coined in what
is now the United States. Speaking of this in his diary he says,
"Also upon occasion of much counterleit coin brought into this
country, and much loss arising in that respect, the General Court
ordered a mint to be set up and to coin it, bringing it to the sterling
standard for fineness and for weight, every shilling to be three-
penny weight. And they made choice of me for that employment,
and I chose my friend Robert Sanderson to be my partner, to which
the Court consented ".

" Later the country was flooded with Spanish coin, which was
also made into the coin of the colony. The mint began its opera-
tions in 1652 and continued until 1685. John Hull and partner
were under oath that all money should be of just " alloy" and 01
due weight. The Court built the mint house on land belonging to
Hull, giving him the free use of it and providing all necessary
equipments. He was to have one shilling in twenty for every shilling
coined. The money was round, ' with a double ring on both sides
to prevent chpping'. On one side was the word " Masathusets "
and a tree in the centre ; on the other the words ''New England"
and the date 1652. The pieces were Shilling, Sixpenny, Three-
penny, and in 1662 Two-penny pieces were added, these last
having the date 1662. As many as sixteen different dies of the
Shilling piece have been found. This money was not current outside
of New England ; and the law forbade any one taking more than
twenty shillings out of the country ".

Bibliography. — John Hull, the early Coiner, Amer. Journal of Numismatics,
1893, p. 49.

HULOT (French). Inventor of the first Reducing Machine (in 1766),
which served as a pattern to all the later appliances of the same kind.
Michaut, the Engraver of the French coins, under Louis XVIII. and
Charles X., was using one of these machines. Vide V. Lemaire, Les
Precedes de fabrication des Monnaies et Medailles, Revue beige de
numismatique, 1892, p. 375.

HULS, GERHARD (Germ.). Mint-warden at Cologne, 1725-1735 ;
then Mint-master to the city, 173 5-1765. In 1742 an engraver of
the name of Wyon worked under him.

HULTER, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-master to the City
of Magdeburg, in the early years of the eighteenth century. He
executed several medals illustrating the reign of the first King of
Prussia; amongst others one commemorating the birth of Prince
Friedrich Ludwig, 1707. His name is given as HALTER (q. v.) in
Menadier Schatimiin^en des Hauses Hohen:^ollern.

- 576 -

HUMBERT, OLYMPE (^Siuiss). Engraver at La Chaux-de-Fonds,
during the second quarter of the nineteenth centurj'. He is the
author ofa Medalet of the " Societe desAmisde la Carabine", 1842,
and various other jetons.

Only 13 of these medalets were issued, 12 for the Meetings ot
1836 to 1847 and the thirteenth in 1845 ; they were struck at the
works of Francois Jeanneret which were situated in the street still
called Rue du Balancier,

Humbert was a good Engraver; the Musee historique of La Chaux-
de-Fonds possesses several fine works by him. He left Switzerland
for Freiburg in Brisgau in 1847 and died in the early fifties.

Bibliography. — Information kindly furnished by M. Arnold Robert.

HUME, JOSEPH (Brit.). A Member of Parliament, under Wil-
liam IV., at whose instance the coinage of Groats was revived in
1836. These Groats were issued from 1836 down to 1856, and
for sometime bore the nick-name of ''Joeys". Fide Hawkins,
Silver coins of England, 1887, p. 424.

HUMMER, HANNS (Bohem.). Mint-engraver at Prague, circa 1559.
He cut dies for the Bohemian coinage of Ferdinand L

HUMPHREY (Brit.) " In 1574 a proposition was made to Queen
Elizabeth by two persons named Wickliffe and Humphrey, to coin
Halfpence and Farthings in base silver (to weigh respectively 12 and
6 grains), but was not acted upon. "

Bibliography. — Jewitt, English Coins and Tokens, p. 70.

HUND, FRITZ and HANS (VON FALKENBERG) (Germ.). Joint Mint-
masters to the Bishop of Wiirzburg, circa 1426.

HUND, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Liibeck, circa 1549-55.
Fide Ammon, n° 437.

HUNDERTPFUND, ANTON (Germ.). Mint-warden at Landshut,
1606, under Albert IV. the Wise, Duke of Bavaria, and at Munich,
1506-1522.

