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THE 


OF      THE 


M^yiES  ©IF  lEMmiESfT  jPIEKSDMS 


or  ALL  AGES   AHD   :N'ATI0NS 


Q^ykWly  ^  la/Me^  C/€/U^''^  ^ 


pmese.:nt    timh - 
BY   SAMHEIL    MATUHBEM 


LOIT&MAIT.  BRO'WIT,  GI^EIT  &  LONGHAITS 
18  51. 


TUE 


BIOGRAPHICAL   TREASURY; 
^  Dicttoitati> 

OF 


SAMUEL   MAUNDER, 


AUTHOR    OF 

THE   TUEASUUY   OK    KNOWLEDGE,"    "THE   SCIENTllTIC   A5D   MTEUARY 
TUKASUltY,"   ETC.    ETC.   ETC. 


SEVENTH    EDITION, 
RE^^SED,    CORRECTED,   AND   EXTENDED    TO   THE   PRESEKT   TIME. 


^^"-^^"^        LONDO]!^: 
LONGMAN,   BROWN,    GREEN,    AND    LONGMANS. 
1851. 


•^^ 


l.oKboN : 

Spottiswoodes  and  StlAvV, 

New-streeC- Square. 


PREFACE 


TO 


THE  PRESENT  EDITION. 


Since  the  publication  of  the  last  edition  of  tliis  worli  In  18f7,  death  his  been 
more  tlian  usually  busy  among  those  whose  names  and  achievements  ought  to 
be  commemorated  iuour  "  Biographical  Treasury."  Instead,  however,  of 
adding  these  new  names  to  the  work  by  way  of  supplement,  it  has  been 
deemed  expedient  to  embody  them  in  the  work  itself,  together  with  the 
various  supplements  that  have  appeared  from  time  to  time,  thus  facilitating 
consultation,  and  making  the  work  a  complete  manual  of  Biographical 
reference,  down  to  the  date  of  publication.  The  more  satisfactorily  to  effect 
this  object,  the  whole  work  has  been  reprinted  on  a  larger  page,  and  with  a 
new  type  ;  and  the  opportunity  has  been  taken  to  correct  mistakes  that  had 
crept  into  former  editions,  to  supply  not  a  few  names  that  had  been 
omitted,  to  re-write  numerous  memoirs  that  appeared  either  imperfect 
or  inexact,  and  in  a  word  to  maintain  the  long  established  character  of  this 
work,  as  a  trustworthy  repository  of  Universal  Biography.  Considerable 
space  has  been  devoted  in  this  edition  to  the  lives  of  foreigners,  distinguished 
in  science,  literature,  art,  politics,  or  arms,  in  whom  Englishmen  might  be  pre- 
sumed to  take  an  interest ;  and  on  the  whole  it  is  hopeil  that  few  important 
names,  whether  native  or  foreign,  will  be  found  to  have  been  omitted. 

January,  1851. 


PKEFACE 


THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  publication  of  this  volume  having  been  protracted  vcTy  considerably 
beyond  the  time  I  had  originally  calculated  on,  and  the  task  having  proved  a 
far  more  onerous  one  than  my  sanguine  expectations  had  led  me  to  anticipate, 
I  freely  confess,  that,  whatever  its  ultimate  fate  may  be,  I  feel  no  ordinary 
degree  of  gratification  in  having  at  length  brought  it  to  a  close  —  agratifica'ion 
arising  from  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  labour  required  for  its  producti  ni ; 


186096 


iar^facc. 


heightened  by  a  recollection  of  the  ser'ous  interruption  I  met  with,  from 
severe  and  prolonged  illness,  during  its  early  progress.  Yet,  though  some- 
times daunted,  and  often  discouraged  (if  I  may  apply  the  words  of  a  great 
man,  on  an  important  subject,  to  my  comparatively  insignificant  undertaking), 
"despondency  has  never  so  far  prevailed  as  to  depress  me  to  neglect." 

On  the  present  occasion,  I  have  but  little  to  say.  I  shall  not  trouble  the 
reader  with  a  needless  dissertation  on  the  uses  and  value  of  Biography ;  the 
subject  is  too  obvious  to  require  demonstration  —  too  trite  to  call  for  a  pre- 
fatory remark.  Neither,  in  what  I  deem  it  necessary  to  state,  do  I  wish  to 
arrogate  to  myself  any  peculiar  merit.  But  let  no  one  imagine  that  I  am 
indifferent  as  to  the  success  of  this  volume,  or  that  I  should  not  honestly 
exult  to  learn  that  it  met  with  the  approbation  of  a  discerning  public.  If 
I  had  no  other  motive,  the  highly  favourable  reception  given  to  its  precursor 
would  have  been  a  sufficient  inducement,  I  trust,  to  make  me  anxious  to 
execute  the  present  Work  in  a  manner  that  might  not  be  deemed  discre- 
ditable either  to  my  judgment,  or  my  regard  for  truth  and  strict  impartiality. 

Persons  not  in  the  habit  of  consulting  different  biographical  authorities,  can 
have  no  idea  of  the  discrepancies  that  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  relation  of 
mere  matters  of  fact ;  but  this,  perplexing  as  it  is,  bears  no  proportion  to  the 
wilful  perversions  that  abound  where  scope  is  given  for  the  expression  of 
political  feeling,  or  the  promulgation  of  a  particular  doctrine.  So  prone, 
indeed,  are  many  to  this  corrupt  practice,  that  it  appears  as  though  they 
considered  it  a  paramount  duty  to  carry  on^  per  fas  et  nefas,  an  eternal 
crusade  against  all  opinions  which  are  not  in  accordance  with  their  own  — 
against  every  one  who  is  disposed  to  take  a  straightforward  and  rational 
view  of  things,  rather  than  to  glance  at  them  through  the  oblique  medium  of 
some  wild  or  fanciful  theory.  The  amount  of  injury  thus  done  to  the  cause 
of  truth,  it  is  impossible  to  estimate :  sentiments,  glossed  over  by  a  false 
philosophy,  are  slavishly  copied  from  one  work  to  another,  till  the  dissemina- 
tion of  error  becomes  general,  and  the  evils  inflicted  on  society  are  past 
redemption. 

Throughout  the  following  pages,  I  have  never  allowed  myself  to  be  satis- 
fied with  one  authority,  where  more  were  obtainable  ;  nor  have  I  grudged  my 
labour  in  any  way  that  I  thought  would  render  the  volume  more  acceptable  to 
the  public  ;  — but  to  expect  that  it  can  be  immaculate,  would  be  the  height  of 
absurdity.  If  I  have  fallen  into  errors  similar  to  those  which  I  have  con- 
demned, a  heavy  responsibility  will  rest  on  me ;  if  I  have  committed  any  of  a 
less  serious  nature,  I  hope  they  will  be  found  so  venial,  that  their  obliteration 
may  be  an  easy  employment  when  revising  a  future  edition. 

The  steady  patronage  bestowed  upon  "  The  Treasury  of  KNowtEnoE" 
demands  my  reiterated  thanks.  Thirty  thousand*  coj  ies  of  that  work  have 
been  legitimately  sold  in  this  country,  and  a  still  greater  number,  as  I  am 
credibly  informed,  firatcd  in  America:  it  is  therefore  not  unreasonable  to 
expect,  that,  unless  there  be  more  defects  in  the  present  volume  than  I  am 
conscious  of,  it  will  meet  with  a  proportionate  circulation.  Nothing  but  a 
large  sale  can  ever  repay  me ;  and  I  naturally  cherish  the  hope  that,  in  a 
commercial  as  well  as  in  a  moral  sense,  I  may  not  have  laboured  in  vain. 


!»  This  WM  written  in  1838  ;  and  that  "  The  Treasury  of  Knowledge"  has  since  that 
time  gi"eatly  risen  in  public  estimation,  It^increosed  sale  is  a  most  gratifying  proof. 


NEW  DICTIONARY 


UNIVERSAL    BIOGRAPHY, 


A  A,  CiiAni.Es  ITexrt  Vajt  per,  a  Lu- 
tltcran  minister,  born  nt  ZwuHc,  wlio  took  a  i 
leading  part  in  establiiilung  at  llaerlcin  the 
Academy  of  Sciences.      Uom,  1718  ;    died,  I 
1792.  I 

AA,    Gekard    Van   t>kr,    and  his    sons 
AuoLPiiLS  and  Piiilip  (three  distinguished 
members  of  an  ancient  family  in  the  Nether- 
lands), are  honourably  mentioned  in  the  an- 
nals of  the  United  Provinces  for  the  promi-  | 
nent  part  they  took  in  resisting  the  tyranny  i 
of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  and  the  subsequent  | 
liberation  of  their  country.  I 

AA,  Petek  Van  dek,    a   distinguished 
lawyer,  born  at  Louvain,  who  became  jjresi-  \ 
dent  of  the  council  of  Luxembourg,  in  1574.    j 

AA,  Petek  Van  pek,  an  eminent  book-  ! 
seller  of  Lcyden,  who,  early  in  tlie  18th  cen-  ' 
tury,  compiled  and  published  several  exten- 
sive collections  of  voyages  and  travels,  among 
which  was  his  "  Galerie  du  Monde,"  an  illus-  \ 
tratcd  Atlas,  in  6(5  vols,    lie  also  published  \ 
the  great  collection  of  Gronovius  on  Greek, 
and    of   GriEvius    on    Koman,    antiquities.  I 
Died,  1730. 

AAGARD,  Christian,  aDanish  poet, and 
professor  of  poetry  at  Sora,  and  of  theology  | 
at  Kissen  in  Jutland.  Bom,  IGIO  ;  died,  1(W4. 

AAGARD,    Nicholas,    brother    of     the 
above,  a  philosopliical  writer,  and  a  proles-  i 
sor  at  Sora.     Bom,  ltjl2  ;  died,  ItwZ.  I 

AAGESEN,  SuEND  or  Sveno  (called  also  \ 
SuENO  Agonis),    a   Danish  historian    and 
antiquary  of  the  12th  century. 

AAUST,  EvEKAHD,  a  Dutch  painter,  emi- 
nent for  fruit  pieces  and  armoury.  Born  at 
Delft,  in  l(i02  ;  died,  lOoS. 

AALST,  William,  nephew  of  the  above, 
and  still  higher  in  repute  as  a  painter.  Boru, 
1G20 :  died,  1(;79. 

AARON,  St.  a  British  martyr,  who,  with 
his  brother  Julius,  suffered  during  the  perse- 
cution of  the  Christians,  under  the  emperor 
Diocletian,  a.  d.  3(t3,  and  was  canonized  ten 
centuries  afterwards. 

AARON  of  Alexandria,  a  priest  and 
physician  of  the  7th  century.  He  was  a 
voluminous  author,  and  the  first  who  de- 
scribed the  measles  and  small-pox,  diseases 
which  were  at  tliat  time  new  to  Egypt,  and 
by  him  supposed  to  have  originated  there. 

AARON  of  Bakcelo.va,  a  Spanisli  Jew  of  j 
the  13th  century  ;   author  of  "Precepts  on 
Moses."  printed  at  Venice  in  1523. 

AARON  BEN  ASSER,  a  learned  Jew  of 
the  Ml  century  ;  said  to  be  the  inventor  of 
Hebrew  points  and  accents. 


AARON  BEN  CHAIM,  a  Jew  of  iforocco; 
author  of  "  Treatises  on  the  Scriptures," 
printed  at  Venice  in  1(!09. 

AARON  II ACIIARON,  a  Jew  of  Nicome- 
dia,  born  in  134(!.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  the  Jewish  doctrines  and  customs, 
entitled  "The  Garden  of  Eden." 

AARON  IIARISCIION,  the  Caraite,  a 
rabbi  of  tlie  13th  century,  author  of  a  Com- 
mentary on  the  Pentateuch. 

AARON,  Isaac,  a  Greek  ;  interpreter  to 
the  emperor  Manuel  Commenus,  by  whom 
he  was  deprived  both  of  liis  office  ond  his 
sight,  on  a  charge  of  wilful  misinterpreta- 
tion. He  was  subsequently  reinstated  in  his 
office  ;  and  revenged  himself  on  his  enemies 
with  savage  cruelty;  but  died  in  consequence 
of  torture  inflicted  on  him  by  order  of  the 
emi>eror  Isaac  Angelus,  on  lus  accession  to 
the  throne,  in  12()3. 

AARON,  PiETito,  a  Florentine  of  the  l(5th 
century,  canon  of  Rimini,  aud  an  elaborate 
writer  on  music. 

AARON  SCHASCON,  a  rabbi  of  the  17tli 
century  ;  author  of  "The  Law  of  Truth," 
printed  at  Venice  in  1631. 

AARSENS,  Francis  Van,  lord  of  So- 
meldvck  and  Spyck,  in  Holland,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  dii)lomatist,  who,  after  residing  ir> 
years  at  Paris,  first  as  agent  and  then  as 
ambassador  for  the  United  States,  was  twice 
sent  as  ambassador  to  England.  Born  at 
the  Hague  in  1572  ;  died,  1641. 

AARTGEN,  a  painter,  of  very  consider- 
able merit,  but  of  low  and  dissolute  habits. 
He  was  bom  at  Leyden  in  1498  ;  and  is  said 
to  have  met  his  death  by  being  drowned  in 
a  drunken  frolic,  in  1564. 

ABA,  or  ALBON,  crowned  king  of  Hun- 
gary on  the  deposition  of  Peter,  sumamed 
the  German,  in  1041,  and  put  to  death  for 
his  cruelty  in  1044. 

AJJACO,  AvAUisTO  Felice  D' All,  acele- 
brated  composer  and  violinist  of  Verona,  in 
the  18th  century. 

ABACO,  Baron,  also  a  native  of  Verona 
(in  the  18th  century),  and  celebrated  as  an 
amateur  composer  and  performer  on  the 
violoncello. 

ABAGA,  or  ABAKA-KHAN,  a  warlike 
emperor  of  the  Moguls,  and  a  formidable 
opponent  of  the  crusaders.  He  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  empire  in  1264,  and  died  in 
1282. 

ABANO.     See  Apono. 

ABANTIDAS,  son  of  Paseas,  made  him- 
self master  of  Sicyon,  after  putting  to  death 


abaI 


^  ;^ctD  Winihct^al  2tjt0crrajpT)». 


[abb 


Clinias,  who  was  regent  for  his  son  Aratus, 
then  a  minor.    He  was  assassinated  B.C.  251. 

ABARIS,  a  celebrated  character  of  an- 
tiquity, said  to  have  possessed  vast  abilities, 
and  to  have  been  endowed  with  the  power 
of  performing  miraculous  cures,  but  of  whom 
even  the  country  which  gave  him  birth  is 
very  uncertain  ;  some  calling  him  a  Scy- 
thian, while  others  maintain  that  he  was  a 
native  of  one  of  the  Western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land :  a  personage,  in  short,  of  whom  there 
is  far  more  of  fable  recorded  than  of  ti-uth. 

ABAS,  SoHAH,  snrnamed  the  Great,  7th 
king  of  Persia.  With  tlie  assistance  of  the 
English,  in  1(322,  he  took  Ormus,  and  made 
Ispahan  the  capital  of  Persia.    Died  in  1629. 

ABASCAL,  Don  Jose  Fep.nando,  vice- 
roy of  Peru  during  several  years  of  the 
South  American  war  of  independence,  was 
born  at  Oviedo  in  1743,  and  having  entered 
the  military  service  of  Spain,  served  in  the 
numerous  campaigns  of  that  country  during 
the  latter  half  of  last  century  in  all  parts  of 
the  globe.  Appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in 
1804,  he  governed  with  a  firm  but  gentle 
hand  till  181(5,  when  lie  was  superseded  by 
General  Pezuela  ;  and,  on  his  retirement,  he 
left  behind  him  a  character  for  ability  and 
moderation  which  is  still  held  in  grateful 
remembrance.    Died  at  Madrid,  1821. 

ABASSA,  or  ABBASSA,  sister  of  the  ca- 
liph Haroun  al  Kaschid,  who  gave  her  in 
marriage  to  his  vizier  Giafar,  on  condition 
that  their  marriage  should  never  be  con- 
summated ;  but  having  broken  the  contract, 
the  caliph  put  Giafar  to  death,  and  banished 
his  wife  from  the  palace,  giving  ordeis  that 
no  one  should  afford  her  relief.  The  roman- 
tic incidents  arising  irom  this  strange  mar- 
riage have  furnished  themes  for  many  an 
oriental  tale. 

ABASSON,  an  impostor  :  who  was  put  to 
death  for  pretending  that  he  was  grandson 
to  Abas  the  Great. 

ABATE,  AxDREA,  a  Neapolitan  artist, 
who,  as  a  painter  of  fruit  and  objects  of  still 
life,  acquired  great  celebrity.  He  was  em- 
ployed, together  with  Luca  Giordio,  in 
adorning  the  Escurial  for  Charles  II.  of 
Spain.    Died,  1732. 

ABATI,  NicoLO,  more  frequently,  but 
erroneously,  called  Dell' Abate,  a  renowned 
painter  in  fresco.  Born  at  Modena,  1512;  died 
at  Paris,  1571.  Several  of  his  relations  also 
distinguished  themselves  as  painters. 

ABAUZIT,  FiRMix,  a  French  author  of 
great  merit,  and  whose  modesty  was  equal 
to  his  erudition.  His  father  died  in  his  in- 
fancy ;  and  his  mother,  in  order  to  secure 
his  education  in  the  Protestant  faith,  sent 
him,  at  two  years  of  age,  to  Geneva.  After 
finishing  his  studies  he  went  to  Holland,  and 
from  thence  to  England,  where  he  formed 
an  intimacy  with  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  by  whom 
he  was  much  admired  and  esteemed.  He 
was  also  highly  panegyrised  by  "Voltaire  and 
Rousseau.  In  short,  though  he  published 
little,  he  had  acquired  among  literary  men 
a  character  for  profound  learning,  and  his 
correct  judgment  was  universally  acknow- 
ledged by  them.  Born  at  Uzes,  1G79  ;  died 
at  Geneva,  17(57. 

ABBADIE,  James,  an  eminent  Protestant 
divine,  who  accompanied  Marshal  Schom- 


berg  to  England  in  1688,  and  was  present 
when  that  great  commander  fell  at  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Boyne.  On  his  return  to  I^ondon 
he  was  appointed  minister  of  the  French 
church  in  tlie  Savoy,  and  was  subsequently 
made  dean  of  Killaloe.  He  wrote  many 
works,  chiefly  theological  and  in  the  French 
language  ;  the  most  esteemed  of  which  is 
entitled  "  Traite  de  la  Vuritd  de  la  Religion 
Chretienne."  Born  at  Nay,  in  Beam,  in 
1G58  ;  died  in  London,  1727. 

ABBAS,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet,  of  whom, 
though  opposed  to  him  at  first,  he  became  a 
disciple,  and  served  in  his  army  as  a  general. 
He  died  in  the  32d  year  of  the  Hegira— a.d. 
653. 

ABBAS,  Ebx  Abbas  Abdalla,  son  of  the 
foregoing  ;  chief  of  the  "  Sahabah,"  or  com- 
panions of  the  Prophet,  and  author  of  a 
"Commentary  on  the  Koran." 

ABB  ATISSA,  Paul,  a  poet  of  Sicily,  who 
flourished  about  the  j'ear  1570,  and  translated 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  into  Latin  verse. 

ABBE,  Louise,  a  French  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  surnamed  La  Belle  Cm-donnierc. 

ABBIATI,  FiLippo,  an  historical  painter, 
of  considerable  eminence.  Born  at  Milan 
in  1640  ;  died  in  1715. 

ABBON,  or  ABBO,  CEnNTTtrs,  a  Norman 
monk  of  tlie  0th  century,  who  wrote,  in 
Latin  verse,  nn  account  of  the  siege  of  Paris 
by  the  Normans. 

ABBON,  or  ABBO,  Floriacexsis,  a 
learned  Frenchman  of  the  lOtli  century, 
and  abbot  of  Fleury  ;  the  author  of  nume- 
rous ecclesiastical  biographies.  For  a  short 
time  he  presided  over  the  monastery  of 
Ramsay,  and  was  a  great  favourite  with 
Ethelred.  He  was  killed  in  1004,  while  en- 
deavouring to  quell  a  tumult  between  two 
contending  parties  of  French  and  Gascons. 

ABBOT,  George,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I., 
and  one  of  the  most  active  political  charac- 
ters of  that  period.  He  was  born,  in  15G2, 
at  Guildford  in  Surrey,  where  his  father  was 
a  weaver  and  clothworker.  After  receiving 
his  education  at  tlie  grammar  school  in  that 
town,  he  was  sent  to  Baliol  college,  Oxford  ; 
and  became  successively  master  of  University 
college,  dean  of  Winchester,  vice-chancellor 
of  Oxford,  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry, 
then  of  London,  and  lastly,  primate  of  all 
England.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life  an 
event  occurred,  which  for  a  time  caused  his 
suspension  from  the  archiepiscopal  office  ; 
for  being  at  the  seat  of  Lord  Zouch  in 
Hampshire,  while  on  a  hunting  party  he  ac- 
cidentally shot  one  of  his  lordship's  keepers. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  theological 
works ;  and  was  one  of  the  eight  divines, 
who,  in  1604,  by  the  order  of  James  I.  trans- 
lated the  edition  of  the  Bible  now  in  use. 
He  died  at  Croj'don  in  1633,  and  was  buried 
in  his  native  town,  where  he  had  founded 
and  liberally  endowed  a  hospital. 

ABBOT,  Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and 
elder  brother  of  the  above.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent divine,  and  famous  for  his  skill  in  con- 
ducting polemical  discussions  and  vindi- 
cating the  supremacy  of  kings.  Bom,  1560  ; 
died,  1617.  Dr.  Fuller,  speaking  of  the  two 
brothers,  says,  "  George  was  the  more  plaus- 
ible preacher,  Robert  the  greatest  scholar  ; 


I 


George  the  abler  statesman,  Robert  the 
deeper  divine  ;  gravity  did  fi-own  in  George, 
and  smile  in  Robert." 

ABBOT,  Maukice,  youngest  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  was  an  eminent  London 
merchant,  and  one  of  the  first  directors  of 
tlie  East  India  Company.  lie  served  the 
office  of  sheritF  in  1627,  was  afterwards  lord 
mayor,  and  represented  the  city  in  parlia- 
ment at  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  by  whom  he  was  knighted. 

ABBOT,  Gecko E,  son  of  Sir  Maurice,  was 
the  author  of  a  Paraphrase  on  the  Book  of 
Job,  and  several  other  religious  works.  He 
took  up  arms  in  favour  of  the  parliament- 
arians in  the  civil  wars.  Born,  ICOO  ;  died, 
1648. 

ABBT,  Thomas,  a  German  writer,  was 
born  at  Ulm,  in  Suabia,  in  1738.  After  filling 
the  chair  of  philosophy  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder,  and  of  mathematics  at  Rintlen  in 
Westphalia,  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  at- 
tract the  notice  of  the  prince  of  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  by  whom  he  was  held  in  high  estima- 
tion and  eflfcctually  patronised.  Ilia  treatises 
on  "  Merit,"  and  on  the  "  Duty  of  Dying  for 
our  Country,"  are  full  of  talent  and  promise  : 
but  the  latter  he  was  not  destined  to  fulfil, 
as  he  died  at  the  early  age  of  28,  in  1766. 

ABDALLA,  the  father  of  Maliomet. 
Though  origiually  only  a  cainel-drivcr,  it 
appears  tliat  he  was  held  in  high  estimation 
by  his  tribe  :  indeed,  so  extravagant  is  the 
praise  lx;stowed  upon  him,  that,  among  other 
absurdities  which  arc  related,  it  is  said  that 
on  his  wedding  a  hundred  girls  died  of  grief 
and  disappointment,  for  having  lost  the 
honour  of  being  his  bride.  ( 

ABDALLA  II.,  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  a 
celebrated  warrior,  who  took  Jerusalem,  and 
ordered  all  the  Christians  and  Jews  to  be 
branded  in  the  hand.    Died,  781. 

ABDALMALEK,  fifth  caliph  of  the  race 
of  the  Ommiades.  His  reign,  which  was 
very  prosperous,  commenced  in  681,  and  con- 
tinued for  21  years,  liaving  during  that  time 
extended  his  conquests  into  India  and  Spain, 
and  conquered  Mecca  and  Medina.  On  ac- 
count of  liis  extreme  avarice,  he  was  called 
the  peeler  of  stone  ;  whence,  we  are  told,  the 
vulgar  saying  of  skinniiuj  a  flint  is  derived. 

ABDALONYMUS,  a  descendant  of  the 
kings  of  Sidon,  but  reduced  to  the  condition 
of  a  husbandman.  When  Alexander  the 
Great  conquered  that  country,  and  allowed 
llephestion  to  dispose  of  the  crown,  Abdalo- 
nymus  was  selected,  and  brought  before  the 
Macedonian  hero  ;  who,  observing  the  dignity 
of  his  aspect,  said  to  his  courtiers,  "  I  wish  to 
know  how  he  bore  his  povertj'."  Abdalony- 
mus,  hearing  this,  said,  "  Would  to  heaven  I 
may  bear  my  prosperity  as  well ; "  which 
answer  so  pleased  the  conqueror,  that  he 
confirmed  the  appointment. 

ABDAS,  a  Clvristian  bishop  in  Persia,  in 
the  time  of  Thoodosius  the  Younger,  and  an 
intemperate  zealot,  to  whose  frenzy  has 
been  attributed  the  thirty  years'  persecution 
of  the  Cliristians,  of  which  he  himself  was 
one  of  the  earliest  victims. 

ABDIAS,  of  Babylon,  an  impostor  who 
affirmed  tliat  he  was  one  of  the  72  disciples 
sent  by  Our  Saviour,  and  that  St.  Simon  and 
St.  Jude  had  appointed  him  first  bishop  of 


Babylon.  He  was  the  author  of  a  legend 
entitled  "  Historia  certaminis  ApostoUci," 
printed  at  Basle  in  1571. 

ABDOA,  a  Persian,  who  suffered  martyr- 
dom in  support  of  Clirislianity,  A.  n.  250. 

ABDOLLATIPH,  a  Persian  historian, 
bom  at  Bagdad  in  1161.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  man  of  great  learning  and  a  volu- 
minous writer  ;  but  the  only  one  of  his  works 
known  in  Europe  is  an  abridged  history  of 
Egypt,  entitled  "  Al-kital  Alsager,"  or  the 
little  book,  which  was  published  from  a  MS. 
in  the  Bodleian  Library,  by  Professor  White, 
inl8(X). 

ABDOLMTJMEM,  or  ABDALMON,  the 
son  of  a  potter,  but  who  became  a  general, 
and  afterwards  a  monarch,  the  conqueror  of 
Morocco,  and  the  destroyer  of  the  Almora- 
vide  family.  He  assumed  the  title  of  Emiu 
Al  Mi'MENKv  (head  of  the  true  believers), 
and  died  in  1156. 

ABEILLE,  Oaspard,  a  French  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  was  bom  at  Riez,  in  Pro- 
vence, 1048.  His  ready  wit  and  conversa- 
tional pt)wers  rendered  him  a  general  fa- 
vourite, and  in  private  life  he  was  greatly 
esteemed ;  but  his  works  though  numerous 
are  now  nearly  forgotten.  Died  at  Paris, 
1713.  His  brother,  Scipio,  was  the  author  of 
"  A  History  of  the  Bones,"  and  "  The  Com- 
plete Army  Surgeon."    Died,  1097. 

ABEILLE,  Louis  Paul,  secretary  to  the 
council-general  of  trade,  ic,  and  author  of 
several  works  on  agriculture  and  commerce. 
Born  at  Toulouse,  1719  ;  died  at  Paris,  1807. 

ABEL,  king  of  Denmark,  second  surviving 
son  of  Vladimir  II.  His  fatlier  created  him 
duke  of  Sleswick  and  South  Jutland,  and 
at  his  death,  in  1240,  left  him  independent 
master  of  those  provinces.  Slain  in  battle, 
1252. 

ABEL,  Charles  Frederick,  a  German 
musician  and  composer,  remarkably  skilful 
on  the  viol  di  Gamba,  was  born  at  Cocthen, 
1725.  He  resided  many  years  in  England, 
and  was  api)ointetl  musician  to  Queen  Char- 
lotte.    He  died  iu  1787. 

ABEL,  Dr.  Clahke,  was  the  historian  of 
Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to  China,  which  he 
accompanied  as  chief  medical  officer  and 
naturalist.  He  was  a  deep  and  philosophic 
thinker,  a  close  observer  of  the  mysteries  of 
nature,  and  a  man  of  a  benevolent  mind. 
Died,  1826. 

ABEL,  Gaspak,  a  German  historian,  born 
at  Hindenburg,  in  1675  ;  died  in  1703. 

ABEL,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  German 
painter  of  the  present  century,  bom  near 
Linz  on  the  Danube,  1780.  Many  of  his 
historical  pictures  arc  to  be  seen  at  Vienna, 
where  he  died,  1818. 

ABEL,  Thoiias,  teacher  of  music  and 
grammar  to  Catharine,  queen  of  Henry  VIII. 
Having  written  a  tract  against  the  divorce 
of  Catharine,  he  incurred  Henry's  displea- 
sure ;  and  for  denying  the  king's  supremacy 
he  was  tried,  condemned,  and  executed,  in 
1540. 

ABELA,  Joiix  Francis,  commander  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  ;  author 
of  a  valuable  and  interesting  work  entitled 
"Malta  lUustrata,"  whicli  was  printed  iu 
that  island,  in  10-17.    Died,  lO-V.. 

ABELARD,  or  ABAILARD,  Feteb,  so 


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celebrated  for  his  learning  and  his  misfor- 
tunes, the  latter  arising  from  his  love  of  the 
equally  celebrated  Heloise,  was  born  at  the 
village  of  Palais,  near  Nantes,  in  Brittany, 
1079.  Having  made  extraordinary  progress 
at  the  university  of  Paris,  and  surpassed  all 
his  compeers,  he  opened  a  school  of  theology, 
philosophy,  and  rhetoric,  which  was  tlironged 
with  pupils,  and  where  some  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished characters  of  the  day  imbibed 
their  scholastic  philosophy.  While  he  was 
thus  in  the  zenith  of  his  popularity  he  be- 
came so  violently  enamoured  with  the  beau- 
tiful and  accomplished  niece  of  Fulbert,  a 
canon  of  Paris,  as  to  forget  his  duty,  his  lec- 
tures, and  his  fame.  Under  the  pretext  of 
teaching  her  philosophy,  he  obtained  the 
uncle's  permission  to  visit  her,  and  at  length 
to  reside  in  the  house.  Though  Abelard  was 
at  that  time  in  his  40th  year,  and  Heloise 
only  in  her  18th,  a  mutual  passion,  fatal  to 
the  happiness  of  both,  was  encouraged.  Ful- 
bert suspecting  this,  separated  the  lovers  ; 
but  the  imprudent  intercourse  had  gone  too 
far  for  concealment ;  and  Abelard,  who  had 
retired  to  his  sister's  house  in  Brittany,  was 
followed  there  by  Heloise,  who  gave  birth  to 
a  son.  He  then  resolved  to  marry  her  se- 
cretly ;  but  although  the  uncle's  consent  was 
obtained,  Heloise,  by  a  strange  infatuation, 
chose  rather  to  be  considered  Abelard's  mis- 
tress than  his  wife,  and  at  last  very  reluc- 
tantly complied.  Still  she  would  not  own 
her  marriage,  and  even  had  the  hardihood  to 
deny  it  with  an  oath.  This  so  greatly  in- 
censed her  uncle,  that  he  manifested  his  dis- 
pleasure by  treating  her  with  great  severity; 
and  Abelard  in  consequence  determined  on 
releasing  her.  He  accordingly  carried  her 
away,  and  placed  her  in  the  convent  of  Ar- 
genteuil,  where  she  put  on  the  religious  habit, 
but  did  not  take  the  veil.  Irritated  at  Abe- 
lard for  placing  Heloise  in  a  monastery,  the 
canon  hired  some  ruffians,  who  broke  into 
his  chamber,  and  subjected  the  unfortunate 
victim  to  an  ignominious  mutilation.  Filled 
with  shame  and  sorrow,  he  now  became  a 
mofik  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Dennis,  and  Heloise 
took  the  veil.  After  time  had  somewhat 
moderated  his  grief,  Abelard  rcsiuned  his 
lectures,  but  the  violence  of  his  enemies  in- 
creased ;  he  was  charged  with  heterodoxy, 
and  liis  works  condemned  by  council.  He 
next  erected  an  oratory  in  the  diocese  of 
Troyes,  called  the  Paraclete,  but  persecution 
still  followed  him  ;  and  after  a  life  of  extra- 
ordinary vicissitudes  he  died  in  the  priory  of 
St.  Marcel,  near  Chalons-sur-Saone,  in  1142. 
On  the  corpse  being  sent  to  Heloise,  she  de- 
posited it  in  the  Paraclete,  of  which  esta- 
blishment she  was  at  that  time  the  abbess, 
and  with  the  view  of  being  buried  by  his 
side.  In  1800  the  ashes  of  botli  were  taken 
to  the  museum  of  French  moniunents  at 
I  Paris ;  and  on  the  museum  being  destroyed, 
in  1817,  they  were  removed  to  the  cemetery 
of  Pere  la  "Chaise.  As  an  orator,  logician, 
poet,  philosopher,  theologian,  and  mathe- 
matician, Abelard  had  acquired  the  highest 
fame  ;  but  the  memory  of  his  splendid  at- 
tainments has  been  swept  down  the  gulf  of 
oblivion,  while  the  tale  of  his  passionate 
love  and  its  bitter  fruits  is  likely  to  descend 
to  the  remotest  posterity. 


ABELLI,  Louis,  bishop  of  Rhodes,  and 
author  of  "  Medulla,"  and  other  theological 
works.     Born,  1G04  ;  died,  1G91. 

ABENDANA,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew  ;  au- 
thor of  a  Hebrew  Commentary  on  some  por- 
tions of  the  Scripture.    Died,  1685. 

ABEKCROMBIE,  Joux,  M.D.,  an  emi- 
nent Scotch  physician  and  author,  was  born 
at  Aberdeen,  Nov.  11.  1781.  Having  t.akeu 
his  degree  at  Edinburgh  in  1803,  he  perma- 
nently fixed  his  residence  in  the  Scotch  me- 
tropolis, where  he  soon  gained  the  first  rank 
as  a  practising  and  consulting  physician. 
Bnt  the  writings  of  Dr.  Abercrombie  con- 
tributed no  less  to  the  maintenance  of  his 
fame,  than  his  skill  as  a  physician.  His 
purely  professional  works  procured  for  him 
a  high  place  among  the  modern  cultivators 
of  science ;  but  tlie  most  permanent  monu- 
ment to  his  m«ynory  are  his  "  Inquiries  con- 
cerning the  Intellectiial  Powers,  &c.,"  pub- 
lished 1830,  and  the  "Philosophy  of  the 
Moral  Feelings,"  published  1833.  In  these 
works  he  has  brought  all  the  medical  facts 
accumulated  in  the  course  of  his  extensive 
experience  and  research,  to  bear  on  the 
various  moral  and  metaphysical  systems  ia 
vogue,  and  constructed  out  of  the  whole  a 
view  of  human  nature  in  which  tlie  facts  of 
science  and  the  revelations  of  religion  are 
blended  in  peculiar  harmony.  To  his  wide 
range  of  acquirements  he  added  a  piety  as 
genuine  as  it  was  unassuming,  and  he  will 
long  be  remembered  for  his  large  but  unob- 
trusive benevolence.    Died,  Nov.  14.  1844. 

ABERCROMBIE,  John,  a  horticulturist  ; 
author  of  a  "  Universal  Dictionary  of  Gar- 
dening and  Botany,"  and  a  "  Gardener's 
Calendar,"  published  under  the  name  of 
Mawe.    Died,  1800,  aged  80. 

ABERCROMBY,  Alexa^-der,  brother  of 
Sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  occasional  essayist,  was  born  1745.  Ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates in  1766,  he  distinguished  himself  at  the 
bar,  and  was  raised  to  the  bench  in  1792, 
when  he  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Aber- 
cromby. He  was  one  of  the  originators  of, 
and  contributors  to,  the  "  Mirror  "  and  the 
"  Lounger,"  in  connection  with  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie.   Died,  1795. 

ABERCROMBY,  Patrick,  a  native  of 
Forfar,  in  Scotland,  physician  to  James  II. 
of  England,  and  author  of  the  "  Martial 
Achievements  of  Scotland,"  and  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Wit."    Died,  1726. 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Ralph,  one  of  the 
bravest  of  British  generals,  was  born  in 
1738,  at  Tillibodie,  Clackmannanshire,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1756,  as  a  cornet  in 
the  2nd  dragoon  guards.  He  served  with 
honour  during  the  seven  years'  war,  and  in 
that  of  American  independence ;  gradually 
rising  in  his  profession  till  he  attained  the 
rank  of  major  general  in  1787.  His  military 
skill  was  severely  put  to  the  test  in  the  dis- 
astrous campaigns  in  Flanders  and  Holland 
in  1794  and  1795.  After  this  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  West  Indies,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  taking  some  of  the 
most  valuable  islands  belonging  to  the 
enemy.  On  his  return  to  Europe  he  was 
made"  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
raised   to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 


abe] 


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[abr 


He  was  then  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  troops  in  Ireland,  wliere  he  displayed 
equal  firmness  and  moderation  ;  and,  soon 
after,  lie  again  shared  in  the  profitless 
perils  of  an  expedition  to  Holland.  Uis 
next  and  last  appointment  was  that  of 
commander-in-cliief  of  the  expedition  sent 
to  Egypt  to  oppose  the  growing  power  of 
the  French,  and  dispossess  them  of  that 
country.  Having  defeated  the  enemy  at 
Aboukir  early  in  March,  1801,  he  again 
came  to  action  with  them  on  the  2l8t  of 
the  same  month,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Alexandria,  where,  after  a  desperate 
battle,  the  British  troops  were  again  sig- 
nally victorious  ;  but  their  gallant  general 
was  80  severely  wounded,  that  he  died 
a  week  after  the  battle,  on  board  tlie  ad- 
miral's ship,  wliich  was  conveying  him  to 
Malta.  His  widow  was  created  a  baroness, 
with  a  pension  of  two  thousand  pound;). 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Kobekt,  younger 
brother  of  the  above,  a  general  in  the  army, 
K.B.,  and  for  thirty  years  governor  of  the 
Castle  of  E(Unburj,'h.    Died,  1S27. 

ABEIILI,  JouN  Loris,  an  eminent  Swiss 
landscaix;  painter.  Born  at  Winterthur, 
172:J;  died  at  Berne,  I'iW. 

ABERNETHY,  John,  an  Irish  dissenter 
and  divine,  of  whose  sermons  tliere  ore  two 
volumes,  which  are  held  in  considerable 
esteem.  Born  at  Coleraine,  1C80 ;  died  at 
Dublin,  1740. 

ABERNETHY,  John,  F.R.S.,  a  surgeon 
of  great  repute  and  extensive  practice.  He 
was  brouglit  up  under  Sir  Charles  Blick, 
surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and 
was  acknowledged  to  possess  great  talent 
and  originality  ;  though  he  doubtless  owed 
much  ot  his  fame  to  a  blunt  ewrentricity  of 
manner,  by  which  he  was  ever  distinguished. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Surgical  Observa- 
tions," "Physiological  Essays,"  &c.  Born, 
1764  ;  died,  18;31. 

ABGiVRUS,  a  king  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 
potamia, cotemporory  with  Our  Saviour, 
to  whom  he  is  said  to  have  written  a  letter 
and  received  an  answer  to  it.  Both  letter 
and  answer  are  pronounced  by  the  beat  cri- 
tics to  be  mere  forgeries. 

ABGILLUS,  surnamed  Pkester  Joiik, 
son  of  a  king  of  the  Frisi.  He  accompa- 
nied Charlemagne  to  the  Holy  Land ;  and 
after  his  leader's  return  to  Europe,  made 
vast  conquests  in  Abyssinia,  which  was  long 
called  "  Prester  John's  Dominion."  He  is 
reputed  to  have  written  an  accouut  of  Charle- 
magne's deeds  in  the  East. 

ABINGER,  Lord,  James  Scarlett,  was 
the  second  son  of  Robert  Scarlett,  of  Jamaica, 
where  the  future  lord  was  born  in  17G9.  He 
was  early  sent  to  England  for  education, 
entered  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  in 
178<},  and  took  his  B.  A.  degree  in  171XJ.  In 
1791  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  may  be 
said  to  have  become  eminent  from  his  very 
first  appearance  in  the  courts.  A  fine  figure, 
a  singularly  familiar  and  unpretending  style 
of  elocution,  ond  an  almost  unrivalled  tact 
in  managing  a  jury,  caused  him  to  have  im- 
mense business.  In  1818,  after  having  twice 
been  defeated  in  contested  elections,  he 
obtained  a  scat  in  parliament  through  the 
patronage  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam.     For  very 


many  years  Mr.  Scarlett  was  considered  a 
Whig,  and  voted  as  well  as  spoke  in  favour 
of  the  various  measures  proposed  by  Romilly 
and  Mackintosh  for  the  amelioration  of  the 
criminal  code.  On  the  formation  of  a  mixed 
ministry  under  Canning,  in  1827,  he  became 
attorney  general  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  In  1834,  on  the  formation  of 
the  Peel  cabinet,  he  was  raised  to  the  lx;nch  as 
chief  baron,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Abinger. 
In  his  judicial  capacity,  he  gave  the  highest 
satisfaction  ;  nothing  could  be  sounder  than 
his  law,  or  purer  than  his  impartiality. 
Died,  April,  1844,  aged  75. 

ABINGTON,  Fra^-ces,  a  celebrated  co- 
mic actress,  born  in  London,  1731  ;  died, 
1815.  She  was  the  original  Lady  Teazle, 
and  that  character  is  regarded  as  her  master- 
piece. 

ABISB.\L,  IIexry  O'Donxell,  Count  of, 
a  celebrated  Spanish  general,  born  in  Anda- 
lusia, 1770.  Having  entered  the  royal  guards 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he  served  in  the  war 
against  the  French  republic  ;  and  on  Napo- 
leon's invasion  of  Spain,  the  part  he  took  in 
the  relief  of  Gerona  in  1809,  led  to  his  pro- 
motion to  the  command  of  Catalonia,  where 
he  displayed  great  energy,  and  reaped  much 
success.  Though  defeated  in  the  plains  of 
Vich  by  General  Sonham,  he  a  month  after- 
wards forced  Angereau  to  abandon  Lower 
Catalonia  ;  and,  at  the  village  of  Abisbal, 
he  comiMjlled  the  surrender  of  a  whole  French 
column  under  General  Schwartz.  From  this 
action  he  took  his  title.  Towards  the  close 
of  the  war,  he  commanded  with  brilliant 
success  at  the  capture  of  Pancorvo.  In  1819 
he  suppressed  a  mutiny  of  tlie  troops  in  the 
isle  of  Leon  ;  but  he  fell  into  disgrace  on 
suspicion  of  treachery,  and  it  was  not  till 
182.J,  on  the  invasion  of  Spain  by  the  French 
under  the  Duke  d'Angouleme,  tliat  he  re- 
covered his  position  and  his  fume.  After 
the  restoration  of  Ferdinand,  he  retired  to 
France,  where  he  resided,  almost  entirely 
forgotten,  till  his  death  in  1834. 

ABNEY,  Sir  TiioiiAs,  an  eminent  ma- 
gistrate of  London,  lord  mayor  in  1700,  and 
M.P.  for  the  city.  When  the  king  of  France 
had  proclaimed  the  Pretender  king  of  Great 
Britain,  he  proposed  an  address  to  king 
William,  and  the  measure  having  been  fol- 
lowed by  other  corporations,  proved  of  great 
service  to  the  king,  who  was  thereby  en- 
couraged to  dissolve  the  parliament,  and 
take  the  sense  of  the  people,  which  was 
almost  universally  in  favour  of  the  Protes- 
tant succession.  He  was  one  of  the  first  pro- 
moters of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  one  of 
its  earliest  directors.    Died,  1722. 

ABOS,  chapel-master  of  the  conservatory 
of  La  Pieti  at  Naples,  about  the  middle  of 
the  18th  century  ;  and  author  of  the  opera 
of"TitoManlio." 

ABOU,  Joseph,  a  learned  Mussulman  and 
supreme  judge  of  Bagdad,  during  the  cali- 
phate of  Haroun  al  Raschid. 

ABRABANEL,  Isaac,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  of 
Portugal,  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Old  Testament,  and  various  other  works, 
theological  and  controversial.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, 1437  ;  died  at  Venice,  irK)8. 

ABRADATAS,  king  of  Susa,  rendered 
memorable  by  the  afifection  of  his  wife. 


abr] 


^  iJStfio  Winibtv^BX  IStnflrajptjg. 


[aca 


ABRAHAM,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
and  professor  of  theology  in  the  university 
of  Pont-&,-Mousson  ;  autlior  of  a  commen- 
tary on  Virgil  and  some  of  Cicero's  Orations. 
Born,  1589  ;  died,  165G. 

ABRAIIAM,  A.  Sancta  Clara,  a  native 
of  Suabia,  whose  real  name  was  Ulrich  Me- 
gerle.  He  was  an  Augustine  friar,  and  ex- 
tremely affected  and  eccentric  as  a  preacher. 
Born,  1642  ;  died,  1709. 

ABRESCH,  Fkederick  Louis,  a  cele- 
brated critic.  He  was  an  admirable  Greek 
scholar,  and  his  scholia  on  Greek  authors 
are  deservedly  held  in  very  high  esteem. 
Born  at  Homburg,  1G99  ;  died  in  Switzerland 
where  he  was  rector  of  a  college,  1782. 

ABRIAL,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  distin- 
guished French  statesman,  was  born  at  Paris, 
1750.  After  finishing  his  legal  studies,  he 
went  to  Senegal  to  superintend  one  of  the 
French  factories ;  and  some  years  after  his 
return,  he  was  sent  to  Naples  to  organise  the 
republican  government,  and  tlie  mildness 
and  moderation  he  displayed  here,  gained 
him  general  good  will.  After  the  18th  Bru- 
maire,  he  was  appointed  by  Napoleon  mi- 
nister of  justice,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
one  of  the  framers  of  the  Code  Napoleon. 
But  though  Napoleon  loaded  him  with 
honours,  he  was  among  tlie  first  to  vote  for 
his  dethronement  in  1814  ;  and  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  created 
a  peer,  and  continued  to  devote  himself  to 
the  improvements  of  the  law,  till  his  death 
in  1828. 

ABSAIvOM,  archbishop  of  Lunden  in 
Denmark ;  eminent  as  a  statesman  and 
warrior,  and  founder  of  the  castle  and  city 
of  Copenhagen.    Died,  1201. 

ABSTEMIUS,  Lauiientius,  an  Italian 
author  of  the  15th  century.  He  is  cliiefly 
known  by  his  fables,  which  have  been  ap- 
pended to  some  editions  of  ^sop  and  Ph»- 
drus,  and  by  a  commentary  on  some  pas- 
sages of  Ovid. 

ABU,  Moslem,  governor  of  Khorassan. 
At  an  enormous  sacrifice  of  human  life,  he 
aided  in  establishing  the  Abasside  dynasty 
upon  the  ruin  of  tliat  of  the  Ommiadcs ; 
but  his  services  to  the  caliph  Almanzor  did 
not  prevent  that  prince  from  causing  him 
to  be  put  to  death,  a.  d.  759. 

ABUBEKER,  father-in-law  and  succes- 
sor of  Mahomet.  His  original  name  was 
changed  to  that  of  Abubeker,  or  "  Father 
of  the  Virgin,"  on  the  occasion  of  his 
daughter  Ayesha  becoming  the  bride  of 
Mahomet.  On  succeeding  his  son-in-law 
he  assumed  the  title  of  caliph,  which  signi- 
fies both  successor  and  vicar,  and  wliich  was 
first  borne  by  him.  He  won  vast  territory 
from  the  Syrians,  Persians,  apd  Greeks. 
Died,  634. 

ABUCARA,  Theodore,  bishop  of  Caria 
in  the  8th  century  ;  author  of  some  contro- 
versial treatises  wliich  were  published  at 
Ingoldstadt  in  1606,  and  of  a  treatise  "  De 
Unione  et  Incaruatione,"  published  at  Paris 
in  1685. 

ABUDADHER,  chief  of  the  Arabian  sect 
of  Karmatians,  and  a  bitter  enemy  of  the 
Mahometans.  On  one  occasion  he  plun- 
dered Mecca,  murdered  vast  numbers  of  pil- 
grims, and  carried  away  the  celebrated  black 


sfOTie,  which  the  Mahometans  so  highly  value 
on  the  supposition  that  it  fell  from  Heaven. 
The  stone  was  subsequently  ransomed. 
Died,  953. 

ABULFARAGIUS,  Gregory,  originally 
a  physician  of  Armenia,  but  subsequently  a 
bishop.  Of  his  various  works  the  most  es- 
teemed is  a  Universal  History,  an  edition  of 
which,  with  a  Latin  translation,  was  pub- 
lished at  Oxford,  by  Dr.  Pococke,  in  1663. 
He  eventually  became  primate  of  the  East, 
and  died  in  1286. 

ABULFAZEL,  vizier  to  the  celebrated 
Mogul  emperor  Akbar,  and  author  of"  Ayeen 
Akberry"— a  statistical  and  geographical 
account  of  the  Mogul  empire,  and  an  Mstory 
of  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Akbar  :  the 
former  work  was  translated  into  English  by 
Mr.  Gladwin  in  1785.  Died,  by  the  hands  of 
an  assassin,  in  1604. 

ABULFEDA,  Ismael,  prince  of  Hamah 
in  Syria.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  mili- 
tary commander ;  but  still  more  as  an 
excellent  historian  and  geographer,  being 
the  author  of  a  description  of  Chorasmia 
and  Mawaralnahre,  and  the  lives  of  Ma- 
homet and  Saladin,  &c.  The  former  work 
has  been  published  with  a  Latin  trans- 
lation, added  to  the  Arabic  original ;  and 
portions  of  his  various  works  have  been 
separately  translated  into  English.  Died, 
1333. 

ABULGAZI,  Bayatur,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
tars, and  author  of  an  esteemed  Tartar 
history.  Some  Russian  exiles  in  Siberia 
having  discovered  the  MS.  of  this  work,  it 
was  brought  to  Europe  and  translated  into 
German  and  Frencli.  Born  at  Urgeus,  the 
capital  of  Karasm,  1605  ;  died,  1663. 

ABU-OBEIDAH,  a  friend  and  associate 
of  Mahomet,  and  tlie  conqueror  of  great 
part  of  Palestine  and  Syria.  Died,  by  the 
pestilence,  639. 

ABU-TEMAN,  a  celebrated  Arabian  poet. 
Some  of  his  works  have  been  published  in 
England.    Died,  845. 

ABUZAID,  MiRZA,  a  soldier  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Uleg  Beg,  who,  taking  advantage  of 
the  feud  between  that  personage  and  his  son, 
proclaimed  himself  in  1450  ;  but  after  gain- 
ing considerable  territory,  he  perished  in  an 
ambuscade,  in  1468. 

ABYDENUS,  the  reputed  author  of  an 
history  of  Assyria  and  Chaldea,  whicli  is 
now  lost,  except  some  fragments  inserted  by 
Eusebius  in  his  Preparatio  Evangelica. 

ACACIUS,  bishop  of  Berea,  in  Syria,  the 
opponent  of  St.  Chrysostom  and  Cyril  of 
Alexandria.    Died,  436. 

ACACIUS,  bishop  of  Amida,  on  the  Tigris, 
a  man  honourably  distinguished  for  having 
sold  the  church-plate  to  ransom  7000  Per- 
sians, who  had  been  taken  prisoners  in  the 
war  between  Theodosius  the  Younger,  and 
Varannes,  king  of  Persia.  The  latter  mon- 
arch was  induced  by  this  truly  Christian  be- 
nevolence to  consent  to  tlie  termination  of 
the  war.  This  good  prelate  flourished  early 
in  the  5th  century,  but  the  exact  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown. 

ACACIUS,  surnamed  Moxopiitiialmus, 
from  having  lost  an  eye,  was  the  disciple 
and  successor  of  Eusebius,  bishop  of  Caesa- 
rea,  whose  life  he  wrote.    He  was  the  founder 


aca] 


^  iSJcfit)  BnibtrSal  aSiosraji^ji. 


[ach 


of  a  sect  called  Acaciaui,  and  died  about  the 
year  o(i.5. 

ACADEMUS,  an  Athenian  citizen,  who. 
in  the  time  of  Theseus,  had  the  honour  of 
foundiug  the  Academic  grove,  and  of  giving 
his  name  to  a  sect  of  philosophers. 

ACAMAPICHTLI,  the  first  king  of  the 
ancient  Mexicans,  whom  he  governed  forty 
years.  He  gave  many  valuable  laws  to  his 
subjects,  and  founded  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom.     Died,  1389. 

ACCA,  St.,  an  Anglo-Saxon  divine,  bishop 
of  Hexham,  in  the  8th  century  —  a  patron 
of  learning  and  the  arts  ;  autlior  of  "  Suffer- 
ings of  the  Saints,"  and  epistles,  and  an  im- 
prover of  church  music.    Died,  740. 

ACCA  LAURENTIA,  by  some  called 
Lf  I'A,  the  wife  of  Faustulus,  tlie  shepherd  ; 
to  whose  honour  the  Komans  devoted  a 
festival,  as  being  the  nurse  of  Romulus  and 
Remus. 

ACCARIGI,  James,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
and  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Mantua ;  after 
which  he  entered  into  orders,  and  wosjnadc 
bishop  of  Vesta,  where  lie  died  in  1054. 

ACCARIGI,  Francis,  a  native  of  An- 
cona,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Sienna  and 
Pisa.    Died,  l(i22. 

ACCIAIOLI,  DojTATis,  a  noble  and 
learned  Florentine  of  the  15th  century  ;  dis- 
tinguished for  his  translatwn  of  Plutarch, 
and  commentaries  on  Aristotle.  [The  name 
of  this  family  is  variously  written,  AcciA- 
OM,  AcciAiiTOLi,  and  Acciajitoi.i.] 

ACCIAIOLI,  John,  a  member  of  the  same 
family  as  the  above  ;  an  author  and  public 
lecturer,  in  the  16th  century. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Maodalexa,  a  Florentine 
lady  i  authoress  of  "DaWd  Persecuted,"  and 
other  poems.    Died,  ICIO. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Zenobio,  a  poet  and  critic  ; 
also  the  translator,  from  the  Greek,  of 
Politian's  epigrams,  and  librarian  to  Leo  X. 
Died,  1520. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Rexatus,  a  noble  Floren- 
tine, who,  in  the  14th  century,  comiuered 
Athens,  Corinth,  and  Bocotia  :  which  he  be- 
queathed respectively  to  the  Venetians, 
Theodosius  PaloBologus,  and  his  natural  son 
Anthony. 

ACCIO,  Zuciiio,  a  poet  of  Verona  in  the 
15th  century. 

ACCIUS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  poet  and  dra- 
matist.   He  died  about  B.C.  180. 

ACCIUS,  an  orator,  against  whom  Cicero 
defended  Cluentius,  b.c.  GO. 

ACCIUS,  TuLUus,  prince  of  the  Volsci ; 
to  whom  Coriolanus  resorted  for  aid  against 
Rome. 

ACCOLTI,  Bexedict,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
bom  at  Florence  in  1415,  and  succeeded 
Poggio  as  secretary  to  that  republic  in  1450. 
He  wag  the  author  of  many  valuable  works, 
among  which  was  a  narrative  of  the  wars  in 
Palestine,  to  which  Tasso  was  much  indebted 
in  composing  the  "Jerusalem  Delivered." 
Die<l,  1400. 

ACCOLTI,  BENEnicT,  a  relation  of  the 
preceding,  born  in  1407,  was  so  perfect  a 
master  of  the  Latin  tongue,  that  he  was 
called  the  Cicero  of  the  age.  He  was  highly 
distinguished  by  the  popes  Leo  X.,  Adrian 
VI.,  and  Clement  VII.,  the  last  of  whom 
made  him  a  cardinal.    Died,  1549. 


ACCOLTI,  Peter,  son  of  the  above, 
abandoned  the  profession  of  the  law  to  enter 
the  church ;  and,  as  cardinal  of  Ancona, 
composed  the  Papal  bull  against  Luther. 
Died,  l.-.;53. 

ACCOLTI,  Berxard,  brother  of  the  last 
named,  a  poet  of  considerable  powers  :  his 
works  were  published  at  Florence,  in  1513. 

ACCOLTI,  Francis,  uncle  of  the  above  ; 
a  lawyer  and  scholar  of  great  ability,  but 
even  more  remarkable  for  his  parsimony  than 
for  his  talents.     Died,  1480. 

ACCOLTI,  BKNEincT,  a  man  of  violent 
passions,  who  conspired  with  live  others  to 
murder  Pius  IV.  He  suflered  death  in 
1504. 

ACCORSO,  Mariaxoelo,  a  native  of 
Aquila,  in  the  Kith  century;  an  eminent 
critic  and  scholar.  He  published  remarks 
on  Ausonius  and  Ovid,  entitled  "  Diatribas," 
and  an  edition  of  Ammianus  Marcellinus. 

ACCORSO,  or  ACCURSIUS,  Francis, 
an  eminent  Italian  lawver,  born  at  Florence 
in  1182,  and  died  in  1225),  rendered  himself 
famous  by  his  "Perpetual  Commentary,"  or 
"  Great  Gloss,"  in  illustration  of  the  code, 
the  institutes,  and  the  digests.  He  left  three 
sons,  all  of  whom  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  legal  attainments. 

ACESIUS,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  in 
the  time  of  Constantine,  who  said  to  him, 
in  allusion  to  his  rigid  opinions,  "Make 
yourself  a  ladder,  Accsius,  and  go  up  to 
heaven  alone."  I 

ACEVEDO,  Felix  Alvarez,  a  Spanish 
officer,  and  one  of  the  principal  actors  in  \ 
the  revolution  in  his  native  country,  in  1820.  \ 
He  was  killed  in  the  same  year,  in  an  am-  ' 
buscadc,  after  having  defeated  a  party  of 
the  royalists.  I 

ACH,  VAX,  or  ACHEN,  Joiix,  an  emi-  ! 
nent  historical  and  portrait  painter.  Bom  j 
at  Cologne,  1.500  ;  died,  1621.  j 

ACII.(EUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  satirist,  con-  ; 
temporary  with  jEschylus  ;  but  though  he  is  I 
said  to  have  written  forty  tragedies,  nothing 
but  a  few  fragments  at  present  exist.  j 

ACUARD,  Anthoxv,  a  learned  divine. 
Born  at  Geneva,  16SK5 ;  died,  1772.  j 

ACHARD,  sometimes  called  St.  Victor,  I 
from  his  having  been  abbot  of  St.  Victor,  in 
Paris,  was  a  bishop  of  Avranchcs,  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  the  author  of  some  religious  : 
works.    Died,  1172.  I 

ACHARD,  Claude  Francis,  a  physician, 
secretary  to  the  academy,  and  librarian,  of 
Marseilles.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
valuable  works,  and  the  compiler  of  some 
catalogues,  particularly  that  of  the  museum 
of  Marseilles.    Born  in  17.53  ;  died,  180t>. 

ACH^iRD,  F.  C,  a  distinguished  Prussian 
chemist ;  known  as  the  first  fabricator  of 
beet-root  sugar,  in  1702  ;  and  author  of  se- 
veral treatises  on  chemistry  and  agriculture. 
Died  in  1821. 

ACHARDS,  Eleazar,  bishop  of  Avig- 
non, remarkable  for  the  benevolent  courage 
he  displayed  when  the  plague  raged  in 
his  see.  Being  sent  by  Clement  XII.  to 
China,  to  settle  the  disputes  which  prevailed 
among  the  missionaries,  he  died  there, 
in  1741,  without  having  accomplished  his 
object. 

ACHEN  WALL,  Godfrbt,  a  distinguished 


ach] 


^  ^tbi  Bixibtv^Kl  28f0flrapf)i). 


[act 


lecturer  on  history,  jurisprudence,  and  statis- 
tics, in  the  university  of  Gottingen.  Died, 
1772. 

ACHER,  N.,  a  French  judge  ;  author  of 
an  "  Abroge  des  Ilommes  Illustres  de  Plu- 
tarque."    Died,  1807. 

ACHERI,  Luc  I)',  a  Benedictine  monk  ; 
author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Saints,"  &c.  Born 
at  St.  Quintin,  in  Picardy,  1609 ;  died,  at 
Paris,  1685. 

ACHILLES  TATIUS,  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, who  lived  during  the  Srd  century, 
ajid  in  his  old  age  was  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity, and  became  a  biohop.  He  origi- 
nally taught  rhetoric  in  his  native  city,  and 
wrote  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Si)here ; "  a 
"  History  of  Great  Men  ; "  and  a  Romance, 
entitled  "Tlie  Loves  of  Clitophou  and 
Leucippe." 

ACHILLINI,  Ai.EXAXDER,  a  Bolognese 
physician,  known  by  his  piiblications  on 
anatomy  and  medicine.    Died,  l.jl2. 

ACHILLINI,  John  Philotheus,  brother 
of  the  above,  and  author  of  an  eulogistic 
poem,  entitled  "  Viridario."    Died,  I'/SS. 

ACHILLINI,  Claude,  a  relation  of  the 
above,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
medicine,  theology,  and  jurisprudence. 
Born,  at  IBologna,  1574  ;  died,  1()40. 

ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  Mahomet  III.  Bom,  1588  ;  died, 
1017. 

ACHMET  II.,  succeeded  his  brother  So- 
Ivman  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople. 
Died,  1095. 

ACHMET  III.,  son  of  Mahomet  IV.,  was 
placed  on  the  throne  by  the  heads  of  a  fac- 
tion whicli  had  deposed  his  brother,  Mus- 
tapha  II.  He  was  afterwards  deposed,  and 
his  nephew,  Mahomet  V.,  exalted  to  the 
throne.    Died  in  prison,  1730. 

ACHMET,  Bacha,  a  general  of  Solyman, 
and  governor  of  Egypt. 

ACHMET,  an  Arabian  writer  in  the 
4th  century.  His  book  "  On  the  Inter- 
pretation of  Dreams,"  was  published  at 
Paris  in  1003. 

ACID  ALIUS,  "Valexr,  a  German  author, 
and  celebrated  critic.    Died,  1595,  aged  28. 

ACIIjIUS,  Caius,  a  valiant  soldier  under 
Julius  Cajsar  :  he  grappled  an  enemy's  galley 
with  his  right  hand,  which  being  cut  off,  he 
seized  it  with  his  left,  and  boarded  it,  uot- 
witlistanding  he  was  opposed  by  all  the  crew 
upon  deck. 

ACINDYNUS,  Septimius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, and  governor  of  Antioch,  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury. Having  sentenced  a  man  to  be  hanged 
for  a  debt  owing  by  him  to  the  public  treasury, 
if  it  was  not  paid  by  a  certain  day,  a  very  riclx 
citizen  proposed  to  pay  the  sum  for  him  if 
he  would  consent  to  his  wife's  dishonour ; 
but  having  accomplished  his  base  design,  lie 
treacherously  gave  her  a  bag  of  earth,  instead 
of  the  money  ;  which  being  reported  to  Acia- 
dynus,  he  condemned  the  citizen  to  pay  the 
debt,  and  to  give  the  land  from  whence  the 
earth  was  taken,  to  the  wife. 

ACKERMANN,  Conrar,  a  German  co- 
median, and  founder  of  the  modern  German 
theatre.    Died,  1771. 

ACKERMANN,  Joux  Christian  Got- 
T-iEB,  an  eminent  physician ;  author  of  a 
"  Manual  of  Military  Medicine,"  and  other 


valuable  works.    Born  in  17.5G  ;  and  died  at 
Altdorf,  in  Franconia,  in  1801. 

ACKERMANN,  Rudolph,  an  ingenious 
and  enterprising  tradesman,  was  born  at 
Stolberg,  Saxony,  in  1704,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land previous  to  the  Frencli  revolution.  After 
following  for  a  time  the  occupation  of  a  car- 
riage draughtsman,  he  settled  in  the  Strand 
as  a  printseller,  where  he  established  a 
flourishing  and  extensive  concern,  furnishing 
employment  to  numerous  artists,  and  judi- 
ciously catering  for  the  public  taste  in  elegant 
and  ornamental  works  of  art.  His  "  Forget 
me  Not"  was  the  first  of  that  class  of  "  An- 
nuals "  which  appeared  in  this  country  ;  and 
to  him  also  are  we  indebted  for  the  introduc- 
tion and  much  of  the  success  of  the  litho- 
graphic art ;  while  the  good  taste  and  spirit 
he  evinced  in  producing  the  "  Histories  "  of 
Westminster,  Oxford,  &c.,  and  other  hand- 
somely embellished  works,  entitle  him  to  the 
respect  of  all  who  know  how  to  appreciate 
them.    Died,  1834. 

ACKMAN,  William,  a  Scotch  artist  of 
the  18tli  century.  As  a  portrait  painter,  he 
was  held  in  high  estimation ;  but  is  chiefly 
remembered  as  the  first  person  who  appre- 
ciated and  encouraged  the  poet  Tliomson. 

ACOLUTHUS,  Andkew,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  languages  at  Breslaw  ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  Aquis  Amaris,"  and  numerous 
other  works.    Died,  1704. 

ACONTIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Trent, 
eminent,  in  the  10th  century,  as  a  philoso- 
pher, a  divine,  and  a  civilian. 

ACOSTA,Ch]iistopher,  a  Portuguese  sur- 
geon and  naturalist  of  the  lOth  centurj'^ ; 
author  of  "A  Treatise  on  the  Drugs  and 
Medicinal  Plants  of  the  East  Indies,"  and 
otlier  works. 

ACOSTA,  Gabriel,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Coimbra  ;  author  of  a  commentary  on  the 
Old  Testament.    Died,  1050. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the 
Jesuits  in  Peru.  His  history,  natural  and 
moral,  of  the  West  Indies,  is  particularly 
celebrated.    Died,  IGOO. 

ACOSTA,  Uriel,  a  Portuguese  of  Jewish 
descent,  who  made  some  stir  during  the  17th 
century  by  his  freaks  in  changing  his  creed. 
The  whole  life  of  this  man  indicated  insanity; 
and  his  death  by  his  own  hand,  in  1647,  con- 
firmed the  opinion. 

ACQUAVIVA,  Andrew  Matthew, 
prince  of  Teramo  and  duke  of  Atri,  was  a 
learned  Neapolitan,  to  whom  belongs  the 
merit  of  lia\'ing  published  the  first  Ency- 
clopccdia.     Born,  14.56  ;  died,  1523. 

ACRON,  a  Sicilian  physician,  celebrated 
for  having  expelled  the  plague  from  Athens, 
by  burning  perfumes,  b.  c.  473. 

ACRONIUS,  John,  a  mathematician  of 
Friesland,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the 
earth.    Died,  1503. 

ACRONIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the 
17th  centurj^,  who  wrote  against  the  Romish 
religion. 

ACROPOLITA,  George,  one  of  the  By- 
zantine historians  of  the  13th  century,  cele- 
brated for  his  knowledge  of  poetry,  mathe- 
matics, and  rhetoric.    Born,  1220  » died,  1282. 

ACTON,  John,  son  of  a  physician,  bom  at  I 
Besan^on,  in  1737.  He  entered  into  the  | 
French  navy,  and  afterwards  into  that  of  i 


act] 


^  ^cU)  Bnihtx^Kl  3Biasraa)]^j). 


[ada 


the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  Ills  rescuing 
4000  Spaniards  from  the  Barbary  corsairs, 
made  him  known  at  the  court  of  Naples  ; 
and  through  the  patronage  of  the  queen,  he 
became  minister  of  the  marine,  and  after- 
wards of  the  finances.  lie  was  dismissed 
from  the  ministry  in  1803,  and  retired  into 
Sicily,  where  he  died  in  1808. 

ACTUARIUS,  Joii.v,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  13th  century,  who  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  analysis  and  employment  of  the 
milder  cathartics  and  simple  water. 

ACUNA,  CuRiSTOi'HKH,  bom  at  Burgos, 
Spain,  hVJTj  became  a  Jesuit  in  1(512,  and  sub- 
sequently a  missionary  in  America.  On  liis 
return  to  Spain,  ho  published  "  A  DescriiJtion 
of  the  Great  River  of  the  Amazons." 

ACUNA,  Fernando  de,  a  Si)anish  poet  of 
some  celebrity.    Died  at  Grenada  in  1(580. 

ADAIR,  James,  serjcant-at-law,  born  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Peter-llouse,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  in 
17G7.  In  1771,  lie  was  chosen  recorder  of 
London ;  an  office  which  he  held  for  ten 
years.  At  his  death,  wliich  happened  in 
17!>H,  he  was  member  of  parliament  for 
Higham  Ferrers,  king's  prime  serjcant-at- 
law,  and  chief-justice  at  Chester. 

ADAIR,  James,  a  trader  and  resident 
among  the  N.  American  Indians,  whose  li- 
neage he  deduces  from  the  Jews,  in  a  pub- 
lication diUed  1775. 

ADAIU,  James  Makitticick,  a  physician 
of  some  eminence,  and  a  native  of  Scotland  ; 
author  of  a  number  of  medical  and  other 
works.     Died  at  llarrowgate,  in  1802. 

ADALARD,  or  ADELARD,  a  German 
divine  and  theological  writer,  the  grandson 
of  Charles  Murtel,  and  cousiii-gcrman  of 
Charlemagne.  He  is  most  distinguished  for 
the  foundation  of  a  distinct  abbey,  called 
New  Corbie,  as  a  seminary  for  the  education 
of  missionaries,  who  were  to  be  employed  in 
the  conversion  of  the  northern  nations. 
Born,  7.53  ;  died,  827. 

ADALBERON,a  celebrated  archbishop  of 
Rheiins,  and  chancellor  of  France  ;  who  dis- 
tinguished himself,  as  a  prelate  and  a  politi- 
cian, under  Lothaire,  Louis  V.,  and  Hugh 
Cai)et.    Died  in  988. 

ADALBERON,  Ascelinus,  ordained  bi- 
shop of  Laon,  in  977,  by  the  preceding.  He 
treacherously  delivered  up  Arnoul,  arch- 
bishop of  Rheiras,  and  Charles,  duke  of 
Lorrain,  to  Hugh  Capet.     Died,  1030. 

ADALBERT,  archbishop  of  Prague,  in 
the  10th  century.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
founders  of  the  Christian  religion  in  Hun- 
gary ;  and  also  preached  the  gospel  in 
Prussia,  and  in  Lithuania,  where  he  was 
murdered  by  Sego,  a  pagan  priest.  Boles- 
laus,  prince  of  Poland,  is  said  to  have  ran- 
somed his  body  with  an  equal  weight  of  gold. 

ADALBERT,  an  ambitious,  eloquent,  and 
designing  prelate,  created  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburgh,  1043.  During  the  mi- 
nority of  Henry  IV.  of  Germany,  he  acted 
as  regent,  but  his  despotic  conduct  rendered 
him  obnoxious  to  the  people.    Died,  1072. 

ADAM,  RuBEKT,  author  of  "The  Reli- 
gious World  Displayed,"  &c.,  was  born  in 
Aberdeenshire,  1770.  After  pursuing  his 
studies  at  Oxford,  he  entered  into  holy  or- 
ders, and  was  appointed  to  a  chiuch  in  the 


Danish  island  of  St.  Croix,  where  he  was 
much  annoyed  by  the  authorities,  and  com- 
pelled to  return  without  any  redress  for  the 
injuries  he  had  sustained.  He  was  sub- 
sequently appointed  to  a  charge  in  the  island 
of  Tobago  ;  but  he  died  almost  before  enter- 
ing upon  his  duties,  182(5. 

ADAM,  the  Right  Hon.  William,  lord 
chief  commissioner  of  the  Jury  Court,  was 
born  at  Blair  Adam,  17.51.  After  finishing 
his  studies  at  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Ox- 
ford, he  obtained  a  seat  in  Parliament  ;  but 
in  consequence  of  some  family  losses  he  re- 
signed his  seat  in  1794,  and  obtained  such 
success  in  his  profession  as  to  be  successively 
appointed  counsel  for  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Corn- 
wall. The  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  many  of  the  nobility  honoured 
him  with  their  confidence  ;  and  in  1815  he 
was  made  a  privy  councillor,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  barons  of  the  Scottish 
Exchequer,  chiefly  with  the  view  of  enabling 
him  to  introduce  and  establish  the  new  sys- 
tem of  trial  by  jury  in  civil  cases.  In  this 
he  was  completely  successful.  Nominated 
chief  commissioner,  he  continued  to  discharge 
his  arduous  and  important  duties  to  the 
satisfaction  of  all,  till  his  retirement  in 
1833.  In  the  course  of  liis  parliamentary 
career,  in  consequence  of  something  that 
occurred  in  a  discussion  during  the  first 
American  war,  Mr.  Adam  fought  a  duel  with 
Mr.  Fox,  which  happily  ended  without  blood- 
shed, when  the  latter  jocularly  remarked, 
that  had  his  antagonist  not  loaded  liis  pistol 
•with  government  powder,  he  would  have 
been  shot.    Died,  1839. 

ADAM,  ScoTus,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
in  the  12th  century,  and  author  of  a  life  of 
David  I.  of  Scotland. 

ADAM,  Alexander,  LL.D.,  well  known 
to  the  literary  and  scholastic  world  by  his 
''  I^atin  lexicon,"  "  Roman  Antiquities,'  &c. ; 
raised  himself  to  great  eminence  by  almost 
unprecedented  eflForts,  and  became  rector  of 
the  High  School  of  Edinburgh,  an  office 
which  he  held  till  his  death.  Born,  174 L ; 
died,  1809. 

ADAM,  Lambert  Sigisbeut,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  many  of  whose  works  were 
executed  for  the  decoration  of  Versailles  and 
St.  Cloud.    Born,  1700  ;  died,  1759. 

ADAM,  Nicholas  Sebastian,  brother  of 
the  above,  and  eminent  in  the  same  profes- 
sion. He  executed  the  admired  statue  of 
"  Prometheus  Chained."  Born,  1705  ;  died, 
1778. 

ADAM  of  Bremen,  canon  of  the  cathedral 
of  Bremen  about  the  close  of  the  11th  cen- 
tury ;  author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history,  and 
numerous  other  works  ;  and  indefatigable  as 
a  Christian  missionary. 

ADAM,  Melchior,  a  German  divine  and 
biographical  author  of  the  17th  century,  to 
whose  voluminous  writings  subsequent  bio- 
graphers have  been  greatly  indebted.  Died, 
1(522. 

ADAM,  Nicholas,  a  French  grammarian; 
author  of  "  The  True  Mode  of  acquiring  a 
Language  whether  Living  or  Dead,  by  means 
of  the  French,"  and  other  works  of  consider- 
able ingenuity.    Bom.  171(5 ;  died,  1792. 

ADAM,  Robert,  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  a 


Ada] 


^  ^^fio  Winihtt^al  Utograpi^in 


[ADA 


celebrated  architect,  much  employed  upon 
the  public  buildings  and  noblemen's  man- 
sions of  London.  One  of  his  works,  executed 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  is  the  noble 
range  of  buildings  called  tlie  "  Adelphi,"  the 
name  being  the  Greek  word  for  "  Brotliers." 
He  at  one  time  represented  the  county  of 
Kinross  in  Parliament.  Born  at  Kirkaldj', 
Fifeshire,  1728;  died,  17a2.  His  brother 
James,  the  coadjutor  in  most  of  his  labours, 
died,  1794. 

ADAM,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
for  58  years  the  rector  of  Wintringham,  in 
Lincolnshire,  having  repeatedly  refused  pre- 
ferment. He  was  the  author  of  some  religi- 
ous works.    Born  at  Leeds,  1701 ;  died,  1784. 

ADAMANTEO,  a  learned  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  orientalist ;  author  of  "  Glossas 
et  luterpretationes  in  Talmud  Hebrasorum." 
Died,  1581. 

ADAM  ANTIUS,  a  Greek  physician  of  the 
5th  century;  author  of  a  work  on  physiogno- 
my, which  has  been  often  printed. 

AD  AM  AN  US,  abbot  of  Icolmkil,  in  the 
8th  century  ;  author  of  a  life  of  St.  Columba. 

ADAMI,  Leonardo,  an  Italian  scholar, 
eminent  for  his  skill  in  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental languages,  and  librarian  to  Cardinal 
Iraperiali.  Born,  1C90,  at  Bolsema,  in  Tus- 
cany ;  died,  1719. 

ADAMS,  George,  a  celebrated  maker  of 
mathematical  instruments  ;  author  of  "  Mi- 
cographias  lUustrata,"  and  other  scientific 
works.    Died,  178G. 

ADAMS,  Gkokge,  son  of  the  above,  and 
of  the  same  profession  ;  author  of  "An  Essay 
on  Vision,  &c."    Born,  1750  ;  died,  1795. 

ADAMS,  JoHX,  second  president  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  and  a  political 
writer  of  considerable  reputation.  Before 
the  Revolution,  Mr.  Adams  attained  great 
eminence  as  a  lawyer,  and  published  an 
essay  "  On  Common  and  Feudal  Law."  On 
the  breach  with  the  mother  country,  he  es- 
poused the  colonial  cause,  and  employed  his 
pen  with  great  activity.  He  was  one  of  the 
principal  promoters  of  the  memorable  reso- 
lution passed  July  4.  177C,  declaring  the 
American  States  free,  sovereign,  and  inde- 
pendent. Mr.  Adams  subsequently  proceeded 
with  Dr.  Franklin  to  the  court  of  France,  in 
order  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  and  alli- 
ance with  that  country.  He  was  afterwards 
nominated  plenipotentiary  to  Holland,  and 
materially  contributed  to  hasten  a  rupture 
between  the  United  Provinces  and  Great 
Britain.  Lastly,  he  was  employed  in  nego- 
tiating a  general  peace  at  Paris  ;  and  was 
the  first  ambassador  received  b>'tlus  country 
from  America  after  it  was  effected.  This 
distinguished  individual  also  took  a  great 
share,  in  conjunction  with  Washington,  Ha- 
milton, and  other  federal  leaders,  in  forming 
the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
in  1787,  when  General  Washington  was 
elected  president,  and  Mr.  Adams  vice-pre- 
sident. On  the  retirement  of  Washington, 
Mr.  Adams  was  elected  his  successor  ;  and, 
at  the  conclusion  of  his  presidency,  retired 
from  public  life,  vnth  the  character  of  an 
able,  active,  independent,  and  upright  states- 
man, even  among  those  whose  party  views 
were  opposed  to  his  opinions.  Born,  1735 ; 
died,  182(j. 


ADAMS,  Joiix  QuiNCY,  formerly  president 
of  the  United  States,  son  of  John  Adams, 
the  second  president,  was  born  at  Boston  in 
1769.  His  father  having  been  appointed 
commissioner  to  France  in  1778,  embraced 
the  opportunity  of  securing  for  his  son  all 
the  advantages  of  an  European  education. 
Wlien  only  fourteen  years  of  age  he  went  to 
Petersburg  as  private  secretary  to  the  Ame- 
rican minister,  and  on  his  return  to  his 
native  country  he  entered  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, where  he  graduated  with  honour  in 
1787,  and  subsequently  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law  at  Boston.  In  1794  he  was 
appointed  by  Washington  minister  of  the 
United  States  at  the  Hague  ;  and  in  1796  he 
went  in  the  same  capacity  to  Berlin,  which 
office,  however,  he  resigned  on  the  defeat  of 
liis  father,  and  Mr.  Jefierson's  accession  to 
the  presidency,  in  1801.  Here  too  he  wrote 
his  famous  "  Letters  from  Silesia,"  which 
were  favourably  noticed  in  the  Edinburgh 
Review.  After  representing  Massachusets 
in  the  United  States  Senate  for  six  years, 
he  went  as  ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg 
in  1809,  and  to  the  influence  which  his 
character  and  abilities  procured  for  him  at 
that  court  is  mainly  to  be  attributed  the 
intervention  of  Russia  which  terminated  in 
the  treaty  of  peace  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  After  the  peace 
he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  St.  James's  ;  and  he  subsequently  acted  as 
secretary  of  state  during  the  administration 
of  Mr.  Monroe.  In  1825  he  was  himself 
elected  president  of  the  United  States.  His 
administration  was  a  perfect  illustration  of 
the  principles  of  the  constitution,  and  of  a 
republic  purely  and  faithfully  governed. 
On  the  expiry  of  liis  term  of  office,  he 
retired  into  private  life  ;  but  he  was  soon 
elected  by  his  district  as  representative  in 
Congress,  and  though  he  never  afterwards 
held  office,  he  long  continued  to  benefit  his 
country  by  his  speeches  and  his  pen.  Manly, 
straightforward,  and  independent,  he  never 
swerved  from  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
path  of  dutj',  —  no  easy  matter  in  the  United 
States,  where  party  feeling  runs  so  high ; 
and  he  has  left  behind  him  a  reputation  for 
purity  and  disinterestedness  of  motives,  se- 
cond only  to  that  of  Washington.  Died,  1848. 

ADAMS,  John,  "the  patriarch  of  Pit- 
cairn's  Island,"  is  famous  for  the  share  he 
took  in  the  mutiny  of  the  Bounty,  in  1789, 
and  in  the  subsequent  establishment  of  the 
colony  of  the  mutineers  at  Pitcaim's  Island. 
His  real  name  was  Alexander  Smith.  Died, 
1829. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  an  able  English  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  a  treatise  on  epilepsy,  and 
numei-ous  other'medical  works  of  great  merit. 
Born,  1758  ;  died,  1818. 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  an  active  member  of 
the  first  American  congress,  and  one  of  the 
most  powerful  advocates  of  the  political  se- 
paration of  that  country  from  England. 
Born,  1722  ;  died,  1803. 

ADAMS,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  citizen 
of  London,  of  which  he  was  lord  mayor  in 
1645.  He  was  a  loyal  and  prudent  magis- 
trate, and  distinguished  by  many  public  acts 
of  munificence.  Bom,  at  Wem,  in  Shrop- 
sliire,  1586  :  died,  1667. 


ADA] 


^  i^m  BniixtrSal  3Bi0!irap!)jj. 


[ade 


ADAMS,  William,  an  English  divine  of 
the  18th  century ;  author  of  an  answer  to 
Hume  on  the  Miracles.    Died,  1789. 

ADAMSON,  Patrick,  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's,  in  Scotland,  and  ambassador  from 
James  VI.  to  Queen  Elizabeth ;  but  chiefly 
remembered  for  his  disputes  with  the  pres- 
bytery, by  which  he  was  involved  in  ruin. 
Born,  153G  ;  died,  1599. 

ADANSON,  Michael,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist,  of  Scottish  extraction,  born  at 
Aix,  in  Provence,  1727.  At  the  Revolution, 
he  was  reduced  to  extreme  indigence,  and 
died  in  1806,  leaving  behind  liim  a  vast 
number  of  manuscripts. 

ADDINGTON,  Antiio.vy,  a  physician, 
born  in  1713,  and  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  About  17M,  he  settled  at 
Reading,  where  he  had  considerable  practice 
in  cases  of  insanity.  He  was  the  father  of 
Viscount  Sidmouth.    Died  in  1790. 

ADDISON,  Lancelot,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Crosby  Ravensworth, 
Westmoreland,  in  1G32.  He  early  distin- 
guished himself  by  Ixis  attachment  to  the 
Stuart  family,  and  appears  to  have  sup- 
ported a  consistent  and  upright  character. 
He  held  the  living  of  Milston,  Wilts,  with 
a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Salisbury,  and 
was  eventually  made  dean  of  Liclifield.  He 
died  in  17aJ. 

ADDISON,  Joseph,  so  highly  celebrated 
in  English  literature,  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Lancelot  Addison.  He  was  bom  May  1. 
1672,  at  Milston,  and,  after  receiving  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  Salisbury  and 
Lichfield,  was  sent  to  the  Charterhouse, 
where  he  contracted  his  first  intimacy  with 
Mr.,  afterwards  Sir  Richard  Steele.  At  the 
age  of  15,  he  was  entered  of  Queen's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  soon  became  distin- 
guished for  classical  literature,  and  for  his 
skill  in  Latin  poetry.  At  22,  he  addressed 
some  English  verses  to  the  veteran  poet.  Dry- 
den  ;  and  sliortly  afterwards  published  a 
translation  of  part  of  Virgil's  fourth  Georgic. 
In  1C95,  he  addressed  a  complimentary  poem, 
on  one  of  the  campaigns  of  King  William,  to 
the  Lord  Keeper  Somers,  who  procured  him  a 
pension  from  the  crown  of  300?.  per  annum, 
to  enable  him  to  travel.  On  his  return  home, 
in  1702,  he  found  his  old  friends  out  of  place  ; 
but,  in  1704,  he  was  introduced  by  Lord 
Halifax  to  Lord  Godolphin,  as  a  fit  person 
to  celebrate  the  victory  of  Blenheim ;  on 
which  occasion  he  produced  "  The  Cam- 
paign," for  which  he  was  appointed  com- 
missioner of  appeals.  After  tliis  he  accom- 
panied the  Marquis  of  Wharton  to  Ireland, 
aa  secretary.  While  there,  Steele  com- 
menced the  "  Tatler,"  to  which  Addison 
liberally  contributed.  This  was  followed  by 
the  "  Spectator,"  which  was  also  enriched  by 
the  contributions  of  Addison,  whose  papers 
are  distinguislied  by  one  of  the  letters  of  the 
word  Clio.  This  publication  was  succeeded 
by  the  "Guardian,"  a  similar  work,  in  which 
Addison  also  bore  a  considerable  share.  In 
1713,  his  famous  tragedy  of  Cato  was  brought 
upon  the  stage,  and  performed  without  in- 
terruption for  thirty-five  nights.  In  1716, 
Addison  married  the  Countess  Dowager  of 
Warwick  ;  but  the  union  is  said  to  have 
been  far  from  felicitous.   The  following  year, 


II 


he  became  secretary  of  state,  which  place  he 
soon  resigned,  on  a  pension  of  15001.  a-year. 
In  his  retirement  he  \^Tote  "  A  Defence  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  and  also  laid  the 
plan  of  an  English  Dictionary,  upon  the 
model  of  the  Italian  Delia  Crusca.  He 
closed  his  life  in  a  manner  suitable  to  his 
character.  When  given  over  by  his  phy- 
sicians, Addison  sent  for  his  step-son,  the 
jrouug  earl  of  Warwick,  whom  he  was  anx- 
ious to  reclaim  from  irregular  habits  and 
erroneous  opinions,  and  grasping  his  hand, 
exclaimed  impressively,  "  See  in  what  peace 
a  Christian  can  die  !  '  but  whether  this  af- 
fecting interview  had  any  effect  upon  the 
voung  earl  is  not  known,  as  his  own  death 
happened  shortly  after.  Addison  died  at 
Holland  House,  June  17.  1719  ;  leaving  an 
only  daughter,  who  died,  unmarried,  in  1797. 
Of  Addison's  numerous  and  well-known 
writings,  it  may  be  affirmed,  that  they  rest 
on  the  solid  basis  of  real  excellence,  in  mo- 
ral tendency  as  well  as  in  literary  merit  ; 
vice  and  folly  are  satirised,  virtue  and  de- 
corum are  rendered  attractive  ;  and  while 
polished  diction  and  Attic  wit  abound,  the 
purest  etlxics  are  inculcated.  May  we  not 
then  repeat  the  laudatory  and  emphatic 
words  of  Dr.  Johnson  :  —  "  Whoever  would 
attain  an  English  style,  familiar  but  not 
coarse,  and  elegant  but  not  ostentatious, 
must  give  his  days  and  nights  to  the  volumes 
of  Addison." 

ADELAIDE,  Madame,  aunt  to  Louis 
XVI.  of  France.  This  princess,  in  order  to 
avoid  the  sanguinary  fury  of  the  revolution- 
ists, and  accompanied  by  her  sister.  Mad. 
Victoire,  quitted  Paris  on  the  19th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1791.  After  seeking  protection  in 
Rome.  Naples,  and  other  places,  they  found 
a  temporary  asylum  in  Corfu,  from  whence 
they  were  conveyed  to  Trieste  by  the  Rus- 
sian general  Outschacord,  and  there  fixed 
their  residence.  A'ictoire  died  the  8th  of 
June,  1799  ;  and  Adelaide  survived  her  sister 
only  nin»  months. 

ADELAIDE,  Ecgexe  Louisa,  princess 
of  Orleans,  and  sister  to  Louis  Philippe,  ex- 
king  of  the  French,  was  born  1777.  Educated 
with  the  greatest  care  by  Madame  de  Genlis, 
tlie  princess  passed  her  childhood  in  peace- 
ful retirement,  till  the  outbreak  of  the 
French  Revolution  compelled  her  with  her 
governess  to  take  refuge  successively  in  the 
Netherlands,  Switzerland,  and  Spain,  where 
she  resided  with  her  mother  till  1808.  She 
then  joined  her  brother  Louis  Philippe  at 
Portsmouth,  and  participated  in  all  the 
subsequent  vicissitudes  of  his  career.  After 
the  restoration,  she  contributed  in  no  small 
degree  to  rally  round  her  brother  all  the 
important  men  to  whose  wishes  for  improve- 
ment the  government  of  Loins  XVIII.  made 
no  response  ;  and  during  the  "  three  glorious 
days  "  in  1830,  it  was  mainly  owing  to  her 
influence  that  her  brother  was  induced  to 
accept  the  crown,  then  offered  —  since  re- 
claimed—by the  people.  She  subsequently 
shared  and  aided  the  king's  high  fortune,  by 
her  judicious  counsels  and  reflective  courage  ; 
and  it  is  not  perhaps  going  too  far  to  say, 
that  had  she  lived  to  witness  the  23rd  of 
February,  1848,  Louis  Philippe  might  not 
have  persevered  in  a  course  which  ultimately 


^  0t^  Hniber^al  MiaQVK^f^^, 


[adi 


cost  him  and  his  family  a  crown.  Madame 
Adelaide  was  privately  married  to  General 
Athalin,  a  peer  of  France.  Died,  Dec.  31st 
1847. 

ADELAIDE,  queen  dowager  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  was  born  August  13. 
1792.  She  was  the  eldest  child  of  George, 
duke  of  Saxe  Coburg  Meiningen,  and  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Christian  Albert,  prince  of 
Hohenlohe  Langenburg.  Her  father  died 
when  she  was  only  eleven  years  of  age, 
leaving  herself  and  a  younger  brother  and 
sister  under  the  guardianship  of  their 
mother.  The  early  years  of  the  Princess 
Adelaide  were  passed  in  great  retirement ; 
but  her  great  natural  abilities  were  fully 
matured  by  the  accomplishments  whicn 
form  so  prominent  a  feature  in  many  of  the 
small  German  courts  ;  and  no  sooner  was 
her  education  finished,  than  she  entered  upon 
a  career  of  active  benevolence,  which  gained 
her  "golden  opinions"  wherever  she  was 
known.  The  mournful  event  which,  on 
November  6.  1817,  left  the  British  empire 
without  an  heir  to  its  crown  in  the  third 
generation,  having  produced  the  natural 
result  of  hastening  the  marriages  of  those 
princes  of  the  blood  royal  who  still  re- 
mained unwedded,  negotiations  were  set 
on  foot,  at  the  special  desire  of  the  queen, 
for  the  union  of  tlie  Duke  of  Clarence 
with  the  Princess  Adelaide ;  and  the  mar- 
riage took  place  on  the  11th  July,  1818. 
Few  events  of  any  importance  marked  the 
domestic  life  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess  ol 
Clarence  for  many  years  after  their  mar- 
riage. Tiie  hopes  of  providing  a  future  heir 
to  the  crown  of  England  were  repeatedly 
raised,  only  to  be  disappointed.  In  March, 
1819,  a  daughter  was  born,  but  lived  only  a 
few  hours ;  and  a  second  daughter,  the 
Princess  Georgiana  Adelaide,  who  was  born 
on  the  10th  of  December,  1820,  expired  on 
March  4th,  in  the  succeeding  year.  On  the 
20th  of  June,  1830,  by  the  death  of  George  IV., 
the  Duchess  of  Clarence  passed  from  the 
retirement  of  Bushy  Park,  and  from  the 
constrained  circumstances  arising  from  a 
comparatively  narrow  income  to  all  the 
publicity  and  splendour  of  a  throne.  An 
onerous  and  difficult  duty  devolved  upon 
her  majesty  on  her  accession.  Twelve  years 
had  passed  since  there  had  been  a  queen 
consort  to  preside  over  the  hospitalities 
and  ceremonials  of  the  court,  and  during 
that  interval  the  etiquette  of  presentations 
and  the  lists  of  the  presented  to  the  royal 
presence  had  become  relaxed  to  a  degree 
which  was  no  longer  permissible.  In  re- 
forming the  persotinel  as  well  as  the  morale 
of  the  court  circles.  Queen  Adelaide  under- 
took a  duty  which  was  in  many  instances  as 
painful  and  invidious  as  it  was  necessary, 
and  which  was  accomplished  with  all  gentle- 
I  ness  and  firmness.  After  a  reign  of  7  years, 
j  Queen  Adelaide  passed  once  again  into  re- 
;  tirement,  on  the  death  of  William  IV.,  whom 
she  had  tended  with  unwearied  care  during 
the  tedious  illness  which  closed  his  life,  but 
displaying  throughout  the  resignation  which 
was  consonant  with  the  tenor  of  herwhole  life. 
The  Queen  Dowager,  to  whom  Marlborough 
House  had  been  assigned  as  a  residence, 
with  lOO.OOOZ.  a  year,  thenceforward  lived 


in  a  carefully  guarded  privacy,  avoiding 
even  the  honours  which  might  be  considered 
due  to  her  rank  and  position,  although 
oftered  under  circumstances  that  would  have 
given  singular  temptations  to  a  more  ambi- 
tious spirit.  Besides  her  visits  to  her  royal 
relatives  in  Germany,  tlie  Queen  had  for  some 
time  past  imdertaken  repeated  journeys 
into  various  parts  of  the  country  in  search  of 
health.  Her  winters  for  several  years  were 
spent  in  some  climate  less  imgenial  than 
tliat  of  England,  and  the  islands  of  Malta 
and  Madeira  were  successively  honoured 
with  her  Majesty's  residence.  But  she  never 
fully  recovered ;  and  towards  the  close  of 
1849,  her  debility  assumed  an  alarming  form, 
and,  after  lingering  a  few  weeks,  she  died 
December  2,  sincerely  regretted  by  the  people 
to  whom  she  had  endeared  herself  by  her 
numberless  acts  of  public  and  private  bene- 
volence, as  well  as  by  her  constant  practice 
of  all  the  Christian  graces. 

ADELARD,  a  monk  of  Bath  in  the  12th 
century ;  a  man  of  considerable  learning. 
He  travelled  into  Egypt  and  Arabia;  and 
translated  Euclid's  Elements  out  of  Arabic 
into  Latin,  before  any  Greek  copies  had  been 
discovered.  He  also  -wTOte  several  treatises 
on  mathematical  and  medical  subjects,  which 
remain  in  MS.  at  Oxford. 

ADELBOLD,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  the  cathe- 
dral of  which  he  founded.  He  wrote  the  life 
of  his  patron,  the  emperor  Henry  II.,  and 
died  in  1027. 

ADELER,  CuRTius,  named  also  Servisen, 
an  eminent  naval  commander,  born  in  Nor- 
way, 1022.  He  went  to  Venice,  where  he  wag 
made  admiral ;  and,  after  performing  many 
gallant  exploits  against  the  Turks,  retired 
to  Constantinople,  where  he  ended  his  days 
in  honour  and  tranquillity,  being  made 
admiral-in-chief  of  the  Danish  fleet,  and 
created  a  noble.    He  died  in  1075. 

ADELUNG,  John  Christopher,  a  Ger- 
man philologist  of  great  merit ;  chiefly  cele- 
brated for  his  "Grammatical  and  Critical 
Dictionary,"  6  vols.  4t0.  Born,  1732  ;  died, 
1800. 

ADEM.VR,  a  monk  of  the  10th  century, 
who  wrote  the  chronicles  of  France,  pub- 
lished by  Labbe. 

ADER,  William,  a  physician  of  Toulouse, 
who  wrote  a  book  in  1621,  entitled,  "De 
^grotis  et  Morbis  Evangelicis  ; "  in  which 
he  proves  that  the  diseases  healed  by  Our 
Saviour  were  incurable  by  medicine. 

ADET,  P.  A.,  envoy  from  France  to  the 
United  States  in  1796  ;  author  of  several 
chemical  works,  original  and  translated, 
and  of  a  design  for  new  chemical  characters 
and  nomenclature. 

ADHAD-EDDOULAT,  emperor  of  Persia, 
born  about  935.  In  977  he  became  master  of 
Bagdad,  which  he  adorned  with  hospitals, 
mosques,  and  other  public  works.  He  was 
also  a  great  encourager  of  learning.  Died, 
982. 

ADHELME,  a  learned  prelate  under  the 
Saxon  Heptarchy,  and  nephew  to  King  Ina. 
He  was  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote  in 
Latin,  the  first  who  brought  poetry  into  this 
country,  and  the  first  bishop  of  Sherborne. 
He  died  in  709,  and  was  canonised. 

ADIMARI,    an    old    Florentine    family 


adl] 


^  ^eU)  BIni&erjSal  3S(ocp:ajp1^in 


[adr 


often  mentioned  in  the  liistory  of  Florence 
during  the  middle  ages.  Two  of  their 
descendants  were  distinguished  in  literature. 
Alessandro,  bom  at  Florence  LWO,  a  classical 
scholar,  and  poet  of  some  note  ;  and  Ludo- 
vico,  born  at  Naples  1C44,  chamberlain  of 
the  Duke  Gonzaga  of  Mantua,  and  after- 
wards professor  of  the  Tuscan  language  at 
Florence,  and  a  satirical  writer  of  great 
ability. 

ABLER,  James  Gkoiige,  a  learned  Danish 
orientalist,  born  in  1756;  author  of  "  Museum 
Cuflcum,"  some  works  on  the  Jewish  lan- 
guage, laws,  and  rites,  and  several  philologi- 
cal pjiblicotions. 

ADI.ER,  Philip,  a  German  engraver  of 
the  loth  century,  whose  style  of  etcliing  ap- 
pears to  liave  founded  a  school  which  gave 
rise  to  the  Hopfers  and  Hollar.  He  died 
about  ir^MK 

ADLERFELDT,  Gustavus,  a  Swedish 
historian  in  the  time  of  Charles  XII.,  whom 
he  accompanied  tlirobghout  his  campaigns, 
of  which  he  wrote  an  esteemed  account ;  and 
it  is  not  a  little  singular  that  his  history  is 
continued  up  to  the  very  day  when  a  cannon 
ball  deprived  him  of  Ufe,  at  the  battle  of 
Pultowa,  in  1700. 

ADLZREITER,  Joiix,  a  German  histo- 
rian, and  chancellor  of  Bavaria.  He  wrote 
the  annals  of  that  state  in  Latin  ;  and  died 
about  the  year  h!G2. 

ADO,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  distinguished 
by  liis  piety,  and  who  acquired  considerable 
celebrity  as  an  historian.     Died,  875. 

ADOLFATI,  an  Italian  composer  and  au- 
thor of  several  operas.  In  imitation  of  Mar- 
cello,  he  wrote  a  piece  in  which  there  were 
two  sorts  of  time  in  the  same  air  ;  the  one  of 
two  notes,  the  other  of  three. 

ADOLPHUS,  emperor  of  Germany,  was 
count  of  Nassau,  and  elevated  to  the  im- 
perial throne  in  1292.  Slain  by  Albert,  duke 
of  Austria,  129H. 

ADOLPHUS,  count  of  Cleves,  celebrated 
by  the  institution  of  the  Order  of  Fools,  in 
1380,  which  consisted  of  the  principal  no- 
blemen of  Cleves.  This  order  has  long 
ceased  to  exist. 

ADOLPHUS  FREDERIC  II.,  king  of 
Sweden,  born  in  1710,  succeeded  his  father, 
Frederic,  in  1751.  He  died,  greatly  regretted, 
in  1771. 

ADOLPHUS,  Joiix,  for  many  years  well 
known  as  a  barrister  at  the  criminal  courts 
of  the  metropolis,  was  born  in  London,  in 
176C.  He  entered  the  legal  profession,  and 
was  admitted  an  attorney  and  solicitor  iu 
1790.  Naturally  fluent,  ready,  and  acute, 
he  aspired  to  higher  honours  than  the  is- 
suing of  legal  processes,  &c.,  and  he  was 
called  to  tiie  bar  in  1807,  where,  although 
for  many  years  he  was  regarded  as  a  clever, 
adroit  counsel,  his  forensic  abilities  attracted 
no  decided  attention  until  the  year  1820, 
M'hen  his  ingenious  and  elaborate  defence  of 
Arthur  Thistlewood  and  the  other  "  Cato 
Street"  conspirators  brought  him  promi- 
nently forword.  As  an  historical  writer  also 
he  obtained  considerable  reputation.  His 
principal  works  are  "  The  History  of  George 
the  Third,"  7  vols. ;  "  Biographical  Memoirs 
of  the  French  Revolution,  2  vols.  ;  a  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  Svols.;  "Memoirs  of  John 


13 


Bannister,  Comedian,"  2  vols.  &c.  Died 
July  IC.  1845,  aged  79. 

ADRETS,  FuANCis  DE  Beaumont,  Baron 
des,  a  Huguenot  leader,  of  a  cruel,  fiery,  and 
enterprising  spirit.  Resentment  to  the  Duke 
of  Guise  led  liim  to  side  with  the  Huguenot 
party  in  1502  ;  and  he  signalised  himself  by 
many  daring  exploits,  the  skill  and  bravery 
of  which,  however,  were  sullied  with  the  most 
detestable  cruelty.  The  aspect  of  Adrets. 
like  his  character,  was  most  forbidding  ;  he 
lived  abhorred,  and  died  universally  hated, 
in  1587.  It  must,  however,  be  admitted,  that 
many  of  the  aspersions  with  which  historians 
have  branded  his  memory,  rest  on  very 
doubtful  evidence. 

jVDRIA,  John  James,  a  Sicilian  writer 
and  physician,  who  practised  with  great 
reputation  at  Palermo,  and  was  made  phy- 
sician-general to  Charles  V.   He  died  in  LVJO. 

ADRIAM,  Mahie,  a  female,  who,  at  the 
age  of  10,  fought  valiantly  during  the  whole 
time  that  her  native  town,  l^yons,  was  be- 
sieged, in  1793.  After  the  engagement  she 
was  arrested,  and  being  asked  how  she  had 
dared  to  use  arms?  she  replied,"  I  used 
them  to  serve  my  country,  and  deliver  it 
from  its  oppressors."  She  was  instantly 
condemned  and  executed. 

ADRIAN,  or  II  ADRIAN,  PuBi.irs  iEi.ius, 
the  Roman  emperor,  born  a.  p.  70.  His 
father,  who  was  cousin-german  to  Trajan, 
died  when  he  was  ten  years  old,  and  left 
him  in  the  guardianshii)  of  his  illustrious 
kinsman.  lie  married  Sabina,  the  heiress 
of  Trajan,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his  ex- 
peditions, and  became  successively  prajtor, 
governor  of  Pannonia,  and  consul.  On  the 
death  of  Trajan,  in  117,  he  assumed  the  go- 
veniment,  made  peace  with  the  Persians, 
and  remitted  the  debts  of  the  Roman  people. 
In  120  he  visited  Gaul,  and  thence  passed 
over  to  Britain,  where  he  built  a  wall,  80 
miles  in  length,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne 
to  Solway  Frith,  to  secure  the  Roman  pro- 
vinces from  the  incursions  of  the  Caledo- 
nians. He  next  travelled  into  Africa  and 
Asia,  and,  on  his  return,  was  initiated  into 
the  Eleusinian  mysteries  at  Athens.  In  his 
reign  tlie  Christians  sutt'ered  a  dreadful  per- 
secution ;  he  built  a  temple  to  Jupiter  on 
Mount  Calvary,  and  had  the  images  of  swine 
engraven  on  the  gates  of  Jerusalem.  Adrian 
died  at  Baias,  in  138,  aged  03.  Though  in 
general  he  was  a  just  and  able  ruler,  he  was 
often  capricious  and  vindictive. 

ADRIAN.  There  were  several  popes  of 
this  name.  The  first  who  bore  it  was  a  noble 
Roman,  raised  to  the  Papal  chair  in  772. 
He  had  a  taste  for  architecture,  which  he 
evinced  in  the  embellishment  of  St.  Peter's 
church,  and  expended  vast  sums  in  re-build- 
ing the  walls,  and  restoring  the  ancient 
aqueducts  of  the  city.     He  died  in  795. 

ADRIAN  II.  succeeded  to  the  pontificate 
in  807.  During  the  five  years  in  which  he 
filled  it,  his  ambitious  and  intriguing  dis- 
position did  much  towards  the  subjection 
of  the  E  uropean  sovereigns  to  the  sec  of  Rome. 
He  died  in  872. 

ADRIAN  III.  was  elected  in  884,  and  died 
the  following  year,  while  on  a  journey  to 
Worms,  whither  he  was  proceeding  to  hold 
a  diet. 


adk] 


^  i^c^  mutber^aX  MasKii^X)v, 


[^LF 


ADRIAN  IV.,  the  only  Englishman  who 
attained  tlie  Papal  dignity,  was  born  towards 
the  close  of  the  11th  century,  at  Langley, 
near  St.  Alban's.  Ilis  name  was  Nicholas 
Breakspear ;  and,  in  his  childhood,  he  was 
dependent  for  his  daily  subsistence  on  the 
charity  of  the  monastery,  to  whicli  his  father 
was  a  servitor.  Unable  through  poverty  to 
attend  the  schools,  he  was  refused  admission 
into  the  monastery  for  deficiency  in  learning; 
and  went  to  France,  where  he  became  a  clerk 
in  the  monastery  of  St.  Rufus,  near  Avignon, 
of  which  he  was  afterwards  chosen  abbot. 
Eugenius  III.  made  him  a  cardinal  in  1146  ; 
and,  two  years  afterwards,  sent  him  legate  to 
Denmark  and  Norway,  where  he  made  many 
converts.  In  1154  he  was  chosen  pope,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  Adrian,  on  which 
Henry  II.  of  England  sent  the  abbot  of  St. 
Alban's  with  three  bishops,  to  congratulate 
him.  The  pope,  disregarding  the  slight  put 
upon  him  in  his  youth,  treated  tlae  abbot 
with  great  courtesy,  and  granted  the  abbey 
extraordinary  privileges  ;  he  also  issued  in 
favour  of  Henry  the  celebrated  bull  which 
sanctioned  the  conquest  of  Ireland.  In  1155 
he  excommunicated  the  king  of  Sicily  for 
ravaging  the  territories  of  the  church  ;  and, 
about  the  same  time,  the  emperor  Frederic 
having  entered  Italy  with  a  powerful  army, 
and  meeting  Adrian  near  Sutrium,  concluded 
a  peace  with  him.  At  this  interview 
Frederic  held  the  pope's  stirrup  while  he 
mounted  on  horseback  ;  after  which  the 
former  was  conducted  to  St.  Peter's  church, 
and  his  holiness  consecrated  him  king  of  the 
Romans.  The  death  of  Adrian  took  place 
in  1159. 

ADRIAN  V.  was  a  Genoese,  and  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  1276,  but  survived  liis  ele- 
vation little  more  than  a  month. 

ADRIAN  VI.,  who  succeeded  Leo  X.,  in 
January,  1522,  was  a  native  of  Utrecht,  of 
mean  parentage,  and  bom  in  1459.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Louvain,  and  suc- 
cessively became  canon  of  St.  Peter,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  dean  of  the  cathedral,  and 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  where 
lie  founded  a  college.  Ferdinand,  king  of 
Spain,  gave  him  the  bishopric  of  Tortosa  ; 
and,  in  1517,  he  was  made  cardinal.  He 
was  also  appointed  regent  during  the  mino- 
rity of  Charles  V.,  who  procured  him  his 
election  to  the  Papal  chair.    Died,  1523. 

ADRIAN,  DE  Castello,  an  Italian  of 
great  learning  and  ability,  was  born  at  Cor- 
netto,  in  Tuscany.  By  his  talents  he  rose 
to  several  employments  under  Innocent 
VIII.  i  and  came  to  England  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.,  who  made  him  his  agent  at 
Rome,  and  gave  him  first  the  bishopric  of 
Hereford,  and  afterwards  that  of  Bath  and 
Wells.  Adrian  farmed  out  his  latter  bish- 
opric to  Wolscy,  living  liimself  at  Rome, 
where  he  built  a  superb  palace,  which  he 
left  to  the  king  of  England  and  his  succes- 
sors ;  and  in  1503  he  was  made  cardinal  by 
Alexander  VI.  A  vague  prophecy  had  gone 
abroad  that  Leo  X.  should  be  succeeded  by 
an  Adrian  ;  and  Castello  was  so  far  the  slave 
of  superstition  as  to  allow  this  absurd  pre- 
diction to  influence  him  in  organising  a 
conspiracy,  tlie  object  of  which  was  the  de- 
thronement of  that  pontiff,  and  his  own  ele- 


14 


vation  to  the  vacant  chair.  Before  the  plot 
was  matured,  the  vigilance  of  Leo  detected 
his  designs,  and  a  fine  of  12,.>00  ducats  was 
imposed  upon  him,  with  a  peremptory 
prohibition  of  quitting  the  Roman  territo- 
ries. He  fled,  however,  from  that  city  in 
1518,  and  was  excommunicated  ;  and  it  is 
uncertain  what  became  of  him  afterwards, 
though  it  is  supposed  he  died  in  Asia. 

ADRIANI,  Makcel  Virgii-,  chancellor 
of  the  republic  of  Florence,  was  born  in  1464. 
He  was  higlily  accomplished  in  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  as  appeared  in  his 
translation  of  Dioscorides  from  the  former 
into  the  latter.    Died,  1521. 

ADRIANI,  John  Baptist,  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Florence  in  1513,  and 
became  secretary  to  that  republic.  He  was 
a  man  of  considerable  attainments  ;  and  his 
chief  work  is  entitled  "  Dell'  Istoria  de  suoi 
Tempi,"  or  history  of  his  own  times,  from 
1536  to  1574.    Died  at  Florence  in  1579. 

ADRIANI,  Makcel,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, succeeded  his  father  in  the  professorship, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of  Flo- 
rence. He  also  published  some  works,  and 
died  in  1604. 

ADRIANO,  a  Spanish  painter  of  some 
repute,  and  a  Carmelite  friar,  wlio  is  said  to 
have  destroyed  his  paintings  almost  as  soon 
as  he  had  finished  them.    Died,  16.50. 

ADRY,  J.  F.,  a  French  professor  of  rhe- 
toric, born  in  1749 ;  author  of  a  great  va- 
riety of  publications  —  "  Histoire  de  Vittoria 
Accarambono,"  "  Vie  du P^re  Malebranche," 
"  Vie  de  la  Duchesse  de  Schomberg,"  &c.  : 
with  new  editions,  or  translations  from 
standard  authors,  enriched  with  ingenious 
prefaces  and  notes.    Died,  1818. 

iEGIDIUS,  DE  CoLUMXA,  a  Roman  monk 
of  the  Augustine  order,  was  distinguished  in 
the  13th  century  among  the  scholastics,  and  j 
obtained  the  appellation  of  the  most  pro-  < 
found  doctor.  He  was  preceptor  to  the  sons 
of  Philip  III.  of  France,  and  taught  philo- 
sophy and  theology  with  high  reputation  at 
Paris.     He  died  in  1316. 

-SDGIDIUS,  Peter,  a  lawyer  and  notary 
of  Antwerp,  and  a  man  of  considerable 
learning,  who  was  '.educated  by  Erasmus, 
and  obtained  the  friendship  of  Sir  Thomas 
More.    Born,  1486  ;  died,  1533. 

^GINETA,  Paulus,  a  native  of  the  is- 
land jEgina  J  a  medical  author,  and  the  first 
who  noticed  the  cathartic  qualities  of  rhu- 
barb.   Died  about  630. 

^GINHARD,  a  German,  was  secretary  to 
Charlemagne,  and  wrote  the  life  of  his  niias- 
ter,  and  also  annals  from  741  to  889  ;  the  first 
edition  of  which  is  that  of  Paris,  2  vols,  folio, 
1575.  This  writer  is  famous  for  a  singular 
love  adventure  with  the  Princess  Emma, 
daughter  of  Charlemagne.  Wliile  carrying 
him  across  a  court-yard  from  lier  chamber, 
to  prevent  the  traces  of  his  footsteps  in  the 
snow,  she  was  observed  by  the  emperor,  who 
generously  agreed  to  their  union. 

^LFRIC,  son  of  an  earl  of  Kent,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  middle  of 
the  10th  century,  was  a  luminary  for  the 
dark  age  in  wl\ich  he  lived.  He  became  a 
monk  of  the  Benedictine  order  at  Abingdon, 
under  the  abbot  Athelwold,  wlio,  on  his  pro- 
motion to  the  see  of  Winchester,  took-^ifric 


JELl] 


^  iSit^  Bnihtx^al  3StOfir<q)f)i|. 


[^so 


with  him  to  instruct  youth  in  his  cathedral. 
Here  he  drew  up  liis  "  Latin  Saxon  Voca- 
bulary," which  was  published  at  Oxford  in 
1659.  He  also  translated  from  the  Latin  into 
the  Saxon  language  most  of  the  liistorical 
books  of  the  Old  Testament,  as  well  as  "  Ca- 
nons for  tlie  Regulation  of  the  Clergy,"  which 
are  inserted  in  Spelman's  Councils.  lie 
subsequently  became  abbot  of  St.  Alban's, 
and  composed  a  l^iturgy  for  the  service  of 
his  abbcv,  which  was  used  in  Leland's  time. 
In  98S),  he  was  created  bishop  of  Wilton  ; 
and,  in  1)04,  was  translated  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury,  where  he  exerted  himself  with 
spirit  and  prudence  in  tlie  defence  of  his  see 
against  tlie  incursions  of  the  Danes.  This 
active  and  able  prelate  died  in  1005. 

iELIAN,  Claudius,  an  liistorian  and  rhe- 
torician, was  born  in  Italy,  in  ICO.  All  his 
productions  are  written  in  Greek,  which, 
although  he  never  left  his  native  country, 
he  wrote  with  the  greatest  purity.  He  was 
Bumamed  Honeytongue,  on  account  of  the 
Bwectness  of  his  style. 

^LIANUS,  Meccius,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  second  century,  and  the  master  of 
Galen,  who  mentions  him  in  terms  of  high 
praise.  He  was  the  first  who  made  use  of 
thetheriaca  as  a  remedy  and  preservative 
against  the  plague. 

JELIVS,  Sextus  Poetcs  CATUS,a  Roman 
lawyer,  who  was  made  consul  at  the  close  of 
the  second  Punic  war.  He  published  a  col- 
lection, entitled  "  Novella,"  wliich  were 
called,  after  him,  the  ^lian  laws  ;  and  was 
author  of  "  Tripartite,"  the  oldest  treatise  on 
jurisprudence  now  known. 

iELST,  EvEHUAun  vax,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Delft  in  ICOJ,  and  died  in  1(558.  He 
was  famous  for  his  skill  in  painting  fruit 
pieces  and  dead  game.  His  nephew,  Wil- 
liam VAX  ^LST,  also  distinguished  himself 
as  a  painter,  and  studied  in  France  and  Italy, 
where  he  received  flattering  marks  of  favour. 
He  died  in  1C79. 

-(EMILIANI,  St.  Jerome,  a  Venetian  no- 
bleman, who,  being  taken  prisoner  in  liis 
youth,  made  a  vow  that,  on  his  release,  he 
would  devote  liis  life  to  the  care  of  orphans. 
In  pursuance  of  this  pledge,  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  hospital  and  religious  order, 
the  object  of  which  was  to  instruct  young 
persons,  and  particularly  orphans,  in  reli- 
gion. To  this  and  other  pious  works  he 
sacrificed  his  whole  income ;  and,  at  his 
death,  iu  1537,  was  enrolled  by  a  papal  de- 
cree among  the  saints. 

iEMILIUS,  Paulcs,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man general,  the  son  of  Paulus  jEmilius, 
the  consul,  who  fell  at  Canna,  was  bom 
about  228  B.C.  At  the  age  of  46,  he  served 
the  office  of  consul ;  and,  when  he  was  CO, 
accepted  the  command  of  the  armies  against 
Perses,  king  of  Macedon,  whom  he  took 
prisoner,  and  led  in  triumph  to  Rome.  He 
afterwards  served  the  office  of  censor,  and 
died  in  the  Clth  year  of  liis  age,  amidst  the 
general  lamentations  of  his  countrymen. 
He  greatly  enriched  his  country  by  the  spoil 
taken  in  his  warfare  with  Perses,  which  was 
BO  great,  that  it  freed  the  Romans  from  taxes 
for  12.5  years. 

.^MILIUS,  Paultjs,  an  historian  of  great 
celebrity,  born  at  Verona.    Thirty  years  of 


15 


his  life  were  employed  in  writing  the  history 
of  France,  from  Pharamond  down  to  Charles 
VIII.    Died,  1529. 

-/ENEAS,  or  tENGUS,  an  Irish  abbot  or 
bishop  of  the  8th  century,  who  compiled  a 
curious  account  of  Irish  saints  in  five  books, 
and  also  wrote  the  history  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  verse.    Died,  820. 

>ENEAS,  Gazkus,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
who  embraced  Christianity  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  book  on  the  Immortality 
of  the  Soul. 

.aSNEAS,  Tacticus,  an  ancient  Greek 
writer  who  flourished  about  aco  B.C.  He 
is  one  of  the  oldest  authors  on  the  art  of 
war,  and  is  said  to  have  commanded  at  the 
battle  of  Alantiuea. 

iEPINUS,  Joiur,  a  Franciscan  friar,  who 
became  a  zealous  and  able  follower  of  Lu- 
ther, and  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  church 
of  St.  Peter,  at  Hamburgh.  Born,  1499; 
died,  1553. 

iKRSENS,  Peter,  sumamed  Lonoo,  an 
eminent  painter,  bom  at  Amsterdam,  1519, 
and  died,  1573. 

.^SCHINES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  in 
the  4th  century,  B.C.  He  obtained  instruc- 
tion from  Socrates,  by  whom  he  was  much 
esteemed.  He  went  to  the  court  of  Di- 
onysius,  of  Syracuse,  who  liljerally  rewarded 
him  for  his  Socratic  dialogues  ;  and,  on 
the  expulsion  of  the  philosophers  from  Sicily, 
he  returned  to  Athens,  and  taught  philoso- 
phy in  private. 

AlSCHINES,  a  celebrated  orator,  born  at 
Athens,  327  B.C.,  and  died  at  Samos,  oged 
75.  He  was  a  cotemporary  and  rival  of 
Dcmostlit'nes. 

^SCIIYLUS,  one  of  the  most  famous  tra- 
gic writers  of  Greece,  was  bom  at  Athens 
about  500  years  B.C.  His  mind  very  early 
received  an  impulse  from  the  poetry  of  Ho- 
mer ;  and,  before  his  25th  year,  he  com- 
posed pieces  for  public  representation.  So 
great  was  his  fertility,  that  he  wrote  70  tra- 
gedies, of  which  25  gained  the  prize.  This 
great  father  of  the  Grecian  stage  has  been 
very  ably  translated  into  Englisli  by  Arch- 
deacon Potter,  and  more  recently  by  Professor 
Blackic.    He  died  in  Sicily,  in  his  C9th  year. 

JESOP,  the  unrivalled  fabulist,  was  born 
in  Phrygia,  about  600  b.  c.  His  whole  his- 
tory is  very  obscure  j  but  we  are  told  that  he 
was  sold  as  a  slave  to  Dcmarchus,  an  Athe- 
nian, by  which  means  he  acquired  a  know- 
ledge of  the  Greek  language  ;  that  he  after- 
wards passed  successively  into  the  service  of 
Xanthus  and  Idmon,  of  Samos ;  and  that, 
having  obtained  his  freedom  by  the  kindness 
of  the  latter,  he  travelled  into  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor,  inculcating  morality  by  his  fa- 
bles. Being  sent  to  Delphi  with  an  offering, 
he  so  irritated  the  people  by  his  censures  on 
their  manners,  that  they  threw  him  from 
the  top  of  a  rock.  The  Athenians  erected  a 
statue  to  his  memory,  and  all  Greece  la- 
mented his  tragical  fate,  which  happened 
about  ."jtlO  B.C. 

iESOFUS,  Clodius,  a  Roman  actor,  con- 
temporary and  rival  of  Roscius,  and  like 
him  the  friend  of  Cicero,  to  whom  he  gave 
lessons  on  oratorical  action.  His  excellence 
was  in  tragedy;  and  he  entered  so  tho- 
roughly into  his  part,  as  occasionally  to  lose 


^  ^ci»  Bnihtv^:(X  SStosrapIj^. 


[age 


'  all  recollection  of  his  own  identity.    Plu- 

;  tarch  asserts,  that  once,  when  i)erforming 

I  the  character  of  Atreus,  he  was  so  trans- 

;  ported  with  fury,  as  to  strike  a  servant  with 

1  his  sceptre,  which  killed  him  on  the  spot. 

-(Esopus  was  greatly  addicted  to  luxury  ;  yet, 

notwithstanding,  so  well  was  he  rewarded, 

that  he  left  a  fortune  equal  to  160,000?. 

^TION,  a  Grecian  painter,  celebrated  for 
his  pictures,  and  particularly  for  one,  repre- 
senting the  nuptials  of  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Roxana. 

AETIUS,  a  physician  of  Mesopotamia,  in 
the  fifth  century,  who  is  said  to  be  the  first 
Christian  physician  whose  medical  writings 
have  come  down  to  us. 

AETIUS,  a  famous  Roman  general,  who 
lived  under  the  third  Valentinian,  and  nobly 
defended  the  declining  fortunes  of  the  em- 
pire, thrice  vanqmshing  the  Burgundians 
and  Franks,  and  driving  the  ferocious  Attila 
beyond  the  Rhine  ;  but  having  excited  the 
jealousy  of  the  dastardly  emperor,  he  was 
stabbed  by  him,  in  454. 

AFER,  DoMiTius,  an  ancient  orator,  bom 
at  Nismes.  During  the  reigns  of  Tiberius, 
Caligula,  Claudius,  and  Nero,  he  made  him- 
self formidable  as  an  informer,  and  con- 
temptible as  an  adulator.  Under  Caligula 
he  was  made  consul.    Died,  a.  d.  59. 

ATFLITTO,  Matthew,  an  Italian  law- 
yer, born  at  Naples  in  1448.  He  attained 
great  eminence,  and  published  several  volu- 
minous works  on  Sicilian  and  Neapolitan 
law.    Died,  1521. 

AFFO,  Irex.eus,  a  native  of  the  duchy  of 
Placentia ;  author  of  "  Istoria  di  Parma," 
and  other  historical  works,  valuable  for  their 
research,  but  written  in  a  loose  and  rambling 
style,  lie  died  about  the  close  of  the  18th 
century. 

AFFRT,  TiOuis  Augustine  Puii.ir,  Count, 
a  Swiss  statesman,  appointed  chief  magis- 
trate of  Switzerland  after  Buonaparte  had 
proclaimed  liimself  protector  of  the  Helvetic 
confederacy,  was  born  at  Freyburg,  in  1743. 
From  the  commencement  of  the  French  re- 
volution, when  he  commanded  the  army  on 
the  Upper  Rhine,  till  his  death,  he  bore  a 
prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  his  country  ; 
but,  finding  the  power  of  the  French  irre- 
sistible, he  endeavoured  to  promote  the  views 
of  Buonaparte,  by  assisting  in  the  formation 
of  the  government ;  while  he  displayed  the 
skill  of  an  experienced  statesman  in  endeav- 
ouring to  benefit  the  interests  of  his  coimtry- 
men,  and  to  shield  them  from  the  perils  of 
war.    Died,  1810. 

AFRANIO,  of  Ferrara,the  inventor  of  the 
bassoon,  flourished  in  the  16th  century. 

AFRANIUS,  a  Latin  dramatist,  who  lived 
about  100  years  b.  c,  and  wrote  several 
comedies  in  imitation  of  Menander. 

AFRANIUS,  a  Roman  senator,  put  to 
death  by  Nero  for  writing  a  satire  on  him. 

AFRICANER,  CiiRiSTiAif,  a  Namaqua 
chief  of  South  Africa,  wlio,  after  a  long  career 
of  violence  and  bloodshed,  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  continued  to  aid  the  opera- 
tions of  the  missionaries  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  till  his  death  in  1823.  An  interesting 
account  of  his  life  and  adventures  will  be 
found  in  Moffat's  "Missionary  Ijabours  and 
Scenes  iu  Southern  Africa." 


AFRICANUS,  Julius,  an  eminent  Chris- 
tian historian  of  the  3rd  century  ;  principally 
known  by  a  chronological  work  in  five  books, 
which  contains  a  series  of  events  from  the 
beginning  of  the  world  to  the  year  of  Clirist, 
221. 

AGANDURU,  Rodekic  Moriz,  a  Spanish 
missionary  of  the  17th  century,  who  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  zeal  in  propagating 
Christianity  in  Japan,  and  other  parts  of  the 
East. 

AGAPETUS  I.,  pope  in  635;  author  of 
some  extant  letters  :  he  pawned  the  sacred 
vessels  of  St.  Peter,  in  order  to  travel  to  Con- 
stantinople. The  second  pope  of  this  name 
was  elected  in  946,  and  died,  95(5.  He  has 
left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  man  of 
wonderful  sanctity. 

AGARD,  Arthur,  an  English  antiquary 
of  great  learning  and  research,  one  of  the 
original  founders  of  the  Antiquarian  Society, 
was  born  in  Derbyshire,  1540,  and  died,  1615. 

AGASIAS,  a  sculptor  of  Ephesus,  cele- 
brated for  his  admirable  statue  called  the 
Gladiator,  which  was  found  with  the  Apollo 
Belvedere  at  Nettuno,  the  ancient  Antium. 

AGATHANGELUS,  an  Armenian  histo- 
rian of  the  11th  century;  author  of  an  account 
of  the  introduction  of  Christianity  mto  his 
native  countrv. 

AGATHARCHIDES,  tutor  to  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  and  author  of  numerous 
works,  of  which  only  some  fragments  re- 
main, which  M'ere  preserved  by  Diodorus 
and  Photius.  He  was  the  first  author  who 
described  the  rhinoceros. 

AGATIIARCirS,an  ancient  painter,  born 
at  Samos  about  iOO  years  b.  c.  Vitruvius 
speaks  of  him  as  the  first  who  painted  scenes 
for  the  theatres. 

AGATHEMERUS,  a  Greek  geographer 
of  the  3rd  century,  whose  "  Sketch  of  Geo- 
graphy in  Epitome  "  may  still  be  read  with 
great  interest  from  the  curious  facts  with 
which  it  abounds. 

AGATHIAS,  a  Greek  historian  of  the  6th 
century,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the  reign  of 
Justinian. 

AGATHO,  a  native  of  Palermo,  raised 
from  a  monastery  to  the  pontificate  in  679, 
and  died  in  682. 

AGATUOCLES,  the  Sicilian  tyrant,  was 
the  son  of  a  potter,  a  native  of  Rhegium, 
Italy,  and  became  successively  a  soldier, 
centurion,  general,  and  pirate.  After  de- 
feating the  Carthaginians,  he  proclaimed 
himself  king  of  all  Sicily.  His  soldiers,  on 
account  of  arrears,  obliged  him  to  fly  from 
his  camp,  and  murdered  his  sons,  whom  he 
had  left  behind.  Returning  with  a  strong 
force,  he  put  to  death  the  mutineers,  with 
their  wives  and  children.  Unable  to  live  iu 
tranquillity  and  inaction,  though  now  far  ad- 
vanced in  years,  he  made  an  expedition  into 
Italy,  and  thence  to  the  Lipari  Islands, 
which  he  laid  imder  contribution,  and  jjlun- 
dered  of  all  the  treasures  of  the  temples. 
After  his  return  he  is  said  to  have  been 
poisoned  by  means  of  an  envenomed  tooth- 
pick, aged  72,  b.  c.  289. 

AGELADAS,  an  admired  Greek  sculptor, 
who  lived  about  432  B.C. 

AGELIUS,  Anthony,  a  learned  ecclesi- 
astic of  Naples  in  the  16th.  century.    He  was 


age] 


^  ^t\x)  Unibtv^Hl  JSifljirajpl^p. 


[ago 


one  of  the  curators  of  tlie  Vatican  press, 
and  bishop  of  Acerno.    Died  ItWS. 

AGELNOTir,  an  Anglo-Saxon  prelate, 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  in  W20. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  great  religious 
zeal,  and  still  more  by  the  flrm  manner  in 
which  he  refused,  on  the  death  of  Canute,  to 
crown  llarold,  who  had  seized  the  throne  in 
the  absence  of  his  brother,  Ilardicauute. 
Died,  lt«8. 

AGER,  or  AGERIUS,  Nicholas,  a  phy- 
sician and  botanist  in  the  10th  century,  and 
professor  of  medicine  at  Strasburg.  Died, 
1634. 

AGESANDEK,  a  Rhodian  sculptor,  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  in  the  .5th  century  b.  c. 
lie  is  celebrated  by  having,  in  conjunction 
with  his  sons,  executed  that  admirable  mo- 
nument of  Grecian  art,  the  Laocoon,  which 
was  discovered  in  the  IGth  century  in  the 
baths  of  Titus. 

AGESILAUS,  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded 
his  brother  A^s.  He  acquired  great  renown 
by  his  exploits  against  the  Persians,  and 
also  agahist  the  Tliebans  and  Athenians,  but 
was  defeated  by  Ei)aminonda8.  Agesilaus 
next  went  to  assist  Tachos,  in  liis  attempt  to 
take  the  throne  of  Egypt,  but  was  bribed  to 
espouse  tlie  part  of  Nectanabis,  his  anta- 
gonist. On  his  return,  he  died  in  Africa, 
aco  n.  c,  after  a  reign  of  41  years. 

AGO  AS,  Ralph,  a  8ur\'eyor  and  engraver 
of  the  ICth  century,  who  lirst  drew  a  plan 
of  London,  which,  although  referred  to  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.,  ap- 
pears not  to  have  been  made  on  wood  until 
about  1.5(50.  It  was  rc-publbhed  in  1018,  and 
re-engraved  by  Vertue  in  1748.  He  also 
drew  plans  of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Dun- 
wich,  in  Suffolk.    Died,  1.579. 

AGETjULF,  king  of  the  Lombards,  crowned 
at  Milan  in  591.  Soon  after  his  accession, 
he  quitted  the  Arian  conununion  for  the 
Catholic,  in  which  he  was  followed  by  imm- 
bers  of  his  subjects,  many  of  whom  had 
hitherto  been  Pagans.  In  the  third  year  of 
his  reign,  he  had  to  sustain  a  war  against 
some  of  Jiis  own  rebellious  dukes,  whom  in 
the  end  he  forced  to  submit ;  and  having 
secured  and  augmented  his  dominions,  and 
employed  himself  in  rebuilding  and  endow- 
ing churche3,  he  died  iu  619. 

AGIS  III.,  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded  his 
father,  Archidamus,  B.C.  .34<].  lie  was  a 
prince  of  great  magnanimity  ;  and,  though 
he  detested  the  Macedonian  domination,  he 
would  not  expose  his  country  to  ruin  by  re- 
sisting it,  until  Alexander  was  deeply  en- 
gaged in  his  Persian  expedition  ;  when  he 
raised  an  army  of  20,(XX)  men,  which  was 
defeated  by  Antipater,  governor  of  Alace- 
don,  and  Agis  himself  slain.  His  end  was 
most  glorious ;  for,  being  carried  severely 
wounded  from  the  field,  the  soldiers  who 
bore  him  were  on  the  point  of  being  sur- 
rounded by  the  enemy  ;  on  which,  com- 
manding them  to  set  him  down,  and  preserve 
their  own  lives  for  the  service  of  their 
country,  he  fought  alone  on  his  knees,  and 
killed  several  of  the  assailants,  till  he  was 
struck  tlirough  the  body  with  a  dart,  n.c.  337. 

AGIS  IV.  king  of  Sparta,  was  the  son  of 
Eudamidas,  and  celebrated  by  his  virtues 
and  death.    His  first  attempt  was  to  renew 


the  original  law  for  the  equal  division  of 
landed  property,  which  was  opposed  by  a 
party,  at  the  head  of  which  was  his  col- 
league, Leonidas.  The  latter  was  deposed, 
and  the  joint  sovereignty  devolved  to  his  son 
Cleombrotus,  who  entered  into  the  views  of 
Agis.  Previously,  however,  to  a  partition  of 
the  lands,  Agesilaus,  uncle  to  Agis,  who  was 
deeply  in  debt,  proposed  the  abolition  of  all 
debts,  which  would  render  the  former  mea- 
sure more  palatable.  This  deed  accom- 
plished, the  influential  and  wily  Spartan 
found  means  to  postpone  the  other  equalising 
operation,  until  Agis  was  obliged  to  march 
on  an  expedition.  During  his  absence,  Age- 
silaus conducted  himself  so  tyrannically, 
tliat  a  conspiracy  was  formed  to  restore  the 
deposed  king,  Leonidas  ;  which  succeeding, 
Agis  and  his  colleague,  Cleombrotus,  took 
sanctuary  in  a  temple.  The  latter  was  im- 
mediately dragged  forth  and  banished,  but 
Agis  remained  a  considerable  time  in  safety, 
until  his  friends  were  bribed  to  betray  him, 
and  he  was  thrown  into  a  prison.  He  suf- 
fered death  with  great  magnanimity,  B.C. 
241. 

AGLIONBY,  Edwakd,  an  old  English 
poet,  who  wrote  a  genealogy  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  for  which  she  granted  him  a 
pension. 

AGLIONBY,  Jonx,  a  learned  divine,  born 
in  Cumberland.  He  was  made  chaplain  to 
queen  Elizabeth,  was  concerned  in  the  pre- 
sent translation  of  the  New  Testament,  and 
died  at  Islip,  of  which  he  was  rector,  in  ICIO. 

AGLIONBY,  William,  an  English  di- 
plomatist and  polite  writer,  of  the  17th  and 
18th  centuries  ;  author  of  a  book  entitled 
"  Painting  Illustrated." 

AGNELLITS,  Anorew,  an  archbishop  of 
Ravenna,  in  the  9th  century.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  his  predecessors  in  that  see. 

AGNESI,  Makia  Gaetana,  an   Italian 
lady  of  extraordinary  talents,  bom  at  Milan, 
1718.    So  profound  Mere  her  mathematical 
attainments,  that  when,  in  1750,  her  father, 
who  was  a  professor  in  tlie  university  of 
Bologna,  was  unable  to  continue  his  lectures 
in  consequence  of  ill  health,  she  obtained 
permission  from   the  pope  to  fill  his  chair. 
At  the  early  age  of  19,  she  had  supported  191 
theses,  which  were  published  in  1738  under 
the  title  of  "  Propositiones  Philosophicaj."  I 
She  was  also  mistress  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  ! 
Hebrew,  French,  German,  and  Spanish  Ian-  ' 
guages.    Agnesi  retired  to  the  monastery  of 
Blue  Nuns,  at  Milan,  where  she  died  at  an  ; 
advanced  age,  in  the  year  1799.  I 

AGNESI,  Maria  Teresa,  sister  of  the 
above,  was  a  musician  of  much  genius,  bom 
at  Milan,  1750.    She  composed  three  operas,  ; 
"  Sophonisba,"  "  Ciro,"  and  "  Nitocri."  i 

AGNOLO,  Baccio,  a  Florentine  sculptor,  | 
and  architect  of  great  reputation  ;  bom,  ! 
1460  ;  died,  1.543.  | 

AGOBARD,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  was  one  j 
of  the  most  celebrated  prelates  of  the  9th 
centurj-.   His  works  were  buried  in  obscurity,  • 
until  the  manuscript  of  them  was  accident-  j 
ally  found  in  a  bookseller's  shop  at  Lyons. 
Died,  840. 

AGOP,  John",  a  learned  Armenian  critic  ] 
and  grammarian  of  the  17th  century.  His  I 
works  were  printed  at  Rome,  l(i75. 


17 


c  3 


ago] 


^  ^^£d  mnihtY^ta  ^SmgrajpTjij. 


[agr 


AGORACRITES,  a  Grecian  statuary  in 
the  fifth  century  B.C.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Phidias,  and  one  of  tlie  most  skilful  artists 
of  his  time. 

AGOSTINI,  LiONARDO,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary of  the  17th  century,  officially  em- 
ployed bv  pope  Alexander  VII. 

AGOSTINO,  Paul,  of  Valerano,  a  cele- 
brated musician.  Born,  1593 ;  died,  1629. 
He  surprised  the  world  with  his  productions 
for  four,  six,  or  eight  choirs  or  chonzses, 
some  of  which  miglit  be  sung  in  four  or  six 
parts  only,  without  diminishing  the  har- 
mony. 

AGOULT,  William,  a  Provencal  gen- 
tleman of  the  12th  century,  wlio  was  one  of 
the  most  pleasing  poets,  and  amiable  per- 
sons of  his  time.    He  died  in  1181. 

AGREDA,  Maria,  the  writer  of  some 
wild  legends,  indicative  of  either  insanity  or 
most  impudent  imposture,  was  born  at  Agre- 
da,  in  Spain,  in  1002  ;  took  tlie  veil,  1(;20,  in 
a  convent  founded  by  her  father  and  mother, 
dedicated  to  the  "Immaculate  Conception," 
of  which  she  was  chosen  superior,  l(i27,  and 
died,  1GC5.  The  piece  of  absurdity  which  she 
pretended  to  have  divine  authority  for  writ- 
ing, was  translated  by  Father  Crozet  into 
the  French  language  in  1096,  and  republished 
at  Brussels,  1718,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

AGRICOLA,  Cneius  Jlt-ius,  an  eminent 
Roman  commander,  born  a.d.  40,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula.  His  first  military  service 
was  under  Suetonius  Paulinus  in  Britain ; 
and,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  he  was  made 
qujEstor  in  Asia,  and  became  tribune  of  the 
people,  and  praetor  under  Nero.  By  Ves- 
pasian, whose  cause  he  espoused,  he  was 
made  a  patrician  and  governor  of  Aquitania; 
the  dignity  of  consul  followed  ;  and,  in  the 
same  year,  77,  he  married  his  daughter  to 
Tacitus,  the  historian,  who  has  so  admirably 
written  his  life.  Next  year  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Britain  ;  extended  his  conquests 
into  Scotland  ;  and  built  a  chain  of  forts  from 
the  Clyde  to  tlie  Frith  of  Forth,  to  prevent 
the  incursions  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  North. 
He  defeated  Galgacus  on  the  Grampian  Hills, 
and  then  made  peace  with  the  Caledonians. 
On  the  accession  of  Domitian,  Agricola  had 
a  triumph  decreed  him,  but  was  recalled, 
ind  sent  governor  to  Syria,  where  he  died, 
i.p.  93  ;  aged  54. 

AGRICOLA,  George,  the  most  celebrated 
metallurgist  of  his  time  ;  born  at  Glauchen, 
Misnia,  in  1494,  and  died,  15.55. 

AGRICOLA,  George  Andrew,  a  German 
physician,  author  of  a  curious  work  on  the 
multiplication  of  trees  and  plants,  of  which 
aFrcuch  translation  appeared  at  Amsterdam 
in  1720.  He  was  born  at  Ratisbon,  1672,  and 
died,  1738. 

AGRICOLA,  Joiix,  a  polemical  writer  of 
celebrity,  born  at  Eisleben,  Saxony,  1492,  and 
died  at  Berlin,  1566.  From  being  the  friend 
and  scholar,  he  became  the  antagonist  of 
Martin  Luther,  against  whom,  as  well  as 
Melancthon,  he  maintained  a  spirited  con- 
troversy, advocating  the  doctrine  of  faith  in 
opposition  to  the  works  of  the  law,  whence 
the  sect,  of  which  he  became  leader,  received 
the  name  of  Antinomians. 

AGRICOLA,  RoDOLFHUs,  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  the  15th  century,  spoken  of 


both  by  Erasmus  and  Bayle  with  great  re- 
spect, was  born  in  Friesland,  1442,  and  died, 
1484.  Agricola  was  the  first  who  introduced 
the  Greek  language  into  Germany. 

AGRIPPA,  Camille,  a  celebrated  archi- 
tect of  Milan  in  the  16th  century,  who,  under 
the  pontificate  of  Gregory  XIII.,  accom- 
plished the  removal  of  a  vast  obelisk  to  St. 
Peter's  Square  ;  an  account  of  which  labour 
he  publislied  at  Rome,  1583. 

AGRIPPA,  Hexry  Cornelius.  This 
higlily-gifted  but  eccentric  man  was  born  in 
1486,  at  Cologne,  of  a  noble  family.  He  be- 
came secretary  to  the  emperor  Maximilian, 
by  whom  lie  was  knighted  for  his  bravery  in 
the  Italian  wars.  He  next  travelled  through 
various  parts  of  Europe,  and,  while  in  Eng- 
land, wrote  a  commentary  on  St.  Paul's 
Epistles.  In  1518  he  settled  at  Metz,  which 
place,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  quit,  at  the 
instigation  of  the  monks,  and  went  to  Co- 
logne, and  thence  to  Geneva.  He  next  tra- 
velled to  Antwerp,  in  1528,  and  was  taken 
into  the  service  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  go- 
verness of  the  Low  Countries.  In  1530  he 
published  his  treatise  of  the  "  Vanity  of  the 
Sciences,"  and  soon  afterwards  his  "  Occult 
Philosophy."  In  1535  he  was  at  Lyons, 
where  he  was  imprisoned  for  defaming  the 
kiug's  mother,  but  soon  obtained  his  dis- 
charge, and  died  the  same  year  at  Grenoble. 
All  his  works  were  collected  and  printed  at 
Lyons,  1.550,  in  3  vols. 

AGRIPPA  I.,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod 
the  Great.  He  gave  great  oifence  to  Tibe- 
rius, who  threw  him  into  prison  ;  but,  on 
Caligula's  succession,  was  not  only  released, 
but  received  from  that  emperor  a  golden 
chain  equal  in  weight  to  the  iron  one  he 
had  worn  in  his  confinement,  as  also  the 
kingdom  of  Judea.  He  commenced  a  per- 
secution of  the  Christians,  in  which  the  apos- 
tle St.  James  perished  ;  and  he  is  the  person 
represented  to  have  been  eaten  by  worms,  on 
account  of  his  impiety  in  accepting  the  ado- 
ration of  the  people. 

AGRIPPA  II.,  Herod,  son  and  successor 
of  the  preceding,  was  the  seventh  and  last 
of  the  Jewish  monarchs  of  the  family  of 
Herod  the  Great.  It  was  before  this  prince 
tliat  St.  Paul  pleaded  his  cause  with  so  much 
eloquence,  that  Agrippa  acknowledged  he 
had  almost  persuaded  him  to  be  a  Christian. 
He  died  at  Rome  about  the  year  94. 

AGRIPPA,  Marcus  Vu-sanius,  the  cele- 
brated friend  and  general  of  Augustus  Caesar, 
acquired  great  fame  by  his  military  exploits, 
for  which  triumphs  were  decreed  to  him. 
He  died  b.  c.  12. 

AGRIPPA,  Mexemus,  consul  of  Rome, 
B.C.  503.  He  is  celebrated  for  having  ap- 
peased a  commotion  among  the  Romans,  by 
the  political  fable  of  the  bellj'  and  the  mem- 
bers ;  and  died  at  an  advanced  age,  very 
poor,  but  universally  esteemed  for  his  wis- 
dom and  intearity. 

AGRIPPINA,  the  elder,  daughter  of  Mar- 
cus Agrippa,  was  married  in  the  first  instance 
to  Tiberius,  who  divorced  her,  and  she  be- 
came the  wife  of  Germanicus  Ca;sar,  whom 
she  accompanied  in  his  military  expeditions. 
On  the  death  of  the  latter  at  Antioch,  a.  d. 
19,  she  returned  to  Rome  with  his  ashes,  and 
took  advantage  of  the  public  grief  for  the 


1  agr] 


^  ^tti  BiiihtriKl  3Bi0flrapIj8. 


[ain 


death  of  her  husband  to  accuse  Piso,  who 
was  suspected  of  having  hastened  it.  The 
latter  was  shortly  afterwards  found  dead  in 
his  l)ed  ;  and  Tiberius,  jealous  of  the  aflfection 
of  the  people  for  Agrippina,  banished  her  to 
a  small  island,  where  she  died  of  hunger, 
in  35. 
;  AGRIPPINA,  the  younger,  daughter  of 
the  foregoing,  and  mother  of  Nero,  was  at 
once  cruel  and  licentious.  After  losing  two 
Jiusbands,  she  married  her  uncle,  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned  in  54,  to  make 
,  way  for  her  son  Nero,  who  caused  her  to  be 
assassinated,  and  exhibited  to  the  senate  a 
list  of  all  the  crimes  of  which  she  had  been 
,  guilty. 

I      AGUESSE AU,  Henry  Francis  u',  called 
by  "Voltaire  the  most  learned  magistrate  that 
France  ever  produced,  was  born  at  Limoges 
I  in  16<>8,  and  died  1751.    His  works  were  pub- 
lished in  13  vols.  4to. 

AGUILLON,  Francis,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician at  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century,  was  a  Jesuit  of  Brussels,  and  died 
at  Seville,  1017. 

AGUIRRA,  JosErn  Saens  d',  a  Spanish 
Benedictine,  made  caidinal  by  Innocent  XI. 
lie  wrote  voluminously  on  theology,  philo- 
sophy, &c.    Died  at  Rome,  1G99. 

AGUJARI.LucRETiA,  a  celebrated  singer, 
who  received  a  salary  of  100^  a  night  for  two 
Bongs.    Died  at  Parma,  178;i. 

AGYL^US,  Henry,  a  lawyer  and  gene- 
ral scholar,  bom  at  Bois-le-Duc,  1533  ;  died, 
1595. 

AHLWART,  Peter,  a  learned  German, 
son  of  a  shoemaker  at  Greifswalde,  where  he 
was  bom  in  1710,  and  died,  1791.  He  was 
the  founder  of  the  Society  of  Abelites,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  promote  sincerity. 

AnMED-BEN-rARES,sumamed£ZiZaw, 
an  Arabian  lexicographer  and  lawyer.  Died 
about  900. 

AHMED-BEN-MOHAMMED,  or  ABOU 
AMROU,  a  Spanish  Moor,  who  wrote  poems 
in  the  eastern  style,  and  an  historical  work 
on  the  annals  of  Spain.    Died  in  970. 

AHMED-KHAN,  emperor  of  the  Moguls, 
succeeded  his  brother,  Abaker  Khan,  in  1282; 
and  was  slain  after  a  short  reign  of  two 
years. 

AHMED  RESMY  HAJI,  a  Turkish  his- 
torian, who  was  counsellor  of  the  Divan,  and 
chancellor  to  the  sultan  Mustapha  III. 

AHMED  SHAH  EL  ABDALY,  founder 
of  the  kingdom  of  Candahar  and  Caubul, 
erected  them  into  a  kingdom,  and  took  the 
royal  title.  He  died  in  1773,  lea\'ing  the 
crown  to  his  son,  Timur  Shah. 

AHRKNDT,  or  ARENTS,  Martin  Fre- 
deric, an  antiquary  and  palajographer,  was 
a  native  of  Holstein.  He  spent  forty  years 
in  travelling  on  foot  through  Norway,  Swe- 
den, Denmark,  France,  Spain,  Italy,  and 
other  parts  of  Europe,  in  search  of  Scandi- 
navian antiquities  and  Runic  monuments, 
and  carried  on  an  extensive  correspondence 
with  his  learned  contemporaries  relative  to 
the  objects  of  his  investigation.  He  died  at 
a  small  village  near  Vienna,  in  1824. 

AIDAN,  a  monk,  who  converted  a  large 
portion  of  the  northern  part  of  Britain  to 
Christianity.  He  was  afterwards  bishop  of 
Lindisfem.    Died  about  C51. 


AIGNAN,  Stephen,  a  French  writer,  and 
a  member  of  the  Acadt'mie  Fran9ai8e.  He 
was  a  zealous  republican,  and  at  the  early 
age  of  19,  in  the  fiercest  time  of  the  revolu- 
tion, he  was  appointed  to  an  ofiicial  situation 
in  the  district  of  Orleans.  He  subsequently 
filled  offices  under  Napoleon  ;  and  also  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  the  author  of  several 
dramas  and  poems,  as  well  as  by  the  transla- 
tion of  part  of  the  works  of  Goldsmith  and 
Pope.     Born.  1773  ;  died,  1825. 

AIGNEAUX,  Robert  and  Anthony, 
brothers,  natives  of  Vire,  in  Normandy,  who 
jointly  translated  "Virgil  and  Horace  into 
French  verse,  and  wrote  several  poems.  They 
died  about  the  same  time,  at  the  close  of  the 
IGth  century. 

AIKIN,  Edmund,  an  architect,  and  the 
autlior  of  an  account  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
Died,  1820. 

AIKIN,  John,  M.D.,  bora  Jan.  15.  1747, 
at  Kibworth,  Leicestershire,  was  the  only 
son  of  Dr.  T.  Aikin,  a  dissenting  minister 
and  schoolmaster.  In  1764  he  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  imiversity  of  Edinburgh.  On 
his  return  he  went  to  Yarmouth,  Norfolk, 
where,  with  little  interruption,  lie  continued 
till  1792,  when  he  removed  to  London,  and 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  literature,  in  which 
he  was  emuiently  successful.  In  179G  he 
became  the  editor  of  the  Monthly  Magazine, 
which  he  superintended  from  its  commence- 
ment till  1806.  In  1709,  he  published,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Enfield,  the  first  vo- 
lume of  a  General  Biographical  Dictionary, 
in  4to.,  which,  however,  was  not  completed 
till  1815.    Died,  1822,  aged  75. 

AIKMAN,  William,  a  painter  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Cairney,  in  Scotland,  in  1082. 
After  finishing  his  education,  he  travelled 
to  Italy,  Turkey,  and  Smyrna.  In  1712  he 
returned  home,  and  was  encouraged  by  the 
Duke  of  Argyle,  through  whom  he  was  em- 
ployed at  court,  and  by  the  principal  nobi- 
Uty.    Died,  1731. 

AILLY,  Peter  d',  a  cardinal  and  legate 
in  the  time  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  was 
born  at  Compiegne,  1350.  He  received  from 
that  monarch  the  see  of  Puy  and  Cambray, 
with  the  chancellorship  of  the  university  of 
Paris  ;  and,  before  his  elevation  to  the  pur- 
ple, pre6ide<l  at  the  famous  Council  of  Con- 
stance, which  condemned  John  Huss  to  the 
stake.    Died,  1419. 

AIMON,  of  Aquitainc,  author  of  a  legend- 
ary liistory  of  France,  is  supposed  to  have  j 
lived  in  the  9th  century.     The  history  is  i 
brought  down  to  1165  by  another  hand  ;  and 
is  in  the  tliird  volume  of  the  collection  of 
Duchesne. 

AINSWORTH,  Heney,  an  eminent  bib- 
lical  commentator  and  divine  among  the 
English    nonconformists,  flourished  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  I6th  century.    His  writings  j 
exhibited  much  learning  and  acuteness,  and  i 
excited  the  attention  of  Hall,  bishop  of  Exe-  | 
tcr,  who  entered  the  lists  against  him.    He 
subsequently  went  to  Amsterdam,  where  he 
died  in  1022. 

AINSWORTH,  Robert,  a  grammarian 
and  classical  author.  His  most  important 
work  is  the  celebrated  Dictionary  of  the 
Latin  tongue  which  bears  his  name.  He 
was  a  native  of  Woodyale,  in  Lancashire, 


ait] 


^  ^eln  Unihtx^Kl  SStffsrapI)^. 


[ala 


where  he  was  bom  in  1G60.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don in  1743. 

AITON,  William,  an  excellent  botanist, 
born  in  Lanarkshire.  He  was  a  great  fa- 
vourite with  George  III.,  who  appointed 
him  head-gardener  to  the  ro\  al  demesne  at 
Kcw  in  17o9.  In  this  situation  he  formed 
one  of  tlie  best  collections  of  rare  exotic 
plants  in  the  known  world,  catalogues  of 
which  he  publislied  in  1789.    Died,  1793. 

AITZEMA,  Leo,  an  historian  of  Fries- 
land,  born,  1600,  and  died,  1069.  He  was 
author  of  the  History  of  tlie  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  15  vols. ;  an  extremely  valuable 
work. 

AKAKIA,  MARTiif,  physician  to  Henry 
III.,  and  author  of  several  medical  works. 
Born,  1479  ;  died,  1588. 

AKBAH,  a  celebrated  Saracen  conqueror, 
who  overran  the  whole  of  Africa,  from  Cairo 
to  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  but  a  general  revolt 
among  the  Greeks  and  Africans  recalled  him 
from  the  West,  and  he  eventually  fell  a  sa- 
crifice to  it. 

AKBAR,  or  AKBER,  Mohammed,  sultan 
of  the  Moguls,  and  a  descendant  of  Timour 
Tamerlane,  was  only  14  years  of  age  when 
he  succeeded  to  the  throne.  He  was  a  war- 
like, liberal,  and  able  monarch  ;  and  the 
first  action  of  his  reign  was  to  recover  Delhi 
from  the  Patans.  He  reigned  50  years,  was 
eminently  successful  as  a  conqueror,  and 
died  in  1605,  leaving  behind  him  a  character 
for  justice,  clemency,  valour,  and  a  love  of 
learning,  surpassed  by  few  monarchs,  what- 
ever their  creed  or  country. 

AKENSIDE,  Mark,  a  poet  and  physician, 
but  who  claims  attention  from  his  eminence 
in  the  former  character,  more  than  from  his 
professional  fame,  was  born  in  1721  at  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne. He  finished  his  studies 
at  the  universities  of  Edinburgh  and  Leyden, 
in  the  latter  of  which  he  took  his  degree  as 
a  doctor  of  medicine  in  1744.  In  the  same 
year  appeared  his  most  distinguished  poem, 
"  On  the  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination," 
which  raised  him  at  once  into  poetical  emi- 
nence. This  was  followed  by  the  "  Epistle 
to  Curio,"  a  satire  ;  and,  in  1745,  he  pub- 
lished ten  odes  on  various  subjects.  He  con- 
tinued, from  time  to  time,  to  send  forth  his 
poetical  effusions,  most  of  which  appeared 
in  Dodsley's  Collection.  Dr.  Akenside  also 
wrote  a  number  of  medical  works.  He  died 
in  1770,  aged  49. 

AKERBLAD,  Johx  David,  a  learned 
Swede,  who  accompanied  the  Swedish  em- 
bassy to  Constantinople,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  oriental  linguist  and  anti- 
quary.   Died,  1819. 

AKIBA,  a  .Tew,  of  low  origin,  but  whose 
devotion  to  literature  raised  him  to  emi- 
nence, and  to  the  rank  of  rabbi.  On  the 
defeat  and  destruction  of  Barcochebas,  who 
had  declared  himself  the  Messiah,  and  to 
whose  faction  Akiba  had  joined  himself,  he 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  emperor  Hadrian, 
and  flaved  alive,  at  the  age  of  120. 

ALABASTER,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  in  Suffolk,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  the  author  of  a  Latin  tra- 
gedy (jailed  "Roxana,"  and  of  a  Lexicon 
Pentaglotton.    Died,  1640. 

ALAIN,  De  l'  Isle,  surnamed  the  Uni- 


versal Doctor,  was  a  divine  of  great  renown 
in  the  university  of  Paris,  and  the  author  of 
several  works.    Died,  1294. 

ALAIN,  CiiARTiEE,  a  French  writer  of 
the  14th  century.  He  was  the  author  of 
some  esteemed  works,  of  which  his  "  Chron- 
icles of  Charles  VII.,"  to  whom  he  was  se- 
cretary, is  the  principal. 

ALAMANNI,  Louis,  a  Florentine  poet 
and  statesman,  born  in  1496,  and  died,  1556  ; 
he  was  distinguished  from  his  youth  for  his 
progress  in  philosophy  and  Greek  literature. 
He  had  two  sons,  one  of  whom,  Baptiste, 
became  almoner  to  queen  Catherine  de  Me- 
dici, and  successively  bishop  of  Bazas  and 
Ma?on.  Two  others  of  this  family,  and  both 
named  Loris,  also  became  famous  in  the 
world  of  letters. 

ALAN,  of  Lynn,  Norfolk,  was  a  doctor  of 
divinity  in  the  15th  century,  and  acquired 
great  reputation  both  as  a  student  and  a 
preacher. 

ALAN,  of  Tewkesbury,  was  author  of  the 
"Life  and  Banishment  of  Thomas  h,  Becket, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury."    Died,  1201. 

ALAN,  ALLEYN,  or  ALLEN,  William, 
an  Englishman  of  good  family,  was  born  at 
Rossal,  Lancashire,  in  1580.  Educated  at 
Oxford  by  a  tutor  warmly  attaclied  to  popery, 
he  entered  upon  the  world  under  a  strong 
prepossession  in  favour  of  the  Catholic  faith  ; 
and,  while  very  young,  became  principal  of 
St.  Mary's  College,  and  proctor  of  the  uni- 
versity. On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  he 
went  to  Louvain,  and  was  appointed  head 
of  the  English  College.  He  now  strenuously 
exerted  himself,  both  by  his  writings  ^nd 
example,  to  advance  the  papal  cause  ;  and 
by  his  suggestions,  Philip  II.  was  induced  to 
undertake  the  invasion  of  England  ;  to  faci- 
litate which,  Alan  published  a  defence  of 
the  pope's  bull  against  Elizabeth,  with  an 
exhortation  to  her  subjects  to  rise  in  favour 
of  the  Spaniards.  For  these  8er\ices  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Mechlin,  and  a  cardinal. 
It  is  said,  that  towards  the  close  of  his  life 
he  repented  of  the  measures  he  had  recom- 
mended against  his  country ;  and,  on  his 
death-bed,  wished  to  address  the  English 
students  at  Rome,  but  was  prevented  by  the 
ascendant  Jesuit.  He  died  in  1594,  not  with- 
out suspicion  that  he  was  poisoned. 

ALAND,  Sir  Johx  Fortescue  (Lord 
Fortescue),  a  baron  of  the  Exchequer,  and 
a  puisne  judge  of  the  courts  of  King's 
Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  in  the  reigns 
of  George  I.  and  II.,  was  descended  from 
the  famous  Sir  John  Fortescue,  lord  chief 
justice  and  lord  high  chancellor  of  England 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  bom 
in  1670,  and  received  his  education  at 
Oxford ;  was  an  able  lawyer,  an  impartial 
judge,  and  yell  versed  in  Saxon  literature. 
He  lived  in  habits  of  intimacy  with  Pope, 
and  the  other  wits  of  the  day ;  and  wrote 
the  legal  burlesque  of  "  Stradling  versus 
Styles." 

ALARD,  Francis,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
was  bred  in  the  Romish  faith  ;  but,  meeting 
with  the  works  of  Luther,  he  turned  Pro- 
testant, and  escaped  to  Wittemberg.  After 
some  time  he  returned  to  Brussels,  and  died 
in  1578. 

ALARD,  William,  eon  of  the  above,  be- 


ALA] 


^  ijactu  Bnibsr^aX  ^iaQvai^f^ti* 


[alb 


came  rector  of  the  college  of  Krcmpen,  where 
he  died,  1(144 . 

ALARD,  Lambert,  son  of  the  last  named, 
compiled  a  Greek  Lexicon,  wrote  some  the- 
ological works  and  Latin  poems,  and  was 
inspector  of  the  public  schools  of  Brunswick. 
Died  in  K,72. 

ALARIC  I.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  and 
conqueror  of  Rome,  was  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  and  for  some  years  served  in 
the  imperial  armies  ;  but,  being  refused  pre- 
ferment, he  revolted  against  Arcadius,  and 
desolated  many  of  the  provinces,  sparing 
neither  age  nor  sex.  In  the  year  400,  being 
tlien  the  acknowledged  sovereign  of  the 
Visigoths,  he  invaded  Italy,  and  carried  otf 
immense  plunder.  In  402,  he  made  a  second 
irruption,  but  was  defeated  by  Stilicho,  and 
compelled  to  sue  for  peace.  After  this,  he 
was  employed  in  the  service  of  the  emperor 
llonorius,  but  soon  violated  liis  engagements, 
and  again  entered  the  Roman  territory,  and 
laid  siege  to  the  capital.  His  terms  were 
complied  witli,  and  he  retired  into  Tuscany  ; 
but,  being  joined  by  liis  brother,  Ataulplius, 
he  returned  again  to  Rome,  which  he  sacked 
in  410.  After  ravaging  Italy,  he  sailed  for 
Sicily;  and  having  taken  thecity  of  Cosenza, 
died  there. 

ALARIC  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Euric  in  484,  and  reigned 
over  all  the  country  Ijetween  the  Rhone  and 
the  Garonne.  He  adapted  to  his  states  the 
Theodosian  collection  of  laws,  and  published 
it  as  the  law  of  the  Visigoths,  since  known 
by  the  title  of  the  code  of  Alaric.  lie  was 
slain  in  a  battle  by  Clovis,  king  of  the 
Franks,  ,507. 

ALASCO,  Jou.v,  uncle  to  Sigismund,  king 
of  Poland,  was  born  in  1499.  He  was  in 
great  esteem  with  most  of  the  learned  men 
of  his  day,  and  enjoyed  the  friendship,  of 
many  of  them,  particularly  Erasmus  and 
Zuinglius,  through  wliich  he  became  a  con- 
vert to  tlie  Protestant  faith ;  to  which  he 
was  so  zealously  devoted  as  to  obtain  the 
title  of  the  Reformer  of  Poland.  He  died  at 
Frankfort,  in  1500. 

ALBAN,  St.,  celebrated  as  the  first  Chris- 
tian martyr  in  Great  Britain,  was  bom  at 
Verulam,  near  St.  Alban's,  Hertfordshire,  in 
the  3rd  century.  In  his  youth  he  visited 
Rome,  and  served  as  a  soldier  under  Dio- 
cletian ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Verulam,  be- 
came a  convert  to  Cliristianity,  for  which  he 
Buflfered  death  in  303. 

ALBAXEZE,  an  Italian  musician  of  great 
repute,  died  at  Paris,  in  1800. 

ALBiVNI,  Ale.xa.vder,  an  eminent  vir- 
tuoso, born  at  Urbino,  1C92,  raised  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal  by  Innocent  XIII. ,  and 
died,  1779,  aged  87,  very  highly  esteemed. 
In  1702,  his  collection  of  drawings  and  en- 
gravings, consisting  of  300  volumes,  was  pur- 
chased by  George  III.  for  14,000  crowns. 

ALB.(^!NI,  Jonx  Francis,  nephew  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Rome,  1720,  and  in  1747 
was  made  a  cardinal,  which  was  followed 
by  numerous  preferments.  He  opposed  the 
suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  as  a  measure 
fraught  with  danger  to  the  church  ;  but,  in 
all  other  respects,  was  a  most  enlightened 
prelate.  He  imitated  his  uncle  in  his  en- 
couragement of  letters  and  learned  men ; 


but  his  liberality  could  not  save  him  from 
republican  rigour,  when  the  French  entered 
Rome,  where  they  plundered  his  palace, 
confiscated  his  estates,  and  reduced  him, 
then  in  his  77th  year,  to  poverty  :  all  his 
valuable  collection  was  sent  off  to  Paris,  and 
even  the  plants  of  his  garden  were  rooted 
up  and  sold.  Amidst  this  devastation,  the 
cardinal  took  refuge  in  a  convent,  whence 
he  removed  to  Naples ;  and  returned  to 
Rome,  in  1800,  where  he  lived  in  private 
lodgings  till  his  death  in  1803. 

ALBANI,  or  ALBANY,  Countess  of,  was 
the  Princess  Louisa  Maria  Caroline,  M'ho 
married  Charles  Stuart,  "The  Pretender." 
She  was  cousin  of  the  last  reigning  Prince 
of  Stolberg-Gedern  ;  was  bom  in  1753 ;  mar- 
ried in  1772,  when  she  took  the  title  of 
Countess  of  Albanjr ;  but  to  escape  from  the 
barbarity  of  her  husband,  who  lived  in  a 
continual  state  of  intoxication,  she  retired, 
in  1780,  to  a  cloister.  At  his  death,  in  1788, 
the  French  court  allowed  her  an  annuity  of 
00,000  li\Te3  ;  and  she  survived  the  house  of 
Stuart,  which  became  extinct  at  the  death 
of  her  brother-in-law,  the  Cardinal  of  York, 
in  1807.  She  died  at  Florence,  in  1824  ;  and 
Victor  Alfieri  has  transmitted  her  name  and 
misfortunes  to  posterity. 

ALBANI,  JoHX  Jerome,  a  civilian  and 
theological  writer,  born  at  Bergamo  in  1504, 
arrived  at  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal  in  1570, 
and  died  in  1591. 

ALB^VNO,  Frakcisco,  a  very  celebrated 
painter,  bom  at  Bologna,  1578,  and  died, 
IGCO.  Albano  excelled  in  delineating  femi- 
nine and  infantine  beauty,  and  his  pictures 
are  exceedingly  valuable. 

ALBANO,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  younger 
brother  of  the  above,  was  also  a  paiuter,  and 
chiefly  excelled  in  landscape. 

ALBATEGNI,  an  Arabian  chieftain  and 
eminent  astronomer.  He  lived  in  the  9th 
century,  and  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "The 
Science  of  the  Stars." 

ALBERGATI,  Capacellt,  a  Bolognese 
marquis,  was  a  dramatic  writer  and  actor, 
and  called  the  Garrick  of  Italy.    Died,  1802. 

ALBERIC,  a  monkish  historian  of  the  13th 
century,  who  compiled  a  Chronicle  of  Uni- 
versal History  up  to  1241. 

ALBERONI,  GiULio,  a  cardinal,  and  mi- 
nister of  tlie  king  of  Spain,  was  the  son  of 
a  gardener  ;  but  being  possessed  of  uncom- 
mon talents,  and  with  a  disposition  suited 
to  the  intriguing  policy  of  the  court,  he 
obtained  patronage,  and  rapidly  reached 
the  highest  ofl^ces  in  the  state.  By  his  abi- 
lity and  activity  he  created  a  naval  force, 
re-organised  the  army,  and  rendered  Spain 
more  powerful  than  it  had  been  since  the 
time  of  Philip  II.  ;  but  he  was  eventually 
foiled  by  the  combined  efforts  of  England 
and  France,  who  made  his  dismissal  from 
the  councils  of  the  Spanish  monarch  the 
chief  condition  of  peace.  Bom,  1CG4  ; 
died,  1752. 

.jVLBERT,  Erasmus,  a  learned  German 
divine  of  the  16th  century,  who  composed  a 
Latin  work  called  "  The  Koran  of  the 
Cordeliers."    Died,  1551. 

ALBERT,  of  Aix,  or  ALBERTUS 
AQUENSIS,  a  canon  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
the  12th  century.    Ue  wrote  in  Latin  what 


21 


alb] 


^  0tio  Winibtv^^l  MiOQva^i)^, 


[alb 


is  eateemed  an  accurate  "  History  of  the 
Expedition  to  Jerusalem,  under  Godfrey  of 
Bulloyn,  and  other  Leaders,"  reprinted  in 
1C62. 

ALBERT,  marquis  of  Brandenburg-Culm- 
bach,  surnamed  the  German  Alcibiades,  born 
in  1522,  was  a  principal  actor  in  the  trou- 
bles of  Germany  during  the  reign  of  Charles 
v.,  against  wliom  he  made  war.  Died  in 
indigence  and  exile,  15o8. 

ALBERT,  Louis  Joseph,  son  of  TjOiiis 
Charles,  duke  de  Luynes,  born  in  1<572,  and 
died,  1758.  He  distinguished  himself  in  se- 
veral battles,  for  which  he  was  aiipointed 
field-marshal  by  the  emperor  Charles  VII., 
who  sent  him  ambassador  to  France,  and 
created  him  prince  of  Grimberghen, 

ALBERT,  Chakles,  duke  of  Luynes, 
bom  in  1578.  Henry  IV.  of  France,  who 
was  his  godfather,  placed  him  as  a  page 
about  his  son,  afterwards  Louis  XIII.,  over 
whom,  by  his  artful  manner,  he  gained  such 
an  ascendancy,  that  he  obtained  the  highest 
honours  in  the  state,  and  was  made  con- 
stable of  France  ;  but  his  ambition  and  ty- 
ranny rendered  him  odious  to  the  people. 
Died,  1(521. 

ALBERT,  of  Stade,  a  monk  of  the  13th 
century,  who  wrote  a,  "  Chronicle  from  the 
Creation  to  125()." 

ALBERT,  of  Strasburg,  the  compiler  of 
a  "Chronicle  from  1273  to  1378."  Ue 
flourished  in  the  14th  century. 

ALBERT,  Hexry  Christian,  professor 
of  the  English  language  at  the  university  of 
Halle,  Germany,  died  in  1800. 

ALBERT  I.,  emperor  and  duke  of  Aus- 
tria, surnamed  the  Triumphant,  was  son  of 
the  emperor  Rudolph  of  Uapsburg,  and  a 
competitor  for  the  imperial  crown  with  Adol- 
phus  of  Nassau,  whom  he  defeated  and  killed 
in  battle.  He  was  born  in  1248  ;  and  died, 
by  assassination,  in  1308. 

ALBERT  II.,  emperor  and  duke  of  Aus- 
tria, was  son  of  Albert  the  fourth  duke  of 
Austria,  and  succeeded  to  tlie  kingdom  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia  on  the  death  of  Si- 
gismund,  whose  daughter  he  had  married. 
Died,  1420. 

ALBERT,  archduke  of  Austria,  son  of 
Maximilian  II.,  was  born,  1559.  He  was  at 
first  destined  for  the  Church,  and,  when 
very  young,  was  created  cardinal  and  arch- 
bisliop  of  Toledo.  In  1598,  Philip  II.  of 
Sixain  contracted  his  daughter  Isabella  to 
Albert,  who  thereupon  renounced  his  cardi- 
nalate  and  ecclesiastical  character.  Tlie 
Netherlands,  and  the  provinces  of  Bur- 
gundy and  Charleroi,  were  her  portion,  and 
they  were  henceforth  considered  as  joint  so- 
vereigns of  those  countries.    Died  in  1C21. 

ALBERT,  Jake,  daughter  of  Marga- 
ret, queen  of  Navarre,  and  the  mother  of 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  at  whose  birtli  the 
following  strange  incident  is  said  to  have 
occurred  :  —  The  king,  her  father,  promised 
to  put  into  her  hands  his  will,  on  condition 
that  during  the  pangs  of  child-birth  she 
should  sing  a  Bearnoise  song.  To  this  she 
acceded,  and  when  her  father  entered  the 
chamber,  she  sang  a  popular  song  in  the 
language  of  her  native  country.  On  this  he 
presented  her  with  a  gold  box  containing 
his  will,  and  threw  round  her  neck  a  chain 


of  gold,  saying,  "  These  are  for  you,  my 
daughter,  but  this  is  mine  1 "  at  the  same 
time  taking  the  infant  in  his  arms,  and 
carrying  it  to  his  chamber.    Died,  1572. 

ALBERT,  king  of  Sweden,  was  elected 
to  the  throne  on  the  deposition  of  Magnus 
II.  in  13G3.  The  latter,  supported  by  Den- 
mark and  Norway,  endeavoured  to  recover 
his  crown,  but  was  defeated  by  Albert,  and 
taken  prisoner.  The  nobles,  however,  be- 
came dissatisfied  with  his  rule,  and  applied 
for  aid  to  Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and 
Norway,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  in  a 
bloody  battle,  taken  prisoner,  and  confined 
for  seven  years.  He  was  at  length  liberated 
on  condition  of  surrendering  Stockholm  to 
Margaret ;  and  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
his  days  at  Mecklenburg,  where  he  died  in 
1412. 

ALBERTET,  a  mathematician  and  poet 
of  Provence  in  the  13th  century. 

ALBERTI,  Aristotile,  a  mechanic  of 
Bologna  in  the  15th  century.  It  is  said  lie 
removed  entire  tlie  tower  of  St.  Mary  del 
Tempis  thirty-five  paces,  and,  at  Cento,  set 
upright  another,  which  was  five  feet  out  of 
its  perpendicular. 

ALBERTI,  Cherubixo,  a  famous  Flo- 
rentine painter,  born  in  1552,  and  died,  1615. 
His  works,  both  in  fresco  and  oil,  are  much 
esteemed. 

ALBERTI,  GiovAXNi,  brother  of  the 
above,  was  also  an  eminent  painter  at  Rome, 
and  greatly  admired  for  the  excellence  of 
his  perspective. 

ALBERTI,  DoMiNico,  a  Venetian  com- 
poser and  harpsichord  player  of  eminence  in 
the  last  century. 

ALBERTI,  George  William,  a  learned 
German  divine,  born,  1725  ;  died,  1758. 

ALBERTI,  JouN,  a  German  lawyer,  who 
abridged  the  Koran,  with  notes,  and  also 
published,  in  155(5,  the  New  Testament  in 
Syriac,  most  of  the  copies  of  which  were 
sent  to  the  East.    He  died  in  1559. 

ALBERTI,  Leandek,  a  Bologuese  monk 
of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  a  liistory  of 
his  native  city,  and  one  of  Italy.    Died,  1552. 

ALBERTI,  Leoxi  Baptista,  an  eminent 
architect,  painter,  scvdptor,  and  scholar, 
born  at  Venice  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  composed 
a  Latin  comedy,  entitled  "  Philodoxius," 
whicli  many  learned  men  believed  at  first 
was  the  work  of  the  ancient  poet  Lcpidus  ; 
and,  as  such,  it  was  printed  by  the  younger 
Aldus.  The  invention  of  the  camera  obscura 
has  been  attributed  to  him.    Died,  1485. 

ALBERTI  DI  VILLANOVA,  Francis, 
an  eminent  Italian  lexicographer  of  the  18th 
century.    Born,  1737  ;  died,  1803. 

ALBERTINI,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Florence,  and  an  able  antiquary,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  se- 
veral valuable  works. 

ALBERTINI,  Paul,  a  Venetian  priest 
and  author,  so  highly  esteemed  in  his  day 
for  his  skill  as  a  politician,  that  he  was  en- 
trusted with  an  embassy  to  Turkey.  His 
preacliing  and  his  writings,  chiefly  on  the- 
ology, were  so  much  valued,  that  at  his 
death  a  medal  was  struck  to  his  memory. 
Born,  1430  ;  died,  1475. 

ALBERTUS,  Magnus,  a  Dominican,  and 


alb] 


91  i^tbi  WinibcrgKl  JStnjjraplbJ?* 


[alc 


one  of  the  most  celebrated  schoolmen  of 
the  13th  century,  was  bom  at  Lauingcn, 
Siiabia.  lie  was  successively  vicar-general 
and  provincial  of  his  order;  and  his  celebrity 
as  a  public  preceptor  attracted  the  attention 
of  pope  Alexander  rv.,  who  appointed  him 
master  of  the  holy  palace.  In  12<J0,  he  was 
elected  bishop  of  Ratisbon,  but  afterwards 
resigned  this  dignity,  and  went  to  Cologne, 
where  he  died  in  1280.  His  works,  which 
were  voluminous,  and  on  various  subjects, 
were  published  at  Lyons,  1051. 

ALBICUS,  archbishop  of  Prague,  whose 
encouragement  of  John  IIuss  caused  him  to 
be  much  abused  by  the  opponents  of  that 
rcfiDrmer. 

ALBINOVANTTS,  C.  Fedo,  a  Latin  poet 
of  the  time  of  Augustus.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Ovid,  and  author  of  several  poems,  &c. 
Two  elegies  of  his  are  still  extant ;  one  on 
the  death  of  MoBcenas,  the  other  on  the  deatli 
of  Drusus. 

ALBIXUS,  a  Roman,  consul  in  the  year 
lOT  B.C.  ;  and  author  of  a  history  of  Rome, 
written  in  Greek,  which  is  commended  by 
Cicero. 

ALBINtJS,  Bernard  SkEOFREo,  one  of 
the  ablest  anatomists  of  mo<lem  times,  was 
born  at  Frankfort  in  lOlK].  lie  was  a  pupil 
of  the  celel)rated  Boerhaave,  and  became 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  university  of 
Leyden,  which  situation  he  filled  for  nearly 
half  a  century,  during  which  time  he  pub- 
lished numerout  profesbionol  works.  Died, 
1770. 

ALBINUS,  Christian  BEpyARn,  brother 
of  tlie  above,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Utrecht, 
and  author  of  two  valuable  works  on  tliat 
science.    Died,  1778. 

ALBO,  JosEi-H,  a  learned  Spanish  rabbi, 
who  assisted,  in  1112,  at  a  conference  be- 
tween the  Christians  and  Jews,  and  wrote  a 
book,  called  "  Sepher  llikkariin,"  against 
the  gospels. 

A1.B0IN,  king  of  the  Lombards  in  the  6th 
century.  He  succeeded  his  father,  Audoin, 
in  15C1  ;  conquered  and  slew  Cunimund, 
king  of  the  Gepidaj,  whose  daughter,  Rosa- 
mond, he  afterwards  married.  He  subju- 
gated great  part  of  Italy  ;  but  having  in- 
curred the  just  resentment  of  his  wife,  by 
sending  her  wine  in  a  cup,  wrought  from 
the  skull  of  her  own  father,  and  forcing  her 
to  drink  from  it,  she  had  him  assassinated, 
A.D.  574. 

ALBOX,  Jaques,  marquis  de  Fronsac, 
and  mareschal  de  St.  Andre,  a  French  ge- 
neral, who  acquired  great  reputation  about 
the  middle  of  the  16tli  century.  Quesnoy, 
St.  Quentin,  Renti,  &c.,  were  the  chief  scenes 
of  his  exploits.  He  was  deputed  to  carry  the 
collar  of  the  order  of  St.  Andre  to  Henry 
VIII.,  of  England,  who  made  him  a  knight 
of  the  Garter.  At  the  death  of  Henry  11., 
he  was  chosen  one  of  the  regency,  and  fell 
in  the  battle  of  Drenx,  1M2. 

ALBRECriTSnERGER,  a  German  musi- 
cian, and  one  of  the  most  learned  of  mo- 
dern contrapuntists,  was  born  at  Kloster 
Neubar,  in  173t) ;  became  court  organist  and 
a  mcinl)er  of  the  academy  at  Vienna  ;  was 
the  instructor  of  Beethoven ;  and  died  in 
1803. 

ALBUMAZAR,  an  Arabian  philosopher 


23 


in  the  9th  century,  who  combined  the  study  I 
of  physic  with  that  of  judicial  astrology  and 
astronomy. 

ALBUQUERQUE,ALPiioxso,the  founder 
of  the  Portuguese  empire  in  the  East,  was 
born  at  Lisbon,  at  the  end  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury. In  1503,  he  headed  an  cxiKdition  sent 
out  by  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  and 
gained  large  possessions  on  the  coast  of  Co- 
chin, took  the  island  of  Ormuz,  in  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  subdued  Goa,  extended  his  con- 
quests over  the  whole  coast  of  Malabar,  and 
made  the  islands  of  Sumatra,  Malacca,  and 
various  others,  tributary  to  the  Portuguese 
government.  An  order  for  his  recall  had 
been  issued,  and  even  his  sucjressor  in  the 
command  appointed,  when  death  put  an  end 
to  his  career,  at  Goa,  in  1.51."). 

ALBUQUERQUE  COELHO,  Edward, 
a  Portuguese  nobleman  in  the  17th  century, 
who  fought  with  great  bravery  against  the 
Dutch  in  the  Brazilian  war,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  historv.    Died,  lfi88. 

ALBUQUERQIHE,  Matthias,  a  Por- 
tuguese general,  who  was  sent  to  Brazil  in 
1028,  and  successfully  defended  the  province 
of  Pemambuco  against  the  Dutch.  He  was 
recalled  in  1C35  ;  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
House  of  Braganza,  and  was  made  com- 
mander of  the  army  in  1G43,  when  he  gained 
the  decisive  victory  of  Campo  Major,  and 
was  created  a  grandee  of  Portugal. 

ALBUTIUS,  Cails  Silu.s,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor in  the  time  of  Augustus,  was  a  native 
of  Novara,  and  star^-ed  himself  to  death  on 
account  of  some  insult  he  had  received. 

AIXAMENES,  a  Greek  statuary,  who  was 
the  disciple  and  rival  of  Phidias. 

ALiCiEUS,  the  Lesbian,  an  ancient  lyric 
poet,  was  bom  at  Mitylene  about  COO  years 
B.C.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  enamoured 
with  Sappho.  —  There  was  also  an  early 
Athenian  poet  of  this  name,  said  to  have 
been  the  author  of  some  tragedies  in  the  in- 
fancy of  that  species  of  composition. 

ALCIATI,  Andrew,  a  Milanese  lawyer 
of  eminence  in  the  ICth  century,  who  en- 
joyed many  dignities.    Died  at  Pavia,  l.WO. 

ALCIATI,  Francis,  nephew  of  the  above, 
was  also  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and  a  pro- 
fessor at  Pavia.  Pope  Pius  VI.  made  him 
chancellor  of  Rome,  and  a  cardinal.  He  died 
in  1580. 

ALCIATI,  Terence,  a  Jesuit  of  the  17th 
century,  who  collected  the  materials  from 
which  Cardinal  Pallanicino  wrote  the  history 
of  the  Council  of  Trent. 

ALCIATI,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Milan 
in  the  16th  century,  who  quitted  his  country 
and  the  Roman  faith  for  the  Calvinistic 
doctrine,  which  he  also  renounced,  and  em- 
braced Socinianism. 

ALCIBIADES,  a  celebrated  Athenian  ge- 
neral and  statesman,  the  son  of  Cliuias,  and 
a  descendant  of  Ajax,  of  Salamis,  was  bom 
B.C.  450.  He  is  generally  quoted  as  one 
of  the  most  striking  instances  on  record  of 
an  individual  imitating,  within  himself,  all 
the  gifts  and  graces  both  of  nature  and  for- 
tune. He  early  became  the  disciple  of  So- 
crates, who  took  great  pains  to  form  his  mind 
to  the  love  of  virtue,  and  accompanied  that 
philosopher  on  some  of  his  military  expe- 
ditions.   In  the  Pcloponnesian  war,  he  was 


ALC] 


^  |2eto  mnibcx^aX  33i00i7tj|jl^ij. 


[ale 


appointed  to  command  -with  Nicias,  in  an 
expedition  against  Syracuse  ;  but  wliile  thus 
employed,  a  charge  was  preferred  against 
him  of  impiety.  On  one  night  all  the  Herma;, 
or  half-statues  of  INlercury,  in  Athens,  were 
defaced  and  mutilated  ;  and  information 
was  given  that  tliis  sacrilege  was  the  work  of 
Alcibiades  and  his  dissolute  companions,  in 
one  of  theirfrequent  moments  of  revelry  and 
intemperance.  For  this  he  was  ordered  home ; 
but,  fearful  of  the  consequences,  lie  withdrew 
to  Sparta,  and  stirred  up  tlie  Lacedaemonians 
to  declare  war  against  Athens.  He  after- 
wards went  over  to  the  king  of  Persia,  by 
whose  interest  he  obtained  his  pardon  and 
recall.  He  then  commanded  with  success 
against  the  Lacedajmonians  ;  and  having 
compelled  them  to  sue  for  peace,  was  received 
at  Athens  in  triumph.  The  defeat  of  the 
Athenian  fleet,  by  Lysander,  being  attributed 
to  Alcibiades,  he  was  deprived  of  his  com- 
mand. On  tills  he  retired  into  Thrace,  and 
afterwards  to  a  small  town  in  Phrygia, 
where  Pharnabazus,  the  Persian  satrap,  at 
the  instigation  of  the  Athenian  tyrants, 
caused  the  house  in  which  he  resided  to  be 
set  fire  to  in  the  night,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  escape,  he  was  slain  by  arrows, 
B.  c.  404. 

ALCIDA^niS,  a  Greek  rhetorician,  who 
flourished  about  400  B.C.,  of  whose  orations 
two  are  still  extant — one  appended  to  Aldus's 
edition  of  -lEehines,  and  the  other  to  Aldus's 
edition  of  Isocrates. 

ALCINOUS,  a  philosopher  of  the  second 
century,  who  wrote  an  "  Introduction  to  the 
Pliilosophy  of  Plato,"  which  is  deemed  a 
good  summary,  and  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Stanley. 

ALCrPHRON,  a  Greek  epistolary  writer, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  flourished  in  the 
third  century  before  Christ.  His  letters, 
which  give  an  excellent  picture  of  Grecian 
customs  and  manners,  are  distinguished  by 
clearness  and  simplicity  ;  but  it  is  suspected 
that  they  are  the  production  of  a  much  later 
era. 

ALCMiEON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Crotona,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
anatomist. 

ALCMAN,  a  lyric  poet,  of  Greece,  flou- 
rished B.  c.  C72.  Some  verses  of  his  are  pre- 
served in  Athenaeus. 

ALCOCK,  John,  successively  bishop  of 
Rochester,  Worcester,  and  Ely,  founder  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  and  of  the  gram- 
mar school  at  Kingston-upon-HulI,  was  a 
prelate  distinguished  for  his  love  of  learning 
and  of  learned  men.  His  temporal  honours 
kept  pace  with  his  ecclesiastical  dignities  ; 
Edward  IV.  conferring  on  him  the  presidency 
of  Wales,  and  the  chancellorship  of  England. 
Died  1500. 

ALCOCK,  John,  author  of  some  excellent 
choral  music  ;  died,  1806. 

ALCOCK,  Xathax,  an  English  physician 
of  the  IStli  century,  celebrated  for  his  ana- 
tomical lectures  at  Oxford. 

ALCUINUS,  or  ALBINUS,  Flaccus,  an 
Englisli  prelate  of  the  8th  century,  educated 
by  the  venerable  Bede.  He  went  on  an  em- 
bassy from  Ofta  to  Cliarlemagne,  whom  he 
instructed  in  rhetoric,  logic,  divinity,  &c. 
Died  at  Tours,  804. 


ALCYONIUS,  Peter,  an  Italian  philo- 
logist and  critic  of  the  16tli  century.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  Exile,  and  translated  four 
treatises  of  Aristotle  into  Latin.    Died,  1527. 

ALDEGR^iEF,  a  Westphalian,  born  in 
1.502,  was  both  a  painter  and  an  engraver: 
liis  principal  work  is  a  large  picture  of  the 
Nativity. 

ALDERETE,  Diego  Gratiax  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  author  of  tlie  Iflth  century. 
Besides  a  variety  of  original  writings,  he  left 
translations  from  Xenophon,  Thucydides, 
and  other  Greek  classics.    Died,  1580. 

ALDERETE,  Beknard,  a  Spanisli  Jesuit, 
the  first  of  his  order  on  whom  the  university 
of  Salamanca  conferred  the  degree  of  doctor. 
Died,  1657. 

ALDHELM,  or  ADEEM,  St.,  an  English 
prelate,  born  at  Malmesbury,  wliere  he  found- 
ed a  monastery,  of  which  he  was  the  first 
abbot.    Died,  709. 

ALDIIUN,  an  English  bishop  in  the  10th 
and  11th  centuries,  chiefly  memorable  as  the 
founder  of  the  bishopric  of  Durham.  Died, 
1018,  liaving  enjoyed  the  prelacy  29  years. 

ALDOBRANDINI,  Sylvester,  a  Floren- 
tine lawyer  and  writer  of  the  IGtli  century. 
He  was  appointed  advocate  of  the  treasury 
and  apostolic  chamber,  by  pope  Paul  III. 
Died,  1558. 

ALDOBRANDINL  Clemext,  son  of  the 
preceding,  became  pope  under  the  name  of 
Clement  VIII. 

ALDINI,  Tobias,  a  physician  and  bota- 
nist of  Cescna.  He  was  supcrintendant  of 
tlie  Farnesian  garden  at  Rome,  on  which 
account  his  name  was  prefixed  to  the  de- 
scription of  it  written  by  Peter  Cashell. 

ALDINI,  A.,  nephew  of  Galvani ;  bom  at 
Bologna  in  1756  ;  author  of  "  Essai  Thoorique 
sur  la  Galvanisme  ; "  and  "  Account  of  late 
Improvements  in  Galvanism,"  publislied  in 
Loudon. 

AT^DRED,  the  first  English  bishop  who 
visited  Jerusalem,  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor,  Harold,  and  William  the 
Conqueror.  On  the  death  of  Edward,  he 
crowned  Harold,  and  performed  the  same 
ceremony  for  William.    Died  1068. 

ALDRICH,  Henry,  born  in  Westminster, 
1647,  and  educated  by  Busby.  From  West- 
minster School  he  went  to  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  was  elected  student  and  after- 
wards canon  and  dean.  He  built  an  elegant 
chapel  to  Trinity  College,  and  the  beautiful 
church  of  All  Saints.  He  had  also  great 
skill  in  music,  and  composed  many  services 
for  the  Church.    Dean  Aldrich  died,  1710. 

ALDRICH,  Robert,  a  native  of  Bucking- 
hamshire, was  educated  at  Eton,  of  which 
college  he  subsequently  became  master  and 
provost.  In  1537,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Carlisle  ;  a  station  for  which  his  learning  and 
piety,  which  are  extolled  by  Leland,  Well 
fitted  him.    Died  1555. 

ALDROVANDUS,  Ulysses,  a  celebrated 
natui-al  historian,  bom  at  Bologna,  1.522. 
He  was  a  great  traveller,  and  formed  a  most 
superb  collection  of  minerals,  plants,  ani- 
mals, &c.,  by  which  he  ruined  his  fortune, 
and  died  in  an  hospital,  1605,  aged  80. 

ALDUS.    SeeMANUTius. 

ALE ANDER,  Jerome,  a  cardinal,  bom  in 
1480,  distinguished  himself  in  the  16th  cen- 


ale] 


^  ^cb)  BnibtxSsX  aSurgrajjlbL'* 


[ale 


tury  as  a  violent  opposer  of  Luther  and  the  re- 
formation. He  died,  1542.  His  great  nephew, 
of  the  same  name,  inherited  the  ability  of 
his  ancestor,  and  was  eminent  as  a  scholar 
and  an  antiquary. 

AI.,EMAX,  a  cardinal  of  the  13th  century. 
He  was  degraded  from  the  purple  for  his  op- 
position to  Eugenius  IV.  The  sentence  was 
reversed  by  Nicholas  V. ;  and  after  the  car- 
dinal's death,  in  1400,  he  was  canonised. 

ALEMANNI,  Nicholas,  a  learned  (ireek 
antiquary,  born  1583,  and  became  keeper  of 
the  Vatican  library  at  Rome.    Died,  li)2o. 

ALEMBEKT.    See  D'ALEMiiiiRX. 

ALEN,  John  van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscajMJ  painter.    Died,  1098. 

ALENIO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia,  who 
rendered  himself  distinguished  by  his  zeal  in 
propagating  Christianity  in  China,  where  he 
laboured  for  36  years,  and  died  1(549. 

ALER,  Paul,  a  learned  French  Jesuit, 
died,  1727.  Ills  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum  " 
has  been  long  in  established  use  in  all  the 
public  schools  of  Europe. 

ALES,  Alexanokk,  a  Scotch  divine,  who 
opposed  the  tenets  of  Luther,  whicli  he  after- 
wards eagerly  embraced.    Died,  1505. 

ALESiO,  Matthkw  Pekh^z  u',  a  painter 
and  engraver  at  Rome,  whose  figure  of  St. 
Christopher,  in  fresco,  in  the  great  church  of 
Seville,  is  much  admired.    Died,  1000. 

ALE8SI,  Galeas,  an  arcliitect,  bom  at 
Perugia,  whose  works  are  spread  over  Ger- 
many and  the  south  of  Europe  ;  but  his  fame 
principally  rests  on  the  monastery  and 
churclj  of  the  Escurial.     Died,  1572. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  whose  he- 
roism is  so  universally  a  theme,  was  the  son 
of  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  by  Olympias, 
daughter  of  Neoptolemus,  king  of  Epirus, 
and  born  b.  c.  3.">0  ;  the  same  year  in  which 
the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus  was  destroy- 
ed. Alexander  received  his  education  under 
Lysimachus  and  Aristotle,  and  gave  several 
proofs  of  manly  skill  and  courage  while  very 
young  ;  one  of  which,  the  breaking-in  of  his 
flery  steed,  Bucephalus,  is  mentioned  by  all 
his  historians  as  an  incident  which  convinced 
his  father  of  his  future  unconquerable  spirit. 
Alexander  was  much  attached  to  his  mother, 
and  sided  with  her  in  the  disputes  which  led 
to  her  divorce  from  Pliilip.  While  the  latter 
was  making  preparations  for  his  grand  ex- 
pedition into  Asia,  he  was  assassinated  by 
Pausanias  ;  and  Alexander  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  his  20th  year.  His  youth  at  first 
excited  an  inclination  in  several  of  the  states 
of  Greece  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  the  Mace- 
donian usurpation ;  but  the  hero  soon  quelled 
the  design,  and  was  acknowledged  general  of 
Greece.  He  then  marched  into  Thrace,  and 
gained  several  conquests.  During  his  absence 
Thebes  revolted ;  and  when  Alexander  re- 
turned, he  took  that  city  by  storm,  made  a 
dreadful  carnage  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
destroyed  all  the  buildings  except  the  resi- 
dence of  Pindar  the  poet.  This  severe  ex- 
ample had  its  effect  on  the  other  states  ;  and 
even  Athens  distinguished  itself  by  a  servile 
submission  to  the  conqueror.  Alexander 
next  turned  his  arms  against  Darius,  king  of 
Persia ;  and,  at  22,  crossed  the  Hellespont, 
at  the  head  of  40,000  men.  With  this  force 
he  defeated  the  Persians  at  the  Granicus, 


and  made  himself  master  of  numerous  places. 
At  Gordium,  where  lie  assembled  his  army, 
he  is  said  to  have  cut  the  famous  knot  on 
which  the  fate  of  Asia  depended.  Shortly 
after  this,  he  again  defeated  the  king  of 
Persia  near  Issus,  and  took  immense  treasures 
and  many  prisoners  ;  among  whom  were  the 
mother,  wife,  and  children  of  Darius.  This 
victory  was  followed  by  the  conquest  of  Plice- 
nicia,  Damascus,  and  several  other  states. 
Alexander  next  besieged  Tyre,  which  long 
resisted  him,  and,  in  revenge,  he  committed 
horrible  cruelties  on  the  inhabitants.  He 
then  went  to  Jerusalem,  passed  into  Egypt, 
subdued  it,  and  founded  the  city  of  Alexan- 
dria. Darius  now  collected  another  army, 
and  was  defeated  at  Arbela,  which  decided 
the  fate  of  Western  Asia.  This  ^reat  battle 
was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Susa  and 
Persepolis  ;  the  last  of  which  Alexander  de- 
stroyed at  the  instigation  of  his  mistress. 
He  now  prepared  for  an  expedition  to  India  ; 
and,  after  a  perilous  march,  reached  the 
Indus,  B.  c.  327,  which  he  crossed  at  the  part 
where  the  city  of  Attock  now  stands.  Alex- 
ander received  the  submission  of  several  of 
the  petty  princes  of  the  country,  but  was 
opposed  by  Porus,  who  valiantly  withstood 
the  invader ;  and,  although  conquered  and 
made  prisoner,  the  victor,  pleased  with  Ids 
spirit,  restored  him  his  dominions,  and  made 
him  an  ally.  The  conqueror  next  entered 
the  fertile  plains  now  called  the  Punjab,  took 
the  city  of  Sangala,  and  directed  his  course 
to  the  Ganges  ;  from  which  object,  however, 
he  was  diverted  by  the  rainy  season,  and  the 
disattection  of  his  own  troops.  He  accord- 
ingly erected  twelve  altars  of  an  extraor- 
dinary size  to  mark  the  limits  of  his  progress, 
remnants  of  which  are  said  to  be  still  in  ex- 
istence. Alexander,  therefore,  retraced  his 
steps  to  the  Hydaspes,  ou  the  banks  of  which 
he  built  two  cities,NicaBa  and  Bucephala;  and 
embarked,  with  his  light  troops,  on  board  a 
fleet  he  had  constructed,  leaving  the  main 
army  to  march  by  land.  After  a  severe  con- 
test with  the  Mallii,  in  whicli  he  was  wound- 
ed and  his  whole  army  nearly  lost,  he  pro- 
ceeded down  the  river  to  Patala  ;  and  having 
entered  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  performed 
some  rites  in  honour  of  Neptune,  he  left  his 
fleet ;  giving  orders  to  Nearchus,  who  had  the 
command,  to  sail  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  and 
thence  up  the  Tigris  to  Mesopotamia.  Alex- 
ander then  prepared  to  march  to  Babylon, 
towards  which  capital  he  proceeded  in  tri- 
umphal progress.  Reaching  Susa,  he  began 
to  give  way  to  a  passion  for  pleasure  and 
joviality,  and  married  Statira,  the  daughter 
of  Darius.  At  length  he  reached  Babylon, 
where  he  gave  orders  indicating  future  un- 
dertakings of  great  magnitude  ;  when  he  was 
seized  with  an  illness,  in  consequence  of  in- 
dulging in  habits  of  intemperance,  and  died 
of  a  fever,  in  the  13th  year  of  his  eventful 
reign,  and  the  33d  of  his  life,  b.  c.  323.  When 
required  to  name  his  successor,  he  is  said  to 
have  replied,  "  to  the  most  worthy."  Pur- 
suant to  his  own  direction,  his  body  was 
conveyed  to  Alexandria  in  a  golden  cofliu, 
enclosed  in  a  sumptuous  sarcophagus,  sup- 
posed to  be  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

ALEXANDER    SEVERUS,  emperor  of 
Rome,  was  bom  at  Acre,  in  Phcenicia,  in 


axe] 


^  0m  mxiiUvM  33toc!Tapl)in 


[ale 


203.  The  principal  public  event  of  his 
reign  was  the  war  with  Artaxerxes,  king  of 
Persia,  over  wliom  he  gained  a  great  vic- 
tory in  person,  and  on  his  return  to  Rome 
was  lionourcd  \\itli  a  triumph.  He  next 
marched  against  the  Germans,  who  had 
invaded  Gaul ;  and,  wliile  tliere,  a  sedition 
brolce  out  in  his  armj',  headed  by  Maxi- 
tnin,  and  the  emperor  and  Ms  mother  were 
murdered,  a.i).  23,5. 

ALEXANDER,  king  of  Poland,  elected 
on  the  death  of  his  brother,  John  Albert,  in 
1501,  was  a  prince  of  little  genius  and  of  re- 
markable taciturnity,  but  courageous  and 
humane.    Died,  1,500. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  suc- 
ceeded Evaristns  in  the  tenth  year  of  Tra- 
jan, and  auftered  martyrdom  under  Hadrian, 
in  119.  This  pontiff  is  said  to  be  the  first  who 
introduced  the  use  of  holy  water  into  the 
service  of  the  Romish  Church. 

ALEXAifDER  II.,  elected  to  the  papal 
throne  in  lOGl,  was  a  man  of  a  humane  and 
tolerant  disposition,  though  the  licentious- 
ness of  his  life  and  manners  caused  great 
scandal.     Died,  107.3. 

ALEXANDER  III.  succeeded  Adrian  IV. 
in  1159  ;  was  a  pontiff  of  great  ability,  and 
deservedly  popular  with  Jiis  subjects.  Died 
at  Rome,  1181. 

ALEXANDER  TV.  ascended  the  papal 
throne  in  12.54,  and  seemed  more  concerned 
to  preserve  and  enlarge  the  privileges  of  a 
monastic  order,  than  to  correct  abuses  or 
encourage  improvements.    Died,  1201. 

ALEXANDER  V.,  originally  a  Greek 
monk  from  Candia,  was  raised  to  the  papal 
throne  in  1409  by  the  Council  of  Pisa.  His 
munificence,  during  his  pontificate,  was  so 
xmbounded,  that  he  used  to  say,  "  When  I 
became  a  bishop,  I  was  rich  ;  when  a  cardi- 
nal, poor ;  and  when  a  pope,  a  beggar." 
Died,  1410. 

ALEXANDER  VT.,  a  native  of  Valencia, 
in  Spain,  was  raised  to  the  popedom  in  1492. 
As  au  ecclesiastic,  Alexander  was  in  tlie 
highest  degree  ambitious,  bigoted,  and  in- 
tolerant ;  and  formed  alliances  with  all  the 
princes  of  his  time  only  to  break  them. 
This  pontifl'  pursued  his  profligate  career  till 
1503,  when  he  was  cut  off  by  the  same  means 
he  had  used  for  the  ruin  of  others.  At  a 
banquet  which  he  and  his  son,  the  infamous 
Cassar  Borgia,  had  prepared  for  some  newly 
created  cardinals,  the  poison  intended  for 
them  was  by  some  mistake  administered  to 
the  contrivers  of  the  plot ;  and  Alexander 
died  the  next  day  in  great  agony. 

ALEXANDER  VIL  This  pontiff  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  improving  and  em- 
bellishing the  city  of  Rome,  and  was  a  great 
friend  to  the  fine  arts  and  literature.  He 
was  born  at  Sienna  in  1559,  elected  to  the 
popedom  in  1655,  and  died  in  16G7. 

ALEXANDER  VIII.,  the  last  pope  of 
that  name,  was  elected  1G89,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  80  ;  and  died  two  years  afterwards. 
lie  was  unpopular  on  account  of  his  exces- 
sive nepotism. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  son 
of  Malcolm  III.,  ascended  the  throne  in 
1107  ;  and  merited,  by  the  vigour  and  im- 
petuosity of  his  character,  the  appellation  of 
TJie  Fierce.    Died,  1124. 


ALEXANDER  II.,  son  of  William  the 
Lion,  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  Scotland, 
1214,  being  then  in  his  IGth  year.  In  1221, 
he  married  Joan,  sister  of  Henry  III.,  of 
England ;  by  which  peace  was  restored  to 
the  two  kingdoms.    Died,  1249. 

ALEXANDER  III.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
succeeded,  1249,  when  only  eight  years  of 
age.  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  III.  of  England,  and  lived  upon 
terms  of  close  friendship  with  his  father-in- 
law,  wliom,  in  his  wars  with  the  barons,  he 
assisted  with  5000  men.  Alexander  was 
accidentally  killed  while  hunting,  in  1285. 

ALEXANDER  DE  MEDICI,  a  licentious 
duke  of  Florence,  assassinated  by  Lorenzo 
de  Medici,  a  relation,  at  the  instigation  of 
Strozzi,  a  republican,  15.37. 

ALEXANDER,  an  English  abbot,  wlio 
supported  the  rights  of  his  master,  Henry  III. 
at  the  court  of  Rome,  with  such  boldnes.^?, 
tliat  Pandulphus,  the  pope's  legate  in  Eng- 
land, excommunicated  and  imprisoned  him. 
Died  about  1217. 

ALEXANDER,  Noel,  a  Dominican,  a 
laborious  writer,  born  at  Rouen,  16.39,  and 
died  at  Paris,  1724.  Ilis  most  celebrated 
work  is  a  Latin  Church  History,  in  26  vols. 

ALEXANDER,  of  Paris,  a  Norman  poet 
of  the  12th  century,  who  wrote  a  metrical 
poem  called  "Alexander  the  Great,"  in 
verses  of  twelve  syllables,  Miiich  measure 
has  ever  since  been  called  "  Alexandrine." 

ALEXANDER,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218.  The  most  noted  action  of 
his  life  was  a  great  victory  he  obtained  over 
the  more  northern  tribes  on  the  banks  of  the 
Neva.    Died,  1263. 

ALEXANDER,  the  Right  Rev.  Solomon, 
bishop  of  Jerusalem,  was  born  of  Jewisli 
parents  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Posen,  1799. 
Very  little  is  known  of  his  youth  and  edu- 
cation ;  but  from  his  Hebraic  and  Talmudic 
acquirements  he  exercised  the  functions  of 
Rabbi  at  a  very  early  age.  After  much 
meditation  he  was  baptized  a  Christian  in 
1826  at  Plymouth,  by  the  Rev.  John  Hatch- 
ard,  and  "his  ordination  by  Dr.  Whately, 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  and  induction  to  a 
curacy  in  Ireland,  shortly  followed.  He 
subsequently  became  a  home  missionary  of 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  Chris- 
tianity among  the  Jews,  and  professor  of 
Hebrew  in  King's  College ;  and  after  the 
mission  of  Chevalier  Bunsen  to  London  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Protestant  bishopric 
at  Jerusalem,  unSer  the  joint  auspices  of 
the  sovereigns  of  England  and  Prussia,  his 
character  and  peculiar  acquirements  having 
marked  him  out  as  one  eminently  fitted  for 
this  office,  he  was  consecrated  the  first  Pro- 
testant bishop  of  Jerusalem  in  1841.  His 
mission  was  at  first  beset  with  great  diffi- 
culties, arising  from  sectarian  jealousy  at  the 
Ottoman  court ;  but  the  good  sense  and  sin- 
cerity of  Bishop  Alexander  surmounted  them 
all,  and  he  was  entering  on  what  promised 
to  be  a  long  and  successful  career,  when  he 
was  suddenly  cut  off  during  a  journey  to 
Cairo,  whither  he  was  bound  on  a  mission 
of  sympathy  and  good  will  to  the  Egyptian 
Christians.    Died  Nov.  23.  1845. 

ALEXANDER,  Sir  Willt.\m,  earl  of 
Stirling,  an  eminent  Scottish  statesman  and 


ale] 


a  ^tb)  fSiixibtx^aX  38i0flrajji)i). 


[ale 


poet  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
Died,  ](!4(). 

ALEXANDER,  "William,  an  ingenious 
artist,  born  at  Maidstone,  1 786.  lie  came  to 
London,  and  studied  tlie  fine  arts  with  so 
much  success,  that  he  was  selected  to  accom- 
pany tlie  embassy  of  Lord  JNiacartncy  to 
China.  On  his  return,  he  published  a  splen- 
did work  on  tlie  costume  of  China  ;  and,  on 
the  formation  of  the  Royal  Military  College 
at  Marlow,  Mr.  Alexander  was  appointed 
drawing-master.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  181(5,  he  was  keeper  of  the  antiiiuities  at 
the  British  Museum. 

ALEXANDER,  William,  styled,  through 
courtesy,  earl  of  Stirling,  was  born  at  New 
York,  and  became  a  major-general  in  the 
service  of  the  United  Stales  during  the  Ame- 
rican war.  lie  was  a  brave  officer,  but 
more  distinguished  by  his  attention  to  ma- 
thematics and  astronomy  than  by  his  mili- 
tary talents.    lie  died,  178;3. 

ALEXANDER,  Thomas,  earl  of  Selkirk, 
known  as  the  founder  of  a  colony  in  Ca- 
nada, and  for  his  writings  on  poUtica  and 
statistics.    He  died  in  1820. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  emperor  of  Russia  and 
king  of  Poland,  eldest  son  of  Taul  I.,  was 
bom  Dec.  22.  1777  ;  succeeded.  March,  1801  ; 
and  was  crowned  at  Moscow,  September  fol- 
lowing ;  when  a  ukase  was  published  for  di- 
minishing taxes,  liberating  debtors,  prohi- 
biting prosecutions  for  the  recovery  of  fines, 
discontinuing  the  mode  of  recruiting  the 
army,  and  granting  a  free  pardon  to  all 
deserters.  In  1803,  Alexander  oflered  his 
mediation  to  effect  a  reconciliation  between 
England  and  France  ;  and  in  1805,  a  con- 
vention was  entered  into  between  Russia, 
England,  Austria,  and  Sweden,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  resisting  the  encroachments  of  the 
French  on  the  territories  of  independent 
states.  On  the  2d  of  December  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz  took  place,  at  which  Alexander 
appeared  at  the  head  of  50,000  men,  but  was 
defeated,  and  compelled  to  retreat  to  his 
dominions.  Ere  long,  however,  he  again  ap- 
peared on  the  theatre  of  war,  but  the  scene 
of  it  was  changed  to  Poland.  On  November 
26.  1806,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Pultusk  ; 
and  on  the  7th  and  Stli  of  February,  1807, 
that  of  Eylau,  neither  of  which  engagements 
was  decisive  ;  but  on  the  14th  of  June  the 
Russians  were  completely  defeated  at  Fried- 
land  by  Napoleon.  The  result  of  this  victory 
was  an  interview  between  the  two  emperors, 
which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Tilsit.  The 
seizure  of  the  Danish  fleet  by  the  English 
occasioned  a  declaration  of  war  from  Russia 
against  this  country  ;  but  hostilities  only 
extended  to  the  cessation  of  trade  between 
the  two  nations.  A  second  meeting  of  the 
French  and  Russian  sovereigns  took  place 
at  Erfurt,  Sept.  27.  1808  ;  Buonaparte  being 
anxious  to  secure  the  friendship  of  Alexander 
previously  to  his  meditated  subjugation  of 
Spain.  While  the  former  was  engaged  in 
this  undertaking,  the  latter  made  himself 
master  of  the  Swedish  province  of  Finland, 
in  1809.  The  interruption  of  commerce  with 
England  now  began  to  be  severely  felt  by 
Russia,  and  Alexander  determined  to  throw 
off  the  French  yoke.  On  the  2.Jd  March, 
1812,  an  imperial  ukase  was  issued,  ordering 


a  levy  of  two  men  out  of  every  500  throughout 
the  Russian  empire,  and  all  matters  of  dis- 
pute with  Great  Britain  was  pacifically  ar- 
ranged. The  invasion  of  Russia  which  fol- 
lowed, though  the  most  important  event  in 
the  reign  of  Alexander,  is  not  one  in  which 
he  was  so  far  personally  concerned  as  to 
require  a  detailed  relation  here.  On  join- 
ing his  army  in  Poland,  February,  1813, 
Alexander  published  the  famous  manifesto, 
which  served  as  the  basis  of  the  coalition 
of  the  other  European  powers  against  the 
rapacity  of  the  French  emperor.  Germany, 
and  then  France,  became  tlie  scene  of  hos- 
tilities ;  and  the  capture  of  Paris,  April  30. 
1814,  was  followed  by  the  abdication  of 
Buonaparte,  and  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons.  After  the  conclusion  of  peace, 
Alexander  visited  England,  in  company 
with  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  and,  on  his  return 
to  his  own  dominions,  he  zealously  employed 
himself  in  ameliorating  the  internal  con- 
dition of  his  empire.  Uis  death  took  place 
at  Taganrog,  in  the  Crimea,  Dec.  1.  1825  j 
and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  second  brother, 
Nicholas,  agreeable  to  a  document  signed  by 
his  eldest  brother,  Constantine,  resigning  to 
him  the  right  of  succession.  Alexander  was 
a  sincere  lover  of  peace  ;  vigilant,  brave,  and 
active  in  war  ;  tolerant  in  his  religious  prin- 
ciples ;  mild  and  amiable  in  private  life,  yet 
strict  in  the  administration  of  public  justice; 
a  patron  of  literature  and  the  arts  ;  and 
though,  as  a  monarch,  ambitious  of  power, 
yet  recognising  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  fre- 
quently acting  in  accordance  with  liberal 
principles. 

ALKXANDRINI,  JiLiis,  a  physician  of 
Trent,  in  the  l(!th  century.  He  w^as  the 
first  who  endeavoured  to  prove  the  con- 
nexion of  bodily  diseases  with  the  passions  ; 
and  was  tlie  author  of  several  medical 
works. 

ALEXIS,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  uncle  and 
instructor  of  Alexander.  Of  his  writings, 
only  a  few  fragments  remain,  which  are 
preser\-ed  in  the  collection  of  poems  of  the 
more  ancient  Greek  authors. 

ALEXIS,  MiCHAELOViTSCii,  czar  of  Russia, 
bom  in  1030  ;  succeeded  liis  father  Michael 
in  1046  ;  died,  1077.  He  was  the  father  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  the  first  Russian  mo- 
narch who  acted  on  the  policy  of  a  more 
intimate  connexion  with  the  other  European 
states. 

ALEXIS,  PF.TROviTscn,  only  son  of  Peter 
the  Great,  bora  1690.  This  unhappy  prince 
opposed  the  new  policy  of  his  father,  and 
expressed  an  unalterable  attachment  to  the 
ancient  barbarous  usages  and  customs  of 
his  country  ;  for  which  the  czar  resolved  to 
disinherit  him.  Alexis  fled  to  his  brother- 
in-law,  the  emperor  of  Germany,  and  lay 
concealed  for  some  time  at  Vienna,  until 
his  retreat  was  discovered  by  his  father, 
before  whom  he  was  conducted  as  a  crimi- 
nal, and  compelled  formally  to  r.nounce 
the  succession  ;  after  this  he  was  tried  by  se- 
cret judges,  and  condemned  to  death,  1719. 

ALEXIS  DEL  ARCO,  a  Spanish  painter, 
bom  at  Madrid,  in  1025.  lie  was  deaf  and 
dumb  ;  but  his  reputation,  particularly  as  a 
portrait  painter,  was  considerable.  Died  in 
1700. 


27 


■>r  THf 

/ERSITY 


:n 


d2 


ale] 


^  ^thi  WittifitxiaX  SSiotprajiJ^p, 


[alp 


ALEXIUS  L,  COMNENUS,  emperor  of  the 
East,  bom  at  Constantinople,  1048.  He  sig- 
nalised himself  in  the  wars  with  the  Turks 
and  Saracens,  was  bountiful  to  his  friends, 
and  clement  to  his  enemies,  a  lover  of  letters, 
and  equally  versed  in  the  arts  of  government 
and  of  war.    lie  died,  1118. 

ALEXIUS  II.,  CoMNExus,  succeeded  his 
father  Alichael  on  the  throne  of  Constanti- 
nople, in  1180,  when  only  twelve  j'ears  of 
age ;  and,  with  his  mother,  was  murdered 
two  years  afterwards  by  Andronicus,  who 
usurped  the  crown. 

ALEXIUS  HI.,  Angelus,  emperor  in 
1195,  gained  that  station  by  the  basest  per- 
fidy towards  his  brother,  Isaac  Angelus, 
whom  he  confined  in  prison,  and  caused 
his  eyes  to  be  put  out.  His  effeminate 
reign  rendered  him  despicable,  and  his 
capital  was  besieged  and  taken,  1203,  by 
an  army  of  Venetian  and  French  crusaders, 
headed  by  his  nephew,  Alexius,  son  of 
Isaac.  Tlie  usurper  received  the  same 
punishment  he  had  inflicted  on  his  brother, 
and  died  a  few  years  afterwards  in  a  mo- 
nastery at  Nice  ;  and  the  conqueror  placed 
his  blind  father  on  the  throne,  with  whom 
he  rcighcd  as  Alexius  IV.  ;  but  Ms  ele- 
vation was  succeeded  by  a  rebellion,  and 
he  was  deposed,  imprisoned,  and  put  to 
death,  1204. 

ALEXIUS  v.,  DiTCAS,  snmamed  Mukt- 
ZUFFLE,  from  his  black  shaggy  eyebrows, 
was  raised  to  the  throne  after  the  murder 
of  Alexius  IV.,  but  deposed  by  the  crusaders, 
who  attacked  and  took  his  capital,  and  he 
was  put  to  an  ignominious  death. 

ALEYN,  Charles,  an  English  historical 
poet.    Died,  1040. 

ALFjVBABI,  an  eminent  Arabian  philo- 
sopher in  the  10th  century,  who  obtained 
much  reputation  in  his  day,  as  being  a  great 
traveller,  and  master  of  seventy  languages. 
Among  his  works  are  several  treatises  on 
Aristotle,  and  an  Encyclopsedia,  the  manu- 
script of  wliich  is  in  the  Escurial. 

ALFARO  Y  GA3I0N,  Juan  de,  a  distin- 
guished Spanish  painter,  born  1640.  He  died 
in  his  40th  year,  of  grief,  occasioned  by  the 
banishment  of  his  patron,  the  admiral  of 
Castile. 

ALFENUS  VARUS,  Publius,  a  Roman 
civilian,  who  became  consul,  and  is  men- 
tioned by  Horace  and  Virgil  with  gratitude. 

ALFIERI,  Victor,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Asti,  in  Piedmont,  in  1749. 
His  first  work  was  a  tragedy, entitled  "  Cleo- 
patra," which  was  acted  at  Turin,  1773  ;  this 
was  followed  by  a  farce,  called  "  The  Poets; " 
and  within  seven  years  he  produced  fourteen 
dramas,  besides  various  other  works.  At 
the  age  of  48,  he  began  to  study  Greek,  and 
made  several  translations  from  that  lan- 
guage. His  incessant  labours  at  length 
undermined  his  constitution,  and  he  died, 
at  Florence,  in  1803,  unexcelled  by  any  poet 
of  his  age  and  country. 

ALFORD,  Michael,  an  English  Jesuit, 
bom  in  London,  1387.  He  died  at  St.  Omer's, 
1652,  leaving  behind  him  two  celebrated 
works, "  Britannia  Illustrata  "  and  "  Annales 
Ecelesiastici  Eritannorimi." 

ALFRAGAN,  or  AHMED  BEN  FER- 
GAN,  an  Aiabian  astronomer  of  the  9th 


century ;  author  of  an  "  Introduction  to 
Astronomy,"  and  other  scientific  treatises. 

ALFRAGO,  ^\jJDiiEW,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  a  history  of  Arabian  phy- 
sicians and  philosophers,  and  other  works 
connected  with  the  East,  where  he  resided 
for  some  years.    Died,  at  Padua,  1520. 

ALFRED  THE  GREAT.  This  monarch 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Ethelwolf,  king  of 
the  West  Saxons,  and  bom  at  Wantage, 
Berks,  in  849.  On  the  death  of  his  brother 
Ethelred,  Alfred  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
England,  871,  in  his  22d  year,  at  a  time 
when  his  kingdom  was  a  prey  to  domestic 
dissensions,  and  to  the  invasions  of  the 
Danes,  whom  he  engaged  at  Wilton,  but, 
after  a  hard  conflict,  was  forced  to  retreat, 
and  conclude  a  treaty  on  disadvantageous 
terms.  The  Danes  soon  violated  their  en- 
gagement, and  renewed  their  hostility  with 
such  success,  that,  in  877,  the  king  was  un- 
der the  necessity  of  laying  aside  the  en- 
signs of  royalty,  and  concealing  himself  in 
the  cottage  of  one  of  his  herdsmen.  He 
afterwards  retired  to  the  island  of  Athel- 
ney,  and  there  received  information  that 
one  of  his  chiefs  had  obtained  a  great  vic- 
tory over  the  Danes,  and  taken  their  ma- 
gical standard.  Alfred  then  disguised  liim- 
self  as  a  harper,  entered  the  Danish  camp, 
and  gained  a  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the 
enemy.  After  this,  he  directed  his  nobles  to 
meet  him  at  Selwood,  with  their  vassals, 
which  was  done  so  secretly,  that  the  Danes 
were  surprised  at  Eddington,  and  com- 
pletely routed.  He  now  put  his  kingdom 
into  a  state  of  defence,  increased  his  navy, 
and  brought  London  into  a  flourishing  state; 
but,  after  a  rest  of  some  years,  an  immense 
number  of  Danish  forces  landed  in  Kent, 
and  committed  great  ravages ;  they  were, 
however,  soon  defeated  by  Alfred,  who 
caused  several  of  the  leaders  to  be  executed 
at  Winchester.  Thus  he  secured  the  peace 
of  his  dominions,  and  struck  terror  into  his 
enemies,  after  56  battles  by  sea  and  land, 
in  all  of  which  he  was  personally  engaged. 
But  the  warlike  exploits  of  Alfred  formed, 
perhaps,  the  least  of  the  services  he  ren- 
dered his  country.  He  composed  a  body  of 
statutes,  instituted  the  trial  by  jury,  and 
divided  the  kingdom  into  shires  and  hun- 
dreds ;  was  so  exact  in  his  government, 
tliat  robbery  was  imheard  of,  and  valuable 
goods  might  be  left  on  tlie  high  roads.  His 
great  council,  consisting  of  bishops,  earls, 
aldermen,  and  tlianes,  was,  by  an  express 
law,  called  together  twice  a  year  in  Lon- 
don, for  the  better  government  of  the 
realni.  The  state  of  learning  in  his  time 
was  so  low,  that,  from  the  Thames  to  the 
Humber,  scarcely  a  man  could  be  foimd 
wlio  understood  the  service  of  the  church, 
or  could  translate  a  single  sentence  of  Latin 
into  English.  To  remedy  this  evil,  he  in- 
vited men  of  learning  from  all  quarters,  and 
placed  them  at  the  head  of  seminaries  in 
various  parts  of  his  kingdom  r  and,  if  he 
was  not  the  founder  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  it  is  certain  he  raised  it  to  a  repu- 
tation which  it  had  never  before  enjoyed. 
Alfred  himself  wrote  several  works,  and 
translated  others  from  the  Latin,  particu- 
larly  "Orosius's  History  of  the   Pagans," 


alp] 


^  ^ctu  Bnihtv^Bl  Miafp^n^^v. 


[Afcl 


and  "Boiithius's  Consolations  of  Philoso- 
phy." lie  divided  the  twenty-four  hours 
into  three  equal  parts,  one  devoted  to  the 
service  of  God,  another  to  public  ailairs, 
and  the  third  to  rest  and  refreshment ;  his 
revenue,  also,  was  divided  into  two  equal 
moieties,  one  dedicated  to  sacred,  tlie  other 
to  civil  uses.  To  Alfred,  England  is  in- 
debted for  the  foundation  of  lier  naval 
establishment,  and  he  was  the  lirst  who 
sent  OTit  ships  to  make  the  discovery  of  a 
north-east  passage.  To  crown  his  great 
public  character,  Alfred  is  described  as  one 
of  the  most  mild  and  amiable  men  in  private 
life  ;  of  a  temper  serene  and  cheerful,  af- 
fable, kind,  and  merciful,  and  not  averse  to 
society,  or  to  innocent  recreation ;  he  was 
also  personally  well-favoured,  possessing  a 
handsome  and  vigorous  form,  and  a  dignitied 
and  engaging  aspect.    Died,  OiH). 

ALFRED,  surnamed  "  the  Thilosophcr," 
an  Englishman,  was  greatly  esteemed  at  the 
court  of  Rome,  and  attended  Cardinal  Ot- 
toboni,  the  legate,  to  England,  lie  wrote 
five  books  on  the  "  Consolationa  of  Boethius," 
and  died,  1270. 

ALFKED,  an  English  bishop  of  the  10th 
century  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Abbey 
of  Malmsbury,"  a  treatise  "De  Naturis 
Kcrum,"  &c. 

ALGARDI,  Ai-EXAXDEn,  a  Bolo^nese 
sculptor  of  the  17th  century.  There  is  an 
admirable  group  of  his,  at  Bologna,  of  the 
beheading  of  St.  I'aul. 

ALOAROTTI,  FiiANCis,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian M-riter,  born  at  Venice,  1742.  He  was  a 
great  connoisseur  of  the  tine  arts,  and  his 
works  are  critical  and  philosophical.  Died, 
17G4. 

ALIIAZEN,  an  Arabian  mathematician, 
who  was  the  first  that  showed  the  import- 
ance of  refraction  in  astronomy.  Ue  died 
at  Cairo,  in  1038. 

ALI,  cousin,  son-in-law,  and  vizier  of 
Maliomct,  and  one  of  the  main  pillars  of 
the  new  faith.  He  obtained  the  name  of 
the  Lion  of  God,  always  Victorious;  but 
was  opposed  in  his  succession  to  the  cali- 
phate by  Omar  and  Othman,  and  retired 
into  Arabia,  and  made  a  collection  of  the 
sayings  of  the  prophet.  There  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  new  sect,  and,  after  the 
death  of  Othman,  he  was  declared  caliph, 
6,5.5 ;  but  was  murdered  four  years  after- 
wards in  the  mosque. 

ALI  BEG,  a  man  of  extraordinary  learn- 
ing and  attainments,  born  in  Poland,  of 
Christian  parents,  but  was  kidnapped  in 
his  infancy  by  a  horde  of  Tartars,  who  sold 
him  to  the  Turks,  in  whose  language  and 
religion  he  was  educated.  His  skill  in  lan- 
guages procured  him  the  post  of  chief  in- 
terpreter to  the  grand  signior ;  while  his 
leisure  hours  were  employed  in  translating 
the  Bible  and  the  catecliisra  of  the  Church 
of  England  into  the  Turkish  language.  The 
work  by  which  he  is  principally  known  to 
Europeans  is  an  account  of  tiie  religious 
ceremonies,  &c.  of  the  Turks.    Died,  1C7.5. 

Alil  BEY,  a  Greek,  son  of  a  Natolian 
priest,  bom,  1728.  He  fell  when  a  child 
into  tlie  hands  of  robbers,  who  carried  him 
to  Cairo,  and  sold  him  to  Ibrahim,  lieute- 
nant  of  the  Janissaries,  who  reared  and 


29 


adopted  hira.  Ali  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of 
sangiak,  or  member  of  the  council ;  and 
when  his  patron  was  assassinated  by  Ibra- 
him the  Circassian,  he  avenged  his  death, 
and  slew  the  murderer  with  his  own  hand. 
Tills  action  raised  him  numerous  enemies, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Jerusalem, 
and  thence  to  Acre  ;  but  in  time  he  was  re- 
called by  the  people,  and,  being  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  government,  Egypt  began 
to  recover  its  former  splendour.  Iji  a  battle 
fought  against  the  troops  of  a  rebellious 
Mameluke,  Ali  was  cut  down,  after  defend- 
ing himself  with  a  degree  of  desperate  va- 
lour that  has  scarcely  ever  been  exceeded, 
and  died  of  his  wounds  eight  days  after- 
wards, 1773. 

AI-.I  PACHA  (or,  more  correctly,  Ali, 
pacha  of  Jannina),  a  bold,  intelligent,  and 
crafty  Albanian,  was  born  at  Tepelini,  in 
1744.  His  father,  an  Albanian  chief,  died  of 
grief,  in  consequence  of  being  stripped  of  his 
territories  ;  but  his  mother,  who  was  re- 
markable for  energy  of  character,  spirited 
up  her  son  to  assume  the  conduct  of  a  pre- 
datory troop  of  his  countrymen.  With  this 
band  he  committed  so  many  depredations, 
that  the  adjacent  tribes  took  up  arms  in 
their  own  defence,  and  carried  off  his  mother 
and  sister,  whom  they  treated  with  great 
cruelty.  This  roused  the  naturally  im- 
placable temper  of  Ali,  and  he  vowed  the 
extermination  of  the  whole  race.  He  raised 
a  body  of  2000  men,  assumed  great  authority, 
and  wreaked  his  vengeance  upon  tlie  Suli- 
otes,  whom  he  treated  with  tlie  most  horrible 
barbarity.  During  fifty  years  of  constant 
warfare  he  brought  under  his  sway  a  wide 
extent  of  territory,  which  the  Porte  sanc- 
tioned his  holding,  with  the  title  of  pacha. 
He  received  agents  from  foreign  powers,  and 
ultimately  intrigued  with  England,  France, 
and  Russia.  But  the  jealousy  of  the  Porte 
was  at  length  excited,  and  Hassan  Pacha 
was  sent  to  demand  his  head.  On  declaring 
his  errand,  Ali  replied,  "  My  head  is  not  to 
be  delivered  up  so  easily;''  accompanying 
the  words  with  a  pistol-ball,  which  broke  his 
opponent's  thigh.  He  shot  two  more  dead 
upon  the  spot,  but  fell  the  same  moment. 
His  head  was  severed  from  Ms  body,  and 
sent  to  Constantinople. 

ALIAMET,  James,  an  eminent  French 
engraver  of  the  18th  century. 

ALISON,  Rev.  Akciiibald,  the  celebrated 
writer  on  Taste,  was  born,  1757.  Educated 
at  Glasgow  and  Oxford,  he  entered  into  holy 
orders,  and  obtained  successively  livings  in 
Durham  and  at  Edinburgh,  his  native  town, 
where  he  continued  to  officiate  till  18.iil, 
when  a  severe  illness  compelled  him  to  re- 
linquish all  public  duties.  Mr.  Alison  was 
one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh  ;  and  he  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  most  of  the  men  of  genius  and 
learning  of  the  present  century.  His  "  Essay 
on  the  Nature  and  Principles  of  Taste  "  has 
passed  through  numerous  editions  ;  and  the 
theory  therein  set  forth  has  met  the  ap- 
proval of  the  first  critics,  both  at  home  and 
abroad.    Died,  1830. 

ALISON,  RicnARP,  one  of  the  ten  com- 
posers, who,  by  command  of  Elizabeth, 
adapted  the  Psalms  to  music. 


aLi] 


^  i^tbi  Winihtr^aX  BiosrapTjji. 


[all 


ALIX,  Peter,  a  Frencli  abbot  of  the  17th 
century  ;  author  of  a  "  Dialogue  entre  Ponte 
noir  et  la  Pillorie,"  and  other  works. 

ALKMAAR,  Henky,  a  German  poet  of 
the  15th  century. 

ALLAINVAL,  Leoxor  Soulas  p',  a 
French  al)b6  and  dramatic  poet,  of  consider- 
able merit,     lie  died  at  Paris,  1753. 

ALLAN,  Daaid,  a  Scottish  portrait  and 
historical  painter  of  the  18th  century,  born 
at  Alloa,  17-14.  There  are  several  engraWugs 
from  his  pictures.    Died,  179G. 

ALLAN,  George,  F.  A.  S.,  son  of  the 
above,  M.  P.  for  the  city  of  Durham,  and  a 
principal  contributor  to  NichoUs'  Literary 
Anecdotes.    Born,  1768  ;  died,  1828. 

ALLAN,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  his- 
torical painter,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in 
1782.  Of  humble  parentage,  he  at  an  early 
age  evinced  a  decided  predilection  for  art ; 
and,  when  still  a  young  man,  he  pursued  his 
favourite  study  with  equal  enterprise  and 
ability,  visiting  Morocco,  Greece,  and  Spain, 
and  penetrating  the  remote  and  semi-bar- 
barous territories  of  Russia  and  Turkey,  that 
he  might  familiarise  himself  with  the  rude 
and  picturesque  aspects  there  presented. 
"  The  Polish  Captives,"  "  The  Slave  Jlarket 
of  Constantinople,"  and  various  kindred 
subjects,  testify  to  his  skill  in  this  depart- 
ment of  art  i  but  he  did  much  also  to  illus- 
trate the  historic  lore  of  his  own  land,  as  his 
vivid  representation  of  Mary  and  of  llizzio, 
the  Murder  of  Archbishop  Sharpe,  and  the 
Battle  of  Waterloo  amply  testify.  He  was 
an  old  and  attached  friend  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott;  and  his  amiable,  unassuming  manners, 
and  his  vast  fund  of  anecdote,  procured  him 
general  love  and  esteem.  In  1841  he  suc- 
ceeded Sir  D.  Wilkie  as  president  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  and  was  soon  after- 
wards knighted.    Died,  1830. 

AI^LARD,  Guy,  a  French  writer,  known 
principally  by  numerous  works  upon  the 
genealogical  liistory  of  Dauphinj'.  Died 
in  1716. 

ALLARD,  Jean  Franoots,  a  French  ge- 
neral officer,  much  distinguished  during  the 
Empire.  On  the  final  downfall  of  Napoleon, 
he  entered,  successively,  the  Egyptian  and 
the  Persian  ser\ices,  and  at  length  became 
the  confidential  ad\iser  of  Runjeet-Singh, 
whose  troops  he  disciplined  in  the  European 
manner.    Bom,  1785  ;  died,  1839. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  a  Greek  physician  and 
man  of  letters,  librarian  of  the  Vatican  at 
Rome,  and  professor  in  the  Greek  college 
there.    Died,  1669,  aged  83. 

ALLEGBAIN,  Christopher  Gabriel, 
an  eminent  French  sculptor.    Died,  1795. 

ALLEGRI,  Alexander,  an  Italian  sa- 
tirical poet,  who  first  served  in  the  army, 
and  then  became  an  ecclesiastic.  He  had  a 
great  turn  for  burlesque  poetry  ;  and  his 
principal  work,  "  Rime  Piaceovoli,"  lias 
gone  through  several  editions. 

ALLEGRI,  Gregorio,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man musical  composer,  whose  works  are 
still  retained  in  the  pontifical  chapel.  The 
chief  is  tJie  "Miserere,"  which  is  always 
sung  on  Good  Friday.    Died,  1640. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  nonconformist  mi- 
nister, known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  "  An 
Alarm  to  Unconverted  Sinners,"  which  has 


gone  throiigh  numerous  editions.  Born 
in  1623,  at  Devizes  ;  died  at  Bath,  1688. 

ALLEN,  JoHX,  archbishop  of  Dublin  and 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  cruelly  murdered  by 
the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Kildare,  1534. 

ALLEN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  historical  subjects,  was  bom  at 
Bedford,  his  paternal  property,  near  Edin- 
burgh, in  1771.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh, 
and  took  his  degree  in  medicine  in  1792. 
But  his  predilection  for  politics  soon  with- 
drew him  from  his  medical  pursuits  ;  and 
he  early  connected  himself  with  the  move- 
ments for  Parliamentary  Reform,  which 
commenced  in  Scotland  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  French  Revolution.  In  1802,  having 
been  recommended  to  the  late  Lord  Hol- 
land as  a  medical  friend  and  companion, 
he  accompanied  the  noble  lord  and  his 
family  on  successive  tours  through  France, 
Italy,  and  Spain  ;  and  the  similarity  of  their 
tastes  and  opinions  soon  led  to  a  lasting 
friendship  between  them,  which  death  alone 
interrupted.  On  his  return  from  the  con- 
tinent, he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pur- 
suits. The  extent  and  variety  of  his  attain- 
ments are  shown  in  his  numerous  contri- 
butions to  the  Edinburgh  Review,  chiefly 
on  subjects  connected  with  the  British  con- 
stitution, and  with  French  and  Spanish  his- 
tory. But  the  most  lasting  monument  to 
his  literary  fame  is  his  valuable  work  called 
an  "  Inquiry  into  the  Rise  and  Growth  of 
the  Royal  Prerogative,"  of  which  a  second 
edition  has  been  recently  published.  In 
1811  he  became  warden,  and  in  1820  master 
of  Dulwich  College  ;  but  he  continued  to  re- 
side chiefly  at  Holland  House,  where  the 
manliness,  sincerity,  and  independence  of 
his  character,  his  kindly  nature  and  exten- 
sive information,  gained  him  the  esteem  of 
all  who  were  admitted  to  that  "  Temple  of 
Wit"  and  hospitality.  Died,  April  10. 
1843. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  scholar  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  considered  the  first 
mathematician  of  his  day.  Born,  1542 ; 
died,  1032. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  an  industrious  writer 
and  compiler  of  antiquarian  and  historical 
works  ;  the  chief  of  which  were,  "The  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  Lambeth  ;  "  "  The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  London,  AVest- 
minster,  and  Southwark  ;  "  with  various 
county  histories.  Born  in  1803,  and  died, 
ofcholera,  July  1833. 

ALLERSTAIN,  a  German  Jesuit  of  the 
18th  century.  He  was  one  of  the  mission- 
aries to  China,  where  he  died  ;  and  was  au- 
thor of  some  valuable  astronomical  obser- 
vations.   Died  about  1778. 

ALLESTRY,  Richard,  bom  at  Upping- 
ton,  in  Shropshire,  1619,  was  a  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  originally  de- 
signed for  the  Church  ;  but,  during  the  civil 
wars,  he  joined  the  royal  army,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Keinton.  At  the 
Restoration  he  took  orders,  and  subse- 
quently enjoyed  many  clerical  dignities. 
Died  at  Eton,  1680. 

ALLEY,  William,  a  zealous  member  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  was  born  at  Great 
Wycombe,  Buckinghamshire,  made  bishop  of 
Exeter  in  1560  by  Elizabeth,  and  died,  1570. 


all] 


^  ^eitt  ©liuber^aT  3iJt0srapl)j). 


[alp 


ALLEYN,  Edwakd,  a  celebrated  actor  in 
the  reigus  of  Elizabeth  aud  James,  and 
founder  of  Dulwich  College,  was  born  in 
London,  15(>6.  He  was  tlie  first  master  of 
liis  own  college,  and,  dying  in  1620,  was 
buried  in  its  chapel. 

ALLIOXI,  Chaules,  a  celebrated  physi- 
chiii,  medical  writer,  and  professor  of  bo- 
tany in  the  university  of  Turin.  Born,  1725  ; 
died,  1804. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  a  learned  divine,  bom  at 
Alenon,  in  France,  1644,  was  minister  of  the 
Reformed  Church  at  Rouen  and  Charenton. 
On  tlie  repeal  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  he 
came  to  England,  was  created  D.D.  at  Ox- 
ford, and  made  treasurer  of  tlie  church  at 
1  Salisbury.    Died  in  London,  1717. 

AIjLOISI,  Balthazau,  a  Bolognese  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  who  obtained 
the  name  of  Galanixo.    Died,  1638. 

ALLOKI,  Alexandek,  a  Florentine 
painter,  who  excelled  in  naked  figures.  lie 
•  died  in  1C07. 

ALLORL  CiiKiSTOPHANO,  called  also 
Bronzino,  the  son  of  the  above,  was  also  an 
eminent  painter,  chieHy  distinguished  for 
his  small  pictures.    Died,  1619. 

ALLY,  Vizier,  ex-niibobof  Oude,  wasthe 
adopted  son  of  the  former  nabob  of  Oude, 
Yusuf  ab  Dowlah,  who  declared  liimself  suc- 
cessor. The  English  government,  however, 
deposed  him  in  favour  of  the  brother  of 
Yusuf,  but  settled  on  him  a  pension  of 
2.^),(K)();.  While  engaged  with  the  agents  of 
the  East  India  Company,  who  had  been  sent 
to  meet  him  at  Benares  for  the  purpose  of 
making  arrangements  for  his  future  resi- 
dence, he  gave  a  signal,  on  which  his  armed 
followers  rushed  in  and  treacherously  mur- 
dered the  Company's  officers.  For  a  time  he 
made  his  escape,  but  surrendered  on  con- 
dition that  his  life  should  be  spared.  Died 
in  prison,  1817,  aged  only  36. 

ALMAGRO,  DiEoo  i/,  a  Spaniard  of  low 
origin,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Peru,  in  which  his  valour, 
profligacy,  and  cruelty  were  equally  dis- 
played. In  1523,  he  took  Cuzco,  the  capital 
of  Chili,  bjr  storm,  and  put  Atahualpa,  the 
last  of  the  incas,  to  a  most  horrid  death  ;  but 
quarrelling  with  the  brothers  of  Pizarro 
about  the  division  of  their  spoil,  a  schism 
ensued,  and  Almagro  was  eventually  taken 
prisoner  and  strangled,  1.5;i8. 

ALMAMON,  or  ABD ALLAH,  caliph  of 
Bagdad,  son  of  Ilaroun  al  Roschid,  succeeded 
his  brother  Al  Amin,  814,  and  died,  8;>3. 
He  founded  an  academy  at  Bagdad,  to  which 
he  invited  able  professors  of  languages  and 
sciences,  and  left  behind  him  a  character 
for  clemency  and  benevolence. 

^VLMANASOR,  Jacob,  a  caliph  of  the  Sa- 
racens in  Africa,  who,  after  conquering 
territory  to  the  extent  of  1200  leagues  in 
length,  met  with  such  a  reverse  of  fortune, 
that  he  became  a  baker  at  Alexandria,  in  the 
exercise  of  which  business  he  died,  in  1205. 

ALMAXZOR,  surnamed  the  Victorious, 
the  second  caliph  of  the  house  of  Abas,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  753.  During  his 
reign  tlie  city  of  Bagdad  was  raised  from  the 
foundation,  and  was  made  the  imperial 
residence. 

ALMARUS,  abbot  of  the  monastery  of  St. 


Austin,  Canterbury,  made  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne, 1022. 

ALMEIDA,  Francisco,  a  Portuguese, 
appointed,  in  1505,  the  first  viceroy  of  India. 
After  a  perilous  voyage,  he  crossed  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  proceeded  along  the 
coast  of  Africa,  spreading  terror  and  desola- 
tion ;  he  reduced  several  places  under  the 
dominion  of  Portugal,  gained  some  extra- 
ordinary victories,  and  was  killed  on  his 
return  in  a  quarrel  with  the  natives  at  the 
Caiie,  in  l.TOO. 

ALMEIDA,  Lorenzo,  son  of  Francisco,  ] 
was  also  an  enterprising  coiinnander  and 
navigator,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
many  expeditions  in  the  Indian  seas.  Ceylon 
was  by  him  made  tributary  to  Portugal. 
Lorenzo  lost  his  life  in  an  engagement  with 
the  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  bay  of  Cambaya. 

ALJklELOVEEN,  Thkodore  Jansen 
van,  a  physician,  bom  near  Utrecht,  was  a 
man  of  deep  reading  and  research,  and  pro- 
fessor of  history,  tlxe  Greek  language,  and 
medicine,  at  llarderwick.  He  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1742. 

ALMINARA,  Marquis,  Spanish  envoy  to 
France  from  Charles  IV.  j  diplomatist,  and 
the  author  of  an  able  "  Reply  to  Cevallos," 
respecting  the  former's  abdication,  and  of 
"A  History  of  tlie  Inquisition." 

ALMON,  JouN,  a  political  writer  and 
publisher,  and  the  friend  of  Wilkes,  was 
born  at  Liveniool  in  1708.  In  1774  he  com- 
menced the  Parliamentary  Register ;  he 
was  also  the  author  of  a  Lilc  of  I^ord  Chat- 
ham, and  various  biograpliical,  political,  and 
literary  anecdotes.    He  died  in  1805. 

AI.OADDIN,  commonly  called  the  Old 
Man  of  the  Mountains,  prince  of  the  Arsa- 
eides,  or  Assassins.  He  was  the  sheik  of  a 
Syrian  tribe  professing  the  Mahometan  re- 
ligion, and  from  his  followers  the  word 
assassin  has  its  derivation. 

ALOJdFRA,  the  founder  of  the  Burman 
empire,  a  man  of  obscure  birth,  but  who 
raised  himself  to  independence  and  sove- 
reign power,  and  established  a  new  dynasty 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

^VLONZO  DE  VIADO,  a  Spanish  Liberal, 
born,  1775  ;  author  of  a  plan  for  reforming 
the  Spanish  army,  of  a  treatise  on  architec- 
ture, and  several  translations. 

ALPHERY,  Mikepuer  or  Nicephorus,  a 
Russian  prince,  who,  during  the  civil  dis- 
sensions in  liis  countrj',  came  to  England, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and,  in  1018,  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Warley,  Huntingdon- 
shire, whence  he  was  ejected  in  the  civil 
war.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  reinstated 
in  his  living ;  and,  although  twice  invited 
to  return  to  Russia,  for  the  purpose  of  be- 
ing placed  on  the  throne,  he  preferred  re- 
maining in  this  country  with  liis  flock.  lie 
died  at  Hammersmith,  at  the  age  of  80. 

ALPHONSO  I., or  ALONZO  ENRIQirEZ. 
first  king  of  Portugal,  son  of  Henry  of  Bur- 
gundy, count  of  Portugal.  lie  fought  suc- 
cessfully against  the  Moors,  raised  his  coun- 
try to  a  powerful  monarcliy,  and  died,  1185, 
alter  a  reign  of  57  years. 

ALPHONSO  III.,  the  Great,  king  of  the 
Asturias,  bom  847,  succeeded  his  father 
Ordogeno,  865,  and  died  at  Zamora,  012. 
He  conquered  many  places  from  the  Moors, 


alp] 


^  ^^  Winibtr^Kl  3Siffgrajil)M. 


[alg 


was  a  patron  of  learned  men,  and  distin- 
guished liimself  for  piety  and  justice. 

ALPHONSO  IV.,  surnamed  the  Brave, 
BOn  of  king  Denis,  whom  he  succeeded,  1324, 
was  an  able  and  impartial  sovereign,  and 
died,  1357. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  surnamed  the  Magnani- 
mous, king  of  Arragon,  born,  1384 ;  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Ferdinand  the  Just,  1416, 
and  died  at  Naples,  14.58,  leaving  his  Neapo- 
litan dominions  to  his  natural  son  Ferdi- 
nand, and  those  of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Si- 
cily to  his  brother  Juan,  king  of  Navarre. 
Thus  monarch  was  accounted  the  most  ac- 
complished prince  of  his  time  :  he  gave 
shelter  to  the  Greek  literati  expelled  from 
Constantinople,  and  was  in  other  respects 
a  great  patron  of  learning. 

ALPHONSO  X.,  called  the  Wise,  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile,  succeeded  his  father, 
Ferdinand  III.,  1231,  and  died,  1284,  aged 
81.  As  a  ruler,  Alphonso  was  misguided 
and  unfortunate ;  but  as  a  patron  and  an 
encourager  of  the  sciences,  he  obtained  much 
reputation.  lie  completed  a  code  of  laws, 
began  by  his  father,  still  known  under  the 
title  of  "  Las  Partidas,"  and  preceded  the 
other  nations  of  Europe  in  substituting  the 
vernacular  tongue  for  the  Latin  in  law  pro- 
ceedings. His  favourite  pursuit,  however, 
was  astronomy,  and  he  employed  the  most 
famous  astronomers  to  draw  up  the  cele- 
brated tables  called  after  him  the  Alphon- 
sine  Tables,  wliich  were  first  published  at 
Venice,  1483. 

ALPHONSUS,  Tastadus,  bishop  of  Avila, 
a  voluminous  Spanish  writer,  who  flourished 
during  the  loth  century. 

ALPINI,  PiiOsi'EKo,  a  Venetian  physi- 
cian, born,  1553,  and  died,  1617.  He  was 
the  greatest  botanist  of  his  day,  tlie  first 
who  explained  the  impregnation  and  gene- 
ration of  plants  by  the  sexual  system,  and 
is  the  author  of  many  valuable  works  on  his 
favourite  pursuit. 

ALSTEDIUS,  JoHJT  Henkt,  a  German 
philosopher  and  Protestant  divine,  born 
about  1588,  and  died,  16.38 ;  author  of  some 
celebrated  theological  collections,  but  chiefly 
known  for  his  Encyclopaedia. 

ALSTON,  CuARLES,  an  eminent  Scotch 
physician  and  botanist ;  author  of  "  Tiro- 
cinium Botanicum  Edinburgense,"  &c. ; 
and  public  lecturer  at  Edinburgh.  Born, 
1683 ;  died,  1760. 

ALSTKOEJIER,  JoxAS,  a  distinguished 
Swede,  born  of  poor  parents  at  Alingas, 
West  Gothland,  in  1685,  After  struggling 
with  poverty  for  a  long  time,  he  visited 
London,  and  paying  particular  attention  to 
the  commercial  and  manufacturing  sources 
of  British  prosperity,  he  returned  to  Swe- 
den in  1723,  resolving  to  carry  the  plans  he 
had  formed  into  execution.  Having  ob- 
tained a  license  to  establish  manufactures 
in  the  town  in  which  lie  was  born,  it  soon 
became  the  seat  of  industry  and  activity, 
which  afforded  an  example  to  the  whole 
kingdom.  He  established  a  sugar  house  at 
Gottenburg,  and  traded  to  the  Indies  and 
the  Levant ;  improved  rural  economy  ;  cul- 
tivated plants  proper  for  dyeing  ;  and  im- 
proved the  wool  trade  by  importing  sheep 
from  Spain  and  England,  and  the  goat  from 


Angora.  For  these  important  benefits,  Al- 
Btroemer  received  a  patent  of  nobility,  was 
made  Knight  of  the  Polar  Star,  and  lio- 
noured  with  t!ie  title  of  Chancellor  of  Com- 
merce ;  tlie  Academy  of  Sciences  chose  liim 
a  member  ;  and  the  national  states  decreed 
him  a  statue,  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  on 
the  exchange  of  Stockholm.    Died,  1761. 

ALTEN,  General  Charles,  count,  a  brave 
and  experienced  oflScer,  was  born  at  Wil- 
kenburg,  at  Hanover,  in  1764,  and  in  1781 
received  his  commission  as  ensign  in  the 
foot-guards  of  the  electorate.  After  taking 
part  in  the  operations  of  1793,  against 
the  revolutionary  troops  of  France,  he  was 
made  colonel  of  the  king's  German  legion 
in  1803,  and  from  that  time  till  the  end  of 
the  war  he  was  almost  constantly  on  service. 
He  was  at  the  taking  of  Copenhagen,  and 
afterwards  served  under  Sir  Jolm  Moore 
as  a  brigadier-general  in  the  fatiguing 
and  arduous  duties  of  the  disastrous  cam- 
paign which  ended  in  the  battle  of  Co- 
runna.  At  Walchercn  also,  and  at  the  siege 
of  Flushing,  he  distinguished  himself;  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  in  1810,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and 
placed  in  command  of  the  south-west  dis- 
trict. From  this  station,  however,  he  was 
speedily  removed,  his  brigade  being  destined 
for  tlie  operations  of  the  Peninsula,  where 
he  served  under  Marshal  Beresford  at  the 
first  siege  of  Badajoz,  and  at  Albuera.  In 
1812,  Wellington  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  light  division,  which  he  commanded  in 
the  general  actions  of  Salamanca,  Vittoria, 
Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Nive,  Orthes,  and  Tou- 
louse. Like  that  of  many  of  his  brave  com- 
peers, his  active  duty  closed  with  the  battle 
of  Waterloo  ;  and  his  services  at  the  head  of 
the  third  division,  during  the  memorable 
16th,  17th,  and  18th  of  June,  will  ever  be 
classed  among  the  most  devoted  and  glorious 
on  military  record.  He  was  now  created  a 
count ;  and  when  recovered  from  the  dan- 
gerous wounds  he  had  received,  he  took  the 
command  of  the  Hanoverian  troops  forming 
part  of  the  army  of  occupation  in  France. 
In  1831,  Count  Alten  was  nominated  one  of 
the  ministers  of  state,  and  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  war  department  in  Hanover. 
This  appointment  he  held  till  his  death, 
which  took  place  in  April,  1840. 

ALTER,  Francis  Chakle.s,  a  German 
Jesuit  and  laborious  critic  ;  Greek  teacher 
in  the  school  of  St.  Anne  at  Vienna,  in 
which  capital  he  died,  1804. 

ALTHAMERUS,  a  divine  of  Nuremberg  ; 
author  of  various  theological  works,  and  a 
principal  promoter  of  the  Reformation  in 
Berne,  Switzerland.    Died,  1450. 

ALTILIO,  Gabriel,  aNeapolitan  ;  author 
of  some  l^atin  poems  of  great  beauty.  He 
was  tutor  to  Prince  Ferdinand,  sou  of  Al- 
phonso 11. ,  and  was  subsequently  made 
bishop  of  Policastro.    Died,  1501. 

ALTING,  Hexky,  an  eminent  German 
divine,  born  at  Embden,  1583  ;  died,  1614. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  synod  of 
Dort,  as  deputy  from  the  Palatinate,  and 
did  much  in  advancement  of  the  Protestant 
interest  in  Germany  by  his  temperate  con- 
duct and  abilities  as  a  reasoner.  Born,  1583; 
died,  1644. 


32 


alt] 


^  ^ctu  ^ntbcriSal  38tflffrajp]^«. 


[ama 


ALTING,  Jamks,  son  of  the  above,  was 
educated  at  Groningen,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land, wliere  he  was  ordained  a  priest  of  the 
chmch  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester.  In  1«>4;{, 
he  was  chosen  Hebrew  professor  at  Gro- 
ningen, and  afterwards  professor  of  divinity. 
Born,  IfilS  ;  died,  1C79. 

ALTING,  Mkxson^,  a  burgomaster  of 
Groningen,  author  of  the  best  description  of 
the  Low  Countries  now  extant.    Died,  1713. 

ALTISSIMO,  the  poetical  surname  of  an 
Italian  poet  named  Christopher.  His  sur- 
name and  a  poetic  crown  were  given  to  him 
on  account  of  his  great  popularity  as  an 
improvisatore. 

ALTAIAN,  John  George,  a  Swiss  histo- 
rian and  divine,  curate  of  Inns  in  tlie  same 
canton,  and  professor  of  moral  pliilosophy 
and  Greek  at  Berne.    Born,  ltW7  ;  died,  1758. 

ALTDORFER,  or  ALTORF,  Ai.ueut,  a 

Bavarian  painter,  architect,  and  engraver. 

Ue  raised  liimself  by  hb  merits  to  the  rank 

j  of  senator  of  Ratisbou,  wliich  city  he  adorned 

j  with  many  handsome  edifices.    Born,  1488 ; 

died,  1578. 
I  ALURED,  an  ancient  English  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  beginniug  of  tlie  12th 
century.  His  annals  are  very  valuable,  and 
comprise  the  history  of  the  Britons,  Saxons, 
and  Normans,  down  to  his  own  time,  1129. 

ALVA,  Fekdi.vanu  Alvakez,  Uuke  of, 
the  descendant  of  an  illustrious  family  in 
Spain,  was  a  famous  general  under  the  empe- 
rors Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.  He  made  his 
first  campaign  at  the  battle  of  I'avia.  At 
the  siege  of  Metz  he  performed  pnxligies 
of  valour  ;  and  in  the  war  with  tlic  pope  he 
was  completely  successful ;  but  he  was  as 
cruel  as  he  was  brave.  In  l.'(G7,  Philip  sent 
him  to  reduce  the  Low  Countries,  then  in  a 
state  of  revolt.  Here  he  landed  with  10,(X»0 
men,  and  immediately  commenced  a  series 
of  cruelties  almost  unparalleled  in  the  annals 
of  history,  annihilating  every  remaining 
privilege  of  the  people.  He  was  subse- 
quently employed  against  Don  Antonio, 
who  had  assumed  the  crown  of  Portugal, 
and  drove  him  from  that  kingdom,  the  whole 
of  wliich  he  reduced  to  Plulip's  authority. 
Died  in  1589,  aged  74. 

ALVARADO,  Don  Pedro,  one  of  the  ra- 
pacious conquerors  of  Spanish  America,  who 
accompanied  Cortes  to  America.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  government  of  Guatimala, 
and  was  slain  in  1.>11. 

ALVAR^VDO,  Alpiioxso  d'  a  Spanish 
adventurer,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in  his 
expedition  to  Peru  ;  and  who  was  equally 
distinguished  for  his  bravery  and  his  cruelty. 
Died,  1.55.5. 

ALVAREZ,  Emanuel,  a  distinguished 
Portuguese  grammarian,  born  at  Madeira, 
152(),  and  died  at  the  college  of  Evora,  of 
which  he  was  rector,  1582. 

ALVAREZ,  Fkaxcis,  a  Portuguese  di- 
vine, bom  at  Coimbra,  towards  the  end  of 
the  15th  century,  and  died,  1540,  leaving 
behind  him  in  Portuguese  an  occount  of  his 
embassy  to  David,  king  of  Abyssinia,  and  a 
description  of  Etliioplan  manners  and  cus- 
toms, which  is  deemed  the  flrst  accurate  ac- 
count of  Abyssinia. 

ALVAREZ,  Gomez,  a  Spanish  poot.  The 
chief  of  his  works,  which  were  written  in. 


Latin,  is  a  poem  on  the  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.    Born,  1488  ;  died,  i:>S8. 

ALVAREZ,  Don  Jose,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  sculptors  of  the  19th  centurj',  was 
born  near  Cordova  in  Spain,  17(i8.  Patronised 
by  Charles  IV.,  he  proceeded  to  Paris  in 
1799,  with  a  view  of  prosecuting  his  studies  ; 
and  he  soon  gained  himself  a  name  in  the 
French  metropolis.  Napoleon  presented 
liim  with  a  gold  medal ;  but  his  subsequent 
conduct  towards  Spain  inspired  the  artist 
with  such  aversion  for  him,  tliat  he  would 
never  model  his  bust ;  and  he  afterwards 
was  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  take  t)ic 
oath  of  allepunce  to  Joseph  Buonaparte, 
when  proclaimed  king  of  Spain.  Many  of 
his  best  works  are  at  Madrid.    Died,  1827. 

ALVAROTTO.  J  AMES,  a  lawyer  of  Padua, 
distinguished  for  liis  attainments  both  in  the 
civil  and  canon  law  ;  author  of  "Commen- 
taria  in  Libros  Feudorum."  Born,  1474  ; 
died.  1542. 

ALVENSLEBEN,  PuiLii-  Cuas..  Count 
of,  son  of  a  counsellor  of  war  at  Hanover, 
was  a  distinguished  diplomatist,  and  in  1791 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  department 
for  foreign  atfairs  at  Hanover,  in  which  he 
gave  general  satisfaction.  The  count  wrote 
a  "History  of  the  War  from  the  Peace  of 
Munster  to  that  of  Hubertsbourg."  Born, 
1745  ;  died,  1802. 

ALVIANO,  BAUTnoi.OMEW,  nn  eminent 
Venetian  general,  whose  exertions  against 
the  emperor  Maximilian,  in  l.jdS,  caused  the 
republic  to  decree  him  triumphal  honours. 
In  the  siege  of  Padua  by  the  emperor,  and 
at  the  battles  of  La  Motte  and  Alariguano. 
Alviano  displayed  the  most  heroic  qualities, 
His  deatli  was  occasioned  by  excessive  fa- 
tigue while  laying  siege  to  Brescia.  Born, 
1455  ;  died,  1515. 

ALXINGER,  J.  B.,  bom  at  Vienna,  in 
1755  ;  author  of  gome  admired  German  poems 
and  translations.    Died,  1797. 

ALYPIUS,  an  architect  of  Antioch,  em- 
ployed by  Julius  in  his  attempt  to  rebuild 
the  temple  of  Jerusalem,  He  was  subse- 
quently banished,  on  a  charge  of  practising 
the  black  art,  and  died  in  exile.  Alypius 
wrote  a  "  Geographical  Description  of  the 
World,"  publislied  in  1028  at  Geneva. 

ALYPIUS,  bishop  of  Tagasta,  Africa,  the 
friend  of  St.  Augustine,  with  whom  he  was 
baptized  at  Milan,  in  388.  He  opposed  the 
Donatists  and  Pelagians  with  great  zeal ; 
and  died  in  430. 

AMADEDDULAT,  first  sultan  of  the 
Buiyan  dynasty,  was  the  son  of  a  fisherman 
of  Dilem,  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  He  rose  to 
distinction  in  the  armies  of  Makan,  sultan  of 
Dilem,  and  subsequently  gained  possession 
of  Persia  Proper,  Persian  Irak,  and  Kerman, 
of  which  he  assumed  the  sovereignty,  and 
fixed  the  seat  of  his  government  at  Shiraz, 
in  933.  He  died,  940,  and  left  his  crown  to 
his  nephew,  Adadeddulat. 

AMADEUS  v.,  count  of  Savoy,  succeeded 
to  the  sovereignty  of  tliat  state,  12a5,  and 
died  at  Avignon,  1323.  Although  a  prince 
of  such  small  dominions,  he  acquired  the 
surname  of  Great,  from  his  wisdom  and 
success. 

AMADEUS  VIII.,  count  of  Savoy,  elected, 
1391,  and  died,  1451.     Ue  was  one  of  the 


AM  a] 


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[amb 


most  singular  characters  of  his  time  ;  and, 
from  his  prudence  in  keeping  peace  with  his 
neighbours,  obtained  the  title  of  the  Pacific. 

AMADEUS  IX.,  count  of  Savoy,  although 
undistinguished  by  deeds  of  renown,  deserves 
lionourable  mention  as  a  prince  who  pos- 
sessed all  the  Christian  virtues  in  an  emi- 
nent degree,  and  particularly  that  of  charity, 
lie  married  lolaude,  of  France,  who  sec- 
onded him  in  all  his  good  works  ;  and  his 
subjects  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  the 
Blessed.  He  died,  universally  regretted, 
1472. 

AMADUZZI,  Joiix  CiiEiSTorHEK,  a 
learned  Roman  of  the  18th  century  ;  in- 
spector of  the  printing  office  of  the  Propa- 
ganda at  Rome. 

AMAIA,  Francis,  a  Spanish  lawyer  of 
much  reputation,  and  professor  of  legal  sci- 
ence at  Salamanca,  but  afterwards  a  coun- 
sellor at  Valladolid,  where  he  died,  1G40. 

AMAK,  or  ABULNAGIE  AL,  BOKII  ART, 
a  Persian  poet  in  the  5th  century,  enter- 
tained at  the  court  of  sultan  Khedar  Khan, 
who  instituted  an  academy  of  poets,  of 
which  he  made  Amak  president.  His  chief 
poem  is  the  "  History  of  the  Loves  of  Joseph 
and  Zoleiskah." 

AMALARIUS,  Fortunatus,  archbishop 
of  Treves  in  810.  He  established  Christianity 
iu  Saxony,  consecrated  a  church  at  Ham- 
burgh, and  was  sent  ambassador  in  813  to 
Constantinople  by  Charlemagne.    Died,  814. 

AMALTHEUS,  Attix-ius,  made  arch- 
bishop of  Athens  by  Paul  V.,  who  sent  liim 
nuncio  to  Cologne.    Died,  ICOO. 

AMAI.THEUS,  Jerome,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  poet  of  some  repute  ;  born,  1507  ; 
and  died,  1574. 

AM^ILTHEUS,  John  Baptist,  brother  of 
the  above,  was  born,  1523 ;  attended  the 
Venetian  ambassador  to  England,  and,  on 
his  return,  was  mad£  secretary  to  pope 
Pius  IV.  His  Latin  poems  were  printed 
1550  ;  and  lie  died,  1573. 

AMALTHEUS,  Cornelius,  another  bro- 
ther of  the  above,  was  also  eminent  in 
physic  and  poetry. 

AMAND,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard,  Sieur 
de  St.,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Rouen,  1594, 
and  died,  1661.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  French  academy,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  amatory  and  comic 
poetry. 

AMAR  DURIVIER,  J.  A.,  born  in  1763  ; 
author  of  a  great  variety  of  literary  works, 
translations  from  Gay,  Terence,  Lucan,  &c. 

AMARA-SLNGHA,  a  Hindoo  author  of 
great  antiquity,  who  compiled  a  dictionary 
of  tlie  Sanscrit  language,  part  of  which  was 
published  at  Rome,  1798.  An  entire  manu- 
script copy  of  the  original  is  in  the  royal 
library  at  Paris,  written  in  the  century  pre- 
ceding the  birth  of  Christ. 

AMARETTI,  Abbe  C,  a  Milanese  mi- 
neralogist, born  in  1743  ;  author  of  "  Vi- 
aggio  di  Trilaghi,"  "Memoirs  of  Leonardo 
da  Vinci,"  &c.  &c.  He  was  a  knight  of 
Napoleon's  order  of  the  Iron  Crown. 

AJMASEO,  Romulus,  an  eminent  teacher 
of  the  belles  lettres  at  Padua,  where  he 
had  himself  completed  his  education.  Re- 
moving to  Bologna,  where  he  married,  he 
acquired  so  high  a  reputation  that  he  was 


84 


admitted  to  the  citizenship.  His  celebrity 
at  length  caused  him  to  be  invited  to  Rome 
by  Paul  III.,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in 
various  embassies ;  and  by  Julius  III.  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  briefs.  lie 
translated  Paiisanias  and  the  Cyrus  of 
Xenophon  into  Latin ;  and  published  a 
volume  of  his  own  Latin  speeches.  Bom, 
1489  ;  died,  1552. 

AMATI,  a  celebrated  violin  maker  of 
Cremona,  who  lived  about  the  year  1600. 

AMATUS,  a  Portuguese  Jew,  born,  1511, 
at  Castel  Bianco.  He  studied  medicine 
with  success  at  the  university  of  Salamaiicn, 
and  afterwards  gave  lectures  on  the  science 
at  Ferrara,  Ancona,  and  other  places.  He 
published  two  treatises  on  subjects  connected 
with  his  profession.  ' 

AMAURI,  DE  CfiARTRES,  a  French  vi- 
sionary of  the  loth  century,  who  maintained 
the  eternity  of  matter,  and  that  religion 
had  three  epochs,  agreeable  to  the  three 
persons  of  the  Trinity.  His  opinions  were 
condemned  by  the  council  of  Paris,  1209, 
and  some  of  his  followers  burnt.  To  avoid 
a  similar  fate,  he  renoimced  his  errors,  but 
died  of  vexation. 

AMBERGER,  CHRiSTornER,  a  painter 
of  Nuremberg  in  the  16th  century,  was  a 
disciple  of  Hans  Holbein.  His  principal 
work  is  the  history  of  Joseph,  in  twelve 
pictures.  Amberger  was  likewise  a  good 
engraver  in  wood.    Died,  1550. 

AMBOISE,  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
educated  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  and 
afterwards  an  advocate  in  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of  state.  He  pub- 
lished several  poetical  pieces  in  French  and 
Latin,  but  is  chiefly  known  as  the  collector 
and  editor  of  the  works  of  the  celebrated 
Abelard.    He  died  about  1612. 

AMBOISE,  George  d',  a  French  cardi- 
nal and  minister  of  state,  born  of  a  noble 
family,  1460.  He  became  successively  bishop 
of  Montauban,  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and 
lastly  of  Rouen.  Louis  XII.  made  him 
prime  minister,  and  he  soon  acquired  great 
popularity  by  taking  off  the  taxes  which 
had  been  usually  levied  on  the  people  at 
the  accession  of  every  new  monarch.  The 
king,  by  his  advice,  undertook  the  conquest 
of  tlie  Milanese,  which  succeeded.  Soon 
after  this,  he  was  appointed  the  pope's  le- 
gate in  France,  with  the  dignity  of  cardinal, 
and  in  that  capacity  effected  a  great  reform 
among  the  religious  orders.    He  died  in  1510. 

AMBOISE,  Amery  d',  a  famous  French 
admiral,  and  brother  of  the  above,  who 
gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  sultan 
of  Egvpt,  in  1510. 

AJViBOISE,  Michael  d',  a  natural  son  of 
Amboise,  admiral  of  France,  born  at  Naples, 
and  died  in  great  poverty,  1547.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  poems  in  the  French 
language,  which  he  published  imder  the 
name  of  the  Signior  de  Chavillon. 

AMBROGI,  Antoine,  a  Roman  Jesuit  and 
poet,  was  born  in  1712.  tie  translated  Virgil 
and  some  of  the  works  of  Voltaire  into 
Italian.     Died,  1788. 

AMBROGIO,  Tesco,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  among  the  early  Italian  orien- 
talists, was  born  at  Pavia,  in  1469,  and  died, 
1540. 


AMBROSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  was 
born,  340,  at  Aries,  in  Gallia  Nurboncnsis, 
of  which  province  his  father  was  lieutenant. 
While  vet  a  youth  he  pleaded  causes  with 
so  much  eloquence,  that  Probus,  prefect  of 
Italy,  chose  him  one  of  his  council,  and 
afterwards  nominated  him  governor  of 
Milan,  which  olfice  ho  held  five  years.  In 
374,  Auxentius,  bishop  of  Milan,  died  ;  and 
80  fierce  was  the  contest  in  the  election  of 
a  successor  to  the  vacant  see,  that  the  go- 
vernor was  called  upon  to  quell  the  tumult. 
Tills  he  attempted  by  persuasion  in  the 
great  church ;  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his 
address,  a  voice  in  the  crowd  exclaimed, 
"Ambrose  is  bishop."  This  circumstance 
was  considered  as  of  divine  direction,  and 
Ambrose  was  declared  to  be  the  object  not 
only  of  the  popular  choice,  but  of  divine  se- 
lection. His  first  eiforts  were  directed  to 
the  extermination  of  Arianism,  which  was 
then  making  great  progress.  He  also  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  Pagans,  who  were 
attempting  to  restore  their  ancient  worship. 
When  Maximinua  invaded  Italy,  and  ac- 
tually entered  Milan,  Ambrose  remained 
at  his  pogt,  to  assuage  the  calamities  pro- 
duced by  the  invading  army.  When,  in 
consequence  of  a  tumult  at  Thessalonica, 
Theodosius  sent  an  order  for  a  general 
massacre,  Ambrose  repaired  to  the  empe- 
ror, remonstrated  with  him  on  his  barbarity, 
and  prevailed  on  him  to  promise  that  the 
command  should  be  revoked.  Tlie  mandate 
was,  however,  carried  into  execution,  and 
7000  persons  were  slaughtered  in  cold  blood. 
Shortly  afterwards,  when  Theodosius,  in  the 
anguish  of  self-reproach,  was  about  to  enter 
the  great  chnrch  of  Milan,  Ambrose  met 
him  at  the  porch,  and  sternly  forbade  him 
to  appear  in  the  holy  place.  The  emperor 
pleaded  the  example  of  David:  —  "You 
have  imitated  David  in  his  crime,  imitate 
him  in  his  repentance,"  was  the  reply  ;  and 
Theodosius  was  compelled,  not  only  to 
perform  a  penance,  but  to  sign  an  edict, 
which  ordained  that  an  interval  of  thirty 
days  should  pass  before  any  sentence  of 
death  or  of  confiscation  should  be  executed. 
He  died  at  Milan,  in  397. 

AMBROSINI.Ambrozio,  a  Fcrrarese;  au- 
thor of  several  oratorios,  cauzoni,  and  sonnets ; 
died  in  1700. 

AMBROSINT,  Giulio,  a  Mantuan,  bom  in 
1580  ;  author  of  a  work  on  Dcmonology. 

AMBROSIUS  AURELI  ANUS,  king  of  the 
Britons.  He  came  from  Armorica  to  assist 
in  expelling  the  Saxons,  who  had  been  in- 
vited over  by  Vortigern ;  and  on  the  death 
of  that  monarch  the  sovereignty  was  invested 
in  him.    Died,  at  Winchester,  in  50S. 

AMEILIION,  HtiiERT  Pascal,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born,  1730;  author  of  "Uis- 
toire  du  Bas  P^mpire,"  of  a  celebrated  work 
on  the  Commerce  of  the  Egyptians,  and  of 
"  Researches  into  the  Mechanical  Arts  of  the 
Ancients."    Died,  1811. 

AMELIA,  An-xe,  princess  of  Prussia, 
sister  of  Frederic  the  Great;  born,  1723; 
and  died,  1787.  She  was  distinguished  by 
her  taste  for  the  arts,  and  set  to  music 
"  The  Death  of  the  Messiah,"  by  Ramler. 

AMELIA,  duchess  dowager  of  Saxe  Wei- 
mar, bom,  1739  ;  duchess  of  Brunswick  and 


Luneburg.  At  the  age  of  17  she  married, 
and  in  1737  gave  birth  to  a  son,  but  lost  the 
duke,  her  husband,  tlie  year  following.  In 
the  discharge  of  her  duties  as  regent  she  was 
most  exemplary  ;  and  liberally  patronised 
men  of  learning  and  genius,  among  whom 
were  Wicland,  Goethe,  Scliiller,  and  Herder. 
Died,  1807. 

AMELIA,  youngest  child  of  George  III. 
and  Queen  Charlotte ;  a  princess  who  in 
mind  and  manners  was  amiable  and  accom- 
plished, and  whose  taste  for  the  fine  arts 
was  only  equalled  by  her  fervent  piety  and 
pure  benevolence.  She  possessed  in  the 
highest  degree  the  affection  of  her  royal 
father,  and  her  death  is  supposed  to  have 
had  the  most  serious  effect  upon  the  state 
of  his  mind.     Born,  17a3  ;  died,  1810. 

AMELOT,  N.,  a  French  minister  of  state 
in  1788,  who  was  accused  of  persecuting  one 
Latude,  as  the  agent  of  Af.  Pompadour,  during 
the  ancient  regime.  For  some  offence  to 
the  republicans,  he  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Luxemburg,  where  his  life  was  saved  and 
prolonged  by  a  young  female,  who  avowed 
a  passion  for  him  ;  but  at  length  he  died 
in  the  prison.  His  victim,  Latude,  on  es- 
caping from  the  Bastile,  brought  an  action 
of  damages,  and  recovered  from  Amelot's 
heirs. 

AMELOT  DE  LA  IIOUSSAYE,  Nicho- 
las, a  French  historian  of  the  17th  century. 
He  resided  for  some  time  at  Venice,  as  sec- 
retary to  the  French  embassy,  and  wrote  a 
history  of  its  government,  lie  also  trans- 
lated the  "  Prince  "  (by  Machiavcl)  and  other 
Italian  works  into  French.    I>ied,  1706. 

AMELUNGHI,  Jekome,  a  Pisan  poet, 
preceding  Tasso  in  the  mock-heroic  style; 
author  of  "  La  Gigantea  del  Forabosco, '  in 
1547. 

AMENTA,  N.,  an  admired  Neapolitan 
poet,  bom  in  1059  ;  author  of  "  La  Costanija," 
"La  For^a,"  "La  Carlotta,"  "  La  GemcUe," 
comedies,  &c.  &c. 

AMERBACH,  Jonx,  a  printer  of  Basle, 
in  the  15th  century  ;  the  first  who  used  the 
Roman  type  instead  of  Gothic  and  Italian. 
Died,  1515. 

AMERBACn,  Bo-iFACE,  son  of  the  above, 
syndic  of  Basle ;  an  intimate  friend  of 
Erasmus.     Died,  1562. 

AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS,  or,  more  pro- 
perly, Amekigo  Vespucci,  an  eminent 
navigator,  was  bom  at  Florence,  in  1451. 
After  receiving  a  liberal  education,  he  was 
sent  by  his  father  to  Spain  for  the  purpose 
of  conducting  his  commercial  afiairs ;  and, 
being  at  Seville  when  Columbus  was  making 
preparations  for  his  second  voyage,  he  re- 
solved to  quit  mercantile  pursuits,  and  enter 
on  the  career  of  discovery.  His  first  ex- 
pedition to  the  new  continent  was  in  1499, 
under  the  command  of  Ojeda,  a  year  after 
the  discovery  and  examination  of  that  part 
of  the  coast  by  Columbus.  After  this  he 
entered  the  sci-vice  of  king  Emanuel  of 
Portugal,  and  made  two  voyages  in  Por- 
tuguese ships  ;  the  first  in  1501 ;  the  second 
in  1.503.  The  object  of  this  last  voyage  was 
to  find  a  westerly  passage  to  Malacca.  He 
arrived  at  Brazil,  and  discovered  the  Bay 
of  All  Saints.  In  1505,  he  again  entered  the 
service  of  tlie  king  of  Spain,  but  made  no 


ame] 


^  ^0&3  Wixxibtv^Kl  28t0sra3|jT)w. 


[ajim 


more  voyages,  as  appears  from  memoranda, 
showing  that  he  was  at  Seville  till  1508,  at 
which  time  he  was  appointed  principal  pilot. 
His  duties  were  to  prepare  charts,  and  pre- 
scribe routes  for  vessels  in  their  voyages  to 
the  new  world,  which  soon  received  his 
name.  This  honour  certainly  belonged  to 
Columbus  rather  than  to  Amerigo,  for  the 
prior  discovery  of  the  continent  by  the  for- 
mer is  not  to  be  questioned.  He  died  in  1.516. 

AMES,  FisuER,  an  American  political 
writer.  In  1788  he  became  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  and  distinguished 
liimself  as  a  politician.  He  retired  from  pro- 
fessional business  in  179C,  but  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvard  College.  Tlie  works 
of  Mr.  Ames  were  published  at  Boston,  1809. 
Born,  1758  ;  cUed,  1804. 

AMES,  Joseph,  the  celebrated  historian 
of  British  typography,  was  bom  at  Yar- 
mouth, 1(389,  and  died,  1759.  His  father  ap- 
prenticed him  to  a  plane-maker  in  London  ; 
and,  after  serving  out  his  time,  he  became 
a  fillip-chandler  at  Wapping,  which  business, 
notwithstanding  his  antiquarian  pursuits,  he 
carried  on  until  his  death.  lie  early  dis- 
covered a  taste  for  English  history  and  anti- 
quities ;  and  brought  out,  in  1749,  after  a 
labour  of  25  years,  "  Typographical  Antiqui- 
ties ; "  being  an  liistorical  account  of  print- 
ing in  England,  with  some  memoirs  of  an- 
cient printers,  and  a  register  of  the  books 
printed  by  them  from  1471  to  1600  ;  with  an 
appendix  concerning  printing  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland  to  the  same  time. 

AMES,  William,  an  English  divine  of 
the  time  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  He  was 
author  of  a  vast  number  of  controversial 
treatises,  but  is  now  chiefly  known  by  his 
"Medulla  Theologica"  and  "Treatise  on 
Conscience."    Died,  1G33. 

AMHERST,  JEFFERr,  Lord,  a  distin- 
guished British  oflBcer,  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  Kentish  family,  near  Sevenoaks, 
where  he  was  bom,  1717.  He  entered  into 
the  army  in  1731,  and  became  aide-de-camp 
to  Lord  Ligonier,  with  whom  he  served  at 
tlie  battles  of  Rocoux,  Dettingen,  and  Fon- 
tenoy.  In  1758  he  was  sent  to  America, 
where  he  captured  Louisbourg,  and  all  its 
dependencies  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
This  was  followed  by  the  reduction  of  Fort 
du  Quesne,  Niagara,  and  Ticonderoga,  which 
paved  the  way  for  the  entire  conquest  of 
Canada.  For  these  services.  General  Am- 
herst received  the  thanks  of  parliament,  and 
the  order  of  tlie  Bath.  In  1703  he  was  made 
governor  of  Virginia;  and,  in  1776,  created 
Baron  Amherst.  In  1795,  he  resigned  the 
commandership-in-chief  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  the  following  year  received  the 
rank  of  field-marshal.    He  died  in  1797. 

AMHURST,  Nicholas,  an  English  poli- 
tical and  miscellaneous  writer,  bom  at  Mar- 
den,  Kent,  1701,  and  died,  1742.  He  was 
author  of  the  "Terrse  Filius,"  a  satirical 
work  on  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  and  pub- 
lished, with  the  assistance  of  Pulteney  and 
Lord  Bolingbroke,  the  work  by  which  he  is 
most  known,  entitled  "  The  Craftsman." 

AMICO,  Antoxio,  a  Sicilian  priest,  and 
canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Palermo,  distin- 
guished by  some  considerable  works  in  his- 
tory and  antiquities  ;   for  which  Philip  IV. 


of  Spain  made  him  historiographer  royal. 
Died,  1641. 

AMICO,  ViTO  Maria,  a  professor  of  theo- 
logy in  the  18th  century  ;  principally  known 
by  his  Sicilian  antiquities. 

AMICONI,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  liistori- 
cal and  portrait  painter,  who  visited  England 
in  1729.  He  afterwards  went  to  Spain,  was 
appointed  portrait  painter  to  the  king,  and 
died  there,  1752. 

AMILCAR,  a  Carthaginian  general,  of 
great  valour,  was  descended  from  the  an- 
cient kings  of  Tyre  ;  and  being  early  en- 
trusted with  military  command,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  wars  of  Carthage, 
particularly  against  the  Romans,  towards 
whom  he  bore  an  implacable  hatred.  He 
was  the  father  of  Hannibal. 

AMIOT,  Father,  one  of  the  most  learned 
of  the  French  missionaries  to  Cliina,  born  at 
Toulon,  1718,  and  died  at  Pekin,  1794,  aged 
77.  This  zealous  Jesuit,  who  arrived  at 
Macao  in  1750,  was  invited  to  Pekin,  in  1751, 
by  the  emperor  of  China,  and  remained  in 
that  capital  43  years.  By  continued  appli- 
cation he  became  acquainted  with  the  Chi- 
nese and  Tartar  languages  ;  and,  from  time 
to  time,  remitted  to  France  the  result  of  liis 
labours,  which  afterwards  appeared  in  seve- 
ral publications. 

AAIINTA,  T.,  author  of  the  mock-heroic 
poem,  "  La  Nanea,"  in  1566. 

AMMAN.  There  were  three  noted  phy- 
sicians of  this  name.  The  first,  John  Cox- 
EAD,  a  native  of  Schaft'hausen,  was  born, 
1669,  and  died,  1724,  at  Marmund,  in  the 
Netherlands.  He  was  chiefly  distinguished 
by  liis  success  in  teaching  persons  born  deaf 
and  dumb  to  speak.  —  His  son,  John,  was  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  London,  and 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Petersburgh,  where  he  lectured  on  botany, 
and  acquired  great  reputation ;  he  died, 
1740.  —  The  third,  Paul,  was  a  native  of 
Breslaw,  who  settled  in  1674  at  Leipsic, 
where  lie  gave  lectures  on  pliysiology,  na- 
tural history,  and  botany ;  he  died,  1691. 

AMMAN,  Justus,  a  famous  engraver  and 
painter  at  Zurich,  in  the  16th  century.  He 
painted  with  great  brilliancy  on  glass,  but 
excelled  chiefly  in  engraving,  both  on  wood 
and  copper.    Died,  1691. 

AMMANATI,  Bartolomeo,  a  Floren- 
tine architect  and  sculptor  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, whose  chief  performances  are  the  co- 
lossal statue  of  Neptune  at  Venice  and  the 
statue  of  Hercules  at  Padua. 

AMMIANUS,  Makckllinus,  a  Latin  his- 
torian of  the  4th  century,  born  at  Antioch. 
He  wrote  the  Roman  history  from  the  reign 
of  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens,  in  31  books, 
of  which  only  18  are  extant ;  and  died  about 
390. 

AMMIRATO,  Seine,  an  esteemed  Neapo- 
litan poet,  bom  in  1531 ;  author  of  a  "History 
of  Florence,"  which  he  wrote  at  the  instance 
of  the  grand-duke  Cosmo  ;  of  the  "  Argo- 
menti "  to  "  Orlando  Furioso  ; "  and  of  nu- 
merous prose  tracts,  political  and  historical. 
Died,  1601. 

AMMON,  Andreas,  a  Latin  poet,  bom 
at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  of  wliose  genius  Erasmus 
made  frequent  and  honourable  mention.  He 
was  sent  to  England  in  an  official  character, 


amm] 


^  i^m  ^ixibtr^Kl  2StOfiraqp]^s. 


[ana 


by  pope  Leo  X.,  an<l  was  appointed  Latin 
i  secretary'  to  Henry  VIII.  He  Kiibsenucntly 
became  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  having  pre- 
viously received  some  vuluable  church  pre- 
ferment.    Died,  1517. 

AMMON'IUS.  There  were  two  philoso- 
phers of  this  name,  of  the  Peripatetic  school ; 
one  flourished  at  Athens  about  the  year  00, 
and  the  other  taught  at  Alexandria  in  the 
0th  centurj-.  The  latter  was  a  disciple  of 
Proclus,  and  obtained  great  reputation  as  a 
preceptor. 

AMiMONIUS,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria, 
who  invented  a  method  of  extracting  tlie 
stone  from  the  bladder,  which  procured  liim 
the  surname  of  the  Lithotomist. 

AM.MONIUS,  Lkvinus,  a  monk  of  Flan- 
ders, much  esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his 
learning  and  pictv.     Died,  155C. 

AMMONIUS  SACCAS,  a  pliilosopher  of 
the  iJrd  century,  founder  of  the  Neo-platonic 
sect,  was  born  of  Christian  parents  at  Alex- 
andria, and  died  about  2l;{. 

AMON TONS,  GuiLLAtiME,  a  French  ma- 
thematician, born  in  Normandy,  1003,  and 
died,  1705.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  natural  philosophy ;  and  constructed  a 
new  thermometer,  hygroscope,  and  other 
philosophical  instruments. 

AiMORE,  8.  D.,  a  Sicilian  poet,  bom  in 
1044  ;  author  of  "  L'  Augusto  "  and  "  II  Sesos- 
tri,"  tragedies,  &c.  &c. 

AMOttETTI,  Charles,  a  mineralogist, 
born  at  Oneglia,  in  the  Milanese,  1740,  and 
died,  1810.  lie  became  one  of  the  keepers  of 
the  Anibrositm  library,  at  Milan,  and  pub- 
lished, in  Italian,  "A  Tour  from  Milan  to 
the  Three  Lakes  of  Como,  Lugano,  and 
Maggiore."  I  le  composed  also  a  great  number 
of  memoirs  and  tracts,  for  which  he  was  re- 
warded with  the  decoration  of  the  order  of 
the  Iron  Crown. 

AMORY,  TiiONfAS,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  eminence,  bom  at  Taunton,  1701,  and 
died,  1774  ;  leaving  behind  several  volumes 
of  sermons,  and  also  the  lives  of  Grove,  Ben- 
son, and  Chandler. 

AMORY,  Thomas,  a  singular  character, 
was  son  of  Counsellor  Amory,  appointed 
by  William  III.  secretary  for  the  forfeited 
estates  in  Ireland.  He  led  a  very  recluse 
life  in  his  house  in  Orchard  Street,  West- 
minster, carefully  shunning  company,  and 
never  stirring  out  till  the  evening.  He  was 
the  author  of  "John  Biinele,"  "Memoirs," 
and  other  eccentric  books.  Died,  17t>9, 
aged  5)7. 

AMPERE,  Andke  ^Iarie,  whose  name  ia 
imperishably  connected  with  the  great  dis- 
coveries in  electro-magnetism,  was  bom  at 
Lyons,  1775.  In  1804  he  was  nominated  pro- 
fessor in  the  Polytechnic  School  of  Paris  ; 
and  here,  in  connection  with  Oersted,  Fara- 
day, and  other  distinguished  men  of  science, 
with  whom  he  was  in  constant  correspond- 
ence, he  paved  the  way  for  those  brilliant 
discoveries  that  have  already  issued  in  the 
electric  telegraph,  and  promise  an  illimita- 
ble extension  of  the  boundaries  of  science. 
Died,  1(05. 

AMURATII IL,  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
was  son  of  Mahomet  I.,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1421.  He  was  an  exceedingly  warlike 
prince,  and  among  his  numerous  victories 


was  that  of  Varna,  in  1444,  when  the  Chris- 
tians were  defeated,  and  numbered  among  j 
their  slain  the  king  of  Hungary.  George 
Castriot,  celebrated  by  the  name  of  Scander- 
beg,  at  length  put  a  period  to  the  career  of 
Amurath,  who  died  of  chagrin  at  liis  re- 
verses, in  1451. 

AMURATH  III.  succeeded  his  fatlier, 
Selim  II.,  in  1575.  On  his  accession,  he 
caused  his  five  brothers  to  be  murdered. 
Died,  l.-iOC. 

AMURATH  IV.  succeeded  his  uncle  Mus- 
tapha  in  1022.  He  recovered  Bagdad  from 
the  Persians  in  1037  ;  after  which  he  put 
30,000  of  his  prisoners  to  the  sword.  Died, 
1C40. 

AMYN  AHMED,  a  learned  Persian  of  the 
17th  century,  who  wrote  an  elaborate  work, 
entitled  "  The  Seven  Climates,  or  a  Geogra- 
phical Description  of  the  East." 

AMYOT,  James,  bishop  of  Auxcrre,  and 
grand  almoner  of  France,  bom  at  Melun,  of 
obscure  parents,  1514,  and  died,  1503.  He 
left  the  university  of  Paris  at  the  age  of  23. 
and  was  recommended  to  the  Duchess  of 
Berri,  by  whose  means  he  Iwcame  professor 
of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Bourges.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  preceptor  to  the  sons 
of  Henry  II.,  and,  while  engaged  in  this  em- 
ployment, he  translated  the  Lives  of  Plu- 
tordi.  Charles  IX.  gave  him  the  abbey  of 
Cornelius  de  Compeigne,  and  conferred  on 
him  the  high  olflces  aoove  mentioned. 

AMYRAUT,  Moses,  a  learned  French 
theologian,  born  at  Bourgueil,  l.'iOO,  and 
died,  1004 ;  vfery  generally  respected,  not 
only  for  his  moderation  and  abilities,  but 
also  for  his  bcneticence  and  charity.  His 
voluminous  works  are  chiefly  theological. 

AMYRUTZES,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher, 
bom  at  Trebizond.  He  was  high  in  favour 
with  the  emperor  David,  and  accompanied 
that  prince  to  Constantinople,  whither  the 
Turks  carried  him  after  their  reduction  of 
Trebizond  in  1401.  Here  he  deserted  both 
his  sovereign  and  his  religion,  and  assuming 
the  name  of  Mahomet  Beg,  and  embracing 
the  Mahometan  creed,  he  was  much  em- 
ployed by  Mahomet  II. 

ANACHARSIS,  a  .Scythian  philosopher, 
flourished  about  COO  years  B.C.  lie  travelled 
to  Athens,  where  he  was  much  esteemed  by 
Solon,  and  was  the  only  stranger  the  Athe- 
nians ever  admitted  to  the  honour  of  citizen- 
ship. On  his  return  to  Scythia  he  attempted 
to  introduce  some  of  the  institutions  and 
customs  of  Greece  ;  but  while  in  the  act  of 
performing  a  rite  to  Cybele,  he  was  killed 
by  an  arrow. 

ANACLETUS,  or  CLETUS,  reckoned  by 
Roman  Catholics  the  third  pope,  succeeded 
Sinus  as  bishop  of  the  church  of  the  Romans 
in  79,  and  held  that  office  till  his  death  in 
92,  when  he  was  enrolled  among  the  saints 
and  martyrs. 

ANACREON,  a  famous  Greek  lyric  poet, 
born  at  Teos,  Ionia,  about  the  Cth  century 
B.C.  He  was  enteitained  by  Polycrates  at 
Samos,  and  afterwards  lived  with  Hippar- 
chu8,  at  Athens,  whence  he  returned  to  Teos, 
and  remained  there  till  the  revolt  of  Histaeus, 
when  he  removed  to  Abdera,  where  he  was 
choked  by  a  grape-stone  in  the  act  of  drink- 
ing.   His  poems  are  exquisitely  beautil'ul, 


37 


ana] 


^  ^tbi  Winibtvgul  33insrapibB« 


[anc 


lively,  and  natural.  There  have  been  seve- 
ral English  translations,  but  the  one  in  high- 
est esteem  is  by  Moore. 

ANARIA,  G.  L.,  a  noble  Calabrian  cos- 
mographer,  born  iu  15C1  ;  author  of  a  cele- 
brated work  on  demonology,  published  at 
Venice,  "apud  Aldum,"  158'J. 

ANASTASrUS  I.,  emperor  of  the  East, 
born  in  Illyrieuni,  430,  and  died,  518.  He 
was  elevated  to  the  throne  in  491. 

ANASTASIIJS  II.,  raised  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople  from  the  condition  of  se- 
cretary, 713,  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  a 
zealous  Catholic,  yet  he  did  not  neglect  the 
defence  of  the  empire,  then  threatened  by 
the  Saracens.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Leo, 
who  had  usurped  the  crown, 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  pope,  a  Roman,  suc- 
ceeded Siricius  in  328,  and  died,  402.  His 
epistle  to  John,  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  who 
had  written  to  him  in  behalf  of  Rullinus,  a 
presbyter  of  Aquileia,  is  extant,  together 
with  Ruffinus'  apology. 

ANASTASIUS  II.,  son  of  a  Roman  citi- 
zen, succeeded  pope  Gelasius  in  49C,  and  died 
iu  498. 

ANASTASIUS  in.,  a  Roman  by  birth, 
was  raised  to  the  papal  chair,  after  Sergius, 
911,  and  died  two  years  aftei-wards. 

ANASTASIUS  IV.  succeeded  Eugcnius 
III.,  IIXJ,  and  died  the  following  year.  Ten 
letters  of  this  pope  are  preserved  in  the  Col- 
lections of  Councils  by  Labbe  and  Harduin, 
and  in  Du  Chesne's  History  of  France. 

ANASTASIUS,  Tueopoijxanus,  bishop 
of  Antioch  in  the  Gth  century,  banished  by 
Justin  the  Younger  for  holding  the  opinion 
that  the  body  of  Christ  was  incapable  of 
suffering  even  before  the  resurrection.  He 
was  afterwards  restored  to  his  see  by  Mau- 
ritius, and  died,  099. 

ANASTASIUS,  called  Bibliotiieca- 
nius,  a  Roman  abbot,  of  Greek  origin,  of 
the  9th  century  ;  author  of  "  Liber  Pontift- 
calis."  He  was  principal  librarian  in  the 
Vatican. 

ANATOLIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  contended  against  pope  Leo  for 
the  equalit  V  of  the  two  churches.    Died,  458. 

ANAXAGORAS,  of  Clazomena:,  a  cele- 
brated philosopher,  born  b.  c.  500.  He  in- 
herited a  considerable  estate  in  his  own 
country,  which  he  relinquished  to  indulge  his 
tliirst  for  knowledge  at  Athens,  where  he 
applied  to  the  study  of  poetry  and  eloquence, 
and  taught  philosophy,  having  had  among 
his  pupils  Euripides,  the  tragedian,  and  Peri- 
cles, the  orator.  His  reputation,  however, 
created  him  enemies,  and  he  was  condemned 
to  death  on  a  charge  of  atheism,  but  the 
sentence  was  commuted  into  banishment. 
Anaxagoras  then  withdrew  to  Lampsacus, 
where  he  taught  philosophy  undisturbed 
until  his  death,  which  happened  iu  liis  72d 
year,  B.C.  428. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  a  Greek  comic  poet, 
said  to  have  been  the  first  who  introduced 
love  adventures  on  the  stage.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Rhodes,  and  starved  to  death  at  Athens 
for  libelling  the  government,  B.C.  400. 

ANAXARCHUS,  a  Grecian  philosopher  of 
the  Eleatic  sect  of  Leucippus.  He  was  the 
friend  and  companion  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  Asiatic 


expedition,  and  who  admitted  him  to  great 
freedom. 

AN AXIMANDER,  the  friend  and  disciple 
of  Thales,  of  Miletus,  born,  B.C.  010.  He  had 
a  considerable  knowledge  of  astronomy  and 
geography,  and  was  the  first  who  noticed  the 
obliquity' of  the  ecliptic  :  he  also  taught  that 
the  moon  receives  her  light  from  the  sun,  and 
that  the  eartli  is  globular  :  and  to  him  is  as- 
scribed  the  invention  of  the  sphere  and  geo- 
graphical charts. 

ANAXIMENES,  the  pupil  and  successor 
of  Anaximander.  He  maintained  that  airis 
the  first  principle  of  all  things  ;  and  Pliny 
attributes  to  him  the  invention  of  the  sun- 
dial, 

ANAXIJfENES,  of  Lampsacus,  a  Greek 
historian  and  philosopher,  son  of  Aristocles. 
He  was  one  of  the  preceptors  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  whom  he  accompanied  in  most  of 
his  campaigns,  and  afterwards  wrote  the 
history  of  his  reign,  and  that  of  his  father 
Philip. 

ANCHIETA,  Jos.,  a  Portuguese  Jesnit, 
surnamed  the  Apostle  of  the  New  World  ; 
born  at  Teneriffe,  1538,  and  died,  ir,m.  At 
the  age  of  28,  he  went  to  Brazil,  where  he 
founded  the  first  college  for  the  conversion 
of  the  savage  natives. 

ANCHVVITZ,  N.,  theCracovian  nuncio  to 
the  Polish  Diet  ;  a  man  as  talented  as  base  ; 
who  sold  Poland  to  Russia  and  her  parti- 
tionary  colleagues,  in  1782,  and  was  hanged 
the  year  after,  in  an  insurrection  of  Ihe 
people. 

ANCILLON,  J.  P.  P.,  a  celebrated  histo- 
rian, born  in  17f!(5  ;  author  of  "  Tableau  des 
Revolutions  du  SystCme  Politique,"  &c. 

ANCILLON,  David,  a  learned  French 
divine,  bom  at  Metz,  1017,  and  died,  1092. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he 
retired  from  Meaux,  of  which  he  had  been 
for  some  time  the  pastor,  to  Frankfort,  and 
thence  to  Hanau,  where  he  attained  to  great 
celebrity  by  his  theological  writings  and  dis- 
coveries ;  and  he  afterwards  accepted  a  situ- 
ation in  the  French  church  at  Berlin.  His 
eldest  son, Charles  Aneillon,  obtained  through 
his  influence  the  office  of  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Prussia,  and  was  afterwards  made 
inspector  of  the  French  courts  of  justice.  He 
was  a  man  of  much  general  reading,  wrote 
several  treatises,  &c.,  and  died,  1715. 

ANCKARSTROEM,  or  ANKARSTROM, 
JoH.v  James,  a  Swedish  military  oflficer,  who 
assassinated  king  Gustavus  III.  at  a  masked 
ball ;  for  which  crime  he  was  scourged  on 
three  successive  days,  had  his  right  hand  cut 
off,  and  was  then  decapitated.  Born,  1758  ; 
executed,  1792. 

ANCONA,  Cyriaco  d',  an  Italian  anti- 
quary, collector  of  inscriptions,  and  author 
of  "  Itinerariuni  Illyricum  ;"  born  in  1420. 

ANCOURT,  Floiient  Cautox  d',  a  cele- 
brated French  actor  and  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Fontainebleau,  ICOl,  and  died,  172G. 
He  was  educated  in  the  Jesuits'  College  at 
Paris,  and  was  admitted  an  advocate  at  the 
age  of  17  ;  but,  falling  in  love  with  an  actress, 
he  married  her,  went  upon  the  stage,  and 
began  to  write  for  the  theatres.  Retiring  from 
this  employment  in  1718,  to  his  estate  in 
Berry,  he  applied  himself  almost  wholly  to 
devotion,  and  composed  a  translation  of  the 


ANC] 


^  ^cU)  ^uibtr^al  23t05VflpTji). 


[and 


Psalms  in  verse,  and  a  sacred  tragedy.  He 
was  tlie  author  of  ,'>2  dramatic  pieces,  of  wliicli 
about  one  lialf  still  keep  the  stage. 

ANGUS  MARTIUS,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
elected  on  the  death  of  Tullus  Ilostilius,  B.C. 
(534.  During  his  reign,  Rome  was  enlarged 
by  taking  in  the  walls  of  the  Aventine  Hill, 
and  occupying  the  hill  Janiculum,  beyond 
the  Tiber.  lie  also  built  the  bridge  called 
Sublicius,  erected  a  public  prison  in  the  fo- 
rum, extended  the  territories  of  Rome  quite 
to  the  sea,  and  built  the  town  and  port  of 
Ostia,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  Aucus  died 
after  a  prosperous  reign  of  2-i  years. 

AJSDERSON,  AuAM,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  for  many  years  a  managing  clerk  in  the 
South-Sea  House,  a  trustee  for  the  settle- 
ments in  Georgia,  and  in  the  court  of  the 
Scotch  corporation  in  London.  He  wrote  a 
work  on  the  Historical  and  Chronological 
Deduction  of  Trade  and  Commerce  ;  aud 
died,  ]7<i.">,  aged  75. 

ANDERSON,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
scholar  of  the  17th  century,  born  at  Aberdeen, 
and  afterwards  i)rofe8Sor  of  mathematics  at 
Paris  ;  author  of  various  treatises  principally 
connected  with  his  favourite  science. 

ANDERSON,  Sir  Edmund,  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  under  queen 
Elizabeth,  to  which  situation  he  wa«  pro- 
moted in  1.W2.  He  sat  on  the  trials  of  the 
unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  of 
Davidson,  the  secretary,  for  issuing  the 
warrant  under  which  she  was  executed. 
Anderson's  Reports,  folio,  1C44,  is  still  a 
book  of  authority.  He  was  a  native  of 
Lincolnshire,  and  died,  1(105. 

yVNDERSON,  (lEoitciE,  a  native  of  Tun- 
dern,  Slcswick.  During  1644,  and  the  six 
following  years,  he  spent  his  time  in  tra- 
velling through  the  East,  and  visited  the 
Arabias,  Persia,  India,  China,  the  Japanese 
Islands,  Tartary,  and  the  Holy  Land.  The 
Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  on  his  return, 
having  vainly  endeavoured  to  induce  him 
to  commit  his  adventures  to  writing,  em- 
ployed his  librarian,  Olearius,  to  take  down 
the  account  from  his  own  mouth  as  he  re- 
lated them  to  his  highness,  the  scribe  being 
concealed  behind  the  tapestry  of  the  apart- 
ment. This  work  was  afterwards  published 
in  Sleswick,  lOCy. 

ANDI'-RSON,  Geokge,  a  young  man  of 
extraordinary  talents,  born  at  Weston, 
linckinghamshire,  in  1700,  and  died,  1796. 
His  parents  were  peasants,  and  he  worked 
as  a  day-labourer  in  the  fields  ;  his  genius, 
however,  overcame  every  difficulty,  and  he 
attained  of  himself  so  great  a  knowledge  of 
the  mathematics,  as  procured  him  a  clerk's 
place  at  the  Board  of  Control,  and  after- 
wards the  situation  of  accomi)tant-gen.  Mr. 
Anderson  published  a  "  General  View  of  the 
Affairs  of  the  East  India  Company,  since 
the  conclusion  of  the  War  in  1784  ;  "  and 
translated  from  the  Greek  of  Archimedes, 
"  Arenarius,  or  a  Treatise  on  munbcring 
the  Sand." 

ANDERSON,  James,  an  advocate  at  the 
Scottish  bar,  eminent  for  his  learning  and 
antiijuarian  research,  born  at  Edinburgh, 
1662,  and  died,  1798,  through  an  apoplectic 
stroke.  His  first  work,  "  An  Essay,  proving 
the  Independence  of  the  Crown  of  Scotland, 


published  170.5,  procured  him  the  thanks  of 
the  Scottish  parliament,  imder  whose  aus- 
pices he  subsequently  produced  a  series  of 
the  "  Charters  and  Seals  of  the  Scottish 
Monarchs  from  the  earliest  Antiquity  down 
to  the  Union  with  England."  But  tlie  book 
which  gained  him  the  greatest  reputation 
was, "  Selectus  Diplomatum  etNumismatum 
Scotiae  Thesaurus." 

ANDERSON,  James,  a  Scottish  miscel- 
laneous writer,  bom  at  Ilemnston,  near 
Edinburgh,  1739,  and  died,  1808.  He  pub- 
lished a  series  of  "Essays  ou  Planting," 
which  procured  him  much  reputation  as  an 
agriculturist ;  and,  in  1780,  the  university  of 
Alierdeen  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  In  178.3,  he  removed  to  Edinburgh, 
and  projected  the  establishment  of  the  North 
British  Eisheries ;  for  which  purpose  he  was 
employed  by  government  to  survey  the  coast 
of  Scotland,  and  received  great  commenda- 
tion for  his  services.  Dr.  Anderson  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  publications  chiefly 
on  agricultural  affairs  ;  he  also  wrote  for  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britaunica,  and  was  a  monthly 
reviewer. 

ANDERSON,  Joii.v,  F.  R.S.,  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  in  the  university  of 
Glasgow,  and  founder  of  tlie  useful  institu- 
tion in  that  city  bearing  his  name,  was  l)orn 
in  1726,  at  Roseneath,  in  Dumbartonshire. 
His  great  characteristic  was  an  ardent  desire 
for  the  instruction  of  his  fellow-men,  and  he 
was  indefatigable  in  studying  and  exempli- 
fying the  application  of  science  to  mechanical 
practice  ;  for  which  purpose,  in  addition  to 
his  academical  labours,  he  taught  his  anti- 
toga-dass,  as  he  called  it,  twice  every  week, 
during  the  session,  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He 
died  in  1796,  directing  by  his  will  that  the 
whole  of  liis  proi)erty  should  be  devoted  to 
the  establishment  of  an  educational  insti- 
tution in  Glasgow,  to  be  denominated  An- 
derson's University,  for  the  use  of  the  un- 
academical  classes  j  which  may  justly  be 
considered  as  the  parent  of  the  various 
Mechanics'  Institutions  which  have  of  late 
years  arisen  throughout  the  country. 

ANDERSON,  John,  son  of  a  merchant 
at  Hamburgh,  of  which  city  he  himself  be- 
came principal  magistrate  in  1725.  He  was 
employed  in  various  negotiations  to  different 
Eurojjean  courts  ;  and  during  his  residence 
there,  he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with 
all  whom  he  found  distinguished  for  their 
literary  attainments,  and  kept  up  a  volumin- 
ous correspondence  with  them  after  his  re- 
turn. He  died,  1743,  aged  79.  His  principal 
work  is,  "  The  Natural  History  of  Greenland, 
Davis's  Straits,  and  the  Countries  situated 
in  the  Arctic  Circle." 

ANDERSON,  Lawrence,  one  of  the  chief 
promoters  of  the  reformation  of  religion  in 
Sweden.  He  was  chancellor  to  Gustavus 
^asa  ;  but  having  engaged  in  a  conspiracy, 
he  passed  the  years  of  life  left  to  him  by  the 
king's  clemency,  in  retirement.     Died,  15.")2. 

ANDERSON,  Robeist,  M.  D.,  a  native 
of  Camwath,  in  Lanarkshire ;  author  of 
numerous  works,  critical  and  biographical. 
Of  those  most  highly  valued  are  the  follow- 
ing :  —  "Lives  of  the  British  Poets,"  in  14 
vols.,  published  in  1795 ;  "  Works  and  Life 
of  Tobias   Smollett;"    and   the   "Life  of 


and] 


^  ^e&3  Winiiitx^sX  ISf0grapT)n. 


AN 


Samuel  Johnson."  He  was  the  friend  and 
patron  of  genius  wherever  it  appeared ;  to 
him  Campbell  dedicated  his  "Pleasures  of 
Hope,"  as  it  was  chiefly  owing  to  him  that 
tliat  matchless  poem  was  first  brought  before 
the  world.    Died,  1830. 

ANDOCIDES,  one  of  the  ten  Greek  ora- 
tors, whose  lives  are  written  by  Plutarch ; 
he  flourished,  B.C.  4G8. 

ANDRE',  C.  C,  a  laborious  German  au- 
thor; born  in  1763;  editor  of  the  "Com- 
pendiose  Bibliothek,"  1789 ;  and  many 
works  on  history,  botany,  mineralogy,  and 
geology. 

ANDKE',  J.,  born  in  1741 ;  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  German  composers.  Died,  1800. 
His  son,  J.  A.,  was  the  first  to  employ  litho- 
graphy to  the  printing  of  music,  1801. 

ANDRE',  B.,  an  ex -Jesuit,  born  in  174.5  ; 
editor  of  "Gazette  Literaire  de  Wurtz- 
bur^,"  and  author  of  many  works,  chiefly 
Latin,  on  Pedagogy,  &c.  &c. 

ANDRE',  John,  a  major  in  the  British 
service  in  the  American  war  ;  who,  being 
led  to  offer  liis  services  to  negotiate  between 
the  noted  General  Arnold  and  general  Sir 
Ileniy  Clinton,  was  taken  ijrisoner  by  the 
Americans  witliin  their  lines  ;  and,  owing  to 
his  disguise  and  the  nature  of  his  mission, 
was  tried  and  executed  as  a  spy,  Oct.  2. 
1780.  On  going  to  the  place  of  execution, 
he  said,  with  concern,  "Must  I  die  in  this 
manner?"  Being  told  it  was  unavoidable, 
he  replied,  "  I  am  reconciled  to  my  fate, 
but  not  to  the  mode  ;  it  will,  however,  be  but 
a  momentary  pang."  His  fortitude  ex- 
cited the  admiration,  and  melted  the  hearts 
of  all  the  spectators.  When  asked  if  he 
had  anything  to  say,  he  replied,  "Nothing, 
but  to  request  that  you  will  witness  to  the 
world  that  I  die  like  a  brave  man."  A 
monument  is  erected  to  liim  in  Westminster 
Abbev. 

ANDRE',  Y'vES  Mahi,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Caen  ;  au- 
tlior  of  "Traiti5  sur  TUomme,"  &c.  Born, 
1075  ;  died,  1704. 

ANDREA,  Caval  Caxti,  a  noble  Italian, 
and  voluminous  author,  remarkable  for  the 
copiousness  and  elegance  of  his  style.  He 
died  in  1072,  and  left  a  collection  of  novels, 
an  Italian  biograijhy,  and  many  minor 
poems. 

ANDREA,  Cecciiexi,  a  Tuscan  ;  author 
of  "  Troja  Distrutta,"  a  tragedy,  and  se- 
veral minor  pieces,  published  in  1063. 

ANDREA,  SALVADoni,  a  Tuscan  poet, 
born  about  1600 ;  left  three  volumes  of  co- 
medies, masks,  operas,  and  poems  —  "  II 
JMedoro,"  "  La  Flora,"  "  Le  Fonti  di  Ar- 
denna,"  &c. 

ANDREADA,  Ferdinaxo,  a  Portuguese 
admiral,  who,  in  1518,  commanded  the  first 
European  fleet  that  ever  visited  the  coast  of 
China. 

ANDREyE,  Joiix  Gerhard  REixnAKD, 
an  ingenious  naturalist  of  Hanover,  born, 
1724,  and  died,  1793.  He  published  a  "  Tour 
in  Switzerland,"  and  a  "Treatise  on  the 
several  kinds  of  Earth  in  Hanover." 

ANDREAS,  James,  a  German  reformer, 
born  at  Wirtemberg,  1528,  and  died,  1590. 
He  was  at  the  diets  of  Ilatisbon  and  Augs- 
burg ;  secretary  at  the  conference  of  Worms  ; 


and  afterwards  made  chancellor  and  rector 
of  the  university  of  Tubingen. 

ANDREAS,  JouN,  bishop  of  Aleria,  in 
Corsica,  born,  1417,  and  C.-ied,  1475.  He  was 
a  zealous  promoter  of  the  art  of  printing, 
and  superintended  the  impressions  of  several 
classical  works  at  Rome. 

ANDREINI,  Feancis,  a  celebrated  comic 
writer  of  Pistoia  ;  autlior  of  "  Le  Bravure 
del  Capitano  Spavento,"  &c.    Died,  1616. 

ANDREINI,  Isabella,  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  and  beautiful  im- 
provisatore,  comedian,  and  comic  writer. 
She  displayed  great  precocity  of  genius,  was 
well  versed  in  i)hilosophy  and  languages, 
sang  and  played  with  exquisite  taste,  and 
was  of  irreproachable  morals.  Born  at  Pa- 
dua, in  1562  ;  died  at  Lyons,  in  1G04. 

ANDREINI,  John  Baptist,  son  of 
Francis  ;  and  author  of  several  dramas  and 
poems,  among  which  is  "  L'Adamo,"  a 
mystery,  which  suggested  (as  it  is  said)  to 
^Milton,  while  at  Milan,  his  Paradise  Lost. 

ANDRELINI,  Public  Fekto,  a  native  of 
Italy,  poet  laureat  to  Louis  XII.,  of  France, 
and  professor  of  poetry  and  philosophy  in 
the  universitv  of  Paris.    Died,  1518. 

ANDREOSSI,  Francis,  an  eminent 
French  engineer  and  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  16;33.  He  assisted  Riquet 
in  forming  the  canal  of  Languedoc,  the  sole 
merit  of  which  stupendous  work  has  been 
uujustlj'  claimed  for  him.    Died,  1688. 

ANDREOSSI,  Anthony  Fraxcls,  Count, 
a  distinguislied  French  military  officer  and 
engineer,  and  eminent  also  as  a  diplomatist, 
was  descended  from  the  subject  of  the  pre- 
ceding article,  and  born  in  Languedoc,  1761. 
He  was  a  lieutenant  of  artillery  at  twenty  ; 
served  with  distinction  in  Italy  and  Egypt  ;  ^ 
and  had    reached    the   rank   of   inspector-  \ 
general  of  the  artillery  when  Napoleon  as-  i 
cended  the   throne.     He    was   successively  1 
ambassador  to  London,  Vienna,  and  Con-  ' 
stautinople  ;    and  received  many  marks  of 
the  imperial  favour.    On  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIII.  in  1814,  Andreossi  was  recalled  ; 
from   his  embassy  to  the  Porte,  and  pre-  ' 
scnted  with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis  :  but  on  | 
the  return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  he  again  j 
attached  Iiimself  to  his  old  master  ;  and  was  | 
one  of  the  commissioners  chosen  to  treat  j 
with  the  allies  by  the  provisional  govern- 
ment.     He  wrote    "  Histoire   Gi.'n($rale    du 
Canal  du  Midi  ; "    the  "  Campaign  of  the 
Gallo-Batavian  Army  on  the  Maine  and  Rcd- 
nitz,"  &c.    Died,  1828. 

ANDREOZZI,  G.,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated composers  of  Italy.     Born,  1767. 

ANDRES,  Don  Juan,  a  Spanish  author, 
celebrated  in  the  controversy  respecting  the 
Amalfian  origin  of  the  mariner's  compass  ; 
author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Origin  of  Letters," 
in  Italian,  and  of  another  in  Spanish,  en- 
titled "  Cartas  Familiares  a  se  Hermano." 

ANDRES  DES  VOSGES,  J.  F.,  born  in 
1744;  author  of  "  Le  Tartarc,"  "Paris," 
and  many  translations  from  English  works. 

ANDREW,  John,  a  learned  bishop  of  j 
Aleria,  in  Corsica  ;  and  editor  of  the  works  j 
of  Herodotus,  Livy,  and  other  classics.  He  , 
died,  1493.  | 

ANDREW,  bishop  of  Crete,  bom  at  Da-  | 
mascus,  and  died  about  720.    He  wrote  com- 


and] 


^  ^cto  Winibtv^&l  iStograiJlbJ?* 


[anp 


mentnries  on  the  Scrixitures,  &c.,  published 
at  Paris,  1044. 

ANDREW,  of  Ratisbon,  an  historian  of 
the  15th  century,  wlio  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
the  dukes  of  Bavaria,  and  a  liistory  of 
Bohemia. 

ANDREW,  of  risa,  a  sculptor  and  ar- 
chitect, bom  in  1270,  and  died  in  l.'Mo.  He 
built  several  grand  structures  at  Florence 
and  Venice,  and  also  obtained  great  reiJU- 
tation  as  a  painter,  poet,  and  musician. 

ANDREW,  of  Cyrene,  an  imijostor  who, 
in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  had  the  art  to  de- 
ceive his  Icllow-countrynien,  the  Jews,  into 
a  lielief  that  he  was  ordained  to  be  their 
liberator.  They  accordingly  revolted,  and 
horrible  cruelties  were  committed  on  both 
sides  l(cforc  they  were  reduced  to  obedience. 

ANDREWS,  IlEMtY,  a  self-taught  ma- 
thematician, born  of  poor  parents  iit  Fries- 
ton,  near  Grantham,  1744,  and  died,  Jan. 
26.  182(>.  Having,  while  in  a  menial  em- 
ployment, occupied  his  leisure  moments  in 
the  study  of  astronomical  science,  he  at- 
tained tlierein  great  proficiency,  and  for 
more  than  40  years  was  a  computer  of  the 
Nautical  Eiihcmeris,  and  the  calculator  of 
Moore's  Almanack. 

ANDREWS,  Jajiks  Pettit,  an  English 
miscellaneous  writer,  youngest  son  of  Jo- 
seph Andrews,  Esq.,  of  Newbury,  Berks, 
where  he  was  born,  1737,  and  died  at  Bromp- 
ton,  171(7.  He  received  a  private  education, 
and  was  earlj'  distinguished  by  an  attach- 
ment to  literature  and  the  fine  arts,  to  the 
former  of  which  he  may  be  said  to  have  been 
professionally  attached  until  his  death. 

ANDREWS,  Lancklot,  an  eminent  En- 
lish  divine,  bishop  of  Winchester  in  the 
reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  born  in 
I>ondon,  irAu't ;  died  at  Winchester  House, 
Southwark,  l(>2(i,  and  buried  in  the  church 
of  St.  Saviour,  in  which  an  elegant  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory. 

ANDREWS,  Milks  Pktkr,  a  dramatic 
writer,  son  of  a  merchant  in  the  city  of 
London,  in  whose  coiuiting-house  he  was 
brought  up  ;  but  having  a  decided  turn  for 
theatrical  amusements,  and  coming  into  a 
considerable  fortune  by  the  death  of  an  elder 
brother,  he  bade  adieu  to  mercantile  pursuits, 
and  amused  himself  by  writing  for  the  stage. 
He  died  suddenly  in  1814. 

ANDRIEU,  BERTiiAxn,  a  mcdallic  en- 
graver, born  at  Bordeaux,  17f)l,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1822  ;  considered  as  the  restorer  of  the 
art  of  engraving  medals,  which  had  declined 
after  the  reign  of  Eouis  XIV. 

ANDRIEUX,  F.  G.  T.  S.,  a  clever  and 
voluminous  French  author,  dramatist,  poet, 
and  politician,  born  in  17.'>.5.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  assembly  in  1798  ;  op- 
posed to  arbitrary  power,  he  advocated 
warmly  the  liberty  of  the  press  and  the  sys- 
tem of  "Ecoles  Primaires."  He  was  one 
of  the  projectors  and  chief  contributors  of 
the  "  Decade  Pliilosophirjue,"  and  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Institute  and  tl-.e 
Academic  Francalse.  Among  his  dramatic 
pieces  are  "  Anaximander,"  "  I-es  Etour- 
dis,"  "Le  Vieux  Fat,"  and  "  Ee  Jeune 
Homme  fi  I'Epreuve,"  &c.  &c. 

AKDRISCUS,  a  man  of  mean  extraction, 
who,  pretending  to  be  the  son  of  Perseus, 


the  last  king  of  Macedonia,  took  the  name 
of  Philip,  and  was  called  Pscudo-Philippus. 
Having  obtained  a  signal  victory  over  Ju- 
ventus,  the  Roman  prajtor,  he  assumed  the 
kingly  power  ;  but  in  the  end  was  conquered, 
and  served  to  grace  the  triumph  of  Melellus, 
before  whom  he  walked  in  chains. 

ANDROMACHUS,  of  Crete,  physician  to 
Nero  ;  he  wrote,  in  elegiac  verse,  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  Theriaca,  a  medicine  which  he 
invented,  and  dedicated  it  to  the  emperor. 

ANDRONICITS.  of  Cyrestlies,  a  Greek 
architect,  who  built  the  famous  octagonal 
temple  of  the  winds,  at  Athens,  which,  till 
lately,  was  used  as  a  mosque  by  the  Turks. 
He  is  also  said  to  be  the  inventor  of  the 
weathercock. 

ANDRONICUS,  Livius.  the  oldest  dra- 
matic author  in  the  Latin  language,  who 
flourished  about  240  years  b.  c.  Nearly  all 
his  works  are  lost. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Rhodes,  a  follower  of 
Aristotle,  and  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
restoring  and  publishing  the  works  of  that 
philosopher.  li.  c.  03. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Thessalonica,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  I'lth  century,  whose  reputation 
was  great  at  Rome  and  Florence,  where  he 
taught.    Died,  1478. 

ANDRONICUS  I.,  emperor  of  the  East, 
was  the  son  of  Isaac,  and  grandson  of  Alexis 
Comnenus.  He  was  of  an  active  martial  mind, 
and  eloquent ;  but  had  many  vices.  On 
the  death  of  his  cousin,  the  emperor  !Manuel, 
in  1103,  he  was  chosen  partner  in  the  govern- 
ment with  Alexis  XL,  who,  being  a  mere 
youth,  soon  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  coadjutor's 
thirst  of  power ;  but  the  people,  exasperated 
at  his  various  cruelties,  proclaimed  Isaac 
Angelus  emperor,  put  out  the  eyes  of  An- 
dronicus,  led  him  through  the  streets  in 
derision,  and  at  length  stabbed  him,  aged  73, 
A.  D.  1185. 

ANDRONICUS  PAL^OLOGUS  n.,sur- 
named  the  Elder,  succeeded  Michael  VIII., 
in  128.3 ;  but  Wiis  glad  to  find  refuge  in  a 
cloister,  in  1325,  his  grandson  having  driven 
him  from  the  throne. 

ANDROUET  DU  CERCEAU,  James,  an 
eminent  French  architect  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, who  designed  the  Pont  Ncuf,  and  com- 
menced the  building  of  it  in  imH.  He  was 
also  employed,  in  1590,  to  continue  the  gal- 
lery of  the  Louvre  ;  but  was  obliged  to  quit 
France  during  the  persecution  of  the  Pro- 
testants, and  no  further  account  of  him  is  on 
record. 

ANDRY,  Nicholas,  a  physician  and  me- 
dical author,  of  Lyons,  in  the  17th  century  ; 
afterwards  dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine 
in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  where  he  also 
filled  a  pi'ofessor's  cliair.     He  died  in  1742. 

ANEURIN,  a  British  poet  and  chieftain 
of  the  0th  century,  supposed  by  some  authors  j 
to  be  the  same  m  ith  Gildas,  the  historian  :  j 
he  took  a  part  in  the  battle  of  Cattraetli, 
which  he  made  the  subject  of  a  poem  ;  this, 
and  "  Odes  of  the  Months,"  form  the  whole  I 
of  his  known  works  ;  and  are  to  be  found  in  I 
the  Welsh  Archaiology.    Died,  570.  i 

ANFOSSI,  Pasquale,  an  Italian  musi-  I 
cian,  born  at  Naples,  1736  ;  died,  1795.     He  I 
was  composer  to  the  theatre  at  Rome,  and 
afterwards  travelled  to  Paris,  where  he  pre-  I 


ang] 


^  i^tbi  WiniiitvSKl  25t05rap!ji?. 


[ani 


sentcd  to  the  Academy  of  Music  his  "  In- 
counue,"  adapted  to  Freuch  words. 

ANGELI,  BoNAVicNTUKA,  a  celebrated 
historian,  of  Parma  ;  died  in  1576. 

ANGELI,  Peteh,  a  distinguished  modem 
Latin  poet ;  born  at  Barga,  Tuscany,  1517  ; 
died  at  Pisa,  1596. 

ANGELICO,  John,  an  Italian  painter  ;  a 
Dominican  ;  he  painted  the  chapel  of  Ni- 
cholas v.,  who  offered  liim  the  archbishopric 
of  Florence,  whicli  he  refused.    Died,  1448. 

ANGELIS,  Stephen  de,  an  Italian  ma- 
thematician ;  he  was  for  some  time  a  Jesuit, 
but  quitted  the  order,  and  became  a  teacher 
of  matliematics  at  Padua,  where  he  died  at 
the  close  of  the  17th  century. 

ANGELO,  FiORiozzoLA,  a  Florentine 
poet,  honoured  by  Clement  Vlllh's  friend- 
ship, and  much  esteemed ;  died  in  Rome, 
1548  :  author  of  "  Discorso  degli  Animali," 
"  I  Lucidi,"  and  "  La  Trinuzzia,"  comedies, 
and  a  great  variety  of  other  works.  lie  is 
chiefly  admired  by  liis  countrymen  for  the 
purity  and  beauty  of  his  diction. 

ANGELO,  PoLiciANO,  born  in  1454 ;  au- 
thor of  numerous  works,  in  prose  and 
verse,  translations  from  Greek  and  Latin  ; 
"  llusticus,"  "  Orfeo  Favola,"  &c. 

ANGELO,  MicuAEL  ue  Buoxarotti,  the 
descendant  of  a  noble  but  reduced  family  in 
Tuscany,  was  born,  in  1474,  in  the  territory 
of  Arezzo.  He  was  endowed  with  extraordi- 
nary abilities,  being  incomparable  as  a 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect ;  wliile  as  a 
poet  he  was  far  above  mediocrity.  To  record 
his  great  acliievements  here  would  be  impos- 
sible. As  a  designer  he  is  allowed  to  be 
without  an  equal,  and  his  knowledge  of  ana- 
tomy was  perfection  itself.  Many  of  the 
most  splendid  edifices  in  Italy  owe  their 
existence  to  his  masterly  hand ;  and  as  a 
painter,  in  his  delineation  of  the  grand  and 
the  terrible  he  has  never  been  equalled.  After 
a  life  of  glory,  speut  in  the  most  exalted 
pursuits,  he  died,  immensely  rich,  at  Rome, 
1564,  and  was  there  buried  ;  but  the  Grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany  had  his  body  remo^•ed 
to  Florence,  and  re-interred  with  princely 
honours.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  in  a  dis- 
course to  tlie  students  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1790,  speaking  of  Alichael  Angelo,  em- 
phatically exclaimed —  "to  kiss  the  hem  of 
his  garment,  to  catch  the  slightest  of  his 
perfections,  would  be  glory  and  distinction 
enough  for  an  ambitious  man  !  " 

ANGELONI,  Francesco,  an  Italian  his- 
torian, born  at  Terni,  and  died  at  Rome, 
1652  ;  principally  known  by  an  elaborate 
work,  published  in  1685,  on  the  history  of 
Rome,  which  he  illustrated  by  a  reference 
to  ancient  medals. 

ANGELUCCI,  Theodoke,  an  Italian  poet 
and  physician,  who  held  a  professorship  at 
Padua,  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  at 
Venice,  and  principal  physician  at  Montag- 
nana,  where  he  died,  1600. 

ANGELUS,  CuKiSTOPHER,  a  Greek,  who, 
being  driven  from  his  own  country  by  the 
Turks,  found  an  asylum  in  England  in  1608; 
and,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Bishop  of 
Norwich,  he  was  placed  in  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  whence  he  remoA'ed  to  Baliol 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  of  great  ser- 
vice to  the  junior  students,  and  where  he 


died,  1638.  He  puhlislied  many  works  in 
Greek,  English,  and  Latin. 

ANGERSTEIN,  John  Julius,  a  distin- 
guished patron  of  the  fine  arts,  bom  at  St. 
Petersburgh,  1735  ;  died  at  Blackheath,  Jan. 
22. 1822.  He  came  over  to  England  under 
the  patronage  of  the  late  Andrew  Thompson, 
Esq.,  with  whom  he  lived  in  partnership 
upwards  of  .50  years.  Mr.  Angerstein  ex- 
liibited  much  public  spirit  on  several  occa- 
sions, and  was  the  first  who  proposed  a  re- 
ward of  2000^  from  the  fund  at  Lloyd's  to 
the  inventor  of  the  life-boats.  His  cele- 
brated collection  of  paintings  esteemed  in- 
ferior to  none  of  the  same  extent  in  Europe, 
was  purchased  by  the  English  government 
for  60,000?.,  and  forms  the  nucleus  of  a 
national  gallery. 

ANGILBERT,  St.,  the  son-in-law  of 
Charlemagne,  and  afterwards  abbot  of  St. 
Riquier.  He  had  a  great  taste  for  poetry, 
but  nothing  remains  of  him  except  a  history 
of  his  monastery.    He  died,  814. 

ANGIOLELLO,  John  Mario,  a  Venetian 
historian  of  the  15th  century,  taken  captive 
by  the  Turks,  and  made  slave  to  Sultan 
Mustapha,  whom  he  attended  in  an  expe- 
dition to  Persia,  147;5,  and  wrote  the  history 
of  Mahomet  II.,  in  tlie  Turkish  and  Italian 
languages  ;  also  the  history  of  Ussun  Cassan. 
He  died  about  l-'ioO. 

AXGOULEME,  Charles  de  Valois, 
Duke  of,  natural  son  of  Charles  IX.  ;  bom, 
1575  ;  and  died,  1650.  Catherine  de  Medici 
bequeathed  to  him.  her  estates,  but  the  will 
was  set  aside  in  favour  of  Margaret  de  Va- 
lois. Charles,  however,  retained  the  title  of 
count  d'  Auvergne,  and  in  1619  was  made 
duke  of  AngoulOme.  He  gained  great  re- 
putation as  a  military  commander,  but  was 
twice  charged  with  treason,  and  the  second 
time  condemned  to  death,  which  sentence 
was  changed  into  perpetual  imprisonment. 
He  was,  however,  once  more  pardoned,  and 
employed  both  in  a  military  capacity  and 
in  various  embassies  ;  he  also  wrote  his  own 
memoirs. 

ANGUIER,  Francis  and  Michael,  two 
sculptors,  natives  of  Eu,  Normandy.  Fran- 
cis, the  eldest,  was  keeper  of  the  royal  ca- 
binet of  antiquities,  and  executed  several 
great  works,  particularly  the  mausoleum  of 
the  Duke  of  Montmorency.  Michael's  best 
piece  was  a  crucifix  over  the  altar  of  the 
church  of  the  Sorbonne.  The  former  died, 
1669  ;  the  latter,  1686. 

ANGUILLARA,  GiovANNE  hell',  one  of 
the  most  esteemed  modern  Italian  poets, 
born  in  1517  ;  author  of  "  Edipo,  Tragedia." 
His  translations  of  the  "  Euclid "  and 
"  Metamorphoses "  are  standard  Italian 
works. 

ANGUISCIOLA,  SornoNisBA,  a  famous 
Cremonese  painter,  born  in  1550.  Her  style 
as  an  author  is  said  to  have  been  as  ad- 
mirable as  her  paintings. 

ANICII,  Peter,  a  native  of  Inspruck,  son 
of  a  labourer,  born,  172.3,  and  died,  1766. 
His  early  genius  being  discovered  by  Father 
Hill,  a  Jesuit,  he  gave  him  instructions,  and 
in  a  short  time  he  became  an  able  astrono- 
mer and  mechanic,  and  constructed  various 
mathematical  instruments. 

ANICHINI,   Lev.13,    a   celebrated    me- 


42 


I  ANN] 


^  i2ci»  ^Kniberjial  33{0sraplj^. 


[ansI 


dalHst.  nis  chief  work  is  a  medal  repre- 
senting the  interview  of  Alexander  the 
Great  and  the  High  Priest  at  Jerusalem, 
which  Michael  Angelo  pronounced  to  be  the 
perfection  of  the  art. 

ANNA  COMNENA,  was  the  daughter  of 
the  emperor  Alexius  Comnenus  I.,  at  wliose 
death  she  conspired  to  place  the  crown  on 
the  head  of  lier  husband,  Nicephorus  Bri- 
ennius,  but  without  success.  She  then 
turned  her  attention  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
wrote  the  "  Alexiad,"  a  history  of  her  father's 
reign.     Died,  1148. 

ANNA  IVANOWNA,  empress  of  all  tlie 
Russias,  daughter  of  the  czar  Ivan  Alexio- 
witcli ;  born,  1G1»3  ;  succeeded  to  the  crown 
on  the  death  of  Peter  II.,  1730 ;  and  died, 
1740.  During  her  reign,  Russia  was  on  a 
peaceable  footing  with  all  her  neighbours, 
without  engaging  in  any  of  their  quarrels, 
except  a  war  witli  the  Ottoman  Porte  in  1737. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  queen  of  France,  eldest 
daughter  of  Philip  III.  of  Spain;  born,  1(!04; 
married  to  Louis  XIII.  of  France,  Kilo,  at 
whose  death,  1(>43,  slie  was  declared  sole 
regent  during  the  minority  of  her  son,  Louis 
XIV.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, 10(51.  Anne  then  retired,  passing  the 
renminder  of  her  life  in  pious  exercbes,  and 
died  in  KJCil. 

ANNE,  of  Beanjeu,  daughter  of  Louis  XI. 
of  France,  and  wife  of  Peter  Beaujeu,  duke 
of  Bourbon  ;  appointed  by  her  father's  will 
gouvemante  during  the  minority  of  his  son, 
Charles  VIII.  This  preference  excited  a 
civil  commotion,  which  was  terminated  by 
the  defeat  of  the  insurgent  nobles,  14S8. 
The  princess  held  the  reins  with  much 
firmness,  and  in  general  acted  prudently. 
She  died,  l.'-)22. 

ANNE,  of  Brittany,  queen  of  France, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Francis  II.,  duke  of 
Brittany  ;  born,  147(! ;  married  to  Charles 
VIII.,  of  France,  1491  ;  and,  on  his  death, 
lliiit,  to  Louis  XII.  ;  and  died,  1,'.14.  This 
princess  first  instituted  the  order  of  maids  of 
honour  to  the  queen,  first  had  the  prerogative 
of  guards  and  gentlemen  of  her  own,  and  was 
the  first  who  gave  audience  to  foreign  am- 
bassadors. 

ANNE,  of  Cleves,  daughter  of  John,  third 
duke  of  Cleves,  and  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  who  divorced  her.    Died,  1557. 

ANNE,  queen  of  Great  Britain,  second 
daughter  oi'.Jamcs  II.,  by  his  first  wife,  Anne 
Hyde,  was  born  in  1(W4  ;  married  to  Prince 
George  of  Denmark,  h>H?, ;  succeeded  to  the 
crown  on  the  death  of  William  III.,  1702  ; 
and  died,  1714,  aged  50.  T)ie  contention  of 
parties  during  the  reign  of  Anne  was  ex- 
tremely violent,  in  consequence  of  the  hopes 
entertained  by  the  Jacobites  that  she  would 
be  induced  by  natural  feelings  to  favour  the 
succession  of  her  brother,  the  Pretender. 
Her  reign  was  also  much  distinguished  for 
learning  ;  and  the  number  of  eminent  writers 
who  flourished  under  her,  several  of  whom 
rose  to  high  stations,  has  rendered  it  a  sort 
of  Augustan  age  of  English  literature,  though 
neither  her  own  disposition  or  acquirements 
had  any  share  in  making  it  such. 

ANNESLEY,  Aktiiuk,  earl  of  Anglesea, 
and  lord  privy  seal  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  ;  born  at  Dublin,  1614  ;  and  died,  1C86. 


At  the  commencement  of  the  civil  wars  he 
Joined  the  royal  party,  and  sat  in  the  par- 
liament at  Oxford,  1643 ;  but  having  made 
peace  with  the  republicans,  he  was  sent  com- 
missioner to  Ulster,  1C45.  He,  however,  took 
an  active  part  in  the  restoration  of  the  king, 
for  which  he  was  created  earl  of  Anglesea, 
made  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and,  shortly 
afterwards,  lord  privy  seal. 

ANNESLEY,  Samuei,,  an  English  divine, 
bom  in  Warwickslure  about  1020  ;  died,  1696. 
At  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  he  preached 
some  violent  sermons  against  the  crown  and 
churcli,  for  which  he  received  the  vicarage 
of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate  ;  but.  in  1002,  he 
was  ejected  from  it  for  nonconformity. 

ANNETT,  Petek,  a  deistical  writer  of 
the  18th  century  ;  author  of  "The  Free  En- 
quirer," and  other  works  of  a  sceptical  turn. 
He  was  a  native  of  Liverpool,  and  died,  1778. 

ANNIUS,  of  Viterbo,  a  Dominican  monk, 
who  wrote  various  books  which  he  pretended 
were  the  remains  of  eminent  ancient  authors, 
particularly  Manetho,  Archilochus,  and 
Xenophon.  For  a  time  the  Imposture  suc- 
ceeded, and  they  were  priuted  in  1498.  Au- 
uius  died  at  Rome,  1502. 

ANNO,  archbishoj)  of  Cologne  in  the  lltli 
century.  He  was  chancellor  to  the  emperor 
Henry  III.,  and  regent  during  the  minority 
of  Henry  IV. ;  and  from  the  exemplary 
conduct  he  displayed  in  tliose  situations,  as 
well  as  from  the  sanctity  of  his  life,  he  ac- 
quired the  title  of  Saint. 

ANQUETIL,  Loris  Pierhk,  a  celebrated 
historian,  born  at  Paris,  1728  ;  died,  1808. 
Having  distinguislied  himself  as  an  able 
teacher  of  theology  and  general  literature, 
he  was  appointed  prior  of  the  abbey  de  la 
Roe,  in  Anjou,  diiector  of  the  college  of 
Senlis,  and  prior  of  Chateau  Renard.  During 
the  height  of  the  revolution  he  was  thrown 
into  i>rison,  where  he  began  his  "  Universal 
History,"  which  was  afterwards  published  in 
twelve  volumes.  At  the  formation  of  the 
French  Institute,  Anquetil  became  one  of  the 
original  members,  and  obtained  a  situation 
under  government. 

ANQUETIL  DU  PERRGIJT,  Abhaiiam 
Hyacintiie,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Paris,  1731 ;  and  died,  1805.  In  order 
to  gratify  his  taste  for  oriental  literature,  he 
joined  the  expedition  fitting  out  for  India, 
in  1574,  as  a  private  soldier ;  employed  every 
moment  of  his  leisure  in  the  study  of  the 
Sanscrit ;  and  made  sufficient  progress  in 
tliat  tongue  to  translate  the  "  Vendidade 
Sade,"  a  dicticmary  of  the  language.  On 
the  taking  of  Pondicherry  by  tlie  English, 
he  retiuned  to  Europe,  visited  London  and 
Oxford,  and  conveyed  the  various  MSS.  he 
had  obtained  to  Paris.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed oriental  interpreter  in  the  king's 
library,  with  a  pension,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  publication  of  his  researches. 

ANSALDI,  C.  J.,  a  celebrated  suvant,  of 
Piaeenza,  born  in  1700.  His  best  antiquarian 
treatises  are  in  Latin. 

ANSART,  A.vouEW  Joseph,  a  French 
historian  and  ecclesiastical  writer ;  bom, 
1723  ;  died,  1790.  He  became  a  Benedictine, 
but  being  appointed  to  a  place  of  trust  in 
his  order,  he  decamped  with  the  funds,  and 
joined  the  order  of  Malta. 


JlSS] 


%  ^t\xi  mnihtxinl  %ia^K^\^^, 


[ant 


ANSCARIUS,  bishop  of  Hamburgh  and 
Bremen,  born  in  France,  801  ;  died,  8(>4. 
He  preached  the  gosi^el  to  the  Danes  and 
Swedes,  and  was  very  instrumental  in  con- 
verting the  northern  nations  to  Christianity. 

ANSELM,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
the  reigns  of  William  Rufiis  and  Henry  I. ; 
born  at  Aost,  Piedmont,  10;}3  ;  died  at  Can- 
terbury, 1109,  and  canonised  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  He  was  originally  a  monk, 
and  afterwards  superior  of  the  abbey  of  Bee, 
Normandy.  Visiting  England  several  times 
during  his  abbacy,  he  was  called  to  attend 
William  Rufus  in  a  fit  of  sickness  at  Glou- 
cester, which  led  to  his  appointment  to  the 
primacy.  But  ditfereuces  arising  between 
the  king  and  the  prelate,  in  consequence  of 
the  attachment  of  the  latter  to  the  pope, 
Anselm  left  the  kingdom,  and  the  king  seized 
liis  revenues.  On  the  death  of  William,  he 
liowever  returned  to  England,  and  was  well 
received  ;  but  a  new  rupture  arising,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  archbisliop's  refusing  to  be 
rc-invested  bj  the  king,  the  dispute  was 
referred  to  the  pope,  who  decided  in  favour 
of  Anselm.  This  was  resisted  ;  and  at  length 
the  pope  made  a  concession,  by  allowing  the 
English  bishops  and  abbots  to  do  homage  to 
the  king  for  their  temporalities,  which  re- 
stored Anselm  to  favour. 

ANSELME,  of  Paris,  an  Augustine  monk, 
bom,  1625 ;  died,  1604.  He  was  the  original 
compiler  of  the  Historical  Genealogies  of  the 
House  of  France. 

ANSELME,  Geokoe.  There  were  two  of 
this  name  :  the  elder,  a  mathematician  of 
some  eminence  in  the  early  part  of  the  15th 
century  ;  died,  1440.  His  grandson,  who  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Nepos,  v.a.s  a  physician 
at  Parma,  of  which  city  he  was  a  native,  and 
died,  1528. 

ANSON,  Lord  George,  a  celebrated  naval 
commander,  was  born  at  his  father's  seat  in 
the  parish  of  Colwich,  Staffordshire,  1697, 
and  died  at  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire,  1762. 
He  entered  early  into  the  navy,  and  was 
made  post-captain  in  1724.  Being  ordered 
to  tlie  South  Carolina  station,  he  purchased 
land,  and  built  a  town  there,  called  after  his 
name.  In  1739  he  was  appointed  commodore 
of  an  expedition  against  the  Spanisli  settle- 
ments in  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  and  sailed  from 
Portsmouth  the  following  year  with  five 
men-of-war,  a  sloop,  and  two  victuallers ; 
doubled  Cape  Horn  in  March,  1741,  after 
losing  two  of  his  ships  ;  and  in  June  follow- 
ing arrived  otF  Juan  Fernandez,  with  only 
two  ships  and  two  tenders.  Tliis  place  he 
left  in  September,  took  some  prizes,  burnt 
Paita,  and  continued  on  the  American  coast, 
in  expectation  of  falling  in  with  the  annual 
Acapulco  ship,  till  May,  1742  ;  when,  having 
only  his  ship,  the  Centurion,  left,  he  crossed 
the  southern  ocean  for  China,  where  he 
stayed  several  months,  and  returned  in  quest 
of  the  galleon,  which  he  fell  in  with,  and 
captured  after  a  smart  action.  Having  sold 
his  prize  in  China,  he  sailed  for  England, 
i  and  arrived  at  Spithead,  June  15.  1744,  pass- 
ing in  a  fog  through  the  midst  of  a  French 
fleet,  then  cniising  in  the  Channel.  In  1747 
he  commanded  the  Channel  fleet,  and  cap- 
tured six  French  men-of-war,  which  were 
convoying  a  large  fleet  bound  to  the  East 


and  West  Indies.  Two  of  these  prizes  were 
the  Invincible  and  the  Glory,  wliich  induced 
the  captain  of  the  former  to  say  to  the  admi- 
ral, on  giving  up  his  sword,  "  Sir,  you  have 
conquered  the  Invincible,  and  Glory  follows 
you."  For  these  and  other  services,  he  was 
created  a  peer,  and  afterwards  made  vice- 
admiral  of  England.  In  1751  he  was  ap- 
pointed first  lord  of  the  Admiralty,  which 
post  he  held,  excejit  for  a  short  interval, 
until  his  death.  In  1758,  he  again  com- 
manded the  Channel  fleet,  and  was  appointed 
admiral,  and  commander-in-chief  of  his  ma- 
jesty's fleets,  for  the  purpose  of  convej'ing 
her  majesty,  queen  Charlotte,  from  Cux- 
haven  to  England. 

ANSON,  Petkk  Hubeut,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Paris,  1744  ;  died,  1810. 

ANSPACH.  Her  Serene  Highness  Eliz- 
abeth, Margravine  of,  was  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Augustus,  earl  of  Berkeley.  To 
a  good  and  highly  cultivated  understanding, 
this  lady  joined  the  most  prepossessing  man- 
ners, and  a  large  portion  of  feminine  beauty. 
When  little  more  than  sixteen,  lady  Eliza- 
beth married  Mr.  (afterwards  earl  of)  Cra- 
ven, by  whom  she  had  seven  children  ;  but 
after  living  together  thirteen  years,  they 
separated  from  mutual  feelings  of  dissatis- 
faction. Lady  Craven  made  a  tour,  and  took 
up  her  residence  in  the  court  of  Anspach, 
where  she  established  a  theatre,  wrote  plays, 
directed  the  performance,  and  became  a  prin- 
cipal personage  with  the  margrave :  the 
margravine  was  generally  confined  to  her 
chamber  by  ill  health,  and  shortly  after  died. 
Lady  Craven  remained  a  visitor  at  Anspach, 
and  accompanied  the  margrave  in  his  excur- 
sions to  other  courts.  Six  weeks  after  the 
death  of  Lord  Craven,  his  widow  married  the 
margrave,  and  both  came  to  England.  The 
margrave  disposed  of  his  principality  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  having  purchased  Bran- 
denburgh  House,  Hammersmith,  it  became 
the  scene  of  fashionable  dissipation ;  the 
queen,  however,  refused  to  receive  the  mar- 
gravine at  her  drawing-room,  and  no  other 
influence  could  obtain  her  admission  to  the 
British  court.  In  1806  the  margrave  died, 
and  after  that  event  the  margravine  resided 
generally  abroad.  At  Naples  the  king  gave 
her  two  acres  of  ground,  on  which  she  erected 
a  handsome  villa,  and  there  continued  to 
reside  until  her  death,  which  took  place  in 
1828. 

ANSTEY,  Christopher,  a  poet,  was  born 
in  1724;  studied  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  ; 
and  on  succeeding  to  some  patrimonial  i)ro- 
perty,  resided  principally  at  Bath.  He 
blended  the  avocations  of  a  country  gentle- 
man with  literary  pursuits,  and,  among 
many  other  things,  produced  that  humor- 
ous poem,  "  The  New  Bath  Guide,"  which 
obtained  a  rapid  and  deserved  popularity. 
Died,  1805. 

ANSTIS,  Jonx,  an  antiquary,  and  the 
author  of  various  heraldic  works,  was  born 
at  St.  Neots,  Cornwall,  in  1669,  and  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  was  member  for  St.  Germains, 
and  in  1713  appointed  garter  king  at  arms. 
Died,  1744. 

ANTAR,  an  Arabian  chief  and  distin- 
guished poet,  who  lived  in  the  6th  century. 
His  works,  which  form  a  portion  of  the  fa- 


44 


§(  lieto  ^nihex^HX  aBinsrajl^B. 


[ant 


mous  Moallakiih,  arc  devoted  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  his  warlike  deeds,  and  his  love  for  the 
fair  Abla.  The  celebrated  Arabian  romance, 
entitled  "Antar,"  by  Asinai,  aflbrds  a  perfect 
idea  of  the  manners,  opinions,  and  supersti- 
tions of  the  early  Arabians  ;  and  of  this  there 
is  an  English  version,  entitled  "Antar,  a 
Bedoucen  Romance,  translated  from  the 
Arabic  by  Terrick  IJaniilton,"  iu  4  vols. 
12mo. 

ANTIIEMIUS,  a  Lydian,  eminent  as  an 
architect,  sculptor,  and  mathematician.  He 
waa  employed  by  the  emperor  Justiuian  ; 
and  died  in  53-1. 

ANTIIING,  Frkrerick,  the  companion 
in  arms  and  biographer  of  the  famous  Mar- 
shal Suwarrow,  was  born  at  Ootlia.  iu 
Saxonv,  and  died  at  St.  Pctersburgh,  in  1805. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  the  Great,  the  founder 
of  monastic  institutions,  was  bom  a.  d.  251, 
at  Coma,  iu  Ileraclca,  a  town  of  Upper  Epypt. 
In  305,  having  sold  all  his  property  and  gi\xn 
the  proceeds  to  the  poor,  he  withdrew  into 
the  desert,  whither  a  number  of  disciples 
were  attracted  by  his  reputation  for  sanctity; 
and  thus  was  formed  the  tirst  community  of 
monks.  He  afterwards  went  to  Alexandria, 
to  seek  the  honour  of  martyrdom,  amid  the 
persecutions  then  raging  against  the  Chris- 
tians ;  but  as  his  life  was  spared,  he  ogain 
retired  to  the  desert ;  and  died  at  the  great 
age  of  105. 

ANTHOXY,  of  Burgundy,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy.  He  served 
with  ^reat  credit  in  Switzerland,  and  against 
the  Moors  in  Africa  ;  and  was  high  in  the 
favour  of  Louis  XI.  and  Charles  VIII.  of 
France.     Born,  1121 ;  died,  1504. 

ANTIGNAC,  A.,  born  in  1770 ;  a  favourite 
French  clntmoimier,  charged  with  celebrat- 
ing both  Bon.aparte  and  the  Bcnrbous. 

ANTIGOXUS,  Socii.ris,  a  Jew,  founder 
of  the  sect  of  the  Sodducccs,  about  300 
years  n.  c. 

ANTIGONUS,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  universally  sup- 
posed to  be  the  illegitimate  son  of  Philip, 
Alexander's  father.  In  the  division  of  the 
provinces  after  the  king's  death,  he  received 
Pamphylia,  Lycia,  and  Phrygia ;  to  which 
Lycaonia  was  afterwards  added.  He  was 
the  most  powerful  of  those  who  shared  the 
Grecian  empire,  and  was  the  first  of  them 
who  assumed  the  title  of  king,  which  he  did 
20  years  after  the  death  of  Alexander.  His 
power  at  length  l)ecfenie  so  very  formidable 
that  a  conspiracy  was  formed  against  him  by 
Cassander,  Lysimaehus,  and  Seleucus  ;  by 
whom  he  was  ultimately  defeated,  and  slain 
at  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  b.  c.  301. 

ANTIMACO,  Mark  A-nthovy,  a  learned 
Italian  author  of  several  Latin  poems,  and 
a  teacher  of  Greek  at  Mantua  and  Ferrara. 
He  translated  much  from  the  Greek,  and 
was  a  zealous  promoter  of  classical  learning. 
Born,  1472  ;  died,  1552. 

ANTINE,  Mauk  Francois,  a  French 
Benedictine  monk  j  author  of  an  essay  on 
the  Art  of  verifying  Dates,  &c.  Born,  1G88  ; 
died,  1748. 

ANTIOCHUS  THE  GREAT,  king  of 
Syria  and  Asia.  He  conquered  the  greatest 
part  of  Greece,  of  wliich  simie  cities  implored 
the  aid  of  Rome  ;  and  Hannibal,  who  had 


taken  refuge  at  his  coiu-t,  encouraged  him  to 
make  war  against  Italy  ;  but  his  measures 
were  not  agreeable  to  the  advice  of  Hannibal, 
and  he  was  conquered  and  obliged  to  retire 
beyond  Mount  Taurus,  and  pay  a  yearly  fine 
of  2000  talents  to  the  Romans.  His  revenues 
being  unable  to  pay  the  fine,  lie  attempted 
to  plunder  the  temple  of  liclus  in  Susinno, 
which  so  incensed  the  inhabitants,  that  they 
killed  him  with  his  followers,  B.C.  187. 

ANTIOCHl'S,  of  Ascalon,  a  philosopher, 
and  disciple  of  Philo,  the  Platonist.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  by  Cicero  for  his  mode  of 
education,  and  considered  the  best  public 
teacher  of  the  Platonic  philosophy. 

ANTIOCHUS,  amonk  of  Seba,  Palestine, 
who  wrote  in  the  7th  century  lao homilies  on 
the  Scrii)tures,  still  extant. 

ANTIPATER,  a  native  of  Macedon,  pupil 
of  Aristotle,  and  the  faithful  minister  of 
Philip  and  Alexander.  While  Alexander 
was  abroad,  he  left  Antipater  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Macedon  ;  and  by  his  prudent  ma- 
nagement he  kept  all  Greece  in  order.  On 
the  death  of  his  master,  in  the  distribution 
of  his  territories,  Antij)ater  obtained  the 
European  provinces.  Not  long  after  the 
confederate  states  of  Greece  attacked  liim, 
but  he  subdued  them,  and  subverted  their 
democratic  forms  of  government,  on  which 
lie  was  called  the  father  of  Greece.  He 
died  B.C.  'M^. 

ANTIPATER,  L.v.Tiiis  C^.Tir.s,  a  Roman 
historian,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Gracchus, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  the  Second  Punic 
War. 

ANTIPATER,  of  Sidon,  a  stoic  philoso- 
pher and  poet,  much  jtraiscd  by  Cicero  and 
Seneca,     He  lived  about  140  is,  c, 

ANTIPANES,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  in  the 
time  of  Alexander,  who  gained  three  prizes 
at  the  0!ymj)ic  games. 

ANTIPIIILUS,  a  painter,  rival  of  Apelles; 
celebrated  for  a  fine  drawing  representing  a 
youth  blowing  a  spark  of  fire. 

ANTIPHON,  the  Rhamnusian,  an  Athe- 
nian orator,  who  flourished  B.C.  430.  He 
was  the  first  who  laid  down  the  rules  of 
oratory,  and  assisted  in  establishing  the  ty- 
ranny of  tlie  four  hundred  ;  for  whicli  he  was 
put  to  death,  b.c.  411. 

ANTIQUARIUS,jAMES,alearncd  Italian 
scholar  of  Cumpanus  ;  he  became  chief  mi- 
nister to  the  dukes  of  Milan,  and  died,  1512. 

ANTISTHENES,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Cynics,  by  whose  means  Melilus  was  put 
to  death,  and  Anytus  banished,  for  their 
persecution  of  Socrates.  He  was  born  at 
Athens,  B.C.  42.3. 

ANTOINETTE,  Marie,  of  Lorraine, 
archduchess  of  Austria  and  queen  of  France, 
born  at  Vienna,  in  1755,  was  the  daughter  of 
the  emperor  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa. 
To  a  beautiful  person,  and  a  highly  culti- 
vated mind,  she  added  the  charms  of  gentle- 
ness and  feminine  grace  ;  and  when  she  left 
Vienna  for  Versailles,  to  give  lier  hand  to 
the  son  of  Louis  XV.,  king  of  France,  after- 
wards Louis  of  unhappy  memory,  the  capital 
of  her  native  land  was  filled  with  sorrow. 
In  1770,  when  only  15  years  of  age,  she  was 
married  ;  and  when  her  husband  ascended 
the  throne  she  gained  the  aftlctions  of  the 
people  by  repeated  acts  of  generosity.     It 


ant] 


^  i^t^  Winibtr^al  23i0crrajpT;». 


[ant 


was,  however,  soon  observed  that  her  natural 
liveliness  brouglit  upon  her  tlie  s(!andal  of 
her  enemies  about  the  court,  who  attributed 
the  undisguised  frankness  and  cheerfulness 
of  her  nature  to  levity  aud  indiscretion.  An 
extraordinary  occurrence  added  fuel  to  tlie 
flame  of  calumny,  while  it  subjected  the 
name  of  the  queen  to  a  disgraceful  lawsuit. 
Two  jewellers  demanded  the  payment  of  an 
immense  price  for  a  necklace,  which  had 
been  purchased  in  the  name  of  the  queen. 
In  the  examination  which  she  demanded,  it 
was  proved  that  she  had  never  ordered  tlie 
purchase.  A  lady  of  her  size  and  complexion 
had  impudently  passed  herself  off  for  the 
queen,  and  at  midnight  liad  a  meeting  with 
a  cardinal  in  the  park  of  Yersaiiles.  Not- 
withstanding this,  the  enemies  of  the  queen 
succeeded  in  casting  a  stigma  on  her ;  and 
the  credulous  and  infatuated  people  laid 
every  public  disaster  to  lier  charge.  On  the 
5th  of  October  the  Parisians  rushed  to  Ver- 
sailles, and  breaking  into  the  castle  on  the 
following  morning,  they  murdered  several  of 
the  body-guards,  and  uttered  against  the 
queen  the  most  furious  threats.  In  the 
middle  of  tlie  night,  a  clergyman  wrote  to 
her,  "  Take  measures  for  your  preservation  ; 
early  in  the  morning,  at  6  o'clock,  you  are 
to  be  murdered."  She  remained  tranquil, 
and  concealed  the  letter.  Tlie  infuriated 
mob  rushed  into  her  chamber  ;  slie  fled  to  the 
king.  To  put  a  stop  to  the  scene  of  outrage, 
the  king  aud  queen  showed  themselves  with 
both  their  children,  in  the  balcony.  This 
spectacle  made  a  momentary  imjiression  on 
the  enraged  people  ;  but  soon  the  cry  re- 
sounded from  every  mouth,  "  No  children  ! 
the  queen  —  the  queen  alone!"  She  in- 
stantly put  lier  son  and  daughter  into  the 
arms  of  the  king  and  returned  to  the  balcony. 
This  unexpected  courage  disarmed  the  mob; 
and  their  threats  were  followed  by  sliouts  of 
approbation.  But  the  regicidal  mania  was 
now  arriving  at  a  fearful  height,  and  those 
events  which  in  the  sequel  deluged  France 
with  blood,  were  thickening  around  tlie  royal 
family  with  all  the  fervid  gloom  of  an  ap- 
proaching tempest.  At  length  came  the 
fatal  10th  of  August,  1792.  Prepared  for  the 
worst,  she  exerted  all  her  power  to  excite  the 
king  to  meet  death  sword  in  hand  ;  but  he 
thought  resistance  was  in  rain,  and  was  led, 
with  his  consort,  before  the  legislative  as- 
sembly, where  she  heard  his  deposition  an- 
nounced, and  then  accompanied  him  to  the 
Temple.  There,  deprived  of  every  semblance 
of  royalty,  and  bereft  of  every  comfort,  she 
displayed  the  magnanimity  of  a  heroine  and 
the  patient  endurance  of  a  martyr.  At 
length  th«  Conxeution  ordered  her  to  be 
brought  belbre  the  revolutionary  tribunal. 
She  was  charged  with  having  dissipated  the 
finances,  exhausted  the  public  treasury,  cor- 
responded with  the  foreign  enemies  of  France, 
and  favoured  its  domestic  foes.  To  all  these 
charges,  and  others  still  more  infamous,  she 
replied  with  firmness  and  decision,  and  a 
just  indignation  ;  and  slie  heard  lier  sentence 
pronounced  with  perfect  calmness.  On  the 
following  morning,  when  she  ascended  the 
cart  which  conveyed  her  to  the  scaifold,  it 
was  observed  that  grief  had  distorted  her 
features,  and  in    the    damp,  unwholesome 


prison,  she  had  almost  lost  one  of  her  eyes. 
A  deep  silence  reigned,  and  the  people,  be- 
fore so  furious,  seemed  to  be  filled  with  shame 
and  awe.  When  she  reached  the  top  of  the 
scaifold,  she  threw  herself  on  her  knees,  ex- 
claiming, "O  God,  enlighten  and  affect  my 
executioner !  Farewell,  my  children,  for 
ever  ;  I  go  to  your  father  !  "  Thus  perished 
the  lovely  Marie  Antoinette,  in  the  S8th 
year  of  her  age,  Oct.  16.  1793. 

ANTON,  C.  Gottlieb,  a  learned  German 
noble  and  magistrate,  born  in  17.51  ;  author 
of  a  variety  of  curious  philological,  histo- 
rical, and  critical  works ;  among  others,  a 
"  History  of  the  Ancient  Germans  ;  "  "  On 
the  Origin  of  the  Sclavonians  ;  "  of  the  "  Or- 
der of  Templars,"  &c.  &c. 

ANTONELLI,  Nicholas  Maeia,  count  of 
Pergola,  who  rose  through  various  ecclesias- 
tical promotions  to  that  of  cardinal,  was 
bom,  1697,  and  died,  1767. 

ANTONI,  Sebastiano  deoli,  a  Vicen- 
zan  noble  author,  bom  in  1665  ;  author  of 
"  The  Conspiracy  of  Brutus,"  a  tragedy. 

ANTONIANO,  Sylvio,  an  Italian  poet, 
made  a  cardinal  by  Clement  VIII.,  born  at 
Rome,  l.'>40  ;  died,  1603. 

ANTONIDES,  or  VANDER  GOES, 
John,  a  Dutcli  poet,  bom  in  Zealand.  1647  ; 
died,  1684.  He  is  principally  known  by  his 
poem  in  honour  of  the  river  Y,  which  flows 
through  Amsterdam ;  in  which  city  his 
works  were  collected  and  published,  1714. 

ANTONINE,  DE  FoKCiGLioNi,  a  Romish 
prelate  and  saint,  born  at  Florence,  1389 ; 
died,  1459,  and  canonised  1523.  He  highly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  Council  of  Flo- 
rence, where  he  disputed  with  the  Greeks. 

ANTONINI.  AxNiBAL  aud  Joseph,  two 
brothers,  natives  of  Italy,  in  the  17th  and 
18th  centuries  :  they  wrote  in  conjunction 
the  history  of  Lucania ;  and  Annibal  was 
the  compiler  of  an  Italian  grammar  and 
dictionary. 

ANTONINUS  PIUS,  Tixus  Aukelhts 
FuLVius,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  born  at 
Lanuvium,  86  ;  succeeded  Adrian,  138  ;  and 
died,  161.  His  reign  was  distinguished  by 
tranquillity  and  by  suet  °xcellent  manage- 
ment, as  procured  him  tlie  title  of  Pius. 

ANTONINUS,  Marcus  Annius  Auke- 
Lius,  surnamed  the  Philosopher,  bom,  121 ; 
adopted  by  Pius  Antoninus,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded, in  conjunction  with  Lucius  Verus, 
as  emperor  of  Rome  ;  and  died,  180.  His 
death  occasioned  universal  mourning 
throughout  the  empire ;  the  Roman  senate 
and  people  voted  him  a  god,  and  his  image 
was  long  afterwards  regarded  with  peculiar 
veneration.  This  emperor's  book  of  medi- 
tations in  Greek  and  Latin  has  been  often 
printed,  and  universally  admired  for  the 
excellence  of  its  morality. 

ANTONINUS,  a  geographical  author, 
the  writer  of  a  valuable  Itinerarium,  whose 
age  is  unknown.  Burton  published  an  ex- 
cellent commentary  on  it,  as  far  as  relates  to 
Britain. 

ANTONIO  or  ANTONELLO,  bom  at 
Messina,  Sicily,  1426  ;  died,  1475.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  artist  who  introduced 
oil  painting  into  Italy. 

ANTONIO,  Nicholas,  a  Spanish  histo- 
rian, born  at  Seville,  1617  ;  died,  1684. 


ant] 


a  ^tto  WiniheriKl  JSiOjjrap]^!). 


[apo 


ANTONTUS,  GooEFROV,  a  celebrated 
German  lawyer,  born  in  Westphalia,  and 
died  chancellor  of  the  university  of  Gicsscu, 
where  also  he  was  a  professor  of  law,  1018. 

ANTONIUS,  Makcus,  a  brave  and  elo- 
quent Roman  consul,  who  was  afterwards 
appointed  governor  of  Cilicia,  and  subse- 
quently censor.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  among  the  Romans  ;  and,  according 
to  Cicero,  it  was  owing  to  him  that  Rome 
became  a  rival  in  eloquence  to  Greece.  He 
was  slain  during  the  disturbances  raised  by 
Marias  and  Cinna,  b.  c.  07. 

ANTONIUS,  Makcits,  the  celebrated 
triumvir,  born,  b.  c.  86,  was  son  of  Marcus 
Cretius,  by  Julia,  a  lady  of  the  Caisarian 
family,  ot*^  distinguished  merit.  Anthony, 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  soon  wasted  his 
whole  patrimony,  then  went  into  Syria,  and 
assisted  in  the  restoration  of  Ptolemy  to  the 
throne  of  Egypt ;  thence  he  proceeded  to 
join  Caisar  in  Gaul,  and  on  his  return  to 
Rome  was  made  quosstor.  When  Caesar 
made  himself  master  of  that  city,  he  ap- 
pointed Anthony  to  the  government  of  Italy, 
and  afterwards  master  of  the  horse.  An- 
thony was  also  the  colleague  of  Cassar  in  the 
consulship  ;  aud,  at  the  death  of  the  latter, 
strove  to  get  possession  of  the  sovereign 
power,  by  ingratiating  himself  with  the  peo- 
ple and  the  army.  In  order  to  check  his 
ambition,  the  patriots  took  the  part  of  Octa- 
vius,  the  heir  of  Cicsar  ;  and  Anthony,  being 
defeated  in  his  endeavours  to  gain  Macedonia 
and  S^ria,  and  also  in  an  attempt  upon 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  fled  to  the  Alps,  and  after- 
wards formed  with  Lepidus  and  Octavius 
the  second  triumvirate  ;  to  which  combina- 
tion Cicero  fell  a  sacrifice.  Anthony  was 
greatly  instrumental  to  the  defeat  of  Brutus 
and  Cassius  at  Philippl ;  he  then  went  into 
Asia,  where  he  bowed  to  the  all-conquering 
charms  and  blandishments  of  Cleopatra  ; 
and,  after  his  defeat  at  Actium,  put  au  end 
to  his  own  existence,  B.C.  .'iO,  aged  60. 

ANTONIUS,  iELius  Nebkissknsis,  a 
Spanish  writer,  born  ■  at  Lebrisa,  1442  ;  died, 
1522.  He  was  an  eminent  i>rofessor  at  the 
university  of  Salamanca,  and  wrote  the 
History  of  New  Spain,  and  other  works. 

ANTONY,  of  Bourbon,  son  of  Charles  of 
Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome,  born  1527  ;  mar- 
ried Joan  d'Albrat,  queen  of  Navarre,  1543, 
who  brought  him  in  dowry  the  principality 
of  Beam,  and  the  title  of  king  of  Navarre  ; 
and  died  from  a  wound  received  in  the 
shoulder  at  the  siege  of  Rouen,  1502. 

ANTONY,  St.,  of  Padua,  a  learned  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  1195  ;  died 
at  Padua,  1231 ;  and  was  canonised.  His 
works  were  printed  at  the  Hague,  1041. 

ANTONY,  of  Pratovcccliio,  Tuscany,  an 
eminent  Italian  lawyer,  in  the  15th  century. 

ANVAIII,  a  Persian  poet,  born  at  Cho- 
rasan.  He  was  well  versed  in  astrology,  and 
composed  several  books  on  that  science ;  but 
having  failed  in  a  i)rediction,  he  retired  from 
the  court  of  the  sultan  Sangier,  and  died  at 
Balke  in  1200. 

ANYSIUS,  or  ANISO,  Giovasni,  an  Ita- 
lian poet  of  some  celebrity,  born  at  Naples, 
about  1472  ;  died  1.54<). 

ANYTA,  an  ancient  Greek  poetess,  some 
of  whose  compositions  are  preserved  in  a 


47 


collection  of  eminent  female  poets,  published 
at  lliiml)iirg,  1734. 

ANYTUS,  an  Athenian  rhetorician,  who 
prevailed  on  Aristophanes  to  ridicule  Socra- 
tes in  a  comedy,  and  finally,  in  conjunction 
with  Melitus,  procured  his  condemnation. 
When  the  people  discovered  their  error, 
Anytus  was  banished,  and  stoned  to  death  at 
Hcraclea. 

APACZAT,  John,  a  native  of  Apatza, 
Transylvania,  who  studied  the  oriental  lan- 
giiapes  at  Utrecht,  and  afterwards  taught 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  the 
university  of  Weissenburg.    Died,  1059. 

APEL,  or  APELLES,  Joiix,  a  German 
lawyer,  and  one  of  the  earliest  preachers  of 
the  Reformation  ;  born  at  Nuremburg,  1480, 
and  died  there,  l.'>36. 

APELBOOM,  a  Dutch  poet  of  some  ce- 
lebrity, who  died  about  1780. 

APELLES,  the  most  celebrated  among 
the  painters  of  antiquity,  was  bom,  as  Pliny 
affirms,  in  the  isle  of  Cos,  though  other 
writers  name  Ephesus  as  his  native  place. 
He  lived  in  the  time  of  Alexander  theGreat, 
who  would  suffer  no  other  artist  to  paint  his 
picture. 

APELLES,  a  native  of  Syria,  in  the  second 
century  ;  the  founder  of  an  heretical  sect, 
who  denied  the  prophets,  the  law  of  Moses, 
and  the  resurrection. 

APELLICON,  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
to  whom  the  world  is  indebted  for  the  works 
of  Aristotle,  which  he  collected  and  bought 
at  a  vast  expense,  about  !K)  years  B.C.  They 
were  afterwards  seized  by  the  dictator  Sylla, 
and  carried  by  him  to  Rome. 

APER,  Makcus.  a  Gaul  by  birth,  and  one 
of  the  finest  orators  of  the  flj-st  century  :  he 
died  about  8.5. 

APHTHONIUS,  of  Antioch,  a  rhetorician 
of  the  tliird  century,  who  wrote  a  treatise 
entitled  "  Progymnasmata  Rhetorica,"  the 
best  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1045. 

APIAN,  Peter,  a  German  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  bom  in  Misnia,  1495  ;  died, 
1589.  Ajiian  was  the  first  who  discovered 
that  the  tails  of  comets  are  always  projected 
in  a  direction  from  the  snn,  and  records  his 
observations  upon  five  which  ajipeared  in 
the  years  1.531,  1532,  1533, 1538,  and  1.539. 

APICIUS,  a  noted  epicure  in  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.  It  is  recorded  of 
him  that  he  spent  2,.5(W,00O/.  sterling  in  pro- 
viding for  the  luxuries  of  his  table  ;  but  find- 
ing his  finances  reduced  to  250,(K)0  crowns, 
he  poisoned  himself  for  fear  of  starving. 
There  were,  however,  two  other  epicures  of 
the  same  name  ;  one  who  lived  in  the  time  of 
Sylla  ;  and  the  other,  whose  extravagance 
and  gluttonous  propensities  were  less  enor- 
mous, contemporary  with  Trajan. 

APION,  a  learned  grammarian  and  histo- 
rian, bom  at  Oasis,  Egypt,  in  the  first  cen- 
tury, and  was  a  professor  at  Rome  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius.  In  his  "  Antiquities  of 
Egypt,"  he  attacked  the  Jews,  and  was  an- 
swered by  Josephus. 

APOLI>INARIS,  Caius  Sulpitius,  a  na- 
tive of  Carthage,  was  professor  of  grammar 
at  Rome  in  the  2nd  century, 

APOLLINARIUS,  Claudius,  bishop  of 
Ilierapolis,  Phrygia,  about  177,  who  wrote 


APO] 


^  ^thi  SETniOfViJal  3St05raj>T;i.n 


[aqu 


an  apology  for  the  Christian  religion,  ad- 
dressed to  Marcus  Aurelius. 

APOLLINARIUS,  a  presbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria in  tlie  4th  century,  who  wrote  a  history 
of  the  Hebrews  in  Greek  heroic  verse.  He 
had  a  son  who  became  blsliop  of  Laodicea, 
and  wrote  a  treatise  against  paganism,  which 
he  sent  to  Julian,    lie  died  about  382. 

APOLLODORUS,  a  grammarian  of 
Athens,  flouiislied  i).c.  104.  Three  books  of 
his  on  the  origin  of  the  gods  are  extant. 

APOLLODOllUS,  a  famous  painter  at 
Athens,  n.c.  403.  Pliny  mentions  two  pic- 
tures by  him,  one  of  a  priest  of  Ajjollo  at  the 
altar.and  theotherof  the  shipwreck  of  Ajax. 

APOLLODOllUS,  a  celebrated  architect, 
was  born  at  Damascus,  and  lived  under  Tra- 
jan and  Adrian.  lie  was  employed  by  the 
former  in  building  the  great  stone  bridge  over 
the  Danube  and  other  structures;  but,  falling 
into  disgrace  \vith  Adrian,  he  lost  liis  life 
through  that  emperor's  caprice. 

APOLLONIA,  a  female  Cliristian  martyr, 
who,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  fell  a  sacrifice 
to  intolerance  at  Alexandria,  248. 

APOLLONIUS  COLLATIUS,  a  monk  and 
poet  of  Navarre  in  the  loth  century,  who 
published  an  epic  on  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
and  other  pieces. 

APOLLONIUS,  DvscoLUS,  a  grammarian 
of  Alexandria  in  the  2nd  century,  wlio  wrote 
a  work  on  syntax  :  a  collection  of  historical 
curiosities  is  also  ascribed  to  him.  Tliere  was 
another  grammarian  of  this  name,  who  lived 
in  the  reign  of  Augustus  Caesar,  and  compiled 
a  Lexicon  Ilomericum,  printed  at  Paris,  1773. 

APOLLONIUS,  of  Perga,  a  mathematician 
of  Alexandria,  about  240  years,  B.C.  He  com- 
posed several  curious  geometrical  works,  of 
which  his  book  on  conic  sections  alone  exists. 

APOLLONIUS,  RiiODins,  so  called  from 
the  city  of  Rhodes,  in  which  he  presided  over 
a  school  of  rhetoric,  was  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, and  afterwards  became  keeper  of  the 
celebrated  library  there,  in  which  situation 
he  remained  until  his  death,  B.C.  240.  He 
wrote  a  poem,  in  four  books,  on  the  expedition 
of  the  Argonauts. 

APOLLONIUS,  Tyanecs,  a  philosophic 
empiric  of  Ty ana,  in  Cappadocia;  born  about 
the  Christian  era.  He  visited  Rome,  where 
Vespasian  became  his  dupe ;  but  Domitian 
sent  hira  to  prison.  He  soon  obtained  his 
release,  and  died  about  tlie  end  of  the  1st 
century. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  Roman  senator  and 
Christian  martyr,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Commodus,  and  probably  suffered  death 
about  18(5. 

APONO,  or  ABANO,  Peter  of,  an  as- 
trologer and  physician,  born  at  Abano,  near 
Padua,  1250  ;  died,  1316.  He  made  himself 
celebrated  by  a  work,  entitled  "  Conciliator 
Differeniiorum  Philosophorum  et  precipue 
Mc'dicorum." 

APOSTOLIUS,  MicnAEi-,  a  learned  Greek 
of  the  15th  century,  whocompiled  acoUection 
of  tlie  sayings  of  wise  men,  and  another  of 
proverl)s. 

APPIAN,  an  ancient  historian,  born  at 
Alexandria,  whence  he  went  to  Rome,  in 
the  reign  of  Trajan,  and  became  an  eminent 
pleader.  He  wrote  the  history  of  Rome  in 
Greek. 


APPIANI,  AsDKK,  a  celebrated  Milanese 
painter,  born  in  1750.  His  pieces  are  found 
in  most  of  tlie  palaces  of  Milan  ;  but  his 
masterpiece,  in  fresco,  adorns  the  cupola  of 
Santa  Maria  de  S.  Cclso.    Died,  1818. 

APREECE,  or  RIIESE,  Joiix,  a  learned 
antiquary,  born  in  Wales  in  the  early  part 
of  the  IGth  century,  and  died  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Mary.  One  of  his  works,  entitled 
"  Fides  Historiaa  Britannife,"  is  preserved  in 
manuscript  in  the  Cottonian  collection. 

APROSIO,  AuGELico,  an  Augustine  monk, 
born  at  Genoa,  1607  ;  died,  1681.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  books,  but  is  best  known  by  a 
work,  entitled  "  Bibliotheca  Aprosiana." 

APTHORP,  East,  a  learned  divine,  bom 
in  New  England,  1732,  and  died  at  Canter- 
bury, 1816.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  sent  him  out 
as  one  of  their  missionaries  to  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  in  which  state  he  resided  for 
a  short  time,  and  then  relumed  to  England, 
arid  obtained  the  living  of  Croydon,  Surrey, 
about  1765.  In  1778  lie  took  the  degree  of 
D.  D.,  and  was  appointed  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  Mary-le-Bow,  London  ;  but,  in  1793,  he 
resigned  his  living  on  obtaining  the  valuable 
stall  of  Finsbnry,  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

APULEIUS,Lucius,a  Platonic  philosopher 
in  the  2nd  century,  born  at  Madaura,  Africa. 
He  composed  several  books,  the  chief  of  which 
is  a  romance,  entitled  "  The  Golden  Ass," 
M'hich  has  been  translated  into  almost  all  the 
modern  European  languages. 

AQUAVIVA,  AxDKEW  Matthew,  duke 
of  Atri,  Naples,  born  about  1456,  was  cele- 
brated both  as  a  scholar  and  a  soldier,  and 
died,  1528. 

AQUAVIVA,  Clattde,  born  at  Naples, 
1542,  became  general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
and  died,  1615. 

AQUAVIVA,  OcTAVio,  a  prelate  of  great 
reputed  piety  and  learning,  died  archbishop 
of  Naples,  1612. 

AQUILA,  of  Sinope,  Pontus,  an  architect 
and  mathematician  in  the  time  of  Adrian, 
by  whom  he  was  employed  in  the  rebuilding 
of  Jerusalem,  where  he  embraced  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  but  was  afterwards  excommu- 
nicated for  practising  astrology,  and  turned 
Jew. 

AQUII./ANO,  Serafijto,  an  admired 
Italian  poet,  born  at  Aquila,  Abruzzo,  1466, 
and  died,  1500. 

AQUILANUS,  Sebartiani's,  a  Neapolitan 
physician  of  Padua  ;  died,  1543. 

AQUINAS,  St.,  Thomas,  called  the 
Angelic  Doctor,  descended  from  the  counts 
of  Aquino,  in  Calabria,  Naples,  was  bom 
1224;  died,  1274;  and  canonised  1323,  by 
John  XXII.  His  writings,  which  were  held 
in  the  highest  estimation,  gave  rise  to  a  sect 
called,  after  him,  Thomists. 

AQUINO,  Charles  of,  a  Neapolitan  Je- 
suit, born,  1654  ;  died,  1740.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Rome. 

AQUINO,  or  AQUIN,  Louis  Claude  of, 
a  distinguished  musician,  born  at  Paris,  1694 ; 
died,  1772.  At  the  age  of  six  he  performed 
on  the  harpsichord  before  Louis  XIV.  ;  at 
eight,  the  celebrated  Bemier  declared  he 
could  teach  him  no  more  ;  and  at  twelve,  he 
became  organist  of  a  church  at  Paris. 

AQULNO,  Philip,  a  learned  Jew  of  the 


aea] 


^  IJrto  Winihtr^iil  SBtosrapTjg. 


[arb 


l7th  century,  bom  at  Avignon,  converted  to 
the  Christian  faith,  and  received  baptism  at 
Aquino,  Naples,  whence  he  derived  liis  name, 
lie  was  celebrated  for  his  skill  in  the  Hebrew 
language  ;  and  was  entrusted  by  Le  Jay  with 
the  care  of  printing  and  correcting  thellebrew 
and  Clialdce  text  of  his  Polyglot  Bible. 

ARABSCHAir,  a  Iklahometan  historian, 
who  wrote  a  History  of  Tamerlane,  and  a 
treatise  on  the  divine  unity.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Damascus,  wliere  he  died,  14.")0. 

AR.VBELL A  STUART,  commonly  called 
the  Lady  Arabella,  was  the  only  child  of 
Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox,  the  brother 
of  Henry  lord  Darnley,  father  to  James  VI., 
of  Scotland,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Cavendish.  This  innocent  victim 
of  jealousy  and  state  policy,  while  an  infant, 
lost  her  father,  and  thus  became  heiress  to  a 
large  estate.  Several  matches  were  projected 
for  her  at  home  and  abroad  ;  and  her  cousin, 
king  James,  was  inclined  to  marry  her  to 
Lord  Esnie  Stuart,  whom  he  had  created  duke 
of  Lennox,  and  whom,  before  his  marriage, 
he  considered  as  his  heir  ;  but  this  union  was 
prevented  by  queen  Elizabeth,  who  held  the 
Lady  Arabella  under  restraint,  and  regarded 
her  with  a  jealous  eye.  On  the  death  of  that 
queen,  an  abortive  conspiracy  was  formed 
for  setting  up  Arabella  Stuart  in  opposition 
to  her  cousin  James.  In  ICIO,  she  was  pri- 
vately marrie<l  to  Mr.  William  Seymour, 
grandson  of  the  Earl  of  Hertford  ;  by  which 
union  she  fell  under  the  royal  disjileasure, 
was  placed  in  confinement  at  Lambeth,  and 
her  husband  sent  to  the  Tower.  Shortly 
afterwards  they  separately  made  their  es- 
cape ;  Mt.  Seymour  got  safe  to  the  Continent, 
but  the  Lady  Arabella  was  overtaken,  shut 
np  in  the  Tower,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  her  life  in  close  and  melancholy  confine- 
ment, which  finally  deprived  her  of  her  rea- 
son ;  and  she  died  September  27.  IGl.'i,  aged  38. 

ARAGON.TiLMAOF.apoetessof  the  Kith 
century ;  descended  from  an  illegitimate 
branch  of  the  royal  family  of  Spain  ;  and 
highly  celebrated  for  her  wit,  beauty,  and 
various  accomplishments. 

ARAJA,  rnAXCisco,  a  Neapolitan  musi- 
cian and  composer  in  the  ISth  century,  who 
entered  the  service  of  the  empress  Catherine 
of  Russia,  and  produced  at  St.  Petersburgh 
"  Cephalo  et  Procria,"  the  first  opera  written 
in  the  Russian  language. 

ARiV^M,  EroKXE,  a  man  no  less  notorious 
for  his  studious  habits  and  great  attain- 
ments, than  for  the  crime  which  brought  him 
to  an  untimely  end.  was  the  son  of  a  gar- 
dener, and  a  native  of  Ramsgill,  in  Nether- 
dale,  Yorkshire.  Tliough  destitute  of  the 
advantages  of  education,  and  working  at  his 
father's  humble  trade,  such  was  his  desire  to 
obtain  knowledge,  that  he  soon  made  con- 
siderable progress  in  the  mathematics  ;  then 
applied  so  sedulously  to  the  Latin  tongue,  as 
to  read  the  Roman  classics  ;  and  afterwards 
studied  Greek  with  great  success.  Thus 
qualified,  in  1734  he  became  usher  in  a  school 
at  Knaresborough,  where  he  married.  In 
1714  we  find  that  he  taught  Latin  and  writ- 
ing in  London,  and  transmitted  the  acts  of 
parliament  to  be  registered  in  Chancery ; 
and,  in  1757,  he  assisted  in  the  free-school 
at   Lynn.      During  this  period  he  studied 


history,  antiquity,  heraldry,  and  botany, 
wrote  poetry,  and  became  proficient  in  the 
Hebrew.  Arabic,  and  Chaldee  languages.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  apprehended  at 
Lynn  for  the  murder  of  one  Daniel  Clarke,  a 
shoemaker,  of  Knaresborough,  which  took 
place  thirteen  years  before,  and  for  which  he 
was  tried  at  York,  Aug.  8.  1759.  He  made  a 
most  skilful,  argumentative,  and  eloquent 
defence,  but  was  found  guilty.  The  next 
morning  he  confessed  the  crime,  attributing 
it  to  his  suspicion  of  Clarke's  having  a  cri- 
minal intercourse  with  his  wife.  Having  in- 
ettectually  endeavoured  to  commit  suicide  in 
the  night,  by  wounding  himse'f  in  the  arm, 
he  was  conveyed  in  a  state  of  stupor  to  the 
gallows,  and  afterwards  hung  in  chains  in 
Knaresborough  Forest.  The  singular  dis- 
covery of  Clarke's  mj^sterious  murder,  and 
its  commission  by  a  man  of  Aram's  other- 
wise irreproachable  character,  learned  ac- 
quirements, and  scholastic  habits,  together 
with  his  remarkable  defence,  were  of  course 
calculated  to  excite  a  high  degree  of  interest 
—  an  interest,  indeed,  not  likely  to  subside, 
when  we  recollect  that  the  melancholy  tale 
has  served  as  a  basis  for  the  enchanting  fic- 
tions of  a  novelist  and  the  exquisite  pathos 
of  a  poet. 

AJtATOR,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, born  in  Liguria,  and  patronised  by 
Pojie  Vigilius,  to  whom  he  presented  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles  in  Latin  verse. 

ARATUS,  aCicilian  poet  and  ostronomer, 
born  about  300  B.C.  His  poem,  entitled 
"  Phajiiomena,"  was  translated  by  Cicero 
into  Latin  ;  and  St.  Paul  quotes  a  passage 
from  it  in  his  speech  to  the  Athenians. 

ARATUS,  of  Sicyon,  son  of  Clinias,  bom 
B.C.  273.  His  father  fell  in  a  tumult  excited 
by  Abanlidas ;  and  the  escape  of  young 
Aratus,  then  only  seven  years  of  age,  arose 
from  his  taking  refuge  in  the  house  of  the 
tyrant's  sister,  who  humanely  preserved 
him,  and  caused  him  to  be  brought  up  pri- 
vately at  Argos.  On  arriving  at  maturity, 
he  determined  to  restore  the  liberty  of  his 
country,  which  he  did  without  bloodshed. 
By  his  activity,  he  also  brought  about  the 
Achnean  league,  and  recovered  Corintli  from 
Antigonus  of  Macedon.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries of  his  own  transactions  and  times  ; 
and  died,  B.C.  216. 

ARBOGAST,  Louis  Fr.  Ant.,  a  French 
geometrician,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Strasburg,  associate  of  the  Institute,  de- 
puty to  the  National  Convention,  and  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies.    Died,  IKO.'J. 

ARBOGASTES,  a  Frank  by  birth,  and  a 
eoldier  of  fortune,  who  raised  himself  by  his 
merit  to  the  title  of  count,  under  Gratian, 
after  whose  death  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  Valentinian  the  Younger  and  Theodosius; 
by  the  latter  of  whom  he  was  sent  into  Gaul 
to  oi)pose  Victor,  son  of  Maximus,  whom  he 
defeated  and  killed.  Arbogastes  then  ingra- 
tiated himself  with  the  army,  who  raised  him 
to  the  post  of  general,  without  consulting 
the  court  ;  but,  after  the  departure  of  Theo- 
dosius for  Constantinople,  he  filled  every 
post  with  his  creatures,  and  reduced  Valen- 
tinian to  dependence  upon  his  will.  The 
young  cmxK'ror  was  shortly  afterwards  found 
dead  5     and    Arbogastes,    not    choosing    to 


ARB 


^  0tia  ^nibtr^aX  SStagrap^M. 


[arc 


assume  the  purple  himself,  being  a  barbarian 
by  origin,  set  up  the  rhetorician  Eugenius, 
wliom  he  had  raised  to  the  rank  of  master  of 
the  offices.  Theodosius  immediately  pre- 
pared for  war  against  the  usurper,  whom  he 
totally  defeated.  Arbogastes  escaped  to  the 
mountains,  where  he  wandered  for  some 
time,  and  at  length  put  an  end  to  his  life, 
about  305. 

ARBRISSEL,  Robert  of,  founder  of  the 
abbey  of  Fontevraud,  was  born  in  tlie  village 
of  Arbrissel,  Brittany,  about  1047  ;  died, 
1117  ;  and  was  buried  in  his  own  abbey. 

ARBUCKLE,  Jamks,  a  Scotch  poet,  bom 
at  Glasgow,  and  died  in  the  north  of  Ire- 
land, where  he  had  settled  as  a  schoolmaster, 
1731. 

ARBUTIIXOT,  Alexander,  a  Scottish 
divine,  and  a  zealous  reformer,  was  born  in 
l.'i.'W,  and  died  in  1583.  He  edited  Buch- 
anan's llistory  of  Scotland,  and  was  a 
strenuous  champion  for  the  Reformation. 

ARBUTIINOT,  John,  a  celebrated  writer 
and  physician  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne, 
was  born  at  Arbuthnot,  near  Montrose,  and 
educated  at  Aberdeen.  He  was  appointed 
physician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  and  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  of  tlie  college.  He  engaged 
with  Poi)e  and  Swift  in  many  of  their  lite- 
rary schemes,  particularly  in  the  satire  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Martinus  Scriblerus."  In 
1727,  Dr.  Arbuthnot  publislied  "Tables  of 
Ancient  Coins,  Weiglits,  and  Measures," 
wliich  valuable  work  was  followed  by  an 
"  Essay  concerning  Aliments,"  &c.,  and 
another  on  the  "  Effects  of  Air  on  Human 
Bodies."  So  excellent  a  character  did  he 
bear  with  his  contemporaries,  that  Swift 
tlius  pithily  describes  him  :  "  He  has  more 
wit  than  all  our  race,  and  his  humanity  is 
equal  to  his  wit."     He  died  in  1735. 

ARCERE,  Anthony,  a  learned  French- 
man, who  applied  to  the  study  of  the  ori- 
ental languages,  made  a  tour  into  the  East, 
and  returneil  richly  furnished  with  manu- 
scripts ;  but  died  of  a  fever,  1()99,  aged  35. 

ARCERE,  Louis  Stephen,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, poet,  and  historian  of  the  18th 
century  ;  chiefly  known  by  Ms  works  on 
Bochelle  and  Amiens. 

ARCESILAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  the 
founder  of  the  second  or  middle  academy, 
was  born  at  Pitane,  in  iEolia,  B.C.  31(3.  He 
maintained  that  "  man  knows  nothing,"  and 
rejected  as  false  and  delusive  the  testimony 
of  the  senses. 

ARCHELATJS,  king  of  Macedon,  natural 
son  of  Perdiccas  II.,  whom  he  succeeded, 
after  murdering  his  brother  Alcetas.  He 
liberally  encouraged  literature  and  the  arts, 
entertained  and  patronised  Euripides  and 
Zeuxis.     He  died  about  B.C.  398. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  the 
disciple  and  successor  of  Anaxagoras  at 
Lampsacus,  but  removed  afterwards  to 
Athens,  where  he  had  Socrates  for  a  pvipil. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  geographer  ;  author  of 
a  treatise  on  all  the  countries  conquered  by 
Alexander,  in  whose  time  he  lived. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  Christian  divine,  bishop 
of  Mesopotamia,  who  flourished  under  Pro- 
bus,  about  278,  and  was  a  zealous  champion 
for  the  Catholic  faith  against  the  Mani- 
cliasans. 


ARCIIIAS,  AuLUS  LiciNius,  a  native  of 
Antioch,  chiefly  kno^^^l  from  the  eloquent 
orations  made  by  Cicero,  to  defend  his  right 
to  the  citizenship  of  Rome. 

ARCHIDAilUS  IIL,  king  of  Sparta,  so-n 
of  Agesilaus,  whom  he  succeeded,  b.c.  3o1, 
and,  in  the  sacred  war,  gave  assistance  to 
the  Pliocians.  He  was  slain  in  a  battle  with 
the  Messapians,  after  a  reign  of  fifteen  years. 

ARCIIIGENES,  a  Greek  physician  of  the 
pneumatic  sect,  who  flourished  in  the  times 
of  Domitian  and  Trajan.  His  works  are 
frequently  referred  to  by  Galen. 

ARCHILOCIIUS,  a  Greek  satirist,  born 
in  the  isle  of  Paros,  b.c.  G60.  The  inven- 
tion of  the  Iambic  metre  is  attributed  to 
him  ;  and  so  virulent  were  his  poems,  that 
they  were  prohibited  by  the  Spartan  go- 
vernment. 

ARCHIMEDES,  the  most  celebrated  ma- 
thematician among  the  ancients,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Syracuse,  and  related  to  king  Hiero. 
He  was  equally  skilled  in  the  sciences  of  as- 
tronomy, geometry,  mechanics,  hydrostatics, 
and  optics  ;  his  aptness  in  solving  problems 
had  become  proverbial  in  Cicero's  days,  and 
his  singular  ingenuity  in  the  invention  and 
construction  of  warlike  engines,  is  much 
dwelt  upon  by  Livy.  The  combination  of 
pulleys  for  raising  immense  weights,  the 
endless  screw.  Sec,  were  invented  by  him  ; 
but  his  genius  for  invention  was  never  more 
signally  displayed  than  in  the  defence  of 
Syracuse,  when  it  was  besieged  by  Marccl- 
lus  ;  for  among  other  astonishing  novelties, 
he  produced  a  burning  glass,  composed  of  re- 
flecting mirrors,  by  wliich  he  fired  the  ene- 
my's fleet.  At  length,  however,  the  city  was 
taken  by  storm,  and  Archimedes,  then  in  his 
74th  year,  was  among  the  slain,  e.  C.  212. 

ARCHINTO,  OcTAVius,  a  Milanese  noble- 
man, born  about  the  end  of  the  16th  century, 
and  died,  1656  ;  he  was  employed  in  several 
political  offices,  and  received  from  Philip 
III.  of  Spain  the  title  of  count  de  Barata. 

ARCHINTO,  Charles,  a  learned  Milan- 
ese of  noble  family,  born  in  1609,  founded 
an  academy  for  the  sciences  and  mechanics 
in  his  native  city,  wliich  he  enriched  with 
an  extensive  library,  &c. 

ARCIION,  Louis,  an  antiquary,  chaplain 
to  Louis  XIV.,  bom  at  Auvergne,  1645  ; 
died,  1717  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Royal  Chapel  of  France." 

ARCHYTAS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher 
and  mathematician  of  Tarentum,  flourished 
about  4(X)  b.  c.  He  was  one  of  the  first  who 
applied  the  theory  of  mathematics  to  prac- 
tical purposes. 

ARCHENHOLZ,  JoHX,  a  Swedish  histo- 
rian, born  at  Helsingfors,  1695  ;  died,  1777  : 
he  published  various  works,  principally  re- 
lating to  the  history  of  his  own  country. 

ARCHENHOLZ,  John  William  von,  a 
very  voluminous  German  author  ;  born,  1743; 
died,  1812.  His  two  most  important  works 
are  "  Annals  of  British  History,"  20  vols., 
and  a  "  History  of  the  Seven  Years'  War." 

ARCO,  Nicholas,  Count,  a  Latin  poet, 
born  at  Arco,  in  the  Tyrol,  1479  ;  died,  1546. 

ARCON,  J.  C.  Eleonore  Lemiceaud, 
a  French  officer,  born  at  Pontarlier,  1733  ; 
died,  1800.  He  became  general  of  a  division, 
inspector  of  fortifications,  member  of  the 


arc] 


^  ^eto  ?3ni&tr^aT  38tosraij]bl?» 


[are 


Institute,  and  senator  ;  and  was  the  inventor 
of  the  famous  floating  batteries  used  at  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar  in  1782. 

ARGONS,  CVesar  ok,  bom  in  Gascony, 
and  died,  1G«1  ;  was  advocate  in  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Bordeaux,  and  published  several 
treatises  on  philosophy  and  theology. 

ARCUDIUS,  Petek,  a  Greek  pnest,  born 
in  tlie  iole  of  Corfu,  and  died,  lUSo  ;  he  wrote 
several  pieces  in  defence  of  the  Romish 
Church,  and  was  sent  by  Clement  Vlll.  to 
Russia,  to  settle  some  religious  differences. 

AIICUDI,  Alexanuek  Thomas  of,  a 
Dominican  of  Venice,  who  wrote  several 
works,  cliiefly  biographical,  of  which  the 
"  Galatana  Letterata"  is  the  principal:  he 
died,  1720. 

ARCULPIIUS.  a  French  divine  of  the  se- 
venth ceutury,  who  visited  the  Holy  Laud, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  liis  travels. 

ARCY,  Patkick,  a  military  writer  of  the 
18th  century,  was  l>orn  at  Galway.  He  en- 
tered into  the  military  service  of  France  in 
173!»,  and  served  with  distinction  in  Germany 
and  Flanders.     Died,  1779. 

ARDERN,  Jou.v,  an  English  surgeon  of 
Newark- upon-Trcnt,  to  wlioni  the  credit  of 
bciug  the  reviver  of  surgery  in  tliis  country 
in  the  14th  century  has  been  given. 

ARDEXE,  EsritiT  Jean  ue  Rome,  s 
French  author,  born  at  Marseilles,  1G84 ; 
where  he  died,  in  1748. 

ARDENE,  John  Paul,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  priest  at  Marseilles,  and 
superior  of  a  college  ;  but  more  celebrated 
as  a  florist  thau  as  an  ecclesiastic.  On  that 
pleasing  subject  he  wrote  soma  esteemed 
works  ;  and  also,  "  Letters  on  Physic,"  for 
the  practice  of  ecclesiastics.     Dit- d,  1709. 

ARDENE,  James,  an  English  divine, 
made  dean  of  Chester  by  Charles  II.,  and 
died,  Hi!il. 

ARDINGHELLI,  Maria,  a  Neapolitan 
author,  of  noble  origin,  born  in  I7ii0.  II« 
was  distinguished  in  algebra  and  the  physical 
sciences. 

AREAGATHUS,  a  Greek  physician,  who 
lived  B.  c.  2(;y,  and  practised  with  repute  at 
Rome  ;  but  having  introduced  the  use  of 
caustics  and  the  knife,  he  was  banished. 

ARENA,  AxTUOxr,  a  French  writer 
of  the  16th  century,  cliiefly  known  by  his 
poem  on  the  war  of  Provence,  carried  on  by 
Charles  V. ;  died,  ir)44. 

ARENA,  James  ok,  a  learned  ciTilian 
and  writer  in  the  13th  century.  He  was 
professor  of  law  at  Padua  and  Bologna,  and 
wrote  Commentaries  on  the  Digest  and  the 
Code. 

ARENA,  Joseph,  an  officer  in  the 
French  service,  bom  in  Corsica :  arrested 
at  the  opera,  Aug.  10.  1801,  and  executed 
Jan.  31.  following,  for  an  attempt  on  the  life 
of  Buonaparte,  then  first  consul. 

ARENDT,  Mautix  Fuederic,  a  cele- 
brated traveller,  whose  object  was  the  cul- 
tivation of  science,  was  born  at  Altona,  in 
1709.  He  commenced  his  travels  in  1798, 
visiting  the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  and 
making  researches  into  the  antiquities  of  the 
countries  through  wliich  lie  passed.  He 
afterwards  travelled  through  Spain,  Italy, 
and  Hungary  ;  and  it  was  his  practice  to 
carry  all  his  papers  with  him,  live  on  the 


charitv  of  others,  and  sleep  in  the  open  air. 
Died,  1824. 

ARESI,  Paul,  bishop  of  Tortona,  Milan, 
born,  lo74  ;  died,  1C.44.  He  taught  theology, 
philosophy,  and  rhetoric,  at  Rome  and  Na- 
ples, and  wrote  some  philosophical  and  re- 
ligious pieces. 

ARET.a2US,  a  Greek  physician  in  tlie 
time  of  Vespasian  :  his  works  are  held  in 
great  esteem. 

ARETIN,  A.  and  J.  G.,  brothers,  bom  in 
17C9  and  1771  ;  authors  of  several  German  ; 
works  on  the  fine  arts,  "Magazin  des  Arts 
du  Dessin,"  &c. 

ARETIN,  J.  C,  Baron,  bom  in  1773;  a 
laborious  German    bibliograph,  curator   of 
the  Royal  Library  at  Munich,  and  member  ; 
of   the    most   famous    German    academies,  j 
Among  his  works  are,  "Historical  and  Lite-  i 
rary  Memoirs  ; "  a  "  History  of  the  Jews  of  i 
Bavaria;"  "On  the  Effects  of  Printing;"  ! 
and  many  curious  treatises  on  mnemonics, 
a  universal  language,  the  divining  rod,  &c. 
He  edited  the  "Aurora"  in  180(5,  and  pub- 
lished the  "Nouvel  Indicateur  Litteraire," 
at  Tubinifcn,  in  1808.    Died.  1824. 

ARETINO,  Charles,  born  in  Tuscany, 
in  the  1.5th  century.  He  was  secretary  to 
the  republic  of  Florence  ;  and  eminent  both 
as  a  Greek  scholar  and  a  Latin  poet.  Died 
in  1470. 

ARETINO,  Fraxcis,  a  learned  civilian 
of  Italy  in  the  l.'ith  century. 

ARETINO,  Gltido,  a  native  of  Arezzo, 
Tuscany,  who  lived  in  the  11th  century, 
and  is  celebrated  for  having  invented  the 
musical  gamut. 

ARETINO,  Leo.vard,  an  Italian  histo- 
rian, born  at  Arezzo,  1370 ;  died,  1443.  He 
was  secretary  to  several  popes,  and  after- 
wards to  the  republic  of  Florence  ;  added  a 
Supplement  to  Livy  on  the  Punic  War,  and 
wrote  the  History  of  Italy,  &c. 

ARETINO,  Peter,  an  Italian  satirical 
writer  of  great  celebrity,  was  born  at  Arezzo, 
in  Tuscany,  in  1492  ;  and  who,  though  oc- 
casionally as  just  as  he  was  severe,  may 
fairly  be  considered  one  of  the  most  uni- 
versal and  reckless  libellers  that  ever  lived. 
Yet  although  he  was  so  licentious  a  writer, 
that  his  very  name  is  expressive  of  indecency 
and  profligacy,  he  wrote  many  works  of 
devotion,  and  gave  the  preference  to  the 
latter,  whenever  they  accorded  with  his  in- 
terest. His  "Ragionamenti,"  a  bitter  satire 
on  the  scandalous  lives  of  the  nuns,  married 
women,  and  mistresses  of  the  cardinals, 
&c.  was  every  where  read  with  disgusting 
avidity.  A  multitude  of  satires  on  all  the 
European  sovereigns,  earned  him  the  title  of 
"Scourge  of  Princes."  By  some  he  was 
bribed  to  silence ;  by  others,  punished. 
Licentiousness  stains  the  wit  of  all  his  works, 
comedies,  satires,  sonnets,  Sic.  &c.  He  died 
in  1.5.57. 

ARICI,  C^SAR,  an  Italian  poet,  bora  in 
178.5  ;  author  of  an  admired  didactic  poem, 
called  "  La  Coltivatione  dcgli  Olivi." 

ARION,  a  Lesbian  poet  of  the  7th  century, 
n.  c.  ;  the  inventor  of  Dithyrambics  ;  of 
whom  numerous  fables  have  been  written. 
Of  his  writings,  all  that  remains  is  a  "  Hymn 
to  Neptune." 

ARETIUS,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic  of 


,  Beme,  Switzerland :  eminent  as  a  botanist 
and  tliealogiau.     Died,  1574. 

ARGAIZ,  or  ARGAEZ,  GREGonr,  a 
Spanish  Benedictine,  in  the  17tli  century, 
who  publislied  at  Madrid  an  ecclesiastical 
history  of  Spain,  which  he  attributed  to 
St.  Gregory,  bishop  of  Granada,  but  which 
was  afterwards  proved  to  be  a  forgery. 

ARGALL,,  RiciiAKD,  an  English  poet  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  patronised  by  Dr. 
John  King,  bishop  of  London. 

ARGEI.LATI,  Philu',  a  printer  of  Bo- 
logna, of  which  city  he  became  a  magis- 
trate, was  born  in  1(585.  From  Bologna  he 
removed  to  Milan,  to  superintend  the  print- 
ing of  Muratori's  "  Scriptores  Italicarum 
Berum,"  under  the  ausi)ices  of  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.,  who  granted  him  a  pension, 
and  made  him  one  of  his  secretaries. 

ARGELLATI,  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
author  of  a  work  entitled  "  Decamerone," 
written  in  imitation  of  Boccacio.  Died  in 
1754. 

ARGENS,  JoHX  Baptiste  T)e  Boyek, 
Marquis  of,  a  French  miscellaneous  writer, 
son  to  the  solicitor-general  of  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Aix,  in  which  city  he  was  bom,  in 
1704.  He  at  first  chose  the  profession  of 
arms,  and  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Kell,  1734,  but  afterwards  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  literary  pursuits  ;  went  to  Holland, 
and  was  invited  by  Frederic  William,  king 
of  Prussia,  to  his  court,  who  made  him  one 
of  his  chamberlains.     Died,  1771. 

ARGENTERO,  G.,  a  celebrated  Pied- 
montese  physician,  bom  in  1553  ;  he  trans- 
lated Galen. 

ARGENTIER,  JoH.v,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, born  at  Quiers,  Piedmont,  1513  ;  died 
at  Turin,  1572. 

ARGOLI,  AxDHEW,  a  mathematician, 
horn  at  Tagliacozzo,  Naples,  1570 ;  died, 
1653.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Padua,  with  the  title  of  Chevalier  of  St. 
Mark. 

ARGOLI,  Joiiy,  son  of  the  above,  was  a 
poet  of  some  celebrity,  and  also  an  archaio- 
logical  writer.  He  was  professor  of  juris- 
prudence at  Bologna  ;  and  died  about  10(50. 

ARGUELLADA,  Raymond, born  in  17G8: 
a  liberal  deputy  of  the  Spanish  Cortes.  He 
j  was  the  chief  framer  of  the  Spanish  Consti- 
tution, published  at  Cadiz  in  1812. 

ARGUELLES,  Adoustus,  a  Spanish  pa- 
triot, born  in  1775  ;  joined  the  constitutional 
revolution  which  broke  out  at  Cadiz  in  1812, 
and  drew  up  the  official  report  of  that  event. 
He  was  suddenly  arrested  by  Ferdinand  VII., 
and  sent  to  the  galleys  for  ten  years,  by  the 
king's  arbitrary  authority.  He  refused  sub- 
scriptions from  the  English,  on  the  ground 
that  they  had  deserted  or  betrayed  Spanish 
liberty. 

ARGUSTIN,  Antoxio,  a  Spanish  an- 
tiquarian, born  at  Saragossa,  in  1517;  author 
of  "  Dialogos  de  las  Medallas." 

ARGYROPYLUS,  JoH.v,  one  of  the 
learned  men  who,  in  the  15th  century,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Medici,  contributed  to 
the  revival  of  Greek  learning.  In  addition 
to  his  exertions  as  a  teacher  and  lecturer,  he 
published  translations  from  Aristotle,  and  a 
commentary  on  the  Ethics  of  that  philo- 
sopher. 


AEI  ERODE,  an  Icelandic  scholar  of 
the  11th  century,  and  the  earliest  of  the 
Northern  historians.  Of  his  numerous 
writings  only  the  Schedte  and  Laudnama- 
bok  remain. 

ARIOSTI,  Attilto,  aBolognese  composer, 
who  gave  lessons  to  Handel,  with  whom  and 
Bononcini,  he  composed  the  well-known 
opera  of  Muzio  Scevola. 

ARIOSTO,  EuDovico,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  Italian  poets,  Avas  born  at 
Reggio,  in  Lombardy,  and  even  in  his  child- 
hood evinced  his  poetic  genius.  At  Ferrara, 
where  he  was  educated,  he  greatly  distin- 
guished himself;  but  his  studies  were  di- 
rected less  towards  the  law,  for  which  pro- 
fession lie  was  intended,  than  towards  litera- 
ture. Tlie  cardinal  Ippolito  d'  Este  became 
his  patron,  but  seems  to  have  valued  him 
rather  as  a  scholar  and  man  of  business  than 
as  a  poet ;  for  when  Ariosto  presented  a 
copy  of  his  immortal  Orlando,  the  cardinal 
inquired,  "Where  did  you  pick  up  this 
trumpery,  master  Ludovico  ?  "  Ariosto's 
writings  were  very  numerous  and  various, 
but  the  "  Orlando  Furioso "  is  the  basis  of 
his  fame.    Born,  1474  ;  died,  1.D33. 

ARIOSTO,  Gabriel,  brother  of  the  above; 
very  inferior  to  him  in  genius,  but  a  respect- 
able Latiu  poet.  His  works  were  published 
at  Ferrara,  in  1582. 

ARIOSTO,  Horace,  son  of  the  last 
named  ;  author  of  a  poem  entitled  Alphaeus, 
several  comedies,  and  a  defence  of  the  Or- 
lando against  the  criticism  of  Pellegrini. 

ARISi,  Francis,  an  eminent  advocate  of 
Cremona  ;  author  of  various  works,  of  which 
the  most  valuable  is  his  "  Cremona  Literata." 
Born,  1(557  ;  died,  1743. 

ARIST^NATUS,  a  Greek  writer  of  the 
4th  century.  He  is  praised  by  Ammianus 
Marcelliuus  ;  but  is  only  known  now  by  two 
books  of  Amatory  Epistles,  of  some  elegance. 

ARISTARCHIJS,a  critic  andgrammarian, 
a  native  of  Samothrace,  who  flourished  about 
a  century  and  a  half  b.  c.  Having  settled  at 
Alexandria,  he  was  made  tutor  to  the  son  of 
Ptolemy  Philomater.  His  criticisms  Mxre  so 
severe  tliat  his  name  has  become  proverbial. 
He  died  at  Cyprus  in  his  72d  year  ;  as  some 
assert,  bv  voluntary  starvation. 

ARISTARCHUS,  the  Samian,  a  Greek 
philosopher,  supposed  to  have  flourished 
about  four  centuries  b.  c.  He  is  said  to  be 
the  first  who  knew  of  the  earth's  rotatory 
motion  on  its  own  axis  ;  and  a  work  of  his, 
of  wliich  an  edition  in  Greek  and  Latin  was 
published  by  Dr.  Wallis,  in  1(588,  treats  of 
the  magnitude  and  distance  of  the  sun  and 
moon. 

ARISTE  AS,  a  Jew,  in  the  employment  of 
Ptolemy  Pliiladelphus.  He  is  said  to  have 
assisted  in  the  Septuagint  translation  of  the 
Bible  ;  and  a  history  of  it  is  attributed  to 
him,  btit  on  no  satisfactory  grounds. 

ARISTIDES,  an  Athenian  patriot,  whose 
unbending  integrity  procured  him  the  name 
of  "Tlie  Just."  He  was  a  great  admirer  of 
the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  and  opposed  to  the 
headlong  democracy  of  the  party  headed  by 
Themistocles.  At  the  battle  of  Marathon 
he  was  next  in  command  to  Miltiades,  and 
bore  himself  with  great  intrepidity.  This 
caused  liim  to  be  made  archon  in  the  fol- 


ARl] 


^  ^ctD  mnibtvial  33tosrajpib2?« 


[ari 


lowing  year  ;  but  his  rigid  integrity  in  tliis 
station  led  to  so  strong  an  opi;osition  by  tlie 
popular  i)arty,  that  he  was  ostracised.  He 
was  recalled  from  banisliinent  to  oppose  the 
Persians  under  Xerxes,  and,  both  at  Salamis 
and  riatsea,  exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to 
serve  and  save  his  country.  A  still  higlier 
proof  was  given  of  liis  love  of  justice  by  bis 
efforts,  though  ineffectual,  to  save  his  rival, 
Themistocles,  from  banishment ;  and  by  tiie 
fact,  that  though  he  had  borne  all  the  highest 
offices  of  the  state,  he  was  very  poor  at  liis 
death,  which  took  place  in  -W;?  b.  c. 

ARISTIDES,  ^Lius,a  native  of  Adriani, 
in  Mysia  ;  an  orator  of  great  practice  and 
ability  during  the  reigns  of  Antoninus,  Au- 
rclius,  and  Commodus.  An  edition  of  his 
worlcs  was  published  in  two  4to.  volumes, 
Oxford,  1722. 

ARISTIDES,  a  Christian  philosopljer,  of 
Athens,  in  the  2nd  century.  Jerome  praises 
his  "  Ajjology  for  the  Christian  Faith,"  but 
none  of  his  writings  are  known  to  be  extant. 

ARISTIDES,  a  painter  of  Thebes  in  the 
3rd  century  B.C.,  famous  for  his  power  of 
representing  tlic  passions. 

ARISTIDES,  QuiXTiLiAN,  a  Greek  mu- 
sician, who,  about  the  year  130,  wrote  a 
treatise  on  the  music  of  his  country. 

ARISTIDES,  of  Miletus,  an  Justorian 
often  mentioned  by  Plutarch;  but  liis  works 
were  replete  with  licentious  tales. 

ARISTirPUS,  founder  of  the  Cyrenaic 
sect  of  philosophers,  waa  bom  at  Cyrene 
about  four  centuries  B.C.  He  became  a 
pupil  of  Socrates,  but  his  mode  of  life  waa 
so  effeminate  as  to  induce  that  great  man  to 
comiJose  the  lecture  on  pleasures,  which  is 
preserved  in  the  Memorabilia  ofXenophon. 
Excellent  as  that  lecture  is,  it  had  little 
effect  on  Aristippus  ;  who,  both  in  lecturing 
and  living,  made  pleasure  the  chief  good. 
At  Corinth  he  was  the  companion  of  the 
courtezan  Lais ;  and,  at  Syracuse,  he  was 
favoured  by  the  tyrant,  Dionysius,  to  whom, 
in  common  with  many  other  philosophers, 
he  paid  his  court.  He  established  a  school 
of  philosophy  at  Cyrene,  wliich  continued 
for  about  a  century,  when  it  was  merged  into 
the  sect  of  Epicurus. 

ARISTO,  of  Chios,  a  stoic  philosopher, 
B.C.  2«0,  who  held  logic  to  be  useless  and 
physics  incomprehensible. 

ARISTO,  an  Aristotelian  philosopher,  of 
Ceos,  B,  c.  230.  A  work  of  his,  ontitled 
"  Amatory  Similies,"  is  cited  by  Atlienaeus. 

ARISTOGITON,  a  citizen  of  Athens,  B.C. 
51C,  who  was  executed,  after  being  horribly 
treated,  for  conspiring  with  liis  friend  Har- 
modius  to  slay  the  tyrants  Hippias  and  Ilip- 
parchus.  Ilipparchus  they  succeeded  in 
glaying ;  and  Hippias,  who  put  Aristogiton 
to  death,  was  expelled  the  state  about  three 
years  afterwards,  when  the  statues  of  Aristo- 
gitoa  and  Harmodius  were  placed  in  the 
forum,  and  it  was  decreed  that  no  slave 
should  ever  bear  the  name  of  either. 

ARIST03IENES,  a  Greek,  son  of  Nico- 
medes,  a  descendant  of  the  regal  family  of 
Mcssene,  whose  exertions  caused  the  Mes- 
eenians,  in  conjunction  with  the  Arcadians 
and  Argives,  to  commence  the  second  Mcs- 
scnian  war,  B.C.  085,  in  order  to  shake  off  the 
yoke  of  Sparta.    The  Messenians,  however, 


were  imsuccessful,  and  went  over  to  Sicily» 
where  they  founded  the  city  of  Messina. 

ARISTOPHANES,  a  dramatic  poet  of 
Athens,  contemporary  with  Socrates,  Plato, 
&c.  in  the  5th  century,  B.C.  His  comedies 
were  marked  by  a  severity  of  satire  which 
made  him  at  once  feared  and  popular  ;  and 
his  description  of  Athenian  manners  was  so 
exact,  that  when  Dionysius,  of  Syracuse, 
wished  to  study  the  language  and  manners 
of  Alliens,  Plato  sent  him  the  comedies  of 
Aristophanes  as  the  readiest  means  of  doing 
BO.  Like  most  satiri>t8,  Aristophanes  was 
unjustly  personal,  and  his  comedy  of  "The 
Clouds  was  written  in  obvious  desire  to 
ridicule  Socrates.  He  is  said  to  have  written 
fifty-four  comedies,  but  of  these  only  eleven 
remain,  of  which  the  critics  deem  "  Plutus  " 
the  most  perfect.  Though  his  wit  was  de- 
based by  licentiousness,  and  his  satire  by 
personality,  his  style  was  beautiful.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

ARISTOTLE,  the  great  founder  of  the 
peripatetic  sect  of  philosophers,  was  bora  at 
Stagyra,  in  Thrace,  B.C.  381.  At  the  age 
of  17,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Plato,  who  called 
lilm  the  "m(>i</"  of  his  scliool.  The  fame 
of  his  abilities  having  reached  Philip  of  Ma- 
cedon,  that  prince  made  liim  tutor  to  his  son, 
Alexander  the  Great ;  and  he  so  carefully 
attended  the  young  prince,  that  Philip  re- 
built the  town  of  Stugyra,  which  he  had 
razed,  and  restored  the  expelled  inhabitants 
to  their  town  and  privileges.  When  Alex- 
ander set  out  on  his  expedition  to  Asia,  Aris- 
totle returned  to  Athens,  and  obtained  leave 
to  occupy  the  Lycajum  as  a  school  of  philo- 
sophy, where  he  established  the  sect  called, 
from  his  habit  of  walking  as  he  lectured, 
the  peripatetic.  Envy  of  his  abilities  caused 
him  to  be  accused  of  impiety,  and  he  retired 
to  Chalcis,  remarking,  in  allusion  to  the 
judicial  murder  of  Socrates,  that  he  did  not 
wish  to  see  the  Athenians  a  second  time 
guilty  of  crime  against  philosophy.  He  re- 
mained at  Chalcis  till  his  death,  in  the  (uJd 
year  of  his  age,  B.C.  323.  His  writings  are 
numerous  and  various ;  and  of  the  art  of 
logic,  especially  of  the  syllogism,  he  may 
almost  be  called  the  inventor.  Both  in  phy- 
sics and  metaphysics  he  had  many  erroneous 
opinions,  but  that  was  the  fault  of  his  age 
rather  than  of  his  individual  intellect  ;  and 
looking  at  the  extent  of  his  writings,  and  the 
value  of  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  them, 
we  must  hold  him  to  rank  very  high  indeed 
among  the  most  intellectual  of  mankind. 

ARISTOXENUS,  a  pliilosopher  and  mu- 
sician, pupil  of  Aristotle.  His  works  are 
said  to  have  been  very  numerous,  but  none 
have  come  down  to  us  except  his  Harmonic 
Elements,  which  is  considered  to  be  the 
oldest  musical  treatise  existing. 

ARIUS,  a  presbyter  of  the  church  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  4th  century.  Having  main- 
tained that  the  Son  and  the  Father  were 
essentially  distinct,  and  that  the  Son  was 
created  out  of  nothing  by  the  will  of  the 
Father,  Alexander  the  bishop,  in  opposition 
to  whose  preacliing  he  broached  this  doctrine, 
called  a  council,  in  which  the  doctrine  was 
condemned,  and  Arius,  and  those  who  sided 
with  him,  excommunicated.  He  was,  after 
much  discussion,  recalled  from  banishment 


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by  the  emperor  Constantine,  and  was  just 
about  to  be  received  again  into  the  pale  of 
the  church,  when  he  died  suddenly.  Of  his 
writings,  only  two  epistles  are  extant ;  and 
thougli  there  is  a  sect  called  "  Arians,"  its 
doctrines  are  far  more  modified  and  less 
startling  than  those  held  by  Arius. 

ARK  WRIGIIT,Sir  Ricuakd,  the  inventor 
of  niachinerj',  by  which  our  cotton  manufac- 
tures have  beeu  increased  to  an  almost  in- 
credible extent,  was  bom  at  Preston,  Lan- 
cashire, in  1732  ;  and  his  first  employment 
was  that  of  a  barber.  Notwithstanding  the 
obstacles  tlirown  in  his  way  at  first  by  poverty 
and  want  of  mechanical  skill  to  reduce  his 
inventions  to  practice,  and  afterwards  by 
tlie  unprincipled  invasion  of  his  rights  by 
rival  manufacturers,  he  realised  a  very  large 
fortune  ;  and  his  macliincs,  but  little  im- 
proved upon,  have  been  the  cause  of  almost 
innumerable  fortunes  to  be  made  by  others. 
Mr.  Arkwright  was  not  knighted,  as  many 
suppose  on  account  of  his  inventions,  but  on 
the  occasion  of  presenting  an  address  as  high 
sheriff  of  the  county  of  Derby,  congratulat- 
ing George  III.  on  the  failure  of  the  attempt 
made  on  his  life  by  Margaret  Nicholson. 
Died,  1702. 

ARLAND,  Jamks  Axtuoxy,  a  Genevcse 
painter  of  great  merit.  His  last  work  was 
the  "  Amour  of  Jupiter  with  Leda,"  which, 
from  some  whim  unexplained,  he  destroyed 
by  cutting  it  to  pieces.  A  copy  of  it  was 
sold  in  the  artist's  lifetime  for  600  guineas. 
Born,  1668  ;  died,  1743. 

ARLOTTO,  MAiiVARDO,  a  facetious  Flo- 
rentine of  the  15th  century,  and  of  whose 
witticisms  a  collection  has  been  frequently 
printed,  was  a  parish  minister  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Fiesole  ;  who,  though  regarded  as  a 
religious  buffoon  by  some,  was  as  benevolent 
as  he  was  jocose  and  witty.  Bom,  1395 ; 
died,  1483. 

ARMELLINI,  ]VL\riaud,  a  learned  Do- 
minican, born  at  Ancona,  was  the  author  of 
"Bibliotheca  Benedictino  Casinensis,"  aud 
other  works.    Died,  1737. 

ARMFELDT,  Gustavus  Maurice,  Count, 
a  Swedish  statesman  of  some  note.  He 
was  frequently  involved  in  difficulties,  but 
he  surmounted  them  all,  and  at  his  death 
held  several  important  offices  in  Russia. 
Died,  1814. 

ARMINIIJS,  or  HERMANN,  who  by  his 
intrepidity  and  success  acquired  tlie  title  of 
"  the  Deliverer  of  Germany,"  was  the  son  of 
Segimer,  a  chief  of  the  Catli.  Having  been 
sent  to  Rome  as  a  hostage,  he  was  there 
educated,  served  in  the  Roman  army,  and 
for  his  valour  was  raised  to  citizensliip  and 
knighted.  But  his  attachment  to  his  native 
country  induced  him  to  revolt,  and  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  powerful  leaders  of 
the  discontented  German  nations.  He  drew 
Varus,  the  Roman  commander  on  the  Rhine, 
into  that  ambuscade  in  which  he  aud  nearly 
all  his  troops  were  slain,  and  completely 
baffled  Gcrmanicus  ;  but  after  having  for 
years  withstood  the  vast  power  of  Rome, 
Arminius  was  assassinated  by  one  of  his  own 
countrymen,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age, 
A.D.  21. 

ARMINIUS,  James,  or  HARMENSEN,  a 
Dutch  divine,  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of 


Christians  called  Arminians,  whose  distin- 
guishing tenets  are,  that  the  merits  of  Christ 
extend  to  all  mankind,  and  that  the  g.-ace 
necessary  to  salvation  is  attainable  by  all. 
This  striking  opposition  to  tlie  doctrines  of 
Calvin,  caused  Arminius  and  liis  followers, 
who  in  Holland  are  called  Remonstrants,  to 
be  much  persecuted.  He  was  learned,  pious, 
eloquent,  and  the  advocate  of  toleration. 
Born  at  Oudewater,  in  Holland,  1560  ;  died, 
1690. 

ARMSTRONG,  Johx,  a  poet  and  physi- 
cian, was  born  at  Castleton,  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, in  1700.  In  1760  he  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  army  in  Germany  ;  in  1771 
he  made  the  tour  of  Italy,  with  Fuseli  the 
painter  ;  and  died  in  1770.  His  chief  work 
is  the  poem  on  "The  Art  of  Preserving 
Health,"  which  was  very  deservedly  popu- 
lar, and  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  best  didactic 
poems  in  our  language.  His  medical  works 
and  short  poems  had  but  limited  success 
even  in  his  own  time,  lie  lived  on  terms  of 
intimacy  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  the  day, 
and  contributed  to  Thomson's  Castle  of  In- 
dolence the  beautiful  stanzas  descriptive  of 
the  diseases  resulting  from  indolence. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  a  physician  and 
medical  writer,  celebrated  for  his  researches 
concerning  the  causes  and  phenomena  of 
febrile  diseases,  was  born  at  Bishopswear- 
mouth,  Durham,  in  1784.  He  took  his  degree 
of  M.D.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1807,  and  was  chosen 
physician  to  the  Sutherland  Dispensary  in 
1811  ;  but  finding  that  his  professional  works 
had  blazoned  his  fame  in  the  metropolis,  he 
resigned  his  situation  in  1818,  aud  com- 
menced practice  in  London.  In  1821  he 
engaged  with  Mr.  E.  Grainger  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  medical  school  in  AVebb  Street, 
Borough,  where  he  delivered  lectures  on  the 
practice  of  physic.  In  1326  he  joined  Dr. 
Boot  and  Mr.  E.  Bennett  in  establishing  a 
new  school  of  medicine  in  Dean  Street,  Soho, 
but  shortly  after  relinquished  his  connection 
with  it.  He  died  in  1829,  of  phthisis  pulmo- 
nalis.  Few  men  were  ever  more  anxiously 
devoted  to  the  duties  of  their  profession  than 
Dr.  Armstrong,  and  few  have  been  so  suc- 
cessful in  their  elucidation  of  medical  sci- 
ence. His  works  are  numerous,  and  highly 
valuable. 

ARNALD,  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  "  A  Commentary  on  the  Apocry- 
phal Books."    Died,  1756. 

ARNALL,  William,  a  political  writer 
during  the  ministry  of  Sir  Robert  Waljiole. 
His  chief  work  was  the  "Free  Briton,"  in 
wliich  the  measures  of  NYalpole  were  indis- 
criminately defended.  He  was  a  man  of 
much  talent,  but  great  imprudence ;  for 
though  he  is  said  to  have  received  11,000/. 
in  less  than  5  years,  he  died  in  great  poverty 
at  the  early  age  of  26,  in  1741. 

ARN  AUD,  DE  Meheuil,  a  Provencal 
poet  of  the  13th  century.  His  chief  pro- 
ductions were  amatory  songs  and  sonnets. 
Died,  1220. 

ARN  AUD,  Fraxcis,  a  French  divine  and 
man  of  letters.  He  cliiefly  wrote  for  journals. 
Died,  1784. 

ARNAULD,  Anthony,  a  French  lawyer, 
attorney-general  to  Catherine  de  Medici ; 
author  of  "  Avis  au  Roi  Louis  XIII.  pour 


akn] 


^  |}tlD  aiiubci'jSfll  5i3t0srap]^2, 


[arn 


bien  regiier,"  and  other  works.  Bom,  1560  j 
died,  ItilO, 

AKNAULD,  Robert,  eldest  son  of  tlie 
preceding,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  his  own 
time,"  and  translator  of  tlie  "  Confessions  of 
Saint  Angustin."     Born,  1589  ;  died,  1074. 

AKNAULD,  AxTHOK  V,  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  was  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  the 
20tli  child  of  tlieir  parents.  He  deeply  en- 
gaged in  controversy  with  botli  Jesuits  and 
Jansenists  ;  and  in  addition  to  his  numerous 
!  controversial  and  theological  worlds,  he  wrote 
niucli  in  tlie  belles  lettics  and  philosophy. 
Born,  ltJ12  j  died,  1694. 

ARNDT,  CiiKiSTiAK,  logical  professor  at 
Rostock,  in  Germany  ;  author  of  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  right  use  of  Logic  iu  Divinity," 
&c.     Boni,  102.}  ;  died,  10X5. 

ARNDT,  JusiiUA,  brother  of  the  above, 
and  his  successor  in  the  chair  at  Rostock  ; 
author  of  a  "Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities,"  and  other  valuable  works. 
Born,  1020  ;  died,  1085. 

ARNDT,  C.  Gottlieb  ton,  imperial 
Russian  councillor,  assistant  to  the  empress 
Catherine  II.  in  her  literary  employment, 
and  author  of  a  learned  work  on  "  The  Ori- 
gin of  Eurojwan  Dialects,"  published  in  1318. 
lie  (lied  at  Heidelberg  in  1829. 

ARNDT,  Chakles,  son  of  the  last-named, 
Hebrew  professor  at  Rostock ;  author  of 
Philological  Discourses,  Bibliotlieoa  I'olitico- 
llernldica,  &c.    Born,  107;5 ;  died,  1781. 

ARNDT,  Jonx,  a  native  of  Anhalt  j  author 
of  a  treatise  on  true  Christianity.  Bom, 
1555  ;  died,  1C21. 

ARNE,  Dr.  Tuomas  Augustine,  a  cele- 
brated composer  of  music.  At  the  early  age 
of  18,  lie  produced  an  opera  entitled  "  Rosa- 
mond," and  shortly  afterwards  composed 
the  music  for  a  masque,  entitled  "Alfred," 
written  by  Thompson  and  Mallet.  On  the 
masque  of  Comus  being  adapted  to  the  stage, 
Arne's  music  for  it  obtained  him  so  high  a 
reputation,  and  such  constant  employment, 
that  a  mere  catalogue  of  the  various  works 
he  was  subsequently  Uic  author  of,  would 
demand  a  far  larger  space  than  we  can  afford. 
His  sister  was  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Cibber. 
Born,  1704  ;  died,  1778. 

ARNE,  Michael,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and,  like  him,  a  musical  composer ;  author 
of  tlie  music  of  Alcmena  and  of  Cymon. 

ARNIGIO,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  originally  ii  blacksmith,  but  at  18 
years  of  age  he  devoted  himself  to  literature, 
and  distinguished  himself  so  much,  that  the 
University  of  Padua  gave  him  the  degree  of 
doctor.  As  a  physician,  which  profession  he 
followed,  he  was  far  less  distinguished  than 
as  a  poet.  His  works  are  numerous.  Born, 
1523  ;  died,  1577. 

ARNIM,  LuDwiG  AcuiN  vox,  a  German 
poet,  and  writer  of  romances,  was  bom  at 
Berlin,  studied  at  Gottingen,  and  passed  his 
life  in  literary  leisure  and  independence,  at 
Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  his  country  seat. 
His  chief  works  are  "Ariel's  Offenbarungen," 
"  Der  Knabe  Wunderhorn,"  "  Der  Winter- 
garten,"  "Grafln  Dolores,"  "Die  Kronen- 
VVilchter,"  "  Die  Gleichen."  Died,  1831.  His 
wife,  Bettina  Brentano,  is  still  more  cele- 
brated than  himself,  both  from  her  own  writ- 
ings and  the  interesting  relation  in  which. 


when  a  child,  she  stood  to  the  illustrious 
Goethe. 

ARNOBIUS,  an  African  rhetorician  at 
Sicca,  in  the  3rd  century.  He  embraced  the 
Christian  religion,  and  published  a  defence 
of  it,  which  has  been  frequently  reprinted. 

ARNOLD,  Bexedict,  an  American  gene- 
ral, who  during  the  early  part  of  his  career, 
devoted  his  best  energies  to  promote  the 
cause  he  had  espoused,  and  who  afterwards 
disgraced  himself  by  treacherously  betraying 
it,  was  bred  a  surgeon  ;  but  on  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  colonies,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  latter,  and  was  chosen  captain 
of  a  company  of  volunteers  at  Newhaven. 
He  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and 
commanded  an  expedition  to  Canada.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery,  when  commanding  a  flotilla  on 
Lake  Cliamplain,  and  on  other  occasions, 
and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  general. 
He  subsequently  entered  into  negoeiations 
with  General  Clinton,  to  whom  he  proposed 
to  surrender  a  post  of  great  consequence, 
with  which  Washington  h.id  entrusted  him. 
But  the  capture  of  the  olhcer  [see  ANRiife] 
sent  by  General  Clinton,  caused  the  plot  to 
be  discovered,  and  Arnold  liastily  escaped 
to  the  royalist  quarters.  He  wiis  emjiloyed 
under  General  Clinton  against  his  former 
comrades,  and  had  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  when  he  retired  to  England,  where 
he  died,  in  1801. 

ARNOLD,  CnRLSToniER,  a  German  pea- 
sant, whose  energy  and  natural  genius  ena- 
bled him  to  become  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished astronomers  of  his  age.  The  only 
work  ho  left  was  entitled  "Signs  of  Divine 
Grace,  exlubited  iu  a  Solar  Miracle."  Born, 
104(5 ;  died,  1095. 

ARNOLD,  JoHX,  an  Englisli  watchmaker, 
and  author  of  many  inventions  towards  the 
accurate  mensuration  of  time.  Born,  1744  ; 
died,  1799. 

ARNOLD,  Jonx,  a  miller,  celebrated  in 
consequence  of  the  interference  on  his  behalf 
of  Frederic  the  Great  of  Prussia.  Believing 
that  Arnold  had  been  wronged  of  territorial 
land,  by  the  decision  against  him  of  a  law- 
suit, Frederic  reversed  the  sentence,  and  im- 
prisoned the  judges. 

ARNOLD,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  musical  com- 
poser of  eminence.  He  edited  the  works  of 
Handel,  and  composed  the  "Prodigal  Son," 
and  other  excellent  oratorios.  His  opera  of 
the  "  Maid  of  the  Mill  "  still  keeps  the  stage. 
Born,  1739  ;  died,  1802. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
eminent  for  his  skill  in  the  treatment  of 
mental  insanity.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  Management  of  the 
Insane,"  "  A  Case  of  Hydrophobia  success- 
fully treated,"  &c.    Bom,  1742  ;  died,  1816. 

ARNOLD,  Rev.  Thomas,  D.D.,  head-mas- 
ter of  Rugby  School,  and  professor  of  modern 
history  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  was  born 
at  Cowes,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  educated 
at  Winchester  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford.  Dr.  Arnold  was  a  most  accom- 
plished scholar,  a  successful  instructor  of 
youth,  and  an  author  of  sterling  value.  In 
proof  of  the  latter  it  is  necessary  only  to 
mention  his  admirable  History  of  Rome,  his 


aen] 


^  §t^  Hm'tin'S'al  3^i05i*ajpTjB, 


[art 


edition  of  Tliucj'dides,  and  his  various  pam- 
phlets on  political  and  ecclesiastical  subjects. 
From  the  time  of  liis  appointment  to  the 
head-mastership  at  Rugby,  in  1828,  the 
school,  whicli  had  previously  been  at  a  low 
ebb,  rose  rapidly  in  public  estimation,  and  at 
his  death  contained  about  870  boys,  including 
those  on  the  foundation.  Died,  June,  1842, 
in  the  47th  j'ear  of  his  age. 

ARNOLUE,  RiCHAED,  a  citizen  of  London 
in  tlie  IGth  century,  and  autlior  of  a  work 
entitled  "  Arnolde's  Chronicle,"  containing 
much  valuable  information. 

ARNOT,  lIiTOO,  an  eminent  Scottish 
writer.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar,  but 
illness  rendering  him  unlit  for  so  laborious  a 
profession,  he  devoted  liimself  to  literature. 
His  "  History  of  Edinburgh,"  and  collection 
of  celebrated  criminal  trials,  show  him  to 
have  possessed  very  considerable  abilities. 
Born,  1749  ;  died,  178G. 

ARNOUL,  an  eminent  French  prelate  of 
the  12th  century  ;  author  of  vari^ms  works 
in  prose  and  verse,  to  be  found  in  the  Spi- 
cilegium  of  D'Acheri  and  the  Libliotheca 
Patrum. 

ARNOULT,  an  eminent  Parisian  actress 
and  wit.  She  was  admired  by  D'Alembert, 
Rousseau,  "and  other  literati  of  her  time. 
Born,  1740  ;  died,  1802. 

ARNOULT,  Jean  Bvptiste,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  author.  The  most  valuable  of  his 
works  is  "  Le  Prt'cepteur,"  whicli  was  the 
model  of  Dodsley's  Preceptor.  Born,  1C89  ; 
died,  1753. 

ARNULPII,  or  ERXULPHUS,  bishop  of 
Rochester  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  ;  author 
of  "  Textus  Rotfen=is,"  an  account  of  the 
charters,  &c.,  of  his  cathedral.    Died,  1124. 

AROMATRI,  JosKPii,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Riposte  alle  Considera- 
zione  di  Alessandro  Tassoni  sopra  le  Rime 
del  Petraroa."    Born,  1586  ;  died,  IGGO. 

ARPINO,  JosEPUixo,  an  Italian  painter, 
patronised  by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  Bom, 
loGO  ;  died,  1G40. 

ARRIA,  a  Roman  lady,  who,  when  lier 
husband,  CaBcina  Paetus,  was  ordered  to  put 
himself  to  death,  for  rebellion  against  the 
emperor  Claudius,  perceiving  him  hesitate, 
plunged  a  dagger  into  her  bosom,  exclaim- 
ing, "My  Paitus  1  it  is  not  painful." 

ARRIAX,  a  Greek  historian,  who  took  up 
his  residence  at  Rome  in  the  2nd  century. 
He  was  patronised  by  tlie  emperor  Adrian  ; 
and  the  younger  Pliny  admired  liim  so  much 
as  to  address  to  him  no  fewer  than  seven  of 
his  epistles.  The  historical  writings  of  Arrlan 
were  numerous,  but  two  of  them  only  remain 
entire,  viz.  seven  books  on  the  expedition 
of  Alexander,  and  a  book  on  the  alfairs  of 
India ;  the  latter  being  a  sequel  to  the  for- 
mer. There  are  some  historical  fragments  of 
Arrian  in  Photius.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  we  have,  of  Arrian's  writings,  "  En- 
chiridion," a  moral  treatise,  an  epistle  to 
Adj-ian,  &c. 

ARRIBAVEXE,  Joiix  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  the  18th  century  ;  autlior 
of  "Maritime  Eclogues,"  &c. 

ARRIGHETTI,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Florence  ;  author  of  a  life  of  St.  Francis, 
and  translator  of  the  Rhetoric  and  Poetics  of 
Aristotle  into  Italian.  Born,  1582;  died,16G2. 


ARRIGUETTO,  or  ARIGGO,  Hexky,  a 
Florentine  poet  and  ecclesiastic  of  the  12th 
century.  His  poems  are  still  popular  for 
their  pathos  and  elegance  of  stjle. 

ARROWSMITII,  Aakon,  an  eminent 
geographer  and  hydrographer.  His  maps  and 
charts  are  very  numerous,  and  held  in  high 
estimation  ;  and  his  tract,  entitled  "  A 
Companion  to  the  Jlap  of  the  World,"  con- 
tains much  valuable  information.  Born, 
1760  ;  died,  1823. 

ARSACES  I.,  the  founder  of  the  Parthian 
monarchy,  and  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Ajsa- 
ciUes,  flourished  in  the  3rd  century  B.C.  In 
revenge  for  an  ungrateful  insult  offered  to 
his  brother  by  the  governor  of  a  province, 
lie  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  in  Parthia 
against  Seleucus  ;  and,  having  succeeded  in 
emancipating  his  countrymen,  they  elected 
him  their  king.  He  reigned  prosperously 
for  ,38  years. 

ARSENITJS,  a  Roman  deacon  of  the  4th 
century,  and  tutor  to  Arcadius,  son  of  Theo- 
dosius.  The  emperor  coming  into  his  study, 
and  seeing  the  pupil  sitting  and  the  master 
standing,  ordered  his  son  to  rise,  and  receive 
his  lessons  in  a  becoming  posture,  which  so 
irritated  the  prince,  that  he  directed  an  officer 
to  dispatch  Arsenius ;  but  the  officer  gave 
liim  information  of  the  prince's  baseness  ;  on 
wliich  he  fled  into  Egypt,  where  he  died  at 
the  age  of  9.). 

ARSILLI,  Francesco,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  a  poem 
"Dc  Poetis  Urbanis."    Died,  1540. 

ARTALIS,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  gentleman, 
who  distinguished  himself  for  courage  at  the 
memorable  siege  of  Candia  ;  author  of  "  La 
Pasife,"  an  opera,  and  numerous  poems. 
Born,  1628  ;  died,  1679. 

ARTAXERXES  I.surnamedLongimanus, 
was  the  third  eon  of  Xerxes,  king  of  Persia. 
He  slew  his  brotlier  Darius  on  suspicion  of 
his  being  guilty  of  the  murder  of  his  father. 
Artaxerxes  then  ascended  the  throne  B.C. 
4G5,  and  in  his  time  peace  v/as  restored  be- 
tween Persia  and  Athens,  after  a  war  of  51 
years.    He  died  B.C.  424. 

ARTAXERXES  II.,  sumamed  Mnemon, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Darius  Nothus,  and 
began  his  reign  B.C.  404.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  94,  after  reigning  62  years. 

ART^iXERXES  III.,  succeeded  his  father, 
the  preceding  monarch,  b.  c.  359.  He  mur- 
dered two  of  his  brothers,  and  afterwards  put 
to  death  all  the  remaining  branches  of  the 
family.  In  Egypt  he  slew  the  sacred  bull 
Apis,  and  gave  the  flesh  to  his  soldiers  ;  for 
wliich  his  eunuch,  Bagoas,  an  Egyptian, 
caused  him  to  be  poisoned,  and  after  giving 
tlie  carcase  to  the  cats,  made  knife  handles 
of  his  bones.    This  happened  B.C.  338. 

ARTAXERXES  BEBEGAN,  or  ARD- 
SHIR,  the  first  king  of  Persia,  of  the  race 
of  Sassankles,  was  the  son  of  a  shepherd. 
On  the  death  of  his  grandfather  he  solicited 
the  government,  but  being  refused,  he  retired 
to  Persia  Proper,  where  he  excited  the  people 
to  revolt.  He  defeated  and  slew  Ardavan 
and  his  son.  He  married  the  daughter  of 
Ardavan,  who  attempted  to  poison  him,  for 
which  she  was  sentenced  to  death.  The 
officer,  however,  to  whom  the  execution  was 
committed,  concealed  the  queen,  who  was  in 


art] 


^  ^tfsi  Winibtv&Kl  Btosraplbl'* 


[asg 


a  state  of  pregnancy,  and  she  was  afterwards 
delivered  of  a  son.  'Die  secret  LJcing  dis- 
covered to  the  king,  lie  applauded  the  con- 
duct of  the  officer,  and  acknowledged  the 
child  as  his  heir,     lie  died,  .a  .d.  240. 

ARTEAGA,  Stki'1ie\,  a  SiJanish  Jesuit  of 
the  18th  century ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Ideal  Beauty;  a  history  of  Italian  theatrical 
music,  &c.    Died,  1791). 

ARTEDI,  Pktek,  a  Swedish  physician 
and  naturalist.  After  his  death,  his  "  Bib- 
liotheca  lethyologica  "  and  "  Philosophia 
Icthyologica "  were  edited  by  Linnaius. 
Born,  171).') ;  accidentally  drowned,  17iJ.'>. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  Daldiaxi  s,  an  Ephe- 
sian  ;  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Dreams,  lie 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  also  an  Ephesian  ;  au- 
thor of  a  geographical  work,  of  which  only 
some  fragments  remain.  lie  flourished  in 
the  1st  century  B.C. 

ARTEMISIA,  queen  of  Caira,  and  one  of 
the  allies  of  Xerxes  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Salamis. 

ARTEMISIA  another  qneen  of  Caira, 
whose  splendid  monument  to  her  husband, 
Mausolus,  was  the  origin  of  the  word  mau- 
soleum.   Died,  Siil  B.C. 

ARTEMOX,  the  inventor  of  the  battering 
ram  and  the  testudo,  was  a  native  of  Clazo- 
^enc,  and  cotcmporary  with  Pericles. 
^  ARTEVELLE,  James,  a  rich  brewer,  of 
Ghent,  who  by  his  wealth,  eloquence,  and 
talents,  acquired  unbounded  influence  over 
his  countrymen.  Having  compelled  the 
Count  of  Flanders  to  take  refuge  in  France, 
he  formed  an  alliance  with  Edward  III.  of 
England,  and  strove  to  transfer  the  Flemish 
sovereignty  to  the  Black  Prince.  Killed, 
in  a  popular  tumult,  at  Ghent,  in  13-4.';. 

ARTEVELLE,  PiULii',  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  chosen  by  the  Flemings  as  their 
leader  when  they  revolted  against  their  count 
in  i;?82  ;  but  after  having  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Bruges,  he  was  defeated  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Rosbecq  in  tlie  same  year, 

ARTHUR,  a  British  prince,  whose  history 
is  so  interwoven  with  romance,  that  it  is 
difficult  to  separate  the  one  from  the  other. 
He  is  stated  to  have  succeeded  to  the  rule 
of  Britain,  a.  d.  51C  ;  and  to  have  been 
slain  in  combat  with  his  nephew,  Meudred, 
in  .542. 

AKTIGAS,  Dox  Jonx,  bom  at  Monte 
Video,  in  1760;  first  entered  the  Spanish 
service  ;  quitted  it,  and  was  foremost  among 
those  who  fought  for  independence.  He  sub- 
sequently, however,  became  an  object  of  sus- 
I>icion  to  the  government  of  Buenos  Ayres  ; 
and,  being  declared  a  traitor,  took  up  arms, 
and  possessed  himself  for  some  years  of  the 
territory  called  the  Banda  Oriental ;  but 
having  sustained  a  defeat  he  was  compelled 
to  seek  refuge  in  Paraguay,  where  he  died 
in  ]M2(5. 

ARTIZENIUS,  IlEyRV,  professor  of  rhe- 
toric and  history  at  Nimeguen  ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  JVuptiia  inter  Fratrem  et  Soro- 
rem,"  &c.     Born,  1702  ;  died,  17r)<J. 

ARTIZENIUS,  Joiix  IIexky,  son  of  the 
above,  professor  of  law  at  Utrecht ;  author 
of  a  work  "  On  the  Jurisprudence  of  the 
Netherlands,"  and  editor  of  the  works  of 
Arator,  &c.    Born,  1734  ;  died,  1797. 


ARTIZENIUS,  Otuo,  paternal  uncle  of 
the  last  named,  professor  of  the  Belles  l.et- 
trcs  at  Amsterdam  ;  author  of  a  dissertation 
"  De  Milliario  Aureo,"  &c.  Born,  1703  ;  died, 
17(53. 

ARTUSI,  Giovanni  Jf  auia,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Bologna  ;  author  of  "  The  Art  of  Coimter- 
point,"  and  other  musical  works. 

ARUNDEL,  M A KV,  Countess  of,  a  learned 
lady  of  the  Kith  century.  She  translated 
the  ajiophthegms  of  the  seven  wise  philoso- 
phers from  the  Greek  into  Latin. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reigns  of  Richard  II.  and 
Henry  IV.  and  V..  a  persecutor  of  the  Lol- 
lards and  AVickliffites,  and  a  chief  party  in 
procuring  the  horrible  act  De  Ileretico  Com- 
burendo.     Boni,  1353  ;  died,  1413. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas  Howarp,  Earl  of, 
lived  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. ; 
but  he  left  England  at  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  wars,  and  died  at  Padua,  in  l<i4ti.  The 
celebrated  Arundel ian  marbles,  presented  to 
the  university  of  Oxford  by  his  grandson, 
were,  with  many  other  valuable  relics  of 
antiquity,  brought  from  the  Levant  at  his 
expense. 

ARUNDEIa  Blaxcoe,  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Worcester,  and  wife  of  Lord  Arundel; 
is  memorable  for  having  defended  Wardour 
Castle  against  the  parliamentary  army  under 
Sir  Edward  Uuugcrfurd.  Boru,  15b3  ;  died, 
1G49. 

ASAPH,  St.,  a  British  monk  of  the  5th 
century,  author  of  the  Life  of  Vortigern,&c. 
It  is  from  this  saint  that  the  Welsh  see  has 
its  name. 

ASCUAM,  RooER,  a  learned  Englishman 
of  the  Kith  century,  who  had  the  honour  of 
directing  the  studies  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Of 
his  writings,  the  most  valuable  is  his  treatise, 
entitled  "  The  Schoolmaster."    Died,  1M8. 

ASCHAM,  Anthony,  sent  by  Cromwell, 
in  ICW,  as  envoy  to  Spain,  where  he  and  his 
interpreter  were  assassinated  bysome  royalist 
exiles.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Discourse 
on  the  Revolutions  and  Confusions  of  Go- 
vernments." 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  Greek  physician  ;  au- 
thor of"  Commentaries  on  Hippocrates,"  &c. 
Died,  B.C.  03. 

ASCOLI,  Lecco  di,  a  Bologncse  mathe- 
matician of  the  14th  century  ;  burned  to 
death  at  Florence,  on  an  accusation  of  heresy, 
in  1.3.58. 

ASDRLTJAL,  the  son-in-law  and  succes- 
sor of  Amilcar,  the  father  of  Hannibal,  in 
the  command  of  the  Carthaginian  army  in 
Spain.  He  extended  their  conquests  in  that 
country,  and  built  New  Carthage,  now  Car- 
tiiagena.  After  governing  there  for  eight 
years,  he  died  by  assassination,  B.C.  220. 

ASELLI,  Caspar,  an  Italian  anatomist  of 
the  17th  century.  He  first  discovered  the 
system  of  vessels  called  lacteals. 

ASGILL,  Sir  Charles,  a  military  officer, 
who  was  to  have  suffered  death  by  order  of 
Washington,  in  retaliation  for  the  death  of 
the  American  captain  Hardy,  but  was  spared 
at  the  intercession  of  the  queen  of  France. 
Died,  182.3. 

ASGILL,  John,  an  English  barrister,  ex- 
pelled from  parliament  on  occount  of  his 
blasphemous  writings.    He  fell  into  poverty, 


I  ash] 


^  ^eii)  Wimhtxsid  ^BtasrapT)!). 


[a  ST 


and,  for  about  30  years,  remained  a  prisoner 
for  debt  in  the  King's  Bench.     Died,  178;!. 

ASH,  JoHX,  LL.D.,  an  Anabaptist  divine; 
author  of  a  well  known  English  dictionary. 
Bom,  1724  ;  died,  1779. 

ASHBURTOX,  Alexander  Bartxo, 
Lord,  the  second  'son  of  Sir  Francis  Baring, 
bart.,  and  for  many  years  the  head  of  the 
great  mercantile  house.  Baring  Brothers  and 
Co.,  was  born  in  1774.  After'due  initiation 
into  business  in  London,  he  proceeded  to  the 
United  States  to  conduct  the  Transatlantic 
department  of  the  concern,  where  he  ac- 
quired all  that  special  information  and  gene- 
ral knowledge  which  he  afterwards  turned 
to  account  in  the  consolidation  of  his  fortune, 
and  ultimately  in  the  political  service  of  his 
country.  His  political  life  commenced  in 
1812  as  member  for  Taunton,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  represent  till  1820  ;  after  which  he 
sat  for  Callington  in  successive  parliaments 
till  1831,  and  in  1832  he  was  returned  for 
North  Essex.  Lord  Ashburton  commenced 
life  as  a  Whig.  In  the  House  of  Commons 
he  spoke  frequently  on  all  subjects  directly 
or  indirectly  connected  with  commerce  ;  and, 
as  might  have  been  expected,  his  position 
procured  him  a  deferential  hearing  even  from 
those  who  were  most  opposed  to  his  views. 
On  the  formation  of  the  Peel  ministry  in 
1834,  he  became  president  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  ;  and  in  1835  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage.  In  1842  he  was  appointed  by  Sir 
Robert  Peel  as  a  special  commissioner  to 
settle  the  disputes  about  the  Oregon  territory, 
which  then  threatened  to  involve  this  country 
in  a  war  with  America  ;  and  it  is  but  fair  to 
admit  that  the  success  of  his  mission  was 
eminently  owing  to  his  personal  influence. 
Lord  Ashburton  continued  to  support  the 
policy  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  until  the  final 
measure  of  free  trade  in  corn  was  proi>osed 
in  1846.  His  position  as  a  peer  and  a  great 
landowner  probably  induced  him  to  view 
with  a  different  eye  the  consequences  of  a 
measure,  to  which  as  a  mere  merchant  he 
would  have  lent  his  support ;  but  whatever 
might  be  his  motives,  certain  it  is  that  he 
became  strenuously  opposed  to  a  free  trade  in 
corn,  which  a  great  part  of  his  life  had  been 
spent  in  promoting.  During  a  long  life  de- 
voted to  activity,  both  mercantile  and  sena- 
torial, he  found  leisure  to  cultivate  the  fine 
arts,  of  which  he  was  a  most  liberal  patron  ; 
and  his  collection  of  ancient  pictures  was 
unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  private  individual 
in  the  empire.  Lord  Ashburton  married,  in 
1798,  the  daughter  of  William  Bingham, 
esq.,  of  Philadelphia,  and  bj-^  that  lady,  who 
survived  him,  he  left  a  numerous  family. 
Died,  Unv  13.  1848. 

ASHMOLE,  Elias,  a  celebrated  English 
antiquary  of  the  17th  century.  Misled  by  the 
notorious  Dr.  Dee,  he  dabbled  for  a  time  in 
alchemy  ;  but  fortunately  for  both  his  fame 
and  fortune  he  abandoned  that  delusive  pur- 
suit, and  began  to  collect  materials  for  the 
admirable  "History  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter,"  which  he  afterwards  published. 
Having  obtained,  by  deed  of  gift,  the  curi- 
osities of  Tradescant,  the  famous  gardener, 
he  presented  them,  and  subsequently  his 
books  and  MSS.,  to  the  university  of  Oxford  ; 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  the  valu- 


able Ashmolean  Museum.  Bom,  1617  ;  died, 
1692. 

ASHWELL,  George,  an  English  divine 
of  the  17th  century ;  author  of  several  re- 
ligious works.    Born,  1612  ;  died,  1693. 

ASKEW,  Akne,  one  of  the  victims  of  the 
horrible  persecutions  in  the  time  of  Henry 
VIII.  She  was  burned  to  death,  having 
previously  undergone  the  torture  of  the  rack, 
in  1646. 

ASKEW,  An?hoky,  a  physician  and  scho- 
lar of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of  an  appen- 
dix to  the  Greek  Lexicon  of  Scapula,  &c. 
Bom  at  Kendal,  1722  ;  died,  1784. 

ASPASIA,  a  celebrated  Greek  lady,  a 
native  of  Miletus,  frequently  but  en-oneously 
designated  as  a  courtezan,  whose  beauty  and 
accomplishments  had  so  powerful  an  in- 
fluence, that  she  numbered  even  the  grave 
and  moral  Socrates  among  her  acquaintance; 
and  to  marry  her  the  great  Pericles  divorced 
Ilia  wife. 

ASPINWALL,  William,  an  American 
physician,  was  bom  in  1743,  in  Massachusetts, 
and  took  his  degree  at  Harvard  College,  where 
he  was  educated.  In  the  war  of  independ- 
ence he  was  appointed  a  surgeon  in  the 
army  ;  and  at  the  battle  of  Lexington  he 
fought  as  a  volunteer.  He  was  greatly  in- 
strumental in  promoting  inoculation  for  the 
small-pox  ;  yet  when  vaccine  inoculation 
was  introduced,  he  warmly  adopted  the  prac- 
tice, although  it  greatly  reduced  his  profes- 
sional emoluments.    Died,  182;i. 

ASSELYN,  Joux,  a  Dutch  painter :  who 
chiefly  excelled  in  battle-pieces  and  liistorical 
paintings.     Born,  1610  ;  died,  ]6i50. 

ASSEMANI.  Stepuex,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding ;  keeper  of  the  Vatican  library,  and 
author  of  "Acta  Sanctorum  Martyrum." 

ASSER,  a  rabbi  of  the  5th  century ;  one 
of  the  compilers  of  the  Babylonian  Talmud. 
Died,  427. 

ASSERIUS  MENE^TENSIS,  a  learned  ec- 
clesiastic, the  tutor,  friend,  and  biographer 
of  Alfred  the  Great,  by  whom  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Sherborne.  His  "  Annals  "  con- 
tain, at  once,  the  fullest  and  most  authentic 
account  of  the  life  of  his  august  sovereign 
and  friend.    Died,  909. 

ASTELL,  Mary,  the  daughter  of  a  mer- 
chant at  Newcastle,  and  a  women  of  very 
considerable  talent  as  a  polemical  disputant. 
She  obtained  great  popularity  among  the 
high  church  party  as  one  of  the  most  stren- 
uous impugners  of  the  principles  of  Locke. 
Born.  1668  ;  died,  1731. 