HUNDERTPFUND, ANTON JUNR (Germ.). Mint-master at Munich,
1554 1" 1589- Medals were formerly ascribed to him, but Herr
J. V. KuU has clearly shown that the monogram (misread as HA
and interpreted 'Hundertpfund Anton') is really HR and forms the
signature of the Munich Goldsmith, Hans Reimer (q. v.).

Hundertpfund received payment in 1560 from Duke Albert V.
of Bavaria for delivering to him : 3 Guldiner of 10 Ducats; 3 Half-
Guldiner of 5 Ducats; 10 Zehner of 2 Ducats and 15 Groschl of

— 577 —

I Ducat weight. His name occurs again in mint-accounts of 1565
and 1566, in wliich years lie caused to be struck 84 and 500 silver
Jettons {Rechenpfennige). Reimer was no doubt the Engraver of
these coins and medals.

Bibliography. — J. V. Kull, Aus hayerischen Archivtn, Mittheil. der bayer-
ischen Num. Gesellschaft, XIX, p. 10. — Do, Repertorium &c. I (581), II,
p. 706.

HUNDERTPFUND, BALTHASAR (Genu.). Son of Anton Hundert-
pfund Sen^ Mint-master at Augsburg, nVm 15 22, then at Donau worth,
15^3-1548, under Jost Nikolaus IV. ot fiohenzollern, and at Ulm,
1522 1548.

HUNDERTPFUND, GABRIEL. {Genu.). Another son ot Anton
Hundertpfund Sen""; Mint-master at Munich, circa 1534-1539 (Kull,
II. p. 706).

HUNDERTPFUND, HANSEN (Germ.). Mint-master at Munich, circa
143)-

HUNDERTPFUND, HANS JUN. (Germ.). Mint-master at Sulzbach,
1460.

HUNGTSUNG ,>H: ^^ (Chin.). A. D. 1 1 20-1 174. Second son of

HungHao, and one of the " three Hungs". He graduated in 1142,
and served at intervals on the Privy Council for many years.

Author of the -^^ -^^, the earliest extant work on coinage, with

plates and descriptions of coins from remote times to the middle of
the tenth century, including legitimate currency, coins of usurpers,
foreign coins and medals.

Bibliography. — Giles, Chinese Biographical Dictionary, 1898.

HUNGER, CHRISTOPH SIGMUND (^«j/r.). Mint-master at Presburg,
1 69 5 -1 700. He originated from Ratisbon, where he was Mint-
warden, before 1665 ; then Mint-warden at St. Veit in Carinthia,
from 1675 to 1688. He signed his issues C. S. H.

HUNGER, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Mint-warden at Ratisbon, before
1665.

HUNGER, FRIEDRICH (Po/.). Mint-master at Warsaw, 1827-1830.
HUE, JEHAN (French). Mint-master at Troyes, 1 544-1 548.

L. FoRKER. — Biographical Notices of Mtdallistt. — II. }7

- 578 -
HUND, JOHANN (Germ.). Mint-master at Rostock, 15 12-1526.
HUNREICH the Moneyer (Austr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1420.

HUNSTADT (Germ.). Mint-master to the Counts Palatine of
Veldenz, sixteenth century.

HUNT, CONRAD (Germ.). Mint-master at Magdeburg, 1577-1594;
distinctive sign, a dog's head.

HUNT&ROSKELL formely STORR & MORTIMER (Brit.). London
Goldsmiths and Jewellers. Paul Storr first entered his name at
Goldsmith's Hall in 1792, then living in Church St., Soho. In 1796
he removed to Air Street, Piccadilly, and in 18 17 to Dean St.,
Soho. In 1842, the firm was styled Hunt & Roskell, on the retire-
ment of Storr & Mortimer.

Several medals of the second half of the nineteenth century were
issued by Hunt & Roskell ; one of the best known is a Portrait-medal
of Gladstone, 1879, the dies for which were cut by L. C. Wyon.

HUPEDEN. ANTON WILHELM (Germ.). Mint-master at Hanover,
1707, Osnabriick, I7i8,and again Hanover, 1720.

HUPIERRE, or HURPltlRE (French). Neither Jal nor Guifi^rey have
been able to find any biographical information concerning this
Medallist, who worked for the Paris Mint, during the fourth quarter
of the seventeenth century.