ASTLE,  Thoxlas,  an  eminent  archoBologi- 
cal  writer;  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  Writing,"  &c.  &c.  Died,  1803. 

ASTLE Y,  PiiiLU',  author  of  "Remarks 
on  the  Profession  and  Duty  of  a  Soldier," 
"  A  System  of  Equestrian  Education,"  &c.  ; 
but  better  known  as  the  founder,  and  for 
many  years  the  manager,  of  the  Amphi- 
theatre, near  Westminster  Bridge.  Bom, 
1742 ;  died,  1814. 

ASTON,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  commander 
of  the  roj  alist  troops  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.,  who  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Edge-hill,  &c.  He  was  governor  of 
Drogheda  in  1649,  when  it  was  taken  by 
Cromwell,  and  is  said  to  have  had  his  brains 
beaten  out  ^vith  his  own  wooden  leg. 


AST] 


^  IJrlD  UniiitrSal  3Bt0grap!)S. 


[att 


ASTON,  Sir  Thomas,  a  brave  and  loyal 
subject,  who,  in  the  civil  wars,  raised  a  troop 
of  horse  for  the  king's  service  ;  and  was  high 
sheriff  of  Cheshire,  in  1C35.  lie  was  killed 
while  attempting  to  escai>e  after  being  cap- 
tured by  the  republicans,  in  164.5. 

ASTORGA,  MarqniB,  a  Spanish  grandee, 
declared  a  traitor  by  Napoleon  in  1808. 

ASTOIII.  Joiiy  Anthony,  a  Venetian 
scholar  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  nu- 
merous dissertations  on  Greek  and  Roman 
literature. 

ASTORINI,  Elias,  a  Neapolitan  professor 
of  mathematics  ;  author  of  a  translation  of 
Euclid,  and  a  Dissertation  on  the  Life  of  the 
Foetus,  &c.    Died,  170S. 

ASTRUC,  John,  an  eminent  French  phy- 
sician of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  the 
Natural  History  of  Languedoc,  some  me- 
dical treatises,  &c.    Born,  IGS-t ;  died,  17(>6. 

ATAHUALPA.  sometimes  written  ATA- 
BALIPA,  the  last  inca  of  Peru,  who  was 
barbarously  put  to  death  by  the  Spaniards, 
in  15.53. 

ATAIDE,  DoM  Louis  of,  a  Portuguese 
noble  and  military  officer,  wlio  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  India  in  1"»C0,  at  a  period  when 
all  the  native  powers  were  combined  to  expel 
the  Portuguese.  His  eftbrts  to  quell  the 
revolt  were  successful,  and  he  returned  ;  but 
on  being  sent  out  a  second  time,  he  died  at 
Goa,  1.580. 

ATANAGL  Denis,  an  Italian  author  and 
editor,  of  the  lOth  century.  Among  his 
works  are  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Excellence  of 
History;"  an  edition  of  the  Rhetoric  of 
Aristotle,  &c. 

ATIIANASIITS,  St.,  one  of  the  fathers  of 
the  Christian  Church,  was  a  native  of  Egj-pt, 
and  successor  of  Alexander  in  the  bishopric 
of  Alexandria.  His  defence  of  tlie  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity  against  Arius  and  his  followers 
involved  him  in  much  difficulty  and  Buffer- 
ing, which  he  Ixire  with  extraordinary  pa- 
tience and  fortitude.  Of  his  numerous 
writings  the  most  valuable  are  "  The  Abridg- 
ment of  the  Scriptures,"  and  "The  Life  of 
St.  Anthony."  The  creed  called  by  his  name 
is  supposed  by  many  to  have  been  written 
long  after  his  death.    Bom,  290  ;  died,  373. 

ATHELSTAN,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Ed- 
ward the  Elder,  and  his  successor  on  the 
throne  of  England,  in  92.5. 

ATHENAGORAS,  an  Athenian  philoso- 
pher of  tlie  2nd  century.  He  became  a  con- 
vert to  Christianity,  and  Clement  of  Alex- 
andria was  among  his  pupils.  He  wrote  an 
"  Apology  for  the  Christians,"  and  a  treatise 
"  On  the  Resurrection  of  the  Dead." 

ATHENiEUS,  a  learned  grammarian, 
born  at  Naucratis,  in  Egypt,  in  the  3rd  cen- 
tury. Tlie  only  work  of  his  now  extant  is 
"  The  Deipnosophists,  or  the  Table  Talk  of 
the  Snpliists." 

ATHEN^EUS,  of  Byzantium,  an  engineer 
in  the  time  of  the  emperor  Gallienus  ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  Machines  of  War. 

ATHENAIS,  empress  of  the  West,  the 
daughter  of  an  Athenian  sophist,  but  whose 
learning  and  beauty  induced  Tlieodosius  the 
Younger  to  marry  her,  and  she  took  the 
name  of  Eudoxia.  The  emperor,  however, 
became  jealous  of  her,  and  she  was  banished 
to  Jerusalem,  where  she  died,  in  400.    Among 


her  writings  was  a  poetical  translation  of 
part  of  the  Old  Testament. 

ATIIIAS,  JosEi'ii,  a  Jewish  printer  of 
Amsterdam  in  the  17th  century  ;  editor  of 
the  Bible  in  Hebrew,  English,  Spanish,  and 
Germnn, 

ATHOL,  .Toiix  MuKR.\T,  Duke  of,  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  the  events  which  rose 
out  of' his  hereditary  connection  with  the  Isle 
of  Man.  In  1781  he  i>etitioned  parliament, 
complaining  of  his  father's  transfer  of  the 
sovereignty  of  that  island  to  the  English 
cro^vn  in  1765,  for  the  sum  of  70,000/.,  and  an 
annuity  of  2,000/.  during  the  lives  of  him  and 
his  duchess,  and  praying  for  a  bill  to  amend 
it.  The  question  was  lost  in  consequence  of 
a  counter-petition  from  the  island  ;  but  the 
duke  was  named  captain-general  and  go- 
vernor-in-chief of  the  Isle  of  Man,  from  I'eb. 
4. 1793.  In  1805  he  presented  another  peti- 
tion, which  met  with  great  opposition  on  the 
part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  island.  How- 
ever, a  grant  of  one-fourth  of  the  customs 
was  made  to  the  duke,  in  hereditary  succes- 
sion, witli  an  increase  of  the  annuity.  He 
died  in  18,".0,  nged  75. 

ATKINSON,  TuoMAS,  a  miscellaneous 
writer  of  some  note,  was  bom  at  Glasgow 
1801.  Among  other  works,  he  published  (in 
two  senses,  for  he  was  a  bookseller  as  well  as 
an  outhor)  the  Chameleon  and  the  Ant,  a 
weekly  periodical,  and  was  an  extensive  con- 
tributor to  many  of  the  local  publications. 
Died  on  his  way  to  Barbadoes,  1833. 

ATKYNS,  Sir  RouEin',  a    distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  who  aided  in  the  defence 
of  Lord  William  Russell,  and  conducted  that 
of  Sir  W.  Williams,  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  when   prosecuted  for  signing  j 
the  orders  to  print  Dangerfleld's  narrative  ' 
of  the  Popish  Plot.    He  also  distinguished  i 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  j 
measures  of  James  II.,  and  at  the  Revolution 
was  made  cliief  baron  of  the  Exchequer. 
He  subsequently  was  made  speaker,  which 
office  he  held  till  1093.    Born,  1021 ;    died, 
1709. 

ATKYNS,  Sir  Robert,  son  of  the  above, 
author  of  "  The  ancient  and  present  State 
of  Gloucester."    Born,  1046  ;  died,  1711. 

ATKYNS,  RiCHAUD,  of  the  same  family 
with  the  above  ;  author  of  the  "  Origin  and 
Growth  of  Printing."    Died,  1G77. 

ATRATUS,  Hugo,  an  English  cardinal 
of  the  13th  century  ;  a  skilful  mathemati- 
cian and  natural  philosopher  ;  author  of 
"  Canones  Medicinales,"  &c. 

ATTARDI,  BoNAVENTURK,  provincial  of 
the  Augustines  in  Sicily  and  Malta,  in  the 
18th  century;  author  of  "Bilancia  della 
Verita,"  &c. 

ATTENDOLO,  Darius,  a  military  offi- 
cer of  the  10th  century  ;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Duelling,"  Poems,  &c. 

ATTENDOLO,  John  Baptist,  a  secular 
priest  and  poet  of  Naples  ;  author  of  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Poetical  Works  of  Pe- 
trarch," &c.    Died,  1592. 

ATTEUBURY,  Francis,  an  English  pre- 
late, and  a  preacher  of  consummate  abi- 
lities, was  born  in  1002,  at  Milton  Keynes, 
near  Newport  Pagnell,  and  was  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  whence  he  was  sent 
to  Clxrist  Church,  Oxford.    In  1691  he  took 


att] 


^  ^ciu  miiiO^r^al  BtogvajpTji?. 


[aub 


holy  orders,  and  in  1G93  was  made  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  the  king,  and  lecturer  at  St. 
Bride's.  In  these  situations,  and  as  preacher 
at  Bridewell,  he  attracted  much  notice  by 
the  eloquence  of  his  discourses  ;  but  his  con- 
stant advocacy  of  high  cliurch  principles 
exposed  him  to  the  attacks  of  Iloadley,  and 
often  of  others  of  less  repute.  In  1700  he 
began  a  controversy  on  the  powers  and 
rights  of  convocations,  in  which  he  acquitted 
himself  so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
party  with  which  he  sided,  that  he  received 
the  degree  of  D.  D.,  and  the  thanks  of  the 
lower  house  of  convocation.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  queen  Anne,  he  was  made  her 
chaplain  in  ordinary,  and  shortly  afterwards 
lie  received  tlie  deanery  of  Carlisle.  His 
rise  henceforth  was  rapid  :  he  was  succes- 
sively made  preacher  at  tlie  Rolls  Chaj)el, 
a  canon  of  Exeter,  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  dean  of  West- 
minster, which  last  preferment  he  owed  to 
the  recommendation  of  Lord  Oxford.  Hi- 
therto his  course  had  been  invariably  pros- 
perous ;  but  tlie  death  of  queen  Anne  altered 
the  wliole  complexion  of  his  circumstances. 
His  high  church  principles  were  sufficiently 
well  known  ;  and  it  is  asserted  that  he  was 
imprndent  enough  to  boast,  that  if  a  suffi- 
cient guard  could  be  obtained,  he  would 
proclaim  the  Pretender,  and  that  too  in  full 
canonicals.  Be  this  true  or  false,  it  is  certain 
that  he  took  several  occasions  to  render 
himself  obnoxious  to  George  I.,  and  was 
sufficiently  active  in  correspondence  with 
the  friends  of  the  Pretender  to  involve  him- 
self in  a  "Bill  of  Pains  and  Penalties."  He 
died  an  exile,  at  Paris,  in  1731. 

ATTERBURY,  Lewis,  LL.D.,  elder 
brother  of  the  above  ;  author  of  some  ser- 
mons, tracts  against  Popery,  &c.  Born,  1650; 
died,  1731. 

ATTICUS,  son  of  Julius  Atticus,  and  a 
descendant  from  the  family  of  Miltiades,  ac- 
quired so  much  reputation  as  a  teacher  of 
eloquence  at  Athens,  that  he  was  invited  by 
Titus  Antoninus  to  superintend  the  educa- 
tion of  his  adopted  sons  Marcus  Aurelius 
and  Lucius  Verus.  He  subsequen  tly  became 
consul,  prefect  of  the  free  cities  of  Asia,  &c. 
He  employed  his  great  wealth  in  public 
works  ;  but  at  the  close  of  his  life  he  retired 
to  Marathon,  Ms  native  place,  where  he  died, 
A.n.  18.5. 

ATTICUS,  Titos  Pompomus,  a  Roman 

knight,  whose  vast  wealth  enabled  him  to 

1  aid  men  of  all  parties,  while  his  prudence 

j  prevented  him  from  siding  with  any  of  them 

I  in  their  public  measures.     He  thus  escaped 

injury  amid  the  contentions  of  Cinna  and 

Marius,  Ca3sar    and    Pompey,    and  in    the 

horrible  times  of  the  Triumvirate.     Of  the 

ability  and  influence  of   Atticus,  we  may 

form  some  opinion  from  the  correspondence 

between  liim  and  Cicero.     He  is  said  to  liave 

written  "  Annals  "  of  great  value  ;  but  it  is 

for  his  prudence,  his  wealth,  and,  above  all, 

his  friendship  with  Cicero,  that  he  is  now 

remembered.    Died,  r,.c.  33,  aged  77. 

ATTILA,  king  of  the  Huns,  surnamed 
the  Scourge  of  God.  His  ruling  passion  was 
war ;  and  the  Romans  learned  to  tremble 
at  his  name,  so  terrible  were  the  injuries  he 
inflicted  on  them.    On  the  last  occasion  of 


his  invading  Italy,  he  spread  terror  and  de- 
solation over  all  Lombardy,  and  the  fugitives 
thence  founded  the  afterwards  mighty  city 
of  Venice.     Died,  453. 

ATTIRET.  John  Francis,  a  French  Je- 
suit and  painter.  Being  appointed  mis- 
sionary to  Pckin,  he  acquired  great  favour 
with  the  emperor  Kien  Long,  of  whose 
gardens  he  wrote  a  very  amusing  account. 
Born,  1702  ;  died,  1708. 

ATWOOD,  Geouge,  F.R.  S.,  an  emment 
mathematician  ;  author  of  a  "  Dissertation 
on  the  Construction  and  Properties  of 
Arches,"  and  many  other  valuable  works 
on  mechanical  and  mathematical  science. 
Born,  1745  ;  died,  1807. 

ATWOOD,  Thomas,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian and  composer,  born  in  London,  in  1767; 
commenced  his  musical  education  under 
Dr.  Nares,  in  the  choir  of  the  chapel  royal, 
where  he  early  attracted  the  notice,  and 
gained  the  patronage  of  the  royal  family. 
In  1783  he  set  out  for  Naples,  and  after 
studying  for  a  time  with  Filippo  Cinque  and 
Latilla,  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  where  he 
reaped  great  advantages  from  the  celebrated 
Mozart.  In  1790  he  was  appointed  organist 
of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  composer  to  the 
chapel  royal  ;  he  also  held  the  situation  of 
organist  at  the  chapel  of  the  Pavilion, 
Brighton.  His  compositions  consist  of  se- 
veral dramatic  pieces,  numerous  services  and 
anthems,  songs,  glees,  sonatas,  and  other 
pieces  for  the  pianoforte.  He  died  March 
24.  1838,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's. 

AUBAT,  Ar.BE,  censcnr  rnyal  in  1784  ;  a 
sarcastic  French  fabulist,  whom  Voltaire 
pronounces  first  after  La  Fontaine. 

AUBLET,  J.  B.  C.  F.,  an  able  French 
botanist  ;  author  of  "llistoires  des  Plantes 
de  la  Guienne  Fran<;oise."  Born,  1720  ;  died, 
1778.  It  was  in  honour  of  him  that  Linnreus 
gave  the  name  of  Verbena  Aubletia  to  a 
species  of  vervain. 

AUBREY,  John,  an  eminent  English  to- 
pographer and  antiquary  of  the  17th  century. 
He  left  a  vast  number  of  MSS.,  evincing  great 
research  :  but  he  only  published  one  work, 
entitled  "  Miscellanies,"  a  collection  of 
popular  superstitions.  Many  of  his  MSS. 
are  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford. 
Died,  abont  1700. 

AUBRIET,  Claude,  a  French  painter  of 
natural  liistory  subjects.    Died,  1740. 

AUBRIOT,  Hugh,  a  French  merchant, 
mayor  of  Paris,  and  superintendant  of 
finance  to  Charles  V.  He  was  Imprisoned 
for  heresy,  but  the  populace,  who  had  risen 
against  the  taxes  termed  Maillotins,  released 
him,  and  he  escaped  to  Burgundy.  It  was 
from  him  that  the  French  reformers  had  the 
name  of  Huguenots. 

AUBRY  DE  MONTDIDIER,  a  French 
knight  of  the  time  of  Charles  V.,  who,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  was  basely  murdered, 
in  1371,  by  his  companion  in  arms,  Richard 
de  Macaire.  The  murder  was  discovered  by 
means  of  a  dog  of  the  deceased,  who  showed 
the  most  hostile  disposition  to  the  murderer. 
The  king  compelled  Macaire  to  fight  with 
his  accuser,  the  dog,  in  order  to  decide  the 
case  ;  and  the  murderer  was  conquered. 
From  this  story  the  drama  of  "  The  Dog  of 
Montargis  "  has  been  taken. 


aub] 


^  ^m  SantberiSal  MiaQvn^l^u* 


[AUG  I 


AUBRY,  Jonx  Baptist,  a  French  prior, 
who  was  deprived  of  his  situation  at  the  re- 
volution ;  author  of  "Questions  Philoso- 
pliiques  sur  la  Religion  Naturelle,"  &c. 
Born,  IT.'W  ;  died,  1809. 

AUBRY,  Mdlle.,  a  figurante  of  the  French 
opera,  who,  in  175)^,  publicly  personated  the 
"  Goddess  of  Reason  "  at  Paris. 

AUBRY,  C.  L.,  a  Parisian  librarian,  and 
profound  mathematician,  born  in  l"4<j  ;  au- 
thor of  a  work  addressed  to  the  legislative 
body  in  1799,  "  On  Weights  and  Measures  ;  " 
and  iinother  "  Ou  the  Decimal  System." 

AUBUY,  John'  Fkaxcis,  a  French  phy- 
siciiui  of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of  "  I^s 
Oracles  de  Cos,"  a  review  of  the  practice  of 
llilipocrates,  and  other  ancient  physicians. 

AUBRY  DUBONCIIET,  N.,  a  deputy  of 
the  Tiers  Etat  in  1789  ;  and  author  of  se- 
veral works  on  political  economy. 

AUBRY,  F.,one  of  the  French  Committee 
of  Public  Safety  in  17i>4,  who  aimed  atcoun- 
ter-revolution.  lie  deprived  Buonaparte, 
after  the  siege  of  Toulon,  of  military  em- 
ployments, and  reduced  him  to  great  dis- 
tress ;  the  latter  revenged  himself  after- 
wards, by  preventing  his  re-entry  into 
France,  after  his  deportation  to  Cayenne,  on 
the  return  of  some  of  his  fellow-victims. 

AUBRY  DE  GOUGES,  »L\RiE-OLYMriE, 
a  female  rei)ul)lican,  celebrated  for  her 
beauty  and  talents,  born  in  1755.  She 
founded  the  popular  female  societies  called 
Tricoteuses,  aud  was  a  perfect  enthusiast  in 
her  political  opinions.  At  length  she  was 
put  to  death  by  Robespierre's  party,  in  con- 
sequence of  their  licentious  and  cruel  pro- 
fligacy having  urged  her  to  denounce  them 
in  a  pamphlet  called  the  "  Trois  Umes." 
She  died  with  heroic  spirit.  She  is  the 
author  of  the  "Mt'moires  of  Madame  de 
Valmont  j  "  of  "  L'  Esclavago  des  Ntgres," 
a  melodrame  ;  "  Le  Marriage  de  Chi5rubin," 
a  comedy  ;  aud  "  Moli&re  chez  Ninon,"  an 
episodical  piece,  &c. 

AUCIIMUT  Y,  Sir  Samtel,  a  distinguished 
English  general,  lie  served  with  great  zeal 
and  ability  in  North  and  South  America, 
and  when  commanding  in  India,  reduced  to 
the  dominion  of  Great  Britain  the  rich  set- 
tlements of  Java  and  Batavia.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Europe,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  in  Ireland,  where  he  died  in  1822. 

AUCKLAND,  William  Edex,  Lord,  an 
able  negotiator,  was  the  third  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Eden,  bart.,  of  West  Auckland,  Dur- 
ham, lie  was  appointed  tuider -secretary  of 
state  in  1772  ;  went  to  Ireland  in  1780  with 
LordCarlisle,  as  chief  secretary  ;  in  1788  was 
ambassador  to  Spain  ;  and  in  tlie  year  fol- 
lowing was  ambassador  to  Holland.  lie 
wrote  "  The  Principles  of  Penal  Law, " 
"  The  History  of  New  Holland,"  and  nume- 
rous other  valuable  works.  Born,  17-14  ; 
died,  1814. 

AUDE,  Joseph,  knight  of  Malta,  bom  in 
1755  ;  secretary  to  the  Neapolitan  philoso- 
phical minister,  Carraccioli,  and  subse- 
quently to  tlie  French  Pliny,  Buffon,  whose 
life  he  published  in  1788.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  dramas;  "  I,e  lleline  Angloise," 
"Le  Retour  de  Camiile,"  "I^  Nouveau 
Ricco,"  and  some  melodrames  ;  "  The  Exiles 
of  Siberia,"  &c. 


61 


AUDEBERT,  Germain,  a  French  lawyer 
of  the  ICth  century  ;  author  of  "  Roma," 
"  Venetia,"  and  other  Latin  poems.  Died, 
1598. 

AUDEBERT,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated 
French  engraver  of  natural  history,  born  in 
1739.  The  spirit  of  his  engravings  of 
monkeys,  snakes,  birds,  &c.  is  inimitable. 
Died,  18n<). 

AUDIFREDI,  JoHx  Baptist,  a  famous 
Italian  astronomer,  born  in  1714  ;  author  of 
"  Demonstrazione  delle  Stazione  della  Co- 
mettt,  17(!9,"  &c. 

AUDIFFREDY,  Therese,  born  in  Gui- 
nea, in  1757.  When  returning  thither, at  IS, 
from  Bordeaux,  she  was  subjected,  through 
the  clfect  of  her  youthful  beauty,  to  the  re- 
jected love  of  the  captain  of  the  vessel,  but 
was  relieved  from  his  offered  violence  by 
Sonnini  and  tht  chevalier  Audiffredy,  the 
latter  of  whom  she  married  ;  and  becoming 
one  of  the  richest  proprietors  in  Cayenne, 
she  saved  Pichegru,  and  the  numerous  de- 
ported victims  of  the  18th  Fructidor,  from 
being  starved  to  death. 

AUDIXOT,  founder  of  the  Thc<atre  Audi- 
not,  and  the  inventor  of  melodrames,  was 
born  at  Nancy,  about  1750.  He  was  a  fa- 
vourite actor  in,  as  well  as  author  of,  many 
of  the  latter.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  IHOI. 

AUDLEY,  Thomas,  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land during  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
and  disgracefully  subservient  to  the  evil  will 
of  that  king.     Died,  1544. 

AUDRAN,  the  name  of  a  family  of  French 
artists,  of  whom  the  following  are  the  most 
eminent  —  Charles  Audhan,  the  elder,  was 
bom  at  Paris,  in  1594  ;    and  died  in  1073. 

His  works  are  numerous  aud  excellent 

Claude,  a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was 
born,  at  Lyons,  in  1(W9,  and  studicil  under 
his  uncle.  He  was  employed  by  I^  Brun  in 
painting  part  of  the  pictures  of  Alexander's 
battles  at  Versailles,  and  became  professor 
of  painting  in  the  royal  academy  of  Paris, 
where  he  died  in  1C84 — Giuakd,  the  brother 
of  the  last-mentioned,  and  the  most  cele- 
brated of  the  family,  was  born,  at  Lyons,  in 
1G40  ;  studied  under  Le  Brun  at  Paris  ;  and 
engraved  tliat  artist's  pictures  in  a  masterly 
style.  He  died  in  1703 — Claude,  nephew 
of  Girard,  was  born,  at  Lyons,  in  1(585.  He 
was  celebrated  for  ornamental  designs  ;  ap- 
pointed king's  painter  ;  and  died  in  1734.  — 
Joiix,  brother  of  Claude,  was  born  in  l(5(i7  ; 
studied  engraving  under  hia  uncle  ;  and 
died,  at  Paris,  in  175G. 

AUDRAN,  P.  G.,  was  born  in  Dnuphiny, 
about  1770  ;  and  made  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  the  College  de  France,  in  1799.  Tins 
scholar  taught  himself  Hebrew  by  the  sy- 
noptical and  analj'tical  method  first  ajjplicd 
by  Dumarsais  and  De  Gebelin  to  gram- 
matical science  ;  and  was  the  author  of  a 
"Grammaire  Ht'luaique." 

AUDRIEN,  Yves  M.,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, who  joined  Robespierre,  declared  for 
the  revolution,  and  proposed  his  "  Plan  d' 
Education,"  to  withdraw  the  education  of 
youth  from  the  priesthood.  In  1800,  while 
proceeding  to  his  bishoi)rie,  he  wa.-^  dragged 
out  of  his  carriage  by  the  Chouans,  and  as- 
sassinated. 

AUGE,  Daniel    Auoentius,    a   French 


AUG] 


^  fit^  Winihtx^id  Mia^YK^lyv, 


[auk 


author  of  the  IfJth  centurj'.  lie  translated 
portions  of  St.  Macarius  and  Synesius  from 
the  Greek,  and  wrote  numerous  dialogues  on 
oratory,  &c. 

AUGER,  Atiiavasius,  a  learned  ahb'i, 
and  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  college  of  St. 
Rouen,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1734.  He  pub- 
lished several  political  works  (among  others, 
"  Cati-chisme  du  Citoyen  Francois,"  &c.)  in 
favour  of  the  revolution.  His  learned  pub- 
lications are  numerous  :  "  Constitution  des 
Remains  ;"  "  De  la  Tragt'die  Grecque;" 
the  complete  works  of  Isocrates,  Lysias,  Xe- 
nophon,  &e.    Died,  1792. 

AUGER,  Louis  Simox,  bom  at  Paris  in 
1772,  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning,  being 
the  conductor  of  several  journals,  and  one 
of  the  principal  authors  of  the  Universal 
Biography.    He  committed  suicide  in  1829. 

AUGEREAU,PiEUREFnANCOis  Charles, 
duke  of  Castiglione,  and  a  marshal  of  France, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1757.  Having  entered 
the  army  early  in  life,  he  distinguished  him- 
self, and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-ge- 
neral in  1794.  At  the  battles  of  Castiglione 
and  Arcole,  in  179(5,  his  personal  bravery 
was  eminently  conspicuous  ;  and,  in  short, 
througli  all  the  campaigns  of  Napoleon 
from  that  time  till  the  memorable  retreat 
from  Russia  in  1813,  he  displayed  great  skill, 
and  filled  the  most  important  stations  ;  re- 
ceiving as  a  reward  for  his  services  the  baton 
of  a  field  marshal  and  a  dukedom.  On  the 
abdication  of  the  emperor,  he  was  among  the 
first  to  offer  his  allegiance  to  the  Bourbons, 
for  which  lie  was  amply  rewarded  ;  yet,  it  is 
said,  he  was  equally  ready  on  Napoleon's 
return  from  Elba  to  serve  his  old  master, 
who,  however,  rejected  liis  services,  and  de- 
clared him  a  traitor.     He  died  in  1816. 

AUGURELLO,  Giovanni  Aukelio,  an 
Italian  poet  and  professor  of  tlie  heUes  let- 
tres;  author  of  "  ChrysopoBia,"  and  other 
poems,  Latin  and  Italian.  Born,  1440 ; 
died,  1524. 

AUGUSTIN,  St.,  bishop  of  Hippo,  and 
one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian  Church, 
was  born  at  Tagaste,  in  Africa,  a.d.  354. 
He  was  in  his  youth  attached  to  the  Mani- 
chean  doctrines,  and  of  very  loose  morals  ; 
but  his  conversion  from  his  errors  was  com- 
plete and  permanent ;  and  lie  wrote  with 
great  zeal,  and  very  voluminously,  against 
all  the  sects  which  the  Church  held  to  be  he- 
retical.    He  died  in  430. 

AUGUSTIN,  or  AUSTIN,  St.,  styled  the 
Apostle  of  the  English,  was  sent  by  pope 
Gregory  I.  at  the  head  of  40  monks  to  preach 
the  gospel  in  England.  He  landed  in  595  ; 
and  so  rapid  was  his  success,  that  the  pope 
made  him  arphbishop  of  Canterbury,  Kent 
being  the  first  scene  of  his  invaluable  labour. 
Elated  by  the  success  of  his  mission,  he  en- 
deavoured to  bring  the  Welsh  bishops,  who 
were  descendants  of  the  Britisli  converts  of 
the  second  century,  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Cliurch  of  Rome,  to  which  they  had 
never  submitted  ;  but  they  asserted  their  in- 
dependence, and  1200  monks  of  Bangor  were 
soon  after  put  to  the  sword  by  Etlielfrid, 
king  of  Northumberland,  at  the  instigation, 
it  is  said,  of  the  ofiended  prelate.  He  died 
early  in  the  7th  century,  but  the  year  of  his 
death  is  variously  given. 


AUGUSTIN,  AsTHONY,  a  Spanish  pre- 
late of  the  ICth  century  ;  author  of  some 
treatises  on  law  and  on  medals.  Died, 
1586. 

AUGUSTLTLUS,  Romulus,  the  last  em- 
peror of  the  West,  was  raised  to  the  throne 
by  his  father,  the  patrician  Orestes,  who 
deposed  Julius  Nepos,  in  470  ;  but  his  reign 
was  little  more  than  nominal,  and  of  very 
short  duration  ;  being  soon  after  conquered 
and  dethroned  by  Odoacer,  king  of  the 
Heruli,  who  spared  his  life,  and  allowed  him 
a  pension. 

AUGUSTUS,  Caius  Julius  Caesar  Oc- 
TAViANUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  the  son 
of  Caius  Octavius  and  Accia,  niece  of  Julius 
Cassar,  who,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  which 
hapi)encd  when  he  was  only  four  years  old, 
adopted  him  as  his  son.  When  Caesar  was 
assassinated,  Octavius  (for  by  that  name  he 
was  called  before  his  accession  to  the  throne), 
was  in  Epirus,  whence  he  immediately  re- 
turned to  secure  his  inheritance,  and  entered 
into  an  alliance  with  Anthony  and  Lepidus, 
though  he  at  first  was  inimical  to  the  former. 
The  triumvirate  thus  formed  shed  the  best 
blood  of  Rome  ;  and  Octavius  was  fully  as 
guilty  as  either  of  his  associates.  At  length 
Lepidus  was  deposed,  Antony  hurried  to  ruin 
and  death,  and  Octavius,  then  36  years  of  age, 
became  emperor,  with  the  title  of  Augustus. 
As  emperor,  his  course  was  wise  and  benefi- 
cent ;  literature  and  the  arts  flourished  under 
his  auspices  ;  good  laws  were  enacted  ;  and 
he  was  in  many  respects  deserving  of  the 
lavish  praise  heaped  upon  him  by  the  writers 
of  that  time.    Born,  B.C.  G3  ;  died,  a.d.  14. 

AULISIO,  Doiiixic,  a  Neapolitan  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  but  more  celebrated  as 
a  linguist,  and  for  his  great  proficiency  in 
general  science  and  the  beUes  Icftres.  He 
was  author  of  "Commentaries  on  Civil 
Law,"  a  "  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress 
of  Medicine,"  &c.    Born,  1639  ;  died,  1717. 

AULNAGE,  F.  H.  S.  de,  a  Spanish  writer, 
bom  in  1739  ;  author  of  a  work  on  ancient 
pantomime,  and  of  "  Histoire  Gunerale  dea 
Religions,"  &c. 

AULUS  GELLIUS,  a  grammarian  in  the 
reigns  of  Trajan  and  Marcus  Aurelius ; 
chiefly  remembered  for  his  "  Noctes  Attica;." 
AUNGERVILLE,  Richard,  or  Richard 
DE  Bury,  was  the  tutor  of  Edward  III.,  by 
whom  he  was  made  bishop  of  London,  lord 
high  chancellor,  lord  high  treasurer,  &e. 
He  was  a  munificent  patron  of  learning,  and 
the  author  of  a  learned  work,  entitled  "  Phi- 
lobiblion."     Born,  1281  ;  died,  1.345. 

AUNOY,  Countess  of,  a  lively  French  au- 
thoress of  the  17th  century.    Died,  1705. 

AURELIAN,  Lucius  Domitius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  born 
in  Pannonia,  about  tlie  year  220.  Having 
throughout  an  active  life  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  skilful,  valiant,  and 
successful  general,  he  was  chosen  emperor  i 
on  the  deatli  of  Claudius  II.  in  270.  He  ' 
drove  the  Barbarians  from  Italy,  conquered 
Tetricus,  who  had  assumed  the  purple  in 
Gaul,  and  vanquished  the  celebrated  Zeno- 
bia,  of  Palmyra,  and  carried  her  a  prisoner 
to  Rome  ;  but  while  on  his  march  towards 
Persia,  in  275,  he  was  assassinated  by  his 
mutinous  troops. 


aur] 


a  iSit\a  Winibtxgnl  JJtosrapl^g. 


[avi 


AURELIO,  Louis,  an  Italian  monk  of  the 
17tli  century  ;  author  of  an  account  of  the 
Bohemian  rebellion,  lie  also  abridged  the 
Universal  History  of  Turselliuus,  and  other 
work?.    Died,  icaz. 

AURIA,  ViNCHNTio,  a  Sicilian  author  of 
the  17th  century.  His  priucipal  work  is  a 
history  of  eminent  Sicilians.  Born,  lC2o ; 
died,  1710. 

AURIGNI,  Giles,  a  French  lawyer  and 
poet  of  th«  10th  century  :  author  of  a  poem, 
entitled  "  Tuteur  d' Amour,"  and  some 
other  works  of  no  great  value. 

AURUNGZEHE,  the  Great  Mogul,  or  em- 
peror of  liindostan,  waa  the  third  son  of 
Shah  Jehan.  His  early  life  was  marked  by 
gravity  and  seeming  deTotion,  but  these 
were  merely  the  disguise  of  an  ambitiouB 
and  crafty  spirit.  He  deposed  his  father, 
put  to  death  two  of  his  brothers,  aud  the 
sou  of  tlie  elder  of  them,  aud  assumed  the 
sovereign  authority.  111.  however,  m  he 
obtained  his  power,  he  used  it  with  skill  and 
courage.  He  subdued  Golconda,  the  Car- 
natic,  Visapour,  aud  Bengal,  and  routed  the 
l>iratcs  who  had  infested  the  mouth  of  the 
Gauges.  His  achievements  obtainc<l  him 
the  respect  of  European  ae  well  as  Asiatie 
powers.  But  the  close  of  his  life  was  em- 
bittered bj;  th«  rebellious  conduct  of  hi« 
sons,  who  aimed  at  deposing  him,  as  he  ha<l 
deposed  his  father.  Born,  IGIS  ;  died,  1707. 
After  the  death  of  Aurungzebe,  the  might 
and  spleudour  of  the  Mogul  empire  rapidly 
declined. 

AUSEGIUS,  a  Freneh  abbot  of  the  9th 
century,  who  made  a  collection  of  the  capi- 
tularies of  Charlemagne  and  his  son  Louis, 
which  has  been  several  times  reprinted. 
Died,  8:M. 

AUSONIUS,  Decii's  Magnus,  a  Roman 
poet  of  the  4th  century  ;  son  of  Julius  Auso- 
uius,  a  physician  of  Bordeaux.  He  early 
gave  proof  of  genius,  and  was  appointed 
tutor  to  Gratian,  son  of  the  emx>eror  Va- 
lentinian ;  and  when  his  pupil  came  to  the 
throne,  he  made  him  priutorian  prefect  of 
Gaul,  and  subsequently  raised  him  to  tlie 
consulship.  His  poems  are  rarious  both  as 
to  suVyect  and  merit :  but  though  they  con- 
tain much  that  is  beautiful,  they  are  but  too 
frequently  deformed  by  licentiousness. 

AUSTEN,  Jaxe,  the  celebrated  authoress 
of  "  Pride  and  Prejudice,"  "  Sense  and  Sen- 
sibility," aud  other  prose  fictions,  was  the 
daugliter  of  a  clergyman  in  Hampsliire. 
Born.  1775  ;  died,  unmarried,  1817. 

AUSTREA,  D.  Juas,  a  Spanish  admiral, 
born  in  154o ;  remembered  as  the  conqueror 
of  the  Turks  at  Leiianto. 

AUVERGNE,  Antuoxy,  a  French  musi- 
cian and  composer  of  the  18th  century,  who 
composed  the  first  comi«  opera  ever  per- 
formed in  France.    Died,  1797. 

AVALOS,  FEHDijrAJTD,  marquis  of  Pes- 
cara,  a  brare  Neapolitan  soldier,  and  the 
author  of  a  "  Dialogue  on  Love,"  which  he 
wrote  while  a  prisoner  of  war,  and  dedicated 
to  his  wife,  the  beautiful  Vittoria  Colonna. 
Bom.  1489;  died,  152.^ 

AVAI/OS,  Alpiionso,  marquis  del  Vasto, 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Naples,  in  1502,  and  obtained  the  command 
of  the  imperial  army  at  his  uncle's  death, 


for  tlie  brilliant  valour  he  displayed  at  the 
siege  of  Pavia.     Died,  154*!. 

AVAUX,  Claude  de  Mesne,  Count  of,  a 
celebrated  Freneh  diplomatist,  and  an  ac- 
complished scholar.    Died,  1050. 

AVELLANEDA,Alpiionsus  Fernandez 
DK,  a  Spanish  writer,  who,  to  the  great 
annoyance  of  Cerrantes,  wrote  a  continua- 
tion of  the  first  part  of  Don  (Quixote. 

AVELLONE,  F.,  an  Italian  di-amatic 
writer,  born  in  1750,  whose  pieces  are  nu- 
merous, and  many  of  them  successful ;  "  Lan- 
terne  Mngique,"  "  Jules  Willenvel,"  &c. 

AVERANI,  Be.nedict,  a  Florentine,  was 
a  learned  and  voluminous  prose  writer  and 
poet.    Born,  1045  ;  died,  1707. 

AVERANI,  Joseph,  brother  of  the  above; 
author  of  various  scientific  treatises,  and  of 
a  defence  of  Galileo. 

AVEN TINE,  John,  a  native  of  Bavaria ; 
author  of  the  "Annals  of  Bavaria,"  and  of 
a  curious  work,  entitled  "  Numerandi  per 
Digitus,"  &c.     Born,  1400  ;  died,  15»4. 

A\ENZOAR,  or  EBN  ZOAR,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  I2th  century,  bom  at  Se- 
ville ;  author  of  a  medical  comi)eudium, 
entitled  "  Al  Theiser." 

AVERDY,  Ci.KMENT  Charles  de  l', 
comptroller-general  of  France  in  the  18th 
century  ;  author  of"  Code  Penal,"  and  other 
useful  works.  lie  was  guillotined  in  1704, 
on  a  charge  of  having  caused  the  scarcity  of 
wheat  which  then  afliicfed  France. 

AVEUROES,  or  AVEN  ROSCII,  an  Ara- 
bian j>hilosoplier  and  physician  of  the  12th 
century.  His  talents  caused  liim  to  be  made 
chief  ruler  of  Morocco  by  the  caliph,  Jacob 
Almanzor,  but  being  accused  of  heresy  by 
the  Mahonietan  priests, ^le  was  imprisoned 
and  otherwise  persecuted.  Again,  however, 
lie  acquired  both  the  royal  favour  and  the 
popular  confidence,  and  died  at  Morocco, 
in  1108,  in  possession  of  the  highest  honours 
below  the  sovereignty.  He  was  author  of  a 
paraphrase  of  Plato's  Republic,  and  several 
other  works. 

AVESBURY,  RonERT  of,  an  English 
writer  of  the  14th  century  ;  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Edward  III. 

AVIANO,  Jerome,  an  Italian  poet  of  the 
IGth  ceuturv. 

AVICENNA,  otherwise  EBN-SINA,  an 
Arabian  philosopher  and  physician  of  the 
11th  century.  Of  his  numerous  works  the 
most  Tnluable  are  his  "  Commentaries  on 
Aristotle."    He  died  in  great  poTcrty,  10;57. 

AVIENUS,  RuKus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet 
of  the  4th  century. 

AVIGNY,  C.  J.  L.,  a  national  French  poet, 
born  at  Martinique,  in  1700 ;  author  of 
"Jeanne  d'Arc,"  "Le  Depart  de  la  Pu- 
rouse  ; "  and  some  successful  dramas,  "  Les 
Lettres,"  "  Les  Deux  Jockeys,"  "  Doria," 
Sec.  His  best  prose  production  is  on  the 
progress  of  the  British  power  ia  India,  in- 
serted in  Michard's  "  Histoire  de  Mysore." 

AVILA,  John  d',  a  Spanish  priest,  who 
for  the  space  of  40  years  journeyed  through 
the  Andalusian  mountains  and  forests,  en- 
forcing by  his  precepts  and  example  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel ;  on  which  account  he 
acquired  the  arpellation  of  the  Apostle  of 
Andalusia.     Died,  1509. 

AVLLA  Y  ZUNIGA,  Louis  d',  adistin- 


63 


q8 


AVl] 


^  ^tbi  Bnibtx^aX  Masx^i^\iV. 


[azz 


guished  diplomatist,  warrior,  and  historian, 
under  Charles  V.  He  wrote  "  Commenta- 
ries "  on  the  wars  of  Jiis  sovereign,  who  so 
much  admired  them,  that  lie  deemed  himself 
more  fortunate  than  Alexander,  in  having 
such  an  historian. 

AVIRON,  James  i.e  Bathelier,  a  French 
lawyer  of  the  ICth  century ;  author  of 
"  Commentaries  on  the  Provincial  Laws  of 
Normandy." 

AVISON,  Charles,  a  composer  and  mu- 
sician ;  autlior  of  "  Essays  on  Musical  Ex- 
pression," &c.    Died,  1770. 

AVITUS,  Marcus  M.eciltus,  raised  to 
the  empire  of  the  West  on  the  death  of 
Maximus,  in  455,  but  deposed  after  a  reign 
of  only  14  months. 

AVOGADRO,  Lucia,  an  Italian  poetess, 
whose  early  talents  won  the  praise  of  Tasso. 
Died,  15(58. 

AYALA,  Peter  Lopez  d',  a  learned, 
brave,  and  eloquent  Spanish  statesman,  was 
born  in  Murcia,  in  13.32.  After  serving  under 
four  Castilian  mouarchs,  both  in  the  council 
and  the  field,  and  distinguishing  himself 
also  as  a  man  of  erudition,  he  died  in  1407. 

AYALA,  a  Dutch  physician  who  practised 
at  Antwerp  in  the  Kitli  century  ;  author  of 
a  '•  Treatise  on  the  Plague,"  "  Carmen  pro 
vera  jMediciua,"  &c. 

AYESHA,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  and  fa- 
vourite wife  of  Mahomet.  On  the  death  of 
her  husband  she  resorted  to  arms  to  oppose 
the  succession  of  Ali ;  but  tliough  conquered 
by  him  she  was  dismissed  in  safety,  and  died 
in  retirement  at  Mecca,  in  677.  The  Mussul- 
mans venerate  her  memory,  and  designate 
her  the  prophetess. 

AYLMER,  JoHff ,  bishop  of  Loudon  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  He  was  a  ready, 
but  not  very  rigidly  principled  writer  ;  and 
was  more  disposed  to  intolerance  than  is 
consistent  with  the  character  of  a  true 
Christian.     Born,  1521  ;  died,  1534. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  an  able  antiquarj' 
of  the  18tli  century.  He  was  keeper  of  the 
state  papers,  and  author  of  "  Tlie  Universal 
Librarian,"  besides  numerous  other  works. 
Bom,  1708  ;  died,  1781. 

AYMON,  Joiix,  a  Piedmontese  priest  of 
the  17th  century.  He  abjured  Papacy  for 
the  doctrines  of  Calvin,  but  returned  to  his 
original  faith,  and  had  a  pension  from  the 
Cardinal  do  Noaillcs.  Availing  himself  of 
his  intimacy  witli  the  librarian  of  the  royal 
collection  at  Paris,  he  stole  some  JIBS.,  one 
of  which,  an  account  of  the  synod  of  Jeru- 
salem in  1(572,  he  published  in  Holland.  He 
wrote  a  "Picture  of  the  Court  of  Rome," 
and  some  other  works. 

AYRAULT,  Pierre,  a  French  lawyer  of 
the  16th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  De 
Patris  Jure,"  occasioned  by  the  seduction 
of  his  son  by  the  Jesuits,  and  other  works. 
Born.  1536  ;  died,  1601. 

AYRTON,  Edmuxd,  a  composer  of  cathe- 
dral music,  and  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
Commemoration  of  Handel.  Born,  1734  ; 
died,  1808. 


AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  son  of 
the  Dean  of  Bristol,  by  a  sister  of  the  first 
Lord  Lyttleton.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  travels  on  the  continent,  and  the 
tragedy  of  Semiramis.    Died,  1779. 

AYSCOUGH,  Samuel,  an  industrious 
literary  character  of  the  last  century.  He 
contributed  largely  to  the  British  Critic  and 
other  periodicals  ;  and  compiled  a  variety 
of  laborious  indexes,  of  which  his  index  to 
Shakspearc  is  the  principal.  He  was  curate 
of  St.  Giles's,  and  lecturer  at  Shoreditch. 
Born,  1745  ;  died,  1804. 

AYSCUE,  Sir  George,  a  distinguished 
admiral  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and  one 
of  the  coadjutors  of  Blake  in  his  famous 
action  w^ith  the  Dutch  admiral.  Van  Tromp. 
At  the  restoration  he  M-as  made  rear-admiral 
of  the  Blue  ;  and  being  captured  in  Albe- 
marle's action  oif  Dunkirk,  remained  many 
years  a  prisoner. 

AYTON,  Sir  Robert,  a  native  of  Fife- 
shire,  in   Scotland,   a  poet  of  considerable 
merit,  was  born  in  1570.    He  wrote  in  Greek,  ! 
Latin,  and  French,  as  well  as  English.  Died,  i 
10S8.  I 

AZAIS,  P.  H.,  born  in  1766  ;  author  of  a  ! 
"Systeme   Universel,"    and    the    editor  of 
several  literary  and    political  works,    "Le 
Mercure,"  "  Ari.starque,"  &c. 

AZARA,  Don  Joseph  Nicholas  d',  a 
Spanish  grandee,  born  in  Arragon,  1721 ; 
ambassador,  first  to  Rome,  ancl  next  to 
France  ;  a  good  writer  in  Spanish,  Italian, 
and  French  ;  a  ripe  antiquarian,  and  a  great 
patron  of  the  fine  arts.  His  "  Suite  de  Pierres 
Gravees,"  published  in  Spain,  is  much  es- 
teemed. He  translated  into  Spanish  "Mid- 
dleton's  Life  of  Cicero,"  "  Bowles's  Natural 
History  of  Spain,"  "Seneca,"  and  "I5o- 
doni's  Horace."  He  died  suddenly,  by  his 
fireside,  in  1804. 

AZARA,  Feli.v  d',  a  Spanish  naturalist 
and  traveller  of  the  18th  century  ;  autlior  of 
a  "  Natural  History  of  Paraguay ,"  and  other 
valuable  works.  Born,  1746  ;  the  time  of 
his  death  is  uncertain. 

AZNAR,  count  of  Gaseony,  distinguished 
for  quelling  an  insurrection  of  the  Navarrese 
Gascons  in  824  ;  but  being  discontented  with 
Pepin,  king  of  Aquitaine,  for  whom  he  put 
down  the  insurgents,  lie  subsequently,  in 
831,  seized  on  a  part  of  Navarre,  and  became 
the  founder  of  the  kingdom  of  that  name. 
Died,  830. 

AZUNI,  DoMixic  Albert,  a  Sardinian, 
born  in  1760.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Systfeme 
Universel  du  Droit  Maritime  de  I'Europe, 
&c.,  a  w^ork  of  the  highest  merit,  written  in 
the  purest  French.  Made  president  of  the 
Genoese  board  of  trade  by  Napoleon,  he  fell 
with  his  patron,  and  retired  to  private  life. 
Died,  1827. 

AZZO,  Fortius,  an  Italian  jurist  of  the 
13th  century  ;  author  of  "A  Summary  of  the 
Codes  or  Institutes."  He  is  said  to  have  been 
executed  for  killing  a  man  in  a  personal 
conflict. 


;aa] 


^  ^tio  Wiiiibtv^Kl  2SiO0rajp]^i|. 


[bag 


B. 


BAAITDTN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali,  a 
Persian  (lo<:tor  ;  author  of  '•  A  Summary  of 
Canon  and  Civil  Law,"  which  he  wrote  by 
order  of  Alphas  tlie  Great,  and  in  liis  name. 

BAAN,  JunN  n',  a  Dutch  portrait  painter, 
who  was  employed  in  England  under  the 
patronage  of  Charles  II.    Died,  1702. 

BAAN,  James,  son  of  the  above,  and  of 
tlie  same  profession.    Died,  1700. 

BAARSDORP,  Cornki-its,  physician  to 
the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  author  of  "Methodus 
UniversiE  Artis  Medicaj."    Died,  loC.S. 

BAART,  Pktek,  a  Fleming  of  the  18th 
century  ;  author  of  "Flemish  Georgies,"  &c. 

BABA,  a  Turkish  impostor  of  the  l.Jth 
century,  who  atFected  to  have  a  mission  from 
Heaven.  He  had  many  followers  in  Natolia, 
which  country  he  overran  ;  but  his  success 
was  only  temporary,  and  his  sect  sunk  into 
obscurity. 

BABACOUSCHI,  a  mufti  of  the  city  of 

Caffii,  in  Mauris,  who  died  in  the  year  of 

the  Ilcgira,  7H3.    His  real  name  was  Abda- 

rahman  Mosthafa  ;  and  he  was  author  of  a 

I  work,  entitled  "  The  Friend  of  Princes." 

BAUEK,  KiioKEMi,  a  Persian  impostor, 
]  surnamcd  the  Impious,  who,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  'Jth  century,  appeared  as  the  apos- 
tle of  a  new  religion.  For  20  years  he  baffled 
all  the  attempts  that  were  made  to  put  him 
down  ;  but  at  length  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  suffered  a  cruel  death,  in  8H7. 

BABIN,  Fkaxcis,  a  French  divine  and  , 
professor  of  divinity  at  Angers  ;  editor  of 
"  The  Conferences  of  the  Diocese  of  Angers."  I 
Died,  17.<4.  I 

BABINGTON,  Axthont,  a  gentleman  of  , 
good  family  and  fortune  in  Derbyshire,  who 
was  detected  in  a  conspiracy  to  assassinate 
queen  Elizabeth,  for  which  he  was  executed 
in  1.586.  ' 

BABINGTON,  Gervase,  a  bishop  of 
Worcester,  at  the  end  of  the  Kith  and  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  centuries.  He  was  a  learned 
and  pious  man,  and  a  considerable  benefac- 
tor to  the  library  of  Worcester  cathedral. 
He  successively  held  the  bishoiirics  of  Llan- 
daff,  Exeter,  and  Worcester. 

BABINGTON,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  lecturer  on  medicine  and 
chemistry  at  Guy's  Hospital,  was  bom  in 
17"(7  ;  and  after  a  long  life  of  usefulness  in 
his  profession,  of  which  he  was  a  distin- 
guished ornament,  died  in  April,  ISSii,  aged 
76.  He  was  the  author  of  "A  New  System 
of  Mineralogy,"  besides  some  other  scientific 
treatises. 

BABCEUF,  Fraxcis  Noel,  a  violent  par- 
tizan  of  tiie  French  revolution.  He  con- 
ducted a  journal  called  "The  Tribune  of 
the  People,"  the  object  of  which  was  to 
overthrow  society  as  at  present  constituted  ; 
and  his  share  in  a  conspiracy  for  this  pur- 
pose being  proved,  he  was  condemned  to  be 
guillotined,  1797. 

BABUR,  or  BABR,  Mohammed,  a  sove- 
reign of  the  Mogul  empire,  in  Western  Tar- 
tary  and  Khorassan,  who  ascended  tiie  tlu-one 
in  1491,  and  who,  in  1523,  invaded  and  con- 


quered Hindostan.  Tie  died  in  1530,  and 
his  posterity  reigned  over  ludia  for  two  cen- 
turies and  a  half.  Babur  was  tlie  great 
grandson  of  Tnmcrlane. 

BACAI,  Ibrahim  Bex  Omar,  author  of 
lives  of  eminent  men,  &c.  Died,  835  of  the 
Hegira. 

BACCAINI,  Benedict,  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  at  Modena,  and  author 
of  various  learned  works.  Born,  1657  ;  died, 
1721. 

BACCALARY  SANNA,  Vincent,  mar- 
quis of  St.  Vincent,  an  able  commander  and 
statesman  under  Charles  II.  and  Philip  V. 
of  Spain  ;  author  of  "Memoirs  of  Philip  V." 
&c.    Died.  1726. 

BACCHIS,  sometimes  called  BALUS,  a 
king  of  Corinth,  who  ruled  with  such  mo- 
deration and  equity,  that  to  commemorate 
him  his  successors  were  called  BacchidiE. 

BACCHUS,  king  of  Mauritania,  son-in- 
law  of  Jugurtha,  whom  he  betrayed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans  under  Sylla. 

BACCHYLIDES,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  who 
flourished  about  450  years  is.c.  He  was  the 
cotemporary  and  rival  of  Pindar  ;  and  Ho- 
race is  said  to  have  imitated  him  in  some  of 
his  Odes. 

BACCIO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physician 
of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  several  trea- 
tises on  poisons,  antidotes,  &c. 

BACCIO,  FRANcii^co  Bartolomeo,  an 
eminent  jwrtrait  and  historical  painter,  was 
bom  at  Savignano,  near  Florence,  in  14<J9. 
He  is  considered  the  inventor  of  the  jointed 
lay  figure,  used  by  painters  ;  and  is  the  first 
who  painted  draperies  with  grace  and  cor- 
rectness.   Died,  1517. 

BACELLAR,  Anthoxv  Barbosa,  a  Por- 
tuguese poet,  historian,  and  civilian  ;  but 
who  is  chiefly  remembered  for  a  work  in  de- 
fence of  the  house  of  Bragauza,  which  paved 
his  way  to  fortune,  and  established  him  as  a 
favourite  at  the  court. 

BACH,  John  Sebastian,  a  German  mu- 
sician of  first-rate  merit.  He  is  said  to  have 
equalled  Handel  as  an  organist ;  and  as  a 
scientific  composer  he  has  attained  a  cele- 
brity rarely  excelled.  He  had  11  sons,  all 
of  whom  followed  their  father's  profession. 
Bom,  1085  ;  died,  1754. 

BACHAUMONT,  Francis  le  Coioneux 
de,  a  French  lawyer  and  poet,  co-author 
with  Chapelle  of  a  lively  and  spirited  piece, 
in  prose  and  verse,  entitled  "  A  Journey  to 
Montpelier."    Born,  1024  ;  died,  1702. 

BACHAUMONT,  Louis  Petit,  a  French 
writer ;  author  of  a  voluminous  work,  en- 
titled "Secret  Memoirs  towards  a  History 
of  the  French  Republic  of  Letters,"  &c. 
Died,  1771. 

BACHELIER,  Nicholas,  a  French  sculp- 
tor, pupil  of  Michael  Angelo.  Several  of 
his  productions  are  in  the  cathedral  of  Tou- 
louse, his  native  city.    Died,  1554. 

BACHELIER,  John  James,  a  French 
painter,  born  in  1724,  was  director  of  the 
royal  porcelain  manufactory  o!  Sevres,  and 
the  discoverer  of  an  encaustic  composition 


BAC] 


^  i^tbi  minhex^nl  %iag^a^\)\j. 


[bad 


for  the  preservation  of  marble  statues.  He 
established  a  school  for  gratuitously  teach- 
ing the  art  of  drawing.    Died,  1805. 

BACHMEISTER,  II.  L.  C,  a  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  at  Ilernhorn,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Nassau-Dillenbourg,  in  1736  i 
author  of  "  An  Abridgment  of  the  Geogra- 
phy of  the  Russian  Empire,"  "  A  Collection 
of  Memoirs  relating  to  Peter  I.,"  "  The 
Russian  Library,"  11  vols.  &c.     Died,  1800. 

BACICI,  Jous  Baptist  Gauli,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  scriptural  subjects  and 
portraits.    Born,  1639  ;  died,  1709. 

BACKER,  James,  a  Dutch  historical 
painter  of  great  ability.  Born  at  Antwerp, 
in  1530  ;  died,  1560. 

BACKER,  Jacob,  a  portrait  and  historical 
painter.  Born  at  Harlingen,  1609  ;  died,  1651. 

BACKHOUSE,  William,  an  English 
astronomer  and  alchemist ;  author  of  "  Tlie 
Complaint  of  Nature,"  "  The  Golden  Fleece," 
&c.     Died,  1662. 

BACKIIUYSEN,  Rudolph,  or  LuDOLPn, 
an  eminent  painter,  whose  sea-pieces  are 
worthy  of  the  highest  praise.  He  studied 
nature  attentively  in  all  her  forms,  and  gave 
to  every  subject  such  transparency  and  lus- 
tre, as  placed  him  above  all  the  artists  of 
his  time,  except  the  younger  Vandervelde. 
Indeed,  it  is  said  to  have  been  his  frequent 
custom,  whenever  he  could  procure  resolute 
mariners,  to  go  to  sea  in  a  storm,  in  order 
to  store  his  mind  with  images  of  the  angry 
elements,  and  to  work  incessantly  on  his 
return,  while  they  were  vividly  impressed  on 
liis  memory.  Born  at  Embden,  1631 ;  died, 
1709. 

BACKLER  D'ALBE,  Baron  Aubert 
Louis,  an  eminent  French  militarj'  geogra- 
pher and  engineer  ;  author  of  a  "  Cliart  of 
the  Theatre  of  War  in  the  first  Campaigns 
of  Buonaparte  in  Italy,"  &c.  Born  at  St. 
Pol,  1761  ;  died  at  Paris,  1824. 

BACON,  Robert,  an  English  friar  ;  di- 
vinity lecturer  at  Oxford  ;  author  of  "  The 
Life  of  St.  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury," &c.     Died,  1248. 

BACON,  Roger,  a  celebrated  English  friar 
and  philosopher.  He  was  bom  at  Ilchester, 
Somersetshire,  in  1214,  and  received  his 
education  at  Oxford  and  Paris.  He  was  so 
ardent  in  his  pursuit  of  knowledge,  that  he 
expended  200UZ.  in  the  course  of  20  years. 
His  attainments  caused  him  to  be  much  per- 
secuted by  his  ignorant  contemporaries,  who 
imputed  them  to  magic.  Several  of  his 
works  remain  in  MSS.,  but  the  chief  of  them 
are  collected  in  one  folio  volume,  entitled 
"Opus  Majus."  Considering  the  time  at 
which  he  lived,  he  was  unquestionably  a 
very  great  man  ;  for  though  his  natural 
philosophy  is  in  some  particulars  erroneous, 
it  is  quite  clear  that  he  at  least  approximated 
to  the  discovery  of  the  telescope,  the  camera 
obscura,  and  gunpowder  ;  and  he  not  only 
detected  the  error  of  the  calendar,  but 
actually  suggested  the  reformation  after- 
wards made  in  it  by  pope  Gregory  XIII. 
Died,  1292. 

BACON,  Sir  Nicholas,  keeper  of  the 
great  seal,  and  privy  councillor  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  He  was  the  first  lord  keeper 
that  ranked  as  lord  chancellor.  Born,  1510  ; 
died,  1579. 


BACON,  AxNE,  second  wife  of  the  above  ; 
a  lady  remarkable  for  her  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  both  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages. She  translated  "The  Sermons  of 
Ochinus "  from  tlie  Italian,  and  "  Bishop 
Je  .\  ell'sApology  for  the  Churcli  of  England  " 
from  the  Latin,    Born,  1528  ;  died,  1600. 

BACON,  Francis,  an  eminent  statesman, 
and  still  more  eminent  philosopher,  son  of 
the  lord  keeper,  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  by  his 
second  wife.  During  the  reign  of  Elizabeth 
he  made  no  great  progress,  but  on  the  acces- 
sion of  James  I.  he  was  knighted,  and  made 
one  of  the  king's  counsel.  In.,  tlie  following 
year  he  was  made  solicitor-general ;  and 
during  the  14  years  following  he  continued 
to  rise  till  he  became  high  chancellor  of 
Great  Britain,  baron  Verulam,  and  viscount 
St.  Alban's.  His  fall  was  as  sudden  as  his 
rise  had  been  great :  being  accused  of  cor- 
ruption in  his  office,  he  was  dismissed  and 
heavily  fined ;  and  though  he  was  subse- 
quently noticed  by  Charles  I.,  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  obscurity.  It  is 
rather  as  a  philosopher  than  as  a  statesman 
that  he  demands  our  admiration.  His  works 
are  invaluable,  and  too  numerous  to  be  men- 
tioned here  ;  but  if  none  of  them  existed  but 
his  "Novum  Organum  Scientiarum,"  he 
would  have  earned  himself  a  deathless  name. 
Born,  1561  ;  died,  1626. 

BACON,  Anthony,  elder  brother  of  the 
chancellor,  a  skilful  politician,  and  a  friend 
of  the  Earl  of  Essex.  As  he  spent  the  greater 
portion  of  his  time  abroad,  and  was  much 
devoted  to  learned  pursuits,  he  became  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  most  of  the  foreign 
literati,  and  was  also  honoured  with  the 
friendship  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

BACON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  half  brother  of 
the  chancellor.  He  possessed  great  ability 
as  a  landscape  painter.    Died,  1615. 

BACON,  Puanuel,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  some  dramas,  and  a  poem,  entitled 
"  The  Artificial  Kite."    Died,  1783. 

BACON,  John,  an  eminent  English  sculp- 
tor, and  the  inventor  of  a  method  of  making 
statues  in  artificial  stone.  His  chief  works 
are  a  bust  of  George  III.,  in  the  hall  of 
Cliristehurch,  Oxford,  Lord  Chatham's  mo- 
numents in  Guildhall  and  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  those  of  Dr.  Johnson  and  Mr. 
Howard  in  St.  Paul's.  Bom,  1740 ;  died, 
17t)9. 

BACON,  or  BACONTHOKPE,  John, 
called  the  resolute  doctor,  an  English  monk  ; 
author  of  a  "  Compendium  of  the  liaw  of 
Christ,"  &c.    Died,  1346. 

BACQUET,  a  French  advocate  ;  author 
of  various  law  treatises,  of  which  an  edition, 
in  2  vols.,  was  published  at  Lyons,  in  1744. 
Died,  1597. 

BADCOCK,  Samuel,  an  English  divine 
and  author  of  no  mean  celebrity,  but  chiefly 
known  by  his  critiques  in  the  Monthly  Re- 
view.    Born,  1747  ;  died,  1788. 

BADEN,  James,  professor  of  Latin  and 
eloquence  in  the  universitj'  of  Copenhagen  ; 
author  of  a  Danish  and  German  Dictionary, 
a  translation  of  Tacitus,  &c.  Born,  1735  ; 
died,  1805. 

BADEN,  Richard  de,  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1326,  when  he  founded  University 
Hall.    That  building  being  bui-nt  down,  a 


b^vd] 


^  f^cia  mnibtt^aX  3BuisrapTji|. 


[bai 


new  edifice  was  erected  by  the  daughter  of 
Gilbert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester,  who  gave 
it  the  name  it  still  bears  of  Clare  Hall. 

BADENS,  FuANCis,  a  portrait  and  histo- 
rical painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  1571 ;  died, 

imi. 

I  BADIA,  Domingo,  a  Spanish  traveller, 
was  born  in  17(MJ.  Being  well  skilled  in 
I  Arabic,  he  determined  on  travelling  in  the 
I  East ;  and  liaving  submitted  to  a  well-known 
!  Mussulman  rite,  he  waa  personally  (iualilied 
i  for  the  task,  and  assumed  the  uameof  Ali 
j  Bey.  Under  this  disguise  he  visited  Tripoli, 
I  Egypt,  Mecca,  and  Syria  undiscovered,  and 
j  was  everywhere  received  with  favour,  as  a 
I  true  believer.  It  is  now  known  that  he  was 
employed  as  a  political  agent  by  the  Prince 
I  of  Peace,  at  the  instigation  of  Buonaparte  ; 
and  on  his  return  to  his  native  country  he 
!  espoused  the  French  cause  there.  After  the 
'  battle  of  Vittoria,  he  took  refuge  in  France, 

and  died  there  in  1824. 
I      BADILE,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter, 
i  celebrated  for  the  accuracy  and  colouring  of 
his  portraits,  but  deriving  still  greater  ho- 
nour from  haviug  two  such  disciples  as  Paul 
:  Veronese  and  Baptista  Zelotti.    Born,  11»U  ; 
died,  1500. 

B  A  DUEL,  Claude,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  ;  author  of  some  theological  treatises, 
&c.    Died,  15H1. 

BAEHSTKAT,  a  Dutch  painter,  cliiefly 
of  sea  pieces.    Died,  lOiJ/. 

BAFFIN,  WiLLiAJrt,  an  English  navigator 
of  the  17th  century,  famous  for  his  disco' 
vcries  in  tlie  Arctic  regions,  was  born  in  1.W4. 
He  visited  West  Greenland  in  1(512,  again  in 
mio,  and  made  a  voyage  to  Spitzbergen  in 
1014.  In  1C23  aud  1024  he  ascertaine<l  the 
limits  of  tliat  vast  iulet  of  the  sea,  since  dis- 
tinguished by  the  appellation  of  BalHu's 
Bay. 

BAG  DE  DIN,  Mahomet,  an  Arabian  ma- 
thematician of  the  10th  century  ;  author  of 
a  treatise  "  On  the  Division  of  Superficies," 
of  which  there  is  a  Latia  version  by  John 
Dee. 

BAGE,  RoBEKT,  an  English  novelist,  was 
born  at  Derby,  in  1728  ;  and  died  at  Tam- 
worth,  in  1801.  During  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  he  followed  the  occupation  of  a  paper 
maker.  "Mount  Kenneth,"  "Barham 
Downs,"  "  The  Fair  Syrian,"  &c.  owe  thtir 
existence  to  him. 

BAGFOllD,  John,  a  book  collector  and 
antiquary.  Several  of  his  letters  are  in  the 
British  Museum.    Born,  1051  ;  died,  1710. 

BAGGER,  John,  a  very  learned  Dane, 
bishop  of  Copenhagen,  and  author  of  several 
treatises  in  Latin  and  Danish.  Born,  1040  ; 
died,  1093. 

BAGGESEN,  Emaxuel,  a  Danish  poet, 
lie  usually  wrote  in  the  German  language  ; 
and  his  chief  productions  are  a  pastoral  epic, 
entitled  "  Parthenais,  odcr  die  Alijciueiese," 
aud  a  mock  epic,  called  "  Adam  and  Eve," 
but  his  songs  and  short  poems  are  very  nu- 
merous and  popular.  Bom,  1764  ;  died,  1826. 
BAGLIONE,  Giovanni,  an  Italian 
paiuter  of  the  17th  century,  distinguished 
for  his  works  in  fresco  ;  many  of  which 
adorn  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  the  Koman 
Church.  Died,  1044. 
BAGLIONI,  John  Paul,  an  Italian  sol- 


dier of  fortune  in  the  IGth  century.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  Leo  X.,  in  1520. 

BAGHVI,  GEOKOii,  an  illustrious  Italian 
physician,  born  at  Apulia,  and  elected  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Rome  ;  was  author  of 
"The  Praxis  Aledica,"  aud  several  works 
connected  with  his  profession,  all  of  which 
were  written  in  Latin.  Born,  1607;  died,1700. 

BAGNIOLI,  Jui.ius  C.esak,  an  Italian 
poet ;  author  of  "  The  Judgment  of  Paris," 
a  poem,  &c.    Died,  1000. 

BAGOAS,  a  eunuch,  at  first  the  favourite, 
and  afterwards  the  murderer  of  Artaxerxes 
Ochus,  king  of  Persia.  He  was  put  to  death 
by  Darius  Codomauu-:,  n.c.  35.'j. 

BAGOPHANES,  a  governor  of  Babylon, 
who,  when  Alexander  approached  the  city, 
caused  all  the  streets  to  be  strewed,  aud 
incense  to  be  burnt  on  the  altars. 

BAGOT,  Lewis,  an  English  prelate,  and 
broths  to  the  first  I-ord  Bagot,  was  born  in 
1740.  He  was  at  first  a  canon  of  Christchurch, 
Oxford,  then  dean,  and  successively  became 
tlie  bishop  of  Bristol,  Norwich,  aud  St.  Asaph. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Sermons  on  the  Pro- 
phecies," &c.     Died,  1802. 

BAGRATION,  K.  A.,  a  Russian  prince 
and  councillor,  who  especially  distinguished 
himself  in  the  campaigns  in  Italy  under 
Suwarrow,  aud  was  mortally  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Moscow  in  1812. 

BAGSHAW,  Edwakd,  an  English  civi- 
lian of  the  17th  century.  In  the  commence- 
ment of  the  rebellion  he  sided  with  the 
Parliament,  but  subsequently  became  a 
royalist.  He  wrote  several  works  on  law 
aud  politics. 

BAGSHAW,  Edwahd,  son  of  the  pre- 
cediug,  was  a  clergyman,  and  an  opponent 
of  Baxter. 

BAGSHAW,  Wii.MAM,  an  English  di- 
vine, ejected  from  his  living  for  non-con- 
formity, in  1002,  He  was  the  author  of  some 
works  on  practical  divinity.     Died  in  1703. 

BAIIIER,  John,  a  French  priest,  and  the 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  which  are  in 
the  collection  of  De  Brienne.    Died,  1707. 

BAIIRDT,  CiiAKLEs  Fkederic,  aGennan 
divine  and  author.  He  was  born  at  Bischofs- 
werda,  and  studied  at  Leipsic,  where  a  pro- 
secution having  been  commenced  against 
him  at  Vienna  for  the  heterodoxy  of  his 
writings,  he  fled  to  Prussia;  and  at  length  he 
settled  at  Halle,  took  a  farm  and  an  inn, 
and  openly  avowed  liimsclf  u  deist.  Died, 
1792. 

BAIAN,  or  BAION,  Andrew,  a  native 
of  Goa,  who  was  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  ordained  a  priest  at  Rome  about  1030. 
He  translated  the  ^Eneid  into  Greek  verse, 
and  the  Lusiad  into  Latin.. 

BAIER,  John  William,  a  German  di- 
vine;  author  of  a  "Compendium  of  Theo- 
logy," .tc.     Born,  1047;  died,  1094. 

liAIER,  John  Jamics,  a  German  physi- 
cian, and  director  of  tlie  bot.inical  garden 
at  Altdorf ;  author  of  "  Dc  Hortis  celebri- 
oribus  Germanise,  et  Horti  Medici  Acade- 
mici  Altdorfini  Hist."  &c.  &.c.  Bom,  1077  ; 
died,  1735. 

BAIF,  Lazarus,  a  French  abbot,  and 
counsellor  to  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  the 
leth  century ;  author  of  treatises  '•  De  Re 
Navali,"  "  De  Re  Vestiaria,"  &.Ci 


BAl] 


^  Hit^  Wiixihtr^nl  ^tagrapl^i). 


[bai 


BAIL,  Louis,  a  French  divine  of  the  17th 
century  ;  author  of  an  Account  of  celebrated 
Preachers,  a  "  Summary  of  Councils,"  &c. 

BAILEY,  Natuax,  an  English  lexico- 
grapher, was  a  schoolmaster  at  Stepney. 
Besides  several  school  books,  he  was  the 
author  of  "  Dictionarium  Domesticum  ; "  but 
his  principal  work  was  an  Etymological 
English  Dictionary,  which  may  fairly  be  re- 
garded as  the  basis  of  Dr.  Johnson's  un- 
rivalled work.    Died,  1742. 

BAILEY,  Peter,  author  of  "Sketches 
from  St.  George's  Fields,"  "  The  Queen's 
Appeal,"  &c.    Died,  1823. 

BAILLET,  Adrian,  a  learned  French 
writer  and  critic  ;  author  of  "  Jugemens  des 
Savans  sur  les  prineipaux  Ouvrages  des 
Auteurs,"  "Lives  of  the  Saints,"  &c.  &c. 
Born,  1649  ;  died,  170G. 

BAILLIE,  Roche,  sumamed  La  Ejviere, 
physician  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  au- 
thor of  "  A  Summary  of  the  Doctrines  of 
Paracelsus."  He  pretended  to  great  skill 
in  astrology.    Died,  1G05. 

BAILLIE,  llouEUT,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Glasgow  in  1599.  He  was  one  of  the  de- 
putation sent  to  London  to  exhibit  charges 
against  Archbishop  Laud  ;  and  also  one  of 
the  commissioners  sent  from  the  General 
Assembly  of  Scotland  to  diaries  II.  at  the 
Hague.  His  letters,  and  a  journal  of  his 
transactions  in  England,  were  published  in 
1775.    Died,  1<;(;2. 

BAILLIE,  Mattuew,  M.  D.,  a  celebrated 
anatomist  and  physician.  He  succeeded  Dr. 
Hunter  as  lecturer  on  anatomy,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Cruickshank,  at  St.  George's 
Hospital ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  physicians 
iu  ordinary  to  their  majesties  George  III. 
and  IV.,  and  was  held  iu  high  esteem  among 
Ills  professional  brethren.  lie  was  the  author 
of  several  highly  esteemed  works,  as  well  as 
of  many  important  papers  in  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  &c.  ;  and  he  presented 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  a  valuable 
mu?eum  of  anatomical  specimens.  Died, 
1823. 

BAILLIE,  Colonel  John,  an  active  and 
able  officer  of  the  East  India  Company,  went 
out  to  India  as  a  cadet,  iu  1791.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  Mahratta  war  he  was 
selected  to  superintend  the  various  important 
negotiations  on  which  depended  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  British  power  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bundelcundy,  and  in  this  he  was 
emiuentl}'  successful,  having  effected  the 
peaceable  transfer  to  the  British  dominions 
of  a  territorj'  yielding  an  annual  reventie  of 
225,0(X)Z.  On  returning  to  England,  Colonel 
Baillie  was,  iu  1820,  elected  M.P.  for  Ilendon ; 
and  subsequently  represented  the  burghs  of 
Inverness,  &c.    Died,  1833. 

BAILLY,  David,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  author,  of  I^eyden.    Born,  1630. 

BAILLY,  John  Sylvan  us,  a  learned 
French  astronomer,  was  born  in  1730.  At 
the  Revolution,  he  w.as  made  president  of 
the  first  national  assembly  ;  he  next  became 
mayor  of  Paris  ;  but  his  conduct  in  repress- 
ing tumult,  and  showing  sympathy  with  the 
royal  family,  made  him  unpopular.  He  re- 
signed his  office,  and  in  1793  he  was  de- 
nounced by  the  anai-cliists  of  the  day,  and 
guillotined. 


BAILY,  Francis,  famous  in  the  annals  of 
astronomical  science,  was  the  son  of  a  banker 
at  Newbury,  and  for  many  years  well  known 
on  the  Stock  Exchange,  in  which  busy  arena 
he  realised  an  ample  fortune.  The  Astrono- 
mical Society  was  organised  by  him,  and 
throughout  life  he  was  the  most  considerable 
contributor  to  its  memoirs.  Systematic  or- 
der and  steady  perseverance  were  the  secrets 
of  his  success.    Died,  Aug.  30.  184-1,  aged  70. 

BAINBRIDGE,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent 
physician  and  astronomer,  bom  in  lo82. 
He  gained  considerable  reputation  by  his 
work  entitled  a  "  Description  of  the  late 
Comet  in  1628,"  and  was  appointed  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford.    Died,  1643. 

BAINES,  Edwaro,  who  Ixas  secured  for 
himself  an  honourable  place  among  the 
friends  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  in  the 
19th  century,  was  born  at  Walton-le-Dale, 
in  Lancashire,  1774.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  at  Preston  ; 
but  before  his  term  of  apprenticeship  expired 
he  removed  to  Leeds,  where  he  found  em- 
ployment on  the  Leeds  Mercury,  of  which 
by  prudence,  diligence,  and  intelligence  he 
subsequently  became  the  proprietor.  Tlie 
zeal  and  ability  with  which  for  many  years 
he  conducted  this  great  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Press  marked  him  out  as  a  fit  rejire- 
sentative  of  Leeds  ;  and  in  1833,  on  Mr. 
Macaulay's  resignation  of  his  seat  for  the 
borough,  he  was  triumphantly  elected,  and 
held  that  distinguished  position  till  the  close 
of  Lord  Melbourne's  administration  in  1840, 
when  his  impaired  health  induced  him  to 
retire.  Both  in  parliament  and  the  press, 
Mr.  Baines  never  ceased  to  advocate  the 
cause  of  freedom,  good  government,  charity, 
and  religion.  Thougli  decided  in  his  opi- 
nions, he  was  most  catholic  in  his  disposi- 
tion ;  and  he  was  most  ready  to  co-operate 
with  men  of  all  parties  and  sects  for  the 
objects  of  which  he  approved.  Besides  ful- 
filling the  multifarious  duties  of  a  journalist, 
he  found  time  to  devote  liimself  to  literature  ; 
and  his  "  History  of  the  lieign  of  George 
III."  and  "The  County  Palatine  of  Lan- 
caster "  are  enduring  monuments  of  his 
patience  and  research.    Died,  1848. 

BAIRD,  Sir  David,  a  distingiushed  En- 
glish general,  was  of  Scottish  descent,  and 
entered  the  army  as  an  ensign  in  the  2d 
foot  in  1772.  He  served  in  the  East  Indies 
for  many  years  ;  and  among  other  brilliant 
achievements  in  which  he  was  engaged,  was 
the  celebrated  taking  of  Seringapatam,  and 
the  siege  of  Poadicherry.  In  1801  he  was 
scut,  witli  a  large  body  of  troops,  from  India, 
to  assist  the  British  army  in  Egypt,  and 
joined  General  Hutchinson  a  few  days  before 
the  suiTcnder  of  Alexandria.  In  1802  he  re- 
turned with  his  troops  across  the  desert  to 
India  ;  and  obtaining  permission  to  return 
to  England,  arrived  in  1804,  after  having 
been  captured  on  his  passage  by  a  French 
privateer,  and  retaken.  In  180.5  he  com- 
manded tlie  expedition  which  took  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  from  the  Dutch  ;  and  he  was 
subsequently  at  tne  siege  of  Coi>enhagen, 
where  he  was  wounded.  On  the  death  of  Sir 
John  Moore,  at  Coninna,  the  command  de- 
volved upon  General  Baird,  who  lost  liis 
arm.    For  his  gallantry  on  this  occasion  he 


BAj] 


^  ^ri»  Winihtv^al  Mia^a^i)^!* 


[bal 


WM  made  a  baronet.  lie  subsequently  was 
governor  of  Kinsule  and  of  Fort  St.  George  ; 
and  died  in  1829. 

BAJAZET  I.,  sultan  of  the  Turks,  a  re- 
nowned warrior,  but  a  tyrant ;  defeated  and 
made  prisoner  on  tlie  plains  of  Angora  by 
the  famous  Tamerlane.    Died,  1403. 

BAJAZET  II.,  sultan  of  the  Turks.  His 
reigii  was  turbulent ;  he  was  much  engaged 
against  the  Venetians  and  other  Chridtian 
powers,  and  his  latter  years  were  embittered 
by  the  enmity  of  his  son  Selim,  by  whom, 
aher  he  liad  resigned  the  crown  to  Ixim,  he 
was  poisoned  in  lol2. 

BAKER,  David,  an  English  monk  of  the 
Benedictine  order,  originally  a  Trotcstant, 
but  being  converted  to  the  Komifh  faith,  he 
came  to  England  as  a  missionary  I'rom  Italy, 
where  his  conversion  took  place,  lie  wrote 
an  exposition  of  llyltou's  "  Scale  of  Perfec- 
tion."    Died  in  1C41. 

BAKER,  Sir  Richakd,  author  of  a 
"Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England,"  &c. 
Born,  15()8  ;  died,  1045. 

BAKER,  Thomas,  a  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  author  of  "  Reflections  on  Jx:arn- 
ing,"  &c.  &c.  Born,  1(W«  ;  died,  1740.  lie 
lost  the  living  of  Long  Newton  at  tlie  ac- 
cession of  king  William  III.,  for  declining 
to  take  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  alle- 
giance. 

BAKER,  IlENiiy,  a  diligent  and  ingeni- 
ous naturalist.  He  was  originally  brought 
up  as  a  bookseller,  and  man  led  one  of  the 
daughters  of  the  celebrated  Daniel  De  Foe. 
He  obtained  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society,  for  his  microscopical  experiments 
on  saline  particles  ;  and  wrote  "  Tlie  Uni- 
verse," a  poem,  "The  Microscope  ma'le 
Easy,"  &c.    Born,  1704  ;  died,  1774. 

BAKER,  David  Erskisk,  son  of  the 
above,  was  author  of  the  "  Companion  to  the 
Playhouse,"  subsequently  enlarged  by  Ste- 
phen Jones,  and  published  under  the  title  of 
"  Biographia  Dramalica."     Died,  1774. 

BAKER,  Sir  Geokgk,  M.  D.,  born  in  1722, 
was  a  {ihysician  of  considerable  reputation, 
and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies.  He  was  one  of  the  physicians  in 
ordinary  to  the  king,  created  a  baronet  in 
1770,  elected  president  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians in  1707,  and  died  in  1809. 

BAKEWELL,  Rouekt,  a  country  gen- 
tleman of  small  fortune,  who  acquired  con- 
siderable notoriety  as  a  grazier  at  Dishley, 
in  Leicestershire.  He  greatly  improved  his 
breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep  ;  but  it  was  ob- 
jected to  his  stock  that  they  were  "  too  dear 
for  any  one  to  purchase,  and  too  fat  for  any 
one  to  eat."     Born,  1720  ;  died,  179.5. 

BAKKER,  Petkk  Huzi.vga,  a  Dutch 
poet ;  author  of  a  poem  on  the  Inundation 
of  1740,  and  of  numerous  songs  and  satires 
on  England.    Born,  1715  ;  died,  1801. 

B^\XASSI,  Makio,  a  Florentine  painter. 
His  copy  of  Raphael's  "  Transfiguration  " 
was  astonishingly  exact.  Bom,  1U04  ;  died 
1C07. 

BALBI,  Adkiax,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished geographers  of  modem  times,  was 
bom  at  Venice,  178-1.  Devoted  from  his 
earliest  years  to  geographical  and  statistical 
researches,  he  first  gained  a  prominent  place 
in  the  literary  world  by  liis  "  Essai  Statistique 


sur  le  Royaume  de  Portugal,"  &c.  (1822). 
This  was  followed,  in  1820,  by  his  "Atlas 
Ethnographique  du  Globe,"  &c.  in  which  he 
embodied  all  the  researches  of  the  most  cele- 
brated German  philologists  and  geographers; 
and  continuing  to  prosecute  his  studies  with 
unabated  ardour  in  Vienna  and  Paris  con- 
secutively, he  at  last  gave  to  the  world,  in 
1832,  the  "  Abri'ge  de  Gt'ographie,"  a  work 
which  comprises  the  whole  compass  of  geo- 
graphic science,  and  has  made  his  name 
famous  throughout  Europe  and  America. 
His  latest  years  were  passed  at  Padua,  in  the 
pursuit  of  his  favourite  science.  Died  at 
Venice,  1848. 

BALBINU8,  Dkcimus  C.f.i.u'.s,  chosen 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  conjunction  with  Maxi- 
mus,  in  2.'?7  ;  and  murdered  by  the  soldiery 
in  the  following  year. 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nuni.z  de,  a  Castilian, 
one  of  the  first  who  vi.>ited  the  West  Indies. 
He  established  a  colony  on  the  isthnms  of 
Panama,  where  he  built  the  first  town  on 
the  continent  of  South  America,  penetrated 
into  the  interior,  discovered  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  obtained  information  respecting 
the  empire  of  Peru.  Jealous  of  his  talents 
and  success,  rival  adventurers  accused  him 
of  disloyalty,  and  he  was  put  to  death  in 
1517,  by  Pedrarias  Davila,  the  Spanish  go- 
vernor of  Darien. 

BALBUENA,  Bkknardo  de,  a  Spanish 
poet,  and  bishop  of  Porto  Rico,  in  America. 
Died,  1027. 

BALBUS,  Lucius  Coknelius  Theopua- 
NES,  a  native  of  Cadiz,  whose  military  ex- 
ploits caused  Pomjjcy  to  obtain  for  him  the 
privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen  ;  and  he  sub- 
sequently became  consul,  being  the  first 
foreigner  on  whom  that  dignity  was  con- 
ferred. 

BAI-CANQUAL,  Walter,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, who  accompanied  James  I.  to  England. 
He  was  made  dean  of  Rochester  and  bishop 
of  Durham,  but  in  the  civil  wars  he  was  a 
severe  sufterer,  being  driven  from  place  to 
place  for  shelter.  He  wrote  the  "  Declara- 
tion of  Charles  I.  concerning  the  late  Tu- 
mults in  Scotland,"  &c.    Died,  1042. 

BALCHEN,  John,  an  English  admiral, 
who  was  lost,  with  all  his  crew,  on  board 
his  ship  the  Victory,  in  a  violent  storm  oft' 
Jersev,  October  3.  1744. 

BAILDERIC,  bishop  of  Dol  in  Britany, 
in  the  12th  century  ;  author  of  a  history  of 
the  Crusade  to  the  year  W.)0. 

BALDI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  mathema- 
tician and  poet ;  author  of  Italian  poems, 
lives  of  mathematicians,  &c.  Born  at  Ur- 
bino,  155;3  :  died,  1017. 

BALDI  DE  UBALDIS,an  Italian  lawyer 
and  author.    Bom,  1319  ;  died,  14W. 

BALDI,  James,  a  German  Jesuit  and 
poet.     Born,  lOWi  ;  died,  1C08. 

BAJvDI,  Lazzaro,  a  Tuscan  painter,  em- 
ployed by  Alexander  VII.  to  paint  the  gal- 
lery at  Monte  Cavallo.    Died,  1703. 

BiVLDINGER,  Ernest  Godfrey,  a  Ger- 
man physician  ;  author  of  a  "  Dissertation 
on  the  Maladies  of  Soldiers,"  and  numerous 
other  works,  cliielly  medical.  Born,  1738  ; 
died,  1804. 

BALDINUCCI,  PniLTP,  a  Florentine  ar- 
tist and  connoisseur  ;  author  of  "  A  General 


CO 


bal] 


^  0tixi  ^nihtr^nX  28t0grapTj», 


History  of  Painters,"  &c.  Born,  IG&l ;  died, 
1090. 

BALDOCK,  Ralph  de,  bishop  of  London, 
and  lord  high  cliancellor  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  British 
Affairs,"  whicli  was  extant  in  Lelaud's  time, 
but  is  now  lost.    Died,  i;i07. 

BALDOCK,  RoiiKUT  de,  a  divine,  who 
was  favoured  by  Edward  II.  He  shared  his 
royal  master's  misfortunes,  and  died  in 
Newgate. 

BALDWIN,  WiLLiAjr,  an  English  writer 
of  the  10th  century  ;  one  of  the  chief  authors 
of"  The  Mirror  for  Magistrates." 

BAJ^DWIN,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
This  prelate  accompanied  Kichard  I.  to 
Palestine,  and  died  tliere,  1291.  His  writings 
were  published  by  Tissier,  in  1602. 

BALDWIN  I.,  a  distinguished  leader  in 
the  fourth  Crusade.  On  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Latins  in  1204,  he  was 
elected  emperor  of  the  East;  but  being  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Greeks,  he  was  never  after- 
wards heard  of. 

BALDWIN  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Ro- 
bert as  emperor  of  the  East  in  1228.  On  the 
taking  of  Constantinople  in  1201,  by  Michael 
PalfBologus,  Baldwin  escaped  to  Italy,  where 
he  died,  1278. 

BALDWIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  suc- 
ceeded to  that  dignity  in  1100,  took  Anti- 
patria,  Caesarea,  and  Azotus,  in  1101,  aud 
Acre  in  1104.    Died,  1118. 

BALDW^IN  II.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  suc- 
ceeded the  above  in  1118  ;  Eustace,  brother 
of  Baldwin  I.,  having  renounced  his  claim 
to  the  throne.  Baldwin  II.  was  taken  pri- 
soner by  the  Saracens  in  1124,  and  gave  them 
the  city  of  Tyre  as  his  ransom.     Died,  1131. 

BALDWIN  III.  succeeded  to  the  tlirone 
in  1148.  He  took  Ascalon  aud  other  places 
from  the  infidels.    Died,  1163. 

BAIjDWIN  IV.,  the  son  of  Amaury,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  Jerusalem 
in  1174.  He  subsequently  resigned  in  favour 
of  his  nephew.     Died,  1185. 

BALDWIN  v.,  nephew  and  successor  of 
the  last  named,  was  poisoned  in  1186. 

BALE,  John,  a  Carmelite  of  Norwich, 
who  embraced  the  Protestant  faith,  and  be- 
came a  zealous  writer  against  Popery.  In 
the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Ossory,  in  Ireland,  and  endangered  his  life 
by  his  zealous  efforts  to  reform  his  diocese. 
During  the  reign  of  Mary,  he  found  safety 
in  Switzerland ;  and  on  his  return  to  England 
at  the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  he  obtained 
a  prebend  of  Canterbury.  Of  his  nume- 
rous works,  the  most  important  is  a  Latin 
account  of  eminent  British  writers.  Born, 
1495  ;  died,  1563. 

B.ALE,  PkOBEKT,  prior  of  the  Carmelites  of 
Norwich  ;  author  of  "  Annales  Ordiuis  Car- 
melitarum,"  &c.    Died,  1503. 

BAXECHOU,  Nicholas,  a  French  engra- 
ver, whose  works  are  held  in  high  estimation. 
Born,  1710  ;  died,  1705. 

B  AJiEN,  Heindeich  vax,  a  Dutch  painter, 
whose  "  Judgment  of  Paris  "  and  "  Drowning 
of  Pharaoh  "  are  much  admired.  John  van 
Balen,  his  son,  was  a  distinguished  historical 
and  landscape  painter.  Born,  1560;  died, 
1G;52. 

BALES,  Peteh,  a  skilful  penman,  em- 


ployed by  Secretary  Walsingham  to  imitate 
writings.  He  published  a  work  called  "  Tlie 
Writing  Master."    Born,  1547  ;  died,  1600. 

BAI^ESTRA,  Antoxy,  a  Veronese  liisto- 
rical  painter.    Bom,  1006  ;  died,  1720. 

BALFOUR,  Alea'andek,  a  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native  of  For- 
farshire, Scotland.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Highland  Maiy,"  besides  other  novels  and 
poems,  and  for  many  years  a  contributor  to 
various  Scottish  periodicals.  Born,  1707  5 
died,  1829. 

BALFOUR,  Sir  Axdkew,  an  eminent 
botanist  and  physician,  and  one  to  whom 
medical  science  in  Scotland  owes  a  lasting 
debt  of  gratitude  for  a  botanic  garden,  mu- 
seum, &c.,  was  born  in  1630,  at  Denmilne, 
Fife,  and  died  in  1694. 

B^VI^GUY,  JoHX,  an  eminent  divine  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  a  theological 
writer,  was  born  at  Shetheld  in  1080,  and  in 
1727,  became  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury.  He 
engaged  deeply  in  tlie  Bangorian  contro- 
versy ;  and  among  his  several  works  may  be 
noticed  "An  Essay  on  Redemption,"  a 
"  Letter  to  a  Deist  on  the  Beauty  and  Ex- 
cellence of  Moral  Virtue,"  &c.     Died,  1748. 

BALGUY,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above, 
prebend  and  archdeacon  of  Winchester  ; 
author  of  "  Divine  Benevolence,  asserted  and 
vindicated,"  a  sermon  on  church  govern- 
ment, &c.     Born,  1716  ;  died,  1795. 

BALIOL,  Sir  John  pe,  a  native  of  Dur- 
ham, who,  on  the  marriage  of  the  daughter 
of  Henry  III.  to  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland, 
was  made  one  of  the  guardians  of  the  royal 
pair.  He  founded  Baliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
and  having  sided  with  Henry  III.  against 
his  revolted  barons,  the  latter  seized  upon 
his  lands.    Died,  1209. 

BAIylOL,  John  de,  son  of  the  preceding, 
laid  claim  to  the  crown  of  Scotland  on  the 
death  of  queen  Margaret.  His  claim  was 
disputed  by  several  competitors,  one  of  whom 
was  the  famous  Robert  Bruce.  But  Edward 
I.,  to  whom  the  matter  was  referred,  decided 
in  favour  of  Baliol.  He  soon  gave  offence  to 
Edward ;  and  being  defeated  by  him  in  a 
battle  near  Dunbar,  he  Mas  sent,  together 
with  his  son,  to  the  Tower  of  Loudou.  The 
intercession  of  the  pope  having  procured  his 
release,  he  retired  to  France,  where  he  died 
in  1314. 

BALL,  John,  a  puritan  divine,  who,  while 
he  disapproved  of  the  discipline  of  the 
Church,  wrote  against  separation  from  it  on 
that  ground.     Burn,  1585  ;  died,  1040. 

BALLANDEN,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  of 
the  16th  century  ;  author  of  various  works, 
both  prose  and  verse,  and  translator  of  Hector 
BiJethius's  Ilistorv  of  Scotland.     Died,  1550. 

BALLANTYNE,  James,  a  printer  of  con- 
siderable note  in  Edinburgh,  and  at  whose 
press  the  whole  of  the  productions  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott  were  printed,  was  a  native  of 
Kelso,  where  he  first  opened  an  office  for  the 
"  Kelso  Mail,"  of  which  he  was  the  editor. 
On  removing  to  Edinburgh  he  engaged  in 
various  important  works,  the  principal  of 
which  were  those  of  the  great  novelist ;  and 
for  many  years  he  also  conducted  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Weekly  Journal."  He  survived  his 
friend  and  patron  but  a  few  months,  dying 
in  January,  1833. 


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BATXANTYNE,  Jony,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  acted  during  tlie  early  career  of 
the  mysterious  "  author  of  Waverley  "  as  his 
confidant,  and  managed  all  the  business  of 
the  communication  of  his  works  to  the  public. 
He  is  also  remembered  by  his  contemporaries 
OS  "  a  fellow  of  infinite  humour,"  whose 
anecdotes  were  as  inexhaustible  as  his  mode 
of  telling  them  was  unrivalled.  Died,  1821 ; 
aged  4r>. 

BALT/ARD,  George,  originally  a  tailor, 
was  born  at  Campden,  in  Gloucestershire, 
where  he  acquired  so  much  skill  iu  the  Saxon 
language,  that  some  gentlemen  allowed  him 
a  pension,  and  procured  him  a  situation  in 
the  university  of  Oxford.  He  wrote  "  Me- 
moirs of  learned  British  Ladies."    Died,  1755. 

BALLARD,  VoLAjfTE  Vasiion,  a  rear- 
admiral  of  the  British  navy,  was  bom  in 
1774.  On  entering  naval  life  he  accompanied 
Vancouver  on  hia  laborious  voyage  of  dis- 
covery to  the  north-west  coast  of  America, 
in  which  he  was  al)sent  from  England  nearly 
five  years.  In  1807,  when  captain  of  the 
Blonde  frigate,  he  captured  five  French  pri- 
vateers. He  afterwards  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  taking  of  Guadaloupc  ;  and  even- 
tually attained  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  in 
1825.     Died,  1832. 

BALLERINI,  Peteh  and  Jerome,  two 
priests  and  brothers,  natives  of  Verona,  who, 
iu  the  18th  century,  conjointly  wrote  some 
works,  and  edited  several  editions  of  eccle- 
siastical authors. 

BALLIN,  CLAunE,  a  skilful  French  gold- 
smith. He  executed  some  very  fine  works 
after  antique  vases,  &c.,  for  Louis  XIV.  and 
Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  was  made  director  of 
the  mint  for  casts  aud  medals.  Born,  1015  ; 
died,  1(!78. 

B.\LMEZ,  James  Lucien-,  a  Spanish  ec- 
clesiastic, wliose  political,  theological,  and 
philosophic  writings  have  acquired  for  him  a 
high  reputation  both  at  home  and  abroad, 
was  born  at  Vich,  in  Catalonia,  in  1810. 
From  his  earliest  years  he  was  destined  for 
the  priesthood,  and  ha\-ing  in  his  Kith  year 
entered  the  university  of  Cervera,  he  soon 
attracted  notice  by  his  amiable  demeanour, 
the  fertility  of  his  mind,  and  theuniveraality 
of  his  acquirements.  Quitting  the  univer- 
sity in  18a;j,  laden  with  honours  and  ma- 
tured in  learning,  he  retired  to  his  native 
town,  and  in  1837  was  there  nominated 
to  the  chair  of  mathematics,  which  he  filled 
with  equal  zeal  and  ability.  In  1840  he 
published  a  brochure  on  the  property  of 
the  clergy,  which  made  a  great  sensation 
at  Madrid ;  and  from  this  time  forward 
his  labours  in  behalf  of  the  cause  to 
which  he  had  devoted  himself  were  in- 
defatigable. He  published  papers  on  the 
condition  of  Spain,  wrote  in  periodicals, 
conducted  a  review  at  Barcelona,  and  finally 
edited  at  Madrid  the  ablest  journal  in  Spain, 
entitled  "El  Pensiamcnto  de  la  Nacion," 
wherein  his  object  was  to  restore  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  to  her  former  dignity  and 
influence  ;  to  reconcile  and  unite  all  the 
friends  of  monarchy,  whether  belonging  to 
the  Carlist  or  Christina  parties ;  and  to 
found  the  institutions  of  the  country  on  an 
enlarged  and  permanent  basis.  But  valu- 
able to  his  counti-y  as  were  all  these  and 


other  emanations  from  his  i>en,  they  are  far 
eclipsed  by  his  "Protestantism  and  Catho- 
licism compared  in  their  Ettccts  on  the  Ci- 
vilisation of  Europe,"  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  French,  German,  and  English, 
and  may  be  safely  pronounced  to  be  one  of 
the  most  elaborate  works  of  modern  theo- 
logical literature.    Died  at  Vich,  1848. 

BALSHAM,  or  BELESALE,  Huon  de, 
bishop  of  Ely,  and  founder  of  Peterhouse 
College  at  Cambridge.     Died,  1280. 

BALTHASAR,  Christopher,  a  French 
advocate  of  the  17th  century,  who  renounced 
his  profession  to  embrace  and  advocate  the 
Protestant  faith,  which  he  defended  with 
great  ability  against  Baronius  and  others. 

BALTHASAR,  J.  A.  Feli.y  de,  president 
of  the  municipal  council  of  Lucerne  ;  author 
of"  A  Defence  of  William  Tell,"  &c.  Died, 
1810. 

BALTHAZARINT,  an  Italian  musician, 
greatly  caressed  at  the  court  of  Henry  III. 
of  France.  His  ballet  of  "  Ceres  and  her 
Nymphs  "  is  supposed  to  be  the  origin  of  the 
French  ballet  hi'rojque. 

BALTUS,  Joux  Ikaxci.^,  a  French  Jesuit, 
librarian  of  Rheims  ;  author  of  "  A  Reply  to 
Fontenelle's  History  of  Oracles,"  &c.  Born, 
1C07  ;  died,  1743. 

BALUE,  Joii.v,  a  native  of  France,  made 
a  cardinal  by  poi>c  Paul  If.,  and  imprisoned 
for  11  years  in  an  iron  cage  by  Louis  XI. 
for  having  engaged  in  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy. 
Died,  1491. 

BALUZE,  STEniEK,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Popes  of  Avignon," 
&c.    Born,  10.31  ;  died  1718. 

BALZAC,  Jon.\  Lolis  Giez  de,  a  French 
writer  of  great  reputation,  which  he  chiefly 
owed  to  the  elegance  of  his  style  ;  author  of 
"  Letters,"  "  The  Prince,"  "  The  Christian 
Socrates,"  &c.    Bom,  1594  ;  died,  Ifi.vt. 

BAIiZAC,  Honors  dk,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  as  well  as  prolific  novel  writers 
of  modern  times,  was  born  at  Tours,  17i»9. 
Having  completed  his  studies  at  Vendomc, 
he  published,  between  1821  and  1829,  twenty 
or  thirty  volumes  under  various  pseudo- 
nymes,  with  very  equivocal  success  ;  but  after 
this  trying  apprenticeship,  he  put  forth  all 
his  powers  under  his  own  name,  with  what 
result  those  who  have  read  "La  Peau  de 
Chagrin,"  "Les  Chouans,"  "La  Physiob.gie 
de  Mariage,"  Le  Pfere  Goriot,"  "  La  Femuie 
de  Trente  Ans,"  &c.,can  best  testify.  Since 
that  iHiriod  his  productions  succeeded  one  an  • 
other  with  wonderful  rapidity  ;  and  it  may  l>e 
truly  said  that  his  literary  strength  grew  with 
his  years,  for  his  "  Mvdecin  de  Campagne," 
and  his  "  Parens  Pauvres,"  his  last  work,  bear 
the  impress  of  genius  in  every  page.  In  addi- 
tion to  his  romances,  Balzac  wrote  some  the- 
atrical pieces,  and  for  some  time  edited  and 
contributed  to  the  Mvue  Parhienne  ;  but  it 
is  only  his  romances  that  exhibit  unques- 
tionable evidence  of  his  great  genius.  His 
design  was  to  make  all  his  productions  form 
one  grand  work,  under  the  title  of  the 
"  Comedie  Humaine, "  the  whole  being  a 
minute  dissection  of  the  difierent  classes  of 
society  ;  and  for  this  task  he  was  eminently 
qualified,  pos-sessing,  as  he  did,  the  secret  of 
probing  the  human  heart  to  its  profoundest 


71 


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depths,  and  of  laying  bare  with  a  masterly- 
hand  all  its  mj'steries  and  all  its  passions. 
1  Since  the  revolution  of  1848,  Balzac  was  cn- 
j  gaged  in  visiting  the  battle-fields  of  Germany 
!  and  Russia,  and  in  collecting  materials  for  a 
I  series  of  volumes,  to  be  entitled  "  Sc&nes  de 
I  la  Vie  Militaire."    Next  to  his  celebrity  as 
1  an  author,  the  most  remarkable  feature  in 
j  his  career  was   the  deep  passion  which  he 
i  formed  for  a  Russian  jirincess,  who  finally 
compensated  him  for  long  years  of  imtiring 
devotion  bv  the  gift  of  her  hand  in  1848. 
Died,  Aug.  19.  1850. 

BAMBRIDE,  CumsToriiER,  archbishop 
of  York,  was  sent  ambassador  from  Henry 
VITI.  to  pope  Julius  II.,  who  made  him  a 
cardinal.  Died  of  poison  administered  by 
his  servant,  l.')14. 

BAMFIELD,  Francis,  a  nonconformist 
divine  ;  author  of  a  work  on  the  observance 
of  the  Sabbath.  He  was  committed  to  New- 
gate for  liolding  a  conventicle,  and  died 
there,  lfi84. 

BAAIPFYLDE,  Sir  Charles  Warwick, 
bart.,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  distinguished  families  in  Devonshire, 
and  during  7  successive  parliaments  one 
of  the  members  for  Exeter.  In  1823,  when 
lie  was  71  years  of  age,  he  was  assassinated 
close  to  his  own  house,  in  Montague  Square, 
by  a  man  named  Moorland,  who  blew  his 
own  brains  out  immediately  after. 

BANGUI,  Serafhin,  a  priest  of  the  Do- 
minican order  at  Florence,  to  whom  a  fa- 
natic, named  Berriere,  disclosed  his  intention 
to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  Banchi's  inform- 
ation saved  the  king,  who  rewarded  him  with 
the  archbishopric  of  AngoulOme. 

BANCROFT,  Richard,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury;  a  distinguished  opponent  of  the 
Puritans  and  a  supporter  of  the  English 
Church.  Born  at  Faruworth  in  Lancashire, 
1544  ;  died,  1610. 

BANCROFT,  Johx,  nephew  of  the  above, 
bishop  of  Oxford,  and  builder  of  the  palace 
of  Cuddesdeu  for  the  bishops  of  that  see. 
Died,  1040. 

BANDELLO,  Matthe^v,  a  Dominican 
monk  of  the  Milanese.  He  wrote  tales  in  the 
manner  of  Boccaccio,  and  proceeding  to 
France  obtained  the  bishopric  of  Agen.  Died, 
1561. 

BANDINELLI,  Baccio,  a  Florentine 
sculptor  and  jiainter.  His  copy  of  the  Lao- 
coon  is  highly  esteemed.  Born,  1487  ;  died, 
15.59. 

BANDINI,  Angelo  Maria,  an  Italian 
antiquary  and  bibliographer  ;  author  of"  De 
Florentini  Juntaruna  Typograi)liia,"  &c. 
Died,  1800. 

BANDURI,  Anselm,  a  Benedictine,  born 
in  Dalmatia,but  studied  and  wrote  in  France; 
author  of  "  Antiquities  of  Constantinople," 
&c.    Died,  1743. 

BANIER,  Antony,  a  French  writer  ;  au- 
thor of  an  "  Explanation  of  the  Fables  of 
Antiquity,"  &c.    Born,  1673  ;  died,  1741. 

BANISTER,  John,  the  first  performer 
of  any  celebrity  upon  the  violin  ;  composer 
of  the  music  of  Davenant's  opera  of"  Circe." 
Died,  1679. 

BANISTER,  John,  an  English  physician 
of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  various  sur- 
gical treatises.    Died,  1624. 


BANKES,  Sir  John,  chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
His  lady,  with  the  family,  being  at  their 
seat  at  Corfe  Castle,  were  summoned  to  sur- 
render it,  but  she  successfully  defended  it 
against  the  parliamentary  troops,  till  re- 
lieved by  the  arrival  of  Lord  Carnarvon,  with 
a  body  of  horse.     Sir  John  died  in  1644. 

BANKS,  John,  a  bookseller,  and  author 
of  a  "  Critical  Review  of  the  Life  of  Crom- 
well," &c.     Born,  1709  ;  died,  17.51. 

BANKS,  John,  an  English  dramatist  of 
the  18th  century ;  author  of  the  "  Earl  of 
Essex,"  a  tragedy,  &c. 

BANKS,  Sir  Jo.seph,  an  eminent  English 
naturalist,  and  for  many  years  president  of 
the  Royal  Society,  was  the  son  of  W.  Banks, 
esq.,  of  Revesby  Abbey,  l^incolnshire,  where 
he  was  bom  in  1743.  His  enthusiasm  in  the 
study  of  natural  history  may  be  judged  of 
from  the  fact,  that  it  led  him  to  accomi)any 
Cook  in  his  first  circumnavigation  of  the 
world.  Sir  Joseph  wrote  but  little,  and,  ex- 
cepting papers  in  scientific  periodicals,  pub- 
lished only  one  small  work,  a  treatise  on  the 
"  Blight,  Mildew,  or  Rust  in  Corn."  Died 
1820. 

BANKS,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
sculptor.  Among  the  best  of  his  works  are 
"  Caraetacus  taken  Prisoner  to  Rome,"  and 
"Achilles  mourning  the  Loss  of  Briseis." 
He  also  executed  the  admirable  monument 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  to  the  memory  of 
Sir  Eyre  Coote.    Born,  1735  ;  died,  1805. 

BANNIER,  John,  a  Swedish  general. 
He  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  ;  and  at 
the  death  of  that  prince  became  commander- 
in-chief.     Born,  1601  ;  died,  1641. 

BANNISTER,  John,  an  admirable  comic 
actor,  the  son  of  Charles  Bannister,  well 
known  as  a  singer  and  a  wit,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1760.  Having  been  favourably 
noticed  by  Garrick,  he  made  his  debut  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre,  as  "  Master  J.  Ban- 
nister," when  twelve  years  of  age  ;  he  then 
quitted  the  boards  for  a  time,  but  obtained  a 
permanent  engagement  in  1779.  At  first  he 
aspired  to  tragedy,  and  gave  it  a  decided 
preference  ;  but  his  talents  so  clearly  lay  in 
the  opposite  direction,  that  on  the  death  of 
Edwin  he  at  once  supplied  his  place,  giving 
proofs  of  first-rate  powers,  and  establishing 
himself  as  a  public  favourite.  To  name  all 
the  various  parts  in  which  he  excelled  his 
contemporaries,  would  occupy  too  much  of 
our  space  ;  but  we  have  a  vivid  recollection 
of  him  in  Sylvester  Daggerwood,  Lingo, 
Trudge,  the  Three  Singles,  Bobadil,  Dr. 
Panglos,  Job  Thornberry,  Colonel  Feign- 
well,  Walter  in  "The  Children  in  the 
Wood,"  and  many  others  ;  and  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  pronounce,  without  disparagement 
to  the  living,  that  he  never  has  had  his 
equal.  Being  nmch  afldicted  with  the  gout, 
he  retired  from  the  stage  in  1815,  having 
had  the  good  fortune  to  earn  a  competence 
by  his  profession,  and  the  prvidence  to  keep 
it.  He  died  Nov.  8.  1836,  aged  76,  respected 
and  beloved  bj'  all  who  knew  him.  Nature 
had  done  much  for  Bannister,  physically  as 
well  as  mentally  :  his  face,  figure,  and  voice 
were  excellent ;  his  spirits  exuberant ;  and 
an  open  manly  countenance  was  a  faithful 
index  to  the  heart  of"  Gentleman  Jack." 


72 


ban] 


^  :J9cU)  SIiuberiSaT  3St0j[jrapTjj). 


[bar 


BAXTI,  SiGNORA,  a  celebrated  Italian 
singer,  wlio  enjoyed  great  popularity  both 
in  Germany  and  England.     Died,  ISOG. 

BAPTIST,  a  portrait  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  was  muclx  employed  in  this  country. 
Died,  l«tl. 

BAPTISTE,  JoHX,  Bumamcd  MonnoTkr, 
a  Flemish  painter,  employed  by  William  III^ 
to  decorate  Kensington  Palace.  Born,  I(a3o  ; 
died  1G0'.>. 

BAPTISTE,  John  Oaspard,  bom  at  An- 
twerp, was  the  disciple  of  Bosehacrt ;  and 
was  engaged  by  Sir  Peter  I.ely  and  Kneller 
to  jiaint  the  postures  and  draperies  of  their 
portraits.     Died,  1091. 

BAPTISTIN,  J.  B.  S.,  a  Florentine  com- 
poser and  musician,  who  first  made  the  vio- 
loncello popular  in  France.    Died,  1716. 

BARANZANO,  Kkkemptus,  a  Barnabitc 
monk  ;  he  was  a  skilful  mathematician,  and 
correspondent  with  Lord  Bacon,  who  highly 
esteemed  him.  He  was  author  of  "Urano- 
scopia,"  "  Campus  Philosophicus,"  &c.  Born, 
1590  ;  died,  1022. 

BARATIEK,  John  Philip,  a  native  of 
Anspruch,  remarkable  for  the  precocity  and 
extent  of  his  learning  ;  author  of  "  Critical 
Dissertations,"  "  Auti-Artemonius,"  &c.  &c. 
Born,  1721  ;  died,  1740. 

BAKBA,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  a  Spanish 
priest  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Metallurgy." 

BARBADILLO,  Alpiionso  Jerome  dk 
Salas,  a  Spanish  dramatist  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury ;  author  of  "  Adventures  of  Don  Diego 
de  Noche,"  comedies,  &c. 

BARBARINO,  Frakcesca,  nn  early 
Italian  poet ;  author  of  "  Documcnti  d' 
Amore."    Bom,  1201 ;  died,  1348.  i 

BARBARO,  Francis,  a  Venetian  writer  ; 
author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Re  Uxorin,"  trans- 
lations from  I'lutarch,  &c.  Born,  1098 ; 
died,  14r,4. 

BARBARO,  Ermalao,  nephew  of  the 
above,  bishop  of  Verona ;  translator  of 
portions  of  ^sop  into  Latin.    Died,  1470. 

BARBARO,  Ermalao,  grandson  of  Fran- 
cis, ambassador  from  Venice  to  the  emperor 
Frederic,  who  knighted  him.  He  was  ex- 
pelled the  republic  on  the  pope  making  him 
patriarch  of  Aquileia.  lie  translated  the 
rhetoric  of  Aristotle,  and  commented  on 
Pliny.     Born,  1454  ;  died,  1 193. 

BARBARO,  Daxiel,  nephew  of  the  last 
named,  joint  patriarch  of  Aquileia  ;  author 
of  a  treatise  "On  Eloquence,"  &c.  Born, 
1513  ;  died.  l.-,70. 

BARBAROSSA,  Aruch,  a  famous  pirate, 
the  history  of  wliose  exploits  would  fill  many 
pages.  He  proclaimed  himself  king  of  Algiers 
and  Tunis,  and  took  possession  of  the  king- 
dom of  Treniecen  ;  but  was  defeated  by  Uo- 
niarez,  governor  of  Oran,  and  put  to  death, 
in  1.518. 

B.IRBAROSSA,  Hevradin,  brother  of 
the  aboTe,  whom  he  succeeded  in  tlie  king- 
dom of  Algiers.  He  commanded  the  navy 
of  tlie  Turks,  and  reduced  Yemen  and  other 
places  to  their  dominion.     Died,  1547. 

BARBAULD,  Anna  L^titia,  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Aikin,  and  one 
of  the  best  and  most  popular  female  writers 
of  the  age  ;  authoress  of  Hymns,  and  Early 
Lessons  for  Children.    She  also  edited  some 


standard  novels,  &c. ;  and  appended  to  them 
some  clever  notices,  l)iographical  and  critical. 
Born,  1743  ;  died,  1825. 

B^UIBAZAN,  Arnold  William,  was  a 
brave  and  noble  French  general,  whose 
valour,  probity,  and  disinterestedness  dur- 
ing a  long  and  successful  career  under  the 
reigns  of  Charles  VI.  and  VII.  gained  for 
him  the  glorious  appellation  of  "  the  Irre- 
proachable Knight."    Died,  1432. 

BARBAZAN,  Stephen,  a  French  writer  ; 
author  of  a  '*  Father's  Instructions  to  his 
Son,"  and  editor  of  various  old  French  talcs 
and  fables.     Born,  1096  ;  died,  1770. 

BARBATELLI,  Beienardino,  an  Italian 
painter,  particularly  excellent  in  delme- 
ating  flowers,  fruits,  and  animals.  Born, 
1542  ;  died,  1612. 

BARBERINO,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet ; 
author  of  "  Precei)ts  of  Love."  Born,  1264  ; 
died,  1348. 

BARBEYRAC,  Charles,  a  FrenfJi  phy- 
sician, whom  Locke  compared  to  our  own 
Sydenham  ;  author  of  *'  Ciuestiones  Medicas 
Duodecim,"  &c.     Born,  1629  ;  died,  1699. 

BARBEYRAC,  John,  nephew  of  the 
above  ;  professor  of  law  at  Berne,  and  sub- 
sequently at  Groningen.  To  the  perform- 
ance of  his  duty  as  a  lecturer,  he  added 
most  laborious  exertions  as  an  author.  He 
translated  the  most  valuable  portions  of 
Grotius,  Puffendorf,  and  other  able  civilians 
into  French,  and  wrote  a  "  History  ot  An- 
cient Treatises,"  &c.    Born,  1674  ;  died,  1747. 

BARBIEKI,  John  Francis,  also  called 
GUERCINI,  an  eminent  historical  painter. 
Born,  1590;  died,  16(56. 

BARBIERI,  Paul  Anthony,  brother  of 
the  above,  an  eminent  painter  of  still  life 
subjects.     Died,  1640. 

BARBOSA,  Arias,  a  learned  Portuguese 
professor  ot  Greek  at  .'ialamaiica  ;  author  of 
a  treatise  "On  Prosody,"  and  some  Latin 
poems.    Died,  1540. 

BARBOSA,  Peter,  chancellor  of  Por- 
tugal ;  author  of  treatises  "On  the  Digests." 
Died,  ]59(). 

BARBOSA,  AnouSTiN,  son  of  the  last 
named,  bishop  of  Ugento  ;  author  of  a  trea- 
tise "  De  Officio  Episcopi,"  &c.    Died,  1648. 

BARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and  di- 
vine, chaplain  to  David  Bruce,  of  whose  life 
and  actions  he  wrote  a  history.  Bom,  1320  ; 
died,  1378. 

BARCLAY,  Alexanper,  a  writer  of  the 
16th  century,  whose  place  of  nativity  is  dis- 
puted by  England  and  Scotland  ;  the  trans- 
lator into  English  of  the  "  Navis  Stultifera, 
or  Ship  of  Fools."    Died,  15;i2. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  a  Quaker,  and  one 
of  the  most  eminent  writers  of  that  sect ; 
author  of  "  An  Apology  for  the  Quakers," 
&c.  Uniting  all  the  advantages  of  a  learned 
education  to  great  natural  abilities,  he  be- 
came the  redoubted  champion  of  his  reli- 
gious princii>les  ;  and  as  he  travelled  with 
the  famous  ^Villiam  Penn  through  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany,  he  was  extensively 
known  and  everywhere  highly  respected. 
His  writings,  indeed,  not  only  tended  to 
propagate  the  doctrines  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  but  tended  materially  to  rectify 
public  opinion  concerning  them,  and  to 
procure  for  them  greater  indulgence  from 


BAlt] 


^  l^eto  SHuilicr^al  l3ta5r<TpT)i|. 


[bar 


the  government.    Bohi  at  Gordonstown,  in 
Scotland,  1C48  ;  died,  1000. 

BARCLAY,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  emigrated  to  France,  and  bcoanie 
professor  of  law  at  Angers,  where  lie  was 
considered  one  of  the  most  eminent  civilians 
of  Ilia  time.  lie  was  the  author  of  various 
treatises  on  the  rights  of  popes  and  kings. 
Died,  160a. 

BARCLAY,  Jony,  son  of  the  last  named  ; 
author  of  "  Euphormion,"  a  Latin  satire  ; 
"  Argenis,"  a  romance,  &c.  &c.  Born  in 
France,  1582  ;  died  at  Rome,  1021. 
I  BARCLAY,  John,  an  eccentric  divine  of 
I  the  Church  of  Scotland,  was  born  at  Turriif, 
in  the  county  of  Aberdeen,  in  1C45.  lie 
completed  his  education  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  and  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
parish  of  Cruden,  in  Aberdeenshire,  in  1C75. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  rare  and  curious  work 
in  verse,  now  very  scarce,  called  "  A  Descrip- 
tion of  Tlie  Roman  Catholic  Church."  Died 
at  Cruden,  in  1710. 

BARCLAY  DE  TOLLY,  a  Russian  ge- 
neral, who,  in  the  German  and  Polish  cam- 
paigns of  1806  and  1807,  bore  a  distinguished 
share,  and  was  made  a  tield-marshal.  He 
succeeded  Kutusof  as  commander-in-chief, 
headed  the  Russians  at  tJie  battle  of  Leipsic, 
and  led  them  into  France  in  181.").  He  was 
at  one  time  minister  of  war,  and  ultimately 
was  honoured  with  the  title  of  prince. 
Died,  1818. 

BARCOCHAB,  or  BARCHOCIIEBAS,  a 
Jewish  impostor,  who,  under  the  pretence  of 
being  the  real  Messiah,  obtained  many  fol- 
lowers, overrunning  Judaja,  and  putting 
many  Romans  to  the  sword  :  but  he  was  at 
length  defeated  and  slain  by  Julius  Severus 
in  VM. 

BARDAS,  uncle  and  guardian  to  the  em- 
peror Michael  III.,  put  to  death  for  en- 
deavouring to  seat  himself  on  his  nephew's 
throne,  by  Basilius,  the  Macedonian,  in  806. 

BARDAS,  surnamed  SCELERUS,  a  ge- 
neral of  the  emperor,  John  Zimisces.  After 
many  vicissitudes,  consequent  on  his  aiming 
at  the  purple,  he  was  taken  into  favour  by 
the  emperor  Basil. 

BARDIN,  Pierre,  a  French  writer  ;  au- 
thor of"  Le  Grand  Chambellan  de  France," 
&c.  He  lost  his  life  while  attempting  to 
rescue  a  drowning  man,  IS-V. 

BAREBONE,  Praise  God,  an  M.P.,  and 
one  of  the  most  furious  and  notorious  fana- 
tics of  Cromwell's  time,  from  whom  the 
Barebone's  parliament  derived  its  name. 

BARENT,  Dietrich,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  portrait  painter.    Born,  1534  ;  died,  1582. 

BARERE,  Beutrand,  one  of  the  most 
notorious  if  not  conspicuous  actors  in  the 
iirst  French  revolution,  was  bom  in  1755  at 
Tarbes  in  Gascony,  where  his  father  pos- 
sessed the  small  estate  of  Vieuzac.  He  was 
educated  for  the  bar  at  Toulouse,  practised 
as  an  advocate  with  considerable  success, 
and  besides  occupying  himself  with  literary 
pursuits  of  a  trivial  character,  wrote  a 
dissertation  which  procured  him  a  seat  in 
the  Toulouse  Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1785 
he  married  a  young  lady  of  good  fortune. 
Three  years  later  he  paid  his  first  visit  to 
Paris ;  and  the  states-general  having  just 
then  been  summoned,  he  went  back  to  his 


own  province,  and  was  there  elected  one  of 
the  representatives  of  the  third  estate. 
Among  the  crowd  of  legislators  which  at 
this  conjuncture  poured  from  all  the  pro- 
vinces oif  France  into  Paris,  Barfcre  made 
no  contemptible  figure.  His  opinions,  though 
popular,  were  not  extreme  ;  and  his  learning, 
his  manners,  his  conversation,  and  his 
powers  of  eloquence  were  all  calculated  to 
gain  him  favour  and  esteem.  But  as  the 
monarchical  party  became  weaker  and 
weaker,  he  gradually  estranged  himself  more 
and  more  from  it,  and  drew  closer  and  closer 
to  the  Republicans.  On  the  termination  of 
the  labours  of  the  national  assembly,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  high  court  of  appeal  ; 
and  when,  in  1792,  the  legislative  assembly 
invited  the  nation  to  elect  an  extraordinary 
convention,  Barfcre  was  chosen  one  of  its 
members  by  his  own  department.  He  voted 
for  the  death  of  the  king,  "sans  appel  et 
sans  sursis,"  in  words  that  have  been  oft 
repeated,  "L'arbre  de  la  liberty  ne  eroit 
qu'arro3(5  par  le  sang  des  tyrans."  After  the 
fall  of  the  monarchy,  he  acted  with  the 
Girondists,  to  whom  he  made  himself  useful 
by  the  ease  and  fluency  with  which  he  could 
draw  up  reports.  But  ready  to  side  with 
the  strongest  on  all  occasions,  he  soon  made 
common  cause  with  the  Mountain,  whose 
blooflthirsty  designs  he  remorselessly  carried 
out ;  and  he  bore  a  large  share  in  the 
infamous  schemes  subsequently  planned 
during  the  "  Reign  of  Terror,"  earning  for  the 
levity  with  which  he  discharged  his  dis- 
gusting office  the  nicknames  of  the  Witling 
of  Terror  and  the  Anacrcon  of  the  Guil- 
lotine. He  fawned  on  Robespierre  up  to 
the  8th  of  Thermidor,  and  on  the  9th 
he  moved  that  Robcsi)ierre  should  be  be- 
headed without  a  trial.  On  the  fall  of  the 
convention  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  isle 
ofOleron;  but  he  made  his  escape  to  Bor- 
deaux, where  he  remained  four  years  in 
obscurity  ;  and  on  the  establishment  of 
Napoleon's  government  he  enlisted  in  its 
service,  and  for  some  years  officiated  in  the 
double  capacity  of  a  hireling  writer  and  a 
spy.  On  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1814,  he 
again  became  a  royalist.  During  the 
hundred  days  he  was  chosen  by  his  native 
district  a  member  of  the  ch.amber  of  repre- 
sentatives ;  but  on  the  final  return  of  the 
Bourbons,  in  1815,  he  was  compelled  to  retire 
into  Belgium,  where  he  resided  till  18.30.  The 
revolution  wliich  then  called  Louis  Philippe 
to  the  throne  enabled  him  to  return  to 
France  ;  but  he  was  reduced  to  extreme  in- 
digence, and  a  small  pension  from  the  king 
and  the  government  alone  saved  him  from 
the  necessity  of  begging  his  bread.  Died, 
1841.  [Those  who  wish  to  see  an  instance  of 
the  literary  tomahawk  skilfully  applied  will 
find  it  in  an  article  devoted  to  Barere's  life 
and  character  iu  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
vol.  Ixxix.] 

BARETTI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Turin, 
who  resided  many  j-ears  in  this  country,  and 
wrote  the  English  language  with  ease  and 
purity.  Dr.  Johnson  procured  him  the  situ- 
ation of  Italian  teacher  in  Mr.  Thrale's 
family.  His  works  are  very  numerous,  but 
the  most  valuable  is  his  Italian  and  English 
Dictionary.    Born,  1716  j  died,  1789. 


bar] 


^  ^ctD  Sfm'tin-iJaT  SSinjjrjqjl^s. 


[bar 


BARHA:M,  Rev.  Richard  irAUias  (bet- 
ter knovni  by  his  literary  name  of'Tliomas 
Iiigoldsby),  was  a  native  of  Canterbury,  in 
which  city  he  received  his  early  education, 
and  coinj)leted  it  at  Brazenose  College, 
Oxford.  Although  he  adopted  the  clerical 
profession,  and  performed  the  duties  of  his 
sacred  calling  with  strict  propriety,  he  was 
by  nature  a  humourist,  and  attempted  not 
to  restrain  the  flow  of  wit  and  fancy  with 
which  his  mind  was  surcharged.  He  was  a 
minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and  occupied  the 
house  attached  to  the  cauonry  of  tlic  Rev. 
Sydney  Snuth,  with  whom  he  was  on  terms 
oi  the  most  cordial  friendship,  and  whom  in 
many  respects  he  much  resembled.  His 
other  church  preferment  was  tlie  rectory  of 
St.  Augustine  and  St.  Faith,  London.  "  As 
an  author  he  contributed. much,  and  during 
many  years,  to  several  popular  periodicals, 
the  Edinburgh  Review,  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine, and  the  Literary  Gazette  among  the 
number,  but  his  most  popular  series  of  puiMjrs 
were  given  to  Bentley's  Miscellany,  under 
the  title  of  '  The  Ingoldsby  Legends,'  since 
collected  and  published  in  2  vols.  8vo.  His 
popular  novel,  *  My  Cousin  Nicholas,'  was 
also  published  in  3  vols.  Of  his  poetical 
pieces  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  for 
originality  of  design  and  diction,  for  quaint 
illustration  and  musical  verse,  they  are  not 
surpassed  in  the  English  language.".  Died, 
aged  iiG,  June  17.  1845. 

BARKER,  EnmrND  Henry,  an  eminent 
classical  scholar,  and  one  of  the  most  in- 
dustrious of  modern  writers.  He  was  a 
leading  supporter  of  the  Cla.<<sical  Journal, 
the  British  Critic,  and  Monthly  Maga- 
zine; and  his  articles,  chiefly  on  recondite 
points  of  philology  and  antiquities,  were  his 
mere  WM^re  ddicice,  with  which  he  amused 
the  intervals  of  his  more  serious  labour  of 
editing  Stephens's  "  Thesaurus  Lingute  Gra;- 
ca;,"  a  gigantic  performance.      Besides  his 

freater  work,  he  edited  Prolegomena  to 
lomcr,  Lcmpribre,  and  other  school  books. 
Born,  1788  ;  died,  1839. 

BARKER,  Geokoe,  F.  R.  S.,  of  Spring- 
field, Birmingham,  a  gentleman  of  the  legal 
profession,  whose  memory  is  entitled  to 
respect  and  gratitude,  for  the  success  of  many 
of  the  excellent  institutions  which  do  honour 
to  his  native  town,  and  from  his  zeal  in  the 
promotion  of  the  arts,  manufactures,  and 
sciences.  He  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
obtaining  acts  for  making  what  was  then 
called  '  that  gigantic  absurdity,  the  Bir- 
mingham Railroad,'  and  its  now  confederate 
line,  the  Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  Bir- 
mingham. He  was  the  bosom  friend  of  Mr. 
Watt  and  of  Mr.  Boulton,  and  their  con- 
fidential adviser  in  the  vast  projects  which 
have  been  so  productive  of  honour  and 
wealth  to  themselves  and  to  this  country," 
He  died,  Dec.  6.  184.'!,  aged  CO. 

BARKER,  Matthew  Hexky  (better 
known  to  the  public  under  his  assumed  name 
of  The  Old  Sailor),  was  the  author  of  several 
naval  novels  and  sketches  ;  among  wluch  are 
"  Tough  Yams,"  "  Jem  Bunt,"  "  The 
Victory,"  "  Land  and  Sea  Tales,"  &c.,  be- 
sides "  Tlie  IJfe  of  Nelson,"  and  numberless 
communications  in  prose  and  verse,  to  various 
highly  respectable  periodicals.    He  went  to 


sea  at  the  age  of  IC,  but  never  arrived  at 
higher  promotion  than  the  command  of  a 
hired  armed  schooner  ;  and  finding  himself 
unemployed  at  the  cud  of  the  war,  he  tried 
his  hand  at  authorship.  His  delineation  of 
nautical  scenes  is  allowed  to  be  replete  with 
humour  and  characteristic  truth.  Died, 
June,  184(5,  aged  5<i. 

BARKER,  Robert,  known  as  inventor  of  i 
the  panorama,  was  born  in  Kells,  in  Ireland,  | 
1740.  While  viewing  the  scenery  round 
Edinburgh,  whitlier  he  had  removed  as  a 
portrait  painter,  he  was  struck  with  the  idea 
of  representing  similar  views  in  a  circular 
painting,  in  which  lie  uliimately  succeeded, 
and  thereby  eventually  realised  a  consider- 
able fortune.    Died,  180fi. 

BARK  HAM,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
said  to  be  the  real  author  of  the  "  Display 
of  Heraldry,"  published  under  the  name  of 
Gwillim.     Born,  1.''.72  ;  died,  1(»42. 

BAR  LA  AM,  a  leanied  divine  of  Calabria 
in  the  14th  century.  He  wrote  alternately 
for  the  Greek  and  Latin  Church  ;  his  advo- 
cacy of  the  latter  being  purchased  by  the 
bishopric  of  Gieraci,  in  Italy.    Hied,  i;J48. 

BARLAUD,  AnitiA-v,  a  Dutch  critic,  and 
professor  of  eloquence  at  I^ouvain  ;  author 
of  a  "  Chronicle  on  the  Dukes  of  Brabant," 
"Notes  on  Terence,  Meuander,"  &c.  &c. 
Died,  1.542. 

BARLOW,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Lincoln  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  James  II.,  and 
William  III.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most 
versatile  and  accommodating  principles,  if 
we  may  judge  by  his  a<:ts.  Under  the  first- 
named  king  he  wrote  against  popery  ;  under 
the  second  he  wrote  in  favour  of  the  royal 
power  to  dispense  with  the  penal  laws 
against  it ;  and  under  the  third  he  was 
among  the  most  active  in  punishing  non- 
juring  clergymen.  He  wrote  "Cases  of 
Conscience,"  &c.    Born,  1(;07  ;  died,  1C91. 

BARLOW,  Fhancis,  an  English  artist ; 
an  excellent  painter  of  animals.     Died,  1702. 

BARLOW,  Joel,  a  native  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  one  of  the  deputies 
sent  by  the  Constitutional  Society  to  address 
the  French  Convention.  He  was  also,  in 
1811,  appointed  ambassador  to  Napoleon; 
and  being  invited  by  the  Duke  of  Bassano  to 
a  conference  with  the  emperor  at  Wilna,  he 
proceeded  tliither,  but  the  privations  he  was 
compelled  to  endure  on  his  journey,  and 
the  fatigue  of  travelling  night  and  day, 
caused  liis  death.  He  was  a  political  writer 
and  a  poet,  his  principal  work  being  "  The 
Columbiad." 

BARLOWE,  William,  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  deprived  by  queen  Mary  for 
having  married,  but  made  bishop  of  Win- 
chester on  the  accession  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
Died,  IG.'jS. 

BARLOWE,  William,  son  of  the  above, 
archdeacon  of  Sarum  ;  he  was  well  skilled 
in  natural  philosophy,  aud  was  the  first 
English  writer  on  the  properties  of  the 
loadstone.    Died,  1625. 

BARNARD,  John,  D.D.,  prebendary  of 
Lincoln  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  ;  author 
of  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  Heylyn,"  &c.     Died,  1083. 

BARNARD,  Sir  Jouk,  lord  mayor  of 
liOndon,  and  one  of  its  representatives  in 
parliament  for  40  years.    He  was  an  able 


75 


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speaker,  and  a  remarkably  conscientious 
and  religious  man  ;  and  so  greatly  was  he 
respected  by  his  fellow  citizens,  that  they 
erected  a  statue  to  his  memory  in  the  Royal 
Exchange.   Bom  at  Reading,  IfiBj;  died,  1704. 

BARNARD,  Tiieodoke,  a  Dutch  painter 
who  settled  in  England ;  said  to  have 
painted  the  kings  and  bishops  in  Chichester 
cathedral. 

BARNAVE,  Anthoxy  Peteu  Joseph, 
an  eloquent  and  popular  member  of  the 
French  national  assembly.  He  was  charged 
with  the  conveyance  of  the  king  from  Va- 
rennes  to  Paris ;  on  which  occasion  he  con- 
ducted himself  with  great  delicacy.  Though 
he  had  retired  to  private  life,  he  was  arrested 
by  the  faction  then  in  power,  and  guillotined 
in  1794. 

BARNES,  Joshua,  a  learned  divine,  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and 
Emanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  author  of  the 
"Life  of  Edward  III.,"  and  a  poem  "On 
the  History  of  Esther,"  and  editor  of  tha 
works  of  Euripides,  Anacreon,  aud  Homer. 
Bom,  ia';4  ;  died,  1712. 

BARNES,  Robert,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to 
Henry  "VIII.  ;  burned  to  death  in  Smithfield 
for  Lutheranism,  in  1540  ;  authorof  a  treatise 
on  Justification,  &c. 

BARNES,  Thomas,  a  gentleman  of  first- 
rate  literary  ability,  and  princii)al  editor  of 
"The  Times,"  which  journal  owes  much  of 
its  celebrity  and  influence  to  the  powerful 
political  leaders  that  came  from  liis  pen,  as 
well  as  to  the  rare  skill  and  discrimination 
he  evinced  in  the  general  control  and  adapt- 
ation of  the  articles  furnished  by  his  coad- 
jutors, &c.  Notwithstanding  the  share  he 
necessarily  took  in  the  strife  of  politics,  it  is 
recorded  to  his  honour  that  he  retained  the 
friendship  of  all  who  had  once  intimately 
known  him,  how  much  soever  they  might 
chance  to  differ  on  questions  of  public  inter- 
est. Mr.  Bames  was  educated  at  Christ's 
Hospital  and  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  B.  A.  and  M.  A.  degrees. 
Died,  1841.  aged  5.5. 

BARNE VELDT,  John  d'Olden,  a  Dutch 
statesman,  put  to  death  by  Maurice,  prince 
of  Orange,  on  an  ill-sustained  charge  of 
having  plotted  to  betray  his  country  to 
Spain.    Beheaded,  1619. 

BARNEY,  Joshua,  a  distinguished  naval 
commander,  was  bom  at  Baltimore,  in 
l?.^.  When  a  boy  he  made  several  voyages 
to  Europe  ;  and  in  1776,  when  not  17,  he 
was  presented  with  a  lieutenant's  com- 
mission on  account  of  his  bravery.  During 
the  struggle  for  American  independence, 
Barney  took  several  vessels,  and  performed 
numerous  acts  of  gallantry ;  and  after  nu- 
merous adventures  arrived  in  Philadelphia 
in  1782,  when  he  again  entered  on  active 
duty,  and  continued  a  successful  career  till 
the  end  of  the  war.  In  1795  he  received  the 
commission  of  captain  in  the  French  service, 
and  commanded  a  French  squadron,  but 
resigned  his  command  in  1800,  and  returned 
to  America.  In  181.3  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  flotilla  for  defence  of  the 
Chesapeake.  During  the  summer  of  1814  he 
kept  up  an  active  warfare  with  the  British  ; 
but  he  was  made  prisoner.  Died,  at  Pitts- 
burg, 1818. 


76 


BARO,  Pierhe,  a  French  Protestant  di- 
vine, who  came  to  England  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury, and  was  chosen  Lady  Margaret's  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Cambridge  ;  author  of 
some  polemical  works  in  Latin. 

BAROCCIO,  Fkedeuigo,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  scriptural  subjects.  Bom 
at  Urbino,  1528  ;  died,  1612. 

BARON,  BoNADVEXTUKE,  the  assumed 
name  of  Fitzgerald,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  became  a  Franciscan  monk  ;  author  of 
Latin  poems,  and  a  body  of  divinity.  Died, 
1606. 

BARONIUS,  C^SAR,  confessor  to  Clement 
VIII.,  who  made  him  cardinal  and  librarian 
of  the  Vatican  ;  author  of  "  Ecclesiastical 
Annals."     Born  at  Sora,  1588  ;  died,  16OT. 

BAROZZI,  James,  a  celebrated  architect, 
successor  to  Michael  Aiigelo  as  architect  of 
St.  Peter's  ;  author  of  "  Rules  for  the  Five. 
Orders  of  Architecture,"  &c.  Born,  1507  ; 
died,  1.577. 

BARRAL,  Peter,  a  French  abb(5  ;  author 
of  a  "Dictionary  of  Roman  Antiquities," 
&c.    Died,  1772. 

BARRAL,  Loms  Matthias  de,  bishop  of 
Troyes,  was  a  native  of  Grenoble.  He  emi- 
grated at  the  Revolution  ;  but  returning  to 
France  in  1801,  Buonaparte  made  him  bishop 
of  Meaux,  and  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Tours,  and  almoner  to  the  Empress  Jose- 
phine.   Died,  1816. 

BARRAS,  Paul  Francis  John  Nicholas, 
Count  de,  M-as  originally  a  sub-lieutenant  in 
the  regiment  of  Languedoc,  and  served  for 
some  time  in  India.  Embracing  revolu- 
tionary principles,  he  assisted  at  the  attack 
on  the  Bastile,  and  voted  in  the  National 
Conventi<in  for  the  death  of  the  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.  He  subsequently  became  one 
of  the  chiefs  of  the  government,  but  retired 
from  public  life  when  Buonaparte  assumed 
the  direction  of  affairs.  For  some  years  he 
resided  at  Rome,  but  returned  to  France  in 
1814,  and  remained  there  till  his  death  in 
1829. 

BARRE',  William  Vincent,  a  native  of 
France,  who,  after  serving  in  the  Russian 
navy  with  credit  in  his  youth,  returned  to 
his  own  country  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
French  revolution,  joined  his  countrymen 
in  arms,  and  was  eventually  appointed  in- 
terpreter to  the  French  government ;  but 
having  indulged  his  vein  of  sarcasm  on  the 
legitimacy  of  tlie  First  Consul,  he  was  put 
under  arrest.  He  escaped  the  vigilance  of  his 
enemies,  and  got  to  I^ondon,  where  he  pub- 
lished a  "  History  of  the  First  Consulate."  He 
translated  into  French  Sir  Sj'dney  Smith's 
pamphlet  on  the  expedition  into  Egypt ;  for 
which  the  English  government  rewarded 
him.  labile  at  Dublin,  in  1829,  he  com- 
mitted suicide. 

BARRET,  George,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  considerable  eminence.  He  was  born  in 
Dublin,  but  passed  most  of  his  life  in  Eng- 
land, and  was  a  chief  founder  of  the  Royal 
Academv.     Born,  1730  ;  died,  1784. 

BARRETT,  William,  an  English  topo- 
grapher ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  Bristol." 
Died,  1780. 

BARRINGTON,  John  Sitote,  the  first 
Vi.scoimt  Barrington  ;  author  of  "  An  Essay 
on  the  several  Dispensations  of  God  to  Man- 


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I  kind,"  "  The  Rights  of  Protestant  Dissent- 
ers," &c.     Born  1(J78  ;  died,  17^4. 

HARRINGTON,  Dainks,  fourth  son  of 
Viscount  Barrington,  was  bred  to  tlie  law, 
and  rose  to  the  office  of  second  justice  of 
Cliester.  lie  was  autlior  of  "  Observations  on 
the  Statutes,"  &c.     Born,  1727  ;  died,  1800. 

BARRINGTON,  Samiel,  youngest  bro- 
ther of  tlie  last-named,  entered  early  into 
tlie  navy,  and  became  rear-admiral  of  the 
white.  lie  took  St.  Ivucia,  in  the  face  of  a 
superior  force  ;  and  was  conspicuous  for  his 
aeal  and  courage  at  the  memorable  relief  of 
Gibraltar,  bv  Lord  Howe.     Died,  1800. 

BARRINGTON,  Sm  tk.  bisliop  of  Dur- 
ham, was  the  sixth  son  of  the  first  Viscount 
Barrington,  and  born  in  17:34.  He  engaged 
in  some  controversial  disputes  both  witli  the 
Calvinists  and  Romanists  ;  but  though  hos- 
tile to  the  doctrines  of  the  latter,  he  was  a 
liberal  benefactor  of  the  French  clergy  who 
took  refuge  in  England  during  the  Revolu- 
tion.   Died,  lba<i. 

BARROS,  Jonx  de,  a  learned  Portuguese, 
ti-easurcrof  the  Indies,  and  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Asia  and  the  Indies."    Died,  1570. 

BARROW,  Isaac,  D.D.,  a  learned  divine 
and  mathematician  ;  author  of  numerous 
muthcmatical  and  theological  works  ;  and 
one  who,  for  versatility  of  knowledge,  had  few 
rivals.  King  Charles  II.  used  to  say  of  him, 
that  he  was  an  unfair  preacher,  lor  he  ex- 
hatisted  every  subject  upon  which  he  dis- 
coursed. Bom  in  I/ondon,  WM  ;  chosen 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1G57 ;  died, 
1(577. 

BARROW,  Sir  Jonx,  Bart.,  r.R.8.,for 
many  years  secretary  to  the  Admiralty,  a 
great  traveller,  and  a  voluminous  writer  of 
travels,  biographies,  &c.  ;  was  born  near 
Ulvcrston,  in  Lancashire,  June  19th,  17(54. 
At  an  early  age  he  displayed  a  decided  in- 
cliiuitioii  for  matlieuialical  pursuits,  and 
after  passing  some  years  as  superintending 
clerk  of  an  iron  foundry  in  Liverpool,  he 
became  mathematical  teucher  at  an  academy 
in  Greenwich,  whence  he  was  appointed, 
through  the  interest  of  Sir  George  Staunton, 
secretary  to  the  embassy  destined  for  China, 
under  Lord  Macartney,  in  1792.  In  this  ca- 
pacity his  talents  and  acquirements  were 
duly  appreciated;  and  when  Lord  Macartney 
was,  in  1797,  appointed  to  the  government 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he  secured  Mr. 
Barrow's  services  as  private  secretary,  and 
subsequently  appointed  him  auditor-general 
of  public  accounts,  an  office  which  he  held 
till  the  Cape  was  evacuated  by  the  Englisli 
in  180"..  In  1801  he  was  appointed,  by 
Lord  Melville,  secretary  to  the  Admiralty  ; 
and  with  t!ie  exception  of  a  few  months, 
during  the  Whig  administration,  in  1806-7, 
he  continued  to  fill  this  office,  down  to  his 
rclirenieut,  in  15M.5.  He  w;is  created  a  baro- 
net during  the  short  administration  of  Sir 
Rol)crtPccl,)n  18.')o.  Besides  contributing  nu- 
merous articles  on  miscellaneous  subjects  to 
the  Quarterly  Review  and  the  Encycloi)oedia 
Britannica,  he  published  tlie  Lives  of  Lord 
Macartney,  Lord  Anson,  Lord  Howe,  and 
Peter  the  Great ;  Travels  in  Cliina,  Voyage 
to  Co<rhin  China,  the  Mutiny  of  the  Bounty, 
his  own  autobiography,  &c.  The  general 
aim  of  bis  writings  was  to  convey  inform- 


77 


ation,  to  promote  the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
to  stimulate  research  and  enquiry  ;  and  he 
had  the  great  privilege  to  live  to  see  the  most 
beneficial  eft'ects  prodiiced  by  his  honest 
and  faithful  labours.  We  should  not  omit 
to  state  that  Sir  John  was  the  constant  and 
successful  advocate  at  the  Admiralty  of  those 
voyages  of  discovery  which  have  enlarged 
the  bounds  of  science,  and  conferred  so  much 
honour  on  the  British  name  and  nation. 
Died,  Nov.  23. 1848. 

BARBUEL,  AronsTiK,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, and  of  some  note  as  a  man  of  letters 
during  the  French  Revolution,  was  born  in 
1741.  He  was  for  some  years  editor  of  "  IjC 
Journal  Ecclesiastique  ;  hut  as  the  prin- 
ciples he  thei-e  advocated  were  opposed  to 
the  revolution,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Eng- 
land, where,  in  1794,  he  published  liis  "  His- 
tory of  the  French  Clergy,"  &c.  ;  but  lushest 
known  work  is  entitled  "  Memoirs  for  a  His- 
tory of  Jacobinism,  Impiety,  and  Anarchy," 
in  5  vols.  8vo.  ;  a  production  in  which  fact 
and  fiction  are  so  closely  interwoven  as 
to  destroy  its  authenticity.  He  returned 
to  France  in  1802,  and  died  there  in  1820, 
aged  79. 

BARRUEL  DE  BEAUVERT,  Anthony 
JosErii,  Count  de,  was  born  at  the  castle  of 
Beauvert,  near  Marseilles,  in  175(5.  In  17!)0 
he  belonged  to  the  national  guard  at  Bag- 
iiols  ;  and  on  the  flight  of  the  royal  family 
to  Varenncs  he  offered  liimsclf  as  a  hostage 
for  Louis  XVI.  In  1795  he  was  editor  of 
the  journal  entitled  "  Les  Actes  des  Apo- 
tres  ;"  for  which  he  was  sentenced  to  depor- 
tation, but  cscaiKfd.  For  a  time  during  the 
consulate  he  was  under  the  surveillance  of 
the  police  j  but  at  length  obtaining  the  pro- 
tection of  tlie  Empress  Josephine,  he  was 
appointed  to  an  office  in  the  department  of 
Jura  ;  where  he  died  in  1817.  He  wrote  the 
Life  of  Rousseau,  and  various  works  relative 
to  the  Bourbons  during  tlieir  exile. 

BARRY,  GiKALD,  better  known  as  Giral- 
dus  Cambrensis  ;  author  of  "  Topographia 
llibernica,"  "  Itinerarium  Cambrias,"  &c. 
He  flourished  in  the  12th  century,  but  the 
date  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

BARRY,  Jamks  T.,  a  painter  of  consider 
able  genius,  and  a  skilful  writer  on  his  ai  t, 
was  born  at  Cork,  in  1741.  The  celebratid 
Edmund  Burke  was  his  friend  and  patron  ; 
by  whose  means  he  was  enabled  to  travel,  and 
study  the  great  masterpieces  of  art  in  Italy. 
Died,  180(5. 

BARRY,  SruANGEn,  a  celebrated  actor ; 
and,  for  a  time,  tlie  rival  of  Garrick,  who, 
iiowever,  in  the  higher  walks  of  the  drama, 
greatly  excelled  him.   Born,  1719;  died,  1777. 

BARTAS,  William  de  Sallust  i>u,  a 
French  poet,  warrior,  and  statesman  ;  coufi- 
dcnnally  employed  by  Henry  IV. ;  author  of 
"The  Week  of  the  Creation,"  &c.  Died, 
1590. 

BARTII,  John,  a  French  naval  officer, 
remarkable  for  his  skill  and  daring  as  a  pri- 
vateer.    Born  at  Dunkirk,  1(551  ;  died,  1702. 

BARTHELEiMI,  Nicholas,  a  monk  of  the 
15th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the 
Active  and  Contemplative  Life,"  &c. 

BARTIIELEMON,  Fi'.ancis  Uiitolite, 
a  musical  composer  and  violinist,  wa'?  bom 
at  Bordeaux,  in  1741,  but  resided  chiefly  in 


bS 


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^  i^tia  mnihttSnl  I8t0flriipl)j?. 


London,  and  was  for  many  years  leader  of 
the  Opera-house.  As  a  composer  he  was  re- 
markable for  rapidity  ;  and  as  a  performer 
for  taste  and  execution.    Died,  1808. 

BARTIIELEM  Y,  Jt)nN  James,  the  learned 
author  of  '_'  The  Voyage  of  the  Younger 
Anacharsis  in  Greece  ; "  was  born  at  Cassis, 
in  Provence,  1716  ;  died,  1795. 

BARTHEZ,  Paul  Joseph,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  was  bom  at  Montpellier, 
in  1734,  where  he  founded  a  medical  school, 
which  acquired  great  reputation  throughout 
Europe.  For  many  years  he  practised  in 
Paris,  and  was  consulted  upon  the  most  im- 
portant cases  :  he  also  wrote  in  the  Journal 
des  Savans,  the  Encyclopfedic,  &c.  ;  and 
was  a  member  ofalmost  every  learned  society. 
During  the  revolution  he  suffered  greatly  in 
his  fortune  ;  but  Napoleon,  who  knew  his 
great  merits,  restored  him,  in  his  old  age,  to 
wealth  and  honours.    Died,  180C. 

BARTirOEDY,  Jacob  Solomon,  a  Prus- 
sian diplomatist,  bom  a  Jew,  but  after  tra- 
velling in  Greece  he  abjured  Judaism,  and 
became  a  Protestant.  In  1807  he  served 
against  the  French  as  an  officer  in  the  land- 
wehr  of  Vienna,  and  wrote  a  tract  called 
"  The  War  of  the  Tyrol,"  which  produced  a 
great  sensation.    Died,  182(5. 

BARTOLI,  or  BARTOLUS,  a  learned 
civilian,  who  flourished  in  the  14tli  century, 
and  is  said  to  have  contributed  more  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  to  the  elucidation  of 
legal  science.    Born,  1312  ;  died,  13.56. 

BARTOLI,  Daniel,  a  learned  Jesuit; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Jesuits,"  &c. 
Born  at  Ferrara,  1608  ;  died,  1685. 

BARTOLI,  Cosmo,  an  Italian  writer  of  the 
16th  century  ;  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Frederic 
Barbarossa,"  &c. 

BARTOLO,  an  Italian  lawyer  of  the  14th 
century  ;  professor  of  law  at  Pisa,  and  author 
of  numerous  works  on  law  and  other  subjects. 

BARTOLOZZI,  Francis,  an  engraver  of 
first-rate  merit,  was  born  at  Florence  in 
1728  ;  came  to  England  in  1764  ;  admitted  a 
member  ofthe  Royal  Academy  in  1769  ;  went 
to  Lisbon,  at  the  invitation  of  the  prince- 
regent  oi  Portugal,  in  1802 ;  and  there  died 
in  1815.  The  productions  of  his  graver  are 
numerous,  highly  esteemed,  and  eagerly 
sought  after. 

BARTON,  Bernard,  the  celebrated 
"  Quaker  poet,"  was  born  near  I,ondon,  1784. 
In  1810  he  became  a  clerk  in  Alexander's 
bank,  at  Woodbridge,  where  he  officiated 
almost  to  the  day  of  his  death.  His  first 
volume  of  poetry  was  published  in  1811,  and 
this  was  succeeded  by  numerous  others,  most 
of  them  devoted  to  homely  subjects,  but  all 
of  them  animated  by  the  purest  feeling  and 
the  most  glowing  fancy.  But  it  was  not 
only  for  his  merits  as  a  poet  that  Bernard 
Barton  deserves  to  be  held  in  remembrance. 
He  was  endowed  with  every  quality  which 
endears  a  man  to  all  tliat  come  within  his 
influence.  His  genial  good  Inmiour  and 
vast  stores  of  information  made  him  a  wel- 
come guest  wherever  he  appeared  ;  and  the 
native  sincerity  of  his  character,  which  was 
set  forth  in  every  act  of  his  life,  was  en- 
hanced by  a  benignity,  liberality,  and  cha- 
rity, in  entire  accordance  with  the  precepts 
of  his  faith.    Died,  Feb.  19.  1849. 


78 


[bA8 


BARTON,  ELiZAP.Exn,  a  religious  im- 
postor, called  tJw  Holy  Maid  of  Kent,  was  a 
poor  country  girl,  born  at  AUington  in  that 
county,  who,  instructed  by  priests,  declared 
she  was  divinely  inspired,  denounced  the 
heresies  of  the  reformed  religion,  and  pre- 
tended to  the  gift  of  prophecy  :  but  having 
included  the  king  (Henrj'  VIII.)  in  her 
predictions  and  denunciations,  she  and  her 
associates  were  tried  and  executed  for  high 
treason,  1584. 

BARTRAM,  John,  an  eminent  American 
botanist,  was  born  in  Chester  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1701.  He  formed  a  botanic  gar- 
den near  Philadelphia,  said  to  have  been  the 
first  establishment  of  the  kind  in  America ; 
and  so  intimate  an  acquaintance  had  he  with 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  that  liinnaus  pro- 
nounced him  "  the  greatest  natural  botanist 
in  the  world."    Died,  1777. 

BARTRAM,  William,  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  a  distinguished  naturalist. 
At  the  request  of  Dr.  Fothergill,  he  travelled 
through  tlie  Floridas,  Carolina,  and  Georgia, 
for  the  purposes  of  making  researches  in 
natural  history,  and  transmitted  to  his  em- 
ployer in  London  the  valuable  collections 
and  drawings  which  he  had  made.  His 
"  American  Ornithology  "  may  be  considered 
the  precursor  of  Wilson's  invaluable  work. 
Died,  1823. 

BAR  WICK,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
exerted  himself  with  considerable  zeal  and 
ability  on  the  royal  sidfi  in  the  civil  wars. 
Born  1612  ;  died,  1664. 

BARWICK,  Peter,  brother  of  the  above, 
an  eminent  physician;  author  of  a  "  Defence 
of  Harvey's  Doctrine  of  the  Circulation  of 
the  Blood,"  &c.    Died,  1705. 

BASEDOW,  John  Bernard,  a  German 
writer,  and  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and 
belles  lettres.  His  novel  plans  of  education 
excited  great  attention  in  Germany  ;  and  in 
the  seminary  he  established  at  Dessau,  called 
"  The  Philanthropinum,"  many  excellent 
teachers  were  formed,  and  great  good  effected. 
Born,  1723  ;  d.ied,  1790. 

BASEVI,  George,  a  distinguished  archi- 
tect, was  born  1795.  Among  the  edifices  built 
or  restored  by  him  are  the  churches  in  the 
early  English  style  at  Twickenham  and 
Brompton,  the  Norman  church  at  Hove,  near 
Brighton,  and  St.  Mary's  Hall,  at  Brigliton, 
in  the  Elizabethan  style.  Belgrave  Square, 
in  the  metropolis,  was  erected  from  his 
designs  ;  and  he  was  joint  architect  with 
Mr.  Smirke  of  the  Conservative  Club,  in 
St.  James's  Street.  Having  gone  to  inspect 
the  AVest  Bell  Tower  of  Ely  Cathedral,  then 
under  repair,  he  accidentally  fell  through 
an  aperture,  and  was  killed  on  the  spot, 
Oct.  16.  1845. 

BASIL,  St.,  surnamed  the  Great,  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  other  patriarchs  of  tlie 
same  name,  was  bora,  in  326,  in  Cassarea,  in 
Cappadocia  ;  and  is  honoured  by  the  Greek 
Church  as  one  of  its  most  illustrious  patrons. 
He  is  chiefly  remembered  for  his  ascetic  doc- 
trines, and  his  zeal  to  promote  monastic  dis- 
cipline.    Died,  379. 

BASILIUS  I.,  the  Macedonian,  emperor 
of  the  East ;  killed  by  a  stag  wliile  hunting, 
in  a36. 

BASILIUS  II.,  succeeded  Jolm  Zimisces, 


BAS] 


^  ^cfio  WinihtxiKl  3SJi0(jrajp^g, 


[bat 


in  976.  He  was  gxiilly  of  abominable  cruelty 
in  his  war  with  the  Bulgarians.    Dieil,  10'J5. 

BASILIirS,  an  impiystor,  who  excited  a 
revolt  in  the  eastern  emiiire,  in  934,  and  was 
burnt  to  death  nt  Constantinople. 

BASU^OVVITZ,  JgiiN,  emperor  of  Russia; 
he  added  Astracan  to  his  empire,  and  was 
the  lirst  who  assumed  the  style  and  title  of 
Czar.     Died,  15«4. 

BASIKE,  Isaac,  a  learned  divine,  prebend 
of  Durham.  On  tlie  breaking  out  of  tlie  civil 
war  he  lost  all  his  preferments  ;  on  wliich  he 
made  a  journey  to  the  Morea,  where  he 
preached  with  great  success  among  the  Greek 
Cliristians  ;  and  on  his  return  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels.     Born,  1607  ;  died,  li!7G. 

BASKEKVILLE,  JoHX,  a  celebrated 
letter-founder  and  printer  ;  and  one  to  whom 
the  typographical  art  is  much  indebted.  It 
has  been  remarked,  however,  that  his  l)ooks 
are  far  more  elegantly  than  correctly  printed. 
Born  at  Wolverley,  in  Worcestersliire,  in 
17(W  ;  died,  177.5. 

BASKEKVILLE,  Sir  Simon,  an  English 
physician  of  great  eminence  and  wealth ; 
knighted  by  Charles  I.    Died,  1(J41. 

BASNAGE,  Benjamix,  a  French  Pro- 
testant divine;  author  of  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Church."     Born,  1580  ;  died,  U',5'2. 

BASNAGE,  Antuoxy,  son  of  the  above  t 
imprisoned  at  Havre  de  Grace  on  account  of 
his  religion.    Bom,  1010  ;  died,  1(591. 

BASNET,  EowAUD,  dean  of  St.  Patrick's, 
Dublin,  who  exchanged  his  clerical  for 
a  military  liabit,  and  served  under  the  lord 
deputy  against  O'Neil,  tlie  rebel.  He  died 
during  the  brief  reign  of  Edward  VI. 

BASSANI,  GiAMATTisTA,  a  musical  com- 
poser of  the  17th  century. 

BASSANO,  or  BASSAN,  James,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes.  Bom,  1510  j 
died,  1.-.92. 

BASSANO,  ITuonF-s  Bkrward  Maret. 
Duke  of,  a  celebrated  French  political  writer 
and  statesman,  was  the  son  of  an  eminent 
idiysician  at  Dijon.  On  the  first  outburst 
of  the  French  revolution  he  enthusiastically 
embraced  its  extremest  principles,  and  pub- 
lished a  paper  under  the  title  of  the  BulMtin 
de,  VAssemblce,  which  he  continued  until  a 
bookseller  started  tlie  Monitcur,  of  which 
Maret  was  appointed  editor,  and  which 
speedily  became  the  official  organ  of  the 
government.  He  became  acquainted  with 
Buonaparte  just  as  that  extraordinary  man 
began  to  rise  into  celebrity  and  influence, 
and  was  placed  py  him  in  the  important 
office  ofdiefile  dirigion  in  the  foreign  office. 
In  1792  he  was  sent  to  England,  ostensibly 
to  secure  the  neutrality  of  the  British  govern- 
ment, but  in  reality  to  hoodwink  that  go- 
vernment until  tlie  moment  should  arrive  at 
which  it  could  be  securely,  as  well  as  effi- 
ciently assailed.  But  the  English  minister 
of  that  day  was  too  clear-sighted  even  for 
French  diplomacy.  Both  Maret  and  the 
French  ambassador,  Chauvelin,  were  pe- 
remptorily ordered  out  of  England  ;  and  the 
former,  soon  after  his  return  home,  was  sent 
as  ambassador  to  Naples,  but  was  captixred 
on  his  way  thither  by  the  Austrians,  and 
detained  as  a  prisoner  until  1795,  when  he 
and  the  Marquis  de  Lemonville  were  ex- 
changed with  the  French  government  for  a 


79 


daughter  of  the  ill-fated  Louis  XVI.  Being 
decidedly  attached  to  Buonaparte,  both  by 
feeling  and  by  policy,  Maret  took  a  bold  and 
active  part  in  the  long  and  complicated  in- 
trigues which  were  set  on  foot  for  the  over- 
throw of  the  directory  and  the  introduction 
of  the  consulate  ;  and  when  the  establish- 
ment of  the  latter  crowned  the  success  of 
those  intrigties,  he  was  made  secretary  to 
the  consular  council  of  state.  Subsequently 
he  was  for  some  time  private  secretary  to 
Buonoparte,  to  whose  dictation,  it  is  said, 
not  a  few  of  his  articles  in  the  Moniteur 
were  actually  written.  In  1811  he  was  made 
Due  de  IJassmiu  and  minister  of  ioreign 
afi°airs  ;  and  in  1812  he  conducted  and  signed 
the  well-known  treaties  between  France, 
Austria,  and  Prussia,  preparatory  to  the 
fatal  expedition  to  Kussia.  When  the  em- 
peror was  sent  to  Elba,  in  1814,  the  Due  de 
Bassano  retired  from  public  life  ;  but  imme- 
diately after  the  return  of  the  emperor,  he 
joined  him,  and  was  very  nearly  being  taken 
prisoner  at  Waterloo.  On  the  utter  ruin  of 
Napoleon,  the  duke  was  banislied  from 
France,  but  at  the  revolution  of  July,  1830, 
he  was  recalled,  and  restored  to  all  the  ho- 
nours of  which  he  had  been  deprived.  In 
1^38  he  was  made  minister  of  the  Interior, 
and  president  of  the  council,  but  the  minis- 
try of  which  he  formed  a  part,  survived  only 
three  days.    Born,  17.58  ;  died,  18;59. 

BASSET,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  ITcnry 
V.  of  England  ;  author  of  a  history  of  that 
king,  which  is  still  extant  in  MS. 

BASSI,  Laika  Maria  Catharine,  a 
learned  Italian  lady,  whose  singular  accom- 
plishments procured  her  the  professor's  chair 
at  Bologna,  and  the  title  of  doctor  of  pliilo- 
sophy.     Born,  1711  ;  died,  1778. 

BASSOM PIERRE,  Francis  pe,  a  mar- 
shal of  France,  distinguished  both  as  a  sol- 
dier and  a  statesman,  and  remarkable  for  his 
personal  attractions  ;  who  after  being  patron- 
ized by  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIII.,  was 
imprisoned  for  12  years  for  giving  some 
offence  to  Cardinal  Richelieu.  He  was  author 
of  his  own  memoirs  and  several  other  works. 
Born,  1.575  ;  died,  1(54<5. 

BASSUET,  Pierre,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon ;  author  of  numerous  dissertations 
on  subjects  connected  with  his  profession. 
Bom,  170G;  died,  1757. 

BASTA,  George,  an  Italian  general  of 
the  10th  century  ;  author  of  two  treatises  on 
military  discipline. 

BASTIDE,  John  Francis  pe  la,  an  in- 
dustrious French  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Marseilles  in  1724,  He  settled  in 
Paris,  where  he  engaged  in  various  literary 
enterprises  ;  of  which  the  most  voluminous 
were  the  "  Blbliothoque  Universelle  des 
Romains,"  in  112  vols.,  and  the  "  Chois  des 
Ancicns  Meicures,"  in  108  vols. 

BASTWICK,  John,  an  English  physician, 
and  a  furious  writer  against  the  Church  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  Born  at  Writtle,  in 
Essex,  1593  ;  died,  1650. 

BATE,  George,  physician  to  Charles  I., 
Oliver  Cromwell,  and  Charles  II.,  and  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the 
civil  wars,  and  some  medical  works.  Bora, 
1.593 ;  died,  1669. 


bat] 


^  0ti3i  Sljub?rs"al  Btofirapl^y. 


[bat 


BATE,  Joim,  an  English  divine,  and 
prior  of  the  Carmelite  monastery  at  York, 
in  the  l.'ith  century  ;  author  of  a  "  Comijen- 
dium  of  Logic,"  &c. 

BATECUMBE,  William,  an  English  ma- 
thematician of  tlie  15th  century  ;  author  of  a 
treatise,  "  De  Sphjera  Solidu,"  &c. 

BATEMAN,  Willi  AM,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
a  learned  prelate,  and  the  founder  of  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge.    Died,  1354. 

BATES,  JoAH,  an  eminent  musician,  born 
at  Hal  ifax,  Yorksliire,  in  1740.  lie  was  una- 
nimously chosen  conductor  of  the  comme- 
moration of  Handel  at  Westminster  Abl)cy  ; 
and  till  the  year  1793  he  conducted  the  clioral 
performances  of  ancient  music,  when  he 
retired,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Greatorex. 
He  died  in  1709. 
'  BATES,  William,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine ;  author  of  "  Lives  of  Learned  and 
Pious  :Mcn,"  &c.    Born,  102.3  ;  died,  1G99. 

BATHE,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  go- 
vernor of  the  Irish  seminary  at  Salamanca. 
Died,  1641. 

BATHURST,  Allex,  Earl,  a  zealous  op- 
poser  of  the  measures  of  Sir  Kobert  Walpole, 
nud  the  intimate  friend  of  Bolingbroke, 
Pope,  Addison,  and  the  other  eminent  writers 
of  his  time.    Born,  l(3t*4  ;  died,  Ur.'i. 

BATHURST,  Henry,  Earl,  son  of  the 
above,  and  lord  chancellor  of  England  ;  au- 
thor of  the  "Theory  of  Evidence,"  &c. 
Bom,  1714;  died,  1794. 

BATHURST,  Right  Rev.  Henrt,  bishop 
of  Norwicli,  was  born  at  Brackley,  in  North- 
amptonshire, in  1744  ;  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester, and  New  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Witchingham,  in 
Norfolk,  in  1770  ;  subsequently  became  dean 
of  Durham  ;  and,  in  1805,  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Norwich.  In  the  House  of  Lords, 
Dr.  Bathurst  was  a  strenuous  supporter  of 
the  Catliolic  claims  :  in  his  diocese,  an  ex- 
emplary prelate.   He  died,  April  5.  1837 

The  bishop's  eldest  son.  Dr.  HExnr  Bath- 
uusT,  archdeacon  of  Norwich,  and  rector  of 
the  valuable  livings  of  North  Creake,  Nor- 
folk, and  of  Ilollesley,  Suffolk,  was  the 
author  of  "  Memoirs"  of  his  right  reverend 
fatlier  ;  a  work  overflowing  with  spleen  and 
expressions  of  disappointment,  that  one  so 
faitliful  to  his  old  friends,  the  Whigs,  should 
have  never  been  preferred  to  a  richer  diocese! 
I  Alas,  poor  human  nature  I    Died,  Sept.  18-14. 

BATHURST,  Ralph,  dean  of  Wells  ;  au- 
thor of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Society.  Born^ 
1620  ;  died,  1704. 

BATHYLLUS,  the  cotemporary  of  Pyla- 
des,  and  one  of  the  most  celeVwated  panto- 
mimists  of  antiquity,  was  bom  at  Alexandria, 
and  became  the  slave  of  Ma;cenas,  who  en- 
franchised him.  The  art  of  tliese  celebrated 
mimes  consisted  in  expressing  the  passions 
by  gestures,  attitudes,  &c.,  not  by  the  mo- 
dern fooleries  of  harlequin,  clown,  and  scenic 
changes.  Bathyllus  excelled  in  representing 
comedy  ;  Pylades  in  tragedy. 

B  ATONI,  PoMi'Eo  GiKOLAMO,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter,  esteemed  as  the  restorer  of 
the  Roman  school.  His  most  admired  work 
is  the  "Contention  of  St.  Peter  and  Simon 
the  Magician,"  in  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome. 
Born  at  "Lucca,  1708  ;  died  at  Rome,;i787. 


BATOU  KHAN,  grandson  of  Zenghis 
Khan,  and  his  successor  in  the  northern  part 
of  his  vast  emi)ire.  He  died  after  a  long 
reign  and  numerous  conquests,  in  1276. 

BATSCH,  AuGUSTU.s  Joiiir  George 
Charles,  an  eminent  German  naturalist ; 
author  of  "  Elenchus  Fungorum,"  &c.  Born, 
1761  ;  died,  1801. 

BATTELY,  Joiiir,  archdeacon  of  Canter- 
bury, and  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Sancroft ; 
author  of  "  Antiquitates  Rutupinse,"  &c. 
Died,  1708. 

BATTEUX,  Charles,  a  French  writer  ; 
editor  and  commentator  on  the  poetics  of 
Horace,  Vida,  &c.    Born,  1713  ;  died,  1780. 

BATTHYANI,  Count  Louis,  a  scion  of 
one  of  tlic  noblest  and  most  ancient  Hun- 
garian families,  was  born  in  1809.  For  many 
years  he  was  the  leader  of  the  Liberal  Oppo- 
sition in  the  upper  house  of  the  Hungarian 
parliament ;  and  had  long  been  distinguished 
for  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Hungary, 
which  he  longed  to  see  reinstated  in  its 
ancient  administrative  independence.  Sum- 
moned in  March  1848,  by  the  emperor-king 
Ferdinand,  to  form  the  first  independent  and 
responsible  cabinet  of  Hungary,  he  strictly 
adhered,  while  in  office,  to  the  constitution 
of  tlic  country  ;  repeatedly  repairing  to  tlie 
emperor-king's  court  at  Innspruck,  to  nego- 
tiate between  the  sovereign  and  the  people, 
and  labouring  to  heal  the  ruptures  that  daily 
threatened  to  plunge  the  nation  into  civil 
war.  Animated  l)y  the  same  views,  he  left 
Pesth  for  Vienna,  in  September  of  the  same 
year  ;  but  when  he  saw  that  all  his  efforts 
were  likely  to  be  fruitless,  he  resigned  his 
office  and  retired  to  his  estates  in  Eisenberg. 
On  the  invasion  of  Hungary  by  Jellachich, 
the  ban  of  Croatia,  Batthyani  entered  the 
ranks  of  the  National  Guard  ;  but  a  fall 
from  his  horse  compelled  him  to  give  up  all 
thought  of  aiding  the  cause  of  Hungary  in 
the  field.  In  December  he  returned  to  Pesth, 
and  took  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  par- 
liament, labouring  as  before,  despite  of  ca- 
lumny and  intrigue,  to  negotiate  Jjctween  the 
king  and  the  country,  and  to  impress  all  par- 
ties with  his  own  moderate  and  practicable 
views.  Meanwhile  the  revolutionary  party 
in  the  Himgarian  parliament  having  pro- 
posed to  transfer  the  seat  of  government  from 
Pesth  to  Debreczin,  Batthyani  strenuously 
opposed  this  measure  on  the  ground  of  its  ille- 
gality ;  and  all  that  he  could  effect  was,  that 
a  deputation,  of  which  he  formed  one,  should 
be  sent  to  Prince  Wrndischgriltz,  once  more 
to  attempt  a  compromise  between  the  king 
and  the  people.  But  the  deputation  failed  in 
its  object.  This  was  Battliyani's  last  public 
act.  On  the  8th  of  January,  he  was  arrested 
in  the  drawing-room  of  his  sister-in-law,  at 
Pesth,  transferred  successively  to  Oedenburg, 
Lay  bach,  and  Pesth,  and,  after  nine  months' 
imprisonmeutjwas  tried  bj'  court-martial,  de- 
clared guilty  of  high-treason,  and  sentenced 
to  die  on  the  gallows,  Oct.  6.  1849.  He  heard 
the  sentence  with  tranquillity  and  com- 
posure. Having  taken  leaVe  of  his  wife,  he 
en<leavoured,  in  the  course  of  the  nigiit,  to 
open  the  veins  of  his  neck  by  means  of  a 
blunt  paper-knife,  and  thus  to  escape  the 
last  indignity  of  what  the  Austrians  called 
the  "  law."    But  his  attempt  was  discovered. 


bat] 


^  S^cU)  BnibttM  23iasrap]^j», 


[bax 


and  though  he  lost  much  blood,  the  surgeons 
Bucceeded  in  preserving  his  life.  Still  it  was 
the  opinion  of  the  medical  men,  that  the 
sentence,  as  pronounced  by  the  court-mar- 
tial, could  not  be  executed  ;  and  it  was  com- 
muted to  a  soldier's  death.  He  died  as  he 
lived,  calm,  majestic,  and  conscious  of  inno- 
cence. His  possessions  were  confiscated  ; 
and  his  wife  (a  member  of  the  noble  family 
of  Zicliy)  und  children  left  the  country  of 
their  fathers  for  a  foreign  land,  there  to 
weep,  and  if  possible  to  forgive.  The  news  of 
the  execution  of  Batthyani  caused  astonish- 
ment and  horror  throughout  the  civilised 
world.  It  was  universally  felt  that  his  case 
dift'ered  in  all  respects  from  that  of  men  who 
had  taken  up  arms  against  Austria  in  the 
spirit  of  reh«llion,  and  with  the  avowed 
object  of  overthrowing  her  authoritj'.  On 
the  contrary,  Battliyani  had  never  aimed  at 
the  complete  separation  of  Hungary  from 
Austria  ;  he  had  all  along  been  decidedly 
opposed  to  the  establishment  of  an  Hun- 
garian republic  ;  and  though  far  from  ap- 
proving the  principles  of  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment, he  had,  through  good  and  evil  report, 
supported  the  union  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, on  the  basis  of  the  constitution  of 
March  1848,  voluntarily  conceded  by  the 
empcror-king.  Why  then  was  he  sacri- 
ficed ?  The  time  has  not  arrived  when  this 
question  can  be  satisfactorily  answered.  But 
neither  the  nature  nor  the  manner  of  his 
trial,  nor  the  language  of  the  verdict,  has 
been  able  to  justify  the  "  deep  damnation  of 
his  taking-off."  In  the  absence  of  an  ad- 
equate motive  to  such  a  deed,  conjecture 
must  he  vain.  But  thus  much  may  be 
said,  that  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  con- 
stitutional government  had  procured  him 
much  ill-will  at  the  court  of  Vienna,  from 
those  who  were  bent  on  the  restoration  of 
the  despotic  system,  overthrown  in  1848  ;  and 
it  is  not  improbable  that,  buoyed  up  by  the 
success  that  had  followed  the  Russian  inva- 
sion in  1840,  they  took  occasion  to  strike, 
i  in  the  person  of  Batthyani,  at  all  who  might 
I  be  inclined  to  tread  in  his  footsteps ;  for 
despotic  governments  hold  in  especial  abhor- 
rence the  moderate  reformer. 

BATTIE,  William,  a  physician,  very 
skilful  in  the  cure  of  mental  aberrations  ; 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Mental  Madness," 
&c.    Born.  1708  ;  died,  177(5. 

BATTISIIILL,  JoNATHAX,  a  musical 
composer  of  some  note  ;  the  author  of  many 
deservedly  admired  anthems,  songs,  glees, 
&c.    Born,  17:58  ;  died,  1801. 

BAUDELOQUE.  Joii.v  Louis,  an  eminent 
French  surgeon  and  accoucheur,  whose  skill 
induced  Napoleon  to  appoint  him  principal 
midwife  to  the  empress  Maria  Louisa.  His 
works  on  midwiferv  are  much  esteemed. 
Bom,  1740  ;  died,  ISiO. 

BATJDIN,  Pkter  Charles,  a  member  of 
the  French  National  Assembly  and  Conven- 
tion ;  author  of  "  Anecdotes  sur  la  Consti- 
tution," &c.    Born,  17.51 ;  died,  1799. 

BAUDIUS,  Dominic,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Leyden,  and  historiographer  to 
the  states  ;  author  of  Latin  poems,  &c.  Sec. 
Born,  irw.l ;  died,  1613. 

BAUDOT  DE  JUILLT,  Nicholas,  a 
French  liistorian  ;  author  of  the  "  History  of 


81 


Catharine  of  France,  queen  of  England," 
&c.     Born,  ](!78  ;  died,  1759. 

BAUDOUIN,  Benedict,  a  French  divine 
of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  a  dissertation 
"  De  Itt  Chaussure  des  Anciens." 

BAUDIIAND,  Michael  ANxnoNY,  a 
French  geographer ;  author  of  a  "  Geogra- 
phical Dictionary."    Born,  lfi3.3  ;  died,  1700. 

BAUER,  Ferdinand,  a  German  artist, 
highly  distinguished  as  a  botanical  painter. 
He  came  to  England,  and  made  drawings  of 
the  exotic  plants  in  the  royal  gardens  of 
Kew  ;  and  was  engaged  as  drau^itsman  to 
accompany  Mr.  Robert  Brown,  in  Captain 
Flinders'  expedition  to  the  coast  of  New 
Holland,  between  1802  and  180"),  for  the 
purpose  of  making  drawings  there  from  the 
living  plants,  which  were  afterwards  pub- 
lished.   Died,  at  Vienna,  ISi'fi. 

BAUHINUS,  or  BAUIIIN,  John,  a 
French  physician  and  celebrated  botanist ; 
author  of"  Ilistoria  Plantarum,"  &c.  Born 
at  Basle,  1541 ;  died,  KUS. 

BAUHINUS,  or  BAUHIN,  Gaspard,  bro- 
ther of  the  above  ;  an  excellent  botanist, 
author  of  "  Institutionea  Anatomica;," 
"  Phytopinax,"  "Pinax,"  and  numerous 
other  works.    Bom,  1560  ;  died,  1624. 

BAULDRI,  Paul,  professor  of  sacred 
history  at  Utrecht ;  author  of  "  Chronolo- 
gical Tables,"  &c.    Bora,  10.39  ;  died,  1700. 

BAUME,  Anthony,  a  French  chemist ; 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Theoretical  and 
Experimental  Chemistry,"  "  A  Manual  of 
Pharmacy,"  &c.    Died,  1803. 

BAUME.. 1  AMES  Francis  de  la,  a  French 
divine  ;  author  of  "  The  Cliristiade,"  &c. 
Died,  1757. 

BAL'ME,  Nicholas  Augustus  de  la, 
marquis  of  Montrevel,  and  a  marshal  of 
France,  was  born  1030.  From  his  earliest 
youth  he  had  been  distinguished  by  his 
daring  valour,  and  had  frequently  braved 
death  in  the -field  of  battle  ;  but  such  was 
his  ridiculous  superstition,  that  on  the  con- 
tents of  a  salt-cellar  having  been  accidentally 
thrown  on  him,  he  instantly  exclaimed  that 
he  was  a  dead  man,  and  actually  expired 
from  the  terror  with  which  it  inspired  him. 
Died,  1716. 

BAUMER,  John  William,  a  German 
physician  ;  author  of  a  "  Natural  History  of 
the  ilineral  Kingdom,"  &c.  Born,  1719  j 
died,  1788. 

BAUMGARTEN,  Ale.tander  Gottlieb, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Odcr ;  author  of  "  Metaphysica,"  "Ethica 
Philosophica,"  &c.    Born,  1714  ;  died,  1702. 

BAUR,  Frederic  William  von,  a  Rus- 
sian general,  in  the  service  of  the  empress, 
Catharine  II.;  author  of  "  Memoires  llisto- 
riques  et  Geograpliiques  sur  la  Valachie," 
&c.     Died,  1783. 

BAUR,  John  William,  a  painter  of 
Strasburg  ;  chiefly  noted  for  his  architec- 
tural subjects.    Born,  1010  ;  died,  1040. 

BAWDWEEN,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine and  antiquary  ;  editor  of  two  volumes 
of  Doomsday  Book.    Died  in  1816. 

BAXTER,  Richard,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist divine  and  most  voluminous  writer. 
Foremost  among  his  most  popular  works  is 
the  "  Saint's  Everlasting  Rest."  In  108.5  he 
woa  tried  before  the  brutal  judge  Jefferies, 


BAX] 


^  ^ctt)  ^uibn-^aT  SStosraiJljjj. 


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grossly  insulted  by  him,  and  sentenced  to  fine 
and  imprisonment ;  but  the  punishment  was 
sliortly  after  remitted  by  the  king.  Born, 
1615  ;  died,  1691. 

BAXTER,  Andrew,  an  eminent  meta- 
physician, and  author  of  an  "  Enquiry  into 
the  Nature  of  the  Human  Soul,"  &c.  Bom 
at  Aberdeen,  1(587  ;  died,  17.50. 

BAYARD,  PiERKK  Du  Teukail,  Chevalier 
de,  a  noble  Frenchman  by  birth,  and  one  of 
the  bravest  military  leaders  of  the  IGth  cen- 
tury. So  admirable,  indeed,  was  his  cha- 
racter, that  he  universally  obtained  the  ap- 
pellation of"  the  Fearless  and  Irreproachable 
Knight."  Born,  1476  ;  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Rebec,  1521. 

BAYER,  Jonx,  a  German  astronomer  of 
the  17th  century  ;  author  of  "  Uranometria," 
a  celestial  atlas. 

BAYER,  TiiEOPiiiLUS  Sieofred,  a  Ger- 
man philologist ;  author  of  a  very  curious 
and  able  work,  entitled  "Musajum  Sini- 
cum."    Bom,  1694  ;  died,  1738. 

BAYEUX,  N.,  an  advocate  of  Caen  :  au- 
thor of  "  Reflections  on  the  Reign  of  Trajan," 
&c.  Put  to  death  iu  the  prison  of  Orleans, 
1792. 

BAYLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
writer,  philosopher,  and  critic  ;  author  of 
the  well-knowTi  "  Biographical,  Historical, 
and  Critical  Dictionary,"  and  of  several 
other  literarv,  philosophical,  and  theological 
works.     Born,  1647  ;  died,  170(5. 

BAYLE Y,  AxsELM,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  "  A  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Lan- 
guage," &c.  &c.    Died,  1791. 

BAYLEY,  the. Right  Hon.  Sir  John,  a 
learned  and  upright  judge,  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1792,  and  appointed  a  serjeant-at-law 
in  1799.  In  1808  he  was  made  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  King's  Bench,  and  received  i 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  a  man  | 
of  liberal  education  and  enlarged  notions  : 
to  a  most  benevolent  heart,  he  added  the  I 
dignified  manners  of  the  gentleman,  and  a 
degree  of  professional  erudition  that  placed 
him  in  the  first  rank  among  his  judicial 
compeers.  His  work  "on  the  Law  of  Bills 
of  Exchange "  has  long  been  a  standard 
book  in  the  profession,  and  its  value  in  the 
commercial  world  is  universally  acknow- 
ledged. On  his  retirement  from  the  bench, 
in  1834.  he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  privy 
council  and  created  a  baronet.  Died,  1841, 
aged  78. 

BAYLEY,  RicHARi*,  an  em.inent  Ameri- 
can physician,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  in 
1745.  After  studying  at  home,  he  completed 
his  professional  education  in  London,  and 
I  settled  at  New  York.  In  1792  he  was  ap- 
'  pointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  college 
of  Columbia,  where  he  acquired  great  cele- 
brity. In  1799  he  published  his  work  on 
yellow  fever,  wherein  he  proved  it  to  be  a 
local  malady.    Died,  1801. 

BAYLY,  Thomas  Haynes,  a  lyrical  poet 
of  some  merit,  and  the  autlior  of  several 
dramatic  pieces,  and  one  or  two  novels. 
Thougli  very  popular  in  his  own  day,  he 
was  far  too  light  and  merely  amusing  a 
writer  to  have  a  hold  upon  posterity  ;  and 
tlie  majority  of  his  writings  are  already 
rapidly  passing  into  oblivion.  Bora,  1797  ; 
died,  1839. 


82 


.  BAYLY,  Lewis,  bishop  of  Bangor ;  aur 
thor  of  "  Practice  of  Piety."    Died,  1()82. 

BAYLY,  ^^'ILIJAM,  an  astronomer,  who 
went  out  with  Capt.  Cook  in  the  last  twcj 
voyages  of  that  celebrated  cii-cumnavigator. 
Died,  1810. 

BEACON,  Thomas,  prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth; 
author  of  numerous  works  against  popery. 

BEARD,  John,  an  eminent  actor,  and 
the  successor  of  Rich,  as  manager  of  Covent 
Garden  Theatre.    He  died  in  1768,  aged  74. 

BEATON  or  BETHUNE,  a  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in  Scotland  ; 
whose  infamous  persecutions  of  his  Protest- 
ant countrymen  caused  tiim  to  be  assassin- 
ated in  his  castle,  in  1546. 

BEATON,  James,  nephew  of  the  above, 
and  bishop  of  Glasgow  ;  author  of  "  A  His- 
tory of  Scotland."    Bora,  1530  ;  died,  1603. 

BEATTIE,  James,  LL.D.,  a  celebrated 
Scotch  writer  ;  author  of  "  The  Minstrel," 
a  poem  ;  "  Elements  of  Moral  Science," 
"  Essay  on  Truth,"  and  various  other  works 
of  merit.    Bom  at  Laurencekirk,  1735  ;  died, 

BEATTY,  Sir  William,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
physician  to  Her  Majesty's  fleet,  and  also  to 
Greenwich  Hospital.  This  gentleman  had 
the  melancholy  duty  of  being  othcially  pre- 
sent during  the  last  moments  of  the  hero  of 
Trafalgar,  an  "  Authentic  Narrative  "  of 
whose  death  he  published.  He  was  knighted 
in  1831.    Died  March,  1842. 

BEAUCHAMP,  Josei-u,  a  French  astro- 
nomer and  Bernardine  monk,  born  at 
"Vesoul,  in  1752.  During  the  revolution 
he  was  employed  on  a  secret  mission  by 
Napoleon,  but  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  English,  they  delivered  him  up  to  the 
Turks,  by  whom  he  was  imprisoned  as  a  spy. 
He  was  subseouently  released,  and  died  at 
Nice,  1802. 

BEAUCHAl^IP,  Richard,  an  English 
prelate,  admirably  skilled  in  architectiu'e. 
He  was  surveyor  of  the  works  at  Windsor, 
and  rebuilt  the  chapel  there  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  The  great  hall  in  the  episcopal 
palace  of  Salisbury,  and  the  sepulchral  cha- 
pel in  the  cathedral,  are  also  monuments  of 
his  taste  and  science.    Died,  1481. 

BEAUCHATEAU,  Francis  Matthias 
Ciiatelet  de,  a  French  poet,  remarkable 
for  his  precocious  talents  ;  author  of  "  La 
Lyre  du  jeune  ApoUon,"  published  when  he 
was  only  twelve  years  old.  Born,  1C45 ; 
visited  England  in  1600,  and  went  to  Persia, 
where  he  died. 

BEAUCLERK,  Topham,  a  gentleman 
of  great  literary  talents,  and  a  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  who  said  that  "  Beauclerk's 
talents  were  those  which  he  had  felt  him- 
self more  inclined  to  envy  than  those  of 
any  one  else  he  had  ever  known."  Bora, 
1739  ;  died,  1780. 

BEAUFORT,  Henry,  the  half-brother  of 
HenrylV.  of  England,  was  a  cardinal,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom. He  was  proud,  aml)itious,  and  im- 
mensely rich  ;  but  the  hospital  of  St.  Cross, 
at  Winchester,  which  he  founded,  and  nu- 
merous charitable  bequests,  prove  that  his 
riches  were  ultimately  well  applied.  Died, 
1447.  I 


bea] 


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BEAUFORT,  Margaret,  countess  of 
Richmond  and  Derby,  inotlier  of  Henry  VII. 
SJie  founded  St.  John's  College  and  Cluisi's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  distinguished  her- 
self likewise  as  an  author.  Boru,  1441 ; 
died,  1.509. 

BEAUFORT,  Francis  dk  Vendomb, 
Duke  of,  son  of  Caesar,  duke  of  Vendome,  was 
imprisoned  by  Cardinal  Mazarin.  On  his 
escape,  he  broke  Out  into  open  violence,  but 
soon  succeeded  in  making  liis  peace,  and  was 
ajjpointed  admiral  of  France.  Killed  at  the 
siege  of  Candia,  IfWD. 

BEAUFORT,  Louis  de,  author  of  "  Dis- 
sertations upon  tlic  Uncertainty  of  the  First 
Five  Ages  of  the  Roman  Republic,"  and 
other  learned  works.    Died,  171>5. 

BEAUILVRNOIS,  Alexander  de,  a 
French  nobleman,  born  in  1760.  lie  took 
part  in  the  revolution,  and  after  having  been 
at  one  time  president  of  the  national  assem- 
bly, and  served  in  the  armies  of  France  w^ith 
distinction,  was  put  to  death  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  just  previous  to  the  fall  of 
RobeJi>ierre,  in  17D4.  His  widow,  JosErniNE, 
was  ai'tcrwards  wife  of  Buonaparte. 

BEAUIIARNOIS,  Francis,  Marquis  de, 
elder  brother  of  Alexander,  was  boni  in 
1750.  He  was  appointed  major-general  in 
the  army  of  the  rrince  of  Condi',  in  1792  ; 
protested  against  the  unlawful  treatment  of 
the  king,  in  a  letter  to  tlic  president  of  the 
national  assembly  :  and  when  Buonaparte 
became  first  consul,  he  exhorted  him  to  re- 
store the  sceptre  to  the  house  of  Bourbon. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Spain,  but  fell  into  disgrace 
with  Napoleon,  and  was  banished,    lie  re- 

I  turned  to  Paris  after  the  restoration,  and 

!  died  in  IK  19. 

I  BEAUIIARXOIS,  EiOE.VE  DE,  son  of 
Francis  above-mentioned,  was  born  in  1780  ; 

!  entered  the  army  early,  and  became  one  of 

I  Napoleon's  generals,  and  his  viceroy  in  Italy, 
which  oflice  he  filled  with  credit  and  distinc- 
tion, from  1805  to  1814  ;  when  on  his  patron's 

I  reverses  he  retired  to  Bavaria,  married  the 

j  king's  daughter,  was  made  duke  of  Lench- 
tenlierg,  and  died  at  Munich,  1824. 

BEAUIIARNOIS,  Uoktense  Eugenie, 
ex-queen  of  Holland,  and  duchess  of  St.  Leu, 
was  burn  at  raris,'in  175^,  being  the  daughter 
of  Viscount  Beauhamois  (who  perished  by 
the  guillotine  in  1794)  by  his  wife  Josephine, 
afterwards  the  consort  of  Napoleon.  Hor- 
tense  was  married  to  Louis  Buonaparte  in 
1802,  but  it  was  an  ill-starred  union,  and 
they  separated  in  1807,  after  she  had  given 
birth  to  three  sons  ;  the  eldest  of  whom 
(Napoleon  Charles)  died  in  childhood  ;  the 
second  (Napoleim  Louis)  was  killed  in  an 
insurrection  at  Romagna,  in  1832  ;  and  the 
youngest  (Louis  Napoleou)  is  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  French  republic,  established  in 
1848.     She  died  Oct.  5.  1837. 

BEAULIEU,  Sebastian  de  Pontaui.t 
DE,  a  celebrated  French  engineer  and  field- 
marshal  under  Louis  XIV. ;  author  of 
"  Views  and  Plans  of  the  Battles  ajid  Sieges 
ofLouis  XIV."    Died,  1C74. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  Pkter  Auoustin, 
Baron  de,  a  man  of  singular  versatility  of 
talent ;  a  politician,  an  artist,  a  merchant, 
and  a  dramatist.      He  was  author  of  the 


coiuedies  of  "  The  Barber  of  Seville,"  "  The 
Marriage  of  Figaro,"  &c.  ;  but  it  was  to  a 
luv\suit  that  he  was  first  indebted  for  his 
popularity  as  an  author  ;  the  memorials  and 
pUadiugs  which  he  drew  up  being  so  full  of 
vit,  satire,  and  sound  reasoning,  as  to  attract 
public  attention  in  an  extraordinary  degree. 
Brrn,  17:!2  :  died.  1799. 

BEAUMELLE,  Laukence,  a  French 
writer  and  critic ;  author  of  "  Letters  to 
Voltaire,"  of  whom  he  was  a  decided  oppo- 
nent ;  "  Commentary  on  the  Ueuriade,"  &c. 
Born,  1727  ;  died,  1773. 

BEAUMONT,  Sir  John,  a  judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas,  knighted  by  Charles  I.  ; 
author  of  "  Bosworth  Field,  a  poem,  &c. 
Born,  l.'R>2  ;  died,  1028. 

BEAUMONT,  Francis,  the  -celebrated 
English  dramatic  poet,  was  a  younger  bro- 
ther of  the  above  ;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
his  friend  Fletcher,  the  author  of  a  number 
of  excellent  plays.  They  were  both  admi- 
rable delineators  of  human  nature,  and  their 
contemporaries  preferred  their  dramas  even 
to  those  of  Shakspeare,  whom  they  evi- 
dently made  their  model ;  but  impartial 
posterity  has  reversed  this  decision,  and  ad- 
judged the  palm  to  the  bordof  Avon.  Born, 
1585  ;  died.  HUr,. 

BEAUMONT,  JosErii,an  English  divine, 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge  ; 
author  of  "Psyche,  or  Love's  Mystery,"  &c. 
Died,  1089. 

BEAUMONT  DE  PEREFIX,IIardouin, 
tutor  to  Louis  XIII.,  and  subsequently  arch- 
bishop of  Paris ;  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Henry  IV."    Died,  1070. 

BEAUMONT,  Ei.ie  de,  a  French  advo- 
cate, distinguished  for  his  memoir  in  iavour 
of  the  unfortunate  family  of  Calos.  Born, 
1732  i  died,  178.5.  "      - 

BEAU^IONT,  Madame  i.e  Princk  de,  a 
French  lady,  who  devoted  her  talents  to  tlie 
instruction  of  youth,  and  wrote  many  pleas- 
ing moral  works  ;  among  others,  "  Magaziii 
des  Adolescentes,"  "  Magazin  des  Jcuncs 
Dames,"  some  novels,  &c.  Born,  1711 ; 
died,  1780. 

BEAUMONT,  Sir  George,  bart.,  a  dis- 
tinguished amateur  artist,  and  a  great  patron 
of  art  and  artists,  was  boru  at  Dunmow, 
Essex,  in  1753  ;  died,  1827. 

BEAUMONT,  John  Thomas  Barber, 
well  known  as  the  founder,  and  many  years 
managing  director,  of  the  County  I  ire  Office, 
&c.,  was  bom  in  London,  in  1774,  his  pa- 
ternal name  being  Barber.  In  his  youth  he 
manifested  a  strong  desire  to  obtain  emi- 
nence as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  became 
an  author,  and  published  a  "  Tour  in  Wales," 
besides  several  tracts  upon  the  best  mode  of 
arming  the  population,  so  as  most  elfectually 
to  repel  the  threatened  Frcncii  invasion  j 
and  he  at  length  put  in  practice  what  he 
had  so  strenuously  recommended  to  others, 
by  organising  a  matchless  rifle  corps,  known 
by  the  name  of  the  "  Duke  of  Cumberland's 
ShariJ-shooters,"  of  which  corps  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  180.},  captain  commandant.  In 
1800  he  establislied  the  Provident  Institu- 
tion, which  gave  rise  to  the  various  similar 
establishments,  now  better  known  as  "sav- 
ings banks,"  throughout  the  kingdom.  He 
died  in  May,  1841,  having  bequeathed  the 


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[bec 


bulk  of  his  property  to  his  children,  except 
the  sum  of  ]0,000Z.  to  establish  a  philosoplii- 
cal  institutiou  ia  Beaumout  Square,  Mile- 
end. 

BEAUNE,  Flokimet  de,  a  French  ma- 
thematician ;  discoverer  of  a  method  to  de- 
termine the  nature  of  curves  by  the  proper- 
ties of  their  triangles.    Died,  1052. 

KEAURAIN,  JouN  de,  geographer  to 
Louis  XV.  ;  author  of  a  "  Description  of 
the  Campaigns  of  Luxembourg,  from  lOSK)  to 
1G94."     Born,  1G97  ;  died,  1771. 

BEAURIEU,  Gaspakd  Guillakd  de,  a 
French  writer ;  author  of  "  L'Elfeve  de  la 
Nature,"  &c.    Born,  1727  ;  died,  1795. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Isaac  de,  a  French  Pro- 
testant divine,  who  settled  at  Berlin,  and 
became  chaplain  to  the  king  of  Prussia  ; 
author  of  "  Defense  de  la  Doctrine  des  B,i- 
formes,"  and  many  other  valuable  works 
upon  theology.    Born,  10.^9  i  died,  1738. 

BEAUVAIS,  William,  author  of  a  work 
on  the  medals  of  the  Roman  empire.  Born, 
1(>98  ;  died,  1773. 

BEAUVALS,  Charles  Nicrolas,  a 
French  physician,  member  of  the  Convention 
at  the  revolution  ;  author  of  "  Essais  llisto- 
riquessurOrloans,"  &c.    Born,  1745  ;  d.  1794. 

BEAUVILLIERS,  Francis  de,  duke  de 
St.  Aignan,  a  soldier,  a  courtier,  and  poet, 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  Born,  1C07  ; 
died,  1(!87. 

BEAUVILLIERS.  Paul  de,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  highly  distinguished  for 
talents  and  probity.  He  lield  high  offices 
in  the  state,  and  shared  with  the  virtuous 
Archbishop  of  Cambray  in  the  education  of 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy.    Died,  1714. 

BE  AUZEE,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
critic  and  grammarian  ;  the  author  of  several 
works,  and  a  contributor  to  the  Encyclo- 
pudie.    Born,  1717  ;  died,  1789. 

BE  AA'^ER,  JoHjr,  a  monk  of  Westminster 
in  the  14th  century  ;  author  of  a  "  Chro- 
nicle of  the  Affairs  of  Britain,"  &c. 

BECCADELLI,  Louis,  an  Italian  eccle- 
siastic ;  preceptor  to  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Tuscany,  and  author  of  the  Lives  of  Cardi- 
nals Pole  and  Bembo.    Died,  1572. 

BECCADELLL  Antonio,  of  Palermo; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Alphonso,  king  of 
Arragon,"  &c.     Bom,  1374  ;  died,  1471. 

BECCARI,  Augustine,  the  first  Italian 
pastoral  poet.    Died,  1520. 

BECCARI,  James  Baetolomeo,  a 
Bolognese  physician  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Motion  of  Fluids,"  &c.  Born,  1G82  ; 
died,  17(56. 

BECCARIA,  Giovanni  Battista,  an  in- 
genious practical  philosopher,  wliose  whole 
life  was  devoted  to  the  study  of  physics. 
He  was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Palermo 
and  Rome,  and  publislied  several  works  of 
great  merit,  particularly  on  the  nature  of 
the  electric  iiuid.     Born,  1716  ;  died,  1781. 

BECCARIA,  C.ESAU  Bonesana,  Marquis, 
an  eminent  Italian  ;  author  of  the  celebrated 
"  Treatise  on  Crimes  and  Punishments,"  &c. 
Bom  at  Milan,  1735  ;  died,  1794. 

BECCUTI,  Francis,  surnamed  II  Cappita, 
an  Italian  poet.     Died,  1553. 

BECERRA,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  painter 
and  sculptor,  pupil  of  Raphael.  His  chef  d' 
oeuvre  is  a  statue  of  the  Virgin.    Died,  1570. 


BECKET,  Thomas  a,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  in  London  in  111".  He 
was  raised  to  the  very  liighest  offices  by 
Henry  II.,  but  the  latter  having  attempted 
to  encroacli  on  the  privileges  of  the  Oiurch, 
Becket  resisted ;  and  after  a  long  period  of 
mutual  contention,  during  part  of  which 
Becket  lived  in  exile,  the  king  apparently 
gave  way  ;  but  having  uttered  some  hasty 
expressions  respecting  him,  four  of  his  cour- 
tiers caught  them  up,  and  gave  effisct  to  tliem 
by  assassinating  Becket  at  the  altar  of  Can- 
terbury Cathedral,  in  1170.  After  his  death 
he  was  canonised. 

BECKFORD,  William,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable,  and  during  many  years  one  of 
the  most  remarked,  men  of  modem  times, 
was  the  son  of  tlie  well-known  Alderman 
Beckford,  of  London,  who  bequeathed  him 
West  Indian  and  otlier  property,  said  to 
amount  to  upwards  of  100,000Z.  per  annum. 
Mr.  Beckford  had  a  strong  passion  for  build- 
ing ;  and  in  erecting  the  much-talked-of 
Fonthill  Abbey,  he  himself  confessed  to  have 
spent  in  a  very  few  years  the  enormous  sum 
of  273,000Z.  1  •  Building,  however,  did  not 
alone  occupy  Mr.  Beckford.  An  excellent 
scholar,  and  possessed  of  a  fine  taste  in  almost 
every  branch  of  art,  he  collected  in  tlie  fan- 
tastic but  costly  "  Abbey  "  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  extensive  libraries  in  England,  and 
his  pictures  and  curiosities  were  almost  un- 
equalled. His  vast  expenses,  and  the  loss  in 
Chancery  of  a  large  portion  of  his  West 
Indian  property,  rendered  it  necessary  for 
him  to  sell  tlie  abbey,  and,  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions, all  its  rich  and  rare  contents,  in 
1822.  When  the  sale  was  announced,  public 
curiosity  was  so  generally  excited,  that  the 
enormous  number  of  7200  catalogues  were 
sold  at  one  guinea  each  1  Though  his  ec- 
centric and  more  than  princely  lavishness  of 
outlay  caused  Mr.  Beckford  to  be  much 
talked  of  both  here  and  in  Portugal,  where 
he  built  a  residence,  his  true  claim  to  any 
notice  here  rests  upon  his  undoubted  talents 
as  an  author  in  many  walks  of  literature, 
and  his  genius  as  displayed  in  the  wild  and 
singular  tale  of  "Vathek,"  which  is  so 
splendid  in  description,  so  true  to  eastern 
costume,  and  so  wild  and  vivid  in  imagina- 
tion, that  Lord  Byron  considered  it  difficult 
to  credit  that  it  was  written  by  a  European, 
and  said,  "  Even  Rasselas  must  bow  before 
it ;  the  Happy  Valley  will  not  bear  a  com- 
parison with  the  Hall  of  Eblis."  In  addition 
to  this  work,  upon  which  his  fame  securely 
rests,  Mr.  Beclcford  wrote  a  satirical  work, 
entitled  "Memoirs  of  Extraordinary  Paint- 
ers ;  "  "  Italy,  with  Sketches  of  Portugal  and 
Spain  ;  ■'  and  "  Recollections  of  an  Excursion 
to  the  Monasteries  of  Alcoba9a  and  Batalha." 
Died,  Mav  1844,  aged  84. 

BECKINGHAM,  Charles,  an  English 
dramatist  ;  author  of  "  Scipio  Africauus," 
a  tragedy,  &c.    Died,  1730. 

BECKMANN,  John  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Hanover,  and  a  professor  at  Gottingen, 
where  he  lectured  for  many  years  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  rural  and  political 
economy,  &c.  He  was  the  autlior  of  several 
works,  of  which  his  "History  of  Discov- 
eries and  Inventions  "  is  the  best  known. 
Born  1739  ;  died,  1811. 


M 


BECJ 


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BECLARD,  Pktek  Augustus,  an  emi- 
nent French  anatomist,  was  born  at  Angers, 
in  1785 ;  became  professor  of  anatomy  and 
physiology  at  Paris,  wliere  he  attained  the 
higliest  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  man 
of  science,  lie  wrote  "Anatomical  Me- 
moirs," &c.,  and  died  in  182.5. 

BEDE,  or  BEDA,' surnamed  "the  Vene- 
rable," an  ancient  JSnalish  monk,  and  the 
most  eminent  writer  of  his  time  ;  author  of 
an  "  Ecclesiastical  History  of  England,"  and 
other  valuable  works.    Bom,  C73  ;  died,  735. 

BEDELL,  Wii.i.iAM,  bishop  of  Kilmore 
and  Armagh  ;  greatly  reverenced  in  Ireland 
for  his  learning,  piety,  and  benevolence. 
Born,  1570;  died,  1041. 

BEDFORD,  HiLKiAii,  an  English  divine, 
who  was  heavily  fined  as  the  author  of 
"The  Hereditary  Right  of  the  Crown  of 
England  asserted,"  a  Jacobite  work,  which 
was  in  reality  written  by  George  Ilarbin. 
Died,  1724. 

BEDFORD,  Jony,  Duke  of,  third  son  of 
king  Henry  IV.  of  England  ;  and  one  of  the 
most  successful  commanders  ever  opposed 
to  the  French.  He  was  appointed  regent  of 
France  by  the  will  of  Henry  V.,  and  well  sus- 
tained the  glory  of  his  country  during  the 
arduous  struggle  there.    Died  at  Rouen,  143,5. 

BEDFORD,  John  Russell,  »Jth  duke  of 
Bedford,  K.  G.,  an  English  nobleman,  dis- 
tinguislied  even  among  his  own  distinguish- 
ed nice  for  practical  patriotism,  and  a  truly 
princely  patronage  of  the  fine  arts,  and  every 
brancli  of  industry  which  tends  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  social  condition.  A  mem- 
ber of  several  learned  societies,  and  eminent- 
ly versed  in  science  and  fond  of  literature, 
he  was  no  less  attached  to  agriculture,  to  the 
improvment  of  wliich  he  devoted  many  years 
and  large  sums  of  money.  Of  his  liberality, 
wlien  any  useful  object  was  in  view,  some 
opinion  may  l)e  formed  from  the  fact,  that 
he  expended  upwards  of  40,00<)/.  in  rebuilding 
Covent  Garden  Market,  in  such  a  style  as  to 
render  it  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  of  that 
part  of  the  metropolis.  In  politics  his  grace 
was  a  Whig  ;  but  his  whole  course  and  cha- 
racter were  such  as  to  procure  him  the  esteem 
of  men  of  all  parties,  and  to  obtain  for  him 
emphatically  the  really  honourable  title  of 
"  a  good  old  English  gentleman."  Bom, 
17(W', ;  died,  1839. 

BEDLOE,  William,  captain,  an  infamoua 
informer,  noted  for  his  perjuries,  and  re- 
warded with  5<tO/.  for  pretended  information 
respecting  a  popish  plot,  and  the  death  of 
Sir  Edmtmdbury  Godfrey.    Died,  1C80. 

BEECHEY,  Sir  William,  R.  A.,  an  emi- 
nent English  portrait-painter.  But  he  did 
not  wholly  confine  himself  to  that  branch  of 
the  art,  having  painted  some  historical  com- 
positions of  more  than  common  merit,  especi- 
ally his  "Iris  bearing  to  Somnus  the  com- 
mand of  Juno  to  warn  Alcyone  by  a  dream 
of  the  fate  of  her  husband  Ceyx."  His  chief 
excellence,  however,  lay  in  portrait-painting, 
to.which,  indeed,  he  chiefly  confined  himself, 
and  in  which  he  greatly  surpassed  most  of 
his  contemporary  artists  in  number.  Died, 
aged  80  years,  in  l&iO. 

BEETHOVEN,  Louis  vak,  one  of  the 
greatest  composers  in  modem  times,  was  born 
at  Bonn  on  the  Rhine,  in  1770.    At  the  age  of 


four  years  (such  was  his  precocity),  he  could 
play  admirably  on  the  piano,  and  in  his  ninth 
year  he  displayed  a  talent  for  improvisation 
which  has  never  been  surpassed.  Having 
gained  the  friendship  of  Haydn,  he  set  out 
for  Vienna,  where  he  resided  "the  greater  part  , 
of  his  life.  His  principal  works  are  the  ' 
oratorio  of  the  Momit  of  Olives  and  the  opera 
of  Fidelio  ;  but  the  grandeur  of  his  concep- 
tions and  his  skill  in  their  development  are 
equally  set  forth  in  his  orchestral  works,  in 
his  overtures,  and  more  especially  in  his  sym- 
phonies. For  nearly  the  last  twenty  yeara 
of  his  life  he  was  afflicted  with  incurable 
deafness ;  a  severe  infirmity  to  all,  but 
doubly  so  to  a  musician.    Died,  1827. 

BEiX)S  DE  CELLES,  Fuancis,  a  French 
Benedictine  monk  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Dialling,"  &c.    Born,  172(5 ;  died,  1779. 

BEGA,  Cornelus,  a  Dutch  painter, 
chiefly  of  cattle  and  landscapes.  Born ,  1G20 ; 
died,  1004. 

BEGEYN,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter ;  some  flue  pictures  by  whom  arc  at 
the  Hague.  

BEIIAIM,  or  BEHEM,  MAUTirr,  a  geo- 
grapher and  navigator  of  the  15th  century  ; 
said  to  have  discovered  the  Brazils  and  the 
Isle  of  Fayal,  and  to  have  sailed  as  far  as 
the  Straits  of  Magellan, 

BEHN,  AriiKA,  a  female  writer  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  of  considerable  ability, 
but  whose  works  were  remarkable  for  their 
disregard  of  decency  and  morals  ;  her  pro- 
ductions were  chiefly  poems,  novels,  and 
plays.    Died,  1G89. 

BEICII,  Joachim  Fkancis,  a  native  of 
Suahia,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  cattle  pieces 
and  landscapes.     Born,  KVW  ;  died,  1748. 

BEINASCHI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Piedmont,  an  eminent  historical  painter. 
Born,  103-t  ;  died,  1088. 

BEK,  or  BEAK,  Antitoxt  be,  bishop  of 
Durham,  a  bold  and  spirited  prelate,  who 
united  the  skill  and  courage  of  a  soldier  to  the 
austerity  of  a  divine.  He  led  the  van  of  the 
English  army  under  Edward  I.  in  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Scots ;  built  Barnard 
Castle  and  other  fortresses,  and  performed 
many  gallant  exploits  ;  but  at  length  broke 
his  heart  at  being  excommunicated  by  the 
Archlfishop  of  York,  in  1310. 

BEK,  David,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil  of 
Vandyke,  and  portrait  painter  to  Christina, 
queen  of  Sweden.     Born,  1021 ;  died,  ICW. 

BEKKHER,  Balthasar,  a  divine  of 
Amsterdam  ;  suspended  from  his  functions 
for  publishing  "  The  World  Bewitched,"  a 
refutation  of  the  popular  errors  in  witch- 
craft, &c.     Bora,  HW4  ;  died,  1098. 

BEKKER,  Elizabeth,  a  Dutch  lady  of 
considerable  merit  as  the  writer  of  works  of 
fiction  inculcating  the  purest  morals.  Born, 
1738  i  died,  1804. 

BEL,  JoHx  James  a  counsellor  of  Bor- 
deaux ;  compiler  of  the  "Dictionnaire  Nl'o- 
logique,"  and  author  of  "Letters  on  Vol- 
taire's Marianne,"  &c.    Died,  1738. 

BEL,  Matthias,  an  Ilungariun  divine, 
historiographer  to  the  emperor  Charles  VI. ; 
author  of  "  Apparatus  ad  lllstoriam  Hun- 
gariic,"  &c.     Born,  1084  ;  died,  1749. 

BFAj,  Charles  Andrew,  son  of  the  above, 
librarian    and   professor  of  poetry  to   the 


bel] 


^  ^£fio  Bnibtx^Kl  23icfffrajpTjg. 


[bel 


university  of  Leipsic.  Born,  1717  ;  died  by 
his  own  hand,  1782. 

BELESIS,  a  Chaldean,  wlio  raised  Arbaces 
to  the  tlirone  of  Media,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  government  of  Babylon. 

BELGRADO,  Jamks,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  antiquary,  and  mathema- 
tician ;  author  of  a  treatise,  entitled  "  The 
Existence  of  God  demonstrated  Geometri- 
eally,"  &c.    Born,  1704  ;  died,  1789. 

BELGR^INO.  Manukl,  an  active  partisan 
and  commander  in  tlie  cause  of  South  Ame- 
rican independence,  whose  disinterested  con- 
duct proved  highly  favoural)le  to  Buenos 
Ayres  and  the  neighbouring  states.  Died, 
1820. 

BELIDOR,  Bekxakd  Forest  de,  an 
emineut  French  engineer  and  mathemati- 
cian ;  author  of  "  Dietionnaire  portatif  de 
I'Ingenieur,"  &c.     Born,  1C95  ;  died  17G1. 

BELING,  Richard,  an  Irish  gentleman, 

who  took  part  in  the  rebellion  of  IGtl,  but 

recovered  his  estates    at    the  Restoration ; 

'  author  of  "Vindiciae  Catholicorum  Iliber- 

i  niae."    Born,  1(513  ;  died,  1G77. 

BELISARIU8,  a  celebrated  Roman  ge- 
neral, to  whom  the  emperor  Justinian  chiefly 
owed  the  splendour  of  liis  reign ;  and  by 
whose  skill  and  bravery  the  Persians,  Van- 
dals, Goths,  and  Bulgarians  were  succes- 
sively conquered.  Much  has  been  said  of 
the  emperor's  ingratitude  to  his  faithful 
general,  as  well  as  of  his  blindness  and  of  his 
being  reduced  to  beggary  ;  but  as  these 
stories  were  never  related  till  the  12th  cen- 
tury, there  is  every  reason  to  believe  them 
to  be  mere  Actions.    Died,  5C5. 

BELL,  Andrew,  D.D.  and  LL-D.,  an 
English  divine,  the  projector  and  founder  of 
those  excellent  establishments  called  Na- 
tional Schools  ;  author  of"  An  Experiment 
in  Education  at  the  Male  Asylum,  Madras," 
"Instructions  for  conducting  Schools  on  the 
Madras  System,"  &e.  &c.  Dr.  BcU  had 
acquired  considerable  property  in  the  East 
Indies,  and  had  some  lucrative  preferments 
in  this  country  ;  and  he  bequeathed  nearly 
all  that  he  possessed  to  institutions  con- 
nected with  education  and  literature.  Born, 
at  St.  Andrew's,  Scotland,  17.53  ;  died,  1832. 

BELL,  Bkaitpue,  a  learned  English  anti- 
quary of  the^  18th  cent.  He  bequeathed  his 
library  and  medals  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  had  received  his  education. 

BELL,  Benjamix,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  writer  on  surgery  ;  author  of  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Management  of  Ulcers,"  &c.  &c. 
Born,  at  Dumfries,  1719  ;  died,  1806. 

BELL,  Sir  Charles,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist and  professor  of  surgery  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  born  in  1774. 
In  180.')  he  came  to  London,  and  was  soon  dis- 
tinguished as  a  popular  lecturer  on  anatomy 
and  surgery,  at  the  academy  founded  by 
the  celebrated  Hunters  in  Windmill  Street, 
wliere,  as  subsequentlj',  when  appointed  a 
professor  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
the  benches  were  crowded  with  attentive 
auditors.  He  was  tlie  author  of  many  pro- 
fessional works  of  high  repute,  on  anatomy 
and  surgical  operations  ;  but  he  is  chiefly 
esteemed  for  his  discoveries  in  connection 
with  the  nerA'ous  system,  which  have  gained 
for  him  an  European  name.    On  the  acces- 


sion of  William  IV.  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  As  in  his  professional  career 
Sir  Charles  was  respected  for  his  great  talents, 
so  in  private  life  was  he  admired  for  the 
bland  simplicity  of  his  manners.  He  died, 
1842. 

BELL,  Hexrt,  the  first  successful  applier 
of  steam  to  the  purposes  of  navigation  in 
Europe,  was  born  in  Linlithgowshire,  in 
1767.  After  serving  an  apprentieesliip  to 
his  uncle,  who  was  a  millwright,  he  went  to 
London,  and  was  in  tlie  employ  of  Mr. 
Rennie,  the  celebrated  engineer  ;  but  it  was 
not  till  the  year  1812  tliat  he  produced  a 
vessel  calculated  to  establish  the  practica- 
bility and  important  uses  of  steam  naviga- 
tion. Mr.  Fulton,  an  American  engineer, 
had  launched  a  boat  upon  the  same  principle 
five  years  before,  which  had  performed  long 
voyages  upon  the  Hudson  river,  but  Bell 
must  be  at  least  allowed  the  praise  of  having 
done,  in  his  own  country,  what  all  other 
men  had  failed  in  doing.  He  died,  at 
Helensburgh,  in  1&30. 

BELL,  James,  an  eminent  geographical 
writer,  was  born  at  Jedburgh,  in  1709.  He 
was  brought  up  as  a  weaver,  and  Itecame  a 
manufacturer  of  cotton  goods  at  Glasgow  ; 
but  left  that  business,  and,  being  an  indefa- 
tigable student,  became  a  teacher  of  the 
classics  to  young  men  preparing  for  the 
university.  '  He  was  the  author  of  "  A  Sys- 
tem of  Popular  and  Scientific  Geography," 
in  6  vols.  ;  "A  Gazetteer  of  JEugland  and 
Wales,"  &c.    Died,  1833. 

BELL,  John,  of  Antermony,  Scotland, 
author  of  "Travels  from  St.  Petersburgh 
to  various  Parts  of  Asia  ;  "  was  attached  as 
surgeon  to  an  embassy,  first  from  Russia  to 
Persia,  and  afterwards  to  another  from 
Russia  to  Cliina,  tlirough  Siberia  ;  of  which 
his  "Travels"  fnrnisli  an  interesting  ac^ 
count.    Born,  1691  ;  died,  1780. 

BELL,  John,  a  distinguished  surgeon  in 
Edinburgh,  and  the  author  of  numerous 
professional  works  of  high  merit,  was  born 
in  1762  ;  died,  at  Rome,  in  1820. 

BELL,  Jo}ix,  an  active  and  intelligent 
London  tradesman ;  the  publisher  of  an 
embellished  edition  of  "  The  British  Poets," 
in  109  vols.,  and  the  projector  and  original 
proprietor  of  "  Tlie  Weekly  Messenger." 
Born,  1746  ;  died,  1831. 

BELLAMY,  James,  a  Dutch  poet,  whose 
patriotic  songs  and  other  lyrics  are  highlj' 
and  deservedly  esteemed.  Bom,  1752  ;  died, 
1G21. 

BELLARMIN,  Robert,  a  learned  cardi- 
nal ;  author  of  nimierous  controversial 
works,  remarkable  for  their  zealous  oppo- 
sition to  the  reformed  religion.  Born,  1542  ; 
died,  1621. 

BELL  AY,  Joachim  du,  often  called  the 
French  Ovid  and  Catullus  ;  author  of  Latin 
and  French  poems.    Born,  1524  ;  died,  1560. 

BELLAY,  John  du,  archbishop  of  Paris, 
and  subsequently  a  cardinal  ;  autiior  of  an 
"  Apology  for  Francis  I.  ; "  "  Epigrams," 
&c.    Born,  1492  ,-  died,  1560. 

BELLE,  Stephen  de  la,  a  Florentine 
engraver,  whose  works  are  highly  esteemed. 
Born,  1610  ;  died,  1664. 

BELLEGABDE,  John  Baptist  Morvan 
de,  a  French  Jesuit,  expelled  from  tlie  60- 


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fsEM 


ciety  for  Cartesianism;  translator  of  St.  Cliry- 
Bostom,  Tliomas  Ji  K-cmpis,  &c.    Died,  1734. 

BELiLEISLE,  Chakles  Louis  Augus- 
TCs  FouQUKT,  Couut  dc,  a  French  mar- 
shul,  whose  talents  and  eminent  successes 
were  rewarded  by  his  sovereign,  Ix>uis  XV., 
with  tlie  highest  diguitiud.  Bum,  1064 ; 
died,  1701. 

BEO.ENDEN,  William,  a  Scottish 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  distinguished  for 
the  purity  of  his  Latin  compositions. 

BELLIAKD,  Auch'stin  Daniel,  Count 
de,  a  distinguished  French  general  and  di- 
plomatist, was  born  in  1773,  in  I<a  Vendee. 
Ue  entered  tlie  military  service  early,  and 
was  soon  made  an  officer  of  Dumourier's 
staff:  he  afterwards  served  with  Buonaparte 
j  in  Italy  and  Egypt ;  au<l,  returning  from  the 
latter  country,  he  partieij)ated  in  the  vic- 
tories of  Ulm  and  Austerlitz,  and  fought 
in  all  the  great  battles  in  the  war  with 
Prussia.  Ue  next  wont  to  Spain  ;  but  in  1812 
joined  the  army  destined  for  the  invasion 
I  of  Kussia,  and  particularly  distinguished 
!  himself  in  the  battle  of  Moskwa.  At  Lcip- 
I  sic,  a  cannon-ball  carried  away  Ids  arm. 
I  After  Napoleon's  abdication,  he  was  made 
a  peer  of  I'rance,  and  major-general  of  the 
army  under  the  Duke  de  Berri.  When  the 
Emperor  returned  from  Elba,  he  dispatched 
Bclliard  to  king  Joachim  at  Najjles,  but  the 
vussel  was  intercepted  by  a  British  ship, 
and  driven  back  to  France.  On  the  return 
of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
imprisoned,  but  soon  taken  into  favour 
again.  When  Louis  Pliilipi-c  ascended  the 
throne,  he  sent  Bclliard  to  Berlin,  to  treat 
respecting  the  acknowledgment  of  the  new 
dynasty  ;  and  during  his  embassy  to  Brus- 
sels, he  contributed  more  than  any  other 
diplomatist  to  the  formation  of  the  new  Bel- 
gian goveniment.     He  died  in  1832. 

BELLIEV'KE,  PoiiroNius  de,  a  French 
statesman,  ckancellor  to  Henry  iv.  Born, 
152!)  ;  died,  1607. 

BELLIN,  James  NicnoLAS,  a  French 
geographer  ;  author  of  "  Hydrograpliie 
Fran^oise,"  &c.     Died,  1772. 

BELLINI,  Gentile,  an  eminent  Venetian 
painter,  employed  to  adorn  the  council 
hall  of  that  republic.    Died,  1301. 

BELLINI,  John,  brother  and  assistant 
of  the  above  ;  and  the  instructor  of  Titian 
and  Giorgione.    Died,  1512. 

BELLINI,  Laurence,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian ;  author  of  several  anatomical  and  me- 
dical works  in  Latin.    Bom,  ltj43  ;  died,  1702. 

BELLINI,  VixcENZo,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sical composer,  was  born  at  Catania  in  Sicily, 
in  180().  He  was  educated  at  Naples  under 
Zingarelli,  and  before  he  had  completed  his 
20th  year  he  had  produced  "  Bianco  e  Fer- 
nando "  at  the  tlieatre  San  Carlo.  This  was 
sticceeded  by  various  others,  of  which  "  II 
Pirati,"  "La  Somnambula,"  "Norma,"  and 
"  I  Puritani,"  are  the  best,  and  have  gained 
for  him  au  undying  celebrity.  His  moral 
character  stood  high,  and  liis  manners  and 
compositions  were  in  harmonious  accord- 
ance :  agreeable,  tender,  and  elegant.  Died, 
near  Paris,  September  23(1,  1835. 

BELLMAN,  Chakles  Micu.vel,  a  Swe- 
dish poet,  patronised  by  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  ;  and  the  most  original,  while  strictly 


87 


national,  poet  of  Sweden.  Bora,  1741 } 
died,  1795. 

BELLONI,  Jerome,  a  celebrated  Roman 
banker,  created  a  nianiuis  by  pope  Bene- 
dict XIV. ;  author  of  au  "  Essay  on  Com- 
merce."   Died,  17C0. 

BELLOKI,  John  Peter,  a  celebrated 
Italian  antiquary  and  connoisseur  in  the 
polite  arts;  author  of  "Lives  of  Modern 
Painters,  Architects,  and  Sculptors,"  &c. 
Died,  WJd. 

BELLOTI,  Peter,  on  Italian  painter, 
chiefly  of  portraits.     Born,  1025  ;  died,  1700. 

BELOSIELSKY,  Prince, a  llussian  noble; 
author  of  "  Pqcsies  Francoises  d'un  Prince 
Etranger,"  &c.    Died,  1800. 

BEJ  .ON,  Peter,  a  French  physician  and 
traveller  ;  author  of  some  able  works  on 
natural  history,  and  of  a  "  Description  of 
Palestine,  Greece,  and  Arabia."  Assassin- 
ated in  France,  IM'A. 

BELSHAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Unita- 
rian divine  ;  author  of  a  discourse  "  On  the 
Importance  of  Faith,  and  the  Duty  of 
making  Open  Professions  of  it,"  &c.  Died, 
to  his  80th  year,  1825). 

BELSHAM,  William,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  eminent  writer;  author  of  "Es- 
says, Political  and  Literary,"  "  History  of 
Great  Britain,  from  the  Revolution  to  the 
Treaty  of  Amiens,"  in  12  vols.  8vo.,  &c. 
Died,  aged  75,  in  1827. 

BELSUNCE, Hknky Francis  Xavierde, 
a  French  prelate,  celebrated  for  the  courage 
and  benevolence  displayed  by  him  when  the 
plague  ravaged  Marseilles  in  1720  ;  author  of 
"  L  liistoire  des  Evi'ques  de  Marseilles," 
Sec.     Born,  1671  ;  died,  1755. 

BELUS,  celebrated  in  profane  history  as 
the  founder  of  the  Babylonian  empire.  He 
was  deilied  after  his  death,  and  a  temple 
was  erected  to  him  at  Babylon.  He  is,  pro- 
bably, the  Baal  of  Phoenicia  and  the  Nirarod 
of  Scripture.    Flourished  in  1322,  n.c. 

BELYN,  a  British  prince  and  commander 
under  Caractacus. 

BELZONI,  JouN  Baptist,  an  enterprising 
traveller,  whose  researches  in  Egypt  exhibit 
praiseworthy  industry,  and  have  been  of 
great  service  to  those  engaged  in  the  study 
of  its  antiquities,  was  born  at  Padua.  He 
came  to  England  in  1803  ;  and  becoming 
involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties  while  re- 
siding in  London,  he  obtained  a  livelihood 
by  the  display  of  feats  of  strength  and  ac- 
tivity at  Astley's  Amphitheatre  ;  for  which 
his  colossal  stature  and  extraordinary  mus- 
cular powers  eminently  qualified  him.  At 
length  he  left  this  country,  and  entered  on 
his  travels  through  Egypt,  in  1815.  In  1816 
he  sent  the  busts  of  Jupiter  Memnon,  &c.  to 
the  British  Museum  ;  published  a  narrative 
of  his  operations  in  1820  ;  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  exhil)ited  a  model  of  a  splendid 
tomb  which  he  had  discovered  near  Thebes. 
But,  while  making  preparations  for  passing 
from  Benin  to  Houssa  and  Timbuctoo,  he 
was  attacked  with  dysentery,  and  died  at 
Gato,  in  1823. 

BEMBO,  Peter,  a  noble  Venetian  and 
poet ;  secretary  to  Leo  X.,  and  promoted 
to  be  bisliop  of  Bergamo  and  a  cardinal  by 
Paul  III. ;  author  of  a  History  of  Venice, 
&c.    Born,  1470  ;  died,  1547. 


ben] 


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[ben 


BENBOW,  Joiiy,  a  brave  English  admi- 
ral, born  at  Shrewsbury,  iu  1650.  His  skill 
and  valour  in  an  action  with  a  Barbary 
pirate  of  superior  force,  gained  him  the  con- 
fidence of  the  nation,  and  he  was  soon  en- 
trusted with  a  fleet.  In  1702,  during  an  en- 
gagement with  the  French  admiral,  Du 
Casse,  in  the  West  Indies,  he  had  his  leg 
carried  away  by  a  chain  shot ;  and  at  this 
critical  instant  several  of  his  captains  having 
signed  a  paper  declaring  that  "  nothing  was 
to  be  done,"  the  enemy  effected  his  escape. 
Benbow  brought  the  delinquents  to  a  court- 
martial,  and  two  were  shot ;  but  the  effects 
of  his  wound,  and  the  vexation  he  suffered, 
caused  his  death. 