The following dies are attributed to him : 1688. Naval Battle of
Agosta; — Strassburg fortified; — 1692. Naval Battle of Cartha-
gena; — Sobieski, Knight of the King's Orders; — Capture of
Montmedy ; — Capture of the town of Conde ; — Raising of the
Siege of Charleroi ; — 1693. Institution of the Military Order of
Saint-Louis; — Sewerage of Paris, 1669; — Capture of Mont-
medy; — 1694, Battle of Nerwinden (signed Hupierre /".); —
Foundation of Huningen (signed Hupiire f.) ; — 1696. Battle ot
Senef ; — Capture of Montmedy ; ■ — Battle of the Downs ; — Rais-
ing of the Siege of Charleroi ; — Sobieski invested as a Knight of
the King's Orders; — Engagement ofLeuze (signed Hupierre); —
Two Portraits of the King ; — Capture of Thionville ; — Engage-
ment off Tobago.

To these must be added : Embellishment of Paris (1669) (signed
Hupierre f.); — Capture of the Citadel 01 Casale (1681) (signed
H. F.) ; — Bust of the King (signed Hupierre f.) ; — Portrait of
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de Toulouse, French Admiral
(signed H.); — Homage of the Duke of Lorraine (1661) (signed
H. F.).

— 579 —

According to the Mercure Hupiere (who is there named Heupiere)
engraved also two jettons for the Admiralty in 1698 and 1699.

Bibliography. — Jal, op. cit. — J- J- Guiffrey, La Monttaie des Medailles,
Revue numismatique, 1888, p. 314. — Blanchet, op. cit., II, p. 397.

HUPP, 0. (Germ.). Contemporary Painter and Engraver of
Schleissheim, Bavaria. He designed the Munich Shooting Thaler of
1881.

HUPPE, HENRI (French). Contemporary Sculptor, residing at
Paris. At theSalonsof 1874 and 1879 he exhibited Portrait-medallions
of A. Huppe and A, Bauspac.

HUPPENTANZ, TILLMANN (Szviss). Mint-master at Lucerne,
1581.

HURTEBINET, AUGUSTIN (Szi'iss). Mint-master at Geneva, from
the 22. December 1652 to the 10''' of January 1655. His issues are
signed A-B.

HUSER, HANS or JOHANN JACOB (Germ.). Mint-master at Sorau
before 1623, when he fled on a charge of having coined false money ;
then appointed Mint-master at Glogau, where he only stopped for a
few months ; 1624, Imperial Mint-master at Neisse and Oppeln ; and
in 1627 at Glatz.

HUSSON, H0N0R£ jean ARISTIDE (French). Sculptor, born at
Paris, on July 2, 1803, died at Bellevue (Seine-et-Oise) on the
30'''July 1864. He is the author of a number of Portrait-medallions.

HDTT, IGNATZ (Auslf.). Die-sinker at Kohiggratz in the early part
of the nineteenth century. His signature occurs on a Medal of the
Koniggratz Sharp-shooters' Society, 18 10. Between 18 13 and 1816,
and again from 1818 to 1829 he was employed as an Engraver at
the Mint of Vienna.

HUTH, REGINALD (Brit.). A well-known London Collector of
Coins and Medals, who has issued, of late years, a number of pri-
vate Patterns for coins (Pikes de fanlaisie') and Medallic Portraits.
These pieces, which combine artistic taste in the design and com-
position with skilful and excellent execution, were struck by
Messrs Pinches & Co, London Die-sinkers and Medallists, under
the direct supervision of Mr. Huth, who has kindly favoured me
with the following particulars of his i.ssues :

LiLiuoKALAKi (The last Queen of the Hawaiian Islands) :
Twenty Dala Pieces, 1893, obv. Bust to r. I^. Arms. Pure

— 58o —
gold (3); — One Dala Pieces, 1891, obv. Bust to r. 1^. Map of the

Liliuokalani, ^ Dala, 1891.

Hawaiian Islands; the date 1893 inside mullet. Pure Silver (50).

Isabel II. (Ex-Queen of Spain) : One Hundred Franc Pieces,
1894, obv. Bust to r. ^. Draped shield of arms. Iridium (i),
broken and soldered with gold. Platinum (2). Gold, Latin stand-
ard (^). Iron (i); — One Hundred Franc Pieces, 1894, ^^^^

Isabel II., .^ 4 Pesetas, 1894.

floreate cross on ^. Pure Gold (2). Rhodium (i). Palladium (i.)
Iron (i); — Four Peseta Pieces, 1894; similar type to last with
floreate cross on ^L. Pure Silver, with milled edges (100). Copper,
milled (i). Nickel, milled (i). Iron, milled (i).