BENCIO,  Francis,  an  Italian  Jesuit; 
author  of  Latin  poems,  &c.    Died,  1594. 

BENEDETTO,  Castiglione,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  pastoral  scenes.  Born, 
1616  i  died,  1670. 

BENEDICT,  St.,  the  founder  of  the  first 
religious  order  in  the  West,  was  born  in 
Spoleto,  in  480  ;  and,  retiring  to  a  cavern 
when  only  14  years  of  age,  his  fame  for 
pious  austerities  brought  him  numerous  fol- 
lowers: the  monastery  of  Monte  Cassino, 
near  Naples,  was  founded  by  him  ;  and  the 
order  of  St.  Benedict  thenceforward  estab- 
lished. 

BENEDICT  XIV.,  Prospeh  Lamber- 
TiNi,  the  successor  of  pope  Clement  XII., 
was  a  great  patron  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
an  enactor  of  good  laws,  and  one  who 
strove  to  maintain  purity  of  doctrine  and  of 
manners  by  setting  a  worthy  example  in  his 
own  person.  Born,  at  Bologna,  in  1C75  ; 
died,  1758. 

BENEDICT,  an  English  abbot  of  a  noble 
family  in  Northumberland.  He  introduced 
chanting  in  choirs.    Died,  1703. 

BENEVUTI,  Charles,  a  Jesuit ;  author 
of  "  Reflections  on  Jesuitism,"  &c.  Born, 
1716  ;  died,  1789. 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  an  American  phi- 
lanthropist ;  author  of  "  A  Caution  to  Great 
Britain  and  her  Colonies,"  "  Historical  Ac- 
count of  Guinea,"  &c.    Died,  1784. 

BENGER,  Elizabeth  Ooilvy,  a  lady  of 
strong  intuitive  genius  ;  author  of  "  Biogra- 
phical Memoirs;"  historical  accounts  of 
"Anne  Boleyn,"  "Mary,  Queen  of  Scots," 
and  of  the  "  Queen  of  Bohemia."  Died, 
1827. 

BENI,  Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  philo- 
loger  ;  author  of  "  Remarks  on  Ariosto  and 
Tasso,"  &c.     Died,  1627. 

BENJAMIN  OF  Tcdela,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest travellers  of  the  middle  ages  who  visited 
the  central  regions  of  Asia  ;  author  of  a 
Hebrew  work  of  travels,  which,  though  in- 
teresting and  romantic,  is  remarkable  cliiefly 
for  its  misrepresentations.    Died,  1173. 

BENINI,  Vincent,  a  learned  Italian 
physician  ;  author  of  "  Notes  on  Celsus," 
&c.    Born,  1713;  died,  1764. 

BENNET,  CHuisTopHER,an  English  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Tabidorum  Theatrum, 
seu  Phthisios,"  &c.    Died,  1685. 

BENNET,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington,  one 
of  the  cabinet  council  of  Charles  II.,  known 
in  history  by  the  name  of  the  Cabal.  Born, 
1618  ;  died,  1685. 

BENNET,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  ; 


author  of  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  an  Essay  on 
the  TJiirty-nine  Ai-ticles,  &.c.  Born,  ,1673; 
died,  1720. 

BENNINGSEN,  Levin  Augustus,  Baron, 
an  eminent  Russian  general,  was  bom 
in  Hanover,  in  1745 ;  entered  the  service  of 
Catharine  II.,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
great  gallantry  in  the  war  against  Poland. 
He  was  commander-in-chief  at  the  mur- 
derous battle  of  Eylau.  In  1813,  he  led  a 
Russian  army  into  Saxony,  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Leipsic,  and  blockaded  Hamburg. 
Died  in  1826. 

BENNITSKI,  Alexander  Petrovitscu, 
a  Russian  poet;  author  of  "Komala,"  a 
poem  ;  a  translation  of  Ossian,  &c.  Born, 
1780  ;  died,  1808. 

BENOIT,  Elias,  a  learned  Protestant 
divine ;  pastor  of  the  church  of  Delft ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes." 
Born,  1640  ;  died,  1723. 

BENSERADE,  Isaac  de,  a  poet  at  the 
court  of  Louis  XIV.,  born  iu  1612,  was  pa- 
tronised by  Richelieu,  Mazarin,  and  the 
king.  His  madrigals,  sonnets,  and  songs, 
as  well  as  his  wit  and  general  conversational 
powers,  rendered  him  a  great  favourite  ;  and 
he  was  called,  by  way  of  eminence,  "  le  po&te 
de  la  cour."    Died,  1691. 

BENSON,  George,  a  dissenting  minister  ; 
author  of  a  "  Defence  of  the  Reasonableness 
of  Prayer,"  and  various  other  religious  and 
controversial  tracts.    Bom,  1669;  died,  1762. 

BENT,  John  van  der,  a  Dutch  land- 
scape painter,  pupil  of  Vandervelde  and 
Wouvennans.    Bom,  1650  ;  died,  1690. 

BENTII  AM,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventrj%  in  the  reign  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth ;  author  of  an  "Exposition  of  the  Acts 
of  the  Apostles,"  &c.    Died,  1578. 

BENTHAM,  Edward,  an  English  divine, 
prebend  and  treasurer  of  Hereford ;  author 
of  some  religious  tracts  and  sermons.  Bora, 
1707  ;  died, 1776. 

BENTHAM,  James,  an  English  divine 
and  antiquary,  brother  of  the  last  named  ; 
author  of  the  "History  and  Antiquities  of 
the  Church  of  Ely."    Died,  1794. 

BENTHAM,  Jeremy,  a  distinguished 
jurist  and  political  writer,  and  the  father  of 
that  class  of  political  economists  styled 
Utilitarians,  whose  doctrine  it  is  to  view 
every  thing  according  as  it  is  affected  by  the 
principle  of  "  the  greatest  happiness  of  the 
greatest  number."  His  published  works  are 
numerous,  and  those  which  remain  in  MS. 
or  unpublished,  though  printed,  still  more 
so.  But  a  very  difficult  and  prolix  style  has 
rendered  him  rather  the  instructor  of  writers 
than  of  the  reading  public  in  general ;  and 
his  works,  which  have  been  translated  into 
many  languages,  are  better  known  and  ap- 
preciated on  the  continent  than  in  England. 
He  was  a  man  of  primitive  manners,  un- 
blemished character,  and  zealously  alive  to 
what  he  considered  the  interest  of  the  people 
at  large.     Born,  1749  ;  died,  1832. 

BENTINCK,  William,  first  earl  of  Port- 
land, was  the  son  of  noble  Dutch  parents, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  William  III., 
whom  he  accompanied  to  England.  He 
was  employed  on  various  diplomatic  mis- 
sions, and  rewarded  with  an  earldom. 
Died,  1709. 


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a  §m  Bnibtv^nl  •BiflfirapT)?). 


[bek 


BENTINCK,  William    Henry  Cavev- 
nisH,  third  duke  of  Portland,  was  born  iu 
IT.iS.    During  the  American  war  he  acted 
with    the    Oiipositiin,    and    was  appointed 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1782,  but  con- 
tinued in    that    office    only  three  months, 
I  owing  to  the  breaking  up  of  the  administra- 
tion by  the  death  of  the  Marquis  of  Uock- 
I  ingham.      In  17y2  he  was  appointed  chan- 
j  cellor  of  Oxford,  and  soon  after  joined  Mr. 
Pitt's  party.      He  held  the  office  of  home 
secretary  from  1794  to  1801,  and  succeeded 
Lord  Greiiville  as  first  lord  of  the  Treasury 
in  1807,  but  shortly  after  resigned  it,  and 
died  in  1H08. 

BENTINCK,  Lord  Georoe,  a  statesman  of 
great  ability  and  still  greater  promise,  which 
his  untimely  death  unhappily  deprived  of 
fulfilment,  was  the  second  son  of  the  fourth 
i  Duke  of  Porlland"  by  Henrietta,  daughter 
j  and  co-heiress  of  Major-General  Scott   of 
Balcomie,  and  the  sister  of  Viscountess  Can- 
ning, and  was  bom  on  the  27th  of  Feb.  1802. 
I  Lord  George  was  for  some  time  at  Eton,  and 
j  completed  his  education    at    Christchurch, 
t)xford.    After  leaving  the  University,  he 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  Guards,  and  in 
I  this  corps  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain,  re- 
I  tiring  from  the  army  with  the  rank  of  major. 
j  In  1828  he  was  elected  for  King's  Lynn  ;  and 
I  continued  to  represent  that  constituency  for 
j  20  years.      He  had  previously  acted  as  pri- 
I  vate    secretary  to    his  uncle   by  marriage, 
j  George  Canning,  when  prime  minister  ;  and 
in  that  capacity  he  exhibited  abilities  which 
gave  high  satisfaction  to  his  distinguished 
kinsman.    Lord  George,  from  his  youth,  took 
a  great  interest  in  field  sports,  and  for  a  long 
time  was  known  as  one  of  the  principal 
patrons  of  the  turf  in  the  kingdom.    In  all 
racing  matters,  indeed,  he  was  a  leading 
authority,  and,  under  his  superintendence, 
some  excellent  regulations  were  established 
at  the  principal  racing  meetings  in  England. 
On  first  entering  parliament  he  may  be  con- 
sidered to  have  been  one  of  the  moderate 
!  Whig  school.    One  of  his  first  votes  was  for 
I  Catholic  Emancipation  ;  and  he  voted  for  the 
principle  of  the  Reform  Bill,  but   opposed 
some  of  the  principal  details  in  committee. 
Soon  after  he  joined  the  ranks  of  the  Couserv- 
I  ative  party,  voting  with  them  on  important 
:  questions,  but  seldom  addressing  the  House. 
i  1 1  was  the  events  of  the  year  1840,  when  Sir 
Ilohert  Peel  gave  in  his  adhesion  to  free  trade 
in  corn,  that  first  brought  Lord  George  Ben- 
tiuck  prominently  forward  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  developed  the  latent  energies 
[  of  iiis  mind  and  character.  The  Protectionist 
j  party  thus  suddenly  deprived  of  its  head 
i  staggered  beneath  the  blow  ;  but  the  daunt- 
i  lesi  earnestness,  indomitable  perseverance, 
j  and  unflinching  courage,  which  Lord  George 
;  suddenly  displayed  in  this  emergency,  joined 
t  J  the  mass  of  well-digested  statistics  whicli 
I  he  brought  to  bear  on  the  subject  in  debate, 
I  readily  obtained  for  him  the  unconditional 
I  leadership  of  his    party,  which  under  his 
!  guidance  once  more  started  into  life.    From 
;  that  period  he  abandoned  his  sporting  pur- 
j  suits,  and  sold  otf  his  stud,  devoting  himself 
entirely  to  politics.    The  change  was  great 
and  unexpected,  but  it  was   complete    and 
i  permanent.    Hi3  dislike  of  Sir  Kobert  Peel 


was  decided  and  undisguised.  He  accused 
liim  of  tergiversation,  and  of  being  one  of 
those,  who  "had  hounded  to  the  death  his 
illustrious  relative,"  Mr.  Canning.  But  liis 
hostility  was  principally  shown  in  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  free-trade  policy  of  the  Peel 
ministry.  On  other  questions  Lord  George 
pursued  an  independent  course.  He  ditfered 
from  the  majority  of  his  party  on  the  question 
of  civil  and  religious  liberty;  he  supported 
the  Jewish  Relief  Bill,  his  vote  on  which  was 
followed  by  his  withdrawal  from  the  nominal 
leadership  of  the  Protectionist  party,  though 
he  remained  its  acknowledged  head  ;  and  he 
was  favourable  to  the  payment  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  by  the  landowners  in  Ireland. 
Few  public  events  occasioned  more  general 
surprise  than  the  short  period  of  time  in 
which  Lord  George  Bentinck  built  up  his 
parliamentary  character.  What  he  might 
have  been  in  power  no  man  can  tell ;  but 
the  industry,  straight-forwardness,  .and  in- 
telligence which  he  displayed  during  the 
brief  period  of  his  leadership,  warrant  the 
belief  that,  had  his  life  been  spared,  he  would 
have  gained  a  distinguished  place  among  the 
highest  and  most  disinterested  of  England's 
statesmen.  Died  suddenly  of  disease  of  the 
heart,  Sept.  21.  1848. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Cornklio,  a  cardinal, 
poet,  and  patron  of  the  fine  arts,  was  born  at 
Ferrara,  1088  ;  and  died  at  Rome,  1707. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Gi  iDO,  a  celebrated 
cardinal,  and  legate  at  the  court  of  France. 
He  was  an  able  politician  and  historian. 
Among  other  works  he  wrote  "A  History 
of  the  Civil  Wars  of  Flanders,"  "  Memoirs,'' 
&c.    Born,  1579  ;  died,  1041. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Herciilrs,  a  poet  and 
diplomatist,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1606, 
and  died  in  1573. 

BENTLEY,  RicnARD,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine,  and  highly  accomplished  classical 
scholar;  master  of  Trinitv  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  archdeacon  of  l!ly.  His  editions 
of  Horace,  Terence,  and  Phyedrus  ;  and  his 
part  in  the  controversy  on  the  genuine- 
ness of  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris,  dis)>lay  vast 
erudition  and  sagacity.  Born,  1001 ;  died, 
1742. 

BENTLEY,  Richard,  son  of  the  above,  a 
dramatic  writer  ;  author  of  "The  Wishes," 
and  other  dramas,  &c.    Died,  1782. 

BENYOWSKY,  Maurice  Augustus, 
Count,  a  native  of  Hungary,  who,  after 
serving  in  the  imperial  armies,  joined  the 
Polish  nobility,  and  fought  against  Russia 
for  their  independence,  but  was  taken  pri- 
soner and  exiled  to  Kamtschatka.  From 
that  remote  region,  however,  he  escaped ; 
and  after  various  fortunes,  he  was  sent  out 
by  the  French  to  Madagascar,  the  sove- 
reignty of  which  island  lie  afterwards  at- 
tempted to  assume.  He  was  slain  in  an  ac- 
tion with  the  French,  1786. 

BERCHTOLD,  Leopold,  Count,  a  dis- 
tinguished philantliropist,  was  l>orn  in  17.'>8. 
He  spent  la  years  of  his  life  in  travelling 
through  Europe,  and  4  in  travelling  through 
Asia  and  Africa,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
assuaging  human  misery  In  its  direst  forms, 
and  leaving  rio  method  unattempted  that 
humanity  or  patriotism  could  suggest.  He 
at  length  fell  a  victim  to  a  contagious  fever, 


ber] 


^  0m  miiihtv^^a  Btccprajpl^j). 


[ber 


at  Ills  palace  of  Buchlowitz,  in  Moravia, 
whicJi  he  liad  fitted  up  as  an  hospital  for  the 
reception  of  the  sick  and  wounded  Austrian 
soldiers.     Died,  180!). 

BEREXGARIUS,  or  BEREN^GER,  a 
French  divine  of  the  11th  century,  born  at 
Tours,  wliose  denial  of  transubstantiation 
was  condemned  at  Rome.  He  underwent 
much  persecution,  recanted,  and  again  re- 
turned to  his  opinions.     Died,  1088. 

BERENGER  I.,  king  of  Italy,  who  as- 
sumed the  sovereignty  on  the  death  of 
Charles  I.,  in  888.  He  was  defeated  by 
Rodolph  of  Burgundy,  in  922,  and  shortly 
afterwards  assassinated. 

BERENGER  II.,  became  king  of  Italy  in 
950  ;  but  was  subsequently  deposed  for  his 
tyranny,  and  died  in  confinement  in  Ger- 
many. 

BEREXGER,  .James,  a  celebrated  anato- 
mist and  physician  of  the  ICtli  century,  born 
at  Carpi,  in  Italy,  and  died  at  Ferrara,  1550. 
He  made  several  important  anatomical  dis 
coveries,  and  is  said  to  be  the  first  who  used 
mercury  in  svphilitic  diseases. 

BERENGER,  Laukence  Peter,  a  native 
of  Provence,  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Orleans 
previous  to  the  revolution  ;  and,  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  professor  at  the 
Lyceum  of  Lyons,  and  inspector  of  aca- 
demies; author  of  "  Les  Soirees  Proven^ales," 
&c.    Died.  1822. 

BERENGER,  Peter,  a  pupil  of  Abelard, 
and  author  of  an  apology  for  that  celebrated 
and  unfortunate  person. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus,  and  wife  of  Antiochus,  king  of 
Syria.  She  was  deserted  by  her  husband  in 
favour  of  his  former  wife  Laodice,  by  wliose 
orders  she  was  strangled  in  her  retirement  at 
Antioch,  B.C.  248. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Aule- 
tes,  king  of  Egypt.  She  usurped  her  father's 
throne,  and  put  her  first  husband  to  death  ; 
but  the  Romans  replaced  Ptolemy  on  his 
throne;  and  he  caused  his  rebellious  daughter 
to  be  executed. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  Agrippa,  king 
of  Juda;a,  and  wife  of  her  father's  brother, 
-Herod,  who  was  made  king  of  Chalcis  by 
the  emperor  Claudius.  Becoming  a  widow, 
she  gave  her  hand  to  Folemon,  king  of 
Cilicia,  but  she  soon  deserted  him,  and 
became  the  mistress  of  Titus,  who,  it  was 
thought,  would  have  made  her  Ms  wife  but 
for  the  murmurs  of  the  Romans. 

BEKESFORD,  Rev.  James,  rector  of  Kib- 
worth,  Lciceatershire,  was  born  at  Upham, 
in  Hampshire,  in  3.7(54,  and  received  liis  edu- 
cation at  the  Charter-liouse,  and  Merton 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  the  author  of  a  va- 
riety of  separate  works,  besides  several  excel- 
lent papers  in  the  "  Looker-on,"  a  periodical 
of  considerable  interest,  published  in  1792-3  ; 
but  the  work  which  obtained  for  him  the 
greatest  celebrity,  was  the  well-known  hu- 
morous satire  entitled  "  The  Miseries  of  Hu- 
man Life,'"  /tc.  2  vols.  8vo.  Died,  Sept.  1840. 
BERETTINI,  Peteu,  an  Italian  architect 
and  painter  of  great  merit.  Born,  lu9G  ; 
diefl,  1()69. 

BERG,  Matthias  van  der,  a  Flemish 
painter,  pupil  of  Rubens.  Born,  1G15  ;  died, 
1687. 


BERGEN,  Dirk  van  deij,  a  celebrated 
landscape  and  portrait  painter.     Died,  1689. 

BERGHEM,  Nicholas,  an  excellent  and 
indefatigable  Dutch  landscape  painter. 
Born,  1(!24;  died,  1C83. 

BERGIER,  Nicholas  Sylvester,  canon 
of  the  catliedral  of  Paris  ;  anthor  of  "  Deism 
Self-confuted,"  &c.    Died.  1790. 

BERGMANN,  Tordekn  Olof,  an  emi- 
nent Swedish  chemist,  and  a  member  of 
nearly  all  the  learned  societies  in  Europe  ; 
to  whom  the  world  is  indebted  for  many 
valuable  additions  to  scientific  knowledge. 
Born,  1735  ;  died,  1784. 

BERIGARD,  Claude,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Padua ;  author  of  "  Circulus 
Pisanus,"  &c.     Bom,  1578  ;  died,  1GC3. 

BERINGTON,  Joseph,  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic clergyman  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Lives  of  HiPloise  and  Abelard,"  a  "Lite- 
rary History  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  &c.  Died, 
1827. 

BERKELEY,  George,  Earl  of,  one  of 
the  piivy  council  of  Charles  II.  ;  author  of 
"  Historical  Applications  and  Occasional 
Meditations."    Died,  1C98. 

BERKELEY,  Sir  William,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  above  ;  vice-admiral  of  the 
white.  He  was  killed  in  an  action  with  the 
Dutch,  Ifi.'W. 

BERKELEY,  George,  bishop  ofCloyne, 
a  metaphysical  writer  of  great  celebrity,  but 
whose  virtues,  however  manifest,  have  been 
somewhat  poetically  exaggerated  by  Pope. 
Besides  other  works,  he  is  tlie  author  of 
"  Principles  of  Human  Knowledge,"  "  Dia- 
logues between  Hylas  and  Philonus,"  &c. 
His  hypothesis  of  the  non-existence  of  mate- 
rial objects  in  nature  otherwise  than  in  the 
mind,  made  much  noise  in  his  time.  Born, 
1757  ;  died,  1753. 

BERKENHOUT,  Jonx,  an  English  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  author  of 
"  Biographia  Literaria,"  "  Outlines  of  the 
Natural  History  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land," &c.     Born,  1731 ;  died,  1791. 

BERKLEY,  John  le  Franc  van,  a 
Dutch  physician,  naturalist,  and  poet ;  au- 
thor of  "  Poems,"  "  Natural  History  of 
Holland,"  &c.    Born,  1729  ;  died,  1812. 

BERKLEY,  Sir  "William,  governor  of 
"Virginia  ;  author  of  "  The  Description  and 
Laws  of  Virginia,"  &c.     Died,  1077. 

BEBNADOTTE  —  CHARLES  JOHN 
XIV.,  king  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  whose 
originai  name  was  John  Baptiste  Julius 
Bei'.nadotte,  was  the  son  of  a  lawyer  at 
Pau  in  Beame,  and  was  born  in  1764.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  education,  and  was  designed  for 
the  bar ;  but  he  suddenly  abandoned  his 
studies,  and  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
marines.  For  nine  years  from  his  enlistment, 
that  is,  up  to  the  year  1789,  the  utmost  rank 
that  Bernadotte  had  attained  was  that  of  ser- 
geant ;  but  the  French  revolution,  by  sweep- 
ing away  the  arbitrary  barrier  which  till 
then  had  rendered  plebeian  merit  of  little 
avail  in  the  French  service,  gave  Bernadotte 
an  advantage  which  he  improved  so  well, 
that  in  1792  he  was  a  colonel  in  the  army  of 
Custine.  In  1793  he  so  distinguished  him- 
self under  the  command  of  Kleber,  as  to  be 
raised  to  the  rank  of  general  of  brigade,  and, 
shortly  afterwards,  of   division.       On    the 


ber] 


^  ^clM  ^Eniiicri^al  MiaQvai^ffn, 


[ber 


Rhine  and  in  Italy  he  more  and  more  dis- 
tinguished liimself ;  and  he  showed  that  his 
talents  were  not  those  of  a  mere  soldier,  by 
his  conduct  in  a  somewhat  ditflcult  embassy 
to  Austria.  Between  him  and  Napoleon 
there  seems  to  have  been  a  constant  dis- 
trust, if  not  actual  hatred ;  nevertheless, 
Bemadotte  had  a  marshal's  staff  on  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  consulate,  and  was  created 
prince  of  Ponte  Corvo  in  180G.  In  all  his 
campaigns  Bemadotte  was  distinguished 
from  tlie  great  majority  of  the  French  com- 
manders, by  the  clemency  and  generosity  of 
his  conduct  from  the  moment  that  the  battle 
was  at  an  end  ;  and  it  was  this  conduct,  even 
more  than  his  brilliant  reputation  as  a 
soldier,  that  caused  liim  to  l>e  put  in  nomi- 
nation as  a  successor  of  Charles  XIII.  of 
Sweden.  Napoleon,  then  emperor,  could  but 
with  difficulty  be  induced  to  consent  to  Bcr- 
nadotte  becoming  crown-prince  and  heir 
to  the  throne.  "  What  1  "  said  Bemadotte, 
"  will  you  make  me  greater  than  yourself  by 
mctkiiio  me  refuse  a  crown  ?  "  The  sarcasm 
told,  and  Napoleon  merely  replied,  "  Go  I 
our  fates  must  be  accomplished  1  "  From 
the  instant  that  he  became  crown-prince  of 
Sweden,  the  fortunate  soldier  sliowed  a  de- 
termination to  give  all  his  energies  to  his 
adopted  country  :  he  formed  a  secret  alliance 
with  Russia  in  1812,  and  in  1813  he  took 
command  of  the  combined  armies  of  North- 
ern Germany  against  France.  Never  during 
half  a  century  before  his  accession  liad 
Sweden  known  the  peace  or  the  prosperity 
in  which  he  left  her  in  the  hands  of  his  son 
Oscar.    Died,  1844,  aged  79. 

BERNARD,  St.,  an  illustrious  abbot  of 
the  monastery  of  Clairvaujc  in  the  12th  cen- 
turv.    Died,  1153. 

BERNARD,  Claude,  sumamed  "the 
poor  priest,"  was  a  native  of  Dijon,  whose 
active  benevolence  towards  the  poor  and 
sick  was  unremitting  during  tlie  whole 
course  of  his  life,  and  for  whose  supjiort  he 
expended  his  whole  inheritance,  20,000i. 
Born,  1.588  ;  died,  1641. 

BERNARD,  Edward,  an  English  philo- 
sopher and  critic  ;  author  of  "  Etymologi- 
cum  Britannicum,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Ancient 
Weights  and  Measures,"  &c.  Born,  ICSS  ; 
died,  lfi97. 

BERNARD,  James,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  ;  author  of  an  "  Historical  and  Politi- 
cal Account  of  Europe,"  &c.  Born,  1658  ; 
died,  1718. 

BERNARD,  Jonx,  an  actor ;  author  of 
"  Retrospections  of  the  Stage."    Died,  1828. 

BERNARD,  of  Menthox,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  the  10th  century  ;  founder  of  the  well- 
known  and  invaluable  monasteries  of  the 
Great  and  Little  St.  Bernard,  in  the  passage 
of  the  Alps.    Died,  1008. 

BERN^VRD,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French 
amatory  poet,  styled  by  Voltaire,  le  genlil 
Bernard,  an  epithet  by  which  he  is  still  dis- 
tinguished.   Born  at  Grenoble,  1710  ;  died, 

BERNARD,  of  TiruRixoiA,  an  enthusiast 
of  the  10th  century,  who  predicted  that  the 
end  of  the  world  was  at  hand,  and  caused 
much  terror  to  his  ignorant  and  superstitious 
believers. 

BERNARD,  duke  of  Weimar,  the  fourth 


»I 


son  of  Duke  John  of  Saxc- Weimar,  was  a 
general  whose  magnanimity,  skill,  and 
valour  were  frequently  displayed  while  com- 
manding the  Swedish  army  after  the  death 
of  Gustavus  ;  and  who  afterwards  did  great 
service  to  the  Protestant  cause.  He  died  by 
poison,  administered,  as  his  cotemporuries 
asserted,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Duke  of 
Richelieu,  who  had  become  jealous  of  his 
power  :  but  of  this  there  is  no  substantial 
proof.     Born,  1(504  ;  died,  1639. 

BERNARD,  Simon,  general  of  engineers 
of  France,  was  bom  at  D<Me  in  1779.  The 
kindness  of  the  parish  priest  supplied  him 
with  sufficient  of  the  rudiments  of  learning 
to  allow  Ilia  entering  the  Polytechnic  School 
at  fifteen  years  of  age.  La  Place,  Ilally,  and 
yther  great  men  were  then  at  the  head  of  the 
Polytechnic  School,  and  so  well  did  Bernard 
avail  himself  of  their  lessons,  that  he  not 
only  became  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
engineer  officers  and  aides-de-camp  of  Na- 
poleon, but,  subsequently  to  the  emperor's 
fall,  executed  works  in  the  United  States, 
which  are  most  undoubtedly  unequalled 
elsewhere ;  the  most  distant  places  being 
united  by  canals,  actual  navigable  rivers, 
and  upwards  of  four  thousand  live  hundred 
miles  of  frontier  rendered  secure  against  in- 
vasion by  forts  and  works.  Since  J  uly,  1830, 
he  returned  to  France,  and  was  for  some 
time  minister  of  war.    Died,  1839. 

BERNARDEZ,  DiEoo,  called  by  liis 
countrymen  the  Portuguese  Theocritus,  was 
not  more  eminent  as  a  pastoral  poet  than  as 
a  brave  warrior  ;  and,  after  numerous  deeds 
of  heroism,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Moors 
at  the  battle  of  Alcazarquiver.    Died,  1596. 

BERNARDI,  Augdstis  Fkedeuic,  a 
German  philologist,  whose  great  aim  was 
to  invent  a  universal  grammar  common  to 
all  languages,  and  who,  in  his  endeavours 
to  effect  that  object,  displayed  great  inge- 
nuity and  learning.  Bom  at  Berlin,  1768  i 
died,  1S20. 

BERNARDI,  Joiiy,  a  celebrated  engraver 
and  architect.     Died,  1555. 

BERNARDIN  DE  ST.  PIERRE,  James 
Henhv,  a  philosopher  and  moralist ;  au- 
thor of  "  Paul  and  Virginia,"  "  Studies  of 
Nature,"  "Harmonies  of  Nature,"  &c. 
During  the  reign  of  terror  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  guillotine  ;  but  on  Napoleon  a 
exaltation  to  power  he  received  a  pension, 
which  cheered  the  gloom  of  poverty  and  dis-  i 
tress  that  had  surrounded  him.  Born,  1737  ;  ! 
died,  1813. 

BERNARDINE,  a  Romish  saint ;  canon- 
ised for  his  zeal  in  causing  more  than  300 
monasteries  to  be  founded.  Bom  at  Massa, 
in  Tuscany,  1380  ;  died,  1444. 

BERNI,  Fraxcesco,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  of  the  16th  century.  He  remodelled 
Bojardo's  Orlando  Innamorato,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Rime  Burlesche,"  and  various 
Latin  poems.    Died,  l.')36. 

BERNI  A,  or  BERNI,  Francis,  a  Tuscan 
poet,  called  the  Italian  Scarron.    Died,  1543. 

BERNIER,  Francis,  a  French  physician 
and  traveller,  who  resided  at  the  court  of 
Aumngzebe  for  twelve  years  as  his  physi- 
cian. He  afterwards  published  his  travels, 
which,  as  a  work  of  interest  and  authen- 
ticity, are  greatly  esteemed.    Died,  1688. 


bbr] 


^  i2rin  mnibcr^al  SSiograpl^s. 


[beb 


BERNINI,  GiovAxSXi  Loeexzo,  called 
77  cavaliere  Bernini,  was  born  in  Naples, 
1598,  and  obtained  among  his  cotemporaries 
the  reputation  of  being  the  Micliael  Angelo 
of  modern  times,  on  account  of  his  success  as 
a  painter,  a  statuary,  and  an  architect.  At 
the  age  of  18  he  produced  the  Apollo  and 
Daphne,  in  marble,  a  masterpiece  of  grace 
and  execution  ;  and  he  continued  in  the  in- 
defatigable pursuit  of  the  arts,  as  a  sculptor 
and  an  arcliitect,  till  the  period  of  his  death, 
in  1G80. 

BERNIS,  Cardinal  Fraxcis  Joachim  de 
PiEKKES  DE,  a  French  poet,  patronised  by  Ma- 
dame de  Pompadour,  who  obtained  for  him 
a  pension  ;  he  subsequently  tilled  important 
offices  in  the  state,  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Rome,  and  at  length  arrived  at  the  dignity jof 
a  cardinal.  The  French  revolution  deprived 
]iim  of  his  fortune,  and  reduced  him  to 
poverty  in  his  old  age,  from  which  he  was 
relieved  by  a  pension  from  the  Siianish  court. 
Born,  1715  ;  died,  1794. 

BERNOUILLI,  James,  a  celebrated  ma- 
thematician, bora  at  Basle  iu  1G54  ;  died, 
1705. 

BERNOUILLT,  Joux,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  like  him  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician. He  was  regarded  as  the  worthy  rival 
of  Newton  and  Leibnitz.  Born,  16(i7  ;  died, 
1718. 

BEBNOUILLI,  Daxiel,  son  of  the  last 
named  ;  professor  of  philosophy  at  Basle  ; 
and,  like  his  father  and  uncle,  highly  skilled 
in  the  mathematics.  Born,  17t»0  ;  died,  1782. 
[Several  other  members  of  this  family  were 
also  distinguished  for  their  mathematical 
attainments.] 

BERNSTORFF,  John  IIartwio  Ekxest, 
Count,  a  celebrated  statesman  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  king  of  Denmark  ;  and  founder 
of  the  Danish  Society  of  Language  and  the 
Fine  Arts,  and  the  Economical  and  Agri- 
cultural Society.  Born  at  llanover,  1712 ; 
died,  1772. 

BERNSTORFF,  Axdrew  Peter,  Count, 
nephew  of  the  above,  a  Danish  minister  of 
state.  During  the  American  war  he  effected 
the  armed  nentrality  of  Russia,  Prussia, 
Denmark,  and  Sweden,  for  the  protection  of 
the  trade  of  those  powers  against  the  belli- 
gerents J  and  it  was  chiefly  owing  to  his 
skilful  policy  that  Denmark  was  prevented 
from  being  drawn  into  collision  with  eitlier 
Sweden  or  Russia,  when  the  war  broke  out 
between  those  powers  in  1788.  Born,  1735  ; 
died,  1797. 

BEROALDUS,  Philip,  an  Italian  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence.    Born,  1453  ;  died,  1505. 

BEROALDUS,  Philip,  nephew  of  the 
above,  an  Italian  poet ;  librarian  of  the 
Vatican  under  pope  Leo  X.    Died,  1518. 

BEROSUS,  priest  of  the  temple  of  Belus, 

at  Babylon,  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 

delphus.    He  wrote  a  history  of  Chaldsea, 

i  some  fragments  of  which  are  preserved  by 

Josephus. 

BERQUIN,  Arxauld,  an  elegant  French 
writer;  author  of  "Idyls,"  "  L' Amides 
Enfans,"  and  other  interesting  works  for 
youth.    Born,  1749  ;  died,  1791. 

BERRETINI,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  his- 
torical painter,  pupil  of  Carlo  Muratti. 
Born,  1G17  ;  died,  1682. 


BERRI,  Charles  Fekdinant)  de  Bour- 
bon, Duke  de,  second  son  of  the  Count  d' 
Artois,  afterwards  Cliarles  X.  of  France  ; 
assassinated  by  one  Louvel,  who  attacked 
him  just  as  he  had  left  tlie  opera-house,  and 
was  on  the  point  of  stepping  into  his  car- 
riage, Feb.  13.  1820.  He  shared  in  common 
with  the  Bourbons  all  the  reverses  they 
were  doomed  to  suffer  ;  and  he  deserved  a 
better  fate,  if  it  were  only  for  the  benevo- 
lence of  his  character.  His  son  Hei\ri,  born 
posthumously,  commonly  called  the  Due  <ie 
Bordeaux,  or  tlie  Comte  de  Chambord,  is  the 
legitimate  heir  to  the  throne  of  France. 

BERRIMAN,  Wh.liaji,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  autlior  of  five  volumes  of  sermons,  &c. 
Born,  1088  ;  died,  1750. 

BERRUYER,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  French 
Jesuit,  whose  writings  were  condemned  at 
Rome  for  their  too  great  liberality  ;  autlior 
of  a  "History  of  the  People  of  God,"  &c. 
Died,  1758. 

BERRY,  Sir  Jony,  an  English  naval 
commander,  knighted  for  his  distinguished 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Southwold  Bay.  He 
died  of  poison,  administered  to  him  on  board 
his  ship,  l(i91. 

BERRY,  Rear-admiral  Sir  Edward, 
bart.,  K.C.B.  This  officer  was  the  only  one 
in  the  royal  navy  who  had  received  three 
medals  for  his  services,  having  commanded 
aline-of-battleshipin  the  memorable  battles 
of  the  Nile,  Trafalgar,  and  St.  Domingo. 
Died,  18.31. 

BERSMANN,  Georoe,  a  learned  Ger- 
man ;  author  of  Notes  on  some  of  the 
Classics,  and  of  a  Latin  version  of  the 
Psalms  of  David.     Born,  1.538  ;  died,  1011. 

BERTAUT,  John,  a  French  prelate  and 
poet ;  chaplain  to  Catherine  de  Medici,  and 
secretary  of  the  cabinet  to  Henry  III.  Born, 
1562 ;  died,  1011. 

BERTHIER,  Alexander,  prince  of  Neuf- 
chatel  and  Wagram,  a  marshal  and  ^'icc- 
constable  of  France,  was  born  at  Versailles, 
in  175.3,  and  served  with  Lafayette  in  the 
war  of  American  independence.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  French  revolution  he 
was  made  a  general  officer,  fought  gallantly 
in  La  Vendt-e,  and  was  at  the  head  of  Buona- 
parte's staff  in  Italy,  Egypt,  and  Germany. 
He  was,  in  fact,  the  companion  of  Napoleon 
in  all  his  expeditions,  dining  and  travelling 
in  the  same  carriage  ;  and  his  skill  in  draw- 
ing up  despatches,  joined  to  his  unwearied 
application  and  methodical  habits,  proved 
of  incalculable  value  to  the  emperor  in  the 
vast  pressure  of  his  affairs.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  Louis,  however,  in  1814,  he  recognised 
his  authority,  and  was  created  a  peer  ;  but 
when  his  former  master  returned  from 
Elba,  he  retired  to  his  family  at  Bamberg, 
where,  as  soon  as  the  music  of  the  Russian 
troops,  on  their  march  to  the  French  borders, 
was  heard  at  the  gates  of  the  citj',  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  in  a  fit  of  frenzy  or  remorse, 
by  throwing  himself  from  a  window  of  his 
palace,  June  1.1815. 

BERTHIER,  Joseph  Stephen,  a  French 
philosopher  of  the  Society  of  the  Oratory  ; 
author  of  "  Physique  des  Cometes,"  &o. 
Born,  1710  ;  died,  1783. 

BERTHIER,  William  Francis,  a  learned 
Jesuit ;  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Dictionnaire 


de  Trevonx,  and  translator  of  the  Psalms 
into  French.     Bom,  1704  ;  died,  1782. 

BERTllOIXET,  Claude  Louis,  Count, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  chemists  of  his  age, 
was  born  at  Talloire,  Savoy,  in  1748,  and 
studied  medicine  at  Turin.  He  afterwards 
settled  in  Paris,  where  he  became  intimate 
with  Lavoisier,  was  admitted  a  meml)er  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  made  professor 
of  the  normal  school.  He  accompanied 
Buonaparte  to  Egypt  ;  and,  during  the  em- 
peror's reign,  was  made  a  senator  and  an 
oflicer  of  the  legion  of  lionour  ;  but  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  desert  his  patron  when  his 
fortunes  were  on  the  decline  ;  for  which  he 
received  the  title  of  count  from  Louis  XVIII. 
His  principal  work  is  "  Essai  de  Statique 
Cliimique  ;"  but  he  wrote  many  other  valu- 
able essays,  and  had  also  a  large  share  in  the 
reformation  of  the  chemical  nomenclature. 
Died,  1822. 

BERTHOLON,  N.  de  St.  Lazaee,  a 
French  chemist  and  philosopher  of  the  18th 
century,  whose  works  on  aerostation,  elec- 
tricity, and  oHier  scientific  subjects,  evince 
much  learning  and  ability.  Born  at  Lyons, 
and  died  in  1799. 

BEUTHOUD,  Ferdinand,  a  skilful  Swiss 
clock  and  chronometer  maker  ;  author  of 
"Traitu  des  Horologes  Marines,"  &c.  Born 
at  Neufchatel,  1727  ;  died,  1807.  His  nephew, 
liouis,  inherited  his  talents,  and  was  not  less 
celebrated  than  his  uncle.  Tlie  accuracy  of 
their  chronometers  is  proverbial. 

BEUTI,  Alexander  Pompev,  a  native  of 
Lucca  ;  author  of  "  La  Cadula  de'  Decemviri 
della  Romana  Ilepublica,"  &c.  Born,  1080  ; 
died,  17.'-.2. 

BERTI,  John  Laurence,  an  Italian 
monk,  and  general  of  the  order  of  the  Au- 
gustines  ;  author  of  some  Italian  poetry,  a 
work  "De  Disciplinia  Theologicis,"  &c. 
Born,  lf,9»>  ;  died,  1766. 

BERTIE,  WiLLOUGirar,  earl  of  Abing- 
don ;  a  nobleman  distinguished  equally  by 
his  talent  and  his  eccentricity.  He  was  au- 
thor of  several  political  and  satirical  pam- 
phlets ;  for  one  of  which  —  the  report  of  a 
speech  he  had  delivered  in  parliament  —  he 
was  prosecuted,  and  imprisoned  in  the  King's 
Bench.    Died,  1791. 

BERTIX,  Anthony,  a  French  military 
officer  and  an  elegant  poet ;  author  of  a 
"Collection  of  Elegies  "  and  other  poems, 
which  were  greatly  esteemed.  Born  in  the 
isle  of  Bourbon,  1752  ;  died  at  St.  Domingo, 
1790. 

BERTIN,  Joseph,  a  French  physician 
and  anatomist ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Osteology,  and  other  valuable  w^orks  on 
anatomy.    Born,  1712  ;  died,  1781. 

BERTINAZZI,  Charles  Anthony,  a 
celebrated  comedian,  and  an  accomplished 
wit,  was  born  at  Turin,  in  1713,  and  for 
more  than  forty  years  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  comic  actors  at  Paris.  Died, 
1783. 

BERTOLI,  Giovanni  Domknico,  bom  in 
1676,  obtained  the  name  of  the  patriarch  of 
Aquileia,  from  his  having  first  directed  at- 
tention to  the  antiquities  of  that  place,  and 
for  his  successful  endeavours  to  prevent  the 
inhabitants  from  mutilating  or  destroying 
them.    Died,  1758. 


BERTIU8,  Peter,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, and  cosmograplier  to  the  king  of 
France  ;  author  of  "  Theatrum  Geographia 
Veteris,"  \c.     Born,  IMo  ;  died,  1629. 

BERTRAM,  Cornelius  Bonavknture, 
Hebrew  professor  at  Geneva  and  Lausanne  ; 
author  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Republic  of 
the  Hebrews,"  &c.    Born,  1531  ;  died,  1594. 

BERTRAND,  Henry,  Count,  a  distin- 
guished French  general,  and  the  companion 
in  exile  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte,  would  have 
earned  a  bright  name  on  the  page  of  history 
merely  by  his  military  achievements  during 
the  wars"  of  the  empire,  were  not  those 
acliievements  cast,  comi>aratively,  into  the 
shade  by  the  steadfast  fidelitv  with  which  he 
clung  to  Napoleon.  Aiding  that  great  soldier 
to  gain  some  of  his  most  splendid  victories  j 
covering  him  when  in  retreat  and  peril,  as 
after  the  murderous  atl'air  of  Haunau  ;  fol- 
lowing liim  to  liis/rce  exile  to  Elba;  return- 
ia|r  with  him  to  share  all  the  perils  of 
"blood-stained  Waterloo;"  he,  the  brave 
and  steadfast  Bertrand,  feared  not  the  im- 
prisonment of  St.  Helena,  but  voluntarily 
abode  there  until  he  had  seen  the  Jirgt  ob- 
sequies of  his  sincerely  worshipped  human 
idol.   Honour  to  fidelity  I    Born,  1770 ;  died, 

BERTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
physician  ;  author  of  an  "  Historical  Account 
of  the  Plague  at  Marseilles,"  &c.  Born, 
1670  ;  died,  1752. 

BERTRANDI,  John  Ambrose  Maria,  an 
eminent  surgeon  and  anatomist  of  Turin  ; 
author  of  a  treatise  on  surgical  operations, 
and  various  other  professioual  works.  Born, 
1723  ;  died,  1765. 

BERULLE,  Pierre  de,  Cardinal,  founder 
of  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory.  He  was 
employed  in  many  art"alrs  of  state  in  France  ; 
and  accompanied  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of 
Charles  I.,  to  England.    Died,  1629. 

BERWICK,  James  Fitzjamks,  Duke  of, 
natural  son  of  James  II.  and  Arabella 
Churchill,  sister  of  the  Duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough ;  a  distinguished  and  gallant  soldier, 
and  author  of  a  valuable  volume  of  Me- 
moirs. Balled  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburgh, 
in  1734. 

BERYLLUS,  an  Arabian  bishop,  of  the 
third  century  ;  converted  by  Origen  from 
his  heterodox  opinion,  that  Christ  had  no 
existence  prior  to  his  incarnation. 

BERZELIUS,  Baron,  one  of  the  great 
chemists  of  modern  times,  was  born  in  1779, 
in  Ostgothland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  where 
his  father  kept  a  village  school.  After 
graduating  at  Upsala  in  1804,  he  repaired  to 
Stockholm,  where  he  became  an  assistant  to 
Spawrnman,  who  had  accompanied  Captain 
Cook  in  one  of  his  voyages  round  the  world  ; 
and  at  his  death,  in  1806,  he  succeeded  him 
in  the  chair  of  chemistry,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  fill  for  forty-two  years.  It  would 
be  impossible  within  our  limits  to  give  even 
a  summary  of  his  labours  during  this  period  ; 
suffice  it  to  say,  tliat  in  a  century  which  has 
produced  a  greater  number  of  distinguished 
cliemists  than  perhaps  of  any  other  class  of 
men  of  science,  Berzelius  stood  out  as  a  star 
of  the  first  magnitude.  His  patient  labours, 
and  ingenious  investigations,  have  done 
more  to  lay  the  foiuidations  of  organic  che- 


BES] 


^  ^etD  WiniiitYStd  28iOiir<qjfj5. 


[bey 


inistry,  than  those  of  any  other  chemist.  To 
lii'n  pre-eminently  belongs  the  lionour  of 
applying  the  great  principles  which  had  been 
established  by  Dalton,  Davy,  Gay-Lussat, 
and  himself,  in  inorganic  chemistry,  to  un- 
folding the  laws  which  regulate  the  combi- 
nations forming  the  structures  of  the  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms  ;  and  in  thus  open- 
ing the  way  for  the  discoveries  of  Mulder, 
Liebig,  Dumas,  and  others.  To  him  chemis- 
try is  indebted  for  the  discovery  of  several 
new  elementary  bodies,  more  especially  sele- 
I  nium,  morium,  and  cerium  ;  and  to  his  skill 
as  a  manipulator,  may  be  traced  many  of 
tlie  analytical  processes  at  jiresent  in  use. 
Under  these  circumstances  it  is  not  surpris- 
ing that  all  the  scientific  societies  of  the 
world  contended  for  the  honour  of  enrolling 
liis  name  among  their  members  ;  and  the 
various  minor  honoui-8  which  he  received 
from  liis  own  sovereign  from  time  to  time, 
were  finally  crowned  by  his  being  Urode 
.,  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Oi-der  of  Vasa 
in  1829,  and  liis  elevation  to  the  rank  of  a 
baron  in  ia3.5.    Died,  1848. 

BESOLDE,  Christoi'IIEr,  a  counsellor 
of  "Vienna  ;  author  of  a  "  Synopsis  of  Poli- 
tics," a  "  History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
&c.    Born,  1.577  ;  died,  lf538. 

BESSARION,  John',  a  Greek  priest,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  revivers  of  learning  in 
the  loth  century,  and  founder  of  the  noble 
library  of  St.  Mark,  at  Venice.  He  trans- 
lated from  Aristotle,  Xenophon,  &c.  ;  and 
zealously  defended  Plato  against  tlie  attacks 
of  George  of  Trebizond.  He  was  made  a 
cardinal  by  pope  Eugene,  and  had  the  title 
of  patriarch  of  Constantinople  given  him  by 
Pius  II.     Born,  131»5  ;  died,  1472. 

BESSEL,  Dr.  Fhkderick  William,  a  dis- 
tinguished Prussian  astronomer,  born  1784. 
He  was  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Berlin  ;  and  such  was  the  skill 
and  assiduity  with  which  he  prosecuted  his 
favourite  study,  that  he  was  twice  presented 
with  a  gold  medal  from  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  of  I^ondon,  for  tlie  number 
and  accuracy  of  his  observations.  Died,  1846. 

BESSIEKES,  John  Baptist,  duke  of  Is- 
tria,  and  a  French  marshal,  was  bom  at 
Poitou,  in  17(59.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  many  memorable  battles,  and  was  highly 
esteemed  by  Napoleon  for  his  honour,  skill, 
and  bravery.  He  fell  in  the  combat  that 
preceded  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  1813. 

BETHENCOURT,  John  de,  a  Norman 
baron,  and  a  military  adventurer,  who  con- 
quered the  Canary  islands,  and  afterwards 
held  them  as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of  Castile. 
Died,  1425. 

BETHLEM-GABOR,  a  native  of  Transyl- 
vania, whose  courage  and  wily  policy  made 
him  ruler  of  that  country,  and  enabled  him 
to  die  in  peaceable  possession  of  it,  in  spite 
of  the  utmost  elforts  of  the  emperor  of 
Germany.    Died,  1629. 

BETIS,  governor  of  Gaza,  who  for  his 
brave  defence  of  it  was  put  to  death  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  dragged  at  liis 
chariot  wheels  when  dead,  B.C.  3o2. 

BETTERTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
actor  :  he  excelled  in  the  representation  of 
Shakspeare's  principal  tragic  characters. 
Born,  1635  ;  died,  1700. 


L' 


BETTINELLI,  Xavier,  a  Jesuit  of  Man- 
tua, and,  on  the  suppression  of  liis  order, 
teacher  of  eloquence  at  Modena.  He  was 
an  elegant  and  accomplished  writer,  epis- 
tolary, dramatic,  and  poetical  ;  his  princi- 
pal work  is  the  "  Lettere  dieci  di  Virgilio 
agli  Arcafli."    Bom,  1718  ;  died,  1808. 

BETTS,  John,  an  English  physician  of 
the  time  of  Charles  II.  ;  author  of  a  treatise 
"  De  Ortu  et  Natura  Sanguinis,"  &c. 

BETUSSE,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet  of  the 
16th  century  :  he  translated  into  Italian  the 
Latin  works  of  Boccaccio,  and  wrote  a  life  of 
him. 

BEUERNONVILEE,  Peter  Riel,  Count 
of,  a  French  marshal  ;  minister  of  war  in 
1793 ;  ambassador  at  Berlin  and  Madrid 
during  the  consulate,  and  under  the  empire 
grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He 
voted  for  the  deposition  of  Napoleon,  and 
attached  himself  to  Louis,  by  whom  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  title  of  marshal.  Died, 
1821. 

BEUF,  John  le,  n  French  antiquary  ; 
author  of  "Memoirs  of  the  History  of  Aux- 
erre,"  &c.    Born,  1607  ;  died,  1670. 

BEVER,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  civi- 
lian ;  a  judge  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  "  The  Legal  Polity  of 
the  Romans,"  &c.    Died,  1791. 

BEVERIDGE,  William,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  ;  an  eminent  orientalist,  critic,  and 
theologian,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
scholars  that  ever  adorned  the  prelacy,  was 
bom  at  BaiTow,  Lincolnshire,  in  16"<8,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works  ; 
among  which  are  12  volumes  of  "Sermons," 
"  Private  Thoughts  on  Religion,"  "  Institu- 
tionum  Clironologicarum  Libri  duo,"  &c. 
He  bequeathed  tlie  principal  part  of  his  pro- 
perty to  charitable  uses.    Died,  1707. 

BEVERLY,  John  ok,  tutor  to  tlie  vene- 
rable Bede,  and  subsequently  archbishop  of 
York,  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  his  time,  and  several  of  his  devotional 
treatises  are  still  extant.    Died,  721. 

BEVERNINCK,  Jerome  van,  a  Dutch 
statesman  ;  greatly  instrumental  in  promot- 
ing the  treaty  of  Nimeguen,  which  pro- 
duced a  general  peace.  Bom,  1614 ;  died, 
1690, 

BEVERWICK,  John  de,  a  Dutch  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  some  valuable  works  on 
professional  subjects.  Born,  1594  ;  died, 
1647. 

BEWICK,  John,  an  English  artist  re- 
siding at  Newcastle,  whose  "History  of 
Quadrupeds,"  by  the  beauty  and  spirit  of  its 
illustrations,  gave  the  first  impulse  to  that 
improvement  in  the  art  of  wood  engraving 
which  has  at  length  been  carried  to  such 
exquisite  perfection.  Died,  1795.  His  bro- 
ther Thomas,  who  followed  tlie  same  pro- 
fession, died  in  1828. 

BEWLY,  William,  an  English  chemist 
and  natural  philosopher,  whose  researches 
and  experiments  did  much  for  the  improve- 
ment of  chemistry.  He  published  some 
valuable  papers  in  the  Monthly  Review,  but 
left  no  separate  treatise.    Died,  178;^. 

BEYER,  or  BECER,  Augustus,  a  German 
divine  ;  author  of  historical  and  critical  re- 
marks on  Bcarce  books,  &c.    Died,  1741. 


BEZ] 


^  ^cSd  JETnibcrj^al  Miatp:np\^Vi* 


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BEZA,  TiiEODOHE,  a  native  of  France, 
and,  for  some  time,  a  Catholic  and  prior  of 
Lonsjumeau.  TJie  tutor  under  whom  lie 
studied  imbued  his  mind  with  Protestant 
principles,  and  an  attachment  which  he 
formed  for  a  young  lady  whom  he  after- 
wards married,  added  force  to  his  scruples  of 
conscience.  Abandoning  the  preferment  he 
already  enjoyed,  and  the  still  higher  ones 
to  which  he  doubtless  might  have  attained, 
he  fled  to  Geneva.  Thence  he  went  to  Lau- 
sanne, where  he  became  professor  of  Greek, 
but  finally  settled  at  Geneva,  and  became 
Calvin's  colleague  in  .both  the  church  and 
the  university.  He  greatly  aided  in  diffusing 
and  upholding  the  principles  of  the  Reform- 
ers, and  was  a  very  versatile  writer.  His 
Latin  poems  are  elegant,  and  his  controver- 
sial prose  very  subtle  and  vigorous.  His 
Latin  version  of  the  New  Testament,  with 
notes,  is  still  considered  an  authority.  Born, 
1->10  ;  died  1G03. 

BHERING,  ViTirs,  a  captain  in  the  Rus- 
sian navy,  and  a  celebrated  navigator  of  the 
northern  seas,  who,  being  cast  on  a  desolate 
island,  perished  there,  in  1741.  This  is  now 
called  Bhering's  Island,  and  the  straits  be- 
tween Asia  and  America  have  also  received 
his  name. 

BIANCni,  Antonio,  a  Venetian  gondo- 
lier of  the  18th  century,  who  obtained  great 
note  by  his  poetical  talents  ;  author  of  "  II 
Templi  owero  di  Solomone,"  "  A  Treatise 
on  Italian  Comedy,"  &c. 

BIANCHI,  FnANCis,  a  musical  composer, 
bom  at  Cremona ;  author  of  "  Disertor 
Fraiichese,"  "  Semiramide,"  &c.  He  came 
to  England,  wrote  "  Castore  e  Polluce  "  for 
Madame  Storacc,  and  "  Inez  de  Castro  "  for 
Mrs.  Billington ;  and  died  early  in  the 
present  century. 

BIANCHI,  John,  known  also  by  the  Latin 
name  of  Janus  Plancus,  a  celebrated  Italian 
physician,  anatomist,  and  naturalist,  and 
the  reviver  of  the  Academy  of  the  Leiucei. 
Born  at  Rimini,  1603  ;  died,  1775. 

BIANCHINI,  Francis,  a  philosopher  and 
mathematician  of  Verojia  ;  author  of  "  Is- 
toria  Universale,"  &c.,  and  a  vast  number  of 
scientific  and  literary  treatises.  Born,  1CC2  ; 
died,  1729. 

BIAS,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
and  a  native  of  Priene,  in  Ionia  ;  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  and  strict  regard  to  jus- 
tice. He  flourished  in  the  sixth  and  seventh 
centuries,  B.C.,  and  died  at  a  very  advanced 
age. 

BIBTENA,  Bernardo  da,  a  Roman  car- 
dinal, raised  from  a  low  origin  by  Leo  X. ; 
autlior  of  a  comedy  entitled  "  La  Calandria," 
greatly  admired  in  Italy.  Born,  1470  ;  died, 
by  poison,  as  is  supposed,  1520. 

BIBIENA,  Fekdinanii  Gai.li,  an  emi- 
nent painter  and  architect.  Bom  at  Bo- 
logna, 1057  ;  died,  17 43. 

BICIIAT,  Maiiie  Francis  Xavier,  a  cele- 
brated French  physician  ;  author  of  "  Phy- 
siological Researches  respecting  Life  and 
Death,"  "  Anatomy  as  applied  to  Physiology 
and  Medicine,"  &c.     Bom,  1771  ;  died,  1802. 

BICKERSTAFF,  Isaac,  a  dramatic  writer 
of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of  "  Love  iu  a 
Village,"  "  Jjonel  and  Clarissa,"  &c. 

BICKERSTETH,  Rev.  Edwakd,  an  able 


and  prolific  writer  on  religious  topics,  wa8 
"bom  in  1786.  His  original  destination  was 
the  law;  but  after  practising  for  some  years  as 
an  attorney  at  Norwich,  he  was  seized  with 
a  desire  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  obtained 
ordination  from  Bishop  Bathurst  in  1815. 
Soon  afterwards  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  Church  Missionary  Society  in  London, 
and  at  the  same  time  became  assistant  mi- 
nister to  an  episcopal  chapel  in  Spitalflelds. 
In  1830  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Wotton,  in  Hertfordshire,  where  he  laboured 
with  great  zeal  and  efficiency  down  to  the 
lieriod  of  his  death,  28th  February,  1850. 
>lr.  Bickersteth's  first  work  was  his  "  Help 
to  the  Study  of  the  Scriptures  ; "  and  this 
was  followed  by  many  other  useful  works  on 
divinity ;  and  on  all  occasions  he  exhibited 
himself  as  a  most  uncompromising  opponent 
to  Popery  and  Tractaiianism, 

BIDDLE,  John,  a  Socinian  writer  of  con- 
siderable note  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.  and 
during  the  Commonwealth,  and  now  re- 
garded as  the  founderof  Unitarian  doctrines  ; 
author  of  "  Confessions  of  Faith  concerning 
the  Holy  Trinity,"  and  other  works  in  de- 
fence of  his  principles.  He  was  more  than 
once  prosecuted  and  imprisoned,  and  died  of 
a  fever  caught  in  gaol  in  1(J22. 

BIDLAKE,  John,  Dr.,  a  divine  of  the 
Church  of  England  ;  author  of  "  The  Country 
Parson,"  and  other  poems,  "  An  Introduction 
to  Geography,"  &c.    Born,  1755  ;  died,  1814. 

BIDLOO,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  anatomists 
author  of  "  Anatomia  Corporis  Ilumaui," 
&c.    Born,  1649  ;  (Ued,  1713. 

BIEL,  John  Christian,  a  German  Pro- 
testant divine,  pastor  at  Brunswick  ;  author 
of  a  valuable  I^exicon  of  the  Septuagiut 
version  of  the  Old  Testament.    Died,  1745. 

BIELFELD,  James  Frederic,  Baron  de, 
acelebrated  modern  writer  ;  author  of  "Poli- 
tical Institutions,"  &c.  Born,  at  Hamburgh, 
1717  ;  died,  1770. 

BIEVRE,  Mareschal,  Marquis  de,  a 
life-guard  of  the  king  of  France,  not  un- 
known as  an  author,  but  far  more  for  his 
puns  and  repartees.  The  following  anecdote 
shows  the  inveteracy  of  his  habit,  while  it 
proves  "  the  ruling  passion  strong  in  death." 
He  went  to  Spa  to  recruit  his  health,  but 
died  there  ;  and,  when  at  the  point  of  death, 
said  to  those  around  him,  "Mes  amis,  je 
m'en  vais  de  ce  pas  "  (de  Spa).  Born,  1747  ; 
died.  1789. 

BIGLAND,  John,  a  voluminous  writer, 
whose  first  publication  did  not  appear  till  he 
was  fifty  years  of  age  ;  author  of  "  A  Sys- 
tem of  Geography  and  History,"  "Histo- 
ries of  Spain  and  England,"  "Letters  on 
English  and  French  History,"  &c.  Died, 
1832,  aged  82. 

BIGNE,  Marquerin  de  la,  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne  ;  compiler  of  the  first  edition 
of  the  "  Bibliotheca  Patrum."  He  was  bom 
in  1546,  and  died  at  Paris  about  the  close  of 
the  Ifith  century. 

BIGNICOURT,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor 
of  Rheims  ;  author  of  "  Pensi'es  et  Reflec- 
tions Philosopliiqucs.  Born,  1709 ;  died, 
1775. 

BIGNON,  Jerome,  a  learned  French 
writer  ;  author  of  treatises  "  On  Rome  and 
its  Antiquities,"  "On  the  Election  of  the 


big] 


^  ^ciu  mm'btr^al  33tffcrrapl)j?. 


[mo 


Popes,"  &c.  ;  and  editor  of  the  "  Formulae  " 
of  jMarcuIphus.    Born,  1589  ;  died,  165G. 

BIGNON,  John  Paul,  grandson  of  the 
above  ;  librarian  to  tlie  king  of  France  ;  au- 
thor of  "  I>e3  Aventures  d'Abdalla  Fils  d' 
HanifT,"  &c.    Died,  1743. 

BIGNON,  L.  P.  Edouard,  vr&s  bom  at 
Melleiraye,  of  a  higlily  respectable  family, 
and  early  entered  on  the  diplomatic  career 
as  secretary  of  legation  in  Switzerland,  and 
subsequently  in  Savoy  and  Prussia,  of  which 
last  he  had  the  administration  of  tlie  finan- 
ces subsequent  to  the  battle  of  Jena.  Am- 
bassador in  Poland,  both  before  and  after 
the  retreat  from  Moscow,  he  rendered  the 
most  important  services  to  the  French  army. 
He  subsequently  held  many  imjiortant  of- 
fices, was  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  de- 
puties under  the  restoration,  and  was  made 
peer  of  I'rance  in  1839.  He  wrote,  at  the 
express  desire  of  Napoleon,  a  "  History  of 
French  Diplomacy."  Born,  1771 ;  died, 
1810. 

BIGOT  Americ,  an  eminent  French 
scholar.  He  assisted  in  the  publication  of 
several  works  ;  and  having  discovered  Pal- 
ladius's  Life  of  Chrysostom  in  the  ducal 
library  at  Florence,  he  published  both  the 
Greek  text  and  his  own  Latin  translation  of 
it.     Born.  162r,  ;  died,  1089. 

BILDERDYK,  G.,  a  modem  Dntch  poet, 
born  in  1760,  and  one  of  the  first  of  his 
country  ;  author  of  the  "  Death  of  (Edipus," 
"  The  Fairy  Urgate,"  "  Winter  Flowers  and 
Autumn  Leaves  ;  "  and  several  meritorious 
translations  from  the  Greek  poets  and  trage- 
dians, from  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  &c. 

BILFINGER,  George  Bernard,  a 
German  writer  and  professor  of  philosophy 
and  theology.  He  was  a  man  of  most  ex- 
tensive learning,  and  the  author  of  "  Dilu- 
cidationcs  Philosopliica),"  &c.  Born,  1G93  ; 
died,  1750. 

BILGUER,  John  Elric,  a  Swiss  sur- 
geon ;  author  of  several  professional  treatises, 
in  one  of  which  he  maintains  the  inutility  of 
amputation  in  cases  of  gunshot  wounds. 
Died,  179(5. 

BILLAUD,  Varen^nes  t>e,  the  son  of  a 
French  advocate  at  Rochelle,  was  educated 
at  the  same  college  as  Fouche,  and  proved 
himself  one  of  the  most  violent  and  sangui- 
nary characters  of  the  French  revolution. 
He  bore  a  principal  part  in  the  murders  and 
horrid  massacres  which  followed  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Bastile  ;  voted  immediate  death 
to  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI ;  and  officiated 
as  president  of  the  Convention  on  the  18th  of 
Oct.  1793.  He  was  afterwards  deported  to 
Cayenne,  and  subsisted  on  a  small  pension 
allowed  him  by  Pethion.  Died  at  St. 
Domingo,  in  1819. 

BILLING,  SiGiSMOXD,  a  patriotic  and 
consistent  French  liberal,  born  at  Calmar,  in 
Alsace,  in  1773.  He  entered  the  army  at  the 
very  commencement  of  the  revolution,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Genappe 
and  on  other  occasions  ;  was  commissary  of 
war  to  the  armies  of  the  North,  the  Rhine, 
&c.  in  1792,.and  to  the  army  of  Germany  at 
the  time  of  General  Moreau's  retreat,  and 
was  present  in  many  celebrated  battles  and 
sieges.  In  consequence  of  certain  changes  in 
the  government,  he  for  a  time  retired  to 


private  life,  and  devoted  his  time  and  talents 
to  the  formation  of  Bible  Societies  and  the 
education  of  Protestant  youth.  But  he  did 
not  wholly  abandon  the  military  profession; 
and,  when  the  reverses  of  Napoleon  had  en- 
dangered the  safety  of  France,  Billing,  as  the 
commander  of  a  legion  of  the  national  guard, 
surrounded  and  defended  tlie  chamber  of 
representatives  while  it  was  in  the  act  of 
pronouncing  the  emperor's  forfeiture,  and 
was  otherwise  active  in  bringing  about  his 
abdication.  He  was  also,  in  concert  with 
General  la  Fayette,  greatly  instrumental  in 
effecting  the  revolution  of  1830,  which  seated 
Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne  ;  preserving 
throughout  his  character  a  love  of  rational 
liberty,  and  a  sincere  regard  for  the  happiness 
and  morals  of  the  people.    He  died  in  1832. 

BILLINGTON,  Emzabetii,  the  most  ce- 
lebrated English  female  singer  of  her  time. 
She  was  of  German  extraction,  though  born 
in  England.  Her  popularity  was  equally 
great  in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  and 
remained  undiminished  to  the  very  close  of 
her  public  career  in  1809.     Died,  1817. 

BILLINGSLEY,  Sir  Henry,  was  a  native 
of  Canterbury,  who,  as  a  London  tradesman, 
acquired  great  wealth,  and  became  its  chief 
magistrate.  He  was  taught  mathematics  by 
an  expelled  friar,  to  whom  he  had  generously 
given  shelter  and  support,  and  was  the  first 
who  published  Euclid's  Elements  in  English. 
Died,  ir.lO. 

BILSON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
in  the  reigns  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  James 
I.  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on  Christ's  Descent 
into  Hell,  and  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
Bible.     Bom,  1,5.%  ;  died,  1616. 

BINGHAM,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
divine  ;  author  of  "  Origines  EcclesiasticaB," 
"Scholastic  History  of  Lay  Baptism,"  &c. 
Born.  16(58  :  died,  1723. 

BINGHAM,  Sir  George  Ridout,  a  major- 
general  in  the  British  army,  was  bom  in 
1777.  He  entered  the  service  in  1793,  as  an 
ensign  in  the  69th  foot ;  and  progressively 
advanced  in  difierent  regiments,  till  he  be- 
came lieutenant-colonel  of  the  53d,  being 
present  at  the  most  important  transactions 
in  the  Peninsula,  for  which  services  he  was 
rewarded  by  knighthood.  He  afterwards 
had  the  charge  of  Buonaparte  from  England 
to  St.  Helena,  where  he  remained  several 
years,  and  was  promoted  to  tlie  rank  of 
major-general  and  colonel-commandant  of 
the  2d  rifle  brigade.    Died,  Januarv,  18.'>3. 

BINGLEY  (descended  from  English  pa- 
rents, and  considered  as  the  Garrick  of  the 
Dutch  stage),  was  bom  at  Rotterdam,  in 
1755,  and  died  in  1818. 

BINGLEY,  William,  a  clergyman  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Animal  Biography."  "  Memoirs  of 
British  Quadrupeds,"  &c.     Died,  1823. 

BION,  a  Greek  pliilosopher,  in  the  reign 
of  Antigonus  Gonatus,  king  of  Macedon,  in 
the  3d  century,  n.c.  Some  few  fragments  of 
his  writings  remain. 

BION,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet :  his  poems, 
published  with  those  of  his  friend  and  dis- 
ciple, Moschus,  are  remarkable  for  simpli- 
city and  sweetness.  By  some  he  is  said  to 
liave  lived  in  the  2d,  and  by  others  in  the 
3d  century,  B.C. 

BION,  Nicholas,  a  French  mathemati- 


bir] 


^  i^etu  Winihtv^Kl  ^Siojjrajjljw. 


[bis 


cian  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Use  of 
the  Globes,"  &c.    Died,  1733. 

BIRAGUE,  Clkment,  an  engraver  on 
gems,  said  to  liave  been  the  first  discoverer 
of  the  art  of  engraving  on  diamonds.  He 
was  born  at  Milan,  and  flourished  during 
tlie  middle  of  tlie  KJth  century. 

BIUAGUE,  Kkse  de,  a  Milanese  of  noble 
family,  who  sought  shelter  in  France  from 
the  vengeance  ot  Louis  Sforza,  and  became 
a  cardinal  and  chancellor  of  France.  He  is 
infamously  memorable  as  one  of  the  authors 
of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Born, 
1,509  ;  died,  1583. 

BIRCH,  Samuel,  who  for  many  years 
played  a  distinguished  part  as  a  member  of 
the  corporation  of  London,  was  born  in  that 
city,  in  1757,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  his 
well-established  business  of  a  pastry-cook, 
in  Cornhill.  He  was  the  first  to  proiMise  the 
measure  of  arming  and  training  the  inhabit- 
ants as  volunteers;  and  he  had  the  honour, 
successively,  to  become  lieutenant,  nmjor, 
and  lieutenant-colonel  commandant  of  the 
first  regiment  of  Loyal  London  Volunteers. 
Yet,  although  never  unmindful  of  his  posi- 
tion as  a  party  man  in  politics,  he  found 
leisure  to  employ  his  pen  in  various  walks  of 
literature.  Mr.  Birch  was  also  among  the 
earliest  and  most  active  supporters  of  the 
J^iterary  Fund  Society,  to  which  lie  con- 
tinued attached  till  his  decease,  and  had 
long  been  tlie  senior  member  of  its  council. 
In  1814  he  filled  the  civic  chair.  Died,  Dec. 
10.  1841,  aged  84. 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  originally  a  Qu.iker, 
but  subsequently  a  divine  of  the  Churcli  of 
England.  He  was  an  industrious  historian 
and  biographer ;  and  author,  among  many 
other  works,  of  a  "  History  of  the  Royal 
Society,"  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,"  &c.    Born,  17a5  ;  died,  17C0. 

BIRD,  Edward  cR.A.),  a  painter,  chiefly 
of  comic  subjects,  but  who  also  executed 
many  religious  and  historical  pieces,  and 
was  made  historical  painter  to  the  Princess 
Charlotte  of  Wales.    Born,  1772;  died,  1819. 

BIRD,  John',  an  eminent  mathematical 
instrument  maker  ;  author  of  "  The  Method 
of  constructing  Mural  tiuadrants,"  &c.  Died, 

BIRD,  Wiixiam,  an  eminent  musician  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  He  chiefly  composed 
sacred  music  ;  and  to  liim  "  Non  nobis  Do- 
mine  "  is  attributed.    Born,  1543  ;  died,  1623. 

BIREN,  John  Ernest  de,  duke  of  Cour- 
land,  who,  though  the  son  of  a  peasant,  by 
his  handsome  person  and  address,  obtained 
such  influence  over  Anne,  daughter  of  Peter 
I.  and  duchess  of  Courland,  that  when  she 
ascended  the  tlirone  of  Russia,  she  committed 
the  reigns  of  government  to  Biren,  made  him 
duke  of  Courland,  and  at  her  death,  in  1740, 
left  him  regent  of  the  empire.  He  was  sub- 
sequently banished  to  Siberia,  recalled  by 
Peter  III.,  and  his  duchy  restored  to  him  by 
Catharine,  in  17G3,  but  which,  (5  years  after- 
wards, he  relinquished  in  favour  of  his  eldest 
son.     Bom,  1687  ;  died,  1772. 

BIRKBECK,  Georoe,  M.  D.,  president 
of  the  Jjondon  Mechanics'  Institute,  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant  and  banker  at  Settle, 
in  Yorkshire,  where  he  was  born  in  177(J. 
In  his  boyhood  he  displayed  a  strong  incli- 


nation for  those  mechanical  pursuits  to 
which  lie  afterwards  became  so  devoted ; 
but  his  friends  having  determined  that  he 
should  embrace  the  medical  profession,  he 
first  studied  for  this  object  at  Leeds,  then 
removed  to  London  to  become  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Baillie,  and  subsequently  went  to  Edin- 
burgh to  complete  his  education.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  in  the  Andersonian 
Institution  of  Glasgow  ;  and  having  while 
there  successfully  established  a  mechanies' 
class,  he  was  induced,  in  1822,  to  found  the 
London  Mechanics'  Institution  in  Chancery 
Lane  ;  to  which  society  he  generously  lent 
3000/.  fur  erecting  a  museum,  lecture-room, 
&c.  Of  this  institution  Dr.  Birkbeck  was 
elected  president ;  and  from  it  nearly  all 
the  various  mechanics'  institutes  throughout 
Great  Britain  have  been  established.  As  a 
physician,  he  enjoyed  a  considerable  share 
of  reputation  ;  as  the  promoter  of  mechanic 
arts,  and  as  the  warm  friend  of  the  indus- 
trious artisan,  no  man  could  possibly  be 
more  generally  or  more  justly  esteemed. 
He  also  numbered  among  his  circle  of  friends 
the  most  eminent  scientific  and  literary  men 
of  the  day.    Died,  Dec.  1.  1841. 

BIRKBECK,  ]^IouKis,  an  English  gentle- 
man who  emigrated  to  America,  where  he 
purchased  so  vast  a  tract  of  land  as  to  acquire 
the  title  of  "  Emperor  of  the  Prairies  ; ''  au- 
thor of  "  Letters  from  Illinois,"  "  Notes  of  a 
Journey  in  America,"  &c.  He  was  acci- 
dentally drowned  in  182.». 

BIRKENHEAD,  Sir  Joii.v,  a  political 
writer  of  tlie  17th  century;  several  times 
imprisoned  during  the  Commonwealth  for 
writing  in  favour  of  the  exiled  king.  Bom, 
1615  ;  died,  1070. 

BIRKHEjVD,  Henrt,  a  modem  Latin 
poet,  born  in  1617;  author  of  "Otium  Lite- 
rarium,"  &c.  He  died  at  the  latter  end  of 
the  17lh  century. 

BIRON,  Arm  A  Nil  de  Go.vtact,  Baron  de, 
a  celebrated  French  general,  honoured  with 
the  friendship  of  Henry  IV.  He  was  slain 
at  the  siege  of  Epcruay,  in  Champagne,  in 
1592. 

BIRON,  Chahles  de  Gontaut,  Duke  de, 
son  of  the  above;  admiral  and  marshal  of 
France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  IV.,  who 
appointed  him  his  ambassador  to  England, 
&c.,  and  raised  him  to  the  dukedom.  He 
was,  however,  sedueefl  by  the  intrigues  of 
the  court  of  Spain  to  join  in  a  conspiracy 
against  his  royal  and  truly  generous  friend  ; 
for  which  crime  he  was  tried,  condemned, 
and  beheaded,  in  1602. 

BIRON,  duke  de  Lauzun,  born  about 
1760  ;  one  of  the  most  celebrated  men  of  the 
French  revolution,  remarkable  at  once  for 
his  amours,  his  attachment  to  liberty-,  and 
his  militarj'  exploits.  He  served  with  La 
Fayette  in  America,  and  attached  himself  to 
the  party  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  on  his  re- 
turn. In  1792  he  was  joined  with  Talleyrand 
in  a  mission  to  this  country  ;  on  his  return, 
served  under  Rochamlieau,  in  Flanders  ;  and 
perished  by  the  guillotine  at  the  end  of  1793, 
on  a  charge  of  counter-revolution.  He  died 
stoically,  ordering  oysters,  and  drinking  wine 
with  the  executioner. 

BISCHOP,  John  dk,  a  Dutch  historical 


bis] 


^  i^m  Bnihtx^aX  23i05rjipl^M. 


[bla 


and  landscape  painter.  Bom,  1G46  ;  died, 
1686. 

BISCOE,  RrciiARD,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  "  Tlie  History  of  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  conlirmed  by  other  Authors." 
Died.  1748. 

BISSET,  Charles,  an  able  physician,  and 
a  writer  on  fortification,  which  art  lie  Bturtiert 
while  in  the  42nd  regiment,  and  received 
promotion  for  his  skill  in  it  at  the  siege  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  by  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land.    Born,  1716  ;  died,  1791. 

BISSET,  James,  an  ingenious  artist  and 
amusing  writer,  was  bom  at  Perth,  in  1762, 
but  settled  early  in  life  at  Birmingham, 
where  he  established  a  museum  and  shop 
for  curiosities,  which  he  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Leamington.  He  had  a  remark- 
able facility  in  writing  rhymes  ;  and  being 
ever  ready  to  make  his  muse  subserve  the 
cause  of  loyalty,  or  aid  the  progress  of  art, 
his  various  works  present  a  motley  appear- 
ance, and  are  often  singularly  droll  and 
epigrammatic.  "  Guides,"  "  Directories," 
and  "  Poetic  Surveys  "  of  the  towns  in  wliich 
he  lived,  look  oddly  enough  when  placed 
in  juxtaposition  with  "  Patriotic  Clarions," 
"  Critical  Essays,"  and  "  Comic  Strictures  on 
the  Fine  Arts  ; "  yet  such  were  among  his 
numerous  productions,  all  of  which  are  more 
or  less  indebted  for  their  notoriety  to  the 
jingle  of  rhyme.    Died,  1832. 

BISI,  BoxAVENTiRE,  an  esteemed  Bo- 
lognese  miniature  and  historical  painter. 
Died,  1662. 

BISSON,  P.  T.  J.  G.,  bora  in  1767  ;  a 
French  general,  who  fought  in  most  of  Na- 
poleon's campaigns,  till  his  death,  in  1811. 
lie  was  of  prodigious  size,  strength,  and 
appetite. 

BITAirBE,  Paul  Jeremiah,  the  son  of 
French  refugee  parents  at  Konigsl>erg,  where 
he  was  bora,  in  1732,  but  in  after  life  settled 
in  Paris.  He  was  an  aulhor  of  considerable 
repute,  and  patronised  by  Frederick  II.  of 
Prussia  and  by  Napoleon.  He  translated 
Homer,  and  wrote  "Joseph"  and  other 
poems.    Died,  1808. 

BIVAR,  Dox  RonniGO  Dias  de,  or  <^e 
Cid,  a  hero  of  Spain,  whose  valour  in  various 
encounters  with  the  IMoors,  and  his  unjust 
banishment,  afforded  rich  materials  both  for 
history  and  romance.  Born  at  Burgos,  1040; 
died  at  Valencia,  1099. 

BIZOT,  PiEURE,  a  French  writer;  au- 
thor of  a  curious  work,  entitled  "  Histoire 
MiJdallique  de  la  Republique  de  ItoUande." 
Born,  1636  ;  died,  1696. 

BLACK,  Joseph,  an  eminent  chemist, 
bora  at  Bordeaux  in  France,  but  of  ScottUh 
parents  ;  author  of  "  Lectures  on  Chemis- 
try," besides  other  valuable  works  embody- 
ing important  discoveries.  Born,  1728 ; 
died,  1709. 

BLACKBURNE,  Fraxcis,  an  English 
divine,  eminent  as  a  theological  writer,  and 
remarkable  for  the  publication  of  works 
favouring  dissent  from  the  church  to  which 
he  belonged.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Cleve- 
land and  a  prebend  of  York  ;  but  so  little 
of  a  churchman  in  his  writings,  that  he  was 
invited  to  succeed  Dr.  Chandler  as  minister 
of  the  chapel  in  the  Old  Jewry.  Born,  1705  j 
died,  1787. 


BLACKLOCK,  TnoMA55,  a  Scotch  divine 
and  poet ;  author  of  "  The  Graham,"  an 
heroic  ballad  ;  "  Remarks  on  Civil  Liberty," 
&c.     Born,  1721  ;  died,  1791. 

BLACKMORE,  Sir  Richard,  a  physician 
and  poet,  and  the  author  of  many  works 
both  in  prose  and  verse,  the  principal  of 
which  is  his  poem,  entitled  "  Creation." 
j  Living  as  he  did  in  the  time  of  Dryden, 
Pope,  and  other  wits  and  satirists,  to  whom 
he  was  opposed  in  politics,  he  met  with  un- 
merited ridicule ;  for  though  as  a  poet  he 
was  inferior  to  many,  he  was  by  no  means 
destitute  of  talent,  and,  what  is  better,  he 
sustained  the  reputation  of  a  pious  and  con- 
scientious man.     Died,  1729. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  William,  an  emi- 
nent English  judge ;  author  of  the  well 
known  "  Commentaries,"  and  other  valuable 
works  on  law.  &c.    Bom,  1723  ;  died,  1780. 

BLACKWELL,  Alexander,  a  Scottish 
physician,  who  settled  in  Sweden,  and  was 
beheaded  there,  for  supposed  participation  in 
a  conspiracy,  1748. 

BLACKWELL,  Alexander  and  Eliza- 
beth, husband  and  wife  :  the  latter,  a  woman 
of  talent,  in  order  to  procure  subsistence  for 
her  husband  while  in  prison  for  debt,  pub- 
lished a  "  Herbal"  in  2  volumes,  folio,  with 
.ICX)  plates,  drawn,  engraved,  and  coloured 
by  herself,  all  in  the  space  of  four  years. 
The  work  succeeded,  and  her  husband  was 
liberated  ;  but  he  seemed  doomed  to  be  the 
sport  of  fortune  ;  for  after  having  l)een  in- 
vited to  Stockholm,  and  pensioned  by  the 
king  of  Sweden,  in  consequence  of  his  being 
the  author  of  a  work  on  agriculture  which 
attracted  the  notice  of  that  monarch,  he  was 
charged  with  being  concerned  in  a  plot  with 
Count  Tessin  for  overturning  the  kingdom, 
tried,  and  beheaded,  in  1747. 

BLACKWELL,  Thomas,  Greek  professor 
of  Aberdeen  ;  author  of  "  An  Diquiry  into 
the  Life  and  Writings  of  Homer  ; "  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  Court  of  Augustus,"  &c.  Born, 
1701  ;  died,  17-)7. 

BLACKWOOD,  Adam,  a  Scotch  writer ; 
author  of  "  The  Martyrdom  of  Mary  Stuart," 
written  in  French,  &c.  Born,  15i39 ;  died, 
1613. 

BLACKWOOD,  Sir  Henry,  a  meritorious 
British  admiral,  was  the  sixth  son  of  Sir 
John  Blackwood,  bart.,  and  born  in  1770.  j 
Having  entered  the  naval  service  at  the  early  j 
age  of  11  j'ears,  he  was  present  at  the  action 
off  the  Dogger  Bank  ;  and  on  the  commence-  | 
ment  of  hostilities  with  the  French,  in  1793, 
he  became  first  lieutenant  of  the  Invincible 
man-of-war,  in  which  capacity  he  acted  on 
the  "glorious  1st  of  June,"  1794,  with  dis- 
tinguished bravery,  and  was  in  consequence 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander.  In 
1798,  when  captain  of  the  Brilliant,  of  28 
guns,  he  gallantly  maintained  a  most  un- 
equal combat,  off  the  island  of  Teneriffe, 
with  two  large  French  frigates,  each  of 
which  was  nearly  double  his  own  force,  and 
beat  them  off.  After  this  he  was  engaged  in 
various  services,  as  captain  of  the  Penelope, 
of  36  guns,  under  Lords  Keith  and  Nelson, 
Sir  Sj'dney  Smith,  and  other  eminent  men  ; 
and  it  was  owing  chiefly  to  his  skill  and 
bravery  that  the  Guillaume  Tell,  of  80  guns, 
which  escaped  from  Lord  Nelson  at  Aboukir, 


blaJ 


^  |!rU)  ^nibtr^aX  3Bt0jp:apT)e. 


[bla 


was  captured.  The  next  scene  of  his  naval 
glory  was  the  evcr-mcmorable  battle  of 
Trafalgar,  wliere  he  perforined  the  most 
essential  service,  as  captain  of  the  Eur3'alus, 
and  witnessed  tlie  death  of  his  friend  and 
heroic  commander,  whose  last  words  to 
him  were  "God  bless  you,  Blackwood  —  I 
shall  never  see  you  more."  In  180C  he  was 
appointed  to  tlic  command  of  the  Ajax,  of 
80  guns,  and  joined  Lord  Collingwood's  fleet 
on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 
Tliis,  however,  was  a  melancholy  event,  as 
the  sequel  proved  ;  for,  during  the  night  of 
the  14th  of  February,  1807,  tlie  Ajax  was 
found  to  be  on  fire,  and  in  a  short  time  went 
down  with  Jialf  her  crew  ;  Sir  Ilenry,  like 
mnny  others,  being  saved  with  the  greatest 
difficulty.  After  this  he  eommanded  the 
W'arspite,  and  was  present  at  the  blockades 
of  Brest  and  Rochfort,  and  engaged  in  various 
enterprises.  In  1814,  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Duke  of  Clarence  made  liim  captain  of  the 
fleet,  and  he  was  appointed  to  bring  over 
the  crowned  heads  from  France  to  this 
country  :  on  which  occasion  he  was  created 
a  baronet,  and  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral.  In  1819,  Sir  Henry  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  naval  forces  in 
the  East  Indies,  from  which  station  he 
si)cedily  returned ;  and  in  1827  the  lord 
high  admiral  raised  liim  to  the  command 
at  Chatham.  He  died  in  December,  1832  ; 
leaving  Ixjlilnd  him  the  character  of  a  brave, 
skilful  officer,  and  an  amiable  man. 

BLADEN,  Maktix,  a  military  officer 
under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  ;  author  of 
"  Ori)heu8  and  Eurydice,"  a  masque  ;  "  A 
Translation  of  CiBsar's  Commentaries,"  &c. 
Died,  174^. 

BLAINVUXE,  M.  dk,  professor  of  com- 
parative anatomy  in  the  Paris  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  and  a  wortliy  successor  to 
Cuvier,  was  born  in  1778.  He  was  found 
dead  on  May  1. 1850,  in  one  of  the  night  rail- 
way trains  between  Rouen  and  Caen. 

BLAIR,  Huon,  an  eminent  Scotch  divine  ; 
author  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Poems  of 
Ossiau,"  "Lectures  on  Rhetoric,"  "Belles 
Lettres,"  and  "Sermons,"  in  five  volumes, 
which  have  ever  been  greatlv  esteemed. 
Born  at  Edinburgh,  1718  ;  died,  1800. 

BLAIR,  JoH>f,  a  prebend  of  Westminster  ; 
author  of  "  Chronological  Tables "  and 
"  Lectures  on  the  Canon  of  tlie  Old  Testa- 
ment."   Died,  1782. 

BLAIR,  Robert,  a  Scotch  divine  ;  author 
of  the  well  known  and  admirable  poem 
"  The  Grave."    Born,  1700  ;  died,  174(1. 

BLAKE,  RoBKKT,  a  celebrated  English 
admiral  during  the  Commonwealth,  whose 
skill  and  courage  were  equalled  only  bj'  his 
disinterested  patriotism  and  love  of  justice  ; 
and  whose  brilliant  achievements  proudly 
sustained  the  hcmour  of  his  country,  and 
greatly  enhanced  its  naval  character. 
Among  his  numerous  gallant  exploits,  the 
most  noted  are  the  four  desperate  engage- 
ments he  fought  with  the  Dutch  fleet  imder 
Admiral  Van  Tromp  ;  by  which  he  not  only 
gained  a  decided  superiority  over  our 
mightiest  naval  opponent,  but,  by  the  bold 
tactics  he  introduced,  infused  that  intrepid- 
ity and  spirit  of  enterprise,  by  which  the 
British  navy  has  been  ever  since  so  highly 


distinguished.  Bom,  at  Bridgewater,  1509  ; 
died,  1(558. 

BLAKE,  William,  a  highly  gifted  but 
very  eccentric  artist  and  writer  ;  author  of 
"  Europe,"  a  prophecy  ;  "  America,"  a  pro- 
phecy ;  "  Songs  of  Experience  ; "  and  an 
infinity  of  admirable  engravings.  Born, 
1759  ;  died,  1827. 

BLAMPINI,  TnoJLfis,  a  Benedictine 
monk  ;  editor  of  a  splendid  edition  of  the 
works  of  St.  Augustin.    Died,  1710. 

BLANCHARD,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
French  aeronaut,  horn  in  1738,  was  distin- 
guished from  his  youth  by  his  mechanical 
inventions.  After  making  his  first  aerostatic 
voyage  in  1784,  he  crossed  the  Channel  from 
Dover  to  Calais,  1785  ;  for  which  exploit  he 
was  rewarded  by  the  king  of  France  with 
12,000  francs,  and  a  pension  of  12(X)  fr.  He 
first  made  use  of  a  parachute  in  London,  in 
1785 ;  went  through  various  countries  on 
the  Continent,  exhibiting  his  aeronautic 
skill  ;  visited  America  with  the  same  object ; 
and,  retuniing  in  1798,  ascended  in  Rouen 
with  16  persons  in  a  large  balloon,  and  de- 
scended at  a  place  15  miles  distant.     He 

died  in  1809 His  wife,  Madame  Blan- 

ciiAKD,  continued  to  make  aerial  voyages ; 
but  in  June,  1819,  having  ascended  from 
Tivoli,  in  Paris,  her  balloon  took  fire,  at  a 
considerable  height,  owing  to  some  fire- 
works which  slie  carried  with  her,  the  car 
fell,  and  the  hapless  aeronaut  was  dashed  to 
pieces. 

BLANCHARD,  James,  an  eminent  and 
indefatigable  painter,  denominated  the 
French  Titian.     Born,  ICOO  ;  died,  1()3«. 

BLANCHARD,  Joiix  Bai-tist,  a  French 
Jesuit,  and  professor  of  rhetoric  ;  author  of 
'•  The  Temple  of  the  Muses,"  &c.  Born, 
1731  ;  died,  1707. 

BLANCHARD,  Lamajt,  a  graceful  pe- 
riodical writer,  was  bom  at  Great  Yarmouth 
in  1803.  His  father  having  removed  to 
London  when  he  was  5  years  of  age,  he 
received  his  education  at  St.  Olave's  School, 
Lambeth  ;  and  here  was  laid  the  ground- 
work of  those  literary  tastes  and  habits  which 
distinguished  him  through  life.  His  first 
occupation  was  that  of  reader  at  Cox  and 
Baylis'  printing  office  in  Great  Queen  Street; 
in  1827  he  became  secretary  to  the  Zoological 
Society  ;  and  in  1831  editor  of  the  Monthly 
Magazine.  He  subsequently  became  con- 
nected with  the  True  Sun,  the  Constitutional, 
the  Courier,  the  Court  Journal,  and  the  Ex- 
aminer ;  and  was  a  constant  contributor  to 
the  lighter  periodicals  of  the  day.  Never 
was  there  a  writer  with  a  readier  pen  ;  but  I 
though  radiant  with  wit,  it  was  never  dipped 
in  gall ;  and  though  his  political  opinions 
were  strongly  marked  and  maintained 
through  good  and  evil  report,  his  entire 
freedom  from  party  bigotry  and  prejudice 
gained  him  the  respect  even  of  his  most 
decided  opponents.  But  a  series  of  domestic 
calamities  crushed  his  buoyant  spirit  to  the 
earth,  and  in  a  fit  of  temporary  insanity  he 
committed  suicide,  Feb.  15.  1845.  A  collected 
edition  of  his  writings,  with  a  memoir  of  the 
author  by  Sir  Bulwer  Lytton,  was  published 
in  IHiO. 

BLANCHARD,  William,  a  comedian  of 
sterling  talent  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre, 


bla] 


^  i^efit)  HiuberM  2St0Ufajpl^y. 


[blo 


whose  faithful  representation  of  many  of 
Sliakspeare's  most  difficult  characters  ob- 
tained for  him  tlie  suffrages  of  such  as  were 
real  judges  of  the  histrionic  art ;  but,  though 
a  general  favourite,  he  won  not  the  "mil- 
lion" by  monstrosities,  nor  the  just  reward 
of  his  talents  from  theatrical  managers. 
Died,  1835,  in  the  CGth  year  of  his  age,  having 
retired  from  the  stage  a  short  time  before. 

BLANCHE,  of  Castile,  queen  of  Louis 
VIIL  of  France.  She  died  of  grief,  on  ac- 
count of  the  defeat  aud  imprisonment  of  her 
son,  Louis  IX.,  in  Palestine,  in  1252. 

BLANCIIELANDE,  P.  F.,  born  in  1735  ; 
governor  of  St.  Domingo  when  the  decree 
of  instant  emancipation  for  the  slaves  caused 
a  universal  tumult.  He  urged  the  suspension 
of  the  decree,  and,  being  arrested  as  a 
counter- revolutionist,  was  conducted  to 
Paris,  and  perished  by  the  guillotine  in  1793. 

BLAND,  Elizabktii,  an  English  lady, 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  Uebrew.  A 
phylactery  of  her  writings  is  preserved  by 
tlie  Koyal  Society.    Died,  1720. 

BLANDRATA,  Gkokoe,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  privy  counsellor  to  Stephen  Barotti, 
king  of  Poland.  He  was  strangled  by  his 
nephew,  whom  he  had  made  his  heir,  1593. 

BLANE,  Sir  Gilukht,  bart.,  M.  D.,  of 
Ayr,  was  born  in  17-19,  and,  after  practising 
in  his  profession  witli  much  success,  became 
physician  in  ordinary  to  George  III.,  and 
was,  in  1812,  created  a  baronet.  He  died  in 
June,  1834. 

BLANKEN,  Joiix,  an  eminent  Dutch 
engineer,  born  in  1755  ;  distinguished  for  his 
double-power  steam-engines ;  and  for  his 
docks,  dikes,  drains,  and  batteries,  on  almost 
all  the  coasts  of  Holland. 

BLANKOFF,  John  Teuxiz,  a  Dutch 
marine  painter,  of  the  17th  century  ;  par- 
ticularly skilful  in  storm  pieces. 

BLANTYRE,  Lord,  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1775,  and  entered  the  army  in  his 
19th  year,  lie  served  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  he  received 
public  thanks  for  his  services,  and  after- 
wards became  lord-lieutenant  of  Renfrew- 
shire. He  was  residing  with  his  family  at 
Brussels,  during  the  struggle  of  the  Belgians 
for  a  separate  government ;  when  looking 
out  from  a  window,  to  see  the  Dutch  troops 
who  were  advancing  into  the  park,  he  was 
struck  in  the  neck  bj'  a  musket  ball,  and  the 
effusion  of  blood  was  so  great  that  he  died  a 
few  moments  after,  Sept.  1830. 

BLAYNEY,  Dr.  Benjamin',  an  English 
divine  and  biblical  critic  ;  author  of  a  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Seventy  Weeks  of  Daniel," 
&c.    Died,  1801. 

BLEDRI,  bishop  of  Llandaff  in  1023  ; 
surnamed  the  ivise  on  account  of  his  great 
learning. 

BLEISWICK,  Peter  van",  born  in  1724  ; 
grand  pensionary  of  the  Dutch  states-ge- 
neral at  the  revolution,  by  which  he  was 
divested  of  his  office.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  valuable  work,  "  De  Aggeribus." 

BLESSINGTON,  Makgaret  Power, 
Countess  of,  celebrated  for  her  beauty,  ac- 
complishments, and  literary  productions,  was 
bom  in  the  county  of  Waterford  in  1789. 
At  the  early  age  of  15  she  contracted  an  ill- 
fated  marriage  with  Captain  Farmer,  and 


soon  after  his  death  the  Earl  of  Blessington 
sought  and  obtained  her  hand  in  1818.  After 
her  marriage  she  passed  several  years  abroad, 
but  they  are  chiefly  remarkable  for  having 
led  to  her  acquaintance  with  Lord  Byron, 
which  soon  ripened  into  intimacy,  and 
enabled  her  subsequently  to  publish  one  of 
the  most  interesting  works,  her  "  Conversa- 
tions with  Lord  Byron."  Soon  after  her 
husband's  death  in  1829,  she  fixed  her  resi- 
dence in  London,  where  she  soon  gained  a 
distinguished  place  in  literary  and  so-called 
fashionable  society.  Her  house  became  the 
centre-point  of  every  variety  of  talent ;  and 
there  were  few  literary  celebrities,  native  or 
foreign,  who  did  not  share  in  the  "  feast  of 
reason  and  the  flow  of  soid,"  for  which  Gore 
House  will  be  long  remembered.  Lady 
Blessington'a  contributions  to  literature  were 
at  once  numerous  and  diversified.  Besides 
the  "Conversations"  above  mentioned,  she 
published  many  novels,  of  which  "  Grace 
Cassady,  or  the  Repealers,"  "  The  Two 
Friends,"  "  Meredith,"  "  Stratherne,"  "  The 
Lottery  of  Life,"  "The  Victims  of  Society," 
&c.  are  the  chief ;  and  several  works  full  of 
personal  anecdote,  epigram,  sentiment,  aud 
description,  such  as  "  The  Idler  in  Italy," 
"The  Idler  in  France,"  "Memoirs  of  a 
Femme  de  Chambre,"  "The  Belle  of  the 
Season,"  &c.  For  many  years  she  edited  the 
far-famed  annuals,  "  The  Book  of  Beauty  " 
and  the  "  Keepsake."  Died  at  Paris,  where 
she  had  a  short  time  previously  permanently 
fixed  her  residence,  Aug.  1849. 

BLIGH,  George  Miller,  was  the  son  of 
Admiral  Sir  R.  R.  Bligh.  He  entered  the 
navy,  in  1794,  on  board  the  Alexander, 
commanded  by  his  father,  in  wliich  ship  he 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  the  same  year  ; 
but  from  whom  he  contrived  to  escape  six 
months  afterwards.  He  was  made  a  lieu- 
tenant ia  1801,  and  fought  under  Nelson  in 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  in  wliich  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  was  made  a  com- 
mander in  1806 ;  and,  having  taken  a 
French  privateer,  he  was  posted,  and  ap- 
pointed to  the  Glatton  two  years  afterwards. 
He  died  in  1S3,>. 

BLIZZARD,  Sir  William,  a  surgeon  and 
anatomist  of  considerable  eminence,  was 
bom  in  1742.  During  a  long  life  of  profes- 
sional activity  and  experience  he  main- 
tained a  higli  reputation  ;  and  was  for  many 
years  professor  of  anatomy  to  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  several  valuable  works, 
viz.  "  Suggestions  for  the  Improvements  of 
Hospitals,"  "  Reflections  on  Police," 
"  Lecture  on  the  Large  Bloodvessels,"  &c. 
Died,  at  the  great  age  of  92,  in  Sept.  1835. 

BLOCH,  Marcus  Eliezer,  an  ingenious 
naturalist  and  physician,  and  a  Jew  by  birth, 
was  born  at  Anspach,  of  mean  parentage  ; 
but  entering  into  the  service  of  a  physician, 
he  studied  medicine,  anatomy,  and  natural 
history  with  great  success,  and  became  par- 
ticularly eminent  in  the  last-named  science. 
His  "  Ichthyology,"  produced  at  Berlin  in 
1785,  at  the  exjiense  of  the  wealthiest  princes 
of  Germany,  is  a  magnificent  national  work, 
llis  treatise  "  On  Intestinal  Worms  "  is  also 
iu  high  estimation.    Bom,  1723  ;  died,  1799. 


BLO] 


^  fic'm  mutbcr^aX  Miatp:npliv* 


[blu 


BLOCK,  JoAN'NA  KoEKTEX,  a  Dutch 
female,  whose  HiiguUr  talents  in  cutting 
landscapes,  flowers,  portraits,  &c.  out  of 
paper,  entitle  her  to  rank  as  an  artist  of  no 
mean  skill,  so  true  were  her  works  touaturc. 
Born,  1050  ;  died,  1715. 

BI.OEMART,  Abkaham,  a  Dutch  pain- 
ter of  considerable  merit,  whose  brilliant 
colouring  and  inventive  powers  atone  for 
various  mhior  faults.  Born,  15Go ;  died, 
1G47. 

BLOE.MARTS  Cornelics,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  who,  as  an  engraver,  became 
eminent,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  a  new  school,  remarkable  for  the 
purity  and  softness  of  the  burin.  Boru, 
1C(K! ;  died,  KWO. 

BLOMEFIELD,  Fran'Cis,  an  English  to- 
pographer and  divine  s  author  of  "  Collec- 
tanea Cantabrigiensia,"  &c.     Died,  1755. 

BLOMFIEI.D,  EuwAui)  Valentixe,  a 
distinguished  classical  scholar,  was  the  bro- 
ther of  Dr.  Blonifleld,  bishop  of  London, 
and  born  in  1788.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  where, 
besides  other  prizes,  he  gained,  in  18l»9,  a 
medal  for  writing  his  beautiful  ode,  "In 
Dpsiderium  Torsoni."  In  1812  a  fellowship 
in  Emanuel  College  was  conferred  on  him. 
In  the  following  year  he  visited  Germany, 
and  acquired  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
German  language.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  published  in  the  "  Musreum  Criticum, 
or  Cambridge  Classical  Reseaiches,"  remarks 
on  German  literature.  He  translated 
"  Matthias's  Greek  Grammar,"  and  began 
"  Schneider's  Greek  and  German  Lexicon." 
Died,  ISKi. 

BLOND,  JAitES  CiiRiSToniER  LE,  a  mi- 
niature painter,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on 
a  method  of  engraving  in  colours.  Born, 
1670  i  died,  1741. 

BLONDEL,  a  minstrel  and  favourite  of 
Richard  Caur  de  Lion  ;  whom  he  is  said  to 
have  discovered  in  his  German  dungeon,  by 
singing  beneath  its  walls  the  first  part  of  a 
song  of  their  joint  composition. 

BLONDEL,  David,  a  French  Protestant 
divine,  and  the  successor  of  Vossius  as  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Amsterdam  ;  author  of 
"  Explications  on  the  Eucharist,"  &c.  Bom, 
1601  ;  died,  16.55. 

BLONDEL,  Frakcis,  a  French  architect 
and  diplomatist ;  author  of  "  Tlie  Art  of 
Throwing  Bombs,"  various  treatises  on  archi- 
tecture, &c.     Born,  1617  ;  died,  1080. 

BLONDEL,  Joilx  Francis,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  above,  and  also  an  architect. 
He  was  professor  of  architecture  in  the 
academy  of  Paris  ;  and  the  author  of  a 
"Course  of  Civil  Architecture,"  and  other 
works  belonging  to  the  art.  Bom,  1705  ; 
died,  1774. 

BLONDUS,  Flavhs.  otherwise  called 
Flavio  Biondi,  an  Italian  writer  of  the  15th 
century  ;  author  of  "  Roma  lUustrata,"  &c. 

BLOOD,  TnoMAS,  Colonel,  a  bold  and 
desperate  Irishman,  originally  an  officer  in 
Cromwell's  army,  and  notorious  in  English 
history  for  his  daring  attempt  on  the  life  of 
the  Duke  of  Ormond,  and  for  his  theft  of 
the  crown  and  regalia  from  the  Tower. 
For  some  reason,  nevtr  yet  explained,  this 
desperado  was  not  only  paidoned  by  Charles 


101 


II.,  but  received  from  him  a  pension  of  5001. 
per  annum.    Died,  1680. 

BLOOiMFIELD,  Roisert,  an  English 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  poor  tailor  at  Ho- 
nington,  Sutl'olk,  and  himself  a  shoemaker. 
His  principal  work  is  a  poem,  entitled  "  The 
Farmer's  Boy,"  which  pleasingly  describes 
the  scenes  the  author  witnessed  while  in 
that  humble  station,  and  displays  very  con- 
siderable genius  ;  but  his  subsequent  publi- 
cations, though  possessing  tlie  merit  of  sim- 
plicity, were  not  equal  to  the  first.  Although 
brought  forward  and  patronised  by  the  ex- 
ertions of  Cai>el  Lofft  and  the  Duke  of 
Grafton,  the  modest  banl  had  a  large  share 
of  the  ills  which  flesh  is  heir  to,  and  his 
latter  years  were  clouded  by  penury  and 
dejection.    Born,  1766  ;  died,  182.S. 

BLOUNT,  Charles,  earl  of  Devonshire. 
He  succeeded  to  his  family  title  of  Lord 
Mountjoy  in  1594,  and  was  much  favoured 
and  employed  by  queen  Elizabeth.  In  the 
year  1603  he  returned  from  Ireland,  where 
he  had  been  employed  in  suppressing  the 
rebellion,  and  brought  with  him  the  head 
of  th6  celebrated  rebel  Tyrone.  James  I. 
made  him  master  of  the  ordnance  and  earl 
of  Devonshire  i  hut  having  manicd  the  di- 
vorced Lady  Rich,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Essex,  he  fell  into  disgrace.  Born,  1563  ; 
died,  160(i. 

BLOUNT,  Thomas,  an  English  writer  ; 
author  of  "  Bocobel  ;  or  the  History  of  the 
King's  Escape  after  the  Battle  of  Worces- 
ter," "Fragmenta  Antiquitatis,"  &c.  Born, 
1619 ;  died,  1679. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  a  trareller  tlirough 
Turkey,  Syria,  and  Egypt ;  author  of  a 
"  Voyage  to  the  Levant."  He  was  knighted 
by  Charles  II.,  but  sided  with  the  parlia- 
ment, and  was  rewarded  with  a  commission- 
ership  of  trade.    Born,  1602  ;  died,  1682. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  bart.,  eld- 
est son  of  the  above  ;  member  of  several 
parliaments,  and  appointed  commi.^sioncr 
of  accounts  at  the  revolution  ;  author  of 
"  Censura  celebriorum  Auctoruin,"  &c. 
Born,  1649  ;  died,  1697. 

BLOUNT,  Ciiari.es,  youngest  brother  of 
the  last  named  ;  author  of  some  deistical 
writings.    He  died,  by  his  own  hands,  1693. 

BLOW,  John  (Mus.  Doc),  an  English 
musician  and  composer  of  great  ability ; 
author  of  anthems,  services,  &c.,  and  of 
some  secular  compositions,  which  are  pub- 
lished collectively  under  the  title  of  "  Am- 
phioQ  Anglicus."    Died,  1708. 

BLUCHEB,  Field-marshal  LEBREcnx 
VON,  a  distinguished  Prussian  general, 
whose  impetuous  intrepidity  and  eagerness 
to  attack  the  enemy  gained  him  the  familiar 
appellation  of  "Marshal  Forward."  He  en- 
tered the  Swedish  service  when  quite  a 
youth,  and  in  the  first  campaign  was  made 
prisoner  by  the  Prussians,  whom  he  after- 
wards joined,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  (!ap- 
tain ;  but  being  discontented  with  the  pro- 
motion of  other  officers  over  his  head,  he 
obtained  his  discharge  from  the  Great  Fre- 
deric, who  dismissed  him  with  the  pithy  re- 
mark, that  "  he  might  go  to  the  devil  if  he 
pleased;"  and  he  afterwards  lived  many 
years  in  retirement.  Being  recalled  by  his  j 
successor,  king  William,  he  was  made  ma- 


k3 


BLU] 


^  i^clM  Hm'bcrjSal  3St0gmji]^y 


[blu 


jor-general  after  the  battle  of  Leystadt,  in 
1794  ;  and  commanded  the  cavalry  at  the 
battle  of  Jena,  which  decided  for  a  time  the 
fate  of  the  Prussian  monarchy.  When 
Prussia  entered  into  the  coalition  against 
Napoleon,  in  1813,  our  hero,  then  70  years 
old,  was  made  general  of  the  centre  of  the 
allied  army  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Lut- 
zen  and  Leipsic,  pursued  the  flying  French 
across  the  Rhine,  and,  after  a  year  of  ob- 
stinate conflict  in  France,  headed  the  right 
wing  of  the  allied  army  under  the  walls  of 
Paris,  at  the  time  of  Napoleon's  abdication 
in  1814.  In  England,  M-hich  he  visited  with 
the  allied  sovereigns,  he  was  received  with 
enthusiasm,  and  was  eminently  pojjular. 
Being  re-invested  with  the  command  of  the 
Prussian  army  during  the  Hundred  Days, 
he  was  defeated  by  Napoleon  at  Lign3',  on 
June  16.  1815  ;  on  which  occasion  he  was 
unhorsed,  and  charged  over  by  both  the 
French  and  Prussian  cavalry.  Marshal 
Grouchy  was  commissioned  by  Naj)oleon  to 
push  Blucher's  retreat,  and  check  his  junc- 
tion with  the  British  army,  which  Welling- 
ton required.  But  having  deceived  Grouchy, 
by  leaving  a  body  of  his  troops  to  mask  the 
operation,  he  retrograded  unmolested,  by  a 
skilful  and  dangerous  flank  movement ;  and 
his  advanced  division,  imdcr  Bulow,  arrived 
at  Waterloo  at  5  o'clock,  just  as  the  whole 
reserved  lilitc  of  the  Frencli  army  was  ad- 
vancing in  dense  column  to  nuike  their  last 
desperate  eftbrt  to  break  through  tlie  Bri- 
tish squares.  Tliis  fresh  flank  attack  on  the 
advancing  column  contributed  greatly  to 
decide  the  victory,  and  Blucher  arrived  in 
time  to  participate  in  the  pursuit.  Blucher's 
conduct  afterwards  was  generally  pro- 
nounced by  the  liberals  at  Paris,  especially 
as  regarded  the  bridge  of  Jena  and  the 
spoliation  of  the  Museum,  vindictive  and 
illiberal ;  but  it  could  not  be  expected  that 
he  should  have  had  any  regard  for  the  glo- 
ries of  the  French  capital.  He  was  a  rough 
and  fearless  soldier  ;  brave,  honest,  and 
free  ;  beloved  by  his  comrades,  and  a  sworn 
foe  to  the  enemies  of  his  country.  Born  at 
Bostock,  1742  ;  died,  at  his  estate  in  Silesia, 
1819,  aged  77. 

BLUM,  Joachim  Christian,  a  German  ; 
author  of  "Lyrical  Poems,"  "The  Pro- 
menades," "  Dictionary  of  Proverbs," 
"  The  Deliverance  of  llatheuau,"  &c.  Born, 
1709  ;  died,  1790. 

BLUM,  Robert,  whose  commanding 
eloquence  during  his  brief  political  career 
gained  for  him  the  name  of  the  "  German 
O'Connell,"  was  born  at  Cologne  iti  1807. 
Cradled  in  poverty,  and  compelled  almost 
from  infancy  to  assist  in  eking  out  his  parents' 
scanty  livelihood,  his  education  was  com- 
pletely neglected  ;  but  from  his  earliest  years 
he  manifested  a  thirst  for  learning,  and  what 
he  wanted  in  opportunity  was  amply  made 
up  in  the  avidity  with  which  he  gleaned 
such  knowledge  as  came  within  his  reach.  At 
the  age  of  14  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  gold- 
smith ;  he  afterwards  worked  as  a  journey- 
man in  different  parts  of  Germany,  especially 
at  Berlin  ;  but  on  his  return  to  Cologne  in 
1830,  he  was  obliged  to  accept  the  humble 
office  of  box-opener  in  the  theatre  of  that 
city.    Amid  all  the  difficulties  with  which 


102 


he  had  to  struggle,  he  had  never  ceased  to 
cultivate  Ms  mind  ;  and  when,  in  1832,  he 
removed  to  Leipzig  as  cashier  of  the  theatre 
in  that  city,  such  were  hie  attainments,  that 
he  undertook  with  success  the  management 
of  various  literary  and  political  journals, 
which,  besides  adding  to  his  scanty  income, 
gaineil  him  great  ascendancy  in  the  growing 
agitation  of  the  day,  and  marked  him  out  as 
a  political  leader  in  any  crisis  that  might 
ensue.  In  1844  he  took  an  active  part  in 
stemming  the  torrent  of  superstition  with 
which  the  so-called  miracle  of  the  Holj'Coat 
at  Treves  threatened  to  overwhelm  Germany ; 
and,  in  184.'>,  when  the  Romanist  tendencies 
of  Prince  John  of  Saxony  had  well  nigh 
exasperated  the  people  to  rebellion,  Blum 
hastened  to  the  spot,  and,  by  his  eloquence, 
good  sense,  and  persuasive  powers,  induced 
his  excited  fellow-citizens  to  refrain  from 
violence,  and  keep  strictly  within  the  law. 
In  1847  he  resigned  his  cashiership  at  the 
theatre,  and  became  a  bookseller.  The  events 
of  March,  1848,  first  brought  him  before  the 
world  as  a  politician.  Elected  by  the  town 
of  Zwickau  as  its  representative  in  the  "  vor 
parlament "  at  Frankfort,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  fifty,  and  at  the 
opening  of  the  national  asscml)ly  he  took  his 
seat  as  reiiresentative  of  Leipzig.  There  he 
became  the  leader  of  "  the  left  "  party  ;  but 
the  good  sense  for  which  he  had  hitherto 
been  remarkable  failed  him  at  this  crisis  of 
his  career,  and  he  was  led  to  expend  the 
vast  powers  of  his  eloquence  on  scliemes 
which  both  then  and  since  have  been  found  to 
be  impracticable.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
second  revolution  at  Vienna,  in  October,  1848, 
he  repaired  thither  with  some  other  mem- 
bers of  his  party,  to  offer  a  congratulatory 
address  to  the  Viennese.  Here  he  harangued 
the  people  with  great  power  and  effect  ;  but 
after  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  he  was 
arrested,  tried  by  court-martial,  and  con- 
demned to  be  shot,  Nov.  9.  1848.  The  news 
of  his  arrest  and  execution  caused  great  con- 
sternation throughout  Germany.  It  was  at 
first  supposed  that  the  national  assembly 
would  resent  his  death  as  an  insult  offered  to 
itself,  but,  after  a  few  feeble  protests,  it  re- 
mained quiescent ;  and  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment enjoyed  full  immunity  in  this  its  first 
open  manifestation  of  hostility  to  the  Frank- 
fort parliament,  so  soon  afterwards  doomed 
to  fall. 

BLUMAUER,  Lewis,  a  German  satirical 
poet ;  author  of  a  "  Travesty  of  the  ^neid," 
&c.    Born,  17.')5  ;  died,  1798. 

BLUMENBACU,  Johajjn  Feiederich, 
one  of  the  greatest  naturalists  of  modern 
times,  was  born  at  Gotha  in  1752.  He  early 
displayed  a  great  aptitude  for  scientific  pur- 
suits, and  before  he  had  completed  his  24th 
3'ear,  his  fame  as  an  inquirer  into  nature  had 
spread  throughout  the  civilised  world.  In 
1776,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  medicine 
in  the  university  of  Gottingcn,  where  he  had 
been  educated  ;  and  here,  for  the  long  period 
of  61  years,  he  continued,  by  his  lectures  and 
his  works,  to  extend  the  science  of  com- 
parative anatomy,  which  has  been  so  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  in  more  recent  times, 
and  of  which  he  may  be  truly  said  to  have 
been  the  founder.    Died,  1837. 


BLU] 


^  ^tbi  BiiibtxSal  JSur^rapl^M. 


[bod 


BLUTEAU,  Don  Raphael,  a  Roman 
Catholic  priest,  born  in  Linden,  of  French 
parents  «  autiior  of  a  valuable  Portuguese 
and  Latin  Dictionary.     Died,  1734. 

BOABDIL,  or  ABOUABOULA,  the  last 
Moorish  king  of  Granada  :  he  was  expelled 
for  the  last  time  from  Granada  by  Ferdi- 
nand of  Castile  and  Arragon,  in  1491  ;  a,ad 
afterwards  resided  in  Africa,  where  he  was 
killed  in  battle  in  the  service  of  the  king 
of  Fez. 

BOADEN,  James,  a  dramatic  author 
and  critic.  His  plays  are  numerous,  but  we 
believe  there  is  not  one  of  tliem  that  now 
keeps  possession  of  the  stage.  Far  more 
important  arc  his  dramatic  memoirs.  In 
them  he  has  left,  probably,  the  very  best 
record  that  the  world  can  now  ever  hope  to 
have  of  John  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs. 
Jordan,  and  Mrs.  Inchbald.  His  "  Inquiry 
into  t)»e  Authenticity  of  the  various  Pictures 
and  Prints  of  Shakspcare,"  and  a  tract  on 
"  the  Sonnets  of  Shakspearc,"  are  also  very 
valuable  works.    Bom,  17G2  ;  died,  1839. 

BOADICEA,  or  BONDUCA,  a  British 
heroine,  the  widow  of  Prasatagus,  and 
queen  of  the  leeni.  Having  been  ignomi- 
uiously  treated  by  the  Romans,  she  headed 
an  insurrection  against  them,  attacked 
their  settlements,  and  reduced  London  to 
ashes  ;  but  being  at  length  utterly  defeated 
by  Suetonius  Paulvnus,  she  put  an  end  to 
her  life  bv  poison,  a.d.  CI. 

BOCCACCIO,  Giovanxi,  n  celebrated 
Italian  writer,  possessing  the  most  lively 
imagination,  united  with  tenderness  of  ex- 
pression and  wajinth  of  feeling.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Petrarcli,  and  author  of  "  The 
Decameron,"  &c.  Boccaccio  was  the  son  of 
a  Florentine  merchant,  but  born  in  Paris, 
1313  ;  died.  1375. 

BOCCAGE,  Maria  A.vxe  le  Paoe,  a 
French  poetess  ;  author  of  "  Paradis  Ter- 
restre,"  &c.     Born,  1710  ;  died,  1802. 

BOCCALINI,  Trajan,  an  Italian  satirist; 
author  of  the  "Political  Touchstone,"  a 
"  Satire  on  the  Spaniards,"  &c.  His  wri- 
tings gave  so  much  oflFence  to  the  Spanish 
court,  that  it  caused  him  to  be  murdered  at 
Venice,  1»>1.3. 

BOCCHERINI,  Luioi,  a  celebrated  com- 
poser of  instrumental  music,  pensioned  for 
his  merit  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  warmly 
patronised  by  the  king  of  Si>aiu.  Born, 
1740  ;  died,  1805.  j 

BOCCIII,  AciriLLF.s,  a  Bolognese,  of  a 
noble  family,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  10th  century  by  his  attachment  to  lite- 
rature ;  author  of  "  Apologia  in  Plautum," 
and  numerous  other  works. 

BOCCOLD,  Jon.v,  or  JOHN  OP  LEY- 
DEN,  a  fanatic  of  tliat  city  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, who  headed  some  rcvolters,  and  made 
themselves  masters  of  Munster,  where  he 
assumed  the  characters  of  king  and  prophet. 
The  city  was  at  length  taken  by  the  bishop, 
and  Boccold  was  hanged. 

BOCCONE,  Paul,  an  Italian  naturalist ; 
author  of  "  Musea  di  Plantc  rare."  Born, 
1633  ;  died,  1704. 

BOCHART,  Samuel,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  ;  author  of  "  Geographia  Sacra."  a 
treatise  on  the  "  Terrestrial  Paradise,  &c. 
Bom,  1599  ;  died,  1067. 


BOCH,  or  BOCHIITS,  Johk,  a  Flemish 
writer  of  the  ICth  century  ;  author  of  vari- 
ous Latin  works,  and  styled,  from  his  skill 
in  Latin  poetry,  the  Belgic  Virgil.  Born, 
1555  ;  dietl,  1009. 

BOCCLCI,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  author, 
bom  in  1775.  He  served  at  first  in  the  army, 
in  the  campaigns  of  1793  and  1794,  against 
republican  France,  but  afterwards  devoted 
himself  to  letters.  He  is  the  author  of  seve- 
ral comedies  played  at  the  Madrid  tlieatre. 

BOCQUILLOT,  Lazarus  Andkkw,  a 
French  divine  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Liturgv,"  "  liife  of  the  Chevalier  Bayard," 
&c.    D'ied,  1728. 

BODARD  DE  TEZAZ,  N.M.F.,  Iwm  in 
1758  ;  a  French  poet  and  diplomatist  ;  am- 
bassador to  Naples  for  the  republic  in  17it9  ; 
author  of  "Le  Ballon,"  a  comedy;  "  Al- 
lonsko,"  a  melodrame  ;  "  Minette  et  Ma- 
rine," an  opera,  &c. 

BODE,  Chkistophek  Augustus,  a  learned 
German  linguist  and  critic  ;  who  edited  the 
New  Testament  in  Ethiopic,  all  the  Evan- 
gelists in  Persian,  St.  Matthew  in  Arabic, 
&c.    Bora,  1723  ;  died,  1796. 

BODE,  John  Ehlkkt,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man astronomer  ;  author  of  an  "  Atlas  of 
Celestial  Maps,"  &c.    Born,  1747;  died.  1H2C. 

BODE,  John  Joachim  Chiustoi'iier,  a 
German  writer.  He  was  originally  a  mu- 
sician in  a  Hanoverian  regiment ;  he  then 
became  a  bookseller,  and  finally  rose  to  be 
privy  councillor  to  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse 
Darmstadt.  He  translated  some  of  the  best 
French  and  Englisli  authors  into  German 
with  considerable  taste  and  judgment.  Died, 
1793. 

BODIN,  JoHK,  a  French  lawyer  ;  author 
of  a  treatise  "  De  Republica,"  &c.  Born, 
15.30  ;  died,  1596. 

BODIN,  P.  J.  F.,  a  French  surgeon,  born 
in  1700  ;  was  a  meinl)er  of  the  Convention, 
voted  against  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.,  and 
was  afterwards  judge  of  Poitiers;  he  was 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Accouchemens,"  &c. 

BODLE  Y,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Exe- 
ter, but  educated  partly  at  Geneva  and 
partly  at  Oxford.  He  was  on  several  occa- 
sions employed  on  embassies  by  queen  Eli- 
zabeth ;  but  he  is  chiefly  remarkable  for 
having  rebuilt  the  University  Library  of  Ox- 
ford, and  bequeathed  his  fortune  to  its  sup- 
port and  augmentation  ;  whence  it  is  called 
the  Bodleian  Library.  Born,  1544;  died,  1012. 

BODMANN,  T.  J.,  a  German,  bom  in 
1754 ;  professor  of  political  and  legislative 
science  at  Mayence;  author  of  many  esteemed 
works  in  this  department,  and  co-editor  of 
the  "  Magazin  pour  la  Jurisprudence." 

BODMKR,  John  Jacob,  a  German  poet  ; 
translator  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  and  of 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  &c. ;  and  author  of 
an  epic,  entitled  "Noah,"  &c.  Born,  1695  ; 
died,  1783. 

BODONI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian piinter,  born  in  1740,  died  in  1813  ;  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  skilful  of  modern 
typographers. 

BODSON,  Joseph,  a  French  engraver, 
born  in  1708.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
revolution  ;  was  a  most  influential  member 
of  the  Electoral  Club  of  the  Parisian  Com- 
mune, in  1794  i  and  was  denounced  for  taking 


103 


bob] 


^  ^cto  WinittrStd  33t0grsp!)g. 


[BOI 


off  his  liat  before  the  royal  family  in  the 
Temple,  while  in  charge  of  them.  lie  was 
repeatedly  arrested,  imprisoned,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  the  guillotine,  in  consequence 
of  charges  by  his  democratical  colleagues. 

liOECE,  or  BOE'LUIIUS,  Hector,  a 
Scotch  writer  of  the  lOtli  century,  remark- 
able alike  for  his  great  learning  and  too 
easy  credulity  ;  author  of  the  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  &c.     Born,  14(53  ;  died,  1530, 

BOEUM,  or  BCEHMEN,  Jacob,  a  German 
visionary,  whose  works  on  religious  subjects 
had  many  admirers,  and  caused  much  dis- 
putation.    Born,  1575  ;  died,  1G24. 

BOEHM,  William  Anthoxv,  a  learned 
German  divine,  and  chaplain  to  prince 
George  of  Denmark.    Born,  1(J73;  died,  1732. 

BOEHMER,  G.  G.,  a  professor  at  Got- 
tingen,  born  in  1701.  Always  a  liberal,  and 
attached  to  the  French  party,  he  edited  an 
independent  journal  in  1791.  He  congra- 
tulated the  irench  republic  on  its  union 
with  Belgium  in  179(5,  and  was  complimented 
with  a  seat  in  the  convention.  He  was  sub- 
sequently persecuted  by  the  anti-French 
party,  and  imprisoned  at  Ehrenbreitstein  and 
Erfurt.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Memoir  to 
demonstrate  tlie  Rhine  as  the  Natural  Boun- 
dary of  France,"  &c.,  and  many  political 
German  works. 

BOERUAAVE,  Hermax,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  physicians  of  modern  times,  born 
at  Woornout,  near  Leyden.  His  knowledge 
as  an  anatomist,  chemist,  and  botanist,  as 
well  as  in  the  causes,  nature,  and  treatment 
of  diseases,  was  unrivalled  ;  and  his  fame 
was  spread  over  the  world.  Peter  the  Great 
visited  him  on  his  travels  ;  and  a  Chinese 
mandarin  wrote  to  him  with  this  address, 
"  To  Bocrhaave,  the  celebrated  physician  of 
Europe.'  His  writings  are  numerous,  and 
are  regarded  as  text-  books  to  the  profession. 
Born,  1<!G8  j  died,  1738. 

BOETHIUS,  Anicius  Maklius  Tor-" 
QFATUS  Sevekinus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
whose  virtues,  services,  honours,  and  tragical 
end,  all  combine  to  render  his  name  memor- 
able, was  born,  A.n.  470 ;  studied  at  Rome 
and  Athens ;  was  profoundly  learned ;  and 
filled  the  highest  offices  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Theodoric  the  Goth.  He  was  long 
the  oracle  of  his  sovereign  and  the  idol  of  the 
l)eople  ;  but  his  strict  integrity  and  inflexible 
justice  raised  up  enemies  in  those  wlio  loved 
j  extortion  and  oppression,  and  lie  at  last  fell 
a  victim  to  their  machinations.  He  was 
accused  of  a  treasonable  correspondence  with 
the  court  of  Constantinople,  and  executed  in 
624.  His  "  Consolations  of  Philosophy," 
written  in  prison,  arc  replete  with  the  loftiest 
sentiments,  clothed  in  the  most  fascinating 
language. 

BOETTCHER,  John  Frederic,  an  al- 
chemist, who,  in  making  vain  alcliemical 
attempts,  was  fortunate  enough  to  discover 
the  mode  of  making  the  famed  and  valued 
Dresden  porcelain. 

BOFFNAUD,  Germain,  a  French  archi- 
tect ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Principles 
of  Architecture."    Born,  1667  ;  died,  17.55. 

BOGAN,  Zachary,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of"  A  Help  to  Prayer,"  additions  to 
Rous's  "  Arclioeologiae  Atticas,"  &c.  Bom, 
1625 ;  died,  1659. 


BOGDANOVITSCH,  HiPPOLYTrs  Tiieo- 
DOKOViTSCH,  a  Russian  of  distinguished 
literary  talents  ;  the  editor  of  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Courier,  and  author  of  "  Douschenka," 
a  romantic  poem  ;  "  Historical  Picture  of 
Russia,"  &c.  He  filled  various  official  situa- 
tions under  the  government  of  Catharine, 
and  was  also  employed  as  a  diplomatist. 
Born,  1743  ;  died,  1803. 

BOGORIS,  the  first  Christian  king  of 
Bulgaria  ;  converted  by  his  sister,  who  had 
been  taken  prisoner  by  the  troops  of  Theodo- 
sia,  and  was  restored  to  him  by  that  empress. 

BOGUE,  David,  a  dissenting  minister  of 
very  considerable  acquirements  ;  pastor  of  a 
congregation  at  Gosport,  Hants,  where  he 
also  kept  an  establishment  for  the  education 
of  young  men  destined  for  the  Christian 
ministry,  in  connection  with  the  Independ- 
ents. He  is  considered  as  the  father  of  the 
London  Missionary  Society,  and  he  also 
contributed  greatly  to  the  formation  of  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  He 
wrote  an  "  Essay  on  the  Divine  Authority 
of  the  New  Testament,"  a  "  History  of  the 
Dissenters,"  &c.    Born,  1749  ;  died,  182.5. 

BOHE.MOND,  the  first  prince  of  Antioch. 
He  took  Antioch  in  lODS,  and  subsequently 
took  Laodicea.    Died,  1111. 

BOHN,  Joiix,  a  German  physician  ;  au- 
thor of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Duties  of  a  Phy- 
sician," &c.     Bom,  1G40  ;  died,  1719. 

BOHUN,  Edmund,  a  political  writer  of 
note  in  the  reigns  of  James  II.  and  William 
II.  i  author  of  a  "  Defence  of  King  Charles 
II.'s  Declaration,"  a  "  Geographical  Dic- 
tionary," "  Life  of  Bishop  Jewell,"  &c.  He 
was  living  at  the  accession  of  queen  Anne  ; 
but  the  exact  date  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

BOIARDO,  Matteo  Maria,  count  of 
Scandiano  and  governor  of  Reggio  ;  author 
of  ''  Orlando  Innamorato,"  of  which  Arios- 
to's  Orlando  Furioso  is  a  sequel  ;  and  other 
poems.     Born,  1434  ;  died,  1494. 

BOICHOT,  Jean,  a  distinguished  French 
sculptor  ;  born  in  1738,  died  in  1814.  The 
"  Colossal  Group  of  Saint  Michael  "  and  the 
"  Sitting  Hercules "  are  among  his  best 
works.  The  bas-reliefs  of  the  rivers  on  the 
Triumphal  Arch  of  the  Carousal  are  his. 

BOIELDIEU,  Adrien,  a  celebrated 
French  musical  composer,  born  in  1775  ;  au- 
thor of  numerous  well-known  operas  ;  "  Le 
Calife  de  Bagdad,"  "Jean  de  Paris,"  &c. 
ji"  Tclemaque  "  is  thouglit  his  chcf-d'ceuvre. 
tlis  style  is  characterised  by  a  sweet  and 
natural  melody,  much  imaginative  gaiety, 
and  simple  but  pleasing  accompaniments. 

BOIGNE,  Count,  a  French  soldier  of 
fortune,  was  born  at  Chamberry,  in  17.51. 
When  17  years  old,  he  entered  the  French 
army,  which  he  quitted  for  the  Russian  ser- 
vice in  about  5  years,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
at  the  siege  of  Tcnedos.  After  being  released 
he  left  Russia,  and  in  1778  went  into  the 
service  of  tlie  East  India  Company  ;  but 
fancying  himself  neglected,  he  offered  him- 
self to  tlie  notice  of  Mahajee  Scindiah,  the 
celebrated  prince  of  the  Mahrattas,  to  whom 
he  was  of  the  greatest  use  during  his  cam- 
paigns, and  who  loaded  him  with  honours 
and  riches.  Having  remitted  his  vast  fortune 
to  England,  and  wishing  to  return  to  Europe 
for  the  sake  of  liis  liealth,  he  left  India  in 


BOl] 


^  fitbi  Hnibcr^al  Ma^tipf^iu 


[bol 


1795,  and  settled  at  Chamberry,  wlierc  he 
did  much  good  with  his  money  in  applying 
it  to  benevolent  and  patriotic  purposed. 
Died  in  18a0. 

BOILEAU,  Giles,  a  French  writer ;  au- 
thor of  a  translation  of  Epictetus,  &c.  Born, 
1631  ;  died,  ICGlt. 

BOILEAU,  James,  brother  of  the  above, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonnc  ;  author  of  some 
learned  works  on  ecclesiastical  history. 
Born,  10.3.5  ;  died,  171C. 

BOILEAU,  John  JAMES,a  French  divine  ; 
author  of  "  Letters  on  Morality  and  Devo- 
tion," &c.     Died,  1735. 

BOILEAU,  Nicholas,  sieur  des  Preaux, 
a  celebrated  French  poet,  satirist,  and  critic  ; 
enjoying  a  reputation  in  France  very  similar 
to  that  of  Pope  in  England.  Born,  ICSG ; 
died,  1711. 

BOILLY,  N.,  an  agreeable  and  productive 
French  painter,  born  in  17C8.  His  most 
celebrated  pieces  are  "  The  Arrival  of  the 
Diligence,"  "  The  Departure  of  the  Con- 
scripts," and  "  Interior  of  M.  Isabeau's 
Atelier." 

BOINVILLE,  De.  was  born  of  a  noble 
family,  at  Strasburg,  in  1770.  He  quitted  a 
lucrative  office,  and  joined  the  French  re- 
publican party  in  1791.  lie  then  came  to 
England  with  La  Fayette,  as  aide-de-camp. 
He  married  an  English  lady  of  great  talent 
and  beauty,  accepted  a  command  under 
Napoleon,  and  perished  in  the  retreat  from 
Moscow. 

BOIS,  John  du,  a  French  monk,  who 
served  in  the  army  of  Henry  III.  On  the 
death  of  Henry  IV.  he  accused  the  Jesuits 
of  having  caused  the  assassination  of  that 
prince.  For  tliis  accusation  he  was  con- 
fined in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  at  Rome, 
where  he  died,  102(3. 

BOISROBERT,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a 
French  abbot,  celebrated  for  his  wit,  and 
patronised  by  Richelieu.  His  poems,  plays, 
tales,  &c.  are  numerous.    Died,  10(52. 

BOISSARD,  John  James,  a  French  an- 
tiquary ;  author  of  "  Theatrum  Vitae  Hu- 
manae,"  &c.    Died,  1G02. 

BOISSAT,  Peter  de,  an  eccentric  French- 
man ;  at  first  a  priest,  then  a  soldier,  and  at 
last  a  pilgrim  ;  author  of  "  li'IIistoire  No- 
gropontique,  ou  les  Amours  d' Alexandre 
Castriot."     Died,  1062. 

BOISSY  D'ANGLAS,  Francis  An- 
thony, Count  de,  a  distinguished  French 
senator  and  literary  character,  and  a  man 
who  throughout  the  revolutionary  frenzy 
constantly  displayed  great  firmness  and  a 
disinterested  love  of  liberty.  By  Napoleon 
he  was  made  a  senator  and  commander  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour;  and  in  1814  Louis 
XVIII.  created  him  a  peer ;  but  he  was, 
for  a  time  only,  deprived  of  his  title,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  recognition  of  the  emperor 
on  his  return  from  Elba.  His  writings  are 
on  various  subjects:  among  them  are  "The 
Literary  and  Political  Studies  of  an  Old 
Man,"  an  "Essay  on  the  Life  of  Male- 
sherbes,"  &c.    Born,  17.')6  ;  died,  1826. 

BOISTE,  P.  C.  v.,  a  French  lexicographer, 
born  in  1763  ;  author  of  several  valuable  dic- 
tionaries. The  name  Buonaparte  following 
the  article  "  Spoliateur,"  in  his  "Diction- 
naire  Universel,"  he  was  compelled  by  the 


police  to  substitute  Frederic  the  Great  for 
the  former. 

BOIZOT,  Louis  Simon,  born  in  1743 ;  a 
French  painter  and  sculptor,  but  more  dis- 
tinguished as  the  latter.  The  "  Victory  of 
the  Fountain  of  the  Place  du  Chatelet  is 
his  chefd'cKUvre. 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  pupil  of  Rembrandt.  Born, 
1611;  died,  1081. 

BOLANGER,  John,  an  historical  painter, 
pupil  of  Guido.     Died,  1(360. 

BOLD,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
controversial  writer ;  author  of  a  "  Plea  for 
Moderation  towards  DissentcrB,"  &c.  Died, 
1737. 

BOLDONIC,  C,  an  Italian  writer,  bom 
in  1768  ;  author  of  "La  Constituzione 
Francese  "  (published  in  1792),  whicli  con- 
tributed to  diffuse  the  renovated  seeds  of 
freedom  over  Italy  at  that  epoch. 

B(.)LESLAUS  I.,  became  duke  of  Poland 
in  988  ;  had  his  dukedom  raised  to  a  king- 
dom by  the  emperor  Olho  III.,  and  made 
Moravia  tributary  to  his  kingdom.  Died, 
1028. 

BOLESLAUS  IL,  king  of  Poland,  son 
and  successor  of  Casimir  I.  The  severity 
with  wliich  he  treated  his  subjects  ou  occa- 
sion of  a  revolt,  chiefly  caused  by  his  long 
absence  in  Russia,  and  the  consequent  in- 
fidelity of  the  wives  of  his  soldiers,  he  was 
abandoned  by  his  subjects,  and  died  in 
Hungary  alwut  1080. 

BOLEYN,  Anne,  the  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Boleyn,  and  one  of  the  maids  of 
honour  to  queen  Catharine,  whom  Henry 
VIII.  divorced.  She  then  became  the  wire 
of  Henry,  and  mother  of  queen  Elizabeth  ; 
but  was  put  to  death  by  her  hu^tband  for 
alleged  infidelity  to  his  bed.  Born,  15<17  ; 
beheaded,  l.">;50. 

BOLINGBUOKE,  Henry  St.  John, 
Viscount,  a  distinguished  statesman  and  po- 
litical writer,  was  born  at  Battersea,  in  1672, 
and  completed  his  studies  at  Oxford.  He 
entered  parliament  in  1700,  became  secre- 
tary at  war  in  1704  ;  resigned  his  oflfice  in 
1707  ;  again  formed  part  of  the  ministry  in 
1710,  and  concluded  the  peace  of  Utrecht. 
Two  years  after  this  he  was  created  Viscount 
Bolingbroke  ;  but,  being  dissatisfied  that  he 
had  not  been  raised  to  an  earldom,  he 
quarrelled  with  his  colleagues,  became  a 
prey  to  the  impetuosity  of  his  passions,  and 
exhibited  a  versatility  of  conduct  that  has 
rendered  his  patriotism  and  political  honesty 
open  to  suspicion.  The  Whigs  having  pained 
the  ascendancy  on  the  accession  of  George  I., 
preparations  were  made  for  the  impeach- 
ment of  Bolingbroke,  who  accordingly  fled 
to  France,  and  being  invited  to  Lorraine  by 
Charles  Stuart,  the  Frelender,  he  became  his 
secretary  of  state.  For  this  he  was  impeached 
and  attainted  ;  and  it  was  not  till  1723  that 
he  was  allowed  to  return  to  England.  His 
estates  were  restored  to  him  in  1725,  but  his 
seat  in  the  House  of  Lords  was  still  denied 
him  :  this  raised  his  indignation  ;  and  he 
exerted  all  his  talents  against  the  ministry, 
till  at  length  the  overtlirow  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  was  effected.  In  1735  he  again 
withdrew  to  France,  where  he  remained  till 
the  death  of  his  father  ;  after  which  event  he 


105 


BOL 


^  0tf3i  mnt&er^al  Ma^apl)}), 


[bol. 


settled  at  Battersea,  and  died  in  1751,  after 
a  long  and  painful  disease,  in  his  80th  year. 
He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Pope,  and 
furnished  him  with  many  useful  hints ; 
while  his  own  writings  rank  among  the 
most  eloquent  and  vigorous  in  the  English 
language  ;  but  it  is  to  be  deplored  that  he 
ma.ie  tliem  the  vehicle  of  many  revolting 
attacks  on  Christianity.  He  was  ambitious, 
proud,  and  passionate  ;  yet  capable  of  in- 
spiring the  warmest  friendship,  or  becoming 
a  most  implacable  enemy. 

BOLIVAR,  SiMOx,  the  celebrated  Liber- 
ator of  South  America,  and  the  most  dis- 
tinguished military  commander  that  has  yet 
appeared  there,  was  born  of  noble  parents 
in  the  city  of  Caraccas,  in  1783.  Having 
acquired  the  elements  of  a  liberal  education 
at  home,  he  was  sent  to  Madrid  to  complete 
liis  studies ;  and  afterwards  visited  Paris, 
where  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  se- 
veral distinguished  men.  He  then  made 
the  tour  of  Southern  Eui'ope,  again  visited 
the  Spanish  capital,  and  married  the  young 
and  beautiful  daughter  of  the  Marquis  de 
Ustariz  del  Cro ;  but  soon  after  his  return 
to  his  native  land,  whither  she  accompanied 
him,  his  youthful  bride  fell  a  victim  to  the 
yellow  fever ;  and  he  once  more  visited 
Europe  as  a  relief  to  his  sorrow  for  one  so 
fervently  beloved.  On  returning  to  South 
America,  in  1810,  he  pledged  himself  to  tlie 
cause  of  independence,  and  commenced  his 
military  career  at  "Venezuela,  as  a  colonel  in 
the  service  of  the  newly  founded  republic. 
Soon  after  tliis  he  was  associated  with  Don 
Louis  Lopez  Mendez,  for  the  purpose  of 
communicating  intelligence  of  the  change  of 
government  to  Great  Britain.  In  1811  he 
served  under  Miranda,  and'liad  the  command 
of  Puerto  Cabello  ;  but  the  Spanish  prisoners 
having  risen  and  seized  the  fort,  he  was  ob- 
liged to  quit  the  town  and  proceed  to  Ca- 
raccas. At  length  Miranda  was  compelled 
to  submit  to  Monte verde,  the  royalist  general ; 
and  Bolivar,  entering  the  service  of  the  pa- 
triots of  New  Grenada,  soon  had  another 
opportunity  of  assisting  his  old  friends  the 
Venezuelans.  For  a  while  he  was  successful, 
but  reverses  followed  ;  and  when,  in  1815, 
the  Spanish  forces  under  Morillo  arrived, 
he  threw  himself  into  Carthagena,  and  sub- 
sequently retreated  to  St.  Domingo.  The 
spirit  of  resistance  was,  however,  by  no 
means  extinguished  :  he  found  new  means 
to  leatl  his  countrymen  to  victory  ;  and  after 
many  desperate  conflicts  the  independence 
of  Columbia  was  sealed,  and  Bolivar  was 
chosen  president  of  the  republic,  in  1821. 
His  renown  was  now  at  its  height,  and 
every  act  of  his  government  showed  how 
zealously  alive  he  was  to  the  improvement 
of  the  national  institutions  and  the  moral 
elevation  of  the  people  over  whom  he  ruled. 
In  1823  he  went  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Peruvians,  and  having  succeeded  in  settling 
their  internal  divisions,  and  establishing 
their  independence,  he  was  proclaimed  Li- 
berator of  Peru,  and  invested  with  supreme 
authority.  In  1825  he  visited  Upper  Peru, 
which  detached  itself  from  the  government 
of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was  formed  into  a 
new  republic,  named  Bolivia,  in  honour  of 
the  liberator  ;  but  domestic  factions  sprung 


up,  the  purity  of  his  motives  wa8  called  in 
question,  and  he  was  charged  with  aiming 
at  a  perpetual  dictatorship  ;  he  accordingly 
declared  his  determination  to  resign  his 
power  as  soon  as  his  numerous  enemies 
were  overcome,  and  to  repel  the  imputa- 
tions of  ambition  cast  upon  him,  by  retiring 
to  seclusion  upon  his  patrimonial  estate. 
The  vice-president,  Santander,  urged  him, 
in  reply,  to  resume  his  station  as  constitu- 
tional president ;  and  though  he  was  beset 
by  the  jealousy  and  distrust  of  rival  fac- 
tions, he  continued  to  exercise  the  chief 
authority  in  Columbia  till  May,  1830,  when, 
dissatisfied  with  the  aspect  of  interaal  atfairs, 
he  resigned  tlie  presidency,  and  expresst^d  a 
determination  to  leave  the  country.  The 
people  ere  long  became  sensible  of  their 
injustice  to  his  merit,  and  were  soliciting 
him  to  resume  the  government,  when  his 
death,  which  happened  in  December,  ISSO, 
prevented  the  accomplishment  of  their 
wishes.  In  person  he  was  thin,  and  some- 
what below  the  middle  size,  but  capable  of 
great  endurance ;  his  complexion  sallow, 
and  his  eyes  dark  and  penetrating.  His 
intellect  was  of  the  highest  order,  and  his 
general  cliaracter  of  that  ardent,  lofty  cast, 
which  is  so  well  calculated  to  take  the  lead 
among  a  people  emerging  from  the  yoke  of 
tyrannv. 

BOLLAND,  Sir  WiLLiASf,  one  of  the 
barons  of  the  Exchequer,  was  born  in  1773, 
and  received  his  education  at  Heading  school, 
under  Dr.  Valpy,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1801 ;  admitted  one  of  the  four  common 
pleaders  of  the  city  of  London  in  1804  ;  and 
in  1817  he  was  elected  recorder  of  Reading, 
.wliich  office  he  held  until  appointed  a  baron 
of  the  Exche(iuer  in  1829.  He  was  a  member 
and  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Roxburghe 
Club,  and  is  often  mentioned  by  Dr.  Dibdin 
among  the  most  ardent  admirers  of  the  lite- 
rature of  the  olden  times.  Benevolence, 
suavity  of  manner,  and  honourable  principle, 
distinguished  his  career  both  in  public  and 
private  life.    Died,  May  1840. 

BOLL^VNDUS,  John,  a  learned  Flemish 
Jesuit ;  one  of  the  compilers  of  the  "  Acta 
Sanctorum."    Died,  1GC5. 

BOLOGNESE,  Francisco,  the  assumed 
name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  an  excellent 
landscape  painter,  pupil  of  Annibal  Caracci. 
Died,  lt;80. 

BOLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  friar  of 
Paris.  He  became  for  a  time  a  Protestant, 
but  again  returned  to  the  Romish  ftiitli,  and 
marked  his  zeal  against  Protestantism  by 
bitter  untruths  in  his  lives  of  Calviu  and 
Tlieodore  Beza.    Died,  1582. 

BOLS  WERT,  Scheldt,  an  engraver  of  the 
17th  century,  a  native  of  Friesland,  but  who 
passed  most  of  his  life  in  Antwerp  ;  distin- 
guished for  the  excellence  of  his  engravings 
from  Rubens  and  Vandyck. 

BOLTON  Edmund,  an  English  antiquary 
of  the  17th  century ;  author  of  "  Elements 
of  Armories,"  "Nero  Cajsar,  or  Monarchic 
depraved,"  &c. 

BOLTON,  Robert,  a  puritan  divine ; 
author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Happiness,"  &c. 
Born,  1571  ;  died,  1631. 

BOLTON,    Robert,    dean    of  Carlisle  j 


bol] 


^  |}flD  Slittijcr^al  JStnjjrajpl^l'. 


[bon 


author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Employment  of 
Time,"  &c.    Died,  1703. 

BOLTS,  William,  an  English  merchant, 
of  Dutch  extraction,  born  in  1740.  lie  was 
invested  with  hij^h  employ  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service,  and  realised  a  large 
fortune  in  India  ;  but  being  accused  of  a 
design  to  subvert  the  Indian  government,  he 
wivs  arrested,  sent  to  England,  imprisoned, 
and  subjected  to  a  seven  years'  process,  which 
dissipated  his  large  fortune.  lie  died  at 
last  in  a  jworhouse.  lie  left  a  work  "On 
Bengal  "  and  "  Considerations  on  the  Affairs 
of  India." 

BOLZAXI,  Ukbaxo  Valehiano,  a  learn- 
ed monk,  teacher  of  Greek  at  Venice,  and 
the  first  who  wrote  a  grammar  of  that  lan- 
guage in  Latin.    Died,  1524. 

BOMBELLI.  Raphael,  a  celebrated  al- 
gebraist of  tlie  16th  century,  and  the  first 
who  invented  a  uniform  method  of  working 
equations. 

BOMBELLI,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
Bolognese  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
Bom,  mir^  ;  died,  1(»,5. 

BOMBERG,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  printer; 
whose  Bible  and  Talmud  are  liighly  valued, 
Died,  1.549. 

BOMPART,  J.  B.,  a  French  vice-admiral, 
born  in  17.57  ;  brought  into  notice  by  his 
fighting  a  British  frigate  of  44  guns,  with  liis 
ship,  tlie  Ambuscade,  ao  guns,  off  New  York. 
His  ship  was  taken,  and  himself  made  pri- 
soner, during  the  exi^edition  to  Ireland  in 
1708.  He  always  retained  his  steady  repub- 
lican feelings  during  Buonaparte's  imperial 
ascendancy,  and  even  during  the  Hundred 
Days.    Died  1H21. 

BON,  L.  A.,  born  in  1770  ;  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  French  revolutionary 
generals  ;  first  in  America,  next  in  Italy, 
and  lastly  in  Egypt ;  where  he  took  posses- 
sion of  Suez  in  1798.  He  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Acre  in  1799. 

BON  AMY,  General,  born  in  1764  ;  one  of 
the  conquerors  of  Naples  in  1789.  In  charg- 
ing the  principal  redoubt  at  Moscow,  he  re- 
ceived twenty  bayonet  wounds,  and  was  left 
in  the  hands  of  the  Russians.  He  returned 
to  France  in  1814. 

BONAMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  ;  historiographer  of  Paris,  li- 
brarian of  St.  Victor,  and  conductor  of  the 
journal  of  Verdun,  a  clever  periodical  work. 
He  also  contributed  largely  to  the  Memoirs 
of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  Bom,  1G94  ; 
died,  1770. 

BONANNI  PniLiP,  a  learned  Jesuit  of 
Rome  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Church 
of  the  Vatican,"  "  Collection  of  the  Medals 
of  the  Popes,"  &c.    Died,  1725. 

BONARELLI,  Guy  Ubaldo,  an  Italian 
poet  ;  author  of  "  Filli  di  Sciro,"  &c.  Born, 
UM  ;  died,  1C08. 

BONASONI,  GiuLio,  a  Bolognese  painter 
and  engraver  of  the  lOth  century.  In  the 
latter  capacity  he  especially  excelled  ;  and 
he  engraved  many  of  the  chef-d'ceuvres  of 
Michael  Angelo,  Raffaelle,  &c.  in  a  style  of 
great  beauty. 

BONAVENTURE,  John  Fidanza,  gene- 
ral of  the  order  of  Franciscans,  whose  re- 
putation for  probity  and  wisdom  caused  the 
cardinals  to  leave  to  him  the  noniiuation 


of  a  successor  to  Clement  IV.  He  named 
Theobald,  archdeacon  of  Liege,  who  became 
pope,  with  the  title  of  Gregory  X.,  and  made 
Bonaventure  a  cardinal.  He  died  1274  ;  and 
was  canonised,  1482. 

BONAVENTURE,  of  Padua,  made  car- 
dinal by  Urban  VI.  in  1378  ;  a  friend  of  Pe- 
trarch, and  author  of  several  religious  pieces. 
Assassinated,  138<). 

BONCERF,  P.  F.,  bora  in  174.?  ;  author  of 
the  famous  pamphlet,  "I.«s  Inconvi^niens 
de«  Droits  Feodaux,"  while  secretary  to  I 
Turgot.  Condemned  to  be  burnt,  it  became 
the  basis  of  the  fundamental  decrees  of  the 
constituent  assembly  of  1789.  Having  been 
in  the  service  of  Egalit(5,  he  narrowly  escaped 
the  guillotine  by  one  vote,  on  the  fall  of  his 
patron,  and  died  from  the  shock  he  then 
sustained. 

BONCHAMP,  Arthur  pe,  a  celebrated 
general  of  the  Vendean  royalists,  and  who 
had  served  with  distinction  as  an  officer  in 
the  American  war.  In  him  humanity  was 
not  less  conspicuous  than  valour,  as  the  last 
act  of  his  life  amply  testified  ;  for  it  was  to 
his  interference  that  5000  prisoners,  whom 
the  exasperated  royalists  had  taken,  were 
saved  from  instant  death.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Chollet,  1703. 

BOND,  Jon.v,  an  English  physician;  au- 
thor of  critical  notes  on  Horace,  Pcrsius,  and 
other  classics.    Died,  IGIS. 

BOND,  Oliver,  Iwrn  in  1720 :  a  famons 
Irish  associate  with  Nai>per  Tandy  and 
Theodore  Wolfe  Tone,  in  the  Irish  rebellion 
of  1797-8.  He  was  arrested  in  1798  ;  terms 
were  made  with  government  to  send  him 
to  America ;  but  he  vraa  found  dead  in 
prison. 

BONDI,  Clement,  the  poetical  Delille  of 
the  Italians  ;  author  of  the  "  Conversa- 
zione," which  resembles  Cowper's  Task  ; 
"  The  iEneid,"  translated  in  versi  sciolti,  &c. 
Died,  1816. 

BONE,  Henry,  an  eminent  artist,  cele- 
brated for  Ills  skill  in  enamel  painting,  was 
born  at  Truro,  in  1755.  On  coming  to 
London,  he  was  for  many  years  engaged  in 
that  branch  of  the  art  which  consists  in 
painting  devices  in  enamel  for  jewellery  ; 
.but  he  subsequently  attained  the  highest 
exoelleuce  as  a  miniature  portrait  painter 
on  ivory  and  in  enamel.  Continuing  to  rise 
in  public  estimation,  Mr.  Bone  carried  his 
art  to  the  utmost  perfection,  increasing  the 
size  of  his  plates  beyond  anything  which  had 
before  been  attempted,  and  executing  in 
enamel  several  copies  of  pictures  bj-  the  first 
masters  ;  one  of  which,  Titian's  "  Bacchus 
and  Ariadne,"  he  painted  on  a  plate  18 
inches  by  10,  and  sold  it  to  the  late  G. 
Bowles,  esq.,  of  Wanstead,  for  2200  guineas. 
Among  his  most  munificent  patrons  was  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  who  possesses  some  of  the 
most  exquisite  of  his  works,  including  a 
series  of  portraits  of  the  Russell  family  from 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  present  time. 
He  closed  a  long  life  of  persevering  industry 
and  integrity,  in  December,  1834. 

BONEFACIO,  Vexetiano,  an  Italian 
painter  of  eminence.    Died,  1030. 

BONER,  Ulkicu,  the  most  ancient  Ger- 
man fabulist,  was  a  Dominican  friar  of 
Berne,  in  the  14th  century.     He  published 


bon] 


^  ^cfio  SJiubcr^aT  MaQV*iV>^)U' 


[boo 


his  fables  under  the  title  of  "  Der  Edelstcin  " 
(Tlie  Gem). 

BONIFACE,  St.,  whose  name  was  Wil- 
frid, a  saint  of  the  Romish  calendar,  was  a 
native  of  England,  and  made  archbishop  by 
Henry  III.  He  travelled  through  many 
parts  of  Germany,  of  wliicli  country  he  was 
called  the  apostle  ;  and  after  reclaiming 
many  from  paganism,  he  was  slain  by  some 
peasants  in  Friesland,  in  754. 

BONIFACE,  tlie  name  assumed  by  nine 
popes  ;  but  the  lives  of  whom  present  no- 
tliing  worthy  of  particular  notice. 

BONIFACE,  count  of  tlie  Roman  empire 
in  tlie  .5th  century,  and  an  intimate  friend 
of  St.  Augustin,  at  whose  desire  he  devoted 
himself  to  public  afl'airs.  He  was  slain  in 
a  desperate  contest  witli  Aetius,  in  432. 

BONIFACIO,  BALTiiAZAn,  a  learned 
Venetian,  bishop  of  Capo  d'Istria  ;  author 
of  "  llistoria  Ludicia,"  Latin  poems,  &c. 
Died,  l(;r.9. 

BONJOUR,  WiiXTAM,  a  French  monk, 
and  missionary  to  China  ;  autlior  of  "  Dis- 
sertations on  the  Scripture,"  &c.    Died,  1714. 

BONNAIRE,  J.  G.,  a  French  general, 
born  in  1771  ;  tried  for  firing  on  Col.  Gordon  ; 
sent  by  the  king  to  summon  Condc,  in  ISl.")  ; 
and  condemned  to  degradation  and  exile  in 
1816,  of  which  sentence  he  died,  broken- 
hearted. 

BONNEFONS,  Joiix,  a  French  writer 
of  Latin  poems  ;  which  are  printed  with 
those  of  Beza,  in  Barbau's  edition  of  1757. 
Born,  15.H  ;  died,  1614. 

BONNELL,  James,  accomptant-general 
of  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  ;  re- 
markable for  his  firmness  and  integrity  in 
the  discharge  of  his  public  duty  in  a  trou- 
blesome and  perilous  time.  Some  "Me- 
ditations" of  Ids,  printed  with  his  Life, 
written  by  Archdeacon  Hamilton,  show  him 
to  have  been  a  man  of  considerable  intel- 
lect.   Bom,  16.5.3  ;  died,  1690. 

BONNER,  Edmuxd,  an  English  prelate, 
notorious  for  his  persecution  of  the  Protest- 
ants during  the  reign  of  queen  Mary.  On 
the  accession  of  queen  Elizalwth,  he  refused 
to  take  the  oath  of  supremacy,  and  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Marshalsea,  where  he  remained 
nearly  ten  years,  and  where  he  died,  1.569. 

BONNET,  CiiAULES,  a  distinguished  natu- 
ralist of  Geneva  ;  author  of  "  Insectology," 
"  Essay  on  Physiology,"  "  Considerations  on 
Organised  Bodies,"  &c.  Born,  1720  ;  died, 
1793. 

BONNEVAL,  Claudius  Alexander, 
Count  of.  a  French  adventurer,  son-in-law  of 
Marshal  Biron.  After  serving  under  Prince 
Eugene  against  the  Turks,  resentment  at 
having  been  imprisoned  for  challenging  the 
prince  caused  him  to  go  over  to  the  Turks, 
and  become  a  Mussulman.  His  services  were 
highly  valued  by  the  grand  seignior,  who 
gave  him  the  title  of  Achmet  Pacha,  and 
raised  him  from  rank  to  rank,  till  he  became 
master  of  the  ordnance,  in  which  office  he 
died  in  1747. 

BONNE  VIE,  Abbe,  bom  in  1764  ;  a  great 
preacher  of  funeral  orations  over  the  Buona- 
parte family  and  Buonapartists  ;  and  equally 
zealous  in  preaching  funeral  orations  lor  the 
Bourbons,  after  their  fall.  "  Is  the  abbiS  as 
virulent  against  the  tyrant  as  ever  ?  "  asked 


Napoleon,  in  passing  his  cur(?,  on  returning 
from  Elba.     But  the  abb^  had  disappeared. 

BONNEVILLE,  N.,  a  poet  of  the  French 
revolution,  born  in  1760  :  he  was  the  friend 
of  Condorcet,  La  Fayette,  and  Paine  ;  and 
was  with  Kosciusko  when  he  fell.  Though 
denounced  by  Marat,  in  the  National  Con- 
vention, as  an  aristocrat,  he  was  so  far  from 
being  an  ultra  in  his  views  as  to  denounce 
Buonaparte  (on  his  becoming  emperor)  as  the 
Cromwell  of  France,  when  the  latter  sup- 
pressed his  periodical,  the  "  Bien  Informi'." 
Among  liis  works  are, "  Theatre  Allemand," 
"  Pol'sies  Republicaines."  "  Nouveau  Code 
Conjugal,"  "  Esprit  des  Religions,"  &c. 

BONNIER,  A.  E.,  a  French  republican, 
born  in  1750.  He  was  sent  as  plenipotentiary 
to  a  "  conference  "  with  Prince  Metternich, 
in  1799,  at  Rastadt ;  but  the  negotiation  was 
broken  off  by  Austria,  and  Bonnier  was  mur- 
dered between  that  town  and  Strasburg,  and 
his  papers  taken  away.  Bonnier's  seat  in 
the  Council  of  Ancients  was  for  two  years 
after  covered  with  crape,  as  a  testimony  of 
respect. 

BONNINGTON,  Riciiakd  Parkes,  a 
British  artist  of  great  merit  and  of  singular 
precocity.  At  3  years  old  he  could  sketch 
most  of  the  objects  he  saw,  and  at  15  was  ad- 
mitted to  draw  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  After 
visiting  Italy  he  brought  back  many  able 
specimens  of  his  works,  and  finished  a  suc- 
cessful, though  brief,  career  at  the  age  of  27, 
in  1828. 

BONNYCASTLE,  Joiix,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  the  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich  ;  author  of  "The  Scholar's  Guide 
to  Arithmetic,"  "The  Elements  of  Geo- 
metrv,"  "  A  Treatise  upon  Astronomy,"  &c. 
Died"  1821. 

BONOMI,  JosErn,  an  Italian  architect  of 
considerable  taste  and  genius  ;  from  whose 
design  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel  near 
Manchester  Square  was  erected.    Died,  1808. 

BONTEMPI,  Giovanni  An'drea  Angk- 
LINI,  an  Italian  musician  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury ;  author  of  "  Nova  quatuor  Vocibus 
componendi  Methodus,"  &c. 

BOOKER,  the  Rev.  Luke,  LL.D.,  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  distin- 
guished for  his  literary  acquirements,  was 
born  at  Nottingham,  in  1762 ;  took  holy 
orders  in  1785  ;  and  eventually  became  the 
vioar  of  Dudley.  Dr.  Booker  was  the  author 
of  many  excellent  works,  viz.  "  Poems  "  on 
various  occasions  ;  "  Christian  Intrepidity," 
"  Calista,  or  the  Picture  of  Modern  Life," 
"Euthanasia,  the  State  of  Man  after  Death," 
"Discourses  and  Dissertations,"  2  vols.  ;  and 
a  variety  of  others.  He  was  a  fearless  anta- 
gonist of  infidelity,  and  a  powerful  defender 
of  the  Church  against  Unitarian  or  Papal 
aggressors.    Died,  October,  1835. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  one  of  the  first  ad- 
venturers who  penetrated  into  the  wilds  of 
Kentucky,  was  born  in  Virginia,  and  from 
his  earliest  infancy  addicted  to  hunting  in 
the  woods.  In  1769  he  first  set  out,  in  com- 
pany with  a  few  friends  ;  and  after  numerous 
perils  and  adventures,  he  founded  Boones- 
borough,  the  earliest  settlement  in  Kentucky, 
now  a  flourishing  town,  though  at  that  time 
a  wilderness.  He  was  subsequently  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Indians,  but  escaped  ;  and, 


108 


boo] 


^  ^m  mnfberigal  28t0iiT«P^l!. 


[bor 


being  joined  by  other  adventurers,  was  en- 
abled to  repulse  them  ou  several  occasions, 
though  neitlier  art  nor  treachery  were  left 
unemployed  to  take  him.  At  length,  in  1798, 
he  removed  to  Upper  Louisiana,  where  he 
received  a  grant  from  the  Spanish  authorities 
of  2000  acres  of  land  for  himself,  and  8iX) 
acres  for  each  of  his  children,  friends,  and 
followers.  He  then  settled  witli  tliem  on  the 
Missouri  river,  at  Charettc,  some  distance 
beyond  the  inhabited  parts  of  the  country, 
where  he  followed  his  usual  course  of  life  — 
hunting  and  trapping  for  bears — until  Sept. 
1822,  wlien  he  died,  aged  84. 

BOOTH,  Baktox,  a  celebrated  actor  in 
the  reigns  of  queen  Anne  and  George  I.  ; 
translator  of  several  of  the  odes  of  Horace, 
and  author  of"  Dido  and  Eneas,"  a  masque, 
&c.     Born,  1G81  ;  died,  1733, 

BOOTH,  Sir  Fkli.\,  bart.,  an  eminent 
London  merchant,  who,  for  his  munificent 
donation  of  20,OOOZ.  for  promoting  the  arctic 
expedition  under  Sir  John  Ross,  was  raised 
to  a  baronetcy,  and  had  his  name  affixed  to 
the  country  called  Boothia  Felix.   Died,  1850. 

BOOTH,  Gkokoe,  baron  Delamere,  a 
zealous  partizan  of  Charles  II.  Being  de- 
feated by  the  parliamentary  general,  Lam- 
bert, he  was  confined  in  the  Tower  until  the 
death  of  Cromwell.  He  then  obtained  his 
liberty,  and  was  one  of  the  twelve  delegates 
sent  to  tlie  new  king.  It  was  on  this  occasion 
that  he  obtained  his  title,  and  a  present  of 
10,(KK);.    Died,  l(iS4. 

BOOTH,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  son 
of  the  above.  Having  been  among  those 
who  voted  for  the  exclusion  of  the  Duke  of 
York,  when  that  ixjrsonage  became  king,  he 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  was  tried 
for  high  treason,  but  acquitted,  in  spite  of 
the  efforts  of  the  infamous  Jeffreys.  On  the 
accession  of  William  III.,  he  was  made  a 
privy  councillor  and  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. His  efforts  to  limit  the  prerogative, 
however,  caused  him  to  fall  into  disgrace  ; 
but  he  was  allowed  to  retire  from  office  with 
a  pension,  and  the  title  of  earl  of  Warring- 
ton.   Died,  1C94. 

BORDA,  JoHK  Chahlks,  a  French  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer  ;  author  of  a 
"Dissertation  on  the  Construction  of  Hy- 
draulic Machinery,"  a  "  Narrative  of  a 
Voyage  to  the  South  Sea,"  &c.  He  invented 
the  reflecting  circle,  and  made  several  im- 
provements in  hydraulics.  Born,  1733  ;  died, 
1799. 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  English  physician  ; 
author  of  "  The  MeiTie  Tales  of  the  Madman 
of  Gotham,"  and  several  other  quaint  works. 
Died,  ir.39. 

BORDE,  Joun  Benjamin  de  la,  a  French 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  author  of  "  Adcla  de 
Ponthieu,"  "Essais  sur  la  Musique,  An- 
cienne  et  Moderne,"  "  Mumoires  de  Courcy," 
&c.    He  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

BORDEN,  TiiEOPiiiLijs  de,  a  French 
physician  ;  author  of  "  Recherches  sur 
quelques  Tointes  de  I'Uistoire  de  la  Mede- 
cine,"  &c.    Died,  1776. 

bORDELON,  Laurence,  a  voluminous 
French  writer  ;  author  of  "  Dialogues  for 
the  Living,"  "  Curious  Varieties,"  several 
dramatic  pieces,  &c.    Bom,  1653  ;  died,  1730. 

BORELLI,  Joux  Alphonso,  an  Italian 


philosopher  and  mathematician ;  remem- 
bered chiefly  for  Iwing  the  first  who  applied 
mathematical  calculation  aud  mechanical 
principles  to  account  for  the  action  of  the 
muscles.     Born,  l(;o8  ;  died,  1679. 

BORGHESE,  Makia  Pauline,  Princess, 
the  beautiful  sister  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte, 
was  born  at  Ajaccio,  in  1780.  Her  first 
husband  was  General  Leclerc,  witli  whom 
she  went  to  St.  Domingo,  but  who  dying  in 
1802,  she  became,  in  tlie  following  year,  the 
wife  of  the  Prince  Camillo  Borghese.  Na- 
poleon was  much  attached  to  lier  ;  and  that 
her  love  for  him  was  equally  sincere,  was 
manifest  on  many  striking  occasions,  though 
she  frequently  disputed  with  him,  and  re- 
fused to  follow  the  caprices  of  his  policy. 
When  Napoleon  resigne<l  his  crown  in  1814, 
and  retired  to  Elba,  Pauline  left  her  palace 
in  Rome,  and  followed  him  to  his  place  of 
exile.  She  lived  afterwards,  separated  from 
her  husband,  at  Rome,  and  her  house  was 
the  centre  of  the  most  spleiidid  society. 
When  she  heard  of  her  brother's  illness  at 
St.  Helena,  she  repeatedly  requested  per- 
mission to  go  to  him  :  at  lengtli  her  request 
was  granted,  and  she  was  just  about  to 
depart,  when  the  news  of  his  death  reached 
her.     Died,  1825. 

BORGIA,  C^SAR,  son  of  Cardinal  Rodrigo, 
afterwards  poi)e  Alexander  VI.  He  was  at 
first  devoted  to  the  Church,  and  became  a 
cardinal,  but  more  ambitious  prospects  for 
him  caused  his  father  to  secularise  him. 
After  serving  in  the  army  of  Louis  XII.,  he 
became  duke  of  Romagna,  and  extended 
his  power  and  possessions  so  greatly  and 
remorselessly,  that  the  Italian  states  became 
alarmed,  and  a  confederacy  was  formed 
against  him.  After  opposing  all  eftorts 
against  him  with  equal  skill  and  wicked- 
ness, he  was  slain  in  a  skirmish  before  the 
castle  of  Viana,  1507. 

BORGIA,  Cardinal  Stephen,  was  a 
native  of  Velletri.  He  had  an  enthusiastic 
love  for  art.  It  was  usual  with  him  to 
change  a  valuable  piece  of  plate  for  some 
rare  article  to  adorn  his  museum  ;  and  on 
one  occasion,  to  purchase  an  Egyptian 
mummy,  he  even  parted  with  the  plate 
from  his  table,  and  the  buckles  from  his 
shoes.  Pius  VI.  created  him  cardinal  in 
1789 ;  and  the  succeeding  pope  named  him 
president  of  the  council  when  the  French 
garrison  evacuated  Rome.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  some  works  in  support  of  the  papal 
tsmporalities.    Died,  at  Lyons,  1804. 

BORIE,  Jean,  one  of  tlie  most  sangui- 
nary monsters  of  the  French  revolution, 
and  inventor  of  the  "Farandoles."  He 
was  a  lawyer ;  born  about  1770 ;  died  in 
1805,  in  exile. 

BORLASE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
topographer  and  antiquary  ;  author  of"  The 
Antiquities,  historical  and  monumental,  of 
the  County  of  Cornwall  f "  the  "  Natural 
History  of  Cornwall,"  &c.  Born,  1696  ;  died, 
1772. 

BORIS,  Gadenow,  grand-master  of  the 
horse  to  Theodore  Ivanowitz,  emperor  of 
Russia.  He  is  said  to  have  put  to  death 
both  the  emperor's  brother  and  the  emperor 
himself,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  governed 
cruelly  and  tyranically,  but  died  suddenly, 


109 


bor] 


^  ^e&)  WinihtxSKi  SSi'OflrajpIjg. 


[bos 


just  as  Russia  was  invaded  by  a  Polish 
army,  which  was  headed  by  a  young  monk, 
who  pretended  to  be  Demetrius,  the  deceased 
brother  of  Theodore,  in  1605. 

BOROWJLASKI,  Count,  the  celebrated 
Polish  dwarf,  who,  although  less  than  three 
feet  in  height,  was  of  perfect  symmetry,  and 
attained  the  great  age  of  98.  He  had  been 
prevailed  upon  by  some  of  the  clergy  of 
Durham,  who  liad  casually  seen  him  when 
on  his  "  travels,"  40  years  before  his  death, 
to  take  up  his  abode  near  that  city.  He 
spoke  several  languages,  was  generally  well 
informed  and  witty,  and  his  company  was 
accordingly  much  courted  by  the  gentry  of 
Durham  and  its  vicinity.    Died,  Sept.  1837. 

BORRI,  Joseph  Francis,  an  adventurer, 
of  the  17th  century,  who  attracted  much 
notice  by  his  fanatical  heresies  in  religion, 
and  by  his  pretensions  as  an  alchemist  and 
physician.  After  a  long  course  of  bold  and 
impudent  imposture,  he  was  imprisoned,  at 
first  in  the  prison  of  the  Inquisition  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
where  lie  died,  1695. 

BORROMEO,  CuAELES,  a  cardinal ;  au- 
thor of  a  vast  number  of  moral  and  doc- 
trinal treatises.  Died,  1594  ;  and  was  ca- 
nonised sixteen  years  after  by  Paul  V. 

BORROMEO,  Frederic,  a  cousin-ger- 
man  of  the  above,  archbishop  of  Milan,  and 
also  a  cardinal  ;  author  of  "  Sacri  Ragion- 
amenti,"  "  Ragionamenti  Spirituali,"  &c. 
Died,  1632. 

BORRONI,  Paul  Michael  Bexedict,  a 
painter,  who  imitated  the  style  of  Correggio, 
and  had  muchoftlie  taste  of  Michael  An- 
gelo. Pius  VI.  made  him  a  knight  of  the 
golden  spur,  and  the  king  of  Sardinia 
granted  him  a  pension.  He  died  at  Voghera, 
in  1819. 

BORRONIMI,  Fraxcesco,  an  Italian 
architect  ;  the  pupil  of  Muderno,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  architect  of  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome.  His  best  work  is  the  college  of  the 
Propaganda.    Died,  by  his  own  hand,  1667. 

BOS,  Lambert,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Franeker  ;  author  of  the  well-known  and 
valuable  work  on  the  Greek  ellipses,  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  with 
prolegomena  and  various  readings,  &c. 
Born,  1670  ;  died,  1717. 

BOSC,  Louis  Augustus  William,  a 
French  naturalist,  and  the  author  of  several 
agricultural  and  other  works.  He  held  a 
responsible  situation  in  the  French  post- 
office  ;  but,  in  1793,  being  driven  from  his 
place  by  the  Jacobins,  he  sought  a  retreat  in 
the  forest  of  Montmorenci,  where  he  lived 
three  years  in  solitude,  devoting  lus  time  to 
the  study  of  natural  history. 

BOSC,  Peter  du,  an  eminent  French 
Calvinist  preacher  of  the  17th  century ; 
author  of  numerous  sermons,  epistles,  poems, 
&c.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
he  escaped  to  Holland,  where  he  died,  in 
1692. 

BOSCAN,  Joux  Almagayer,  a  Spanish 
poet,  who  first  introduced  into  Spanish  the 
hendecasyllabic  verse.  His  works  are  pub- 
lished with  those  of  Garcilasso.    Died,  1544. 

BOSC  A  WEN,  Edward,  a  brave  and 
highly  distinguished  English  admiral.  He 
served  under  Anson  in  the  engagement  of 


Cape  Finisterre,  and  received  the  thanka 
of  parliament  and  a  pension  for  his  ex- 
ploits while  serving  in  the  Atlantic  and  in 
the  Mediterranean.    Born,  1711  ;  died,  1761. 

BOSCAWEN,  William,  nephew  of  the 
above ;  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Pro- 
gress of  Satire  ; "  a  translation  of  Horace, 
&c.    Bom,  1752  ;  died,  1811. 

BOSCH,  Berxard,  a  Dutch  poet,  bom  in 
1746;  author  of  "  Egotism  "  and  "Bosch's 
Poems,"  and  co-editor  of  the  Janua  and 
Eclair  Politique. 

BOSCH,  Jerome,  a  famous  Dutch  bib- 
liomanist ;  born  in  1740,  died  in  1811.  Hia 
library  catalogue  was  remarkable  for  the 
number  oi  princeps  editions  it  contained. 

BOSCH,  L.  A.  G.,  one  of  the  first  French 
naturalists  of  the  age  ;  bom  in  1759  ;  pa- 
tronised by  the  minister  Roland.  He  had 
the  courage  to  accompany  Madame  Roland 
to  the  foot  of  the  scatfold.  He  wrote  "  His- 
toire  Naturelle  des  Coquilles,"  "Dlction- 
naire  d' Agriculture,"  &c.  His  brother, 
(Stephen  Bosch)  also  published  some  well 
written  works  on  agriculture  and  the  occu- 
pation of  tlie  poor. 

BOSCOVICH,  Roger  Joseph,  a  Jesuit, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Roman 
college  of  that  order  ;  author  of  a  Latin 
poem  on  eclipses,  &c.  Born,  1711 ;  died, 
1787. 

BOSSCHA,  H.,  a  Dutch  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  born  in  1766  ;  author  of 
"  Belgica  Libertas ,"  and  a  "  History  of  the 
Revolution  of  Holland." 

BOSSI,  C.  A.,  Baron  de,  an  eminent  mo- 
dern Italian  poet,  bom  at  Piedmont  in 
1758.  He  favoured  the  French  interest  on 
the  Republic's  invasion  of  Italy,  and  was 
rewarded  by  posts  in  France  by  Napoleon. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  exertions  in 
this  country  in  favour  of  the  Protestant 
Vaudois.  "  Oromasia  "  is  Ms  chief  work  in 
poetry. 

BOSSU,  Ren^  le,  an  eminent  French 
critic  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  a 
"Treatise  on  Epic  Poetry,"  "Parallel  of 
the  Philosophy  of  Descartes  and  of  Aris- 
totle," &c. 

BOSSUET,  Jacques  Bexigxe,  bishop  of 
Meaux,  an  eminent  French  preacher  and 
controversial  writer,  contemporary  with  Fe- 
nelon  ;  author  of  a  "  Discourse  on  Universal 
History,"  of  numerous  funeral  and  other 
orations  of  splendid  excellence,  an  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Roman  Catholic  Faith,"  &c. 
His  clear-sightedness  and  controversial 
power  gained  for  him  the  title  of  the  "  Eagle 
of  Meaux."    Born,  1627  ;  died,  1704. 

BOSSUT,  C.  A.,  a  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician, and  the  friend  and  associate 
of  Condorcet,  D'Alembert,  Bailly,  and  La- 
voisier. His  "  Traits  Elementaire  de  M^- 
chanique  et  de  Dynamique,"  is  well  known. 
Born,  1730  ;  died,  1814. 

BOSTON,  Jonx,  a  monk  of  St.  Edmonds- 
bury,  in  the  15th  century  ;  author  of  "  Spe- 
culum Coenobitarum,"  &c. 

BOSWELL,  James,  the  friend  and  bio- 
grapher of  Johnson,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Lord  Auchinlech,  a  Scotch  judge.  The  good 
taste  of  this  gentleman  led  him  to  seek  the 
friendship  of  Dr.  Johnson,  of  whose  life  he 
has  given  a  most  interesting  account,  form- 


bos] 


^  ^e&)  ^ttm'bcri^al  33t0ffraijT;ji, 


[bou 


ing  the  best  specimen  of  faithful  biograpliy 
in  the  language  ;  and  wliich  has  secured  to 
the  biographer  an  extent  and  permanency 
of  fame  which  his  talents,  thougli  far  from 
inconsiderable,  could  scarcely  have  pro- 
cured him  if  exerted  upon  any  other  sub- 
ject.   Born,  1740  ;  died,  3795. 

BOSWELL,  Sir  Alexa.vdeii,  eldest  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1775,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  fatlier  in  the  possession  of  the 
family  estate.  He  was  a  literary  antiquary 
of  no  inconsiderable  erudition,  and  the  au- 
thor of  many  popular  songs  and  iK)etical 
jeux  d'esprit.  lie  inherited  all  the  Tory 
spirit  of  his  father ;  and  some  attacks  on 
the  character  of  James  Stuart,  esq.,  having 
appeared  in  the  Beacon  and  Sentinel  news- 
papers, which  were  traced  to  Sir  Alex- 
ander, a  duel  took  place  between  these 
gentlemen,  when  the  latter  fell,  mortally 
wounded  in  the  neck,  March  20.  1822.  Mr. 
Stuart  was  tried  for  tliis  offence,  but  honour- 
ably acquitted. 

BOSWELL,  James,  the  second  son  of  the 
biographer  of  Johnson,  was  bom  in  1779, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  SchooL  He 
possessed  talents  of  a  suijerior  order ;  and 
the  skill  with  which  he  edited  the  enlarged 
and  amended  edition  of  Maloue's  Shaks- 
peare  in  21  vols.,  affords  ample  evidence  of 
his  scholarship,  judgment,  and  discrimina- 
tion.   He  died  in  1822,  aged  43. 

BOTELLO,  Don  Nuno  Alvarez  de,  a 
celebrated  viceroy  of  India  when  the  Por- 
tuguese held  dominion  there  ;  and  whose 
gallantry  and  skill  tended  greatly  to  aug- 
ment their  Hindostan  possessions.  He 
gained  several  victories  over  the  Dutch, 
and  destroyed  the  fleet  and  army  of  the 
Achenese  which  were  besieging  Malacca ; 
but  lost  his  life  in  1029,  by  being  crushed 
between  his  own  vessel  and  one  of  the 
enemy's. 

BOTH,  Jonif  and  ANnnK\r,  brothers, 
two  Flemish  painters,  born  at  Utrecht,  in 
the  early  part  of  the  17th  century.  John 
chose  for  liis  model  the  works  of  Claude 
Lorraine,  while  Andrew  studied  the  human 
figure  ;  but  tliey  frequently  united  in  the 
same  works,  and  their  labouis  harmonised 
«o  well,  that  their  pictures  could  not  be 
suspected  of  being  joint  productions. 

BOTHWELL,  Jamks  Hepbukk,  Earl  of, 
the  second  husband  of  the  ill-fated  Mary  of 
Scotland  ;  and  the  supposed  instigator,  at 
least,  of  the  murder  of  her  first  husband, 
Henry  Darnley.  Bothwell  died,  iu  exile, 
at  Denmark,  in  1577. 

BOTT,  JoH.v  DK,  a  French  architect. 
Being  a  Protestant,  he  had  no  chance  of 
obtaining  patronage  in  his  own  country, 
and  therefore  entered  into  the  service  of 
William,  prince  of  Orange,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  England.  On  the  death  of 
that  prince,  he  went  into  the  service  of  the 
Elector  of  Brandenburgli,  hy  whom  be  was 
made  a  major-general.  Tlie  fortifications 
o(  Wesel  and  the  arsenal  of  Berlin  are 
among  the  numerous  proofs  of  his  talents. 
Died,  1745. 

BOTZARIS,  Maeco,  a  brave  and  pa- 
triotic Suliote,  appointed  stratarch  of  Wes- 
tern Greece  in  1821.  He  was  killed  in  a 
night  attack  on  tlie  Turks,  1823. 


Ill 


BOUCHARDON,  Edmund,  an  emment 
French  architect  ;  many  of  whose  works 
adorn  Paris,    Born,  1098  ;  died,  1762. 

BOUCHER,  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  author  of  "  The  Cumberland  Man," 
&c.     Died,  1804. 

BOUCHER,  FnAJrcis,  a  French  painter 
of  some  note,  and  who,  but  for  the  rapidity 
of  his  execution,  would  probably  have  ar- 
rived at  great  eminence,  but  the  ease  with 
which  he  executed  rendered  him  careless. 
Bom,  1704  ;  died,  1770. 

BOUCHER,  Luc,  a  Jacobin  leader  of  the 
Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  who,  on  the  20th 
May,  1795,  forced  himself  into  the  National 
Convention,  and  seizing  Ferrand,  one  of  the 
members,  beheaded  him  in  the  lobby  witli 
his  own  hand,  and  fixed  his  head  on  a  pike, 
parading  it  through  the  "Salle."  He  was 
afterwards  guillotined. 

BOUCHOTTE,  J.  B.,  born  in  1754 ;  he 
was  a  second  lieutenant  in  1775,  and  was 
war  minister  to  the  French  republic  in  1793, 
during  its  most  eventful  and  victorious  pe- 
riod. He  was  denounced  bj'  the  ultra  Ja- 
cobins, and  narrowly  escaped  the  guillotine, 
but  retired  into  private  life. 

BOUCICAULT,  Marshal,  count  of  Beau- 
fort, a  celebrated  Frencli  soldier  of  the  15th 
century.  He  served  against  the  Turks,  and 
in  the  Italian  strife  between  the  Guelphs 
and  Glubcllines  ;  and,  at  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  was  taken  prisoner  and  brought  to 
England,  wlicre  he  died  in  1421. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias,  was  born  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  1740;  studied  the  law,  and  be- 
came eminent  in  that  profession  ;  but  dur- 
ing the  American  contest  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress,  made  its  president  in 
1782,  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution, he  entered  the  house  of  rei>resenta- 
tives.  On  retiring  from  public  life,  he  de- 
voted himself  earnestly  to  biblical  litera- 
ture, and,  being  possessed  of  an  ample  for- 
tune, made  munificent  donations  to  various 
charitable  and  theological  institutions,  fore- 
most among  which  was  the  American  Bible 
Society,  of  which  he  became  president.  He 
died  in  1821,  aged  82. 

BOUFFLERS,  Louis  FnANCis.Duke  of,  a 
distinguished  marshal  of  France.  In  1708 
he  defended  Lille  for  four  months  against 
Prince  Eugene,  who,  when  he  at  length 
took  that  place,  said  to  the  marshal,  "  I  am 
very  proud  of  having  taken  Lille,  but  I 
should  be  still  more  proud  of  defending  it 
as  you  have."    Died,  1711. 

BOUl'FLERS,  Stanislaus,  Chevalier  de, 
son  of  the  Marchioness  of  Boufflers,  mis- 
tress of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  born  in 
1737,  was  distinguished  for  the  elegance  of 
his  manners  and  conversation.  He  was 
destined  for  the  Churclj,  but  declared  that 
his  love  of  pleasure  would  interfere  with 
tlie  duties  of  this  profession,  and  therefore 
entered  the  military  service.  He  emigrated 
from  France  in  1792,  to  Prussia.  He  left 
several  works  of  merit,  "Le  Libre  Arbitre," 
&c.  His  character  has  been  thus  summed 
up  :  "  A  libertine  abbt'  ;  a  military  philo- 
sopher ;  a  song-making  diplomatist  5  au 
emigrant  republican."    Died,  1815. 

BOUGAINVILLE,  Jean  Pierre  de,  a 
French  writer;  author  of  "Philip  of  Ma-  \ 


BOU] 


^  ^etu  ^nibn-jSal  33tasrap]bg. 


[bou 


cedon,  a  tragedy,  &c. ;  and  editor  of  Freret's 
great  work  on  Chronology.  Born,  1722  ; 
died,  1703. 

BOUGAINVILLE,  Loins  Antoine  de, 
a  Frcncli  officer,  distinguished  both  in  tlie 
military  and  naval  service.  When  serving 
in  Canada,  under  Montcalm,  he  displayed  so 
much  bravery  that  he  obtained  the  rank  of 
colonel,  and  subsequently  became  a  general. 
Under  the  empire  he  was  made  a  senator,  and 
a  member  of  the  Institute.  Bougainville 
circumnavigated  the  world,  and  enriched  the 
science  of  geography  by  a  number  of  new 
discoveries.    Born,  1729  ;  died,  1811. 

BOUGEANT,  Guillaume  Hyactinthe,  a 
French  Jesuit ;  author  of  "  Amusement  Phi- 
losophique  sur  le  Language  dea  BGtes,"  &c. 
Born,  ICiW  ;  died,  1743. 

BOUGUER,  Piekre,  a  French  mathema- 
tician and  hydrographer  ;  author  of  treatises 
on  Navigation  and  Pilotage,  and  on  the  Con- 
struction of  Ships  ;  and  numerous  other  valu- 
able works  of  science.    Died,  1758. 

BOUIIIER,  JoHX,  an  eminent  French 
writer  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  "  Let- 
ters on  the  Therapeutaj,"  "  Dissertations  on 
Herodotus,"  &c.    Born,  1673  ;  died,  1740. 

BOUHOURS,  DoMixic,  a  French  Jesuit 
and  critic  ;  author  of  "  I^s  Entretiens  d' 
Ariste  et  d'Eugfene,"  "Maniere  de  bien 
Penser  sur  Ics  Ouvrages  de  I'Esprit,"  &c. 
Born,  1C28  ;  died,  1702. 

BOUILLARD,  J.,  a  celebrated  French 
engraver,  born  in  1744,  died  in  1806.  His 
"Boreas  et  Orythea"  is  a  masterpiece. 

BOUILLE',  Francis  Claude  Amour, 
Marquis  de,  bom  in  1759  ;  a  distinguislied 
French  general,  celebrated  by  his  exploits  up 
to  the  era  of  the  French  revolution  ;  from 
which,  altliough  he  sat  on  liberal  principles 
in  the  first  Assembly  of  Notables,  he  detached 
himself,  and,  after  making  excellent  prepara- 
tions to  assist  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI.  in 
escaping  from  Varennes,  wliich  his  sovereign 
refu.sed  to  avail  himself  of,  he  quitted  France 
and  served  under  the  allies.  He  died  in 
London  in  1800.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the 
French  Revolution  "  rank  deservedly  high. 

BOUILLON,  Rose,  born  in  1770;  a  heroine 
of  tlie  French  revolution,  who  entered  tlie 
army  as  a  volunteer,  and  fought  as  a  private 
in  the  6th  battalion  of  the  Haute  Saon,  at 
the  battle  of  Limbach,  where  her  husband 
was  killed  by  her  side.  She  had  a  pension 
from  the  National  Convention. 

BOUILLY,  J.  N.,  an  eminent  French 
diplomatist,  born  in  1770.  In  his  views  of 
the  revolution,  he  concurred  with  his  friend 
Mirabeau.  Author  of  "  Pierre  le  Grand," 
"  L' Abb^  de  TEpee,"  "  L^onore,"  "  He- 
lena," "  Agnes  Sorel,"  "  La  Veillesse  de 
Piron,"  &c. 

BOULAINVILLIERS,ITexry  de,  comte 
de  St.  Saire  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  Ma- 
homet," a  "  History  of  the  Arabians,"  a 
"History  of  the  Peerage  of  France,"  &c. 
Born.  1658  ;  died,  1722. 

BOULANGER,  Nicholas  Antontt,  a 
French  mathematician  and  engineer;  author 
of  "  Traite  du  Despotisme  Orientale,"  &c. 
Born,  1722  ;  died,  1759. 

BOULARD,  Antoike  Marie  Henri,  a 
distinguished  French  savant,  born  in  17."<4, 
and  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in 


1815.  He  is  author  of  numerous  translations 
from  English  standard  writings,  and  was 
honoured  by  the  friendsliip  of  La  Harpe,  &c. 
Died,  1825. 

BOULAY  DE  LA  MELTITHE,  A.  J.  C, 
bom  in  1761  ;  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
orators  in  the  French  revolution,  and  author 
of  eminent  works  on  political  science.  He 
was  president  of  the  civil  tril>unal  at  Nancy, 
in  1793,  and  had  great  share  in  confirming 
the  expatriation  of  the  emigrants  in  1793, 
when  a  member  of  the  Five  Hundred.  He 
was  subsequently  faithful  to  Buonaparte 
tlirough  all  his  changes  of  fortune  ;  and  on 
that  account  was  proscribed,  and  banished 
to  Frankfort,  by  the  Bourbons,  on  their  last 
restoration  in  1815. 

BOULTER,  Hugh,  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
eminent  for  his  benevolent  exertions  to  al- 
leviate the  distress  of  the  Irish  during  the 
scarcity  of  1740,  and  for  the  part  he  took  in 
establishing  schools  for  the  instruction  of  the 
Irish  children.    Died,  1742. 

BOULTON,  Matthew,  an  eminent  en- 
gineer, whose  spirit  and  talent  improved  in- 
numerable mechanical  processes,  and  whose 
name,  with  that  of  his  partner,  Watt,  is  in- 
separably connected  with  that  of  the  won- 
derful power  of  which  they  made  such  skilful 
use,  the  steam  engine,  was  born  at  Birming- 
ham, in  1728.  Among  the  many  great  under- 
takings in  which  Boulton  and  Watt  were 
engaged,  oneof  the  most  useful  and  important 
was  the  improvement  of  the  coinage,  the 
coins  struck  at  the  "  Soho "  manufactory 
being  rarely  surpassed  in  beauty  or  accuracy. 
After  a  long  life  uninterruptedly  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  the  useful  arts,  and  the 
promotion  of  the  commercial  interests  of  liis 
country,  he  died  in  1809. 

BOUQUET,  Madame,  bom  about  1773; 
a  victim  of  affection  and  hospitality,  during 
the  revolution.  She  concealed  Pethion 
Buzot  and  lier  uncle  Guadet,  during  one 
of  the  search  warrants  of  the  terrorists,  and 
their  retreat  being  discovered,  she  was  sent 
to  the  guillotine  with  them,  and  died  with 
great  fortitude. 

BOURBON,  Charles,  Duke  de,  constable 
of  France,  a  powerful  enemy  of  Francis  I., 
and  his  opponent  at  Pa  via  when  Francis  was 
taken  prisoner.  His  life  was  chiefly  spent 
in  warfare,  and  he  was  killed  while  heading 
the  assault  on  Rome,  in  1527. 

BOURBON,  Robert  the  Strong,  duke  of 
Neustria,  fomider  of  the  family  which  has 
so  long  governed  France,  Spain,  Sicily,  &c., 
lost  his  life  in  a  battle  with  the  Normans  in 
866.  Historians  differ  as  to  his  descent,  some 
contending  that  Pepin,  of  Heristel,  was  his 
ancestor ;  others  trace  his  genealogy  to  the 
kings  of  Lombardy  ;  and  some  say  he  de- 
rived his  origin  from  a  natural  son  of  Char- 
lemagne. 

BOURBON,  Louis,   cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo ;  son  of  Louis,  brother  of 
Charles  III.  of  Spain.    After  the  imprison-  I 
ment  of  Ferdinand  at  Valen<;ay,  he  joined 
the  cortes,  and  ultimately  became  president 
of  the  provisional  junta  before  which  the  king  ' 
swore,  in  1820,  to  abide  by  the  constitution  I 
of  the  cortes  of  1812.    Born,  1777 ;  died,  182.'}. 

BOURBON,  Louis  Henry  Joseph,  Duke 
de,  and  prince  de  Condt^,  was  supposed  to  I 


BOU] 


^  i^cto  OniberjSal  3BCoar«jp]^8. 


[bou 


have  put  an  end  to  his  existence,  Aug.  27. 
1830.  He  fought  nobly  in  the  royalist  urmy ; 
«nd  after  the  campaign  in  18(XK  accompanied 
his  father  to  England,  and  was  rtsidiiig  with 
him  at  Waustead  House  in  1804,  when  his 
eon,  the  Duke  d'Eughien,  was  murdered. 
The  duke's  death  is  attributed  to  the  excite- 
ment of  his  mind  respecting  the  revolution 
of  July,  183a  His  property  he  16fl  by  will 
to  the  Duke  d'Aumalc,  tliird  sou  of  Louis 
Pliilippe,  with  the  exception  of  a  large  be- 
quest to  Sophia  Dawes,  baroness  de  Feu- 
cheres,  an  English  woman,  with  whom  he 
lived. 

BOURBOTTE,  a  French  Jacobin,  remark- 
able for  his  ferocity  and  military  courage  ; 
born  about  170.'>.  Being  one  of  tlic  convention 
in  1794,  and  aiming  at  the  dictatorship,  on 
the  Ist  I'rarial  he  and  his  colleagues  were 
crushed  by  Legendre  ;  aud  after  poniarding 
himself  before  the  revolutionary  tribunal, 
but  ineflfectually,  he  was  guillotined. 

BOURCHIKR,  John,  lord  Berners,  a 
military  commander  of  great  skill  and  re- 
pute in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  VIII., 
by  the  latter  of  wliom  he  was  made  governor 
of  Calais;  author  of  a  translation  of  "  Frois- 
sart,"  "  The  Life  of  Marcus  Aurclius,"  &c 
Died,  1532. 

BOURCniER,  Thomas,  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  He  crowned  no 
fewer  than  three  of  our  kings,  viz.  Edward 
IV.,  Richard  UL,  and  Ileury  VU.  Died, 
148(5. 

BOURDALOUE,  LoDis,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  one  of  the  most  eloquent  preachers  in 
France.  His  sermons  even  in  the  i>crusal, 
deprived  as  they  are  of  the  eloquent  eye,  the 
graceful  action,  and  the  melodious  voice, 
bear  sufficient  evidence  of  his  genius  to  justify 
the  praises  that  have  been  bestowed  upon 
him.    Born,  16.32  ;  died,  1704. 

BOURDELOT,  John,  a  French  lawyer, 
master  of  requests  to  Mary  de  Medici  ;  author 
of  a  "Commentary  on  the  Satires  of  Juvenal," 
&c. ;  aud  editor  of  the  works  of  Fetrouius 
and  Heliodorus.    Died,  1638. 

BOURDELOT,  Piekue  Mkciigit,  nephew 
of  the  above  ;  a  physician,  patronised  by 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  and  other  emi- 
nent personages  ;  author  of  an  "  Account  of 
Mount  JEtna,"  &c.    Died,  1685. 

BOURDELOT,  Pierre  Boxxet,  nephew 
of  the  last  named,  a  physician,  and  author  of 
some  annotations  on  Colomie's  ''Biblloth^ue 
Choisie,"  &c.    Died,  1709. 

BOURDON,  Leonard,  bom  in  17G0 ;  a 
sanguinary  conventionalist,  who  wished  to 
interdict  Louis  XVI.^rom  seeing  his  family. 
Having  quarrelled  with  his  colleague  Robes- 
pierre, who,  in  1794,  had  resisted  his  eSbrts 
to  serve  his  friends,  Vincent  and  Ronsin,  he 
and  Barras  headed  the  National  Guards, 
who  dispersed  the  satellites  of  that  tyrant  on 
his  fall,  and  seized  his  person.  He  was  sent 
to  the  castle  at  Ham,  as  one  of  the  insurrec- 
tionists of  1794;  but  was  afterwards  employed 
by  the  directory.  He  was  twice  publicly 
called  an  assassin ;  in  the  convention,  in 
1794,  and  in  the  Cinq  Cents,  in  1797,  the 
whole  assembly  applauding.  This  destroyer 
of  grown  men  was  at  the  same  time  founder 
of  "  L'Ecole  des  Elfeves  de  la  Patrie,"  and 
died  a  natural  death,  &a  director  of  it.    He 


published  a  "  Memoir  on  National  Educa- 
tion "  and  a  "  Sansculottide  Drama," 

BOURDON,  Sebastian,  a  French  painter; 
his  chef  d'onivre  is  "  The  Crucifixion  of  St. 
Peter,"  which  he  executed  for  the  church  of 
Notre  Dame.    Died,  1671. 

BOURDONNAYE,  Bernard  Francis 
Make  de  la,  a  French  military  and  civil 
officer  of  great  talents.  He  besieged  and 
captured  Madras  in  174C  ;  and  the  wealth  he 
carried  home  caused  him  to  be  prosecuted 
and  imprisoned.  Although  he  was  honour- 
ably acquitted,  this  affair  ruined  his  health, 
and  he  died  in  17.54. 

BOURGELAT,  Ci.ai'de,  a  French  vete- 
rinary surgeon  of  eminence  in  his  profession; 
author  of  "  The  Elements  of  Horsemanship," 
"The  Materia  Medica  of  the  Veterinary 
School,"  &c.    Died,  1779. 

BOURGEOIS,  Sir  Francis,  a  native  of 
England,  but  of  Swiss  family  ;  painter  to  the 
king  of  Poland,  and  subsequently  to  George 
III.  of  England.  His  landscapes  and  sea 
pieces  arc  highly  esteemed.  He  left  his  fine 
collection  to  Dulwich  College,  with  10,000?. 
for  building  a  gallery,  and  keeping  the  pic- 
tures in  preservation.   Bom  \7M  ;  died,  1811. 

BOURGOING,  John  Francis,  Baron  de, 
born  in  1748  ;  ambassador  to  Spain  on  the 
part  of  the  French  republic,  and  afterwards 
of  Napoleon,  who  subsequently  sent  him  to 
Stockholm,  and  in  1807  to  Saxony.  He  died 
in  1811.  He  has  left  several  approved  works; 
"Tableau  de  TEspagnc  Moderne,"  "  Md- 
moires  de  Pie  VI.,"  and  "  Histoire  de  Char- 
lemagne." 

BOURIGNON,  Antoinette  de  la  Porte, 
a  Flemish  fanatic  Holding  religion  to  con- 
sist neither  in  practice  nor  in  knowledge, 
but  in  direct  impulses  from  and  communion 
with  the  Deity,  she  mode  many  disciples, 
and  wrote  numerous  books,  remarkable 
chiefly  for  their  absurdity  where  they  were 
at  all  intelligible.  Like  many  other  fanatics, 
she  had  a  large  share  of  worldly  wisdom, 
and  was  excessively  avaricious  and  penu- 
rious.   Born,  1616  ;  died,  1680. 

BOURMONT,  Marshal,  a  distinguished 
soldier  in  almost  all  the  campaigns  that  have 
taken  place  since  the  French  revolution  of 
1789,  was  born  in  1773.  In  the  early  periods 
of  the  revolution,  while  second  lieutenant  of 
iniantry,  he  emigrated  from  France,  joined 
his  arms  with  those  of  the  Bourbon  princes 
on  the  frontiers  against  the  French  repub- 
licans, and  afterwards  served  the  royal 
cause  in  La  Vend(5e,  Bretagne,  and  Maine 
with  great  energy  and  talent.  During  the 
consulate  of  Napoleon  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  being  concerned  in  the  plot  of  the 
infernal  machine,  but  after  suffering  im- 
prisonment 8uccessivel3'  in  the  Temple,  and 
at  Dijon  and  Besan<;onj  he  made  his  escape 
and  sought  refuge  with  his  family  at  Lisbon, 
whence  however  he  returned  to  France,  and 
appeared  to  devote  himself  so  zealously  to 
Napoleon's  interests,  that  he  was  appointed 
to  various  high  commands  in  the  imperial 
service,  and  served  with  great  distinction  in 
the  Italian  and  Russian  cami>aigns.  On 
Napoleon's  return  from  Elba,  he  commanded 
a  division  of  the  corps  of  Ney.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  campaign  of  1815,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  brigade 


113 


1.  3 


BOU] 


^  ^tfa  Winibtx^Kl  23tasrapTj|?. 


[bow 


of  the  grand  army  ;  but  on  the  eve  of  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  he  abandoned,  his  colours 
and  repaired  to  Louis  XVIII.,  who  was  then 
at  Ghent.  This  extraordinary  coup-de-main 
— famous  or  infamous  as  it  is  designated  by 
different  parties  —  won  for  him  the  signal 
favour  of  the  restored  Bourbons.  Ten  days 
after  the  battle  of  Waterloo  he  entered 
France  with  the  title  of  commander  of  the 
northern  frontier,  and  shortly  after  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  gallant  Ney,  to  whose  con- 
demnation his  evidence  mainly  contributed, 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  one  of 
the  divisions  of  the  royal  guards.  In  1823 
he  took  part  in  the  Spanish  campaign  under 
the  Duke  d'Angoul6mc,  on  whose  return  to 
France  he  obtainei  the  chief  command  of 
the  army  of  occupation.  In  1829,  Charles  X. 
having  nominated  him  minister  of  war,  he 
organised  the  expedition  to  Algiers,  pre- 
sided over  all  the  preliminary  arrangements, 
and  proceeded  in  person  to  superintend  the 
plan  of  operations  which  he  himself  had 
designed,  and  which  finally  resulted  in  the 
capture  of  Algiers,  for  which  he  was  honoured 
with  the  baton  of  a  marshal  of  France. 
After  the  revolution  of  1830,  which  placed 
Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne,  he  was  pro- 
scribed by  the  dominant  party.  He  then 
devoted  his  services  to  the  cause  of  foreign 
absolutism  in  difierent  countries,  especially 
in  Portugal  ;  but  he  was  subsequently  per- 
mitted to  re-enter  France,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  live  in  obscurity  till  his  death, 
which  took  place,  Nov.  9.  1846. 

BOURNE,  Vincent,  sub-master  of  West- 
minster School  ;  author  of  Latin  poetry  of 
singular  elegance  and  purity.    Died,  1747. 

BOURS AULT,  Edmund,  a  French  writer, 
who,  though  destitute  of  education,  attained 
a  proficiency  in  authorship,  and  wrote  se- 
veral dramas  and  romances.  Among  his 
works  are  "  ^sop  in  Town,"  "  ^sop  at 
Court,"  and  "Letters  toBabet."  Born,lG38  ; 
died,  1701. 

BOUTERWEK,  Fkedeisic,  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Gottingen,  was  born  in  17G6, 
and  died  in  1828.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  valuable  works,  of  which  his  "  History 
of  Spanish  Literature  "  may  be  regarded  as 
the  chief. 

BOWDICII,  Thomas  Edward,  a  writer 
in  the  service  of  the  English  African  Com- 
pany, was  a  native  of  Bristol,  born  in  1793. 
He  was  selected  to  conduct  a  mission  to  the 
king  of  Asliantee,  of  which  mission  he  pub- 
lished a  very  interesting  account.  He  again 
set  out  to  explore  the  Interior  of  Africa,  and 
had  already  reached  the  river  Gambia,  when 
a  fever,  produced  chiefly  by  anxiety,  termi- 
nated his  life  in  1824.  He  was  an  excellent 
linguist  and  a  pleasing  writer  ;  and  besides 
the  work  already  mentioned,  the  public  are 
indebted  to  him  for  a  translation  of  MoUah's 
Travels  to  the  Sources  of  the  Senegal  and 
Gambia  ;  and  other  works; 

BOWDITCH,  Dr.  NatiiAniel,  F.R.  S., 
president  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,  was  a  native  of  Boston,  and, 
though  self-educated,  arrived  at  the  en- 
viable distinction  of  being  a  philosopher  of 
the  first  class.  When  23  years  of  age  he 
published  his  "  Practical  Navigator,"  a  work 
of  great  merit ;  but  his  admirable  transla- 


tion of  the  "  Mechanique  Celeste  "  of  La 
Place,  with  an  elaborate  commentary,  was 
the  production  that  raised  him  to  the  pin- 
nacle of  fame.    Died,  1838. 

BOWDLER,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician;  author  of  "Letters  from  Holland," 
and  editor  of  the  "  Family  Shakspeare,"  &c. 
Born,  1754  ;  died,  1825. 

BOWDLER,  Hannah,  sister  of  the  before- 
mentioned  Thomas  Bowdler  ;  author  of 
"Poems  and  Essays,"  in  2  vols.,  and  of  some 
popular  "Sermons  on  the  Doctrines  and 
Duties  of  Christianity."  She  died,  at  the 
age  of  76,  in  1830. 

BOWDOIN,  an  American  legislator  and 
man  of  letters,  bom  at  Boston,  1727.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  determined  opponents 
of  the  right  of  colonial  taxation,  insisted  on 
by  England,  and  was  one  of  the  first  deputies 
to  Congress.  He  became  governor  of  Massa- 
chusets,  and  president  of  the  Philadelphian 
Academy  of  Sciences  ;  and  died  in  1790. 
His  "  Discourse  on  the  New  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  "  is  deservedly  admired. 

BOWER,  Akchibald,  a  Scotch  writer  of 
great  and  versatile  ability  ;  but  so  lax  in 
principle  as  to  change  from  Catholicism  to 
Protestantism,  and  then  to  Catholicism 
again,  and  finally  to  Protestantism,  in  which 
faith,  according  to  the  declaration  of  his 
widow,  he  died.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
the  Popes,"  conducted  the  "Historia  Lite- 
raria,"  and  contributed  largely  to  the  "  Uni- 
versal History."    Bom,  1676  ;  died,  1766. 

BOWLES,  Rev.  William  Lisle,  whose 
sonnets  exercised  no  unimportant  inflnence 
on  English  literature,  was  born  at  King's 
Sutton,  in  Northamptonshire,  a  parish  of 
which  his  father  was  vicar,  in  1762.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  in 
1792,  the  contemporary  and  friend  of  the 
late  Archbishop  Howley,  and  of  several 
persons  not  undistinguished  afterwards,  who 
adorned  the  university  at  that  time.  On 
leaving  the  university  he  entered  into  holy 
orders,  and  was  appointed  to  a  curacy  in 
Wiltshire  ;  from  which  he  was  preferred  to 
a  living  in  Gloucestershire,  and  in  1803  to  a 
canonry  in  Salisbury  Cathedral.  His  next 
step  was  to  the  rectory  of  Bremhill  in  Wilt- 
shire, to  which  he  was  presented  by  Arch- 
bishop Moore.  Here  he  remained  till  his 
death,  unremitting  in  his  professional  duties, 
zealous  in  the  education  of  the  poor,  and 
manifesting  an  exemplary,  though  happily 
by  no  means  a  tare,  instance  of  the  union  of 
all  Christian  graces  with  the  polish  of  taste 
and  the  amenities  of  literature.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  poet  was  in  a  small  collection 
of  sonnets,  which  were  published  in  1789,  and 
may  be  reckoned  among  the  first-fruits  of  a 
new  era  in  poetry.  In  these  sonnets  there 
were  observed  a  grace  of  expression,  a  musical 
versification,  and  especially  an  air  of  melan- 
choly tenderness,  so  congenial  to  the  poetical 
temperament,  which  still,  after  60  years  of  a 
more  propitious  period  than  that  which  im- 
mediately preceded  their  publication,  pre- 
serves for  their  author  a  highly  respectable 
position  among  our  poets.  The  subsequent 
poems  of  Mr.  Bowles  did  not  belie  the  promise 
of  his  youth.  The  chief  of  these  were  liis 
"  Hope,  an  allegorical    Sketch,"   "  St.  Mi- 


114 


bow] 


^  i^clu  Slnifacr^al  23t0flrapl)i). 


[bra 


chael's  Mount,"  "Coombe  Ellen,"  and  "Grave 
of  Howard."  His  "  Spirit  of  Discovery  by 
Sea,"  the  longest  of  his  productions,  was 
published  in  18()4.  Mr.  Bowles  published 
also  an  edition  of  Tope,  which  involved  him 
in  the  famous  controversy  with  Lord  Byron, 
as  well  as  a  great  variety  of  small  tracts, 
literary,  antiquarian,  and  theological.  He 
was,  in  fact,  a  very  frequent,  though  he 
cannot  be  called  a  voluminous,  contributor 
to  the  literature  of  the  present  century.  Mr. 
Bowles  was  very  playful  in  his  habits  and 
conversation,  and  many  anecdotes  are  told  of 
his  Parsou  Adama-like  forgetfulness.  Died, 
1850. 

BOVVYER,  William,  an  eminent  English 
printer  and  classical  scholar.  He  published 
several  learned  works  ;  but  his  chief  per- 
formance was  a  Greek  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  with  critical  and  emeudatory 
notes.    Born,  1699  ;  died,  1777. 

BOXUORN,  Mark  Zuekius,  professor  of 
rhetoric,  politics,  and  history  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Leyden  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
discovery  of  printing,  and  of  numerous  Latin 
works,  both  prose  and  verse.  Born,  1G12  ; 
died,  1(>53. 

BOYCE,  William,  doctor  of  music,  and 
an  eminent  composer,  both  of  sacred  and 
secular  pieces.    Born,  1710  ;  died,  1779. 

BOYD,  Zaciiaky,  a  Scotch  divine  of  the 
17th  century.  Among  various  works  which 
he  published  is  "  Tlic  Last  Battle  of  the 
Soul  in  Death  ;  "  and  among  the  numerous 
MSS.  he  left,  is  a  collection  of  quaint  poems, 
entitled  "Zion's  Flowers,"  popularly  called 
"  Zachary  Boyd's  Bible."  He  died  in  1653, 
leaving  a  considerable  legacy  to  Glasgow 
College. 

BOYDELL,  JoHX,  originally  an  English 
engraver,  and  afterwards  an  eminent  print- 
seller.  His  spirit  and  liberality  enabled 
him  to  ama.s8  a  considerable  fortune,  and  at 
the  same  time  greatly  to  elevate  our  na- 
tional character  as  to  the  art.  He  was  for 
many  years  an  alderman  of  London,  and 
served  the  office  of  lord  mayor  in  1790. 
Born,  1719  j  died,  1804. 

BOYER,  Abel,  a  French  refugee  ;  author 
of  a  French  Dictionary  and  Grammar,  which 
have  had  a  very  extensive  circulation  ;  and 
of  several  literary  and  political  publications 
of  merit.     Born,  1664  ;  died,  1729. 

BOYER,  John  Bai'tist  Nicuolas,  a 
French  physician,  eminently  skilful  in  the 
treatment  of  infectious  diseases  ;  author  of 
a  "Pharmacopoeia,"  tracts  on  contagious 
disorders,  &c.    Died,  1768. 

BOYLE,  RiciiAitD,  earl  of  Cork,  an  emi- 
nent statesman  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
and  founder  ofafamili' greatly  distinguished 
in  the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature.  Born  at 
Canterbury,  1566  ;  died,  1643. 

BOYLE,  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  fifth  son 
of  the  above.  When  only  seven  years  old 
he  was  created  baron  Broghill ;  and,  from 
an  early  age,  was  conspicuous  for  his  zeal 
in  the  king's  service.  But  after  the  king 
WHS  put  to  death,  the  baron  transferred  his 
services  to  Cromwell,  by  whom  he  was 
greatly  trusted  and  employed.  At  the  death 
of  Cromwell  he  aided  in  bringing  back 
Charles  II.,  and  was  created  earl  of  Orrery 
for  his  service  on  that  occasion.    Born  in 


Ireland,  1621 ;  died,  1679.    He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  poems  and  plays. 

BOYLK,  Robert,  brother  of  the  last 
named,  a  n:ghly  distinguished  philosopher, 
not  unworthy  to  be  ranked  with  Bacon  and 
Newton.  His  whole  life  was  devoted  to 
philosophy  ;  and  his  productions,  almost 
without  an  exception,  are  of  great  value,  and 
very  numerous.  Born  at  Lismore,  Ireland, 
1627  ;  died,  1691. 

BOYLE,  Charles,  lord  Boyle,  second 
son  of  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  a  statesman  and 
scholar  ;  editor  of  the  "  Epistles  of  Phalaris," 
and  author  of  some  slight  but  clever  literary 
papers  ;  born,  1676  ;  died,  1731. 

BOYLE,  Joux,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery, 
only  son  of  the  last  named  ;  atithor  of  a 
translation,  with  notes,  of  the  "  Epistles  of 
Pliny  the  Younger,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Life 
and  Writings  of  Swift,"  papers  in  the  Con- 
noisseur and  the  World,  &c.  Born,  1707  ; 
died,  1762. 

BOYLE,  Richard,  third  earl  of  Burling- 
ton, and  fourth  earl  of  Cork,  another  branch 
of  the  same  distinguished  family.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  amateur  of  architecture,  and 
a  very  generous  friend  to  men  of  letters. 
In  him,  Bishop  Berkeley  found  his  earliest 
and  most  efficient  patron  ;  and  Pope  did  him 
the  honour  to  address  to  him  his  fourth 
epistle.    Born,  1695  ;  died,  1753. 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiel,  an  American  phy- 
sician, who  introduced  the  sj'stein  of  inocu- 
lating for  the  small-pox  into  his  native 
country.    Bom,  1680  j  died,  1766. 

BOlS,  William,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  naturalist  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Sandwich,"  "  Observations  on  Kit's  Coty- 
bouse  in  Kent,"  published  in  tlie  "Archas- 
ologia,"  &c.    Died,  1803. 

BOYSE,  Sami  kl,  a  clever  but  eccentric 
and  dissipated  English  writer ;  autlior  of 
"  The  Deity  "  and  other  poems,  and  of  va- 
rious contributions  to  periodical  works.  His 
bad  habits  rendered  all  cflbrts  to  serve  him 
unavailing,  and  he  died  in  great  misery  and 
poverty,  in  1749. 

BOZE,  Claude  Gros  pe,  a  French  writer 
and  archffiologist ;  author  of  the  "Medallic 
History  of  Louis  XIV."  &c.  Bom,  1680  ; 
died,  1754. 

BRACCIOLINI,  Francis,  surnamed  Dell' 
Api,  secretary  to  Cardinal  Antonio  Barbe- 
rini  ;  author  of  "La  Crocc  Riaquistrata," 
"  Lo  Schemo  degli  Dei,"  &c.  Born,  1566  ; 
died,  1645. 

BRACTON,  Henry  de,  an  English  law 
writer  of  the  13th  century  ;  author  of  the 
well  known  and  esteemed  treatise  "De 
Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Anglias." 

BRADBURY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  who  took  a  distinguished 
part  in  the  Controversy  with  Dr.  Watts  on 
the  subject  of  the  Trinity.    Died,  1759. 

BRADDOCK,  Edward,  major-general. 
He  was  commander-in-chief,  in  America, 
during  the  war  with  France  in  tlie  18th  cen- 
tury ;  and  was  slain  when  on  the  eve  of  in- 
vesting Fort  Duquesr.e,  in  1755. 

BRADFORD,  Joiix,  an  eminent  preacher 
of  the  reformed  religion,  who  was  burnt  at 
Smithfleld  in  the  reign  of  Mary,  1.555. 

BRADLEY,  James,  an  English  divine, 
astronomer,  and  matliematiciau  ;    Savilian 


OF  rwr     ^   \ 


bra] 


^  ^t^  Bnibtt^aX  SSiosrapTun 


[bra 


professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  contri- 
butor to  tlie  Pliilosophical  Transactions, 
and  author  of  some  Astronomical  Observa- 
tions, published  separately.     Died,  1762. 

BRADLEY,  Richard,  professor  of  botany 
at  Cambridge,  and  author  of  several  works, 
chiefly  compilations,  on  Botany  and  Horti- 
culture. Dr.  Brewster's  popular  invention, 
the  Kaleidoscope,  was  at  one  time  said  to 
be  due  to  Bradley  ;  but  it  appears  that  the 
doctor's  instrument  and  the  one  proposed  by 
Bradley  are  quite  different,  and  that  the 
latter  would  be  very  inferior.    Died,  1732. 

BRADSHAW,  John,  an  English  lawyer, 
noted  in  our  history  for  having  acted  as  pre- 
sident on  the  trial  of  Charles  I.  Died,  16.59. 
He  had  a  magnificent  funeral ;  but  at  the 
restoration  his  remains  were  removed  from 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  hanged  on  a  gal- 
lows at  Tyburn,  with  those  of  Cromwell  and 
Ireton. 

BBADSTREET,  Anxa,  an  English  poet- 
ess of  the  17th  century.  Her  father  was 
governor  of  New  England,  where  she  wrote 
and  published  her  poems. 

BRADVVARDIN,  Thomas,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Causa 
Dei,"  directed  against  Pelagianisni  ;  some 
mathematical  tracts,  &c.    Died,  1349. 

BRADY,  Nicholas,  Dr.,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  translator  of  the  ^neid,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Tate,  of  the  Bsalms.  Bom  at 
Bandon,  Ireland,  1C59  ;  died,  1726. 

BRAHE,  TvcHO,  a  Dane  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily;  a  celebrated  astronomer.  Though  his 
system  is  now  superseded  by  that  of  Coper- 
nicus, he  deserves  honourable  mention  as  an 
ingenious  theorist ;  and,  apart  from  his  error 
as  to  tlie  earth  being  the  fixed  centre  of  the 
universe,  his  observations  as  a  practical  as- 
tronomer are  highly  valuable.  Born,  1546  ; 
died,  1601. 

BRAINERD,  David,  a  celebrated  Ame- 
rican missionary,  who  signalised  himself  by 
his  successful  endeavours  to  convert  the 
Indians  on  tlie  Susquehannah,  Delaware,  &c. 
Died,  aged  30,  1747. 

BRAITIIWAITE,  Jon.v,  an  ingenious 
mechanic,  constructor  of  a  diving  machine, 
with  which  he  explored  the  Royal  George, 
sunk  off  Spithead  ;  the  Hartwell  East  India- 
man,  off  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands  ; 
aud  the  Abergavenny  East  Indiaman,  olF 
the  Isle  of  Portland.  From  the  first  he  only 
succeeded  in  raising  some  guns  and  an 
anchor ;  but  from  the  second  and  third  he 
brought  up  property  to  a  very  large  amount. 
Died,  1818. 

BRAMAH,  Joseph,  an  English  engineer, 
distinguished  for  the  number,  value,  and  in- 
genuity of  his  mechanical  inventions.  Among 
these  were  his  invaluable  hydrostatic  press, 
his  safety  locks,  various  improvements  in 
the  steam-engine,  in  the  process  of  making 
paper,  in  the  construction  of  main-pipes, 
wheel-carriages,  the  beer-machine,  &c.  Born, 
1749  ;  died,  1814. 

BRAMANTE  D'tlRBINO,  Lazaro,  a 
celebrated  Italian  architect,  who  first  de- 
signed and  commenced  tlie  church  of  St. 
Peter  at  Rome.  He  was  a  skilful  painter 
and  musician  as  well  as  architect,  and  a 
volume  of  poems  from  his  pen  was  printed 
in  1756.    Died,  1514. 


BRANCAS  LAURAGUAIS,  Duke  de,  a 
French  nobleman,  distinguished  for  his 
scientific  attainments  ;  discoverer  of  tlie 
composition  of  the  diamond,  and  a  great 
improver  of  the  manufacture  of  porcelain. 
Born,  1735;  died,  1824. 

BRAND,  John,  an  able  and  voluminous 
writer  on  politics  and  political  economy ; 
author  of  numerous  political  pamplilets  and 
some  poems.  He  was  rector  of  Wickham 
Market,  in  Suffolk,  and  of  St.  George,  South- 
wark.    Died,  1809. 

BRAND,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary  ;  author  of  the  "  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Town  of  Newcastle," 
"  Observations  on  Popular  Antiquities,"  &c. 
Born,  1743  ;  died,  1806. 

BRANDER,  GrsTAVUS,  an  English  anti- 
quary and  naturalist.  He  was  of  a  Swedish 
family,  but  born  in  London,  where  he  was 
an  eminent  merchant,  and  a  director  of  the 
Bank.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  &c. 
Born,  1720  ;  died,  1787. 

BRANDT,  a  German  chemist  of  the  17th 
century  ;  who  is  said  to  have  discovered 
phosphorus  while  attempting  to  find  a  sol- 
vent by  which  to  convert  silver  into  gold. 

BRANDT,  Ernevold,  Count  de,  a  Danish 
statesman,  convicted  of  being  concerned  in 
the  conspiracy  of  Count  Strueusee,  and  exe- 
cuted in  1772. 

BRANDT,  George,  an  eminent  Swedish 
natural  philosopher  ;  author  of  accounts  of 
various  valuable  experiments  made  by  him 
upon  the  metals.    Died,  1768. 

BRANDT,  Sebastian,  chancellor  of 
Strasburg  ;  author  of  "  Varia  Carmina," 
"Navis  Stultifera,"  &c.    Died,  1520. 

BRANTOME,  or  PIERRE  DE  BOUR- 
DEILLES,  a  celebrated  French  chronicler. 
He  was  a  favoured  attendant  upon  Charles 
IX.,  Henry  III.,  and  the  Duke  de  Alen<;on  ; 
and  his  memoirs,  though  somewhat  too  free 
in  their  details,  are  highly  valuable  as  gra- 
phic and  faithful  illustrations  of  an  interest- 
ing period  of  French  history. 

BRANWHITE,  Peregrine,  the  author 
of  various  poems,  was  born  at  Lavenham, 
Suffolk,  1745  ;  died  in  London,  1794. 

BBARENS,  Henry,  a  Danish  naval  offi- 
cer, and  writer  on  navigation  ;  author  of  a 
"System  of  Practical  Navigation,"  &c.  Bom, 
1751  ;  died,  1826. 

BRATIIWAYTE,  Richard,  an  English 
poet  ;  author  of  "The  Golden  Fleece," 
"The  Prodigal's  Tears,"  "The  English 
Gentleman,"  &c.    Born,  1588  ;  died,  1673. 

BRAY,  Sir  Reginald,  an  English  states- 
man, and  favourite  of  Henry  VII.  He  was 
a  frank  friend  to  that  sovereign,  disdaining 
to  withhold  his  disapproval  when  it  was  de- 
served. He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  having 
superintended  the  erection  of  that  beautiful 
structure,  Henry  VIL's  chapel  at  West- 
minster, and  for  having  finished  that  of 
St.  George  at  Windsor.    Died,  1503. 

BRAY,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
who  laboured  with  great  zeal  in  propagating 
the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  and  who  went 
several  times  to  America  to  promote  that 
object,  was  bom  in  1656  ;  and  died,  rector  of 
St.  Botolph's,  Aldgate,  in  1730. 

BRAY,  William,  F.S.A.,  an  industrious 


116 


bre] 


^  ^m  BniUv^Kl  aBiO0rai)l)j). 


[bre 


antiquary  ;  editor  of  Evelyn's  "  Diary  and 
Memoirs,"  and  a  contributor  to  the  Arclite- 
oloRia,  &c.     Died,  1832  ;  aged  07. 

BREDA,  John'  vax,  a  Dutcli  pointer ;  a 
very  close  imitator  of  the  style  of  Wouver- 
mans.    Died,  17.50. 

BREEXBERO,  Bartholomew,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  particularly  skilful  in  small 
landscapes.     Boru  at  Utrecht,  1C20 ;  died, 

iceo. 

BREGUET,  Abraham  Loi'is,  an  eminent 
watch  aiid  clironometer  maker  at  Paris,  by 
birth  a  Swiss.     Bom,  1747  ;  died,  182.3. 

BREISLAK,  SciPio,  a  celebrated  Italian 

feologist,  born  at  Rome  in  17(38,  who  under 
tuonaparte  was  appointed  inspector  of  the 
saltpetre  works  and  i>owder  mills  in  Italy. 
He  wrote  several  scientific  works,  and  was 
intimate  with  Cuvier,  Chaptal,  &c.  Died, 
182fi. 

BREITINGUEK,  John  James,  a  S^-iss 
divine  ;  editor  of  a  new  translation  of  the 
Septuagint,  &c.    Died,  1776. 

BREITKOPF,  John  Gottlieb  Emma- 
nuel, a  printer  and  type  founder  of  Leipsic; 
he  discovered  an  improved  composition  of 
type  metal,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  Biblio- 
graphy, &c.    Bom,  1719  ;  died,  1794. 

BREMER,  Sir  James  John  Gokdon, 
rear-admiral  of  the  Blue,  whose  name  is  so 
well-known  for  his  distinguished  services  in 
the  war  with  China,  was  born  in  1786.  En- 
tering the  navy  in  1794,  he  rose  through  the 
intermediate  grades  with  much  personal 
distinction,  and  in  June,  1814,  he  became  a 
post-captain.  When  captain  of  the  Tamar, 
20  guns,  he  was  dispatched  to  form  a  settle- 
ment on  Melville  Island,  Australia,  and 
joined  in  the  closing  scenes  of  the  Burmese 
war.  In  18;?0,  he  was  created  a  knight  com- 
mander of  the  order  of  the  Guelph  (K.C.U.)  ; 
and  in  1837,  in  the  Alligator,  of  26  guns,  he 
founded  the  settlement  of  Port  Essington. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  India,  and  as- 
sumed the  command  in  chief  of  that  station, 
on  the  death  of  Sir  F.  L.  Maitland,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Chinese  war.  To 
place  on  record  the  various  distinguished 
achievements  that  in  design  owed  their  birth, 
and  in  execution  their  success,  to  his  pre- 
siding genius,  from  the  organisation  of  the 
expedition  that  left  Singapore  in  1840,  on 
its  mission  of  triumph  and  glory  to  China, 
until  the  final  capture  of  Canton  in  1841, 
would  be  to  compile  a  history  of  the  war 
itself.  His  services  were  rewarded  by  the 
dignity  of  K.C.B.  being  conferred  on  him  ; 
and  the  voice  of  the  country  was  echoed  in 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  him  from  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  His  last  employment  was  as 
commodore  superintendent  of  Woolwich 
dockyard,  from  which  office  he  retired  in 
consequence  of  ill  health,  in  1848.  Died,  1850. 

BRENNER,  Henry,  royal  librarian  of 
Stockholm,  an  eminent  oriental  scholar  ; 
translator  of  the  "History  of  Armenia" 
from  the  language  of  that  country  ;  and 
author  of  "  Observations  on  Czar  Peter  the 
Great,"  &c.     Died,  1732. 

BRENNUS,  a  general  of  the  Gauls,  who 
after  ravaging  Thessaly  and  Greece,  at- 
tempted to  plunder  the  temple  of  Delphi. 
Being  repulsed,  he  slew  himself,  278  B.C. 

BRENNUS,  a  memorable  Gallic  general. 


117 


Having  invested  Rome,  he  was  offered  a 
thousand  pounds  weight  of  gold  to  spare  the 
city.  While  the  gold  was  being  Mcighcd, 
he  threw  his  sword  and  helmet  into  the  op- 
posite scale  ;  and  when  reproached  for  his 
injustice,  replied,  with  the  scornful  excla- 
mation, "  VcE  vict/s!"  —  Woe  to  the  van- 
quished I  Enraged  at  this  insolence,  Ca- 
millus  put  an  end  to  the  negociation,  gave 
battle  to  the  Gauls,  and  put  them  to  flight. 
This  occurred  about  388  B.  c. 

BRENTON,  Captain  Edward  Pelham, 
R.N.,  an  officer  whose  services  at  sea  during 
the  war  were  scarcely  greater  than  those 
which  he  performed  on  shore  and  during 
peace.  Gifted  with  great  ingenuity,  he  made 
several  mechanical  improvements  connected 
with  his  profession,  of  which  naval  men  speak 
in  the  highest  terms.  He  was  the  liberal  sup- 
porter of  several  of  the  most  useful  charities 
in  the  metropolis.  Of  one  of  these,  "the 
Children's  Friend  Society,"  he  was,  in  fact, 
the  founder  ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say, 
that  to  it  hundreds  of  poor  children  owe 
their  removal  from  the  horrors  of  vice  and 
want,  to  a  life  of  virtuous  exertion,  and  its 
concomitant — comfort  and  happiness.  Cap- 
tain Brenton  was  also  very  favourably  known 
as  an  author,  by  his  "  Naval  History  of'Great 
Britain,  from  1783  to  1822,"  and  a  "Biography 
of  Earl  St.  Vincent."     Died,  1839. 

BREQUIGNY,  I>oiis  George,  Oudard 
DE  Feudkix,  a  learned  French  writer  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Histoire  des  Revolutions  de  Genes," 
"  Ordonnances  des  Rois  de  la  Troisiime 
Race,"  &c.    Died,  179.5. 

BRE  RE  WOOD,  Edward,  an  English 
antiquary  and  mathematician  ;  author  of 
"  The  Patriarchal  Government  of  the  An- 
cient Church,"  a  treatise  "De  Ponderibus 
et  Pretii  Vetemra  Nummorum,"  &c.  Born, 
156.5  ;  died,  1613. 

BRET,  Anthony,  a  French  writer;  author 
of  "Commentaries  on  Moliere,"  "Quatre 
Saisons,"  a  poem.  See.    Died,  1792. 

BRETEUIL,  Louis  Alouste  le  Tonne- 
LiER,  an  eminent  French  diplomatist,  and 
at  one  time  secretary  of  state  ;  but  being  a 
zealous  partisan  of  monarchy,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  flee  from  France  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution.  In  1802  he  was 
permitted  to  return,  and  died  in  1807. 

BRETON,  Nicholas,  an  English  pastoral 
poet  in  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  author 
of  "  An  Old  Man's  Lesson  and  a  Young 
Man's  Love,"  "  Phillida  and  Corydon,"  &c. 

BRETON,  Raymond,  a  French  friar  and 
missionary  to  the  West  Indies ;  author  of  a 
French  and  Caribbean  Dictionary,  &c.  Died, 
1679. 

BRETSCHNEIDER,  Henry  Godfrey 
VON,  an  Hungarian,  whose  versatility  of  ta- 
lent was  only  equalled  by  the  perseverance 
with  which  he  exercised  it  in  satirising  the 
follies  and  impostures  of  the  age.  Born, 
1739 ;  died,  1810. 

BREUGHEL,  Peter,  commonly  known 
as  "  Old  Breughel,"  an  eminent  painter ; 
chiefly  of  common-life  subjects,  such  as 
rustic  merrv-makiugs.  Bom  near  Breda, 
1510  ;  died,  1.570. 

BREUGHEL,  John,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
called,  from  his  dress,  "  Velvet  Breughel ; " 
80  excellent  a  landscape  painter,  that  Rubens 


bke] 


^  i^tia  mniiitt^aX  maQva^M* 


[bri 


painted  some  pictures  in  conjunction  with 
him,  Rubens  putting  in  the  figures.  Born 
at  Brussels,  1560,  died,  1623. 

BREUGHEL,  Peter,  a  brother  of  the 
above,  and  also  a  painter.  His  fondness  for 
painting  horrible  subjects  procured  him  the 
sobriquet  of  "Hellish."  Died,  1642.  An- 
other brother,  Abkauam,  excelled  in  fruit 
and  flowers. 

BREVAL,  JouN  DtTRANT  DE,  an  English 
writer  and  military  oflficer  ;  author  of  "  Tlie 
History  of  the  House  of  Nassau  ; "  "  Calpe," 
a  poem,  &c.    Died,  1739. 

BREWER,  Antuoxy,  a  dramatist  of  the 
time  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  ;  author 
of  "The  Lovesick  King,"  "The  Country 
Girl,"  &c. 

BREYNIUS,  James,  a  botanist  of  Dant- 
zic  ;  author  of  "  Fasciculus  Plantarum  Ra- 
riorum,"  &c.    Died,  lt!97. 

BREYNIUS,  Joiixv  Philip,  a  naturalist 
of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
the  kermes  insect,  &c. 

BRIDAINE,  James,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  whose  indefatigable  zeal,  or 
itinerant  propensities,  induced  him  to  un- 
dertake 256  journeys,  so  that  his  powers 
were  displayed  in  almost  every  village 
throughout  France.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Spiritual  Songs,"  wliich  were  extremely 
popular.     Born,  1701  ;  died,  1767. 

BRIDGE  WATER,  Francis  Eoerton, 
Duke  of,  a  nobleman  who  devoted  much  at- 
tention to,  and  expended  large  sums  in  the 
improvement  and  extension  of  canal  navi- 
gation, seconded  by  the  skill  of  Brindley. 
Born,  1736  ;  died,  1803. 

BRIDPORT,  Alexander  Hood,  Admiral 
lord,  a  gallant  naval  oflScer,  and  the  youngest 
brother  of  Admiral  Hood.  He  bore  a  part  in 
Lord  Howe's  celebrated  victory,  June  1.  1794; 
in  the  following  year  he  defeated  a  French 
squadron,  capturing  three  sail  of  the  line  ; 
and  nobly  distinguished  himself  on  many 
other  occasions  during  the  war.     Died,  1814. 

BRIET,  or  BRIETIUS,  Philip,  a  French 
writer  ;  author  of  "Annales  Mundi,"  "The- 
atrum  Geographicum  Europae  Veteris,"  &c. 
Died,  1668. 

BRIGGS,  Hexrt,  an  eminent  English 
mathematician  and  Savilian  professor  of  geo- 
metry, at  Oxford  ;  author  of  "  Arithmetica 
Logarithmica,"  "  Tables  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Navigation,"  "  Animadversiones 
Geometricae,"  &c.     Born,  1536  ;  died,  1630. 

BRIGGS,  William,  an  eminent  physician 
and  oculist ;  author  of  "  Opthalmographia," 
an  anatomical  description  of  the  eye  and  a 
new  theory  of  vision.    Died,  1704. 

BRILL,  ALiTTiiEW,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  employed  by  pope  Gregory  XIII. 
in  decorating  the  Vatican.    Died,  1584. 

BRILL,  Paul,  brother  of  the  last  named, 
and  also  eminent  as  a  landscape  painter. 
Pope  Clement  VIII.  employed  him  to  paint 
a  landscape  sixty-eight  feet  wide  for  the 
Scala  Clementina  ;  in  which  piece  he  intro- 
duced St.  Clement  thrown  into  the  sea  with 
an  anchor  attached  to  his  neck.    Died,  1626. 

BRILLAT-SAVABIN,  Anthklme,  a 
French  writer,  known  chiefly  from  his  work, 
entitled  "  The  Physiology  of  Taste."  Born, 
1755  ;  died,  1826. 

BRINDLEY,  James,  an  eminent  English 


118 


mechanic  and  engineer,  to  whose  great  zeal 
and  abilities  we  owe  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  our  navigable  canals.  So  highly, 
indeed,  did  he  estimate  their  importance  to 
a  commercial  nation,  that,  being  jocularly 
asked,  while  under  examination  before  a 
committee  of  the  House,  for  what  purpose 
he  supposed  rivers  to  have  been  created,  he 
quite  seriously  replied,  "  To  feed  navigable 
canals."  His  first  great  work  was  the  canal 
from  Worsley  to  Manchester,  which  he  exe- 
cuted for  the  Duke  of  Bridge  water.  He  after- 
wards completed  the  Grand  Trunk,  Bir- 
mingham, Chesterfield,  and  others.  Bom, 
1716  ;  died,  1772. 

BBINKLEY,  Dr.  Johx,  bishop  of  Cloyne, 
an  able  divine,  but  still  more  eminent  for 
his  scientific  acquirements,  was  bom  in  1760. 
While  a  graduate  of  Oxford  he  was  elected 
to  the  professorship  of  astronomy  in  Dublin 
University,  an  honour  to  which  his  previous 
writings  and  discoveries  in  science  fully  en- 
titled him.    Died,  September,  1835. 

BRINVILLIERS,  Marguerite  d'Au- 
BRAi,  Marchioness  of,  horribly  notorious  for 
having  poisoned  her  father,  brother,  and  two 
sisters.  She  had  formed  a  criminal  attach- 
ment for  a  Gascon  officer,  named  Goden  St. 
Croix,  and  her  family  caused  him  to  be  sent 
to  the  Bastile.  There  he  learned  from  a 
fellow  prisoner  the  art  of  compounding 
subtle  poisons,  of  which  he  and  his  mistress 
made  use  to  avenge  themselves  on  her  family. 
His  mask  slipping  from  his  face  while  he  was 
distilling  poison,  he  died  suddenly  ;  and  her 
anxiety  to  obtain  a  casket  that  had  belonged 
to  him,  led  to  inquiries  which  terminated  in 
her  detection.  She  was  beheaded,  and  her 
body  burnt,  1676. 

BRISBANE,  Admiral  Sir  Charles.  He 
entered  the  navy,  on  board  the  Alcide,  in 
1779  ;  received  a  severe  wound  in  Rodney's 
fleet  on  the  12th  of  April,  1782  ;  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  1790.  He 
shared  the  active  services  of  Lord  Hood  off 
Toulon,  and  of  Lord  Nelson  during  the  siege 
of  Bastia,  where  he  nearly  lost  an  eye  ;  was 
made  captain  in  1795 ;  and  the  following 
year  received  the  thanks  of  the  Admiralty  for 
his  conduct  during  the  capture  of  some  Dutch 
ships  in  Saldanha  Bay.  The  firmness  with 
which  Sir  Charles  acted,  quelled  the  dis- 
position to  mutiny  which  then  appeared 
through  the  fleet  at  the  Cape.  In  1805  he  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  Arethusa  ;  and 
in  1807  achieved  the  capture  of  the  island  of 
Cura<?oa,  when  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  The  following  year  he  was 
made  governor  of  St.  Vincent's,  in  which 
station  he  remained  till  his  death ;  being 
raised  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  in  1805,  and 
to  that  of  vice-admiral  in  1820.    Died,  1829. 

BRISSON,  or  BRISSONIUS,  Bajinabas, 
an  eminent  French  lawyer  and  philologist ; 
author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Regio  Persarum 
Principatio,"  &c.  During  the  siege  of  Paris 
by  Henry  IV.,  in  1579,  he  remained  in  the 
city,  and  was  compelled  by  the  partisans  of 
the  League  to  act  as  first  president  of  the 
parliament ;  and  liis  conduct  as  a  magistrate 
was  made  the  pretext  for  putting  liim  to 
death, in  1591. 

BRISSON,  Matiiurin  James,  a  French 
chemist  and  naturalist ;  author  of  a  treatise 


BRi] 


^  ^ebj  BnibtxM  Utojjrapl)!?. 


[bro 


on  "Ornithology,"  "Principles  of  Chemis- 
try," &i;.    Born,  1723  ;  died,  180G. 

BRISSOT,  PiKKRE,  a  French  physician ; 
author  of  a  treatise  in  favour  of  bleeding  in 
cases  of  pleurisy  and  inflammation  of  the 
viscera  ;  and  editor  of  Galen's  treatise  "  De 
Curatione  Morborum."    Died,  1522. 

BRISSOT,  Jkan  Pierre,  one  of  the  most 
active  of  the  French  revolutionists,  and  a 
clever  writer ;  author  of  "  Le  Courier  Bel- 

fique,"  and  other  political  journals ;  "  A 
'Ian  of  Conduct  for  the  Deputies  of  the 
People,"  "  Address  to  all  Republicans,"  &c. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  and  versatile  ability, 
which  he  evinced  both  in  the  legislative  as- 
sembly and  as  a  member  of  the  convention  ; 
but  he  had  not  the  moral  courage  to  abstain 
from  a  participation  in  those  scenes  of  revo- 
lutionary violence  which  covered  so  many 
with  eternal  infamy,  although  his  fruitless 
endeavour  to  save  the  life  of  the  king  shows 
that  he  in  reality  disapproved  or  them. 
Unable  to  resist  the  power  of  Robespierre, 
he  endeavoured  to  escape  to  Switzerland,  but 
was  arrested,  condemned,  and  executed,  in 
1793.  Brissot  was  a  great  admirer  of  the 
Americans,  assumed  the  habits  of  the  Qua- 
kers, and  introduced  the  fashion  of  wearing 
the  hair  without  powder.  He  was  also  the 
leader  of  the  party  called  the  Girondists,  or 
Brissotiiis. 

BRITTON,  Thomas,  a  dealer  in  small 
coal,  noted,  on  account  of  his  attachment  to 
music,  as  the  "musical  small-coal  man." 
His  harmless  life  was  put  an  end  to  by  a 
silly  trick  of  a  ventriloquist,  which  frightened 
him  so  much  that  he  never  recovered.  Born, 
16.54;  died,  1714. 

BROCK LESBY,  Richard,  an  eminent 
physician  and  literary  man ;  author  of 
some  medical  tracts,  "A  Dissertation  on 
the  Music  of  the  Ancients,' '  &c.  Bom,  1722  ; 
died.  1797. 

BROGUE,  Victor  Fraxcis,  Duke  de,  a 
gallant  French  general  under  the  old  mon- 
archy, who  emigrated  at  the  commencement 
of  the  revolution,  and  put  himself  at  the 
head  of  a  corps  of  emigrants  at  Champagne. 
Born,  1718  ;  died,  1804. 

BROGNIARTtAuGUSTE  Louis,  a  professor 
of  chemistry,  and  surgeon  to  Louis  XVI. ; 
author  of  "  Tableau  Analytique  des  Combi- 
naisons  et  Decompositions  dea  DilKrentes 
Substances,"  &c.    Died,  1804. 

BROKE,  Rear-admiral  Sir  Philip  Bowks 
Veke,  a  gallant  English  otficer,  the  eldest 
son  of  Philip  B.  Broke,  esq.,  of  Nacton, 
Suffolk,  was  bom  in  1776,  and  commenced 
his  naval  career  as  a  midshipman  in  1792. 
After  the  usual  initiation,  during  which  he 
was  present  in  several  general  engagements, 
he  obtained  the  rank  of  commander  in  1799, 
and  post-captai n  in  1 801 .  The  various  services 
he  subsequently  performed  in  different  parts 
of  the  globe,  tliough  they  were  neither  few 
nor  unimportant,  we  shall  not  enter  upon  ; 
but  he  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  the  far-famed 
action  between  his  ship,  the  Shannon,  of 
38  guns,  and  the  American  frigate,  Chesa- 
peake, mounting  49,  in  June  1813.  The  news 
of  a  victory  so  nobly  gained  against  such 
fearful  odds — at  a  time  when  an  opinion  was 
gaining  ground  that  our  frigates  were  not 
a  match  for  the  large  vessels  (misnamed 


frigates)  of  the  Americans  —  was  hailed  in 
England  with  every  demonstration  of  na- 
tional pride,  and  besides  the  complimentary 
congratulations  that  attended  the  gallant 
author  of  it,  he  was,  for  liis  "  distinguished 
zeal,  courage,  and  intrepidity,"  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  a  baronet  of  Great  Britain. 
Died,  Jan.  2.  1841,  at  his  seat,  Brokehall, 
Suffolk. 

BRO\LE,  Alexander,  an  attorney  and 
satirical  poet,  whose  writings,  on  the  side  of 
Charles  I.,  are  said  to  have  greatly  obstructed 
the  progress  of  puritanism.  In  addition  to 
writing  satirical  songs,  he  translated  from 
Lucretius  and  Horace,  and  wrote  a  comedy, 
called  "  The  Cunning  Lovers."  Born,  1620; 
died,  16«C. 

BROALE,  Richard,  an  English  dramatist, 
contemporary  with  Ben  Jonson,  to  whom  he 
was  originally  servant.  His  comedies  were 
formerly  very  popular,  but  they  are  not  now 
performed.    Died,  1632. 

BRONDSTED,  Peter  Olaf,  a  distin- 
guished Danish  philologist  and  antiquary, 
was  born  in  1780,  entered  the  university  of 
Co[>enhagen  in  17J»6,  and  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  philosophy  in  1806.  In  company 
with  his  friend  Dr.  Koes  he  made  a  scientific 
expedition  to  Greece,  and  in  excavating  the 
temples  in  ^gina,  &c.  many  fine  monu- 
ments in  ancient  Greek  art  were  discovered. 
On  his  return  to  Denmark  he  was  assisted 
with  pecuniary  means  by  tlie  government, 
and  appointed  diplomatic  agent  to  the 
Papal  court  in  1818.  He  afterwards  travelled 
through  the  Ionian  isles,  Malta,  and  Sicily, 
for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  additional 
investigations  ;  he  subsequently  made  Paris 
his  principal  residence,  coming  occasionally 
to  England ;  and  in  1827  he  visited  his 
native  country,  where  he  received  the  hono- 
rary title  of  privy  councillor  of  legation, 
and  numerous  other  marks  of  distinction. 
The  first  part  of  his  principal  work,  entitled 
"Travels  and  Researches  in  Greece,"  ap- 
peared in  1826,  at  Paris,  simultaneously  in 
the  French  and  German  languages ;  the 
second  part  in  1830.  Died  at  Copenhagen, 
in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse,  June 
26. 1842,  aged  61. 

BROOCMAN,  Charles  Ulric,  a  Swedish 
writer  on  education,  especially  as  regards 
the  education  of  teachers.  His  principal 
work  is  "  An  Account  of  the  Educational 
Institutions  of  Germany,  from  the  earliest 
period  up  to  his  own  time."    Died,  1812. 

BROOKE,  or  BROKE,  Sir  Robert,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Mary,  and  author  of  various  legal 
works.     Died.  1558. 

BROOKE,  Frances,  a  clever  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer  ;  authoress  of  "  Lady  Juliet 
Mandeville"  and  other  novels  ;  the  tragedies 
of  "  Virginia  "  and  the  "  Siege  of  Sinope  ; " 
"  Rosina,"  a  musical  entertainment,  &c. 
Died,  1789. 

BROOKE,  Hexry,  a  political  and  literary 
writer  ;  author  of  "  Letters  addressed  to  the 
People  of  Ireland,"  "The  Earl  of  West- 
moreland," a  tragedy  ;  the  celebrated  novel 
of  "  The  Fool  of  Quality,"  &c.  Born  at 
Bantavan,  in  Ireland,  1706  ;  died,  1783. 

BROOKES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  anatomist 
and  surgeon,  was  bom  in  1761 ;  and  after 


110 


BRO] 


^  ipcfco  miibsx^Kl  3St05rapI)u. 


[bro 


studying  under  the  most  celebrated  men  of 
his  day,  commenced  his  career  as  a  professor 
of  anatomy,  pathology,  and  sui-gery,  when 
about  26  years  of  age.  His  museum  was  en- 
riched with  the  choicest  anatomical  speci- 
mens and  osteological  preparations  ;  and  the 
lectures  on  anatomy  and  its  kindred  sciences, 
which,  during  a  long  life,  he  was  in  the  habit 
of  delivering  to  his  pupils  (of  whom  he  could 
reckon  7000),  laid  the  foundation  of  their 
scientific  fame  to  some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished members  of  the  profession.  His  last 
appearance  as  a  lecturer  was  in  1827  ;  and  in 
January,  1833,  he  died,  aged  72. 

BROOKS,  John,  an  able  officer  in  the 
American  army,  a  skilful  physician,  and  a 
man  of  letters.  He  early  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  war  of  American  iudependenee, 
and  ultimately  arrived  at  the  rank  of  a  ge- 
neral ;  but  the  duties  of  a  soldier  did  not  unfit 
him  for  professional  pursuits  ;  he  was  the 
president  of  many  literary,  religious,  patri- 
otic, and  benevolent  societies  ;  and  for  many 
years  filled  the  of&ce  of  chief  magistrate  for 
his  native  town,  Medford,  in  Massachusetts. 
Born,  1752  ;  died,  1825. 

BROOME,  Dr.  William,  an  English  divine 
and  poet.  In  addition  to  Ids  own  poems,  and 
a  translation  of  Anacreon's  Odes,  he  con- 
tributed eight  books  to  Pope's  translation  of 
the  Odyssey  ;  but  having  complained  of  his 
scanty  remuneration,  liis  brother  bard  re- 
warded him  with  a  niche  in  the  Dunciad. 
He  was  vicar  of  Eye,  Suffolk,  where  he  died, 
in  1745. 

BROSCHI,  Carlo,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Farinelli,  one  of  the  finest  singers 
ever  known.  He  was  retained  to  divert  the 
melancholy  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  and  ac- 
quired vast  political  power  in  the  reigns  of 
that  monarch  and  his  successor.  Unlike  the 
generality  of  royal  favourites,  lie  behaved 
with  invariable  modesty  and  honoiu-.  Born 
at  Naples,  1705  ;  died,  1782. 

BROSSARD,  Sebastian  de,  an  eminent 
French  musician  ;  author  of  "  Prodomus 
Musicalis,"  &c.    Died,  1730. 

BROSSE,  Guy  de  la,  a  French  botanist 
and  physician  to  Louis  XIII.  ;  author  of 
"  L'Overture  du  Jardin  Royal,"  and  other 
botanical  works.    Died,  1751. 

BROSSES,  Charles  de,  a  French  lawyer 
and  the  schoolfellow  and  friend  of  Buffon  ; 
author  of  "  Letters  on  Herculaneura,"  &c. 
Born,  1709  ;  died,  1777. 

BROTHERS,  Richard,  a  fanatic,  who,  in 
1793,  commenced  his  career  as  the  apostle  of 
a  new  religion,  and  announced  himself  as 
"  nephew  of  the  Almighty  and  prince  of  the 
Hebrews,  appointed  to  lead  them  to  the  land 
of  Canaan."  He  predicted  various  absurd- 
ities, and  it  is  a  melancholy  fact  that  his 
disciples  were  not  confined  to  the  poor  and 
ignorant.  The  great  orientalist,  Halhed, 
and  other  men  of  unquestionable  ability,  ad- 
vocated this  maniac,  whose  career  at  length 
attracted  the  notice  of  government,  and  he 
was  committed  to  Bedlam  for  life  as  a  con- 
firmed lunatic.  He  published  several  works, 
redolent  alike  of  blasphemy  and  absurdity. 

BBOTIER,  Gabriel,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  and  librarian  to  the  college  of  Louis 
le  Grand ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the 
Ancient  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Roman  Coins," 


an  excellent  edition  of  Tacitus,  end  other 
classics,  &c.    Born,  1723  ;  died,  1789. 

BROTIER,  Andrew  Charles,  a  French 
abb^,  nephew  of  the  above.  He  was  a  friend 
to  the  royalist  cause,  and  the  editor  of 
L'Annee  Litteraire,  which  was  so  obnoxious 
to  the  party  in  power  that  he  was  transported 
to  Guiana,  where  he  died,  in  1798. 

BROUGHTON,  Hugh,  a  learned  Hebrew 
scholar  and  polemical  writer,  who  was  edu- 
cated at  the  expense  of  the  celebrated  Ber- 
nard Gilpin.    Born,  1549  ;  died,  1(!12. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  a  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  and  a  literary  character  of  con- 
siderable merit ;  author  of  "  Christianity 
distinct  from  the  Religion  of  Nature,*' 
"  Dissertations  on  the  Prospects  of  Futurity," 
"  Hercules,"  a  drama,  &c.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  principal  contributors  to  the  Biogra- 
phia  Britanniea.     Died,  1774. 

BROUNCKER,  William,  Lord,  the  first 
president  of  tlie  Royal  Society  at  Oxford, 
and  author  of  some  papers  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  &c.    Died,  1584. 

BROUSSAIS,  Francois  Joseph  Victor, 
a  celebrated  French  physician,  the  author 
of  some  very  learned  medical  works,  which, 
however,  are  very  much  defaced  by  the 
crudest  and  most  dogmatical  materialism. 
Bom,  1772;  died,  1838. 

BROUSSONET,  Peter  Auoustits  Maria, 
an  eminent  French  naturalist ;  author  of 
"  Icthyologia,"  "Variae  Positiones  circa 
Respirationein,"  &c.    Bom,  1761;  died,  1807. 

BROWALLIUS,  John,  bishop  of  Abo  ;  an 
eminent  naturalist,  and  the  author  of  various 
tracts  on  botany,  &c.     Died,  1755. 

BROWN,  Charles  Brockden,  an  eminent 
American  writer,  chiefly  known  in  this 
country  by  his  powerful  novels,  "  Wieland  " 
and  "  Edgar  Huntley."    Died,  1810. 

BROWN,  John,  D.D.,  an  eminent  cler- 
gyman and  indefatigable  writer.  He  was 
born,  in  1715,  at  Rothbury,  Northumberland, 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
and  after  various  church  preferments  became 
chaplain  to  the  king.  The  chief  of  his  nu- 
merous works  are  "  Essays  on  the  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,"  "  Bar- 
barossa,"  a  tragedy  ;  an  "  Estimate  of  the 
Manners  and  Principles  of  the  Times,"  a 
"  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Poetry," 
and  "  Thoughts  on  Civil  Liberty,  Licentious- 
ness, and  Faction."  It  is  supposed  that  his 
mental  exertions  were  too  great,  for  he  fell 
into  a  state  of  dejection,  which  terminated  in 
his  death,  by  his  own  hand,  in  1766. 

BROWN,  John,  a  Scotch  painter  and  au- 
thor, favourably  known  in  the  former  cha- 
racter by  his  painting  of  the  bust  of  Homer 
from  the  Townley  marbles,  and  by  his  por- 
trait of  Pope.  As  an  author  he  is  even  more 
distinguished  by  his  "  Letters  on  the  Poetry 
and  Music  of  the  Italian  Opera,"  which  he 
addressed  to  his  friend,  Lord  Monboddo. 
Born,  1752  ;  died,  1787. 

BROWN,  John,  a  very  learned,  though 
self-educated  Scotch  divine  ;  author  of  the 
"  Self-interpreting  Bible,"  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,"  and  numerous  other  religious 
works.     Born,  1772  ;  died,  1787. 

BROWN,  John,  M.D.,  an  eminent  Scotch 
physician,  and  the  founder  of  a  new  system 
of  medicine,  which  bears  lus  name.    He  di- 


BRO] 


^  ^th)  mnibtt^Kl  33i0ffrapTjti. 


[bru 


vided  all  diseases  into  two  great  classes, — 
the  one  from  deficient  excitement,  and  the 
other  from  its  redundance  ;  and  though  his 
opinions  have  not  been  unconditionally  re- 
ceived, they  have  very  materially  influenced 
the  practice  of  his  professional  successors. 
Dr.  Brown's  principal  works  are  "  Elements 
of  Medicine "  and  "  Observations  on  the 
Old  Systems  of  Physic."  Born,  1735  ;  died, 
1788. 

BROWN,  Joux,  an  eminent  English  en- 
graver ;  his  best  works  are  engravings  from 
Salvator  Rosa.     Died,  IHOl. 

BROWN,  Lai;nci;lot,  an  eminent  land- 
scape gardener,  whose  great  merit  consisted 
in  imitating  nature,  and  abandoning  the 
stiflf  and  clipped  formalitj^  so  universally 
prevalent  at  that  time  m  the  pleasure 
grounds  of  our  nobility.  From  his  constant 
use  of  the  plirase,  "  this  spot  has  great  ca- 
pabilities," he  was  called  Capability  Brown. 
Born,  171.5  ;  died,  1782. 

BROWN,  RonEKT,  an  English  clergyman, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  Brownists,  subsequently 
better  known  by  the  title  of  Independents. 
His  chief  work  was  a  controversial  one,  "  A 
Treatise  on  Reformation,  without  tarrying 
for  any  Man."  Notwithstanding  his  violent 
hostility  to  the  Church,  he  at  length  became 
reconciled  to  it  either  through  conviction  or 
policy,  and  obtained  a  benefice ;  but  his 
character  remained  as  violent  as  ever  ;  and, 
when  80  years  old,  he  was  imprisoned  in 
Northampton  gaol  for  an  assault,  and  died 
there  in  1G30. 

BROWN,  TiioifAS,  a  humorous  writer, 
more  distinguished  for  wit  than  for  morality. 
His  works,  indeed,  notwithstanding  their 
great  literary  merit,  have  fallen  into  com- 
parative oblivion  on  account  of  their  coarse- 
ness.   Died,  1704. 

BROWN,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  able  meta- 
physician and  moral  essayist ;  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  at  Edinburgh.  He  wrote 
"  Observations  on  Darwin's  Zoonomia,"  some 
poems,  and  several  moral  and  metaphysical 
essays ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  upon  his 
treatise  "  On  the  Philosophy  of  the  Human 
Mind,"  a  work  which  is  deservedly  held  in 
very  high  estimation.    Born,  1777;  died,  1820. 

BROWNE,  George,  Count  de,  an  Irish 
officer  in  the  Russian  service,  who  so  nobly 
distinguished  himself  on  many  great  occa- 
sions, that  he  was  rewarded  with  the  go- 
vernment of  I^ivonia  ;  from  which,  when  he 
had  held  it  30  years,  he  wished  to  retire, 
but  Catharine  II.  would  not  accept  his  re- 
signation, replying,  "  Death  alone  shall  part 
us."     Born,  1G98  ;  died,  1792. 

BROWNE,  Isaac  Hawkixs,  an  English 
lawyer  and  poet.  His  best  English  works 
are  a  poem  addressed  to  Highmore,  the 
painter,  "  On  Design  and  Beauty  ; "  and  a 
shorter  one,  called  "The  Pipe  of  Tobacco," 
in  which  he  very  skilfully  imitated  the  tone 
of  thought  and  expression  of  Cibber,Plulips, 
Thomson,  Young,  Swift,  and  Pope.  The 
work,  however,  on  which  his  reputation 
chiefly  depends,  is  a  Latin  poem,  on  the  Im- 
mortalitv  of  the  Soul.  Bom,  1706  ;  died,  1776. 

BROWNE,  Pateick,  M.D.,  an  eminent 
naturalist ;  author  of  "  The  Civil  and  Na- 
tural History  of  Jamaica,"  catalogues  of  the 
birds  and  fish  of  Ireland,  and  of  the  plants 


of  the  Sugar  Islands.  Bom  in  Ireland,  1720; 
died,  17SK). 

BROWNE,  SiMOX,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  considerable  ability,  but  chiefly  remark- 
able for  an  unhappy  hallucination.  He  im- 
agined that  "God  had  annihilated  in  him 
the  thinking  substance,  and  utterly  divested 
him  of  consciousness."  This  delusion  per- 
petually haunted  him,  and  yet  he  furnished 
the  completest  refutation  to  it  by  composing 
several  argumentative  tracts,  and  by  some 
very  laborious  compilations.    Died,  1732. 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  learned  author.  His  "Religio 
Medici "  attracted  much  notice  ;  and  nis 
treatises  "  On  Urn  Burial  "  and  "  On  ^'ulgar 
Errors"  abound  with  curious  ertidition,  in 
whicli,  however,  they  are  excelled  by  his 
tract,  entitled  "  The  Garden  of  Cyrus."  Of 
his  style  Dr.  Johnson  was  the  defender  ;  and 
also,  perhaps  unconsciously,  in  some  degree 
the  imitator.    Bom  1605  ;  died,  1682. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  son  of  Sir  Tliomas, 
physician  to  Charles  II.,  translator  of  some 
of  the  Lives  of  Plutarch,  and  author  of  an 
amusing  book  of  travels.    Bora,  1012  ;  died, 

i7as. 

BRO^VNE,  Ultsses  Ma.vimilian,  the  son 
of  an  expatriated  Irish  officer,  entered  the 
Austrian  service,  and  by  his  great  skill  and 
bravery,  when  employed  against  the  Turks, 
rose  to  the  rank  of  fleld-marshal.  He  after- 
wards greatly  distinguished  himself  at  Pla- 
centia  and  other  places  in  Italy ;  and  .at 
length  died  of  the  wounds  he  received  at 
the  battle  of  Prague.   Born,  1705  ;  died,  1757. 

BROWNE.  Sir  William,  an  able  and 
eccentric  physician  of  the  18th  century.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  optical  and 
other  essays  ;  and,  at  his  death,  bequeathed 
a  sum  of  money  for  the  provision  of  three 
medals,  of  the  value  of  five  guineas  each, 
for  Greek  and  Latin  odes  and  epigrams  by 
undergraduates  of  Cambridge.  Born,  1692  ; 
died,  1774. 

BROWNE,  "William,  an  English  poet  of 
the  17th  century ;  author  of  "  Britannia's 
Pastorals,"  "  The  Shepherd's  Pipe,"  &c. 

BROWNE,  William  George,  an  enter- 
prising English  traveller  ;  author  of  "  Tra- 
vels in  Africa,  Egypt,  and  Assyria."  He 
•was  murdered  while  on  his  way  to  explore 
the  regions  south  of  the  Caspian,  by  a  Per- 
sian banditti,  in  1814. 

BROWNRIGG,  William,  an  ingenious 
physician  and  natural  philosopher  ;  author 
of  "The  Art  of  making  common  Salt," 
treatises  on  platina  and  carbonic  acid,  &c. 
Died,  1800. 

BRUCE,  Robert,  a  descendant  of  David, 
earl  of  Huntingdon,  and  comi)etitor  with 
Jolm  Baliol  for  the  crown  of  Scotland,  at 
the  death  of  Alexander  III. 

BRUCE,  Robert,  grandson  of  the  above, 
and  the  most  heroic  of  the  Scottish  kings. 
After  many  desperate  struggles  he  totally 
defeated  Edward  II.  at  the  battle  of  Ban- 
nockburn,  and  thus  firmly  established  him- 
self on  tlie  throne  ;  but  his  life  was  so  com- 
pletely devoted  to  his  country,  that  it  belongs 
rather  to  history  than  to  biography  to  be 
his  chronicler.  He  was  born  in  1274  ;  died, 
1329. 

BRUCE,  James,  one  of  the  most  celc- 


121 


BRU] 


^  0cbi  mnibtv^al  2Stfl5TapT)i». 


[bru 


brated  of  modem  travellers.  For  a  short 
time  he  held  the  post  of  British  consul  at 
Algiers,  but  resigned  it  in  order  to  gratify 
his  passion  for  travelling.  After  traversing 
the  greater  portion  of  Asia  Minor,  he  set 
out  on  a  journey  to  ascertain  the  source  of 
the  Nile.  An  account  of  this  journey  he 
subsequently  published ;  and  some  of  his 
statements,  particularly  those  which  re- 
ferred to  the  manners  and  customs  of  Abys- 
sinia, were  received  with  mingled  incre- 
dulity and  ridicule.  Though  greatly  an- 
noyed by  the  disgraceful  illiberality  with 
wTiich  he  had  been  treated,  he  bore  the 
taunts  and  sneers  of  liis  shallow  critics  with 
a  taciturn  pride,  not  deigning  to  satisfy  dis- 
belief, or  to  disarm  ridicule,  but  trusting  the 
day  would  ere  long  arrive  when  the  truth  of 
what  he  had  written  would  be  confirmed  by 
others  ;  and  it  is  now  clearly  proved,  from 
the  statements  of  many  subsequent  travellers, 
that  he  was  every  way  undeserving  of  the 
censure  bestowed  on  him.  He  was  born  at 
Kinnaird  House,  Stirlingshire,  in  1730  ;  and 
died,  in  consequence  of  an  injury  sustained 
by  falling  down  stairs,  at  his  paternal  estate, 
in  1794. 

BRUCE,  John,  an  able  writer  on  com- 
merce, moral  philosophy,  and  political  eco- 
nomy ;  author  of  "  First  Principles  of  Phi- 
losophy," "Annals  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany,'"^ &c.    Died,  182G,  aged  82. 

BRUCE,  Michael,  a  Scotch  poet.  His 
parents  being  of  the  poorest  class,  his  early 
life  was  one  of  considerable  privation.  This 
and  his  ardent  attachment  to  poetry,  pro- 
bably aggravated  a  constitutional  predispo- 
sition to  consumption,  and  he  died  in  the 
2l8t  year  of  his  age,  in  1767.  His  poems  are 
few  in  number,  but  singularly  plaintive  and 
elegant. 

BRUCE,  Petek  Henry,  a  German  mi- 
litary officer  of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  at 
the  battle  of  Pruth,  and  was  several  times 
employed  by  the  Russian  court  in  diplomatic 
missions.  His  memoirs,  published  after  his 
death,  give  some  curious  details  of  his  travels. 
He  died  in  Scotland  in  1757. 

BRUCKER,  John  James,  a  German  Lu- 
theran clergyman  ;  author  of  "  Historia  Cri- 
ticaPhilosophia3,"&c.  Born,  1696;  died,  1770. 

BRUCKNER,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
pastor  of  the  Walloon  congregation  at  Nor- 
wich ;  author  of  "  Theorie  du  Syst&me 
Animale,"  "Criticism  on  the  Diversions  of 
Purley,"  &c.    Born,  1726  ;  died,  1804. 

BRUEY8,  David  Augustin,  a  French 
dramatic  writer  ;  in  early  life  a  Protestant, 
but  afterwards  a  bigoted  adherent  to  the  Ca- 
tholic faith.    Born,  1640  ;  died,  1723. 

BRUEYS,  Francis  Paul,  agallant  French 
admiral,  commanding  the  fleet  which  con- 
veyed the  army  of  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  and 
killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile. 

BRUGM ANS,  Skb ald  Justinus,  a  learned 
Dutchman,  physiciau-in-chief  of  the  army, 
and  the  author  of  some  valuable  medical 
works.  After  the  union  of  Holland  with 
France,  Najioleon  made  him  inspector-ge- 
neral of  the  hospitals  ;  and  it  has  been  re- 
marked that  so  skilful  were  his  arrange- 
ments, that  the  number  of  deaths  by  wounds 
and  diseases  was  never  increased  by  hospital 
fevers.     After  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 


promptly  procured  medical  aid  for  upwards 
of  20.000  men.    Born,  1763  ;  died,  1819. 

BRUGNATELLI,  Louis,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  chemist ;  author  of  "  Bibliotheca 
Tisicad'Europe,"  &c.  Born,  1726  ;  died,  1818. 

BRUGUIERES,  John  William,  a  French 
naturalist  and  physician  ;  author  of  many 
essays  on  subjects  of  natural  history,  the 
best  of  which  is  the  "  Natural  History  of 
Worms"  in  the  Encyclopedic  Methodique. 
Died,  1799. 

BRUIIL,  Henry,  Count  of,  minister  of 
Augustus  in.  king  of  Poland ;  one  of  the 
most  artful  and  expensive  courtiers  that 
ever  governed  a  weak  and  credulous  prince. 
He  kept  200  domestics,  paying  them  better 
than  the  king  himself,  and  furnishing  a 
more  sumptuous  table  ;  but,  as  was  natural, 
he  plunged  the  country  into  debt  and  dis- 
grace. Born,  1700;  died,  1763.  —  Various 
members  of  this  family  have  attained  dis- 
tinction. Freperic,  a  sou  of  the  preceding, 
besides  being  remarkable  for  his  skill  in  the 
line  arts,  wrote  several  good  plays.  Died, 
1793.  Hans  Moritz,  his  nephew,  gained 
some  reputation  as  an  astronomer  and  politi- 
cal economist,  and  died  while  Saxon  am- 
bassador in  London,  Ij^. 

BRUMOY,  Peter,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit ;  author  of  the  "  Theatre  des  Grecs," 
"  History  of  the  Gallican  Church,"  &c. 
Born,  1688  ;  died,  1742. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  Francis  Philip,  a 
profound  classical  scholar  and  critic,  was 
born  at  Strasburg,  but  educated  by  the 
Jesuits  at  Paris.  For  some  time  he  was 
employed  in  state  affairs,  but  at  length  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  study  ;  and  pro- 
duced the  "  Greek  Anthology,"  besides 
highly  valuable  editions  of  Aristophanes, 
Sophocles,  Virgil,  &c.  When  the  revolution 
broke  out,  he  took  part  in  it,  and  was  im- 
prisoned at  Besanpon  by  the  tyrant  Robes- 
pierre, whose  death,  however,  released  him. 
Bom  1729  ;  died,  1803. 

BRUNE,  W.M.A.,  a  French  marshal, 
born  in  1763.  Law  and  literature  occupied 
his  attention  till  the  French  revolution, 
when  he  embraced  the  military  profession, 
and  served  as  adjutant  under  Dumourier,  in 
the  campaign  of  1791.  He  afterwards  served 
under  Buonaparte,  in  Italy,  gaining  rapid 
promotion  ;  and  in  1799  he  was  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  French  and  Dutch  forces  in 
North  Holland,  who  so  successfully  opposed 
the  English  under  the  Duke  of  York.  In 
1803,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Con- 
stantinople, and,  during  his  absence,  was 
made  a  marshal.  On  his  return  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor 'of  the  Hanseatic  cities,  in 
which  station  he  gave  some  offence  to  Na- 
poleon, and  their  cordiality  ceased.  He 
submitted  to  the  Bourbons  in  1814  ;  but,  on 
his  old  master's  return  from  Elba,  he  joined 
him  and  took  the  command  of  a  division  of 
the  army  in  the  south  of  France  ;  and,  on 
the  emperor's  second  abdication,  he  was 
put  to  death  by  a  royalist  party  at  Avignon, 
August  2.  1815. 

BRUNEAU,  Mathurin,  an  adventurer, 
who  in  1818  assumed  the  title  of  Charles  of 
France,  was  the  son  of  a  clog  maker.    After  j 
numerous  efforts  to  pass  for  some  person  of  [ 
importance,  he  was  incarcerated  ;  and  from 


BRU] 


^  ^cto  mnibtr^al  33iOjirapl)i). 


[bru 


his  confinement  addressed  a  letter,  signed 
Dauphin  Bourbon,  to  the  governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Guernsey,  requesting  liim  to  inform 
his  Britannic  Majesty  of  the  captivity  of 
lioiiis  XVII.  Tliis  letter  being  intercepted 
by  tlie  local  authorities,  Bruneau  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  prison  at  Rouen  :  here  lie  en- 
gaged a  person  named  Branzon  as  his  se- 
cretary, who  found  means  so  far  to  impose 
on  the  Ducliesi  d'AngoulOme,  as  to  obtain 
her  interest ;  and  at  length  a  party  in  his 
favour  procured  him  abundant  supplies. 
This  encouraged  the  enterprise,  until  the 
principal,  his  secretary,  and  many  friends 
were  brought  before  the  bar  of  justice, 
where  Bruneau  Mas  declared  an  impostor 
and  a  vagabond,  and  condemned  to  seven 
years'  imprisonment.  Finding,  however, 
that  the  fraud  was  still  maintained  by  a 
powerful  party,  he  was  removed  to  tlie 
prison  at  Caen  in  1821,  und  was  afterwards 
sent  to  end  his  days  in  the  castle  of  Mont 
Saint  Micliael. 

BRUNEL,  Sir  Isambert,  the  well-known 
executor  of  that  great  work  of  engineering 
skill,  the  Thames  Tunnel,  was  born  at 
HacqueviUe  in  Normandy,  1769.  lie  was 
intended  for  tlie  Clmrch  ;  but  he  soon  evinced 
BO  strong  a  predilection  for  the  physical 
sciences,  and  so  great  a  genius  for  mathe- 
matics, that  he  entered  the  royal  navy, 
made  several  voyages  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  returned  home  in  1792.  During  tlie 
French  revolution  he  emigrated  to  the 
United  States,  where  necessity,  fortunately, 
compelled  liim  to  follow  the  natural  bent  of 
his  mind,  and  to  adopt  the  profession  of  a 
civil  engineer.  Here  he  was  engaged  in 
many  great  works ;  but,  determined  upon 
visiting  England,  he  offered  his  services  to  the 
British  government ;  and,  after  much  oppo- 
sition to  his  plans  for  making  ship-blocks  by 
machinery,  he  was  employed  to  execute 
them  in  Plymouth  Dockyard.  With  a  true 
discrimination,  he  selected  Mr.  Henry 
Maudsley  to  assist  in  the  execution  of  the 
work  ;  and  thus  was  laid  the  foundation  of 
one  of  the  most  extensive  engineering  es- 
tablishments in  the  kingdom,  and  in  which, 
perhaps,  a  degree  of  science  and  skill  has 
been  combined  and  applied  to  mechanical 
invention  and  improvement  scarcely  ex- 
ceeded by  any  other  in  the  world.  Tlie 
block  machinery  was  finished  in  1806  ;  and 
has  continued  ever  since  in  full  operation, 
supplying  our  fleet  with  blocks  of  very 
8Ui>erior  description  to  those  previously  in 
use,  and  at  a  large  annual  saving  to  the 
public.  The  visit  of  the  emperor  Alexander 
to  this  country,  after  the  peace,  led  him  to 
submit  to  the  emperor  a  plan  for  making  a 
tunnel  under  the  Neva  ;  where  the  accumu- 
lation of  ice,  and  the  suddenness  with  which 
it  breaks  up  on  the  termination  of  winter, 
rendered  the  erection  of  a  bridge  a  work  of 
great  difficulty.  This  was  the  origin  of  his 
plan  for  a  tunnel  under  the  Thames,  which 
had  been  twice  before  attempted  without  suc- 
cess. The  history  of  that  great  work  is  too 
familiar  to  require  that  we  should  repeat  it 
here,  but  it  only  crowned  a  long  life  almost 
wholly  devoted  to  the  invention  and  con- 
struction of  works  of  great  public  utility. 
Mr.  Brunei  received  the  honour  of  knight- 


123 


hood  from  Lord  Melbourne's  administration. 
He  M'as  a  vice-president  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, a  corresponding  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  France,  a  vice-president  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  a  che- 
valier of  the  Legion  of  Honour.    Died,  1849. 

BRUNELLESCUI,  Piiilii-,  a  Florentine 
architect,  patronised  by  Cosmo  de  Medici. 
Among  the  chief  of  his  architectural  works 
are  the  Pitti  Palace,  the  monastery  of  Fie- 
sole,  and  the  cupola  of  the  cathedral  church 
of  Santa  Maria  del  Friare  at  Florence.  He 
was  also  a  sculptor  and  a  poet,  as  well  as 
an  architect  ;  and  some  of  his  burlesque 
verses  are  published  with  those  of  Burchi- 
ello.    Born,  1377  ;  died,  lUO. 

BRUNNKR,  John  Conhad,  baron  de 
Bruun,  a  Swiss  physician  and  anatomist ; 
author  of  various  tracts  on  physiology  and 
anatomy.     Born,  1C53  ;  died,  1727. 

BRUNO,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  calendar, 
and  founder  of  the  Carthusian  order  of 
monks,  the  first  house  of  which  he  esta- 
blished in  the  desert  of  Chartreuse.  Born, 
1030  ;  died,  1101. 

BRUNO,  surnamed  the  Great,  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine  ;  an 
able  politician,  who  took  a  conspicuous  part 
in  all  the  great  transactions  of  his  time. 
He  was  the  brother  of  the  emperor  Otho  I., 
and  died  in  905. 

BRUNO,  Giordano,  a  Neapolitan,  and 
originally  a  monk  of  the  Dominican  order. 
The  boldness  with  which  he  censured  the 
irregularities  of  liis  monastery,  obliged  him 
to  leave  it  ;  and,  flying  to  Geneva,  he  em- 
braced the  Protestant  religion.  Beza  and 
Calvin,  however,  obliged  him  to  quit  that 
city,  and  he  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  lie 
excited  much  attention  by  his  strictures  on 
the  Aristotelian  philosophy.  After  visiting 
England  he  settled  at  Padua,  where  his 
freedom  of  8{K;cch  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  Inquisition  of  Venice.  He  was  ap- 
prehended, and,  refusing  to  recant,  he  was 
burnt  in  1000. 

BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand,  Duke  of,  one 
of  the  principal  generals  in  the  seven  years 
war  in  Germany.    Born,  1721  ;  died,  1702. 

BRUNSWICK  WOLFENBUTTEL, 

Maximilian  Julius  Leoi-old,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  a  prince  whose  name  is  revered 
for  liis  disinterested  benevolence  and  hu- 
manity, of  which  the  last  action  of  his  life 
is  a  striking  example  : — During  a  terrible 
inundation  of  the  Oder,  which  spread  de- 
strustion  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Frankfort, 
where  the  prince  commanded  a  regiment  in 
the  garrison,  his  zeal  to  save  the  lives  of  a 
family  surrounded  by  the  waters,  induced 
lum  to  put  oft'  in  a  boat  to  tlieir  assistance, 
when  he  was  swept  away  by  the  torrent,  and 
perished  in  the  humane  attempt.  Born, 
1751  ;  died,  1785. 

BRUNSWICK  LUNENBURGH, 

Charles  William  Feri>inand,  Duke  of, 
nephew  of  the  preceding.  He  studied  the 
art  of  war  under  his  uncle,  and  highly  dis- 
tinguished liimself  in  the  service  of  Frederick 
of  Prussia.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution,  he  took  the  command  of 
the  Prussian  and  Austrian  forces  intended 
for  the  liberation  of  Louis  XVI. ;  but  the 
violent  manifesto  he  published  served  only 

»2 


BRU] 


^  ^c&j  WinibtrSsX  3Si0srajT)e» 


[bru 


to  stimulate  the  republican  army  under 
Dumourier,  and  he  was  compelled  to  retreat. 
The  ill  success  of  this  expedition  caused 
him  to  resign  the  command,  and  occupy 
himself  with  the  domestic  affairs  of  his  new^ 
province.  In  1806  he  was  again  appointed 
leader  of  the  Prussian  armj',  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt  in 
that  year. 

BRUNSWICK  OELS,  Frederic  Au- 
gustus, Duke  of,  younger  brother  of  the 
above,  and  a  general  officer  in  the  Prussian 
service.  lie  was  more  distinguished  as  an 
author  than  as  a  general,  his  treatise  on 
Great  Men,  "Remarks  on  the  Character  and 
Actions  of  Alexander  the  Great,"  and  nume- 
rous other  works,  having  been  much  admired, 
though  only  privately  circulated.  Born, 
1741  ;  died,  1805. 

BRUNSWICK,  Frederick  William, 
Duke  of,  youngest  son  of  Charles  William 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  and  brother  of  the 
persecuted  queen  Caroline  of  England,  was 
born  in  1771.  He  soon  entered  the  Prussian 
army,  and,  stimulated  by  his  father's  un- 
happy fate  and  the  wrongs  of  his  country, 
took  an  active  part  in  the  war  against  revo- 
lutionary France.  In  1809  he  raised  a  body 
of  volunteers  in  Bohemia  ;  but  finding  no 
chance  of  making  an  effectual  stand  against 
the  power  of  France,  he  embarked  his  troops 
for  England,  where  they  were  taken  into 
the  British  service,  and  employed  in  the 
Peninsula.  Foreseeing  that  great  changes 
were  likely  to  take  place  on  tlie  Continent, 
he  hastened  to  his  paternal  dominions  in 
1813,  raised  a  large  body  of  troops,  and  was 
among  the  foremost  to  meet  the  French 
army  in  1815,  when,  two  days  before  the 
decisive  battle  of  Waterloo,  he  fell,  gallantly 
fighting  at  the  head  of  his  "brave  Bruns- 
wickers." 

BRUNTON,  Maey,  the  daughter  of  Colo- 
nel Balfour,  was  born  in  one  of  the  Orkney 
isles  ;  married  a  minister  of  the  Scotch 
church  ;  and  is  known  as  the  authoress  of 
the  excellent  novels,  "  Discipline,"  "  Self 
Control,"  and  other  valuable  works.  Bom, 
1778  ;  died,  1818. 

BRUSONIUS,  L.  DoMiTius,  author  of  a 
work  entitled  "  Facetiarum  Exemplorumque 
Libri  VII.  ; "  but  better  known  by  the  title 
of"  Speculum  Mundi." 

BRUTO,  JoHx  Michael,  an  eminent  tra- 
veller and  writer  of  the  IGth  century  ;  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Hungary,"  "  Critical 
Annotations  on  the  Works  of  Cicero,  Ho- 
race," &c.,  and  of  the  "Eight  first  Books  of 
the  History  of  Florence."    Died,  1594. 

BRUTUS,  Lucius  Junius,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  characters  of  antiquity,  was 
the  son  of  Marcus  Junius,  a  wealthy  patri- 
cian of  Rome.  The  father  and  brother  of 
Lucius  Junius  were  assassinated  by  order 
of  their  relative,  Tarquin  the  Proud  ;  and 
Lucius  Junius  owed  the  preservation  of  his 
life  to  an  assumed  idiotism.  So  completely 
did  this  impose  upon  the  tyrant,  that  he  not 
only  spared  his  young  relative's  life,  but 
brought  him  up  m  his  own  family,  where 
he  was  treated  as  a  mere  idiot,  and  sur- 
named  Brutus.  He  bore  all  contumely  with 
patience  until  the  outrage  of  Sextus  Tar- 
quin [see  LucEETiA]  afforded  him  an  oppor- 


tunity to  arouse  the  people  against  both  the 
king  and  his  sons.  Throwing  off  his  pre- 
tended want  of  intellect,  and  displaying  an 
energy  the  more  startling  by  contrast  with 
his  former  manner,  he  joined  with  Lucre- 
tia's  husband,  CoUatinus  ;  caused  the  gates 
to  be  shut,  assembled  the  senate,  dilated 
upon  the  tyrannies  of  Tarquin,  and  caused 
a  decree  to  be  made  for  banisliing  the  king 
and  establishing  a  republic.  This  great 
change  accordingly  took  place,  and  Brutus 
and  Collatinus  were  appointed  chief  magis- 
trates of  the  commonwealth  with  the  title 
of  consuls.  Terrible  as  the  tyranny  of  Tar- 
quin had  been,  his  expulsion  and  the  entire 
change  in  the  form  of  government  gave 
great  offence  to  many  of  the  Roman  patri- 
cians ;  and  among  tliose  who  were  opposed 
to  the  new  constitution  were  the  two  sons 
of  Brutus  and  three  nephews  of  Collatinus, 
all  of  whom  conspired,  with  other  malcon- 
tents, to  murder  the  two  consuls  and  restore 
Tarquin  and  the  monarchy.  The  intentions 
of  the  consjiirators  were  disclosed  by  a 
slave  to  Poplicola  Valerius,  a  senator ;  and 
the  conspirators  were  brouglit  before  the 
consular  tribunal  for  judgment.  Mischievous 
as  were  the  intentions  of  the  criminals,  the 
people  would  fain  have  punished  tliem  only 
by  banishment ;  and  Collatinus,  in  his  af- 
fection for  his  nephews,  was  equally  dis- 
posed to  be  lenient.  Brutus,  on  the  con- 
trary, determined  to  show  that  no  rank  or 
relationship  should  avail  the  enemies  of 
Roman  liberty  ;  and  disregarding  the  en- 
treaties of  the  multitude  and  his  own  feel- 
ings as  a  parent,  he  sternly  sentenced  his 
sons  to  death.  Collatinus,  even  after  this 
signal  proof  of  the  inflexibility  of  Brutus, 
endeavoured  to  save  his  nephews.  But  the 
young  men  were  executed,  and  Collatinus 
retired  from  the  consulship.  Poplicola  Va- 
lerius was  elected  as  his  successor,  and,  ir^ 
conjunction  with  Brutus,  proceeded  against 
the  Veientcs,  who  with  Tarquin  and  his 
partisans  were  marching  against  Rome.  The 
Roman  cavalry  was  commanded  by  Brutus, 
while  the  enemy's  cavalry  was  led  on  by 
Aruns,  one  of  the  sons  of  Tarquin.  These 
leaders  were  speedily  engaged  hand  to  hand  ; 
and  so  great  was  their  mutual  hate,  that 
each  in  his  desire  to  wound  his  opponent 
neglected  to  protect  himself ;  and  they  both 
fell  dead  upon  the  field.  The  conflict  end- 
ing in  the  victory  of  the  Romans,  the  body 
of  Brutus  was  interred  with  great  solemnity, 
and  a  statue  was  erected  to  his  memory.  His 
death  took  place  u.c.  509. 

BRUTUS,  Marcus  Junius,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  and  a  descendant  of  the  preceding. 
His  mother  was  the  sister  of  Cato  ;  and  as 
she  had  disgraced  herself  by  an  intrigue 
with  Julius  Caesar,  Marcus  was  by  many 
thought  to  be  his  son.  He  at  first  sided  with 
Pompey,  but  being  treated  with  great  lenity 
and  consideration  after  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia,  he  attached  himself  to  Caesar,  by 
whom  he  was  greatly  caressed  and  en- 
trusted. But  the  stern  republican  spirit  of 
his  reputed  ancestor,  which  he  inherited, 
rendered  it  impossible  for  all  Ca;sar's  kind- 
ness to  him  to  reconcile  him  to  Caesar's  am- 
bition ;  and  he  at  length  conspired  with 
Cassius  and  others,  and  slew  liim,  b.c.  39. 


BRU] 


^  IJeto  Bnibtv^Kl  23t0OTaji!)i?. 


[buc 


Antony  succeeded  in  exciting  the  popular 
indignation  against  the  murderers  of  Caesar, 
who  fled  from  Kome,  and  raised  an  army, 
of  which  Brutus  and  Cassius  took  the  com- 
mand ;  but  being  totally  defeated  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pliilippi,  where  they  encountered  the 
army  of  Antony,  Brutus  escaped  with  only 
a  few  friends,  passed  the  night  in  a  cave, 
and,  as  he  saw  his  cause  irretrievably 
ruined,  requested  Strato,  one  of  his  confi- 
dants, to  kill  him.  For  a  long  time  his 
friend  refused  ;  but  on  hearing  Brutus  call 
one  of  his  slaves  to  perform  the  fatal  office, 
he  exclaimed,  "Forbid  it,  Gods,  that  it 
should  ever  be  said  that  Brutus  died  by  the 
hand  of  a  slave  for  want  of  a  friend  1  and 
presenting  tlie  sword  as  he  turned  awoy  his 
face,  the  noble  Roman  fell  on  it  and  expired, 
B.C.  42,  in  the  43d  year  of  Ids  age. 

BRUYERE,  Jons  de  la,  an  eminent 
French  writer  ;  author  of  "  Dialogues  on 
Quietism,"  published  after  his  decease  ;  and 
of"  Theophrastus,  translated  from  the  Greek, 
with  the  Manners  of  the  present  Age."  Of 
this  admirable  and  admired  work  Voltaire 
says,  "  Its  rapid  and  nervous  style  struck  the 
public  at  once  ;  and  the  allusions  to  living 
persons,  which  abound  through  its  pages, 
completed  its  success."  Born,  1644  ;  died, 
1696. 

BRYAN,  Michael,  a  connoisseur  of  paint- 
ings, whose  judgment  was  highly  esteemed, 
though  he  lost  large  sums  by  his  own  pur- 
chases. He  was  the  author  of  a  valuable 
"  Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary  of 
Painters  and  Engravers."  Born,  1757;  died, 
1821. 

BRYAN,  or  BRIANT,  Sir  Francis,  a 
distinguished  soldier  and  statesman.  He 
served  with  great  credit  against  the  French 
in  the  Earl  of  Surrey's  expedition,  and  sub- 
sequently became  chief  justiciary  of  Ire- 
land, lie  is  chiefly  memorable,  however, 
as  a  poet ;  his  works  being  printed  with 
those  of  his  friends  Wyatt  and  Lord  Surrey. 
Died,  15.50. 

BRYANT,  Jacob,  a  distinguished  an- 
tiquarian and  philologist ;  author  of  an 
able,  though  singular,  "  Analysis  of  Ancient 
Mythology,"  published  in  three  vols.  4to  ; 
a  treatise  on  the  Truth  of  Christianity,  a 
work  iu  denial  of  tlie  existence  of  Troy, 
and  various  other  publications  of  great 
erudition  and  ingenuity.  Born,  1715  ;  died, 
1804. 

BRYDGES,  Sir  Samuel  Egertox,  bart., 
a  gentleman  of  versatile  talents  and  eccentric 
character,  was  born  in  1762,  at  Wootton 
Court,  in  Kent,  and  was  educated  at  the 
King's  School,  Canterbury,  and  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge.  In  1790,  after  the 
death  of  the  last  Duke  of  Chandos,  he  in- 
duced his  elder  brother,  the  Rev.  E.  T. 
Brydges,  to  prefer  a  claim  to  the  barony  of 
Chandos,  the  consideration  of  which  was 
long  procrastinated  ;  but  at  length,  in  1803, 
the  House  of  liords  decided  against  its  va- 
lidity. On  the  death  of  his  brother,  in 
1807,  Sir  Egerton  pertinaciously  adliered  to 
his  favourite,  though  illusory  notion,  of 
obtaining  a  coronet  ;  maintaining  that, 
though  defeated  by  parliamentary  law,  he 
could,  when  he  pleased,  asseri  his  rights  by 
commou   law,    while    he    regularly    added 


125 


to  the  signature  of  his  name  —  "per  legem 
terroe,B.  C.  of  S."  —  meaning  Baron  Chan- 
dos of  Sudely.  Ue  made  several  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  obtain  a  seat  in  par- 
liament, but  was  ultimately  (1812)  returned 
for  Maidstone,  which  borough  he  continued 
to  represent  about  six  years.  In  1814  he 
was  created  a  baronet ;  and  in  1818,  upon 
the  loss  of  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
he  visited  many  parts  of  the  Continent.  In 
1826  he  returned  to  England,  for  two  years, 
and  took  uj)  hia  abode  at  Lee  Priory,  the 
seat  of  Col.  Brydges  Barrett,  his  eldest  son  ; 
at  the  expiration  of  which  time,  his  affairs 
becoming  inextricably  embarrassed,  he 
finally  quitted  his  native  land,  and  removed 
to  Geneva,  where  he  remained  in  great  se- 
clusion until  his  death.  His  literary  labours 
were  exceedingly  •  multifarious  ;  poetry, 
romance,  politics,  genealogical  antiquities, 
and  topography,  were  the  principal ;  and 
in  many  he  acquitted  himself  with  consider- 
able skill.  His  abilities  as  a  genealogist, 
topographer,  and  bibliographer,  are  attested 
by  his  "  Ceusura  Literaria  Ilestituta,"  10 
vols. ;  "  Theatrum  Poetarum ; "  "  Stemmata 
lUustria;"  "British  Bibliography-,"  "Lex 
Terra;,"  &c.  Besides  these,  he  published 
the  novels  of  "Mary  dc  Clifford,"  "  Arthur 
Fitz-Albini,"  and  "The  Hall  of  Ilelling- 
sey;"  "Imaginary  Biography,"  3  vols.; 
"  Recollections  of  Foreign  Travels,"  2  vols. ; 
"  The  Autobiography,  Times,  Opinions,  and 
Contemporaries  of  Sir  Egerton  Brydges," 
2  vols. ;  and  numerous  others  ;  independ- 
ent of  contributions  to  mony  periodicals 
on  almost  every  subject.  Died,  September, 
18.37. 

BRYDONE,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  gentle- 
man ;  author  of  "  Travels  into  Sicily  aud 
Malta,"  &c.    Bom,  1741 ;  died,  1819. 

BRYENNIUS,  Manuel,  an  early  musical 
composer  ;  he  published,  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, a  treatise  on  harmonics,  of  which  a 
Latin  translation,  together  with  the  compo- 
sitions of  the  author,  was  published  by  Dr. 
Wallis  in  1699. 

BUACHE,  Philip,  an  able  French  hy- 
drographer  ;  author  of  some  valuable  hydro- 
graphical  and  geograpliical  works.  Born, 
1700  ;  died,  1775. 

BUAT  NANCAY,  Louis  Gabriel  du,  an 
eminent  French  diplomatist  and  writer  ;  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  Ancient  Nations 
of  Europe."  "Maxims  of  Monarchical  Go- 
vernment," &c.    Born,  1732  ;  died,  1787. 

BUC,  Sir  George,  historian  and  anti- 
quary, was  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber 
to  James  I.  ;  and  author  of  "  The  Life  of 
Richard  III.,"  "  The  Art  of  Revels,"  &c. 

BUCHER,  Martin,  a  friend  of  Luther, 
and  so  eminent  a  preacher  of  the  reformed 
faith,  that  Cranmer,  when  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  invited  him  to  England,  and 
he  became  professor  of  theology  at  Cara- 
biidge.     Born,  1491 ;  died,  1551. 

BUCHAN,  Right  Hon.  Stuart  Erskixe, 
Earl  of,  a  noblemau  iiidefatigably  devoted 
to  literary  and  scientific  pursuits,  and  who 
may  justly  be  styled  the  fotmder  of  the 
Antiquarian  Society  in  Scotland.  In  1791 
he  instituted  an  annual  commemoration  at 
Eduam,  the  birthplace  of  Tliomson,  in 
honour  of  tlie  poet  ;    and  on  that  occasion 


BTJC] 


^  ^^to  Hitibn-j^ar  23t03Taji]5u. 


[bul 


Bums  composed  his  "  Address  to  the  Shade 
of  the  Bard  of  Ednam."    Died,  1829. 

BUCHAN,  William,  M.D.,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  avithor  of  the  well  known 
"  Domestic  Medicine,"  &c.  Eoru,  1729;  died, 
1805. 

BUCHANAN,  George,  an  eminent  Scotch 
historian  and  poet.  Tlie  few  works  which 
he  wrote  in  his  Tcrnacular  tongue  are 
greatly  admired  ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  rests 
on  his  Latin  works,  which  are  singularly 
beautiful  in  their  style.  Born,  liOC ;  died, 
1582. 

BUCHANAN,  Claudius,  D.  D.,  a  Scotch 
divine,  chaplain  at  Bengal,  and  professor 
and  vice-provost  of  the  college  at  Fort 
William.  Of  his  numerous  works  the  most 
interesting  are  "  Christian  Researches  in 
Asia  "  and  a  "  Memoir  on  the  Expediency 
of  an  Ecclesiastical  Establishment  in  India." 
Born,  1766  ;  died,  1815. 

BUCHOZ,  P.  JosKi-n,  a  naturalist  and 
botanist  of  Metz,  who  must  have  been  one 
of  the  most  industrious  compilers  that  ever 
lived,  his  works  forming  more  than  300 
volumes.    Born,  1737  ;  died,  1807. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Gkokge  VILLIERS, 
Duke  of,  the  unworthy  favourite  of  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.,  was  raised  to  tlie  highest 
offices  in  the  state,  became  the  dispenser  of 
all  favours  and  honours,  and  conducted  him- 
I  self  with  so  much  pride  and  insolence  as  to 
excite  popular  hatred  and  disgust.  Being 
entrusted  with  the  command  of  an  army,  he 
lost  the  flower  of  it  in  an  ill-conducted  at- 
tack on  the  Isle  of  Rh^,  and  returned  to 
refit  his  shattered  armament.  When  he  was 
again  about  to  sail,  he  was  assassinated  at 
Portsmouth,  by  a  lieutenant  of  the  name  of 
Felton,  August  23.  1628. 

BUCKINGHAM,  George  VILLIERS, 
Duke  of,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1627  ;  studied  at  Cambridge ;  served  the 
king  in  the  civil  wars  ;  had  his  estates  seized 
by  the  parliament,  which,  however,  were  af- 
terwards restored  to  him  ;  and  he  eventu- 
ally became  a  minister  to  Charles  II.,  and 
was  one  of  his  most  profligate  courtiers. 
His  political  conduct  was,  like  his  general 
behaviour,  characterised  by  unprincipled 
levity  and  imprudence  ;  and  though  his  lite- 
rary and  conversational  powers  were  far 
above  mediocrity,  yet  he  was  an  object  of 
contempt,  and  died,  unregretted,  at  Kirby 
Mooreside,  Yorkshire,  in  1688. 

BUCKINGHAM  and  CHANDOS,  Anke 
Eliza,  Duchess  of,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
the  last  Duke  of  Chandos  ;  born  in  1779  ; 
married  to  the  Marquis  of  Buckingham, 
then  Earl  Temple,  in  179C.  Throughout 
life  this  amiable  and  accomplished  woman 
displayed  those  traits  of  character  which 
shed  the  brightest  lustre  on  exalted  rank, 
and  hallow  tlie  memory  of  their  possessors. 
She  was  boundless  in  her  charities  ;  pious, 
affectionate,  and  sincere  ;  withdrawing 
from  the  "  pomps  and  vanities  "  of  the  world, 
to  indulge  in  the  charms  of  retirement, 
where  slie  could  eneoiirage  the  deserving, 
reform  tlie  erring,  and  minister  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  distressed.  Died  at  Stowe, 
1836. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,  Joiix  SHEF- 
FIELD, Duke  of,  son  of  the  Eari  of  Mul- 


grave,  was  born  in  1649 ;  served  under 
Marshal  Turcnne,  and  took  a  part  iu  the 
revolution  of  16()8.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  a  poet.  Buckingham  House, 
iu  St.  James's  Park,  since  converted  into  a 
royal  palace,  was  originally  built  for  him. 
Died,  1720. 

BUCKINK,  Arnold,  an  artist  of  the 
15th  century,  and  the  first  who  engraved 
maps  on  copper.  He  illustrated  an  edition 
of  Ptolemy,  which  was  printed  by  Sweyn- 
heim,  of  Rome,  one  of  the  earliest  printers 
iu  that  country. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens,  an 
American  divine,  of  great  reputation  as  an 
orator  and  man  of  letters  ;  author  of  nume- 
rous sermons  and  orations  ;  and  editor  of  an 
American  edition  of  "  Griesbach's  Greek 
Testament."    Born,  1784  ;  died,  1812. 

BUDDiEUS,  JouN  Francis,  a  Lutheran 
divine  ;  professor  of  theology  at  Jena,  and 
author  of  a  "  German  Historical  Dictionary," 
&c.    Died,  1729. 

BUDGELL,  Eustace,  a  distinguished 
writer,  lionoured  with  the  friendship  of  Ad- 
dison, and  other  great  men  of  his  time,  was 
born  at  Exeter,  in  1685.  He  wrote  memoirs 
of  the  "Boyles,"  "  The  History  of  Cleome- 
nes,"  and  numerous  papers  in  the  Guar- 
dian and  other  periodicals.  He  committed 
suicide  in  1737. 

BUFFON,  George  Louis  le  Ci.erc, 
Count  de,  an  eminent  French  writer ;  au- 
thor of  the  well  known  "  Histoire  Naturelle, 
Generale  et  Particuliere,"  a  work  replete 
with  majestic  descriptions  of  nature  and 
profound  thoughts,  and  one  which,  however 
the  vagueness  of  some  of  its  hypotheses  may 
be  criticised,  will  ever  command  the  admi- 
ration of  mankind.  Born  at  Montbard, 
Burgundy,  1707 ;  died,  1788. 

BUGEAUD,  Marshal,  duke  of  Isly,  a 
distinguished  French  soldier,  was  born  at 
Limoges  in  1784.  By  the  maternal  side  he 
was  descended  from  an  old  Irish  family. 
At  an  early  age  he  showed  a  decided  predi- 
lection for  the  army;  but  his  family  thwarted 
his  views,  and  he  only  succeeded  by  running 
away  from  home,  and  becoming  a  private 
soldier.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
corporal  on  the  field  of  Austeilitz  ;  and  rose 
through  all  the  grades  of  his  profession,  till 
he  reached  the  rank  of  general  in  1832.  His 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  Louis  Philippe 
led,  in  1833,  to  his  appointment  of  command- 
ant of  Blaze,  a  fortress  in  which  the  Duchess 
de  Berri  was  imprisoned  ;  and  his  conduct  in 
that  capacity  having  been  called  in  question 
by  Dulong,  a  member  of  the  opposition,  a 
duel  ensued,  in  which  the  latter  fell.  His 
subsequent  exploits  in  Africa  gained  for  him 
the  baton  of  a  field-marshal,  and  the  title  of 
duke  from  the  scene  of  his  victory  over  the 
Moors  in  1844.  Died  of  cholera  at  Paris, 
1849. 

BULL,  JouN,  doctor  of  music,  was  cham- 
ber musician  to  James  I.  His  compositions 
were  very  numerous,  the  national  anthem 
"  God  save  the  King  "  being  among  them. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain,  but  he 
was  alive  in  1622. 

BULL,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a 
learned  prelate,  and  a  very  industrious  and 
able  theological  writer ;   author  of  "  Har- 


i 


bul] 


^  j2eU)  Btiibtx^al  28t0firiqil)g. 


[bun 


monia  Apostolica,"  "Defensio  Fidei  Nicc- 
nae,"  &c.    Born,  1634  ;  died,  1709. 

BULLER,  the  Kight  Honourable 
CiiAiJLEs,  a  politician  of  rare  promise,  was 
the  only  sou  of  Charles  BuUer,  esq.,  of  tlie 
East  India  Civil  Service,  and  bom  at  Cal- 
cutta in  1806.  He  received  his  education 
partly  at  Harrow,  Edinburgh,  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  froiTi  an  early  age  gave  promise 
of  more  than  ordinary  abilities.  In  his  24th 
year  he  entered  parliament  on  the  eve  of 
tlie  Reform  Bill  for  the  borough  of  West 
Looe,  which  belonged  to  his  family.  But 
family  interest  was  to  him  as  nothing  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  public.  He  voted  for 
the  bill ;  and  the  borough  of  West  Looe  was 
consigned  to  schedule  A  ;  but  he  was  sub- 
sequently returned  for  Liskeard,  a  seat  which 
he  retained  till  his  death.  In  all  questions 
that  came  before  parliament  he  took  an 
active  part ;  and  on  many  occasions  his 
opinions  were  far  in  advance  of  tlie  Whig 
party,  witli  whom  he  subsequently  took 
office.  In  1838  he  accompanied  Lord  Durham 
to  Canada  as  his  private  secretary  ;  and  in 
this  capacity  drew  up  the  masterly  report 
upon  the  afl'airs  of  that  colony,  v/hich  is  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  effective  state 
papers  of  the  age.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  Board  of  Control,  an  office, 
however,  which  he  relinquished  in  1842  on 
the  formation  of  tlie  Peel  ministry.  From 
that  time  forward  his  attention  was  specially 
directed  to  the  state  of  the  British  colonies 
and  to  emigration  ;  and  in  the  meantime  he 
had  gained  the  ear  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
which  had  perceived  in  the  young  statesman 
a  desire  to  achieve  something  beyond  the 
mere  triumph  of  a  party  :  the  playfulness  of 
his  manner  had  become  not  the  mask  but 
the  ornament  of  his  political  talents,  and 
the  attachment  universally  felt  for  the  man 
had  ripened  into  confidence  in  the  judgment 
and  courage  of  the  statesman.  In  1846,  on 
the  formation  of  the  Whig  Cabinet,  he  was 
appointed  judge  advocate;  in  November  of 
the  same  year  he  was  nominated  a  queen's 
counsel,  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  July 
1849,  and  in  November  exchanged  the  easy 
office  of  judge  advocate  for  the  onerous  duties 
of  chief  commissioner  of  the  poor  laws,  an 
office  which  he  held  till  his  death.  Besides 
discharging  faithfully  his  official  duties,  he 
found  leisure  for  literary  pursuits,  and  many 
able  articles  in  the  Globe  and  the  Edinburgh 
Review  emanated  from  his  versatile  pen.  As 
a  companion  and  friend  in  private  life  no 
man's  society  was  more  enjoyed  by  persons 
of  all  shades  of  politics.  His  wit  always  told, 
but  never  offended.  With  nothing  of  the 
cant  of  patriotism,  and  little  of  the  creed  of 
party,  he  lived  in  singleness  of  devotion  to  the 
public  good  ;  and  though,  from  his  untimely 
end,  he  has  left  no  conspicuous  monument  of 
his  public  labours,  few  men  have  descended 
to  the  grave  more  universally  beloved  and 
respected  for  public  virtue  and  private  ex- 
cellence.   Died,  November  28.  1848. 

BULLET,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
architect  of  the  17lh  century.  He  con- 
structed the  church  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas, 
and  many  other  splendid  edifices  in  Paris, 
and  wrote  some  good  architectural  works. 

BULLIALDUS,  Ism-vel,  a  French  astro- 


nomer and  mathematician  ;  author  of  "  Phi- 
lolaus — a  Dissertation  on  the  True  System 
of  the  World,"  "  Tabulas  Philolaicas,"  &c. 
Born,  160,5  ;  died,  1C94. 

BULLIARD,  Pierre,  a  French  botanist ; 
author  of  "  Dictionnaire  El<?mentaire  Bota- 
nique,"  "  Herbier  de  la  France,"  &c.  He 
designed  and  engraved  his  own  plates. 
Bom,  1742  ;  died,  1793. 

BULLINGER,  Henrv,  a  Swiss  pastor  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  and  the  intimate 
friend  of  Zuinglius,  whom  he  succeeded  as 
pastor  of  Zurich.  His  writings  were  very 
numerous,  but  being  almost  entirely  con- 
troversial, they  are  now  little  regarded. 
Bom,  1504  ;  died,  1575. 

BULOW,  FuEUERic  William,  count 
von  Dennewitz,  a  gallant  Prussian  general, 
whose  services  were  most  essential  to  his 
country  on  many  perilous  occasions.  He 
was  actively  engaged  against  the  French  at 
the  earliest  periods  of  the  late  war ;  and, 
in  1808,  was  made  a  general  of  brigade. 
His  memorable  victories,  in  1813,  at  Mock- 
em,  Luckau,  Grosbecren,  and  Dennewitz, 
were  rewarded  by  promotion  and  a  title. 
He  afterwards  distinguished  himself  in 
Westphalia,  Holland,  Belgium,  &c. ;  and, 
as  commander  of  the  fourth  division  of  the 
allied  army,  he  contributed  essentially  to 
the  victorious  close  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
Born,  1755  ;  died,  1816. 

BULOW,  Baron  Henry  von,  distin- 
guished in  the  annals  of  diplomacy,  was 
born  in  1790,  at  Mecklcnburgh  Schwerin, 
wliere  his  father  filled  a  high  office.  While 
student  at  Heidell>erg,  in  1813,  he  was  sum- 
moned home  to  take  part  in  the  defence  of 
his  country  against  the  French,  and  after  ob- 
taining great  distinction  in  various  engage- 
ments under  Count  Wallmoden,  he  once 
more  returned  to  Heidelberg  to  finisli  his 
studies,  whence  he  passed  into  the  diplomatic 
service  of  Prussia  througli  the  influence  of 
Prince  Hardeuberg  and  Baron  Humboldt, 
whose  daughter  he  subsequently  married. 
In  1826  he  was  appointed  ambassador  of 
Prussia  at  the  court  of  St.  James's  ;  and  to 
his  talents  were  due  several  of  the  most 
important  treaties  which  allayed  the  warlike 
spirit  of  the  times.  Here  he  remained  till 
1841,  when  he  was  nominated  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  at  Berlin ;  but  the  crisis  of 
affairs  in  Prussia  proved  too  much  for  his 
exhausted  energies,  and  the  overstraining  of 
his  intellect,  in  his  attempt  to  guide  the 
vessel  of  the  state,  produced  a  mental  aliena- 
tion, under  which  he  succumbed  in  1846. 

BUNYAN,  Joiiy,  the  celebrated  author 
of  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  &c.,  was  the 
son  of  a  travelling  tinker,  and  for  a  time 
followed  his  father's  occupation.  Mean, 
however,  as  was  his  origin,  and  dissipated  as 
his  early  habits  confessedly  were,  it  appears 
that  he  abandoned  the  latter,  and  attached 
himself  to  the  Anabaptists,  among  whom  he 
soon  became  distinguished  as  a  preaclier. 
Being  imprisoned  for  contravening  the  laws 
against  Dissenters,  he  employed  the  twelve 
years  of  his  confinement  in  writing  the  most 
popular  allegory  in  our  language,  "  The 
Pilgrim's  Progress."  He  was  at  length  re- 
leased through  tlie  interposition  of  the  Bishop 
of  Lincoln,  and  resumed  his   ministry  at 


BUO] 


^  ^tbj  ^Rm'ticriSal  28t0grajpl;j). 


[buo 


Bedford,  in  the  gaol  of  which  town  he  liad 
been  imprisoned.    Bom,  lG2d  ;  died,  1688. 

BUONAFEDE,  Appian,  an  Italian  abbot, 
author  of  "  Tlie  Poetical  Chronology  of 
Great  Men,"  "The  History  and  Spirit  of 
Philosophy,"  &c.    Died,  1792. 

BUONAPARTE,  Napoleox,  emperor  of 
the  French,  Icing  of  Italy,  &c.,  was  born  at 
Ajaccio,  in  the  island  of  Corsica,  August  15. 
1769.  His  father,  Charles  Buonaparte,  was 
an  advocate  of  consideraJ)le  reputation,  and 
his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Marie 
Letitia  Ramoline,  was  well  descended,  re- 
marlcable  for  beauty,  strong-minded,  and 
accomplished.  Napoleon  was  their  second 
child ;  Joseph,  afterwards  king  of  Spain, 
being  his  senior.  He  was  educated  at  the 
military  school  of  Brienne,  and  entered  the 
army  as  a  second  lieutenant  of  artillery,  in 
1785.  At  the  age  of  20,  the  French  revolu- 
tion opened  a  field  to  the  exertions  of  Napo- 
leon ;  and  during  his  correspondence  with 
the  Corsican  general,  Paoli,  who  had  vainly 
endeavoured  to  enlist  him  on  his  side,  the 
germs  of  future  ambition  began  to  be  deve- 
loped. In  1793,  during  the  reign  of  terror, 
he  was  actively  employed  at  the  siege  of 
Toulon,  on  wliich  occasion  the  convention 
gave  him  the  command  of  the  artillery  ;  and 
by  his  courage  and  exertions  the  city  was 
recovered  from  the  English  and  royalists. 
Subsequently  to  this  he  displayed  great 
talents  in  the  army  employed  against  Pied- 
mont ;  and,  in  October,  1795,  we  find  him  at 
Paris,  commanding  the  conventional  troops 
which  defeated  those  of  the  sections,  and 
quelled  the  revolt.  In  March,  1790,  he  mar- 
ried Josephine,  widow  of  Viscount  de  Beau- 
hamois,  who  suffered  under  Robespierre  :  he 
was  now  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
army  of  Italy,  and  on  the  10th  of  May  fol- 
lowing he  gained  the  battle  of  Lodi.  The 
subjugation  of  the  various  Italian  states,  and 
his  repeated  successes  over  the  Austrians, 
ended  in  a  peace,  when  he  was  within  30 
miles  of  Vienna.  Thus  disengaged,  a  new 
theatre  for  the  display  of  his  genius  pre- 
sented itself.  With  a  large  fleet,  and  40,000 
troops  on  board  the  transports,  he  set  sail 
for  the  intended  conquest  of  Egypt  in  May, 
1798.  On  his  way  tliither  lie  took  Malta  ; 
and  on  the  22d  of  September  we  find  him 
celebrating  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  at 
Grand  Cairo,  but  his  progress  was  checked 
by  the  heroism  of  Sir  Sidney  Smith  and  his 
handful  of  British  troops  at  St.  John  d'Acre; 
and  the  various  reverses  which  the  French 
army  continued  to  meet  with,  coupled  with 
the  fact  that  his  presence  seemed  necessary 
at  home,  induced  Buonaparte  to  embark 
secretly  for  France,  accompanied  by  a  few 
officers  wholly  devoted  to  him,  and  to  leave 
his  brave  but  shattered  army  to  the  care 
of  General  Kleber.  He  landed  at  Frejus,  in 
October,  1799  ;  hastened  to  Paris  ;  overthrew 
the  directorial  government ;  and  was  raised 
to  the  supreme  power  by  the  title  of  First 
Consul.  He  now  led  a  powerful  army  over 
the  Alps  ;  fought  the  celebrated  battle  of 
Marengo,  in  June,  1800  ;  and  once  more  be- 
came master  of  the  whole  of  Italy.  A  peace 
with  Austria  followed  these  successes  ;  and, 
soon  after,  a  brief  and  hollow  peace  with 
England.     On  the  20th  of  May,  1804,  he 


was  raised  to  the  imperial  dignity  ;  and  in 
December  was  crowned,  with  his  empress 
Josephine,  by  pope  Pius  VIII.  Here,  brief 
as  our  space  is,  we  must  notice  an  incident 
too  striking  to  be  overlooked  :  —  As  soon  as 
the  holy  pontiff  had  blessed  the  crown,  the 
emperor,  without  waiting  for  the  remainder 
of  the  ceremony,  eagerly  seized  it,  and 
putting  it  first  upon  his  own  head,  after- 
wards placed  it  on  the  head  of  Josephine. 
He  now  seriously  meditated  the  invasion  of 
England,  assembling  a  numerous  flotilla, 
and  collecting  200,000  troops,  which  were 
encamped  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Boulogne, 
ostensibly  for  that  purpose  ;  but  Austria  and 
Russia  appearing  in  arms  against  him,  and 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar  having  nearly  anni- 
hilated the  French  navy,  he  abandoned  the 
design,  and  marched  his  troops  to  the  banks 
of  the  Danube.    On  the  11th  of  November, 

1805,  the  French  army  entered  Vienna  ;  the 
memorable  battle  of  Austerlitz  took  place 
on  the  2d  of  December,  and  the  humiliating 
treaty  of  Presburg  followed.     This    year, 

1806,  may  be  regarded  as  the  era  of  king- 
making.  New  dynasties  were  created  by 
him,  and  princes  promoted  or  transferred 
according  to  his  imperial  will  :  the  crown 
of  Naples  he  bestowed  on  his  brother  Joseph, 
that  of  Holland  on  Louis,  and  Westphalia 
on  Jerome  ;  while  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  was  called  into  existence  to  give  sta- 
bility to  his  extended  dominion.  Prussia 
again  declared  war  ;  but  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Jena  annihilated  her  hopes,  and  both  she 
and  Russia  were  glad  to  make  peace  with 
the  French  emperor  in  1807.  Napoleon  now 
turned  his  eye  on  Spain ;  treacherously 
causing  the  abdication  of  Charles  IV.,  and 
the  forced  resignation  of  Ferdinand,  while 
he  sent  80,000  men  into  that  country,  seized 
all  the  strong  places,  and  obtained  possession 
of  the  capital :  but  this  was  the  great  error 
of  his  life,  and  one  of  the  main  causes  which 
led  to  his  downfall.  In  1809,  while  his  armies 
were  occupied  in  the  Peninsula,  Austria 
again  ventured  to  try  her  strength  with 
France.  Napoleon  thereupon  left  Paris,  and 
at  the  head  of  his  troops  once  more  entered 
the  Austrian  capital,  gained  the  decisive 
victory  of  Wagram,  and  soon  concluded  a 
peace  ;  one  of  the  secret  conditions  of  which 
was,  that  he  should  have  his  marriage  with 
Josephine  dissolved,  and  unite  himself  to 
the  daughter  of  the  emperor,  Francis  II. 
His  former  marriage  was  accordingly  an- 
nulled ;  Josephine,  with  the  title  of  ex-em- 
press, retired  to  Navarre,  a  seat  about  30 
miles  from  Paris  ;  and  he  espoused  the  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Louisa  in  April,  1810.  The 
fruit  of  this  union  was  a  son,boni  March  23. 
1811,  who  was  named  Napoleon  Francis 
Charles  Joseph,  and  styled  king  of  Rome. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  Russia,  he 
now  put  himself  at  the  head  of  an  invading 
army,  prodigious  in  number,  and  admirably 
appointed,  and  marched  with  his  numerous 
allies  towards  the  enemy's  frontiers,  gained 
several  battles,  and  at  length  reached  Mos- 
cow, where  he  hoped  to  establish  his  winter 
quarters,  but  which  he  found  in  flames.  A 
retreat  was  unavoidable  ;  and  now  was  pre- 
sented to  the  eye  of  ambition  the  most  ap- 
palling scene  recorded  in  modern  history  — 


BUO] 


^  |5£fio  Winihcxial  MiaQva^ffv, 


[buo 


a  brave  and  devoted  army  encountering  all 
the  horrors  of  famine  in  a  climate  so  in- 
supportably  cold  that  their  freezing  bodies 
strewed  the  roads,  wliile  an  exasperated 
phalanx  of  Cossacks  hung  upon  the  rear  of 
the  main  army,  hewing  down  without  re- 
morse tlie  enfeebled  and  wretched  fugitives. 
Buonaparte  fled  to  Paris,  partially  disclosed 
his  losses,  and  called  upon  the  senate  for  a 
new  armj'  of  3rA),(K>0  men  ;  which  was  unani- 
mously agreed  to,  and  he  marched  to  meet 
the  combined  Russian  and  Prussian  forces. 
Victory  still  for  a  time  hovered  over  his 
banners  ;  but  Austria  having  joined  the  co- 
alition, the  great  battle  of  I^ipsic,  in  wlxich 
lie  lost  half  of  his  army,  was  decisive  as  to 
the  war  in  Germany.  Napoleon,  however, 
again  returned  to  Paris,  and  demanded 
another  levy  of  300,000  men.  The  levy  was 
granted,  and  the  new  campaign,  1814,  was 
attended  with  various  success  ;  till  the  over- 
whelming number  of  his  enemies,  who  en- 
tered the  French  frontiers  at  different  points, 
at  lengtli  compelled  him  to  abdicate,  and 
accept  the  sovereignty  of  the  Isle  of  Elba, 
with  the  title  of  ex-emperor,  and  a  pension 
of  2,000,000  livres.  From  tliis  place  he  soon 
found  means  to  escape,  secretly  embarking 
on  the  night  of  the  25th  of  February,  1815, 
in  some  hired  feluccas,  accompanied  by  about 
1200  men  ;  he  landed  at  Frejus  on  the  1st  of 
March,  speedily  reached  Paris,  and  expelled 
Louis  XVIII.  from  tlie  kingdom.  But  the 
confederated  armies  were  now  in  motion  ; 
and  though  he  marched  against  them  with  a 
large  army  and  an  immense  supply  of  stores 
and  ammunition,  the  ever  memorable  battle 
of  Waterloo  put  an  end  to  his  political  career. 
He  withdrew  from  the  army,  and  proceeded 
to  the  coast,  with  the  intention  of  embarking 
for  America  ;  but  fearful  of  being  captured 
by  the  British  cruisers,  he  resigned  himself, 
on  the  15th  of  July,  into  the  hands  of  Captain 
Maitland,  and  went  on  board  the  Bcllero- 
phon.  By  the  joint  determination  of  the 
allies  he  was  sent  to  the  isle  of  St.  Helena, 
where,  accompanied  by  several  of  his  old 
friends  and  domestics,  he  arrived  on  the 
13th  of  October,  1815,  as  a  state  prisoner. 
During  his  exile  he  was  subject  to  much  an- 
noyance, real  or  imaginary,  and  died  on  the 
6th  of  May,  1821,  of  cancer  in  the  stomach  : 
a  disease  which  was  evidently  hereditary, 
his  father  Imving,  at  about  the  same  age, 
died  of  a  similar  malady.  In  giving  this 
sketch  of  Napoleon's  life,  we  have  somewhat 
exceeded  our  usual  limits  ;  and  it  is  neither 
our  purpose  nor  our  wish  to  make  a  single 
comment  on  his  character  as  a  man.  His 
wondrous  deeds  will  long  afford  matter  for 
deep  reflection ;  and  while  some  may  be 
dazzled  by  his  amazing  military  talents  and 
stupendous  achievements,  others  will  turn 
from  them  with  sickening  disgust. 

BUONAPARTE,  Nai-oleox  Fraxcis 
Charles  Joski-h,  duke  of  Reichstadt,  only 
son  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  by  his  second 
wife,  Maria  Louisa  of  Austria.  After  his 
father's  downfall,  he  was  wholly  under  the 
care  of  his  grandfather,  the  emperor  of 
Austria.  He  was  from  infancy  of  a  weakly 
constitution,  and  a  rapid  decline  terminated 
his  life  in  1832,  at  the  early  age  of  21.  It 
would  appear,  from  a  work  by  M.  de  Montbel, 

129 


entitled  "I.«  Due  de  Reichstadt,"  that  the 
young  Napoleon  possessed  many  amiable 
qualities,  and  was  greatly  beloved  by  those 
who  knew  him  ;  while  he  had  all  tlie  enthu- 
siasm and  passion  of  youth  hi  extreme  force, 
•alternating  with  a  distrust,  a  caution,  and  a 
rapidity  in  fathoming  the  characters  of  the 
persons  with  whom  he  was  necessarily 
brought  into  contact,  which  are  the  usual 
qualities  of  age  ;  and  that  he  took  the  deep- 
est interest  in  every  thing  connected  with 
his  father's  former  greatness,  or  relating  to 
military  affairs. 

BUONAPARTE,  Joseph,  an  elder  brother 
of  Napoleon,  was  born  in  Corsica,  in  1708. 
Educated  for  the  law  at  the  college  of  Autun 
in  France,  he  became  a  member  of  tlie  new 
administration  of  Corsica  under  Paoli  ;  but 
soon  afterwards  emigrated  to  Marseilles, 
where  he  married  the  daughter  of  a  banker 
named  Clari.  In  179G  he  was  appointed 
commissary  of  the  army  in  Italy  then  com- 
manded by  his  brother  Napoleon;  and  in  1797, 
having  been  elected  deputy  to  the  Council  of 
Five  Hundred  b^  Ids  native  department,  he 
repaired  to  Pans,  whence  he  was  shortly 
afterwards  sent  by  the  executive  directory 
as  ambassador  to  the  pope.  During  the 
revolution  wliich  broke  out  at  Rome  under 
Dupliot,  he  displayed  considerable  energy  ; 
and  on  Itis  return  to  Paris  he  was  made 
councillor  of  state,  and  was  subsequently 
employed  by  Napoleon  to  negotiate  the 
treaties  of  Luneville  with  tlie  emperor  of 
Germany,  and  of  Amiens  with  England. 
When  Napoleon  attained  the  imperial 
crown,  Joseph  was  recognised  as  an  imperial 
prince,  and  in  this  capacity  he  headed  the 
expedition  against  Naples  in  180G,  which 
resulted  in  liis  being  proclaimed  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicily.  Here  he  reigned  till  1808, 
effecting  beneficial  changes  in  the  admi- 
nistration of  tlie  law  and  the  institutions  of 
the  country.  In  1808  he  was  appointed 
king  of  Spain,  Murat  having  succeeded  him 
as  king  of  Naples.  But  in  Spain  lie  en- 
countered much  greater  dilficulties  than  at 
Naples ;  and  during  the  five  years  of  his 
reign  he  was  tiirice  obliged  by  the  successes 
of  the  allied  armies  to  quit  his  capital  ;  the 
last  time,  in  1813,  after  the  battle  of  Vittoria, 
to  return  no  more.  He  now  retired  to 
France.  In  January  of  the  following  year, 
when  Napoleon  set  out  for  the  army,  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general  of  the  empire 
and  head  of  the  council  of  regency  to  assist 
the  empress-regent ;  but  in  tliis  capacity  he 
displayed  little  firmness,  and  consented  to  the 
capitulation  of  Paris,  which  resulted  in  the 
abdication  of  Napoleon  and  his  banishment 
to  Elba.  He  then  retired  to  Switzerland ; 
but  he  rejoined  Napoleon  on  his  return  to 
Paris  in  March  1815,  and  after  the  defeat  at 
Waterloo  he  embarked  for  the  United  States, 
where  he  purchased  a  large  property,  and 
continued  for  many  years  to  reside  there 
under  the  name  of  the  Count  de  Survilliers. 
Died  at  Florence,  1844. 

BUONAPARTE,  Luciex,  prince  of  Ca- 
nino,  the  next  brother  after  Napoleon  in 
birth,  and  after  him,  too,  the  ablest  of  tlie 
family.  He  was  born  at  Ajaccio  in  1775  ; 
and  having  quitted  Corsica,  with  his  family, 
in  1793,  he  became  a  commissary  of  the  army 


BUO] 


^  0cia  UnibtxitiX  2St0tjrajpTjtJ, 


[buo 


in  1795,  and  soon  after^vards  was  elected 
deputy  from  the  department  of  Liamone  to 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred.  It  was  here 
that  he  first  distinguished  himself  by  the 
energy  of  his  manner,  tlie  fluency  of  his 
language,  the  soundness  of  liis  arguments,  and 
his  apparent  devotion  to  the  existing  govern- 
ment. During  Napoleon's  absence  in 
Egypt,  he  maintained  a  constant  corre- 
spondence -with  him  ;  and,  on  his  return, 
Lucien  was  the  chief  instrument  of  the  re- 
volution which  followed.  When  the  sen- 
tence of  outlawry  was  about  to  be  pro- 
nounced against  his  brother,  he  opposed  it 
with  all  the  force  of  his  eloquence  ;  and 
when  he  perceived  that  remonstrances  were 
of  no  avail,  he  threw  down  the  ensigns  of 
his  dignity  as  president,  mounted  a  liorse, 
harangued  the  troops,  and  induced  tliem  to 
clear  tlie  hall  of  its  members.  By  his  sub- 
sequent energy,  coolness,  and  decision,  lie 
led  the  way  to  Napoleon's  election  as  first 
consul,  and  was  himself  made  minister  of 
the  Interior,  in  the  room  of  Laplace.  But, 
great  as  were  the  services  which  Liicien  had 
performed  for  his  brother,  the  latter  became 
jealous  of  his  abilities,  and  feared  his  popu- 
larity. A  coolness  between  them  soon  took 
place  ;  and,  with  that  cunning  which  marked 
so  many  of  his  actions,  he  took  care  to  re- 
move Lucien  from  the  immediate  scene  of 
action,  by  sending  him  ambassador  to 
Madrid.  In  the  spring  of  1802  he  returned 
to  Paris,  was  outwardly  reconciled  with  the 
first  consul,  and  entered  a  second  time  upon 
the  tribuneship.  He  had  married,  at  an  early 
age,  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  innkeeper  ; 
and,  his  wife  liaving  been  now  some  time 
dead,  he  united  himself  to  one  Madame 
Jouberthou,  tlie  widow  of  a  stock-broker,  a 
woman  distinguished  for  her  gallantries. 
Tills  gave  great  offence  to  Napoleon,  and 
was  a  severe  blow  to  the  system  he  had  long 
contemplated  of  forming  royal  alliances  for 
his  relatives.  He  therefore  used  every  means 
in  his  power  to  induce  Lucien  to  consent  to 
a  dissolution  of  the  marriage  ;  but,  to  his 
honour  be  it  recorded,  he  constantly  spumed 
all  the  proposals  that  were  made  to  him  to 
sacrifice  his  wife.  For  several  years  he  took 
up  liis  residence  in  Rome,  where  he  was  a 
welcome  visitor,  having  merited  the  grati- 
tude of  the  pope  by  the  zealous  support  he 
had  given  the  concordat ;  and  when,  in 
1807,  he  found  that  the  enmity  of  his  bro- 
ther rendered  his  stay  in  that  city  no  longer 
safe,  he  retired  to  an  estate  which  he  had 
purchased  at  Canino,  and  which  his  holi- 
ness had  raised  into  a  principality.  It  was 
not  long,  however,  before  he  found  that  the 
emissaries  of  Napoleon  were  hovering  round 
his  retreat,  and  he  fled  secretly  to  Civita 
Vecchia,  from  which  place  he  embarked 
in  Aug.  1810,  with  the  intention  of  proceed- 
ing to  the  United  States.  A  storm  threw 
him  on  the  coast  of  Cagliari  ;  but  the  king 
of  Sardinia  refused  him  permission  to  land  : 
he  was  accordingly  forced  to  put  out  to  sea  ; 
and  being  captured  by  two  English  frigates, 
he  was  conveyed  first  to  Malta  and  after- 
wards (Dec.  18.)  to  England.  After  a  time 
he  was  permitted  to  purchase  a  beautiful 
estate  near  Ludlow,  in  Shropshire,  where  he 
spent  three  calm  and  peaceful  years,  com- 


pleting, during  that  period,  a  poem  upon 
which  he  had  long  meditated,  entitled 
"  Charlemagne,  or  the  Church  Delivered." 
Tlie  peace  of  1814  having  opened  his  way 
to  the  Continent,  he  returned  to  his  old 
friend  and  protector,  Pius  VII.  After  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  he  urged  the  emperor  to 
make  a  desperate  stand  for  the  throne  ;  but 
the  cause  was  hopeless  ;  and  Lucien,  having 
retired  to  Italy,  devoted  the  remainder  of 
his  days  to  literature  and  the  fiine  arts.  He 
died  at  Viterbo,  June  29.  1840. 

BUONAPARTE,  Louis,  a  younger  brother 
of  Napoleon  and  ex-king  of  Holland,  was 
born  at  Ajaccio,  in  Corsica,  September  2. 
1778.  He  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  accompanied  his  brother  to  Italy  and 
Egypt,  and  on  Napoleon's  successive  ele- 
vations to  the  consulsliip  and  the  empire 
rose  to  be  a  councillor  of  state  and  a  general 
of  division,  and  received  the  titles  of  con- 
stable of  France  and  colonel-general  of 
carabineers.  After  having  been  successively 
appointed  governor  of  Piedmont,  and  go- 
vernor ad  interim  of  the  capital,  in  place  of 
Murat,  he  took  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  North  in  Holland  ;  and  in  1806  the  Ba- 
tavian  republic  having  been  changed  into  a 
kingdom  by  Napoleon,  Louis  was  nomi- 
nated king  at  the  request  of  the  States  of 
Holland.  In  this  capacity  he  conducted  him- 
self with  equal  skill  and  humanity,  and  such 
was  the  affection  with  which  his  Dutch 
subjects  had  inspired  him,  tliat  he  refused 
without  hesitation  tlie  crown  of  Spain  which 
was  offered  him  by  the  emperor.  In  1810, 
Louis,  having  long  resisted  the  emperor's 
commands  to  enforce  the  continental  block- 
ade, which  would,  as  he  believed,  have  proved 
detrimental  to  his  people's  interests,  abdi- 
cated in  favour  of  his  son  ;  but  the  abdication 
was  rejected  by  Napoleon,  who  thereupon 
united  Holland  to  the  French  empire ; 
and  the  ex-king  leaving  Holland  secretly, 
repaired  to  Gratz  in  Styria,  where  he  resided 
several  years  under  the  title  of  Count  de 
Saint  Leu.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon, 
he  finally  retired  to  the  Papal  States  with 
some  members  of  his  family,  where  he 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  literary  pursuits 
down  to  the  period  of  his  death.  His  only 
surviving  son,  Louis  Napoleon  Buonaparte, 
the  offspring  of  his  marriage  with  Hortense 
Eugenie  de  Beauharnois  (which  see), daughter 
of  the  empress  Josephine,  is  the  first  pre- 
sident of  the  French  republic,  established  in 
1848.    Died  at  Leghorn,  25th  June,  1846. 

BUONAPARTE,  Makie  Lktitia,  the 
mother  of  Napoleon.  From  the  widow  of  a 
poor  Corsican  officer  she  saw  herself  ele- 
vated to  the  dignity  of  being  the  mother  of 
monarchs  ;  and  she  lived  to  witness  their 
removal  from  the  thrones  they  liad  respec- 
tively usurped.    Died,  Feb.  3.  183(5. 

[The  most  authentic  genealogical  docu- 
ments ascribe  a  Florentine  origin  to  the 
Buonaparte  family,  and  trace  them  back 
to  the  year  1120,  when  one  of  them  was  ex- 
iled from  Florence  as  a  Ghibelline  j  and  in 
1332  we  find  that  John  Buonaparte  was  po- 
destd.  of  that  city.  In  1404,  his  descendant 
and  namesake,  who  was  plenipotentiary  to 
Gabriel  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  married 
the   niece  of  pope  Nicliolas  V.     His  son 


BUO] 


^  ^cto  CInibcrsal  38t0jji7fjp]5i?. 


[buk 


(Nicholas  Buonaparte)  was  ambassador  from 
the  same  pontiff  to  several  courts,  and  vice- 
gerent of  the  holy  see  at  Ascoli.  In  15G7 
Gabriel  Buonaparte  established  himself  at 
Ajaccio,  and  for  several  generations  his 
descendants  were  successively  heads  of  the 
elders  of  that  city.  But  Napoleon  Buona- 
parte ridiculed  the  pride  of  ancestry,  and 
was  ready  on  all  occasions  to  declare,  that 
the  exalted  station  lie  liad  attained  was 
due  to  his  own  merits  alone] 

BUONO.  a  Venetian  architect  of  the  12th 
century,  who  erected  the  well-known  tower 
of  St.  Mark  at  Venice,  a  campanile  or  bell- 
tower  at  Arezzo,  and  several  other  grand 
ediftces.  lie  is  deservedly  reckoned  among 
the  earliest  improvers  of  modern  architec- 
ture. 

BUONONCINI,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a 
celebrated  Italian  composer,  and  one  of 
Handel's  most  powerful  rivals  in  England. 
Besides  operas,  he  composed  various  can- 
tatas and  sonatas,  and  the  grand  funeral 
anthem  for  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  died  at  Venice  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

BUPALUS.  a  famous  sculptor  of  the  isle 
of  Chios  in  the  6th  century,  B.C.  He  is 
said  to  have  hanged  himself  in  vexation  at 
a  satire  written  upon  him  by  Ilipponax,  a 
poet,  whose  leanness  he  had  caricatured  in 
a  statue. 

BURCARD,  or  BROCARDUS,  bishop  of 
Worms,  in  the  11th  century.  Assisted  by 
the  abbot  Albert,  he  compiled  the  famous 
collection  of  Canons,  in  20  books,  entitled 
"Magna  Decretorum,  seu  Canonura  Vo- 
lumeu."    Died,  102<!. 

BURCHARD,  John,  a  native  of  Germany ; 
master  of  the  ceremonies  to  the  pope,  and, 
subsequently,  bishop  of  Citta  di  Castello  ; 
autlior  of  a  journal  or  diary  of  pope  Alex- 
ander VI.,  the  MS.  of  which,  with  a  con- 
tinuation by  some  other  hand,  is  in  the 
Chigi  Library  at  Rome.    Died,  1305. 

BURCKHARDT,  John  Lewi-^,  a  Swiss 
gentleman,  who  proposed  to  the  English  as- 
sociation for  exploring  Africa  to  be  their 
missionary.  He  was  unfortunately  carried 
off  by  dysentery  while  waiting  for  the  cara- 
van with  which  he  was  to  go  to  Timbuctoo. 
His  papers  were  sent  to  England,  and  from 
them  have  been  published  his  "  Travels  in 
Nubia"  and  "Travels  in  Syria  and  the 
Holy  Land."    Born,  1784  ;  died,  181G. 

BURCKHARDT,  John  Cuakles,  a  learned 
German  astronomer  ;  author  of  "  Tables  de 
la  Lune,"  &c.,  and  of  a  German  translation 
of  La  Place's  "  LaMycanique  Celeste."  Born, 
1773  !  died.  1825. 

BURDER,  Georgk,  an  eminent  dissent- 
ing minister  ;  author  of  "  Evangelical  Truth 
defended,"  &c.,  and  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Evangelical  Magazine.    Died,  1»32. 

BURDETT,  Sir  Erancis,  bart.,  an  aris- 
tocrat by  birth  and  fortune,  but  for  a  long 
series  of  years  one  of  the  most  popular 
members  of  the  British  parliament,  was 
bom  in  1770,  and  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  School  and  Oxford  University. 
On  returning  from  a  continental  tour,  during 
which  he  had  ample  opportunities  of  wit- 
nessing the  progress  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, he  was  evidently  imbued  with  some 


portion  of  its  spirit,  which  waa  in  no  small 
degree  fostered  and  encouraged  by  his 
friend  and  instructor,  the  celebrated  John 
Home  Tooke,  the  well-known  author  of 
the  Diversions  of  Purley,  of  whom,  indeed, 
Sir  Francis  may  fairly  be  considered  the 
el^ve.  In  1793  he  married  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Thomas  Coutts,  esq.,  the 
wealthy  banker,  with  whom  he  received  a 
large  fortune  ;  and  in  four  years  afterwards, 
on  the  death  of  his  grandfather,  succeeded 
to  the  baronetcy.  In  175)0,  Sir  Francis  was 
returned  to  parliament,  by  the  interest  of 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  as  member  for 
Boronghbridge,  his  colleague  being  Mr. 
Scott,  afterwards  Lord  Eldon  j  and  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  by  his  resolute  hosti- 
lity to  the  measures  of  government,  which 
he  denounced  as  being  inimical  to  the  li- 
berties of  the  people.  In  1802  he  offered 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  Middlesex  in  op- 
position to  Mr.  Mainwaring,  and  was  re- 
turned ;  but,  on  a  new  election  in  1804,  he 
was  defeated  by  Mr.  Mainwaring,  jun.,  poll- 
ing a  majority  of  five  votes,  2H28  to  2823. 
At  the  next  general  election  (1806)  he  again 
became  a  candidate  for  the  county,  but  was 
defeated  by  Mr.  Mellish,  who  outnumbered 
him  by  more  than  2000  votes.  At  this  time 
Sir  Francis  was  a  person  of  great  influence  in 
the  city  of  Westminster;  and  a  vacancy  in  its 
representation  occurring  through  the  death 
of  Mr.  Fox,  the  baronet  started  for  the  prize, 
in  company  with  Lord  Cochrane,  against 
three  other  candidates,  viz.  Sheridan,  Elliot, 
and  Paul,  with  the  latter  of  whom  he 
fought  a  duel,  in  which  both  the  combatants 
were  wounded.  Sir  Francis  was  returned 
by  a  vast  majority,  at  the  head  of  the  poll, 
his  colleague  being  Lord  Cochrane.  His 
opposition  to  ministers  was  now  formidable, 
unceasing,  and  so  indiscreet,  that  an  oppor- 
tunity soon  presented  itself  to  his  political 
enemies,  of  making  his  conduct  the  subject 
of  legal  proceedings.  In  1810,  having  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  his  constituents,  in  which 
he  declared  that  the  House  of  Commons 
had  exercised  their  power  illegally  by  com- 
mitting John  Gale  Jones  to  prison,  the 
publication  of  this  letter  was  deemed  a 
gross  breach  of  privilege,  and  the  speaker 
was  directed  to  issue  his  warrant  for  the 
apprehension  and  commitment  of  Sir  Fran- 
cis Burdett  to  the  Tower.  He  refused  to 
surrender,  and  barricaded  his  house  ;  where- 
upon, after  a  lapse  of  two  days,  the  ser- 
geant-at-arms,  accompanied  by  police  offi- 
cers and  a  military  force,  succeeded  in 
breaking  in,  and  conveyed  him  to  the 
Tower.  On  the  return  of  the  military  the 
infuriated  mob  attacked  them,  and  in  their 
defence  they  shot  one  man  and  wounded 
several  others.  The  prorogation  of  parlia- 
ment put  an  end  to  his  imprisonment ;  and 
recollecting  the  excitement  which  prevailed 
at  the  time  of  his  committal,  he  wisely  pro- 
ceeded privately  by  water  to  his  home, 
rather  than  jeopardise  the  lives  of  his 
"iriends  and  supporters,"  by  indulging 
them,  as  they  wished,  with  a  public  proces- 
sion through  the  streets  of  the  metropolis. 
He  afterwards  brought  an  action  against  the 
speaker,  &c.,  but  was,  of  course,  unsuc- 
cessful.    Though  we  mention  some  of  the 


bur] 


^  i^t^  Winihtt^al  MiOQtapl)^* 


[bur 


most  important  events  of  his  life,  we  cannot 
follov  him  through  his  parliamentary  ca- 
reer—  his  vehement  opposition  to  the  sus- 
pension of  the  habeas  corpus  act,  his  re- 
iterated speeches  in  favour  of  parliamentary 
reform,  his  advocacy  of  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion, &c.  ;  but  pass  on  to  tlie  year  1819, 
when  he  was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney- 
general  for  addressing  a  letter  to  his  con- 
stituents, strongly  animadverting  on  the 
proceedings  of  tlie  magistrates  and  yeo- 
manry at  the  memorable  meeting  of  the 
people  at  Manchester.  The  letter  was  pro- 
nounced a  libel,  and  he  was  sentenced  to 
three  months'  imprisonment  in  the  King's 
Bench,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  lOOOi.  Sir 
Francis  Burdett  had  ever  been  a  loud  and 
zealous  advocate  for  parliamentary  reform, 
yet,  unlike  thousands  of  the  demagogues  who 
seized  upon  the  word  "  reform  "  when  they 
meant  "revolution,"  he  never  desired  to 
see  the  prerogatives  of  the  monarch  or  the 
privileges  of  the  house  of  peers  in  the  slight- 
est degree  invaded.  But  we  feel  bound, 
however  reluctantly,  to  say,  that  the  absurd 
turbulence  of  Sir  Francis  Burdett's  earlier 
years  seemed  to  spring  from  a  restless 
vanity,  and  an  eager  craving  after  mob 
applause  ;  while  his  departure,  at  a  very 
advanced  period  of  life,  from  the  party  of 
which  till  then  he  liad  for  nearly  two  score 
years  been  the  avowed  champion,  savoured 
less  of  true  and  higli  conservative  feeling, 
than  it  did  of  petulant  vanity.  He  died, 
Jan.  23.  1844,  aged  74.  — Lady  Burdett,  who 
had  for  many  years  suffered  greatly  in  her 
health,  died  the  same  month. 

BURDON,  William,  an  able  English 
writer ;  author  of  "  Materials  for  Think- 
ing," of  which  Colton  largely  availed  him- 
self in  his  Lacon ;  "  Thoughts  on  Politics, 
Morality,  and  Literature,"  "  Life  and  Cha- 
racter of  Buonaparte,"  &c.    Died,  1818. 

BURGER,  GoDFUEY  Augustus,  a  cele- 
brated German  poet  ;  well  known  in  this 
country  by  his  ballad  poems  of  the  "  Wild 
Huntsman's  Chase "  and  "  Leonora,"  both 
of  which  have  been  translated  into  English, 
and  become  highly  popular.  Born,  1748  ; 
died,  1794. 

BURGESS,  Daniel,  a  dissenting  preacher, 
ver^  popular  in  his  day  on  account  of  his 
quaint  and  familiar  style  of  pulpit  oratory, 
of  which  a  single  specimen  will  suffice. 
"  If,"  said  he,  on  one  occasion,  "  any  among 
you  want  a  cheap  suit,  he  must  go  to  Mon- 
mouth Street ;  if  a  suit  for  life,  he  will  go  to 
the  Court  of  Cliaucery  ;  but  if  you  want  an 
eternal  suit,  you  must  go  to  Christ,  and  put 
on  his  robe  of  righteousness."  Born,  1645  ; 
died,  1713. 

BURGESS,  Right  Rev.  Thomas,  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  was  born  in  1756,  at  Odiham,  in 
Hampshire,  where  his  father  carried  on 
business  as  a  grocer.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester;  obtained  a  scholarship  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  in  1775  ;  and,  by  his 
talents  and  diligence,  in  a  short  period  be- 
came logic  reader  and  tutor  of  the  college. 
He  had  by  this  time  distinguished  himself  as 
a  scliolar  of  very  considerable  pretensions, 
by  the  publication  of  several  able  works  ; 
and  he  found  a  patron  in  Dr.  Shute  Bar- 
rington,  who  collated  him,  in  1787,  to  the 


prebend  of  Wilsford  and  Woodford,  in  Salis- 
bury cathedral,  and  afterwards  preferred  him 
to  a  prebendal  stall  at  Durham.  His  next 
advancement  took  place  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Mr.  Addington  (who  had  been  his 
fellow  student  at  Winchester  and  Oxford), 
and  who  conferred  on  him,  in  1803,  the 
vacant  see  of  St.  David's.  From  the  moment 
of  his  elevation  to  the  episcopal  bench,  he 
displayed  the  most  devoted  and  exemplary 
attention  to  tlie  concerns  of  his  diocese  ;  he 
planned  and  formed  a  society  for  the  founda- 
tion of  a  provincial  college  for  tlie  instruction 
of  ministers  of  the  Welsh  Church  ;  and  the 
establishment  at  Lampeter  stands  as  a  noble 
monument  of  his  activity  and  benevolence. 
On  the  death  of  Dr.  Fisher,  in  1805,  he  was 
translated  to  the  bishopric  of  Salisbury;  and 
throughout  the  twelve  years  of  liis  episcopal 
duties  in  that  diocese,  he  zealously  contri- 
buted to  promote  the  interests  of  those  com- 
mitted to  his  charge.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  editions  of  "  Burton's  Pentalogia  " 
and  "  Dawes's  Miscellanea  Critica,"  "  Con- 
siderations on  the  Abolition  of  Slavery,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Study  of  Antiquities,"  "  First 
Principles  of  Christian  Knowledge,"^  "Re- 
flections on  the  Controversial  Writings  of 
Dr.  Priestley,"  "  Emendationes  in  Suidamet 
Hesychium  et  alios  Lexicogranhos  Graecos," 
4  vols. ;  "  Tlie  Bible,  and  Nothing  but  the 
Bible,  the  Religion  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land ; "  with  many  others,  theological,  clas- 
sical, and  political.  Bishop  Burgess  was 
mainly  instrumental  in  founding  the  Royal 
Society  of  Literature,  of  which,  in  1821,  he 
became  the  first  president ;  but  in  1832,  on 
account  of  his  loss  of  sight,  and  other  in- 
firmities, he  resigned  the  office  in  favour  of 
the  late  Lord  Dover.    Died,  Feb.  19.  1837. 

BURGH,  James,  the  able  author  of  the 
"  Dignity  of  Human  Nature,"  &c.,  was   a 
native  of   Scotland,    and   educated    at    St.  I 
Andrew's.    Though  brought  up  to  a  trade,  I 
he  afterwards  filled  several  situations,  more  I 
or  less  connected  with    literature,  and   for 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  was  master  | 
of  an  academy  at  Stoke  Newington.    Born, 
1714 ;  died,  1775. 

BURGOYNE,  John,  an  English  general. 
During  the  American  war  he  led  the  army 
which  was  to  penetrate  from  Canada  into 
the  revolted  provinces,  in  which  he  en- 
countered difficulties  too  great  for  its  suc- 
cessful issue.  Little  interest  is  now  attached 
to  his  memory  as  a  commander,  but  he  de- 
serves our  notice  as  the  author  of  "The 
Maid  of  the  Oaks,"  "The  Lord  of  the 
Manor,"  and  some  other  dramatic  works. 
Died,  1792. 

BURIDAN,  John,  a  philosopher  of  the 
14tli  century.  Being  expelled  from  Paris 
through  the  influence  of  his  philosophical 
opponents,  he  souglit  shelter  in  Germany, 
and  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  uni- 
versity of  Vienna.  He  wrote  commentaries 
on  the  logic,  ethics,  and  metaphysics  of 
Aristotle  ;  but  is  now  chiefly  remembered  as 
the  inventor  of  the  well-known  dilemma  of 
the  ass  between  two  bundles  of  hay,  by 
which  he  used  to  illustrate  the  doctrine  of 
free-will.     Died,  1358. 

BURKE,  Edmund,  an  eminent  modem 
writer,  an  orator  of  the  first  class,  and  an 


bur] 


^  |!c£d  BnibttSnl  28t0flrajp!)»» 


[bur 


able  statesman,  was  the  eon  of  a  higlily  re- 
spectable attorney  in  Dublin,  where  he  was 
born,  January  1.  1730.  ^Vfter  completing  his 
studies  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  he  en- 
tered himself  as  a  law  student  in  the  Temple ; 
but  he  applied  himself  far  more  zealously 
to  letters  than  to  law.  His  "  Vindication  of 
Natural  Society"  and  his  "Essay  on  the 
Sublime  and  Beautiful "  introduced  hira  to 
the  best  literary  society ;  and  he  at  length 
determined  upon  devoting  himself  to  that 
pursuit  for  which  he  was  undoubtedly  the 
best  fitted  —  politics.  Of  his  public  course, 
particularly  his  hostility  to  the  doctrines  of 
revolutionary  France,  we  need  not  here 
speak,  for  it  is  a  portion,  and  a  prominent 
portion,  of  the  history  of  his  time.  In  pri- 
vate life  he  waskind  andamiable;  in  public, 
ardent  and  indefatigable.  As  an  orator  and 
writer,  he  was  almost  without  a  rival.  Died, 
1797. 

BURKITT,  William,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  a  "Practical  Exposition  of  the 
New  Testament."    Born,  IGM  ;  died,  1703. 

BURLEIGH,  William  Cecil,  lord  high- 
treasurer  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth ;  bom  in  1520,  and  brought  up  to  the 
sifidy  of  the  law.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
protector  Somerset,  in  Edward  the  Sixth's 
reign,  and  made  a  privy  councillor  ;  and 
when  Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne,  his  po- 
litical sagacity  and  the  devotion  he  sliowed 
to  his  sovereign  earned  for  him  the  liighest 
honours.  His  state  policy  has  been  admitted 
on  all  hands,  but  it  squared  little  with 
humanity,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the 
persecutions  which  he  encouraged  against 
the  unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  Died, 
1598. 

BURMAN,  Peter,  a  celcbrat«d  Dutch 
critic  and  scholar  ;  professor  of  history, 
rhetoric,  and  Greek  at  the  university  of 
Leyden.  He  wrote  a  variety  of  disserta- 
tions and  epistles,  philological  and  critical, 
and  published  editions  of  various  Latin 
classics  M  ith  notes.    Born,  1(>C8  ;  died,  1741. 

BURMAN,  Petek,  a  nephew  of  the 
above,  professor  of  history  and  rhetoric 
at  Amsterdam ;  editor  of  the  works  of 
Claudian,  Aristophanes,  &c.  Born,  1714, 
died.  1778. 

BURMAN,  John,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  eminent  equally  as  a  phj'sician 
and  a  botanist ;  author  of  "  Thesaurus  Zei- 
lanicus,"  &c.    Born,  1707  ;  died,  1779. 

BURN,  RicuARD,  LL.D.,  an  English 
clergyman  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Poor  Laws,"  joint  author  with  Mr.  Nichol- 
son of  a  "  History  of  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland,"  and  compiler  of  the  well- 
known  work  "  Burn's  Justice."     Died,  1780. 

BURNES,  Sir  Alexander,  a  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  Indian  army,  and  political 
resident  in  the  court  of  the  Soojali  at  Cabool, 
was  born  at  Montrose,  in  1805.  Having  ob- 
tained tlie  appointment  of  cadet,  he  arrived 
at  Bombay  in  1821  ;  and,  on  account  of  his 
proficiency  in  the  Persian  and  Hindostanee 
languages,  was  at  first  employed  as  an  in- 
terpreter and  translator.  His  regiment,  the 
21st  native  infantry,  having  been  ordered  to 
Bhooj  in  1825,  Lieut.  Bumes  joined  it,  and 
during  the  disturbances  in  Cutch  was  ap- 
pointed quarter-master  of  brigade,  though 


at  the  time  he  was  under  20  years  of  age. 
His  superior  talents  and  zeal  soon  attracted 
tlie  attention  of  the  authorities,  and  he  was 
speedily  appointed  Persian  interpreter  to  a 
force  of  8,000  men,  assembled  for  the  invasion 
of  Scinde,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
M.  Napier  of  the  Cth  foot.  In  Sept.  1829,  he 
was  appointed  assistant  to  the  political  agent 
at  Cutch,  and  was  engaged  in  surveying  the 
north-west  frontier.  Early  iu  ISJM)  a  present 
of  horses  having  arrived  at  Bombay  from 
the  king  of  England,  to  be  sent  to  the 
Maharajah  Runjeet  Singh,  Lieut.  Bumes 
was  selected  to  proceed  with  them  to  La- 
hore, the  capital  of  the  Punjaub  country. 
He  was  also  entrusted  with  presents  to  the 
Ameers  of  Scinde  ;  but  though  this  was  the 
ostensible  object  of  his  mission,  the  chief 
motive  was  to  obtain  full  and  complete 
information  in  reference  to  everything  per- 
taining to  the  geography  of  the  Indus.  This 
extraordinary  journey  was  performed  amid 
delays,  obstructions,  and  difficulties,  but 
with  admirable  tact  and  perseverance  ;  and 
the  work  recording  these  travels,  which  was 
published  some  little  time  after  his  return 
to  England  in  1833,  possesses  the  highest  in- 
terest. Soon  after  his  return  to  India  in 
1835,  Lieut.  Bumes,  in  acknowledgment  of 
his  diplomatic  and  other  services,  was 
knighted  and  advanced  to  the  brevet  rank 
of  lieut.-colonel ;  and  on  the  final  restoration 
of  the  Shah  Soojah,  in  Sept.  18;}9,  he  was 
appointed  political  resident  at  Cabool,  with 
a  salary  of  ;iOOO/.  But  he  was  not  long  des- 
tined to  fill  the  post  which  his  merits  had 
gained  ;  for,  at  the  very  outset  of  tlie  insur- 
rection in  Cabool,  it  was  the  melancholy 
fate  of  this  enterprising  and  deserving  officer 
—  then  only  in  his  37th  year — to  be  assassin- 
ated, together  with  his  brother,  Lieut. 
Charles  Bumes,  and  several  others.  Died, 
Nov.  2.  1841. 

BURNET,  Thomas,  an  English  divine 
and  philosopher  ;  author  of  "  ArchsBologia 
Antiqua  de  Rerum  Originibus,"  &c.  lie 
was  master  of  the  Charter-house,  and  is 
distinguished  for  the  bold  resistance  he 
made  to  James  II.,  who  wished  to  make  a 
Roman  Catholic  a  pensioner  of  that  esta- 
blishment.   Died,  1715. 

BURNET,  Gilbekt,  bishop  of  Salisbury  ; 
a  learned  prelate  and  an  able  and  industrious 
writer  ;  author  of  the  well-known  and  va- 
luable "  History  of  the  Reformation,"  "  His- 
tory of  his  own  Times,"  &c.  Born,  1(>43  ; 
died,  1715. 

BURNETT,  James,  Lord  Monboddo,  a 
distinguished  Scotch  judge ;  author  of  a 
"  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Language," 
&c.  Though  both  learned  and  acute,  he 
exposed  himself  to  much  ridicule  by  as- 
serting the  existence  of  mermaids  and  satyrs, 
and  by  other  ridiculous  theories,  particu- 
larly his  whimsical  speculations  relative  to 
a  supposed  affinity  between  the  human  race 
and  the  monkey  tribe.  Born,  1714  ;  died, 
1779. 

BURNETT,  Gilbert  Thomas,  F.L.  S., 
the  lineal  descendant  of  the  celebrated 
Bishop  Burnet,  was  bom  in  1800,  and  hav- 
ing received  a  classical  and  scientific  edu- 
cation, studied  with  success  under  medical 
and  anatomical  professors  ;  and,  ultimately 


133 


bur] 


^  ^(ia  Winihtx&Hl  23i0C|:rapIj». 


[bus 


became  profeasor  of  medical  botany  at  King's 
College,  London.    Died  in  183.5. 

BURNEY,  Charles,  the  well-kno\vn 
author  of  the  "History  of  Music,"  and  per- 
haps still  more  celebrated  as  the  father  of 
the  authoress  of  "  Evelina,"  &c.,  was  bom 
at  Chester  in  172(5.  He  early  showed  a  taste 
for  music,  and  having  acquired  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  art  under  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Arne,  he  settled  in  London  with  every 
prospect  of  success.  But  his  health  failed, 
and  he  accepted  the  place  of  organist  at 
Lynn,  where  he  resided  nine  years.  In  17G0 
he  returned  to  London  with  his  health  re- 
stored, and  he  at  once  obtained  as  many 
pupils  as  enabled  him  to  support  his  family 
in  comfort  and  independence.  His  profes- 
sional merit  obtained  for  him,  in  1769,  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  music  from  the  university 
of  Oxford  ;  and  his  attainments,  the  sua- 
vity of  his  temper,  and  the  gentle  simplicity 
of  his  manners  not  only  gained  for  him 
ready  admission  to  the  first  literary  circles, 
but  his  own  little  house  in  St.  Martin's 
Street,  Leicester  Square,  was  long  tlic  resort 
of  all  that  was  distinguished  for  talent,  rank, 
or  fashion.  In  1800  he  obtained  a  pension 
of  3001.  per  annum.  Besides  his  History  of 
Music,  Dr.  Bumey  published  "  The  Life  of 
Metastasio,"  a  "  Musical  Tour  through 
France  and  Italy,"  and  he  contributed  nearly 
all  the  musical  articles  to  Rees's  Cyclopa;dia, 
for  which  he  obtained  lOOOZ.    Died,  1814. 

BURNEY,  Charles,  second  son  of  the 
musical  composer,  was  a  classical  scholar 
and  critic  of  high  reputation.  Dr.  Burney's 
classical  acquirements  were  first  displayed 
in  the  Monthly  Review,  and  there  were  few 
Greek  scholars  who  could  compete  with  him. 
Among  his  works  are  an  Appendix  to  Sca- 
pula's Greek  Lexicon,  the  choral  odes  of 
.^schylus,  &c.  His  valuable  library  was 
purchased  by  parliament  for  the  British 
Museum.    Bom  1757  ;  died,  1817. 

BURNT:Y,  Rear-Admiral  James,  eldest 
son  of  the  above,  entered  the  navy  at  an  early 
age,  and  accompanied  the  ill-fated  Cook  on 
his  two  last  voyages.  After  long  and  arduous 
8ervices,he  attained  the  rank  of  rear-admiral. 
He  was  an  able  geographer  ;  and  his  "  His- 
tory of  Voyages  of  Discovery  "  and  other 
valuable  writings  show  him  to  have  been  an 
accurate  thinker.    Bora,  1759  ;  died,  1821. 

BURNEY,  William,  LL.D.,  master  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  Gosport;  a  school  where 
many  distinguished  naval  and  military  offi- 
cers have  been  educated.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Lives  of  the  Naval  Heroes  of  Great 
Britain,"  &c.    Born,  1762  ;  died,  1832. 

BURNS,  John,  M.  D.,  and  professor  of 
surgery  in  Glasgow  University,  was  bora  in 
1780.  Besides  being  the  author  of  many 
valuable  works  relating  to  his  profession,  he 
published  a  work  on  the  evidences  and 
principles  of  Christianity,  which  has  gone 
through  many  editions.  It  was  at  first 
published  anonymously  ;  but  it  was  obvi- 
ously the  production  of  a  medical  man  ;  and 
it  is  related  that  the  father  of  Dr.  Burns, 
who  was  for  sixty  years  a  minister  in  Glas- 
gow, having  read  it,  expressed  himself  much 
pleased  with  it,  and  said  to  his  son,  "Ah 
John  !  I  wish  you  could  have  written  such  a 
book."     Though    in    his    eightieth   year, 


Dr.  Bums  was  still  active  both  in  body  and 
mind  ;  but  his  vigorous  old  age  was  suddenly 
cut  short  by  the  calamity  which  befell  the 
Orion  on  her  passage  from  Liverpool  to 
Glasgow,  June  17.  1850. 

BIJRNS,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Scotch  poet, 
whose  rich  humour,  pathos,  and  energy  have 
never  been  surpassed,  was  born  in  1759,  near 
the  town  of  Ayr.  His  parents  were  in 
humble  circumstances,  but  they  gave  him  a 
good  plain  education,  and  as  he  grew  up  he 
added  to  it  an  acquaintance  with  French 
and  mathematics.  His  poems  are  too  well 
known  and  appreciated  to  need  description 
in  this  place  ;  but  it  is  not  unnecessary  to 
remark  that  his  prose,  consisting  chiefly  of 
letters  hastily  written  and  never  intended 
for  publication,  are  scarcely  less  honourable 
to  his  genius.  He  was  naturally  of  a  con- 
vivial turn  ;  and  after  having  been  unfortu- 
nate in  various  attempts  to  gain  a  living  by 
agricultural  and  other  pursuits,  he  was  made 
an  exciseman  :  this  employment  confirmed 
him  in  habits  of  dissipation,  which  caused  an 
illness,  of  which  he  died,  in  the  37th  year  of 
his  age,  in  1796.  An  excellent  edition  of  his 
works,  with  a  Life,  &c.  by  Allan  Cunning- 
ham, was  published  in  1835. 

BURROW,  Reuben,  an  able  mathema- 
tician ;  author  of  a  tract  on  "  Projectiles," 
a  "  Restitution  of  Apollonius  on  Inclina- 
tions," &c.  He  was  making  a  trigonometrical 
survey  of  Bengal  when  he  died,  in  1791. 

BURTON,  the  Rev.  Edwaud,  D.D.,  regius 
professor  of  divinity  in  the  university  of 
Oxford,  and  rector  of  Ewelme,  was  bora  in 
1794 ;  educated  at  Westminster,  and  matri- 
culated at  Christchurch,  Oxford.  His  talents, 
close  application,  and  exemi)lary  conduct, 
did  not  pass  unnoticed ;  and  he  rose  from  one 
honourable  station  to  another.  His  various 
pamphlets  and  the  works  he  edited, prove  that 
he  was  able  and  industrious.    Died,  1836. 

BURTON,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
critic;  author  of  various  theological  treatises; 
poetry  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  English ;  and 
other  productions.    Died,  1771. 

BURTON,  Robert,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  that  singular  work,  "  The  Anatomy 
of  Melancholy  ; "  which  Archbishop  Herring 
describes  as  "  the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling  sense." 
The  archbishop  adds,  that  the  wits  of  the 
reigns  of  Anne  and  the  first  George  were 
deeply  indebted  to  Burton  ;  and  we  may 
venture  to  say,  that  the  "  wits  "  of  the  suc- 
ceeding reigns  have  been  no  less  so.  Born, 
1576  ;  died,  1640. 

BUSBY,  Dr.  Richard,  the  venerable 
master  of  Westminster  School  —  celebrated 
for  his  abilities  as  a  classical  teacher  and  as 
an  unflinching  disciplinarian  —  was  born  in 
1606.  He  held  the  situation  of  head-master 
from  1640  to  the  time  of  his  decease,  in  1695 
—  a  period  of  55  years. 

BUSCHE,  or  BUSCHIUS,  Herman  von 
DER,  a  learned  German,  friend  and  fellow- 
labourer  of  Luther  ;  author  of  Scholia  on 
ancient  writers,  Latin  poems,  &c.   Died,  1534. 

BUSCHETTO  DA  DULICHIO,  a  Greek 
architect  of  the  11th  century.  He  erected 
the  cathedral  church  of  Pisa,  the  first  spe- 
cimen of  the  Lombard  ecclesiastical  style  of 
building. 


bus] 


^  ^m  BnibtrinX  mas^n^M* 


[bux 


BUSCHING,  Anthony  Fredeimc,  an 
able  and  industrious  writer,  to  whom  tlie 
science  of  statistics  is  greatly  indebted ; 
author  of  a  "  Magazine  of  Modem  History 
and  Geography,"  "  Elements  of  Natural 
History,"  "Character  of  Frederic  II.  of 
I  Prussia,"  "  History  and  Theory  of  the 
Belles  I^ttres,"  &c.  His  works,  in  short, 
amount  to  100  volumes.  Bom,  1724  ;  died, 
1793. 

BUSHE,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Kendal,  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  all 
the  lawyers  and  the  statesmen  that  made 
the  courts  and  the  parliament  of  Ireland  so 
brilliant  towards  the  close  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. Though  he  had  to  contend  against 
such  opponents  aaPonsonby.Pluukctt,  Flood, 
Grattan,  Curran,  and  Saurin,  he  was  never 
found  unequal  to  the  contest,  whether  at 
the  bar  or  in  the  house.  He  was  raised  to 
the  chief  justiceship  of  Ireland,  and  made  a 
privy  councillor  in  1822,  and  shone  in  that 
high  office  as  brightly  as  he  had  shoue  as 
advocate  and  orator.  The  infirmities  of  a 
very  advanced  age  at  length  compelled  him 
to  retire  upon  a  pension  of  3000Z.  per  annum  ; 
and  he  had  scarcely  done  so,  when  he  was 
attacked  by  effusion  upon  the  brain,  and 
died  July  7.  1843. 

BUTE,  John  Stuart,  Earl  of,  a  British 
statesman,  descended  from  an  ancient  Scotch 
family,  was  born  early  in  the  18th  century. 
In  1738  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  bedchamber  to  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales, 
the  father  of  George  III.  Soon  after  the 
young  king's  accession,  over  whom  Bute 
possessed  unbounded  influence,  he  was  made 
secretary  of  state,  and,  quickly  after,  first 
lord  of  the  treasury.  Under  his  ministry,  a 
peace,  whicli  disappointed  the  hopes  of  the 
people,  was  concluded  with  France  and 
Spain  ;  and  what  added  greatly  to  his  un- 
popularity, was  the  marked  favouritism  he 
showed  for  his  countrymen,  filling  the  most 
lucrative  offices  in  the  state  with  Scotchmen. 
He  at  length  resigned  his  offices,  and  retired 
into  private  life,  which  he  adorned  by  his  be- 
nevolent disposition  and  his  love  of  science. 
Botany  was  his  favourite  study,  and  he  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  its  pursuit.  Died,  1792. 
BUTLER,  Alban,  an  English  Catholic 
divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chaplain  to 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  but  at  length  became 
president  of  the  college  of  St.  Omei's.  The 
chief  of  his  works  is  the  "Lives  of  the 
Fathers,  Martyrs,  and  other  principal 
Saints."    Died,  1773. 

BUTLER,  CuAKLES,  a  Roman  Catholic, 
bred  to  the  legal  profession,  and  a  most  in- 
defatigable and  accomplished  scholar.  His 
numerous  works,  with  the  exception  of  his 
"Notes  to  Coke  upon  Littleton"  and  his 
"  Reminiscences,"  are  of  a  religious  or  po- 
litical character ;  and,  indeed,  as  the  able 
advocate  of  his  own  religious  community, 
he  is  principally  to  be  regarded.  It  may  be 
truly  said  that  neither  the  fire  of  youth,  the 
interruption  of  business,  the  variety  of  his 
employments,  nor  the  bustle  of  the  world, 
could  ever  moderate  his  ardour  for  study. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Saints," 
"  Historical  Account  of  the  Laws  against  the 
Roman  Catholics,"  "  Book  of  the  Catholic 
Church,"  &c.    Born,  1750  ;  died,  1832. 

133 


BUTLER,  Joseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  an 
extremely  learned  and  able  prelate  ;  author 
of  the  well-known  and  invaluable  work, 
"The  Analogy  of  Religion,  Natural  and 
Revealed,  to  the  Course  and  Constitution  of 
Nature."    Born,  1G92  ;  died,  17.52. 

BUTLER,  Sami'el,  an  English  poet, 
whose  principal  work,  "Hudibras,"  is  pro- 
bably, both  in  design  and  execution,  the 
most  strikingly  original  we  have.  Wit 
abounds  throughout  it,  and  the  odd  double 
rhymes  in  which  the  author  so  much  de- 
lighted, are  singularly  well  adapted  to  add 
point  to  the  ridicule  he  chose  to  inflict  His 
other  works  are  far  inferior  to  Hudibras  ; 
and  of  the  thousand  imitations  of  that  work, 
not  one  has  the  true  lludibrustic  comming- 
ling of  wit,  humour,  knowledge  of  the  world, 
and  facility  of  expression.  Bom,  1612  ;  died, 
1680. 

BUTLER,  Dr.  Samckl,  bishop  of  Lich- 
field, a  learned  and  most  exemplary  English 
divine.  He  was  born  at  Kenilworth,  in 
Warwickshire,  and  received  his  education 
at  Rugby  School,  to  which  he  was  admitted 
in  1783.  In  1792  he  removed  thence  to  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  his  course 
was  rapid  and  brilliant,  nearly,  if  not  quite, 
without  parallel,  his  prizes  and  distinctions 
far  exceeding  in  number  those  obtained  by 
any  of  his  contemporaries.  In  1798  he  was 
appointed  to  the  mastership  of  Shrewsbury 
School,  and,  about  the  same  time,  he  was 
selected  for  the  arduous  task  of  preparing  a 
new  edition  of  iEschylus  for  the  university 
press.  His  learning  and  his  indefatigable 
exertions  soon  produced  for  Shrewsbury  a 
very  high  rank  and  reputation  among  our 
public  schools.  After  receiving  several  minor 
preferments,  he  was,  in  18.%,  i)romoted  to 
the  bishopric  of  Lichfield.  Tliough  a  perfect 
martyr  to  ill  health,  he  was  a  very  volu- 
minous author.  His  "Sketch  of  Ancient 
and  Modem  Geography  "  and  his  "  Ancient 
and  Modern  Atlases"  are  the  best  works  of 
their  kind.     Bom,  1774  ;  died,  1840. 

BUTTNER,  Christopuek  William,  a 
German  naturalist  and  philologist,  whose 
zeal  in  pvirsuit  of  his  favourite  studies 
was  such,  that,  in  order  to  buy  books,  he  re- 
stricted himself  to  what  was  barely  neces- 
sary to  sustain  life,  never  making  more 
than  one  frugal  meal  a  day.  Bora,  171G  i 
died.  1801. 

BUXHOWDEN,  Frederic  William, 
Count  of,  a  general  in  the  Russian  army. 
He  entered  on  a  military  life  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  engaged  in  the  war  against  the 
Turks  in  1769  ;  till,  rising  by  degrees,  he,  in 
1794,  obtained  the  command  of  Warsaw  and 
the  administration  of  Poland.  In  1805  he 
commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  the 
battle  of  Austerlitz,  which  advanced  while 
the  centre  and  right  wing  were  beaten  ;  but, 
after  the  battle  of  Pultusk,  he  was  unjustly 
superseded  by  Bennigsen.  He  was,  however, 
again  made  commander-in-chief,  and,  in 
1808,  conquered  Finland.    Died,  1811. 

BUXTON,  Jedediaii,  a  singularly  gifted 
person,  whose  powers  of  calculation,  derived 
solely  from  nature,  have  probably  never  been 
equalled.  It  is  said  that  he  was  asked  this 
most  difficult  question  — "  In  a  body  whose 
three  sides  are,  respectively,  23,145,789  yards. 


H  2 


BUX] 


^  ia^&j  ^uibcr^al  33tO0rap]^i). 


[byr 


6,642,732  yards,  and  54,965  j'ards,  how  many 
cubical  eiglilhs  of  an  inch  are  there  ?  "  and 
that,  amid  all  the  distractions  of  the  labours 
of  a  hundred  men,  he  gave  tlie  exact  an- 
Bwer  in  little  more  than  five  hours  !  But 
it  was  only  in  calculating  that  he  had  any 
intellectual  superiority  ;  in  other  respects, 
his  mind  was  rather  below  than  above  the 
average.  He  died  towards  the  close  of  the 
18th  centuiy. 

BUXTON,  Sir  Thomas  Fowei.l,  bart. 
This  distinguished  philanthropist  was  born 
at  Earl's  Colne,  Essex,  in  1786  ;  and  received 
his  academical  education  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  Having,  in  1811,  joined  the  firm 
of  Truman,  Hanbury,  and  Co.,  the  eminent 
Liondon  brewers,  his  connection  with  the 
locality  of  Sjutalfields  made  him  personally 
acquainted  with  the  sufi'erings  of  his  poor 
neighbours  ;  and  the  powerful  appeals  he 
made  in  their  favour  in  1816  led  to  an  ex- 
tensive and  well-organised  system  for  their 
relief.  His  success  in  this  charitable  un- 
dertaking induced  him  (in  conjunction 
with  his  sister-in-law,  Mrs  Fry,  and  his 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  Hoare)  to  examine  into 
the  state  of  our  prisons,  and  to  publish  the 
result  of  liis  labours.  This  not  only  led  to 
the  formation  of  the  Prison  Discipline  So- 
ciety, but  was  the  basis  upon  which  many 
of  the  modern  improvements  in  our  gaols 
are  founded.  In  1818  he  was  returned  M.  P. 
for  Weymouth,  which  borough  he  continued 
to  represent  till  1837,  when  he  was  defeated 
by  Mr.  Villiers.  During  the  time  he  held  a 
seat  in  the  house,  liis  energies  were  almost 
unceasingly  directed  to  ameliorate  the  con- 
dition of  the  oppressed.  He  became  the  re- 
cognised successor  of  Mr.  Wilberforce,  and 
he  had  the  supreme  satisfaction  of  seeing  his 
eflforts  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  crowned 
with  complete  success.  To  other  subjects  of 
paramount  interest,  viz.  tlie  reform  of  our 
criminal  code  —  the  civilisation  of  Africa,  by 
commercial,  agricultural,  and  missionary 
enterprise — the  support  of  benevolent  in- 
stitutions, particularly  such  as  had  for  their 
objects  the  education  and  improvement  of 
the  poor — to  these,  and  such  as  these.  Sir 
Thomas  Powell  Buxton  applied  himself  with 
a  persevering  assiduity  tliat  did  honour  to 
his  name.  In  1840  he  waa  created  a  baronet. 
Died  Feb.  19.  1845. 

BUXTORF,  John,  a  Calvinist  divine, 
professor  of  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  at  Basle  ; 
author  of  "  Tliesaurus  Lingua;  Hebraicae," 
"  Institutio  Epistolaris  Hebraica,"  &c.  Born, 
1564  ;  died,  1629. 

BUXTORF,  JoHX,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  his  successor  in  tlie  professorship  atBasle ; 
author  of  a  "  Chaldaic  and  Syriac  Lexicon," 
&c.,  besides  other  classical  and  theological 
works.  It  is  recorded  of  him,  that,  at  the 
early  age  of  four  years,  he  was  able  to  read 

Hebrew  and  Latin Two  others  of  the  same 

name,  his  son  and  nephew,  were  also  noted 
for  their  skill  in  the  Hebrew  tongue. 

BYNG,  John,  fourth  son  of  Viscount  Tor- 
rington,  was,  like  his  father,  an  admiral. 
After  having  frequently  and  highly  distin- 
guished himself,  he  was  tried  by  court- 
martial  for  alleged  cowardice.  He  was  dis- 
patched to  the  relief  of  Minorca,  at  that 
time  blockaded  by  a  French  fleet ;  and  bis 


hesitation  to  engage  an  enemy  of  superior 
strength  excited  the  clamour  of  the  nation 
against  him.  When  the  news  arrived  in 
England,  the  dastard  ministry,  wishing  to 
avert  the  public  odium  from  their  unsuccess- 
ful measures,  took  advantage  of  the  admiral's 
unpopularity ;  and  though  tlie  court  by  which 
the  ill-fated  commander  was  tried,  recom- 
mended him  to  mercy,  they  suffered  the  un- 
just sentence  to  be  carried  into  execution. 
He  was  shot  at  Portsmouth,  March  14.  1767  ; 
meeting  his  death  with  the  firmness  of  a  hero 
and  the  resignation  of  a  Christian. 

BYRNE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
engraver.  His  works  are  very  numerous, 
and  remarkable  for  the  excellence  of  their 
aerial  perspective.    Died,  1805. 

BYROM,  John,  an  ingenious  prose  writer 
and  poet,  and  the  inventor  of  a  system  of 
stenography.  He  was  also  a  contributor 
to  tlie  Spectator,  under  the  signature  of 
"John  Shadow."    Born,  1691 ;  died,  1763. 

BYRON,  the  Hon.  John,  an  eminent  na- 
val commander  and  circumnavigator,  whose 
sufferings,  when  wrecked  in  the  Wager,  are 
graphically  described  in  his  "Narrative." 
He  rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and  com- 
manded in  tlie  West  Indies  during  the  Ame- 
rican war.    Born,  1723  ;  died.  1768. 

BYRON,  Right  Hon.  George  Gordon 
BvKON,  Lord,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
bom,  Jan.  22d,  1788,  was  the  sixth  in  de- 
scent from  his  ancestor.  Sir  John  Byron, 
who  received  the  estate  of  Newstead  as  a 
grant  from  king  Henry  VIII.  The  noto- 
riously licentious  conduct  of  his  father, 
Capt.  Byron,  who  had  deserted  his  wife  and 
squandered  her  fortune,  made  him  an  exile 
from  England  ;  and  he  died  in  1791,  leaving 
his  widow  and  son  almost  destitute.  Mrs. 
Byron  having  previous  to  tliis  event  retired 
to  her  native  city  of  Aberdeen,  in  order  to 
live  withiu  the  limits  of  her  scanty  income, 
she  placed  her  son  early  in  the  grammar 
school  of  that  city ;  but  when,  in  1798,  by 
the  death  of  his  great  uncle,  without  issue, 
he  became  possessed  of  the  family  title  and 
estates,  he  was  placed  under  the  guardian- 
ship of  Lord  Carlisle,  who  sent  him  to  Har- 
row. His  love  of  liberty  and  Independence 
were  prominent  traits  in  his  disposition,  and 
they  were  seconded  by  a  fixed  aversion  to 
control.  In  1804  he  went  to  Cambridge,  and 
there  became  chiefly  remarkable  for  his  ec- 
centric habits,  and  his  defiance  of  the  rules 
of  discipline.  On  quitting  Cambridge  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  Newstead  Abbey, 
and  soon  after  published  his  "  Hours  of 
Idleness."  Although  marked  by  some  fea- 
tures of  juvenility,  this  production  gave  un- 
doubted indications  of  poetic  genius  ;  but  it 
met  with  most  severe  and  unmerited  censure 
from  the  Edinburgh  Review.  The  ridicule 
thus  cast  by  the  critic  on  the  poet  was  not 
suffered  to  rest  there:  he  exerted  his  powers, 
and  amply  revenged  himself  in  the  cele- 
brated satire  of  "  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers."  About  that  period  he  expe- 
rienced a  great  disappointment  in  seeing 
Miss  Chaworth,  who  had  been  the  early 
object  of  his  love,  married  to  another.  His 
course  of  life  was  now  marked  by  extrava- 
gance and  dissipation,  impairing  both  his 
health  and  fortune  ;  and  it  was  probably  to 


caa] 


^  ^tlM  Bnibsr^aX  38t05rap]^ii. 


[cab 


I  extricate  himself  from  the  Circean  snares  by 
which  he  was  surrounded,  tliat  he  resolved 
on  an  excursion  to  the  Continent.  He  was 
accompanied  by  his  friend  and  fellow-col- 
legian, John  Cam  Ilobhouse,  esq.  ;  an*  after 
a  stay  of  two  years  he  returned,  and  gave  to 
the  world  tlie  first  two  cantos  of  "Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage."  This  was  quickly 
succeeded  by  "  The  Giaour,"  "  The  Bride  of 
Abydos,"  "  Lara,"  "  The  Corsair,"  &c.  ;  and 
the  noble  bard  became  the  poetical  idol  of 
the  day.  In  January,  1815,  he  married 
Anna  Isabella,  only  daughter  of  Sir  Ralph 
Milbanke  Noel ;  but  the  union  was  not  pro- 
ductive of  happiness,  and  they  sejiarated 
80on  after  the  birth  of  a  daughter.  This 
rupture  gave  rise  to  many  rumours  re- 
dounding little  to  Ixird  Byron's  credit,  and 
he  again  went  to  the  Continent,  with  a  de- 
termination not  to  return  to  his  native 
country.  He  often  changed  his  residence  ; 
and  during  his  various  travels,  while  he 
visited  the  most  celebrated  parts  of  the 
south  of  Europe^  his  admirers  in  England 
were  indulged  with  the  productions  of  his 
powerful  and  versatile  muse :  sometimes 
proudly  soaring  into  the  pure  regions  of 
taste,  breathing  noble  sentiments  and  chi- 
valric  feelings  ;  at  other  times,  descending 
to  impure  voluptuousness,  or  grovelling  in 
sheer  vulgarity.  In  182;5  the  state  of  the 
Greeks  awoke  his  noble  feeling  of  independ- 
ence ;  and,  with  a  disinterested  generosity 
that  scarcely  has  its  parallel,  he  resolved  to 
devote  his  fortune,  his  pen,  and  his  sword  in 
their  cause.    Uia  energies,  however,  were  uo 


sooner  called  into  action,  than  he  was  as- 
sailed by  disease  ;  and  he  expired,  of  a  fever, 
at  Missolonghi,  on  the  19lh  of  April,  1824, 
in  the  37th  year  of  his  age,  to  the  inexpress- 
ible sorrow  of  the  Greeks,  by  whom  he  was 
venerated  for  his  personal  exertions  and 
liberal  pecuniary  aid.  Few  instances  have 
occurred  in  which  inconsistency  appeared  so 
glaring  as  in  the  various  qualifications  of 
this  highly  gifted  nobleman.  With  powers 
of  reasoning  beyond  the  faculties  of  most 
other  men,  he  was  capricious  and  unfixed ; 
and  with  a  poetic  taste  that  approached  the 
sublime  was  sometimes  mixed  a  reckless  im- 
alloyed  profligacy,  ev-idently  the  oftspring 
of  sensuality,  and  the  parent  of  immoral 
consequences  in  others.  In  proportion,  there- 
fore, as  we  admire  the  commanding  talents 
and  poetic  eloquence  of  Byron,  so  are  we 
compelled  to  deprecate  the  unholy  purposes 
to  which  they  were  too  often  made  sub- 
servient. "  Prostituted  genius  is  but  splendid 
guilt."  We  close  this  sketch  by  observing, 
that  his  only  daughter,  the  Hon.  Augusta 
Ada  Byron,  was  married  to  Lord  King  (now 
Earl  Lovelace),  in  1835. 

B YTHNEK,  Victokinus,  was  a  native  of 
Poland,  but  educated  in  England,  where  he 
finally  established  himself  as  a  physician  ; 
author  of  "  Lyra  Prophetica  Davidis  Regis," 
&c.    Died,  ltW4. 

BZOVIUS,  or  BZOVSKI,  Abraham,  a 
learned  Pole ;  professor  of  theology  and 
philosophy.  He  wrote  the  "Lives  of  the 
Popes,"  "  Annals  of  the  Church,"  &c.  Bom, 
1507  ;  died,  1037. 


c. 


CAAB,  or  CAB,  Ben  Zohaih,  an  Arabian 
Jew,  rabbi,  and  poet.  He  satirised  Mahomet 
so  severely,  that  "the  Prophet"  made  war 
on  the  Arabian  Jews  for  tlie  purpose  of 
getting  the  poet  into  his  power ;  but  when 
Mahomet's  success  was  no  longer  doubtful, 
Caab  became  his  zealous  panegyrist,  aban- 
doned Judaism  for  Mahometanism,  and  was 
greatly  in  Mahomet's  favour.  He  is  said  to 
have  assisted  in  the  composition  of  the  Ko- 
ran.   Died,  A.n.  022. 

CABALLERO,  Marquis,  a  Spanish  libe- 
ral, born  in  1769.  He  adhered  to  Joseph 
Buonaparte  on  the  abdication  of  Charles  IV., 
and  was  made  one  of  his  chief  ministers. 
On  the  fall  of  the  former,  Ferdinand  VII. 
passed  a  decree  of  perpetual  banishment 
against  him  ;  but  he  was  recalled  by  the 
Constitutionalists  in  1818. 

CABANIS,  Peteu  John  George,  a 
French  physician  of  considerable  eminence. 
Becoming  intimate  with  Mirabeau,  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  council  of  five  hun- 
dred ;  and  under  the  government  of  Napo- 
leon he  was  one  of  the  senators.  His  writings 
are  cliicfly  medical ;  but  in  addition  to  these 
he  published  an  interesting  account  of  the 
last  illness  and  death  of  Miiabeau.  Born, 
1757  ;  died,  1807. 


CABARRUS,  Francois,  Count,  a  French- 
man, who  having  settled  in  Spain  in  a  com- 
mercial character,  rendered  that  country 
considerable  service  in  establishing  a  paper 
currency,  when  cut  off  from  her  resources 
in  America.  He  was  afterwards  the  Spanish 
minister  of  finance  ;  to  which  ofiice  he  was 
appointed  by  Joseph  Buonaparte.  Born, 
1752  ;  died,  1810. 

CABESTAN,  or  CABESTAING,  Wii, 
LiAM  DE,  a  Provencal  poet  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, celebrated  alike  for  his  talents  and 
misfortunes.  Having  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Raymond  de  Scillans,  he  had  him  put  to 
death  ;  and  his  heart  was  dressed  and  served 
up  to  the  lady,  who,  on  learning  the  horrible 
nature  of  her  repast,  died  of  grief. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  an  English  navigator 
of  great  eminence,  was  the  son  of  a  skilful 
Venetian  pilot,  who  resided  at  Bristol.  He 
made  several  voyages  with  his  father  (who 
had  obtained  from  Henry  VIII.  letters  pa- 
tent, empowering  him  and  his  three  sons  to 
discover  unknown  lands  and  conquer  them), 
and  they  on  one  occasion  discovered  New- 
foundland, and  on  another  saw  the  main- 
land of  America,  being  the  first  Europeans 
who  had  done  so.  He  was  among  the  first 
to  notice  the  variations  of  the  needle.    His 


cab] 


^  ^ctu  ^nihtr^Kl  SStOflrapibJ?' 


[CJED 


skill  in  maritime  affairs  induced  Edward  VI 
to  settle  a  pension  on  him  as  grand  pilot  of 
England  ;  and  he  was  consulted  on  all  ques- 
tions relating  to  trade  and  navigation.  He 
published  a  map  of  the  world,  and  a  work, 
entitled  "  Navigazione  nelle  parte  Septen- 
trionale."    Born,  1477  ;  died,  1557. 

CABRAL,,  or  C  ABRARA,  Pedro  Alva- 
rez, a  celebrated  Bortuguese  navigator  of 
the  16th  century. 

CACCIA,  GuGLiELMO,  surnamed,  from 
his  place  of  residence,  II  Moncalvo,  a  very 
excellent  painter.  He  executed  some  fine 
altar  pieces,  but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  upon 
his  small  Madonnas,  which  are  highly  valued. 
Died,  1625. 

CACCINI,  GiULio,  an  Italian  musician 
and  composer.  In  conjunction  with  Peri,  he 
composed  the  opera  of  "  Eurydice,"  on  the 
occasion  of  tlie  marriage  of  Henri  Quatre 
and  Mary  de  Medici ;  and  it  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  opera  performed  in  public. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  work,  entitled 
"  Nuovo  Musiche."    Died,  1615. 

CACCINI,  Fraxcesca,  daughter  of  the 
above,  much  celebrated  at  Florence  in  the 
17  til  century,  as  a  poetess  and  composer  of 
music. 

CADAMOSTO,  Louis,  a  Venetian  navi- 
gator, patronised  and  employed  by  the  king 
of  Portugal.    He  discovered  Cape  Verd  I 


lands.     An  account  of  hi 


voyages 


and  dis- 


coveries was  published  after  his  death,  which 
took  place  in  1464. 

CADE,  Jous,  a  noted  rebel,  better  known 
by  the  familiar  appellation  of  Jack  Cade, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  from  which  country 
he  had  been  obliged  to  flee  for  his  crimes. 
During  the  feeble  government  of  Henry  VI. 
he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  20,000  men, 
collected  from  the  populace  in  Kent,  and 
marched  into  London,  where  he  boldly  pro- 
posed the  rectifying  of  various  abuses  in 
the  state.  Elated  with  his  popularity  and 
success,  he  next  assumed  the  title  of  Lord 
Jlortiiner,  declaring  himself  tlie  rightful 
heir  to  the  throne,  as  a  descendant  of  Ed- 
ward III. ;  but  this  foolish  and  presumptuous 
extravagance  induced  the  citizens  to  resist 
him,  and  the  insurgents  were  soon  compelled 
to  submit  to  the  royal  authority.  All  who 
returned  to  their  homes  -were  pardoned ; 
but  Cade,  who  was  excepted  from  the  general 
amnesty,  and  for  whose  body  1000  marks 
were  offered  by  the  government,  wandered 
about  the  woods  of  Kent  and  Sussex  for  a 
time,  till  at  length  he  was  discovered,  and 
killed  in  a  garden  at  Holkfield,  Sussex,  by  a 
gentleman  of  Kent,  named  Alexander  Eden. 

CADET,  J.  Maecil,  a  Corsican,  born  in 
1751  ;  inspector  of  the  mines  in  Corsica,  and 
author  of  some  eminent  geological,  statis- 
tical, and  mineralogical  works  ;  among 
others,  one  on  Corsican  jaspers. 

CADET  DE  VAUX,  Anthoxv  Alexis,  a 
French  author,  editor,  and  member  of  va- 
rious learned  societies.  He  established  tlie 
"  Journal  de  Paris,"  and  wrote  several  works 
connected  with  agriculture.  Born,  1743  ; 
died,  1828. 

CADET  DE  GASSICOURT,  CnARLES 
Louis,  brother  of  the  preceding  ;  author  of 
the  "  Diction.ary  of  Chemistry,"  in  4  vols.  ; 
various  Travels ;  "  Letters  on  London  and 


the    English    Nation,"    &c.      Born,   1769 ; 
died,  1821. 

CADiMUS,  the  founder  of  Thebes.  Ills 
history,  like  that  of  many  other  personages 
of  high  antiquity,  is  much  mingled  with 
fable.  It  seems  certain,  however,  that  he 
was  born  in  Phoenicia  or  Egypt,  and  that 
Greece  ow^ed  to  him  the  sixteen  letters  of 
which  its  alphabet  originally  consisted.  He 
flourished  in  the  16th  century  b.  c. 

CADMUS,  the  Milesian,  the  first  Greek 
author  who  wrote  a  jirose  history.  Diony- 
sius,  of  Halicamassus,  ascribes  to  this  writer 
"  The  Antiquities  of  Miletus  and  all  Ionia," 
but  no  portion  of  the  work  is  now  extant. 

CADOG,  son  of  Brychan,  a  saint,  and 
founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales  in  the 
5th  century. 

CADOG,  surnamed  The  Wise,  a  Welsh 
bard  of  the  6th  century.  He  was  the  first 
who  made  a  complete  collection  of  British 
proverbs. 

CADOGAN,  William,  first  earl  of  Cado- 
gan,  entered  the  army  early  in  life ;  and, 
after  he  had  attained  the  rank  of  a  briga- 
dier-general, distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Blenheim.  In  short,  he  was  present 
with  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  all  his 
great  victories  ;  and,  at  his  death,  succeeded 
him  as  commander-in-chief  and  master  of 
the  ordnance.    Died,  1727. 

CADOGAN,  William,  M.D.,  a  skilful 
English  physician  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
the  gout,  in  which  he  wisely  insists  upon 
abstinence  as  the  best  preventive  and  cure  ; 
an  "  Essay  on  Nursing,"  &c.    Died,  1797. 

CADOtlDAL,  Georges,  a  famous  Chouan 
chief,  born  in  1769.  After  the  ill  success  of 
his  efforts  for  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons, he  came  to  terms  with  General  Brune, 
in  1800,  dispersed  his  troops,  and  proceeded 
to  London.  While  there,  he  was  accused  by 
the  French  government  of  planning  the  in- 
fernal machine,  Georges  having  avowed  a 
personal  hostility  to  the  First  Consul.  He 
afterwards,  on  receiving  the  cordon  rouge 
from  Monsieur  (Charles  X.),  and  a  lieu- 
tenant-general's commission,  embarked  with 
Pichegru  in  a  secret  expedition,  and  landed 
at  Falaise.  It  has  been  said  that  the  object 
was  to  assassinate  Buonaparte,  as  well  as  to 
excite  a  counter-revolution ;  and  Pitt  was 
accused  of  sanctioning  the  enterprise,  by  a 
letter  to  Lord  Hutchinson,  which  is  denied. 
Tliat  these  charges  were  fabricated  by  the 
emissaries  of  Buonaparte  there  is  every  reason 
to  believe.  He  was,  however,  traced  by  the 
Parisian  police,  and  put  under  arrest  by  a 
violent  seizure,  while  descending  from  a  ca- 
briolet, during  which  he  wounded  two  of 
the  officers  ;  and,  after  a  summary  judicial 
process,  was  executed  on  the  6th  of  June, 
1804.  He  died  with  great  courage.  The 
two  brothers  Polignac  were  also  involved 
in  the  same  process,  and  condemned  to 
death,  but  escaped  tlirough  the  humane  ex- 
ertions of  Murat. 

CADWALADYR,  Casail,  a  Welsh  poet 
of  the  16th  century ;  some  of  whose  works 
still  remain  in  MS.,  and  indicate  much 
ability. 

CiED^ION,  a  Saxon  ecclesiastic,  sup- 
posed to  have  flourislied  in  the  5th  century. 
A  fragment  of  a  hymn,  by  this  author,  is 


cxb] 


^  ^c&)  Bnibtx^Kl  Miasx^'bV' 


[CAG 


preserved  in  king  Alfred's  translation  of 
Bede ;  and  is  the  oldest  specimen  extant  of 
Saxon  poetry. 

C^SALPLNUS,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  natural  philosopher.  Tliis  en- 
liglitened  man  in  some  degree  anticipated 
the  grand  discoveries  of  llurvey  and  Lin- 
naeus ;  his  "  Quaestiones  Peripatetica;,"  con- 
taining some  hints  on  the  circulation  of  tlie 
blood ;  and  his  treatise  "  De  Plantis," 
giving  the  first  eacample  of  a  system  of  bo- 

I  tanical  arrangement,  based  on  similarity  of 

■  structnre.     Died,  1003. 

C^SAR,  Cails  Julius,  the  first  Roman 
emperor,  and  one  of  tlie  greatest  men  that 
even  Rome  ever  produced.  At  the  early 
age  of  16  he  lost  his  father,  who  was  a 
prsBtor  ;  and,  very  shortly  after  that  event, 
he  married  Cornelia  tlie  daughter  of  Cor- 
nelius Cinna,  the  friend  of  Marius.  This 
connection  gave  great  offence  to  the  pow- 
erful Sylla,who,  having  vainly  endeavoured 
to  bring  about  a  divorce,  caused  Caisax  to 
be  proscribed.  Ca38ar,  however,  escaped 
the  search  that  was  made  after  him,  and 
Sylla  was  at  length  induced  to  exempt  him 
from  prosecution,  though  he  did  so  very 
unwillingly,  telling  those  who  interceded 
with  him  that  they  would  repent  their  kind- 
ness, as  he  could  see  in  Cajsar  the  germ  of 
man]/  Mariuses.  Uavhig  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  orator  in  the  impeachment  of 
Cornelius  DolabcUa,  he  speedily  grew  a 
public  favourite,  and  became  successively 
military  tribune,  quaistor,  and  sedile.  The 
profusion  with  which  he  lavished  his  liber- 
ality while  in  these  offices,  involved  hira 
very  deeply  in  debt ;  but  having  obtained 
the  government  of  Spain,  he  contrived  to 
amass  money  sufficient  for  their  discharge, 
though  'tliey  are  said  to  have  exceeded  a 
million  and  a  half  sterling  ;  a  fact  which, 
as  he  held  the  government  only  a  year,  says 
but  little  for  his  scrupulousness  as  to  the 
means  he  used  for  self-aggrandisement. 
Having  united  with  Pompey  and  Crassus  in 
the  memorable  coaliiion,  called  "the  first 
triumvirate,"  he  became  consul,  and  then 
obtained  the  govermneut  of  Gaul,  with  the 
command  of  four  legions.  And  now  it  was 
lliat  his  genius  had  ample  scope.  His  mili- 
tary career  was  rapid  and  brilliant.  Bel- 
gians, Helvetians,  and  Nervians  succumbed 
to  him  ;  the  German  tribes  were  repulsed, 
and  Gaul  was  wholly  subjected  to  the  Roman 
power.  These  transactions,  and  his  inva- 
sions of  Britain,  are  beautifully  and  gra- 
phically related  in  his  Commentaries.  His 
successes  had  tlie  effect  of  exciting  the 
jealousy  of  Pompey,  who  had  influence 
enough  in  the  senate  to  Cause  Casar  to  be 
recalled  from  the  government  of  Gaul.  He 
refused  to  obey  this  order,  and  marched  with 
his  army  into  .Italy,  Pompey  retiring  into 
Greece.  Having  seized  the  public  treasury, 
and  commissioned  Mark  Antony  to  watcli 
over  his  interests  in  Rome,  he  proceeded  to 
Spain,  where  a  large  army  remained  in  Pom- 
pey's  interest,  which  he  defeated,  and  on  his 
return  to  Rome  was  declared  dictator.  He 
then  followed  Pompey  into  Greece,  and  de- 
feated him  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Phar- 
Balia,  from  which  Pompey  escaped  only  to 
be  assassinated  in  Egypt.    Having  crushed 


130 


every  attempt  at  resistance  on  the  part  of 
the  sons  and  friends  of  Pompey,  and  having 
been  honoured  with  four  several  triumphs, 
he  was  declared  perpetual  dictator ;  a  title 
which  some  of  his  friends  wished  to  alter  to 
that  of  king.  And  as  the  great  body  of  the 
I  Roman  people,  dazzled  by  his  military  ge- 
nius, and  gratified  by  the  liberality  of  his 
largesses,  were  insensible  of,  or  indifferent 
to,  his  insatiable  thirst  for  domination,  it  is 
more  than  probable  that  he  would  have  be- 
come on  absolute  king,  but  that  Brutus  and 
other  republicans  penetrated  his  designs, 
and  sternly  resolved  to  make  his  life  the 
sacrifice  to  the  freedom  of  his  country. 
Notwithstanding  dark  hints  had  been  given 
to  him  of  his  danger,  he  attended  a  meeting 
of  the  senate  witliout  taking  any  measures 
for  the  safety  of  his  person,  and  fell  beueath 
the  daggers  of  the  conspirators  on  the  ides 
of  March,  in  the  year  43  b.  c,  and  in  the 
56th  of  his  age. 

C^SAR,  Sir  Julius,  an  eminent  English 
civilian,  who  filled  various  important  offices 
in  the  reigns  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  kings 
James  I.  and  Charles  I.  His  last  office  was 
that  of  master  of  the  rolls,  which  he  held 
above  20  years.     Born,  1557  ;  died,  KVK). 

CAFFA,  Melchiok,  an  able  sculptor, 
many  of  whose  works  adorned  the  churches 
of  Rome.    Died,  1687. 

CAFFARELLI,  a  republican  French  ge- 
neral, born  in  1750.  He  protested  against 
the  despotism  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  under  Kleber  and 
Moreau  on  the  Rliine*  where  he  lost  a  leg, 
and  under  Buonaparte  in  Egypt.  He  was 
killed  at  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  in  17i)0,  by  a  can- 
non-ball ;  and  his  tomb  still  remains,  with- 
out the  walls. 

C^VTF^VRELLI,  Gaetano  Majorano,  a 
celebrated  Italian  singer.  He  studied  un- 
der Porpira,  who  made  him  practise  the 
elements  of  singing  from  a  single  sheet  of 
music  paper  for  five  years.  Me  was  so  well 
rewarded  for  bis  talent,  that  he  purchased 
the  dukedom  of  Santo  Dorato.    Died,  1783. 

CAFFIAUX,  JosEi'H,  a  Benedictine  of 
the  congregation  of  St.  Maur  ;  author  of 
the  "  Genealogical  Treasury,"  an  "  Essay 
towards  a  History  of  Music,"  &c.  Died, 
1777. 

CAGLIARI,  Pacl,  or  PAUL  VERO- 
NESE, a  celebrated  painter.  His  works  are 
somewhat  deficient  in  correctness  of  draw- 
ing and  propriety  of  costume  ;  but  these 
defects  are  amply  compensated  by  his  ex- 
cellence of  colouring,  and  by  his  grace  and 
harmony  of  composition.  His  works  are 
very  numerous  ;  but  the  best  of  them  are 
to  be  found  in  the  churches  of  Venice,  in 
which  city  he  long  resided,  and  where  he 
died, in  1538. 

CAGLIOSTRO,  AlexaiJder,  Count,  the 
assumed  title  of  an  impostor,  whose  real 
name  was  Joseph  Balsamo.  He  was  born 
at  Palermo ;  and  having  lost  his  father  at 
an  early  age,  he  was  placed  under  the  pro- 
tection of  tlie  friars  of  mercy,  whose  order 
he  entered  as  a  novice.  Here  he  acquired 
the  elements  of  chemistry  and  physic  ;  but 
he  speedily  made  his  escape,  and  com- 
mitted so  many  frauds  in  Palermo,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  abscond.    After  visiting  va- 


CAl] 


^  ipcljj  Hniberj^aT  SStOffrapibS* 


[CAJL 


nous  parts,  he  at  length  reached  Naples, 
where  he  married  a  woman  of  as  abandoned 
a  disposition  as  himself,  with  whom  he  tra- 
yelled  to  Spain,  Portugal,  and  England,  pre- 
tending to  supernatural  powers,  and  wring- 
ing considerable  sums  from  those  who  be- 
came his  dupes.  In  England  this  exem- 
plary couple  established  an  order  of  what 
they  called  Egyptian  Masonry,  and  as  their 
dui)cs  were  of  the  higher  order,  they  easily 
obtained  from  them  the  loan  of  valuable 
jewels,  on  pretext  of  some  intended  cere- 
monials. With  these  they  went  off  to  Paris, 
and  lived  there  in  the  utmost  extrava- 
gance. The  count,  however,  was  thrown 
into  the  Bastile,  on  a  charge  of  being  con- 
cerned in  the  fraud  of  the  celebrated  dia- 
mond necklace  of  Marie  Antoinette  ;  and 
when  he  obtained  his  liberty,  he  judged  it 
high  time  to  quit  France.  He  then  went  to 
Italy,  wnere  his  wife  divulged  some  of  his 
crimes  to  the  Inquisition,  and  lie  was  con- 
fined in  tlie  dungeons  of  the  Castle  of  St. 
Angelo,  and  died  there  in  1794. 

CAIETAU,  the  assumed  name,  taken 
from  that  of  his  birthplace,  of  Thomas  de 
Vio,  a  Neapolitan  monk,  and  subsequently 
general  of  his  order  ;  author  of  a  work  on 
the  "  Power  of  the  Pope."  which  procured 
him  the  archbishopric  of  Palermo  and  a 
cardinalate  ;  "  Commentaries  on  Aristotle 
and  Aquinas,"  &c.     Died,  1534. 

CAILLE,  Nicholas  Louis  de  la,  an 
eminent  French  mathematician  and  astro- 
nomer; author  of"  Elements  of  Astronomy," 
and  of  numerous  other  valuable  works  of 
science.    Born,  1713  ;  died,  17(52. 

CAIUS,  otherwise  GAIUS,  an  eminent 
Roman  lawyer  ;  author  of  a  valuable  body 
of  legal  institutes.  He  died  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  third  century. 

CALiAMY,  Edmund,  a  presbytcrian  di- 
vine. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and 
obtained  a  living  ;  but  he  resigned  it,  and 
joined  the  Nonconformists,  rather  than  com- 
ply with  the  order  for  reading  the  Book  of 
Sports.  He  now  entered  waimly  into  the 
religious  disputes  of  the  time,  and  was  one 
of  the  writers  of  the  treatise  against  epis- 
copacy, entitled,  from  the  initials  of  its  au- 
thors," Smectymnuus."  Though  he  preached 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  and  was  one 
of  the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster, 
he  opposed  both  the  execution  of  Charles  I. 
and  the  subsequent  domination  of  Cromwell. 
At  the  death  of  the  latter  he  actively  aided 
in  the  restoration,  and  became  chaplain  to 
Charles  II.  The  act  of  uniformity  caused 
him  again  to  secede,  and  he  died  in  retire- 
ment in  1656. 

CALAMY,  Edmuxd,  grandson  of  the 
above,  and  a  dissenting  minister  of  great 
note.  He  was  a  very  voluminous  writer. 
Besides  numerous  sennous»  and  controver- 
sial tracts  against  Echard,  Hoadley,  and 
others,  he  published  an  abridgment  of 
"  Baxter's  History  of  his  Life  and  Times," 
with  numerous  supplementary  articles. 
Died,  1732. 

CALANUS,  an  Indian  philosopher,  much 
esteemed  by  Alexander  the  Great.  At  the 
age  of  83,  being  afflicted  with  a  painful  illness, 
he  caused  a  funeral  pile  to  be  erected,  which 
he  ascended  with  a  composed  countenance, 


and  expired  in  the  flames,  saying,  that  having 
lost  his  health  and  seen  Alexander,  life  had 
no  more  charms  for  him. 

CALA8,  Joiix,  a  merchant  of  Toulouse, 
memorable  as  the  victim  of  judicial  murder. 
His  eldest  son  committed  suicide  ;  and  as  he 
was  known  to  be  attached  to  the  Uoman 
Catholic  faith,  a  rabble  cry  arose  that  he  had 
on  that  account  been  murdered  by  his  father. 
It  was  in  vain  that  the  vinhappy  pai-ent 
pointed  out  the  fact  that  he  had  a  Roman 
Catholic  servant  who  was  uninjured.  He 
was  condemned  literally  without  the  shadow 
of  a  proof  of  his  guilt,  and  put  to  death  by 
being  broken  on  the  wheel.  Voltaire  and 
others  subsequently  caused  the  process  to  be 
revised,  and  the  unhappy  widow  procured  a 
pension.  The  unjust  and  ignominious  death 
of  Galas  took  place  in  1762. 

CALCAGNINI,  CajLio,  an  Italian  mili- 
tary officer,  who  bore  arms  under  the  em- 
peror Maximilian,  and  pope  Julius  II.,  and 
was  distinguished  equally  as  a  soldier  and 
a  negotiator.  Quitting  the  profession  of 
arms,  he  became  professor  of  belles  lettres  in 
the  university  of  Ferrara.  His  Latin  poetry 
was  much  esteemed,  but  as  a  prose  writer  he 
is  more  valuable  for  his  matter  than  for  his 
style.    Died,  1541. 

CALCRAFT,  John,  a  gentleman  of  Dor- 
setshire, and  for  many  years  an  M.P.,  entered 
parliament  in  1796.  He  voted  with  the  Whig 
party,  and  especially  distinguished  himself 
in  favour  of  George  IV.  while  he  was  prince 
of  Wales  ;  it  was  therefore,  with  surprise  and 
indignation,  that  the  Whigs  saw  their  friend 
secede  from  them,  and  accept  office  in  the 
Tory  administration  formed  in  1828  under 
the  Duke  of  W^ellington.  He  retired,  of 
course,  when  that  administration  was  dis- 
solved ;  but  he  voted  on  their  side  until  1831, 
when  he  gave  the  casting  vote  in  favour  of 
the  Reform  Bill.  From  this  time  he  seemed 
dejected,  mental  alieiiation  succeeded,  and 
he  committed  suicide. 

CALDA8,  Francis  Joseph,  a  distinguish- 
ed Spanish  naturalist.  He  was  employed 
by  the  Congress  of  New  Granada  to  complete 
the  Flora  of  Bogota,  when  the  disturbed  state 
of  public  affairs  interrupted  the  work  ;  and 
this  unfortunate  gentleman  and  liis  col- 
league, Don  Lozano,  having  sided  with  the 
patriot  party,  were  put  to  death  by  the 
Spanish  general  Muriilo,  in  1816. 

CALDERON  DE  LA  BARCA,  PEDno,  a 
distinguished  Spanish  dramatist  of  the  17th 
century.  In  his  youth  he  bore  arms,  but 
subsequently  became  canon  of  Toledo,  and 
employed  his  leisure  in  literature.  His  plays 
are  very  numerous,  but,  though  popular  in 
Spain,  their  chief  merit  to  an  English  reader 
is  in  their  plots  ;  his  diction  being  generally 
inflated,  and  not  unfrequently  coarse.  Bom, 
1600  i  died,  1687. 

CALDERWOOD,  David,  a  Scotch  pres- 
bytcrian divine  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
His  opposition  to  episcopacy  caused  him  to 
be  banished,  and  he  went  to  reside  in  Holland, 
where  he  published  his  celebrated  "Altare 
Demascenum."  He  subsequently  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  by  his  writings  and  personal 
exertions  greatly  aided  in  the  establishment 
of  presbyterianism.    Died,  1651. 

CALENIUS,  Waltee.  a  native  of  Whales, 


cal] 


^  IJcto  Bnibtxial  3Bui0ra|jTjjf. 


[cal 


and  one  of  its  historians.  lie  was  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford  in  1120. 

C  ALENTIUS,  Elisujs,  a  Neapolitan  poet, 
and  prose  author,  lie  was  preceptor  to  Fre- 
deric, the  son  of  Ferdinand,  king  of  Naples, 
and  the  earliest  writer  on  tlie  illegality  of 
putting  crimiuals  to  death  except  for  mur- 
der.   Died,  1.503. 

CALEPINO,  Ambkose,  an  Italian  gram- 
marian and  philologist ;  author  of  a  very 
valuable  polyglot  dictionary,  and  other 
learned  and  useful  works.     Died,  1.510. 

CALETTI,  GiusEiTE,  surnamed  II  Cre- 
MOXESE,  an  admirable  Italian  painter.  His 
principal  picture  is  that  of  St.  Mark,  in  the 
church  San  Benedetto,  at  Ferrara.  In  some 
of  his  works  he  so  closely  imitated  Titian, 
that  connoisseurs  can  scarcely  distinguish 
them.     Died,  16C0. 

CALIGULA,  Caius  C^s.vr  AugiTstus 
GEK.MA.vicus,theRomanemi)eror  and  tyrant, 
began  his  reign  a.d.  37,with  every  promising 
appearance  of  becoming  the  real  father  and 
friend  of  his  people  ;  but  at  the  end  of  eight 
months  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  which,  it 
is  charitably  presumed,  must  have  iwrma- 
nently  deranged  his  intellect,  for  his  dispo- 
sition totally  changed,  and  he  committed  tlic 
most  atrocious  acts  of  impiety,  cruelty,  and 
folly.  Ue  caused  sacrifices  to  be  offered  to 
himself,  his  wife,  and  his  favourite  horse  ; 
murdered  many  of  his  subjects  with  his  own 
hands ;  had  others  put  to  the  rack  while  he 
was  enjoying  his  meals,  or  beheaded  in  his 
presence.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  enormities 
he  was  assassinated  by  a  tribune  of  the 
people,  as  he  came  out  of  the  theatre,  a.d.  41, 
in  the  29th  year  of  his  age. 

CALIPPUS,  a  Greek  mathematician  of 
the  4th  century  b.  c,  famous  for  having  cor- 
rected the  cycle  of  19  years,  invented  by 
Meton,  to  show  the  correspondence  of  time 
in  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  and  moon. 

CALLCOTT,  John  Wall,  doctor  of  music, 
an  eminent  English  composer.  The  Noble- 
man's Catch-club  having  proposed  a  prize,  he 
sent  in  a  hundred  compositions  I  It  was 
then  ruled  that  no  individual  should  send 
more  than  three  compositions  of  a  sort ;  and 
Callcott  accordingly,  in  1789,senttwelve,four 
of  which  gained  the  four  medals  I  For  many 
years  he  carried  olf  at  least  one  annual  prize, 
until  1793,  when  the  prizes  ceased  to  be  given. 
He  wrote,  besides  glees,  catches,  and  other 
compositions,  a  "Slusical  Grammar,"  and 
made  some  progress  with  a  "Musical  Dic- 
tionary."   Born,  17C(5 ;  died,  1821. 

CALLCOTT,  Sir  Augustus  Wall,  R.  A. 
an  eminent  English  landscape  painter,  was 
bom  at  Kensington,  in  1779,  his  eldest  bro- 
tlier  being  Dr.  Callcott,  the  celebrated  mu- 
sical composer.  Originally  a  chorister  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  he  was  induced  to  try 
his  hand  at  portrait  painting  ;  and  such  was 
his  success,  that  he  immediately  followed  the 
new  pursuit  to  which  his  inclination  pointed. 
Year  after  year  his  reputation  increased ; 
and  from  1799,  when  he  first  submitted  a 
specimen  of  his  abilities  for  exhibition  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  till  1810,  when  he  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academician,  he  had  ad- 
vanced almost  to  the  summit  of  his  profes- 
sion in  his  own  particular  branch  of  art,  viz. 
landscape  painting.     For  many  years  his 


pictures  of  sea-coast  views  and  English  in- 
land scenery  were  in  considerable  request ; 
nor  were  they  ever  deficient  in  number,  his 
industry  being  on  a  par  with  his  ability. 
On  his  marriage  with  the  widow  of  Captam 
Graham,  they  made  a  continental  tour,  and 
it  was  evident  soon  after  his  return  that  his 
study  of  Italian  scenery  and  the  Italian 
masters  had  wrought  an  entire  change  in  his 
style  of  composition.  No  longer  did  we  see 
rural  scenes  of  England  —  mills,  market- 
carts,  or  ferry-boats  ;  but  "  Morning  "  and 
"  Evening."  Italian  compodtions  ;  "  Sunset 
near  Canucglia,"  "  Italian  Girls  at  their 
first  Communion,"  and  others  of  that  class. 
Though  for  a  time,  however,  he  had  aban- 
doned, he  had  not  forgotten,  the  studies  of 
his  earlier  years  ;  and  in  18.'}7  the  public 
were  both  surprised  and  delighted  with  a 
large  picture  of  "  Ilaffaelle  and  the  Foma- 
rina,"  with  figures  the  size  of  life.  In  that 
year  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
Died,  Nov.  2r>.  1844  ;  aged  fi6. 

CALLCOTT,  Makia,  Lady,  daughter  of 
Rear-admiral  George  Dundas,  was  born  1779. 
Married  at  a  very  early  age  to  Captain 
Graham,  R.  N.,  she  accompanied  him  to 
India,  returned  to  England,  and  published 
her  travels  in  the  three  presidencies  before 
she  was  twenty-four  years  of  age  I  Some 
years  later  she  accompanied  her  husband  to 
South  America,  where  he  died,  and  she  was 
in  Chili  during  the  terrible  earthquakes  of 
1822-3.  Besides  the  " Travels  "  ab<ive  named, 
she  published  a  "  History  of  Spain,"  a  "  Scrip- 
ture Herbal,"  and  several  minor  works.  Her 
second  husband  was  Sir  Augustus  Callcott, 
R.A.,  the  eminent  artist.  Died,  Nov.  1842, 
aged  63. 

CALLET,  Joux  Francis,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  hydrographcr,  and 
engineer  ;  author  of  "  A  Memoir  on  the  Dis- 
covery of  the  Longitude,"  a  "  Supplement  to 
Bezout's  Trigonometry,"  and  a  "  Table  of 
Logarithms,  from  1  to  J08/KK)."    Died,  1798. 

CALLIMACHUS,  a  sculptor  and  architect 
of  Corinth.  He  is  said  to  have  invented  the 
Corinthianorderof  architecture,  and  to  have 
taken  the  hint  of  its  capital  from  a  plant  ol' 
the  acanthus  which  surrounded  a  basket 
covered  witli  a  tile  on  a  tomb.  He  flourished 
in  the  6th  century  b.  c. 

CALLIMACHUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  his- 
torian. The  remains  of  his  writings,  con- 
sisting of  elegies,  hymns,  and  epigrams,  have 
been  published  by  several  eminent  editors, 
and  translated  into  English  by  Dodd  and 
Tytler. 

CAI.LINUS,  a  Grecian  orator  and  poet, 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  8th  century  b.c. 
Some  of  his  poetry  is  in  the  collection  of 
Stobaius  ;  and  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  In- 
ventor of  elegiac  verse. 

CALLISTHENES,  a  Greek  philosopher 
and  poet,  a  relative  and  pupil  of  Aristotle, 
by  whom  he  was  recommended  to  Alexander 
the  Great.  He  accompanied  that  prince  in 
the  exi)cdition  against  Persia,  and  was  at 
first  much  esteemed  by  him.  It  seems,  how- 
ever, that  the  philosopher  had  no  small 
portion  of  arrogance,  a  quality  not  likely 
to  serve  him  with  a  despotic  and  irritable 
prince.  He  crowned  the  offences  of  his  free 
speaking  by  boldly  reprobating  Alexander's 


c.vl] 


^  i^cbi  mnbtt^al  3Siosrajj]^j). 


[cam 


assumption  of  divine  honours.  For  this  he 
was  put  to  death. 

CALLOT,  James,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver. His  plates  are  very  numerous  and 
highly  esteemed,  and  his  drawings  scarcely 
less  so.    Died,  1636. 

CALLY,  Pierre,  a  French  divine  and 
philosopher.  lie  was  a  staunch  Cartesian, 
and  was  much  engaged  in  controversies  on 
that  subject.  He  also  distinguished  himself 
in  converting  Protestants  to  the  Church  of 
Rome  ;  and  envy  of  his  theological  success, 
added  to  enmity  against  his  philosophy, 
raised  him  powerful  enemies,  who  caused 
liim  to  be  banished  from  Caen,  of  which  he 
was  cure,  to  Moulins.  On  his  return,  he 
again  renewed  his  exertions  among  the  Pro- 
testants, and  published  a  work  on  the  agree- 
ment between  theology  and  philosophy,  upon 
the  subject  of  Transubstantiation.  This 
work  was  condemned  as  heretical,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  recant  in  liis  own  church. 
In  addition  to  his  controversial  works,  he 
wrote  some  sermons,  and  an  "  Introduction 
to  Philosophy,"  and  edited  "Boethius  de 
Consolatione."    Died,  1709. 

CALMET,  AuGUSTiJf,  a  French  Benedic- 
tine abbot  of  Senones  ;  author  of  a  "  Uni- 
versal History,"  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible," 
and  other  learned  and  well-known  works. 
Born,  1672  ;  died,  1757. 

CALO,  John,  or  Johai^xitz,  a  Bulgarian 
cliief  of  the  13th  century.  He  put  the  em- 
peror Baldwin  to  death,  and  committed  most 
wanton  cruelties  in  Greece ;  but  was  cut 
short  in  his  evil  career  by  the  hand  of  an 
assassin. 

CAI^ONNE,  Charles  Alilxandek  de,  an 
eminent  French  statesman,  who  succeeded 
Necker  as  comptroller-general  of  the  finances 
in  1783  ;  but  after  four  years  of  incessant 
endeavours  at  financial  reform,  was  obliged 
to  retire  to  England.  He  wrote  "Obser- 
vations sur  plusieurs  Matiferes  du  Droit 
Civile  et  Coutumier,"  &c.  Born,  1734  ;  died, 
1802. 

CALPRENEDE,  Walter  de  Costes, 
Lord  of,  a  French  nobleman  and  friend  of 
the  great  Cond^,  who  is  said  to  have  aided 
him  in  the  composition  of  "  Cassandra," 
"Pharamond,"  &c.,  voluminous  romances, 
once  very  popular,  but  now  sunk  into  almost 
entire  oblivion.    Died,  1663. 

CALPURNIUS, .  or  CALPHURNIUS, 
Titus,  a  Sicilian  Latin  poet  of  the  3rd  cen- 
tury. Seven  of  his  eclogues  are  to  be  found 
in  the  "Poetae  Latini  Minores,"  published  at 
Leyden  in  1731,  and  are  thought  to  be  second 
only  to  the  eclogues  of  Virgil. 

CALVABT,  Denis,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  who  had  the  honour  of  giving  the 
earliest  instructions  to  Guido,  Albano,  and 
Domenichino.  His  chef-d'oeuvre  is  the 
picture  of  St.  Michael,  in  the  church  of  St. 
Peter,  at  Bologna.    Died,  1619. 

CALVERT,  George,  first  lord  Balti- 
more, an  English  statesman.  He  was  for 
some  time  secretary  of  state  to  James  I., 
but  was  obliged  to  resign  this  oflace  on  be- 
coming a  Roman  Catholic.  He  did  not  lose 
the  favour  of  the  king,  however ;  but  ob- 
tained a  valuable  grant  of  land  in  America, 
and  by  his  wise  and  just  conduct  formed  the 
colony  which  has  in  modern  times  increased 


to  the  populous  and  wealthy  state  of  Mary- 
land.    Died,  1032. 

CALVERT,  Frederick,  seventh  lord 
Baltimore  ;  author  of  a  "  Tour  to  the  East, 
vnih  Remarks  on  Constantinople  and  the 
Turks,"  "  Coelestes  et  Inferi,"  &c.  Died, 
1771. 

CALVERT,  Frederick,  an  ingenious  and 
enterprising  artist  residing  in  London,  whose 
numerous  drawings  and  lithographic  prints 
afford  ample  evidence  both  of  his  versatility 
and  untiring  assiduity.    Died,  1835. 

CALVI,  Lazzaeo,  an  able  Italian  artist, 
but  of  so  jealous  and  evil  a  disposition,  that 
he  poisoned  an  artist  who  rivalled  him  ;  and, 
on  finding  Luca  Cambraso's  portion  of  the 
decoration  of  a  church  preferred  to  his  own, 
abandoned  his  own  profession,  and  did  not 
resume  it  for  20  years.    Died,  1606. 

CALVIN,  properly  CAUVIN,  JohNj  after 
Luther  the  most  eminent  of  the  religious 
reformers.  His  writings,  both  controversial 
and  practical,  were  very  numerous,  and 
marked  by  great  vigour  and  perspicuity  ; 
and  though  they  are  now  little  read,  the 
principles  they  inculcate  are  held  by  a  vast 
body  in  all  countries  in  which  the  reformed 
religion  is  established  or  tolerated.  There 
is,  however,  a  deep  stain  in  the  character 
of  this  reformer.  While  vindicating  the  li- 
berty of  conscience,  he  so  far  forgot  his  own 
principles  and  disobeyed  the  behests  of  the 
gospel,  as  to  consign  to  the  flames  the  im- 
fortunate  Servetus.  The  principal  work  of 
Calvin  is  his  "  Christian  Institutes."  Bom 
at  Noyon,  in  Picardy,  1509  ;  died,  1564. 

CALVISIUS,  Sellius,  a  German  writer  ; 
author  of  "  Opus  Chronologicum,"  a  work 
much  praised  by  Scaliger  and  other  learned 
men  ;  a  treatise  on  music ;  a  work  against 
the  Gregorian  calendar,  &c.  He  also  com- 
posed several  psalms  and  other  pieces  of 
church  music.    Died,  1615. 

CAMBACERES,  Jean  Jacques  Regis, 
duke  of  Rome,  &c.,  raised  to  distinction  by 
the  French  revolution,  was  born  at  Mont- 
pelier,  in  1733,  brought  up  to  the  legal  pro- 
fession, and  by  his  talents  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  convention,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  to  various  judicial  offices.  In  the 
discussion  relative  to  the  fate  of  Louis  XIV., 
although  he  was  one  who  declared  him  guilty, 
yet  he  disputed  the  right  of  the  convention 
to  judge  him,  and  voted  for  his  provisory 
arrest,  or,  in  case  of  hostile  invasion,  his 
death.  For  a  time  he  had  the  management 
of  foreign  affairs  ;  and  when  Buonaparte  was 
first  consul,  Cambaceres  was  chosen  second 
consul.  After  Napoleon  became  emperor,  he 
was  an  especial  favourite,  and  was  created 
archchancellor,  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honour,  and  ultimately  duke  of  Parma,  and 
president  of  the  chamber  of  peers.  In  fine, 
he  always  showed  a  sincere  attachment  to 
Napoleon,  and  devoted  his  best  energies  to 
his  cause  ;  and  though  he  was  banished  on 
the  second  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII. ,  yet 
he  was  afterwards  allowed  to  return  to 
Paris,  where  he  died  in  1824. 

CAMBRIDGE,  II.R.H.,  Adolpiius  Fre- 
derick, the  seventh  and  youngest  son  of 
George  III.,  was  born  Feb.  24th,  1774.  He 
received  his  earliest  education  at  Kew,  and 
having  completed  his  studies  at  Gottingen, 


cam] 


I 

he  served  as  a  volunteer  under  the  Duke  of 
I  York,    during    the    eampaign    of  1793,   in 
j  Flanders,  wliere  he  received  two  wounds  ; 
j  and  he  bore  an  active  sliare  in  the  various 
]  operations  of  the  arduous  campaign  in  1794 
I  and  1795.    In  1803  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  general,  and  appointed  colonel-in- 
chief  of  the  King's  German  I<egion  ;  in  1813 
he  received  the  field  marshal's  baton  ;  and  at 
the  close  of  the  war  in  1815  he  was  nominated 
!  vi(reroy  of  Hanover  ;  an  office  which  he  held 
j  till   1837,  when    the    death    of  his  brother 
William  IV.  opened  the  succession  to  the 
i  throne  of  Hanover  to  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
j  land.    His  administration  of  the   affairs  of 
I  that  coimtry,  if  not  brilliant,  was  character- 
I  ised  by  great  discretion  ;  and  in   1831,  his 
j  mild  yet  firm  conduct  went  far  to  extinguish 
the  strong    party    animosities,    which    had 
I  nearly    kindled    the    flames   of  civil   war. 
i  Since  the  close  of  1837  the  duke  chiefly  re- 
I  sided  in  this  country,  where  he  endeared 
]  himself  to  all  classes  of  the  community  by 
j  his  affability  and  bonhommie.     He  was   a 
zealous  supporter  of  all  charitable  institu- 
tions, and  few  anniversary  meetings  or  festi- 
vals were  thought  to  be  complete   if  the 
directors  had  not  secured  liim  for  the  chair- 
man.    In  politics,  tlie  duke  was  a  liberal 
conservative  ;  but  he  made  it  a  point  of  never 
voting,  though  he  might  speak,  against  the 
ministers  of  the  crown.  Besides  being  patron 
of  the  Art  Union,  he  was  exceedingly  fond 
of  the  fine  arts,  especially  of  music,  and  at 
one  period  of  his  life  distinguished  himself 
as  an  amateur  performer  on  the  piano  and 
the  violin.    We  have  only  to  add  that  on  the 
7th  of  Mar,  1818,  the  Duke  of  Cambridge 
married  the  Princess   Wilhelmina  Louisa, 
daughter  of  Frederick,  landgrave  of  Hesse 
Cassel,  who  with  a  son  and  two  daughters, 
the  issue  of  their   marriage,  still  survive. 
Died,  July  8.  mw. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Richard  Owex,  an  Eng- 
lish writer  of  great  and  versatile  ability  j 
author  of  "  The  Scribbleriad,"  a  satire  ;  a 
"  History  of  the  Coromandel  War,"  &c. 
Died,  1802. 

CAMBRONNE,  Pierkk  Jacqi^es,  Baron 
de,  a  distinguished  French  general,  was  bom 
at  Nantes,  1770.  Entering  the  army  in  1790, 
he  served  with  distinction  in  the  campaigns 
of  the  republic  and  the  empire.  He  accom- 
panied Napoleon  to  Elba  in  1814,  returned 
with  him  in  1815,  commanded  a  division  of 
the  Old  Guard  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
refused  to  surrender,  though  his  men  were 
nearly  destroyed,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  English,  after  being  severely  wounded. 
In  181(5  he  was  brought  before  a  council  of 
war  ;  but  though  unanimously  acquitted,  he 
was  placed  in  retirement,  and  did  not  re- 
enter his  country's  service  till  1830.  The 
celebrated  words,  "  La  Garde  meurt,  et  ne  se 
rend  pas,"  are  attributed  to  him.  Died,  1842. 
CAMBYSES,  king  of  Persia,  succeeded  his 
father,  the  great  Cyrus,  in  529  B.C.  He  was 
of  a  violent  and  vindictive  disposition,  which 
he  manifested  equally  by  his  invasions  of 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  and  by  his  cruel  treat- 
ment of  his  own  subjects.    Died,  B.C.  521. 

CAMDEN,  CiiAKLEs  PitATT,  Earl,  a  dis- 
tinguished British  lawyer  and  statesman, 
was  the  third  son  of  Sir  John  Pratt,  chief 


143 


^  i^tfsi  HnibnM  3SiflcjrapT3j?. 


[cam 


justice  of  the  court  of  king's  bench,  and 
was  bom  in  1713.  On  the  advancement  of 
Henley  to  the  House  of  Lords  in  1757,  Mr. 
Pratt  was  appointed  attorney-general ;  and 
in  17C2  made  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas.  In  1765  he  was  created  a  peer,  and 
the  year  following  advanced  to  the  dignity 
of  lord  chancellor.  On  the  question  of  libels 
Lord  Camden  always  opposed  the  doctrine 
laid  down  by  high  authority,  viz.  that  juries 
were  only  the  judges  of  the  matter  of  fact, 
and  not  of  the  law.  In  1782  lie  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  council,  which  oflRce 
he  resigned  the  following  year ;  but  he  was 
afterwards  re-api)ointcd,  and  held  it  till  his 
death  in  1794. 

CAMDEN,  Jonrr  Jeffreys  Pratt,  Mar- 
quis, K.  G.,  &c.,  was  born  in  1759,  being  the 
only  son  of  Charles,  first  earl  Camden, 
sometime  lord  high  chancellor  of  England. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  in  1780  was  returned  to  jiarlia- 
ment  as  one  of  the  members  for  Bath  ;  shortly 
after  which  he  received  the  appointment  of 
one  of  the  tellers  of  the  exchequer.  In  1794 
he  8ucceede4  his  father  in  the  peerage,  and 
the  year  following  he  was  made  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland.  Besides  various  other 
important  situations,  he  held  the  lucrative 
office  of  teller  of  the  exchequer  for  sixty 
years  ;  and  during  almost  half  that  term  he 
had  resigned  the  large  income  arising  there- 
from, amounting  in  the  whole  to  upwards  of  a 
quarter  of  a  million  of  money.  This  patri- 
otic act  alone  throws  a  lustre  over  the  name 
and  character  of  the  noble  marquis,  which 
will  be  rememl)ered  long  after  the  splendour 
attached  to  his  rank  and  honours  shall  have 
faded  from  the  memory.  For  his  eminent 
services  to  the  state,  he  was  created  marquis 
Camden  and  earl  of  Brecknock  in  1812. 
Died,  1840. 

CAMDEN,  WiixiAM,  a  learned  English 
antiquary.  lie  received  his  early  education 
at  Christ's  Hospital,  and  subsequently  studied 
at  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree. 
After  filling  the  situations  of  second  and 
chief  master  of  Westminster  School,  his  pro- 
ficiency in  antiquarian  lore  procured  him 
the  honourable  and  lucrative  office  of  Claren- 
cieux  kin"-at-arms.  In  addition  to  his  great 
and  well-known  work,  "The  Britannia,"  he 
published  "  Annals  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  a 
Greek  grammar,  &c.    Born,  1.551 ;  died,  1623. 

CAMERARIUS,  Joachim,  a  learned  Ger- 
man writer,  the  friend  and  biographer  of 
Melancthon.  In  addition  to  Ids  original 
writings,  he  published  several  translations 
from  the  Greek.    Born,  1500  ;  died,  1574. 

CAMERARIUS,  Joachim,  son  of  the 
above  ;  author  of  some  botanical  essays,  &c. 
Bom,  1534  ;  died,  1598. 

CAMERON,  Lieut.-gen.  Sir  Ar.r.AX.  In 
1793,  he  raised,  from  his  private  funds,  the 
79th,  or  "  Cameron  Highlanders ;  "  and 
after  a  long  life  spent  in  the  service  of  his 
country,  died  in  1828. 

CAMERON,  JoH.v,  a  Scotch  Protestant 
divine,  who  after  filling  the  divinity  chair 
at  Glasgow,  obtained  that  of  Montauban,  in 
France.  Mild  by  nature  and  tolerant  by 
Christian  philosophy,  he  endeavoured  to  me- 
diate l)etween  Protestants  and  Papists  ;  but 
some  furious  zealots  belonging  to  the  latter 


cam] 


^  i^cta  WinibtrSKl  MiasviipM' 


[cam 


caused  him  to  be  so  severely  assaulted,  that 
I  he  died  from  the  effects  of  the  brutal  attack. 
!  His  works  were  collected  and  published  in 
I  three  4to  volumes.    Died,  l<)2o. 

CAMILLA,  daughter  of  Metabus,  king  of 
the  Volsci.  Ou  siicceediug  her  father  she 
1  distinguished  herself  in  arms,  and  fell  in 
j  battle  assisting  Turuus  against  ^neai^. 
I  CAMILLUS,  Marccs  FtrEics,  a  Roman 
I  general.  After  obtaining  the  highest  ho- 
nours from  his  applauding  compatriots,  he 
j  was  charged  with  peculation,  and  went  into 
I  exile.  But  when  Brennus  and  his  Gauls 
I  besieged  the  capital,  Camillus  nobly  set 
I  aside  his  private  feelings,  hastened  to  Rome, 
i  and  freed  it  from  the  barbarians  ;  after 
!  which  he  was  made  dictator.  Died,  B.C.  363. 
j  CAMOENS,  Louis,  a  Portuguese  poet  of 
I  first-rate  celebrity,  was  born  at  Lisbon  about 
;  the  year  1520,  and  received  his  education  at 
Coimbra.  He  served  with  great  credit 
against  the  Moors  in  Africa ;  and  subse- 
quently joined  in  an  expedition  to  the  East 
Indies,  where  he  wrote  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  liis  "  Lusiad."  This  poem  has 
been  several  times  translated  into  English. 
Died,  l.'-.ni. 

CAMP  AN,  Madame  de,  distinguished  no 
less  for  her  amiability  than  her  acquire- 
ments, was  born  at  Paris,  1752.  Attached  to 
the  court  in  the  capacity  of  companion  to  the 
French  princesses,  she  was  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  Marie  Antoipette,  whose  good 
and  evil  fortune  she  shared  with  affecting 
fidelity  and  devotion.  After  the  revolution 
she  instituted  a  celebrated  educational  es- 
tablishment at  St.  Germains  ;  she  was  subse- 
quently appointed  by  Napoleon  head  of  the 
institution  for  the  education  of  the  daughters 
of  officers  whom  he  had  enrolled  in  the  Le- 
gion of  Honour  :  but  after  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons,  this  establishment  was  dis- 
solved, and  her  relationship  to  Marshal  Key 
involved  her  in  various  unpleasant  investiga- 
tions which  embittered  her  life.  She  died 
in  1822,  leaving  behind  her,  besides  a  re- 
spected name,  many  educational  works  (of 
which  her  "Education  des  Filles"  deserves 
particular  notice)  and  valuable  memoirs, 
rich  in  interesting  sketches  of  the  private 
life  of  her  former  mistress  and  friend. 

CAMPANELLA,  Thomas,  an  Italian 
monk  of  the  Dominican  order.  Having 
strongly  opposed  the  peripatetic  philosophy, 
his  enemies  caused  him  to  be  accused  of  con- 
spiracy, and  he  was  confined  first  at  Naples, 
and  afterwards  at  Rome.  From  the  latter 
place  he  escaped  to  France,  where  Cardinal 
Richelieu  obtained  him  a  pension.  His  best 
works  are  "  De  recta  Ratione  Studendi " 
and  "  Aphorisma  Politica."    Died,  1630. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  marquis  of  Ar- 
gyle,  a  zealous  and  gallant  partisan  of  the 
Covenanters.  At  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.  the  marquis  was  committed  to  the  Tower. 
After  remaining  a  prisoner  about  5  mouths, 
he  was  sent  to  Scotland,  where  he  was  tried 
for  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1661. 

CAMPBELL,  Ajjcuibald,  earl  of  Argyle, 
son  of  the  above,  and  a  most  zealous  and 
gallant  adherent  of  the  royal  cause  ;  so  much 
so,  indeed,  that  he  was  excepted  from  the 
general  pardon  issued  by  Cromwell  in  1654. 
Tliough  he  defeated  the  endeavours  of  his 


enemies  to  bring  him  to  the  scaffold,  this 
noble  man  most  unfortunately  ventured  to 
return  from  Holland,  where  he  had  found 
shelter,  and  being  apprehended,  was  con- 
veyed to  Edinburgh  and  beheaded  in  1685. 

CAMPBELL,  Jonx,  duke  of  Argyle  and 
of  Greenwich,  was  distinguished  equally  as 
a  soldier  and  a  statesman.  He  was  briga- 
dier-general at  the  famous  battle  of  Rami- 
lies,  and  commanded  with  brilliant  effect  at 
Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet.  To  these  ser- 
vices he  added  that  of  beating  the  Earl  of 
Mar  at  Dumblain,  and  compelling  the  Pre- 
tender to  quit  the  kingdom.  These  action?, 
and  his  exertions  in  bringing  al>out  the 
union,  were  rewarded  with  the  Garter  and 
the  English  dukedom  of  Greenwich.  He 
also  held  several  offices,  of  which  Sir  R. 
Walpole  deprived  him,  but  which  he  re- 
gained on  that  minister's  removal.  Born, 
1G71  ;  died,  1743. 

CjVMPBELL,  AEcniBALT),  a  relative  of 
the  above,  and  bishop  of  Aberdeen  ;  author 
of  the  very  scarce  and  curious  work,  "  The 
Doctrine  of  a  Middle  State  between  Death 
and  the  Resurrection."  He  resigned  his 
bishopric  in  1724,  and  died  in  1744. 

CAMPBELL,  George,  D.D.,  a  Scotch 
divine,  principal  of  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
deen, and  professor  of  divinity  there  ;  au- 
thor of  the  "Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,"  —  still 
a  standard  work,  — a  "  Reply  to  Hume  on 
the  Miracles,"  "Lectures  on  Ecclesiastical 
History,"  &c.    Born,  1709  ;  died,  1796. 

CAMPBELL,  JoHX,  a  Scotch  arcliitect, 
surveyor  of  the  works  at  Greenwich  :  author 
of"  Vitruvius  Britannicus."    Died,  1734. 

CAMPBELL,  Jonx,  a  clever  and  indus- 
trious Scotch  writer  ;  author  of  the  "  Mili- 
tary Histories  of  Prince  Eugene  and  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,"  a  "Political  Sur- 
vey of  Britain,"  the  "Lives  of  the  Admi- 
rals," &c.    Died,  1775. 

CAMPBELL,  Major-gen.  Sir  Neil,  was 
the  officer  selected  by  the  British  govern- 
ment to  accompany  Napoleon  to  the  island 
of  Elba  ;  and  it  was  during  a  short  excur- 
sion, which  his  bad  state  of  health  rendered 
necessary,  that  Napoleon  effected  his  escape. 
This  brave  and  meritorious  officer,  after 
spending  thirty-one  years  in  the  service  of 
his  country,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  noxious 
climate  of  Sierra  Leone,  of  which  colony  he 
had  been  appointed  commander-in-cliief. 
Died,  1827. 

CAMPBELL,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  an  eminent 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  highly  intelligent  and 
respectable  Scotch  merchant,  who  gave  him" 
an  excellent  education  at  Glasgow,  where  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself.  A  transla- 
tion of  his  from  Aristophanes  was  pronounced 
by  the  best  judges  to  be  the  finest  college 
exercise  they  ha<l  ever  seen  ;  and,  when 
little  more  than  thirteen,  he  won  a  bursary 
in  his  college  from  a  competitor  nearly 
double  his  age  !  Such  a  youth  could  not  be 
followed  by  an  undistinguished  maturity. 
Leaving  Glasgow  at  an  early  age,  he  settled 
in  Edinlmrgh  as  a  private  tutor  ;  and  here, 
when  only  in  his  twenty-second  year,  he 
published  "The  Pleasures  of  Hope" — by 
all  judges  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  most 
elegant  poems  in  our  language.  The  suc- 
cess of  this  work  was  such  as  to  allow  of 


cam] 


^  ^tb)  HiiitJcriJal  2iJi0srapI)y» 


[can 


his  making  a  tour  on  the  Continent,  whence 
he  gave  the  worhl  tliose  splendid  lyrics, 
"  Ye  Mariners  of  England,"  "  The  Exile  of 
Erin,"  and  "  llohenlinden."  At  the  battle 
of  llohenlinden  he  was  so  near,  that  he 
could  see  the  returning  conquerors  wiping 
their  blood-stuined  sabres  upon  their  horses' 
manes ;  a  circumstance  to  which,  in  after 
years,  he  was  often  heard  to  allude.  Soon 
after  his  return  from  the  Continent,  Mr. 
Campbell  married  and  settled  in  London, 
employing  himself  not  only  in  occasional 
composition  of  poetry,  but  also  in  the  hard 
literary  drudgery  of  mere  compilation.  To 
such  works  he  could  not  judiciously  put  a 
name  which  already  stood  so  high  on  the 
list  of  England's  noblest  poets,  but  we  have 
reason  to  believe  that,  from  1803  to  18()9,  his 
labours  in  this  way  were  as  intense  and  ex- 
tensive as  they  were  creditable  to  his  love 
of  inclei>endence.  But  he  now  published 
"  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,"  "  The  Battle  of 
the  Baltic,"  "  Lord  TJUin's  Daughter,"  and 
"  O'Connor's  Child  ; "  and  he  was  engaged 
by  Mr.  Murray  to  write  the  admirable  and 
well-known  "  Critical  Essays  and  Si>cci- 
mens."  Subsequently  he  edited  the  New 
Monthly  and  the  Metropolitan  Magazines  ; 
and  published  "  Theodoric,"  a  poem,  be- 
sides editing  some  few  reprints  and  compi- 
lations. Early  in  his  career  he  was  relieved 
from  the  absolute  want  which  too  often 
slings  genius  into  imprudence,  by  the  kind- 
ness of  Charles  Fox,  who  put  him  on  the 
pension  list  for  200/.  per  annum.  His  health 
had  for  some  years  been  but  feeble,  and  in 
1843  he  retired  to  Boulogne,  where  he  died  ; 
but  his  remains  were  conveyed  to  England 
and  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Died, 
June  15.  1H44,  aged  G". 

CAMPE,  Joachim  Hknrt,  a  German 
writer ;  author  of  a  German  dictionary, 
"Letters  from  Paris,  eulogistic  of  the 
French  Revolution  ; "  "  Tiieophron  ? "  and 
the  "  New  Robinson  Crusoe."  The  lost 
named  work,  by  which  he  is  chiefly  known 
in  England,  is  founded  on  the  popular  work 
of  Defoe.    Born,  1746  ;  died,  1818. 

CAMPEGGIO,  Lorenzo,  originally  a 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Bologna,  but  on  the 
death  of  his  wife  he  entered  the  church,  be- 
came a  bishop,  and  at  length  a  cardinal.  In 
1.119  he  was  sent  as  legate  to  England,  and 
while  here  was  nominated  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury. After  being  for  some  time  in  Germany 
as  legate,  and  employed  in  opposing  Luther- 
anism,  he  again  came  to  England  to  decide 
between  Henry  VIII.  and  Catharine  of 
Arragon,  on  which  occasion  he  oifended 
Henry  without  being  of  any  real  service  to 
the  queen.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  man 
of  considerable  learning  and  natural  ability; 
for  he  reckoned  Erasmus  and  other  eminent 
scholars  among  his  friends.    Died,  1539. 

CAMPEGGIO,  brother  of  the  above,  and 
a  bishop ;  author  of  several  treatises  on 
canon  law.    Died,  1504. 

CAMPER,  Peter,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
naturalist.  His  writings  on  various  depart- 
ments of  natural  history  and  philosophy  are 
collected  in  six  volumes  ;  and,  in  addition  to 
these,  he  wrote  an  ingenious  treatise  on  the 
physiognomies  of  men  of  different  nations. 
Bom,  1722  ;  died,  1789. 


CAMPHUYSEN,  Dyrk,  a  Dutch  land- 
scape painter  of  the  17th  century  ;  distin- 
guished for  the  excellence  of  his  moonlight 
pieces. 

CAMPI,  Bernaudin,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  the 
principles  of  his  art.  Died,  1584 — Various 
liersons  of  this  name  arc  distinguialied  in  the 
annals  of  Italian  art. 

CAMPIAN,  Edmund,  an  English  Jesuit. 
He  was  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  and 
graduated  at  Oxford  ;  but  on  a  visit  to  Ire- 
land was  induced  to  turn  papist,  and  enter 
as  a  Jesuit  at  Douay.  He  wrote  "  Chrono- 
logia  Universalis,"  and  a  drama,  called 
"  Nectar  and  Ambrosia."  Being  chosen  by 
Gregory  XIII.  to  come  to  England  as  a 
missionary,  he  was  discovered,  tried  for 
high  treason,  and  executed  in  1581, 

CAMPISTRON,  Jean  Guaujeut  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet.  Three  volumes  of 
his  plays  are  extant ;  and  some  of  them  are 
thought  to  be  but  little  inferior  to  those  of 
his  celebrated  contemporary,  Racine.  Born, 
16.K  ;  died,  1723. 

CAMPOMANES,  Penno  Rodriguez, 
Count  de,  a  celebrated  Spanish  statesman, 
whose  profound  views  in  political  economy 
obtained  him,  in  17fi5,  the  appointment  of 
fiscal  to  the  council  of  Castile.  He  was  after- 
wards made  minister  of  state  i  wrote  many 
useful  works  ;  and  died  in  17b9. 

CAMI*S,  Francis  de,  abbot  of  Ligny ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  France,"  "  Disser- 
tation on  Medals,"  &c.    Died,  1723. 

CAMPSON,  Gauri,  raised  by  the  Mame- 
lukes to  the  sultanship  of  Egypt ;  and  slain, 
after  a  beneficent  reign  of  12  years,  in  an 
action  with  Sclim,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  in 
1510. 

CAMUS,  Armand  Gaston,  was  one  of 
the  deputies  from  Paris  to  the  states-general 
in  1789 ;  and,  when  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention, voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
Although  he  opposed  the  establishment  of 
the  consular  government,  yet  Buonaparte 
continued  him  in  his  office  of  archivist, 
which  he  held  several  years.  Born,  1740 ; 
died,  1804. 

CAMUS,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate, 
remarkable  for  the  raillery  he  introduced 
into  his  sermons.  He  was  created  bishop 
of  Bellay  by  Henry  IV.,  but  his  severe  re- 
proofs of  the  monks,  and  his  endeavours  to 
check  their  irregularities,  made  him  man^ 
enemies,  and  he  at  length  resigned  his  bi- 
shopric and  retired  to  a  monastery.  Among 
his  writings  were  several  religious  romances, 
written  with  the  intention  to  supplant  the 
less  edifying  fictions  which  were  just  at  that 
time  so  popular.    Born,  1582  ;  died,  1652. 

CAMUSAT,  Nicuoi,AS,  canon  of  Troyes  ; 
author  of  "  Melanges  llistoriques,"  "  Uis- 
toria  Albigensium,"  &c.    Died,  10.55. 

CANALETTI,  or  CAN  ALE,  Antonio,  a 
Venetian  painter,  whose  excellence  was 
chiefly  in  landscape.  To  him  is  ascribed  the 
merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  make  the 
camera  obscura  useful  in  painting.  Born, 
1G97;  died,  1768. 

CANANI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  ana- 
tomist, professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine 
at  Ferrara  ;  author  of  a  valuable  and  scarce 
work,  entitled.  "  Musculorum  Humani  Cor- 


115 


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poris  picturata  Dissectio."  Some  writers 
attribute  to  him  the  discovery  of  tlie  valves 
of  the  veins.    Died,  1590. 

CANAYE,  Philip,  sieiir  du  Fresne,  an 
eminent  French  statesman  and  lawyer.  He 
was  employed  in  several  embassies  from 
Henry  IV.,  accounts  of  which  are  published 
in  three  folio  volumes.  He  was  converted 
from  Calvinism  in  the  well-known  contro- 
versy between  Du  Perron  and  Du  Plessis 
Mornay.     Born,  1551  ;  died,  1010. 

CANDAULES,  a  king  of  I^ydia,  put  to 
death  by  his  favourite,  Gyges,  at  the  insti- 
gation of  the  queen.  Gyges  subsequently 
slew  her  also,  and  assumed  the  crowu, 
B.C.  718. 

CANDIDO,  Peter,  whose  real  name  is 
said  to  have  been  De  Witte,  was  a  native  of 
Bruges,  where  lie  was  distinguished  as  an 
historical  painter.  Many  of  his  works  have 
been  engraved. 

CANDOLLE,  Augustix  P.  de,  whose 
knowledge  of  botany  has  placed  him  in  the 
same  rank  with  Linnaeus,  was  bom  at  Ge- 
neva, 1778.  Having  finished  his  studies  at 
Paris,  he  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  Cuvier 
and  Lamarck,  whom  he  aided  in  various 
scientific  researches  ;  and  in  1808  lie  was 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  botany  in  INIont- 
pelier.  Obliged  to  quit  France  for  having 
taken  office  under  Napoleon  during  the 
Hundred  Days,  he  found  refuge  in  his  native 
city,  wliere  a  chair  of  natural  liistory  was 
expressly  instituted  for  him,  and  where  he 
continued,  for  many  years,  to  extend  the 
boundaries  of  his  favourite  science  by  his 
lectures  and  publications.  His  cliief  works 
are  a  "  Th^orie  Eli5mentaire  de  Botanique," 
"Regni  Vegetabilis  Systema  Naturale," 
"  L'Organographie  et  la  Pliysiologie  "Vegi5- 
tales,"  &c.  ;  in  all  of  which  he  seeks  to 
enforce  what  is  called  the  natural  arrange- 
ment.    Died,  1841. 

CANGE,  Chakles  du  Fresxe  du,  a 
French  antiquary  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  Empire  of  Constantinople,"  "Byzantine 
History,"  &c.     Died,  1G88. 

CANNE,  John,  an  English  puritan  of  the 
17th  century.  Being  obliged  to  fly  from 
England,  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and 
succeeded  Henry  Ainsworth  as  pastor  there. 
He  published  a  Bible,  with  numerous  mar- 
ginal references. 

CANNEMAN,  Elias,  a  Dutch  statesman, 
born  in  1778.  In  1798  he  joined  the  revo- 
lution, and  held  a  high  financial  post  at  the 
Hague,  when  Holland  was  united  to  France. 
In  1813  he  was  among  the  first  to  declare 
the  independence  of  Holland,  and  chief 
contributor  to  the  restoration  of  the  house  of 
Orange. 

CANNES,  Francis,  a  learned  Spaniard, 
born  in  1737,  and  died  in  1795.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  A  Spanish  and  Arabian  Gram- 
mar and  Dictionary." 

CANNING,  the  Right  Hon.  Geoboe,  a 
highly  gifted  orator  and  distinguished  poli- 
tician, was  born  in  London,  April  11.  1770. 
His  father,  who  was  from  Ireland,  was  a 
man  of  considerable  literary  abilities ;  but 
having  ofl^ended  his  family  by  marrying  a 
lady  without  fortune,  came  to  London,  en- 
tered himself  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar.    Like  many  others  simi- 


larly situated,  he  soon  abandoned  the  law 
for  literature  ;  but  this  failing  to  provide 
him  with  the  means  of  support,  lie  com- 
menced business  as  a  wine  merchant,  and 
failed.  Repeated  disappointments  seriously 
affected  his  health  and  spirits,  and  he  died, 
broken-hearted,  on  the  very  day  that  liis 
infant  son  was  one  year  old.  His  widow, 
reduced  by  dire  necessity,  had  recourse  to 
the  stage  for  support,  and  married  an  actor  : 
he  also  died,  and  she  then  became  the  wife 
of  Mr.  Ilunn,  a  linendraper  of  Exeter.  But 
she  had  the  happiness  to  live  to  see  the 
success  of  her  son,  and  to  receive  from  him 
at  all  limes  the  tenderest  marks  of  filial  af- 
fection. The  friends  of  his  father  first  placed 
him  at  Hyde  Abbey  School,  Winchester,  and 
afterwards  at  Eton,  where  he  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  scholar,  and  formed 
many  connections  which  were  of  great  ser- 
vice to  him  in  his  after  life.  While  at  Eton, 
he  displayed  great  skill  as  an  author,  in 
his  contributions  to  the  "Microcosm,"  a 
periodical  work  conducted  by  the  senior 
scholars.  At  Oxford  also  he  distinguished 
himself,  and  proceeded  thence  to  Lincoln's 
Inn,  his  oratorical  talents  suggesting  the  bar 
as  the  profession  best  adapted  for  him. 
Being  introduced  to  the  House  of  Commons 
by  Mr.  Pitt,  he  abandoned  the  bar,  and 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  politics.  His 
strenuous  and  able  support  of  the  minister 
was  rewarded  in  179u  with  an  under  secre- 
taryship of  state  ;  and  in  the  year  1800  he 
was  placed  in  aflluence  by  his  marriage  with 
Miss  Joanna  Scott,  the  daughter  of  General 
Scott,  with  a  fortune  of  100,000/.  His  talents 
as  a  poet  and  political  writer  were  unques- 
tionable, and  lie  made  an  expert  use  of 
them  in  the  articles  he  contributed  to  the 
"  Antijacobjn,"  a  celebrated  publication,  in 
which  the  Whigs  were  wittily,  unmercifully, 
and  in  some  cases  unjustifiably,  held  up  to 
popular  contempt.  After  the  death  of  Pitt, 
and  the  dissolution  of  the  coalition  ministry 
of  Fox  and  Grenville,  Canning  became 
foreign  secretary  in  Perceval's  administra- 
tion ;  and  to  him  may  justly  be  ascribed 
the  line  of  British  policy  in  Spain,  which 
destroyed  tlie  hopes  of  Napoleon,  and  led  to 
his  final  overthrow ;  for,  as  he  once  empha- 
tically declared,  "  his  had  been  the  hand 
which  committed  England  to  an  alliance 
with  Spain."  Having,  as  it  was  alleged, 
unfairly  endeavoured  to  procure  the  removal 
of  Lord  Castlereagh  from  office,  a  duel  took 
place,  and  both  parties  had  to  quit  office. 
In  1812  he  was  elected  a  member  for  the 
great  commercial  town  of  Liverpool ;  and 
in  1816  he  again  became  minister,  being  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  board  of  control. 
In  this  situation  he  made  himself  extremely 
unpopular  by  his  defence  of  the  Six  Acts, 
and  other  no  less  obnoxious  measures.  On 
the  return  of  queen  Caroline  to  England  in 
1820,  Mr.  Canning  retired  from  office,  that 
he  might  not  have  occasion  to  vote  against 
her.  This  did  not  prevent  his  being  ap- 
pointed governor-general  of  India  in  1822  ; 
and  lie  had  already  made  preparations  for 
his  departure,  when  the  melancholy  death 
of  the  ^larquis  of  Londonderry  caused  the 
seals  of  the  foreign  office  to  ])e  delivered 
to  Mr.  Canning.    In  conjunction  with  Mr. 