Maria Cristina (Queen-Regent of Spain, during the minority
of Alfonso XIII.) : One Hundred Franc Pieces, 1894, obv. Bust to
right ^L. Draped shield of arms. Platinum (i). Gold, Latin

- 58i -
standard (r) ; — Four Peseta Pieces, 1894, obv. Similar to last

Maria Cristina, JR, 4 Pesetas, 1894.

^. Floreate cross. Silver (25). Copper (i). Nickel (i). Iron (i),
all with milled edges.

Ranavalo ni. (Ex-Queen of Madagascar). Dollars, 1895, obv.
Bust facing ^L. 18R95 within heart in the centre of a rose. Plati-
num (i). Pure Gold (i). Silver (25). Copper (i). Iron (2); —
Dollars, 1895 ^^^ Ornamented cross. Platinum (i). Pure Gold(i).

Dollar of Queen Ranavalo III., 1895.

Palladium (i). Silver (25). Copper (iV Iron (i). Also a mule
formed trom a disc of Meteoric Iron from Coahuila, Mexico, 1866,
obv. Bust of Queen Ranavalo I^. Bust of Princess Kaiulani.

Kaiulani (Princess; Niece of Queen Liliuokalani). Medals of
Dollar size, obv. Bust to r. ; some specimens have a fish under-
neath the bust, others, four around the head ^L. Map of the

— 582 —

Hawaiian Islands. Gold (i). Silver (50). Copper (2). Iron (3).
Tin(i).

: of Princess Kaiulani, 1893.

Alfonso XIII. (King of Spain). One Hundred Franc Pieces,
1896, obv. Head to r. I^. Crowned shield of arms. Gold (3); —

Alfonso XIII., Pattern 100 Pesetas, 1896.

I^ ot Pattern 20 centimes, 1896.

Twenty Centimes Pieces, 1896. Silver (4). Copper (100).
Tin (50).

- 583 --

Maria Luisa Fernanda de Borbon (Duchess of Montpensier),
Medals of Dollar size, 1897, o^^'- ^^^^ ^^ ^- ^- Inscription :

Pattern Dollar of Fernanda de Borbon, 1897.

DUQUESA DE | MOMPENSIER &c. Platinum (i). Gold (2); one
in pure gold, the other of Latin standard. Silver (30). Lead
(several). Nickel (2). Copper (2). Iron (2). Tin(i). Aluminium (i).

Victoria (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India).

Victoria, Pattern 5 of a Pound, 1900.

Victoria, Pattern Three Shilling Piece, 1900 (2 var. of I^.).
Pattern Double Florin, 1900, on H. M.'s visit to Ireland, obv. VICTO

- 584 -

RIA-DEI-GRA-HIBERNIAE-&C-REGINA. Crowned and veiled bust
to 1. ^L. CEAD MILE FAILTE. Four crowned shields disposed in
cruciform fashion, with rose, thistle, and two branches of shamrock
in angles; — Forty Pence or One Sixth of a Pound Pieces, 1900,
Obv. as last. ^. ONESIXTHOF- A- POUND- 1900. Crown
above two sceptres in saltire between the letters V — R; — Three
ShiUing Pieces, 1900, Obv. As before I^. VERITAS "TEMPORIS-

FILIA . Crown above two sceptres in saltire ; above ?rj ; beneath :

Sep:; — Three Shilling Pieces, 1900, obv. Similar to last
^. EXVRGAT DEVS DISIPETVR INIMICI. Type as last;

above crown yyr ; beneath, Oct : ; — Three Shilling Pieces,

1900, obv. Similar to last, I^. EXVRGAT DEVS' DISSIPENTVR-

INIMICI. Ornamented shield of arms of Ireland ; above

Mrs Huth (Mr. Reginald Huth's mother). Portrait Medals
(2 sizes), obv. Veiled bust to r. ^L. Inscription within wreath.

Portrait-medal of Mrs Huth.

HUTIN, J. (French). Medallist of Metz, 1628-1630, by whom
are medals of F. J. de Montagu, Commander of Metz, and Jean
Louis de la Valette, Duke of Epernon.

Bibliography. — F. MazeroUe, Les Me'dailleurs frarifais dti XV^ an XVIh
siecle, Paris, 1902.

HUZUWEEL, PIERRE (Belg.). Goldsmith of Brussels, and Seal-
engraver to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, 1519.

HYAMS, HYAM (Brit.). Editor of Medalets, Jettons, &c. in the
early part of Queen Victoria's reign. He issued a series of Model
Crowns, in 1848, the dies for which were evidently cut by

- 585 -

Allen and Moore of Birmingham, as some specimens bear their ini-
tials A & M. ; others have on the ^. PUB : BY H.HYAMS.

Model Crown of Queen Victoria, 1848.

The best-known medal published by Hyams is a Portrait-piece
of Nathan Mayer Rothschild, dated 1836.

HYDRUS. " This name ", observes King ** was assumed by the
gem-engraver Natter as the Greek form of his own German appella-
tion, which means a water-snake ".

HYLLUS {Greek). Gem-engraver of the era ot Augustus, and one
of the three sons of the famous Dioscorides. The known works of
this artist are : i. A cameo in the Berlin Museum representing a
Satyr's head, in profile to r. ; the inscription reads : TAAOC
AIOCKOYPIAOT €nOI€l; — 2. Theseus, standing, nude, and
leaning on club; in the field, TAAOT (sardonyx in the Berlin
Museum) ; — 3. Bust of Apollo in profile signed TAAOT in front
of neck (carnelian in the Ermitage Museum, and at one time in
the Collection of Lorenzo de' Medici) ; — 4. Bearded head of a
Barbarian, in profile, and wearing wreath ; under the neck is the
inscription TAAOT (carnelian in the Florence Museum); — 5.
The Bacchic Bull, girt with ivy, trampling on thyrsus; above, the
signature TAAOT (Chalcedony in the Paris Cabinet des Medailles
(illustrated). The last gem is considered to be modern by Salomon
Reinach (Fide, p. 172).

The Bacchic Bull.

The signature of Hyllus has been added by unscrupulous Gem-
engravers to a number of modern Gems, some of which are des-
cribed in King's works.

— 586 ~

Furtwangler in his admirable work " Antike Gemmen" makes
the following comment on the Gem-engraver Hyllus :

'* Hyllos ist uns sowohl als Kameenschneider bekannt, wobei
wir erkennen, dass er eine ihn vom Vater scheidende Eigenart
besass, was uns gestattet, anderes auf ihnvermutungsweise zuruck
zu fuhren, wie als Verfertiger von Intagli. Hier ist er Klassizist,
was er als Kameenschneider gar nicht ist, und zeigt schon eine
mehr trockene Art dagegen viel weniger Weichheit und Frische
als der Vater. "

To Hyllos, Furtwangler would incline to ascribe the Marlbo-
rough cameo with portrait of Augustus, radiate (illustrated), and

Head of Augustus.

M. Babelon an intaglio of the Pauvertde la Chapelle Collection.

By Hyllus is probably also the celebrated Vienna cameo, the
Family of Claudius. Furtwangler calls this an extremely minute
and fine v/ork : " Die Profile sind sicher, klar und scharf, die
Modellierung trotz der Flachheit, welche die Steinschichten ver-
langten, eine ziemlich reine und feine; das Ohr des Germanicus
besonders ist ausserordentlich gut gearbeitet, ahnlich wie an dem

- 387-

Augustus Marlborough. Ich mochte vermuthen, dass auch dieser
Kameo von einem der Sohne des Dioskurides, und zwar etwa von
Hyllus, herriihrt, an dessen signierten Kameo die Ganze der Arbeit
erinnert. Die Inspiration zu dem Ganzen hat aber auch hier wieder
die alexandrinische Kunst der Ptolemaer gegeben, Dahin weisen
die charalvteristischen DoppelfuUhorner nebst dem Adler, die wir
bei der grossen sogenannten Ptolemaerkameen und der Ptolemaer
Miinzen fanden ".

The signature TAAOT occurs further on a carnelian, represent-
ing Nereid and Triton (according to Brunn), Polemo and Ino
(King), Bacchus and Ariadne (Story- Maskelyne). M. Salomon
Reinach accepts Brunn's description, and believes the gem and
signature antique, notwithstanding Brunn and Furtwangler's opin-
ion to the contrary.