14C 


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[can 


Iluskisson,  he  now  advocated  a  course  of 
both  home  and  foreign  jiolity,  strikingly  at 
variance  with  that  of  which  he  had  for  years 
been  the  wittiest  and  readiest,  if  not  the 
most  profound,  defender.  His  new  policy 
was  as  popular  as  his  old  had  been  obnoxious  ; 
and  the  Earl  of  Liveriwol  being  seized  with 
paralysis,  from  which  there  was  no  hope  of 
Ills  recovery,  Mr.  Canning  reached  the  grand 
object  of  his  ambition  —  that  of  being  the 
acknowledged  head  of  administration.  But 
though  the  new  premier  was  popular  with 
the  country,  the  party  with  whom  lie  had 
in  a  great  measure  ceased  to  act  rendered 
his  task  a  difficult  one.  The  opposition  to 
hlra  was  fierce,  almost  rancorous ;  and  it 
was  soon  obvious  that  he  was  suffering  both 
in  mind  and  body  from  over-exertion  and 
constant  excitement.  These,  aggravating 
the  effects  of  a  severe  cold,  caught  while 
attending  the  funeral  of  the  Duke  of  York, 
brought  on  a  most  painful  inflammatory 
disease,  wliich  teruiiuated  his  life  at  the  age 
of  57,  in  1827.  As  an  orator,  he  has  rarely 
been  excelled  for  finished  elegance  and  clas- 
sical taste  ;  pouring  forth  his  eloquence  in  a 
persuasive,  impassioned,  and  fearless  tone  ; 
or  in  a  happy  vein  of  caustic  irony  demolish- 
ing the  arguments  of  his  opponents.  That 
he  was  ambitious  of  place  and  power,  and 
that  during  his  political  career  he  made 
some  sacrifices  of  principle  to  exi)ediency, 
no  one  will  deny  ;  but,  as  a  statesman,  his 
great  aim  was  to  uphold  the  honour  of  his 
country,  and  to  pursue  a  liberal  line  of  po- 
licy at  home  and  abroad ;  while  he  was  a 
decided  enemy  to  all  intermeddling  with 
those  institutions  which  the  wisdom  and  ex- 
perience of  ages  had  built  up  and  cemented. 

CANO,  Alonzo,  a  Spanish  artist ;  so  mas- 
terly a  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect,  that 
he  was  surnamed  the  Michael  Angelo  of 
Spain.  His  colossal  statues  of  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  were  so  admirably  executed,  that 
foreign  artists  from  all  parts  travelled  to  see 
and  copy  them.  Xrnhappily,  in  the  midst  of 
his  triumph  and  celebrity,  he  became  the 
victim  of  a  horrible  suspicion.  During  his 
absence  from  home  his  wife  was  murdered, 
and  his  house  robbed  by  an  Italian  servant ; 
and  Cano,  being  suspected,  was  put  to  the 
rack.  The  torture  itself  could  not  shake  his 
firmness,  and  as  there  was  no  evidence 
against  him  he  was  released.  He  then  en- 
tered the  church ;"  and  although  he  strictly 
attended  to  his  religious  duties,  yet  his  love 
of  the  arts  was  unabated,  and  the  "  ruling 
passion"  was  still  so  strong,  that  on  his 
death-bed  he  averted  his  face  from  the 
crucifix  of  his  confessor,  because  it  was  ill- 
carved.     Born,  1C08  ;  died,  1(570. 

CANO,  James,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  in  the  15th  century  discovered  the  king- 
dom of  Congo. 

C^iNO,  John  Sebastian,  a  Spanish  na- 
vigator, who  was  employed  as  principal  sur- 
veying officer  by  Magellan,  who  circumnavi- 
gated the  globe  in  1520-1.    Died,  1526. 

CANORMUS,  a  German  mineralogist  of 
great  celebrity,  born  in  1738  ;  director  of 
the  mines  to  tlie  emperor  of  Russia.  He 
published  numerous  works  on  his  favourite 
science. 

CAN  OVA,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  modem 


sculptor.  He  was  born,  in  1757,  at  the  little 
village  of  Passagno,  in  the  Venetian  terri- 
tory. The  seigneur  of  the  village,  having 
seen  the  figure  of  a  lion  modelled  by  Ca- 
nova  when  only  12  years  of  age,  was  gene- 
rous enough  to  place  him  with  Torretii,  of 
Vienna,  at  that  time  the  greatest  living  sculp- 
tor. At  the  close  of  his  studies  at  Vienna 
he  settled  at  Venice,  and  manifested  the 
originality  of  his  powers  by  various  works. 
From  Venice  he  passed  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  greatly  patronised,  and  in  a  compara- 
tively brief  time  he  was  admired  by  all 
Euroi)e,  and  more  or  less  employed  by  every 
Euro|>ean  potentate.  Fortune  and  honours 
flowed  in  upon  him,  and  he  used  them  wisely 
and  honourably.  Among  his  numerous 
works  the  finest  are  "Cupid  and  Psyche," 
"Venus  and  Adonis,"  "Mary  Magdalen," 
and  "  Napoleon  holding  the  Sceptre."  Died, 
1822. 

CANOVAI,  Stanislatts,  an  Italian  ma- 
thematician, bom  in  1740.  He  was  brought 
into  notice  by  a  work  to  prove  that  Amerieo 
Vespucclo  was  the  first  discoverer  of  the 
New  World. 

CANSTEIN,  CiiAKLES  Hildebrasd, 
Baron,  a  German  nobleman,  distinguished 
for  an  improvement  in  printing,  analogous 
to  stereotyping.  He  caused  bibles  and  testa- 
ments to  be  printed  from  entire  pages,  the 
testaments  being  sold  as  low  as  fourpence 
each.  How  the  baron's  pages  were  formed 
does  not  clearly  appear.    Died,  1711). 

CANTACUZENE,  Prince,  a  Greek  pa- 
triot, descended  from  the  famous  Eastern 
emperor,  John,  and  one  of  the  first  to  join 
Tpsilanti  in  1821,  when  declaring  for  the 
liberty  of  Greece,  since  re-established. 

CANTACUZENUS,  JoH.v,  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  After  filling  several  im- 
portant offices  he  was  proclaimed  emperor 
by  the  nobles  and  soldiery ;  and  he  endea- 
voured to  heal  the  wounds  which  5  years  of 
civil  war  had  inflicted  on  the  state  ;  but  the 
jealousy  of  Palaiologus,  the  rcljcUion  of  his 
own  son,  and  other  disasters,  induced  him  to 
resign  the  crown  and  retire  to  a  monastery, 
where  he  employed  himself  in  literary  la- 
bours. He  died  in  1411,  being  more  tlian 
100  years  old  ;  and  he  may  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  greatest  among  the  successors  of 
Constantine. 

CANTARINI,  Simon,  surnamed  the  Pe- 
zarese,  an  Italian  painter,  whose  works  are 
frequently  mistaken  for  those  of  his  great 
master,  Guido.    Died,  1(548. 

CANTEMIR,  Demethius,  a  Moldavian 
prince  ;  author  of  "  The  System  of  the  Afa- 
hometan  Religion,"  a  "History  of  the  Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  &c.  Died, 
1723. 

CANTEMIR,  ANTiocnus,  son  of  the 
above.  He  was  educated  in  Russia,  and 
employed  in  some  important  embassies  from 
that  country.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
poems,  and  translated  Anacreon  into  Rus- 
sian.   Died,  1774. 

CANTERBURY,  Charles  Manners 
Sutton,  Viscount,  —  eldest  son  of  the  Most 
Rev.  C.  M.  Sutton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
—  was  bom  in  1780;  received  his  education 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
and,  being  destined  for  the  legal  profession, 


can] 


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[cap 


was  called  to  the  bar  ia  1805.  He  entered 
parliament  in  1807,  as  member  for  Knares- 
borough,  which  borough  he  represented  till 
1832,  when  he  was  elected  for  the  university 
of  Cambridge.  In  1809  he  was  appointed  to 
the  office  of  judge  advocate  general ;  and 
on  Mr.  Abbot  (afterwards  Lord  Colchester) 
retiring  from  the  speakership  of  the  House 
Commons  in  1817,  the  talent  and  political 
integrity  of  Mr.  Manners  Sutton  recom- 
mended him  to  the  house  as  one  eminently 
qualified  to  fill  so  distinguished  and  honour- 
able a  situation.  To  a  commanding  pre- 
sence, he  added  urbanity  of  manners,  par- 
ticularly when  addressing  his  political 
opponents,  which  won  their  esteem  ;  and  he 
conscientiously  discharged  the  important 
duties  of  his  office.  It  being  reported  that 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  formation  of 
the  Peel  ministry  in  1834,  tlie  adherents  and 
friends  of  Lord  Melbourne  put  Mr.  Aber- 
crombie  in  nomination  for  the  speakership, 
and  he  was  cliosen  (Feb.  19. 1835)  by  a  ma- 
jority of  10.  Mr.  Manners  Sutton  was  shortly 
after  called  to  the  upper  house  by  the  titles 
of  viscount  Canterbury  and  baron  Bottes- 
ford.    He  died  July  21. 1845,  aged  65. 

CANTIPKATANUS,  Tuomas,  a  divine 
and  philosopher  of  the  13th  century  ;  author 
of  two  rare  and  curious  treatises  on  the 
natural  history  of  bees.  He  is  also  said  to 
liave  translated  into  Latin  the  whole  of  the 
works  of  Aristotle  ;  but  Avcntiue  attributes 
it  to  Henry  of  Brabant. 

CANTON,  Joiiy,  M.A.,  an  ingenious 
Englisli  mechanician  and  experimentalist. 
The  chief  of  his  discoveries  was  that  of  the 
means  of  making  artificial  magnets,  for 
which  the  Royal  Society  gave  him  its  gold 
medal,  and  elected  him  a  member.  He 
contributed  some  valuable  papers  to  the 
Trausaciions  of  the  Royal  Society,  but  pub- 
lished no  separate  work.  Born,  1718  ;  died, 
1772. 

CANUEL,  Simon,  a  French  general,  born 
in  1767.  He  was  in  the  army  at  the  time 
of  the  revolution  ;  and,  by  embracing  the 
royal  cause,  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  of 
brigade  in  La  Vendi^e.  Quitting  this  career 
on  the  guillotining  of  his  leaders,  in  1790, 
he  took  command  under  the  Directory  ;  but 
was  not  emploj'ed  under  the  consular  or  im- 
perial regime  till  the  restoration  of  tlie  Bour- 
bons, when  he  was  made  governor  of  Lyons. 
His  accusation,  by  Colonel  Fabvier,  of  pro- 
voking anti-Bourbon  conspiracies  there  for 
the  sake  of  persecution,  gave  birth  to  an 
action  for  libel  against  the  former,  which 
excited  much  notice. 

CANUTE,  surnamed  the  Great,  king  of 
Denmark  by  inheritance,  and  of  England 
by  conquest.  Though  his  authority  in  En- 
gland was  ill-obtained,  it  seems  to  liave  been 
both  wisely  and  justly  administered.  Died, 
1035. 

CANUTE  IV..  surnamed  the  Pious,  king 
of  Denmark.  He  endeavoured  to  invade 
England,  but  was  unsuccessful,  and  was 
slain  by  one  of  his  subjects  in  a  revolt,  con- 
sequent on  a  grant  he  Jiad  made  to  the 
church.     His  death  took  place  in  1087. 

CAPASSO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  divine, 
and  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  university 
of  Naples  ;  author  ol  some  works  on  theology 


and  jurisprudence,  which  are  now  but  little 
known  ;  some  spirited  and  popular  poetry, 
Latin  and  Italian  ;  and  a  translation,  which 
is  highly  popular  in  Naples,  of  "  Homer's 
Iliad"  into  the  Neapolitan  patois.  Born, 
1671 ;  died,  1746. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  Lord,  a  distinguished 
royalist,  who,  in  conjunction  with  Lord 
Norwich  and  Sir  Charles  Lucas,  gallantly 
defended  Colchester  against  the  parlia- 
mentary troops.  He  at  length  surrendered 
on  a  promise  of  quarter,  but  was  treache- 
rously beheaded.  While  confined  in  the 
Tower  he  wrote  some  beautiful  verses  ;  and 
was  the  author  also  of  a  moral  work,  enti- 
tled "  Daily  Meditations."  He  suffered  in 
1048. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  earl  of  Essex,  son  of 
the  above.  His  own  merit  and  the  memory 
of  his  father  caused  him  to  have  the  honour- 
able employments  of  ambassador  to  Den- 
mark and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He 
subsequently,  for  a  short  time,  held  the 
office  of  first  lord  of  the  Treasury  ;  but  lost 
his  favour  at  court  by  voting  for  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  Duke  of  York.  Being  accused  of 
participation  in  the  Ilj-e-house  plot,  he  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  cut  his 
throat,  or,  as  was  suspected,  was  murdered, 

in  leas. 

CAPELL,  Edward,  an  eminent  dramatic 
critic  ;  editor  of  a  volunle  of  ancient  poetry, 
entitled  "Prolusions,"  &c.  ;  but  chiefly 
known  for  his  edition  of  Shakspeare,  a  task 
■whicli  is  said  to  have  occupied  him  more 
than  20  years.    Born,  1713  ;  died,  1781. 

CAPELLAN,  T.  F.,  a  Dutch  vice-admiral, 
born  in  1700  ;  colleague  with  LordExmouth 
in  the  victorious  attack  on  Algiers. 

CAPELLEN,  G.  A.  P.,  Baron,  a  Dutch 
statesman,  born  in  1770  ;  minister  of  the 
interior  to  Louis  Buonaparte.  On  the  union 
of  Belgium  with  Holland,  in  1815,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state  at  Brussels  by 
the  new  king,  and  in  1815  governor  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indies. 

CAPELLO,  BiANCA,  at  first  the  mistress, 
and  afterwards  the  wife,  of  Francis,  son  of 
the  Grand-duke  Cosmo  de  Medici.  She  was 
possessed  of  great  ability,  but  was  both  artful 
and  cruel,  and  her  memory  is  literally  de- 
tested by  the  Florentines.  The  fact  that  her 
husband  and  herself  died  within  a  few  days 
of  each  other,  caused  it  to  be  surmised  that 
they  were  poisoned,  and  rumour  charged  the 
dark  deed  upon  the  brother  of  her  husband, 
the  Cardinal  Ferdinand.     Died,  1587. 

CAPILLUPI,  Camillo,  an  Italian  writer 
of  the  10th  century ;  author  of  "  The 
Stratagems  of  Charles  IX.  against  tlie 
Huguenots." 

CAPISTRAN,  JoHX,  a  friar,  who  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  14th  century  by  the 
zeal  with  wliich  he  laboured  against  Turks 
and  heretics.  He  headed  a  crusade  against 
the  Hussites,  of  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
made  many  converts.  He  died  in  1456  ;  and 
nearly  two  centuries  afterwards  was  canon- 
ised. 

CAPISUCCHI,  Blasius,  marquis  of  Mon- 
terio,  and  general  of  the  papal  forces.  He 
signalised  himself  by  great  daring  and  zeal 
against  the  Huguenots,  especially  in  defend- 
ing Poitiers  against   them  in  1569.      The 


cak] 


^  ilelu  Bnihtv^aX  JStograp|)i|. 


[car 


tained  permission  to  go  to  Brunswick,  and, 
afterwards,  to  make  the  tour  of  Italy  and 
Greece.  On  quitting  England,  she  assumed 
the  title  of  Countess  of  Wolfeubuttel ;  and, 
while  at  Milan,  took  into  her  service  an 
Italian,  named  Bartolomeo  Bergami,  in  the 
capacity  of  a  courier,  whom  she  soon  elevated 
to  the  office  of  chamberlain,  and  appointed 
his  sister  one  of  her  maids  of  honour.  For  a 
time  she  resided  at  a  villa  on  the  banks  of 
the  lake  of  Como  ;  but  afterwards  visited 
Tunis,  Malta,  Athens,  Constantinople,  Ephe- 
8U8,  and  lastly  Jerusalem.  While  there  she 
exhibited  extraordinary  munificence  in  gifts 
to  the  conventual  fathers  as  well  as  to  the 
poor  ;  and  took  upon  herself  to  found  a  new 
order  of  knighthood,  entitled  the  order  of  St. 
Caroline,  of  which  she  constituted  Bergami 
grand  master.  Her  indiscretion  in  thus  ex- 
alting Bergami,  and  the  improper  familiarity 
with  which  it  was  alleged  she  treated  him, 
became  a  theme  of  general  conversation  ; 
and  commissioners  were  secretly  sent  out  to 
Milan  by  the  prince  regent,  in  order  to  make 
iniiuiries  into  her  conduct,  and  to  furnish  the 
necessary  evidence  on  which  to  obtain  a 
divorce.  All  circumstances  appeared  favour- 
able to  him  for  the  consummation  of  this 
long-desired  object.  While  absent  from 
England,  death  had  deprived  her  of  her 
friends,  George  III.  and  the  Duke  of  Kent  ; 
of  her  daugliter,  the  Princess  Charlotte  ; 
and  her  brother,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick, 
who  fell  in  resisting  the  French  previous  to 
the  battle  of  Waterloo.  Yet,  on  the  Prince 
of  Wales  ascending  the  throne,  January  29. 
1820,  the  ministrv  offered  her  an  income  of 
60,0(W/.  sterling,  the  title  of  Queen  of  Eng- 
land, and  all  the  dignities  appertaining 
thereto,  on  the  condition  that  she  should 
continue  to  reside  abroad.  This  proposal 
she  rejected  with  great  indignation,  accused 
her  enemies  of  the  basest  conspiracy  against 
her,  and  returned  to  England,  cheered  by 
the  enthusiastic  welcome  of  nine-tenths  of 
the  people.  She  was  now  publicly  accused 
by  the  minister.  Lord  Liverpool,  of  adultery; 
and,  after  a  protracted  trial,  the  bill  of  pains 
and  penalties  was  passed  to  a  third  reading 
by  a  trifling  majority ;  but  government 
thought  it  prudent  to  withdraw  it,  and  the 
disgusting  proceedings  dropped.  After  this 
outrage  on  public  decency,  preparations  were 
made  for  the  king's  coronation.  Tlie  queen 
at  first  demanded  to  be  crowned  with  him  ; 
and  this  being  peremptorily  refused,  she 
requested  to  be  present  at  the  ceremony, 
but  had  to  endure  the  mortification  of  being 
repeatedly  turned  froni  the  doors  of  West- 
minster Abbey  and  refused  admission.  The 
spirit  of  Caroline  sunk  under  this  last  effort ; 
for  though  she  endeavoured  to  display  the 
courage  of  a  Brunswick,  and  to  appear  daily 
in  public,  yet  scarcely  had  a  fortnight 
elapsed  when  she  was  taken  suddenly  ill, 
while  witnessing  a  performance  at  Drury- 
lane  Theatre,  and  she  died  on  the  7tli  of 
August,  1821.  Having  expressed  a  wish 
that  she  should  not  be  buried  in  England, 
her  remains  were  removed  to  Brunswick, 
and  deposited  between  those  of  her  father 
and  brother.  On  tlie  funeral  procession 
passing  through  London,  a  violent  conflict 
took  place    between    the  life-guards,  who 


were  conducting  it,  and  the  populace.  To 
what  extent  the  queen  was  guilty  no  one 
can  say,  the  evidence  being  most  conflicting 
and  unsatisfactory  ;  but  never  was  a  woman 
more  decidedly  the  victim  of  brutal  ven- 
geance, or  one  who  had  so  many  pleas  to 
urge  in  extenuation  of  her  crime,  if  really 
guilty. 

CARPENTER,  Dr.  Laxt,  an  eminent 
theological  writer.was  born  at  Kidderminster, 
1780.  After  finishing  his  education  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Pearsall,  a  relation  of  his 
mother,  whose  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  Dissenters 
is  well  known,  he  was  sent  in  1797  to  the 
academy  of  Northampton,  with  a  view  to  the 
ministry,  and  on  finishing  his  studies  at 
Glasgow  University,  he  became  assistant  in 
a  school  at  Birmingham,  subsequently  one  of 
the  librarians  of  the  Athenwum  at  Liverpool, 
where  he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Roscoe, 
Dr.  Currie,  and  other  eminent  men,  and  in 
1805  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  Unitarian 
congregation  at  Exeter.  In  this  capacity  he 
remained  twelve  years,  in  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  his  ministerial  duties,  and  gaining 
golden  opinions  even  from  those  most  hostile 
to  his  religious  views,  by  the  gentle  yet  un- 
yielding manner  in  wliich  they  were  enforced. 
In  1817  he  undertook  the  care  of  the  Uni- 
tarian church  at  Bristol ;  and  here  he  la- 
boured till  182(i,  when  his  health,  which  had 
long  l)een  precarious,  began  to  decline,  and 
he  endeavoured  to  reinstate  it  by  travelling 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent.  He  re- 
turned to  Bristol  in  1829,  and  continued  as- 
siduously to  promote  every  good  and  use- 
ful work  ;  but  in  18.'!9  his  health  once  more 
gave  way,  and  while  sailing  from  Naples  to 
Leghorn,  whither  he  had  gone  for  recreation, 
he  fell  overboard  unperceived  and  was 
drowned,  flth  April,  1840.  His  body  was 
afterwards  found  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Antium,  and  was  interred  on  the  seashore. 
Dr.  Carpenter  was  a  most  industrious  wri- 
ter. Besides  publishing  numerous  sermons 
and  polemical  pamphlets,  he  contributed 
largely  to  Rees's  Cyclopaedia  and  many 
periodicals  ;  and  lus  substantial  works,  pub- 
lished both  duriu^  his  life  and  since  his 
death,  are  masterpieces  of  style  and  argu- 
ment. His  "  Apostolical  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels"  is  referred  to  as  an  authority  even 
by  his  theological  opponents.  It  should  be 
mentioned  that  Dr.  Carpenter  was  not  more 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  moral  excel- 
lence, than  for  his  varied  attainments  and  his 
literary  eminence. 

CARPENTER,  Riciiakd,  an  English  di- 
vine of  the  17th  century.  He  was  originally 
educated  for  the  Established  Church,  but 
seceded  from  it,  and  became  a  Romish 
priest.  He  again  recanted,  and  obtained  a 
vicarage  in  Sussex  ;  but  at  the  rebellion  he 
quitted  England,  and  again  professed  him- 
self a  Catholic.  The  restoration  caused 
him  to  return  to  England,  and  turn  Pro- 
testant. Here  it  might  have  been  supposed 
his  turnings  would  end,  but  he  in  fact 
ahanged  once  more,  and  died  a  Catholic. 
The  writings  of  this  unprincipled  man  are, 
"  Experience,  History,  and  Divinity,"  and 
"  The  Pragmatical  Jesuit." 

CARPI,  Uiio  DA,  a  painter  and  engraver 
of  the  IGth  century,  to  whom  is  generally 


car] 


^  i^cSD  ^ntbcriSal  ^BJiograjplip, 


[car 


attributed  the  invention  of  the  kind  of  en- 
graving called  chiaroscuro. 

CARPI,  GiEOLAJii  DA,  a  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  and  a  very  successful  imitator 
of  Correggio  and  Parmegiano. 

CARPINI,  Jous  j)E  Plano,  a  Dominican 
friar  of  tlie  13th  century,  and  one  of  tlie  em- 
bassy from  pope  Innocent  IV.  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Zenghis  Khan,  sent  to  prevent 
thera  from  invading  Europe,  and  to  induce 
tliem  ratlier  to  turn  their  arms  against  the 
Saracens  and  Turks. 

CARPOCRATES,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury, who  denied  tlie  divine  nature  of  Christ. 
His  followers  were  accused  of  lewd  and  im- 
moral practices,  but  Dr.  Lardner  thinks  the 
accusation  to  have  arisen  rather  from  enmity 
than  fact. 

CARR,  Sir  Jony,  an  English  attorney 
and  writer ;  author  of  "  Tlie  Stranger  in 
France,"  "  The  Stranger  in  Ireland,"  "  A 
Tour  through  Scotland,"  &c.  While  in  Ire- 
land, he  was  knighted  by  the  lord  lieutenant. 
Died,  1822. 

CARR,  William  IIolwell,  an  English 
clergyman,  and  a  dis'.inguished  patron  of 
the  fine  arts.  He  spent  large  sums  in  pic- 
tures, wluch  lie  bequeathed  to  the  National 
Gallery.    Died,  1830. 

CARRA,  Joiix  Louis,  a  French  writer 
and  politician.  In  addition  to  a  periodical, 
entitled  "Les  Annales  Politiques  et  Litt^- 
raires,"  he  published  several  essays.  Ilav- 
ing  joined  the  party  of  Brissot,  he  was  con- 
demned on  the  fall  of  that  leader,  and 
guillotined,  1793. 

CARRANZA,  BARTnoLOMEAV,  a  French 
Dominican.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
the  council  of  Trent,  and  had  the  honour  to 
accompany  Philip  II.  of  Spain  to  England, 
where  he  laboured  so  zealously  to  establish 
popery,  that  the  king  made  him  archbishop 
of  Toledo.  Here,  however,  liis  success  ended  ; 
for  being  accused  of  heresy,  he  was  impri- 
soned at  Rome  for  ten  years,  and  subse- 
quently sent  to  a  monastery  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  His  chief  works  are,  a  "  Summary 
of  the  Council,"  and  a  '•  Treatise  on  the 
Residence  of  Bishops."    Died,  1570. 

CARRE,  Louis,  an  eminent  French  ma- 
thematician. Besides  many  important  con- 
tributions to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  he  published  an  elaborate 
"  Method  of  measuring  Surfaces  and  Solids, 
and  finding  their  Centres  of  Gravity,  Per- 
cussion, and  Oscillation."    Died,  1711. 

CARREL,  Akmanr,  chief  editor  of  the 
National,  and  a  distinguished  political 
writer.  Died  of  a  wound  he  received  in  a 
duel  with  M.  Girardin  a  few  days  previous, 
July  24. 1836. 

CARRENNO  DE  MIRANDA,  Juax,  Dox, 
an  eminent  Spanish  painter,  patronised  by- 
Philip  IV.  In  colouring  he  surpasses  all  his 
countrymen,  with  the  exception  of  Murillo. 
Died,  1685. 

CARRERAS,  Jose  Miguel,  JuAif,  and 
Luis  ;  three  brothers,  distinguished  in  the 
revolution  of  Chili ;  who  for  patriotism, 
talents,  and  purity  of  character  had  not 
their  equals  in  that  country  ;  yet,  by  a  sin- 
gularly adverse  fortune,  they  all  perished 
at  Mcndoza,  under  the  merciless  rule  of 
O'Higgins  and  Sau  Martin.    With   brutal 


cruelty  the  latter  sent  their  aged  father  an 
account  of  the  expenses  of  the  execution  of 
Juan  and  Luis,  who  suffered  in  1818  ;  with 
an  order  for  its  immediate  payment.  He 
paid  it,  and,  two  days  afterwards,  expired 
of  a  broken  heart.  Don  Jose  Miguel  did 
not  meet  his  unhappy  fate  till  1822,  when 
endeavouring  to  take  advantage  of  a  popular 
movement  in  his  favour,  he  was  surrounded 
by  a  superior  force,  made  prisoner,  and 
executed  on  the  very  spot  where  his  brothers 
had  suffered. 

CARRIER,  John  Baptist,  a  monster  of 
ferocity,  gendered  in  the  French  revolution, 
was  born  near  Aurillac  in  1756.  He  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  La  Vendee,  where  he 
caused  thousands  of  victims,  men,  women, 
and  cliildren,  to  be  drowned,  beheaded,  or 
shot,  the  ordinary  mode  of  execution  being 
too  tardy  for  him.  Fifteen  thousand  indi- 
viduals jjerished  in  this  way  ;  in  short,  tlie 
banks  of  the  Loire  were  strewed  with  the 
dead  bodies,  and  the  water  was  so  polluted, 
that  it  was  prohibited  to  drink  it.  On  the 
fall  of  the  party  called  the  Mountain,  he 
was  tried  before  the  revolutionary  tribunal, 
which  condemned  him  to  the  guillotine,  in 
1794. 

CARRINGTON,  N.  T.,  a  modern  English 
poet,  who  for  many  years  followed  the  ar- 
duous profession  of  a  schoolmaster  at  Ply- 
mouth, devoting  his  leisure  moments  only 
to  the  service  of  the  Muses.    His  principal 
works  are,  "  The  Banks  of  the  Tamar  "  and 
"  Dartmoor."    His  chief  power  lay  in  de-  i 
Bcription  ;  and  the  latter  poem,  especially,  ; 
has  merits  of  a  very  superior  order.    Born,  | 
1777  ;  died,  1830. 

CARRON,    Guy   Toussaint   Juliex,   a 
French  ecclesiastic  and  writer  ;  author  of  . 
"  Reflexions  Chretiennes  pour  tous  les  Jours 
de    I'Annde,"     "  Pcnsees   EccltSsiastiques," 
&c.    Died,  1820. 

CARSTARES,  William,  a  Scotch  divine, 
but  of  more  influence  as  a  politician,  was 
born  at  Cathcart,  in  1049.    In  order  to  re- 
move him  from  the  danger  of  being  led  into  '< 
politics,his  friends  sent  him  from  Edinburgh, 
where    he  had  commenced  his  studies,  to  | 
Utrecht.     Becoming  known  to  the  Prince  of  | 
Orange  he  soon  obtained  his  confidence,  and 
was  much  employed  by  him  in  forwarding 
his  intentions  upon  England.    Being  privy 
to  the  Rye-house  plot  he  was  apprehended, 
and  put  to  the  torture,  which  he  bore  with 
much  fortitude,  but  at  length  was  induced  j 
to  make  a  statement,  wliich  was  afterwards  j 
used  against   his    friend,  Mr.  Baillie.    On  \ 
his  liberation  he  returned  to  Holland,  where 
the  prince  received  him  very  cordially,  and  ' 
made  liim  his  chaplain.     He  accompanied 
William  to  England,  and  though  nominally  1 
only  his  chaplain,  was  in  fact  one  of  the 
most  influential  and  able  of  his  state  advisers. 
Under  queen  Anne  he  liad  no  political  power, 
but  she  caused  him  to  be  made  principal  of 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  in  which  im- 
portant post  he  gave  satisfaction  equally  to 
her  majesty  and  to  the  Scottish  public.    By 
the  house  of  Hanover  he  was  equally  patron- 
ised, and  he  continued  a  favourite  till  his 
death,  which  took  place,  in  his  06th  year,  in 
1715. 

CARSTENS,   AsMus   Jacob,    a   Danish 


car] 


^  ^tia  etm'beri^aT  Miast^^Vi' 


[car 


painter  of  very  considerable  merit.  Ilis 
Bubjects,  nearly  all  taken  from  the  classic 
authors,  exhibit  gracefulness  of  attitude  with 
vigorous  expression.    Bom,  1754  ;  died,  1798. 

CARTE,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary  ;  author  of  a  valuable  and  elabo- 
rate work,  entitled  "  Tabula  Chronologica," 
&c.    Died,  1740. 

CARTE,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above,  and 
like  him  an  antiquary  and  historian,  and 
a  divine.  On  the  accession  of  George  I., 
feeling  that  he  could  not  conscientiously 
take  the  required  oaths,  he  abandoned  his 
profession  ;  and  during  the  rebellion  of  171.') 
he  was  so  strongly  suspected,  that  a  warrant 
was  issued  against  him,  but  he  was  safely 
concealed  in  the  house  of  a  clergyman  in 
Warwickshire.  He  was  subsequently  in- 
volved in  political  strife,  but  he  escaped  by 
timely  flight.  As  an  author  he  is  chiefly 
known  by  his  "History  of  England,"  and 
that  of  the  "  Revolution  of  Portugal ; "  his 
other  works,  though  numerous,  being  far 
less  able.    Bom,  1C86  ;  died,  1754. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  an  Englisli  lady, 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  residing  at  Deal, 
In  Kent.  Under  the  instructions  of  her  fa- 
ther she  became  an  admirable  Greek  and 
Latin  scholar,  and  was  well  skilled  in  Ger- 
man, French,  Spanish  Italian,  Portuguese, 
Hebrew,  and  Arabic  ;  nor  was  she  a  mere 
reader.  She  translated  Crousaz's  critique 
on  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  Algarotti's  ex- 
planation of  Newton's  philosophy,  and  Epic- 
tetus.  These  dissimilar  labours  appeared 
during  her  life  ;  and,  after  her  decease,  nix 
volumes  of  her  correspondence  was  pub- 
lished, which  are  calculated  to  give  even  a 
higher  opinion  of  her  intellect  than  her 
more  learned  and  masculine  performances. 
Bora,  1717  ;  died,  1806  ;  aged  89. 

CAJITER,  JoHff,  an  eminent  draftsman, 
architect,  and  antiquary.  In  the  latter 
character  he  wrote  ably  and  zealously  in  re- 
probation of  the  disflgurement  of  the  re- 
mains of  ancient  beauty  by  tasteless  attempt^ 
at  improvement.  Of  his  ability  as  a  drafts- 
man and  engraver  there  is  abundant  proof 
in  the  plates  of  the  "  Views  in  England," 
&c.  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  notice,  that  his 
various  powers  were  developed  by  his  own 
industry,  unaided  by  early  education.  Died, 
1818. 

CARTER,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Irish  mu- 
sician and  composer  of  vocal  music.  Among 
his  compositions  are  the  songs,  "  Oh,  Nannie, 
wilt  thou  gang  wi'  me  1  "  and  "  Stand  to 
your  guns,  my  hearts  of  oak."    Died,  1804. 

CARTERET,  Jon.v,  earl  of  Granville,  an 
eminent  English  statesman,  was  born  in 
1G90.  Immediately  on  attaining  his  ma- 
jority, he  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  ^Varmly  supporting  the  Hanoverian 
succession,  he  was  noticed  by  George  I.,  and 
employed  by  him  in  various  posts  until  1721, 
when  he  succeeded  Craggs  as  secretary  of 
state.  In  1723  lie  was  appointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  ;  and  though  he  gave  the 
irritable  natives  some  offence  by  prosecuting 
the  printer  of  the  Draper's  (Swift's)  letters,  he 
was  on  tlie  whole  a  popular  viceroy.  In  the 
reign  of  George  II.  he  again  held  that  dis- 
tinguished post,  and  with  even  more  success 
than  before.    On  his  return  to  England  he 


155 


became  a  strong  opponent  of  VValpole  ;  and 
when  he  had  succeeded  in  removing  that 
statesman,  and  procuring  office  for  himself, 
he  supported  measures  similar  to  those  he 
had  formerly  condemned.  But  though  as 
secretary  of  state,  and  as  president  of  the 
council,  in  which  office  he  died,  his  conduct 
was  marked  by  much  vacillation,  he  retained 
his  court  favour  to  the  last.    Died,  1703. 

CARTERET,  Philip,  a  distinguished  na- 
val officer  of  the  18th  century.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Captain  Wallis  he  commanded  an 
expedition  to  the  South  Seas,  in  1766.  Of 
the  discoveries  they  made,  some  account  is 
given  by  Ilawkesworth  in  the  introduction 
to  his  narrative  of  Cook's  voyage. 

CARTIER,  James,  a  French  navigator  of 
the  16th  century,  who  made  several  voyages 
of  discoverv  on  the  coasts  of  North  America. 

CART  WRIGHT,  JoHX,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, distinguished  for  his  zealous  attach- 
ment to  political  reform.  Early  in  life  he 
served  in  the  navy,  but  subsequently  became 
a  major  in  the  Nottingham  militia ;  from 
wliich  circumstance  he  was  generally  known 
as  Major  Cartwright,  though  he  had  been 
superseded  for  many  years  previous  to  his 
death.  As  what  may  be  called  an  amateur 
politician  he  was  before  the  public  for  many 
years,  both  by  his  writings  in  favour  of 
American  independence,  and  on  universal 
liberty,  as  well  as  by  the  public  addresses 
which  he  promoted  in  furtherance  of  a 
radical  reform  of  the  government.  He  also 
displayed  great  firmness  and  disinterested- 
ness on  all  occasions  where  multitudes  as- 
sembled to  advocate  and  petition  for  popular 
rights  ;  and  he  may  be  considered,  on  the 
whole,  as  a  well-meaning  rather  than  as  a 
wise  man.    He  d'ed  in  1824.  a*ed  84. 

CARTWftlGlIT,  Dr.  Edmund,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  a  clergyman  of  the 
established  church.  In  1770  he  published  a 
pleasing,  poem  called  "Armine  and  Elvira  ;" 
but  he  is  chiefly  known  by  some  valuable 
discoveries  in  mechanics,  which  obtained  for 
him  10,()00Z.  from  parliament  as  the  reward 
of  his  ingenuity.    Died,  1824. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
puritan  divine  of  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I.;  author  of  "  Commentaria  Practica 
in  totam  Historiam  Evangelicam,"  a  "  Body 
of  Divinity,"  "Commentaria  Succinta  et 
Dilucida  in  Proverbia  Salomonis,"  &c.  Died, 
1603;  aged  68. 

CARTWRIGHT,  William,  an  English 
divine  and  poet.  Both  as  a  preacher,  and  as 
a  member  of  the  council  of  war  at  Oxford, 
he  zealously  and  ably  served  the  cause  of  the 
unfortunate  Charles  I. ;  and  his  exertions  in 
the  latter  capacity  caused  him  to  be  for  a 
short  time  imprisoned  by  the  parliament. 
His  literary  talents  must  have  been  great, 
for  Bishop  Fell  said  that  he  was  "  all  that 
man  could  arrive  at ; "  and  Ben  Johnson,  in 
his  familiar  way,  said,  "  my  son,  Cartwright, 
writes  all  like  a  man."  But  the  remains  of 
Cartwright  are  very  disproportionate  to  these 
high  praises,  consisting  only  of  four  plays 
and  a  few  poems.  He  died,  at  the  early  age 
of  33,  in  1643. 

CARUSO,  Lcioi,  an  eminent  Neapolitan 
composer.  His  "  II  Fanatico  per  la  Musica  " 
is  the  work  by  which  he  is  best  known  in 


cab] 


^  ^etD  Bnibtv^Kl  MiaQxapf)^* 


[CAS 


this  country ;  but  all  his  works  are  very 
popular  in  Italy  and  Germany.  He  died 
early  in  the  present  century  ;  but  it  is  not 
precisely  known  at  what  date. 

CARY.    See  Falkland. 

CARY,  Rev.  IIenky  Francis,  the  well- 
known  translator  of  Dante,  was  born  at 
Gibraltar  in  1772.  His  father  was  a  captain 
in  tlie  army  ;  but  soon  after  the  birth  of  his 
son  he  settled  in  Staffordshire,  and  sent  him 
when  eight  years  old  to  Uxbridge  School, 
and  aftei-wards  successively  to  Rugby  and 
Birmingham.  In  1790  he  was  admitted  as  a 
commoner  of  Christchurch,  Oxford,  and 
after  finishing  his  college  studies  he  was 
presented  successively  with  the  livings  of 
Abbot's  Bromley  in  Staffordshire  and  Kings- 
bury in  Warwickshire.  The  delicacy  of  his 
health  having  obliged  him  to  have  recourse 
to  the  best  medical  advice,  he  came  to 
London  in  1808,  and  after  holding  various 
cures  in  the  metropolis  and  the  vicinity,  in 
1825  he  became  assistant  keeper  of  printed 
books  in  the  British  Museum,  an  oflBce, 
however,  which  he  resigned  in  1837,  when 
his  application  for  the  chief  librarianship 
was  rejected.  Mr.  Cary  was  addicted  to  the 
muses  and  literature  froTn  his  youth  up  ;  he 
contributed  largely  to  the  Gentleman's  and 
the  London  Afagazine,  produced  transla- 
tions of  the  "  Birds  "  of  Aristophanes  and 
the  Odes  of  Pindar,  and  wrote  a  series  of 
Lives  of  the  English  Poets,  in  continua- 
tion of  Dr.  Johnson's  ;  besides  editing  the 
works  of  Pope,  Cowiser,  Milton,  Thomson, 
and  Young  ;  but  his  chief  reputation  rests 
on  his  admirable  translation  of  Dante,  which, 
though  somewhat  neglected  on  its  first  ap- 
pearance, has  since  received  the  meed  of 
acknowledgment  from  all  competent  critics. 
Died,  1844. 

CARY,  Robert, LL.D.,  an  English  divine 
and  writer.  During  the  civil  war  he  dis- 
graced himself  by  leaving  the  Established 
Church  and  joining  the  Presbyterian  party  ; 
and,  at  the  restoration,  he  disgraced  the 
church  by  again  espousing  its  principles. 
His  tergiversation  was  rewarded  by  an  arch- 
deaconry, from  which,  however,  he  was 
ejected  in  1664.  He  wrote  a  learned  and 
useful  work,  entitled  "  Palasologia  Chronica." 
Died,  1688. 

CARYL,  John,  secretary  to  Mary,  queen 
of  James  II.  He  remained  faitliful  to  that 
unfortunate  prince,  and  was  rewarded  for 
his  fidelity  with  the  titles  of  earl  Caryl  and 
baron  Dartford.  In  the  reign  of  queen 
Anne  he  was  living  in  England,  and  was 
intimate  with  Pope.  He  was  the  author  of 
some  poems,  some  translations  of  psalms 
from  the  Vulgate,  and  of  two  plays  —  "  The 
English  Princess,"  a  tragedy ;  and  "  Sir 
Solomon,  or  the  Cautious  Coxcomb,"  a 
comedy.    The  date  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

CARYL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist divine  ;  author  of  a  voluminous  and 
valuable  "Commentary  on  Job."  Died,  1673. 

CASA,  JoHs  DE  LA,  secretary  of  state 
under  pope  JPaul  IV.  He  was  distinguished 
as  a  statesman,  and  as  an  ecclesiastic ;  but 
his  fame  rests  upon  his  writings,  which  are 
considered  among  the  pm-est  specimens  of 
Tuscan  composition.  His  poems,  both  light 
and  serious,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  but 


his  chief  work  is  a  prose  dialogue,  "  Galateo, 
or  the  Art  of  Living  in  the  World."  Bom, 
1503  ;  died,  1.556. 

CASANOVA,  Mark  Antont,  a  modem 
Latin  poet.  He  imitated  Martial  in  his 
style,  and  made  pope  Clement  VII.  a  fa- 
vourite object  of  his  attack.  He  at  length 
offended  so  greatly  that  he  was  condemned 
to  die.  Clement,  however,  was  induced  to 
pardon  him.  But  the  uulucky  satirist  es- 
caped execution  only  to  perish  still  more 
miserably  ;  for,  on  the  taking  of  Rome  by 
the  Imperialists,  he  was  reduced  to  the  ne- 
cessity of  literally  begging  for  bread,  and  at 
length  died  of  disease,  as  it  is  said,  produced 
by  hunger,  in  1527. 

CASANOVA  DE  SEINGALT,  Jean 
Jacques,  whose  career  of  adventure  and  in- 
trigue in  almost  all  the  countries  of  Europe 
has  gained  for  him  the  name  of  the  Gil  Bias 
of  the  18th  century,  was  born  at  Venice,  1725. 
It  would  be  impossible  within  our  limits  to 
give  even  an  outline  of  his  remarkable 
career  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  he  figured  as 
priest,  soldier,  and  statesman,  successively  ; 
found  means  to  gain  the  favour  of  some  of 
the  greatest  potentates  of  Europe,  among 
others,  Frederick  the  Great  and  Catharine 
II.  ;  and  after  roaming  from  place  to  place 
(for  his  intriguing  spirit  frequently  led  to  a 
forced  change  of  quarters)  he  ended  his  long 
life  of  mingled  charlatanerie,  profligacy,  and 
ability  at  Vienna,  1803.  His  love  of  litera- 
ture and  science,  and  his  proficiency  in  them, 
brought  him  acquainted  with  Voltaire  and 
other  celebrated  literati  of  the  day  ;  and 
besides  other  works  he  left  copious  memoirs 
of  his  life  and  times.  Brockliaus,  the  Leipsic 
bookseller,  to  whom  the  MS.  was  entrusted 
for  publication,  published  tliem  in  1822. 

CASANOVA,  Francis,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding an  eminent  painter,  chiefly  of  land- 
scapes and  battle-pieces.  He  was  employed 
by  Catharine  II.,  of  Russia,  to  paint  the  vic- 
tories of  her  armies  over  the  Turks.  Bom 
in  London,  1727  ;  died,  1805. 

CASANOVA,  Jean  Baptiste,  another 
brother  of  the  adventurer,  was  bom  in  Lon- 
don, 1730.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Mengs,  and 
closely  connected  with  Winckelmann  in  his 
antiquarian  researches.  It  is  well  known 
that,  by  way  of  testing  the  sagacity  of  the 
German  antiquary,  he  sent  him  two  pictures, 
which  he  had  himself  painted  in  the  style 
of  those  a  short  time  previously  found  at 
Herculaneum,  declaring  them  to  be  ancient 
discoveries  ;  and  that  Winckelmann  was  so 
taken  in  as  to  insert  engravings  of  them  in 
the  first  edition  of  his  "  History  of  Ancient 
Art,"  with  an  elaborate  commentary  upon 
their  merits.  Casanova  was  professor  of 
painting  in  the  Dresden  Academy  ;  and  his 
works  on  ancient  art  are  still  cited  by  the 
Germans  as  authorities.    Died,  1798. 

CASAS, Bartholomew  de  las,  a  Spanish 
prelate,  distinguished  for  his  generous  and 
constant,  though  unavailing,  exertions  in 
favour  of  the  natives  of  South  America.  He 
was  born  in  1474,  and  in  his  19th  year  ac- 
companied his  father,  who  sailed  with  Co- 
lumbus, to  the  West  Indies.  On  his  return 
to  Spain  he  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  pro- 
fession, in  order  that  he  might  act  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  the  western  hemi8i)here,  "there  I 


CAS] 


^  ^c&j  Winibtv^Kl  aStofiraiilbs. 


[CAS 


to  spend  his  days  in  preaching  the  gospel  to 
the  Indians,  aiid  iiunianity  to  t)ieir  oppres- 
sors." Never  did  man  more  zealously  en- 
deavour to  effect  a  great  and  good  object. 
Twelve  times  he  crossed  the  ocean,  to  plead 
at  the  foot  of  the  Spauisli  throne  the  cause 
of  the  wretched  Indi.ins,  and  passed  fifty 
years  of  his  life  in  attempting,  though  with 
little  effect,  their  amelioration.  lie  was  made 
bisliop  of  Chiapa  in  ir>44,  but  lie  resigned  his 
seu  in  1,0.51,  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
died  at  Madrid,  ixa,  in  the  92d  year  of  his  age. 
Of  t)ie  writings  of  Las  Casas,  t)»e  most  valu- 
able is  his  "  General  History  of  the  Indies." 

CASAUBON,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
distinguished  by  hia  great  erudition  and 
powers  of  criticism.  For  several  years  he 
held  the  Greek  professorship  at  Geneva ; 
but  at  length  feeling  dissatisfied  with  the 
amount  of  remuneration,  he  gave  up  his 
professorship,  and  removed  to- Paris.  There 
he  was  made  professor  of  the  belles  lettres, 
and  had  a  pension,  not  very  punctually  paid, 
assigned  him  by  Henry  IV. ;  at  whose  death 
Casaubon  came  to  England,  and  James  I. 
gave  him  two  prebends.  In  return,  however, 
the  pedantic  king  required  the  aid  of  the 
great  critic  in  writing  against  the  Roman 
Catholics.  Casaubon's  editions  of  classic 
authors  are  very  numeroiis,  and  ilisplay  im- 
mense industry  and  erudition.  Born,  IMU  ; 
died,  1014. 

CASAUBON,  :MEnic,  D.D.,  son  of  the 
above.  His  "  Pietas  contra  Maledico«," 
written  against  the  Catholics,  and  in  vindi- 
cation of  liis  father,  introduced  him  to  the 
notice  of  king  Charles  I.,  by  whom  he  was 
presented  to  some  valuable  church  prefer- 
ments. During  the  commonwealth  he  was 
persecuted  and  imprisoned,  but  remained 
unshaken  in  fidelity.  At  tlie  restoration  he 
recovered  his  livings.  Among  his  writings 
the  best  is  "  A  Treatise  concerning  Enthu- 
siasm."   Died,  1G71. 

CASE.  JoHX,  an  English  physician  and 
philosophical  writer ;  author  of  "  Sumina 
veterum  Interpretum  in  universam  Dialecti- 
cam  Aristotelis."    Died,  1599. 

CASENEUVE,  PiKUitE  ve,  a  learned 
French  antiquarian  ;  author  of  "  Origines 
au  Etymologies  Frungoises,"  "La  Catalogue 
Francoise,"  &c.    Died,  l(i50. 

CASIMIR  III.,  called  the  Great,  one  of 
the  most  illustrious  sovereigns  the  world  lias 
ever  seen,  was  born,  1309.  Having  su<:ceedcd 
his  father  on  the  throne  of  Poland  in  lii3:i, 
he  entered  upon  a  course  of  vigorous  and 
enlightened  reform,  and  closed  a  long  life 
of  devotion  to  his  people's  welfare,  in  1370. 

CASLON,  William,  an  English  letter- 
founder,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  much 
of  the  superiority  of  our  printing  type. 
Bom,  1092  !  died,  1706. 

CASSAONES,  Jacques,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic and  poet.  He  was  of  so  irritable  a 
natnre,  that  a  satire  of  Boileau's  actually 
drove  him  mad,  and  lie  was  obliged  to  be 
confined  in  the  convent  of  St.  Lazarus  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  iu  1079. 

CASSANOEK,  Geouoe,  an  able  German 
controversialist.  Of  his  writings,  which  are 
very  numerous,  the  ablest  and  most  elabo- 
rate is  his  "Consultatio  Cassandri."  De 
Thou  praises  his  mildness   and  modesty  ; 


qualities  but  too  rorely  belonging  to  con- 
troversialists.    Born,  l.ll.T  ;  died,  LIliO. 

CASSAS,  Loris  FnA.Vi'ois,  an  eminent 
Frencli  antiquarian  and  artist ;  author  of 
"  Voyage  Pittoresque  de  la  Syrie,  de  la 
PlK'nicie,  de  la  Palestine,  et  dc  la  Basse 
Egypte."     Born,  175<5 ;  died,  1827. 

CAS8ERIO,  or  CASSERIUS,  GiCLin, 
anatomical  professor  at  Padua.  He  was  at 
first  the  menial  servant  of  the  great  anato- 
mist, FabriciuM,  at  Aquapendente,  to  whom 
he  became  assistant,  and,  finallj',  successor 
in  the  professorship.  His  only  published 
work  is  "  Pentaisthesion,"  or  a  treatise  on 
tlie  five  senses.    Died,  1016. 

CASSINl,  Jou.v  Dominic,  an  eminent 
ostrouomer,  was  born  at  Perinaldo,  near 
Nice,  and  studied  at  Geneva  with  the  Jesuits. 
His  fame  reaching  France,  he  was  invited  to 
pay  a  visit  to  that  country,  where  the  kind- 
ness shown  to  him  by  Louis  XIV.,  and  his 
great  minister,  Colbert,  caused  him  to  remain 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  the  first  re- 
sident in  the  royal  observatory  at  Paris,  and 
he  continued  to  inhabit  it  for  upwards  of  40 
years.  During  that  time  his  services  to 
science  were  such  as  to  do  high  honour  to 
himself,  as  well  as  to  the  liberal  monarch  by 
whom  he  was  patronised.  He  determined 
the  parallax  of  Mars  with  the  sun,  demon- 
strated the  diurnal  motion  of  Jupiter  round 
his  axis,  and  discovered  the  four  satellites 
of  Saturn,  in  addition  to  that  which  Huygena 
had  discovered.  He  died  in  1712,  having  pre- 
viously been  for  some  years  deprived  of  sight. 

CASSINI,  James,  son  of  the  precediug, 
and,  like  him,  an  eminent  astronomer  ;  au- 
thor of  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Figure  and 
Magnitude  of  the  Earth,"  "  The  Elements 
or  Theories  of  the  Planets,"  &c.  Burn,  at 
Paris,  1077  ;  died,  17r>(\. 

CASSINI  DE  TIIURY,  CcsAn  Fkancls, 
son  of  tlie  last  named,  and  his  successor  in 
the  royal  observatory.  Like  his  father  and 
grandfather,  he  did  much  to  advance  science  ; 
and,  having  better  instruments  than  theirs, 
he  was  enabled  to  improve  upon  their  labours. 

Bom,  1714 ;  died,  1784 The  last  member  of 

this  illustrious  family,  whose  iiume  is  also 
associated  with  theirs  in  the  pursuit  of  sci- 
ence, died  in  1845. 

CASSIODORUS,  Marci^s  Aurelius,  a 
Roman  statesman  and  historian.  He  was  of 
a  noble  family,  and  lield  some  of  the  highest 
offices  of  state,  including  that  of  consul.  His 
writings  arc*  extremely  valuable,  especially 
his  twelve  books  of  epistles,  on  account  of 
the  light  they  throw  upon  the  manners  of 
his  time  ;  but  his  style  is  condemned  by 
Gibbon  as  being  quaint  and  declamatory. 
Died,  r,7.'>. 

CASSIUS,  LoNGiNus  Caius,  a  Roman  of 
the  last  age  of  the  republic,  and  the  associate 
of  Brutus  in  the  assassination  of  Julius 
CsDsar.  That  his  patriotism  was  sincere  may 
fairly  be  inferred  from  liis  reply  to  Antony, 
who,  on  the  day  after  the  assassination  of 
Cajsar,  tauntingly  asked  him  if  he  had  an- 
other dagger  :  "  Yes,"  was  the  reply,  "  if  you 
become  a  tyrant."  At  the  battle  of  Philippi 
he  commanded  the  left  wing,  and  on  its 
giving  way  he  retired  to  a  tent  with  his 
freedman,  by  whom,  as  it  is  thought,  he  was 
slain,  as  he  was  found  with  his  head  severed 


l.-,7 


CAS] 


^  llcSu  SJni&erj^al  23t05rap1)». 


[cat 


from  his  body.  Brutus,  in  lamenting  him, 
called  him  "  ultimus  Romanorura."  Died, 
B.  c.  42. 

CASTAGNO,  Andreas  del,  so  called 
after  the  village  in  which  he  was  born,  was 
the  son  of  very  poor  parents,  and,  being  early 
left  an  orphan,  he  was  adopted  by  an  uncle, 
who  employed  him  in  tending  cattle  in  the 
fields.  In  this  situation  he  made  some  at- 
tempts at  drawing,  which  caused  Bernard  de 
Medici  to  place  him  witli  a  master.  While 
studying  at  Florence  he  became  acquainted 
with  Domenico  Venctiano,  who  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  new  method  of  painting 
in  oil  and  varnish.  The  splendour  of  tliis 
mode  of  colouring,  the  art  of  which  was  then 
unknown  in  Tuscany,  was  much  admired, 
and  Castagno  availed  himself  of  Domenico's 
friendship  to  obtain  the  secret ;  but  not 
satisfied  with  this,  he  was  wretch  enough 
1  to  murder  his  friend  and  benefactor,  in  order 
I  to  be  tlie  sole  possessor.  This  he  c^fccted 
I  without  suspicion,  but  just  before  his  death 
confessed  the  horrid  crime.  Born,  140S) ; 
died,  1480. 

CAST  ALIO,  or  CASTELLIO,  Sebastian, 
one  of  tlie  earliest  friends  and  fellow 
labourers  of  Calvin.  Unfortunately  for  Cas- 
talio's  worldly  condition,  he  differed  from 
j  the  great  reformer  on  some  theological  ques- 
tions. He  was  in  consequence  deprived  of  his 
office  of  teacher  in  the  col  lege  of  Geneva,  and 
repaired  to  Basle,  where  he  occupied  himself 
witli  a  Latin  and  a  French  version  of  the 
Bible,  gaining  a  scanty  subsistence  for  his 
family  by  teaching  Greek.  Calvin,  unmoved 
by  the  indigence  to  which  he  had  reduced  his 
conscientious  and  candid  opponent,  used  all 
his  influence  to  degrade  him  and  thwart  his 
exertions.  He  had  even  the  meanness  to 
bring  against  him  an  accusation  of  theft, 
from  which  Castalio  cleared  himself  trium- 
phantly.   Died,  15«3. 

CASTELL,  Edmund,  an  English  divine 
and  lexicographer,  was  a  native  of  Hatley, 
Cambridgeshire.  He  sperit  a  handsome  for- 
tune, and  occupied  17  j'cars  in  the  composi- 
tion of  his  "Lexicon  Hcptaglottou,"  a  dic- 
tionary in  seven  languages  ;  but  nearly  all 
the  copies  remained  unsold,  and  but  for 
some  preferment  in  the  church,  and  the 
Arabic  professorship  at  Cambridge,  his  zeal, 
learning,  and  diligence  would  have  been 
unrewarded.    Born,  1606  ;  died,  16a5. 

CASTELLI,  Bernardo,  a  Genoese 
painter,  a  friend  of  Tasso,  for  the  plates  of 
whose  Jerusalem,  engraved  by  Agostino 
Caracei.  he  drew  the  designs.    Died,  1629. 

CASTELLO,  Gabriel  Launcelot,  a 
Sicilian  gentleman,  distinguished  for  his 
zeal  and  talent  as  an  antiquarian  ;  author 
of  "The  Litei-ary  History  of  Sicily," 
"  Critical  Remarks  on  a  Book  printed  in 
Catania,  in  1747, "  "  Dissertation  on  a 
Marble  Statue  found  in  tlie  Campagna  of 
Alessa,"  &c.     Born,  1727  ;  died,  1794. 

CASTELNAU,  Michael  le,  lord  of 
Mauvissiere,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
soldier  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  IX.  and 
Henry  III.  He  was  very  often  in  England 
in  the  character  of  ambassador  from  France. 
While  thus  resident  here  he  acted  with 
great  kindness  towards  the  unfortunate 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots.    He  left  memoirs  of 


his  negotiations,  of  wliich  there  is  an  English 
translation  by  his  daughter.    Died,  1592. 

CASTI,  GiAMBATXisxA,  an  Italian  poet  ; 
author  of  an  epic,  entitled  "Gli  Animali 
Parlauti,"  translated  into  English  by  Mr. 
Rose;  a  satire,  entitled  "Tartaro;"  some 
novels,  &c.     Born,  1721  ;  died,  1803. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Balthazar,  an  Italian 
statesman  and  writer.  He  was  employed 
by  various  princes  in  very  delicate  negotia- 
tions. In  particular  he  was  sent  by  the  pope, 
Clement  VII.,  as  nuncio  to  the  emperor, 
Charles  V.,  on  which  occasion  he  displayed 
great  talent  and  dexterity.  His  celebrity, 
however,  chiefly  rests  upon  his  writings.  His 
poems,  both  Latin  and  Italian,  are  much 
admired,  as  are  his  letters,  which  throw 
much  light  on  the  affairs  of  his  time.  But 
Ills  chief  work  is  "  II  Cortegiano,"  the  cour- 
tier. TJiis  work,  which  is  a  body  of  inform- 
ation on  the  art  of  living  at  court,  is  so  much 
admired  bv  the  Italians,  that  they  call  it 
"  The  Golden  Book."    Born,  1468  ;  died,  1529. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Giovanni  Benedetto, 
a  Genoese  artist.  He  excelled  in  landscapes 
and  animals,  but  his  picture  of  "  The  Na- 
tivity" shows  that  he  had  power  for  the 
highest  walk  of  art.  He  was  also  an  admir- 
able engraver.    Died,  1670. 

CASTIlyLO,  Bernal  diaz  del,  a  Spanish 
officer  of  the  IGth  century,  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Fernando  Cortez  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  South  America.  He  wrote  a  work, 
rough  in  style,  but  full  of  valuable  inform- 
ation, entitled  "Historia  Verdadera  de  la 
Conquista  de  Nueva  Espagna." 

CASTOLDI,  Giovanni  Giacomo,  a  mu- 
sical composer  of  the  16th  century. 

CASTRACANI,  Castruccio,  an  Italian 
general  of  great  skill  and  courage.  He  ren- 
dered great  service  to  the  em.peror,  Louis  V. 
of  Bavaria,  who  rewarded  him  with  the 
duchy  of  Lucca.  Though  he  was  almost  con- 
stantly in  service,  he  found  time  to  cultivate 
his  mind,  and  his  name  is  among  the  minor 
Italian  poets.    Born,  1281 ;  died,  1328. 

CASTRO,  John  de,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese general,  who  attended  Charles  V.  in 
the  expedition  against  Tunis,  and  was  after- 
wards made  governor  of  the  Portuguese 
settlements  in  the  East  Indies.  He  was  as 
disinterested  as  brave,  and  at  his  death  only 
three  rials  were  found  in  Ids  coffers.  Born, 
1500  ;  died,  1548. 

CASTRFCCI,  PiETRO,  a  celebrated  vio- 
linist, who  led  the  orchestra  at  the  King's 
Theatre  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century. 
He  was  of  a  very  irritable  disposition  ;  and 
Hogarth  has  given  an  admirable  caricature 
portrait  of  him  in  the  well-known  print  of 
"  The  Enraged  Musician." 

CATALANI,  Angelica,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  singers  of  modern  times,  was  born 
at  Sinigaglia  in  the  papal  states,  1782.  Her 
early  years  were  spent  in  the  convent  of 
Gubio  ;  and  so  perfect  were  her  vocal  organs 
even  in  her  infancj',  tliat  the  sanctity  of  the 
church  itself  was  violated  by  the  applause 
which  her  choral  performances  called  forth. 
Soon  after  quitting  the  convent,  she  made 
her  debut  in  the  theatre  Argentina  at  Rome, 
in  1802  ;  and  the  immense  success  which  she 
achieved  on  this  stage,  procured  lier  imme- 
diate engagements  in  all  the  theatres    of 


cat] 


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[cat 


I 


Italy.  At  Lisbon,  Madrid,  and  Paris  new 
triumphs  awaited  her  ;  but  even  these  were 
far  outshone,  in  1800,  by  tlie  enthusiasm  of 
lier  reception  in  England,  wiiere  she  re- 
mained 8  years,  deligliting  tlie  metropolis 
with  her  appearance  at  tlie  Italian  Opera, 
and  reaping  large  harvests  both  of  fame  and 
wealth  in  her  provincial  tours.  After  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  she  returned  to 
Paris,  wliere  she  undertook  the  management 
of  the  Opera  Buffa  ;  but  this  speculation 
was  unfortunate,  and  Madame  Catalani,  to 
repair  her  shattered  fortunes,  made  a  pro- 
fesbional  tour  through  all  the  capitals  of 
Continental  Europe,  and  at  length  returned 
to  England  in  1822,  when  the  enthusiasm  of 
her  reception  suffered  no  abatement.  Here 
she  remained  three  years.  In  1825  she  again 
visited  Paris,  and  after  once  more  going  the 
round  of  Europe,  she  retired  to  Italy  in  1S30, 
when  she  purchased  a  villa  near  Florence, 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  her  life  in  the 
bosom  of  her  family.  She  had  been  long 
married  to  a  French  captain,  called  Vala- 
br&gue.  To  an  agreeable  person  and  a  lively 
style  of  acting,  Madame  Catalani  added  a 
voice  of  extraordinary'  brilliancy  and  power; 
and  in  this  lay  its  chief  merit,  (or  we  do  not 
find  that  she  possessed  the  faculty  of  calling 
forth  the  tender  and  deep  emotions  for  which 
subsequent  performers  in  the  same  field 
have  been  remarkable.  Died  of  cliolera,  at 
Paris,  1849. 

CATESBY,  Makk,  an  eminent  English 
naturalist,  patronised  by  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
and  other  wealthy  lovers  of  science.  He 
spent  many  years  in  America,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  collecting  and  describing  the  most 
curious  natural  productions  of  that  country. 
He  fixed  bis  residence  in  Carolina,  whence 
he  made  excursions  into  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  the  Baliama  Islands.  The  result  of  his 
labours  was  "The  Natural  History  of  Ca- 
nada, Florida,  and  the  Baliama  Islands ; " 
a  very  splendid  work  in  two  folio  Tolumes, 
illustrated  by  upwards  of  200  plates.  Bom, 
1080  ;  died,  1749. 

CATHARINE,  St.,  of  Sienna,  was  bom 
at  Sienna  in  1347,  and  when  she  was  20  years 
of  age  became  a  sister  of  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic.  Having  considerable  ability  and 
a  very  lively  imagination,  she  became  cele- 
brated as  a  seer  of  visions.  So  great  an  in- 
fluence, in  fact,  did  her  pretended  visions 
and  revelations  obtain  her,  that  she  was 
able  to  prevail  on  Gregory  XI.  to  be  recon- 
ciled to  the  Florentines,  and  to  remove  the 
papal  seat  to  Rome  from  Avignon,  after  it 
had  for  70  years  been  fixed  at  the  latter 
place.  She  wrote  six  treatises  on  the  "  Pro- 
vidence of  God,"  "The  Divine  Doctrine 
delivered  by  the  Eternal  Father  speaking 
to  the  Spirits,"  some  short  prose  pieces  of 
devotion,  and  some  poems.  She  died  in 
1380,  and  was  canonised  by  pope  Pius  II.  in 

CATHARINE  OF  FRANCE,  daughter 
of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  the  wile  of 
Henry  V.  of  England,  who,  on  his  marriage 
to  her,  was  declared  successor  to  the  French 
crown.  Their  sou,  afterwards  Henry  VI., 
was  crowned  in  both  countries  while  still  an 
infant.  Being  left  a  widow,  she  privately 
espoused  Owen  Tudor,  a  Welsh  gentleman, 


ISd 


by  whom  she  had  two  sons,  the  elder  of 
whom,  Edmund,  earl  of  Richmond,  was 
father  of  Henry  VII.  Born,  1401 ;  died, 
1438. 

CATHARINE  OF  ARRAGON,  daughter 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Castile,  was 
born  in  1483.  In  lier  18th  year  she  was 
married  to  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  eldest 
son  of  Henry  VII.  The  young  prince  dying 
in  a  few  months  aftef  his  marriage,  Henry's 
mercenary  dread  of  losing  the  rich  dowry  of 
Catharine,  induced  her  brother-in-law,  after- 
wards Henry  VIII.,  to  marry  her.  The  vast 
religious  changes  to  which  this  marriage 
gave  place  belong  rather  to  history  than  to 
biography.  Suffice  it,  therefore,  to  say,  that 
after  years  of  anxiety  and  spirited  resistance, 
she  was  divorced.  But  though  she  was  no 
longer  called  queen  at  court,  her  attendants 
at  Kimbolton  Castle,  where  she  took  up  her 
residence,  were  never  allowed  to  address  her 
otherwise  than  as  a  queen,  as  she  protested 
to  the  last  that  the  divorce  was  unjust  and 
illegal.  Just  before  her  death  she  wrote  so 
pathetic  a  letter  to  Henry  in  favour  of  Mary, 
their  daughter,  that,  stern  as  the  tyrant  was, 
he  is  said  to  have  shed  tears  as  he  perused  it. 
She  possessed  considerable  literary  ability, 
but  some  devotional  pieces,  which  are  some- 
times attributed  to  her  pen,  were  in  fact  the 
production  of  queen  Catharine  Parr.  Died, 
153C. 

CATHARINE  PARR,  eldest  daughter  of 
Sir  Thomas  Parr,  of  Kendal,  in  Westmore- 
land. She  was  married  early  in  life  to  Ed- 
ward Burghe  ;  and,  surviving  him,  she  was 
next  married  to  Jolm  Neville,  lord  Latimer. 
Her  second  husband,  too,  she  survived  ;  and, 
in  1(543,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  king 
Henry  VIII.,  being  the  sixth  and  last  wife 
of  tiiat  polygamic  monarch.  If  we  may  feel 
some  surprise  at  her  temerity  in  venturing 
to  share  a  throne  which  had  been  so  fatal  to 
most  of  those  whom  her  despotic  husband 
had  previously  raised  to  it,  we  cannot  deny 
that  she  conducted  herself  in  her  perilous 
situation  with  admirable  tact  and  judgment. 
One  proof  of  this  will  suffice.  Her  attach- 
ment to  the  reformed  religion,  and  her  kind- 
ness to  those  who  supported  it,  gave  deep 
and  deadly  offence  to  the  still  powerful 
popish  faction.  Gardiner,  Wriothesley,  and 
others,  determined  to  remove,  if  possible,  so 
dangerous  an  opponent  from  court.  Taking 
advantage  of  the  almost  frenzied  irritability 
to  which  continual  pain  had  roused  the 
always  violent  temper  of  the  king,  they  ac- 
cused her  to  him  of  heresy  and  treason,  and 
so  far  wrought  upon  him,  that  he  actually 
signed  a  warrant  for  her  committal  to  tlie 
Tower.  Being  informed  of  this  appalling 
fact,  she  repaired  at  once  to  the  king's  pre- 
sence. The  king  turned  the  conversation 
upon  theological  topics,  and  endeavoured  to 
draw  her  into  argument.  This,  which  to 
an  ignorant  person,  or  even  to  a  person  of 
tact,  if  not  aware  of  the  king's  precise  object, 
would  have  been  ruinous,  she  skilfully  con- 
verted into  a  means  of  escape  from  the  peril 
in  which  she  was  placed.  Instead  of  enter- 
ing into  any  argument,  she  humbly  replied 
"  that  on  such  topics  she  always,  as  became 
her  sex  and  station,  deferred  herself  to  the 
wisdom  of  his  majesty,  he  being,  under  God, 

r  2 


cat] 


^  ilclB  Uttiiiet^al  IStocjvitijIjtn 


[cat 


her  only  supreme  head  and  governor  here 
on  earth."  "Not  so,  by  St.  Mary,  Kate," 
replied  the  king,  "  you  are,  as  we  take  it, 
become  a  doctor  to  instruct  us,  and  not  to 
be  instructed  by  us."  To  this  she  rejoined, 
"  that  she  had  only  ventured  to  object  to 
his  grace's  arguments,  in  order  to  be  bene- 
fited by  his  superior  learning  and  wisdom, 
and  in  the  hope  of  being  able  to  divert  him 
for  the  time  from  the  bodily  pain  wliich  he 
had  endured."  This  prudent  and  ingenious 
reply  did  away  at  once  with  all  the  king's 
suspicions  and  anger  ;  and  when  Wriothes- 
ley,  attended  by  some  guards,  called  to  con- 
vey her  to  the  Tower,  he  found  the  queea 
in  liigh  favour  with  the  king,  and  instead  of 
making  the  former  a  prisoner,  was  sent  from 
the  presence  of  the  latter  with  knave,  fool, 
beast,  and  the  like  gentle  terms.  Tliough 
during  the  king's  last  illness  he  was,  in  tlie 
words  of  a  writer  of  that  time,  "  as  furious 
as  a  chained  lion,"  Catharine  continued  to 
retain  her  ascendancy  over  him,  and  at  his 
death  lie  left  her  a  legacy  of  4000/.  in  addi- 
tion to  lier  jointure,  "  for  her  great  love,  obe- 
dience, chasteness  of  life,  and  wisdom."  She 
afterwards  married  Sir  Thomas  Seymour, 
uncle  of  Edward  VI.,  but  they  lived  by  no 
means  happily  together  ;  and  when  she  died, 
though  in  childbed,  it  was  currently  reported 
that  slie  was  poisoned.  She  was  very  mucli 
attached  to  the  cause  of  the  reformation  ; 
and  her  letters,  some  of  which  have  been 
printed,  as  well  as  some  devotional  treatises, 
show  that  she  had  literary  talents  by  no 
means  common  to  ladies  at  that  period. 
Died,  1548. 

CATHARINE  DE  MEDICI,  the  wife  of 
Henry  II.,  king  of  France,  was  the  daughter 
of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  duke  of  Urbino.  In 
1519,  being  then  only  in  her  16th  year,  she 
was  married  to  Henry,  duke  of  Orleans,  son 
and  successor  to  Francis  I.  of  France.  Her 
beauty  and  accomplishments  made  her  tlie 
ornament  of  the  French  court ;  and,  young 
as  she  was,  she  had  deceit  and  cunning 
enough  to  make  herself  acceptable  to  all 
parties.  For  ten  years  she  brought  her 
husband  no  children,  but  she  subsequently 
had  ten,  of  wliom  three  successively  were 
kings  of  France.  With  profound  policy  she 
secured  the  affection  and  confidence  of  her 
children  in  tlieir  earliest  youth,  thereby  as- 
suring to  herself  that  influence  which  she 
desired  to  exercise  over  their  maturer  age. 
On  the  death  of  her  husband,  and  the  ac- 
cession of  Francis  II.,  tlie  powerful  Guises 
shared  her  political  power ;  and  it  is  pro- 
bable tliat  it  was  in  order  to  avoid  collision 
with  them  that  she  joined  in  their  detestable 
fury  against  the  Huguenots.  But  the  reign 
of  Francis  was  very  brief ;  and  when  Charles 
IX.,  then  only  in  his  11th  year,  succeeded 
him,  Catharine  had  all  tlie  authority  of  re- 
gent, though  not  the  title.  Tlie  deatli  of 
the  Duke  of  Guise  still  farther  increased 
her  power,  and  she  was  joined  heart  and 
soul  with  the  Catholics  in  persecuting  the 
Huguenots.  To  characterise  her  political 
conduct  at  this  time,  we  need  only  name 
the  horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
an  atrocity  wliich  just  and  humane  men  of 
every  creed,  country,  and  age  will  join  in 
reprobating.    That  Charles  IX.  was  urged 


to  this  liorrid  act  by  the  persuasions  of  Ca- 
tharine most  historians  admit ;  and  in  less 
than  two  years  after  the  massacre  he  died, 
worn  out  in  mind  and  body  by  the  stings  of 
remorse.  At  the  death  of  Charles,  Catharine 
was  declared  regent  until  the  arrival  of  her 
son  Henry  from  Poland.  During  her  re- 
gency she  governed  rigorously  and  saga- 
ciously, and  delivered  up  the  kingdom  to 
Henry  III.  on  his  arrival,  in  such  order  as 
with  only  common  prudence  and  firmness, 
would  have  ensured  him  a  peaceable  reign. 
But  the  new  king's  weakness  soon  relaxed 
the  bands  which  his  mother  had  so  firmly 
drawn  around  faction,  and  civil  disturb- 
ances ensued,  by  which  Catharine's  later 
years  were  much  embittered.  Admitted  by 
all  to  be  a  sagacious,  adroit,  and  courageous 
woman,  but  detested  by  every  party  in  the 
state,  she  died,  aged  85,  in  1581). 

CATHARINE  OF  BRAGANZA,  daughter 
of  Jolm  IV.  of  Portugal,  and  queen  of 
Charles  II.  of  England.  The  dissolute  con- 
duct of  her  husband,  and  the  shameful 
openness  of  his  illicit  amours,  gave  licr 
much  pain.  But  though  neglected  by  him, 
she  steadily  and  sternly  preserved  her  own 
honour,  and  his  so  far  as  it  depended  on 
her.  After  his  death  she  returned  to  Por- 
tugal, and  when,  in  1704,  her  brother,  Don 
Pedro,  was  compelled  by  his  increasing  in- 
firmities to  retire,  she  was  made  regent.  She 
held  this  office  but  for  a  brief  space ;  but 
her  conduct,  both  as  regards  her  internal 
measures  and  her  carrying  on  the  war 
with  Spain,  showed  considerable  political 
ability.  She  died,  in  the  C7th  yearof  her  age, 
1705. 

CATHARINE  I.,  empress  of  Russia,  was 
the  illegitimate  daughter  of  a  Livonian  pea- 
sant. After  some  years  spent  in  the  service 
of  a  clergyman,  slie  married  a  Swedish  dra- 
goon, who  shortly  afterwards  went  on  an 
expedition  and  never  returned.  She  then 
resided,  it  is  doubtful  whether  as  servant 
or  paramour,  with  the  Russian  general, 
Bauer,  when  Prince  Menkzikoff  became 
enamoured  of  her  charms,  and  made  her  liis 
mistress.  Peter  I.  now  dislinguislied  her 
by_  his  notice,  and  she  became  at  first  his 
mistress  and  afterwards  his  empress.  Dur- 
ing his  lifetime  she  showed  great  devotion 
to  him,  and  at  his  death  she  was  proclaimed 
his  successor.  But  her  reign  was  short ;  for 
her  indulgence  in  intoxicating  liquors  pro- 
duced a  disease  of  which  she  died  in  1727,  at 
the  age  of  41. 

CATHARINE  II.,  empress  of  Russia,  was 
the  daughter  of  the  prince  of  Anlialt-Zerbst, 
born  in  1720,  and  in  1745  became  the  wife  of 
the  emperor  Peter  III.  This  prince  was 
addicted  to  low  society  and  to  the  most 
scandalous  excesses  ;  and  Catharine,  even 
in  her  youth,  was  by  no  means  remarkable 
for  chastity.  With  the  inconsistency  usually 
to  be  observed  in  such  cases,  each  party 
reproached  the  other ;  Catharine,  stung  by 
her  husband's  brutality,  became  still  more 
openly  indecorous  in  her  conduct,  and  Peter 
indulged  in  low  wassail  to  such  an  extent 
that  lie  must  have  been  deranged.  He  at 
length  became  so  infatuated  by  his  disgust 
for  Catharine  and  his  passion  for  one  of  his 
mistresses,  the  Countess  Woronzoff,  that  lie 


1  cat] 


^  llctu  mnibcr^JiT  MiaQtnp'i)^, 


[cat 


» 


had  detenniiied  to  divorce  and  imprison 
tlie  former,  and  make  tlie  latter  his  empress. 
Informed  of  hio  designs,  Catharine  promptly 
exerted  herself,  causad  her  liusband  to  be 
seized,  and  sent  him  as  a  prisoner  to  a  small 
palace  about  20  miles  from  St.  Petcrsburgh, 
where  Prince  Alexis  Orloff  put  him  to  death, 
with  the  connivance,  if  not  at  the  positive 
command,  of  the  empress.  This  occurred 
in  July,  1702,  and  in  the  next  month  Ca- 
tharine was  solemnly  crowned  empress  of 
all  the  Kussias.  Ill  as  lier  power  was  ob- 
tained, she  used  it  wisely  and  well.  She 
trod  firmly  in  the  footsteps  of  Peter  the 
Great,  aiming  at  once  to  enrich  and  civilise 
her  dominions.  Scliools  and  towns  were 
founded,  public  works  of  equal  magnificence 
and  use  were  commenced  and  fiuislied,  and 
the  horrible  tortures  which  had  been  in- 
flicted on  Russian  criminals  were  almost 
totally  abolislied.  But  her  disgusting  amours 
in  the  mean  time  disgraced  her  as  a  woman, 
and  her  tyrannous  conduct  towards  Poland 
is  a  foul  blot  upon  her  escutcheon  as  a 
j  sovereign.  Ambition,  however,  and  lack  of 
female  virtue  did  not  wholly  degrade  her, 
for  her  internal  policy  was  as  much  directed 
to  the  ueeful  as  to  the  grand ;  and  amid  all 
the  distractions  of  business  and  disjsipatiou 
she  found  time  to  encourage  literature.  In- 
deed, she  was  herself  the  author  of  instruc- 
tions for  a  code  of  laws,  which  she  also 
j  translated  into  German  ;  and  she  wrote  some 
dramatic  pieces,  and  some  moral  tales  for 
!  the  use  of  children  !  Died,  aged  G7, 17S)6. 
!  CATlIAlilNUS,  AiiuKosE,  an  Italian 
divine  ;  author  of  '*  Treatises  against  the 
Doctrines  of  I^uther  and  Ochinus."  He 
attended  the  council  of  Trent,  and  became 
successively  bishop  of  Minori  and  arch- 
bishop of  Canza.    Died,  l.'ioS. 

CATILINE,  Lucius  Skugius  Catalixa, 
a  Roman,  of  a  noble  family  and  great  ta- 
lents, but  of  most  depraved  habits  and  evil 
'  ambition.      He    was    high  in  favour    with 
!  Sylla,  who  advanced  him  to  the  qucestorship 
I  and  other  offices  of  honour  and  profit.    After 
j  the  death  of  this  powerful  patron,  Catiline 
I  conspired  with  other  dissolute  nobles  and 
.  their  followers,  to  murder  the  consuls  and 
senators,    and     assume     the     government, 
lortunately  for  Rome,  Cicero  was   one  of 
I  the  consuls  ;  and  he,  on  being  made  aware 
of  Catiline's  designs,  branded  him  with  them 
;  in  that  famous  oration  which  alone  would 
'  snliicc  to  give  him  the  first   rank    among 
orators,    ancient     or    modern.      Even    the 
effrontery  of  Catiline  quailed   before   the 
;  indignant  eloquence  of  the  consul.    He  left 
I  Rome  and  marched  towards  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
'  Iiis  confederates  in  the  mean  time  endea- 
j  vouring  to  corrupt  the  ambassadors  of  the 
I  Allobroges.    In  this  they  were  defeated  by 
the  vigilance  and  promptitude  of  Cicero  j 
!  and  Catiline  being  stopped  in  his  march  by 
th^proconsul  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  an  engage- 
ment ensued,  in  whicli  Catiline,  at  the  head 
,  of  his  associates,  fighting  with   the  most 


desperate  courage,  was  slain,  B.C.  G2. 

CATINAT,  Nicholas,  an  illustrious 
French  general,  as  eminent  for  his  virtues 
as  for  his  military  talents.  He  was  educated 
for  the  law,  but  abandoned  the  bar  for  the 
army,  and  rose  to  tlie  highest  military  ho- 


IJl 


nours  by  his  skill  and  courage.  He  defeated 
the  Duke  of  Savoy  very  signally  in  1688,  and 
in  1007  he  took  the  fortress  of  Ath,  in  Flan- 
ders, after  experiencing  a  desperate  resist- 
ance. In  1701  he  was  appointed  to  the  chief 
command  of  the  army  in  Italy  ;  but  either 
his  skill  was  inferior  to  that  of  Prince  Eu- 
gene, to  whom  he  was  opposed,  or  age  had 
somewhat  weakened  his  high  qualities,  for 
he  was  decidedly  worsted  and  compelled  to 
retreat.    Died,  1712. 

CATO,  Maucus  PoRTius,  BUinamed  the 
Censor,  an  illustriouj  Roman.  At  the  early 
age  of  17  he  commenced  his  career  as  a  sol- 
dier, and  distinguished  himself  equally  by 
his  courage  and  by  his  singular  temperance. 
After  some  time  he  was  made  military  tri- 
bune in  Sicily,  and  then  qna;stor  in  Africa, 
under  Scipio.  In  both  these  important  situ- 
ations his  conduct  was  marked  by  a  rigid 
and  honourable  economy  of  the  public  mo- 
ney i  and,  in  his  40th  year,  he  arrived  at 
the  high  dignity  of  the  consulship.  In  this 
situation  he  strongly  opposed  the  luxury  of 
the  Romans,  and  incessantly  endeavoured 
to  animate  tlieir  hatred  of  the  Carthagi- 
nians, by  speeches  in  the  senate,  usuallv 
concluding  with  "  Delenda  est  Carthago  > '' 
"  Carthage  roust  fall."  He  composed  many 
works;  but  only  "De  Re  Rustica,"  and 
some  fragments  of  Roman  history,  are  all 
that  we  kijow  of  his  writings.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  had  a  son  by  each  of  his  wives. 
Born,  B.C.  232  ;  died,  148. 

CATO,  Marcus  Poktjus,  surnamed,  from 
Ills  birthplace,  "of  lltica,"  was  grandson  of 
the  younger  son  of  the  last  named.  Being 
curly  left  an  orphan,  he  m  as  taken  into  the 
family  of  his  uncle,  Livius  Drusus.  He 
served  for  some  time  in  the  army,  and 
obtained  the  commission  of  tribune  in  the 
army  sent  against  Macedonia.  He  then  Iw- 
came  quiestor,  and  exerted  himself  for  the 
reformation  of  abuses.  His  conduct  in  this 
respect,  and  the  unvarying  gravity  of  his 
demeanour,  rendered  him  almost  proverbial 
for  integrity  ;  and  Cicero,  to  whose  consular 
exertions  he  gave  his  support,  called  him 
"  the  father  of  his  country."  Perceiving  the 
designs  of  Cajsar,  he  had  the  honesty  and 
courage  to  oppose  him ;  and  considering 
Csesar  more  dangerous  than  Pompcy,  he 
ranged  himself  under  the  banners  of  the 
latter.  The  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia  com- 
pelled him  to  fly  to  his  native  Utica  j  and 
when  the  triumphant  Caesar  arrived  before 
that  jdace,  Cato  calmly  retired  to  his  cham- 
ber, read  Plato's  Pha;do,  or  Dialogue  on  the 
Immortality  of  the  Soul,  and  ended  his  life 
by  falling  upon  his  sword,  b.c.  4.5. 

Cato,  Valkuius,  a  Latin  poet  and  gram- 
marian. All  that  remains  of  his  writings  is 
"  Diras,"  a  poem,  which  is  to  be  found  in 
Mattaire's  "  Corpus  Poetarum."    Died,  B.C. 

ao. 

CATROU,  Francis,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit ;  author  of  a  translation  of  Virgil, 
"  A  History  of  the  Empire  of  Mogul,"  "  A 
Roman  History,"  &c. ;  and  for  many  years 
a  contributor  to  the  Journal  de  Trcvoux. 
Died,  17:57. 

CATTENBURG,  Adrian  van,  a  Dutch 
divine  of  the  sect  of  Remonstrants,  professor 
of  theology  at  Rotterdam  j  author  of  "  Syn- 


cat] 


^  ^ciu  SJniiJcr^al  ^Stosrapljy. 


[CAV 


tagma  Sapientiie  Mosaicos,"  "  The  Life  of 
Giotius,"  in  Dutch,  &c.    Died,  1737. 

CATULLUS,  Caius  "Valerius,  an  elegant 
but  licentious  lloman  poet.    Died,  b.c.  40. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dutch  statesman  and 
poet,  was  born  in  1577,  at  Brouwershaven, 
in  Zealand.  He  held  various  important 
offices,  was  twice  ambassador  to  England, 
and  for  15  years  filled  the  high  station  of 
pensionary  in  Holland.    Died,  1C60. 

CAULAIJyCOURT,  Akmand  Augustix 
Louis  ue,  duke  of  Vicenza,  a  descendant  of 
a  noble  and  ancient  family  of  Picardy.  In 
the  early  days  of  the  revolution  he  was  im- 
prisoned as  a  suspected  royalist,  but  was 
liberated  on  being  drawn  as  a  recruit  for 
the  republican  army.  There  he  rose  from 
rank  to  rank  until  lie  became  aide-de-camp 
to  Buonaparte,  whom  he  attended  in  the 
campaigns  of  1805-6-7.  Subsequently  he 
was  employed  in  confidential  missions,  and 
in  the  post  of  foreign  minister.  After  the 
restoration  he  lived  in  retirement.  Born, 
1773  ;  died,  1827. 

CAULET,  Fkancis  Stephen  de,  a  French 
bisliop.    He    was  equally   zealous  for    the 
purity  and  for  the  rights  of  his  order  ;  and 
while  lie  took  every  opportunity  to  make 
useful  reforms  in  his  own  diocese,  lie  boldly 
and  strenuously  opposed  tlie  riglit  of  tlie 
crown  to  dispose  of  ecclesiastical  benefices 
during  the  vacancy  of  a  see.    He  was  de- 
posed ;  and  died,  1030. 
CAUSSIN,  Nicholas,    a  French  Jesuit, 
j  confessor  to  Louis  XIII.  ;  author  of  a  trea- 
'  tise  "De  Eloquentia  Sacra  et  Humana,"  &c. 
He  was  banished  from  court  for  opposing 
Cardinal  Richelieu.    Died,  1C51. 

CAVALCANTI,  Baktolomeo,  a  learned 
Italian  ;  author  of  a  work  on  rlietoric,  and  of 
another  on  the  forms  of  a  republic  ;  both  able 
treatises.  He  served  for  some  time  as  a  mi- 
I  litary  officer,  and  was  employed  in  some 
important  negotiations  by  pope  Paul  III. 
Died,  1562. 

CAVALCANTI,  Guido,  a  Florentine  pM- 
losopher  and  poet  of  the  13th  century,  was 
a  friend  of  Dante,  and,  like  him,  an  active 
Ghilielline.  His  poems,  which  are  cliiefly 
amorous,  are  above  mediocrity.  Died,  1300. 
CAVALIER,  John,  the  sou  of  a  French 
peasant  in  tlie  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  bom 
in  1679.  He  became  leader  of  the  Camisardes, 
or  Protestants  of  Languedoc,  when  they  re- 
volted against  the  tyranny  of  the  king  ;  and, 
led  by  him,  they  forced  Marslial  Villars  to 
make  treaty  with  them.  Cavalier  then  be- 
came a  colonel  in  tlie  king's  service,  but  fear- 
ing some  treachery  he  transferred  his  skill 
and  courage  to  England,  and  died  governor 
of  Jersey,  in  1740. 

CAVALIERI,  Bona  VENTURE,  an  Italian 
friar,  who  became  a  disciple  of  Galileo.  He 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna, 
and  wrote  some  valuable  treatises  on  geo- 
metry, conic  sections,  &c.    Died,  1647. 

CAVALLINI,  PiETRO,  a  Roman  painter, 
lie  was  pupil  of  Giotto,  whom  he  assisted  in 
the  famous  mosaic  in  St.  Peter's.  Died,  1364. 
CAVAI^LO,  Tiberius,  an  ingenious  natu- 
ral philosopher,  born  at  Naples  in  1749,  who, 
on  coming  to  England  for  commercial  objects, 
was  so  struck  with  the  discoveries  at  that 
period  in  physical  science,  that  he  abandoned 


102 


his  pursuits,  settled  in  London,  and  devoted 
his  future  life  to  the  advancement  of  science. 
He  was  author  of  many  treatises  on  elec- 
tricity, aerostation,  magnetism,  &c.,  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions.    Died,  1809. 

CAVANILLES,  AnthOxNY  Joseph,  a  Spa- 
nish divine  and  botanist.  After  accompany- 
ing the  Duke  of  Infantado's  children  into 
France  as  their  preceptor,  and  remaining 
there  12  years,  engaged  in  the  study  of  various 
sciences,  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
royal  garden  at  Madrid,  where  he  died,  in 
1804.  His  principal  work  in  botany  is  in 
6  vols.,  folio,  with  GOO  plates,  designed  and 
engraved  by  himself. 

CAVE,  EuwAKD,  an  enterprising  book- 
seller, was  born  at  Newton,  Warwickshire,  in 
1691,  and  educated  at  Rugby  School.  Having 
been  deprived  of  a  clerkship  in  tlie  post-office, 
in  consequence  of  his  resistance  to  some 
abuses  of  the  privilege  of  franking,  he  took 
a  shop  by  St.  Jolin's  Gate,  Clerkenwell, 
and  commenced  the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 
The  work  was  highly  successful ;  and  among 
the  contributors  to  it  was  the  subsequently 
famous  Dr.  Johnson,  of  whom  Cave  was  one 
of  tlie  earliest  friends  and  employers.  Died , 
1754. 

CAVE,  Dr.  William,  a  learned  English 
divine  ;  author  of  "Primitive  Christianity," 
"  Lives  of  the  Apostles  and  Martyrs,"  and 
"  Ilistoria  Literaria."  The  last  named  work 
Is  an  account  of  the  writers  against  and  in 
defence  of  Christianity  down  to  the  14th 
century.     Born,  1637  ;  died,  1713. 

CAVEDONE,  GiACOMO,  an 'eminent  Ita- 
lian painter.  He  was  a  disciple  of  the  Ca- 
racci ;  but  though  some  of  his  works  are  said 
to  be  equal  to  those  of  his  masters,  he  died  in 
absolute  destitution,  in  1660. 

CAVENDISH,  Thomas,  an  English  navi- 
gator in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  a  native 
o"f  Suffolk,  where  he  inherited  a  good  estate  ; 
but  having  injured  liis  fortune  by  early  ex- 
travagances, he  fitted  out  three  vessels  to 
cruise  against  the  Spaniards  ;  and  sailing  for 
the  coast  of  South  America,  succeeded  in 
taking  several  valuable  prizes.  After  cir- 
cumnavigating the  globe,  he  returned  to 
England  with  a  large  fortune.  This  he  soon 
dissipated,  and  agaiu  went  to  sea  ;  but  meet- 
ing with  no  success,  died  of  chagrin  while  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  in  1592. 

CAVENDISH,  Sir  William,  a  native  of 
Suffolk,  was  born  in  1505.  He  obtained  the 
office  of  usher  to  Cardinal  AVolsey  ;  and  the 
fidelity  he  displayed  on  the  fall  of  his  patron 
endeared  him  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  took 
him  into  his  service,  and  knighted  him.  In 
the  succeeding  reigns  he  was  equally  fa- 
voured, and  his  son  became  the  earl  of 
Devonshire.  He  wrote  the  life  of  his  early 
friend  and  patron,  Cardinal  Wolsey.  Died, 
1557. 

CAVENDISH,  William,  duke  of  New- 
castle, son  of  Sir  Charles  Cavendish,  the 
youngest  son  of  the  last  named.  By  James 
I.  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  baron 
Ogle,  and  viscount  Mansfield.  Charles  I. 
appointed  him  governor  to  the  Prince  of 
M'alcs,  and  made  him  earl  of  Newcastle.  | 
The  earl  proved  himself  worthy  of  the  fa 
vour  shown  to  him  ;  for,  when  Charles  I.  i 


cay] 


<B.  J!cto  Biiibtr^Kl  JStOjjrjqjl^n. 


[CEC 


resolved  on  an  expedition  against  the  Scots, 
he  contributed  10,00(M.  —  a  very  large  sum  at 
that  time  —  besides  raising  a  troop  of  horse. 
During  the  civil  war  he  behaved  with  great 
gallantry  ;  and  when  the  royal  cause  became 
liopeless,  he  joined  Charles  II.  in  his  exile. 
At  the  restoration,  he  was  created  duke  of 
Newcastle.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
poems  and  plays,  but  is  now  chiefly  re- 
membered as  an  author  for  liis  treatise  on 
horsemanship.     Born,  ISOli  i  died,  1070. 

CAVENDISU,  William,  tirst  duke  of 
Devonshire,  was  the  son  of  William,  third 
earl  of  Devonsliire.  He  was  born  in  lOiO,  and 
attended  James,  duke  of  York,  as  a  volun- 
teer against  the  Dutch  ;  but  he  soon  made 
himself  obnoxious  at  court  by  his  opposition 
in  parliament.  He  gave  evidence  in  favour 
of  Lord  William  liussell,  and  even  oU'erod  to 
excliange  clothes  with  that  unfurtunatc 
noblenmn  to  enable  him  to  escape.  In  10c4  he 
8uccee<led  to  the  title  of  earl  of  Devonshire, 
and  was  shortly  afterwards  inij>risoncd,  and 
fined  30,(X)0/.  for  striking  Colonel  Culpepjier 
in  the  presence  chamber.  For  the  payment 
of  this  large  sum  he  gave  bond,  but  before  it 
became  due,  the  arrival  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange  had  put  au  end  for  ever  to  the  ty- 
ranny of  James.  The  earl  now  became  a 
favourite  at  court,  and  in  10'>l  his  earldom 
was  raised  to  a  dukedom.     Died,  1707. 

CAVENDISH,  John,  Lord,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  an  able  statesman,  who  distin- 
guislied  himself  by  liis  opposition  to  Lord 
North,  and  succeeded  that  nobleman  as 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.    Died,  17'.W. 

CAVENDISH,  Hknhv,  a  member  of  the 
Devonshire  family,  and  one  of  tlieniost  emi- 
nent natural  philosophers  of  modern  times, 
was  the  son  of  Lord  Charles  Cavendisli.  He 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  scicutiUc  pur- 
suits, acquiring  a  distinguished  rank  among 
those  wlio  have  most  contributed  to  the  pro- 
gress of  chemistry  j  and  his  researches  relative 
to  hydrogen  gas,  or  inflammable  air,  gave 
rise  to  the  practice  of  aerostation.  By  the 
death  of  an  uncle,  iu  1773,  he  received  a  large 
addition  to  his  fortune  ;  and,  being  extremely 
regular  and  simple  in  his  manner  of  living, 
he  left  at  his  death  the  enormous  sum  of 
1,200,000?.  to  liis  relations.  It  has  been  truly 
said  of  him,  that  he  was  "  the  richest  among 
the  learned,  and  the  most  learned  among  the 
rich  men  of  his  time."  Born,  1731  j  died,  1810. 

CAWDREY,  Daniel,  a  nonconformist 
diviue,  and  a  leading  member  of  the  West- 
minster Assembly.  He  wrote  some  sermons 
and  practical  treatises,  but  tlie  chief  of  his 
works  are  diatribes  against  the  Established 
Church.     Died,  1004. 

CAWTON,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine. Being  implicated  in  Love's  plot  against 
Cromwell,  he  fled  to  Holland,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  English  church  at  Rotterdam. 
He  was  skilled  in  the  oriental  languages,  and 
assisted  in  the  Polyglot  Bible  and  Dr.  Cas- 
tell's  Polyglot  Lexicon.    Died,  1059. 

CAWTON,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above, 
and,  like  him,  a  puritan  divine  and  an  ori- 
ental scholar.  He  officiated  to  a  dissenting 
congregation  in  Westminster ;  and  was  au- 
thor of  "Dissertatio  de  Usu  Linguae  lle- 
braicsB  in  Plulosophia  Theoretica,"  a  Life 
of  his  Father,  &c.    Died,  1677. 


163 


CAXTON,  William,  the  earliest  English 
printer,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  born  about 
1410.  Having  served  his  time  as  a  mercer, 
he  went  abroad  as  agent  to  the  Mercers' 
Company,  and  afterwards  was  taken  into  the 
suite  of  Margaret  of  York,  wife  of  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  While  residing  in  Flanders,  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing, 
and  translated  and  printed  in  that  country 
the  Recuyell  of  the  History  of  Troy.  Re- 
turning to  England,  he  set  up  a  press  iu 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  and  in  1474  issued  the 
"  Game  of  Chess,"  the  first  book  ever  printed 
in  England.    Died,  1491. 

CAYLUS,  Anne  Claude  PiiiLir  nr.. 
Count  of,  a  French  writer ;  author  of  the 
"  Description  of  the  Gems  in  the  Koyal 
Cabinet,"  a  truly  splendid  work  ;  "  Disser- 
tations on  the  Arts,"  &c.  ;  and  founder  of  a 
prize  for  drawing  in  the  Academy  of  Paint- 
ing.    Born,  1720  ;  died,  1765. 

CAZALES.     See  De  CazalIis. 

CAZES,  PiEKKii  Jacqi'Es,  a  French  paint- 
er, pupil  of  Boulogne  and  the  elder  Houassc. 
His  principal  work  is  a  noble  Scripture  iiiecc 
of  "  The  Woman  with  an  Issue  of  Blood,"  in 
the  cliurch  of  Notre  Dame.  Born,  1070  ;  died, 
175-1. 

CAZOTTE,JouN,a  French  writer;  autlior 
of  "Le  Diable  Amoureux,"  "Olivier,"  and 
other  poems,  chiefly  of  the  humorous  kind. 
In  the  revolution,  which  he  opposed  with  all 
his  power,  he  was  thrown  into  the  prisons  of 
the  Abbayc,  with  his  daughter  £lizal)eth ; 
and  when  the  massacre  of  the  prisoners  took 
place,  his  daughter  threw  herself  between 
him  and  the  murderers,  thereby  preventing 
the  execution  of  their  purpose  i  but  he  was 
again  condemned  to  death,  and  perished  by 
the  guillotine,  Sept.  25. 1792,  at  the  age  of  72. 
From  the  scaffold  he  cried  with  a  firm  voice 
to  the  multitude,  "I  die,  as  I  have  lived, 
faithful  to  God  and  to  my  king." 

CEBA,  AiKALDo,  a  Genoese  poet ;  author 
of  two  tragedies,  a  history  of  Rome,  and  two 
heroic  poems,  "  II  Furio  Cnmillo"  and  "  Es- 
ther." The  last-named  poem  was  prohibited 
at  Rome,  on  the  ground  of  its  blending  sacred 
and  profane.    Died,  1623. 

CEBES,  a  Tlieban  philosopher,  pnpil  of 
Socrates.  The  Tablature  of  Hunuin  Life, 
usually  printed  with  the  Enchiridion  of 
Epictetus,  is  generally  attril)ute<l  to  liiin,  but 
by  some  his  authorship  is  disputed. 

CECCO  DE  ASCOLI,  whose  proper  name 
was  Fkancis  degli  Stabili,  an  Italian 
physician,  mechanician,  and  itoet ;  author  of 
"  L' Acerta,"  a  poem,  &c.  In  1.322,  he  obtained 
the  appointment  of  ptofessor  of  philosophy 
and  astrology  at  Bologna,  and  subsequently 
that  of  physician  and  astrologer  to  the  Duke 
of  Calabria  ;  but  being  accused  of  magic,  he 
was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition,  and  burnt 
to  death  in  1327. 

CECIL.    See  Burleigh. 

CECIL,  RoBEKT,  earl  of  Salisbury,  was 
the  second  son  of  Lord  Burleigh,  the  pru- 
dent minister  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Trained 
to  business  under  his  father,  he  beeame  first 
the  assistant  and  then  the  successor  of  se- 
cretary Walsingham.  Towards  the  close  of 
Elizabeth's  reign,  he  sedulously  cultivated 
the  friendship  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland. 
The  event  justified  his  foresight,  for  he  was 


CKC] 


^  |}c£a  mnibtt^Kl  2Sia0rapT)». 


[CER 


made  liigh  treasurer  and  created  earl  of 
Salisbury  almost  immediately  after  James's 
accession  to  the  English  crown.  He  was  an 
extremely  able,  and,  generally  speaking, 
upright  minister  ;  but  the  share  he  had  in 
causing  the  deaths  of  Essex  and  Raleigh, 
tends  much  to  sink  him  in  the  estimation  of 
posterit}'.     Born,  IMS  ;  died,  1G12. 

CECKOPS,  an  Egyptian,  wiio  married  the 
daughter  of  Actaius,  a  Grecian  prince;  and 
founded  Athens  about  1.55G  B.C. 

CEDREMIS,  Geokge,  a  Greek  monk  of 
the  lltli  century,  who  wrote  a  "  llij-tory  of 
the  World,  from  the  Creation  to  the  Year 
10j7,"  which  was  printed  with  a  Latin  ver- 
sion at  Paris  in  1047. 

CELESTI,  Andkea,  a  Venetian  painter. 
He  executed  some  beautiful  landscapes  and 
some  fine  altar-pieces.    Died,  1700. 

CELESTINE  I.,  saint  and  pope  ;  succes- 
sor of  Boniface  I.  He  became  pope  in  422, 
condemned  the  doctrine  of  Nestorius  in 430, 
and  died  in  402,  with  a  high  reputation  for 
piety  and  wisdom. 

CELESTINE  IIL,  pope,  succeeded  Cle- 
ment III.  in  1191.  He  claimed  the  king- 
doms of  Naples  and  Sicily,  and  conferred 
the  latter  on  Frederic,  son  of  the  emperor 
Henry  VI.,  on  condition  that  he  should  be 
tributary  to  the  holy  see.    Died,  1108. 

CELESTINE  V.,  a  pope  and  saiut.  He 
was  a  Benedictine  monk,  and  founder  of  an 
order  called  Celestines,  which  was  suppressed 
in  France.  He  led  a  life  of  great  seclusion, 
and  the  fame  of  his  austerity  caused  him  to 
be  elected  pope  in  1294.  Cardinal  Cajetan 
persuaded  him  to  resign,  and  then,  having 
caused  himself  to  be  elected,  by  the  title  of 
Boniface  VIII.,  imprisoned  Celestine,  who 
died  in  confinement  in  1296.  In  1313,  he 
was  canonised  by  Clement  V. 

CELLARIUS,  CumsTOPiiEn,  a  learned 
German  writer,  professor  of  history  at 
Halle  ;  author  of  "Notitia  Orbis  Antiqua;," 
"  Atlas  Coclestis,"  &c.,  and  editor  of  several 
Greek  and  Latin  authors.    Died,  1707. 

CELLIER,  Re.m,  a  learned  French  Bene- 
dictine ;  author  of  an  "  Apology  for  the 
Morality  of  the  Fathers,"  written  against 
Barbeyrac,  and  compiler  of  a  "General 
History  of  Sacred  and  Ecclesiastical  Au- 
thors."   Died,  1761. 

CELLINI,  Bknvkxuto,  a  Florentine  ar- 
tist, of  equal  genius  and  eccentricity.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith  and  jeweller, 
and  at  the  same  time  learned  drawing,  en- 
graving, and  music.  Clement  VII.  employed 
him  both  as  goldsmith  and  musician  ;  and 
such  was  his  reputation  for  courage,  that 
when  Rome  was  besieged  by  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon,  Cellini  was  charged  with  the  de- 
fence of  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  During 
the  life  of  Clement,  Cellini  was  employed  to 
make  stamps  for  the  mint,  and  his  coins  and 
medals  are  exquisite  specimens  of  skill.  On 
the  death  of  hi^  patron  he  went  to  France, 
where  he  was  patronised  and  employed  by 
Francis  I. ;  but  he  soon  returned  to  Rome, 
and  being  accused  of  having  robbed  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo  while  entrusted  with  its 
defence,  he  was  there  imprisoned.  He  how- 
ever escaped,  was  retaken,  but  finally  re- 
leased at  the  intercession  of  tlie  Cardinal 
Ferrara.     He  once  more  went  to  France, 


where  he  executed  some  magnificent  works, 
especially  some  large  figures  in  metal.  In 
5  years  he  left  France  for  Florence,  where 
he  was  employed  by  the  Grand-duke  Cosmo. 
Working  equally  well  in  metal  and  marble, 
on  the  largest  and  on  the  most  minute  scale, 
Cellini,  even  as  an  artist  alone,  was  a  most 
wonderful  man.  But  when  we  remember 
that  he  was  a  musician,  an  author,  and  an 
admirable  master  of  the  sword,  it  is  im- 
possible to  withhold  our  admiration  from 
the  extent  and  variety  of  his  genius.  As 
an  author,  he  produced  a  work  on  sculpture 
and  the  casting  of  metals,  a  treatise  on  the 
goldsmith's  art,  and  an  autobiography  full 
of  vivid  and  vigorous  writing.  This  last 
work,  which  contains  some  details  scarcely 
credible,  even  with  a  large  allowance  for  the 
evident  vanity  of  the  author,  was  translated 
into  English  by  Dr.  Nugent  in  1771,  and  a 
new  edition  of  it,  edited  by  T.  Roscoe,  ap- 
peared in  1822.     Born,  1500  ;  died,  1570. 

CELSIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  Swede  ;  the 
early  patron  of  Linnajus,  and  the  first  pro- 
moter of  the  science  of  natural  history  in 
Sweden.  He  published  various  theological 
and  other  works,  particularly  one  entitled 
"Hierobotanicon,"  an  account  of  the  plants 
mentioned  in  the  Bible.  Born,  1070  ;  died, 
175<5. 

CELSUS,  AuEELus  Cornelius,  a  Roman 
physician  of  the  time  of  Tiberius  ;  author 
of  treatises  on  agriculture,  rhetoric,  and 
military  alfairs,  and  of  8  books  on  medicine. 
All  except  the  last  work  is  lost,  but  that  is  | 
used  in  tlie  medical  schools  of  every  nation  i 
in  Europe. 

CELSUS,  an  Epicurean  philosopher  of  the  j 
2d  century.    He  wrote  a  book  against  the 
Christian  religion.    It  is  not  extant,  but  if  | 
we  may  judge  from  Origen's  reply  to   it, 
C<»lsus  was  a  keen  disputant,  even  with  the 
disadvantage  of  assailing  truth  and  defend-  j 
lug  error.  j 

CELTES,  CoKKAD,  a  modern  Latin  poet,  ' 
native  of  Germany.    He  wrote  odes,  ama-  , 
tory    poems,    and    epigrams,    and    a   prose 
history  of  Nuremberg.    Died,  1508.  I 

CENSORINUS,  a  Roman,  twice  consul.  I 
In  270  the  soldiery  compelled  him  to  accept  I 
the  purple,  and  murdered  him  a  week  after 
he  had  done  so.  | 

CENTLIVRE,  ScsaxiTaII,  an  English  i 
dramatic  writer  and  actress  ;  author  of  i 
"The  Busy  Body,"  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  ' 
Wife,"  &c.  Her  writings  are  vivacious  and  I 
elegant,  but  they  occasionally  approach  very 
closely  towards  indelicacy.    Died,  1723. 

CEOLWULF,  a  king  of  Nortliumberland 
in  the  8th  century,  of  whom  the  Venerable 
Bede  makes  honourable  mention  as  a  just 
and  pious  king.  His  dominion  being  over- 
run by  Ethelbald,  king  of  Mereia,  Ceolwulf 
retired  to  tlie  monastery  of  Lindisfarne,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement 
and  prayer. 

CEPHALON,  an  Ionian  author  of  an 
epitome  of  general  history  from  the  time  of 
Kinus  to  that  of  the  emperor  Adrian,  in 
whose  reign  he  flourished,  and  of  a  history 
of  Troy.  In  imitation  of  Herodotus,  he 
divided  his  epitome  into  nine  books. 

CERACCIII,  Joseph,  a  Roman  sculptor, 
a  pupil  of  the  great  Canova.    He  unfortu- 


cek] 


^  ^cta  Hiiibcr^al  MiaQta^l^v. 


[CES 


nately  involved  himself  in  political  disputes, 
and  was  obliged  to  seek  shelter  in  France, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  a  consiiiracy 
against  the  life  of  Buonaparte,  for  which  he 
was  executed  in  18()1. 

CERATINUS,  James,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, professor  of  Greek  at  Leipsic,  which 
office  he  owed  to  the  recommendation  of 
Erasmus.  His  true  name  was  Teyng,  that 
which  he  adopted  being  a  Greek  derivative 
equivalent  to  Horn,  the  name  of  his  native 
place.  Ue  wrote  "  De  Sono  Graecarum  Lite- 
ramm,"  compiled  a  Greek  and  Latiu  lexi- 
con, &c.     Died,  1530. 

CERCEAU,  JouN  Ajs-tiiony  nu,  a  French 
poet.  He  wrote  several  critiques,  some 
comedies,  and  Latin  and  French  poems. 
Born,  1G76  ;  and  accidentally  shot,  in  1730,  by 
the  Prince  of  Conti,  to  whom  he  was  tutor. 

CERDA,  BEit.NAKDA  Fehreira  de  la, 
a  Portuguese  lady  of  the  17th  century,  re- 
markable for  the  extent  and  variety  of  her 
accomplishments.  She  was  well  versed  in 
the  ancient  and  modem  languages  ;  ex,celled 
in  rhetoric,  mathematics,  and  pliilosopliy  ; 
was  a  most  skilful  musician ;  and  wrote 
various  poems  and  comedies  of  great  merit. 

CERE,  JoHX  Nicholas,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist,  director  of  the  botanic 
garden  in  the  Isle  of  France.  He  greatly 
extended  the  culture  of  cloves  and  other 
8)iices  in  the  island,  and  published  a  valuable 
memoir  on  the  cultivation  of  rice.    Died,  1810. 

CERINI,  Giovanni  Domemco,  an  Ita- 
lian painter,  chiefly  of  historical  subjects. 
Born,  160(i ;  died,  1081. 

CERINI,  JohErH,  an  Italian  poet  and 
dramatist.     Born,  17;{8  ;  died,  1779. 

CERINTnUS,a  heresiarch  of  the  Ist  cen- 
tury. He  was  by  birth  a  Jew,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  pupil  of  Simon  Magus. 
His  doctrine  was  a  compound  of  Judaism, 
Christianity,  and  the  speculations  of  the 
Gnostics. 

CERI8ANTES,  Mark  Duxcan  de,  the 
son  of  a  Scotch  physician,  resident  in 
France.  He  had  considerable  literary  and 
political  talents,  but  a  violent  temper.  He 
wrote  an  account,  in  Latin,  of  a  mission  on 
which  he  went  to  Constantinople  by  order 
of  •Richelieu,  and  two  odes,  which  are  in  the 
Menagiana.  He  was  killed  while  serving  in 
Italy  under  the  Duke  of  Guise,  in  1G18. 

CERMENATI,  John  dk,  an  Italian  writer 
of  the  14th  century.  He  wrote,  in  Latin, 
the  "  History  of  Milan,"  which  is  printed 
in  Muratori's  collection. 

CERRATO,  Paul,  an  Italian  writer  of 
Latm  poetry  in  the  IGth  century  ;  author  of 
a  poem,  "  De  Virginitate,"  and  other  poems 
to  be  found  in  the  "  Delicias  Poctarura 
Italorum." 

CERUTI,  Frederic,  a  learned  Italian 
schoolmaster.  He  wrote  a  Latin  dialogue 
on  the  right  Education  of  Youth,  and  an- 
other on  Comedy  ;  and  published  editions  of 
Horace,  Juvenal,  and  Perseus,  each  with  a 
paraphrase.     Born,  1.541  ;  died,  1579. 

CERUTTI,  JosErii  Antuony  Joachim, 
a  Jesuit,  for  some  time  professor  in  the 
society's  college  at  Lyons  ;  author  of  an 
"  Apology "  for  his  order,  and  of  various 
miscellaneous  pieces.  He  entered  with  ar- 
dour  into    the    affairs    of   the    revolution, 


and  conducted  a  paper  called  "  Feuille 
Villageoise."     Born,  1735  ;  died,  1792. 

CERVANTES,  de  Saavedra,  Miguel, 
the  celebrated  Spanish  novelist,  was  born  in 
1547.  Although  he  gave  early  promise  of 
literary  talent,  he  was  compelled,  through 
poverty,  to  seek  a  subsistence  in  some  other 
profession,  and  became  a  page  to  the  car- 
dinal Giulio  Aquaviva,  in  Rome.  He  then 
entered  the  navy,  and  lost  his  left  arm  at 
the  famous  battle  of  I.epanto.  After  this, 
he  joined  the  troops  at  Naples,  in  the  service 
of  the  Spanish  king  ;  but,  returning  home- 
ward, he  was  unfortunately  taken  i)risoiier 
by  a  corsair,  and  remained  in  slavery  at 
Algiers  5  years.  When  he  was  at  length 
ransomed,  he  settled  at  Madrid,  married, 
and  published  in  the  course  of  JO  years  about 
30  dramas  ;  but,  though  he  showed  great 
genius,  he  was  not  so  successful  as  his  rival 
Lope  de  Vega,  and  he  reluctantly  abandoned 
this  species  of  composition  for  that  whii-h 
has  immortalised  his  name  —  the  production 
of  "  Don  Quixote."  Cervantes  had  in  view, 
by  this  work,  to  reform  the  taste  and  opinions 
of  liis  countrymen.  He  wished  to  ridicule 
that  adventurous  heroism,  with  all  its  evil 
consequences,  which  was  the  source  of  in- 
numerable novels  on  knight-errantry.  The 
work  was,  at  hrst,  coldly  received,  but  it  soon 
met  with  applause,  and  it  may  now  safely  be 
said  to  be  the  most  popular  work  tliat  was 
ever  written.  Still  its  extraordinary  good 
fortime  did  not  extend  to  the  author,  who 
struggled  on  for  many  years  with  nothing  to 
console  him  in  his  poverty  but  his  genius, 
and  a  proper  estimation  of  his  own  merit. 
He  died  in  ICIO,  leaving,  in  addition  to  his 
celebrity  as  on  author,  the  character  of  a  firm 
and  noble  minded  man. 

CEKVETTO,  a  celebrated  Italian  musi- 
cian, who  performed  at  Drury  Lane  in  the 
time  of  Garrick.  He  much  offended  that 
irritable  performer  by  loudly  snoring  one 
night,  when  the  audience  was  in  a  state  of 
the  most  perfect  silence.  Garrick  reproached 
him  in  the  green-room,  but  the  fiddler  ap- 
peased the  actor  by  exclaiming,  "Ah,  Jlr. 
Garrick,  it  is  alvay  the  vay  ven  I  be  ver 
much  please  !  "  He  died  in  1783,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  103. 

CESARINI,  Julian,  a  cardinal.  He  was 
emi)loyed  by  Martin  V.  and  by  Eugenius  IV. 
in  political  negotiations.  Being  sent  by  the 
latter  pope  to  Hungary,  he  persuaded  I^a- 
dislaus  to  break  truce  with  the  Turks.  The 
battle  of  Varna  ensued,  and  the  cardinal  was 
slain,  1414. 

CESARINI,  ViRGiNio,  an  Italian  writer, 
whose  Latin  and  Italian  poems  are  distin- 
guished by  great  elegance.    Died,  1024. 

CESAROTTI,MELf  inoR,an  Italian  poet, 
and  professor  of  rhetoric,  Greek,  and  Hebrew 
in  the  university  of  Padua;  author  of"  Essays 
on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Poetry,"  "On 
the  Italian  Language,"  &c. ;  and  translator 
iiit«  Italian  of  the  "  Iliad  "  and  of  "  Ossian's 
Poems."     Born,  1730  ;  died,  1808. 

CESPEDES,  Paul,  an  eminent  Spanish 
•painter.  His  principal  work  is  "The  Last 
Supper,"  an  admirable  picture  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Cordova.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
learucd  treatise  on  ancient  and  modern 
painting.    Died,  1G08. 


CEV] 


^  ^c-iD  Winiiitv^Kl  33tosnTjpTjj). 


[CIIA 


I  CEVELLOS,  the  Chevalier  de,  formerly 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  tor  Spain,  and 
j  successively  ambassador  at  Naples,  Lisbon, 
Vienna,  and  London.  It  was  he  who  pub- 
lished the  celebrated  manifesto  when  Na- 
poleon invaded  tlie  Peninsula,  and  wliich  at 
the  time  made  a  great  impression  through- 
out Europe.    Born,  17C3  ;  died,  1838. 

CEZELLI,  CoifSTANCE,  a  heroine  of  the 
ICth  century.  Her  husband,  while  defending 
Leucate,  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  ;  and 
they  threatened  Constance  that  they  would 
put  him  to  death  if  she  did  not  surrender  the 
fortress.  She  refused,  but  offered  all  her 
property  to  ransom  him.  This  was  unavail- 
ing ;  and  being  foiled  in  two  assaults,  they 
raised  the  siege,  and  put  their  barbarous 
threat  in  force. 

CHABANON,  N.  de,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  Homer,"  "  Life 
of  Dante,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Music,"  and 
several  mediocre  dramas.  He  also  translated 
Tlieocritus  and  Pindar  :  tlie  latter  perform- 
ance is  much  praised  by  Voltaire.  Died, 
17'.):3. 

CirABERT,Josi5PiiBERNAnD,  Marquis  of, 
a  distinguished  navigator,  astronomer,  and 
geographer,  born  at  Toulon,  in  1724.  He 
performed  several  distant  voyages,  and 
formed  the  project  of  a  cliart  of  the  ilcdi- 
tcrranean.  But  the  American  war  inter- 
rupted the  work,  and  called  Chabert  to  jiis 
post,  where  he  distinguished  himself  so 
higlily,  that,  in  1781,  he  was  made  com- 
mander of  a  squadron.  The  revolution 
drove  him  to  England,  and  he  was  received 
bj'  Dr.  Maskelyne  with  great  kindness.  In 
1800  he  lost  his  sight,  in  consequence  of  his 
intense  application  to  study  ;  and,  in  1802, 
he  returned  to  Paris,  where  Buonaparte  as- 
signed him  a  pension.    Died,  180o. 

CHABOT,  Francis,  a  French  Capuchin  : 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  convention,  and 
was  guilty  of  great  cruelty,  until  executed, 
as  a  fellow-criminal  of  Dauton,  in  175)4. 

CIIABRET,  Pjekue,  an  able  French  ad- 
vocate ;  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  Tlie 
French  Monarchy  and  its  Laws."  Died,  1780. 

ClIABRIAS,  an  Athenian  general,  to 
whom  a  statue  was  erected,  for  aiding  the 
Boeotians  against  Agesilaus.  He  conquered 
Cyprus  for  the  king  of  Egypt,  and  was 
slain  at  Chio,  iiSo  B.C. 

ClIABRY,  Mai!1c,  a  French  painter  and 
sculptor.  His  best  works,  including  a  fine 
equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  adorned 
the  city  of  Lyons,  but  they  were  destroyed 
by  the  revolutionary  rabble.    Died,  1727. 

CIIAIS,  CiiAKLEs,  a  Protestant  divine. 
He  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  but  for  many 
years  officiated  as  pastor  of  the  French 
church  at  the  Hague.  He  was  author  of 
"  An  Apology  for  Inoculation,"  some  theo- 
logical essays,  and  a  French  translation  of 
the  Bible.    Died,  1785. 

CHAISE,  Fkancis  de  la,  a  French  Je- 
suit, confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  over  whom  he 
acquired  a  vast  influence.  Died,  1709.  The 
site  of  his  house  and  grounds  at  Paris  is  now 
occupied  by  the  beautiful  cemetery  which 
bears  his  name. 

CHALCIDIUS,  a  Platonic  philosoplier  of 
the  third  century.    He  wrote  a  commentary 


16rt 


on  the  Timseus  of  Plato,  of  which  a  Latin 
version  was  published  at  Lcyden. 

CH  ALCOND  YLES,  De metiuus,  a  learned 
Greek,  who,  on  the  taking  of  Constantinople 
in  1479,  established  himself  as  a  teacher  of 
Greek  in  Italy.  He  wrote  a  Greek  grammar, 
and  edited  the  lexicon  of  Suidas.  Died, 
1513. 

CHALES,  Claudius  Fraxcis  de,  a  French 
Jesuit,  professor  of  hydrography  and  mathe- 
matics ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  Mathe- 
matics," a  "  Treatise  on  Navigation," 
"  Researches  on  the  Centre  of  Gravity,"  &c. 
Died,  1G78. 

CHALLE,  Charles  Michael  Anoelo, 
a  French  painter,  and  professor  of  painting 
in  the  Paris  academy.  He  was  a  successful 
imitator  of  Salvator  Rosa  and  of  Guido. 
Died,  1778. 

CHALMERS,  Alexander,  M.A.  F.S.A., 
was  born  in  1759,  at  Aberdeen,  where  his 
fatlier  carried  on  business  as  a  printer. 
When  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  an  ap- 
pointment of  assistant  surgeon  in  the  West 
Indies  was  procured  for  him  ;  but,  instead  of 
sailing  for  Jamaica  he  proceeded  to  I>ondon, 
where  he  connected  himself  with  the  press. 
He  became  editor  of  the  Public  Ledger  and 
London  Packet  newspapers,  during  the 
period  of  the  American  war.  Party  politics 
were  then  running  high,  and  Mr.  Chalmers 
obtained  much  credit  as  a  political  writer  to 
other  journals  under  the  signature  of  Senex. 
He  was  for  a  long  time  a  contributor  to  the 
Morning  Chronicle,  and  afterwards  editor  of 
the  Morning  Herald  :  he  also  entered  into 
engagements  with  several  publishers,  to  edit 
their  books,  and  published  many  works  in 
his  own  name.  In  1812  the  first  portion  of 
the  work  appeared,  which,  of  all  his  pro- 
ductions, has  the  most  largely  contributed  to 
his  fame,  namely,  "  The  General  Biographi- 
cal Dictionary,"  which  was  completed  in 
1817  ;  and  he  continued  to  occupy  himself  in 
literary  pursuits  till  ill-health  compelled 
him  to  abandon  them.    Died,  1834. 

CHALMERS,  George,  a  Scotch  writer  of 
considerable  ability  and  industry  ;  author 
of  "  Caledonia,"  "  An  Estimate  of  the 
comparative  Strength  of  Great  Britain,"  &c. 
His  statistical  ability  procured  him  the  situ- 
ation of  chief  clerk  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
which  he  enjoyed  for  many  years.  Born, 
1744  ;  died,  1825. 

CHALMERS,  Rev.  Dr.  Tuomas,  was  bom 
at  Anstruther,  in  Fife,  on  the  17th  of  March, 
1780,  and  was  early  sent  to  study  at  St.  An- 
drew's University.  His  college  career  was  dis- 
tinguished by  some  of  his  subsequent  pecu- 
liarities— energy,good  humour, companion- 
ablencss,  and  ascendancy  over  others  ;  and  it 
was  then  that  his  passion  for  the  physical 
sciences  was  first  developed.  Besides  theo- 
logy, he  studied  mathematics,  chemistry,  ani 
some  branches  of  natural  history,  with  more 
than  youthful  enthusiasm,  and  with  such  suc- 
cess that,  besides  assisting  his  own  professor, 
he  made  a  narrow  escape  from  the  mathe- 
matical chair  in  Edinburgh.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  his  theological  studies,  he  officiated 
for  about  two  years  as  assistant  in  the  parish 
of  Cavers,  and  in  1803  lie  obtained  a  presenta- 
tion to  the  parish  of  Kilmany  in  Fit'eshire. 
Here  he  remained  for  some  years,  in  the  quiet 


discharge  of  his  clerical  duties,  -when  he  was 
Biuldenly  awakened  to  a  knowledge  of  "  vital 
Christianity,"  while  engaged  in  writing  the 
article  "  Cliristianity  "  for  Brewster'- ^''=" 


Edin- 


burgh Encyclopedia  ;  and  from  this  moment 
I  his    quickened   and   concentrated  faculties 
I  were  intent  on  reviving  the  old  "evangelism 
'  of  the  Puritans  and  the  Keformers."    The 
I  heroism  with  which  he  avowed  his  change, 
I  and  the  fervour  with  which  he  proclaimed 
:  the  gospel,  made  a  great  sensation  in  the  quiet 
j  country  round  Kilmany  j  and  at  last  the 
i  renown  of  this  upland  Boanerges  began  to 
I  spread  over  Scotland,  when,  in  1815,  the  town 
council  of  Glasgow  invited  him  to  be  the 
'  minister  of  their  Tron  Church  and  parish. 
i  Thither  he  repaired,  and  in  that  city  for  8 
I  years  sustained  a  series  of  the  most  brilliant 
;  arguments  and  overpowering  appeals  in  be- 
i  half  of  vital  godliness,  which  devotion  has 
I  ever  kindled,  or  eloquence  ever  launched  into 
the  flaming  atmosphere  of  human  thought. 
In  1817  he  visited  London.    Here  his  popu- 
larity  was    not    less  overwhelming.      The 
churches  in  which  he  was  to  preach  were 
crowded  to  suffocation  long  before  the  service 
commenced  ;  and  amongst  his  auditors  were 
a  number  of  the  distinguished  clergy,  peers, 
members  of  parliament,  and  literary  cha- 
racters of   all  classes  and    denominations. 
"  All  the  world,"  writes  Wilbcrforcc  in  his 
diary,  "  wild  about  Dr.  Chalmers.   Canning, 
Iluskisson,  Lords  Elgin,  llarrowby,  &c.  pre- 
sent.   I  was  surprised   to  see  how  greatly 
Canning  was  affected  ;  at  times  he  was  quite 
melted  into  tears."    Alter  continuing  about 
four  years  minister  of  the  Tron  Church,  he 
was  removed    to    the    new    church   of   St. 
John's.     In   this  new  sphere  he    tried    to 
give  practical  direction  to  the  theories  he 
liad  propounded,  relative  to  the  support  and 
tlje  8Ui)pression  of  pauperism.    In  manage- 
ment, he  expected  it  to  become  a  model  for 
all  the  parishes  in  Scotland,  in  the  inde- 
pendence of  its  provision  for  the  abatement 
of  paui)erisni,  as  well  as  iu  the  spiritual 
agency  it  was  to  adopt.    But  the  work  he 
had  undertaken,  and  the   invasions   made 
upon  his  time,  deprived  him  of  that  solitude 
so  mucli  required  for  pulpit  preparations, 
especially   for   such    pulpit   exhibitions    as 
he  was  wont  to  give  ;  and  he  was  fain  to 
seek    relief   in    an   academic    retreat.      In 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  of  moral   phi- 
losophy at  St.  Andrew's  ;  in  1828,  he  was  re- 
moved to  the  chair  of  theology  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  ;  and  here  he  prosecuted 
his  multifarious  labours,  lecturing,  preach- 
ing, publishing,  organising  schemes  for  the 
welfare  of  the  church,  and  taking  an  active 
management   in    her    courts,  till    the    dis- 
ruption of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in  1813, 
when  he  joined  the  Free  Church,  which  he 
ha<l  mainly  contributed  to  found,  and  became 
principal  and  professor  of  theology  to  the 
seceding  body.     From  that  period  till  he 
finished  his  course,  there  was  no  fatigue  in 
his  spirit,  nor  hesitation  iu  his  gait.    In  the 
spring  of  1847  he  repaired  to  London  to  give 
his  evidence  before  the  sites'  committee  of 
tlie  House  of  Commons.    "  He  preaclied  all 
the  sabbaths  of  his  sojourn  in  England,  will- 
iiigly  and  powerfully,  and  on  the  last  sab- 
bath of  May  he  was  again  at  home.    That 


107 


evening  he  is  said  to  have  remarked  to  a 
friend,  that  he  thought  his  public;  work  com- 
pleted. Ue  had  seen  the  Disruption  students 
through  the  four  years  of  their  course.  lie 
had  seen  the  Sustcntation  Fund  organised. 
lie  had  been  to  parliament,  and  borne  his 
testimony  in  high  places.  To-morrow  he 
would  give  in  the  college  report  to  the  Free 
Assembly  ;  and  after  tliat  he  hoped  to  be 
permitted  to  retire  and  devote  to  the  West 
Port  poor  his  remaining  days.  He  was  will- 
ing to  decrease,  and  close  his  career  as  a  city 
missionary.  But  just  as  he  was  preparing 
to  take  the  lower  room,  the  Master  8ai4, 
'Come  up  hither,'  and  took  him  up  beside 
himself.  Next  morning  all  that  met  the 
gaze  of  love  was  the  lifeless  form  —  in 
stately  repose  on  the  pillow,  as  one  who 
beheld  it  said, '  a  brow  not  cast  in  the  mould 
of  the  sons  of  men.' "  In  this  meagre  outline 
of  the  life  of  Dr.  Chalmers,  we  have  not 
alluded  to  the  many  valuable  works  which 
from  time  to  time  he  gave  to  the  world. 
His  works  published  during  his  lifetime,  in 
2.5  vols.,  embrace  a  variety  of  subjects,  chiefly 
relating  to  theology  and  political  economy; 
among  these  are  his  "  Astronomical  Dis- 
courses," first  published  in  1817,  when  they 
formed  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  pulpit 
oratory,  and  are  even  to  this  day  rend  witli 
the  same  avidit^^  which  hailed  their  first 
appearance.  Besides  these,  9  vols,  of  post- 
humous works,  consisting  of"  Daily  Scripture 
Readings,"  "  Institutes  of  Theology,"  &c., 
have  been  published  by  his  son-in-law.  Dr. 
Hanna,  to  whose  interesting  memoirs  of  Dr. 
Chalmers  we  must  refer  the  reader  for  the 
fullest  information  concerning  the  life  and 
works  of  this  illustrious  man.  But  we  can- 
not conclude  without  briefly  inquiring  what 
were  the  mental  powers  to  whicli  Dr.  Chal- 
mers owed  the  magic  of  his  eloquence,  and 
the  energy  of  his  character  ?  In  an  analysis 
of  his  mind,  the  first  power  that  meets  us  is 
his  brilliant  imagination.  Kept  always  in 
check  by  his  capacity  for  generalising",  and 
made  a  willing  servant  by  his  power  of  con- 
centration, it  was  at  all  times  ready  to  illus- 
trate any  subject  he  chose.  It  mattered  not 
what  the  subject  might  be,  defending  his  non- 
residence  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  or  pro- 
nouncing an  eulogium  on  mathematics, 
maintaining  his  rights  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  heritors,  enforcing  the  claims  of 
patronage,  propounding  the  civic  economy 
of  towns,  or  defending  the  Established 
Church,  expatiating  on  the  sublime  trntlis 
of  the  gospel,  or  combating  some  popular 
prejudice  —  each  and  all  he  invested  with 
such  a  splendour  of  imagination  and  mag- 
nificence of  diction,  as  at  once  captivated 
and  entranced.  But  these  very  powers 
sometimes  led  him  into  seeming  incon- 
sistencies. Alive  only  to  the  discussion 
of  his  present  tlicme,  he  was  apt  to  forget 
those  wliich  liad  previously  engaged  his  min<l, 
and  how  the  arguments  previously  advanced 
bore  upon  his  present  illustration.  Hence  a 
casuist  might  arraign  Dr.  Chalmers  at  the 
bar  of  strict  political  consistency,  and  object 
to  the  part  he  took  in  some  public  movements 
during  his  career  ;  but  an  acquittal  would  be 
given,  on  the  ground,  that  he  never  pleaded 
any  cause,  unless  convinced  at  the  time  thiit 


it  was  for  the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare 
of  his  fellow-  men.  But  such  defects  in  such  a 
character  are  like  motes  in  a  sunbeam.  Con- 
sidered in  every  view,  —  the  preacher,  sway- 
ing at  will  multitudes  by  the  fascination  of 
his  eloquence,  —  the  philosopher,  pointing 
out  and  illustrating  analogies  between  the 
sublime  truths  of  the  Scriptures  and  the 
wonders  of  nature,  —  the  philanthropist,  ac- 
tive and  laborious  in  prosecuting  the  public 
good  —  or  tlie  man  of  God,  humble  and  meek 
in  disposition,  and  desirous  of  being  con- 
formed to  the  will  of  heaven, — we  see  one 
great  by  intellectual  power,  great  by  sanc- 
tified attainments  —  one  on  wliose  like  Scot- 
land will  not  soon  look  again.  Died,  May 
31.  1847. 

CIIALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
Btatesnuin.  lie  obtained  his  knighthood  by 
Ills  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Musselburgh, 
and  was  afterwards  employed  as  queen 
Elizabeth's  ambassador  to  Si)ain  and  Ger- 
many. He  translated  "  Erasmus's  Praise  of 
Folly,"  and  wrote  "  De  Republica  Anglo- 
rum  instauranda,  libri  decern,"  &c.  Died, 
15C5. 

CIIALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the 
above,  was  distinguished  as  a  chemist  and 
natural  philosopher  ;  author  of  a  tract  on 
the  virtues  of  nitre.    Died,  1603. 

CIIALONER,  EDWAun,  an  English  di- 
vine, son  of  the  above,  chaplain  to  James  I., 
and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  preachers  of 
his  time.    He  died  of  tlie  plague,  in  1023. 

CHALONER,  James,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  member  of  parliament,  and  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  ill-fated  Cliarles  I.  His 
zeal  in  the  parliamentary  cause  obtained 
him  the  governorship  of  Peel  Castle,  in  the 
Isle  of  Man.  At  the  restoration  in  16C0, 
messengers  were  sent  to  apprehend  him, 
when  he  committed  suicide. 

CHALONER,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  last 
named,  and  also  one  of  the  king's  judges  ; 
author  of  an  account  of  the  (pretended)  dis- 
covery of  the  tomb  of  Moses.  He  absconded 
from  England  at  the  restoration,  and  died, 

m;\. 

CHAMBERLATNE,  Robkut,  an  English 
poet ;  author  of"  The  Swaggering  Damsel," 
a  comedy  ;  "  Nocturnal  Lucubrations,"  &c. 
Died,  1(«7. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Edward,  LL.D.  ; 
author  of  an  able  work,  entitled  "The 
present  State  of  England,"  &c.    Died,  1703. 

CHAMBERLAYNE.  Johx,  son  of  the 
above,  translator  of  the  "Religious  Philo- 
sopher," by  Nieuwentyt,  &c.    Died,  1724. 

CHAMBERS,  Ephraim,  an  able  and  most 
industrious  English  writer  ;  compiler  of  the 
well-known  "  Cyclopajdia  "  which  bears  liis 
name.    Died,  1740. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  William,  an  able  ar- 
chitect. He  built  that  fine  structure,  So- 
merset House,  and  was  the  author  of  a 
valuable  treatise  on  "  Civil  Architecture." 
Though  of  Scotch  descent,  he  was  by  birth  a 
Swede,  and  his  knighthood  was  conferred  by 
the  king  of  Sweden.    Died,  1796. 

CIIAMIER,  Daniel,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  fficume- 
nico  Pontifice,"  and  other  learned  works. 
His  reputation  as  a  politician  was  so  great, 
that  he  was  entrusted  with  the  important 


task  of  drawing  up  the  edict  of  Nantes.  He 
was  killed  during  the  siege  of  Moutauban,  in 
1021. 

CHAMILLARD,  Stephen,  a  learned  but 
very  credulous  French  Jesuit  and  antiquary; 
author  of  "  Dissertations  on  Medals,  Gems, 
and  other  Monuments  of  Antiquity."  Died, 
1730. 

CHAMISSO,  Adelbeht  vox,  son  of  Louis, 
vieompte  d'Ormont,  was  born  at  Roncourt  in 
Champagne  in  1781.  Driven  with  his  parents 
from  their  home  by  the  French  revolution,  he 
was  educated  in  Berlin,  where  he  became  one 
of  the  royal  pages,  served  in  the  Prussian 
army  till  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  and  then  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  remained  till 
1812,  as  professor  at  Napoleonville.  But 
his  strong  inclination  for  his  favourite  study, 
natural  history,  and  the  attachment  he  had 
imbibed  for  the  land  of  his  education,  once 
more  drew  him  to  Berlin,  where  he  seized 
the  opportunity  of  accompanying  Kotzebue 
in  his  voyage  round  the  world  in  1815  ;  and 
on  his  return,  in  1818,  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  botanic  garden  in 
Berlin,  an  office  which  he  held  till  his  death. 
Chamisso's  works  range  over  various  depart- 
ments of  literature.  "  His  Views  and  Ob- 
servations during  a  Voyage  of  Discovery  " 
are  replete  with  interesting  matter ;  his 
poems  take  rank  among  his  countrymen 
with  those  of  Uhland  ;  and,  as  the  author  of 
"  Peter  tSchlemil,"  he  has  obtained  a  Euro- 
pean fame.    Died,  1838. 

CHAMPAGNE,  Philip,  an  eminent 
Flemish  painter,  was  born  at  Brussels  in 
1002  ;  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  under 
Poussin,  and  became  painter  to  the  queen 
Maria  de  Medici,  who  gave  him  the  direc- 
tion of  the  paintings  in  the  Luxembourg, 
and  he  was  also  made  directqf  of  the  aca- 
demy of  flue  arts.  His  paintings,  which  are 
very  fine,  adorn  the  dome  of  the  Sorbonne, 
the  museum  of  Paris,  &c.    Died,  1074. 

CHAMPEAUX,  William  de,  a  divine 
and  philosopher,  teacher  of  the  celebrated 
Abelard,  who  subsequently  became  his  rival. 
Champeaux  rose  to  be  bishop  of  Chalons, 
and  wrote  a  treatise  "  On  the  Origin  of  the 
Soul."    Died,  1121. 

CHAMPFORT,  Sebastian  Roche  Ni- 
cholas, a  French  litterateur ;  author  of 
"Elegies  of  Fontenelle  and  Moliere ; " 
"  Mustapha,"  a  tragedy,  and  some  other 
dramas,  and  conductor  'Of  the  Journal 
Encyclopedique.  He  was  very  intimate 
with  Mirabeau,  and  friendly  to  the  revolu- 
tion, until  the  outrages  of  the  factious  dis- 
gusted him.  Robespierre  threw  him  into 
prison,  and  in  a  fit  of  iusanity  he  committed 
suicide,  in  1704. 

CIIAMPIER,  Symphorien,  a  French  phy- 
sician. He  wrote  several  learned  works,  and 
founded  the  College  of  Physicians  at  Lyons. 
He  also  served  under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
by  whom  he  was  knighted  for  his  courage. 
He  compiled  several  works,  of  which  the 
most  valuable  is  "  Les  Grands  Chroniques  des 
Dues  de  Savoie."    Died,  1.540. 

CIIAMPLAIN,  Samuel  pe,  a  French 
naval  officer.  He  was  governor-general  of 
Canada,  and  founded  the  city  of  Quebec ; 
and  there  is  a  lake  in  Canada  which  still 
bears  liis  name.    His  "  Travels  in  Canada  " 


ciia] 


^  f}cto  Winiber^Kl  2SiogrHij!)i). 


[CIIA 


Died, 


contain  much  curious  information, 

CHAMPMESLE,  Mary  Desmares  de.  a 
French  actress.  She  was  originally  only  a 
member  of  a  strolling  companj-,  but  when 
she  appeared  in  Paris,  the  great  Raciue 
praised  her  tragic  performance,  and  even 
afforded  her  instruction.  This  raised  her  to 
eminence  in  her  profession,  and  she  became 
highly  popular.    Died,  lOiW. 

CHAMPOLLION,  J.  F.,  a  French  writer, 
distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  ar- 
chajology,  especially  as  regards  Egypt,  In 
1828  he  went  with  an  expedition  of  learned 
men  to  Egypt,  at  the  expense  of  the  king, 
and  made  many  important  discoveries  there. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "Pri-cis  du 
Systeme  Iliuroglyphique  des  Anciens  Egyp- 
tiens,"  and  "  Pantluoa  Egyptien."  Born, 
1790 ;  died.  1832. 

CHANCELLOR,  Richard,  an  English 
navigator,  and  founder  of  the  English  Russia 
Company.  By  this  company  he  was  sent  to 
Russia  a  second  time,  and,  while  on  his  re- 
turn with  the  Russian  ambassador  and  suite, 
he  perished  off  Norway,  in  !.">.'>(!. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  author  of  a  "  Defence  of  Christianity 
from  the  Prophecies  of  the  Old  Testament, ' 
&C.     Born,  1(571  ;  died,  175(). 

CHANDLER,  Mary,  au  English  poetess. 
Born,  1(W7  ;  died,  1745. 

CHANDLER,  Richard,  a  divine  and  an- 
ti(iuary.  He  travelled,  in  17tJ4,  through  Asia 
Minor  and  Greece,  at  the  expense  of  tlio 
Dilettanti  Society;  and  wrote  "Travels" 
in  those  countries. 

CHANDLER,  Saiiuet,,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting divine;  author  of  a  "Vindication 
of  the  Christian  Religion,"  a  "Vindication 
of  the  History  of  the  Old  Testament,"  a 
"History  of  Persecution,"  "History  of  the 
Life  of  David,"  &c.     Born,  ItJlty  ;  died,  170C. 

CHANDOS,  Joii.v,  an  English  general  of 
great  celebrity,  in  the  14lh  century  ;  distin- 
guished not  more  for  his  bravery  than  for 
his  generosity  and  moderation.  He  was 
killed  at  the  bridge  of  Leusac,  near  Poitiers, 
in  13t)S». 

CHANNING,  William  ELLKRY,tlie  Rev. 
D.D.,  was  born  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
U.  S.,  in  1780.  His  maternal  grandfather, 
William  Ellery,  was  one  of  those  who  signed 
the  declaration  of  independence,  and  his 
father  was  a  partner  in  the  eminent  mer- 
cantile tirm  of  Gibbs  and  Chanuing,  at  New- 
j  port.  Educated  at  Harvard  College,  he  was 
I  early  induced  to  abandon  the  profession  of 
I  medicine,  for  which  his  father  intended  him, 
[  and  to  prepare  himself  for  the  Unitarian 
j  ministry  ;  and  in  1803  he  commenced  his 
career  by  taking  charge  of  the  congregation 
<if  the  Unitarian  chapel  in  Federal  Street, 
Hoston.  His  eloquence  rendered  him  from 
that  time  forth  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
men  in  America.  To  deny  that  his  dis- 
courses display  great  genius  would  be  absurd; 
tlicy  are,  indeed,  beautiful  specimens  of 
pulpit  eloquence  ;  but,  in  common  with  all 
the  Unitarian  discourses  that  we  have  ever 
seen,  they  are  the  discourses  of  a  mere  ora- 
torical moralist  rather  than  those  of  a  Chris- 
tian preacher.  To  the  honour  of  Dr.  Chan- 
niug,  however,  it  must  be  said,  that  he  was 


109 


ever  the  advocate  of  peace,  and  that  though 
be  could  not  but  be  aware  that  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  slave  system  must  needs  di- 
minish his  popularity,  he  was  instant  in 
season  and  out  of  season  in  denouncing  it. 
Died,  Oct.  2.  1K42,  aged  G2. 

CHANTEREAU  LA  FEVRE,  Louls,  a 
learned  French  antiquary  ;  author  of  the 
"  History  of  Bar  and  Lorraine."    Died,  ]6")S. 

CHANTREY,  Sir  Francis,  R.A.,  F.R.8., 
F.S.A.,  &c.,a  sculptor  of  flrst-rate  eminence, 
was  born  of  village  parents,  at  Norton, 
near  Sheffield,  in  1781.  When  a  mere  child 
he  discovered  considerable  talent  in  drawing 
and  modelling  ;  and  during  his  apprentice- 
ship with  Mr.  Ramsey,  a  carver  and  gilder 
at  Sheffield,  the  whole  of  his  leisure  hours 
were  most  assiduously  devoted  to  the  study 
and  practice  of  his  favourite  pursuits.  Hav- 
ing made  a  compensation  to  his  master  for 
the  remaining  term  of  his  apprenticeship,  he 
paid  a  short  visit  to  London,  and  attended 
the  school  of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  then 
returned  to  Sheffield,  where,  at  20  years  of 
age,  he  may  be  said  to  have  commenced 
business  ;  but  his  career  of  fame  and  fortune 
was  not  begun  until  180i»,  when  he  received 
an  order  from  Mr.  Alexander,  the  architect, 
for  four  colossal  busts  of  Howe,  St.  Vincent, 
Duncan,  and  Nelson,  for  the  Trinity  House, 
and  for  the  Greenwich  Naval  Asylum. 
From  this  period  he  was  unrelaxin^  in  his 
efforts,  and  continually  successful;  and, 
among  the  admirable  productions  of  his 
chisel,  there  api)eared,  in  1817,  that  exquisite 
group  of  "The  Sleeping  Children"  (the 
daughters  of  the  Rev.  W.  Robinson)  in 
Lichfield  Cathedral ;  universally  a<iknow- 
ledged  as  "  images  of  artless  beauty  and 
innocent  and  unaffected  grace."  Orders 
now  crowded  in  ui)on  him  in  numlwr  beyond 
his  ability  to  execute  ;  and  as  it  would  be 
impossible  in  our  limits  to  enumerate  the 
whole,  the  mention  of  a  few  of  the  leading 
busts  and  statues  must  suffice.  Among 
them  we  notice  his  busts  of  Lord  Castlereagh, 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  poets  Wordsworth  and 
Southey,  Mr.  Canning,  John  Rennic,  George 
IV.,  William  IV.,  Queen  Victoria,  Lord 
Mellwurnc,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  the  Duke 
of  Wellington  ;  and  his  statues  of  James 
Watt,  Dr.  Cyril  Jackson,  Grattan,  Washing- 
ton, Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Spencer  Perceval, 
Canning,  Sir  John  Malcolm,  Dr.  Dalton, 
R<>scoe,  General  Gillespie,  Lady  Louisa 
Russell  (when  a  child),  Bishops  Bathurst  and 
Ryder,  &c.  To  this  list  we  ought  perhaps 
to  add  his  principal  statues  in  bronze,  viz. 
George  IV.  at  Brighton  and  in  Edinburgh, 
Pitt  in  Hanover  Square  and  Edinburgh,  and 
the  equestrian  statues  of  Sir  Thomas  Muiiro, 
at  Madras,  and  the  Duke  of  Wellington  for 
the  city  of  London.     Died  Nov.  25.  1841. 

CHAPELAIN,  John,  a  French  poet ;  au- 
thor of  "  La  Pucelle,"  &c.     Died,  1074. 

CHAPELLE.  Claude  Emaxukl  l'Hijil- 
LiEU,  a  French  poet,  and  the  friend  and 
literary  adviser  of  Moliere.    Died,  1088. 

CHAPELLE,  John  de  la,  a  French  wri- 
ter ;  author  of  the  "  I^ife  of  the  Prince  of 
Conti,"  dramas,  &c.     Died,  1723. 

CHAPMAN,  Frederic  Hexry,  a  Swedish 
vice-admiral  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  ou 
Marine  Architecture,"    Died,  1808, 


cha] 


^  l^eiu  2lIui&crs?aX  3Siflcrrapl)i?. 


[cha 


CHAPMAN,  George,  an  English  poet. 
He  wrote  17  dramatic  pieces,  but  he  is  ciiiefly 
remembered  for  his  vigorous  translation  of 
Homer,  of  wliicli  Pope  is  said  to  liave  made 
more  use  than  lie  cliose  to  admit.  Died, 
1G04. 

CHAPMAN,  John,  a  learned  English 
divine  ;  author  of  "  Eusebius,  or  a  Defence 
of  Christianity,"  &c.   Born,  1704  ;  died,  1784. 

CHAPONE,  Hestei!,  was  the  daughter  of 
a  Mr.  Mulso,  of  Twy  well,  Northamptonshire. 
Among  her  first  productions  is  the  interesting 
story  of  Fidelia,  in  the  Adventurer  ;  but  she 
is  principally  known  by  her  valuable  "Let- 
ters on  the  Improvement  of  the  ^lind,"  ad- 
dressed to  a  young  lady,  and  published  in 
1773.     Died,  1801,  aged  74. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  Joiix,  a 
Frencli  astronomer.  In  17(50  he  went  into 
Siberia  to  observe  the  transit  of  the  planet 
Venus  ;  and,  in  17C8,  he  gave  the  public  an 
account  of  his  journey  in  three  volumes. 
He  then  went  to  California  for  the  same 
purpose,  but  died  there  in  1769. 

CHAPPE,  Claude,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1763.  He  introduced 
tlie  use  of  telegraphs  into  France  ;  and  the 
first  public  event  communicated  by  it  was 
the  capture  of  Conde,  in  1793.  The  honour 
of  the  discovery  being  claimed  by  others,  his 
mind  was  so  much  ulfected  that  he  com- 
mitted suicide,  in  1805. 

CHAPPEE,  William,  an  English  topo- 
grapher. He  contributed  largely  to  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  and  edited  a  part 
of  Risdon's  Survey  of  Devonshire.  Died, 
1781. 

CHAPTAL,  JEAfT  AxTOixE  Claude, 
count  of  Clianteloupe,  a  French  peer,  states- 
man, and  writer.  Being  a  younger  son  he 
was  destined  for  the  profession  of  medicine, 
and  had  completed  his  studies  when  he  was 
induced  to  accept  the  professorship  of  che- 
mistry at  Moutpelier.  His  lectures  procured 
him  great  reputation,  and  on  tlie  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  took  an  active  part 
in  it,  and  was  selected  by  the  new  govern- 
ment to  supply  the  army  with  gunpowder. 
In  1799  the  first  consul  made  him  counsellor 
of  state  ;  and,  in  the  following  year,  minister 
of  the  interior. 

CHAPUZEAU,  Samuel,  a  Genevese  wri- 
ter, preceptor  to  William  III.  of  England  ; 
author  of  an  "  Account  of  Savoy,"  a  "  De- 
scription of  Lyons,"  &c.  ;  and  editor  «f 
Tavernier's  Travels.    Died,  1701. 

CHARAS,  Moses,  a  Frencli  physician. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he 
withdrew  to  Spain,  where  he  became  phy- 
siciau  to  Charles  II.  His  jealous  rivals 
caused  him  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  Inquisi- 
tion, and  he  only  obtained  his  release  by 
abjuring  his  religion.  His  "  PharmacopcEia  " 
was  translated  into  Chinese  for  the  use  of 
the  emperor.     Died,  1C98. 

CHARDIN,  Sir  John,  a  French  traveller, 
whose  travels  in  Persia  and  the  East  Indies 
are  extremely  valuable.  The  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes  drove  him  to  England, 
where  he  was  well  received  by  Charles  II., 
who  knighted  him.    Died,  1713. 

CHARENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a 
French  Jesuit,  and  for  many  years  a  mis- 
sionary in  Persia.    He  translated  Maricana's 

]70 


History  of  Spain  into  French,  and  appended 
some  valuable  notes.    Died,  173.5. 

CHARETTE  DE  LA  COINTRE,  Fran- 
cis Athaxasius  DE,  a  French  royalist,  and 
leader  of  the  party  in  La  Vendt'e.  He  dis- 
played great  bravery  in  numberless  combats  ; 
but  being  at  length  defeated  by  the  repub- 
licans, and  wounded,  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  shot  at  Nantes,  in  1796. 

CHARLEMAGNE,  or  Charles  the  Great, 
king  of  tlie  Franks,  and  subsequently  em- 
peror of  the  West,  was  born  in  742.  He  was 
the  son  of  Pepin,  and  succeeded  his  elder 
brother,  Carloman,  in  771.  Having  defeated 
the  Saxons,  and  overrun  Lombardy,  he  was 
crowned  emperor  in  800.  Though  of  a  war- 
like turn,  and  continually  engaged  in  war, 
he  was  a  great  friend  to  learning,  founded 
several  universities,  and  attracted  by  his 
liberality  the  most  distinguished  scholars  to 
his  court ;  among  others,  Alcuin,  from  Eng- 
land, whom  he  chose  for  his  own  instructor. 
He  completed  many  important  national 
works,  encouraged  agriculture  and  the  arts, 
and  rendered  his  name  immortal  by  the 
wisdom  of  his  laws.  In  private  life,  Cliarle- 
magne  was  exceedingly  amiable,  a  good 
father,  and  generous  friend.  His  domestic 
economy  afforded  a  model  of  frugality  ;  his 
person,  a  rare  example  of  simplicity  and 
greatness.  He  despised  extravagance  of  dress 
in  men,  though,  on  solemn  occasions,  he  ap- 
peared in  all  the  splendour  of  majesty  ;  and 
as  his  person  was  commanding  and  his  coun- 
tenance noble  and  beneficent,  he  inspired 
those  who  saw  him  with  sentiments  of  love 
and  respect.  He  died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
in  814,  aged  72. 

CHARLEMONT,  James  Cauxfield,  Earl 
of,  an  Irish  nobleman,  distinguished  as  the 
political  coadjutor  of  Burke,  Flood,  Grattan, 
and  the  other  patriotic  advocates  of  Ireland, 
and  as  the  commander  of  the  Irish  volunteers. 
His  lordship  possessed  considerable  literary 
talents  ;  and,  after  his  death,  his  correspon- 
dence with  Burke  and  otlier  eminent  men 
was  published.    Born,  1728  ;  died,  1799. 

CHARLES  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  son 
of  John  of  Luxemburg,  and  grandson  of  the 
emperor,  Henry  VII.,  ascended  the  throne 
in  1347.  His  reign  was  distinguished  by  the 
golden  bull  of  the  diet  of  Nuremburg,  by 
which  the  Germanic  constitution  was  estab- 
lished.    Died,  1378. 

CHARLES  v.,  emperor  of  Germany  and 
king  of  Spain,  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
Ferdinand,  on  the  throne  of  Spain,  in  1516, 
and  became  emperor  of  Germany  on  the 
death  of  Maximilian,  in  1519.  His  title  to 
the  imperial  crown  was  disputed  by  Francis 
I.  of  France  ;  but,  aided  by  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  Charles  maintained  himself,  and, 
at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  even  took  his  rival 
prisoner.  His  whole  reign,  however,  was 
stormy — France,  the  Moors,  and  the  Pro- 
testant princes  of  Germany  gave  him  full 
employment,  until,  in  1556,  he  resigned  the 
crown  to  his  son,  and  sought  in  private  life 
the  happiness  he  had  not  found  in  governing 
an  empire.  Taken  altogether,  he  is  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  cliaracters  in  history. 
He  exhibited  no  talents  in  his  youth,  it  not 
being  till  his  30th  year  that  he  showed  him- 
self active  and  independent ;  but,  from  that 


ciia] 


^  ^eiu  BixibtviKl  23iajjrai»!)S» 


[CHA 


time  till  his  abdication,  lie  was,  throughout, 
a  monarch.  lie  was  intlefatigable  in  busi- 
ness, weighing  the  reasons  on  both  sides  of 
every  case  with  great  minuteness  ;  very  slow 
in  deciding,  but  firm  of  purpose,  and  prompt 
to  execute.  Being  equally  rich  in  resources 
and  sagacious  in  the  use  of  them ;  gifted 
with  a  cool  judgment,  and  always  ma.ster  of 
himself,  he  steadily  pursued  his  plans,  and 
was  generally  able  to  overcome  the  greatest 
obstacles.     Died,  1558. 

CHARLES  VI.,  son  of  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold, was  declared  king  of  Spain  by  his  fa- 
ther in  1703,  and  crowned  emperor  in  1711. 
Tlie  taking  of  Belgrade  by  his  general, 
Prince  Eugene,  compelled  the  Turks  to 
make  peace  with  him  ;  and  his  alliance  with 
Holland,  France,  and  England  enabled  him 
to  obtain  considerable  advantages  over  Spain. 
Subsequently,  however,  he  was  at  war  with 
his  allies,  and  thus  lost  Naples  and  Sicily  j 
and  was  also  engaged  in  an  injurious  contest 
with  Turkey.    Died,  1740. 

CHAKLES  VIII.,  elector  of  Bavaria,  was 
raised  to  the  empire  of  Germany,  in  1742,  by 
the  influence  of  France  and  Prussia,  though 
he  had  a  powerful  rival  in  Maria  Theresa  of 
Hungary,  who  was  supported  by  England 
and  Sardinia.    Died,  1745. 

CHARLES  II.,  surnamed  the  Bold,  king 
of  France.  He  was  crowned  king  in  840, 
and  elected  emperor  by  the  Romans  in  875. 
Died,  siipposed  by  poison,  in  877. 

CHAKLES  III.,  king  of  France,  surnamed 
the  Simple.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  SiW. 
His  whole  reign  was  one  of  struggle  against 
the  Normans  and  his  turbulent  barons,  who 
at  length  caused  Robert,  a  prince  of  the 
blood  royal,  to  be  crowned.  In  the  battle 
fought  l)etween  the  two  sovereigns,  Robert 
was  slain  ;  but  his  son,  Hugh  the  Great, 
pressed  Charles  so  hard,  that  he  sought 
shelter  in  the  castle  of  the  Count  of  Verman- 
dois,  where  he  died,  in  929. 

CHARLES  IV.,  son  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
succeeded  to  the  crown  of  France  in  1322. 
His  reign  lasted  only  6  years,  and  in  that 
brief  time  he  was  deprived  by  England  of 
the  province  of  Guienne.    Died,  1328. 

CHARLES  v.,  surnamed  the  Wise,  was 
the  first  prince  >vho  bore  the  title  of  dauphin, 
on  the  death  of  his  brother,  in  13G4.  His 
reign  was  very  beneficial  to  his  people,  whose 
commerce  and  agriculture  he  greatly  pro- 
moted. He  founded  the  library  of  Paris, 
and  gained  several  advantages  over  the 
English.    Died,  1380. 

CHARLES  VL,  surnamed  the  Well- 
beloved,  was  son  and  successor  of  the  above. 
Owing  to  the  feuds  of  the  dukes  of  Burgundy 
and  Orleans,  and  the  misconduct  of  his  mi- 
nisters, he  was  unable  to  resist  the  warlike 
Edward  V.  of  England,  who  conquered 
France  and  disinherited  the  dauphin.  Died, 
1422. 

CHARLES  VII.,  surnamed  the  Victorious. 
He  was  crowned  in  14i'2,  and  recovered  the 
whole  of  his  dominions  from  the  English, 
with  the  exception  of  Calais.    Died,  1401. 

CHARLES  VIIL,  king  of  France,  sur- 
named the  AtTable,wa3  the  son  of  Louis  XL, 
and  ascended  the  throne  of  France  in  1483, 
at  the  early  age  of  13.  He  was  a  warlike 
prince,  and,  in  1405,  obtained  a  victory  over 


an  army  of  Italians  five  times  as  niunerous 
as  his  own.    Died,  141)8. 

CHARLES  IX.,  king  of  France,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  1650.  The  civil  wars,  and, 
above  all,  the  massacre  of  Paris,  have  left 
an  indelible  stain  upon  the  memory  of  this 
prince.    Died,  1574. 

CHARLES  X.,  ex-king   of    France,  or 

ClIARLES-PlIILIPPE     DE     BoURBOX,    (knOWn 

as  Coxmt  d'Artois  until  the  accession  of  his 
brother  Louis  XVIII. ,  and  afterwards  as 
Monsieur,)  was  the  fifth  and  youngest  son 
of  the  dauphin  Louis,  son  of  Louis  XV.,  and 
was  born  in  1757.  In  early  life  he  had  ac- 
quired a  character  for  dissipation,  extrava- 
gance, and  hauteur,  which  bore  a  still  more 
unfavourable  appearance  when  contrasted 
with  the  conduct  of  his  elder  brothers  ;  and 
such  indeed  was  his  unpoi>ularity,  that  at 
the  very  onset  of  the  revolution  he  found  it 
necessary  for  his  personal  safety  to  quit  his 
native  land.  In  1773  he  married  the  prin- 
cess Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Victor 
Amadeus  III.,  king  of  Sardinia,  to  whose 
court  he  now  fled  for  refuge.  He  subse- 
quently visited  other  parts  of  Enro|>e,  and 
eventually  found  an  asylum  with  his  bro- 
ther, Louis  XVIIL,  first  at  Holyrood  House, 
Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  at  Hartwell,  in 
Buckinglianishire.  On  his  succeeding  to 
the  throne  of  France  in  1824,  it  was  seen 
tJiat  he  adhered  too  much  to  the  exploded 
dogmas  of  the  old  rigime  to  acquire  the 
same  degree  of  popularity  that,  by  good 
tact  and  a  more  complying  disposition,  his 
predecessor  had  enjoyed.  On  the  25th  of 
July,  1830,  in  consequence  of  the  result  of 
a  general  election,  Charles  X.  issued  Iiis 
two  fatal  ordinances,  one  abolishing  the 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  the  other  changing 
the  mode  of  election.  A  popular  insurrec- 
tion, of  three  days'  continuance,  which  has 
since  been  dignilied  with  the  title  of  "the 
glorious  revolution  of  1830,"  took  place  in 
Paris,  and  paved  the  way  for  Louis  Philippe. 
The  king  retreated  from  St.  Cloud  to  Ram- 
bouillet,  where  he  oft'ered  to  abdicate  in 
favour  of  his  grandson,  the  Duke  of  Bor- 
deaux, and  requested  from  the  provisional 
government  a  safe-conduct  to  a  sea-port. 
Embarking  at  Cherbourg  he  sailed  for 
England,  and  for  a  time  took  up  Ids  resi- 
dence at  Lul worth  Castle,  and  then  removed 
to  Holyrood  House,  the  scene  of  his  former 
exile.  There  he  remained  about  a  twelve- 
month ;  afterwards  retired  to  the  Austrian  ' 
dominions  ;  and  died,  in  his  80th  year,  at 
Goritz,  in  Illyria,  Nov.  4. 1837.  The  latter  | 
years  of  this  monarch  were  passed  in  acts  \ 
of  superstitious  devotion  :  he  constantly  \ 
wore  hair- cloth  next  his  skin,  he  fasted  much,  \ 
and  frequently  imposed  upon  himself,  as  j 
a  penance  for  some  hasty  expression,  an 
absolute  silence  for  several  hours.  The 
Dukes  d'AngoulOme  and  do  Berri  were  his  I 
sons.  I 

CHARLES  II.,  surnamed  the  Bad,  king 
of  Navarre.  He  succeeded  to  his  kingdom  ' 
when  only  18  years  of  age,  and  bis  reign 
was  marked  by  much  wickedness.  He  mur- 
dered the  constable,  Charles  of  Angouleme  ; 
seduced  tlie  dauphin,  afterwards  Charles  V., 
into  rebellion  against  his  father ;  and  was 
accused  of  employing  a  person  to  administer 


qS 


ciia] 


^  :pcU)  ^uibcri^al  3BiO0rap]by. 


[ciia 


poison  to  Charles  V.  His  dcatli  was  as  hor- 
1  rible  as  liis  life  had  been  wicked.  Being  ill 
j  of  a  leprosy,  liis  physicians  caused  him  to 
]  be  swathed  in  cloths  dipped  in  spirits  of 
wine,  and  covered  with  brimstone  ;  and  his 
j  page  accidentally  setting  ftre  to  these  in- 
i  flammable  materials,  Charles  died  in  great 
I  torture, in  1387. 

CHARLES  I.,  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

I  He  was  the  son  of  Louis  VIII.  of  France, 

and,  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  Count  of 

Provence,  he  became  possessed  of  Provence, 

I  and  of  Anjou  and  Maine.    Defeating  Man- 

:  fred,  the  usurper  of  Sicily,  he  assumed  the 

!  style  of  king  of  Naples  ;  and  taking  his  rival, 

I  Conradin,  duke  of  Suabia,  and  the  Duke  of 

!  Austria    prisoners,    he    eternally  disgraced 

!  himself  by  causing  them  to  be  put  to  death 

j  on  the  scaffold.    His  tyranny  at  length  so 

!  much  enraged  the  Sicilians,  that  on  Easter 

I  Monday,  in  1282,  they  massacred  S0()()  of  the 

1  French — an  event  spoken  of  in  history  as 

the  "Sicilian  Vespers."  After  this  they  chose 

Peter  of  Arragon  for  their  king  instead  of 

Charles,  who  died  in  1285. 

CHARLES  II.,  son  of  the  above,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne  of  Naples.  At  the 
time  of  liis  father's  decease,  he  himself  was 
a  prisoner  in  the  liands  of  the  Sicilians,  and 
lie  would  most  probably  have  been  put  to 
death  by  them  but  for  the  humane  interces- 
sion of  Constantia,  the  wife  of  Peter  of  Ar- 
ragon. At  her  request  he  was  set  at  liberty, 
in  1288,  on  condition  of  his  renouncing  all 
claim  to  the  crown  of  Sicily  ;  a  condition 
from  which  the  pope  absolved  him.  His 
attempts  upon  Sicil3'  were,  however,  of  no 
avail,  and  he  was  obliged  to  content  himself 
with  Naples,  which  he  governed  with  wis- 
dom and  moderation.    Died,  loOO. 

CHARLES  IIL,  king  of  Naples,  great 
grandson  of  the  last  named.  He  married 
Margaret,  niece  of  Joan,  queen  of  Naples  ; 
and  when  Joan  was  excommunicated,  in 
lo80,  he  obtained  that  kingdom  from  the 
pope.  He  put  the  deposed  queen  to  death, 
aud  was  in  his  turn  excommunicated  by  the 
pope.  This  did  not  prevent  his  endeavour- 
ing to  possess  himself  of  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary, but  he  was  slain  in  the  attempt  in  138fi. 
CHARLES  GUSTAVUS  X.,  king  of 
Sweden.  lie  was  the  son  of  John  Casimir, 
and  ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication  of 
queen  Christina,  in  1C54.  He  was  very  suc- 
cessful against  Poland,  but  was  compelled 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Copenhagen,  which  he 
sought  to  possess  himself  of  on  accoimt  of 
Denmark  having  allied  itself  with  Poland. 
Died,  lOGO. 

CHARLES  XL,  king  of  Sweden,  son  and 
successor  of  the  preceding.  He  lost  several 
important  places  during  his  war  with  Den- 
mark, but  they  were  restored  to  him  at  the 
peace  of  Nimeguen.  He  greatly  increased 
the  power  and  resources  of  his  kingdom, 
and  died  in  HM. 

CHARLES  XII.,  king  of  Sweden,  son  and 
successor  of  the  preceding.  He  was  only 
15  years  of  age  when  he  ascended  the  throne, 
and  his  youth  encouraged  Russia,  Denmark, 
and  Poland  to  unite  against  him.  Those 
powers,  however,  found  him  fully  equal  to 
the  task  of  humbling  them.  Denmark  being 
subdued,  he  attacked  Russia  ;  and  in  the  fa- 


173 


mous  battle  of  Narva,  in  1700,  he  is  said  to 
have  slain  30,000  of  the  enemy,  besides 
making  20,000  prisoners,  though  his  own 
force  was  short  of  10,000.  Poland  next  felt 
his  power  ;  he  dethroned  Augustus,  and 
made  Stanislaus  king  in  his  stead.  Thus  far 
his  whole  course  had  been  prosperous  ;  but 
in  seeking  utterly  to  crush  Peter  the  Great, 
he  sustained  a  terrible  defeat  at  the  battle 
of  Pultowa,  and  was  himself  so  severely 
wounded,  that  he  was  removed  from  the  field 
on  a  litter,  and  compelled  to  seek  shelter  in 
Turkey.  Here  his  conduct  was  so  violent 
that  the  grand  signior  was  compelled  to  be- 
siege his  residence.  After  desperate  resist- 
ance Charles  was  overjiowered,  and  for  ten 
months  he  was  kept  a  prisoner.  He  no 
sooner  was  allowed  to  return  to  his  own  do- 
minions than  he  commenced  an  attack  on 
Norway,  aud  in  besieging  Frederickshall 
was  killed  by  a  cannon  shot,  in  1718. 

CHARLES  XIIL,  king  of  Sweden,  was 
bom  in  1748 ;  and  being  appointed,  at  his 
birth,  high  admiral  of  Sweden,  his  educa- 
tion was  directed  chiefly  to  the  learning  of 
naval  tactics,  and  in  1788  lie  defeated  the 
Russians  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  On  the 
murder  of  Gustavus  III.  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  regency  ;  but  he  resigned 
tiie  government,  in  179G,  to  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  IV.,  who  had  become  of  age,  and  did 
not  appear  again  in  public  life  till  a  revo- 
lution hurled  the  king  from  the  throne.  He 
was  then  elected,  and  subsequenily  be- 
stowed his  entire  confidence  on  Marshal 
Bernadotte,  whom  the  estates  had  chosen 
to  succeed  Prince  Cliristiau  in  1810.  Died, 
1818. 

CHARLES  ALBERT,  king  of  Sardinia, 
son  of  Carlo  Emanuele,  prince  of  Carignano, 
was  born  2d  Oct.  1798.  At  his  birth  he  had 
but  little  chance  of  ever  swaj-ing  the  sceptre, 
for  there  were  seven  male  heirs  of  the  House 
of  Savoy,  through  whom  the  crown  might 
have  descended.  His  early  life  was  conse- 
quently passed  in  comparative  insignificance, 
and  his  name  was  but  slightly  known  to 
Europe  until  the  revolution  of  1821,  which 
broke  out  in  support  of 'the  so-called  Spanish 
Constitution  of  1812,  compelled  king  Vittorio 
Emanuele  to  abdicate  in  favour  of  his  bro- 
ther, and  led  to  Charles  Albert's  nomination 
as  regent  of  the  kingdom.  Charles  Albert, 
who  had  all  along  been  in  the  secrets  of  the 
conspirators,  took  measures  to  carry  out  their 
designs  ;  but  the  Duke  of  Genevois,  in  whose 
favour  king  Vittorio  had  resigned  the  crown, 
having  refused  to  sanction  the  proceedings 
of  the  new  government,  and  having  taken 
instant  measures  to  put  down  the  insurgents, 
Charles  Albert  fled  to  Novara,  and  deserted 
and  betrayed  the  party  with  whom  he  had 
co-operated.  Renouncing  the  opinions  he 
had  adopted,. he  acted  as  a  volunteer  in  1823, 
in  Spain,  under  the  Duke  d'Angouleme,  and 
there  lent  his  aid  to  crush  the  constitution, 
the  principles  of  which  he  had  so  lately  at- 
tempted to  establish  in  Sardinia.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Turin  he  remained  in  retirement 
until  the  death  of  Carlo  Felice  led  to  his 
accession  to  the  throne,  27t]i  April,  1831. 
During  the  first  17  years  of  his  reign,  few 
events  occurred  to  give  a  clear  insight  into 
the  natural  bent  of  his  mind ;  but  in  March, 


cua] 


^  |5^&)  ^Btntbcr^al  3SiO(jrapTj5. 


[CIIA 


1848,  after  the  Milanese  had  driven  out  tlie 
Austrians  from  Northern  Italy,  lie  a  second 
time  unfurled  the  revolutionary  banner,  and 
in  a  proclamation  to  the  "  people  of  Lom- 
bardy  and  Venice,"  espoused  tlie  cause  of 
Italian  regeneration  against  Austria.  His 
arms  were  at  first  crowned  with  success  ;  hut 
the  Austrian  field-marshal  Radetzky  having 
regained  step  by  step  the  positions  he  had 
lost,  at  lengtli  compelled  the  Sardinian 
forces  to  evacuate  Milan  in  August  of  the 
same  year,  and  in  September  an  armistice 
was  signed  by  the  contending  parties.  In 
March,  1849,  Charles  Albert  was  forced,  by 
the  clamours  of  his  subjects,  to  renew  the 
war  with  Austria.  But  the  Sardinian  army 
was  defeated  at  all  points  by  Marshal  Ra- 
detzky in  the  shortest  campaign  on  record, 
four  days;  and  innnediatcly  afterwards,  on 
the  24th  of  March,  Cliarles  Albert  abdicated 
the  throne  in  favour  of  his  eldest  son,  and 
precipitately  leaving  Turin,  took  up  his 
residence  at  Oporto,  where  he  died,  as  it  is 
alleged,  of  a  broken  heart,  July  18th,  1849. 

CHARLES,  LoL'is  DE  LoHRAixE,  arch- 
duke of  Austria,  a  distinguished  military 
commander,  son  of  Leopold  II.,  and  younger 
brother  of  Francis  II.,  was  born,  1771.  He 
first  entered  on  the  career  of  arms  under 
Prince  Coburg  in  1793;  and  liis  great  abilities, 
not  less  than  his  exalted  rank,  rapidly  pro- 
cured his  elevation  in  command.  After  the 
battle  of  Nerwinde,  which  restored  that  rich 
province  to  the  imperial  power,  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  Low  Countries,  and 
was  soon  after  created  a  field-marshal.  In 
179(5  he  was  promoted  to  the  command  of 
the  imperial  armies  on  the  Rhine,  gained 
some  advantages  over  the  republican  generals 
Jourdan  and  Moreau,  whom  he  compelled  to 
retire  across  the  Rliine  ;  took  Kehl  in  1797  ; 
subsequently  commanded  in  Italy  against 
Buonaparte  and  Massena ;  long  disputed 
victory  at  Caldiero,  Eckmuhl,  and  Essling  ; 
but  lost  the  decisive  battle  of  Wagram, 
where  he  was  wounded.  After  this  event 
he  lived  in  retirement,  during  which  he 
wrote  a  luminous  and  impartial  narrative 
of  his  campaigns,  and  enriched  military 
science  with  the  profound  views  set  forth 
in  his  "  Priucipes  (le  Strategic."    Died,  1847. 

CHARLES  I.,  king  of  England,  was  born 
in  Scotland,  in  the  year  1000.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  and  I. 
of  England,  by  Anne,  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Denmark  ;  and  upon  the  death  of  Prince 
Ilenry,  his  elder  brother,  in  1612,  was  created 
prince  of  Wales.  On  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  1G2."(,  he  ascended  the  throne,  his  kingdom 
being  engaged  in  war  with  Spain,  and  much 
embittered  against  his  friend  and  minister, 
Buckingliam.  It  unfortunately  happened 
for  Charles  I.  that  he  had  to  t)ie  full  as  high 
and  exacting  a  notion  of  the  royal  preroga- 
tive as  either  his  father  or  Elizabeth,  while 
he  had  to  deal  with  an  entirely  different 
state  of  public  opinion.  The  parliament 
impeached  Buckingliam,  and  the  king  sup- 
ported him  ;  war  with  France  was  declared, 
against  the  popular  wish,  because  Bucking- 
ham so  willed  it ;  and  while  the  parliament 
was  vexatious  in  its  resistance,  the  king  was 
obstinate  and  impolitic  in  his  enforcement 
and  extension  of  his  prerogative.    To  detail 


L^' 


the  events  consequent  upon  the  disputes 
between  the  king  and  his  people,  belongs 
rather  to  history  than  to  biography.  It  may 
suffice,  therefore,  to  say,  that  previous  to 
and  during  the  civil  war,  king  and  people 
seem  to  have  been  pretty  equally  in  the 
wrong ;  the  former  closing  his  ears  to  the 
increased  power  of  the  public  voice,  and  the 
latter  exerting  that  power  vexatiously  and 
gratuitously,  rather  than  with  a  just  and 
wholesome  reference  to  sound  moral  and 
political  principle.  The  first  battle  between 
the  king's  forces  and  the  parliamentary  army 
was  at  Edgehill,  in  which  neither  party  had 
much  to  Ixjast  of.  For  some  time,  however, 
the  royalists  were  generally  successful ;  but 
the  battles  of  Marston  Moor,  Newbury,  and 
Naseby  were  all  signally  unfavourable  to 
the  royal  cause.  Indeed,  after  the  defeat  at 
Naseby,  the  king  was  so  powerless,  that  he 
took  the  resolution  of  throwing  himself  upon 
the  good  feeling  of  the  Scottish  army,  then 
lying  before  Newark  ;  and  by  that  army  he 
was  basely  sold,  and  delivered  into  the  hands 
of  the  parliament.  For  a  time  he  was  treated 
with  much  outward  respect,  but  becoming 
alarmed  for  his  jHjrsoual  safety,  he  found 
means  to  make  his  escape  from  Hampton 
Court.  On  aiTiving  on  the  coast,  whither  he 
went  with  the  intention  of  quitting  the  king- 
dom, he  could  not  obtain  a  vessel  to  go 
abroad,  but  crossed  over  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  the  governor,  Hammond,  confined 
him  in  Carisbrook  Castle.  While  there, 
negotiations  were  carried  on  between  him 
and  the  parliament ;  but  the  dominant  party, 
commanding  the  army,  and,  as  it  would 
seem,  anything  but  sincere  in  wishing  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  king  and  his  people, 
cleared  the  House  of  Commons  of  the  mode- 
rate and  just  members,  and  erected  a  court 
for  the  trial  of  the  king.  Insulted  by  the 
rabble,  and  brow-beaten  by  the  self-erected 
court,  he  was  condemned  to  death,  and  on 
t!:?  3<)th  of  January,  1049,  beheaded  at 
Whitehall ;  his  last  word  to  Bishop  Juxon 
being  a  charge  to  him  to  admonish  Prince 
Charles  to  forgive  his  father's  miuderers. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  England,  son  of 
the  above,  Mas  born  in  1030.  He  was  living 
as  a  refugee  at  the  Hague  when  the  inhuman 
sentence  on  his  father  was  carried  into  exe- 
cution. He,  nevertheless,  assumed  the  regal 
title,  and  finding  that  the  Scots  had  pro- 
claimed him,  he  left  the  Hague  for  Scotland, 
and  was  crowned  at  Scone.  Cromwell  ! 
marched  towards  Scotland  to  give  him  bat- 
tle, and  Charles  took  the  spirited  course  of 
passing  by  forced  marches  into  England. 
Cromwell,  however,  whose  force  was  supe- 
rior, discovering  the  manoeuvre,  retrograded 
in  pursuit ;  and  the  royal  army  was  over- 
taken at  Worcester,  and  utterly  routed. 
After  difficulties  and  escapes  which  have 
rather  the  air  of  romance  than  of  stem  mat- 
ter of  fact,  Charles  escaped  to  France,  where 
he  resided  for  some  years,  keeping  up  the 
mimicry  of  a  court,  but  frequently  reduced 
to  extreme  distress.  The  death  of  Cromwell, 
the  general  discontent  of  the  people  with  the 
sordid  and  narrow-minded  bigotry  which 
had  thrown  a  gloom  over  the  whole  land, 
and  the  dexterous  policy  of  General  Monk, 
restored  Charles  to  his  crown  and  kingdom  ; 


03 


cha] 


^  ^fto  2iliul)eriSal  3tjiocimpf)n. 


[CIIA 


and  he  reigned  witli  a  power  far  fjreater  than 
j  that  for  aiming  at  which  liis  father  had  been 
put  to  death.    Untaught  by_  adversity,  he 
I  was  luxurious,  selfish,  and  indolent.     Tlie 
'  English  Nonconformists  were   treated  with 
jealous  rigour,  and  the  Scottish  Covenanters 
I  were  shot  and  sabred  without  compunction. 
I  And,  perhaps,  Charles's  reply  to  some  cora- 
I  plaints  made  to  him  of  Lauderdale's  cruelty 
;  in  Scotland,  will  give  quite  as  full  a  clue  to 
1  Ills  kingly  character  as  can  be  required  :  — 
!  "  I  perceive,"  said  Charles,  "  that  Lauderdale 
!  has  been  guilty  of  many  bad  tilings  against 
I  the  people  of  Scotland  ;   but  I  cannot  find 
i  that  he    has    acted  against    my  interest." 
j  Died,  1(J85.    During  this   monarch's   reign, 
i  the  capital  was  visited  by  heavy  calamities  ; 
the  plague  in  imn,  and  the  fire  of  London 
in  the  following  year  ;  while  pretended  plots 
and   conspiracies  were    made    pretexts    for 
bringing  some   eminent   persons,  who  were 
obnoxious  to  the  court,  to  an   ignominious 
death.    As  to  the  character  of  Charles  II., 
he   was,   in   the  fullest   acceptation  of  the 
terms,    a   sensualist    and   voluptuary ;    en- 
couraging, by  Ids  example,  a  taste  for  disso- 
lute   manners,   which    i)oisoned  the   moral 
health  of  society  ;  and  though  he  preserved 
a  degree  of  popularity  with  the  multitude, 
from  the  easiness  of  his  manners,  yet  he  was 
totally  destitute  of  exalted  sentiments. 

CHARLES  EDWAKD  STUART,  called 
the  Prcttiulcr,  was  the  grandson  of  James  II., 
and  born  at  Rome,  in  1720.  In  1745  he 
landed  in  Scotland,  and  published  a  mani- 
festo exhibiting  the  claims  of  his  father  to 
the  English  throne.  He  was  joined  by  se- 
veral of  the  Highlanders,  and  on  entering 
Edinburgh,  he  caused  his  father  to  be  pro- 
claimed i  on  which  General  Cope  hastened 
towards  the  capital,  but  was  attacked  by 
the  Pretender  at  Preston  Pans,  and  defeated. 
Instead  of  making  a  proper  use  of  this  vic- 
tory, by  advancing  into  England.  Charles 
returned  to  Edinburgh,  wasting  his  time  in 
an  idle  parade  of  royalty.  Afterwards,  on 
being  joined  by  Lords  Kilmarnock,  Cro- 
marty, Balnierino,  and  other  discontented 
chiefs,  he  marched  as  far  as  Manchester  ; 
but  hearing  that  the  king  was  about  to  take 
the  field,  he  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he 
defeated  the  English  forces,  under  llawley, 
at  Falkirk.  In  the  meantime  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  advanced  to  Edinburgh,  and 
from  thence  to  Aberdeen,  the  Pretender  re- 
treating before  him.  At  last  the  two  armies 
met  at  Culloden,  April  27.  1746,  when,  after 
an  obstinate  conflict,  in  which  the  High- 
landers displayed  prodigious  courage,  his 
array  was  signally  defeated,  and  entirely 
dispersed.  Charles,  after  wandering  about 
in  different  disguises,  chiefly  among  the 
Hebrides,  effected  his  escape  to  France.  He 
died  at  Florence  in  1788. 

CHARLETON,  Lewis,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, an  able  prelate,  distinguished  for  liis 
proficiency  in  theology  and  the  matheniatics. 
Died,  lfi()9. 

CHARLETON,  Walter,  M.  D.,  an  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  resided  abroad  with 
Charles  II.,  and  returned  with  him  at  the 
Restoration.  His  writings,  in  natural  his- 
tory, medicine,  theology,  and  natural  phi- 
losophy, are  very  numerous  and  learned, 


174 


especially  his  "  Ouomasticon  Zoicon  "  and 
"  Chorea  Gigantum  ;"  the  former  a  cla:^silicd 
arrangement  of  animals,  the  latter  au  essay 
on  Stonehenge.    Died,  1707. 

CIIARLE VILLE,  Chaules  William,  the 
Earl  of,  was  the  son  of  John  Bury,  esq.,  of 
Ireland,  who,  having  married  a  co-  heiress  of 
Charleville,  the  title  was  re\'ived,  by  patent, 
in  the  person  of  his  son,  in  1797  ;  who,  in 
1800,  was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  viscount, 
and  six  years  afterwards  to  that  of  earl. 
His  lordship  was  possessed  of  high  classical 
attainments,  and  was,  for  several  years,  pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  He  was 
a  firm  supporter  of  the  existing  institutions 
of  tlie  country,  in  their  connection  with 
church  and  state  ;  and  during  the  period  of 
the  Irish  rebellion,  in  1790,  he  commanded 
the  Tullamore  cavalry,  and  was  very  active 
in  suppressing  outrage.  Died,  1835,  in  his 
72nd  year. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xavier, 
a  French  Jesuit,  and  for  some  time  a  mis- 
sionary in  America.  On  his  return,  he  be- 
came conductor  of  the  Journal  de  Tre- 
voiix.  In  addition  to  his  numerous  con- 
tril)utions  to  that  work,  he  wrote  "  Histoire 
Genurale  de  Paraguay,"  "  Histoire  Gi5nijrale 
de  la  Nouvelle  France,"  &c.    Died,  17(51. 

CHARLOTTE  AUGUSTA,  daughter  of 
George  IV.  and  Queen  Caroline,  was  born 
Jan.  7.  1796,  and  married  to  Prince  I^eopold 
of  Coburg  (now  king  of  Belgium),  May  2. 
1810.  From  her  earliest  years  she  gave 
strong  indications  of  nobleness  of  mind  and 
great  capacity  ;  and  as  she  grew  up,  a  feeling 
of  sincere  and  ardent  attachment  for  her  on 
tlie  part  of  the  people  was  universally  dis- 
played. She  was  not  merely  accomplished, 
according  to  the  common  acceptation  of  the 
term,  but  was  well-  acquainted  with  history, 
statistics,  and  other  more  abstruse  branches 
of  knowledge  ;  spoke  several  modern  lan- 
guages, and  excelled  in  music,  painting,  &c. 
In  tine,  she  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the 
several  qualities  and  endowments  necessary 
for  the  dignified  maintenance  of  an  exalted 
station  ;  while  her  active  benevolence  and 
solicitude  for  the  poor  rendered  her  an  object 
of  their  especial  regard.  Her  marriage  with 
Prince  Leopold  was  the  result  of  mutual 
esteem,  and  their  domestic  life  may  safely  be 
held  up  as  a  pattern  for  universal  imitation. 
But  the  hopes  of  the  nation,  and  the  anxious 
wishes  of  a  husband,  were  suddenly  blighted: 
on  the  5th  of  Nov.  1817,  the  princess  was 
delivered  of  a  still-born  child  ;  and,  in  a  few 
hours  after,  she  was  seized  with  convulsions 
and  expired.  Never  before,  perhaps,  wtis 
national  and  individual  sorrow  so  strikingly 
or  so  sincerely  expressed,  and  never,  perhaps, 
was  it  more  deservedly  bestowed.  The  un- 
happy dissensions  of  her  royal  parents,  and 
the  vicious  blandishments  of  courtly  para- 
sites, were  strikingly  contrasted  at  Claremont 
by  conjugal  affection  and  the  pure  pleasures 
of  a  virtuous  life.  No  wonder,  then,  tliat 
the  people  should  have  looked  forward  to  her 
reign  with  delight ;  nor  can  it  be  a  matter  of 
surprise  that  their  grief  should  have  been 
intense  when  thus  bereft  of  "  England's 
hope." 

CHARNOCK,  Jonx,  an  English  naval 
ofBcer  and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  author  of  a 


!  ciia] 


^  |3eU)  ?Hiuljcv^al  3Sioj3;mjp]bfi« 


[ciia 


"  History  of  Marine  Architecture,"  "  Bio- 
graphia  Navalls,"  a  "  Supplement  to  Camp- 
bell's Lives  of  the  Admirals,"  &c.  Died, 
1807. 

CHARNOCK,  Stkphex,  a  nonconformist 
divine.  He  was  a  very  eloquent  and  popular 
preacher,  and  advocated  Calvinistical  doc- 
trines with  great  force  and  originality.  His 
"  Discourse  on  Providence  "  is  considered  the 
best  of  his  writings.    Died,  1080. 

CIIARONDAS,  an  ancient  legislator.  He 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  u.  c,  and  is 
celebrated  for  liis  code  of  laws  drawn  up 
for  the  inhabitants  of  Thurium,  in  Magna 
Grajcia.  Auiong  his  regulations,  was  one  to 
prevent  any  citizen  from  apiK-aring  with 
arms  in  the  public  assemblies.  Having  in- 
advertently broken  through  tliis  law,  lie 
plunged  his  sword  into  his  breast,  saying, 
that  he  would  seal  his  law  with  Ids  own 
blood. 

CIIARPENTIER,  Fka>xis,  one  of  the 
Frencli  literati  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Ex- 
cellence of  the  French  Language,"  and  other 
works  !  but  though  he  hart  much  talent,  liis 
flattery  of  the  king,  and  his  praise  of  modern 
literature  at  the  expense  of  the  ancients, 
caused  him  to  be  severely  satirised  by  Boi- 
leau.    Died,  1703. 

ClIARRERIE,  Madame  de  St.  IFva- 
ciSTiiE  DE,  a  French  lady  of  versatile  ability; 
authoress  of  "  Lettrcs  Neuchatclloiscs,"  "  Ca- 
liste,  ou  Lettres  ^crites  de  Lausanne,"  and 
several  successful  novels  and  diamas.  Died, 
180(5. 

CHARRON,  Pkteu,  a  French, divine,  and 
a  friend  of  Montaigne,  who,  by  will,  left  lilra 
the  privilege  of  bearing  his  arms ;  a  strong 
proof,  considering  the  pride  of  a  Gascon,  of 
his  personal  consideration.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  Three  Smiths,"  a  "Treatise  on 
Wisdom,"  and  a  volume  of  "  Christian  Dis- 
courses." 

CHASLES,  Fraxcis  James,  a  French 
writer  of  the  18th  century  ;  compiler  of  the 
"  Dictionnairc  de  Justice." 

CHASLES,  Greoobv  pe,  a  French  naval 
officer  and  a  witty  writer  ;  author  of  "  Les 
Illustres  Francoises,"  "  Journal  d'un  Voyage 
fait  aux  Indcs  Orientales,"  &c.    Died,  1720. 

CHASSENEUZ,  Baktiiolomew  ue,  an 
eminent  French  lawyer  ;  author  of  "  Cata- 
logus  Glorias  Mundi,"  "  Consilia,  or  Consult- 
ations on  Points  of  Law,"  &c.  It  is  greatly 
to  his  credit  that  he  used  all  his  power  as 
president  of  the  parliament  of  Provence  to 
delay  the  decree  issued  by  that  body  against 
the  Vaudois  of  Merindol  and  Cabrieres.  In- 
deed, it  was  suspected  that  his  humanity 
caused  the  Catholics  to  hasten  his  end  by 
poison.    Died,  1.541. 

CHASTELAIN,  Clavde,  a  French  eccle- 
siastical writer ;  author  of  a  "  Universal 
Martyrology,"  the  "Roman  Martyrology," 
and  a  Journal  of  his  own  Life.    Died,.1712. 

ClIASTELARD,  Pikkre  he  Bi.scole  de, 
a  French  gentleman,  whom  De  Thou  sup- 
I  poses  to  have  been  grandson  of  the  Chevalier 
Bayard.  He  went  to  Scotland  in  the  suite 
of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  and  became  so 
violently  enamoured  of  his  royal  mistress,  as 
to  secrete  liimself  in  her  apartment.  Being 
discovered  when  the  queen  retired  to  rest,  he 


was  committed  to  prison,  and  finally  be- 
headed on  a  charge  of  treason. 

CHASTELER,  John  G.,  Marquis  of,  an 
eminent  Austrian  general.  He  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Valenciennes  in 
179;?,  and  was  subseijuently  opposed  succes- 
sively to  Lefevre  and  Murat.  In  1808,  with 
Hormayer,  he  was  the  soul  of  the  famous 
Tyrolese  insurrection  ;  and  he  was  charac- 
terised by  Napoleon,  in  a  wrathful  procla- 
mation which  he  had  the  rashness  to  issue, 
as  "  tlie  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers,"  and  an 
outlaw.  In  all  his  engagements  he  displayed 
equal  skill  and  courage,  and  was  at  length 
rewarded  with  the  honourable  post  of  go- 
vernor of  Venice.     Born,  17<;3  ;  died,  1820. 

CIIASTELET,  Gahrieli.e  Emilie  dk 
Bheteuil,  Marchioness  of,  a  French  lady, 
distinguished  by  her  proficiency  in  science. 
She  translated  the  Institutes  of  the  Philoso- 
phy of  Leibnitz  from  the  German,  and  sub- 
sequently becoming  acquainted  ■with  the 
pliilosophy  of  Newton,  she  translated  his 
Principia,  and  added  an  able  commentary. 
Born,  1700  ;  died,  1749. 

CHASTELLUX,  Francis  John,  Marquis 
de,  a  French  field-marshal ;  author  of  "  Tra- 
vels in  North  America,"  and  a  treatise  on 
"  Public  Happiness."    Died,  17;W. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Francois  Au- 
of  STE,  Vicomtc  de,  whose  chequered  career 
and  numerous  productions  gained  him  a 
prominent  place  in  the  history  of  his  time, 
was  born  at  St.  Malo,  in  1709,  the  year  that 
witnessed  the  birth  of  Napoleon,  Mehemet 
Ali,  and  Arthur  Wellesley.  After  pursuing 
Ids  studies  at  Dol  and  Rennes,  in  his  17th 
year  he  joined  the  regiment  of  Navarre  as 
sub-lieutenant,  and  repaired  to  Paris,  where 
he  witnessed  all  the  splendours  of  the  throne 
soon  doomed  to  fall.  On  the  eve  of  the 
meeting  of  the  states-general  in  1789,  ani- 
mated by  a  love  of  adventure,  he  went  to 
America.  Here  he  spent  two  years  amid  the 
wild  grandeur  of  savage  life,  "  the  world 
forgetting,  by  the  world  forgot,"  when  ac- 
cident threw  into  his  hands  a  journal  which 
revealed  to  him  the  immense  events  wliich 
three  years  had  sutficcd  to  bring  about  in 
his  native  country.  The  French  monarchy 
existed  only  in  name,  a  turbulent  democracy 
had  takeu  its  place,  and  the  emigrant  nobi- 
lity were  turning  tlieir  swords  aj'ainst  their 
country.  It  was  in  their  ranks  that  honour, 
as  understood  among  "gentils  hommcs," 
had  marked  out  his  place ;  and  thither 
he  betook  himself.  Wounded  At  the  siege 
of  Thionville  in  1792,  he  was  conveyed  in  a 
dying  state  to  Jersey  ;  and  after  a  partial 
recovery  he  sailed  for  England,  where  he 
sutfered  great  privations,  which  a  few  trans- 
lations, and,  as  he  subsequently  made  known, 
the  timely  aid  of  the  Literary  Fund  So- 
ciety, enabled  him  to  mitigate  rather  than 
relieve.  Here  he  published  his  first  work, 
entitled  "Essai  llistorique  et  Politique  sur 
les  Revolutions  Anciennes  et  Modernes," 
1797.  After  the  18th  Brumaire  he  returned 
to  France,  and  contributed  to  the  Mercure. 
His"  Attala"  appeared  In  1801  ;  and  was  fol- 
lowed in  1802  by  his  most  celebrated  work, 
the  "  Gt-nie  du  Christianisme,"  which  lias 
become  like  a  household  word  through  the 
Christian  world.    Soon  afterwards  he  was 


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[cha 


oppointed  by  Napoleon  secretary  to  the 
French  embassy  at  Home.  In  March,  1804, 
he  was  nominated  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Switzerland  ;  but  he  resigned  on  learning 
the  melancholy  fate  of  the  Duke  d'Eng- 
hien,  and  resisted  all  the  overtures  which 
Napoleon  subsequently  made  to  him.  For 
a  long  time  he  had  meditated  a  grand  poetic 
work  founded  on  the  great  events  of  Chris- 
tianity ;  and  to  qualify  liimselr  for  this  un- 
dertaking, he  visited  in  180(5  the  great  scenes 
of  Bible  history,  and  on  his  return  in  1807 
hepublislicd  "  I>e3  Martyrs,"  and  four  years 
later  his  "  Itineraire  de  Paris  h  Jerusalem." 
In  1814,  Chateaubriand  hailed  the  Restora- 
tion in  a  brochure, entitled  "Buonaparte  et 
les  Bourbons."  At  Ghent  he  was  considered 
one  of  the  ministers  of  Louis  XVIII.  ;  in 
1815  he  was  created  a  peer  of  France,  and 
the  following  year  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Institute.  "  La  Monarchic  selon  la 
Charte,"  which  he  published  the  same  year, 
threw  him  for  some  years  into  discredit  with 
the  court ;  but  in  1S20  tlie  highest  state 
appointments  once  more  lay  open  to  him, 
and  he  became  successively'  ambaseador  at 
Berlin  in  1820,  and  at  London  in  1822,  and 
the  same  year  minister  of  foreign  aftairs  in 
the  Vilfcle  ministry,  wlien  he  organised  the 
invasion  of  Spain  under  the  Duke  d'Angou- 
IGme,  and  took  part  in  the  Congress  of  Ve- 
rona, the  history  of  which  he  afterwards 
recorded.  In  1824,  being  summarily  dis- 
missed from  office,  lie  took  refuge  in  the 
columns  of  the  Journal  des  Dc'bats,  where  he 
\-igorously  attacked  liis  fbrmer  colleagues  ; 
and  on  their  fall  in  1828,  he  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Rome,  but  resigned  his  office 
in  1829,  on  the  formation  of  the  Polignac 
administration.  On  the  news  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  hastened  to  Paris, 
where  he  was  hailed  with  acclamation  by  the 
people,  but  after  delivering  a  glowing  oration 
in  favour  oftlie  Duke  of  Bordeaux,  he  retired 
from  the  chamber  of  peers,  never  to  enter  it 
again.  From  this  period  he  personally  took 
leave  of  politics ;  but  he  continued  to  send 
forth  from  time  to  time  pamplilets  on  the 
government  of  Louis  Philippe,  conceived  in 
so  bitter  and  violent  a  spirit,  that  he  became 
an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  ministry,  and 
was  summarily  arrested,  but  soon  discharged. 
Hislast  years  were  spent  in  domestic  privacy, 
cheered  by  the  sympathy  of  "  troops  of 
friends,"  who  looked  up  to  him  with  respect 
bordering  on  veneration ;  and  he  expired 
almost  at  the  moment  when  some  of  the  most 
terrible  scenes  of  his  early  life  were  renewed 
in  the  streets  of  Paris.  Besides  the  works 
above  mentioned,  Wiateaubriand  wrote 
"  Etudes  Historiques,"  "EssaisurlaLitti'ra- 
ture  Anglaise "  (a  poor  production)  and 
many  others,  including  numerous  pamphlets 
upon  historical  subjects  and  the  politics  of  the 
day.  A  splendid  edition  of  his  collected  works 
was  published  at  Paris  in  1820,  for  which  he 
received  25,000/.  His  "  Mc'moires,"  to  which 
great  importance  was  attached  during  his 
lifetime,  have  been  published  since  his  death ; 
but  even  the  events  of  his  chequered  career, 
set  forth  with  all  the  gracefulness  of  his  fluent 
pen  and  the  fervour  of  his  glowing  imagina- 
tion, lose  much  of  their  interest  from  the 
overweening   vanity    which  peers   tlirough 


every  page,  and  which  has  converted  that 
which  might  liave  been  a  grand  "pifecc 
justiflcatif"  of  a  life,  as  remarkable  for  poli- 
tical changes  as  tlie  era  in  which  it  was 
passed,  into  a  theme  for  the  regret  of  the 
thoughtful,  and  the  satire  of  the  scornful. 
Died,  July  4.  1848. 

CHATE  AUBRUN,  Jonx  Baptist  Vivian 
DE,  a  French  dramatic  writer ;  author  of 
"  Philoctetcs,"  "  Mahomet  II.,"  "  Les  Troy- 
ennes,"  &c.    Died,  1775. 

CHATEAIIRENAUD,  FRANCia  Louis 
RoussELET,  Count  of,  a  distinguished  French 
admiral.  lie  was  a  great  scourge  to  the 
Sallee  rovers,  and  signally  defeated  the  Dutch 
fleet  in  1675.     Died,  171C. 

CIIATEL,  Fkakcis  du,  a  Flemish  painter 
of  the  lOth  century.  His  chief  work,  which 
is  in  the  town-hall  of  Ghent,  represents  the 
king  of  Spain  receiving  the  oath  of  fidelity 
from  the  states  of  Flanders  and  Brabant. 

CHATEL,  PiEKUE  DU,  bishop  of  Orleans, 
a  strenuous  defender  of  the  Galilean  Churcli. 
He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  assisted 
Erasmus  in  his  translations  from  the  Greek. 
He  wrote  a  Latin  letter  against  the  emperor, 
Cliarles  V.,  and  two  funeral  orations  for 
Francis  I.    Died,  1552. 

CIIATEL,  Tanneguy  du,  an  able  French 
general.  He  was  in  the  famous  battle  of 
Agineourt ;  and  when  the  Burgundians  sur- 
prised Paris,  he  was  fortunate  enough  to 
save  the  dauphin,  between  whom  and  the 
Duke  of  Burgundy  he  afterwards  brought 
about  a  reconciliation.    Died,  1449. 

CHATE  LET,  Paul  du  Hay,  Lord  of,  a 
French  officer  of  state  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIII.  ;  author  of  the  "  History  of  Bertrand 
du  Guesclin,"  constable  of  France.  Died, 
1036. 

CHATHAM,  WiLT.iAM  PITT,  Earl  of,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  statesmen  that  ever 
graced  the  British  senate,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Pitt,  esq.,  of  Boconock,  in  Cornwall, 
where  he  was  born  in  1708.  After  studying 
at  Eton  and  Oxford,  he  entered  the  army  as 
a  cornet  of  dragoons,  but  quitted  it  on  being 
returned  to  parliament  as  a  member  for  Old 
Sarum.  His  talents  as  an  orator  were  soon 
displaj'ed  in  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Wal- 
pole,  and  had  so  great  an  efiect,  that  the 
Duchess  of  Marlborough,  who  had  a  deadly 
hatred  to  that  minister,  bequeathed  to  Mr. 
Pitt  a  legacy  of  10,000Z.  On  the  change  of 
administration,  he  was  made  joint  vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland  and  paymaster-general 
of  the  armj',  which  places  he  resigned  in 
1755  ;  but  the  year  following  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state.  In  a  few  months  he  was 
again  dismissed  from  office  ;  but  an  efficient 
administration  being  wanted  in  1757,  and 
the  nation  being  enthusiastically  attached  to 
him,  he  returned  to  his  former  situation  as 
secretary  of  state.  His  great  mind  now  re- 
vealed its  full  force,  and  his  ascendancy 
was  complete  over  the  parliament  no  less 
than  in  the  ministry.  lie  aroused  the  Eng- 
lish nation  to  new  activity,  and,  in  the  space 
of  a  few  years,  we  recovered  our  superiority 
over  France,  annihilating  her  navy,  and 
stripping  her  of  her  colonies.  France  was 
beaten  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  world.  In 
1700,  he  advised  the  declaration  of  war  against 
Spain,  while  she  was  unprepared  for  rcsist- 


176 


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[cha 


ance,  as  he  foresaw  that  she  would  assist 
France.  The  elevation  of  England  on  the 
ruins  of  the  house  of  Bourbon  was  the  great 
object  of  his  policy.  But  his  plans  were  sud- 
denly interrupted  by  the  death  of  George  II., 
whose  successor  was  prejudiced  against  Pitt 
by  his  adversary,  tlie  Earl  of  Bute,  a  states- 
man of  limited  views.  Pitt,  therefore,  re- 
signed his  post  in  17C1,  only  retaining  his 
seat  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Foreseeing 
the  separation  of  the  American  colonies  from 
the  mother  country,  if  the  arbitrary  measures 
then  adopted  should  be  continued,  he  ad- 
vocated, especially  in  I'OtJ,  a  conciliatory 
policy,  and  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  invited  to  assist  in 
forming  a  new  ministry,  in  which  he  took 
the  office  of  privy  seal,  and  was  created  vis- 
count Burton,  baron  Pynscnt,'  and  earl  of 
Chatham  ;  but  in  17G8  he  resigned,  as  he 
found  himself  inadequately  seconded  by  his 
colleagues.  In  the  House  of  Lords,  he  con- 
tinued to  recommend  the  abandonment  of 
the  coercive  measures  employed  against 
America,  particularly  in  1774  ;  but  his  warn- 
ing was  rejected,  and,  in  1770,  the  colonies 
declared  themselves  independent.  He  still, 
however,  laboured  in  the  cause,  and  used  all 
his  efforts  to  induce  the  government  to  etfect 
a  reconciliation  with  the  Ameri(ian  states  ; 
and,  na  he  was  speaking  with  his  accustomed 
energy  on  the  subject,  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
April  8.  1778,  he  fell  down  in  a  convulsive 
fit.  He  died  on  the  11th  of  the  following 
month,  and  his  body,  after  lying  in  state, 
M-as  solemnly  interred  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, where  a  superb  monument  was  erected 
to  his  memory  at  the  national  expense. 

CHATHAM,  Joiix,  Earl  of,  &.c..,  eldest 
son  of  the  celebrated  statesman  whose  life 
we  have  just  given,  and  brotlier  of  the  late 
William  Pitt.  He  was  bom  in  175C,  and 
succeeded  to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1778.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  appointed  captain  of  the  86th  regi- 
ment of  foot,  and  served  in  the  American 
war.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  by  his 
brother  (then  prime  minister)  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty  ;  was  sworn  a  privy-council- 
lor, and  elected  a  kniglit  of  the  Garter.  His 
promotions,  both  civil  and  military,  were 
rapid  and  numerous  under  his  brother's  ad- 
ministration, and  he  continued  to  hold  office 
for  many  years  after,  under  his  successors. 
As  lieutenant-general,  he  commanded  the 
unfortunate  expedition  to  Walcheren,  in 
1809,  and  was,  tliree  years  afterwards,  raised 
to  the  full  rank  of  general.  On  the  death 
of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  held,  with 
other  offices,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
IKi'u  He  was  the  last  peer  of  the  Pitt  family, 
whose  title  has  now  become  extinct,  and 
with  it  the  annual  pension  of  4,000/.,  besides 
another  pension  of  3,000/.  per  annum, 
granted  to  his  father  for  three  lives,  in  1761. 
The  late  earl  was  married,  in  1783,  to  a 
daughter  of  Viscount  Sydney,  but  they  had 
no  children. 

CHATTERTON,  Thomas,  an  English 
poet,  whose  precocious  genius  and  melan- 
choly fate  have  gained  him  much  celebrity, 
was  born  at  Bristol,  in  1752.  Ilis  father 
was  sexton  of  Bedcliff  church,  Bristol ;  and 


young  Chatterton  professed  to  have  received 
from  him  several  ancient  MSS.  These  he 
palmed  upon  the  world  as  the  poems  of 
Rowley,  a  priest  of  Bristol  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury ;  and  so  admirably  was  his  forgery 
executed,  that  it  is  even  now  rather  as- 
sumed than  proved,  though  there  can  be 
little  moral  doubt  of  it,  that  he  did  forge 
and  not  find  the  MSS.  Having  vainly  en-  I 
deavoured  to  persuade  Horace  Walpole  and 
other  scholars  of  the  genuineness  of  the  MSS., 
Chatterton,  though  still  a  mere  boy,  became 
a  party  writer  ;  but  even  this  resource  failed 
him,  and  in  a  state  of  deep  despondency, 
produced  by  absolute  want,  he  destroyed 
himself  by  jwison,  in  1770,  at  the  age  of  18  !! 

CHAUCER,  Geokfuev,  an  admirable 
English  poet,  to  whom  is  justly  given  the 
title  of  the  father  of  English  poetry.  He 
studied  law  in  the  Temple,  but  soon  turned 
his  attention  to  the  court,  and  became  suc- 
cessively yeoman  and  shield-bearer  to  Ed- 
ward III.,  and  comptroller  of  the  customs 
of  London.  In  the  following  reign,  having 
embraced  the  doctrines  of  Wickliff,  he  was 
committed  to  prison,  but  released  on  re- 
canting his  opinions.  He  now  retired  to 
Woodstock,  where  he  composed  his  treatise 
on  the  astrolabe.  He  seems  to  have  been 
fortunate  beyond  the  usual  lot  of  poets  ;  for, 
independent  of  bounties  he  had  bestowed  on 
him  by  the  crown,  he  derived  considerable 
property  and  influence  from  his  marriage 
with  a  connexion  of  the  great  John  of  Gaunt, 
duke  of  Lancaster.  As  a  poet,  Chaucer  is 
far  less  read  and  understood  than  he  deserves; 
for  his  writing  has  a  fresh  ond  lusty  vigour, 
rarely  to  be  met  with  in  more  modern  poesy. 
Bom,  1328  ;  died,  1400. 

CHAUDET,  Antoixe  Dexis,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor  and  painter.  His  painting 
of  "  ^neas  and  Anchises  amid  the  Conlla- 
gration  of  Troy,"  produced  him  great  and 
well  merited  applause.    Died,  1810.  | 

CHAUDON,  Lot  IS  Mavell.  a  French 
abbe  ;  author  of  "  Lessons  of  History  and 
Chronology,"  "Elements  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  to  the  Pontificate  of  Pius  VI.,"  &e. 
Bom,  17.37  ;  died.  1817. 

CHAUFFEPIE,  James  George,  a  biogra- 
phical and  critical  writer,  was  the  son  of  a 
French  Protestant  minister,  but  born  in 
Friesland.  In  addition  to  sermons  and  the- 
ological essays,  he  wrote  a  "  Historical  and 
Critical  Dictionary,"  designed  as  a  continu- 
ation of  the  great  work  of  Bayle.  Born, 
1702  ;  died,  1786.  I 

CHAULIEU,  William  Amfuye  de,  a.  I 
French  lyric  poet.  His  poems,  which  with 
those  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Fare  have  been 
frequently  reprinted,  are  a  mixture  of  Aiia- 
creon  and  the  good-humoured  i)hilosophy 
of  Horace.     Bora,  1639  ;  died,  1720. 

CHAULNES,  ALBEKT,Duke  de,  a  French 
nobleman  and  man  of  science.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  chemistry,  and  contributed  many 
valuable  papers  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences.    Died,  1769. 

CHAUMETTE,  Pierre  Gaspard,  one  of 
the  wretches  who  outraged  humanity  during 
the  French  revolution.  He  was  of  low  origin, 
and  after  serving  some  time  on  board  a  ship 
he  became  clerk  to  an  attorney.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution  he  became 


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one  of  the  street  orators,  and  was  so  oon- 
spicuous  by  his  violence,  that,  in  1792,  he 
was  made  lirst  a  member  of  the  municipality 
of  Paris,  and  then  procureur,  or  attorney. 
AVhen  the  Mountain  party,  in  1793,  wished 
to  overwhelm  the  more  moderate  Girondists, 
Chaumette  was  one  of  the  chief  instruments 
of  doing  so,  and  was  in  consequence  ex- 
tremely popular.  During  the  confinement 
of  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI.  in  the  Temple, 
Chaumette  and  Herbert  heaped  every  in- 
dignity upon  him  ;  and  with  them,  it  is  said, 
originated  the  most  horrible  of  all  the 
charges  made  against  the  queen.  He  at 
length  met  his  reward.  Robespierre,  him- 
self already  on  the  very  verge  of  ruin,  threw 
him  into  the  prison  of  the  Luxembourg,  and 
lie  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

CHAUNCEY,  CiiAKLES,  D.D.,  an  Ame- 
rican divine,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  of  the  sect  called  Universalists  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Religion 
in  New  England,"  "The  Benevolence  of 
the  Deity  considered,"  "A  true  Sketch  of 
the  Sufferings  and  Misfortunes  of  the  Town 
of  Boston,"  &c.    Born,  170,5  ;  died,  1787. 

CHAUNCEY,  Sir  IIexuv,  an  English 
lawyer  and  antiquarian.  He  was  knighted 
by  Charles  II.  in  lOSl,  and,  in  168S,  was 
made  a  Welch  judge.  Just  before  his  death 
he  published  the  "  Historical  Antiquities  of 
Hertfordshire,"  one  of  the  most  valuable  of 
our  county  histories.    Died,  17f)0. 

CHAUSSE,  Michael  Angelo  pe  la,  a 
French  archa:ological  writer  ;  author  of 
"Museum  Romanum,"  'Tietura;  Antiquae 
Cryptarum  Romanarum,"  &c.    Died,  1724. 

ClIEKE,  Sir  Joiix,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  scholar.  Becoming  regius 
professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge,  he  strenu- 
ously laboured  to  improve  the  prevailing 
pronunciation  of  that  language  ;  and  the 
opposition  he  met  with  from  Gardiner, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  produced  a  literary 
correspondence  between  them,  which  was 
published  at  Basle  by  Ccelius  Sccundus  Curio. 
Having  taken  part  in  the  education  of  Ed- 
ward VI.,  that  king,  on  his  accession,  granted 
him  considerable  property  in  laud.  He 
also  made  him  a  privy  councillor  and  se- 
cretary of  state,  and  conferred  the  honour 
of  knighthood  upon  him.  Unfortunately  for 
him  he  engaged,  on  the  death  of  Edward  "VI., 
in  the  cause  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  was 
consequently  sent  to  the  Tower  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Mary.  His  life  was  spared,  and 
he  was  allowed  to  leave  England ;  but  while 
he  was  abroad  he  gave  some  new  oflfcnce  to 
the  queen,  and  his  estates  were  confiscated. 
Visiting  Brussels  he  was  seized  by  order  of 
Philip  II.  and  sent  to  England,  where,  under 
fear  of  being  put  to  death,  he  renounced 
Protestantism.  Ha'^ing  done  this,  the  queen, 
though  slie  did  not  restore  his  estates,  gave 
him  some  equivalent  for  them  ;  but  she  em- 
bittered them  by  compelling  him  to  sit  on 
the  bench  at  the  trial  of  Protestants  whose 
attachment  to  their  faith  was  stronger  than 
their  fears  of  death.  Besides  his  correspon- 
dence with  Gardiner,  he  wrote  and  translated 
several  treatises.  He  also  left  in  MS.  nn 
English  translation  of  St.  Matthew,  in  which 
no  word  was  admitted  of  other  than  Saxon 
origin.    Born,  1514  j  died,  1557. 


CHELSUM,  Ja.mes,  D.D.,  an  English 
clergyman,  chiefly  known  as  an  author  by 
two  pamphlets,  in  which  he  severely  criti- 
cised "Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Koman  Empire."    Died,  1801. 

CHEMNIZER,  Ivan  Ivanovitcii,  a  Rus- 
sian soldier  and  poet.  He  served  several 
campaigns  in  the  imperial  guards,  and 
afterwards  entered  the  corps  of  engineers. 
When  he  at  length  retired  he  published  va- 
rious tales  and  fables,  which  the  Russian 
critics  compare  to  those  of  La  Fontaine. 
Bom,  1744;  died,  1784. 

CHENEVIX,  Richard,  an  Irish  gentle- 
man of  great  and  versatile  ability  as  a 
writer  ;  author  of  "  Remarks  on  Chemical 
Nomenclature  according  to  the  System  of 
the  French  Neologists,"  "Observations  on 
Jlineralogical  Systems,"  "  The  Mantuan 
Rivals,"  a  comedy ;  "  Henry  VII.,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  "  An  Essay  on  National  Character," 
&c.    Died,  1830. 

CHENIER,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French 
writer  ;  autlior  of  "  Charles  IX.,"  "  The 
Death  of  Calas,"  and  some  other  dramas  ; 
of  several  odes  sung  on  public  occasions 
during  the  revolution,  and  of  "An  Histo- 
rical Sketch  of  the  State  and  Progress  of 
French  Literature.  This  writer,  who  de- 
dicated one  of  his  dramas  to  Louis  XVI., 
and  commenced  that  dedication  with  "  Mo- 
narque  des  Francois,  roi  d'un  peuple  fidfele," 
was  among  the  most  violent  of  the  revolu- 
tionary agitators,  and  actually  voted  in  the 
National  Convention  for  the  death  of  the 
king  wliom  he  had  thus  apostrophised.  He 
contrived  to  survive  all  the  horrors  of  the 
"reign  of  terror,"  and  to  thrive  equally 
under  the  directorial,  the  consular,  and  the 
imperial  governments.    He  died  in  1811. 

CHEOPS,  a  king  of  Egypt.  Diodorus 
calls  him  Chemmis,  and  makes  him  eighth 
in  succession  from  Rhampsinitus.  It  is 
said  that  he  reigned  .50  years,  and  built  the 
largest  of  the  pyramids  in  Egypt  ;  but  little 
is  certam  of  his  history,  or  even  of  the  time 
when  he  flourished. 

CIIERON,  Elizabeth  Sophie,  a  French 
lady,  eminent  as  a  portrait  painter.  She 
possessed  considerable  talent  for  music  and 
poetry,  and  wrote  several  psalms  and  can- 
ticles in  French.  She  remained  unmarried 
until  her  sixtieth  jear,  when  she  gave  her 
hand  to  M.  le  Hay,  the  king's  engineer. 
Died,  1711. 

CIIERON,  Louis,  brother  of  the  above, 
and  also  a  painter.  Being  refused  admit- 
tance to  the  Academy  of  Painting  in  Paris, 
on  account  of  his  being  a  Calvinist,  he  came 
to  England  in  1695,  and  remained  here  till 
liis  death,  which  happened  in  1713. 

ClIERUBIN,  a  French  Capuchin  friar, 
astronomer,  and  mathematician  of  the  17th 
century  ;  author  of  "  Dioptrique  Oculaire," 
"  A  Treatise  on  the  Theory,  Construction, 
and  Use  of  the  Telescope,"  and  "  La  Vision 
Parfaite." 

CHERUBINI,  Salvador,  a  distinguished 
musical  composer,  was  born  at  Florence  in 
1700.  His  precocious  skill  in  music  attracted 
the  attention  of  tlie  Grand-duke  of  Tuscany, 
who  gave  him  a  pension,  and  this  enabled 
him  to  complete  his  studies  under  Sarti, 
whom  he  afterwards  assisted  in  his  compo- 


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sitions.  In  17»4  he  repaired  to  liOnrlon, 
where  lie  produced  the  "  Fiuta  Principcssa  " 
and  "  Giulio  Sabino."  In  1788  he  settled  in 
Paris,  which  thenceforward  became  his 
adopted  country  and  the  scene  of  his  greatest 
triumphs.  His  operas  of  "  Iiihigenia,"  "  Lo- 
doiska,"  "  Ali  Baba "  would  alone  have 
testified  to  the  extent  and  variety  of  his 
powers  ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  npon  his 
sacred  music,  of  which  his  "  Requiem,"  com- 
posed for  his  own  obsequies,  deserves  par- 
ticular notice,  lie  was  director  of  the  Con- 
servatoire at  Paris,  where  he  died,  full  of 
years  and  honours,  1S42. 

ClIKSELDEN,  William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon  and  anatomist  ;  author  of 
a  treatise  on  "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Human 
Body,"  a  treatise  '•  On  the  High  Operation 
for  the  Stone,"  "  Osteography,  or  Anatomy 
of  the  Bones,"  a  translation  of  "  T>e  Dran's 
Surgery,"  &c.  He  was  an  admirable  oculist; 
and  though  his  system  of  lithotomy  involved 
liim  in  much  controversy,  it  is  undoubted 
tliat  he  very  greatly  improved  the  means  of 
relieving  one  of  the  most  terrible  complaints 
to  which  our  nature  is  obnoxious.  He  was 
born  in  1C.88,  and  died,  17.'>2. 

CHESTERFIELD,  Piiiup  Dohmkr 
Stanhoi'E,  Earl  of,  was  bom  in  1694,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  first  sat  in 
parliament  as  memlier  forLostwithicl ;  and 
in  172G,  on  his  father's  death,  succeeded  to 
the  earldom  of  Chesterfield.  He  was  a  par- 
ticular favourite  of  George  II.,  on  whose 
accession  he  was  sworn  a  privy  councillor  ; 
was  appointed,  in  1728,  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary to  Holland  ;  made  a  knight  of  the 
Garter  in  1730,  and  was  appointed  steward  of 
the  household.  Tlie  latter  office  he  soon 
after  resigned,  and  he  continued  for  seve- 
ral years  the  strenuous  opponent  of  Sir  R. 
Walpole,  distinguishing  himself  by  lus 
writings  in  the  Craftsman,  as  well  as  by  his 
powerful  eloquence  in  the  house.  In  174.5 
the  government  once  more  availed  itself 
of  his  talents,  and  he  was  sent  to  Ireland 
as  lord- lieutenant,  where  he  continued  a 
year,  exercising  his  power  in  a  manner 
calculated  to  gain  the  approbation  of  the 
people.  He  was  afterwards  secretary  of  state, 
but  deafness  and  declining  health  induced 
him  to  relinquish  office  in  1748.  His  lord- 
ship was  a  man  of  brilliant  accomplishments, 
but  tainted  with  vanity  and  infidelity.  He 
wrote  some  papers  in  the  World,  and  seve- 
ral poetical  pieces,  but  he  is  principally 
known  as  the  author  of  "Letters  to  his  Son." 
Died.  177.3. 

CHETHAM,  IIcsmiEUY,  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant of  Manchester,  to  whose  well  directed 
munificence  that  town  owes  its  college  and 
library.  He  left  funds  to  purchase  the  col- 
legiate church,  which,  being  suppressed  at 
the  Reformation,  had  become  the  property 
of  the  Derby  family.  Mr.  Chetham's  trustees 
having  executed  his  will  thus  far,  next  ob- 
tained a  cliarter  of  incorporation,  and  founded 
a  college  for  the  maintenance  and  education 
of  40  poor  boys,  and  an  excellent  library. 
The  number  of  boys  is  now  increased  to  80, 
and  the  library  receives  constant  additions 
from  funds  left  by  Mr.  Chetham  for  that 
purpose.  Any  one  resident  in  Manchester, 
or  merely  a  visitor,  has  free  access,  by  merely 


writing  his  name  and  address  in  a  book  for 
that  purpose.    Died,  KWO. 

CHETWOOD,  Knigutly,  Dr.,  dean  of 
Gloucester;  author  of  a  "Life  of  Virgil,"  a 
"  Life  of  Lveurgns,"  &c.     Died,  1720. 

CHETWOOD,  William  Ruts,  a  dra- 
matic writer  ;  author  of  some  plays,  which 
have  long  since  ceased  to  keep  the  stage, 
and  of  a  "General  History  of  the  Stage." 
Died,  17IJC. 

CHEVALIER,  Antony  Rodolph  de, 
French  tutor  to  princess,  afterwards  queen, 
Elizabeth  of  England.  At  the  death  of  Ed- 
ward VI.  he  went  to  Germany,  and  subse- 
quently to  his  native  country,  France  ;  but 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  there, 
again  sought  England,  where  he  was  well 
received  by  his  former  pupil,  the  queen. 
\Vhen  the  disputes  seemed  to  be  terminated, 
he  again  went  to  France  ;  but  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  troubles  anew,  with  the  hor- 
rible massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  he  left 
France,  intending  again  to  seek  shelter  in 
England,  but  died  at  Guernsey.  He  was  an 
erudite  scholar,  and  published  an  excellent 
Hebrew  grammar,  an  improved  edition  of 
the  "  Thesaurus  of  Sanct.  Pagninus,"  &c. 
He  had  commenced  a  Bible  in  4  languages, 
but  did  not  live  to  finish  it.    Died,  l'i72. 

CIIEVILLIER,  A.MJKEW,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic and  antiquary,  and  librarian  to  the 
Sorbonne.  He  published  a  liatin  disserta- 
tion on  the  "  Council  of  Chalcedon,"  an 
historical  dissertation  on  the  "  Origin  of 
Printing  in  Paris.'  &c.     Died,  1700. 

CHEVRE.VU,  Urban,  an  eminent  French 
(scholar.  He  became  secretary  to  queen 
Christina  of  Sweden,  and  is  said  to  have 
had  considerable  share  in  converting  her  to 
Catholicism.  After  acting  as  tutor  and  se- 
cretary to  the  Duke  of  Maine,  he  at  length 
retired  from  all  public  duties,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  "  Eftets  de 
la  Fortune,"  a  romance  ;  "  A  History  of  the 
World,"  some  plays,  &c.    Died,  1701. 

CHEYNE,  Geokge,  an  eminent  physician 
and  writer.  He  was  born  in  Scotland,  and 
was  originally  intended  for  the  church,  but 
preferring  the  profession  of  medicine,  he 
pursued  the  necessary  studies  for  it  under 
Dr.  Pitcairn,  and  having  taken  his  doctor's 
degree,  settled  himself  in  London.  His  first 
publication  was  a  mathematical  treatise, 
entitled  "  Fluxionum  Methodus  inversa," 
which  procured  him  considerable  reputa- 
tion, and  a'lmission  to  the  Royal  Society. 
Too  free  an  indulgence  in  the  pleasures  of 
the  table  having  rendered  him  enormously 
corpulent  as  well  as  asthmatic,  he  resolved 
on  strictly  adhering  to  a  milk  and  vegetable 
diet ;  and  he  experienced  so  much  benefit 
from  this  course,  that  all  his  principal  trea- 
tises urge  it  upon  others.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  English  Malady,  a  Treatise  on 
Nervous  Disorders,"  "  A  Treatise  on  Gout," 
and  an  "  Essay  on  Regimen."  Died,  1743, 
aged  82. 

CHIABRERA,  Gabriel,  called  the  Ita- 
lian Pindar,  was  born  at  Savona,  in  1552. 
Besides  odes  and  epic  poems,  which  are 
chiefly  anacreontic,  he  wrote  several  dramas. 
Died,  W.S7. 

CIIIARAMONTI,  Scirio,  an  Italian  ec- 
clesiastic and  writer.      His  works  are  very 


179 


CHl] 


^  i9fiD  ^uibn^al  IJiogmpIji), 


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numerous,  and  are  chiefly  on  the  mathe- 

I  matics  and  natural  philosophy.     He  founded 

I  the  Academy  of  the  Offuscati,  at  Osena,  in 

I  Bologna,  and  was  president  of  it  when  he 

died,  in  1652. 

CIIIARI,  PiETEO,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic 
and  poet  of  the  18th  century.  He  was  a 
rival  of  Goldoni,  and  his  comedies  attained 
considerable  popularity.  Those  of  Chiari 
were,  however,  much  inferior  to  those  of  his 
rival.    Died,  1788. 

CHICHELEY,  Henry,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  an  able  and  accomplislied  scho- 
lar and  statesman,  was  born  at  Higham 
Ferrers,  in  1302.  Tlie  parliament  having 
addressed  the  king,  Henry  V.,to  appropriate 
some  of  the  revenues  of  the  church,  the 
archbishop  had  the  address  to  engage  the 
young  king  in  a  war  with  France.  On  the 
accession  of  the  infant  king,  Henry  VI., 
Cliicheley  became  first  privy  councillor,  and 
j  he  wisely  directed  all  his  attention  to  church 
I  affairs,  striving  at  once  to  check  the  pro- 
gress of  WickliflSsm,  and  to  moderate  tlie 
ardour  of  the  papal  court.  In  the  expendi- 
ture of  his  revenue  lie  was  very  liberal ;  he 
founded  and  endowed  All  Souls  College,  Ox- 
ford, made  many  important  improvements 
in  Lambeth  Palace,  and  built  tlie  western 
tower  of  Canterbury  Cathedral  at  liis  own 
expense.    Died,  1443. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  an  eminent 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpelier.  When  the  plague  was  raging 
at  Marseilles,  he  was  sent  to  the  relief  of 
the  sufferers,  whom  he  re-assured  by  his 
calm  courage.  The  important  services  he 
rendered  on  this  occasion  procured  liim  a 
pension  and  several  appointments  at  court. 
His  principal  literary  production  is  a  work 
"  On  the  Origin,  Symptoms,  and  Cure  of 
the  Plague  ; "  a  work  doubly  valuable  on 
account  of  tlie  narratives  with  which  it  is 
j  interspersed,  being  the  result  of  the  author's 
own  experience.    Died,  1752. 

CHILD,  Sir  Josiaii,  bart.,  an  eminent 
London  merchant  of  the  17th  century,  and 
author  of  several  works  on  sul)ject8  connected 
with  political  economy,  among  which  may 
be  noticed  his  "Discourse  on  Trade,"  &c. 
Born,  1C30  ;  died,  1C99. 

CHILD,  William,  an  English  musical 
composer  and  musician.  He  was  for  many 
years  organist  in  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor,  and  in  the  Chapel  Royal  at  Wliite- 
hall.  The  simple  style  of  Jiis  compositions 
caused  them  to  be  neglected  in  his  own 
time,  but  they  are  now  much  admired. 
Died,  1697. 

CIIILDEBERT  I.,  king  of  France,  who 
ascended  the  throne  in  511.  Aided  by  his 
brothers,  Clotaire  andClodomir,  he  attacked 
and  defeated  Sigismund,  king  of  Burgundy. 
Cliildebert  and  Clotaire  then  turned  their 
arms  against  Spain,  but  without  success. 
Died,  558. 

CHILDEBERT  II.,  king  of  France,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Sigebert,  in  575.  On  the 
death  of  his  uncle,  Chilperic,  king  of  Sois- 
sons,  he  gained  tlie  kingdoms  of  Orleans  and 
Burgundy.    Died,  by  poison,  590. 

CHILDEBERT  III.,  king  of  France.  He 
ascended  the  throne  at  the  very  early  age 
of  12  years ;  of  which  circumstance  Pepin, 


mayor  of  the    palace,  took    advantage    to 
govern  both  king  and  kingdom.    Died,  711. 

ClilLDERIC  I.,  king  of  France.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Merovaeus,  in  450  ;  was 
deposed  in  the  following  year,  and  rein- 
stated upon  the  throne  in  463.    Died,  481. 

CHILDERIC  II.,  king  of  France,  was  the 
son  of  Clovis  II.,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Clotaire  III,  in  673.  He  was  a  debauched 
and  cruel  tyrant,  and,  together  with  his  wife 
and  son,  was  assassinated  in  073. 

CHILDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Idiot, 
king  of  France,  began  his  reign  in  742,  and 
was  deposed  in  752. 

CHILLIXGWORTH,  William,  an  Eng- 
lish divine.  He  was  a  sound  scholar,  an 
able  mathematician,  and  above  mediocrity 
as  a  poet.  But  his  chief  bent  was  towards 
disputation  and  metaphysics  ;  and  he  was 
so  acute  in  discovering  difficulties,  tliat  he 
doubted  where  men  of  far  less  natural  ca- 
pacity and  acquired  knowledge  would  have 
been  presumptuously  certain.  By  degrees 
liis  habit  of  doubting  became  so  confirmed 
and  excessive,  that  Lord  Clarendon  says  of 
him,  "  he  had  contracted  such  irresolution, 
and  such  a  habit  of  doubting,  that  at  length 
he  was  confident  of  nothing."  In  tliis  state 
of  mind  a  Jesuit  convinced  him  of  the  truth 
of  the  tenets  of  Papacy,  and  he  actually 
went  to  tlie  Jesuit's  college  at  Douay. 
While  there,  he  meditated  the  publication  of 
a  vindication  of  his  conversion  to  tlieCliurch 
of  Rome,  but  Laud,  then  bishop  of  London, 
dissuaded  liim  from  liis  injudicious  purpose. 
Tliis  was  the  more  fortunate,  as  he  subse- 
quently returned  to  England  and  studied  so" 
successfully,  tliat  he  not  only  became  a  Pro- 
testant again,  but  also  wrote  and  published 
the  masterly  treatise,  entitled  "  Tlie  Reli- 
gion of  Protestants,  a  safe  Way  to  Salva- 
tion," Some  hesitation  about  signing  the 
39  articles  prevented  him  from  obtaining 
preferment  in  the  church  ;  but  he  at  length 
consented  to  sign,  and  became  chancellor 
of  Salisbury,  &c.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war,  he  warmly  espoused  the 
royal  cause,  and  publiahed  a  treatise  on  the 
"Unlawfulness  of  Resisting  the  Lawful 
Prince,  although  most  Tyrannous,  Impious, 
and  Idolatrous."  He  also  invented  a  ma- 
chine, or  rather  imitated  one  described  by 
some  ancient  authors,  for  the  attack  of  for- 
tified places.  Ill  health  at  length  compelled 
him  to  retire  to  Arundel  Castle,  whieli  was 
surrendered  to  the  parliamentarians  under 
Sir  William  Waller,  who,  at  his  own  re- 
quest, sent  liim  to  Chichester,  where  he 
died,  at  the  episcopal  palace,  in  1044. 

CHILMEAD,  EnMUxn,  an  English 
mathematician  and  musician  ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  On  the  Music  of  Ancient  Greece  ;  " 
another,  which  was  not  printed,  "On 
Sounds,"  and  a  "Catalogue  of  the  Greek 
MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library."     Died,  1054. 

CHILO,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
He  flourislied  in  the  0th  century,  B.C.,  and 
was  celebrated  for  his  just    conduct    as  a 
magistrate.    It  was  he  who  caused  the  cele-  | 
brated  "  Know  thyself,"  to  be  graven  on  the  i 
temple  of  Delphi. 

CHITTY,  JosErii,  an  eminent  special  I 
pleader,  and  the  author  of  many  well-known  : 
works,    which    have  become   indispensable  ; 


i 


ch<e] 


^  ^elM  Bni^itY&aX  38iojjrap]^i). 


[CHR 


auxiliaries  to  every  legal  student  and  prac- 
titioner.   Died,  Feb.  1841,  aged  65, 

CUCERILUS,  a  Samian  poet  of  the  5th 
century  b.  c.  His  poem  on  the  victory  of 
the  Athenians  over  Xerxes  obtained  him  a 
large  pecuniary  reward,  and  it  was  ordered 
to  be  solemnly  recited  every  year. 

CHOISEUL,  Stepbkn'  Fuancis  de,  Duke 
of.  lie  entered  the  army  early,  and  having 
attained  a  high  rank,  was  appointed  ambas- 
sador to  Rome  aud  Vienna,  and  honoured 
with  a  peerage.  He  then  became  prime 
minister  of  France,  to  which  station  he  was 
raised  through  the  influence  of  Madame  de 
Pompadour.  I£e  made  many  judicious  re- 
forms and  alterations  in  the  French  army, 
increased  the  navy,  and  brought  about  the 
celebrated  family  compact.  In  1770  he  was 
dismissed  from  office,  and  exiled  to  one  of 
his  estates.    Born,  1714  ;  died,  1785. 

CIIOISI, Francis  Timoleov  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  writer.  In  his  youth  he  was 
of  very  debauched  and  abandoned  habits. 
For  some  years  he  wore  the  dress  of  a  woman, 
and  passed  by  the  name  of  the  Countess  dcs 
Barres  ;  but  a  severe  illness  had  the  good 
effect  of  awakening  him  to  a  sense  of  the 
disgrace  and  danger  of  his  way  of  life,  and 
he  became  an  abh^.  If  his  abandonment  of 
vicious  inclinations  were  not  quite  as  entire 
as  could  hare  been  wished,  his  conduct  was 
at  least  more  decorous  ;  aud  among  his  nu- 
merous writings  some  were  well  calculated 
to  produce  virtuous  inclinations  in  their 
readers.  Besides  a  Life  of  David,  a  Life 
of  Solomon,  and  a  History  of  the  Church, 
he  gave  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Countess  des 
Barres,"  containing  some  account  of  his 
youthful  irregularities.  He  also  wrote  and 
translated  several  other  pieces,  but  they  are 
held  in  very  little  estimation.    Died,  1724. 

CHOPIN,  P'KEDEKic,  a  great  modern  com- 
poser and  pianoforte  player,  was  bom  near 
Warsaw,  1810.  Compelled  to  leave  Poland 
in  consequence  of  iwlitical  convulsions,  he 
played  in  public  at  Vienna  and  Munich  in 
1831,  and  soon  afterwards  repaired  to  Paris, 
where  he  continued  to  exercise  his  art  till 
the  revolution  of  1848  drove  him  to  England. 
He  returned  to  Paris  in  1849  ;  but  his  con- 
stitution, which  had  never  been  robust,  sunk 
under  the  rude  changes  of  the  preceding 
vear,  and  he  died  in  the  autumn  of  1849, 
leaving  behind  him  a  reputation,  both  as  a 
player  and  a  composer,  which  will  not  soon 
pass  away.  Every  note  of  his  music,  whether 
in  his  concertos  or  sonatas,  or  his  scherzi, 
ballades,  polonoiscs,  preludes,  breathes  an 
unmistakable  nationality  ;  and  is  marked  by 
distinctness,  expression,  "and  elegance. 

CHOPIN,  Rg.Ng,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer  and  writer  ;  author  of  "  The  Custom 
of  Anjou,"  "The  Custom  of  Paris,"  "  De 
Sacra  Politica  Monastica,"  &c.     Died,  1606. 

CHORIER,  Nicholas,  a  French  lawyer 
and  writer  ;  author  of  a  "  General  History 
of  Dauphiny,"  &c.     Died,  1692. 

CHOKIS,  Louis,  an  eminent  Russian 
artist  and  traveller,  born  in  1795.  He  was 
appointed  draughtsman  to  Captain  Kotze- 
bue's  expedition  round  the  world  in  1814, 
and  on  his  return  published  his  "Voyage 
Pittorewiue,"  accompanied  with  Cuvier's  de- 
scriptions.   He  also  published  "  Les  Crslnes 


Humains,"  with  observations  by  Dr.  Gall 
and  others.  In  1827,  M.  Choris  sailed  from 
France,  with  the  intention  of  travelling 
through  America  ;  but  while  on  his  journey 
in  Mexico,  in  company  with  an  English 
gentleman,  they  were  attacked  by  robbers 
near  Xalapa,  and  Choris  lost  his  life,  March 
19.  1828. 

CHOUL,  William  dc,  a  French  anti- 
quarian writer  of  the  16th  century.  He 
wrote  an  excellent  treatise  on  the  Religion 
of  the  ancient  Romans,  and  on  Greek  and 
Roman  Autiquities. 

CHRETIEN,  Floue.vt,  a  French  poet. 
lie  was  of  noble  family,  and  was  tutor  to 
Henry  of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.  of 
France.  Besides  writing  satires  and  trage- 
dies, he  translated  Oppiau,  some  of  the 
plays  of  Aristophanes,  and  Pacatus'  pa- 
negyric of  Theodosius.     Died,  1596. 

CHRISTIAN,  Edward,  an  English  lawyer 
and  law  writer  ;  author  of  an  "  Account  of 
the  Origin  of  the  Two  Houses  of  Parliament 
with  a  Statement  of  the  Piivileges  of  the 
House  of  Commons,"  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Bankrupt  Laws,"  &c.  He  was  Downing 
professor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, aud  chief  justice  of  the  Isle  of  I?ly. 
Died.  1823. 

CHRISTIE,  James,  the  son  of  an  eminent 
auctioneer  in  London,  was  distinguished  for 
his  critical  taste  in  the  fine  arts,  and  his 
antiquarian  knowledge.  Though  he  followed 
his  father's  profession,  he  found  time  to  give 
to  the  world  some  ingenious  and  valuable 
works,  viz.  an  "  Essay  on  the  Ancient  Greek 
Game  invented  by  Palamedes,"  showiug  the 
origin  of  the  game  of  chess  ;  a  "  Disquisition 
upon  Etruscan  Vases  ;  "  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Earliest  Si)ecies  of  Idolatry,"  &c.  Died,  1831. 

CHRISTINA,  queen  of  Sweden.  She  was 
the  only  child  of  the  famous  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,  whom  she  succeeded  in  1632,  being 
then  only  6  years  old.  During  her  minority 
the  kingdorn  was  wisely  governed  by  the 
chancellor  Oxenstiern  ;  and  when  she  was 
crowned,  in  1660,  she  formally  declared  her 
cousin,  the  count  palatine  Charles  Gustavus, 
her  successor.  For  four  years  she  governed 
the  kingdom  with  an  evident  desire  to  en- 
courage learning  and  science  ;  and  at  the 
end  of  that  time,  weary  either  of  the  task  of 
governing,  or  of  the  personal  restraint  which 
royalty  imposed  on  lier,  she  abdicated  in 
favour  of  her  cousin,  and  proceeded  to  Rome, 
where  she  surrounded  herself  with  learned 
men,  and  busied  herself  with  learned  pur- 
suits. She  also  embraced  the  religion  of 
Rome,  though  it  would  seem  tliat  her  moral 
conduct  was  such  as  to  evince  no  great  respect 
for  religion  of  any  kind.  On  this  point  it 
will  sutflce  to  say,  that  while  at  Paris,  on 
one  of  the  various  occasions  of  her  visiting 
that  city,  she  had  her  equerry,  an  Italian, 
named  Monaldeschi,  murdered  in  her  own 
residence,  and  almost  in  her  own  presence  ; 
a  crime  which  seems  to  have  had  no  other 
cause  than  the  unfortunate  equerry's  indif- 
ference to  the  blandishments  of  his  mistress. 
In  1660,  the  death  of  the  king,  her  cousin, 
caused  her  to  go  once  more  to  Sweden  ;  but 
her  change  of  religion,  and  the  reports  which 
had  reached  that  country  of  her  conduct 
elsewhere,  had  so  disgusted  her  former  sub- 


chr] 


^  0cb3  Winibtr^al  Miast^i^l)^, 


[CHU 


jects,that  they  resolutely  refused  to  reinstate 
her  in  the  sovereignty.  Being  threatened 
with  the  loss  of  her  revenues  as  well  as  her 
crown,  she  consented  to  preserve  the  former 
by  finally  renouncing  the  latter ;  and  she 
retired  to  Rome,  whel^e  she  died  in  1689. 

CHRISTOPIIE,  Hexhy,  a  negro,  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  insurgent  slaves  of  St. 
Domingo.  He  possessed  considerable  ability, 
but  his  courage  was  carried  to  ferocity.  He 
successfully  opposed  the  French,  whose  per- 
fidious seizure  of  the  negro  chief,  Toiissaint 
Liouverture,  he  amply  revenged,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  Henry  I.,  king  of  Hayti  ;  but  he 
acted  so  despotically  that  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  against  him  ;  and  Boyer,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Petiou,  who  had  established  a  re- 
public in  the  south  of  Domingo,  was  invited 
to  take  part  with  the  discontented  subjects 
of  Christophe,  and  demanded  his  deposition. 
At  length,  finding  that  even  his  body-guard 
•was  no  longer  to  be  depended  on,  he  shot 
himself  through  the  heart,  October  8th,  1820. 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  John,  bishop  of 
Chichester.  During  the  reigns  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  Edward  VI.  he  resided  abroad  on 
account  of  his  religion,  but  on  the  accession 
of  Mary  he  came  to  Rome,  and  was  soon 
raised  to  the  bishopric  atwve  named,  which, 
however,  he  enjoyed  barely  a  year.  He 
translated,  from  Greek  to  Latin,  Piiilo,  Euse- 
bius,  and  other  authors  ;  but  he  was  rather 
industrious  than  learned,  and  succeeding 
authors  have  been  much  misled  by  him. 
Died,  1558. 

CHRYSIPPUS,  a  native  of  Ciljcia,  who 
became  a  disciple  of  Zeno.  He  was  fond  of 
paradoxes,  with  which  his  writing  and  dis- 
course abounded  ;  and  he  was  infinitely  more 
subtle  in  starting  diflleulties  in  the  argu- 
ments of  others,  than  clear  in  expounding 
his  own  views.  He  flourished  in  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  c. 

CHRYSOLOGUE,  Noel  Axtjre,  a  French 
Capuchin,  geographer,  and  astronomer  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Theorie  de  la  Surface  Actuellc  de  la 
Terre."  He  also  published  several  maps, 
charts,  and  planispheres.    Died,  1808. 

CHRYSOLORAS,  Maxuel,  a  Greek  of 
noble  family.  Being  sent  to  Europe  by  the 
emperor  Manuel  Palaeologus  to  solicit  the 
Christian  princes  to  aid  Constantinople 
against  the  Turks,  he  settled  at  Florence  as 
a  teacher  of  Greek.  Subsequently  he  taught 
at  Milan  ;  but  when  the  emperor  Manuel 
caine  to  that  city,  he  was  employed  by  him 
in  a  mission  to  the  court  of  the  emperor 
Sigismund,  and  afterwards  to  the  general 
council  at  Constance,  in  which  city  he  died. 
He  was  author  of  a  "  Greek  Grammar,"  a 
"  Parallel  between  Ancient  and  Modern 
Rome,"  &c.    Died,  1414. 

CHRYSOSTOM,  Joiis,  St.,  was  really 
named  Secundus,  but  was  called  Chrysostom, 
which  signifies  "  golden  mouth,"  on  account 
of  his  eloquence.  He  was  born  at  Antioch, 
and  was  intended  for  the  bar ;  but  being 
deeply  impressed  with  religious  feelings,  he 
spent  several  years  in  solitary  retirement, 
studying  and  meditating  with  a  view  to  the 
church.  Having  completed  his  voluntary 
probation,  he  returned  to  Antiot^h,  was  or- 
dained, and  became  so  celebrated  for  the 
eloquence  of  his    preaching,  that    on    the 


death  of  Nectarius,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, he  was  raised  to  that  high  and  im- 
portant post.  He  now  exerted  himself  so 
rigidly  in  repressing  heresy  and  paganism, 
and  in  enforcing  the  obligations  of  monach- 
ism,  that  Theophilus,  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
aided  and  encouraged  by  the  empress  Eu- 
doxia,  caused  him  to  be  deposed  at  a  synod 
held  at  Clialcedon,  in  403.  His  deposition 
gave  so  much  olFence  to  the  people,  by  whom 
he  was  greatly  beloved,  that  the  empress 
was  obliged  to  interfere  for  his  reinstate- 
ment. He  soon,  however,  provoked  her 
anger  by  opposing  the  erection  of  her  statue 
near  th€  great  church  ;  and,  in  404,  another 
synod  deposed  him,  and  exiled  him  to  Ar- 
menia. He  sustained  his  troubles  with  ad- 
mirable courage  ;  but  being  ordered  to  a 
still  greater  distance  from  the  capital,  where 
his  enemies  still  feared  his  influence,  he  died 
while  on  his  journey.  His  voluminous  works 
abound  with  information,  and  are  very  elo- 
quent. Thirty  years  after  his  death  his  re- 
mains were  removed  to  Constantinople  with 
great  pomp,  and  he  was  honoured  with  the 
title  of  saint.    Died,  407. 

CHUBB,  Thomas,  an  English  writer; 
author  of  "  Tlie  Supremacy  of  the  Father 
asserted,"  "  Discourse  on  Miracles,"  &c.  His 
writings  evince  great  acuteness,  but  however 
candid  he  might  be  when  he  commenced  as 
an  inquirer,  he  seems  to  have  made  a  regular 
progress  towards  deism  as  he  went  on.  Born, 
1079  ;  died,  1747. 

CHUDLEIGH,  Mart,  Lady  ;  author  of 
"The  Ladies'  Defence,"  a  poem,  and  a 
volume  of  "Essays"  in  verse  and  prose. 
Died,  1710. 

CHURCHILL,  Charles,  an  English  cler- 
gyman and  poet.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster,  but  m.ade  so  little  use  of  the 
advantages  afforded  by  that  academy,  that 
he  was  refused  admission  at  Oxford  on  ac- 
count of  classical  deficiency.  A  marriage, 
as  early  as  it  was  imprudent,  rendered  a 
profession  doubly  desirable  :  and  after  stu- 
dying for  some  time  in  private,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  holy  orders,  and  obtained  a  Welch 
curacy  of  about  80Z.  a  year.  The  death  of 
his  father,  who  was  curate  of  St.  John's, 
Westminster,  brought  him  once  more  to 
London,  and  he  obtained  the  vacant  curacy. 
Still  his  income  was  small,  while  his  love  of 
gay  and  expensive  pursuits  was  unbounded, 
and  he  was  on  the  verge  of  imprisonment, 
when  Dr.  Lloyd,  of  Westminster  School,  in- 
terfered, and  eflfected  a  composition  with  the 
creditors.  He  now  determined  to  exert  the 
talents  he  had  so  long  allowed  to  lie  idle  ; 
and  his  first  production  was  "  The  Rosciad," 
an  energetic  description  of  the  principal  ac- 
tors of  that  time.  Public  attention  was  fixed 
on  this  poem  by  the  vehemence  with  which 
the  players  replied  to  it,  and  Churchill  found 
it  worth  his  while  to  give  the  town  a  new 
satire,  under  the  title  of  an  "Apology  "  for 
hid  former  one.  "  Night,"  "  The  Ghost "  --  in 
which  he  assailed  Dr.  Johnson,  at  that  time 
all  but  omnipotent  in  the  literary  world  — 
and  the  "Prophecy  of  Famine,"  followed; 
and  he  at  length  threw  aside  all  regard  for 
his  profession," separated  from  his  wife,  and 
became  a  complete  "  man  of  wit  about  town," 
and  a  professional  political  satirist.    He  now 


CHU] 


^  ^tta  Bnibtv^aX  JStograpT^g. 


[cic 


rapidly  produced  an  "  Epistle  to  Hogarth," 
"The  Conference,"  "The  Duellist,"  "The 
Author,"  "Gotham,"  "The  Candidate," 
"  The  Times,"  "  Independence,"  and  "  The 
Journey."  The  vigour  displayed  in  these 
makes  it  probable  that  he  would  in  time 
have  devoted  himself  to  higher  subjects  than 
party  politics,  and  have  produced  works  cal- 
culated to  give  him  higher  and  more  lasting 
fame  ;  but  a  fever  hurried  him  to  the  grave, 
at  the  early  age  of  34,  in  1764. 

CHURCIIUX,  Sir  Wixstox,  a  cavalier, 
whose  estates  were-  sequestered  during  the 
commonwealth ;  but  they  were  restored  to 
him  by  Charles  II.,  who  also  knighted  him. 
He  wrote  "  Divi  Britannici ;  "  histories  of 
the  English  monarchs.    Died,  1688. 

CHURCHYARD,  Tuomas,  an  English 
poet ;  author  of"  The  Worthiness  of  Wales," 
&c.  He  floiu-ished  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  early  in  tlie  17th  century. 
CIACONIUS,  Petkk,  an  eminent  Spanish 
«cholar.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  employed  him 
to  superintend  an  edition  of  the  Bible,  the 
♦'Decretal"  of  Gratian,  and  other  works, 
which  that  pontiff  caused  to  be  printed  at 
the  Vatican  press.  He  wrote  some  very 
learned  notes  on  TertulUan,  Pliny,  Seneca, 
and  other  Latin  writers  ;  a  variety  of  tracts 
on  Italian  antiquities  ;  a  treatise  on  the  old 
Roman  calendar,  &c.  ;  and  he  aided  Clavius 
in  reforming  the  calendar.    Died,  ir>81. 

CIAMPINI,  John  Justin,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian ;  author  of  "  Vetera  Monumenta,"  a 
"  History  of  the  College  of  Abbreviators," 
"Lives  of  the  Popes,"  &e.  He  was  one  of 
the  literary  associates  of  Christina,  queen 
of  Sweden,  during  her  residence  at  Rome, 
and  was  much  aided  by  her  in  forming  an 
academy  for  the  study  of  mathematics,  and 
another  for  the  study  of  ecclesiastical  liis- 
tonr.    Died,  1608. 

CIBBER,  Collet,  an  actor  and  drama- 
tist, was  the  son  of  Gabriel  Cibber,  a  cele- 
brated sculptor,  and  born  in  London,  in 
](!71.  He  was  educated  at  Grantham  Free- 
school,  and  being  disappointed  of  a  scholar- 
ship at  Cambridge,  he  entered  the  army. 
The  military  profession  did  not  suit  his 
taste  ;  and  when  only  about  18  years  old  he 
quitted  it  for  the  stage.  For  some  time  he 
had  but  little  success  ;  but  liis  performance 
of  Fondlewife,  in  the  "  Old  Bachelor,"  made 
him  very  popular,  and  obtained  him  the 
monopoly  of  parts  of  that  kind  at  Drury- 
lane.  His  first  dramatic  effort,  "  Love's  Last 
Shift,"  appeared  in  169.5 ;  and  it  was  followed 
!  by  "  Woman's  Wit "  and  "  the  Careless  Hus- 
{  band."  His  next  production  as  a  dramatist 
j  was  an  adaptation  of  Moliere's  Tartuffe, 
!  under  the  title  of  the  "  Nonjuror,"  of  which 
'  the  "  Hypocrite  "  of  the  more  modem  stage  is 
a  new  version.  The  piece  was  wonderfully 
popular,  and,  in  addition  to  the  large  profits 
Cibber  derived  from  its  performance,  it  pro- 
cured him  the  situation  of  poet  laureate. 
This  apiiointment  drew  upon  him  the  rancour 
of  contemporary  wits  and  poets,  and  of  Pope 
among  the  number  ;  but  Cibber  had  the  good 
jensc  to  think  solid  profit  more  important 
than  the  censure  of  the  envious  was  injurious ; 
and  he  wore  the  bays,  and  performed  in  his 
own  pieces  till  he  was  nearly  74  years  of  age. 
Besides     tragedies    and   comedies,    to  the 


number  of  twenty-five,  some  of  which  still 
continue  to  be  played  as  stock  pieces,  Cibber 
wrote  an  "  Apology  "  for  his  own  life  ;  au 
"  Essay  on  the  Character  and  Conduct  of 
Cicero,"  and  two  expostulatory  epistles  to 
his  assailant  Pope.    Died,  17.57. 

CIBBER,  Thkophilus,  son  of  the  above, 
an  actor  and  dramatist,  but  very  inferior  in 
both  capacities  to  his  father.  He  wrote  a 
musical  entertainment  called  "  Pattie  and 
Peggy,"  and  altered  some  of  Shakspeare's 
plays.  "  The  Lives  of  the  Poets  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  "  api)earcd  with  his 
name  ;  but  the  work  was  said  to  be  written 
by  Shields,  subsequently  anmnuen.sis  to  Dr. 
Jolinson,  from  materials  furnished  by 
Thomas  Coxeter.  Cibber  was  of  very  ex- 
travagant habits,  and  his  life  was  conse- 
quently spent  in  much  distress.  He  was 
drowned  in  his  passage  to  Ireland,  1757. 

CIBBER,  An.va  Maria,  wife  of  the  last 
named,  and  an  actress  of  the  highest  class. 
Her  union  with  Theophilus  Cibber  was  pro- 
ductive of  both  discomfort  and  disgrace, 
and  she  was  separated  from  him  for  many 
years.  Her  conduct,  however,  made  it  evi- 
dent that  he  had  been  more  to  blame  for 
the  circumstance  that  dishonoured  them 
both  than  she  had  ;  and  she  was  as  muck 
respected  in  private  life  as  she  was  admired 
on  the  stage.  Her  style  of  acting  was  well 
adapted  to  that  of  Garrick,  with  whom  she 
frequently  peribrmed.    Died,.17(>6, 

CICCARELLI,  Ali'Honso,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "De  ClituninoFlumine," 
"  Istoria  di  Casa  Monaldcsoa,"  &c.  Having 
forged  genealogies,  and  committed  other 
literary  imj^stures,  he  was  executed  at 
Rome,  in  1.580. 

CICERO,  Marcus  Tuluus,  the  prince  of 
Roman  orators.  He  was  the  son  of  noble 
parents,  and  at  an  early  age  gave  such  de- 
cided indications  of  his  ability,  that  after 
having  served  in  a  single  campaign  under 
Sylla  and  P.  Strabo,  he  devoted  himself,  by 
the  advice  of  his  friends,  to  the  bar.  For 
this  purpose  he  studied  under  Molo,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  and  Philo  the  Athenian, 
then  resident  at  Rome  ;  and,  at  the  age  of  26, 
he  commenced  practice  as  a  pleader  ;  his 
first  important  cause  being  the  defence  of 
Sextufl  Roscius  Amerinus,  who  was  accused 
of  parricide  by  one  Clirysogonus,  a  freedmau 
of  the  dictator  Sylla.  He  saved  his  client, 
but  was  obliged  to  withdraw  to  Athens  from 
fear  of  resentment  of  the  dictator.  As  long 
as  Sylla  lived  Cicero  remained  at  Athens, 
turning  even  his  exile  into  a  benefit  by  dili- 
gently studying  under  Antiochus  and  other 
eminently  learned  men.  When  he  returned 
to  Rome  he  rapidly  rose  in  his  profession, 
and  the  quaestorship  in  Sicily  was  bestowed 
upon  him.  In  this  office  he  made  himself 
very  popular ;  and  henceforth  his  course  was 
all  prosperous,  until  he  attained  the  great 
object  of  his  ambition — the  consulship.  The 
bold  and  evil  designs  of  Catiline  made 
Cicero's  consular  duty  as  difficult  and 
dangerous  as  his  performance  of  it  was  able 
and  honourable  ;  and  he  scarcely,  if  at  all, 
exaggerated  his  services  to  Rome  when  he 
said  that  to  his  conduct  "  alone  was  owing 
the  salvation  of  both  the  city  and  the  com- 
monwealtli."    But  his  popularity  declined 


183 


cie] 


^  ;j9c&)  ^nibtt^nX  23iOQtap^p. 


[CIN 


very  soon  after  the  expiration  of  his  consul- 
ship, and  it  was  cMefly  as  an  advocate  and 
author  that  he  for  some  time  afterward  ex- 
erted his  splendid  talents.  At  length  the  task 
of  averting  ruin  from  lus  own  head  tasked 
even  liis  powers  to  the  utmost.  Publius 
Clodius  who  liad  now  become  tribune  of  the 
people,  raised  such  a  storm  against  him,  that 
he  was  a  second  time  obliged  to  go  into  exile. 
This  time  he  sought  shelter  with  his  friend 
Plancus.in  Thessalonica,  until  the  repentant 
Romans  recalled  him,  making  him  magni- 
ficent recompense  for  the  depredation  and 
devastation  by  which  he  had  been  impover- 
ished. In  the  struggle  between  Csesar  and 
Pompey,  Cicero  espoused  the  cause  of  the  lat- 
ter ;  but  after  the  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he 
made  Ids  peace  with  the  former,  with  whom 
he  continued  to  all  appearance  friendly, 
nntil  CiEsar  fell  under  the  daggers  of  Bru- 
tus and  his  friends.  He  now  took  part  with 
Octavius,  and  pronounced  the  bitter  philip- 
pics against  Antony,  which  at  once  shortened 
liis  life,  and  added  to  his  fame.  Antony,  stung 
to  the  quick,  insisted  upon  the  death  of 
Cicero,  and  Octavius  basely  consented  to 
the  sacrifice.  In  endeavouring  to  escape 
from  Tusculum,  where  he  was  living  when 
the  news  of  his  proscription  arrived,  he  was 
overtaken  and  murdered  by  a  party  of  sol- 
diers, headed  by  Popilius  Laenas,  whose  life 
he  had  formerly  saved  by  liis  eloquence  ; 
and  his  head  and  hands  were  publicly  ex- 
hibited on  the  rostrum  at  Rome.  Cicero  was 
born  at  Arpinum,  b.  c.  106  ;  and  perished  in 
his  04th  year,  b.  c.  43.  He  was  a  perfect 
model  of  eloquence  ;  and,  as  Augustus  truly 
said,  "  he  loved  his  country  sincerely."  Of 
his  works,  which  are  universally  known  and 
far  too  numerous  to  be  even  named  here, 
there  have  been  almost  innumerable  editions. 

CIENFUEGOS,  Alonzo  de,  a  Spanish 
writer  of  the  18th  century.  Besides  trage- 
dies, odes,  and  other  poems,  he  wrote  "  Elo- 
gio  del  Marques  de  Santa  Cruz,"  "  Elogio 
del  Senor  Don  J.  Almazara,"  and  "  La  Pen- 
sadora  Gladitana." 

CIMALINE,  John,  a  Florentine  painter. 
He  painted  only  in  distemper,  oil  colours 
being  then  undiscovered  ;  and  though  he 
painted  historical  subjects,  he  had  no  idea  of 
light  and  shadow.  Dante  praises  him  ;  and, 
considering  the  barbarism  of  the  time  at 
which  he  lived,  the  praise  was  not  unde- 
served, as  all  that  he  accomplished  was  ac- 
complished in  despite  of  obstacles  now 
happily  unknown,  lie  died  at  the  close  of 
the  13th  or  very  early  in  the  14th  century. 

CIMAROSA,  DosiENico,  a  Neapolitan, 
famous  as  a  musical  composer.  When  the 
army  of  revolutionised  France  took  pos- 
session of  Italy,  Cimarosa  so  openly  sympa- 
thised with  revolutionary  principles,  that, 
when  the  French  withdrew,  he  was  thrown 
into  prison,  and  treated  with  a  rigour  which 
is  supposed  to  have  materially  shortened  his 
life.  Of  twenty-six  operas  which  he  com- 
posed, and  most  of  which  are  comic,  "II 
Matrimonio  Segreto  "  and  "  II  Matrimonio 
per  Susurro,"  are  the  most  admired.  Born, 
1754  ;  died,  1801. 

CIMON,  a  celebrated  Athenian  general. 
He  was  the  son  of  Miltiades,  and  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Salamis. 


Aristides,  surnamed  the  Just,  thought  so 
highly  of  him,  notwithstanding  his  youth 
had  been  very  dissipated,  that  he  initiated 
him  into  public  business.  After  having  re- 
peatedly beaten  the  Persians,  and  enriched 
his  country  by  the  spoils  he  wrested  from 
the  enemy,  the  party  of  Pericles  caused  him 
to  be  ostracised,  on  a  charge  of  having  been 
bribed.  At  the  end  of  Ave  years,  which  wa» 
only  half  the  term  for  which  he  had  been 
banished,  he  was  recalled,  and  again  led  the 
Athenians  to  victory  over  their  Persian  foe. 
While  besieging  Citium,  in  Cyprus,  he  died  ; 
having  served  Athens,  not  only  by  his  prow- 
ess as  a  soldier,  but  also  by  his  wisdom  in 
founding  public  scliools.  He  ilourished  ia 
the  5th  century  b.  c. 

CINCINNATUS,  Lucirs  Quintts,  one  of 
the  most  illustrious  characters  of  ancient 
Rome.  He  was  made  consul  when  the  se- 
nate and  the  people  were  striving  for  the 
ascendancy ;  and,  being  much  incensed 
against  the  latter  for  having  banished  hi» 
son,  he  sternly  resisted  their  demands.  He 
was  named  consul  a  second  time,  but  refused 
the  office  and  retired  to.  his  farm,  whence  he 
did  not  again  emerge  until  he  was  saluted 
dictator,  and  entreated  to  lend  his  aid 
against  the  ^qui,  who  had  closely  invested 
the  consul  Minucius,  and  the  army  under 
his  command.  Stepping  at  once  from  the 
petty  details  of  a  farm  to  the  momentous 
duties  of  a  general  and  a  statesman,  Cin- 
cinnatus  exerted  himself  so  efficiently,  that 
the  ^iqui  were  fain  to  retire,  after  having 
passed  under  the  yoke.  Having  caused  his- 
son  to  be  recalled  from  exile,  after  the  chief 
witness  against  him  had  been  convicted  of 
perjury,  he  laid  down  his  vast  authority  and 
returned  to  his  farm.  He  was  again,  though 
80  years  of  age,  made  dictator,  when  Malius 
conspired  to  overthrow  the  republic ;  and 
he  put  down  the  domestic  conspirator  as 
promptly  as  he  had  formerly  repelled  the 
.^ui.  He  flourished  in  the  5th  century  B.C. 

CINCIUS  ALIMENTUS,  Lucius,  an  old 
Roman  historian,  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  Wars  of  Hannibal,"  and  other  worka 
which  are  now  lost ;  but  Pliny  frequently 
quotes  the  author  of  them,  and  speaks  of  him 
as  a  writer  of  integrity. 

CINELLI,  Giovanni,  a  Florentine  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Volante." 
Born,  1625  ;  died,  1706. 

CINNA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Roman ; 
the  friend,  partisan,  and  fellow  consul  of 
Marius.  He  it  was  who  drove  Sylla  from 
Rome,  and  recalled  Marius  from  his  African 
exile.  He  participated  in  the  numerous 
murders  which  followed  the  return  of  Ma- 
rius ;  and  when  in  his  third  consulship,  and 
while  preparing  for  hostilities  with  Sylla, 
was  assassinated,  b.  c.  84. 

CINNAMUS,  John,  a  Greek  writer  of  the 
12th  century.  He  was  secretary  to  the  em- 
peror Manuel  Comnenus,  of  whom,  and  of 
his  father,  the  emperor  John,  he  wrote  a 
history. 

CINO  DA  PISTOIA,  an  Italian  juriscon- 
sult and  poet,  born  at  Pistoia,  in  1270,, whose  | 
proper  name  was  Guittone.  He  was  very 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  became  a  senator 
of  Rome,  and  professor  successively  at 
various  universities.     In  addition  to  some 


cin] 


^  jlefitj  ?H[nfta:M  SSio^rapIji?. 


[CLA 


elegant  poetry,  by  wliieh  he  is  chiefly  kno^vn, 
he  wrote  a  "  Commentai-y  on  the  Digest." 
Died,  law. 

CINQ-M.\JIS,  Henry  Coiffikk,  Marquis 
of,  was  son  of  the  Marquis  d'Effiat,  marshal 
of  France.  He  was  introduced  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu  to  the  notice  of  Louis  XIII.,  and 
was  for  some  time  a  most  distinguislied  fa- 
vourite of  that  monarch.  Ungrateful  equally 
to  the  cardinal  and  to  the  king,  he  instigated 
Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  the  king's  brother, 
to  rebellion.  They  had  proceeded  so  far  in 
their  treasonable  designs  as  to  set  on  foot  a 
treaty  with  Spain,  engaging  that  power  to 
assist  them.  But  the  vigilance  of  the  cardi- 
nal discovered  their  plans,  and  the  marquis 
was  apprehended,  and  beheaded  in  1U42. 

CIPKIANI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  Pistoia,  in  Tuscany.  In 
1755  he  accompanied  Sir  W.  Chambers  to 
London,  and  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Royal  Academy.  His  drawings 
are  greatly  admired  for  tlieir  correctness, 
fertilityof  invention,  and  harmonious  colour- 
ing ;  SLiid  many  exquisite  engravings  were 
made  from  them  by  Bartolozzi.    Died,  1785. 

CIRCIONANO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian 
painter,  several  of  whose  works  are  in  the 
churches  of  Loretto  and  Rome.     Died,  1588. 

CIRCIGNANO,  ANTiioNr,  son  of  the 
above,  and  also  eminent  as  a  painter.  Died, 
1(52(>. 

CIRILLO,  Dominic,  an  Italian  botanist, 
president  of  the  Academy  at  Naples,  and 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  university  of 
that  city  ;  author  of  "The  Neaiiolitaa 
Flora,"  a  "  Treatise  on  tlie  Essential  Cha- 
racters of  certain  Plants,"  &c.  When  the 
French  entered  Naples,  Cirillo  took  an  active 
part  against  his  sovereign  ;  and  when  the 
legitimate  government  was  restored,  he  was 
executed  as  a  traitor  in  1705. 

CLAGGETT,  William,  D.D.,  an  English 
divine  ;  author  of  four  volumes  of  sermons, 
and  of  some  well  written  tracts  against  dis- 
sent and  papacy.     Died,  1727. 

CLAIRAULT,  Alexis,  a  French  mathe- 
matician ;  author  of  "  Elements  of  Geome- 
try," "Elements  of  Algebra,"  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Figure  of  the  Earth,"  &c.  He  was 
remarkable  for  the  precocity  of  his  talent  i 
for  at  four  years  of  age  he  could  read  and 
writ<5,  at  nine  he  had  so  far  studied  mathe- 
matics as  to  be  able  to  solve  some  difficult 
problems,  and  at  eleven  he  publi-shed  a  work 
on  curves.    Born,  1713  ;  died,  176.5. 

CLAIRFAIT,  Count  de,  an  excellent  Aus- 
trian general.  He  commanded  tlie  Austrian 
troops  against  those  of  the  French  republic, 
and  evinced  equal  skill  and  courage,  though 
inferiority  in  numbers  frequently  compelled 
him  to  give  way  before  the  enemy.  Died, 
1798. 

CLAIRON,  Clairb  Josephine  de  la 
TuDE,  a  celebrated  French  actress,  born 
near  Conde,  in  1723,  and  who,  commencing 
her  histrionic  efforts  at  the  early  age  of  12 
years,  soon  became  the  tirst  tragic  performer 
of  her  age  and  country.  She  died  in  1803, 
having  long  before  quitted  the  stage  for  a 
life  of  religious  seclusion. 

CLAPPERTON,  Captain  IIuoH,  the  cele- 
brated African  traveller,  was  bom  in  Annan, 
Dumfriesshire,  in  1788,  and  at  the  age  of  13 


was  apprenticed  to  the  sea-service.  Having 
during  his  api>renticeship  inadvertently  vio- 
lated the  excise  laws,  by  taking  a  few  pounds 
of  rock  salt  to  the  mistress  of  a  house  which 
the  crew  frequented,  he  consented  (rather 
than  undergo  a  trial)  to  go  on  board  the 
Clorinda  frigate,  commanded  by  Capt.Briggs. 
Through  the  interest  of  friends  he  was  soon 
promoted  to  be  a  midshipman,  and  in  1814 
was  raised  to  tlie  rank  of  lieutenant,  and 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Confiance 
schooner,  on  Lake  Erie.  In  1822  he  was 
chosen  to  accompany  Dr.  Oudney  and  Lieu- 
tenant Denham  on  an  expedition  to  Central 
Africa,  and  on  his  return  to  England  he 
received  the  rank  of  captain.  In  six  months 
afterwards  he  was  dispatched  on  a  second 
mission  for  exploring  the  country  from  Tri- 
poli to  Bornou,  but  was  not  allowed  to  enter 
the  place.  It  was  during  the  period  of  his 
detention  that  he  was  attacked  with  dysen- 
tery, which  proved  fatal,  at  Stvckatoo,  on 
the  13th  of  April,  1827.  His  journals,  which 
were  all  saved,  give  an  interesting  account 
of  the  central  part  of  Northern  Africa,  and 
the  manners  and  customs  of  its  inhabitants. 

CLARENDON,  Edwakd  Hyde,  Earl  of, 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  was  bom 
at  Dinton,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1008.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  studied  law  under 
his  uncle,  Nicholas  Hyde,  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench.  During  the  civil  wars 
he  zealously  attached  himself  to  the  roval 
cause,  and  contributed  more  than  any  other 
man  to  the  restoration.  In  his  judicial 
capacity  his  conduct  was  irreproachable ; 
and  as  long  as  he  held  office,  no  one  could 
be  more  decidedly  the  supporter  of  the 
privileges  of  royalty,  or  the  defender  of  his 
country's  freedom  against  the  abuses  of  the 
royal  power.  But  he  at  length  became  un- 
popular, was  removed  from  his  high  employ- 
ments, and,  in  order  to  escape  the  conse- 
quences of  inii)eachmcnt,  found  it  prudent 
to  go  into  voluntary  exile.  He  died  at  Rouen, 
in  17G4.  His  "  History  of  the  Rebellion," 
taken  as  a  whole,  is  an  admirable  work,  and 
calculated  to  secure  to  his  memory  a  lasting 
fame.  His  daughter  Anne  was  married  to 
the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II.;  and 
two  daughtei's,  Anne  and  Mary,  the  fruit 
of  this  marriage,  both  ascended  the  English 
throne. 

CLARENDON,  IIenky  Hyde,  Earl  of, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  1638.  He 
was  for  a  short  time  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  and  wrote 
a  "  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion,"  &c. 
Died,  1709. 

CLARKE,  Adam,  LL.D.,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  modern  scholars  in  the  oriental 
languages  and  biblical  antiquities;  He  was 
born  in  Ireland,  and  received  the  rudiments 
of  learning  from  his  father,  who  was  a  school- 
master in  tiiat  country  ;  but  subsequently 
studied  at  the  school  founded  by  John  Wes- 
ley, at  Kingswood,  near  Bristol.  At  the 
very  early  age  of  18,  he  became  a  travelling 
preacher  in  the  Methodist  connection,  and 
for  20  years  continued  to  be  so.  But  though 
he  was  very  popular  as  a  preacher,  it  is 
chiefly  as  a  writer  that  he  demands  notice 
here.  He  published  a  very  curious  and  useful 
Bibliographical  Dictionary  ;    a  supplement 


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to  that  work  ;  a  most  laborious  Commentary 
on  the  Bible  ;  a  Narrative  of  the  last  Illness 
and  Death  of  Richard  Person  ;  and  Memoirs 
of  the  Wesley  Family  ;  and  edited  Baxter's 
Christian  Directory,  and  several  other  reli- 
gious works.  His  Commentary  on  the  Bible 
alone  would  have  been  a  long  labour  to  a 
man  of  ordinary  industry.  But  such  were 
his  energy  and  perseverance,  that  besides 
the  above  works  and  numerous  sermons,  he 
wrote  four  elaborate  and  valuable  reports 
on  the  State  of  the  Public  Records,  and 
edited  the  first  volume  of  a  new  and  labo- 
rious edition  of  Rymer's  Fcedera.  Bom, 
1762  ;  died,  of  cholera,  1832. 

CLARKE,  Edwakd  Daniel,  LL.D.,  a 
celebrated  modern  traveller,  and  professor 
of  mineralogy  at  Cambridge,  was  born  in 
1767.  He  accompanied  I/ord  Berwick  to 
Italy  in  1794  ;  and  in  1799  he  commenced  a 
tour  through  Denmark,  Sweden,  Lapland, 
Finland,  Russia,  Tartary,  Circassia,  Asia 
Minor,  Syria,  Palestine,  Egypt,  Greece,  and 
Turkey,  returning,  in  1802,  through  Ger- 
many and  France.  By  his  exertions  the 
library  of  Cambridge  was  enriched  with 
nearly  a  himdred  volumes  of  manuscripts, 
and  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Eleusinian 
Ceres.  He  also  brought  to  this  country  tlic 
sarcophagus  of  Alexander,  and  a  splendid 
collection  of  mineralogical  specimens,  which 
he  turned  to  the  best  advantage  in  his  sub- 
sequent popular  lectures  on  mineralogy, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  the  professor's 
chair  in  1808.  He  died  in  1821,  and  a  com- 
plete edition  of  his  works,  in  II  vols.,  was 
afterwards  publislied. 

CLARKE,  Henrt,  LL.D.,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  military  academy  at 
Marlow ;  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Usefulness  of  Mathematical  Learning,"  a 
"  Dissertation  on  Perspective, "  another  on 
"Calculating  Numbers,"  a  third  on  "Ste- 
nography," an  "Introduction  to  Geogra- 
phy," &c.    Died,  1818. 

CLARKE,  JAiiES  STAifiER,LL.D.,  having 
graduated  at  Cambridge,  was  for  some  years 
chaplain  in  the  navy,  and  was  in  that  capa- 
city with  Nelson,  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 
On  being  introduced  to  George  III.,  the 
king  was  pleased  witli  him,  and  he  became 
chaplain  and  librarian  at  Carlton  House, 
lie  wrote  numerous  publications,  which  bear 
Ills  name,  and  was  tlie  founder  of  the  Naval 
Clironicle.     Died,  at  Brighton,  1834. 

CLARKE,  Jeremiah,  Mus.  Doc,  organist 
to  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  joint  organist, 
with  Blow,  to  his  majesty.  His  compositions 
are  not  numerous,  but  they  are  remarkable 
for  pathetic  melody.  An  imprudent  and 
hopeless  passion  for  a  lady  of  high  rank  so 
much  disordered  the  mind  of  this  amiable 
and  gifted  man,  that  he  committed  suicide, 
in  1707. 

CLARKE,  John,  an  American  divine  and 
writer;  autlior  of  "Funeral  Discourses;" 
a  popular  tract  entitled  "  An  Answer  to  the 
Question, '  Why  are  You  a  Cliristian  ? '  "  &c. 
Died,  1798. 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  a  learned  English 
divine ;  author  of  "  Scientia  Metrica  et 
Rhythmica,"  &c.    Died,  1669. 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  D.D.,  a  celebrated 
English  theologian  and  natural  philosopher, 


was  bom  in  1675.  He  was  a  native  of  Nor- 
wich, of  which  city  his  father  was  an  alder- 
man ;  and  was  educated  at  Caius  College, 
Cambridge.  While  at  college,  he  translated 
"  Rohault's  Physics,"  in  order  to  familiarise 
students  with  the  reasonings  of  the  New- 
tonian philosophy.  When  be  took  orders, 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, and  appeared  as  an  author  in  his  own 
profession,  in  1699,  when  he  published 
"  Three  practical  Essays  on  Baptism,  Con- 
firmation, and  Repentance."  By  this  work 
lie  established  his  reputation  as  a  pioijs  and 
able  writer  ;  and  he  now  entered  the  lists  as 
a  controversialist,  by  publishing  "  Reflec- 
tions"  on  a  book  by  Toland,  entitled 
"Amyntor."  In  1704-5  he  was  appointed 
to  preach  the  sermons  at  Boyle's  Lecture, 
and  took  for  the  subjects  of  his  sixteen  ser- 
mons, "  The  Being  and  Attributes  of  God" 
and  "The  Evidences  of  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion."  In  1712  he  published  a 
new  and  valuable  edition  of  "  Caesar's  Com- 
mentaries," and  a  work  entitled  "  The  Scrip- 
ture Doctrine  of  the  Trinity."  This  work 
involved  him  in  a  controversy,  in  which  his 
principal  opponent  was  Dr.  Waterland  ;  and 
the  heterodoxy  of  Dr.  Clarke  was  made  the 
subject  of  a  complaint  in  the  lower  house 
of  convocation.  Subsequently  he  had  a 
controversy  with  Leibnitz  on  the  principles 
of  religion  and  natural  philosophy ;  and 
gave  considerable  offence  by  altering  the 
singing  psalms  at  St.  James's,  where  he  wa» 
chaplain  to  Queen  Anne.  Although  his 
alleged  heterodoxy  had  deprived  him  of  all 
chance  of  rising  in  the  church,  he  had  so 
just  a  sense  of  what  was  due  to  his  profes- 
sion, that  wlien  offered  the  mastership  of  the 
Mint,  on  the  death  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  he 
declined  it  as  incompatible  with  the  clerical 
office  and  cliaracter.  The  latter  part  of 
his  life  was  distinguished  by  his  letter  to 
Mr.Hoadley,  "  On  the  Proportion  of  Velocity 
and  Force  in  Bodies  in  Motion,"  and  his 
edition  of  "  Homer's  Iliad  "  with  a  Latin 
version.  After  his  death,  his  sermons,  in 
10  vols.,  were  published  by  his  son.  Died, 
1720. 

CLARKE,  John,  D.D.,  brother  of  the 
above,  dean  of  Salisbury  ;  author  of  "  Ser- 
mons on  the  Origin  of  Evil,"  a  translation 
of  Grotiuji's  "  De  Veritate,"  &c.     Died,1729. 

CLARKE,  William,  an  English  divine 
and  writer  ;  author  of  "  Tlie  Connection  of 
the  Roman,  Saxon,  and  English  Coins," 
"  A  Discourse  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Ro- 
mans," &c.    Died,  1771. 

CLARKE.    See  Feltre,  Duke  of. 

CLARKSON,  Thomas,  a  man  whose  whole 
life  may  be  said  to  have  almost  passed  in 
labouring  to  effect  the  extinction  of  the  slave 
trade,  was  born  at  Wisbeach,  in  Suffolk,  in 
1760.  He  was  first  brought  into  notice  as 
the  friend  and  champion  of  the  negro,  by  a 
Latin  prize  essay  upon  this  important  sub- 
ject, which  was  afterwards  published  in 
English,  and  became  immensely  popular. 
Associations  were  now  formed,  and  the  ques- 
tion was  agitated  and  discussed  throughout 
the  country  :  at  length  Mr.  Clarkson  having 
become  acquainted  with  Mr.  Wilberforce, 
whose  connections  and  influence  were  justly 
regarded  as  of  the  highest  value,  it  was  agreed 


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that  the  latter  gentleman  should  bring  the 
subject  under  the  notice  of  parliament.  This 
■was  in  1787,  and  it  there  met  with  various 
success  until  1807,  when  tlie  memorable 
anti-slavery  law  obtained  the  sanction  of  the 
legislature.  But  though  Mr.  Wilberforce, 
by  virtue  of  his  position,  was  enabled  to  take 
a  lead  in  this  great  measure,  the  original 
promoter  of  it  was  still  indefatigable  ;  and, 
outside  the  wallsof  parliament,  he  continued 
to  labour  with  undiminished  zeal.  We  are 
bound  at  the  same  time  to  observe,  that  Mr. 
Clarkson's  active  benevolence,  though  prin- 
cipally exerted  in  favour  of  the  poor  enslaved 
African,  was  by  no  means  contined  even  to 
that  wide  sphere.  lie  died  Sept.  26.  1846, 
aged  S5. 

CLAUDE,  JOHX,  an  eminent  French  Pro- 
testant divine.  He  composed  a  reply  to  a 
w^ork  of  the  Port- Royalists  on  the  eucharist, 
and  was  involved,  in  consequence,  in  a  con- 
troversy with  the  Catliolic  writers,  in  which 
he  displayed  immense  controversial  power. 
No  better  proof,  indeed,  can  be  desired  of 
the  formidable  liglit  in  which  he  appeared  to 
his  opponents,  than  is  aflForded  by  the  fact, 
that  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes 
he  was  i)eremptorily  ordered  to  quit  France 
in  24  liours,  though  the  other  Protestant 
ministers  were  allowed  15  days.  His  learn- 
ing, eloquence  of  style,  and  strict  morality  of 
life  made  him  a  truly  powerful  advocate  of 
truth,  and  his  polemical  writings  show  liow 
well  qualified  he  was  to  be  its  defender. 
Died,  1687. 

CLAUDE  LORRAINE,  so  called  from 
the  place  of  his  birth,  was  an  admirable 
landscape  painter.  His  real  name  was 
Claudk  Gelee,  and  he  was  the  son  of  poor 
parents,  who  put  him  apprentice  to  a  pastry- 
cook. The  love  of  art,  however,  prevailed 
over  the  circumstances  in  which  he  was 
placed  ;  and  having  received  some  instruc- 
tion in  drawing  from  his  brother,  who  was  a 
wood-engraver,  he  went  to  Rome,  and  was 
employed  by  the  painter  Tassi,  from  whom 
he  received  instructions  in  the  fundamental 
principles  of  his  art.  But  it  was  from  the 
study  of  nature  that  he  derived  his  best 
lessons,  and  in  that  study  he  was  unwearied, 
passing  entire  days  in  the  fields,  noting 
every  change  in  the  aspect  of  nature  at  the 
various  stages  of  the  day,  from  sunrise  to 
dusk.  Died,  1682.  The  principal  galleries 
in  Europe  are  adorned  with  his  masterly 
productions,  and  his  name  and  style  are 
consequently  familiar  to  the  veriest  tyro  in 
the  art. 

CLAUDIANUS,  Claudius,  a  Latin  poet, 
whose  place  of  nativity  is  supposed  to  be 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  He  flourished  under 
the  reign  of  Theodosius,  Arcadius,  and  Ho- 
noriuB  j  was  patronised  by  Stilicho  ;  and  a 
statue  was  erected  to  his  honour  in  the  forum 
of  Trajan.  His  larger  poems  lose  some  of 
their  value  from  the  subjects  of  them  being 
court  panegyric ;  but  in  all  his  poems  he 
displayed  a  brilliant  fancy,  and  much  of  the 
polished  elegance  of  Virgil. 

CLAUDIUS,  Tiberius  Drusus,  a  Roman 
emperor,  was  bom  B.C.  9,  at  Lyons,  and 
originally  called  Germanicus.  After  spend- 
ing 50  years  of  his  life  in  a  private  station, 
unhonoured  and  but  little  known,  he  was, 


187 


on  the  murder  of  Caligula,  his  uncle,  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  body-guard,  and 
confirmed  in  the  sovereignty  by  the  senate. 
At  first  he  performed  some  praiseworthy 
acts,  but  he  soon  became  contemptible  for 
his  debauchery  and  voluptuousness  ;  and  he 
died  of  poison  administered  by  his  second 
wife,  Agrippina,  a.  d.  54. 

CLAUDIUS  II.,  Marcus  Aurelius  Fla- 
vius,  sumamed  Gothicus,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, bom,  A.D.  214,  was  raised  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  Gallienus  ;  and  by  Ids  virtues, 
as  well  as  by  his  splendid  victories  over  the 
Goths,  he  proved  himself  worthy  of  his  ex- 
alted station.    Died,  270. 

CLAUSEL,  Bertkand,  a  distinguished 
French  soldier,  was  born  at  Mircpoix,  1773. 
He  had  already  gained  distinction  in  the 
army  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  St.  Domingo,  in 
Ital^,  and  Dalmatia,  when  he  was  sent  to 
Spam  in  1810,  under  Junot  and  Massena. 
He  besieged  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  was  wounded 
at  Salamanca,  and  having  saved  during  a 
retreat,  memorable  in  military  annals,  the 
army  of  Portugal,  and  led  it  into  Spain,  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  the  north 
of  Spain  in  1813.  He  was  one  of  the  last  to 
lay  down  arms  in  1814  ;  and  among  the  first 
to  declare  himself  in  favour  of  Buonaparte 
during  the  hundred  days,  when  he  took  the 
command  of  Bordeaux,  and  established  the 
imperial  government  without  striking  a  blow. 
Banished  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  in 
1815,  he  retired  to  the  United  States,  where 
he  remained  some  years.  Immediately  after 
the  revolution  of  1830  he  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Algeria; 
but  in  consequence  of  some  misunderstand- 
ing with  the  home  government,  lie  returned 
to  France  in  1831,  received  the  marshal's 
baton,  and  in  1835  returned  to  Algeria  as 
governor-geneial  of  the  colony  ;  but  the 
check  lie  sustained  at  Constantine,  in  1836, 
led  to  his  resignation,  and  the  rest  of  his 
days  were  passed  in  retirement.    Died,  1842. 

CLAVEL,  John,  a  highwayman  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  He  was  taken  with  some 
of  his  comrades  and  condemned  to  death,  but 
was  pardoned,  probably  on  condition  of 
giving  information  against  his  former  asso- 
ciates. He  is  mentioned  here  on  account  of 
a  poem  which  he  wrote  after  his  pardon,  en- 
titled "The  Recantation  of  an  Ill-spent 
Life,  or  a  Discoverie  of  the  Highway  Law, 
with  vehement  Dissuasions  to  all  OflFenders 
in  that  kind  ;  as  also  cautclous  Admonitions, 
and  full  Instructions  how  to  know,  shun,  and 
apprehend  a  Thief." 

CLAVIERE,  Etienne,  a  statesman  and 
financier.  He  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
for  some  time  conducted  a  bank  in  that  city; 
but  was  forced  to  emigrate  to  France  on  ac- 
count of  the  part  he  took  in  some  political 
oflTences.  In  conjunction  with  Brissot,  he 
published  a  treatise  "  De  la  France  et  des 
Etats  Unis."  Displaying  great  zeal  in  re- 
volutionising France  and  her  colonies,  he 
obtained  considerable  influence,  but  on  the 
fall  of  the  Girondists  he  was  arrested,  and 
committed  suicide  in  prison  in  1793,  aged  58. 

CL  A  VIGERO,  Francesco  Saveiro,  a  na- 
tive of  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico.  Having  made 
himself  acquainted  with  the  traditions  and 
antiquities  oi  the  Mexicans,  he  wrote  a  very 


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valuable  work,  entitled  "The  History  of 
Mexico."  An  English  translation  of  this 
work  was  piiblislied  in  1787. 

CLAVIUS,  Christophek,  a  German  Jesuit 
and  matliematician.  By  order  of  pope  Gre- 
gory XIII.  lie  corrected  the  calendar  ;  and 
he  ably  defended  himself  against  the  ani- 
madversions on  liis  labour  of  the  elder  Sca- 
liger  and  others.  He  also  published  some 
valuable  mathematical  works,  among  which 
was  an  edition  of  Euclid,  with  annotations. 
Died,  1612. 

CLAYTON,  Robert,  bishop  of  Clogher  ; 
author  of  an  "  Introduction  to  the  History  of 
the  Jews,"  "The  Chronology  of  the  Bible 
"Vindicated,"  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Histo- 
ries of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  written 
against  Bolingbroke,  &c.  The  heterodoxy 
of  some  portions  of  his  writings  gave  so  much 
offence,  that  measures  were  contemplated 
for  depriving  him  of  liis  preferment ;  a  fact 
which  had  such  an  effect  upon  him,  that  he 
died  of  agitation  on  the  very  day  proceedings 
against  him  were  to  commence.  Born,  IGOo  ; 
died,  1758. 

CLAYTON,  TiiCMAS,  a  worthy  repre- 
sentative of  the  old  school  of  English  gentry, 
was  colonel  of  the  royal  Lancashire  volun- 
teers, and  served  with  liis  regiment  many 
years  in  Ireland,  during  the  disturbances 
before  the  Union.  Colonel  Clayton  blended 
genuine  courtesy  of  manners  with  firmness 
and  decision  of  character.  He  was  eminently 
loyal ;  in  times  of  danger,  active  and  vigorous 
in  repressing  tumult  T  and  up  to  the  period 
of  his  death,  he  discharged  his  magisterial 
duties  with  energj'  and  promptness.  He  died 
in  his  80th  year,  in  1835. 

CLEANTHES,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  the 
3rd  century  b.  c.  He  was  a  native  of  Assus, 
in  Lydia  ;  but,  visiting  Athens,  he  became  a 
zealous  discii)le  of  Zeno  ;  and  to  enable  him 
to  attend  on  that  master  in  the  day,  he  was 
accustomed  to  labour  by  night.  His  mental 
and  bodily  strength  was  immense,  and  de- 
spite of  all  the  obstacles  of  poverty,  he  studied 
so  successfully  as  to  become  Zeno's  successor. 
Of  his  writings  only  some  inconsiderable 
fragments  remain  ;  but  his  reputation  was  so 
great,  that,  after  his  death,  the  senate  of  Rome 
decreed  him  a  ttatue  in  his  native  place. 

CLEAVER,  William,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
and  principal  of  Brazenose  College,  Oxford  ; 
author  of  "  Directions  to  the  Clergy  on  the 
Choice  of  Books,"  "  Observations  on  Marsh's 
Dissertations  on  the  Gospels  of  Matthew, 
Mark,  and  Luke,"  "  Sermons,"  and  other 
theological  works,  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Greek 
Metres."  He  was  also  editor  of  the  cele- 
brated "  Oxford  Homer,"  published  under 
the  patronage  of  Lord  Grenville.    Died,  1815. 

CLEGHORN,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
surgeon,  and  anatomist ;  author  of  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Diseases  of  Minorca,"  &c.  He 
served  for  many  years  as  an  army  surgeon, 
but  ultimately  settled  as  anatomical  profes- 
sor at  Dublin.     Died,  1789. 

CLELAND,  James,  LL.D.,  a  distin- 
guished statistical  writer,  who  held  the 
office  of  superintendant  of  public  works  at 
Glasgow,  and  by  his  numerous  publications 
of  a  local  nature,  gained  tlie  est«em  of  all 
conversant  with  political  economy.  Bom, 
1770:  died,  1840. 


1S3 


CLEMANGIS,  Nicholas,  a  French  di- 
vine ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Corrupt 
State  of  the  Church,"  "Letters,"  &c.  His 
writings  bear  very  bold  testimony  to  the 
corruptions  of  the  Romish  Church  ;  and  he 
has  consequently  been  much  censured  by 
Papists,  and  much  praised  by  Protestants. 
Died,  1440. 

CLEMENCET,  D.  C,  a  French  Catholic 
divine  ;  author  of  "  L'Art  de  verifier  les 
Dates,"  "L'Histoire  Litteraire  de  France," 
&c.  The  first  named  of  his  works  lias  been 
truly  said  to  be  "  a  model  of  chronological 
knowledge  and  exactness  ;"  and  though  he 
displayed  too  much  of  the  odium  theologicum 
id  his  opposition  to  the  Jesuits,  he  was  a 
learned,  benevolent,  and  most  industrioua 
writer.     Died,  1778. 

CLEMENS,  RoMANUS,  an  early  Christian, 
a  fellow  traveller  of  St.  Paul,  and,  subse- 
quently, bishop  of  Rome.  His  Epistle  to  the 
church  of  Corinth  is  to  be  found  in  the  Patres 
Apostolici  of  Le  Clerc.  Clemens  is  said  to 
have  died  at  Rome,  at  the  end  of  the  Ist 
century. 

CLEMENS,  Titus  Flavius,  known  as 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  one  of  the  fathers  of 
the  church.  Of  his  early  career  so  little  is 
known  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  was 
born  at  Alexandria  or  at  Athens  ;  but  about 
the  year  189  he  succeeded  Pantaenus  in  the 
catechetical  school  of  the  former  city,  and 
taught  there  until  202,  when  the  edict  of 
Severus  compelled  him  to  seek  a  new  abode. 
In  210  he  was  in  Cappadocia,  and  he  was 
afterwards  in  Antioch,  but  when  or  where 
he  died  is  unknown.  His  chief  works  are 
"  Prajtrepticon,  or  an  Exhortation  to  the 
Pagans,"  "Pa;dagogus,  or  the  Instructor," 
"  What  Rich  Man  shall  be  saved,"  and  "  Stro- 
mata;"  the  last  nam6d  of  which  is  a  very 
valuable  miscellaneous  work,  containing 
facts  and  quotations  to  be  met  with  in  no 
other  writer. 

CLEMENT  XIV.,  pope,  whose  real  name 
was  Ganganelli,  was  a  native  of  St.  Arch- 
angelo,  near  Rimini.  In  1759  he  was  raised  to 
the  cardinalate  by  pope  Clement  XIII.,  and 
on  the  death  of  that  pontiff  he  was  elected 
his  successor.  He  was  at  first  apparently 
disinclined  to  the  suppression  of  the  powerful 
but  mischievous  order  of  the  Jesuits,  but  he 
at  length  became  convinced  of  the  necessity 
for  their  suppression,  and  he  signed  the  brief 
for  it  in  1773.  Shortly  after  he  had  signed 
this  important  document  he  was  seized  with 
a  disorder,  supiwsed  to  have  been  the  effect 
of  poison  ;  and,  after  languishing  in  agonies, 
which  reduced  him  to  a  mere  skeleton,  he 
died  in  1775.  Clement  was  one  of  the  most 
enlightened  and  benevolent  characters  that 
ever  wore  the  tiara.  His  manners  were  lowly 
and  condescending,  his  appearance  plain  and 
simple  ;  and  when  he  was  told  that  the  papal 
dignity  required  a  more  sumptuous  table,  he 
answered  that  "  neither  St.  Peter  nor  St. 
Francis  had  taught  him  to  dine  splendidly." 

CLEMENT,  Francis,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine monk  ;  author  of  a  completion  of 
"  L'Art  de  verifier  les  Dates,"  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Origin  of  the  Samaritan  Bible,"  &c. 
Died,  1793. 

CLEMENT,  Jean  Marie  Bernard,  a 
French  critic  and  dramatic  writer,  who  dis- 


i 


CLE] 


^  fJcfio  ?Eluibcv^al  2Si05rapl)B. 


[CLl 


tinguished  himself  by  his  strictures  on  the 
worlts  of  Voltaire,  La  Harpe,  and  others. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  tragedy  of  "  Medea." 
Born,  1742  ;  died,  1812. 

CLEMEJ^TI,  Muzio,  an  eminent  composer 
and  pianist ;  the  father  of  pianoforte  music, 
and  a  genius  whose  fancy  was  as  unbounded 
as  his  science  ;  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1762. 
He  early  evinced  a  taste  for  music,  and  made 
such  progress  in  the  s<;ience,  that  in  liis  0th 
year  he  passed  his  examination  as  an  organist, 
and  in  liis  12th  he  wrote  a  highly  approved 
mass  for  four  voices.  Under  the  fostering 
patronage  of  the  highly-gifted  Mr.  Beckford 
he  came  to  England,  living  with  him  at  his 
seat  in  Dorsetshire,  where  he  learnt  the 
English  language,  studied,  composed,  and 
gradually  arrived  at  the  acme  of  liis  profes- 
sion ;  enjoying  throughout  Europe  tlie  esteem 
of  his  brother  musicians,  receiving  the  well- 
merited  admiration  of  amateurs,  and  ho- 
noured with  public  applause.  la  the  year 
1800  he  was  induced  to  engage,  as  the  head 
of  a  highly  respectable  Arm,  in  the  music 
trade  ;  in  which  he  continued,  but  without 
any  interruption  of  his  duties  as  a  composer, 
till  his  death,  in  1832. 

CLEOBULUS,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece,  was  a  native  of  the  Isle  of  Rhodes, 
in  the  6th  century  b.  c. 

CliEOBULIN  A,  daughter  of  the  above,  is 
spoken  of  as  possessing  great  genius  ;  but 
the  enigmas  which  are  attributed  to  her  are 
by  no  means  remarkable  for  excellence. 

CLEOPATRA,  queen  of  Egypt.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  who,  at 
his  death,  left  his  crown  to  her  and  her 
younger  brotlier,  Ptolemy  ;  but  being  mi- 
nors, they  were  placed  nnder  the  guardian- 
ship of  Pothinus  and  Achilles,  who  deprived 
Cleopatra  of  her  share  of  tlic  government. 
Caesar,  however,  who  had  met  her  at  Alex- 
andria, being  struck  with  her  youthful 
charms,  proclaimed  her  queen  of  Egypt ; 
and  for  some  time  Cleopatra  exercised  a 
very  potent  and  injurious  influence  over  the 
Roman  warrior.  After  Csesar's  death  she 
exerted  her  consummate  art,  and  used  her 
beauty  and  accomplishments  to  entangle  the 
triumvir,  Mark  Antony  ;  and  becoming 
involved,  notwithstanding  her  treachery  and 
duplicity,  in  the  ruin  he  brouglit  upon  him- 
self in  his  contest  with  Octavius,  she  put  an 
end  to  her  existence,  by  applying  an  asp  to 
her  arm,  the  bite  of  which  caused  her  im- 
mediate death,  b.  c.  30,  aged  39. 

CLEOSTRATUS,  a  native  of  Tenedos, 
and  an  eminent  astronomer  and  mathema- 
tician. He  first  arranged  the  signs  of  the 
zodiac,  Aries  and  Sagittarius,  and  corrected 
the  error  of  the  length  of  the  Grecian  year, 
by  introducing  the  period  termed  Octoetaris. 
According  to  Dr.  Priestley,  he  flourished  in 
the  6tli  century  B.  c. 

CLERFAYT,  Fkancis  Sebastian  Cns. 
Joseph  de  Ckoix,  Coimt  de,  an  Austrian 
general,  who  served  with  great  distinction 
in  the  seven  years'  war,  particularly  at  the 
battles  of  Prague,  Lissa,  &c.  From  the 
conclusion  of  that  war  till  1788,  when  he 
took  the  field  against  the  Turks,  he  lived 
in  a  state  of  happy  retirement ;  but  in  the 
war  which  arose^t  of  tlie  French  revolu- 
tion, he  commanded  the  Austrian  army  with 


great  credit  to  himself,  in  1793  and  1794, 
though  overborne  by  numbers,  and  often 
defeated  in  consequence.  In  1795  he  was 
made  field-marshal,  and  general-in-chief  on 
the  Rhine,  and  closed  his  military  career 
by  totally  foiling  tlie  plans  of  the  French. 
He  then  resigned  his  command  to  the  Arch- 
duke Charles,  became  a  member  of  the 
Austrian  council  of  war,  and  died  in  1798, 
at  Vienna,  where  a  splendid  monument  is 
erected  to  his  memory. 

CLERMONT  TONNERE,  Antoine 
Jules  de,  cardinal,  and  chief  of  the  French 
bishops,  was  bishop  of  Chalons  in  1782,  and 
was  an  active  member  from  his  diocese  to 
the  states-general.  He  is  chiefly  mentioned, 
however,  as  the  author  of  a  most  interesting 
"  Journal  of  what  occurred  at  the  Temple 
during  the  Captivity  of  Louis  XVI."  Bora, 
1749  ;  died,  1839. 

CLERMONT  TONNERE,  Stanislaus, 
Count  de,  was  one  of  the  first  among  the 
nobility  to  side  with  the  popular  party  in 
the  opening  scenes  of  the  French  revolution. 
Having  at  length  given  umbrage  to  his  party, 
he  was  put  to  death  in  1792. 

CLEVELAND,  John,  a  political  writer 
of  the  time  of  Charles  I.  He  strenuously 
supported  the  cause  of  that  monarch,  and, 
for  a  time,  prevented  Cromwell  from  being 
returned  member  of  parliament  for  Cam- 
bridge. When  the  civil  war  actually  broke 
out  he  joined  the  royal  army,  and  was  made 
judge  advocate  to  tlie  troops  which  garri- 
soned Newark.  When  that  town  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  parliamentarians,  Cleveland 
made  his  escape,  but  was  apprehended,  in 
1655,  at  Norwich.  After  a  detention  of  some 
months  he  gained  his  liberty  by  a  temjierate, 
but  very  manly  letter,  which  he  addressed 
to  Cromwell,  and  in  which  he  justified  his 
opposition  to  him,  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
the  result,  not  of  any  factious  or  personal 
motive,  but  of  sincere  principle.  Of  his 
satires  several  editions  have  been  printed, 
but  they  have  shared  the  fate  of  most  works 
written  on  temporary  subjects,  and  are  now 
known  to  but  few.     Died,  1659. 

CLIFFORD,  Geokge,  earl  of  Cumber- 
land, an  eminent  naval  commander  and 
scholar  of  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth.  He 
was  present  at  the  trial  of  the  unfortunate 
queen  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  same  year 
sailed  for  the  coast  of  South  America,  where 
he  made  himself  veiy  formidable  to  the  Por- 
tuguese. He  was  captain  of  one  of  the  ships 
engaged  against  the  memorable  "  Armada  " 
of  Spain,  and  subsequently  commanded 
several  expeditions  to  the  Spanish  main  and 
the  Western  Islands ;  in  one  of  which  ex- 
peditions he  had  the  good  fortune  to  capture 
a  galleon,  valued  at  150,000/.  He  was  a 
great  favourite  with  queen  Elizabeth,  who 
conferred  on  him  the  insignia  of  the  order 
of  the  Garter.  It  seems,  however,  that  fame 
and  court  favour  were  the  chief  rewards 
of  his  great  talents  and  industry,  as  he  is 
said  to  have  died  poor.  Born,  1558 ;  died, 
1605. 

CLIFFORD,  Anne,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding. She  was  married  first  to  Richard, 
lord  Buckhurst,  afterwards  earl  of  Dorset, 
and  second  son  to  Philip,  earl  of  Pembroke. 
She  possessed  considerable  literary  ability. 


and  wrote  memoirs  of  her  first  husband  and 
of  some  of  her  ancestors.  But  slie  was  chiefly 
distinguished  by  her  generosity  and  high 
spirit.  She  built  two  Iiospitals,  repaired 
several  churches,  and  erected  monuments 
to  the  memory  of  Spenser  and  Daniels,  the 
latter  of  wliom  had  been  her  tutor.  She 
displayed  her  spirit  when  Williamson, 
secretary  of  state  to  Charles  II.,  wished  to 
put  a  member  into  parliament  for  her 
borough  of  Appleby.  "I  have  been  bullied 
by  a  usurper,"  was  her  reply,  "  and  I  have 
been  neglected  by  a  court ;  but  I  will  not  be 
dictated  to  by  a  subject.  Your  man  shall 
not  stand." 

CLINE,  Hexry,  F.R.S.,  an  eminent 
surgeon  and  lecturer  on  anatomy.  Ife  had 
a  very  extensive  practice  as  a  surgeon  ;  and 
as  a  lecturer  he  was  lield  in  the  liighest  es- 
timation both  by  his  pupils  and  by  his  pro- 
fessional brethren.    Died,  1827. 

CJyINTON,  Geokge,  an  American  general 
and  statesman.  He  first  served  under  Gene- 
ral Amherst  against  the  French,  and,  after 
the  conquest  of  Canada,  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  law.  In  1775  he  was  a 
member  of  the  congress ;  and,  being  made 
brigadier-general,  lie  succeeded,  though  he 
had  a  very  inferior  force,  in  preventing  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  from  aiding  General  Bur- 
goyne.    Born,  1739  ;  died,  1812. 

CLINTON,  Sir  Hexry,  an  English  ge- 
neral. He  succeeded  Sir  William  Howe  as 
commander-in-chief  in  America  ;  and  his 
ill  success  in  1781  and  1782  was  so  severely 
animadverted  upon,  that  he  thought  it  ne- 
cessary to  exculpate  himself  through  the 
medium  of  the  press.  After  his  return  from 
America,  he  was  for  some  time  governor 
of  Limerick,  and  had  just  been  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar  when  he  died,  1795. 

CLITUS,  a  distinguished  Macedonian  ge- 
neral, who  saved  the  life  of  Alexander  the 
Great  at  the  battle  of  the  Granicus,  but  who, 
having  expostulated  with  liis  imperial  master 
when  the  latter  was  in  a  fit  of  intoxication, 
was  slain  by  him. 

CLIVE,  Robert,  Lord  Clive  and  Baron 
Pi/ASSEV,  was  born  in  1725,  and  in  liis  19th 
year  went  to  India  as  a  writer,  but  soon 
quitted  that  employment  for  the  army. 
Being  entrusted  with  the  attack  of  Devi- 
cottali,  a  fort  of  the  rajah  of  Tanjore,  he 
performed  this  important  duty  so  well,  that 
he  was  shortly  afterwards  made  commissary. 
The  French  having  artfully  obtained  con- 
siderable territory  in  the  Carnatic,  Clive 
advised  tliat  an  attack  should  be  made  on 
the  city  of  Arcot,  which  being  entrusted  to 
him,  a  complete  victory  was  obtained.  This 
unexpected  victory  drew  off  the  French 
from  Trichinopoly,  which  they  were  then 
besieging,  to  retake  Arcot,  which  Clive 
defended  in  such  a  manner  that  they  were 
compelled  to  raise  the  siege.  This  was 
1  followed  by  a  series  of  victories ;  and  in 
I  1753  he  embarked  for  England,  where  he 
received  a  valuable  present  from  the  East 
India  Company,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  king's  service. 
After  a  short  stay  in  England  for  the 
benefit  of  his  healtli,  he  returned  to  India, 
and  was  shortly  called  upon  to  march  to 
Calcutta,  of  which  the  nabob  Surajah  Dow- 


ISO 


lah  had  taken  possession.  He  was  again 
successful,  and  perceiving  that  there  could 
be  no  permanent  peace  obtained  until 
the  nabob  was  dethroned,  he  made  the  ne- 
cessary arrangements,  and  in  the  famous 
battle  of  Plassey,  put  the  nabob  completely 
to  the  rout,  and  established  the  power  of 
the  English  more  firmly  than  it  had  ever 
!  before  been.  As  governor  of  Calcutta,  Lord 
i  Clive  performed  great  services,  both  civil 
and  military  ;  and  when  he  returned  to 
j  England  he  was  raised  to  the  first  peerage 
by  the  titles  which  stand  at  the  head  of  this 
article.  He  once  more  visited  India,  but 
was  called  upon  only  for  civil  measures, 
which  lie  took  with  his  usual  sagacity.  In 
1767  he  returned  to  England,  having  done 
more  to  extend  the  English  territory  and 
consolidate  the  English  power  in  India, 
than  any  other  commander.  But  the  large 
wealth  lie  had  acquired  during  his  long  and 
arduous  services  exposed  him  to  an  accu- 
sation in  tlie  House  of  Commons  of  having 
abused  his  power.  The  charge  fell  to  the 
ground,  but  it  had  the  effect  of  injuring  his 
mind  so  deeply  that  he  committed  suicide 
in  1774. 

CLIVE,  Cathari>'e,  a  celebrated  actress, 
was  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  gentleman 
named  Ruftar.  At  an  early  age  she  gave 
her  hand  to  Mr.  Clive,  a  barrister ;  but  a 
separation  taking  place  between  them,  she 
took  the  stage  for  her  profession,  and  be- 
came a  very  great  favourite.  In  private  life 
her  wit  caused  her  to  be  souelit  by  persona 
of  the  highest  rank.    Died,  1785. 

CLOOSE,  NiCHOJ-As,  a  bishop  of  Lich- 
field in  the  i4th  century.  He  was  possessed 
of  considerable  arcliitectural  knowledge,  and 
is  considered  as  one  of  the  improvers  of  the 
pointed  style  of  the  middle  ages. 

CLOOTS,  JoHX  Baptist  de,  a  Prussian 
baron,  better  known  as  Anacharsis  Cloots, 
one  of  the  wildest  and  most  violent  actors 
in  the  early  scenes  of  the  French  revolution. 
He  was  born  at  Cleves,  and  very  early  dis- 
sipated the  greater  portion  of  his  fortune. 
In  1790,  being  at  Paris,  he  presented  him- 
self at  the  bar  of  the  National  Assembly, 
attended  by  a  number  of  men  dressed  to  re- 
present various  foreign  nations ;  and,  de- 
scribing himself  as  the  "  orator  of  the  human 
race,"  he  demanded  the  right  of  confedera- 
tion. After  making  himself  consj)icuou8 
by  a  variety  of  foolisli  projects  set  forth  in 
no  less  foolish  speeches,  he  was  in  1792  sent 
to  the  National  Convention  as  deputy  from 
the  department  of  the  Oise.  As  might  be 
expected  from  his  previous  conduct,  he  was 
among  those  who  voted  for  tlie  death  of 
the  unfortunate  Louis  XVI.  His  course, 
however,  was  now  well  nigh  run,  for,  becom- 
ing an  object  of  suspicion  to  Robespierre,  he 
was  arrested,  and  guillotined  in  1794. 

CLOSTERMAN,  John,  a  German  por-  | 
trait  painter.  He  was  employed  in  Spain, 
Italy,  and  England  ;  and  in  this  country 
there  are  many  of  his  works ;  among  them 
the  great  picture  of  queen  Anne,  in  Guild- 
hall, London.  It  is  said  that  when  paint- 
ing the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Marlborough 
and  their  children,  the  disputes  between  her 
grace  and  the  painter  we$t  so  frequent  and 
so  obstinate,  that  the  duke  protested  he  had 


CLO] 


^  ^ebi  mnibtr^Kl  33i0srajpl;w« 


[cob 


as  much  trouble  in  mediating  between  them 
as  in  winning  a  battle.    Died,  1713. 

CLOUET,  M.,  a  French  cliemist  and  me- 
chanician. He  published  some  valuable  dis- 
quisitions in  the  Journal  de  Chimic,  and 
some  others  on  metallurgical  subjects  in  the 
Journal  des  Mines.  He  was  on  his  voyage 
to  Cayenne,  to  make  some  experiments  on 
vegetation,  wlien  he  died  in  1801.  Clouet 
perfected  the  manufacture  of  cast  steel  in 
France,  and  added  considerably  to  their 
skill  in  cutlery. 

CLO  VIS.  tlie  first  Christian  kingofF.rance. 
From  a  comparatively  petty  tract  he  ex- 
tended his  rule  far  and  wide,  partly  by 
force  of  arms  and  partly  by  liis  marriage 
with  Clotilda,  dauglUer  of  Childeric,  the  de- 
ceased king  of  the  Burgundians.  This 
princess  was  a  Christian,  and  was  very  de- 
sirous tliat  her  husband  should  be  converted 
to  her  faith  ;  an  event  which  took  place, 
though  not  precisely  from  her  exertions  in 
converting  him.  Being  in  some  peril  of 
losing  a  battle  with  a  tril)€  of  Germans, 
Clovis  invoked  the  God  of  the  Christians. 
The  tide  of  battle  changed  ;  Clovis  was  vic- 
torious, and  shortly  aftei-wards  he  and  JJOK) 
of  his  subjects  were  baptized  by  St.  Remi, 
bishop  of  Rheims.  Ilaving  conquered  the 
petty  independent  states  of  Gaul,  he  added 
them  to  his  dominions,  and  established  the 
capital  of  his  kingdom  at  Paris,  where  he 
died  in  511. 

CLOWES,  John,  an  Englisli  divine,  rec- 
tor of  the  church  of  St.  John  at  Manchester. 
Embracing  the  doctrines  of  Swedenborg,  he 
published  translations  of  a  large  portion  of 
his  theological  writings,  and  many  works 
in  agreement  with  them.  Born,  1743;  died, 
1831. 

CLOWES,  William,  an  eminent  English 
surgeon  in  the  ICth  and  17th  centuries  ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  syphilis,  and  of  another 
on  the  cure  of  wounds. 

CLUBBE,  John,  an  English  divine  ;  au- 
thor of  a  satirical  tract,  entitled  "  The  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  Wheatfleld,"  in- 
tended as  a  satire  on  conjectural  etymolo- 
gists ;  "  A  Letter  of  Advice  to  a  Young 
Clergyman,"  &c.    Died,  1773. 

CLUBBE,  William,  son  of  the  above, 
vicar  of  Brandeston,  in  Suffolk  ;  translator 
of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry,  and  of  six  of  the 
satires  of  that  poet,  and  author  of  three 
lyric  odes.  &c.     Died,  1814. 

CLUTTERBUCK,  Robert,  an  English 
antiquary  and  topographer.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Hertfordshire,  and  having  an  in- 
deiiendent  fortune,  he  devoted  his  time  to 
scientific  and  literary  pursuits.  Having 
collected  materials  for  a  new  edition  of 
Chauncey's  History  of  Hertfordshire,  lie 
changed  his  plan,  and  produced  a  new  work 
instead  of  re-editing  the  old  one.  His  work 
consists  of  three  folio  volumes,  and  is  em- 
bellished in  a  style  seldom  surpassed.  Died, 
1831. 

CLUVIER,  Philip,  a  Dutch  soldier  and 
scholar  ;  author  of  "  Germania  Antiqua," 
"  Sicilia  Antiqua,"  "  Italia  Antiqua,"  &c. 
He  is  said  to  have  understood  and  spoken 
with  fluency  no  fewer  than  uin«  languages. 
Died.  1C23. 

COBB,    JAME3,    secretary    to    the    East 


India  Company  ;  author  of  "  The  Siege  of 
Belgrade,"  "  The  Haunted  Tower,"  and 
other  dramatic  pieces.    Died,  1818. 

COBB,  Samitkl,  an  English  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  of  which 
admirable  school  he  became  head  classical 
master.  He  wrote  "  Remarks  on  Virgil," 
a  volume  of  "Poems,"  modernised  Chau- 
cer's "Miller's  Tale,"  &c.    Died,  1713. 

COBBETT,  William,  one  of   the  most 
remarkable  men  that  ever  attracted  public 
attention  by  the  force  of  mental  superiority, 
aided  by  persevering  industry,  was  born  in 
the  parish  of  Farnham,  Surrey,  in  17C2,  and 
brought  up  from  his  earliest  yea^s  on   his 
father's  farm,  in  the   useful  and   laborious 
occupation  of  husbandry  ;  so  that,  in  after 
life,  he  was  enabled,  with  honest  exultation, 
to  declare,  "  I  do  not  remember  the  time 
when  I  did  not  earn  my  own  living."   In  this 
humble  and  happy  state  he  continued  till 
1783  ;  but  having,  during  the  previous  year, 
when  on  a  visit  to  his  uncle  who  lived  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Portsmouth,    "seen    the 
grand  fleet  lying  at  Spithead,"  his  heart  be- 
came inflated  with  national  pride,  and  he 
suddenly  resolved  to  share  the  i)crils  and 
cam  the  boasted  glories  of  an  English  sea- 
man's life.     He  accordingly  applied,  first  to 
Captain  Berkeley,  of  the  Pegasus,  man-of- 
war,  and  afterwards  to  the  port  admiral, 
Evans,  to  get  himself  enrolled  ;  but  he  was 
refused,  and  thus  "  happily  escaped,"  as  he 
himself  writes,  "  from  the  most  toilsome  and 
perilous  profession  in  the  world." — "I  re- 
turned," says  he,  "  to  the  plough,  but  I  was 
spoiled  for  a  farmer.     I  had,  before  my  Ports- 
mouth adventure,  never  known  any  other 
ambition  than  that  of  surpassing  my  brothers 
in  the  difterent  labours  of  the  field  ;  but  it 
was    quite  otherwise   now  ;   I   sighed   for  a 
sight  of  the  world,"  &c.     Graphic  and  in- 
teresting as  Cobbett's  account  of  his  early 
adventures  is,  our  limits  warn  us  to  indulge 
but  sparingly  in  the  descriptive  throughout 
his  "  strange  eventful  history."    An  accident 
—  the  mere  sight  of  the  stage-coach  on  its 
journey  to  London  while  he  was  going  to  : 
Guildford  fair  —  led  him  suddenly  to  quit  [ 
his  home  and  rustic  pursuits,  in  order  to  seek  i 
his  fortune  in  a  wider  sphere.     His  first  em-  ! 
ployment,  unfitted  as  he  was  for  it  by  nature  i 
and  habit,  was  that  of  an  "  under-strapping  ' 
quill-driver"  in  Gray's  Inn,  the  miseries  of  i 
which  he  eloquently  and  wittily  depicts,  and  j 
thus  apostrophises  :  "  Gracious"  heaven  I  if  I 
am  doomed  to  be  wretched,  bury  me  beneath 
Iceland  snows,  and  let  me  feed  on  blubber  ;  ! 
stretch  me  under  the  burning  line,  and  deny  | 
me  thy  propitious  dews  ;  nay,  if  it  be  thy 
will,  suffocate  me  with    the    infected    and  j 
pestilential  air  of  a  democratic  club-room  ;  I 
but  save  me  from  the  desk  of  an  attorney  I  " 
After  nine  months'  toilsome    drudgery  in  I 
Gray's  Inn,  his  desire  for  a  different  mode  of 
life  induced  him  to  enlist  as  a  soldier,  and 
he  was  sent  to  the  depot  at  Chatham,  where 
he  remained  about  a  year,  attending  closely 
to    his    duty,    but    applying    every    leisure 
moment  to  the  improvement  of  his  mind, 
and  particularly  to  a  knowledge  of  grammar, 
with    which    he    was  before  totally  unac- 
quainted.   The  regiment  at  length  sailed  for  i 
Nova  Scotia,  and  was  then  ordered  to  St. 


cob] 


^  i?cfit)  ^nihex^aX  SSiflgrapTjt). 


[cob 


John's,  New  Brunswick,  where  he  soon  at- 
tracted tlie  notice  of  his  superiors  by  his  in- 
dustry, regularity,  and  habitual  temperance; 
and  was  rewarded  by  being  appointed  ser- 
jeant-major  of  the  regiment.  To  early 
rising,  and  the  grand  secret  of  husbanding  his 
time,  Cobbett  attributes  not  only  his  rapid 
promotion  in  the  army,  but  much  of  his 
future  fame.  After  seven  years'  service,  the 
regiment  returned  to  England  ;  and  Serjeant- 
major  Cobbett  solicited  and  received  his  dis- 
charge. Having  by  his  unparalleled  assiduity 
while  he  was  in  the  army  gained  an  insight 
into  many  branches  of  knowledge,  and  being 
determined  on  gaining  more,  he  went  to 
France,  in  order,  chiefly,  to  perfect  himself 
in  tlie  language  ;  but  seeing  that  a  war  with 
England  was  inevitable,  he  embarked  for 
America,  where,  under  the  sobriquet  of  Peter 
Porcupine,  he  quickly  began  to  exercise  his 
talents  by  the  publication  of  his  "  Observa- 
tions "  and  other  political  pamphlets,  all 
calculated  to  uphold  the  dignity  of  his  native 
country,  and  oppose  the  prevalence  of  French 
principles.  But  he  found  it  necessary  to 
quit  America ;  and,  on  his  return  to  this 
country,  he  commenced  a  daily  paper  called 
the  Porcupine,in  which  at  first  he  strenuously 
supported  the  government.  But  whether  it 
■was  that  he  became  disgusted  with  the  com- 
promising character  of  the  Addington  ad- 
ministration, or  felt  indignant  at  the  cold 
hauteur  of  Mr.  Pitt,  who  refused  to  meet 
him  ;  or  whether  some  new  light  had  dawned 
on  him,  which  made  him  the  advocate  of  the 
"  rights  of  the  jieople,"  certain  it  is  that  his 
publication,  now  styled  "  The  Weekly  Re- 
gister," contained  various  articles  which 
were  severely  denominated  lil)els,  and  he  was 
arrested,  fined,  and  imprisoned.  From  this 
period  a  gradual  change  may  be  discovered 
in  the  tone  of  Cobbett's  political  disquisitions, 
and  ere  long  he  was  looked  upon  as  the 
mighty  leader  of  the  radical  reformers.  In 
1809  he  again  attracted  the  notice  of  Sir 
Vicary  Gibbs,  at  that  time  his  majesty's 
attorney-general.  The  libel  related  to  the 
flogging  of  some  men  in  the  local  militia,  at 
Ely,  in  Cambridgeshire;  he  was  found  guilty, 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  in 
Newgate,  to  pay  a  fine  of  1000?.  to  the  king, 
and  at  the  expiration  of  the  two  years  to  give 
security  for  his  good  behaviour  for  seven 
years,  himself  in  300?.,  and  two  securities  in 
100/.  each.  This  severe  sentence  Cobt)ett 
never  forgot  or  forgave  ;  and,  in  truth,  it 
would  require  no  ordinary  share  of  Christian 
forbearance  to  do  either.  No  sooner  was  he 
liberated  than  he  showed  his  enemies  that  his 
active  mind  had  received  a  fresh  stimulus  ; 
he  reduced  his  "  Register  "  to  2c?.,  whereby  its 
sale  was  immensely  increased,  and  he  sought 
for  every  possible  means  of  annoying  those 
who  had  persecuted  him.  At  length  the 
arbitrary  "  Six  Acts  "  were  passed  ;  and  as 
he  firmly  believed  they  were  passed  for  the 
express  purpose  of  silencing  him  (particularly 
the  Power  of  Imprisonment  Act),  he  in- 
stantly took  his  departure  for  America,  and 
settled  in  Long  Island  ;  from  which  spot  his 
future  "  Registers  "  were  dated,  till  his  return 
to  England,  in  1819,  after  that  act  was  re- 
pealed. Strange  and  paradoxical  as  it  may 
appear,  and  not  less  so  than  discreditable, 


Cobbett  announced,  on  his  arrival  at  I^iver- 
poof,  that  he  had  brought  with  him  the  bones 
of  the  celebrated  republican,  Tom  Paine  — 
the  man  whom  above  all  others  he  had  for- 
merly decried  as  a  regicide  and  an  infidel ! 
yet  to  the  remains  of  that  man  he  pretended 
to  pay  homage,  and  called  upon  his  coun- 
trymen to  honour  them  by  a  magnificent 
public  funeral,  and  the  erection  of  a  splendid 
monument  1  In  1820  Mr.  Cobbett  was  induced 
to  become  a  candidate  for  the  representation 
of  Coventry,  but  met  with  a  signal  defeat ; 
and  in  1826  he  made  a  similar  unsuccessful 
attempt  at  Preston,  against  Messrs.  Stanley 
and  Wood.  In  1821)  and  the  two  following 
years,  the  events  in  Europe  gave  a  more 
impassioned  tone  to  his  writings  than  they 
had  for  some  time  exhibited.  He  had  the 
revolutions  abroad  —  the  reform  bill  at  home 
—  and  tlie  fearful  spirit  of  incendiarism 
through  the  agricultural  districts,  to  write 
about  all  at  once.  Nor  did  the  greatness  of 
the  several  themes  exhaust  his  powers  ;  his 
spirit  hurried  on  ;  and  each  subject,  as  the 
other  was  dismissed,  came  like  a  fresh  sup- 
ply of  oil  to  brighten  and  perpetuate  the 
flame.  He  wrote  about  the  regeneration  of 
France,  and  here  was  a  stimulus  to  indig- 
nation J  he  passed  to  talk  of  borough- 
mongers  and  corruption,  and  here  the  sti- 
mulus increased  ;  but  when  he  leaped  from 
the  rotten  boroughs  into  the  green  fields  — 
peered  over  burning  barns  and  coni-ricks, 
and  sought  the  cause  of  the  incendiarism  in 
the  distress  and  despair  of  the  class  of  men 
from  wliom  he,  William  Cobbett,  had 
sprung,  the  stimulus  waxed  stronger  than  } 
mere  indignation  ;  and,  in  giving  it  expres- 
sion, he  nearly  swelled  it  into  sedition 
against  a  government,  which  he  had  always 
regarded  with  an  avenging  hate.  In  con- 
sequence of  an  article  of  this  description 
which  had  appeared  in  the  "Weekly  Po- 
litical Register"  on  the  11th  of  December, 
1830,  he  was,  on  the  7th  of  July  following, 
tried  before  Lord  Tenterden  and  a  special 
jury  for  the  publication  of  "a  libel,  with 
intent  to  raise  discontent  in  the  minds  of 
the  labourers  in  husbandry,  and  to  incite 
them  to  acts  of  violence,  and  to  destroy  corn 
stacks,  machinery,  and  other  property." 
Sir  Thomas  Denman,  then  attorney-general, 
was  the  leading  counsel  for  the  crown ; 
while  Mr.  Cobbett  conducted  his  defence 
in  person  ;  and  a  more  lucid,  vigorous,  or 
powerful  answer  to  charges  brought  by  a 
public  prosecution  has  rarely,  if  ever,  been 
delivered.  The  jury  deliberated  from  six 
o'clock  at  night  till  nine  the  next  morning, 
and  then,  stating  to  the  judge  that  there 
were  six  of  them  of  one  opinion,  and  six  of 
another,  solicited  the  court  to  grant  their 
discharge,  and  they  were  discharged  accord- 
ingly. Thus  ended  this  memorable  trial. 
From  that  hour  till  the  day  of  his  death  he 
never  ceased  to  hold  up  those  to  scorn  and 
ridicule  who  had  made  this  last  desperate, 
but  impotent,  effort  to  crush  and  overwhelm 
him.  From  the  time  of  his  trial,  in  1831,  up 
to  the  passing  of  the  reform  bill,  in  ia32, 
Cobbett's  time  was  almost  equally  divided 
between  tlie  three  several  occupations  of 
writing,  travelling,  and  lecturing  ;  and  as  hia 
fame  was  evidently  again  on  the  increase,  he 


cob] 


S  IJclM  ^m'ljcr^al  3Ui0grap]^«. 


[coc 


looked  forward  to  a  seat  in  parliament  at 
the  approaching  elections.  When  the  proper 
period  arrived  (Dec.  1832)  he  was  put  in 
nomination  both  for  Manchester  and  Old- 
ham ;  and  though  defeated  at  the  former 
place,  he  gained  his  election  at  the  latter  by 
an  immense  majority.  In  1833  William 
Cobbett  was  a  British  senator  —  tlie  long- 
Bought  object  of  liis  ambition  ;  and,  though 
far  advanced  in  years,  and  engaged  as  ar- 
dently as  ever  in  his  accustomed  active  pur- 
suits, he  devoted  himself  to  his  new  duties 
witli  all  the  energy  by  which  his  whole  life 
had  been  characterised.  But  it  was  an  ele- 
ment unsuited  to  liis  habits  ;  late  hours  and 
confinement  in  a  heated  atmosphere  were 
never  intended  for  him  who  "  usually  went 
to  bed  at  nine  o'clock  and  rose  at  four." 
During  a  debate  on  the  malt  tax,  on  the  2.')th 
of  May,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with  a 
disease  of  the  throat,  from  which  he  never 
recovered,  and  on  the  17th  of  June,  1833,  he 
expired.  As  an  author,  independent  of  his 
long-continued  political  pamphlets  and  peri- 
odical works  before  referred  to,  he  was  ex- 
ceedingly industrious  ;  and  in  those  which, 
relate  to  rural  life  he  was  decidedly  the  most 
useful  writer  of  the  age,  as  his  "  Cottage  Eco- 
nomy," "Advice  to  Young  Men,"  "Rural 
Rides,"  &c.  abundantly  prove.  lie  also 
wrote  Grammars  of  the  English  and  French 
languages,  both  of  which  had  a  most  exten- 
sive circulation  ;  also,  "  A  Year's  Residence 
in  America,"  20  volumes  of  "Parliamentary 
Debates,"  &c.  ;  but  his  last  work,  "  The  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation,"  is  so  distorted  by 
party  views,  and  so  evidently  written  to 
serve  the  cause  of  popery,  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  whether  the  impartial  reader  is  more 
likely  to  be  disgusted  with  its  want  of  can- 
dour as  a  book  of  history,  or  amused  with 
the  time-serving  tirades  on  the  popular  topics 
of  the  day  with  which  it  is  so  copiously  in- 
terlarded. Altogether  it  is  a  failure,  and 
does  the  fame  of  Cobbett  more  discredit  than 
all  the  coarse  invectives  and  political  tergi- 
versations that  f^re  to  be  met  with  in  his 
voluminous  writings. 

[Having  so  much  exceeded  our  usual 
limits  in  the  preceding  sketch  of  the  life  of 
William  Cobbett,  we  plead,  as  our  excuse, 
the  valuable  example  it  affords  (to  youth 
especially)  of  what  may  be  effected  by  early 
rising,  habitual  temi>erance,  and  unrelaxing 
industry.  We  have  no  fear  that  we  shall  be 
charged  with  eulogising  his  public  conduct, 
or  of  exhibiting  his  political  life  as  worthy 
of  imitation.  On  all  occasions  he  appears 
to  have  followed  the  dictates  of  a  proud, 
indomitable  will ;  while  he  indulged  in  the 
most  offensive  personalities  against  those 
who  differed  from  him,  and  supported  his 
dogmas  with  a  coarseness  of  language,  and 
a  disregard  for  the  feelings  of  others,  alike 
disgraceful  and  disgusting.  What  his  cha- 
racter might  have  been  under  other  circum- 
stances, or  how  the  powerful  energies  of  his 
mind  might  have  been  directed,  had  not  the 
all-engulphing  vortex  of  party  borne  him 
away,  it  is  useless  to  speculate  on  :  we  are 
bound  to  regard  liim  as  one  whose  "  birth, 
station,  employment,  ignorance,  temper,  cha- 
racter in  early  life,  were  all  against  him;  but 
who  emerged  from,  and  overcame  them  all."] 


193 


COBENTZEL,  Chari.es,  Count  de,  an 
eminent  statesman.  Ue  was  a  native  of 
Laybach,  and  at  an  early  age  commenced 
his  public  career.  During  the  troubles  in 
the  reign  of  the  empress  Maria  Theresa,  his 
services  gave  so  much  satisfaction,  that  in 
1753  he  was  placed  at  tlie  head  of  affairs  in 
the  Austrian  Netherlands.  In  this  important 
situation  he  showed  great  resi)ect  for  lite- 
rature and  the  arts,  and  several  useful  re- 
formations were  carried  into  effect  by  him. 
Among  his  other  services  was  that  of  found- 
ing the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Brussels. 
Died,  1770. 

COBENTZEL,  Loris,  Count  de,  son  of 
the  above,  and,  like  him,  a  diplomatist.  At 
the  early  age  of  27,  he  was  entrusted  with  a 
mission  to  Catharine  II.  of  Russia,  and  his 
gallantry  and  compliance  with  her  taste  for 
theatricals  made  him  a  great  favourite  with 
her.  From  1795  he  was  concerned  in  many 
of  the  important  negotiations  between  Aus- 
tria and  other  powers,  until  the  treaty  of 
Luncville,  in  1801.  That  treaty  restoring 
peace  between  Austria  and  France,  he  was 
shortly  afterwards  made  minister  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs  at  Vienna.  In  1805  he 
was  dismissed  from  tliis  ofiice,  and  he  died  in 
1809. 

COBENTZEI,,  John  Philip,  Count  de, 
a  cousin  of  the  last  named,  and  also  a  di- 
plomatist. Being  sent  to  Brabant  to  treat 
with  the  Netherlanders,  who  resisted  some 
edicts  of  the  emperor  which  they  considered 
oppressive,  they  refused  to  receive  him,  and 
the  edicts  were  in  consequence  revoked. 
This  failure  prevented  him  from  being  em- 
ployed again  during  the  following  ten  years  ; 
but  at  length,  in  1801,  he  was  sent  ambassa- 
dor to  Paris.    Died,  1810. 

COBURO,  Fredekic  Josias,  duke  of 
Saxe-Coburg,  an  Austrian  field  marshal, 
was  born  in  1737.  In  1789  he  commanded 
the  imperial  army  on  the  Danube,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  Russian  general,  Su- 
warroff,  defeated  the  Turks,  and  conquered 
Bucharest.  In  1793  he  defeated  the  Prench 
at  Neerwinden,  expelled  them  from  the 
Netherlands,  and  invaded  France,  taking 
Valenciennes,  Cambray,  and  other  places  ; 
but  when  the  English  army,  under  the 
Duke  of  York,  separated  from  him,  he  sus- 
tained several  defeats,  retreated  across  the 
Rhine,  and  resigned  Ids  command.  Died, 
1815. 

COCCEIUS,  JoHX,  a  Dutch  scholar  of  the 
17th  century,  professor  of  theology  at  Ley  den. 
He  taught  that  the  Old  Testament  was 
merely  a  type  of  the  New  ;  and  the  book  of 
Revelation  being  a  principal  object  of  his 
attention,  he  warmly  asserted  the  doctrine 
of  the  Millenium.  His  followers  formed  a 
rather  numerous  sect,  called  Cocceians. 
Besides  ten  folio  volumes  of  writings  on  di- 
vinity, wliich  he  published  during  his  life, 
he  left  a  work,  not  printed  till  many  years 
after  his  death,  entitled  "Opera,  .\necdotica 
Theologica  et  Philologica."  Born,  1603; 
died,  1CG9. 

COCCEIUS,  Hexry,  an  eminent  Dutch 
civilian  ;  author  of  "  Prodromus  Justitise 
Gentium, "  "  Theses,"  &c.  He  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  a  baron  of  the  empire  in 
1713,  and  died  in  1719. 


coc] 


^  ^eia  ^nibtx^BX  SSiojjrajpl^M. 


[COF 


COCCEIUS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  last  named, 
and  successor  to  his  title.  He  became  grand 
chancellor  of  Prussia  under  Frederick  tlie 
Great,  and  was  a  chief  author  of  the  Frede- 
rickian  code.  He  also  publislied  a  valuable 
edition  of  Grotius,  "De  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis." 
Died,  175.5. 

COCHIN,  Charles  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
French  engraver  and  writer,  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury ;  author  of  "  Travels  in  Italj',  "  "  Let- 
ters on  the  Pictures  of  Herculaneum," 
"  Dissertation  on  the  Eflfect  of  Light  and 
Shade,"  &c.  His  plates  are  numerous  and 
well  executed. 

COCHLyEUS,  Johx,  an  able  hut  bitter 
opponent  of  Luther,  Calvin,  and  other  re- 
formers, but  more  especially  of  the  first 
named,  whom  he  censured  with  great  as- 
perity in  his  work,  "De  Actis  et  Scriptis 
Lutheri."  He  published,  besides  this  work, 
a  very  curious  "  History  of  the  Hussites," 
and  he  maintained  a  fierce  controversy 
with  Dr.  Morrison,  an  English  clergyman, 
on  the  subject  of  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Anne  Boleyn.    Died,  1552. 

COCHRAN,  WiLLiAJf,  a  Scotch  artist  of 
considerable  talent  and  reputation.  After 
studying  at  Rome,  he  settled  at  Glasgow, 
where  his  abilities  were  so  well  appreciated, 
that  he  realised  a  respectable  fortune.  Of 
his  historical  pieces,  "Endymion"  and 
"Daedalus"  are  held  in  high  estimation. 
Born,  1738  ;  died,  1785. 

COCHRANE,  Archibald,  earl  of  Dun- 
donald,  born,  1749.  He  became  a  cornet  of 
dragoons,  but  exchanged  from  the  army  to 
the  navj%  and  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant when  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom. 
He  now  devoted  himself  entirely  to  scientific 
pursuits,  with  the  intent  of  making  improve- 
ments in  tlie  commerce  and  manufactures 
of  the  kingdom.  Among  the  numerous 
works  published  by  him  in  the  prosecution 
of  this  patriotic  intention,  were  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Chemistry  applied  to  the  Improve- 
ment of  Agriculture,"  "  An  Account  of  tlie 
Qualities  and  Uses  of  Coal  Tar  and  Coal 
Varnish,"  &c.  lie  made  many  useful  disco- 
veries, for  some  of  which  he  obtained  patents; 
but  unfortunately,  though  he  did  good  ser- 
vice to  his  country,  he  was  so  far  from  enrich- 
ing himself,  that  "he  was  at  one  time  actually 
obliged  to  receive  aid  from  the  Literary 
Fund.     Died,  1831. 

COCHRANE,  JoHjr  Dundas,  nephew  of 
the  above,  an  Englisli  naval  ofiicer.  On  re- 
tiring from  the  naval  service,  he  travelled 
on  foot  through  France,  Spain,  and  Portu- 
gal ;  and  then  through  the  Russian  empire 
to  Kamschatka.  Of  tliis  latter  journey  he 
published  an  account  in  two  volumes,  which 
contain  much  curious  information.  He  was 
about  to  travel  on  foot  across  South  Ame- 
rica, when  he  died  at  Valentia,  in  Colombia, 
in  1825. 

COCKBURN,  Catharixe,  an  English 
authoress.  Though  almost  self-educated, 
she  began  to  publish  at  the  early  age  of  17, 
her  first  production  being  a  tragedy,  entitled 
"  Agnes  de  Castro."  In  two  years  more  she 
produced  another  tragedy,  entitled  "  Fatal 
Friendship,"  which  was  received  with  much 
approbation  at  the  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields.    Besides  these,  and  a  tragedy,  enti- 


tled "  The  Revolution  of  Sweden,"  she  pub- 
lished some  poems,  a  "  History  of  the  Works 
of  the  Learned,"  "Vindications  of  the 
Philosophy  of  Locke,"  and  several  meta- 
physical treatises.    Born,  1G79  ;  died,  1749. 

COCKER,  Edward,  an  English  penman 
and  arithmetician  ;  whose  fame  as  a  com- 
putist  was  formerly  held  in  such  .repute,  that 
"  according  to  Cocker "  is  still  used  as  an 
arithmetical  proverb.    Died,  1G77. 

COCLES,  Publius  Horatius,  a  valiant 
Roman.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the  Ho- 
ratii,  and  proved  himself  worthy  of  liis  line. 
When  Porsenna,  king  of  the  Etruscans,  had 
pursued  the  Romans  to  the  wooden  bridge 
over  the  Tiber,  Codes  and  two  companions 
boldly  withstood  the  enemy  until  the  Ro- 
mans had  crossed  the  bridge.  His  two  com- 
panions then  retired,  but  Codes  remained 
until  the  bridge  was  broken  down  behind 
him,  and  then  plunged  into  the  river,  and 
swam  to  tlie  city. 

CODRINGTON,  Christopher,  a  native 
of  Barbadoes,  was  educated  at  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford  ;  to  which  he  bequeathed 
the  sum  of  10,000?.  for  the  erection  of  a 
library,  leaving  his  West  Indian  estates 
to  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel.  As  an  author,  this  munificent  gen- 
tleman is  only  known  by  some  verse?  ad- 
dressed to  Garth,  on  the  publication  of  his 
"  Dispensary,"  and  by  some  Latin  poems 
in  the  "Musaj  Anglicanaj."  Born,  1G68 ; 
died,  1710. 

CODRUS,  the  17th  and  lasfking  of  Athens. 
Disguised  as  a  common  person,  he  rushed 
into  the  midst  of  the  army  of  the  Heraclidte, 
and  was  slain  ;  a  sacrifice  he  was  led  to  make 
by  the  oracle  having  pronounced  that  the 
leader  of  the  conquering  party  must  fall. 
At  his  death,  the  Athenians  deeming  no  one 
worthy  to  be  the  successor  of  their  patriotic 
monarch,  established  a  republic. 

COELLO,  Aloxzo  Sanchez,  an  eminent 
painter,  a  native  of  Portugal,  whose  works 
obtained  for  him  the  appellation  of  the  Por- 
tuguese Titian.    Born,  1515  ;  died,  1710. 

COEN,  John  Peterson,  governor  of  the 
Dutch  settlements  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
founder  of  the  city  of  Batavia.  He  went  to 
India  as  a  merchant,  and  in  1617  succeeded 
to  the  governorship  of  Bantam,  when  in 
1619  he  removed  to  the  new  factory  he  had 
founded.  After  passing  a  short  time  in 
Europe,  he,  in  1027,  returned  to  Batavia, 
and  bravely  defended  that  place  against  the 
emperor  of  Java.  So  many  men  perished 
in  tliis  memorable  contest,  that  their  bodies 
produced  a  pestilence,  of  which  Coen  died, 
in  1629. 

COEUR,  James,  a  French  merchant  of 
the  15th  century.  His  trade  surpassed  that 
of  any  other  individual  in  Europe  ;  and  he 
is  said  to  have  had  300  agents  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. He  lent  Charles  VII.  an  immense 
sum,  to  enable  him  to  conquer  Normandy, 
which  was  never  repaid ;  for  being  falsely 
accused  of  peculation,  and  of  poisoning  the 
king's  mistress,  he  was  so  disgusted,  that,  on 
getting  his  release,  he  went  into  voluntary 
exile.    Died,  1456. 

COFFEY,  Charles,  a  poet  and  dramatist ; 
author  of  "  The  Devil  to  Pay,"  &c.,  and  editor 
of  an  edition  of  the  works  of  Drayton.    He 


cog] 


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was  deformed  in  person,  and  perfonned  the 
part  of  ^sop  for  his  own  benetit.  Died, 
1745. 

COGAN,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
born  in  Somersetshire,  and  educated  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford.  In  1574  he  was  chosen 
master  of  the  school  at  Maucliester,  where 
he  also  practised  in  his  proi»er  profession. 
He  wrote  the  "  Haven  of  Ilealth, "  A  Preser- 
vative from  the  Pestilence,"  and  an  "  Epitome 
of  Cicero's  Epistles."    Died,  li)07. 

COGAN,  Thomas,  a  physician,  bom  at 
Kib worth,  Leicesterslure,  in  1730  ;  who,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Hawes,  founded  the 
Humane  Society.  He  translated  tlie  works 
of  Camper,  and  was  the  author  of"  A  Philo- 
sophical Treatise  on  the  Passions,"  "  Theolo- 
gical Disquisitions,"  &c.    Died  in  1818. 

COGGESHALLE,  Ralph,  an  English 
Cistercian  monk  of  the  13th  century.  He 
was  at  Jerusalem  wlien  that  city  was  besieged 
by  Saladin  ;  and  wrote  a  "  Chronicle  of  the 
Iloly  Land,"  which  was  printed  in  a  collec- 
tion published  at  Paris  in  1725. 

COHAUSEN,  JoHX  Henuy,  a  German 
physician.  He  wrote  a  curious  work,  in- 
structing his  readers  how  to  live  to  115  years 
of  age  ;  It  was  translated  into  English  by  Dr. 
Campbell,  under  the  title  of  "  Hermippus 
Redivivus,  or  the  Sage's  Triumph  over  Old 
Age  and  the  Grave."  Died  in  his  85th  year, 
in  1750. 

COHORN,  Mknito,  Baron,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  engineer,  who,  after  distinguishing 
himself  as  a  military  officer  on  many  im- 
portant sieges  and  battles,  fbrtitied  Namur, 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  other  towns.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Fortification." 
Died,  1704. 

COKAYNE,  Sir  Astox,  a  poet  and  dra- 
matist of  the  17th  century.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge ;  and,  after  having  made  the 
grand  tour,  tixed  his  residence  at  a  family 
estate  in  Warwicksliire.  Espousing  the  cause 
of  Charles  I.,  he  was  despoiled  of  his  proper- 
ty by  the  triumphant  parliamentarians,  to 
whom  he  was  doubly  obnoxious  as  a  royalist 
and  a  papist.  A  collection  of  his  plays  and 
poems  was  printed  in  1658,  but  it  is  now  not 
often  to  be  met  with.     Died,  1C34. 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  a  celebrated  English 
judge  and  law  writer,  born  at  Mileham, 
Norfolk,  in  1549.  He  pleaded  his  first  cause 
in  1578  ;  and  having  married  a  sister  of  the 
minister  Burleigh,  he  possessed  considerable 
political  influence.  In  1592  he  had  obtained 
a  high  reputation,  and  was  appointed  so- 
licitor-general ;  and  in  1600,  being  then  at- 
torney-general, he  prosecuted  the  Earl  of 
Essex  ;  and  tlie  asperity  with  which  he  con- 
ducted himself  to  that  nobleman  amounted 
to  very  little  less  than  brutality.  In  1603 
he  was  knighted ;  and  we  find  him  pro- 
secuting Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  behaving 
to  him  as  unfeelingly  as  he  had  formerly 
behaved  to  Essex.  In  1606  he  was  made 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas;  and  in 
1613  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council, 
and  removed  to  the  court  of  king's  bench. 
His  activity  in  the  case  of  Sir  Thomas  Over- 
bury's  murder  made  him  many  enemies ; 
and  his  opposition  to  the  king  and  chancellor 
Egerton  caused  him  to  be  removed  from  office 
in  1616.    Having  vainly  endeavoured  to  get 


into  favour  with  the  court,  he  in  1621  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  was  committed, 
though  only  for  a  short  time,  to  the  Tower. 
In  1628  he  represented  the  county  of  Buck- 
ingham in  parliament,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  zeal  against  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  In  mere  legal  knowledge  he 
has  never  perhaps  been  equalled  ;  but  for 
the  nobler  qualities  of  his  mind  we  may  seek 
in  vain.  His  "Commentary  on  Littleton" 
and  his  "  Reports  "  are  invaluable.  Died, 
16;i4. 

COLBERT,  Jony  Baptist,  marquis  of 
Seguelai,  a  celebrated  French  statesman,  to 
whose  talents,  activity,  and  enlarged  views, 
France  owes  much  of  its  financial  and  com- 
mercial prosperity,  was  descended  from  a 
Scottish  family,  but  bom  at  Rheims,  in  1619, 
where  his  father  was  a  wine  merchant.  In 
1648  he  l)ecame  clerk  to  the  secretary  of 
state,  Le  T«llier,  whose  daughter  he  married  ; 
and  his  conduct  in  this  situation  recom- 
mended him  to  the  king  as  intendant  of 
finances.  Subsequently  he  became  superin- 
tendant  of  buildings,  secretary  of  state,  and 
minister  of  the  marine  ;  and  in  every  capacity 
he  acted  so  as  to  merit  the  love  of  his  coun- 
trymen, and  obtain  the  approbation  of  his 
king.  To  literature  and  the  arts  he  con- 
stantly gave  encouragement ;  he  instituted 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  that  of  sculp- 
ture and  painting  ;  and  it  was  at  his  recom- 
mendation that  the  Royal  Observatory  was 
erected.  To  him,  too,  Paris  owed  the  erection 
of  many  elegant  bulldinjts  ;  and,  if  a  less 
brilliant  minister  than  some  of  his  prede- 
cessors, he  certainly  conferred  more  sub- 
stantial benefits  upon  his  country  than  most 
of  them.     Died,  16H3. 

COLBERT,  JoHX  Baptist,  marquis  of 
Torcy,  son  of  the  preceding.  He  filled,  suc- 
cessively, the  offices  of  secretary  of  state  for 
the  foreign  department  and  director-general 
of  the  posts ;  and  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Negotiations  from  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick  to 
the  Peace  of  Utrecht."  Born,  1665  ;  died, 
1746. 

COLCHESTER,  Charles  Abbot  Lord, 
was  bom  at  Abingdon,  Berks,  in  1757  ;  and 
having  received  the  rudiments  of  his  edu- 
cation at  Westminster  School,  was  entered 
of  Christchurch,  Oxford,  in  1775.  While 
there  he  was  greatly  distinguished  for  his 
attainments  ;  and  a  Latin  poem  on  the  czar 
Peter  gained  him  not  only  the  prize,  but  also 
a  valuable  gold  medal  Irom  the  empress  of 
Russia.  After  spending  some  time  abroad, 
he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  practised  with 
every  prospect  of  becoming  a  popular  advo- 
cate. His  forensic  pursuits,  however,  were 
but  of  short  continuance,  for  on  entering  par- 
liament for  Helston  he  was  speedily  noticed 
for  his  talent  and  business-like  habits,  and 
on  the  formation  of  the  Addington  ministry 
he  was  appointed  secretary  for  Ireland,  and 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal.  He  now  com- 
menced some  useful  reforms  in  Ireland,  but 
before  he  could  complete  them  he  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  this 
situation  he  <lisplayed  not  only  the  talent 
but  the  tact  and  address  necessary  for  the 
duties  of  his  office  ;  and  so  far  was  he  from 
being  bigoted  to  his  party,  that  on  the  divi- 
sion concerning  Lord  Melville,  the  numbers 


195 


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[col 


for  and  against  that  nobleman  being  equal, 
he  gave  the  casting  vote  against  him.  In 
1817  an  attack  of  erysipelas  obliged  him  to 
resign  the  office  of  speaker  ;  on  which  occa- 
sion he  was  called  to  the  upper  house  by  the 
title  of  Baron  Colchester,  with  a  pension  of 
4000/.  per  annum.  Much  of  the  remainder 
of  his  life  was  passed  abroad  and  in  Scot- 
land ;  and  he  died  in  May,  1829,  lea\ing  two 
sons.  He  was  chiefly  remarkable  for  his 
knowledge  of  the  forms  of  the  House,  though 
he  was  also  a  fluent  and  elegant  speaker 

COLDEN,  Cadwalladek,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician and  writer.  He  emigrated  to  America, 
and  having  become  a  very  large  and  prospe- 
rous landowner  in  New  York,  he  was  in 
1761  made  lieutenant-governor  of  that  pro- 
vince. In  this  office  he  displayed  great 
talent ;  but  he  is  chiefly  spoken  of  here  on 
account  of  his  "  History  of  the  Five  Nations," 
which  is  a  valuable  work.  Linnagus,  to 
whom  he  sent  many  American  plants,  gave 
the  name  of  Coldenia  to  a  new  genus.  Died, 
1776. 

COLE,  Hexry,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
judge  of  the  arches'  court.  In  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  he  held  numerous  valuable 
appointments,  all  of  which  he  resigned  on 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  The  reign  of 
Mary  restored  his  prosperity ;  and  it  was 
he  who  preached  the  sermon  when  the  ve- 
nerable Cranmer  was  sacrificed.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Elizabeth,  this  fact  was  doubtless 
remembered  to  his  prejudice  ;  for  he  was 
not  only  stripped  of  all  his  preferments,  but 
kept  in  prison  till  Ms  death,  in  1519.  He 
was  the  author  of  some  controversial  tracts 
and  sermons  ;  and  a  disputation  between  him 
and  Cranmer  and  Ridley  is  also  in  print. 

COLE,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister ; 
author  of  "  A  Discourse  on  Regeneration, 
Faith,  and  Repentance,"  &c.    Died,  1607. 

COLE,  William,  an  English  herbalist. 
He  was  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
and  became  secretary  to  Dr.  Duppa,  bishop 
of  Winchester.  His  works  are,  "  The  Art  of 
Simpling,"  and  "  Adam  in  Eden,  or  Nature's 
Paradise."    Died,  1662. 

COLEBROOKE,  Henry  Thomas,  F.R.S., 
an  eminent  Orientalist,  and  director  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society,  was  the  third  son  of 
Sir  George  Colebrooke,  hart.,  a  director  of 
the  East  India  Company.  He  was  born 
in  1765,  and  in  1782  was  appointed  to  a 
writership  in  India.  Being  sent  as  one  of  a 
deputation  to  investigate  the  resources  of  a 
part  of  the  coimtry,  it  led  to  his  publishing 
"  Remarks  on  the  Husbandry  and  Commerce 
of  Bengal ; "  in  which  treatise  he  advocated 
a  free  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
eastern  possessions.  Soon  after  this  he  began 
the  study  of  the  Sanscrit  language,  in  which 
he  subsequently  became  so  eminent.  The 
translation  of  the  great  "Digest  of  Hindti 
Law,"  which  had  been  compiled  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  W.Jones,  but  left  unfinished 
at  his  death,  was  confided  to  Mr.  Colebrooke; 
and  while  engaged  in  this  work,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  judicial  situation  at  Mirzapore, 
where  he  completed  it  in  1796.  His  other 
works  consist  of  a"  Dictionary  of  the  Sanscrit 
Language,"  the  "  Algebra  of  the  Hindoos," 
and  various  treatises  on  their  laws,  pliilo- 
Bophy,  and  arithmetic ;    besides  numerous 


communications  to  the  society  of  which  he 
was  director.     He  died  in  March,  1837. 

COLERIDGE,  Samuel  Taylor,  eminent 
as  a  poet,  essayist,  and  moral  philosopher, 
was  born  at  Bristol  in  1770,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  rudiments  of  his  education.  He 
was  afterwards  sent  to  Christ's  Hospital, 
London,  at  which  establishment  he  made 
great  progress  in  the  classics  ;  and  he  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where,  in  1792,  he  obtained  the  gold 
medal  for  the  best  Greek  ode.  It  appears 
that  he  was  first  inspired  with  a  taste  for 
poetry  by  the  perusal  of  Lisle  Bowles's  Son- 
nets ;  and  his  intimacy  with  such  men  as 
Southey  and  Wordsworth  (which  commenced 
eaily  in  life)  was  likely  to  produce  a  con- 
geniality of  feelings  and  lead  to  similar  re- 
sults. But,  great  as  Coleridge  was  as  a  poet, 
he  was  equally  great  as  a  writer  on  morals, 
philosophy,  and  politics  ;  and  as  a  public 
lecturer  he  was  almost  without  a  rival; 
while  such  were  his  powers  as  an  argument- 
ative debater,  that  he  riveted  the  attention 
of  his  audience  by  the  charm  of  his  elo- 
quence, and  astounded  them  by  the  depth  of 
his  reasoning.  The  chief  of  Mr.  Coleridge's 
works  are,  "  Sibylline  Leaves,"  a  collection 
of  poems  ;  "  Biographia  Literaria,"  or  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  his  life  and  opinions  ; 
"  Aids  to  Reflection,  in  the  Formation  of  a 
manly  Character,"  &c.  ;  and  "  The  Friend," 
a  series  of  essays,  3  vols.  ;  besides  a  variety 
of  minor  poems,  many  of  which  are  replete 
with  beautiful  imagery  and  sublime  feeling  ; 
and  numerous  treatises  and  essays  connected 
with  public  events  in  the  moral  and  political 
world,  some  of  which  were  published  in  a  se- 
parate form,  but  the  major  part  appeared  in 
the  public  journals.  Died,  at  Highgate,  1834. 
His  "  Specimens  of  Table  Talk,"  and  some 
of  his  other  productions,  were  published  after 
his  death  by  his  nephew  Henry  Nelson  Cole- 
ridge, who  distinguished  himself  by  various 
valuable  contributions  to  Knight's  Quar- 
terly Magazine  and  other  works,  and  who 
died  a  victim  to  rheumatism,  1843. 

COLERIDGE,  Haktlky,  one  of  the  most 
original  and  pleasing  writers  of  the  day,  son 
of  the  above  was  born  in  1797.  He  was  the 
author  of  many  minor  poems  of  great  merit, 
of  "  Biographies  of  Northern  Worthies,"  and 
an  extensive  contributor  to  Blackwood's 
Magazine.     Died,  Jan.  6.  1849. 

COLET,  Dr.  John,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
founder  of  St.  Paul's  School,  was  born  in 
Loudon,  in  1436.  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  and  took  great  pains  to  encourage 
learning  in  others,  of  which  his  endowment 
of  the  noble  institution  above  mentioned 
leaves  ample  testimony.    Died,  1519. 

COLIGNI,Gapard  de,  admiral  of  France. 
On  the  death  of  Henry  II.,  he  became  chief 
of  the  Calvinist  party,  and  the  most  efficient 
of  its  leaders  against  the  Guises.  When 
peace  was  temporarily  established  in  1571, 
he  appeared  at  court,  and  was  received  with 
every  appearance  of  cordiality.  But  at  the 
horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in 
1.572,  he  was  among  the  victims  of  party 
rage  ;  and  the  infamous  Catharine  de  Medici 
ordered  hi*  head  to  be  sent  to  the  pope. 

COLIGNI.  Odet,  brother  of  the  above, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse.     He  was  deposed 


196 


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^  |!etD  ^nibcrjSal  3StOjaTap^L». 


[col 


for  having  embraced  the  Protestant  faith, 
and  retired  to  England,  where  he  was  poi- 
soned by  a  servant,  in  1571. 

COLIGNI,  Henrietta,  countess  de  la 
Suse  ;  an  ingenious  French  poetess,  whose 
odes  and  songs  are  printed  with  the  poems 
ofPelisson.     Died,  1673. 

COLLADO,  DiKOO,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
Buperintendant  of  the  convents  of  the  Phi- 
lippines ;  autiior  of  a  Japanese  dictionary, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  Japanese  grammar. 
While  lie  was  on  his  voyage  to  Europe,  tlie 
vessel  was  wrecked,  and  lie  perished  in  1C38. 

COLLANGE,  Gabriel  de,  a  French 
writer  ;  author  of  "  Polygraphy,  or  Uni- 
versal Cabalistical  Writing."  This  book, 
which  he  published  under  the  name  of  J.  M. 
Trithemius,  subjected  the  autlior  to  the 
charge  of  magic.  At  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew  in  1572,  he  was  mistaken  for 
a  Protestant,  and  murdered  —  as  one  of  his 
biographers  naively  savs — "by  mistake." 

COLLATINUS,  L.  Takqui.mi's,  a  nephew 
of  Taniuin  Superbus,  and  husband  of  liU- 
cretia.  He  aided  Brutus  in  expelling  the 
Tarquins,  but  soon  after  went  into  volun- 
tary exile. 

COLLEGE,  STEruEN,  a  mechanic  of  the 
time  of  Charles  II.  He  was  a  very  zealous 
supporter  of  Protestantism,  whence  he  ob- 
tained the  sobriquet  of  the  '•  Protestant 
joiner ; "  and  probably  it  was  on  this  ac- 
count that  some  villanous  informers  charged 
him  with  being  concerned  in  a  plot  against 
tiie  king.  He  defended  himself  with  spirit 
and  ability,  but  was  condemned  and  ex- 
ecuted in  1(J81. 

COLLEONE,  Bartuolomew,  an  Italian 
soldier  of  fortune,  born  at  Bergamo,  in 
1400.  He  served  at  first  under  De  Mon- 
tone,  and  then  in  the  army  of  Queen  Joan 
of  Naples.  Passing  into  the  service  of  Ve- 
nice, he  totally  destroyed  the  army  of 
Nicholas  Piccinino  ;  but  being  ill  rewarded, 
he  left  the  Venetians,  and  took  his  troops 
to  the  aid  of  Philip  Visconti.  He  next 
served  with  Francis  Sforza,  and  gained  the 
battle  of  Frascati  over  the  French.  The  Ve- 
netians now  made  him  their  generalissimo, 
and  when  he  died,  in  1475,  the  senate  erected 
a  statue  to  his  memory. 

COLLET,  Philiuert,  a  French  advo- 
cate ;  author  of  treatises  "  On  Usury,"  "  On 
Alms,"  "  On  Tithes,"  and  on  "  Excommuni- 
cation ; "  besides  some  works  on  botany. 
Died,  1718. 

COLLIER,  Jeremiah,  an  English  non- 
juring  divine  and  learned  writer,  was  bom 
In  ItioO.  He  received  his  education  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  presented  with  the  rectory 
of  Amptoii,  in  Suffolk  ;  which  he  resigned 
on  being  chosen  lecturer  at  Gray's  Inn, 
At  the  revolution  he  refused  to  take  the 
oaths,  and  was  imprisoned  in  Newgate  for 
writing  in  favour  of  James  II.  He  attended 
Sir  John  Friend  and  Sir  William  Perkins 
when  they  were  executed  for  the  "  assas- 
sination plot."  Two  nonjuring  clergymen 
who  accompanied  him  on  this  occasion 
were  taken  up,  but  Collier  escaped,  and  lay 
hidden  until  the  affair  had  blown  over,  when 
he  again  made  his  appearance,  and  published 
"Essays  on  Miscellaneous  Subjects."  Tliis 
work,  in  three  volimies,  obtained  him  con- 


siderable reputation  ;  and  his  next  publica- 
tion was  a  spirited  attack  upon  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  stage.  He  was,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  replied  to  by  many  of  the  dramatic 
writers  of  the  time  ;  but  he  had  truth  on  his 
side,  and  his  works  had  good  effect.  He  next 
translated .  and  continued  Moreri's  Dic- 
tionary ;  and  his  reputation  had  now  so 
much  increased,  that  queen  Anne's  govern- 
ment offered  him  valuable  church  prefer- 
ment, which,  with  a  rare  consistency,  he 
steadily  declined.  His  remaining  works 
were,  an  "Ecclesiastical  History,"  brought 
down  to  the  death  of  Charles  II.,  some  ser- 
mons, pamphlets,  and  a  translation  of  Mar- 
cus Antoninus.  He  was  consecrated  a  bishop 
by  Dr.  George  Hickes,  who  was  himself 
consecrated  suffragan  of  Tlietford  by  three 
deprived  bishops  ;  and  of  course  Collier's 
consecration  was  as  illegal  and  void  as  theirs. 
Died,  172«!. 

COLLIN  D'HARVILLE,  John  Fran- 
cis, a  French  advocate,  dramatist,  and  poet ; 
author  of  "The  Inconstant,"  "Le  Vieux 
Celebataire,"  and  various  other  dramas. 
Bom,  1750  ;  died,  180«;. 

COLLIN,  Henkv  de,  a  German  poet ; 
author  of  six  tragedies,  some  fragments  of  an 
epic  poem,  entitled  "  The  Kudolphiad,"  and 
a  number  of  spirit-stirring  war  songs.  Born, 
1772;  died,  1811. 

COLLIN,  Henry  Joskpii,  a  German  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer  ;  author  of  a  very 
valuable  work  on  acute  and  chronic  diseases. 
He  has  the  merit  of  having  added  some 
powerful  vegetable  remedies  to  the  Materia 
Medica.     Died,  1784. 

COLLINGS,  John,  D.D.,  a  nonconformist 
divine ;  author  of  "  The  Weaver's  Pocket 
Book,  or  Weaving  Spiritualised,"  and  other 
works  of  a  similar  class.  At  the  restoration 
he  was  one  of  the  Presbyterian  divines  at 
the  famous  Savoy  conference.    Died,  KjyO. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Cuthbekt,  Lord,  a 
celebrated  English  admiral,  was  born  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  1748.  He  entered 
the  navy  when  only  13  years  of  age,  and  his 
services  were  long,  arduous,  and  valuable. 
In  the  action  of  June  1. 1794,  he  was  flag- 
captain  to  Admiral  Bowyer  on  board  the 
Prince  ;  and  at  tlie  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, in  1797,  he  commanded  the  Excellent. 
Having  attained  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of 
the  blue,  and  being  second  in  command  at 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  where  the  hero  of 
England's  navy  fell,  the  command  of  the 
fleet  devolved  upon  Admiral  Collingwood, 
whose  gallant  conduct  at  the  onset  had 
called  forth  an  exclamation  of  delight  from 
Nelson,  and  to  whose  admirable  skill  and 
judgment,  after  the  battle,  the  preservation 
of  the  captured  vessels  was  chiefly  attribu- 
table. For  this  and  his  other  important 
services  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
vice-admiral  of  the  red,  and  elevated  to  the 
peerage.  He  was  brave,  indefatigable,  just, 
and  kind ;  strictly  preserving  discipline, 
while  he  gained  the  love  of  his  compatriots, 
and  merited  all  that  a  grateful  country  could 
bestow  on  liim.  His  letters,  published  since 
his  death,  which  took  place  while  cruising 
off  Minorca,  in  1810,  show  him  to  have  pos- 
sessed considerable  literary  ability. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Francis  Edwari),  a 


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[col 


captain  in  the  English  navy,  was  a  mid- 
shipman on  board  the  Victory,  at  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar ;  and  to  liim  is  ascribed  the 
honour  of  being  the  avenger  of  Nelson's 
death,  having  shot  the  Frenchman  in  the 
maintop  of  the  Redoubtable,  who  was  seen 
to  take  deliberate  aim  at  the  English  hero 
the  moment  before  he  fell.    Died,  18;}.5. 

COLLINS,  Anthony,  a  deistical  contro- 
versialist, was  bom  at  Ileston,  Middlesex, 
in  1676,  and  completed  his  education  at 
Cambridge.  Among  his  works  are  "  A  Dis- 
course on  Free  Thinking,"  "  A  Discourse 
on  the  Grounds  and  Reasons  of  the  Cliristiau 
Religion,"  "Priestcraft  in  Perfection,"  &c. 
Though  he  was  intimate  with  Locke  and 
other  great  men,  and  spent  his  life  in  literary 
pursuits,  his  writings  exhibit  him  as  an  in- 
sidious and  determined  foe  to  Cliristianity. 
Bom,  1676  :  died,  1729. 

COLLINS,  Akthur,  a  celebrated  English 
genealogist ;  author  of  an  English  "  Peer- 
age "  and  "  Baronetage  ;  "  lives  of  "  Cecil, 
Lord  Burleigh"  and  "Edward  the  Black 
Prince,"  &c.  He  waa  rescued  from  poverty 
by  a  pension  of  4001.  per  annum,  granted  to 
him  by  George  II.    Born,  1682  ;  died,  1760. 

COLLINS,  David,  grandson  of  the  above, 
a  distinguished  military  officer,  and  gover- 
nor of  Van  Dicmen's  Land  ;  author  of  "  A 
History  of  Botany  Bay,"  which  is  written 
in  a  very  unpretending  style,  and  abounds 
with  interesting  information.     Died,  1810. 

COLLINS,  Fkancis,  doctor  of  the  Am- 
brosian  college  at  Milan  ;  author  of  a  trea- 
tise, "  De  AnimabuB  Paganorum,"  &c. 
Died,  1640. 

COLLINS,  John,  an  able  English  mathe- 
matician and  accountant.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  the  naval  service  of  Venice  against 
the  Turks  ;  but  at  the  restoration  he  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  accountant  to  tiie 
excise  office,  the  court  of  chancery,  &c. 
He,  however,  found  time  to  contribute  largely 
to  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  ; 
corresponded  with  Barrow,  Newton,  and 
other  eminent  mathematicians  ;  and  wrote 
various  mathematical  works.     Born,  1624  ; 

died,  leas. 

COLLINS,  William,  a  highly  gifted  but 
ill-fated  English  poet  ;  autlior  of  odes, 
eclogues,  &c.  He  was  born,  in  1720,  at 
Chicliester,  and  received  his  education  at 
Wincliester  and  Oxford.  In  1744,  he  settled 
himself  in  London,  but  suffered  from  poverty 
even  beyond  the  common  lot  of  poets.  The 
death  of  his  uncle.  Colonel  Martin,  who  be- 
queathed liim  a  legacy  of  200^,  raised  him 
from  this  abject  condition  ;  but  his  health 
and  spirits  were  broken,  and  after  lingering 
for  some  time  in  a  state  of  mental  imbecility, 
he  died  in  1756.  His  odes,  which  when  pub- 
lished were  utterly  disregarded,  are  unques- 
tionably among  the  first  productions  of 
British  poesy  ;  and  the  fate  of  their  author 
is  an  indelible  disgrace  to  the  pretended 
patrons  of  genius,  and  the  age  in  which  he 
lived. 

COLLINS,  William,  an  artist  of  distin- 
guished merit,  was  born  in  London,  1787. 
He  inherited  an  enthusfastic  admiration  for 
the  beauties  of  nature  from  both  liis  parents. 
His  father,  who  was  one  of  the  first  picture 
dealers  of  his  time,  was  a  man  of  considerable 


198 


literary  attainments;  and  his  friendship  with 
Morland  the  painter  early  led  to  his  son's 
initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  the  pencil. 
In  1807  lie  became  a  student  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  having  prosecuted  his  studies 
witli  great  zeal  and  success,  he  was  chosen 
an  associate  in  1814,  and  elected  an  acade- 
mician in  1820.  From  this  period  he  con- 
tinued to  produce  without  interruption  those 
coast  and  cottage  scenes  which  gained  for 
him  his  early  reputation,  and  marked  him 
out  as  one  of  the  most  thorough  English 
artists,  in  the  best  and  truest  sense,  of  his 
time.  With  a  view  of  studying  the  works  of 
the  great  masters  and  of  observing  nature  in 
new  forms,  lie  visited  Italy  in  1836,  and 
liaving  for  two  years  occupied  himself  un- 
remittingly in  advancing  his  knowledge  of 
painting,  he  returned  to  England  provided 
with  a  new  class  of  subjects,  and  prepared 
for  a  new  field  of  action  in  his  art.  Down 
to  the  year  1846  he  contributed  regularly  to 
every  exhibition,  displaying  the  versatility  of 
his  powers  by  most  elaborate  productions 
illusitrative  of  history,  and  by  frequent  re- 
vivals of  those  more  domestic  subjects  by 
which  he  had  won  his  early  fame.  True  to 
his  "  first  love,"  his  last  production,  "  Early 
Morning,"  was  an  English  sea-piece.  Mr. 
Collins  was  imbued  with  earnest  but  unaf- 
fected piety  ;  and  his  death,  though  not  un- 
expected, caused  deep  regret  to  a  large  circle 
of  attached  friends  and  admirers.   Died,  1847. 

COLLINSON,  Peter,  an  English  bota- 
nist, to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  in- 
troduction of  many  ornamental  shrubs  and 
plants  in  our  gardens,  was  born  in  1604. 
He  was  intimate  with  Franklin  and  Lin- 
naeus, the  latter  of  whom  gave  the  name 
Collinsonia  to  a  genus  of  plants.  Died, 
1768. 

COLLOT  D'HERBOIS,  Jean  Marie,  a 
French  actor  of  little  repute,  but  a  lieartless 
savage,  and  unprincipled  republican.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution  he  be- 
came a  conspicuous  agitator,  and  was  the 
first  who  voted  for  the  abolition  of  royalty. 
When  Robespierre  was  falling  he  joined  in 
impeaching  him,  though  he  so  far  resembled 
him  in  cruelty,  that  his  treatment  of  the 
royalist  Lyonese  obtained  him  the  sobri- 
quet of  the  Tiijcr.  He  wrote  some  dramatic 
pieces,  and  the  almanack  of  Father  Gerard. 
Being  transported  to  Cayenne,  he  died  there, 
in  179(5. 

COLLUTHUS,  an  Alexandrian  lieresi- 
arch  of  the  4th  century.  He  assumed  the 
episcopal  office  without  authority,  and  was 
condemned  by  a  council  at  Alexandria,  in 
324. 

COLLYER,  Joseph,  senior  associate  en- 
graver of  the  Royal  Academy,  was  born  of 
parents  who  were  conspicuous  in  the  lite- 
rary world  by  their  translations  from  Ges- 
ner  and  Boder,  when  the  German  language 
was  but  little  known  in  England.  One  of 
those  productions,  the  Death  of  Abel,  by 
Mrs.  Collyer,  was  received  with  peculiar 
marks  of  public  favour.  The  late  artist 
showed  superior  talent  in  the  stippled  style 
of  engraving  ;  his  portraits  in  that  line  stand 
unrivalled.    Died,  1827.  I 

COLMAN,    George,  a    dramatic   writer  I 
and  accomplished  scholar  of  the  18th  cen-  i 


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^  ^etD  Bnibtvi^l  aSiosrapIjij. 


[col 


tury.    He  was  born   at  Florence,  in  1733, 
where  his  father  at  that  time  resided  as  tlie 
British  envoy,  and  his  mother  was  sister  to 
the  Countess  of  Bath.    Having  received  his 
education   at   Westminster    School   and    at 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion  to  the   law    as  a  profession  ;    but  his 
writings     in      The      Connoisseur       having 
met  with  success,  gave  him  a  bias  towards 
polite  literature,  and  he  accordingly  aban- 
doned the  graver  pursuits  of  legal  science. 
His    first    dramatic    attempt    was    "Polly 
Honeycombe,"    which    was    performed    at 
Drury  Lane  with  great,  though  only  tem- 
porary, success.    In  the  following  year,  1761, 
he    produced  his  comedy  of  the  "Jealous 
Wife,"  which  at  once  became  popular,  and 
has  ever  since  kept  tlie  stage.    "  The  Clan- 
destine   Marriage,"    "  The    English    Mer- 
chant," &c.,    added  to  liis  fame  ;    and  he 
wrote  a  number  of  other  pieces,  which,  though 
inferior  to  these,  were  by  no  means  deficient 
in  merit.    Lord  Bath  and  General  Pulteney, 
at  their  deaths,  left  him  considerable  legacies, 
I  which  enal)led  him  to  purclmse  a  share  in 
I  Covent  Garden   Theatre.    Disputes  arising 
I  between  liimself  and  the  other  proprietors, 
I  he  very  soon  disposed  of  this  property,  and 
!  purchased    the    little  theatre  in  the  Hay- 
I  market,  which  he  conducted  until  an  attack 
!  of  paralysis  reduced  him  to  a  state  of  mental 
j  imbecility.    In  addition  to  his  writings,  men- 
tioned above,  he  translated  the  comedies  of 
Terence  and  Horace,  Dc  Arte  Poetica,    Died, 
1794. 

COLMAN,  Georoe,  "the  younger,"  an 
eminent  dramatist  and  wit,  son  of  George 
Colman,  was  born  in  1762,  and  received  his 
education  at  Westminster  School,  Christ- 
church  College,  Oxford,  and  at  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen.  On  his  return  from  college, 
he  was  entered  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 
Circumstances,  however,  as  well  as  incli- 
nation, led  him  to  abandon  the  profession 
of  the  law,  and  betake  himself  to  that  for 
which  he  was  so  well  qualified.  In  1784 
his  first  acknowledged  pla^',  called  "  Two  to 
One,"  was  brouglit  forward,  and  introduced 
to  the  public  by  a  prologue  from  the  pen  of 
his  father,  who  announced  it  as  the  produc- 
tion of  "a  chip  of  the  old  block."  The 
success  of  this  exceeded  his  most  sanguine 
expectations,  and  naturally  strengthened  his 
bias  in  favour  of  dramatic  composition.  In 
1787  his  celebrated  opera  of  "Inkle  and 
Yarico  "  appeared,  and  at  once  stamped  his 
fame.  Shortly  after  this,  the  elder  Colman 
was  attacked  with  paralysis,  which  termi- 
nating in  mental  imbecility,  his  son  presided 
over  the  destinies  of  the  Haymarket  Theatre, 
and  subsequently  became  its  proprietor,  ca- 
tering for  the  public  amusement  most  felici- 
tously. The  prolific  pen  of  "  George  Colman 
the  younger"  seemed  never  idle;  and  yet, 
perhaps,  there  was  scarcely  a  man  in  London 
who  spent  more  hours  in  convivial  pleasures, 
or  whose  brilliant  flashes  of  wit  so  often 
"set  the  table  in  a  roar."  His  principal 
works,  chronologically  arranged,  were  "  The 
Mountaineers,"  "The  Iron  Chest,"  "The 
Heir  at  Law,"  "Blue  Beard,"  "The  Re- 
view, or  Wags  of  Windsor,"  "The  Poor 
Gentleman,"  "Love  laughs  at  Locksmiths," 
"  John    Bull,"    "  Who  wants  a  Guinea  ?  " 


"We  fly  by  Night,"  "The  Africans,"  and 
"  X.Y.Z."  These,  with  numerous  preludes 
and  interludes,  prologues  and  epilogues,  may 
be  said  to  embrace  his  dramatic  works  :  his 
other  compositions,  entitled  "  Itandom  Re- 
cords," "  My  Nightgown  and  Sli|)pers," 
"  Broad  Grins,"  "  Poetical  Vagaries," 
"  Vagaries  Vindicated,  or  Hypocritic  Hyper- 
critics,"  complete  the  list.  George  IV.  ap- 
ix)inted  him  to  the  situation  of  licenser  and 
examiner  of  plays,  an  office  for  which  he 
was  admirably  qualified.    Died,  1836. 

COLOCCI,  Angklo,  an  Italian  bishop  ; 
author  of  some  very  elegant  Latin  poems. 
After  the  fashion  of  his  time,  he  assumed  a 
Latin  name  ;  that  of  Angelus  Colotius  Bas- 
sus.    Died,  1.549. 

COLOCOTRONIS,  Thkod.,  one  of  the 
regenerators  of  modern  Greece,  was  born 
in  Messenia,  1770  ;  distinguished  himself  in 
numerous  engjigements  with  the  Turkish 
oppressors  of  his  country,  and  contributed, 
by  his  heroic  conduct  during  tlie  insurrection, 
to  the  final  triumpli  of  the  Greek  cause  in 
1828.  After  the  death  of  Capo  d'Istria,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment ;  but  having  conspired  against  the 
regency  established  till  the  majority  of  king 
Otho  in  1834,  he  was  condemned  to  death, 
and  owed  liis  escape  to  the  clemency  of  the 
king.    Died,  1843. 

COLOGNE,  Pktek  de,  a  Protestant  divine 
of  the  10th  century.  He  was  a  native  of 
Ghent,  but  settled  first  at  Mentz,  and  finally 
at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  on  the  eucharist, 
and  in  defence  of  the  Protestant  doctrines. 

COLOM  A,  Don  Carlos,  marquis  of  Espina, 
a  distinguished  Spanish  officer  of  the  16th 
century,  and  at  one  time  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land. He  wrote  "  The  Wars  of  the  Nether- 
lands," and  translated  Tacitus. 

COLOMBIERE,  Claude  ue  la,  a  French 
Jesuit.  He  instituted  a  new  rite,  a  service 
to  be  performed  to  the  heart  of  Jesus,  which 
he  is  said  to  have  stolen  from  Goodwin,  chap- 
lain to  Oliver  Cromwell.  Six  volumes  of  his 
sermons  were  published.    Died,  1682. 

COLOMIES,  otherwise  COLOMESIUS, 
Paul,  a  French  scholar  and  critic.  He  was 
librarian  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
but  lost  that  office  on  the  deprivation  of 
Sancroft.  He  wrote  "  Icon  Theologorum 
Presbyterianorum,"  "Bibliothfeque  Choisie," 
&c.    Died,  1692. 

COLONNA,  Francis,  an  ingenious  philo- 
sopher !  author  of  tlie  "  Natural  History  of 
the  Uiviverse."  He  was  burnt  to  death  in  his 
house,  at  Paris,  in  1726. 

COLONNA,  Pkospero,  son  of  Anthony, 
prince  of  Salerno,  was  a  distinguished  mili- 
tary officer.  He  assisted  Charles  VIII.  of 
France  to  conquer  Naples,  but  subsequently 
aided  in  retaking  it  for  the  house  of  Arragon. 
Died,  1523. 

COLONNA,  PoMPEO,  nephew  of  the  above, 
a  restless  and  intriguing  Roman  cardinal, 
who  at  length  became  viceroy  of  Naples.  A 
poem  of  his  is  extant,  entitled  "  De  Laudibus 
Muliebrum."    Died,  1532. 

COLONNA,  Vjttoria,  marchioness  of 
Pescara,  a  celebrated  Italian  poetess,  whose 
works  are  alike  remarkable  for  the  l)eauty 
of  tiieir  thoughts  and  the  elegance  of  their 
diction.    Born,  1490 ;  died,  1547. 


col] 


^  i^fto  ^nibcv^nl  28tosra)jT)y. 


fcOL 


COLOTHES,  or  COLOTES,  a  Grecian 
sculptor,  contemporary  with  Pliidias,  whom 
he  is  said  to  liave  assisted  in  the  statue  of 
Jupiter  Olympius.  Several  of  his  works  are 
spoken  of  in  very  high  terms,  especially  an 
ivory  figure  of  ^Esculapius. 

COLQUHOUN,  Patrick,  LL.D.,  a  cele- 
brated writer  on  statistics  and  criminal  ju- 
risprudence, lie  was  a  native  of  Dumbarton, 
in  Scotland,  born  in  1745,  and  early  in  life 
went  to  America.  On  his  return  from  that 
country  he  settled  at  Glasgow  as  a  merchant, 
and  became  lord  provost  of  the  city,  and 
president  of  its  chamber  of  commerce.  Sub- 
sequently he  removed  to  London,  and  in  1792 
he  was  made  a  police  magistrate,  in  wliich 
situation  lie  was  distinguished  by  great 
ability  and  untiring  assiduity.  He  published 
several  valuable  works,  including  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis,"  a  tract  on 
the  "  Education  of  the  Labouring  Classes," 
"A  Treatise  on  the  Population,  Wealth, 
Power,  and  Resources  of  the  British  Empire," 
&c.     Died,  1820,  aged  75. 

COLSTON,  EuwARD,  an  English  mer- 
chant, memorable  for  his  munificence  and 
philanthropy.  During  his  lifetime  he  ex- 
pended upwards  of  7(),000i.  in  aiding  various 
public  charities,  and  he  is  supposed  to  have 
privately  given  away  an  equal  amount.  Not- 
withstanding his  public  and  private  benevo- 
lence, however,  he  left  100,000/.  among  his 
relatives  and  dependants.  In  addition  to  his 
other  good  works,  he  founded  and  endowed 
St.  Augustine's  School,  Bristol,  for  the  edu- 
cation of  100  boys,  besides  almshouses  in  other 
places.  His  statue,  executed  by  Rysbach, 
stands  in  the  church  of  All  Saints,  Bristol. 
Bom,  1636  ;  died,  1721. 

COLTON,  Caleb  C,  a  writer  of  consider- 
able talent,  but  of  eccentric  and  discreditable 
habits,  wos  educated  at  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  and 
obtained  a  fellowship.  He  first  attracted 
notice  by  the  publication  of  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  "  A  plain  and  authentic  Narrative 
of  the  Sampford  Ghost,"  in  which  he  at- 
tempted to  prove  that  certain  occurrences 
which  took  place  in  a  house  at  Sampford 
Peverell,  near  Tiverton,  originated  in  super- 
natural agency.  He  also  wrote  a  satirical 
poem,  entitled  "Hypocrisy,"  and  another 
on  "  Napoleon  ; "  but  he  obtained  most  of 
his  fame  from  "  Lacon,  or  Many  Things  in 
Few  Words,"  which  he  published  in  1820. 
Though  a  beneficed  clergyman,  holding  the 
vicarage  of  Kew  with  Petersham,  in  Surrey, 
he  was  a  well-known  frequenter  of  the 
gaming-table ;  and  suddenly  disappearing 
from  his  usual  haunts  in  the  metropolis  about 
the  time  of  Weare's  murder,  it  was  strongly 
suspected  that  he  had  fallen  by  the  hand  of 
an  assassin.  It  was,  however,  afterwards 
ascertained  that  he  had  absconded,  to  avoid 
his  creditors  ;  and,  in  1828,  a  successor  was 
appointed  to  his  living.  He  then  went  to 
reside  in  America  ;  but  subsequently  lived  in 
Paris,  a  professed  gamester ;  and  it  is  said 
that  he  gained  by  this  vicious  course  of  life, 
in  two  years  only,  the  sum  of  25,000?.  He 
blew  out  his  brains  while  on  a  visit  to  a 
friend  at  Fontaiubleau,  in  1832.  We  almost 
shudder  while  we  copy  from  his  own  "  Lacon" 
the  following  apophthegm  :  — "  The  game- 


ster, if  he  die  a  martyr  to  his  profession,  is 
doubly  ruined.  He  adds  his  soul  to  every 
other  loss,  and,  by  the  act  of  suicide,  re- 
nounces earth,  to  forfeit  heaven  !  " 

COLUMBA,  St.,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
went  to  Scotland,  and  founded  the  famous 
monastery  of  Icolmkill.     Died,  597. 

COLUMBUS,  CiiRiSTOPHEU,  the  most  ce- 
lebrated navigator,  and  in  many  respects  one 
of  the  greatest  men  recorded  in  history,  was 
born  at  Genoa  in  1437,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  of  humble  descent.  He  soon 
evinced  a  strong  passion  for  geographical 
knowledge,  together  with  an  irresistible  in- 
clination for  the  sea.  After  many  years  spent 
in  the  active  duties  of  a  maritime  life,  with 
his  mind  bent  on  the  acquisition  of  geogra- 
phical and  nautical  science,  he  went  to  Lis- 
bon, where  an  elder  brother  of  his  was  settled; 
married  the  orphan  daughter  of  Palestrello, 
an  Italian  navigator  ;  and  studied  all  the 
maps  and  charts  he  could  procure,  making 
occasional  voyages  ;  in  which  alternation  of 
theoretical  and  practical  improvement  he 
spent  several  years.  IIi«  own  reflections, 
corroborated  by  facts  of  which  he  was  in- 
formed by  various  seamen,  led  him  at  length 
to  feel  convinced  that  there  were  unknown 
lands  separated  from  Europe  by  the  Atlantic. 
After  vainly  seeking  aid  from  Genoa,  Por- 
tugal, and  England,  he  at  length  induced 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Spain  to  equip 
and  man  three  vessels  for  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery ;  it  being  stipulated  that  Columbus 
should  have  a  10th  of  all  profits,  and  be  vice- 
roy of  the  land  he  expected  to  discover.  He 
set  sail  from  Palos,  on  his  daring  adventure, 
en  the  2nd  of  August,  1492  ;  and,  after  sailing 
for  two  months,  was  in  imminent  danger  of 
losing  the  reward  of  all  his  study  and  toil, 
tJie  variation  of  the  needle  having  so  much 
alarmed  his  crews,  that  they  were  on  the 
point  of  breaking  into  open  mutiny,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  promise  that  if  three  days  pro- 
duced no  discovery  he  would  commence  his 
homeward  voyage.  On  the  third  day  they 
happily  hove  in  sight  of  one  of  the  Bahamas, 
and  subsequently  explored  some  other  of  the 
West  India  Islands.  Having  thus  far  suc- 
ceeded, he  built  a  'fort  at  Hispaniola,  left 
some  of  his  men  there,  and  then  set  out  on 
his  return  to  Europe,  where  he  was  received 
with  ever  J'  mark  of  admiration  and  regard. 
The  gold  and  other  valuables  which  he  pre- 
sented to  the  king  and  queen  in  token  of  his 
success,  excited  the  spirit  of  adventure  in 
both  the  sovereigns  and  their  subjects,  and 
in  his  2nd  voyage  he  had  no  difficulty  in 
obtaining  followers.  It  was  not  until  his 
3rd  voyage,  made  in  1498,  that  he  saw  the 
mainland  of  America,  which  both  Americus 
Vespucius  and  SebastianCabot  reached  before 
him  ;  and  though  there  has  been  much  dis- 
pute as  to  the  actual  priority,  the  honour  of 
giving  a  name  to  the  new  world  remains  with 
Americus  Vespucius.  Having  assumed  the 
command  of  the  settlement  at  Hispaniola, 
various  complaints  were  made  against  him 
by  his  bitterest  enemies,  and  Columbus  was 
not  merely  displaced,  but  Bobadilla,  a  new 
governor,  who  had  been  dispatched  thither 
by  the  court  of  Spain,  even  sent  him  to  that 
country  manacled  as  a  prisoner,  Columbus 
endured  tliis  outrage  with  noble  equanimity; 


200 


I  col] 


^  ^tlD  Bnibtvitd  3Si0tjTajpTu»« 


[com 


I  and  on  his  return,  having  obtained  an  audi- 
j  eiu;e  of  his  sovereigns,  was  partially  restored 
I  to  1113  dignities  ;  but  he  found  that  full  justice 
I  was   never  intended  to   be    awarded    him. 
Yet,  notwithstanding  this  unworthy  treat- 
ment, he  made  another  voyage,  in  which  lie 
encountered  every  imaginable  disaster  from 
storms  and  shipwreck  ;  and,  two  years  after 
his  return,  his  noble  mind  sunk  under  the 
load  of  injustice  and  oppression.    lie  died 
at  Valladolid,  in  1506,  in  the  70th  year  of 
his  age. 

COLUMBUS,  Bartholomew,  Don,  bro- 
ther of  the  above,  famous  for  his  skill  in  con- 
structing sea  charts.    Died,  1501. 

COLUMELLA,  Lucius  Junius  Modera- 
TUS,  a  native  of  Gades  in  Spain.  He  resided 
at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Clau- 
dius ;  and,  besides  other  works,  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  agriculture. 

COLUTHUS,  a  Greek  poet  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury. Suidas  mentions  the  "  Calydonics " 
and  the  "  Persies "  of  this  writer  ;  but  all 
that  has  reached  us  from  his  pen  is  "The 
Rape  of  Helen." 

COMBE,  Dr.  Andrew,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  medical  practitioners  and  writers  of 
our  time,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  1797.  After 
going  through  the  customary  curriculum  of 
the  High  School,  with  the  addition  of  two 
sessions  at  the  college,  he  was  apprenticed 
in  1812  to  a  general  medical  practitioner. 
Up  to  this  period  he  had  given  little  indica- 
tion of  any  peculiar  talents  ;  but  the  arrival 
of  Dr.  Spurzheim  in  Edinburgh,  in  1815, 
opened  a  new  era  in  his  life.  Attracted  and 
interested  by  the  lectures  of  the  great  apostle 
of  phrenology,  he  sought  his  acquaintance, 
and  having  in  1817  obtained  his  diplonja 
from  the  College  of  Surgeons,  he  proceeded 
to  Paris  to  prosecute  his  studies  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  that  capital,  under  the  advice  of  Dr. 
Spurzheim.  Here  he  remained  for  two  years; 
and  after  a  short  tour  in  Switzerland  and 
Italy  he  returned  to  Edinburgh  in  1819, 
eagerly  intent  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. But  in  this  he  was  disappointed. 
Soon  after  he  reached  home  he  was  seized 
with  symptoms  of  pulmonary  consumption  ; 
and  from  this  time,  1820,  to  the  day  of  his 
death,  he  was,  though  with  many  intervals 
of  comparative  health,  a  confirmed  invalid. 
But  as  if  the  element  of  bodily  suftering, 
which  usually  impairs  the  powers  and  the 
usefulness  of  other  men,  had  been  necessary 
to  the  full  development  of  his,  it  is  to  the 
exertions  of  these  years  of  pain  and  anxiety 
that  we  owe  the  remarkable  works  which 
have  placed  Dr.  Conil)e  so  high  in  the  rank 
of  the  men  whose  noble  privilege  it  has  been 
to  push  visibly  onwards  the  great  wheel  of 
human  progress,  by  conferring  on  man  the 
means  of  improving  his  mental  and  physical 
condition  upon  earth.  For  not  alone  did  he 
learn  in  suffering  how  suffering  could  best  be 
soothed  and  ameliorated ;  the  sympathy  it 
awakened  in  his  heart  led  him  to  trace  the 
poisoned  stream  to  its  source,  and  hence 
resulted  those  admirable  expositions  of  the 
causes  of  the  more  ordinary  forms  of  diseased 
action,  and  also  those  clear  and  practical 
lessons  of  prevention,  which  have  advanced 
hygiene  almost  to  the  rank  of  a  positive 
Kience.    Immediately  upon  his  seizure  he 


determined  to  go  to  the  south  of  France,  but 
had  not  got  farther  than  London  when  he 
found  himself  too  unwell  to  travel,  and  re- 
turned home;  there  he  temporarily  recovered, 
helped  to  found  the  Phrenological  Society, 
and  in  the  ensuing  August  set  off  again  to 
the  Mediterranean,  on  whose  shores  ho  spent 
two  years.  At  the  end  of  the  second  year 
he  felt  so  strong,  fliat  he  determined  to  begin 
practice  in  Edinburgh,  where  his  high  stand- 
ing among  his  professional  brethren,  and 
general  character  for  good  sense,  talent,  and 
strict  conscientiousness,  did  not  leave  him 
long  unemployed.  During  the  next  few 
years  he  attained  great  repute  from  his  able 
papers  in  reply  to  the  opponents  of  phre- 
nology, and  also  rose  high  in  his  profes- 
sion. In  1825  he  took  the  degreee  of  M.D., 
and  two  years  later  was  elected  president  of 
the  Phrenological  Society.  During  these 
and  several  following  years,  he  contributed 
many  interesting  papers  to  the  Phrenolo- 
gical Journal,  and  published  a  work  on 
mental  derangement ;  and  in  the  course  of 
an  extensive  practice  addressed  those  in- 
valuable letters  to  his  patients,  which, 
combining  so  happily  the  earnest  and  bene- 
volent friend  with  the  able  physician  and 
philosopher,  must  have  strengthened  his  in- 
fluence as  well  as  greatly  added  to  his  use- 
fulness. In  1831  his  health  again  gave  way, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  pass  the  winter  in  Italy, 
and  for  some  years  altogether  to  abandon 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  Indeed,  he 
was  never  able  fully  to  resume  it;  for  though, 
by  a  strict  application  of  his  principles  to 
his  own  state,  and  an  unflinching  adherence 
to  the  rules  he  laid  down,  he  seems  to  have 
prolonged  his  life,  and  enjoyed  many  inter- 
vals of  comparative  health  —  and  of  useful- 
ness (perha[>8  of  a  higher  kind  than  lies 
within  the  scope  of  mere  practice)  —  he  was 
unfit  for  hard  work,  and  must  soon  have  sunk 
under  exposure,  exertion,  or  unfavourable 
circumstances  of  any  sort.  In  1830  he  had  the 
gratification  of  being  appointed  physician  to 
the  king  of  the  Belgians,  but  the  moist  atmo- 
sphere of  Belgium  was  probably  injurious  to 
his  delicate  frame,  for  after  a  short  trial  he 
was  obliged  to  resign  the  resident  appoint- 
ment, from  finding  his  strength  inadequate 
to  the  due  performance  of  his  duties,  and  he 
only  returned  occasionally  to  examine,  and 
inspect,  and  to  advise  the  royal  family  in 
hygienic  matters.  Between  the  years  1834-39, 
he  published  the  three  great  works  for  which 
he  had  been  so  long  and  so  carefully  collect- 
ing and  arranging  the  materials,  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Physiology  applied  to  the  Preserva- 
tion of  Health  and  to  Education,"  "  The 
Physiology  of  Digestion,"  and  "  The  Moral 
and  Physical  Management  of  Infancy."  In 
1838  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  physicians 
extraordinary  to  the  queen  in  Scotland. 
By  making  occasional  seasonable  journeys 
to  Belgium,  Germany,  and  elsewhere,  his 
health  was  so  far  preserved,  that  for  months 
at  a  time  he  was  able  to  act  as  a  consulting 
physician  in  Edinburgh,  where  his  well- 
merited  high  reputation  brought  abundance 
of  patients  about  him.  In  the  autumn  of 
1844  his  health  at  last  gave  way  so  threaten- 
ingly, as  to  oblige  him  to  give  up  all  work, 
and  to  try  the  climate  of  Madeira.    There 


201 


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^  0c^  WinibtvSaX  MiOQVKpf^p. 


[com 


he  passed  two  successive  winters  in  tolerable 
comfort,  returning  to  spend  the  summer 
months  among  those  he  loved.  After  this 
he  only  left  home  once  again,  and  that  was 
to  make  a  voj'age  to  America  (which  seemed 
to  have  been  injurious  to  him),  in  the  sum- 
mer immediately  preceding  his  death.  Sur- 
rounded by  attaclied  friends,  and  tended 
with  faithful  and  most  loving  care,  his  life 
of  usefulness  was  peacefully  closed  in  the 
autumn  of  1847. 

COMBE,  Charles,  an  eminent  classical 
scholar  and  a  physician,  born  in  1743.  His 
father  wiw  an  apotliecary  in  Bloomsbury, 
and  the  son  was  brouglit  up  to  the  same  pro- 
fession, but  determining  to  practise  in  the 
higher  branches  of  medicine,  he  obtained  a 
Scotch  degree,  and  became  physician  to  the 
London  Lying-in  Hospital.  In  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Parr  and  Mr.  Homer,  he  produced 
an  edition  of  Horace,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  and  lie 
was  well  versed  in  the  science  of  numis- 
matics.    Died,  1817. 

COMBER,  Dr.  Thomas,  dean  of  Carlisle. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  was 
deprived  of  his  preferments  and  thrown  into 
prison  ;  but  helived  to  witness  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.    Died,  1063. 

COMBER,  Dr.  Thomas,  dean  of  Durham  ; 
author  of  "  A  Companion  to  the  Temple," 
"  A  Companion  to  the  Altar,"  "  An  Account 
of  the  Roman  Forgeries  in  the  Councils  dur- 
ing the  first  Four  Centuries,"  &c.  Died,  1690. 

COMBER,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  grandson  of 
the  last  named.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An 
Examination  of  Middleton  on  the  Miraculous 
Powers,"  "  Tlie  Heathen  Rejection  of  Chris- 
tianity in  the  first  Ages  considered,"  &c. 
Died,  1778. 

COMENIUS,  JoHX  Amos,  a  Moravian  mi- 
nister. He  for  some  time  officiated  as  pastor 
to  a  congregation  at  Fulnec,  but  was  driven 
thence  by  the  invasion  of  the  Spaniards,  and 
settled  in  Poland,  wliere  he  published  a  work, 
entitled  "Janua  Linguarum,"  which  ob- 
tained him  so  great  a  celebrity  that  he  was 
invited  to  England  ;  but  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  rendered  his  stay  both  brief 
and  unprofitable,  and  he  settled  for  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  at  Amsterdam.  Born, 
1592  ;  died,  1(571. 

COilES,  Natalis,  the  Latinised  name  of 
Natai,  Conti,  an  Italian  writer  ;  author  of 
poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  &c.,  and  of  a 
system  of  mythology.    Died,  1590. 

COMMANDINE,  Feederic,  an  Italian 
mathematician  ;  the  autlior  of  some  original 
■works,  and  translator  of  Archimedes,  Apol- 
lonius,  and  other  ancient  mathematicians. 
Died,  1575. 

COMMELIN,  Jerome,  a  learned  French 
printer.  He  established  his  press  first  at 
Geneva,  and  subsequently  at  Heidelberg  ; 
and  published  several  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  fathers,  with  notes  from  his  own  pen. 
Died,  1598. 

COMMENDOUE.  Joh.v  Francis,  cardi- 
nal. He  was  a  native  of  Venice,  and  at  10 
years  of  age  was  so  far  advanced  in  learning 
as  to  write  Latin  verses.  Pope  Julius  III. 
made  him  his  chamberlain,  and  entrusted 
him  with  several  important  missions.  He 
was  made  a  bishop  by  Paul  IV.,  and  a  car- 
dinal by  Pius  IV.    Died,  1584. 

202 


COMMERSON,  Philibekt,  a  French 
physician  and  botanist.  In  the  latter  cha- 
racter he  evinced  great  zeal  and  industrj^, 
and  his  collection  was  immense.  He  wrote 
"  Icthyology,"  two  quarto  volumes ;  and 
the  "  Martyrology  of  Botany,"  an  account 
of  those  who  had  lost  their  lives  in  botanical 
pursuits.    Born,  1721  ;  died,  1773. 

COMMINES  or  COMINES,  Philip  te, 
lord  of  Argenton ;  an  eminent  historian, 
statesman,  and  courtier  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XL,  born  in  Flanders,  in  1445.  His 
"Memoirs  of  his  own  Times  "  abound  with 
valuable  facts  and  observations,  though  he 
is  too  lenient  when  speaking  of  the  atrocities 
of  Louis  XL  On  the  dea*.h  of  that  monarch, 
Commines  was  thrown  into  prison  and 
treated  with  great  severity,  but  was  at  length 
liberated.     Died,  1509. 

COMMIRE,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  Latin  poetry.  Among 
his  works  are  fables,  which  some  have  con- 
sidered equal  to  Phaedrus.     Died,  1702. 

COMISIODI,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical 
painter.  His  best  work  is  a  picture  painted 
for  Paul  v.,  of  tlie  angels  falling  from 
heaven.    Died,  1638. 

COMMODUS,  Lucius  Aurelius  Anto- 
ninus, a  Roman  emperor,  son  and  successor 
of  Antoninus  the  philosopher.  lie  was  guilty 
of  the  worst  crimes,  and  was  poisoned  by 
liis  concubine,  Marcia,  wlio  had  discovered 
that  he  intended  to  put  her  to  death,  a.  d. 
122. 

COSINENUS  Demetrius  Stephanopoli 
CoNSTANTi.NE,  the  supposed  descendant  of 
the  celebrated  family  of  the  Comueni,  which 
for  ages  sat  upon  tlie  throne  of  the  eastern 
empire,  was  born  in  1749,  in  the  island  of 
Corsica.  Having  been  driven  from  their 
possessions  in  the  East  by  the  Turks,  they 
at  length  emigrated  in  the  17th  century, 
and,  with  a  colony  of  Greeks,  settled  in 
Corsica,  wliere  their  leader  inherited  the 
title  and  dignity  of  capitano,  until  Corsica 
became  united  to  France.  After  studying 
at  Rome,  with  the  intention  of  becoming  an 
ecclesiastic,  Demetrius  entered  into  the  ser- 
vice of  France,  and  obtained  a  captaincy  in 
a  regiment  of  dragoons  in  1778.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  fought  under 
the  banners  of  Condo,  and  went  into  exile 
with  other  royalists ;  but  he  returned  to 
France  in  1802,  and  lived  on  a  pension  of 
4000  francs,  assigned  to  him  by  Napoleon. 
Louis  XVIII.  confirmed  this  stipend,  and 
made  him  mareclial  de  camp,  and  knight  of 
St.  Louis.    He  died  in  1821. 

COMPTE,  Louis  le,  a  French  Jesuit  and 
mathematician.  He  was  for  some  time  a 
missionary  in  China,  and  on  his  return  to 
Europe  published  memoirs  of  tliat  country. 
Died,  1729. 

COMPTOX,  Spencer,  earl  of  North- 
ampton, one  of  the  bravest  and  most  zealous 
adherents  of  Charles  I.  Being  overpowered 
at  the  battle  of  Hopton  Heath,  lie  was  offered 
quarter,  but  indignantly  refused  it,  and  was 
slain.  March  19.  1643. 

COMPTON,  Henry,  son  of  the  above.  At 
the  Restoration  he  obtained  a  cornetcy  of 
dragoons.  He  soon,  however,  quitted  the 
army  for  the  church  ;  and,  after  various 
preferments,  was,  in  1675,  promoted  to  the 


con] 


^  j^eltj  ^nihnSaX  Maqva^\)ij* 


[con 


bishopric  of  London.  He  opposed  the  spirit 
of  popery  during  the  reign  of  James  II., 
and  was  one  of  the  most  zealous  friends  of 
the  Prince  of  Orange.  Wlxen  Archbishop 
Bancroft  refused  to  crown  William  and 
Mary,  Compton  performed  that  ceremony. 
Besides  many  sermons  and  letters,  he  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  Communion,  and  translated 
from  the  Italian  the  life  of  Douna  Olympia 
Maldachini.     Died,  1713. 

CONANT^  JoHX,  an  English  divine.  He 
was  originally  a  Nonconformist,  but  con- 
formed in  l(i70,  and  became  arclideacon  of 
Norwich  and  a  prebendary  of  Worcester. 
Six  volumes  of  sermons  are  all  that  he  is 
known  to  have  contributed  to  literature. 
Died,  1(593. 

CONCA,  Sebastiajt,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter.     Died,  1761. 

CONCANEN,  Matthew,  a  political 
writer  of  some  talent.  I  lis  devotion  to  the 
ministry  procured  him  the  appointment  of 
attorney-general  of  Jamaica,  in  which  office 
he  acquired  a  good  fortune,  lie  published, 
besides  his  political  writings,  some  poetry, 
and  by  no  means  deserved  that  place  in  tlic 
Dunciad  wliich  Pope  was  induced,  in  mere 
party  spite,  to  give  him.    Died,  1749. 

CONCINA,  Danikl,  a  Dominican  monk 
of  Venice.  He  was  very  celebrated  as  a 
preacher,  and  so  complete  a  master  of  canon 
law,  that  he  was  frequently  consulted  by 
pope  Benedict  XIV.  Besides  numerous 
other  works,  he  wrote  a  "  System  of  Theo- 
logy," in  12  volumes.    Died,  175<). 

CONCINO  CONCINI  (more  celebrated 
and  better  known  by  his  title  of  Marshal 
d'Ancre)  was  by  birth  a  Flbrentine,  and 
accompanied  Mary  do  Medici,  the  wife  of 
Henry  IV.,  to  France.  lie  obtained  great 
preferment,  and  after  the  death  of  Henry 
IV.  80  much  abused  the  influence  he  had 
over  the  queen  regent,  that  wlien  her  son, 
Louis  VIII.,  became  old  enough  to  act  for 
himself,  he  consented  to  the  assassination  of 
the  marquis,  which  accordingly  took  place 
in  1617  ;  and  in  the  same  year  his  wife  was 
burned  to  death  as  a  sorceress.  The  judges 
who  tried  her  on  this  absurd  charge,  de- 
manded of  her  by  what  arts  she  had  gained 
her  ascendancy  over  the  queen  ;  when  she 
made  tlie  memorable  reply,  "  My  only  sor- 
cery has  been  the  influence  of  a  strong  mind 
over  a  weak  one." 

CONDE,  Louis,  first  Prince  of.  He  was 
the  son  of  Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin,  though  he 
was  then  very  young.  At  the  death  of 
Henry  II.  he  became  a  leader  of  the  Hugue- 
nots, and  was  killed  at  tlie  battle  of  Jarnac, 
in  1.569.  His  memoirs  were  published  after 
his  death. 

CONDE,  IlEjfKY,  Prince  of,  who  at  the 
request  of  Henry  IV.  became  a  Catholic, 
was  bom  in  1.588.  In  1616  he  was  sent  to 
the  Bastile,  where  he  remained  for  three 
years.  After  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.,  the 
prince  was  lil)erated,  and  was  made  minister 
of  state  to  the  regent.    Died,  1646. 

CONDE,  Louis,  Prince  of,  duke  of  En- 
ghiei),  the  illustrious  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  usually  called  Die  Great,  was  born  at 
Paris  in  1621.    When  he  was  a  mere  boy. 


203 


his  conversation  evinced  so  much  talent, 
that  Cardinal  Richelieu  predicted  that  he 
would  become  "  the  first  general  in  Europe 
and  the  first  man  of  liis  time."  When  only 
22  years  of  age,  he  gained  the  victory  of 
Rocroi  over  the  Spaniards  ;  and  followed  up 
that  achievement  by  the  capture  of  Thion- 
ville  and  other  important  places.  Subse- 
quently he  distinguished  himself  in  various 
actions  in  Germany,  whence  he  was  recalled 
and  sent  to  Catalonia,  but  was  repulsed 
before  I^rida.  In  1641  he  defeated  the  Im- 
perialists iu  Flanders,  on  which  occasion  the 
slaughter  was  prodigious.  For  a  time  he 
sided  with  the  queen  mother  and  her  ad- 
visers, and  even  succeeded  in  reconciling 
them  to  their  opponents  ;  but  being  ill  treated 
by  Cardinal  Mazarin,  he  joined  the  malcon- 
tents and  fought  against  the  court  in  the 
civil  war  of  16.52.  Refusing  to  accede  to  the 
peace  made  between  the  contending  parties, 
he  entered  into  the  service  of  Spain  ;  but  at 
the  peace  of  1659  he  was  restored  to  the 
favour  of  France,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself,  particularly  in  the  conquest  of 
Franciie  CompttS  until  infirmity  of  body 
compelled  him  to  retire  to  private  life.  Died, 
1686. 

CONDER,  JoH.v,  D.D.,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister  ;  author  of  an  "  Essay  on 
the  Ministerial  Character,"  some  sermons, 
&c.    Died.  1781. 

CONDILL.\C,  Stephen,  a  French  meta- 
physician ;  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  Human  Knowledge,"  a  "Treatise 
on  Animals,"  a  "Treatise  on  the  Sensa- 
tions," "  A  Course  of  Study  drawi  up  for 
the  Instruction  of  the  Prince  of  Parma,"  to 
whom  he  was  tutor,  &c.    Died,  1780. 

CONDORCET,  Joiix  Axtony  Nicholas 
Cakitat,  Marquis  of,  a  French  mathema- 
tician and  pliilosophcr,  was  born  at  Ribe- 
mont,  in  Picardy,  in  174:5,  and  educated  at 
the  college  of  Navarre.  When  only  22  years 
of  age  he  distinguished  himself  among  ma- 
thematicians by  the  publication  of  his  work 
on  "Integral  Calculations."  Two  years 
afterwards  he  publislied  a  treatise  on  "The 
Problem  of  the  Three  Bodies,"  and  in  the 
following  year  his  "  Analytical  Essays." 
In  1769  he  was  chosen  member  of  the  aca- 
demy, and  in  1773  became  its  secretary,  in 
which  situation  he  distinguished  himself 
by  the  graceful  elegance  of  his  elogcs.  In 
1791  he  became  a  member  of  the  national 
assembly  and  of  the  Jacobin  club  ;  and  he 
soon  became  as  noted  for  his  political  viru- 
lence as  he  had  already  been  eminent  for 
his  scientific  genius.  Becoming  obnoxious 
to  Robespierre,  that  tyrant  threw  him  into 
prison,  where,  on  the  third  morning,  28th 
March,  1794,  he  was  found  dead  in  his  bed. 
Besides  the  works  named  above,  he  wrote 
"  A  Sketch  of  the  Progress  of  the  Human 
Mind,"  an  "Elementary  Treatise  on  Arith- 
metic," and  a  tract  on  "Calculation." 

CONFUCIUS,  or  CONG-FU-TSE,  a  Chi- 
nese philosopher,  was  born  551  b.  c.  He 
sjient  his  life  in  endeavouring  to  enlighten 
and  improve  his  fellow-subjects  ;  and  his 
advice  was  attended  to  by  the  king  of  Lu 
with  a  respect  little  short  of  reverence.  His 
descendants  to  this  day  are  mandarins  of  the 
higliest  button,  and  his  books  arc  regarded 


con] 


^  i^tia  SUm'ber^al  SStatrrnpTja. 


[con 


by  the  Cliinese  as  treasures  of  the  purest 
morality.    Died,  b.  c.  470. 

CONGLETON,  IIenky  Brooke  PaRnell, 
Lord,  was  the  second  son  of  Sir  Jol»n  Par- 
nell,  bart.,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and 
was  born  July  3rd,  1776.  His  elder  brother 
was  born  dumb,  and  a  cripple,  and,  by  a 
somewhat  unusual  stretch  of  authority,  par- 
liament set  aside  the  entail  upon  the  family 
estates,  so  that  the  younger  son  succeeded  to 
the  estates  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1801, 
and  to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
in  1812.  He  entered  parliament  in  1802,  but 
ceased  to  be  a  member  at  the  close  of  the 
same  year.  He  was  again  returned  in  1806, 
and  retained  his  seat,  in  spite  of  all  opposi- 
tion, until  1832,  when  he  voluntarily  retired. 
From  1833  to  1837  he  sat  for  Dundee  ;  and 
in  1841  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  During 
his  whole  parliamentary  career  he  was  an 
extremely  useful,  though  by  no  means  bril- 
liant, member.  Finance  in  all  its  various 
branches  he  was  very  familiar  with,  and 
upon  such  subjects  he  very  early  became  a 
sort  of  authority  to  both  sides  of  the  house. 
Died  June  8.  1842,  aged  65. 

CONGREVE,  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  was  born  near  Leeds,  in  1670, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
He  entered  himself  as  a  student  at  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  but,  like  many  more  before  and 
since,  abandoned  the  law  for  literature.  His 
first  piece,  written  at  the  age  of  17,  was  a 
romance,  entitled  "Incognita,  or  Love  and 
Duty  Reconciled."  In  1G93,  being  then  only 
21  years  old,  he  wrote  his  first  comedy,  "  The 
Old  Bachelor."  This  produced  him  not  only 
great  reputation,  but  also  the  substantial 
benefit  of  a  commissionership  in  the  hackney- 
coach  office,  which  was  given  to  him  by  the 
Earl  of  Halifax,  who  afterwards  still  further 
patronised  and  favoured  him.  He  wrote  also 
"Love  for  Love,"  "The  Double  Dealer," 
"  The  Mourning  Bride,"  '•  The  Way  of  the 
World,"  an  opera  ;  and  some  poems.  Died, 
1729.  Witty  and  spirited  as  Congreve's  plays 
are,  they  are  too  licentious  to  keep  possession 
of  the  stage  at  the  present  day  ;  and  in  bis 
own  time  they  received  severe  castigatiou 
from  the  celebrated  Jeremiah  Collier. 

CONGREVE,  Sir  William,  the  son  of  a 
lieutenant-general,  and  the  inventor  of  the 
Congreve  rockets,  was  born  in  1772,  and 
entered  the  military  service  early,  in  which 
he  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel. 
He  possessed  much  inventive  talent,  which 
he  applied  to  the  mechanic  arts  ;  and  for 
several  years  the  rocket  which  bears  his 
name,  and  whlcli  was  first  used  in  the  attack 
of  Boulogne  in  1800,  was  considered  a  grand 
auxiliary  in  warlike  operations,  although 
it  has  now  fallen  into  comparative  disrepute. 
Sir  William  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  represented  Plymouth  in  parlia- 
ment.    Died,  1828. 

CONNOR,  Bernard,  an  Irish  physician, 
for  some  time  settled  at  Warsaw  ;  author  of 
a  "History  of  Poland,"  and  also  of  a  Latin 
work  on  the  miracles  of  our  Saviour.  Died, 
1698. 

CONON,  an  Athenian  general,  was  the 
son  of  Timotheus.  Having  been  defeated  in 
a  naval  engagement  at  ^gospotamos  by 
Lysaudcr,  he  for  a  time  went  into  exile ; 


but  being  aided  by  Artaxerxes,  king  of 
Persia,  he  returned  and  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans near  Cnidos.  He  then  fortified  Athens, 
and  restored  it  to  liberty  and  security  ;  but 
being  betrayed  into  the  power  of  Tiribazus, 
a  Persian,  he  was  put  to  death,  393  b.  c. 

CONON,  an  astronomer  of  Samos,  a  friend 
of  Archimedes.  To  flatter  Ptolemy  Euergetes, 
he  affirmed  that  the  locks  of  Berenice  his 
queen  were  made  into  a  constellation.  He 
flourished  in  the  third  century,  b.  C. 

CONRAD  I.,  count  of  Franc»feia.  In  912 
he  was  elected  king  of  Germany,  but  Arnaul, 
duke  of  Bavaria,  disputed  his  title,  and  en- 
gaged the  Huns  to  overrun  Germany.  Con- 
rad, however,  avoided  the  threatened  ruin  by 
engaging  to  pay  a  yearly  tribute.    Died,  918. 

CONRAD  11.,  son  of  Herman,  duke  of 
Franconia,  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in 
1024.  Attempts  were  made  to  displace  him, 
but  he  beat  his  opponents,  and  in  1027  was 
crowned  emperor  at  Rome.  By  the  will  of 
Rodolphus  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  became 
his  in  103;J.    Died,  1039. 

CONRAD  III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  was 
son  of  Frederic,  duke  i)f  Suabia,  and  before 
his  election  was  duke  of  Franconia.  His 
election  produced  civil  war ;  but  he  termi- 
nated that  and  went  to  the  Holy  Land, 
where  he  lost  a  vast  number  of  his  troops 
through  the  Greeks  poisoning  the  fountains. 
He  died,  in  his  own  dominion,  1152. 

CONRAD  IV.,  duke  of  Suabia,  was  elected 
emperor  at  the  death  of  his  father,  Frederick 
II.  The  pope.  Innocent  IV.,  pretended  that 
the  right  of  appointment  lay  in  him,  and 
preached  a  crusade  against  the  new  emperor. 
Conrad  replied  to  this  by  marching  into 
Italy,  and  taking  several  important  places. 
Died,  1254. 

CONRAD  or  CONRADIN,  son  of  the  last 
named,  who  left  him  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
Pope  Urban  IV.  gave  that  kingdom  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  who  defeated  Conrad, 
then  only  16  years  old,  and  caused  him  to 
be  beheaded  in  1268. 

CONRI,  Florence,  an  Irish  Franciscan 
friar.  He  was  educated  in  Spain,  and  when 
king  Philip  wished  to  make  a  conquest  of 
Ireland,  Conri  was  sent  there  to  influence 
the  people,  the  pope  making  him  titular 
archbishop  of  Tuam  to  give  him  the  greater 
power ;  but  he  was  unable  to  effect  the 
wishes  of  his  patrons,  and  returned  to  Spain. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  Latin  commen- 
taries on  St.  Augustin,  "  The  Mirror  of  a 
Christian  Life."    Died,  1629. 

CONRINGIUS,  Hermann,  professor  of 
physic  and  politics  at  the  university  of  Helm- 
stadt ;  autlior  of  valuable  treatises  on  law, 
German  antiquities,  and  on  the  Aristotelian 
system.    Died,  1681. 

CONSALVI,  Ercole,  cardinal  and  prime 
minister  of  pope  Pius  VII.,  was  born  at 
Toscanella,  in  1757.  As  he  had  ever  op- 
posed the  French  party  in  Rome  to  the  ut- 
most of  his  power,  he  was  banished  from 
that  city  when  the  French  took  possession 
of  it.  When,  however,  the  papal  affairs 
were  in  a  better  condition  he  returned  ;  and, 
as  secretary  of  state,  he  concluded  the  famous 
concordat  with  Napoleou  ;  continuing,  in 
fact,  at  the  head  of  all  the  political  and 
ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the  Roman  state  till 


con] 


^  i!etD  ^niberSnl  SBtograpfjg, 


[con 


the  death  of  the  pope,  his  friend  and  master. 
Died,  1824. 

CONSTABLE,  Archibald,  the  most  en- 
terprising bookseller  that  Scotland  has  ever 
produced,  was  bom  at  Kellie  in  Fifeshire, 
1775.  After  serving  liis  apprenticeship  to 
Mr.  Peter  Ilill  of  Edinburgh,  the  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Burns,  he  commenced 
business  for  himself  in  171)5  ;  and  his  oblig- 
ing manners,  general  intelligence,  and  inde- 
fatigable activity  gained  him  the  esteem  of 
all  who  came  in  contact  with  him.  Ilis 
reputation  as  a  publisher  dates  from  1802, 
when  he  published  the  first  number  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review  ;  and  in  1805  he  pub- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  Messrs.  Longman 
■and  Co.,  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel," 
the  first  of  that  long  series  of  original 
and  romantic  publications  in  poetry  and 
prose  which  has  limmortalised  the  name  of 
Walter  Scott.  His  tact  in  appreciating 
literary  merit,  his  liberality  in  rewarding  it, 
and  the  sagacity  he  displayed  in  placing  it 
in  the  most  favourable  manner  before  the 
public,  were  amply  rewarded  by  the  unpa- 
ralleled success  of  his  literary  projects;  but 
in  182(5  he  was  overwhelmed  by  the  disasters 
consequent  on  the  rage  for  speculation  that 
marked  the  preceding  year,  and  the  fruits  of 
a  life  of  activity,  industry,  and  exertion 
were  all  sacrificed  in  the  prevailing  wreck 
of  commercial  credit.  The  well-known 
"Miscellany  "  that  bears  his  name  was  his 
last  project :  soon  after  its  commencement 
he  was  attacked  with  dropsy,  and  died  in 
1827. 

CONSTABLE,  John,  R.  A.,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  landscape  painters  of  our 
time,  was  born  at  East  Bergholt,  in  SufiTolk, 
177(5.  Having  early  displayed  a  love  of  art, 
he  visited  London  in  1795,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  what  might  be  his  chance  of 
success  as  a  painter.  Encouraged  by  the 
flattering  commendations  of  Farrington, 
himself  a  landscape  painter  of  some  note, 
and  of  "  Antiquity "  Smith,  he  laboured 
hard  at  the  mechanical  part  of  his  profes- 
sion, and  in  1802  sent  his  first  picture  to  the 
exhibition  of  tlie  Royal  Academy.  From 
this  period  he  was  a  regular  contributor 
down  to  the  year  of  his  death.  Few  pencils, 
indeed,  have  been  more  prolific  ;  and  the 
works  he  has  left  behind  him,  both  in  num- 
ber and  excellence,  have  earned  for  him 
a  distinguished  place  among  the  landscajie 
painters  not  only  of  England  but  of  the 
world.  In  1829  he  was  elected  an  academi- 
cian. Died,  1837.  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life  " 
of  Mr.  Constable  have  been  published  by  his 
friend  and  brother  artist  Mr.  Leslie,  full  of 
interest,  and  showing  that  both  artists  could 
wield  the  pen  no  less  ably  than  the  pencil. 

CONSTANS  I.,  Flavius  JuLirs,  one  of 
the  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great,  and  his 
successor  in  the  sovereignty  of  Africa,  Italy, 
and  Western  Illyricum.  His  brother  Con- 
stantine endeavoured  to  dispossess  him  of 
it ;  but  being  defeated  and  sluin  in  the  at- 
tempt, Constans  became  master  of  the  whole 
empire.  His  conduct  was,  however,  so  of- 
fensive to  the  people,  that  the  standard  of 
revolt  was  hoisted,  and  Constans  was  put  to 
death,  a.d.  350. 

CONSTANT  DE  REBECQUE,  Bk»ja- 


Mix  TIE,  a  distinguished  onitor  and  nuthor, 
attached  to  the  liberal  or  constitutional 
party  in  France.  He  was  born  at  Lausanne 
in  17(57,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution  went  to  reside  at  Paris, 
where  he  soon  distinguished  himself,  both 
by  his  political  writings  and  his  eloquent 
speeches  in  the  senate  ;  and  when,  under 
the  government  of  the  directory,  he  was 
elected  to  the  oflSce  of  tribune,  he  zealously 
endeavoured  to  maintain  the  equality  of 
citizens,  the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  the 
regular  administration  of  justice.  His  con- 
duct, however,  rendered  him  obnoxious  to 
the  first  consul,  and  he  was  dismissed  from 
his  office  in  1802.  After  retiring  to  Ger- 
many, he  again  appeared  at  Pans  in  1814, 
and  publicly  advocated  the  cause  of  the 
Bourbons;  yet  we  soon  after  find  him  as- 
sisting in  forming  the  constitution  of  the 
Champ  de  Mai.  Though,  like  many  others, 
he  had  suflicient  cause  to  retire  from  France 
on  the  second  restoration  of  Louts  XVIIL, 
he  was  allowed  to  return,  and  in  1819  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
where  he  long  remained  as  a  distinguished 
leader  of  the  opposition,  particularly  in  all 
the  discussions  relating  to  the  censorship  of 
the  press  and  the  rights  of  the  people.  He 
wrote  many  works  on  political  questions, 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  La  Minerve,  and 
a  contributor  to  the  Biographic  Univer- 
selle.  As  an  orator  he  was  eloquent  and 
profound  ;  and  as  a  writer  lively,  imagina- 
tive, and  acute.    Died.  1830. 

CONSTANTINE,  Cails  Fi.avuts  Vale- 
rius AuiiELiLs  Claudius,  surnamed  the 
Great,  emperor  of  the  Romans,  was  the  son 
of  Constantius  Chlorus,  by  Helena,  and  born 
A.D.  274.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  306, 
he  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  troops. 
After  defeating  the  Franks,  he  crossed  the 
Rhine  into  Belgium,  which  he  overran.  In 
307  he  married  Fausta,  the  daughter  of 
Maximan,  but  he  was  soon  involved  in  a 
war  with  his  father-in-law,  who  assumed 
the  title  of  emperor.  The  usurper's  reign 
was  brief ;  and  on  his  being  taken  prisoner, 
Constantius  caused  him  to  be  strangled. 
This  involved  him  in  a  war  with  Maxentius, 
son  of  Maximinian,  in  which  the  latter  was 
defeated  and  drowned  in  the  Tiber.  It  was 
at  this  time  that  the  emjieror,  as  he  alleged 
to  Eusebius,  saw  a  luminous  cross  in  the 
heavens  witli  the  inscription,  "  In  hoc  signo 
vinces "  (Under  this  sign  thou  shalt  con- 
quer). He  accordingly  caused  a  standard  to 
be  made  in  imitation  of  this  cross  ;  marched 
to  Rome  in  triumph  ;  published  the  me- 
morable edict  of  toleration  in  favour  of  the 
Christians  ;  and  was  declared  by  the  senate, 
cliief,  Augustus,  and  pontifex  nuixhnus.  Con- 
stantine had  married  his  daughter  to  Li- 
cinius  ;  but  the  latter,  jealous  of  his  fame, 
took  jup  arms  against  him,  and  they  met  in 
Pannonia,  a.d.  314.  Constantine,  surrounded 
by  bishops  and  priests,  invoked  the  aid  of 
"the  true  God;"  while  Licinius,  calling 
upon  his  soothsayers  and  magicians,  relied 
upon  them  and  their  gods  for  protection. 
Tlie  Christian  emperor  was  victorious,  and 
a  peace  was  granted  to  Licinius  ;  but  he 
afterwards  renewed  hostilities,  was  again 
defeated,  and  finally  put  to  death.    Thus 


con] 


^  iJ^ciD  ^nihtx^al  SStffffrap?)!?. 


[con 


Constantine  became,  in  32.%  sole  head  of 
the  Eastern  and  Western  empires  ;  and  his 
first  care  was  the  establishment  of  peace  and 
order.  He  displayed  great  courage  and  love 
of  justice,  and  evinced  an  ardent  zeal  for 
the  Christian  religion,  whicli  he  eventually 
established  in  his  vast  dominions.  He  also 
endeavoured  to  increase  tlie  solid  greatness 
of  his  empire,  and  among  other  useful  works, 
founded  tlie  city  of  Constantinople.  But 
though  his  actions  on  the  whole  entitled  him 
to  the  proud  surname  of  "  Tlie  Great,"  yet 
various  acts  of  cruelty,  and,  above  all,  the 
murder  of  his  son  Crispus,  Jmve  left  a  stain 
upon  his  character  _alike  as  a  man,  a  Chris- 
tian, and  an  emperor.  He  died  in  'MT,  after 
a  reign  of  31  years ;  and  he  divided  his 
empire  between  his  tliree  sons,  Constantine, 
Constantius,  and  Constans. 

CONSTANTINE  II.,  son  of  the  above. 
In  tlie  division  of  the  empire  he  had  for  his 
share,  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain  ;  but,  dis- 
contented with  the  arrangement,  he  marched 
against  his  brother  Constans,  and  was  killed 
at  Aquileia,  340. 

CONSTANTINE,  Flavius  Julius,  a  pri- 
vate soldier,  who  was  raised  by  the  army  in 
Britain  to  the  imperial  dignity  in  407^  on 
which  he  crossed  over  to  Gaul,  and  con- 
quered that  country  and  Spain.  He  fixed 
his  court  at  Aries,  where  he  was  besieged 
by  Constantius,  the  general  of  the  emperor 
Ilonorius,  to  whom  he  surrendered  on  the 
promise  that  liis  life  should  be  spared  ;  but 
it  was  basely  violated,  and  both  Constantine 
and  his  son  were  put  to  death,  a.  d.  411. 

CONSTANTINE  IV.,  who  was  called  the 
Bearded,  was  son  of  Constans  II.,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  668.  The  army  having  set  up 
his  two  brothers  as  his  coadjutors,  he  ordered 
their  noses  to  be  cut  off.  As  a  soldier  he 
was  prompt  and  brave.  He  defeated  the 
Saracens,  and  called  a  council  at  Constanti- 
nople, at  which  the  doctrine  of  the  Mono- 
thelites  was  condemned.    Died,  685. 

CONSTANTINE  VI.,  was  son  of  Leo  H., 
whom  he  succeeded.  Being  only  10  years 
old  when  his  father  died,  his  mother  Irene 
was  his  guardian  and  regent  of  the  empire. 
On  arriving  at  a  mature  age  lie  assumed 
the  government  himself ;  but  Irene,  made 
cruel  by  ambition,  took  advantage  of  an 
invasion  of  the  Bulgarians  to  cause  her  son 
to  be  seized  and  deprived  of  his  eyes.  This 
occurred  in  792,  and  the  unfortunate  em- 
peror languished  some  years  in  obscurity, 
and  when  he  died  was  succeeded  by  his  un- 
natural parent. 

CONSTANTINE  VII.,  sumamed  PoR- 
PUYKOGENITUS,  succeeded  I>eo  tlie  Wise  in 
912.  He  drove  the  Turks  from  Italy,  and 
defeated  the  Lombards.  But  military  affairs 
did  not  prevent  him  from  attending  to  let- 
ters ;  and  besides  other  writings,  he  left  a 
treatise  on  state  afiairs,  the  geography  of 
the  empire  ;  and  the  "Life  of  the  Emperor 
Basilius  the  Macedonian."    Died,  959. 

CONSTANTINE  IX.,  was  son  of  the  em- 
peror Romanus,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
his  brother  Basil  II.,  succeeded  John  Ri- 
misces  in  976  ;  the  actual  power,  however, 
was  chiefly  wielded  by  Constantine.  Died, 
1028. 

CONSTANTINE,   Dkacoses   or   Pal^:- 


OLOGus,  the  last  of  the  Greek  emperors, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1449.  He  was 
killed  in  bravely  defending  Constantinople 
against  Mahomet  II.,  who,  in  14.'>3,  besieged 
the  city  with  300,000  men.  The  heroic 
valour  displayed  by  Constantine  in  this  un- 
equal contest  demands  our  admiration  ;  but 
valour  was  of  no  avail,  the  city  was  taken 
by  storm,  and  thus  ended  the  Greek  empire. 

CONSTANTINE,  CiiSAROViTCH  Paulo- 
viTCH,  grand-prince  of  Russia,  second  son  of 
the  emperor  Paul,  and  brother  of  Alexander, 
was  born  in  1779.  He  attended  his  brother 
in  all  his  campaigns,  and  was  distinguished 
for  bravery  in  the  field  ;  but  he  possessed 
the  characteristics  of  a  half-civilised  ruler, 
being  cruel  and  tyrannical  in  all  that  related 
to  the  government  of  the  Poles,  over  whom 
he  was  placed.  He  formally  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  his  younger  brother, 
the  emperor  Nicholas,  and  was  present  at 
his  coronation.     Died,  1831. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Chlorus,  the  son  of 
Eutropius,  and  the  father  of  Constantine 
the  Great.  He  obtained  the  title  of  Cccsar 
from  his  victories  in  Germany  and  Britain  ; 
and  on  the  abdication  of  Diocletian  was 
chosen  the  colleague  of  Galerius.  He  died 
at  York,  in  306. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Flatius  Julius,  the 
second  son  of  Constantine  the  Great,  was 
bom  in  317,  made  Cassar  in  323,  and  elected 
emperor  in  337.  The  soldiers,  to  secure  the 
throne  to  the  three  sons  of  Constantine, 
massacred  the  uncles  and  cousins  of  tliose 
princes,  with  the  exception  of  Julian  the 
Apostate  and  his  brother  Gallus.  After 
this  the  sons  of  Constantine  divided  the  em- 
pire, Constantius  taking  the  east  to  his  sliare. 
Magnentius,  governor  of  Rlioetia,  murdered 
Constans,  who  had  reigned  over  Italy  13 
3'ears;  on  which  Constantius  marched  against 
the  murderer,  whom  he  defeated,  and  his 
elder  brother  being  also  dead,  he  became  sole 
emperor.  lie  died  on  his  march  against 
Julian,  who  had  assumed  the  purple  in  361. 

CONTARINI.  This  is  the  name  of  a 
noble  Venetian  family,  of  which  several 
filled  the  oflice  of  doge  ;  but  their  lives  pre- 
sent nothing  sufficiently  remarkable  for 
separate  notice  here. 

CONTAT,  Louise,  madame  de  Parny,  a 
French  actress,  remarkable  for  her  beauty, 
vivacity,  grace,  and  dignity  ;  born,  1760  ; 
sustained  her  station  on  the  stage  32  years  ; 
and  died  in  1813. 

CONTE,  Nicholas  Jacques,  a  French 
painter,  but  more  distinguished  for  the  in- 
genuity of  his  mechanical  contrivances.  He 
accompanied  the  expedition  to  Egypt,  where 
his  services  were  of  the  greatest  value  ;  for, 
the  machines  and  instruments  of  the  army 
having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs, 
he  constructed  corn  and  gunpowder  mills, 
manufactured  swords,  engineering  instru- 
ments, telescopes,  and,  in  short,  every  tiling 
necessary  for  a  military  and  scientific  ex- 
pedition.   Born,  1755  ;  died,  1805. 

CONWAY,  Henry  Seymour,  second  son 
of  Lord  Conway,  was  a  distinguished  military 
officer  and  statesman,  born  in  1720.  He 
served  with  applause  in  the  seven  years'  war, 
was  secretary  of  state  from  1765  to  1768,  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief   in  1782,   and 


con] 


^  ^cli)  Unihzx^al  3Si0gra}j]^p. 


[coo 


died  in  1795,  being  at  that  time  the  senior 
British  field-marshal. 

CONYBEARE,  JoH.v,  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
author  of  "  An  Able  Defence  of  Revealed 
Religion,"  against  Tindal's  "  Christianity  as 
Old  as  the  Creation,"  and  of  2  volumes  of 
excellent  sermons.  Died,  1757. 
CONYBEARE,  Joux  Josias,  a  learned 
I  English  divine,  critic,  and  antiquary  ;  au- 
thor of  a  volume  of  admirable  sermons, 
preached  at  the  Bampton  Lecture  ;  and  of 
various  articles  on  Saxon  literature,  con- 
tributed to  the  Censura  lateraria,  and  the 
British  Bibliographer.  He  also  contributed 
some  valuable  papers,  on  chemistry  and 
mineralogy,  to  the  Annals  of  Philosophy 
and  the  Transactions  of  the  Geological  So- 
ciety.    Died,  1824. 

COOK,  IlEXKY,an  English  painter.  He 
studied  in  Italy  under  Salvator  Rosa  ;  but 
for  many  years  after  his  return  to  England 
he  lived  in  obscurity  and  distress.  He  was 
at  length  employed  by  king  William  to  re- 
pair the  cartoons,  from  which  time  he  seems 
to  have  been  comparatively  prosperous,  as 
Horace  AValpole  mentions  several  public 
works  which  were  either  wholly  or  iu  part 
performed  by  him.    Died,  1700. 

COOK,  Captain  James,  a  celebrated 
English  navigator.  He  was  bom  at  Marton, 
in  Yorkshire,  in  1728  ;  and  his  parents  being 
poor,  his  early  education  included  only 
reading,  writing,  and  the  rudiments  of  com- 
mon arithmetic.  He  commenced  his  naval 
career  in  the  merchant  service,  then  entered 
on  board  the  Eagle  man-of-war,  and  after  4 
years  meritorious  service  was  made  master 
of  tlie  Mercury.  This  vessel  formed  part  of 
the  8(iuadi  on  sent  against  Quebec  ;  and  Cook 
performed  the  difficult  task  of  taking  sound- 
ings in  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  very  face  of 
the  French  encami>ment,  and  of  making  a 
chart  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Quebec. 
After  various  and  arduous  services  he  was  at 
length  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant ;  and 
then  commenced  that  series  of  voyages,  the 
details  of  which  form  one  of  the  most  popular 
and  delightful  books  in  our  language.  Un- 
happily, while  touching  at  Owhyhee,  Captain 
Cook,  in  s^iiite  of  the  utmost  prudence  and 
i  humanity,  was  involved  in  a  dispute  with 
I  the  natives,  and  while  endeavouring  to  reach 
j  his  boat  was  savagely  murdered,  on  St. 
;  "Valentine's  Day,  1779. — Ilis  wife,  Elizabetu 
Cook,  survived  him  X  years  !  having  died 
at  her  residence  at  Clapham,  in  1835,  aged 
03.  But  she  had  to  mourn  the  loss  of  her  3 
sons  in  a  few  years  after  the  unhappy  fate  of 
her  husband.  Nathaniel,  their  second  son, 
was  lost  in  the  Thunderer,  which  foundered 
at  sea,  in  17«0  ;  High,  a  student  at  Cam- 
bridge, died  in  1793  ;  and  James,  the  eldest 
son,  was  lost,  with  his  boat's  crew,  while 
commander  of  the  Spitfire  sloop-of-war,  off 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1794. 

COOKE,  Sir  Anthony,  an  eminent  En- 
glish scholar.  He  was  one  of  the  tutors  of 
Edward  VI.,  who  highly  esteemed  him. 
Born,  1508  ;  died,  1576. 

COOKE,  Benjamin,  Mus.  Doc,  an  able 
musicidn  and  composer  ;  author  of  "  How 
sleep  the  Brave,"  "  Hark,  hark  !  the  Lark," 
and  many  other  beautiful  and  popular  elees. 
Died,  1814. 


COOKE,  George  Fkederick,  an  eminent 
modern  English  actor,  was  born  in  1750.  In 
early  life  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer, 
but  his  attention  to  theatricals  so  completely 
absorbed  his  mind,  that  his  master  soon  had 
his  indentures  cancelled.  He  then  tried  the 
navy  with  no  better  success,  his  inclination 
for  the  stage  being  unconquerable.  After 
the  usual  probation  among  itinerant  com- 
panies, he  became  a  star  at  the  larger  pro- 
vincial theatres,  as  York,  Manchester,  and 
Liverpool,  and  was  at  length  engaged  at 
Dublin  for  3  years.  Thence  his  fame  tra- 
velled to  Ix)ndon  ;  and  in  October,  1800,  he 
made  his  appearance  at  Covent  Garden  in 
the  character  of  Richard  III.  His  perform- 
ance of  this  character  gave  him  at  once  a 
place  among  the  very  first  histrionic  artists 
of  the  day,  and  he  soon  became  highly  po- 
pular in  that  part,  and  in  Macbeth,  lago,  Sir 
Pertinax  Mac  Sycophant,  Shylock,  &c.  He 
afterwards  accepted  an  engagement  in  Ame- 
rica, where  he  performed  with  similar  success, 
but  his  indulgence  in  riotous  and  debauched 
habits  completely  broke  up  his  originally 
vigorous  constitution,  and  he  died  in  1812. 

COOKE,  Thomas,  an  English  poet ;  trans- 
lator of  the  works  of  Ilesiod,  and  of  some  of 
those  of  Cicero.  He  also  wrote  some  political 
tracts,  dramas,  and  poems  ;  the  latter  of 
which  gave  offence  to  Pope,  and  procured 
their  author  a  place  in  the  Dunciad.  Died, 
17.56. 

COOKE,  Thomas,  whose  versatility  of 
musical  talent  has  had  few  equals  in  our 
time,  was  bom  at  Dublin,  1781.  He  evinced 
even  in  his  infancy  a  genius  for  music  ;  and 
so  assiduously  did  he  tultivate  his  talents, 
that  at  the  age  of  15  he  became  leader  of  the 
band  at  the  Theatre  Royal  of  his  native 
city.  His  first  appearance  as  a  singer  was 
in  the  character  of  Seraskier,  in  the  "  Siege 
of  Belgrade ;"  and  so  well  did  he  fill  the  part, 
that  he  at  once  took  rank  as  a  first-class 
vocalist.  In  1813  he  appeared  on  the  boards 
of  the  English  Opera  House,  now  the  Ly- 
ceum, in  London,  where  he  at  once  became 
a  public  favourite  ;  and  having  soon  after- 
wards joined  Drury  Lane,  he  filled  to  the 
entire  satisfaction  of  all  parties,  private,  dra- 
matic, and  public,  the  various  situations  of 
vocalist,  director  of  the  musical  department, 
composer,  and  leader  of  the  orchestra.  On 
his  retirement  from  the  stage,  he  became 
successively conneetedwith  the  Philharmonic 
Society,  the  Catch  Club,  and  other  musical 
associations,  reaping  fresh  laurels  every  year 
by  his  glees,  duets,  and  ballads,  and  gaining 
golden  opinions  by  his  agreeable  manners, 
ready  wit,  and  kindly  disposition.  Besides 
being  the  leader  of  tliePhilharmonic  Concerts 
for  many  years,  and  a  conductor  on  many 
occasions,  he  was  appointed,  in  1846,  leader 
of  the  Concerts  of  Ancient  Music,  and  was 
repeatedly  engaged  in  the  same  capacity 
for  the  great  musical  festivals  throughout 
the  country.    Died,  1848. 

COOKE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer  ;  author  of  a  "  Compendious  System 
of  the  Bankrupt  Laws,  with  an  Appendix  of 
Practical  Precedents."  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  who  were  sent  to  Milan  to 
take  depositions  against  Queen  Caroline, 
wife  of  George  IV.    Died,  1832. 


T  2 


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^  ^cfio  mnibtv^Kl  38tOQrap]b2). 


[coo 


COOKE,  William,  a  poet  and  biographer, 
bom  at  Cork,  in  Ireland  ;  author  of  "  The 
Art  of  Living  in  Tiondon,"  "  Elements  of 
Dramatic  Criticism,"  "  Biographies  of 
Macklin  and  Foote,"  "Conversation,"  a 
didactic  poem,  &c.    Died,  1824. 

COOMBE,  AViLLiAM,  an  industrious  and 
clever  writer  ;  author  of"  "Mie  Diaboliad,"  a 
satire ;  "  The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  in 
England,"  "Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search 
of  the  Picturesque,"  "  History  of  Johnny 
Quae  Genus,"  "English  Dance  of  Death," 
&c.    Died,  1823. 

COOPER,  Antiioxy  Ashley,  first  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  an  eminent  statesman,  bom  in 
1621.  lie  studied  for  a  short  time  in  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  but  at  the  early  age  of  I'j  he  was 
elected  member  of  parliament  for  Shrews- 
bury. From  this  time  his  whole  life  was 
spent  in  business  or  political  intrigue.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  at  first 
sided  with  the  king,  but  afterwards  went 
over  to  the  parliament,  raised  troops,  and 
stormed  Wareham,  in  Dorsetshire.  After 
serving  in  the  long  parliament,  and  in  the 
convention  which  succeeded  it,  and  being  also 
one  of  Cromwell's  privy  councillors,  he  be- 
came one  of  Monk's  colleagues  in  bringing 
about  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  For 
this  important  service  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  by  tlie  title  of  baron  Ashley,  and 
made  a  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer.  As  a  member  of  the  noto- 
rious Cabal  ministry,  great  odium  has  been 
thrown  upon  him  by  some  writers,  while 
others  afiirm  that  he  opposed  some  of  its 
worst  measures.  At  all  events,  his  conduct 
was  satisfactory  to  the  king,  who,  in  1672, 
created  him  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  and  raised 
him  to  the  high  and  important  post  of  lord 
high  chancellor.  This  office,  however,  he 
held  only  a  year  ;  and  on  the  seals  being 
taken  from  him  he  became  one  of  the  opposi- 
tion. In  this  capacity  he  was  so  violent, 
that  he  was  at  length  sent  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  remained  more  than  a  year,  and 
only  obtained  his  release  at  last  by  making 
a  full  submission.  When  he  again  got  into 
power,  he  had  the  merit  of  bringing  forward, 
and  causing  to  be  passed,  the  invaluable  law 
called  the  Habeas  Corpus  act.  His  unre- 
mitting efforts  to  exclude  the  Duke  of  York 
from  the  succession,  "oused  that  prince  to 
such  strenuous  exertions,  that  in  4  months 
the  ministry  was  turned  out,  and  shortly 
afterwards  the  earl  was  sent  to  the  Tower  on 
a  charge  of  high  treason.  On  this  perilous 
charge  he  was  acquitted,  to  the  great  joy  of 
the  people  at  large  ;  but  his  triumph  was 
somewhat  damped  by  the  withering  satire 
with  which  his  character  was  depicted  in 
Dryden's  Absalom  and  Achitophel.  Wearied 
with  incessant  toils,  much  worn  in  health, 
and,  probably,  apprehensive  of  a  time  arriv- 
ing when  corruption  might  render  his  ac- 
quittal on  charges,  however  false,  by  no 
means  certain,  he  retired  to  Holland,  where 
he  died  in  1683. 

COOPER,  Anthony  Ashley,  third  earl 
of  Shaftesbury,  and  grandson  of  the  last 
named,  was  a  very  eminent  English  writer, 
born  in  1671.  In  1693,  after  the  usual  course 
of  education  and  foreign  travels,  he  was 
elected  member  of  parliament  for  Poole,  in 


Dorsetshire  ;  and  his  parliamentary  conduct 
was  marked  by  an  honourable  and  earnest 
support  of  every  measure  tending  to  increase 
the  prosperity  and  maintain  the  freedom  of 
his  fellow  subjects.  But  his  public  career 
was  stopped  by  the  delicacy  of  his  health  ; 
and  from  the  year  16S)8  he  chiefly  resided 
abroad,  devoting  himself  to  study,  and  cor- 
responding with  Bayle,  T^  Clerc,  and  other 
eminent  literati.  lie  was  the  author  of 
various  works,  the  principal  one  of  which  is 
entitled  "  Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners, 
Opinions,  and  Times  ; "  but  though  lively 
and  elegant,  they  are  all  tinged  with  a  degree 
of  indecorous  levity.  As  a  man,  however, 
both  in  his  public  and  private  life,  he  was 
beloved  and  respected  by  all  parties.  Died, 
1713. 

COOPER,  Sir  Astley  Paston,  bart.,  a 
surgeon  of  distinguished  celebrity,  was  born 
at  Brooke,  in  Norfolk,  in  1768.  He  was 
placed  with  a  medical  gentleman  at  Yar- 
mouth, in  1782,  but  was  soon  removed  to 
London,  in  order  to  attend  the  hospitals,  and 
was  articled  to  his  uncle,  W.  Cooper,  Esq., 
then  surgeon  to  Guy's  Hospital.  With  him, 
however,  he  remained  but  a  few  months, 
being  transferred  to  Mr.  Cline,  in  which 
situation  his  extraordinary  aptitude  for  his 
profession  quickly  developed  itself.  In  his 
twentieth  year  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  but 
quickly  returned  to  Tx)ndon,and  took  up  his 
abode  with  Mr.  Cline,  his  former  instructor, 
who  found  him  so  able  a  coadjutor,  in  his 
situation  of  demonstrator  to  the  students,  as 
to  assign  him  a  share  in  his  anatomical  lec- 
tures also.  In  this  prominent  position  he 
outshone  all  who  had  preceded  him  as  a 
popular  teacher.  His  class  of  students  in- 
creased from  .50  to  400,  which  was  the  largest 
ever  known  in  London.  "  He  was,"  says 
Mr.  Pettigrew,  "  the  idol  of  the  Borough 
school ;  the  pupils  followed  him  in  troops, 
listening  with  almost  breathless  anxiety  to 
catch  the  observations  wliich  fell  from  his 
lips  upon  the  several  cases  presented  to  his 
view.  But  on  the  days  of  operation,  this 
feeling  was  wound  up  to  the  highest  pitch 
—  the  sight  was  altogether  deeply  interest- 
ing ;  the  large  theatre  of  Guy's  crowded  to 
the  ceiling — the  profound  silence  obtained 
upon  his  entry  —  that  person  so  manly  and 
truly  imposing,  and  the  awful  feeling  con- 
nected with  the  occasion,  can  never  be  for- 
gotten by  any  of  his  pupils."  In  1792  he 
visited  Paris,  and  attended  the  lectures  of 
Desault  and  Chopart ;  and  on  his  return  he 
took  up  his  resideuce  in  the  city,  first  in 
Jeffery  Square,  and  afterwards  in  Broad 
Street.  Kis  practice  had  now  become  im- 
mense ;  and,  long  before  he  removed  to 
New  Street,  Spring  Gardens,  he  was  de- 
cidedly affluent :  while  there  he  for  many 
years  realised  from  18,000?.  to  20,000?.  per 
annum.  Satisfied  with  the  acquisition  of  a 
splendid  fortune,  and  a  reputation  for  ana- 
tomical and  surgical  skill  never  surpassed. 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  some  years  before  his 
death  retired  for  a  time  to  the  country  ;  but 
he  found  that  a  life  of  quiescence  and  re- 
tirement would  not  suit  his  active  mind,  and 
he  returned  to  London,  once  more  to  resume 
his  professional  avocations.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  immensity  of  his  surgical  operations, 


coo] 


^  l^eb)  CIntbcrM  SJtffgrajpIji), 


[cor 


and  the  time  he  devoted  to  aiiatomical  and 
physiological  inquiries,  he  still  found  time 
to  publish  several  works  of  great  utility  ;  but 
his  imperishable  fame  rests  mainly  upon  his 
accurate  anatomical  knowledge,  and  the  ex- 
traordinary facility  with  which  he  performed 
the  most  difficult  operations.  The  honour 
of  a  baronetcy  was  conferred  on  him  at  the 
coronation  of  George  IV.,  to  whom  he  had 
been  appointed  surgeon.  Died  Feb.  12.  1841, 
aged  72. 

COOPER,  John-  GiLBEnr,  a  clever  English 
writer  ;  author  of "  The  Tower  of  Harmony," 
a  poem  i  "  The  Life  of  Socrates,"  "Letters  on 
Taste,"  "The  Tomb  of  Shakspeare,"  &c. 
Died,  1769. 

COOPER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English 
painter,  whose  excellence  in  miniature  paint- 
ing gained  him  the  name  of  the  Miniature 
Vandyke.  One  of  his  best  works  is  his  por- 
trait of  Oliver  Cromwell.    Died,  1C72. 

COOPER,  Samuel,  an  American  clergy- 
man, distinguished  both  as  a  preacher  and 
a  patriot.  He  was  among  the  foremost  in 
opposing  Great  Britain  in  her  dispute  with 
the  colonies,  and  wrote  many  political  tracts; 
and  he  was  also  an  eminent  critic  and  theo- 
logian.    Born,  172.5  ;  died.  182^3. 

COOPER,  Thomas,  D.D.,  bishop  of  Win- 
ch<rster ;  author  of  "  An  Ei)itome  of  the 
Chronicles,"  "  An  Exposition  of  the  Sun- 
day Lessons,"  "  Thesaurus  Lingua;  Romanae 
et  BritannicsB,  et  Dictionarium  Historicum 
et  Poeticum,"  &c.  He  was  a  very  learned 
and  zealous  prelate,  and  much  favoured  by 
queen  Elizabeth.    Died,  1.194. 

COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  distinguished  mili- 
tary officer.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  in 
172«,  and  as  early  as  the  rebellion  of  1745 
bore  arms  in  the  king's  service.  His  regi- 
ment being  ordered  to  the  East  Indies  in 
17.')4,  he  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the 
siegesofllaughlej-,  Chandernogore,  andPon- 
dicherry,  and  at  the  battle  of  Plassey,|&c. 
In  1780,  Hyder  Ally  having  invaded  the 
Camatic,  Sir  Eyre  Coote,  with  a  vastly  in- 
ferior force,  arrested  his  progress,  and  in 
various  encounters  signally  defeated  liim. 
He  died  at  Madras,  in  1783. 

COPERNICUS,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated 
mathematician  and  astronomer.  He  was  a 
native  of  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  and  received 
his  education  at  the  university  of  Cracow. 
He  then  travelled  into  Italy,  and  became  a 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  his  native  country,  his  uncle,  the 
bishop  of  Warmia,  gave  him  a  canonry  ; 
and  being  thus  at  ease  as  to  fortune,  he 
diligently  laboured  to  improve  the  science 
of  astronomy  ;  and  the  fruits  of  his  re- 
searches appeared  in  his  Latin  treatise 
"  On  the  Revolutions  of  the  Celestial  Orbs," 
in  which  he  represented  the  sun  as  occupy- 
ing a  centre  round  which  the  earth  and  the 
other  planets  revolve.  Aware  that  bigotry 
would  probably  assail  him,  he  says,  in  his 
prefatory  address  to  the  pope  —  "  If  there  be 
any  who,  though  ignorant  of  mathematics, 
shall  presume  to  judge  concerning  them, 
and  dare  to  condemn  tliis  treatise  because 
they  fancy  it  is  inconsistent  with  some 
passages  of  Scripture,  the  sense  of  which 
they  have  miserably  perverted,  I  regard 
them  not,  but  despise  their  rash  censure." 


In  fact  his  great  work  remained  in  MS. 
some  years  after  he  had  completed  it,  so 
I  diffident  was  he  as  to  the  reception  it  might 
meet  with  ;  and  it  Mas  only  a  few  hours 
before  his  death  that  a  printed  copy  was 
presented  to  him,  giving  him  assurance 
that  his  opinions  would  see  the  light,  though 
he  would  be  beyond  the  reach  of  censure  and 
persecution.     Born,  147;5 ;  died,  1.54.3. 

COPI>ESTON,  RiglitRev.  EnwAitn,  bishop 
of  Llandaft',  and  dean  of  St.  Patil's,  was  bom 
at  Ott'well  in  Devonshire,  of  which  parish  his 
father  was  at  once  the  patron  and  incum- 
bent, 1770.  His  early  education  was  con- 
ducted under  the  paternal  roof.  AVhen  he 
was  15  years  old,  he  was  elected  to  a  scholar- 
ship at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  In 
1793  he  gained  the  chancellor's  prize  for  a 
Latin  poem  ;  and  in  1795  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Oriel  under  the  most  lionourable 
circumstances,  became  college  tutor  2  years 
later,  and  after  filling  various  higher  offices 
connected  with  the  university,  he  exchanged 
his  professorial  career  for  the  honours  of  the 
church,  being  in  1826  appointed  dean  of 
Chester,  and  in  1827  bishop  of  Llandaff  and 
dean  of  St.  Paul's.  At  an  early  period  of  his 
life,  Dr.  Copleston  gained  great  distinction 
by  his  polemical  pamphlets  in  favour  of  the 
university  ;  and  besides  contributing  various 
articles  to  the  Quarterly  Review,  gave  to 
the  world  numerous  sermons  and  charges, 
all  of  them  distinguished  by  vigour,  clear- 
ness, and  precision  of  thought.    Died,  1849. 