Two of the gems by Hyllus, a Diademed Head, and the pretend-
ed Head of Cleopatra, described by Furtwangler as a Head of
Apollo, bear beside the signature of the artist, TAAOT, the inscrip-
tion, LAUR.MED., attesting that these gems once belonged to
Lorenzo de' Medici. Mariette was wrong in believing all the stones
thus inscribed as modern.

Bibliography. — Furtwangler, Anlike Gemmen, 1900. — Babelon, La Gravure
in pierres fines, 1894. — Id., Camees antiques et viodernes. — Salomon Reinach,
Pierres gravees, Paris, 1895. — Orsini, Imaaritus,V\. 75. — Mariette, Traite, Sec,
vol. I, p. 417, — Muntz, Pre'ctirseurs de la Renaissance, p. 290 sq. — Bracci, Vol.
II, 79. — Brunn, Vol. II, p. 507. — Canini, Iconogr., PI. III. — Clarac, p. 132.
— Furtwangler, Jabrb., 1888, PI. 10, I, 306. — Koehler, op. cit., Vol. Ill,
p. 108, 293. — Orsini, lllustr. Imag., PI. 75. — Pierres d' Orleans, li, 14.—
Raspe, no 15210.

HYTER, AUBERT DE (Belg.) Coin-engraver (tailleur des fiers des
mouriaies) to Louis de Male, in succession to Francois Bernard, was
appointed at Ghent, on the 10*'' of November 1362. He engraved
the Moutons d'or struck at Malines in 1374, for which he received
a gratification of 30 sous or 18 livres parisis. He may be the author
of a Jeton de presence of the Chambre des Comptes of Flanders at
Lille, which was issued at Ghent in that year. Hyter was also a
Goldsmith, and executed a number of important works of plate for
the Duke.

Bibliography. — Pinchart, op. cit., Revue de la num. beige, 185 1, p. 299.

H. V. E. Vide HANS VON ECKE. Mint-master at Andreasberg (for
Brunswick), Cattenburg (for Sayn-Wittgenstein) between i6i7and
1 62 1, then to the Counts of Schwarzburg until 1622, and from
1622 to 1625 at Osterode. He died before 1628.

H. V. F. Vidi' HIERONYMUS VASSALLO. Medallist at Genoa, 1800,

and Milan, 1808-18 19.

— 5^8 —

H. V. P. Vide HANS VON PUTT. Medallist at Nuremberg, 1618-
1649, and Cassel, 1650; died in 1652.
Bibliography. — Schlickcysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

H. V. V. (Austr.). These initials occur on a Mining Medal of
1629, struck at Kremnitz.

H.W. (Germ.^. This monogram is found sunk on the edge of
three small medals : 1561, Carl Rogiers (Dannenberg) ; — Hans
Kuene (Jaschke), a Patrician of Danzig (in the Berlin Museum);
— 1562, Anonymous Medal with the legend : " Gedult Unglucks
Ertznei ".

A small medal, dated 1586, of Bishop Andreas Jerin of Breslau,
is signed HW, and may be by the same artist.

Bibliography. — Erman, Deutsche Medailleure, p. 75.

H. W. Vide HERMANN WINKELMANN. Mint-warden at Riga,
1625-1650.

H. W. Vide HEINRICH WULF. Mint-master at Riga, 1633-1646.

H. W. Vide HEINRICH WOLRAB. Medallist at Nuremberg, during
the second half of the seventeenth century; he died in 1690.

H. W. Vide HERMANN WITTIG. Medallist at Berlin, circa 1865,
and at Rome, 1880.

H. W. S. Vide HEINRICH WILHELM SELLIUS. Mint-master at
Elbing, 1761.

H. Z. Vide EA'HS ZISSLER. Mint-master at Breslau, 1627-1637.

H. Z. Vide HEINRICH ZEDRITZ. Medallist at Stockholm, 1660,
and Mint-master there, 1700- 1706.
Bibliography. — Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.

END OF VOLUME II

PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (fRANCE)

BUILDING USE

V'l l-^V

TO ALL

/"■■^ t

V '^ *^

f or CALXFOBBCU

AT

TO ALL

^

OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388

Return this material to the library

from which it was borrowed.

REC'O mi CIRC

0"" ? 2 1993

0,OCT1919»

/

-^