COPLEY,  John  Sixoleto.v,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  bom  at  Boston,  in  the  United 
States,  in  1738;  visited  Italy  in  1774;  and 
in  1776  came  to  England,  and  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy.  As  an 
artist  he  was  self-educated,  and  had  exe- 
cuted many  works  of  merit  l)efore  he  left 
America  ;  but  his  "  Death  of  I-ord  Chat- 
ham "  established  his  fame  in  this  country. 
Many  other  fine  historical  subjects  were 
subsequently  produced  by  him,  among 
which  were  "  The  Siege  of  Gibraltar," 
"Death  of  Major  Plerson,"  "Charles  I. 
in  the  House  of  Commons,"  &c.  He  died 
in  1815.  Mr.  Copley  was  the  father  of  Lord 
Lyndhurst,  late  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
and  since  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer. 

CORAM,  Thomas,  a  man  who  deserves 
the  gratitude  of  his  country  for  devoting  a 
long  life  to  the  cause  of  philanthropy. 
After  great  sacrifices,  and  persevering  ex- 
ertions for  years,  he  established  and  obtained 
a  charter  for  the  Foundling  Hospital,  which, 
added  to  other  benevolent  undertakings,  so 
impaired  his  fortune,  that  in  his  old  age  it 
became  necessary  to  relieve  his  necessities 
by  a  public  subscription.    Died,  1751. 

CORBET,  RiCHAKD,  D.D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  a  poet ;  author  of  a  spirited 
"  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  France,"  and 
of  various  other  poems,  published  under 
the  title  of  "  Poetica  Stromata."  He  was 
remarkable  for  wit,  and  no  less  so  for  an 
eccentricity  and  mirthful  jocularity,  which 
did  not  very  well  accord  with  the  character 
of  his  profession.  It  did  not,  however,  pre- 
vent him  from  being  raised,  successively,  to 
the  bishoprics  of  Oxford  and  Norwich.  Bom, 
1582  ;  died,  1635. 

CORDARA,  Julius   Ccsab,  an   Italian 


cor] 


^  ^eto  Winiiitr^aX  28togvapi^s. 


[cor 


Jesuit ;  author  of  an  able  work,  entitled, 
"  Historia  Societatis  Jesu,"  &c.  Died,  1784. 
CORDAY  D'ARMANS,  Marie  Anne 
Charlotte,  a  female  of  great  beauty  and 
courage,  who,  in  revenge  for  the  death  of  her 
lover,  an  officer  in  the  garrison  of  Caen, 
j  became  the  murderer  of  Marat,  a  wretch 
more  execrable  for  his  sanguinary  fury  than 
any  of  his  infamous  compeers.  This  mon- 
ster had  denounced  her  lover  as  an  enemy 
of  the  French  republic,  and  caused  his  as- 
sassination ;  and  slie  determined  to  rid  the 
country  of  one  whose  enormities  had  risen 
to  such  a  height,  that  he  was  everywliere 
regarded  as  the  head  of  that  class  so  em- 
phatically called  buveurs  de  sang  (the 
drinkers  of  blood).  That  she  was  actuated 
by  a  sense  of  duty,  and  felt  that  she  was 
about  to  perform  an  act  of  patriotic  hero- 
ism, there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt ;  and 
as  the  circumstances  attending  it  possess 
more  than  ordinary  interest,  the  following 
detailed  account  will  perhaps  be  here  ad- 
missible, although  our  limits  generally  for- 
bid the  insertion  of  so  long  a  narrative.  In- 
spired with  a  deep-rooted  hatred  against 
Marat,  Charlotte  Corday  left  her  liome, 
and  on  arriving  at  Paris  (July  12.  1793),  she 
went  to  liis  liouse,  but  was  not  admitted. 
On  tlie  same  evening  she  wrote  to  him  as 
follows  : — "  Citizen,  I  have  just  now  come 
from  Caen.  Your  love  for  your  country  no 
doubt  makes  you  desirous  of  being  in- 
formed of  the  unliappy  transactions  in  tliat 
part  of  the  republic.  Grant  me  an  inter- 
view for  a  moment.  I  liave  important  dis- 
coveries to  make  to  you."  Tlie  following 
day  came,  and,  with  a  dagger  in  her  bo- 
som, she  proceeded  to  the  house  of  Marat, 
who,  just  on  the  point  of  coming  out  of  his 
bath,  immediately  gave  orders  that  she 
should  be  admitted.  The  assemblies  at  Cal- 
vados were  the  first  subjects  of  conversation, 
and  Marat  heard  with  eagerness  tlie  naniea 
of  those  who  were  present  at  them.  "  All 
these,"  he  exclaimed,  "  shall  be  guillotined." 
At  these  words  Charlotte  plunged  lier  dagger 
into  his  bosom,  and  lie  instantly  expired, 
uttering  the  words,  "  To  me,  my  friend  !  " 
Meanwhile  the  maid  remained  calm  and 
tranquil  as  the  priestess  before  the  altar,  in 
the  midst  of  the  tumult  and  confusion.  Slie 
was  afterwards  conducted  as  a  prisoner  to 
the  Abbaye.  A  young  man,  who  begged  to 
die  in  her  place,  was  also  condemned  to 
death.  Her  first  care  was  to  implore  the 
forgiveness  of  her  father  for  disposing  of  her 
life  without  his  knowledge.  She  then  wrote 
to  Barbaroux  as  follows  :  "  To-morrow,  at 
5  o'clock,  my  trial  begins,  and  on  the  same 
day  I  hope  to  meet  with  Brutus  and  the 
other  patriots  in  elysium."  She  appeared 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal  with  a 
Signified  air,  and  her  replies  were  firm  and 
noble.  She  spoke  of  her  deed  as  a  duty 
which  she  owed  lier  country.  Her  defender 
(Chaveau  Lagarde),  full  of  astonishment  at 
such  courage,  cried  out, "  You  hear  the  ac- 
cused herself  I  She  confesses  her  crime  ; 
she  admits  that  she  has  coolly  reflected  upon 
it ;  she  conceals  no  circumstance  of  it ;  and 
she  wishes  for  no  defence.  This  unshaken 
calmness,  this  total  abandonment  of  herself, 
these  appearances  of  the    utmost   internal 

210 


tranquillity,  are  not  natural !  Such  appear- 
ances are  not  to  be  explained  only  by  that 
political  fanaticism,  which  armed  her  hand 
with  the  dagger.  To  you  then,  gentlemen 
of  the  jury,  it  belongs  to  judge  of  what 
weight  this  moral  view  may  be  in  the  scale 
of  justice  1  "  His  words  could  make  no  im- 
pression on  the  minds  of  the  judges.  She 
was  condemned,  and  led  to  the  scaffold ; 
retaining  her  calmness  and  presence  of  mind 
to  the  last,  though  pursued  by  the  crowd 
with  yells  and  shouts  of  execration.  She 
was  born  at  St.  Saturnin,  near  Seez,  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1768  ;  and  suffered  by  the  guillotine, 
July  17.  1703. 

CORDIER,  Mathhrix,  an  eminent  pro- 
fessor at  Taris  in  the  16th  century,  better 
known  by  liis  Latin  name,  Cordekius  ; 
author  of  the  "Colloquies"  so  much  used 
in  the  education  of  youth,  and  various  other 
works.    Died,  1,564. 

CORDLNER,  Charles,  an  antiquarian 
and  topographical  writer,  was  born  at  Peter- 
head in  1746.  He  completed  his  education 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  and  was  soon 
after  admitted  to  the  order  of  priesthood  by 
Dr.  Traill  of  Down  and  Connor.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  to  the  charge  of  St. 
Andrew's  Episcopal  Chapel,  Banff.  Mr. 
Cordiner  was  the  first  of  the  clergy  of  English 
ordination  who  united  with  the  Scottish 
Episcopal  Church  after  the  abrogation  of 
tlie  very  remarkable  and  severe  penal  laws 
passed  in  the  reign  of  George  II.,  and  abo- 
lished under  the  more  paternal  government 
of  George  III.  He  early  displaj-ed  a  taste 
for  drawing  and  painting,  which  he  culti- 
vated afterwards  as  an  amusement  for  his 
leisure  liours ;  and,  during  his  residence  at 
Banff,  he  designed  the  paintings  of  the  win- 
dows of  the  mausoleum  of  Duff  House  for 
the  Earl  of  Fife.  He  was  also  devotedly 
attached  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  more 
especially  those  of  the  northern  parts  of 
Scotland.  He  was  introduced  to  Mr.  Pen- 
nant, when  on  his  tour  througli  Scotland, 
and  at  his  suggestion  he  was  induced  to 
write  "The  Picturesque  Scenery  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  North  of  Scotland,"  1780, 
London,  1  vol.  4to ;  in  a  series  of  letters 
to  Mr.  Pennant,  being  a  continuation  or 
supplement  of  such  places  in  the  north  of 
Scotland  which  had  not  been  visited  by  that 
gentleman  in  the  course  of  his  tour.  The 
engravings  which  accompany  this  work  are 
from  designs  by  Mr.  Cordiner,  and  are  much 
admired  for  their  accuracv.  He  died  at 
Banff,  19th  November,  1794,"  aged  48. 

CORDOVA,  Jose  M.,  general  in  chief  of 
the  auxiliary  Colombian  army  in  Bolivia, 
who  repeatedly  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery,  and  was  for  a  long  time  the  faith- 
ful adherent  of  Bolivar  ;  but  he  set  up  the 
standard  of  revolt  in  Antioquia,  where  he 
was  attacked  by  General  O'Leary,  and  slain, 
Nov.  17. 1829. 

CORELLI,  Archangelo,  a  Bolognese 
musician  and  composer.  His  fame  chiefly 
rests  upon  his  solos,  which  are  considered 
a  complete  standard  work  for  forming  the 
hand  of  young  violinists.     Died,  1713. 

CORIATE,  or  CORYATE,  Thomas,  an 
English  traveller  and  writer.  For  a  consi- 
derable time  he    held  a  situation    in    the 


cob] 


^  ^ctD  SantfatriSal  3Bidfitajj!)s. 


[cor 


1  household  of  Prince  Henry,  son  of  James  I., 
I  and  was  so  remarkable  for  oddity  and  ec- 
:  centricity,  that,  as  Anthoiiy  Wood  remarks, 
!  "  he  was  the  whetstone  for  all  tlie  wits  of 
I  tlie  age."    In  1(508  he  commenced  a  pedes- 
I  trian  tour  of  Europe  ;   and  having  walked 
j  '900  miles  with  one  pair  of  shoesi,  he  hung 
I  them  up,  on  his  return,  in  the  parish  church 
I  of  his  native  place,  Odcombe,  in  Somerset- 
I  shire.    This  eccentric  traveller,  who  is  said 
j  to  have  introduced  into  England  the  use  of 
;  table    forks,    published    "  Crudities  hastily 
gobbled  up  in  Five  Months'  Travel  in  France, 
',  Savoy,  Italy,  Rhetia,   Helvetia,  Germany, 
I  and  the  Netherlands ; "  "  Coriate's  Crambe, 
I  or  his  Colewort  twice  Sodden,"  "Traveller 
j  for  the  English  Wits,"  and  "  A  I-etter  from 
!  the  Court  of  the  Great  Mogul."     He  died 
j  while  travelling  in  the  East  Indies,  in  1617. 
I      CORILLA,  Maria  Marelina  Fernax- 
'  PEZ,  a  celebrated  improvisatrice.    Her  abi- 
lities, both  as  a  poetess    and    a  musician, 
were  very  great,  and   so   versatile,  that  a 
mere  enumeration  of  the  subjects  upon  which 
ehe  could  extemporise  would  demand  more 
space  than  we  can  afford.      She  became  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  the  Arcadi  at 
Rome,  and  was  solemnly  crowned  at  the 
accession  of  Pius  VI.    She  was  married  to  a 
signor  Morelli,  of  Leghorn  ;  but  her  conduct 
after  marriage  was  very  unwortliy  of  her 
great  genius.    Died,  1800. 

CORINNA,  a  celebrated  poetess,  to  whom 
the  Greeks  gave  the  appellation  of  the  Lyric 
Muse.  She  composed  a  great  number  of 
poems,  of  which  only  a  few  fragments  have 
come  down  to  us ;  and  five  times  obtained 
the  poetic  wreath  from  her  great  competitor, 
Pindar.  She  flourished  in  the  5th  century 
B.C.,  and  a  tomb  was  erected  to  her  memory 
in  her  native  city,  Tanagra,  in  Bccotia. 

CORIOLANUS,  Caius  Marcjus,  was  a 
descendant  of  the  patrician  family  of  the 
Marcii,  and  was  from  an  early  age  distin- 
guished for  the  courage  and  pride  so  much 
prized  by  the  Romans.  In  a  war  with  the 
Volscians,  the  Romans  besieging  Corioli, 
the  capital  of  the  Volscians,  were  driven 
back  to  their  lines.  Marcius  rallied  his 
countrymen,  pursued  the  enemy,  and  pos- 
sessed liimself  of  Corioli ;  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  with  a  large  share  of  the  spoil, 
and  with  the  surname  of  Coriolanus.  Sub- 
sequently, in  disputes  which  took  place  be- 
tween the  patricians  and  plebeians,  Corio- 
lanus made  himself  so  obnoxious  to  the 
latter,  that  he  was  banished.  Stung  by  the 
ingratitude  of  his  countrymen,  he  joined  the 
Volscians,  and,  jointly  with  TuUus  Aufidius, 
led  a  numerous  army  against  Rome.  He 
had  encamped  within  five  miles  of  the  city, 
and  its  ruin  seemed  inevitable,  when,  at 
tlie  urgent  entreaties  of  his  mother,  he  with- 
drew his  army.  It  is  generally  supposed 
that,  in  a  tumult  of  the  enraged  Volscians, 
he  was  assassinated  as  a  traitor  to  their 
cause  ;  but  the  historian  Fabius  affirms  that 
he  lived  many  years  after  this  event,  b.  c. 
448. 

CORNARO,  LcDovico,  a  Venetian  noble, 
whose  precepts  derive  great  force  from  the 

food  result  of  his  own    practice  of  them, 
[aving  greatly  injured  his  health  by  too 
free    indulgence    in    the    pleasures    of    the 


table,  he  had  the  resolution  entirely  to 
abandon  that  indulgence,  and  to  restrict 
himself  to  12  ounces  of  food  aud  14  ounces  of 
wine  in  the  24  hours.  Having  by  this  re- 
gimen restored  himself  to  health,  he  wrote 
various  treatises  recommendatory  of  the 
system  from  which  he  had  derived  so  much 
benefit.  Besides  these,  which  are  collected 
under  the  title  of  "  Discorsi  della  Vita 
Sobria,"  he  wrote  "  Trattato  delle  Acque." 
He  commenced  his  dietary  rule  when  he 
was  40,  and  died  at  the  great  age  of  104,  in 
1566. 

CORNEILLE,  Pierre,  the  greatest  of 
the  French  dramatic  poets.  He  was  bom 
at  Rouen  in  1606,  and  for  some  time  prac- 
tised in  that  city  as  an  advocate.  His  first 
dramatic  performance  was  "  M^lite,"  a 
comedy,  which  met  with  such  distinguished 
success,  that  he  was  encouraged  to  devote 
his  rare  powers  to  the  drama.  The  tragedies 
of  "  Medea,"  "  The  Cid."  "  The  Horatii," 
and  "  Cinna,"  followed,  and  established  for 
their  author  a  pre-eminent  station  among 
French  dramatists.  Besides  the  foregoing, 
he  wrote  many  other  tragedies ;  and  trans- 
lated Thomas  A  Kempis,  "  On  the  Imitation 
of  Jesus  Christ."  It  is  melancholy  to  reflect 
that  the  great  Corneille,  who  had  achieved 
fame  equally  for  himself  ami  his  country's 
literature,  ended  his  days  in  po^-erty  and 
distress.    Died,  1684. 

CORNEILLE,  Thomas,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  and  also  a  fertile  and  successful 
dramatist,  was  born  in  1625.  Several  of  his 
tragedies  are  admirable  ;  in  fact,  there  seems 
to  be  a  good  deal  of  truth  in  Voltaire's  asser- 
tion, that  Thomas  Corneille  would  have  had 
a  great  reputation,  if  he  had  not  had  a  great 
brother.  Besides  dramatic  works,  he  wrote 
a  **  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences,"  a  "  Geo- 
graphical and  Historical  Dictionary,"  and 
a  translation  of  the  Metamorphoses  of  Ovid. 
Died,  1708. 

CORNELIA,  an  illustrious  Roman  lady. 
She  was  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus,  wife 
of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  mo- 
ther of  the  two  famous  tribunes.  She  was 
of  a  grave  and  dignified  deportment,  and 
possessed  so  great  a  control  over  her  feelings, 
that  when  a  friend  condoled  with  her  on  the 
death  of  her  sons,  she  replied,  "  The  woman 
who  had  the  Gracchi  for  sons  cannot  be  con- 
sidered unfortunate."  Her  literary  talents 
must  have  been  considerable,  as  Cicero  very 
highly  commends  some  of  her  epistles.  She 
flourished  in  the  second  century  b.c,  and 
after  her  death  the  Romans  erected  a  statue 
to  her  memory,  bearing  the  inscription,  "  To 
Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi." 

CORNELISZ,  or  CORNELIUS,  Lucas,  a 
Dutch  painter,  who  came  to  England,  and 
was  much  employed  by  Henry  VIII.,  who 
appointed  him  his  painter. 

CORNWALLIS,  Sir  Charles,  an  able 
English  statesman.  He  was  sent  to  Spain 
as  ambassador  from  James  I.,  and  was  trea- 
surer to  that  king's  son,  Prince  Henry.  Died, 
1630. 

CORNWALLIS,  Charles,  Marquis  of, 
son  of  the  first  Earl  Cornwallis,  was  born 
in  1738,  and  entered  the  army  as  soon  as  he 
had  completed  his  education  at  Cambridge. 
In  America  he  acted  a  conspicuous  part. 


cor] 


^  ^tia  ^nihtxSaX  28iOflrapIjj|. 


[cos 


and  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Brandywine,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Charlestown.  After  gaining  the  important 
battles  of  Camden  and  Guildford  he  deter- 
mined to  invade  Virginia ;  but  his  plans 
failing,  and  owing,  as  he  affirmed,  to  the 
inefficient  conduct  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
upon  ■whom  he  had  relied  for  support,  he 
and  his  army  were  made  prisoners.  In  1786 
he  was  made  governor-general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief in  India.  The  government 
of  Bengal  found  it  necessary  to  uphold  the 
rajah  of  Travancore  against  the  sultan  of 
the  Mysore,  and  the  first  campaign  being 
unsuccessful,  in  1791  he  invaded  the  Mysore, 
besieged  Seringapatam,  and  compelled  Tip- 
poo  Sahib  to  submit  to  the  humiliating  terms 
imposed  on  him  by  his  conqueror.  Having 
performed  this  important  service.  Lord  Corn- 
wallis  returned  to  England,  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  marquis,  and  made  master-general 
of  the  ordnance.  In  1798  he  was  sent  to 
Ireland  as  lord  lieutenant ;  and  in  the  trying 
and  terrible  scenes  of  the  rebellion  so  con- 
ducted himself  as  to  gain  the  good  opinion 
of  the  public,  while  vigorously  upholding  and 
vindicating  the  laws.  In  1801  his  lord-lieu- 
tenancy expired,  and  he  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  France,  where,  in  1802,  he  signed  the  peace 
of  Amiens.  In  1804,  he  was  a  second  time 
appointed  governor-general  of  India  ;  but 
his  arduous  services  had  now  completely 
worn  out  his  frame,  and  he  died,  soon  after 
his  arrival  in  India,  at  Ghazepore,  in  the 
province  of  Benares,  in  1805. 

CORONELLI,  ViNCXNT,  a  Venetian  eccle- 
siastic, and  a  professor  of  geography  and 
roathematics.  He  was  the  author  of  a  very 
extensive  atlas,  and  the  founder  of  the  geo- 
graphical society  at  Venice,    Died,  1718. 

CORREA  DA  SERRA,  JosEnt  Fraxcis, 
a  botanist,  and  the  founder  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Lisbon,  was  born  at  Serra,  Por- 
tugal, in  1750.  Having  gone  to  France  just 
previous  to  the  revolution,  and  been  intimate 
with  Broussouet,  the  naturalist,  he  was 
charged  with  being  a  Jacobin  and  freemason, 
and  compelled  to  fly  his  country,  in  order  to 
escape  from  the  fangs  of  the  Inquisition,  In 
181(5  he  was  sent  to  the  United  States  as 
Portuguese  envoy  ;  re-called  in  1819,  to  be  a 
member  of  finance  ;  and  died  in  1823, 

CORREGGIO,  AsTONio  Allegri  da,  a 
painter  of  transcendant  ability,  was  bom  in 
14»t,  at  Correggio,  in  the  duchy  of  Modena. 
He  is  the  founder  of  the  Lombard  School, 
and  unrivalled  by  all  competitors  for  the 
grace  and  loveliness  of  his  figures,  and  the 
exquisite  harmony  of  his  colouring.  An 
absurd  story,  since  disproved,  was  long  cur- 
rent illustrative  of  his  poverty,  and  the  ill 
usage  he  met  with  from  the  ecclesiastics  of 
Parma,  for  the  cathedral  of  Which  city  he 
painted  the  "  Assumption  of  the  Virgin," 
and  other  noted  pictures.    Died,  1534. 

CORRI,  DoMENico,  an  Italian  musician 
and  composer.  Having  settled  in  England 
he  produced  '•  The  Travellers,  or  Music's 
Fascination."  He  also  published  a  variety 
of  songs  and  other  compositions,  but  his  re- 
putation is  chiefly  founded  upon  "  The  Tra- 
vellers."   Died,  1825. 

CORSLNI,  Edward,  an  Italian  monk,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  metaphysics  at  Pisa  ; 


2J2 


author  of  "  Philosophical  and  Mathematical 
Institutions,"  in  six  volumes  ;  "  Elementary 
Geometry,"  several  classical  works,  "  A 
History  of  the  University  of  Pisa,"  &c.  Died, 
1765. 

CORTEZ,  or  CORTES,  Ferkattdo,  the 
conqueror  of  Mexico,  was  born,  in  1485,  at 
Medelin,  in  Estremadura,  and,  after  studying 
the  law,  quitted  it  for  the  military  profession. 
In  1511  he  went  with  Velasquez  to  Cuba  ; 
and  the  conquest  of  Mexico  being  determined 
upon,  Cortez  obtained  the  command  of  the 
expedition  for  that  purpose.  In  1518  he  set 
sail  with  700  men  in  10  vessels  ;  and  on  land- 
ing at  Tabasco  he  caused  his  vessels  to  be 
burned,  in  order  that  his  soldiers  might  have 
no  other  resource  than  their  own  valour. 
Having  conquered  the  Tlascalans,  and  in- 
duced them  to  become  his  allies,  he  marched 
towards  Mexico,  where  he  was  amicably  re- 
ceived ;  but  having  seized  upon  their  inca, 
Montezuma,  and  treated  the  people  with  the 
utmost  insolence,  the  Mexicans  first  mur- 
mured, and  then  resisted.  Cortez  besieged 
the  city  of  Mexico  ;  and  in  the  desperate 
strnggle  which  ensued,  it  is  said  that  upwards 
of  100,000  of  the  faithful  and  unfortunate 
Mexicans  were  killed  or  perished  by  famine. 
Having  reduced  the  devoted  city,  Cortez 
completely  overran  the  ^Mexican  territories  ; 
in  doing  which  he  committed  atrocities 
which  would  be  incredible  if  related  on  any 
less  irrefragable  testimonies  than  those  which 
compel  our  belief.  In  reward  for  the  addi- 
tion he  bad  made  to  the  wealth  of  Spain,  he 
had  a  grant  of  land  and  the  title  of  marquis  ; 
but  on  returning  he  found  that  the  court  of 
Madrid  were  become  jealous  of  his  power, 
and  treated  him  with  cold  neglect.  Died, 
1554. 

CORTONA,  PiETRODA,  properly  Pietro 
Berrettini.  an  Italian  painter.    He  was 
a  native  ofCortona,  in  Tuscany,  and  at  an 
early  age  was  placed  under  the  tuition  of  ! 
Baccio  Ciarpi   at    Rome.      The    Barberini  I 
palace,  the  new  works  at  the  Vatican,  and 
many  of  the  churches  of  Rome,  were  deco-  | 
rated  by  him  ;  and  at  Florence  he  adorned  i 
the  Pitti  palace  for  the  Grand-duke  Ferdi- 
nand II.    In  addition  to  being  an  eminent 
painter,  he  was  almost  equally  eminent  as 
an  architect.    Died,  1669. 

CORVISART,  JoHir  Nicholas,  an  emi- 
nent French  physician,  was  born  in  1755. 
He  was  intended  for  the  law,  but  his  pre- 
dilection for  medical  science  induced  his 
friends  to  change  his  destination.  He  was 
chief  physician  to  Napoleon,  who  made 
him  a  baron,  and  an  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honour.  Nor  was  his  great  merit  over- 
looked by  the  Bourbons,  the  place  of  ho- 
norary member  of  the  royal  academy  of 
medicine  being  conferred  on  him  a  short 
time  previous  to  his  death,  which  happened 
in  1821 .  He  was  the  author  of  some  valuable 
medical  books,  and  translated  others. 

C08IN,  JoHJf,  a  learned,  pious,  and  cha- 
ritable prelate,  was  born  at  Norwich,  in  1594, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge.  In  1640  he  was 
made  dean  of  Peterborough  ;  but  the  Puri- 
tans deprived  him  of  his  preferments,  and 
even  went  the  length  of  impeaching  him  on 
a  charge  of  being  inclined  to  popery.  On 
this  he  retired  to  France,  where  he  remained 


cos] 


^  lieto  ^nCticriSal  3Bt0(irajplb!?» 


[cot 


until  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  who 
raised  him  to  the  see  of  Durham,  Among 
his  writings  are  "A  History  of  Transub- 
stantiation  "  and  "  A  Scholastical  History 
of  the  Canon  of  the  Holy  Scriptures."  Died, 
1672. 

COSMAS,  sumamed  Indicopleustes,  a 
celebrated  merchant  of  Alexandria,  living 
in  the  6th  century ;  who,  after  making  a 
voyage  to  India,  and  writing  sereral  books 
on  cosmography,  quitted  commerce  and 
became  a  monk. 

COSMO  I.,  grand-duke  of  Tuscany,  bom 
in  1519,  was  the  son  of  John  de  Medici ;  and 
on  the  assassination  of  Alexander,  chief  of 
the  house  of  Medici,  was  elected  head  of  the 
republic  of  Florence,  though  strenuously 
opposed  by  a  party  who  favoured  the  Floren- 
tine exiles.  Several  attempts  were  made  to 
shake  the  power  of  Cosmo,  but  he  succeeded 
in  defeating  them  ;  and  it  was  probably  in 
order  to  secure  himself  able  and  rcalous 
defenders  in  case  of  open  revolt,  that  he 
instituted  the  military  order  of  the  Knights 
of  St.  Stephen.  He  restored  tlic  university 
of  Pisa,  and  held  out  tl»e  most  liberal  en- 
couragement to  men  of  scientific  and  literary 
eminence  to  settle  there  as  professors.  He 
also  founded  tl»e  academy  of  Florence, 
established  its  gallery  of  paintings,  and  per- 
formed many  other  wise  and  honourable 
actions  ;  thus  procuring  himself  a  celebrity 
«nd  influence  which  probal)ly  he  would  in 
vain  have  sought  by  the  more  dazzling,  but 
infinitely  less  useful,  achievements  of  the 
warrior.  After  a  prosiierous  reign  of  34 
years,  lie  died  in  1.574. 

COSTA,  Emanx^el  Mkndez  da,  a  learned 
naturalist,  foreign  secretary  to  the  Royal 
Society  ;  author  of  "  A  Natural  History  of 
Fossils, "  "  Elements  of  Conchology,"  and 
of  various  useful  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions. 

COSTA  FURTADO  DE  MENDOCA, 
HiPPOLYTO  Joseph  da,  a  Portuguese  gen- 
tleman of  sdentiflc  and  literary  attainments, 
who,  being  charged  with  freemasonry,  woa 
thrown  into  the  prison  of  the  Inquisition  at 
Lisbon.  Here  he  was  repeatedly  examined. 
And  his  answers  not  being  satisfactory  to  his 
persecutors,  he  was  remanded  to  his  dungeon, 
with  little  prospect  that  his  sufleriiigs  would 
terminate  otherwise  than  in  death.  By  one 
of  those  fortunate  accidents  which  some- 
times make  "  truth  stranger  than  fiction," 
his  cell  was  left  open,  and  he  was  enabled 
to  possess  himself  of  a  bunch  of  keys  which 
opened  every  lot-.k  that  was  between  him 
and  liberty.  Having  taken  these  keys,  and 
a,  book  which  lay  beside  them,  he  made  his 
escape  ;  and  after  lying  hidden  several  weeks 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  his  late 
dungeon,  he  found  means  to  embark  for 
England.  The  book  which  he  brought  from 
ills  prison  contained,  iater  alia,  notes  of  his 
examinations  before  the  inquisitors ;  and 
soon  after  his  arrival  he  published  a  nar- 
rative of  the  persecutions  he  had  under- 
gone, the  aecount  of  his  examinations  being 
taken  from  the  official  document  of  which 
lie  had  thus  oddly  become  possessed.  His 
talents,  and  the  interest  excited  by  his  ad- 
ventures, obtained  him  considerable  notice, 
aad  he  became    foreign    secretary  to    tlie 


Duke  of  Sussex,  and  charge  d'affaires  in  this 
country  for  the  Brazilian  government.  Died, 
1824. 

COSTANZA,  Angelo  di,  a  Neapolitan 
poet,  of  noble  birth  ;  author  of  sonnets  and 
other  poems,  and  of  "  Istoria  del  Regno  di 
Napoli,"  containing  the  history  of  Naples 
from  12.'»  to  1489.    Died,  1591. 

COSTARD,  George,  a  learned  English 
divine  ;  author  of  "  Letters  on  the  Astrono- 
my of  the  Ancients,"  a  treatise  on  "The 
Use  of  Astronomy  in  Chronology  and  His- 
tory," "  A  Commentary  on  tlie  Book  of 
Job,"  &c.    Born,  1710  ;  died,  1782. 

C08TE,  PiEKUK,  a  learned  French  Pro- 
testant, for  some  time  resident  in  England, 
and  who  acted  as  amanuensis  to  Locke,  but 
subsequently  returned  to  his  own  countrj'. 
He  translated  into  French  Locke's  Reason- 
ableness of  Christianity,  Newton's  Optics,  &c. 
He  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  the  Great  Condu." 
Died,  1747. 

COSTER,  Lavkenck  Jansen,  a  native  of 
Haerlem,  in  Holland,  to  whom  his  country- 
men ascribed  the  invention  of  the  art  of 
printing,  in  the  year  14;}0.  The  Germans, 
however,  with  sufficient  proof  assert,  that 
the  merit  is  due  to  Guttemberg,  Coster 
having  merely  used  wooden  blocks,  and  not, 
as  Junius  asserts,  metal  types.  Born,  1370 ; 
died.  14,39. 

COSWAY,  RtCHARD,  an  eminent  English 
artist.  He  painted  miniatures  admirably, 
and  was  almost  equally  great  as  an  oil 
painter.  He  was  much  admired  and  em- 
ployed as  an  artist,  and  highly  esteemed  as 
a  man,  in  despite  of  the  most  preposterous 
mysticism  and  a  host  of  credulous  eccentri- 
cities, which  he  constantly  indulged  in  to 
such  a  degree,  that  it  is  but  charitable  to 
suppose  they  had  their  source  in  a  disordered 
imagioatian.  He  was  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  tl>e  Roj^l  Academy,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  !)0,  in  1821. 

COTELIER,  Johw,  a  learned  French  di- 
vine and  critic  ;  the  author  of  "  Ecclesia 
Graecaj  Monumenta,"  and  the  coadjutor  of 
Du  Cange  in  making  a  catalogue  of  the 
Greek  MSS.  in  the  royal  library  at  Paris. 
Died,  1686. 

COTES,  Francis,  an  English  artist  of 
great  eminence  as  a  portrait  painter,  as  well 
in  oil  as  in  <:rayons.    Died,  1770. 

COTIN,  Charles,  a  French  poet  of  the 
17th  century,  chiefly  known  now  from  the 
satires  levelled  at  him  by  Boileau  and  Mo- 
liere.  He  was  counsellor  and  almoner  to 
the  king,  and  a  member  of  the  French  aca- 
demy.   Born,  1604  ;  died,  1682. 

COTOLENDI,  CuAitLES,  a  French  advo- 
cate ;  author  of  "  Biographies  of  S.  Francis 
de  Sales,  Columbus,  and  Madame  de  Mont- 
morenci,"  and  other  works.    Died,  1701. 

COTTA,  J.  G.,  Baron,  an  eminent  book- 
seller of  Germany,  and  the  proprietor  of 
the  Allgemeine  Zeitung,  a  political  daily 
paper,  as  well  as  of  several  others  devoted 
to  literature  and  the  arts,  was  bom  at  Stutt- 
gard,  in  1764  ;  for  many  years  carried  on  an 
extensive  and  flourishing  concern  ;  and  died 
in  1802. 

COTTERELL,  Sir  Charles,  an  excellent 
linguist  and  scholar  of  the  17th  century.  He 
was  master  of  the  requests  to  Charles  II.,  &o 


cot] 


^  ^efio  ^nihtt&Kl  23iflsrapf)ii. 


[coti 


oiRce  which  was  filled  by  his  descendants  for 
several  generations.  He  translated  the  ro- 
mance of  Cassandra  from  tlie  Frencli,  besides 
some  works  from  the  Spanish  and  Italian. 
Died,  1087. 

COTTIN,  SopuiA  DE,  an  accomplished 
French  lady;  authoress  of  "Matilde," 
"Claire  d'Albe,"  the  well  known  and 
highly  popular  "  Elizabeth,  ou  les  Exiles  de 
Siberia,"  &c.    Born,  1773  ;  died,  1807. 

COTTON,  Charles,  an  English  poet  of 
the  17  th  century  ;  author  of  "  Scarronides, 
or  Virgil  Travestie  ; "  a  supplement  to 
Walton's  Treatise  on  Angling,  and  a  vo- 
lume of  original  poems,  &c.  He  also  trans- 
lated Cornell  le's  tragedy  of  the  Horatii 
and  Montaigne's  Essays.  Born,  1G30  ;  died, 
1(587. 

COTTON,  Nathaniel,  an  English  ph;^- 
sician  and  poet  ;  author  of  "  Visions  in 
Verse  for  the  Instruction  of  Younger  Minds." 
He  for  some  years  kept  a  lunatic  asylum  at 
St.  Alban's,  and  the  poet  Cowper  was  for  a 
time  one  of  its  inmates.    Born,  1707  ;  died, 

COTTON,  Sir  Robeet  Bruck,  a  distin- 
guished English  antiquarian,  was  bom  at 
Denton,  in  Huntingdonshire,  in  1570.  In 
1629  he  was  brought  before  the  privy  council, 
in  consequence  of  a  political  treatise  of  liis 
in  MS.  being  lent  by  liis  librarian,  the  con- 
tents of  which  gave  so  much  offence  at  court, 
that  although  Sir  Robert  was  unaware  of  his 
librarian'sconduct,  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower. 
He  wrote  "The  Antiquity  and  Dignity  of 
Parliaments  ; "  and  assisted,  both  with  his 
literary  treasures  and  his  purse.  Speed, 
Camden,  and  other  writers  on  British  ar- 
chaaology.  His  valuable  library  is  now  in  the 
British  Museum.     Died,  1631. 

COTUGNO,  DoMENico,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  anatomist ;  author  of  "  De  Aqua- 
ductibus  Auris  humana;  internai  Disser- 
tatio,"  &c.  He  discovered  that  part  of  the 
organ  of  hearing  which  is  named  after  him 
Aqueductus  Cotunii.    Died,  1822. 

COUDRETTE,  Cukistoi-her,  a  French 
priest,  and  a  very  able  opponent  of  the 
Jesuits  ;  author  o^  "  A  General  History  of 
,  the  Jesuits,"  "Memoirs  relative  to  the 
I  Formulary,"  &c.  His  bold  and  liberal  tone 
of  thought  caused  him  to  be  twice  impri- 
soned ;  at  Venice  in  173.5,  and  at  Paris,  in 
the  Bastile,  in  1738.     Died,  1774. 

COULOMB,  Charles  Augustin  de,  a 
French  philosopher  and  officer  of  engineers, 
to  whose  scientific  labours  many  discoveries 
in  electricity  and  magnetism  are  owing. 
He  was  born  at  Angouleme  in  1736,  and  died 
in  1806. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Flemish  Jesuit  and 
missionary  to  China  ;  author  of  "  Clirono- 
logical  Tables  of  Chinese  History,"  "  A 
Treatise  on  the  Philosophy  of  Confucius," 
&c.  He  died,  while  on  a  second  voyage  to 
China,  in  1693. 

COURAYER,  Petek  Francis  le,  a  Nor- 
man ecclesiastic,  was  bom  in  1681.  Al- 
though of  the  Catholic  Church,  he  wrote 
zealously  and  ably  in  defence  of  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  Church  of  England,  which 
work  was  formally  censured  by  an  assem- 
bly of  French  cardinals  and  nrchbisliops  ; 
and  Courayer  consequently  left  France  for 


England.  Here  he  was  well  received,  and 
the  University  of  Oxford  conferred  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  upon  him.    Died,  1776. 

COURIER,  Paul  Louis,  a  witty  and  able 
French  writer,  Avas  born  in  1774.  He  served 
for  some  time  as  an  officer  in  the  army  ;  but 
his  republican  principles  prevented  his  ad- 
vancement under  Buonaparte  ;  and  after 
the  battle  of  Wagram,  he  threw  up  his  com- 
mission, and  resided  for  some  time  in  Italy. 
On  his  return  to  France  his  name  became 
notorious  as  the  author  of  several  admirable 
political  pamphlets,  but  his  career  was  cut 
short  by  assassination,  in  1825. 

COURT  AN  VAUX,  Francis  Cesar  le 
Tellier,  Marquis  de,  a  French  military 
officer,  and  also  a  distinguished  natural 
philosojiher.  He  served  with  great  ability 
and  courage  in  Bavaria  and  Bohemia  under 
his  uncle,  tlie  Marshal  de  Noailles  ;  but  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  service  in  1745  on  account 
of  ill  health.  He  then  devoted  his  time  to 
science,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
acadtmy.  He  was  a  good  astronomer  and 
mechanician.    Died,  1781. 

COLTRT  DE  GEBELIN,  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  France,  minister  of  the  reformed 
church  at  Lausanne,  in  Switzerland  ;  author 
of  "  Le  Monde  Primitif  analyse  et  compariS 
avec  le  Monde  Moderne,"  a  pamphlet  in 
praise  of  animal  magnetism,  &c.  Died, 
1784.  He  twice  received  the  prize  of  1200 
livres  annually  given  by  the  French  aca- 
demy. 

COURTILZ,  Gamen  de,  a  French  mili- 
tary officer,  remarkable  for  his  strong  pre- 
dilection for  literature.  His  works  are  "  The 
Annals  of  Paris,"  "A  History  of  the  Dutch 
War,"  "The  Lives  of  Coligni,  Turenne, 
and  Rochfort,"  &c.  Some  of  his  opinions 
giving  offence  to  the  court,  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Bastile,  where  he  jemaiaed  nine 
years.    Died,  1712. 

COURT'NEY,  John,  a  member  of  the 
noble  Devonshire  family  bearing  that  name, 
was  bom  in  Ireland,  and  became  secretary 
to  Marquis  Townshend  when  lord-lieuten- 
ant. Being  elected  member  of  parliament 
for  Tamworth,  he  attached  himself  to  the 
Whig  party,  and  was  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury  in  the  Fox  ministry  of  1806.  He 
was  a  witty  and  eloquent  speaker,  and  also 
distinguished  himself  as  an  author  by  his 
"  Poetical  Review  of  the  Literary  and  Mo- 
ral Character  of  Dr.  Johnson,"  "Philoso- 
phical Reflections  on  the  French  Revolu- 
tion," &c.    Died,  1816. 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  bom,  1341.  He  was  the  fourth 
son  of  Hugh  Courtney,  earl  of  Devonshire, 
and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Edward  I.  In 
1376,  then  being  bishop  of  London,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  a  violent  opposition 
to  the  king's  demand  for  a  subsidy.  In  1381 
he  became  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and 
lord  high  chancellor,  in  which  office  he 
showed  a  rancorous  spirit  of  persecution 
against  the  Wickliffites.  His  character  was 
resolute  and  arrogant ;  and  though  he  pro- 
fessed a  desire  to  support  the  king  and  the 
people  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
pope,  his  actions  invariably  showed  that  he 
was  in  heart  a  domineering  prelate,  thorough- 
ly devoted  to  Rome,  and  caring  little  for  the 


214 


dignity  of  the  crown,  or  the  weal  of  the 
people.    Died,  1396. 

COURTOIS,  James,  sumamed  II  Bor- 
GONONE,  a  French  painter,  especially  emi- 
nent in  battle-pieces.  His  wife  dying  of 
poison,  which  lie  was  suspected  of  liaving 
administered,  he  took  the  habit  of  a  lay 
brother  of  the  Jesuits,  with  whom,  though 
he  still  practised  his  art,  he  remained  till  his 
death. in  1G76. 

COURTOIS,  William,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  also  an  eminent  painter.  Heex- 
ce41ed  in  liistorical  pieces,  and  assisted  his 
brother  in  some  of  his  works.     Died,  1679. 

COUSIN,  John,  a  native  of  France,  and 
generally  regarded  as  the  earliest  French 
historica"!  painter.  He  chiefly  painted  on 
glass,  but  his  "  Last  Judgment,"  painted  on 
canvass  for  tlie  convent  of  the  Minions  at 
Vineennes,  is  esteemed  an  excellent  work. 
He  was  the  author  of**  Livre  de  Perspective," 
and  some  other  treatises  connected  with  the 
art.    Died,  1.J90. 

COUSIN,  Louis,  a  French  advocate  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  author  of  transla- 
tions from  Eusehius  and  other  early  church 
historians,  &c.  He  also  edited  tiie  Journal 
des  Savans,  from  1687  to  1701.  Born,  1627  ; 
died,  1707. 

COUSTON,  Nicholas  and  William, 
brothers  ;  two  French  sculptors  of  consider- 
able eminence  in  their  profession  :  the  former 
born  at  Lyons,  in  1658  ;  died,  1733  :  the  latter 
born  in  1678  ;  died,  1746. 

COUTHON,  George,  a  French  advocate 
and  president  of  the  court  of  justice  at 
Clermont.  Becoming  a  member  of  the  le- 
gislative assembly  and  of  the  national  con- 
vention,.he  voted  for  the  trial  and  death  of 
Louis  XVI.;  and  after  hesitating  awliile  as 
to  the  party  with  which  he  should  act,  gave 
in  his  adhesion  to  that  of  Robespierre.  When 
troops  were  sent  against  Lyons,  he  was  com- 
missioner from  the  convention,  and  gave 
with  his  own  hand  the  signal  for  tlie  de- 
struction of  the  noble  buildings  of  that  de- 
voted city.  Sharing  the  power  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  atrocities  of  Robespierre,  he 
was  also  involved  in  his  ruin.  Guillotined, 
1794. 

COUTTS,  Thomas,  a  London  banker,  emi- 
nent for  his  wealth  and  connexions.  He 
came  from  Scotland  at  an  early  age  ;  and 
from  being  a  junior  partner  in  a  mercantile 
house  in  the  city,  rose  to  be  one  of  the  most 
considerable  bankers  in  England.  He  was 
twice  married ;  ttrst  to  Susan  Starkie,  by 
whom  he  had  three  daughters  ;  Susan,  mar- 
ried,in  1796,  to  the  Earl  of  Guildford;  Frances, 
married,  in  1800,  to  the  Marquis  of  Bute  ; 
and  Sophia,  married,  in  1793,  to  Sir  Francis 
Burdett.  In  1815  his  first  wife  died  ;  and, 
three  months  afterwards,  he  married  Harriet 
Mellon,  an  actress  of  some  celebrity,  to  whom 
he  bequeathed  the  whole  of  his  immense  pro- 
perty, consisting  of  60O,0O0Z.  in  personals, 
besides  real  estates  in  lands  and  houses,  to  a 
great  amount.  He  died  in  1821,  aged  86  ;  and 
Jus  widow  in  due  time  bestowed  her  hand 
and  fortune  on  the  youthful  Duke  of  St. 
Al  ban's. 

COUVREUR,  Adrie.vne  le,  a  celebrated 
French  actress.  Slie  was  tlie  mistress  of  the 
great  Marshal  Soxc,  and  when  that  celebrated 


21.5 


commander  was  in  great  distress  for  money 
and  troops,  she  pledged  her  plate  and  jewels 
for  40,000  livrcs,  and  sent  the  money  to  him. 
Died,  1730. 

COVELL,  JoHX,  D.  D.,  a  learned  English 
divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chaplain  to 
the  English  embassy  in  Turkey,  and,  while 
resident  in  that  country,  obtained  much  va- 
luable knowledge  on  the  early  constitution 
of  the  Greek  Church,  on  which  subject,  when 
he  returned  to  England,  he  published  a  very 
valuable  work.    Died,  1722. 

COVENTRY,  Henry,  author  of  "  T>etters 
of  Philemon  to  Hydaspes,"  and  one  of  the 
authors  of  the  well-kuowu  "  Athenian  Let- 
ters."   Died,  1752. 

COVENTRY,  JoHK,  a  skilful,  self-taught 
English  mechanician,  whose  genius  led  him 
to  make  experiments  in  mechanics.  He  in- 
vented an  hygrometer,  which  met  with  the 
approbation  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was 
presented  to  the  king.  Subsequently  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  drawing  micrometers  on 
ivory  and  glass  ;  and  to  such  a  perfection 
did  he  bring  them,  that  his  squares  were 
only  the  millionth  part  of  an  inch  super- 
ficial. He  also  made  two  chamber  organs, 
telescopes  of  extraordinary  power,  and  some 
balances  for  the  assaying  of  gold,  of  such 
nicety  that  they  would  weigh  to  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  grain.    Died,  1812. 

COVENTRY,  Thomas,  lord  keci)er  of  the 
great  seal  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  Coventry,  a  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  He  was  born  in 
1578  ;  educated  at  Baliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
studied  the  law  in  the  Inner  Temple  j  and 
having  by  various  gradations  become  soli- 
citor-general, attorney-general,  and  lord 
keeper,  in  1628,  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  ; 
and,  according  to  the  character  given  of  him 
by  Clarendon,  he  was  well  worthy  of  his 
great  and  uninterrupted  success. 

COVENTRY,  William,  son  of  the  above. 
He  was  knighted  in  166.5,  and  made  a  com- 
missioner of  tlie  treasury  in  1667  ;  but  having 
offended  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  he  was 
forbidden  to  apijear  at  court.  On  this  he 
retired  to  his  seat  in  Oxfordshire,  and  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  privacy.  He 
was  author  of  several  works  of  a  political 
tendency,  but  not  now  worth  enumerating. 
Died,  1(586. 

COVEKDALE,  Miles, an  English  divine, 
and  one  of  the  earliest  reformers.  He  wiis 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  became  a  canon 
of  the  order  of  St.  Augustin.  Having  em- 
braced the  reformed  doctrines  he  went 
abroad,  and,  in  1532,  joined  William  Tyn- 
dale  in  translating  the  Scriptures.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  made  almoner  to 
queen  Catharine,  and  subsequently  bishop 
of  Exeter.  On  the  accession  of  queen  Mary 
he  retired  to  the  Continent,  but  returned  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth.  He  died  in  1580, 
aged  81. 

COWARD,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian, and  author  of  "  Thoughts  on  the  Hu- 
man Soul  ;  demonstrating  the  Notion  of  the 
Human  Soul  united  to  the  Human  Body  to 
be  an  Invention  of  the  Heathens,  and  not 
consonant  to  the  Principles  of  Philosophy  or 
Reason."  This  work  excited  considerable 
indignation  among  the  more  zealous  divines, 


cow] 


^  ^etu  WinihiviKl  Btcgraplj^. 


[cow 


who  procured  an  order  to  have  it  burned  by 
tlie  common  hangman.  He  died  about  the 
year  1722. 

COWELL,  JoHX,  an  English  lawyer  and 
antiquary  ;  author  of  "  The  Interpreter,"  a 
law  dictionary,  which  was  burned  by  the 
common  hangman  on  account  of  some  un- 
constitutional doctrines  on  the  king's  pre- 
rogative, and  "  The  Institutes  of  the  Laws 
of  England."    Died,  1611. 

COWLEY,  Abraham,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  born  in  London,  1C18.  Educated  as  a 
king's  scholar  at  Westminster,  he  very  early 
evinced  a  taste  and  aptitude  for  poetry  ; 
and,  while  only  in  his  17th  year,  published 
a  volume  entitled  "  Poetical  Blossoms," 
which  procured  him  considerable  reputation. 
In  1()3C  he  was  elected  a  scholar  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  where  he  produced  a 
pastoral  comedy,  entitled  "  Love's  Riddle," 
and  "Naufragium  Joculare,"  a  Latin 
comedy,  which  was  performed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  his  college.  He  resided  at  the  uni- 
versity until  1643,  when  he  was  ejected  by 
the  Puritan  visitors,  and  becanie  an  active 
partisan  of  the  royal  cause.  He  was  much 
esteemed  by  Lord  Falkland,  and  accom- 
panied the  king  in  several  journeys.  Wlien 
the  queen  left  the  country  he  accompanied 
her  majesty,  and  remained  abroad  for  some 
years  ;  during  which  time  he  was  a  chief 
agent  in  managing  the  correspondence  be- 
tween the  king  and  qiieen.  In  1656  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  soon  after  published 
a  volume  containing  most  of  the  poems 
printed  in  the  final  collection  of  his  works. 
Being  suspected  by  the  party  in  power,  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  but  released  on  the 
bail  of  Dr.  Scarborough.  He  again  went 
abroad,  and  was  again  employed  in  aiding 
the  royal  cause.  On  the  Restoration  taking 
place  he  was  for  some  time  neglected  ;  but 
at  length,  by  the  interest  of  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  he  obtained  the  lease  of  a  farm 
at  Chertsev,  which  produced  him  about  3001. 
a  year.    Died,  1067. 

COWLEY,  Hannah,  an  accomplished 
English  dramatic  writer  ;  authoress  of  "  The 
Runaway,"  "  The  Belle's  Stratagem," 
"  More  Ways  than  One,"  &c.,  besides  some 
poems  and  farces.  The  sprightliness  of 
dialogue,  and  the  variety  of  characters  and 
incidents  which  this  lady  introduced  in  her 
dramatic  works,  evince  much  versatility 
of  genius.  Garrick,  it  is  said,  could  hardly 
be  persuaded  that  her  first  piece  was  the 
production  of  a  mere  boarding-school  girl. 
Died,  1809. 

COWLEY,  Henrv  Wellesley,  Lord,  a 
distinguished  diplomatist,  and  a  scion  of  that 
illustrious  family  of  which  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington is  the  last  surviving  representative, 
was  born  1773.  His  first  public  debtit  was 
made  as  a  precis  writer  in  the  Foreign  Office; 
he  then  joined  the  embassy  of  Lord  Malmes- 
bury  to  Lille,  where  he  became  initiated  in 
diplomatic  aff"airs,  and  in  1797  he  accom- 
panied his  brother  Lord  Wellesley  to  India, 
in  the  capacity  of  private  secretary.  Here 
he  was  employed  in  various  offices  and  mis- 
sions of  great  delicacy  and  responsibility  ; 
but  Europe  had  more  attractions  for  him 
than  the  East,  and  he  returned  to  England 
in  1804.    In  1807  he  was  returned  to  parlia- 


ment for  Eye,  and  became  one  of  the  secre- 
taries of  the  Treasury  ;  but  he  did  not  make 
any  great  figure  in  parliament,  and  in  1809 
he  exchanged  his  parliamentary  duties  for 
the  embassy  at  Madrid  ;  a  mission  which, 
amid  great  difficulties  and  obstructions  of 
all  kinds,  he  fulfilled  for  thirteen  years,  to 
his  own  increasing  reputation,  and  the  wel- 
fare of  his  country.  In  1823  he  went  as  am- 
bassador to  Vienna  ;  here  he  remained  till 
1831 ;  and  for  the  ability  he  displayed  there, 
coupled  with  his  length  of  service,  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of  baron 
Cowley  —  the  original  patronymic  of  the 
Wellesley  family.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  to  the  Tuilleries.  This  office 
he  held  till  the  fall  of  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
ministry  in  1846  ;  but,  long  before  this  event, 
his  declining  health  had  made  his  voluntary 
retirement  advisable,  and,  in  fact,  he  did  not 
sur-vive  it  above  a  twelvemonth.  Died,  1847. 
COWPER,  William,  Earl,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  who,  after  passing  through 
various  gradations  of  office,  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  by 
the  title  of  viscount  Fordwick,  and  made 
lord  higli  chancellor.  Tliis  office  he  resigned 
in  1710,  but  accepted  it  again  in  1714.    lu 

1717  he  was  created  earl  Cowper,  and  in 

1718  wholly  retired  from  office.  During  the 
latter  years  of  his  public  life,  he  very  ably 
exerted  himself  in  favour  of  religious  liberty; 
and  particularly  in  causing  a  bill  to  be 
thrown  out,  by  which  Unitarians  would  have 
been  subject  to  severe  penalties.    Died,  1723. 

COWPER,  William,  a  .  distinguished 
English  poet,  was  bom  at  Berkhampstead, 
Hertfordshire,  in  1731.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  clergyman  of  good  family,  and  was  at  an 
earlj'  age  removed  from  a  country  school 
to  that  of  Westminster.  Being  naturally  of 
a  timid  temper  and  slight  frame,  the  rough 
usage  he  met  with  from  stronger  and  less 
sensitive  boys  rendered  his  school  a  place 
of  complete  torture  to  him,  as  may  be  seen 
from  the  tone  of  his  "  Tirocinium."  On 
quitting  school,  he  was  articled  to  an  attor- 
ney, with  whom  he  remained  for  three 
years,  and  then  entered  himself  of  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  seems,  however,  to 
have  been  by  nature  unfit  for  the  rough 
paths  of  life  ;  for  though  tlie  interest  of  his 
family  had  procured  him  the  valuable  and 
honourable  place  of  clerk  to  the  House  of 
Lords,  his  nervousness  and  mauvatse  honte 
were  such,  that  he  was  obliged  to  resign 
it.  He  now  fell  into  so  terrible  a  state  of 
nervous  and  mental  debility,  that  he  was 
for  some  time  placed  in  the  "lunatic  asylum 
of  Dr.  Cotton.  Tlie  skill  and  humanity  of 
that  gentleman  restored  him,  and  he  re- 
tired to  Huntingdon.  Here  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  family  of  the  Reverend 
Mr.  Unwin  ;  and  after  that  gentleman's 
death  he  removed,  with  Mrs.  Unwin,  to 
Olney,  Bucks,  where  he  contracted  a  close 
friendship  with  the  curate  of  Olney,  the 
Reverend  John  Newton,  and  subsequently 
with  Lady  Austen.  His  natural  melancholy 
gave  him  so  gloomy  a  view  of  religion,  that 
his  mind  was  frequently  reduced  to  imbe- 
cility. While  this  was  the  case,  the  influ- 
ence of  Lady  Austen  tended  to  rouse  and 
sustain  him  ;  though  that  of  his  other  friends 


cox] 


^  ^ctD  Slni'ijer^al  aSiOffrajpibtn 


[CHA 


seems  rather  to  have  increased  liis  weak- 
ness, by  coinciding  with  his  delusions.  But 
although  liis  mind  was  so  frequently  as- 
sailed by  gloom,  and  bent  down  by  despond- 
ency, he  was  not  only  a  very  voluminous 
writer,  but  a  poet  or  first-rate  merit.  In 
addition  to  translating  Homer,  which  ))£ 
did  with  more  accuracy  than  Pope,  if  with 
less  polish,  he  wrote  "  The  Task,"  —  the 
best  of  all  his  poems,  —  "  Tirocinium,"  and 
a  host  of  smaller  poems  ;  and  translated 
gome  of  Madame  Guyon's  spiritual  songs  ; 
and  his  correspondence,  which  exhibits  him 
as  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  English  letter- 
writers,  was  extremely  voluminous.  To- 
wards the  close  of  his  life,  his  gloom  deep- 
ened into  absolute  despair,  from  which  he 
never  wholly  emerged,  and  he  died,  18()(). 
Ample  justice  has  of  late  been  done  to  the 
poet,  in  splendid  rival  editions  of  his  com- 
plete works, —the  one  by  Dr.  Southey,  the 
other  by  the  Rev.  T.  Grimshawe,  botli  pub- 
lished in  1836. 

COX,  Mrs.  Letitia.  The  name  of  this 
female,  who  died  at  Bybrook,  in  Jamaica, 
June  2(>.  1838,  is  inserted  here  as  affording 
the  most  surprising  instance  of  longevity  to 
be  met  with  in  modern  times.  By  her  own 
account  she  was  a  grown-up  young  woman 
at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of  Port  Royal 
by  an  earthquake  (June  9.  1092),  bo  that  she 
must  have  been  upwards  of  KiO  years  of  age. 
It  is  worthy  of  observation  also,  and  esi>c- 
cially  interesting  to  those  who  advocate  the 
"  temperance  "  system,  that  slie  declared  she 
never  drank  anything  but  water  during  her 
whole  life. 

COX,  RiciiARD,  bishop  of  Ely  ;  was  bom 
at  Whaddon,  Bucks,  in  1500.  While  at 
New  College,  lie  embraced  the  opinions  of 
the  Reformation,  and  was  consequently 
thrown  into  gaol,  but  obtained  his  release 
through  the  influence  of  Cranmer.  He  was 
then  made  master  of  Eton  School,  and 
subsequently  became  tutor  to  Edward  VI., 
in  whose  reign  he  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
cillor, almoner  to  the  king,  dean  of  West- 
minster, and  chancellor  of  Oxford.  Dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Mary  he  resided  abroad  ; 
but  returned  to  England  on  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Ely.  He 
contributed  the  Gospels,  the  Acts,  and  the 
Epistle  to  tlie  Romans,  to  the  "  Bishops' 
Bible,"  besides  writing  various  controversial 
tracts. 

COXE,  William,  an  liistorian  and  tra- 
veller, was  born  in  174".  After  receiving  an 
university  education,  he  successively  accom- 
panied several  young  noblemen  to  the  Con- 
tinent in  the  capacity  of  tutor  ;  and  on  his 
return  obtained  various  preferments  in  the 
church  till  he  became  a  canon  residentiary 
of  Salisbury  and  archdeacon  of  Wilts.  He 
was  the  author  of"  Travels  in  Switzerland  ; " 
"  Travels  in  Poland,  Russia,  Sweden,  and 
Denmark;"  a  "History  of  the  House  of 
Austria  ; "  "  Historical  Memoirs  of  the 
Kings  of  Spain  ; "  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  ;  "  and  many  other  works  equally 
interesting,  and  valuable  for  their  research 
and  adherence  to  truth.     Died,  1823. 

COYER,  Gabriel  Francis,  a  French 
writer,  bom  in  1707.  His  principal  works 
are  the  "  History  of  John  Sobleski,"  "  Travels 


into  Italy  and  Holland,"  and  his  translation 
into  French  of  Blackstone's  Commentaries. 
Died,  1782. 

COYPEL,  the  name  of  several  eminent 
French  painters.  Nokl  Coyi'el  was  born 
in  1028,  and  died  in  1707.  He  adorned  the 
old  Louvre  and  the  Tuilcries,  painted  some 
fine  pictures  for  the  council  hall  of  Versailles, 
and  executed  several  scriptural  pieces  of 
great  merit.  His  son,  Anthony,  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  richness  of  his  imagination 
and  the  dazzling  nature  of  his  colouring  ; 
and  his  fame  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
mannerism  of  the  French  school.  Died, 
1721.  Noel  Nicikilas,  usually  called  Coypel 
the  uTiclf,  despised  the  false  glitter  of  this 
school,  and  aimed  only  at  truth  and  nature. 
He  died  in  173.5.  Charles  Anthony,  the 
son  of  Anthony,  was  a  decided  copyist  of 
his  father's  manner,  and  accommodated 
himself  to  the  prevailing  taste  of  the  times 
for  gaudy  colouring.  Bom,  1694 ;  died, 
1752. 

COYSEVOX,  Antoink,  a  celebrated 
sculi)tor,  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1040,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1720.  Among  his  best 
works  are  the  statue  of  Cardinal  Mazarin, 
in  the  museum  at  Paris ;  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  Castor  and  Pollux, 
&c.  On  account  of  the  beauty  and  anima- 
tion of  his  portraits,  he  was  called  the  Van- 
dyke of  sculpture. 

CRABBE,  Rev.  George,  rector  of  Trou- 
bridge,  Wilts,  and  author  of"  The  Library," 
"The  Village,"  "Tales  of  the  Hall,"  &c.  j 
a  poet,  whose  "  short  and  Bim])le  annals  of 
the  i)oor"  exhibit  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  human  nature,  and  show  that  liowever 
homely  or  painful  the  scenes  may  be  which 
he  depicts,  there  is  no  want  of  skill  or  truth 
in  his  representations.  He  had  the  good 
fortime  to  receive  the  early  patronage  of  tlie 
celebrated  Eilmund  Burke,  whicli  led  to 
other  valuable  connections,  of  whom  Dr. 
Johnson  was  one  ;  and  eventually  to  church 
preferment  at  the  hands  of  the  Duke  of 
Rutland.  Born,  1754  ;  died,  1832.  Crabbe's 
poetry  is  distinguished  for  minuteness  of 
description  and  close  analysis  in  depicting 
human  character,  however  dark  or  dis- 
gusting ;  yet,  though  searching,  minute,  and 
often  repulsive,  it  abounds  with  vigour, 
pathos,  and  originality.  An  elegant  edition 
of  his  works,  with  a  life  and  notes,  by  his 
son,  was  published  by  ilr.  Murray,  in  1834. 

CRAIG,  John,  a  Scotch  mathematician, 
of  the  17th  century  j  famous  for  a  work  en- 
titled "Theologiae  Christianae  Principia 
Mathematica."    The  object  of  this  curious 


tract  is  to  apply  mathematical  calculation 
to   the  credibility  of  the    gospel    history  ;  j 
upon  which  principle  he  maintains  that  the  I 
Christian   religion   must  end,   according   to  ] 
the  doctrine  of  chances,  in  the  year  3150, 
when    our  Saviour  will    make    his  second 
appearance  ! 

CRAIG,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  Scotch 
lawyer,  bom  in  1,548 ;  author  of  a  treatise 
on  feudal  law,  which  has  often  been  re- 
printed.   Died,  1008. 

CRAIG,  William,  a  Scotch  judge,  and  a 
literary  character  of  no  mean  ability,  was 
born  in  1745,  received  his  education  at  the 
university  of  Glasgow  :  entered  at  the  bar  , 


cra] 


^  f?c&j  mnibtvial  I3t0sfajpl)u. 


[cra 


in  1768,  and  succeeded  Lord  Hailes  on  the 
bench  in  1792.  He  was  a  principal  con- 
tributor to  the  Mirror,  wrote  many  papers 
in  the  Lounger,  and  numbered  among  his 
friends  some  of  tlie  most  eminent  literary 
men  of  the  age.    Died,  1813. 

CRAKANTHORPE,  RicqARD,  a  learned 
English  divine,  and  tlie  author  of  some  able 
worlcs  in  support  of  Protestantism.  Died, 
1624. 

CRAMER,  Francis,  an  eminent  musician, 
was  born  at  Mannlieim,  1772.  Under  tlie  di- 
rection of  his  fatlier,  formerly  leader  of  the 
opera  band  in  London,  he  prosecuted  the 
study  of  music,  for  which  he  had  sliown  an 
early  predilection.  In  1799  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  leader  of  the  Ancient  Concerts  ;  for 
many  years  he  was  alternate  leader  of  the 
Philharmonic  Concerts  with  Loder,  T.  Cooke, 
Weichsels,  &c.  ;  and  for  upwards  of  40  years 
lield  the  chief  place  at  the  great  provincial 
festivals.    Died,  1848. 

CRAMER,  Gabriel,  an  eminent  geome- 
trician ;  editor  of  the  works  of  Wolf  and  the 
Bernouillis,  and  author  of  several  mathe- 
matical and  algebraic  works.  Born,  1704 ; 
died,  1752. 

CRAMER,  Joiix  Andrew,  a  German 
mineralogist,  was  born  at  Quedlinburg,  in 
1710.  He  was  the  first  who  systematised 
the  art  of  assaying,  upon  which  subject  he 
wrote  a  very  able  work.    Died,  1777. 

CRAMER,  JoHX  Axdrew,  a  German 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born 
in  Saxony,  1723,  but  principally  resided  in 
Denmark,  where  he  died  in  1788.  Besides 
his  poems,  he  wrote  "  The  Northern  Spec- 
tator," and  "  Sermons,"  in  22  vols.  He  also 
translated  Bossuet's  Universal  History  and 
other  works. 

CRAMER,  John  Anthoxy,  D.D.,  dean 
of  Carlisle,  a  well-known  writer  on  subjects 
of  classical  antiquity,  was  born  in  Switzer- 
land, 1793.  He  received  his  education  in 
England,  and  in  1811  was  admitted  a  student 
of  Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself,  and  gradually  rose 
through  all  the  university  honours,  till,  in 
1831,  he  was  appointed  principal  of  New 
Ilalllnn.  During  this  period  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  literary  pursuits ;  and  his  de- 
scriptions of  Ancient  Italy,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Ancient  Greece  are  enduring  monuments  of 
his  accuracy  and  research.  In  1842  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Arnold  as  regius  professor  of 
modern  history  ;  and  in  1844  he  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  deanery  of  Carlisle.    IMed,  1848. 

CRANMER,  ThoMAS,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, whose  life  is  rendered  so  memorable 
by  the  part  he  took  in  the  R/'formation,  was 
born  at  Aslacton,  Nottingliamshire,  in  1489, 
and  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge. 
The  opinion  which  he  gave  on  the  question 
of  Henry  Vlllth's  divorce  from  his  first 
wife,  Catharine  of  Arragon,  recommended 
him  to  that  monarch,  who  employed  him  to 
vindicate  the  measure,  and  sent  him  to  the 
foreign  universities  to  obtain  their  opinion 
upon  the  point.  On  Cranmer's  return,  the 
king  raised  him  to  the  archbishopric  of  Can- 
terbury, in  which  oflice  he  zealously  promo- 
ted the  cause  of  the  Reformation.  Through 
his  means  the  Bible  was  translated  and  read 
in  churches ;  and  he  greatly  aided  in  sup- 


pressing the  monastic  institutions.  In  1536, 
when  Anna  Boleyn  was  destined  to  lose  her 
reputation  and  her  life,  Cranmer  meanly 
stooped  to  promote  the  sentence  of  divorce. 
This  and  other  compliances  with  the  mo- 
narch's will  ensured  him  the  gratitude  of 
Henry  ;  who  upheld  him  in  all  his  contests 
with  Bishop  Gardiner  and  others  who  ae^ 
cused  him  of  heresy  and  faction.  By  Henry's 
will  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  council  of 
regency  to  Edward  VI. ;  and  as  the  young 
king  was  brought  up  chiefly  under  the  arch- 
bishop's care,  it  enabled  him  to  further  the 
objects  of  the  Reformation  in  a  regular  and 
consistent  manner,  by  framing  the  liturgy, 
the  homilies,  articles  of  religion,  &c.  When 
Edward  was  prevailed  on  to  alter  the  suc- 
cession in  favour  of  I^ady  Jane  Grey,  the 
archbishop  opposed  it  for  a  considerable 
time,  but  at  length' consented.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Mary  he  was  tried  on  charges  of 
blasphemy,  peijury,  incontinence,  and  he- 
resy, and  sentenced  to  be  deprived  of  office. 
Tempted  however,  by  the  promise  of  pardon, 
he  was  induced  to  sign  a  recantation  of  his 
principles,  and  avow  his  sorrow  for  having 
entertained  them.  This  was  the  great  object 
of  his  enemies.  But  when  Cranmer,  who 
had  been  sent  to  Oxford,  was  brought  into 
St.  Mary's  church  to  read  his  recantation  in 
public,  instead  of  doing  what  was  required 
of  him,  he  besought  the  forgiveness  of  God 
for  the  apostasy  of  wliich  he  had  been  guilty, 
and  exhorted  the  people  against  the  errors 
of  the  Church  of  Rome,  declaring  that 
nothing  could  afford  him  consolation  but 
the  prospect  of  extenuating  his  guilt  by  en- 
countering the  fiery  torments  which  awaited 
him.  This  greatly  enraged  his  adversaries, 
who,  after  vilifying  him  as  a  hypocrite  and 
heretic,  dragged  him  to  the  stake  opposite 
Baliol  College,  which  he  approached  with 
a  cheerful  countenance,  and  met  his  death 
with  the  utmost  fortitude,  exclaiming,  as 
he  held  out  his  right  hand  for  the  flames 
to  consume  it,  "  This  unworthy  hand  1  this 
unworthy  hand  I  "  thus  Strikingly  proving 
the  remorse  he  felt  at  having  been  induced 
to  sign  his  recantation.  Whatever  may  be 
said  with  regard  to  his  submission  to  the 
will  of  a  despotic  sovereign, or  his  occasional 
unsteadiness  of  principles,  it  is  certain  that 
no  man  contributed  so  much  as  Cranmer  to 
the  establishment  and  independence  of  the 
English  Churcli.     Died,  March  21.  1556. 

CRANZ,  or  KRANZ,  David,  a  Moravian 
preacher,  born  1723,  and  resided  several 
years  as  a  missionary  in  Greenland,  of 
which  coimtry  he  wrote  a  valuable  history  ; 
also  "A  History  of  the  Moravians."  Died, 
1777. 

CRASHAW,  Richard,  a  poet,  bom  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  a  friend  of  the  poet  Cowley  ;  and  having 
embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith,  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  canonry  at  Loretto.  His  poems 
have  considerable  merit,  and  contain  ideas  | 
which  were  thought  worthy  of  imitation  | 
both  by  Milton  and  Pope.    Died,  1650. 

CRASSUS,  Lucius    Licinius,  a   Roman  | 
orator,  of  wliom  Cicero  speaks  in  terms  of  , 
the  highest  praise.    He  was  consul  B.C.  96, 
and  afterwards  censor.  I 

CRASSUS,  Marcus  Licinius,  sumamed  ' 


cra] 


^  ^cixj  Huiljer^al  'MiaQCK^f^u* 


[CRE 


Dives  from  his  riches,  was  of  tiie  same  family 
as  the  preceding.  lie  defeated  Spartacus, 
and  put  an  end  to  the  Servile  war.  He  was 
first  consul,  tlien  censor,  and  formed  one  of 
the  triumvirate  with  Ctesar  and  Pompey. 
He  perished,  witli  a  great  part  of  his  army, 
in  an  exi^editiun  against  the  Parthions,  B.C. 
53. 

CRATINUS,  an  Athenian  poet,  to  whom 
the  invention  of  satirical  comedy  and  comic 
poetry  is  attributed.  Ills  powers  of  sarcasm 
are  said  to  have  been  unriMilIed.  He  was 
an  exception  to  the  rule  that  iubcmperance 
leads  to  an  early  grave,  having  attuined  the 
age  of  97,  tliough  a  (x)n  vuHxtU  in  its  fullest 
sense*    Died  b.  c  431. 

CRATIPP'US,  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
and  tutor  to  the  younger  Cicero  at  Athens, 
where  his  lectures  were  well  attended. 

CRAWFORD,  Adam,  a  physician  and 
naturalist  of  considerable  eminence  im  his 
profession  ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pital, and  professor  of  chemistry  at  Wool- 
wich. He  was  the  author  of  several  chemi- 
cal works,  and  the  first  who  prescribed 
muriate  of  barytcs  for  tltc  Bcrofula.  Bom, 
1749  ;  died,  1795. 

CRAWFORD,  Anne,  an  actress  of  great 
ability,  which,  combined  with  her  personal 
beauty,  caused  her  for  many  years  to  be 
highly  attractive  on  the  stage.  Died,  1801, 
aged  67. 

CRAWFORD,  David,  historiographer  for 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  and 
the  author  of  several  works  relative  to  that 
coimtry.     Died,  1720. 

CRAYER,  Gasi'ak,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp  in  1582.  His  productions 
are  allowed  to  possess  great  fidelity  to  nature 
and  excellence  of  colouring.    Died,  1C69. 

CRE  BILLON,  pKosrER  Jolyot  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  denominated  the 
Freuch  ^Eschylus,  was  bom  at  Dijon,  in 
1674.  He  was  intended  for  the  legal  pro- 
fession, but  evincing  a  decided  predilection 
for  the  drama,  the  solicitor  with  whom  he 
was  placed  encouraged  him  to  pursue  the 
bent  of  his  inclinations.  He  accordingly 
devoted  himself  to  the  tragic  muse,  and 
produced  "  Idomeneus,"  which  met  with 
success.  This  was  followed  by  "Atreus," 
"  Electra,"  and  "  Rhadamistus,"  wliich  were 
49till  more  successfuL  He  then  led  a  secluded 
life  for  many  years,  but  again  resumed  his 
dramatic  labours,  a«d  producwl  tlie  tragedies 
ot  "Catiline"  and  •*  The  Triumvirate." 
Died,  1762. 

CREBILLON,  Cr.AUDE  Prosper  Jolyot 
DE,  sou  of  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  1707. 
He  acquired  the  name  of  the  French  Petro- 
nius  from  liis  novels  ;  one  of  which,  entitled 
"Les  Egaremens  du  Coeur  et  de  I'Esprit," 
is  alluded  to  by  Sterne  in  his  Sentimental 
Journey.     Died,  1777. 

CREECH,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  was 
born  at  Blandford,  Dorsetshire,  in  1659  ;  and 
after  receiving  the  rudiments  of  a  classical 
education  at  Sherborne  free-school,  finished 
liis  studies  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford.  He 
translated,  into  English  verse,  Lucretius, 
Horace,  Theocritus,  &c.  Died  by  his  own 
hand,  1700. 

CREIGIITON,  Robert,  D.D.,  an  English 
divine  and  musical  composer.    He  shared 


the  exile  of  Charles  II.,  and  spent  the  leisure 
thus  unhappily  afibrded  him  in  the  study  of 
music.  Among  his  comiwsitions  is  the  cele- 
brated anthem, "  I  will  arise  and  go  to  my 
father,"  which  is  performed  in  nearly  all 
our  cathedrals.    Died,  1736. 

CRELLIUS,  John,  a  German  divine.  He 
was  a  Unitarian,  and  one  of  the  ablest  ad- 
vocates of  that  sect,  which  he  defended  at 
once  ably  and  courteously  against  Grotius. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Answer  to  Grotius," 
"  Two  Books  concerning  the  One  God,  the 
Father,"  "A  Treatise  concerning  the  Holy 
Spirit,"  and  "A  Defence  of  Religious  Li- 
berty."    Died,  1633. 

CRESCEMBINI,  Giovanni  Makia,  an 
Italian  Jesuit  and  miscelliincous  writer ; 
author  of  "  Istoria  della  Volgar  Poetia," 
"  History  of  the  Academy  of  Arcadi,"  of 
which  he  was  the  founder ;  "  I^  Rime  et 
le  Prose  degli  Arcadi ; "  "Notitie  Istoriche 
di  diversi  Capitani  Illustri,"  &c.    Died,  1728. 

CRESCENZI,  D.  Juan  Baptiste,  mar- 
quis de  la  Torre,  was  an  eminent  jiainter, 
bom  at  Rome  towards  the  end  of  the  16lh 
century.  Philip  IV.  made  him  a  grandee 
of  Castile,  and  honoured  him  with  his  title. 

CRESCENZI,  PiETHo,  the  restorer  of  the 
scientific  study  of  agriculture  in  Europe, 
M-as  born  at  Bologna  in  1230.  He  spent  a 
long  life  in  acquiring  and  disseminating 
agricultural  knowledge  j  and  his  "  Ruraliuni 
Commodorum"  is  a  masterly  production, 
founded  on  simple  principles,  and  free  from 
many  errors  that  continued  to  prevail  even 
for  centuries  after. 

CRESPI,  Giovanni  Maria,  surnamed 
II  Spagnuolo  on  account  of  the  coxcombry 
of  his  attire,  an  eminent  Bolognese  painter 
of  the  18th  century.  His  chief  talent  lay  in 
caricatures  ;  but  there  are  many  of  his  more 
ambitious  compositions  iu  tlie  palaces  and 
churelies  of  Bologna.  In  order  to  command 
a  nice  observation  of  the  force  of  light  and 
shadow,  he  used  to  point  in  a  room  iu  whicli 
there  was  only  a  sufficient  aiJerture  to  admit 
a  single  ray  of  liglit. 

CRESSEY,  or  CRESSY,  Iluaii  Paulin, 
on  eminent  Catholic  divine  and  writer  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Exomologesis,"  a  narration  of 
the  cause  of  his  conversion  to  the  Catholic 
faith  ;  "  The  Church  History  of  Brittany," 
&c  He  was  an  able  writer,  and  as  much 
distinguished  for  his  candour  and  good  tem- 
per in  disputation  as  for  his  ability  in  argu- 
ment.   Died,  1674. 

CREUTZ,  Gustavus  Philip,  Count  of, 
a  Swedish  poet  and  statesman,  born  in  1720. 
His  poem,  entitled  "Atis  og  Camilla,"  is 
considered  a  very  fine  producliDU.  He  was 
appointed  Swedish  minister  at  Paris,  where 
he  remained  twenty  years,  and  became  par- 
ticularly acquainted  with  Marmontel  and 
other  celebrated  French  writers.    Died,  1785. 

CRE  VIER,  John  Baptist  Louis,  a  French 
historical  writer;  author  of  a  continuation 
of  "  Rollin's  History,"  "  History  of  tlie 
Roman  Emperors  to  Constantine  inclusive," 
"  History  of  the  University  of  Paris,"  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Sx)irit  of  Laws,"  &c-  Died, 
176-.. 

CREW,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham. 
He  arrived  at  his  episcopal  dignity  partly 
through    the  influence  of  James  II.,  then 


U  2 


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^  ^ctD  ^nibtv^td  2iSt00rapl^ji. 


[CBO 


duke  of  York,  and  partly  througli  his  con- 
senting to  be  guilty  of  simony,  paying  a 
large  sum  to  one  of  the  king's  mistresses. 
During  the  reign  of  the  ill-fated  James  this 
prelate  aided  and  counselled  him  in  all  his 
most  obnoxious  measures,  and  yet  was 
among  the  earliest  of  tlaose  who  abandoned 
the  fallen  monarch,  and  voted  that  the 
throne  was  abdicated.  But  las  base  and 
time-serving  conduct  would  not  have  pre- 
vented him  from  losing  his  bishopric,  on  the 
accession  of  king  William  and  queen  Mary, 
but  that  he  was  spared  from  degradation  at 
the  intercession  of  Tillotson.     Died,  1721. 

CRICIITON,  James,  a  Scottish  gentleman 
of  the  IGth  century,  who,  on  account  of  his 
remarkable  endowments,  obtained  the  sur- 
name of  the  Admirable.  The  most  extraor  • 
dinary  tales  of  his  prowess,  both  bodily  and 
mental,  have  been  handed  down  to  us  ;  but, 
so  far  as  the  latter  is  concerned,  the  verses 
that  remain  go  far  to  show,  that,  however 
astonishing  he  might  be  on  account  of  his 
versatility,  he  received  at  least  as  much 
praise  as  he  deserved.  The  late  Mr.  Ilazlitt 
remarks,  "The  Admirable  Crichton  was  a 
person  of  prodigious  capacity  ;  but  I  know 
of  no  proof  that  he  had  an  atom  of  genius." 
And,  in  continuation,  he  remarks, "  he  could 
learn  all  that  was  known  of  any  subject ;  lie 
could  do  any  thing  if  others  would  shmc  him 
the  waytodo  it."  It  seems  quite  clear,  how- 
ever, that  he  possessed  great  powers,  and  was 
altogether  an  extraordinary  person.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  gave 
such  early  proofs  of  his  learning,  that  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  M.A.  when  on'y  14 
years  of  age.  He  is  said  to  have  excelled 
in  eloquence  ;  to  have  overcome  every  op- 
ponent in  logic  and  scientific  disputation  ; 
to  have  known  ten  languages  ;  and  to  have 
been  a  perfect  master  of  all  military  and 
athletic  exercises.  Dr.  Johnson,  who  cannot 
be  accused  of  showing  much  partiality  for 
Scotchmen,  has  devoted  a  paper  in  the 
Adventurer  to  the  character  of  Crichton, 
which  he  commences  by  saying,  that  "  what- 
ever we  may  suppress  as  surpassing  credi- 
bility, yet  we  shall,  upon  incontestable 
authority,  relate  enough  to  rank  him  among 
prodigies."  He  is  said  to  have  l)een  stabbed 
by  his  pupil,  Vincenzo  Gonzaga,  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Mantua,  and  to  have  died  of  the 
wound,  in  1.583,  aged  only  28. 

CRILIyON,  L.OU1S  DK  BKExnojr,  an  emi- 
nent French  military  officer.  Though  he 
was  a  very  zealous  Catholic,  and  one  of  the 
leaders  at  the  siege  of  Rochellc  in  lOTS,  lie 
yet  felt  bound  to  aid  Henry  III.  against  tlie 
league.  It  being  proposed  to  him,  by  that 
king,  that  he  should  assassinate  the  Duke  of 
Guise,  he  nobly  replied, "  I  cannot  stain  my 
honour  with  a  deed  of  shame."  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Henry  IV.,  he  became  one  of  the 
most  devoted  of  that  great  monarch's  friends 
and  generals.  By  the  army  he  was  called 
"  Vhomme  sans  peur  ;  "  but  Henry  gave  him 
the  name  of  "te  brave  dcs  braves."  His 
independence  and  nobleness  of  spirit  were 
equal  to  his  bravery,  and  his  humanity  and 
virtue  were  not  less  famous  than  his  heroic 
achievements.    Born,  1541  ;  died,  1616  ; 

CRILI,ON  MAHON,  Louis  de  Berton^ 
DES  Balbes  be  Quiees,  Duke  de,  a  descend- 


ant of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  an  eminent 
military  officer.  He  served  against  England 
in  her  war  with  the  United  States  of  America. 
He  commanded  at  the  celebrated  siege  of 
Gibraltar,  wliere  he  was  repulsed  by  the 
ability  and  courage  of  General  Elliot.  He 
wrote  "Military  Memoirs,"  and  died  in 
1796. 

CRILLON,  LfOuis  Atiianasius  Balbes 
Bekton  de,  brother  of  the  last  named  ;  an  | 
eminent  French  divine  and  scholar  ;  author  | 
of  "  M^moires  Philosophiques  de  M.  le 
Baron  de  *  *  *,Chambellan  de  S.  M.  I'lmp. 
Reine,"  a  treatise  "De  I'llomme  Morale," 
&c.    Died,  1789. 

CRITIAS,  an  Athenian.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Socrates,  but  his  political  conduct  was 
such  as  to  render  hira  by  no  means  a  credit 
to  his  great  tutor.  He  was  among  the 
number  of  the  rulers  who  are  made  noto- 
rious- in  history  under  the  title  of  the 
"  thirty  tyrants,"  and  is  said  to  have  dis- 
tinguished himself  even  among  tliem  for 
cruelty  and  avarice.  When  Thrasybulus 
and  his  patriotic  friends  took  arms  against 
"  the  thirty,"  Critias  was  slain  in  an  attack 
made  on  the  Piraeus,  in  the  year  400  b.  c. 

CRCESUS,  the  fifth  and  last  king  of  Ly- 
dia.  He  succeeded  his  father  Alyattes  in 
the  year  557  B.C.,  and  was  so  fortunate  in 
all  his  enterprises,  that  he  soon  became  one 
of  the  richest  monarchs  of  that  time.  Vain 
of  his  great  wealth  and  influence,  he  asked 
the  philosopher  Solon  what  he  thought  of 
his  good  fortune  :  "  I  pronounce  no  man 
fortunate  until  his  death,"  was  the  sage's 
reply.  Subsequently  the  wealthy  and  pow- 
erful monarch  was  overpowered  and  made 
a  prisoner  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia.  Ac- 
cording to  the  barbarous  practice  of  the 
time,  the  unhappy  captive  was  bound  to 
the  stake  and  about  to  be  burnt  to  death. 
In  this  miserable  condition  he  recalled  the 
impressive  words  of  Solon,  and  thrice  re- 
peated that  philosopher's  name.  Cyrus, 
struck  with  the  earnestness  of  his  tone,  de- 
manded an  explanation.  Croesus  gave  it ; 
and  Cyrus,  probably  impressed  by  it  with 
a  more  than  usual  feeling  of  the  mutability 
of  all  human  greatness,  not  only  spared  his 
life,  but  also  took  him  into  his  favour  and 
protection.  At  the  death  of  Cyrus  he  re- 
commended Croesus  to  the  favour  of  Cam- 
byses.  Tliat  prince  treated  him  with  great 
insolence  and  cruelty,  and  at  length  ordered 
liim  to  be  put  to  death  ;  but,  through  the 
mercy  of  the  officers  to  whom  it  was  directed, 
it  was  not  put  into  execution,  and  they  were 
themselves  put  to  death  for  their  disobedi- 
ence. On  tlie  time  and  place  of  the  death  of 
Croesus  history  is  silent. 

CROFT,  Sir  Herbert,  an  English  baronet 
and  divine.  He  was  originally  intended 
for  the  bar,  but  took  holy  orders,  though  he 
never  held  any  benefice.  He  wrote  a  life  of 
Dr.  Young,  which  was  introduced  into 
Johnson's  "  liives  of  the  Poets,"  and  a 
volume  of  letters  entitled  "  Love  and  Mad- 
ness," and  supposed  to  be  written  by  the 
Rev.  James  Hackman,  who  was  hanged  in 
1779  for  shooting  Miss  Ray.    Died,  1816. 

CROFT,  Sir  Richard,  a  relation  of  the 
last  named,  and  his  successor  in  the  ba- 
ronetcy.    He  was  very  eminent  as  a  sur- 


CRO] 


^  ^efio  BniSiex^al  38ioj5rajpl)j?. 


[CRO 


geon  and  accoucheur ;  and  was  selected  to 
attend  the  princess  Charlotte,  the  lamented 
daughter  of  George  IV.  and  queen  Caroline. 
The  unfortunate  death  of  his  illustrious 
patient,  in  1817,  so  preyed  on  his  mind,  that 
lie  committed  suicide  a  few  months  after. 

CROFT,  William,  Mus.  Doc,  an  excel- 
lent English  musician  and  composer,  llis 
best  anthems  and  a  sublime  burial  service 
were  published  in  1724  in  two  folio  volumes, 
under  the  title  of  "Musica  Sacra."  Born, 
1(577  ;  died,  1727. 

CROKE,  Sir  Alexander,  knt,,  D.C.L., 
was  the  son  of  a  private  gentleman,  and 
born  at  Aylesbury.  He  was  an  eminent  civi- 
lian, and  a  most  voluminous  writer,  on  both 
general  topics  and  those  more  immediately 
connected  with  his  profession.  Died  27th 
December,  1842.    Aged  42. 

CROKE,  Dr.  Richard,  an  English  divine 
and  scholar  ;  tutor  to  the  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, the  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII.  He 
was  one  oi  the  earliest  English  cultivators 
of  the  Greek  language,  and  wrote  some 
valuable  treatises  ou  philosophical  subjects. 
Die<i,  1558. 

CROMWELL,  TuOMAS,  earl  of  Essex  ; 
one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  Being  confidentially  employed 
by  Cardinal  Wolsey,  he  got  a  seat  in  the 
Ilouse  of  Commons  ;  and  to  his  honour  be 
it  said,  that  when  the  full  tide  of  popular  as 
well  as  courtly  hate  ran  against  his  once 
powerful  friend  and  patron,  he  boldly  and 
ably  defended  him.  In  all  probability  tltis 
very  circumstance  tended  to  recommend 
him  to  the  truculent  Henry  VUI.,  who,  on 
the  death  of  Wolsey,  distinguished  and 
employed  him.  In  the  various  high  offices 
he  held,  he  served  the  king  zealously,  ably, 
and  faithfully  ;  but  his  merit  in  that  respect 
is  greatly  diminished  by  the  indifference  he 
displayed  as  to  the  welfare  of  the  people. 
Having,  after  ail  his  services,  given  offence 
to  the  king,  bj^  promoting  the  marriage  be- 
tween his  majesty  and  Anne  of  Cleves,  he 
was  arrested  while  sitting  at  the  council 
table  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  con- 
demned even  without  a  hearing,  and  not- 
withstanding a  most  humble  and  affecting 
letter  to  the  king,  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
July  28.  1.540. 

CROMWELL,  Olivkh,  one  of  the  most 
extraordinary  characters  in  English  history, 
was  the  grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Cromwell, 
and  the  son  of  Robert  Cromwell,  a  man  of 
good  property,  though  he  carried  on  the 
business  of  a  brewer  at  Huntingdon,  where 
Oliver  was  born,  April  25.  1599.  Having 
been  educated  at  the  free-school  of  that  city 
and  at  Sydney  College,  Cambridge,  he  be- 
came a  law  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Here, 
however,  he  did  not  remain  long  ;  as  in  his 
2l8t  year  he  married  Elizabeth,  the  daughter 
of  Sir  James  Bourchier,  and  settled  at 
Huntingdon.  In  his  youth  he  is  said  to 
have  manifested  a  degree  of  wildness,  that 
too  often  marks  that  period  of  life  ;  but  as 
soon  as  he  married  he  threw  the  follies  of 
youth  aside,  and  assumed  a  staid  and  grave 
aspect  and  deportment,  well  calculated  to 
obtain  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  his 
neighbours  :  one  ofthe  consequences  of  wliich 
was  his  being  elected  member  of  parliament 


for  Huntingdon  in  162,?.  Shortly  after  his 
election  he  openly  deserted  the  Church  of 
England,  and  attached  himself  to  tlie  Puri- 
tans, who  were  just  then  rapidly  rising  into 
power  and  influence.  In  his  parliamentary 
career  he  was  remarkable  rather  for  his 
Imsiness-like  habits  and  energy  of  character, 
than  lor  elegance  of  language  or  graceftil- 
ness  of  delivery.  His  appearance  and  dress, 
too,  were  plain  and  unprepossessing.  He 
notwithstanding  acquired  considerable  in- 
fluence even  in  parliament ;  and  in  1642, 
when  it  was  resolved  to  levy  forces  to  op- 
pose the  king,  Cromwell  received  a  com- 
mission from  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  raised 
a  troop  of  horse  at  Cambridge,  of  which  he, 
of  course,  had  the  command.  Small  as  was 
this  beginning,  the  energy  and  self-posses- 
sion of  the  man  made  it  sufficient.  The 
steps  by  which  he  kept  ever  risiiiff,  until 
he  attained  a  power  greater  than  that  for 
which  the  unfortunate  Charles  I.  had  been 
slaughtered  for  only  endeavouring  to  attain, 
are  matters  rather  of  history  than  of  bio- 
graphy. Suffice  it,  therefore,  for  us  to  say, 
that  in  his  case,  as  in  all  other  cases,  great 
power  ill  obtained  was  fatal  to  his  happi- 
ness as  an  individual.  His  courage  and  his 
singular  slirewdncss  and  skill  in  selecting 
and  employing  the  agents  of  a  system  of  es- 
pionage, more  extensive  and  detailed  than 
England  had  ever  before  been  cursed  with, 
maintained  him  in  power  ;  but  he  was  at 
loat  both  feared  and  hated  by  a  majority  of 
the  people  at  large,  while  in  his  own  family 
even  his  favourite  daughter,  Mrs.  Claypole, 
frequently  and  severely  reproached  him  for 
his  unrignteous  tyranny.  Conscious  of  ge- 
neral dislike,  even  his  strong  and  stern 
mind  gradually  succumbed  to  wearing  and 
carking  anxieties.  He  constantly  carried 
loaded  fire-arms,  and  wore  defensive  armour 
under  his  clothes.  At  length  he  fell  into  a 
nervous  fever,  of  which  he  died,  in  the  60th 
year  of  his  age,  Sept.  3.  1658.  The  political 
administration  of  Cromwell  was  energetic 
and  decisive  ;  the  army  was  regularly  paid, 
and  the  public  revenues  were  strictly  and 
economically  managed  ;  while  the  honour 
of  England  was  well  maintained  on  the 
ocean,  and  her  foreign  commerce  assumed 
a  flourishing  aspect.  He  lived  without 
parade  or  ostentation  ;  he  was  temperate, 
indefatigably  industrious,  and  exact  in  his 
official  duties  ;  yet,  uuder  the  guise  of  piety 
and  virtue,  he  practised  the  most  subtle 
Machiavelism,  using  mankind  as  the  tools 
of  his  ambition,  and  maintaining  his  power 
as  he  had  acquired  it,  by  boldness,  cunning, 
and  tyranny.  He  had  appointed  his  eldest 
son,  Richard,  to  succeed  him  ;  but  the  reins 
of  government  were  not  to  be  held  by  one 
60  mild  and  virtuous ;  and  having  been 
compelled  by  the  mutinous  officers  to  dis- 
solve the  parliament,  he  voluntarily  ab- 
dicated the  protectorship,  April  22.  1659, 
and  ended  his  days  in  tranquil  seclusion  at 
Cheshunt,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1712.  His 
brother  Henry,  whose  Upright  administra- 
tion, as  viceroy  of  Ireland,  had  gained  him 
many  friends,  also  retired  to  private  life,  and 
died  in  1(74. 

CROMWELL,  Oliver^  great  grandson  of 
Henry,  second  son  of  tlie  Protector.    He 


221 


CRO] 


^  ^ctD  Uiiihtr^Kl  2Stotira})l)5. 


[CUF 


was  for  several  years  a  solicitor  in  London, 
and  held  the  appointment  of  clerk  to  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  He  is  noticed  here 
chiefly  on  account  of  his  valuable  publica- 
tion, entitled  "Memoirs  of  the  Protector 
Cromwell,  and  his  sons  Richard  and  Henry  ; 
illustrated  by  Original  Letters  and  other 
Family  Papers."  He  succeeded  to  the  family 
estate  of  Theobalds,  which  descended  to  him 
through  the  children  of  Richard  Cromwell, 
above  named,  and  died  at  Cheshnftt  Park, 
Herts,  in  1821,  aged  79. 

CROUSAZ,  John  Peter  de,  a  distin- 
guished Swiss  divine,  philosopher,  and  ma- 
thematician ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on 
Education,"  an  able  work  on  geometry,  a 
powerful  criticism  on  Pope's  Essay  on  Man, 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Human  Understanding," 
&c.     Died,  1748. 

CROWNE,  Jonrr,  a  poet  and  dramatist  of 
the  17th  century,  and  the  contemporary  of 
Dryden.  He  was  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia, 
but  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in 
England.  At  the  command  of  Charles  II. 
he  wrote  the  "  Masque  of  Calisto  ;"  and  sub- 
sequently he  ridiculed  the  Whig  party,  in 
liis  comedy  of  "  The  City  Politics."  But 
though  he  was  a  very  useful  writer  to  the 
party  whose  principles  he  had  embraced,  he 
had  more  stem  honesty  of  speech  than  was 
agreeable  to  a  licentious  monarch  and  a  cor- 
rupt court.  He  consequently  lived  in  com- 
parative retirement  for  some  time  ;  but  at 
length  was  ordered  by  the  king  to  write  that 
admirable  comedy,  "  Sir  Courtly  Nice."  As 
the  reward  for  this  task,  the  king  had  pro- 
mised to  give  him  a  place  ;  but  his  majesty 
died  on  the  very  day  on  which  the  piece 
had  its  flnal  rehearsal.  Besides  seventeen 
dramas,  he  wrote  "  Da;neids,"  a  burlesque 
poem  ;  and  "  Pandion  and  Amphigeria,"  a 
romance. 

CBOXAET/,  Samttel,  an  English  divine 
and  writer  of  the  18th  century.  He  attached 
himself  early  in  life  to  the  Whig  party,  and 
wrote  several  clever  pieces  in  their  favour. 
These  however,  as  is  usually  the  case  with 
party  effusions,  are  now  almost  wholly  for- 
gotten. But,  besides  these,  he  wrote  an 
"  Imitation  of  the  Song  of  Solomon "  and 
"  Scripture  Politics."  He  also  translated 
.SJsop's  Fables,  and  edited,  or,  as  some  aver, 
wrote,  "  The  Royal  Manual,"  a  poem  which 
was  attributed  to  Andrew  Marvell ;  also 
various  sermons,  dedications,  &c. 

CROZE,  Mathurix  Veyssuke  de  la,  a 
French  writer  and  eminent  oriental  scho- 
lar ;  author  of  "  Histoire  du  Christianisme 
des  Indes,"  and  other  works.  He  was  for 
some  time  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  Benedictine 
congregation  of  St.  Maur  at  Saumur  ;  but  in 
169(5,  being  then  living  at  Brazil,  he  re- 
nounced the  Catholic  fiiith.    Died,  1739. 

CRUDEN,  Alexander,  who  was  better 
known  during  his  life  by  his  assumed  title 
of  "  Alexander  the  Corrector,"  was  a  native 
of  Aberdeen,  born  in  1701,  and  educated  with 
a  view  to  his  becoming  a  minister  of  the 
kirk  of  Scotland.  Unhappily  he  exhibited 
such  an  unsteadiness  of  intellect,  that  he  was 
not  considered  fit  for  so  important  a  profes- 
sion ;  and,  proceeding  to  London,  he  for  some 
time  maintained  himself  by  giving  private 
lessons  in  the  classics  ;  but  in  1732  he  com- 


menced business  as  a  bookseller,  near  the 
Royal  Exchange.  While  thus  employed,  he 
devoted  his  leisure  in  compiling  a  very  ela- 
borate and  useful  "  Concordance  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments,"  which  he  dedicated 
to  queen  Caroline.  Soon  afterwards  he  be- 
came decidedly  Itmatic,  and  was  placed  by 
his  friends  in  a  madhouse  at  Bethnal  Green  ; 
from  which  place,  however,  he  contrived  to 
make  his  escape,  and  subsequently  brought 
an  action  for  false  imprisonment,  but  was 
nonsuited.  He  subsequently  resumed  his 
old  employment  of  correcting  the  press, 
superintending  several  classical  works  ;  but 
he  again  exhibited  such  marks  of  a  deranged 
intellect,  that  although  he  continued  pretty 
generally  to  employ  himself  in  literary 
matters,  and  even  amassed  some  money  by 
his  labours,  the  whole  tenor  of  his  future  life 
was  characterised  by  a  series  of  intellectual 
obliquities.  As  a  literary  man,  however,  he 
was  extremely  industrious,  patient,  and  able; 
and  his  "  Concordance  "  holds,  and  ever  will 
hold,  a  very  high  place  in  the  estimation  of 
all  biblical  students.    Died,  1770,  aged  69. 

CRUIKSHANK,  William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon,  anatomist,  and  writer ; 
author  of  "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Absorbent 
Vessels  of  the  Human  Body,"  "Experi- 
ments on  the  Insensible  Perspiration  of  the 
Human  Body,"  &c.    Died,  1800. 

CRUZ  CANO  Y  OLMEDILLA,  Dow 
Juan  ue  la,  an  eminent  Spanish  geographer 
of  the  18th  century  ;  author  of  the  "  Mapo 
Geographico  de  America  Meridional." 

CTESIAS,  a  Greek  physician  and  histo- 
rian, was  a  native  of  Cnidus  in  Caria.  Being 
taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  between  Cyrus 
the  Younger  and  his  brother  Artaxerxes 
Mnenion,  he  was  employed  to  cure  Artax- 
erxes of  a  severe  wound.  '  He  wrote  a  history 
of  the  Assvrians,  and  other  works. 

CTESIBIUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  eminent 
ancient  mathematician.  He  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  pump  ;  and  he  constructed  a 
clepsydra,  or  water-clock,  in  which  the 
moving  power  was  a  falling  column  of  water. 
A  work  of  his,  entitled  "  Geodesia,  or  the 
Art  of  dividing  and  measuring  Bodies,"  is 
to  be  found  in  the  Vatican  library.  He 
flourished  in  the  165th  Olympiad,  or  about 
B.C.  120. 

CTESIPIION  or  CHERSIPHRON,  a 
famous  Ephesian  architect.  He  gave  the 
design  for  the  first  temple  of  Diana  of  the 
Ephcsians,  which  was  fired  by  Erostratus. 
He  flourished  in  the  sixth  century  b.  c. 

CUDWORTH,  Ralph,  D.D.,  an  English 
divine  and  philosopher ;  author  of  a  "  Dis- 
course concerning  the  true  Nature  of  the 
Lord's  Supper,"  "  The  True  Intellectual 
System  of  the  Universe,"  &c.  He  was  an 
extremely  learned  and  powerful  writer  ;  and, 
independently  of  holding  some  valuable 
church  preferment,  he  was  master  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge.    Died,  1688. 

CUFF,  Henry,  an  eminent  English  scho- 
lar of  tlie  16th  century.  He  was  for  some 
time  Greek  professor  at  Merton  College,'Ox- 
tord  ;  but  growing  weary  of  a  secluded  life, 
he  became  secretary  to  Robert,  earl  of  Essex, 
and  in  that  situation  accompanied  his  lord- 
ship on  the  expedition  to  Cadiz.  Being  im- 
plicated in  the  transactions  which  led  to  the 


CUJ] 


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[CDN 


I  apprehension  and  trial  of  the  Earl  of  Essex, 
j  the  latter  charged  him  with  being  liis  adviser 
j  and  abettor  in  all  his  violent  measures.    Cuff 
I  was  accordingly  tried,  condemned,  and  exe- 
I  cuted  in  ItJOl.    Camden,  who  was  well  ac- 
I  quainted  with  him,  says,  "  he  was  a  man  of 
most  exquisite    harmony   and  penetrating 
will ;  but  of  a  seditious  and  perverse  dispo- 
sition." 

CU.IACIUS,  or  CUJ  AS,  James,  a  cele- 
brated French  jurist.  He  was  professor  of 
law  at  Turin,  and  was  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  as  an  exi)Ounder  of  difficult  questions. 
His  writings  were  collected  into  live  folio 
volumes.     Died,  1590. 

CULLEN,  William,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  being  born  at  I^anark,  in  1712. 
After  serving  his  apprenticeship  to  a  surgeon 
and  apothecary  at  Glasgow,  he  went  some 
voyages  as  a  surgeon.  He  subsequently 
settled  at  Glasgow,  and  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  chemistry  in  the  university  of 
that  city  ;  in  wliieh  capacity  he  obtained  so 
high  a  reputation,  that  he  at  length  became 
medical  professor  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh. As  an  author,  he  is  well  known  by 
his  "  Ivcctures  on  the  ^lateria  Medica,"  "  Sy- 
nopsis Nosologiao  rracticac,"  and  his  "  First 
Lines  on  Medical  Practice."    Died,  1790. 

CULPEPER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
writer  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  "  Con- 
siderations on  Marriage,"  a  "Discourse  on 
Usury,"  "  Brief  Survey  of  the  Growth  of 
Usurv  in  England,"  &c. 

CULPEPPER.  Nicholas,  on  English  her- 
balist of  the  17th  century.  He  was  educated 
at  Camb.idge  ;  and,  after  serving  his  appren- 
ticeship to  an  apothecary,  settled  in  that 
profession  at  Spitalflelds,  in  London.  He 
wrote  a  "Herbal"  and  a  "Dispensary;" 
but  the  science  and  industry  which  he  indis- 


putably possessed  were  in  a  great  degree 
marred  by  his  absurd  pretensions  to  astro- 

"^MBERLAND,  Ricuaud,  bishop  of  Pe- 
terborough ;  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Legibus 
Naturae" — a  very  popular  work,  in  opposition 
to  the  philosophy  of  llobbes  ;  a  translation 
from  Eusebius  of  Sanconiathon's  Phcenician 
History,  an  "Essay  on  the  Jewish  Weights 
and  Measures,"  "  Origines  Gentium  Anti- 
quissimiE,"  &c.  He  was  an  extremely  learned 
man,  but  not  more  remarkable  for  learning 
than  for  modest  and  luiaspiring  virtues. 

CUMBERLAND,  RiciiAKn,  an  able  dra- 
matic and  miscellaneous  Writer,  was  a  son 
of  Dr.  Cumberland,  bishop  of  Clonfert,  and 
born  in  1732.  From  Westminster  School  he 
went  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  and 
was  introduced  to  public  life  as  the  secretary 
of  Lord  Halifax,  when  viceroy  of  Ireland. 
His  first  literary  efforts  obtained  for  him  but 
little  fame ;  but  on  the  appearance  of  his 
comedy  of  "  The  West  Indian,"  in  1771,  his 
reputation  as  a  dramatist  was  at  once  esta- 
blished. From  this  period  till  the  time  of  his 
decease  he  continued  to  be  one  of  the  most 
prolific  writers  for  the  stage,  though  none  of 
his  subsequent  pieces  were  so  successful  as 
the  comedy  before  mentioned.  In  1780  he 
was  employed  by  the  government  to  conduct 
a  secret  negotiation  with  the  courts  of  Ma- 
drid and  Lisbon  ;  which,  to  the  disgrace  of 


the  ministry,  involved  him  in  great  distress, 
as  they  refused  to  reimburse  his  expenses,  to 
the  amoimt  of  50007.,  which  compelled  him 
to  part  with  his  hereditary  property.  To  add 
to  his  distress,  the  board  of  trade  was  broken 
up ;  and  he  retired,  with  a  trifling  pension, 
to  Tnnbridge  Wells,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits  with  the  most  un- 
abating  ardour  and  industry.  Besides  his 
numerous  dramatic  productions,  he  published 
a  collection  of  essays,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Observer;"  also  the  novels  of  "Arundel," 
"  Henry,"  and  "  John  de  Lancaster  ; "  "  Cal- 
vary," a  poem  ;  and  various  other  works,  the 
lost  of  which  was  his  own  "  Memoirs."  The 
comic  drama  was  certainly  his  forte  ;  but 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  writings  there 
is  much  merit,  and  many  of  them  possess 
the  elements  of  a  lasting  vitality.  Died, 
1811. 

CUMBERLAND,  William  Augustus, 
Duke  of,  second  son  of  George  II.,  was  bom 
in  1721,  and  at  an  early  age  entered  on  the 
duties  of  a  military  life.  At  the  battle  of 
Dettingen,  in  174:?,  he  was  wounded,  while 
fighting  by  the  side  of  liis  father ;  and  in 
17-15  he  signalised  himself,  when  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  army  in  Flanders,  at 
the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  where,  however,  he 
was  obliged  to  yield  the  palm  of  victory  to 
Marshal  Saxe.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
took  the  field  against  the  Scottish  rebel 
troops,  wlioin  he  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
Culloden  ;  but  he  stained  his  laurels  by  un- 
necessary crueltv.    Died,  176.5. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Alkxandeh,  a  Scotch 
historical  writer  of  the  18th  century  ;  author 
of  a  "  History  of  Great  Britain,  from  the 
Revolution  to  the  Accession  of  George  I." 
This  was  elegantly  written  by  him  in  Latin, 
but  a  translation  of  it  was  published  by  Dr. 
Thompson  in  1787.  Cunningham  also  held 
some  government  employments,  among 
which  was  that  of  resident  at  Venice.  Died, 
17.S7. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Allan,  an  eminent 
poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Blackwood,  in  Dumfriesshire,  in  1785. 
His  parents  were  in  very  humble  circum- 
stances, and  he  was  taken  from  school  when 
only  11  years  of  age,  and  apprenticed  to  a 
stone-mason.  These  disadvantageous  cir- 
cumstances did  not  prevent  him  from  acquir- 
ing, by  great  though  desultory  reading,  much 
information ;  and  in  1810  he  repaired  to 
London,  where  he  at  first  earned  a  main- 
tenance by  contributing  to  periodicals,  and 
reporting  for  the  press.  At  a  later  period  he 
obtained  employment  in  the  studio  of  the 
eminent  sculptor  Chantrey,  as  principal 
assistant,  which  enabled  him  to  prosecute  his 
literary  tastes  without  hazard  ;  and  he  so 
well  improved  his  advantages,  that  he  not 
merely  distinguished  himself  as  a  critic  and 
historian  as  to  the  arts,  and  as  a  poet  and 
novelist,  but  also,  by  combining  the  pru- 
dence and  tact  of  the  man  of  business  with 
the  fervour  and  feeling  of  the  man  of  genius, 
acquired  considerable  pecuniary  resources. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "  Sir  Mar- 
maduke  Maxwell,"  a  drama  ;  "Paul  Jone?," 
and  "  Sir  Michael  Scott,"  novels  ;  the  "Lives 
of  Burns  and  Sir  David  Wilkie,"  besides 
many  poems,  ballads,  and  lyrics  ;   but  his 


cun] 


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[cus 


most  important  work,  and  that  by  which  he 
is  best  known  south  of  the  Tweed,  is  "  The 
Lives  of  British  Painters,  Sculptors,  and 
Architects."    Died,  1842. 

CUNNINGHAM,  John^,  an  ingenious 
Irish  poet  and  dramatic  performer ;  author 
of  "  Tlie  Landscape,"  and  other  poems,  and 
of  "Love  in  a  Mist,"  a  farce,  upon  which 
Garrick  is  said  to  have  founded  tliat  of  the 
"  Lying  Valet."    Died,  1773. 

CURIO,  Celius  Secundus,  a  learned 
Piedmontese.  Becoming  a  convert  to  the 
reformed  religion,  the  boldness  of  his 
preaching  gave  so  much  offence  to  those 
in  power,  that  he  was  obliged  to  fly  from 
Milan,  and  subsequently  from  Venice  and 
Ferrara.  He  at  length  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  professor  of  eloquence  and  the 
belles  lettres  at  the  university  of  Basle. 
His  principal  works  are  "  De  Amplitudine 
beati  Regni  Dei"  and  " Pasquillorum  tomi 
duo."    Died,  1569. 

CURL,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  whose 
name  is  handed  down,  like  many  others, 
by  the  satirical  wit  of  Pope,  kept  a  shop  in 
the  purlieus  of  Covcnt  Garden,  and  had  his 
ears  cut  off  in  the  pillory  as  a  just  reward 
for  publishing  obscene  books.  What  pity  it 
is  that  a  punishment  so  salutary  should 
have  become  obsolete ! 

CURRAN,  John  Puilpot,  a  celebrated 
Irish  barrister,  of  humble  origin,  was  born 
near  Cork  in  1750 ;  received  his  education 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  and,  coming  to 
London,  studied  the  law  in  the  Temple.  In 
course  of  time  he  was  called  to  the  bar ; 
and  though  at  first  he  had  to  struggle  with 
great  difficulties,  his  brilliant  talents,  ex- 
erted in  defence  of  various  persons  charged 
with  political  offences,  overcame  all  ob- 
stacles, and  he  quickly  rose  to  forensic  emi- 
nence. He  became  a  member  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons  in  1784 ;  and  was  a 
powerful  member  of  the  opposition  until 
the  Whigs  came  into  office,  in  1806,  when 
he  was  made  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland. 
This  office  he  held  till  1814,  and  received  a 
pension  of  3000Z.  on  retiring  ;  after  which 
period  he  generally  resided  in  London.  His 
oratorical  powers  were  of  the  most  splendid 
kind  ;  his  wit,  pathos,  and  withering  sar- 
casm being  alike  irresistible  ;  and  though 
mean  in  personal  appearance,  and  not  always 
using  his  intellectual  weapons  with  good 
taste,  they  enabled  him  to  support  the  cha- 
racter of  a  popular  advocate  and  an  effective 
debater.    Died,  1817. 

CURRIE,  James,  M.D.  He  was  a  native 
of  Scotland,  but  settled  as  a  medical  man  at 
Liverpool,  where  he  enjoyed  an  extensive 
and  very  lucrative  practice.  The  fatigues 
necessarily  attendant  upon  this  did  not, 
however,  prevent  him  from  devoting  con- 
siderable time  to  literature  ;  and  he  is  fa- 
vourably known  as  a  professional  writer  by 
a  paper  "  On  Tetanus  and  Convulsive  Dis- 
orders "  and  "  Medical  Reports,"  &c.  But 
his  literary  celebrity  rests  less  upon  his  pro- 
fessional treatises  than  upon  his  biography 
of  the  poet  Burns,  an  edition  of  whose  works 
was  superintended  by  Dr.  Currie  in  a  manner 
which  obtained  him  great  and  well-merited 
applause.    Died,  1805. 

CURTIS,  William,  an  eminent  English 


botanist.  He  was  a  native  of  Alton,  in 
Hampshire,  and  was  apprenticed  to  an 
apothecary  in  that  place.  But  his  love  of 
botanical  pursuits  induced  him  to  relin- 
quish his  profession  to  establish  a  botanical 
garden,  and  exhibit  as  a  botanical  lecturer. 
Besides  his  lectures,  which  were  published 
with  expensive  and  handsome  illustrative 
plates,  he  wrote  "  Practical  Observations  on 
the  British  Grasses,"  "Flora  Londinensis," 
an  accurate  and  beautiful  work  ;  a  Botanical 
Magazine,  &c.    Died,  1799. 

CURTIS,  Sir  William,  hart.,  a  well- 
known  citizen  and  magistrate  of  London, 
I  whose  father  had  carried  on,  in  an  extensive 
i  way,  the  business  of  a  sea-biscuit  baker. 
The  son,  however,  quitted  that  trade,  to 
engage  in  the  Greenland  fisheries ;  and 
having  secured  a  considerable  portion  of 
wealth,  employed  it  in  the  banking  business, 
under  the  firm  of  Robarts,  Curtis,  and  Co. 
He  was  senior  alderman  of  Bridge-ward, 
and  father  of  tlie  corporation  of  the  city  of 
London,  which  he  represented  in  parliament 
during  28  years.  Sir  William  was  a  loyal 
and  benevolent  citizen,  of  most  honourable 
character  in  his  public  transactions,  greatly 
beloved  in  his  private  connections,  and  ho- 
noured with  the  notice  and  friendship  of  his 
majesty  George  IV.  He  was  raised  to  the 
baronetcy  in  1802,  and  died,  possessed  of 
great  wealth,  in  1829. 

CURTIUS,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Roman. 
Livy  relates,  that  in  the  year  362  B.C.  a  vast 
chasm  appeared  in  the  midst  of  the  Forum, 
which  the  oracle  pronounced  could  only  be 
closed  by  the  Romans  throwing  into  it  that 
by  which  they  were  most  powerful.  Curtius 
declared  that  the  arms  and  courage  of  the 
Romans  were  their  most  valuable  possessions, 
and  having  solemnly  devoted  himself,  he 
put  on  his  armour,  mounted  his  horse,  and 
galloped  headlong  into  the  gulf. 

CURTIUS,  RuFUs  QuiNTUs,  a  Roman 
historian,  who  wrote  the  History  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  ten  books,  the  first  two 
of  which  are  lost.  The  exact  period  in 
which  he  flourished  is  not  known ;  for 
though  his  style  would  indicate  that  he 
lived  in  one  of  the  best  periods  of  the  Latin 
language,  no  -wTiter  of  any  earlier  date  than  i 
the  12th  century  has  made  any  mention  of  j 
him. 

CURWEN,  John  Chiiistian,  a  member  I 
of  the  ancient  family  of  M'Christen,  of  the  ] 
Isle  of  Man,  was  for  many  years  the  repre-  ! 
sentative  in  parliament  for  the  county  of 
Cumberland.  He  devoted  a  great  portion  of 
his  useful  life  to  the  study  of  agriculture  ; 
and  his  skilful  operations  have  banished 
many  erroneous  practices  in  the  science,  and  \ 
given  a  new  impulse  to  agricultural  ex-  ! 
ertions  throughout  the  kingdom.  Died,  ! 
1828.  j 

CUSA,  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent  cardiual,  j 
who  took  his  name  from  that  of  the  village  ] 
of  Cusa,  in  the  diocese  of  Treves,  where  he  i 
was  bom.  After  some  minor  preferments  in  [ 
the  church,  he  was  sent  by  pope  Eugeuiua  [ 
IV.  as  legate  to  Constantinople,  to  endeavour  j 
to  bring  about  a  union  between  the  Greek  ! 
and  Latin  Churches.  He  was  made  a  car-  j 
dinal  by  pope  Nicholas  V.,  who  also  gave 
him  the  see  of  Brixen,  in  the  Tyrol.   Besides 


CDS] 


^  ^ebi  mnihexidLl  aSiflsrajptjy. 


[CZE 


metajihysical,  theological,  mathematical, 
nnd  other  treatises,  which  form  three  vo- 
lumes folio,  he  wrote  a  very  learned  and 
powerful  refutation  of  the  Koran.  Died, 
14(i4. 

CUSS  AY,  M.,  the  governor  of  Angers  at 
the  time  the  infamous  Charles  IX.  carried 
into  effect  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 
He  deserves  a  niche  in  every  biographical 
work,  for  having  refused  to  obey  the  tyrant's 
orders,  in  tliese  memorable  words  :  —  "I  will 
not  stain  50  years  of  a  spotless  life  by  the 
most  cowardly  of  assassinations." 

CUSSON  FiERKE,  an  eminent  French 
botanist  and  physician.  During  his  travels 
in  Majorca  and  Spain  he  made  a  very 
valuable  collection  of  the  plants  of  those 
countries,  which,  unfortunately,  a  female  of 
his  family,  niistaking  it  for  so  much  mere 
lumber,  threw  into  the  street,  and  it  was  ut- 
terly destroyed.  Besides  assisting  Sauvagcs 
in  his  celebrated  work  on  nosology,  he 
wrote,  and  had  completely  prepared  for 
the  press,  an  elaborate  treatise  on  the 
umbelliferous  plants  ;  a  work  which  could 
not  but  have  been  a  valuable  contribution 
to  science,  but  wliich  from  some  unexplained 
cause  has  not  been  printed.    Died,  1784. 

CUSTINE,  Adam  Puimp,  Count  de,  was 
born  at  Metz,  in  1740  j  and  having  entered 
the  army  early  in  life,  attracted  the  notice  of 
Frederic  of  Prussia,  under  whom  he  served 
in  the  seven  years'  war.  He  afterwards  ac- 
cepted a  commission  in  one  of  the  French 
regiments  that  assisted  the  Americans  in 
resisting  the  English  ;  and  on  returning  to 
France  was  made  governor  of  Toulon.  In 
1792  he  had  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Rhine  ;  but  being  suddenly  summoned  to 
France,  the  tyrants  of  the  hour  sent  him  to 
the  guillotine,  August,  1793,  there  to  expiate 
the  crime  of  non-success. 

CUTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  who  had 
the  honour  to  baptize  Egfred,  king  of  Nor- 
thumberland, and  the  good  fortune  to  be 
made  bishop  of  that  district.  lie  founded  a 
monastery  at  Lindisfarne,  and  died  in  666. 

CUVELI-IER  DE  TRIE,  John  William 
AuuusTus,  a  French  dramatist  of  great  fe- 
cundity and  considerable  talent,  was  born 
in  1700,  and  died  in  1824.  He  was  sometimes 
called  the  Corneille  of  the  boulevards. 

CUVIER,  Geouoe  Leopold  Christian 
Fredkric  Daoobert,  Baron ;  the  most 
eminent  naturalist  of  modern  times ;  was 
born  at  Montbeliard,  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  in  1709.  Having  a  decided  par- 
tiality for  natural  history,  he  devoted  his 
leisure  hours  to  the  pursuit  of  that  inter- 
esting science,  while  acting  in  the  capacity 
of  private  tutor  in  the  family  of  Count  d' 
Hericy,in  Normandy.  As  soon  as  he  quitted 
this  situation  he  established  himself  in  Paris  ; 
and  such  was  his  talent,  and  such  the  per- 
severance with  which  he  followed  up  his 
examinations  and  inquiries,  that  he  was  ere 
long  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  first 
zoologists  in  Euroiie.  His  profound  know- 
ledge and  comprehensive  views,  his  inge- 
nious classifications  and  elegant  illustra- 
tions, delighted  the  accomplished  visitors  of 
the  Lycie,  where  he  lectured  ;  and  his  fame 
reaching  the  ears  of  Napoleon,  the  most 
important  offices  in  the  department  of  pub- 


223 


lie  instruction  were  given  to  hipi.  He  twice 
visited  England,  namely,  in  1818  and  in 
1830  ;  and  died  at  Paris  In  1832.  To  Baron 
Cuvier,  France  is  indebted  for  the  finest  os- 
teological  collection  in  the  world ;  while 
the  whole  world  is  indebted  to  him  for  the 
immense  addition  he  has  made  to  the  ge- 
neral stock  of  zoological  science. 

CYAXARES  I.,  king  of  the  Medes,  was  a 
very  powerful  prince,  and  subdued  all  Asia 
beyond  the  river  Halys.    Died,  B.  c.  685. 

CYPRIAN,  TiiASCius  C.kcilius,  was  a 
learned  father  of  the  church,  born  at  Car- 
thage, and  who  embraced  Christianity  in 
240.  He  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "Gratia 
Dei ; "  succeeded  Donatus,  as  bishop  of  Car- 
thage !  and  suffered  martyrdom  in  258. 

CYRII*.  St.,  originally  named  Constax- 
TIXE,  and  called  the  Philosopher,  was  the 
apostle  of  the  Slavi,  in  the  9th  century,  and 
invented  the  Sclavonic  alphabet.  He  died 
at  Rome,  in  822. 

CYRUS,  king  of  Persia,  a  renowned  con- 
queror, was  the  son  of  Cambyses  and  Man- 
dane,  daughter  of  Astyages,  king  of  Media, 
by  wiiom  he  was  sent  to  Persia.  Here  he 
soon  collected  a  formidable  army,  and  de- 
posed his  grandfather,  b.  c.  500.  He  also 
conquered  Croesus,  the  rich  and  powerful 
king  of  Lydia,  and  Nabonadius,  kin^  of 
Babylon,  whose  capital  he  took,  after  a  siege 
of  two  years.  Extending  his  conquests  on 
all  sides,  till  his  dominions  in  Asia  rcoched 
from  the  Hellespont  to  the  Indus,  he  at 
length  marched  against  the  Massugctse,  a 
people  of  Scythia,  then  ruled  by  a  queen 
named  Tomyris  ;  but  though  successful  in 
the  first  great  battle,  he  was  defeated  in  the 
second,  and  slain,  b.  c.  529. 

CYRUS  the  Youxoeu  was  the  son  of 
Darius  Nothus,  and  brother  of  Artaxerxes, 
whose  life  he  attempted,  in  order  to  obtain 
the  throne.  He  was,  however,  pardoned,  and 
made  governor  of  Lydia;  but  he  treaclierously 
raised  an  army,  marched  against  his  brother, 
fought  a  desperate  battle,  and  was  killed, 
B.  c.  400. 

CYRUS,  of  Panapolls,  a  Latin  poet  and 
soldier,  in  the  time  of  Theodosius  the 
Younger.  He  was  made  consul  and  prefect 
of  Constantinople ;  afterwards  embraced 
Christianity,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Phrygia,  where  he  died. 

CZERNI-GEORGE,  whose  real  name  was 
GEonoE  PETKoviT.scH,  the  appellation  of 
"  George  the  Black "  being  given  him  on 
account  of  the  darkness  of  his  complexion, 
was  born  of  humble  parents,  near  Belgrade  ; 
but  he  raised  himself  to  the  rank  of  a  prince 
by  the  force  of  his  natural  talents,  and  a 
degree  of  courage  rarely  equalled.  With 
an  ardent  desire  to  liberate  Scrvia,  his  native 
country,  from  the  Turks,  he  first  raised  a 
small  troop,  was  succefsful  in  various  en- 
counters, and  at  length,  in  18(W,  made  him- 
self master  of  Belgrade.  A  long  and  arduous 
struggle  followed  ;  and  though  for  a  time 
Czerni-George  was  the  acknowledged  prince 
of  Servia,  he  was  eventually  compelled  to 
retire  to  Russia,  where  he  was  received  with 
distinction,  and  created  a  Russian  prince. 
But  he  was  still  bent  on  repossessing  Servia ; 
and  having  entered  that  territory,  in  1817, 
he  was  taken  prisoner  and  beheaded. 


DAC] 


^  ^tbi  mniiiex^sX  JStosrajiTjg. 


[dai. 


D. 


DACIER,  Andhew,  a  critic  and  classical 
commentator  of  some  eminence,  bom,  in 
1651,  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Languedoc.  He 
was  made  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French 
Academy  in  1731,  and  had  tlie  care  of  the 
cabinet  in  the  Louvre  entrusted  to  him.  He 
translated  Horace,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Epic- 
tetus,  &c.  into  French.    Died,  1722. 

DACIEK,  Annk  Lefevre,  vrife  of  the 
preceding,  was  born,  in  1C51,  at  Saumur, 
at  the  university  of  which  place  Tanaquil 
Lefevre,  her  father,  was  a  professor.  Her 
love  of  classical  literature  was  displayed  at 
an  early  age ;  and  her  proficiency  was  so 
great,  that  at  tlie  age  of  22  she  produced  an 
admirable  edition  of  "  CalHmachus,"  whicli 
was  followed  by  various  others  of  the  Del- 
phin  classics.  She  subsequently  translated 
Homer,  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Terence,  with 
portions  from  Aristoplianes,  Plautus,  &c. 
In  1(583  she  married  M.  Dacier,  and  soon 
after  they  both  renounced  the  Protestant 
religion.  Though  her  life  was  spent  in  con- 
stant literary  labour,  she  was  far  from  being 
ostentatious  of  her  eminent  abilities.  Died, 
1720. 

DiEDALtrS,  a  celebrated  Greek  architect 
and  sculptor,  who  is  said  to  have  flourished 
at  Athens  in  the  10th  century  B.C.,  and  to 
have  been  the  inventor  of  many  useful  in- 
struments, viz.  the  axe,  the  saw,  the  plum- 
met, the  auger,  &c.  There  was  also  an- 
other Daedalus  of  less  note,  a  sculptor  of 
Sicyon. 

DAGOBERT,  Loms  Augustus,  a  French 
general,  who  in  1793  was  chief  commander 
of  the  army  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and 
was  killed  in  the  following  year  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Urgel,  where  he  greatly  distinguished 
liimself.  He  waa  also  the  author  of  a  work 
on  military  tactics. 

DAGOBERT  I.,  king  of  the  Franks,  sur- 
named  the  Great  on  account  of  his  military 
successes,  began  his  reign  in  G28,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  32. 

D'AGUESSEAU,  Hexry  Francis,  called 
by  Voltaire  the  most  learned  magistrate  that 
France  ever^produced,  was  born  at  Limoges 
in  1668,  and'died  1751.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished in  13  vols.  4to. 

DAILLE,  John,  a  Protestant  minister  of 
the  17th  century  ;  author  of  several  theo- 
logical works,  the  chief  of  which  is  entitled 
"  Of  the  Use  of  the  Fathers."  As  a  contro- 
versialist he  was  singularly  impartial,  and  is 
esteemed  even  by  Roman  Catholics.  Bom, 
1593  ;  died,  1670. 

DALBERG,  Charles  Theodore  An- 
thony Maria,  a  baron  of  the  German 
empire,  prince-primate  of  the  confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  grand-duke  of  Frankfort,  and, 
finally,  archbishop  of  Ralisbon,  was  bom 
near  Worms,  in  1744.  He  always  espoused 
the  new  ideas  to  which  the  French  revolu- 
tion gave  impulse  ;  and  though  he  opposed 
the  invasion  of  Germany  by  the  French  in 
1797,  he  assisted  at  the  coronation  of  the 
emperor  Napoleon  in  1804.    Throughout  life 


he  was  distinguished  for  industry  in  the 
discharge  of  his  official  duties,  and  for  an 
incorruptible  love  of  justice  ;  he  was  also 
the  encoiirager  of  learning  and  science,  and 
himself  the  author  of  several  ingenious  trea- 
tises, legal,  scientific,  and  philosophical.  In 
1813  he  voluntarily  resigned  all  his  posses- 
sions as  a  sovereign  prince,  and  retired  to 
private  life,  retaining  only  his  ecclesiastical 
dignity.    Died,  1817. 

D'ALBRET,  Charlotte,  sister  of  John 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  and  wife  of  Caesar 
Borgia.  She  was  a  poetess  of  no  mean 
poM'crs,  and  as  remarkable  for  virtue  as  her 
husband  was  for  vice.    Died,  1514. 

D'ALBRET,  Charles,  constable  of 
France  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.,  to  whom 
lie  was  related  by  blood.  He  commanded 
the  French  army  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Agincourt,  in  which  he  lost  his  life,  1514. 

D'ALBRET,  Jeanne,  daughter  of  Marga- 
ret, queen  of  Navarre,  and  mother  of  Henry 
of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  of  France. 
Died  suddenly  in  1572. 

DALE,  Richard,  an  American  naval 
officer,  was  born,  in  Virginia,  in  1756;  was 
sent  to  sea  at  12  years  of  age,  and  at  19  had 
the  command  of  a  merchant-vessel.  HTiile 
serving  as  a  midshipman  on  board  of  the 
American  brig  of  war  Lexington,  he  was 
taken  by  a  British  cutter ;  but,  after  being 
confined  a  twelvemonth  in  Mill  prison,  he 
effected  his  escape  into  France,  where  he 
joined  the  celebrated  Paul  Jones,  then  com- 
manding the  American  ship  Bon  Homme 
Richard,  and  was  the  first  man  that  boarded 
the  English  frigate  Serapis,  which  was  cap- 
tured. In  1801  he  had  the  command  of  an 
American  squadron,  and  hoisted  his  pendant 
on  board  the  President.  He  was  a  brave, 
honourable,  and  intelligent  seaman.  The 
adventures  of  his  early  days  were  of  the 
most  romantic  and  perilous  kind  ;  but  his 
latter  j-ears  were  passed  in  the  peaceful 
enjoyment  of  a  competent  estate  at  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  died,  in  1826. 

DALE,  David,  a  skilful  mechanic,  and 
the  originator  of  the  well-known  Lanark 
Mills,  was  bom.  in  1739,  at  Stewarton,  in 
Ayrshire.  From  being  a  journeyman  weaver 
he  became  a  cotton  manufacturer  on  a  most 
extensive  scale,  first  in  conjunction  with  Sir 
R.  Arkwright,  and  afterwards  on  his  own 
account.  By  his  means  employment  was 
given  to  thousands,  old  and  young  ;  nor  did 
he  leave  the  latter  without  the  means  of 
mental  instruction,  but  provided  teachers 
and  established  schools  at  all  Ma  works. 
Died,  1806. 

D'ALEMBERT,  Jean  le  Rond,  a  cele- 
brated philosopher  and  mathematician,  and 
an  elegant  writer,  born  at  Paris,  1717.  He 
had  the  name  of  Le  Rond  from  the  church 
near  which  he  was  exposed  as  a  foundling. 
The  sciences  were  greatly  enriched  by  him  ; 
and  his  writings  display  great  genius,  judg- 
ment, and  taste.  His  name  will  remain  for 
ever  attached  to  the  great  "  Encyclopudie  " 


DAI.] 


^  |5cto  SIniljcriSal  3Si0Q:raj|jTjji. 


[dal 


wliich  he  founded,  and  to  wliich  he  con- 
tributed numerous  articles.    Died,  1783. 

DAI.IN,  Oi,AUS  Vox,  called  the  father  of 
modern  Swedish  poetry,  was  the  author  of 
many  spirited  satires,  songs,  epigrams,  and 
fables.  He  also  wrote  "  The  Argus,"  a  work 
on  tlie  plan  of  the  Spectator  ;  "  A  General 
History  of  Sweden;"  "Brunihilda,"  a  tra- 
gedy, &c.  He  was  born  in  1708,  and  died 
chancellor  of  the  coiu-t  of  Sweden,  in  17G3. 
Queen  Louisa  Ulrica  erected  a  mausoleum 
to  his  memory. 

DAL.LAS,  Ai.EXANDEK  James,  an  Ame- 
rican statesman  and  financier,  was  a  native 
of  Janraica,  where  his  father  was  an  eminent 
and  wealthy  physician.  He  was  sent  at  an 
early  age  to  England,  and  completed  his 
education  at  Westminster  Scliool.  Finding, 
at  his  father's  death,  that  the  wliole  of  his 
property  was  left  at  the  disposal  of  his  widow, 
who  married  again,  he  went  to  the  United 
States,  was  naturalised,  and  admitted  to 
practise  in  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, filling  up  his  leisure  time  by  being 
a  contributor  to  the  periodical  press.  He 
subsequently  obtained  several  government 
appointments,  and  in  1801  was  made  se- 
cretary of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 
This  situation  he  discharged  with  consum- 
mate ability,  and  in  1815  he  undertook  the 
additional  trust  of  secretary  of  war.  Died, 
1817. 

DALLAS,  Sir  Geouoe,  lord  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  was  born  in  liondon, 
1758,  educated  principally  at  Geneva,  and 
at  the  age  of  18  he  went  to  India  as  a  writer, 
where  his  talents  soon  raised  him  to  high  civil 
offices.  He  warmly  esiwused  the  cause  of 
Hastings  when  impeached,  and  in  1789  he 
wrote  a  pamphlet,  in  which  he  attributed  to 
him  tlie  British  supremacy  in  India.  In  1793 
he  published  his  "  Thoughts  upon  our  present 
Situation,  with  Remarks  upon  the  Policy  of 
a  War  with  France,"  wliich  created  con- 
siderable sensation,  and  especially  excited 
the  admiration  of  Mr.  Pitt.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  various  other  political  works, 
relating  more  particularly  to  the  state  of 
Ireland ;  besides  some  elaborate  treatises 
on  the  subject  of  the  East  India  trade  and 
policy  ;  and,  lastly,  a  "  Biographical  Memoir 
of  his  son-in-law,  Captain  Sir  Peter  Parker." 
The  works  of  Sir  George  Dallas  were  all 
elegant  and  correct  compositions,  displaying 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subjects  on 
which  he  treated.    Died,  Jan.  1833. 

DALLAS,  RoBEiiT  Charles,  known  as 
the  friend  and  biographer  of  Lord  Byron, 
was  born  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  and  studied 
the  law  in  the  Inner  Temple.  After  resid- 
ing for  a  time  in  France  and  America,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  He  translated  several  works 
from  the  French,  and  wrote  the  novels  of 
"  Aubrey,"  "  Perceval,"  "  The  Morlands," 
&c.  ;  but  he  is  now  more  remembered  for  his 
•'  Recollections  of  Lord  Byron."    Died,  1824. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexanueij,  hydrogra- 
pher  to  the  Admiralty  and  the  India  Com- 
pany, was  born  at  New  Hailes,  near  Edin- 
burgh, in  1737,  and  spent  the  early  part  of 
his  life  in  India,  as  a  writer.  He  wrote 
"The  Oriental  Repertory,"  three  "CoUec- 
tiong  of  Voyages,"  &c.    Died,  1808. 


DAUIYMPLE,  Sir  David,  a  Scotch  judge 
and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in 
1726,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Utrecht.  On 
his  becoming  a  judge  of  tlie  court  of  session 
in  1700,  he  took  the  title  of  lord  Hailes.  His 
principal  works  are  "  Annals  of  Scotland," 
which  Dr.  Johnson  assisted  in  revising,  and 
"  Memorials  relating  to  the  History  of  Great 
Britain."    Died,  1792. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  John,  for  many 
years  a  baron  of  exchequer  in  Scotland,  and 
the  author  of  "Memoirs  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,"  in  3  vols.  Died,  aged  84,  in 
1810. 

DALTON,  JoHX,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Dean,  in  Cumberland,  in 
1709,  and  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford. He  obtained  the  living  of  St.  Mary-at- 
Hill,  London,  and  a  prebend  at  Worcester. 
He  wrote  a  volume  of  sermons,  some  poems, 
&c. ;  and  adapted  Milton's  Comus  to  the 
stage.    Died,  1763. 

DALTON,  JoHX,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  a  ma- 
thematician and  natural  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Eaglesfleld,  near  Cockermouth,  in 
17(;(>,  and  gave  early  indications  of  his  future 
scientific  celebrity.  From  teaching  a  school 
as  a  boy  in  his  native  village,  we  find  him  at 
a  subsequent  period  similarly  engaged  at 
Kendal  ;  and  in  1793,  when  in  his  2;5rd  year, 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  in  the  new  college  in 
Moscley  Street,  Manchester,  with  which  he 
remained  until  the  removal  of  that  estab- 
lishment to  York.  He  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance as  an  author  in  a  volume  of  "  Me- 
teorological Observations  and  Essays,"  in 
1793.  In  1808  he  published  "  A  New  System 
of  Chemical  Philosophy,"  and  a  second  part 
in  1810.  He  also  frequently  contributed  to 
Nicholson's  Journal,  the  Annals  of  Phi- 
losophy, and  the  Memoirs  of  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester, 
of  which  for  half  a  century  he  was  an  active 
member,  and  latterly  the  president.  In  182(j 
he  was  presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  the 
Roval  Society  for  his  scientittc  discoveries  ; 
and  in  1833  the  sum  of  2000?.  was  raised  by 
his  friends  and  townsmen  for  the  erection  of 
a  statue  (by  Chantrey)  to  perpetuate  his 
remembrance.  His  "atomic  theory"  must 
ever  render  his  name  memorable.  Contem- 
poraneously with  Gay-Lussac,  with  whom 
many  of  his  researches  run  parallel,  he  dis- 
covered the  important  general  law  of  the 
expansion  of  gases  ;  and  his  contributions  to 
meteorology  were  also  of  the  most  Important 
kind.  A  severe  attack  of  paralysis  in  1837 
considerably  impaired  his  powers,  and  he 
died  in  August,  1844. 

DALTON,  MiciiAET,,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  the  IGth  century ;  the  author  of  a  book 
on  the  "  Office  of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,"  and 
another  on  the  "  Duties  of  Sherifi"8."  Died, 
1620. 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  general, 
who  was  with  Charles  II.  at  the  battle  of 
Worcester  ;  after  which  he  entered  into  the 
Russian  service,  but  was  recalled  at  the 
Restoration.  After  the  tragical  fate  of 
Charles  I.  he  never  would  suffer  his  beard 
to  be  shaved,  and  he  was  also  remarkable  for 
other  eccentricities  in  regard  to  his  dress. 
Hia  devotion  to  the  royal  cause  rendered 


227 


dam] 


^  ^ciu  SHiiibcr^al  28tflgi\"CjpIj». 


[dan 


him  an  especial  favourite  at  the  court  of  the 
"merry  monarch." 

DAMER,  Anne  Seymour,  eminent  as  a 
sculptor  as  well  as  for  lier  general  accom- 
plishments, was  the  daughter  of  Field-mar- 
shal Conway,  and  born  in  1748.  She  took 
lessons  in  the  art  from  Ceracci  and  Bacon, 
and  afterwards  studied  in  Italy.    Died,  1808. 

D  AMI  AN,  General,  born  in  17G3  ;  a  French 
royalist,  engaged  in  repeated  abortive  at- 
tempts to  rouse  France  against  the  revolu- 
tionary and  imperial  regimes,  in  favour  of 
the  Bourbons ;  and  afterwards  enjoying  a 
pension  of  300i.  per  annum  from  the  British 
government. 

DAMIENS,  Robert,  who,  owing  to  his 
vicious  inclinations,  obtained  the  appella- 
tion of  Robert-le-diahJe,  was  born  in  171.'),  at 
TieuUoy,  a  village  of  Artois.  While  at  Paris, 
in  a  menial  employment,  he  was  accused 
of  having  poisoned  one  of  his  masters  and 
robbed  anotlier  ;  and  having  evaded  the  law 
by  flight,  he  in  course  of  time  returned,  to 
practise  new  enormities.  In  January,  17.57, 
he  stabbed  Louis  XV.  in  the  midst  of  his 
guards,  as  he  was  getting  into  his  carriage. 
Fortunately,  the  wound  was  not  mortal,  and 
Damiens  was  instantly  seized  ;  but  the  most 
cruel  tortures  wliich  lie  was  doomed  to  suffer 
could  not  induce  him  to  confess  that  he  had 
any  accomplices  ;  and  the  horrid  sentence, 
which  condemned  him  to  be  torn  in  pieces 
by  horses,  was  executed.  March  28.  1757. 

DAMM,  CuRiSTiAN  Tobias,  a  Protestant 
divine,  eminent  as  a  Greek  scholar,  was  born 
at  Leipsic  in  1699.  His  principal  work  is  a 
"Greek  Etymological  Lexicon."  Died,  1778. 

DAMOCLES,  a  sycophant  at  the  court  of 
Dionysius  of  Syracuse.  He  was  one  day 
extolling  the  happy  condition  of  princes, 
on  which  the  king  invited  him  to  a  sump- 
tuous entertainment,  but  caused  a  naked 
sword  to  be  suspended  over  his  head  bj'  a 
single  hair  ;  thereby  intimating  the  danger 
that  awaited  the  great,  though  surrounded 
by  vassals  and  revelling  in  luxury.  This  is 
said  to  have  produced  a  salutary  effect  on 
the  courtier,  wlio  begged  that  the  king  would 
dismiss  him  to  any  mean  station,  so  that  he 
might  live  in  safety. 

DAMON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
rendered  memorable  for  his  friendsliip  with 
Pythias.  Dionysius  having  condemned  him 
to  death,  he  obtained  leave  of  absence  to  go 
home  and  settle  his  affairs,  Pythias  pledg- 
ing himself  to  endure  the  punishment  in  his 
Btead  if  he  did  not  return  at  tlie  appointed 
time.  Damon  was  punctual ;  and  this  in- 
stance of  friendship  so  pleased  the  king,  that 
he  pardoned  Damon,  and  requested  to  be- 
come one  of  his  friends. 

DAMPIER,  William,  an  English  navi- 
gator, was  born  at  East  Coker,  Somerset- 
shire, in  1652,  and  became  a  mariner  at  an 
early  age.  During  many  years  of  active 
service  in  privateers  and  trading  vessels,  he 
several  times  visited  the  South  Seas ;  and 
the  result  of  liis  observations  were  given  to 
the  public  in  a  work  of  4  vols.,  entitled 
"  Voyages  round  the  World,"  which  for 
accuracy  and  interest,  as  well  as  for  profes- 
sional knowledge,  possess  very  considerable 
merit.  He  died,  as  is  supposed,  in  1712,  but 
tlie  exact  time  is  not  known. 


DANCER,  Daniel,  a  noted  miser,  was 
born  in  1716,  near  Harrow,  in  Middlesex. 
In  1736  lie  succeeded  to  his  family  estate, 
and  led  the  life  of  a  hermit  for  above  half  a 
century.  His  only  dealings  with  mankind 
arose  from  the  sale  of  his  hay  ;  and  he  was 
seldom  seen,  except  when  he  was  out  gather- 
ing logs  of  wood  from  the  common,  &c.  As 
he  was  frequently  robbed,  he  nailed  up  his 
door,  and  by  means  of  a  ladder,  which  he 
drew  up  after  him,  got  into  his  liouse  through 
the  upper  window.  This  miserable  specimen 
of  humanity  continued  to  vegetate  till  1794, 
when  he  died,  bequeathing  his  estates  to. 
liady  Tempest,  for  the  cliaritable  attentions 
she  had  bestowed  upon  him. 

DANCKERTS,  the  name  of  a  family  of 
Dutch  artists,  of  whom  Cornelius,  born 
in  ]5<)1,  appears  to  have  been  the  first  of 
any  note.  He  excelled  as  a  portrait  and 
historical  engraver,  and  several  among  his 
successors  attained  celebrity  in  the  same  art. 

DANCOURT,  Flore  .N'CE  Carton,  a 
French  actor  and  dramatic  poet,  was  born 
in  1G61,  at  Fontainbleau,  and  was  originally 
a  barrister,  but  quitted  that  profession  for 
tlie  stage.  He  produced  an  immense  number 
of  plays,  and  was  particularly  successful  in 
introducing  subjects  of  real  occurrence, 
whicb  gave  to  his  comic  pieces  great  pi- 
quancy.   Died,  1726. 

DANDINI,  C^SAR  and  Vincent  ;  two 
Florentine  painters  of  the  16th  century, 
both  eminent  for  their  historical  pieces  ;  as 
was  also  their  nephew  Pietro,  who  died  in 
1712. 

DANDOLO,  Henry,  a  celebrated  doge  of 
Venice,  to  which  liigh  office  he  was  chosen 
in  1192,  when  in  his  84th  year.  At  the 
siege  of  Constantinople,  during  the  fourth 
crusade,  the  venerable  doge  commanded  his 
men  to  run  up  to  the  walls,  and  was  himself 
the  first  who  leaped  on  shore.  He  died  in 
1205,  aged  97. 

DANDOLO,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  chem- 
ist, descended  from  the  famous  doge  and 
captor  of  Constantinople,  was  born  in  1758. 
At  all  times  zealous  for  the  independence  of 
Italy,  he  became  a  member  of  the  council 
of  the  Cisalpine  republic,  after  the  treaty 
of  Campo  Formio.  He  died  in  1819.  Among 
his  works  are  "Fondamenti  della  Scienza 
Fisico-Chemica,"  &c. 

D'ANDRADA,  Anthony,  a  Portuguese 
Jesuit,  who  discovered  in  1624  the  country  of 
Cathay  and  Thibet,  of  which  he  published 
an  account.     He  died  at  Goa,  1634. 

D'ANDRADA,  Diego  de  Payva,  a 
learned  Portuguese  divine,  who  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  council  of  Trent  by 
his  talents  and  eloquence,  and  wrote  an 
elaborate  defence  of  it  against  tbe  attack 
of  Chemnitius  ;  he  died,  1575 —  His  brother, 
Francis  D'ANDRADA,was  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Spain,  and  wrote  the  History 

of  John  III.,  king  of  Portugal Another 

brother,  Thomas  d'  Anprada,  an  Augustine 
friar,  called  by  his  order  Thomas  of  Jesus, 
attended  Don  Sebastian  in  his  expedition 
against  the  emperor  of  Morocco,  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  shut  up  in  a  cave  by  the 
Moors,  in  which  place  he  wrote  a  book 
called  "  The  Sufferings  of  Jesus." 

DANGEAU,     Philip    de     Coukcillon, 


dan]. 


^  ^tbi  BnihtrgKi  38tOffrap]^M. 


[dan 


Marquis  of,  was  born  in  1G38,  and  distin- 
guislied  himself  not  less  by  his  own  talents 
than  by  the  patronage  he  afforded  to  the 
literati  of  his  day.  He  wrote  an  extensive 
"Journal  of  the  Court  of  I^ouis  XIV.,"  ex- 
tracts from  whieh  have  been  published,  but 
not  the  work  entire.    Died,  1720, 

D'ANGIIIERA,  Pktkii  Martyr,  an 
Italian  scholar  of  a  noble  Milanese  family, 
born,  145.5  ;  died,  152ii,  at  Granada  ;  leaving 
several  historical  works,  which  are  usually 
quoted  under  the  name  of  Peter  Martvr. 

DANICIAN,  Andre,  better  known" by  the 
name  of  Philidok,  a  celebrated  player  and 
writer  on  chess,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
resided  several  years  in  England,  where  he 
published  his  "  Analysis  "  of  that  celebrated 
game,  and  also  some  musical  compositions. 
Died,  17S)5. 

DANIEL,  Gabriel,  a  French  Jesuit ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  France,"  and  a 
"  Voyage  to  the  VVorld  of  Descartes,"  a 
severe  satire  on  the  system  of  that  philoso- 
pher.   Born,  1649  ;  died,  1728. 

DANIEL,  Samuel,  a  poet  and  historian, 
was  born  in  1562,  near  Taunton,  Devon, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford. 
He  became  poet  laureate  on  the  dcatli  of 
Spenser,  and  was  subsequently  ai)pointed 
to  the  office  of  groom  of  the  bed-cliamber 
to  James  I.  Besides  various  poems,  some 
of  wliich  possess  considerable  merit,  he  wrote 
a  "  History  of  England  "  to  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.    Died,  1619. 

DANIELI,  F.,  an  Italian  savant,  medal- 
list, and  antiquarian,  l)orn  in  1741.  In  the 
Neapolitan  revolution  of  1799,  he  joined  the 
French  republican  party  i  and  on  the  resto- 
ration of  the  king  of  Naples,  by  Lord  Nelson's 
means,  suffered  by  the  loss  of  his  post  in  the 
academy,  and  the  confiscation  of  his  pro- 
perty. Joseph  Buonaparte  made  him  per- 
petual secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Anti- 
quities at  Naples,  and  in  tikis  employment 
he  was  continued  by  Murat.  He  died  in 
1812.  Among  his  works  are  "  1-e  Forche 
Caudine  Illustrate,"  "  Monete  Antiche  di 
Capua,"  "  I  Regali  Sepolclxri  del  Duomo  di 
Palermo,"  &c. 

DANIELL,  John  Frederick,  D.C.L., 
professor  of  chemistry  in  King's  College,  and 
foreign  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Meteorological  Essays,"  an  "  Intro- 
duction to  Chemical  Philosophy,"  &c.,  be- 
sides numerous  papers  in  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Science  and  Art,  and  the  Phi- 
losophical Transactions,  was  bom  in  Essex 
Street,  London,  in  1790.  As  a  proof  of  the 
estimation  in  which  his  scientific  attainments 
were  held,  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  that 
he  obtained  all  the  three  medals  in  the  gift 
of  the  Royal  Society,  an  honour  never  before 
conferred  on  any  individual.  While  attend- 
ing a  meeting  of  the  council  of  the  R.  S., 
Marcli  14.  1845,  he  was  seized  with  apoplexy, 
and  immediately  expired.  In  his  official 
capacity  he  was  zealous  and  indefatigable  ; 
in  his  private  character,  irreproachable. 

DANIELL,  Samuel,  an  artist,  who  tra- 
velled into  the  interior  of  Africa,  made  nu- 
merous drawings  there,  and  on  his  return 
published  a  work  entitled  "  African  Scenery." 
He  also  spent  six  years  in  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon, where  he  died  in  1811.    He  left  an  ex- 


tensive collection  of  drawings,  chiefljr  iUus-  | 
trative  of  the  natural  history  of  the  island  ; 
and  a  volume  was  published,  entitled  "  The 
Scenery,  Animals,  and  Native  Inhabitants  of 
Ceylon." 

DANIELL,  William,  R.A.,  an  eminent 
draughtsman,  bom  1769,  was  initiated  in 
the  pictorial  art  at  a  very  earlj'  age,  and 
accompanied  his  uncle  to  India,  when  he  was 
only  14,  for  the  express  purpose  of  assisting 
in  depicting  the  scenery,  costume,  &c.  of 
that  interesting  country.  Immediately  on 
their  return,  the  large  work, entitled  "  Orien- 
tal Scenery,"  in  6  folio  volumes,  was  com- 
menced, and  continued  with  the  most  per- 
severing ardour,  until  its  completion  in  1808. 
He  also  published  "  A  Picturesque  Voyage 
to  India,"  a  work  entitled  "  Zoography," 
and  a  great  variety  of  separate  views,  &c. 
In  1814,  he  commenced  the  "  Voyage  round 
Great  Britain,"  a  most  gigantic  undertaking 
for  an  unassisted  individual.  Two  or  three 
months  in  each  summer  were  devoted  to 
collect  drawings  and  notes,  and  the  work 
was  finished  in  1825.  In  1832,  Mr.  Daniell, 
and  his  friend  Mr.  Parris,  executed  the 
'•Panorama  of  Madras)"  and  he  subse- 
quently painted  two  others,  without  assist- 
ance, namely,  the  "City  of  Lucknow  "  and 
the  "Mode  of  Hunting  wild  Elephants  in 
Ceylon."  He  was  particularly  successful  in 
depicting  the  ocean  in  all  its  varied  aspects  ; 
and  his  glowing  representations  of  Eastern 
scenery  are  well  known  to  the  public  by  his 
splendid  "  Oriental  Annual."    Died,  1837. 

DANNECKER,  John  Henuv,  whose 
statue  of  Ariadne  on  the  leopard,  in  M. 
Bethmann's  garden  at  Frankfort,  would 
suffice  to  place  him  in  the  first  rank  of 
modem  sculptors,  was  bom  at  Stuttgard,  in 
17.'>8.  He  early  gave  indications  of  a  talent 
for  art  ;  and  after  passing  some  years  in  the 
school  of  design,  he  set  out  for  Paris  in  1783, 
where  he  studied  under  Piijou,  and  sub- 
sequently spent  5  years  at  Rome.in  the  con- 
templation and  imitation  of  tlie  master- 
pieces of  art  that  adorn  that  metropolis. 
The  rest  of  his  life  M'as  spent  chiefly  at 
Stuttgard.  His  female  figures  have  rarely 
been  surpassed  ;  and  his  busts  of  Schiller, 
Lavater,  Gluck,  and  many  of  the  members  of 
the  royal  family  of  Wurtemberg,  are  models 
of  artistic  skill.    Died,  1841. 

DANTE,  Alighieki,  or  more  properly 
DURANTE,  the  most  renowned  of  all  the 
Italian  poets,  was  born  at  Florence  in  1265. 
In  the  early  part  of  his  life  he  served  his 
country  both  as  a  soldier  and  a  statesman, 
and  was  employed  on  many  occasicms  as  tlio 
Florentine  envoy  to  Rome.  Unfortunately 
for  himself,  he  was  made  one  of  the  priors, 
or  principal  magistrates  of  his  native  city, 
in  1300,  during  the  time  it  was  divided  be- 
tween two  parties,  the  Bianclii  and  the  Neri ; 
and  the  former  (to  whom  he  belonged)  being 
the  weakest,  he  was  banished,  his  property 
confiscated,  and  he  was  long  doomed  to  en- 
dure all  the  sorrows  and  sufferings  of  pro- 
tracted exile.  At  length  he  found  an  asylum 
with  Guido  Novello,  lord  of  Ravenna,  who, 
as  a  friend  of  the  muses,  willingly  afforded 
him  protection  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  Dante's  fame  chiefly  rests  on  that  ex- 
traordinary  production,   entitled   "Divina 


dan] 


^  jjHeiu  Winibtx^Kl  Mia^vK^'^tj* 


[dar 


Commedia,"  consisting  of  three  parts,  Ilell, 
Purgatory,  and  Heaven  ;  a  work  alike  re- 
markable for  its  terrific  grandeur  and  wild 
display  of  creative  genius,  while  at  times  it 
is  equally  graceful,  tender,  and  pathetic. 
He  died  in  1321. 

DANTE,  Ignatius,  0.  Dominican,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  poet.  He  was  a  celebrated 
mathematician,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
astrolabe.  He  became  bishop  of  Alatri,  and 
died  in  1586. 

DANTE,  Jony  Baptist,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Venice  in  the  loth  century,  was 
also  a  member  of  the  above  family,  and  is 
said  to  have  made  a  pair  of  wings,  with 
which  he  flew  over  the  lake  Thrasimenus. 

DANTON,  Georoe  James,  born  in  1759, 
was  an  advocate  by  profession,  but  became 
one  of  the  most  active  among  the  sanguinary 
demagogues  of  the  French  revolution.  After 
the  imprisonment  of  Louis  XVI.  at  Varennes, 
he  took  the  lead  in  the  meeting  of  the  Champ 
de  Mars,  which  paved  the  way  to  the  de- 
thronement of  the  king,  and  ended  in  those 
scenes  of  blood  and  cruelty  that  has  for  ever 
rendered  execrable  the  name  of  Jacobin. 
Well  qualified  for  the  position  he  assumed, 
by  his  colossal  figure,  stentorian  voice,  and 
fierce  demeanour,  he  became  one  of  the 
executive  council,  and  prepared  measures 
for  the  defence  of  the  capital  when  it  was 
threatened  by  the  Prussian  invaders  under 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  convention  and  of  the  com- 
mittee of  public  safety,  and  was  a  chief  pro- 
moter of  all  the  sanguinary  acts  of  that 
terrible  period.  At  length  a  struggle  for 
supremacj^  took  place  between  him  and  Ro- 
bespierre, in  which  the  latter  succeeded,  and 
Danton  was  sent  to  the  guillotine,  in  1794. 

D'ANTONELLE,  Peter  Antony,  Mar- 
quis ;  a  conspicuous  character  in  the  French 
revolution.  He  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
queen,  and  for  the  destruction  of  the  Girond- 
ists. He  was  himself  near  meeting  the  fate 
to  which  he  so  readily  consigned  others,  as 
he  was  tried  for  complicity  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Babeuf ;  but  he  was  fortunate  enough  to 
be  acquitted,  and  died  at  an  advanced  age, 
in  1817. 

D'ANVILLE,  JeanBaptiste  Bourguig- 
NON,  first  geographer  to  the  king  of  France, 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and 
Belles  Lettres,  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  of 
London,  and  adjoint-geographer  to  the  Pa- 
risian Academy  of  Sciences  ;  born  at  Paris, 
1697 ;  died,  1782.  D' Anville  devoted  his  whole 
life  to  geographical  studies,  and  the  nume- 
rous valuable  maps  and  works  he  published 
left  him  without  a  rival.  Among  the  best  of 
his  works  are  the  "  Atlas  of  Ancient  Egypt," 
"  Orbis  Veteribus  Notus,"  and  "  Orbis  Ro- 
manus."  He  published  78  treatises  and  211 
maps,  all  of  which  are  distinguished  for  their 
accuracy  and  perspicuity. 

DANZI,  Francis,  an  eminent  musical 
composer  and  performer  on  the  violoncello, 
born  at  Mannheim  in  1763  ;  author  of  several 
operas,  "  Azakia,"  the  "Midnight  Hour," 
"Iphigenia,"  &c.,  and  a  great  variety  of 
instrumental  music.  He  held  the  situation 
of  director  of  the  opera  at  Carlsruhe.  Died, 
1826. 

DARAN,  James,  an  eminent  French  sur- 


geon, born  in  1701,  was  celebrated  chiefly  for 
his  skill  in  diseases  of  the  bladder.  For  a 
considerable  time  he  was  surgeon-major  in 
the  imperial  army,  but  settled  in  Paris, 
where  he  acquired  both  fame  and  fortune 
by  his  practice.    Died,  1784. 

D'ARBLAY,  Madame  (Frances  Btns- 
NEY),  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Bumey, 
the  celebrated  composer  and  author,  and 
may  be  reckoned  among  the  most  distin- 
guished novelists  of  the  last  century ;  her 
first  work,  "Evelina,"  having  created  a 
greater  sensation  among  the  literati  of  her 
time  than  was  probably  ever  caused  by  any 
similar  production.  Her  other  chief  works 
were  "  Cecilia,  or  the  Memoirs  of  an  Heiress," 
"Camilla,  or  a  Picture  of  Youth,"  "The 
Wanderer,  or  Female  Difficulties,"  and 
"  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Burney."  In  1793  she  was 
married  to  M.  d'Arblay,  a  French  emigrant 
artillery  officer ;  and  having  quitted  Eng- 
land for  a  short  residence  at  Paris  during 
the  peace  of  1802,  their  detention  by  Napoleon 
was  the  consequence.  Her  husband  after- 
wards resumed  his  rank  in  the  army  of  his 
native  country  ;  and  they  continued  to  re- 
main in  France  till  the  peace  of  1814,  when 
they  came  to  England,  and  took  up  their 
residence  at  Bath.  In  that  city  M.  d'Arblay 
(then  a  general)  died,  in  1818.  There  also 
died  Madame  d'Arblay,  Jan.  6. 1840.  Her 
memoirs  have  since  been  published. 

DARCET,  John,  a  French  chemist  and 
physician,  who  contributed  much  to  the  pro- 
gress of  chemical  science,  was  bom,  in  1725, 
at  Douazit,  in  Guienne.  He  made  several 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  porce- 
lain, tried  the  effect  of  fire  on  various  mine- 
rals, and  demonstrated  the  combustibility  of 
the  diamond.  During  the  reign  of  terror  his 
name  was  in  Robespierre's  list ;  but  the  in- 
terest of  his  friend  Fourcroy  saved  him  from 
the  tyrant's  murderous  fangs  ;  and  he  died  in 
1801,  a  member  of  the  Institute  and  of  the 
conservative  senate.  — His  son,  John  Peter 
Joseph,  also  an  ingenious  practical  chemist, 
has  greatly  contributed  to  the  improvement 
of  science  by  a  number  of  valuable  disco- 
veries. 

D'ARCQ,  Philip  ArousTus,  Chevalier,  a 
supposed  natural  son  of  the  Count  de  Tou- 
louse, born  at  Paris,  and  died,  1779 ;  he 
wrote  several  works  on  history,  &c.,  and  at 
the  close  of  his  life  retired  to  Gentilly,  where 
he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to  re- 
ligion. 

DARCY,  Patrick,  Count,  an  eminent  en- 
gineer, was  born  at  Galway,  in  Ireland,  in 
1725,  and  educated  at  Paris.  He  entered  the 
French  army,  and  progressively  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major-general.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  by  his  mathematical  works,  viz.  "  An 
Essay  on  Artillery,"  "  A  Memoir  on  the  Du- 
ration of  the  Sensation  of  Sight,"  &c.  Died, 
1779. 

D'ARGENSOLA,  Lupercio  Leonardo, 
a  Spanish  poet,  born  at  Balbastro,  Arragon, 
in  1565,  was  secretary  of  war  at  Naples, 
under  the  viceroy  there.  He  was  the  author 
of  three  tragedies  and  various  poems.  Died, 
1613. 

D'ARGENSOLA,  Bartholomew,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  chaplain  to  the  empress 
Maria  of  Austria,  and  the  writer  of  some 


dar] 


^  ^t\33  mnibtviKl  masta^fft). 


[das 


historical  works  of  merit,  viz.  a  "  Ilistorv 
of  the  Conquest  of  the  Molucca  Islands, 
"  Annals  of  the  Kingdom  of  Arragon,"  &c. 
Died,  1731. 

D'AJtGENSON,  Mark  RCn^  lk  Voter 
Paulmv,  Marquis,  a  distinguished  states- 
man in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  born  at 
Venice,  16.52  ;  died,  1721.  He  was  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  police  in  Paris,  and  the  first 
who  introduced  lettres-de-cachet :  he  was 
subsequently  chancellor  ;  but  finally  retired 
under  some  disgrace  to  a  monastery,  in  wliich 
he  died. 

D'ARGENTAL,  Chahles  Augustin 
Fkukiol,  Count,  a  French  writer  of  the 
18th  century,  to  whom  some  writers  attribute 
the  novel,  entitled  "  Mt'moires  du  Comte  de 
Comminges."     Died,  1788. 

D'ARGENTRE,  Chables  DuI'lessis,  a 
learned  French  prelate  ;  bom,  1C73  ;  died, 
1740 :  he  became  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
almoner  to  the  king,  and  bishop  of  Tulles. 

D'ARGENVILIiE,  Antoine  Joseph  De- 
SALLiER,  a  native  of  Paris,  in  which  city 
his  father  was  a  bookseller.  He  was  one 
of  the  members  of  the  French  academy,  en- 
gaged in  the  compilation  of  the  Encyclo- 
pt^die,  and  a  corresponding  associate  of  most 
of  the  European  literary  societies.  He  died, 
1766. 

D'ARGILLATA,  Peter,  a  physician 
and  professor  of  logic  at  Bologna  ;  died, 
1423  :  his  surgical  observations  in  six  books 
passed  through  many  editions,  and  are  very 
valuable. 

D'ARGONNE,  Norl  Bonavexture,  a 
French  Carthusian  monk  of  the  17th  century. 
His  "  MtManges  d'  Histoire  et  de  Litterature," 
published  under  the  name  of  Vigneul  de 
Marville,  is  a  very  clever  collection  of  anec- 
dotes, accompanied  by  striking  and  just  re- 
marks. Argonne  is  also  favourably  known 
as  the  author  of  "Traits  de  la  Lecture  des 
Pferes  de  TEglise." 

D'ARGOTA,  Jerome  Contador,  a  Por- 
tuguese monk,  born  at  Collares,  1076  ;  died, 
1749.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Portuguese 
academy  of  history,  and  author  of  several 
works  on  antiquities,  &c. 

D' ARGUES,  Gerard,  a  mathematician, 
born  at  Lyons,  1597  ;  died,  1661.  He  wrote 
several  treatises  on  perspective,  conic  sec- 
tions, stone-cutting,  &c. 

DARIUS,  surnamed  the  Mede,  by  some 
supposed  to  be  the  same  as  Cyaxeres,  son  of 
Astyages,  and  maternal  uncle  to  Cyrus,  died 
at  Babylon  about  348  b.  c. 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  was  the  son  of 
Hystaspes.  He  entered  into  a  conspiracy, 
with  six  others,  against  the  usurper  Smerdis, 
and  having  slain  him,  they  agreed  that  he 
should  have  the  crown  whose  horse  should 
neigh  first  in  the  morning.  By  a  well-con- 
certed plan  of  his  groom,  the  horse  of  Darius 
neighed  immediately  he  came  to  the  spot 
where  they  were  to  meet,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  saluted  king.  He  took  Babylon 
after  a  siege  of  ten  months,  rebuilt  the  temple 
of  Jerusalem,  and  sent  the  captive  Jews  to 
their  own  country.  His  forces  suflfered  a 
defeat  from  the  Greeks  at  Marathon  ;  on 
which  he  resolved  to  carry  on  the  war  in 
person,  but  died  in  the  midst  of  liis  prepara- 
tion, iJ.  c.  485. 


DARNLEY,  Henry,  Earl  of,  the  husband 
of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  whose  hand  he  re- 
ceived in  1565,  and  perished  about  two  years 
afterwards,  owing  to  the  house  in  which  he 
resided  being  blown  up  with  gunpowder. 
Whether  Mary  was  privy  to  this  horrid  crime, 
or  not,  has  never  been  clearly  proved ;  but 
there  are  strong  reasons  to  conjecture  that 
her  illicit  passion  for  Bothwell,  or  resentment 
for  the  death  of  her  favourite,  Rizzio,  might 
have  been  the  cause  of  the  catastrophe. 

D'ARNAUD,  Francis  T.  M.  Baculakp, 
a  French  writer  of  the  18th  century  ;  author 
of  numerous  poems,  plays,  and  prose  fictions. 
He  was  favourably  noticed  by  Voltaire,  and 
Frederic,  king  of  Prussia. 

D'ARNAUD,  George,  a  French  critic, 
whose  works  are  very  numerous  and  erudite. 
He  gave  promise  of  critical  excellence,  but 
was  cut  short  in  his  learned  career  by  death, 
at  the  early  age  of  29.  Born,  1718 ;  died, 
1747. 

DARQUIER,  AcousTiN,  a  French  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  Toulouse  in  1718,  and 
died  in  1802.  He  was  a  member  of  the  na- 
tional institute  ;  and  his  observations  were 
printed  in  Lalande's  "  Histoire  Ctleste." 

DARU,  Pierre  Antoink  Noel  Bruno, 
a  i)eer  of  France,  eminent  as  a  statesman, 
poet,  and  historian,  was  born  at  Montpelier, 
in  1767.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the 
army,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolu- 
tion adopted  its  princii)les  ;  but  though  en- 
gaged in  active  service,  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  literary  pursuits.  He  first  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  the  works  of  Horace, 
which,  with  his  "  Cli?op(-die,"  or  Theory  of 
Literary  Fame,  established  his  reputation  as 
a  poet.  It  was  not  long  before  Napoleon 
discovered  his  abilities,  and  rewarded  him 
by  various  oflflcial  appointments  of  trust,  in 
which  Darn  conducted  himself  with  zeal  and 
ability  ;  and  at  the  time  of  the  first  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons  he  held  the  portfolio  of 
the  war  department.  Though  his  estate  at 
Meulan  was  sequestrated  by  Blucher,  the 
allied  monarchs  soon  restored  it,  and  he  was 
called  to  the  chamber  of  peers  by  Louis 
XVni.  He  afterwards  wrote  the  "  Life  of 
Sully"  and  the  "History  of  Venice,"  the 
latter  work  being  one  of  the  most  important 
productions  of  modern  literature.   Died,  1829. 

DARWIN,  Erasmus,  a  poet  and  physician, 
was  born  at  Elton,  near  Newark,  in  1721. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  took  his 
doctor's  degree  at  Edinburgh,  and  settled  at 
Lichfield  as  a  physician  till  1781,  when  he 
removed  to  Derby,  where  he  died  in  1802. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  talent  but  of  remark- 
ably eccentric  opinions,  as  his  works  abun- 
dantly prove.  His  poetic  fame  rests  upon 
his  "Botanic  Garden,"  the  versification  of 
which  is  highly  polished  but  too  mechanical. 
His  other  great  work  is  entitled  "  Zoonomia, 
or  the  Laws  of  Organic  Life,"  which,  though 
able  and  ingenious,  is  built  upon  the  most 
absurd  hypotheses.  He  also  wrote  "  Physo- 
logia,  or  the  Philosophy  of  Agriculture  and 
Gardening,"  several  papers  in  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  &c. 

DASCHKOFF,  Catharine  Romanowna, 
Princess  of,  born  in  1744,  was  a  woman  of 
great  courage,  and  of  considerable  literary 
abilities.    Having  led  a  body  of  troops  to  the 


xa 


empress  Catharine,  the  latter  placed  herself 
at  their  head,  and  precipitated  her  husband 
from  the  tlirone.  Tor  tliis  service  she  desired 
to  have  the  command  of  aregiment  of  guards, 
which  the  czarina  refused ;  but  was  made 
director  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and 
president  of  the  newly  established  Russian 
academy.  She  was  the  author  of  some  co- 
medies and  other  works.    Died,  1810. 

D'ASPREMONT.  Francis,  Viscount,  the 
famous  governor  of  Bayonne,  wlio,  when 
commanded  by  Charles  IX.  to  massacre  the 
Calvinists,  heroically  replied,  "  Sire,  among 
the  citizens  and  soldiers  I  have  found  men 
devoted  to  your  Majesty  j  but  not  a  single 
executioner." 

DASSIER,  John',  a  French  medallist,  who 
engraved  a  great  number  of  medals  of  emi- 
nent men  of  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  Died, 
1763. 

DASSIER,  Jacob  Axtiiony,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  a  medallist,  and  engraved 
numerous  medals  of  illustrious  men,  in  a 
very  suijerior  style  of  workmanship,  preserv- 
ing the  likenesses  with  wonderful  correct- 
ness. He  was  for  some  time  actively  em- 
ployed in  the  mint  of  England,  but  went  to 
St.  Petersburgh,  and  died  at  Copenhagen, 
while  on  his  return  to  London,  in  1709. 

DAT  AMES,  a  general  of  the  army  of  Ar- 
taxerxes,  king  of  Persia,  to  which  station  he 
was  raised  from  the  ranks.  He  was  assassin- 
ated B  c  361 

D'ATTAIGNANT,  Gabkiel  Charles, 
a  French  ecclesiastic  and  poet;  author  of 
"  Pieces  Derobees  &  un  Ami,"  &c.  Born, 
1697  ;  died,  1779. 

DAUBENTON,  Louis  Jean  Marie,  a 
French  naturalist  and  physician,  was  born 
at  Montbar,  Burgundy,  in  1716.  He  was  the 
friend  and  coadjutor  of  Buflfon  in  his  Na- 
tural History  of  Quadrupeds,  the  anatomical 
part  of  which  was  prepared  by  him  with 
great  clearness  and  accuracy.  He  is  the 
author  of  "  Instructions  to  Shepherds,"  "  A 
Methodical  View  of  Minerals,"  and  other 
works  ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1800, 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  and  the  institute. 
His  wife  was  the  author  of  a  popular  ro- 
mance, called  "  Zelie  dans  le  Di-sert."  She 
died  in  1824. 

D'AUBIGNE,  Theodore  Agrippa,  a 
French  Calvinist  of  good  family,  remark- 
able for  his  attachment  to  Henry  IV.,  and 
for  the  honesty  with  whicli  he  spoke  the 
truth  to  that  king  even  when  it  was  least 
agreeable.  He  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  in  retirement  at  Geneva.    Died,  1630. 

D'AUBIGNE,  Constant,  son  of  the  above, 
and  father  of  the  notorious  Madame  de 
Maintenon.  His  moral  character  was  very 
inferior  to  that  of  his  father ;  but  as  an 
author,  his  Universal  History,  and  his  satires, 
poems,  memoirs,  &c.,  do  him  considerable 
credit. 

D'AUBUSSON,  Peter,  surnamed  the 
Buckler  of  the  Church,  after  having  served 
with  great  distinction  under  the  emperor 
I  Sigismund  against  the  Turks,  entered  the 
j  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  became 
j  grand-master,  and,  in  1480,  compelled  Ma- 
homet II.  to  raise  the  siege  of  Rhodes. 
1  Died,  ].-)03. 

D' AUDIGUIER,  Vital,  a  French  noble- 


man ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  true  and 
ancient  Usage  of  Duels."    Died,  1630. 

DAUN,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria,  Count, 
an  Austrian  field-marshal,  was  born  in  1705. 
He  commenced  his  military  career  in  the 
war  against  the  Turks,  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himself;  but  it  was  as  commander- 
in-chief,  when  opposed  to  Frederic  of  Prussia, 
during  the  seven  years'  war,  that  he  obtained 
Ills  fame  as  a  great  general.  He  died  in 
1766. 

DAUNOU,  Pierre  Claude  Francois,  a 
very  learned  French  writer  and  professor, 
was  bom  at  Bovilogne-sur-mer.  Being  sent 
to  the  convention  by  the  department  of 
Calais,  he  strove  to  save  the  king  and  the 
Girondists,  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Ro- 
bespierre, and  only  owed  his  escape  from 
death  to  that  monster's  full.  He  was  a  very 
voluminous  writer,  and  his  "  Course  of  His- 
torical Study  "  fully  displays  the  pliiloso- 
pher,  the  critic,  the  writer,  and  no  less  the 
honest  man,  who  were  all  united  in  his 
person.     Bom,  1761  ;  died,  1840. 

DAVEN^VNT,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
poet,  was  born  at  Oxford,  in  1606,  and  there 
educated.  After  liaving  been  in  the  service  of 
the  Duchess  of  Richmond  and  Lord  Brooke, 
he  began  to  write  for  the  stage ;  and  upon 
the  death  of  Ben  Jonson,  he  was  created  poet 
laureate.  During  the  civil  wars  he  fought 
for  the  king,  was  made  a  lieutenant-general, 
and  received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  On 
the  decline  of  the  royal  cause  he  went  to 
France,  and  formed  a  design  for  carrying 
over  a  number  of  artificers  to  Virginia  ;  but 
his  ship  was  taken  by  a  vessel  belonging  to 
the  parliament,  and  brought  to  England, 
where  an  ignominious  death  would  have 
awaited  him,  had  it  not  been  for  the  in- 
tercession of  Milton  ;  an  act  of  kindness 
which  he  afterwards  returned.  On  the  resto- 
ration of  Charles  II.,  he  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  He 
died  in  16(i8,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  His  works  consist  of  plays  and 
poems,  all  of  which  display  talents  far  above 
mediocrity. 

DAVENANT,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  an  eminent  author  and  civilian, 
was  bom  in  1656.  He  was  successively  joint 
inspector  of  plays,  commissioner  of  excise, 
and  inspector-general  of  exports  and  imports. 
His  "Essays  on  Trade,"  in  5  vols.,  was  his 
principal  work  ;  but  he  also  WTOte  "  Circe,"  a 
tragedy,  and  some  other  plays.    Died,  1714. 

DAVENANT,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  merchant  in 
London,  where  he  was  born  in  1570.  He  was 
elected  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge  in 
1609 ;  but  is  chiefly  known  as  liaving  been 
sent  bv  James  I.  to  the  synod  of  Dort. 

DAVENPORT,  Christopher,  an  English 
Franciscan  friar  and  theological  writer. 
He  was  chaplain  to  the  queen  of  Charles  I. 
Born,  1598  ;  died,  1680. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  saint  of  Wales, 
was  the  son  of  the  prince  of  Ceretica,  now 
Cardiganshire,  and  born  towards  the  end  of 
the  5th  century.  On  the  death  of  St.  Du- 
bricius,  he  became  archbishop  of  Caerlon,  at 
that  time  the  metropolitan  church  of  Wales; 
but  he  translated  it  to  Alenevia,  now  St. 
David's.    He  had  the  reputation  of  great 


DAV] 


^  ^eia  BnibtvM  Mio^VKp'^n, 


[dav 


learning  and  piety,  and  was  tlie  founder  of 
twelve  monasteries,  the  principal  of  which 
was  in  the  vale  of  Ross. 

DAVID  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded  his 
brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  in  1124.  He 
married  Maud,  grand-niece  of  William  the 
Conqueror  ;  and  was  earl  of  Northumberland 
and  Huntingdon  when  called  to  the  Scottish 
throne.  On  the  death  of  Henry  I.,  king  of 
England,  he  maintained  the  claim  of  his 
daughter  Maud  against  king  Stephen,  and 
seized  Carlisle,  but  was  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Northallerton  in  1138.  A  negotiation  was 
entered  into  the  following  year,  by  which 
Carlisle  was  suifered  to  remain  in  the  pos- 
session of  David.    He  died  tliere  in  1153. 

DAVID  II.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  the  son 
of  Kobert  Bruce,  at  whose  death  he  was  only 
five  years  old.  On  the  invasion  of  Scotland 
by  Baliol,  David  was  sent  to  France  ;  but  his 
party  prevailing,  after  a  bloody  contest,  he 
returned  home  in  1342.  He  made  several 
inroads  on  England,  but  was  taken  prisoner 
after  a  brave  resistance,  and  conveyed  to  the 
Tower,  and  did  not  recover  liis  liberty  till 
1357,  on  paying  a  heavy  ransom.    Died,  1371. 

DAVID,  Francis  Anne,  an  eminent 
French  engraver,  who  published  many  illus- 
trated works,  among  which  were  "  Uistoire 
de  France,  sous  le  K6gue  de  Napoleon  le 
Grand,"  "  EK-mens  du  Dcssin,"  &c.  Died, 
1824. 

DAVID  DE  St.  GEORGE,  John  Joseph 
Alexis,  a  French  litterateur,  who  devoted 
much  time  to  the  formation  of  a  sclieme, 
originally  suggested  by  the  president  Des 
Brosses,  for  showing  tlie  connection  between 
the  roots  of  all  languoges.  He  was  a  member 
of  several  learned  societies,  and  tlic  trans- 
lator of  some  of  Smollett's  novels  and  other 
English  works.    Born,  1759  ;  died,  1809. 

DAVID  AB  GWILYM.  a  celebrated 
Welsh  poet,  of  the  14th  century. 

DAVID,  Jacques  Louis,  a  celebrated 
modem  French  painter,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1750,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Vien.  In  1774  he 
went  to  Rome,  where  his  talents  for  historical 
paintings  were  quickly  developed  ;  and  in 
1789  he  finished  a  large  picture,  representing 
Brutus  condemning  his  son  to  death.  But 
whatever  were  his  merits  as  a  painter,  his 
character  as  a  man  is  for  ever  degraded  by 
the  blind  idolatry  with  which  he  worshipped 
those  human  demons,  Robespierre  and  Marat, 
as  well  as  by  the  eagerness  with  which  he 
accepted  oflice  in  the  worst  periods  of  the 
revolution.  Seated  in  the  National  Conven- 
tion, he  became  one  of  the  Jacobin  Mountain, 
and  appears  to  have  worked  himself  up  to 
the  imaginary  belief  of  a  similarity  between 
Collot  d'Herbois  and  Marias  — of  Phocion 
and  Robesi)ierre.  He  presented  paintings  of 
republican  heroism  to  the  National  Assem- 
bly ;  he  depicted,  in  a  funeral  oration,  the 
patriotic  deatti  of  Marat ;  avowed  his  destiny 
as  for  ever  joined  with  Robespierre  ;  voted 
for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  for  the  civic 
festival  destined  to  the  goddess  of  Liberty, 
and  the  re-acknowledgment  of  a  God  for 
some  of  the  constituent  details  of  which  he 
supplied  gratuitous  designs.  In  the  sudden 
changes,  however,  which  at  that  time  took 
place,  he  was  committed  to  the  Luxembourg, 
and  only  escaped  the  guillotine  from  the 


celebrity  he  had  gained  as  an  artist.    In 
1800,  Buonaparte  appointed  him  painter  to 
the  government ;  and,  during  the  imperial 
domination,    David    exercised  considerable  | 
influence  over  the  measures  adopted  for  the 
cultivation  of  the  fine  arts.    On  the  restora-  , 
tion  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  banished  from 
France,  and  died  at  Brussels  in  1825.    His 
best  paintings  are,  the  Rape  of  the  Sabines, 
the  Oath  of  the  Horatii,  the  Death  of  Socrates,  | 
Napoleon  presenting  tlie  Imperial  Eagles  to  j 
the  Troops,  Mars  disarmed  by  Venus  and  the 
Graces,  and  the  Coronation  of  Napoleon,  j 
David's  style  of  painting,  formed  on  a  fas- 
tidious deference  to  the  classic  models  of  j 
Greece,  has  a  cold  and  statue-like  tameness 
in  the  midstof  striking  elegance  of  form,  and  | 
accuracy  of  costume  and  design,  being  defi-  | 
cient  in  that  vitality  which  forms  the  beau 
ideal  of  the  English  school. 

DAVIDSON,  John,  a  celebrated  traveller, 
was  the  son  of  Mr.  Davidson,  an  opulent 
tailor,  in  Cork  Street,  Dublin.  In  1814,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  Messrs.  Savory  and  Moore, 
chemists,  and  became  a  partner  in  that  firm 
at  the  expiration  of  his  time  ;  but  his  in- 
clination for  travel  induced  him  to  quit  the 
business  in  1826  ;  and  from  that  period  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had  been  almost 
constantly  en^'aged  in  exploring  distant  re- 
gions. He  visited  North  and  South  America, 
India,  Egypt,  Syria,  Palestine,  Greece,  Italy, 
France,  and  Germany  ;  enriching  his  mind 
with  the  most  valuable  information,  and 
afterwards  imparting  it  to  the  public  in  his 
lectures.  His  last  exj)edition  was  to  Africa, 
and  it  proved  a  fatal  one.  Whilst  vainly 
attempting  to  reach  the  great  object  of 
European  curiosity,  the  far-famed  city  of 
Timbuctoo,  and  when  about  25  days' journey 
from  it  (near  the  southern  confines  of  the 
district  of  Egucda),  he  was  robbed  and  mur- 
dered by  a  party  of  the  tribe  of  El  Harib, 
Dec.  18.  1836. 

DAVIDSON,  LrcRETiA  Maria,  an  Ame- 
rican poetess  of  extraordinary  talent,  in- 
dustry, and  precocity,  was  born  at  Platts- 
burg  in  1808.  When  she  was  only  four 
years  old  she  was  in  the  habit  of  retiring  to 
some  secluded  place,  while  her  schoolmates 
were  at  play,  and  there  occupying  herself 
in  making  rude  drawings,  with  verses  de- 
scriptive of  them,  written  in  the  characters 
of  the  printed  alphabet.  Her  parents  not 
being  in  good  circumstances,  she  was  much 
employed  in  domestic  services  ;  but  still  she 
devoted  every  interval  of  leisure  to  intel- 
lectual pursuits,  and  with  such  a  fatal  ar- 
dour, that  it  laid  the  foundation  of  a  dis- 
ease which  terminated  in  death,  August 
27.  1825,  in  the  17th  year  of  her  age.  Her 
poetical  pieces  were  afterwards  published, 
with  a  biographical  sketch  by  Mr.  Morse. 
Her  features  were  singularly  beautiful,  but 
an  expression  of  melancholy  pervaded  them, 
and  in  her  latter  effusions  there  is  an  evident 
consciousness  of  her  premature  decay. 

DAVIE,  William  Riciiakuson,  a  native 
of  England,  but  brought  up  in  America, 
and  graduated  at  the  college  of  Nassau 
llall,  New  Jersey.  He  was  intended  for  the 
law  ;  but  yielding  to  the  military  spirit 
which  the  war  of  independence  had  excited 
in  Carolina,  he  obtained  the  command  of  a 


X3 


DAV] 


%  ^t^  Wnxi'ozx^^X  33ifl0rHjiT)i?. 


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company  in  Count  Pulaslti's  legion,  quickly 
rose  in  rank,  and  greatly  distinguislied 
himself  by  his  zeal,  courage,  and  skill.  In 
1799  he  was  elected  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  and,  soon  after,  appointed  by 
President  Adams  one  of  the  envoys  to 
France.  He  possessed  a  commanding  figure, 
a  noble  and  patriotic  spirit,  and  was  gifted 
with  a  masculine,  ready  eloquence,  alike 
serviceable  to  himself  and  the  cause  of  his 
country.     Died,  1820. 

DAVIES,  Sir  John,  an  English  poet  and 
judge,  born  in  1570,  was  a  native  of  Wilt- 
shire, and  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  from  whence  he  removed  to  tlie 
Middle  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar. 
On  tlie  accession  of  James  I.  he  was  created 
a  knight,  and  appointed  to  the  oflRce  of  at- 
torney-general for  Ireland.  In  1G2(>  he  was 
made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  but 
died  during  the  same  year.  His  principal 
poem,  entitled  "Nosce  Teipsum,"  has  very 
considerable  merit,  and  his  work  on  the 
state  of  Ireland  contains  many  sound 
political  arguments  and  reflections. 

DAVIES,  Dr.  Johx,  a  learned  Welsh 
divine  ;  author  of  a  grammar  of  the  Welsh 
language,  and  a  dictionary,  Welsh  and 
Latin.    Died,  1044. 

DAVIES,  Robert,  a  modern  bard  of 
Wales,  and  one  whose  knowledge  and  love 
of  Cambrian  literature  were  never  exceeded, 
died  at  Nantglyn,  near  Denbigh,  on  New- 
year's  Day,  183G,  aged  66.  lie  gained  nu- 
merous medals  and  premiums  at  tlie  diiferent 
Eisteddfodan,  for  his  Welsh  effusions  on 
popular  and  patriotic  subjects  ;  and  was 
also  the  author  of  an  excellent  "  Welsh 
Grammar,"  &c.  Among  the  admirers  of 
the  ancient  British  language,  Mr.  Davies 
was  known  by  the  bardie  appellation  of 
Bard  Nantgh/n. 

DAVIES,  Rev.  Walter,  vicar  of  Llhan- 
rhai-adhr,  one  of  the  Cambrian  patriots,  to 
whom,  since  the  middle,  and,  more  particu- 
larly, since  the  last  decenniura  of  the  18th 
century,  tlie  principality  became  indebted 
for  a  new  epoch  in  the  development  of  old 
British  literature,  and,  at  the  same  time,  of 
the  national  life  and  spirit  of  the  Welsh 
people  ;  was  born  at  Wern,  in  the  parish  of 
Llhan-y-Mechain,  in  1761.  Though  born  of 
poor  parents,  he  could  trace  his  origin  to  a 
long  line  of  illustrious  ancestors.  At  the 
age  of  11,  he  was  teacher  in  a  rural  school  ; 
and  afterwards  matriculated  at  All  Saints, 
Oxford.  Among  his  countrymen,  he  ranks 
with  their  most  distinguished  bards,  both 
ancient  and  modern ;  and  besides  innume- 
rable minor  prose  contributions  to  various 
Welsh  journals,  illustrative  of  the  liistory, 
topography,  and  language  of  his  native 
country,  lie  wrote  "  A  General  View  of  the 
Agriculture  and  Domestic  Economy  of  North 
Wales  and  South  Vv^ales,"  published  by  order 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  four  volumes, 
1810—1818  ;  a  work  full  of  shrewd  observa- 
tion, lively  description,  and  excellent  prac- 
tical advice  :  and  published  an  edition  of 
Haw  Morus  and  of  Lewis  Glyn  Gothi,  a 
historical  poet  of  the  16th  century.  Died, 
1840. 

DAVILA,  Arrigo  Cateeixo,  an  eminent 
historian,  Was  born  in  the  territory  of  Padua, 


in  1576  ;  and  being  brought  up  in  France, 
served  with  reputation  in  the  French  army. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  country,  he  held 
several  high  offices  under  the  Venetian  go- 
vernment ;  but  in  1631,  while  on  his  jour- 
ney to  take  the  command  of  the  garrison  at 
Crema,  he  was  assassinated.  He  wrote 
"  The  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  France," 
a  work  which  still  ranks  among  the  best 
Italian  productions. 

D'AVILER,  Augustine  Charles,  a 
French  architect  of  the  17th  century  ;  author 
of  some  valuable  works  on  architecture. 

DAVIS,  Hexut  Edward,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Windsor,  in  1756.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  An  Examination  of  Gibbon's 
Rome,"  and  the  only  opponent  whom  the 
historian  deigned  to  answer.    Died,  1784. 

DAVIS,  John,  an  eminent  navigator,  was 
born  near  Dartmouth  in  Devonshire,  and 
went  to  sea  at  an  early  age.  In  1585  he  was 
sent  out  with  two  vessels  to  find  a  north- 
west passage,  when  he  discovered  the  straits 
which  still  bear  liis  name.  He  afterwards 
explored  the  coasts  of  Greenland  and  Ice- 
land, proceeding  as  far  as  latitude  73"^  N.  In 
1571  lie  went,  as  second  in  command,  with 
Cavendish,  in  his  unfortunate  voyage  to  the 
South  Seas.  After  this  he  made  five  voyages 
to  the  East  Indies,  in  the  last  of  wliich  he 
was  killed  in  an  engagement  with  some 
Japanese  pirates  off  the  coast  of  Malacca, 
1605.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his  voyages, 
and  invented  a  quadrant. 

DAVIS,  Richard  Hart,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant and  banker  in  Bristol,  and  for  many 
years  one  of  the  representatives  of  that  city 
in  parliament,  from  which,  however,  he 
withdrew  on  the  passing  of  the  reform  bill. 
On  four  different  elections  he  maintained 
his  seat  after  severe  contests,  having  for  his 
opponents  on  two  occasions,  Henry  Hunt 
and  William  Cobbett,  and  Sir  Samuel  Ro- 
milly.  On  his  secession  from  parliament,  a 
handsome  service  of  plate,  of  the  value  of 
756/.,  was  raised  by  subscription,  and  pre- 
sented to  him  by  the  electors,  as  a  mark  of 
their  esteem.    Died  February,  1842,  aged  75. 

DAVIS,  Thomas,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
by  turns  a  bookseller  and  an  actor,  was  the 
author  of  "The  Life  of  Garrick,"  "The 
Life  of  Henderson,"  "  Dramatic  Miscel- 
lanies," &c.    Died,  1705. 

DAVISON,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  secretary  of  state  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth.   A  great  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
diplomatic  missions  ;  but  he  was  ultimately  | 
sacrificed  on  the  pretence  of  precipitating  j 
the  death  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.    In  order  ; 
to  give  a  colour  of  probability  to  the  charge,  I 
he  was  condemned    to  pay  a  fine  of  ten  I 
thousand    marks,    and    to    be    imprisoned 
during  pleasure.  I 

DAVOUST,  Louis   Nicholas,   duke   of  | 
Auerstadt  and  prince  of  Eckmuhl,  a  marshal  i 
and  peer  of  France,  was  born  of  a  noble  ! 
family,  at  Annoux  in  Burgundy,  in  1770.  | 
He  studied  at    Brienne  with    Buonaparte, 
and  entered  the  array  in  1785.     Being  an 
ardent  republican,  and  distinguishing  him- 
self on  many  previous  occasions,  he  accom- 
panied Buonaparte  to  Egypt  ;  but  it  was  in 
those  brilliant  campaigns  which  took  place 
from  1803  to  1800  that  he  obtained  his  high 


DAV] 


%  i2c&)  ^nibcr^al  JJin^rapl^n. 


LDEC 


reputation,  and  was  rewarded  with  the  titles 
of  marshal,  duke,  and  prince.  He  adhered 
to  the  fortunes  of  Napoleon  through  all  his 
reverses  ;  and  was  commander  of  the  army 
which,  in  181.5,  capitulated  to  the  allies  under 
the  walls  of  Paris.    Died,  182:3. 

D'AVKIGNY,  Hyacinth  Robillard,  a 
French  Jesuit  and  liistorical  writer,  was  born 
at  Caen  in  1075,  and  died  in  1719. 

DAVY,  Sir  Uumpiirv,  bart.,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  among  modern  chemists,  was 
born  at  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,  in  1778.  He 
was  intended  for  the  medical  profession, 
and  placed  with  an  ajjotliecary  for  the  ne- 
cessary initiation  ;  but  he  gave  himself  up 
to  the  study  of  chemistry,  and,  with  the 
consent  of  his  master,  quitted  him  in  his  Ifith 
year,  in  order  to  prepare  for  graduating  as 
a  physician  at  Edinburgh.  Indefatigable  in 
the  pursuit  of  his  favourite  science,  his  pro- 
gress in  it  was  most  rapid ;  his  friends  en- 
couraged the  bent  of  his  genius,  and  he  was 
induced  to  suspend  his  design  of  going  to 
Edinburgh,  and  to  accept  the  superintend- 
ence of  a  pneumatic  institution  at  Bristol. 
While  there  he  published  his  "Chemical 
and  Philosophical  Researches,"  the  fame  of 
which  immediately  obtained  him  the  pro- 
fessorship of  chemistry  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution, where  his  popularity  as  a  lecturer 
was  unbounded.  In  1802  he  became  pro- 
fessor to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  ;  in  1818 
he  was  created  a  baronet ;  and  in  1820  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society  ; 
and  a  series  of  scientific  discoveries  and  pro- 
fessional honours  flowed  on  without  inter- 
ruption till  his  death,  which  took  place  at 
Geneva,  in  1829.  The  invention  of  the 
safety-lamp,  the  discovery  of  the  metallic 
baaes  of  the  alkalies  and  earths,  and  of  the 
principles  of  electro-chemistry,  and  nume- 
rous other  discoveries  and  inventions  not 
less  important,  attest  his  skill  and  industry, 
and  give  him  an  imperishable  fame.  Be- 
sides his  separate  works  of  a  scientific  cha- 
racter, he  was  the  author  of  numerous 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions ; 
and  when,  during  his  illness,  he  was  dis- 
posed to  divert  his  mind  with  lighter  studies, 
he  wrote  "  Salmonia,  or  Days  of  Fly-fishing," 
and  "  Consolations  in  Travel." 

DAVY,  JoH.v,  a  musical  composer  of  some 
notoriety,  was  bom  in  1765,  and  died  in  1824. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Jackson,  discovered  a  very 
early  genius  for  music,  and  composed  some 
successful  operas  and  songs. 

DA  WE,  Gkokge,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, who  held  the  situation  of  first  painter 
to  the  emperor  of  Russia,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  of  St.  Petersburgh, 
Stockholm,  and  Florence,  excelled  both  in 
portraits  and  historical  subjects,  and  for 
several  years  was  a  regular  exhibitor  at 
Somerset  House.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Life  of  George  Morland."    Died,  1829. 

DAWES,  Manasseh,  a  barrister  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  but  wlio  had  long  retired 
from  practice,  and  distinguished  lumself  as 
a  writer  of  tracts  and  pamphlets  on  juris- 
prudence, morals,  and  political  economy. 
Died,  1829. 

DAWES,  Riciiakd,  a  learned  critic,  was 
born  in  1708,  and  educated  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  tmder  Anthony  Black  well.    In  1738 


235 


he  was  appointed  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  In  1745  he 
published  his  "Miscellanea  Critica,"  or  a 
collection  of  remarks  on  various  ancient 
autliors,  a  work  of  high  value.  In  1749  he 
resigned  his  school,  and  died  in  17()0. 

DAY,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  was 
bom  in  1748,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  Charterhouse,  from  whence  he  was 
removed  to  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
after  which  he  entered  of  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, but  never  followed  the  law  as  a  pro- 
fession. His  manners  were  eccentric,  and 
his  opinions  romantic.  He  wrote  many 
works,  but  the  only  one  by  which  his  name 
will  be  perpetuated  is  the  "  History  of 
Sandford  and  Merton."    Died,  1789. 

DE  BERNARD,  Chaklks,  one  of  the 
most  graceful  and  lively  modern  writers  of 
fiction,  was  bom  in  1803.  His  works,  "  La 
Femme  de  Quarante  Ans,"  "Gerfaut,"  &c., 
are  chiefly  illustrative  of  French  domestic 
life  ;  and  some  of  his  most  attractive  tales 
appeared  in  the  feuilleton  of  the  Journal  des 
Debttts.  He  was  of  a  shy  anil  reserved  dis- 
position, and  many  curious  anecdotes  arc 
told  of  his  abstraction  and  absence  of  mind. 
Died  at  Paris,  1850. 

DECATUR,  STErnEjf,an  American  naval 
officer,  distinguished  for  skill  and  bravery, 
was  bom  in  1779,  became  captain  of  the 
President  frigate,  and  performed  many  gal- 
lant exploits  during  the  late  war  with  this 
country.  In  1812  he  fell  in  with  and  cap- 
tured the  Macedonian,  English  frigate,  a 
vessel  of  inferior  class  to  hi«  own,  after  an 
engagement  of  an  hour  and  a  half.  In 
1815  he  endeavoured  to  elude  the  vigilance 
of  the  British  squadron  blockading  New 
York,  but  was  captured  after  a  running  fight 
of  two  hours  and  a  half.  He  lost  his  life  in 
a  duel  with  Commodore  Barron,  in  1820. 

DECEBALUS,  king  of  the  Dacians,  who 
resisted  the  Romans  in  the  reign  of  Do- 
mitian.  He  entered  the  province  of  Mcesia, 
defeated  and  slew  Oppius  Sabinus,  the 
Roman  commander,  and  took  a  number  of 
places.  Afterwards  he  was  defeated  him- 
self, but  still  resisted  till  Domitian  agreed 
to  pay  him  a  tribute  yearly,  which  was  con- 
tinued by  Nero,  but  refused  by  Trajan,  who 
subdued  Dacia,  on  which  Decebalus  put  an 
end  to  himself,  a.  d.  105. 

DECIUS,  Mus.  P.,  a  valiant  Roman,  who 
served  as  military  tribune  under  the  consul 
Cornelius  Cossus,  B.C.  343,  and  when  the 
army  was  in  danger  of  being  cut  oflf  by  the 
Samnites,  he  volunteered  his  services  with 
his  party,  and  completely  routed  them. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  was  chosen  consul 
with  Manlius  Torquatus,  at  which  time  the 
Romans  were  at  war  with  the  Latins.  On 
this  occasion  it  was  agreed  between  the  two 
consuls,  that  he  whose  army  first  receded 
from  the  enemy  should  devote  himself  for 
the  good  of  his  country.  The  division  un- 
der Dccius  being  hard  pressed,  gave  way, 
on  which  he  stripped  himself  of  his  military 
habit,  and,  rushing  into  the  midst  of  the 
enemy,  was  slain.  The  army  under  Man- 
lius then  gained  a  terrible  victory,  and  the 
body  of  Decius  was  buried  with  military 
honours. 

DECIUS,  the  son  of  the  above,  was  consul 


dec] 


^  fim  Unittv^iil  28tot!TajpT;p. 


[del 


three  times,  and  also  censor.  Being  engaged 
against  the  Gauls  and  Samnites,  and  victory 
dubious,  he  imitated  his  father  by  devoting 
himself,  and  was  slain,  after  which  the 
Romans  defeated  the  enemy  with  great 
slaughter. 

DECIUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  born  in 
Pannonia.  He  distinguished  himself  by  an 
expedition  against  the  Persians,  and  by  per- 
secuting the  Christians.  In  his  marcli  against 
the  Goths  he  entered  a  morass,  where  he 
and  his  army  perished  by  the  attack  of  the 
enemy,  in  251. 

DECKER,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatist 
of  the  17th  century.  He  was  cotemporary 
with  Ben  Johnson,  who  satirised  him  in  his 
Poetaster,  imder  the  name  of  Crispanus, 
but  Decker  retorted  in  his  Satyromastix,  or 
untrussing  of  a  humorous  poet.  He  wrote 
several  plays,  some  of  which  possess  merit. 
He  died  after  1638. 

DECRES,  a  French  admiral,  bom  in  1761. 
He  commanded  the  Guillauine  Tell  at  the 
battle  of  Aboukir,  and  when  that  vessel  was 
blown  up,  was  saved  and  made  prisoner  by 
the  victors.  It  is  singular  that  he  peri<*hed, 
after  rising  to  the  portfolio  of  minister  of 
marine  in  1820,  by  being  blown  up  by  a  train 
of  gunpowder  deposited  in  his  mattrass, 
the  mj'sterious  cause  of  which  (although 
robbery  by  a  servant  is  alleged)  has  never 
been  discovered. 

DE  DUNSTANVILLE,  Francis,  Lord,  a 
descendant  of  the  Bassets  of  Devonshire, 
whose  ancestoi-8  came  over  to  England  at 
the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest,  was  bom 
at  Walcot,  Oxfordshire,  in  1757.  He  was 
elected  to  represent  Penryn  in  1780,  and 
joined  the  Tory  party  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Lord  North.  He  had  however, 
in  the  year  preceding,  gained  much  credit 
in  havinig  headed  the  miners  of  Cornwall, 
and  led  them  on  to  the  relief  of  Plymouth, 
wlien  the  combined  fleets  of  France  and 
Spain  had  cast  anchor  in  the  Sound.  Upon 
that  occasion,  Mr.  Francis  Basset  was  created 
a  baronet.  He  afterwards  clianged  his  view 
of  political  affairs,  and  withdrew  his  hitherto 
strenuous  support  of  Lord  North  and  his 
party.  He  was  created  a  peer  in  1796.  Died, 
1835. 

DEE,  John,  a  mathematician  and  astro- 
loger, was  born  at  London  in  1527,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
In  the  reign  of  Mary  he  was  imprisoned  on 
a  suspicion  of  treasonable  practices ;  but 
was  in  great  favour  with  queen  Elizabeth, 
who  visited  him  at  Mortlake,  where  he  had 
collected  a  library.  In  1581  he  and  Edward 
Kelly  commenced  their  magical  operations, 
which  lasted  two  years,  and  in  which  they 
were  joined  by  a  Polish  nobleman  called 
Laski,  who  persuaded  them  to  go  to  Poland, 
where  they  remained  some  time.  The  two 
worthies  at  length  quarrelled,  and  their 
adventures  abroad  made  so  much  noise,  that 
Dee  thought  it  prudent  to  return  to  England. 
In  1596  he  was  made  warden  of  Manchester 
College,  and  died  in  1608.  He  published 
several  mathematical  works  in  Latin  and 
English,  and  wrote  many  more  which  were 
never  printed. 

DEERING,  J.  P.,  R.A.,  a  distinguished 
English  architect,  better  known  to  the  pub- 


lic by  his  original  family  name  of  Gandy, 
was  born  in  1780.  He  took  the  name  of 
Deering  for  a  large  estate,  and  sat  in  par- 
liament for  Aylesbury  after  the  passing 
of  the  reform  bill.  In  his  early  life  he 
travelled  in  Greece  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Dilettanti  Society  ;  some  of  the  results  of 
which  he  exhibited  in  very  fine  drawings  at 
the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  academy,  of 
which,  in  1827,  he  was  chosen  an  associate, 
and,  in  1838,  an  R.A.  Several  buildings  in 
the  metropolis  are  altogether  or  partly  the 
fruits  of  his  talents.  Exeter  Hall  is  his  de- 
sign.   Died,  1850. 

DEFFAND,  Maria  de  Vichy  Chamroud, 
Marchioness  du,  a  French  lady,  who  for 
many  years  was  a  conspicuous  character 
among  the  literati  of  the  age,  and  whose 
"Correspondence"  has  been  published,  was 
born  in  1697.  Few  females  possessed  more 
natural  or  cultivated  talents,  and  her  abode 
was  regarded  as  the  rendezvous  of  wit  and 
genius  ;  but  the  laxity  of  her  morals  formed 
a  sad  contrast  to  the  superiority  of  her  in- 
tellectual powers.    Died,  1780. 

DEFOE,  Daniel,  an  English  writer, 
whose  family  name  was  Foe,  was  the  son 
of  a  butcher,  and  born  in  1600.  In  1688  he 
kept  a  hosier's  shop  in  Cornhill,  but  failing, 
he  had  recourse  to  his  pen  for  a  subsistence. 
In  1695  he  was  made  accomptant  to  the 
commissioners  of  the  glass  duty,  which 
office  he  held  till  that  impost  was  taken  off. 
In  1701  he  produced  his  "  True-born  Eng- 
lishman," a  satire,  coarse  but  characteristic. 
The  year  following  appeared  his  "Shortest 
Way  with  the  Dissenters,"  for  which  he  was 
sentenced  to  the  pillory,  fined,  and  impri- 
soned. He  was  instrumental  in  promoting 
the  union  of  England  and  Scotland.  In 
1713  he  was  again  committed  to  prison  for 
some  political  pamphlets,  but  Lord  Oxford 
procured  his  pardon.  In  1715  he  published 
the  "Family  Instructor,"  a  religious  per- 
formance of  merit ;  and  in  1719  appeared 
his  admirable  "Robinson  Crusoe."  Defoe 
wrote  a  number  of  other  books,  among  which 
was  a  "  Journal  of  the  Plague  in  1665,"  by  a 
supposed  witness  of  it ;  and  died  in  1731. 

DELABORDE,  Jean  Benjamin,  a  cele- 
brated French  musical  composer  and  per- 
former on  the  violin.  He  was  born  in 
1734  ;  was  a  great  favourite  with  Louis  XV., 
in  whose  household  he  was  originally  ;  be- 
came afterwards  fermier-general,  and  was 
guillotined  during  the  reign  of  terror,  as  a 
favourer  of  monarchy. 

DELACAPEDE,  Bernard  Germain 
Stephen  Laville,  a  celebrated  French  na- 
turalist, bom  in  1756.  He  held  the  situation 
of  keeper  of  the  cabinets  in  the  Jardin  du 
Roi  at  Paris,  which  he  greatly  improved  ; 
but  the  events  of  the  revolution  interfered 
with  his  scientific  employments,  and  he  was 
by  no  means  an  inactive  spectator  of  the 
6c«ne.  He  was  successively  secretary  and 
president  of  the  National  Assembly,  and  on 
the  formation  of  the  Institute  he  was  chosen 
one  of  the  first  members.  Under  the  regime 
of  Buonaparte  he  became  president  of  the 
conservative  senate,  and  grand-ohancellor 
of  the  legion  of  honour  ;  but  when,  in  1814, 
the  reverses  of  the  emperor  tried  the  fidelity 
of  his  friends,  Delacapede  appeared  to  waver. 


del] 


^  ^ebi  Bnibtv^nX  38i0sraj)Iji). 


[del 


At  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  he  re- 
turned to  his  studies  in  natural  liistory,  and 
he  died  in  1825. 

DELACOUR,  Jamks,  an  Irish  poet ;  au- 
thor of  "  The  Prospect  of  Poetry,"  and  a 
poem  in  imitation  of  Pope's,  entitled  "  Abe- 
lard  to  Eloisa."  His  intellect  becoming  de- 
ranged, he  possessed  the  notion  that  he  was 
gifted  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy  ;  and  hav- 
ing, it  is  said,  made  one  lucky  guess  respect- 
ing the  exact  day  when  the  garrison  at  the 
Havannali,  which  was  then  in  a  state  of 
siege,  would  surrender,  he  went  on  prophesy- 
ing ever  after.     Born,  1709  ;  died,  1781. 

DELAMBRE  John  Baptist  Joseph,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  French  astronomers, 
and  a  pupil  of  Leiande,  was  bom  at  Amiens 
in  1749.  Though  he  did  not  commence  the 
study  of  astronomy  till  he  was  3(5  years  of 
age,  he  rapidly  acquired  great  fame,  and 
produced  numerous  works  of  great  merit ; 
among  whicli  are  his  "Theoretical  and 
Practical  Astronomy,"  3  vols.  4to.,  and  a 
"History  of  Astronomy,"  iu  5  vols.  4to. 
Died.  1822. 

DELANDINE,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
modern  French  writer,  born  at  Lyons  in 
1756,  of  which  city  he  became  the  librarian. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  revolution  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  judgment  and 
moderation  ;  but  this  was  too  great  a  crime 
for  tlie  terrorists  to  pardon,  and  lie  was  de- 
nounced and  imprisoned.  To  the  overthrow 
of  Robespierre's  party  he  owed  his  life,  and 
he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to 
literature.  He  wrote  "  Mt'moircs  Biblio- 
j  graphiques  et  Littcraires,"  aud  other  works. 
'  Died.  1820. 

DELANY,  PATr.iCK,  a  learned  divine,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  and  bom  about  1686. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  obtained  some  church  preferment  from 
Lord  Carteret.  In  1732  he  publislied  "  Reve- 
lation examined  with  Candour ; "  and  in 
1738  appeared  his  "  Reflections  upon  Poly- 
gamj'."  His  next  publication  was  the 
"  Life  of  David  ; "  and  in  1754  he  published 
"Observations  on  Lord  Orrery's  Remarks 
on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Swift."  Died, 
1768. 

DE  LA  RITE,  Gekvaise,  a  French  abbd 
and  an  eminent  antiquarian  ;  knight  of  the 
legion  of  honour,  and  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies  in  Europe  ;  died,  at  the  age 
of  87,  in  September,  1835.  His  works  are 
chiefly  elucidatory  of  Anglo-Norman  poetry. 

DELAVAL,  Edwakd  Hl'SSEY,  a  chemist 
and  natural  philosopher.  He  particularly 
directed  his  attention  to  optics ;  and  his 
principal  work  was  "  An  Experimental  In- 
quiry into  the  Cause  of  the  Clianges  of 
Colours  in  opaque  and  coloured  Bodies." 
He  was  brother  to  LordDelaval.  Died,  aged 
85,  in  1814. 

DELAVIGNE,  Casimir,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  the  modern  French  poets,  was 
born  of  respectable  parents  at  Havre-de- 
Orace.  His  works  were  very  numerous,  and 
to  the  honour  of  French  taste  be  it  said, 
they  were  very  popular  also  ;  for  never  since 
the  days  of  Conieille  has  French  verse  em- 
bodied sentiments  more  noble  or  magnificent. 
Died,  December,  1843,  ogcd  49. 

DELAUNEY,   Count    d'Antraigues,    a 


distinguished  political  agent  during  the 
revolutionary  era  of  France.  When  Robes- 
pierre was  in  his  zenith  he  emigrated  to 
Germanj',  and  in  1797  he  was  employed  in 
the  service  of  Russia.  While  thus  engaged 
in  Italy,  he  was  arrested  by  the  agents  of 
France,  and  thrown  into  prison  ;  from  whicli 
he  was  liberated  through  the  intercession 
of  Madame  St.  Iluberti,  a  celebrated  actress 
belonging  to  the  French  opera,  whom  he 
afterwards  married.  In  1806  he  was  sent 
on  a  mission  to  England  by  the  emperor  of 
Russia,  and  he  was  often  emploved  by  the 
government.  He  resided  at  Barnes,  Surrey  ; 
and,  from  some  cause  wholly  unaccounted 
for,  he  was  there  assassinated  by  his  Italian 
servant,  in  the  following  manner: — As  he 
was  about  to  step  into  his  carriage  to  go 
to  London  with  his  wife,  on  the  3rd  of  July, 
1812,  Lawrence,  the  Italian  footman,  fired 
a  pistol  at  the  count,  wliich  slightlv  grazed 
his  hair  ;  but  perceiving  he  had  missed  his 
aim,  the  fellow  rushed  into  the  Jiouse^  and 
immediately  returned  with  a  pistol  in  one 
hand  and  a  dagger  in  the  otlier,  with  wliich 
he  stabbed  both  the  count  and  his  wife,  who 
expired  almost  instantaneously.  He  then 
ran  into  the  house  again,  aud  blew  his  own 
brains  out. 

DEIiEYNE,  Alexander,  an  ingenious 
French  writer ;  author  of  "  An  Analysis  of 
the  Works  of  Lord  Bacon,"  "The  Genius 
of  Montesquieu,"  "  The  Spirit  of  St.  Evre- 
mond,"  several  articles  iu  the  Encyclopedic, 
&c.     Died,  1797. 

DELILLE,  Jacqi'es, 'a  modern  French 
poet,  of  first-rate  eminence,  was  born  at 
Aigue  Perse,  in  V'iS.  His  translation  of 
Virgil's  Georgics,  in  1769,  established  his 
fame,  and  obtained  him  admission  to  the 
French  academy  ;  and  though  a  royalist,  his 
poetical  genius  ensured  him  the  respect 
even  of  the  tyrant  Robespierre.  He  was 
professor  of  Latin  poetry  at  the  college  of 
France,  and  of  the  belles  lettres  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris ;  but  in  1794  he  witlidrew 
from  France,  though  lie  relumed  again  in 
1801,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute. He  again,  however,  emigrated ; 
and  it  was  in  London  that  he  translated  the 
"  Paradise  Lost  "  of  our  divine  poet.  After 
his  final  return  to  his  own  country  he  wrote 
his  admired  poem,  "  La  Conversation,"  be- 
came blind,  and  died  in  1813.  Besides  the 
poems  already  mentioned,  the  most  pro- 
minent of  his  productions  are  the  "  Three 
Reigns  of  Nature,"  "Imagination,"  and 
"  Misfortune  and  Pity."  Without  pos- 
sessing so  large  a  share  of  creative  genius 
as  some  others,  he  was  excelled  by  none  in 
exquisite  versification,  purity  of  moral  sen- 
timent, or  true  pathos. 

DELISLE,  Claude,  a  French  historian, 
was  born  at  Vaucoleurs,  in  1644,  and  died  in 
1720.  His  works  are,  "  Relation  llistoriquc 
du  Royaurae  de  Siam  ;"  "Abridgment  of 
the  Universal  History,"  7  vols. ;  and  a  "  Ge- 
nealogical and  Historical  Atlas." — William 
DE,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris, 
in  1675.  He  was  appointed  geographer  to 
the  king,  to  whom  he  had  the  honour  of 

giving  lessons  in  that  science.    Died,  1726 

Louis  DE,  brother  of  the  preceding,  an  able 
astronomer  and  geographer,  made  several 


del] 


^  ^0lu  Unibtv^nl  MiaQtnpl)^, 


[dem 


journeys  on  tlie  coast  of  the  frozen  ocean,  to 
determine  the  situation  of  a  variety  of  places 
in  the  countries  lying  nearest  to  the  north 
pole  ;  after  which  lie  traversed  Siberia  ;  and 
in  1741  went  alone  to  Kamtschatka.with  the 
same  object ;  but  died  the  same  year.  — 
Joseph  Nicholas  de,  the  youngest  and 
most  celebrated  of  the  three  brothers,  was 
born  at  Faris,  in  1G88  ;  visited  England, 
where  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Newton  and  Halley  ;  and  in  1726  was  ap- 
pointed astronomer-royal  at  Petersburg, 
where  he  resided  twenty-one  years,  during 
which  he  published  "  Memoirs  illustrative  of 
the  History  of  Astronomy,"  2  vols.  4to.;  and 
an  atlas  of  Russia.  On  his  return  to  Paris, 
in  J  747,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  iu  the  royal  college.  Died, 
17(18. 

DELISLE,  John-  Baptist  Isoard,  a 
French  writer,  known  also  under  the  name 
of  Delisle  de  Sales,  was  born  at  Lyons  in 
1743.  He  was  the  author  of  "La  Philoso- 
phic de  la  Nature,"  which  being  denounced 
as  immoral  and  irreligious,  he  was  tried  and 
imprisoned,  thereby  acquiring  a  temporary 
celebrity.  He  afterwards  wrote  romances, 
histories,  and  Platonic  dreams  ;  was  im- 
prisoned during  the  reign  of  Robespierre  ; 
subsequently  became  a  member  of  the  Insti- 
tute ;  and  died  in  1816. 

DELIUS,  Christopher  Frauoott,  a 
mineralogical  writer,  was  bom  at  Walhau- 
sen,  in  Thuringia.  He  died  in  Italy  in  1799, 
aged  51.  He  wrote  a  "  Dissertation  on  Moun- 
tains," 8vo. ;  and  an  "  Introduction  to  the 
Art  of  Mining,"  4to.  ;  both  highly  esteemed. 

DELLA  MARIA,  Dominique,  a  musical 
composer,  of  Italian  extraction,  though  bom 
at  Marseilles,  in  1778.  He  studied  under  the 
first  masters  in  Italy,  and  acquired  a  style 
at  once  pure,  natural,  and  graceful.  He  died, 
aged  28,  in  1806. 

DELMONT.Deodat,  a  painter  of  history, 
born  at  St.  Tron  in  1581,  was  a  disciple  of 
Rubens,  who  highly  valued  liim  for  his 
genius.     He  died  in  1634. 

DELOLME,  JoHx  Louis,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  was  born  in  1745,  and  bred  to  the 
practice  of  the  law ;  but,  taking  an  active 
part  in  the  political  events  of  his  country, 
he  was  obliged  to  repair  to  England,  where 
he  at  length  became  known  by  liis  cele- 
brated work  on  the  "  Constitution  of  Eng- 
land." He  also  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Flagellants  ;  "  and,  returning  to  Switzer- 
land in  1775,  died  there  in  1806. 

DELPINI,  Charles  Anthony,  was  born 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  Rome,  and  drew 
his  last  breath  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin, 
London,  Feb.  13.  1828.  He  was  the  best 
clown  of  his  day,  and  the  author  of  several 
dramatic  works.  He  got  up  the  grand 
masquerade  called  "  La  Fiera  di  Venegia," 
which  was  intended  for  the  entertainment  of 
George  IV.  on  his  attaining  the  age  of  ma- 
jority. It  was  the  most  superb  thing  of  the 
kind  ever  exhibited  in  this  country ;  and, 
though  the  tickets  of  admission  to  the  Pan- 
theon were  three  guineas  each,  Delpini  was 
considerably  out  of  pocket  by  it.  Like  too 
many  of  his  professional  brethren,  he  had 
failed  to  provide  for  the  exigencies  of  old 
age,  and   suffered  great  distress  for  many 


years,  which  being  told  to  the  late  king,  his 
majesty  sent  him  a  present  of  200?. 

DELUC,  John  Andrew,  a  Genevese  na- 
turalist, latterly  residing  in  England,  where 
he  obtained  a  pension  from  queen  Charlotte, 
who  appointed  him  her  reader.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  geological  works.  Bom, 
172<J ;  died,  1817. 

DEMARATUS,  king  of  Sparta,  who  ac- 
cused Clemens  before  the  ephori,  as  the  dis- 
turber of  Greece,  for  which  he  retorted  upon 
Demaratus  the  charge  of  illegitimacj',  and 
having  bribed  the  priests  of  Delphi,  the 
oracle,  when  consulted,  confirmed  the  charge. 
Demaratus  then  resigned  the  crown,  and 
entered  into  the  Persian  service,  where  he 
was  entertained  by  Darius  Hystaspes  and 
Xerxes  as  a  king. 

DEMETRIUS,  sumamed  Poliorcetes, 
king  of  Macedou,  was  the  son  of  Antigonus. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-two  his  father  en- 
trusted him  with  an  army  against  Ptolemy, 
by  whom  he  was  defeated  near  Gaza.  But 
he  soon  repaired  the  loss,  and  with  a  fleet  of 
250  ships  sailed  to  Athens,  which  he  delivered 
from  Demetrius  Phalereus.  He  afterwards 
defeated  Cassandcr  at  Thermopylae  ;  but  the 
successors  of  Alexander,  alarmed  at  his  pro- 
gress, collected  their  forces,  and  marched 
against  him.  They  met  at  Ipsus,  b.  c.  301 1 
and  after  an  obstinate  battle,  the  army  of 
Demetrius  was  defeated,  and  his  father  slain, 
but  he  himself  fled  to  Ephesus.  He,  how- 
ever, mustered  a  new  army,  and  relieved 
Athens  from  the  tyranny  under  which  it 
groaned.  He  then  slew  Alexander,  the  son 
of  Cassander,  and  seated  himself  on  the 
throne  of  Macedonia.  At  the  end  of  seven 
years  he  was  obliged  to  quit  his  dominion 
and  retire  into  Asia,  where  he  was  reduced 
to  great  distress  ;  on  which  he  went  to  the 
court  of  Seleucus,  his  son-in-law  ;  but  a  dif- 
ference breaking  out  between  them,  war  en- 
ensued,  and  Demetrius  was  defeated.  De- 
serted by  his  soldiers,  he  surrendered  him- 
self at  length  to  his  son-in-law,  who  exiled 
him  to  PcUa,  iu  Syria,  where  he  died,  B.C. 
284. 

DEMETRIUS  L,  king  of  Syria,  sur- 
named  Soter,  was  the  son  of  Seleucus  Phi- 
lopater.  He  was  sent  hostage  to  Rome  by 
his  father,  on  whose  death  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes,  and  after  him  his  son  Antiochus 
Eupator,  the  one  the  uncle,  and  the  other 
the  cousin  of  Demetrius,  usurped  the  throne 
of  Syria.  He  applied  to  the  Roman  senate 
for  assistance  to  recover  his  right,  but  in 
vain.  The  Syrians,  however,  recognised 
him  for  their  lawful  prince,  and  at  last  he 
obtained  the  throne.  He  then  declared  war 
against  the  Jews,  in  which  Jiulas  Macca- 
bajus  lost  his  life,  bravely  fighting  for  the 
liberties  of  his  country.  A  confederacy  of 
the  neighbouring  kings  was  formed  against 
Demetrius,  who  was  slain  b.  C.  150. 

DEMETRIUS  II.,  called  Nicator  (con- 
queror), was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  Pto- 
lemy Philometor,  king  of  Egypt,  placed  him 
on  the  throne  of  his  father,  after  expelling 
the  usurper,  Alexander  Balas,  B.C.  146.  He 
married  Cleopatra,  the  wife  of  the  same 
Alexander,  and  daughter  of  Ptolemy.  He 
was  subsequently  taken  prisoner  by  the  king 
of  Parthia,  who  gave  him  his  daughter  in 


dem] 


^  ^rttj  BnihtrgaX  ^BmtjrajplbC. 


[dem 


marriage,  which  so  incensed  Cleopatra,  that 
she  married  Antiochus  Sidetes,  her  brother- 
in-law.  Sidetes,  however,  fell  in  battle,  and 
Demetrius  recovered  his  throne  ;  but  he  did 
not  retain  it  long,  for  he  waa  once  more  ex- 
pelled by  Alexander  Zebina,  and  was  killed 
by  the  governor  of  Tyre,  b.  c.  127. 

DEMETRIUS,  PHALEKEUS,a  philosopher 
of  the  peripatetic  sect.  The  Athenians  were 
BO  charmed  with  his  eloquence,  as  to  erect 
statues  to  his  honour,  lie  afterwards  fell 
into  disgrace,  and  retired  to  the  court  of 
Ptolemy  Lagus,  king  of  Egypt,  whose  son 
banished  lum  from  his  dominions,  and  he 
died  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  2:34  n.  c.  He 
wrote  several  books,  and,  it  is  said,  furnished 
the  library  of  Alexandria  with  200,000 
volumes. 

DEMETRniS,  czar  of  Russia,  commonly 
called  the  false  Demetrius,  was,  according  to 
most  historians,  a  native  of  Jarowslaw,  and  a 
novice  in  a  monastery,  where  he  was  tutored 
by  a  monk  to  personate  Demetrius,  son  of 
the  czar  John  Basilowitz,  wlio  liad  been 
murdered  by  Boris  Gudenow.  Having  learnt 
his  tale  he  went  into  Lithuania,  embraced 
the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  the  palatine  Scndomir.  In 
1604  Demetrius  entered  Russia  at  the  head 
of  a  small  army,  was  joined  by  a  number  of 
Russians  and  Cossacks,  and  defeated  an  army 
sent  against  him.  On  the  death  of  Boris,  the 
people  strangled  his  son,  and  placed  Deme- 
trius on  the  throne  ;  but  his  partiality  to  the 
Poles,  and  contempt  of  the  Greek  religion, 
occasioned  an  insurrection,  and  he  was  as- 
Bossinated  in  1606,  after  reigning  about  eleven 
months. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  Grecian  physician,  who 
with  his  family  became  captives  to  the  Per- 
sians, and  were  carried  to  Susa,  where  he 
worked  with  the  other  slaves.  But  happen- 
ing to  cure  Darius,  he  was  liberally  re- 
warded, and  admitted  to  the  royal  table. 
He  returned  to  his  own  country,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  Milo. 

DEMOCRITUS,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated philosophers  of  antiquity,  and  of  the 
Eleatic  school  was  born  at  Abdera,  B.C.  460. 
He  studied  under  Leucippus  ;  and  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  who  was  a  wealthy 
citizen,  he  travelled  to  Egypt,  Chaldea,  and 
other  countries,  by  which  he  greatly  en- 
larged his  stores  of  knowledge  ;  and  when 
he  returned  to  his  native  city,  though  at 
first  slighted,  his  intellectual  acquisitions 
gained  the  respect  of  his  countrymen,  and 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  public  affairs  ; 
but,  indignant  at  the  follies  of  the  Abde- 
rites,  he  resigned  his  office,  and  retired  to 
solitude,  devoting  himself  wholly  to  phi- 
losophical studies.  In  his  system  he  de- 
veloped still  farther  the  mechanical  or  atom- 
ical  theory  of  his  master  Leucippus,  and 
applied  it  not  only  to  the  formation  of  the 
universe,  but  to  the  soul  of  man,  the  senses, 
the  elements,  &c.  He  was  also  a  practical 
philosopher  and  a  moralist,  his  grand  axiom 
being,  that  the  greatest  good  consists  in  a 
tranquil  mind.  He  has  been  absurdly  called 
the  "  laughing  philosopher  "  (in  contrast 
to  the  weeping  Heraclitus),  which  epithet 
is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  his  prac- 
tice of  humourously  exposing  the  absurd- 


209 


ities  of  his  countrymen,  whose  stupidity  was 
proverbial.  He  wrote  numerous  works,  but 
none  of  them  now  exist ;  and  he  lived  to 
the  great  age  of  105. 

DEMOIVRE,  Abraham,  bom  at  Vitri, 
in  Champagne,  in  1677,  was  driven  from 
his  native  country  by  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  settled  in  England, 
where  he  obtained  a  livelihood  by  his  skill 
in  teaching  the  mathematics.  He  waa  un- 
doubtedly one  of  the  first  calculators  that 
ever  existed  ;  and  published  "  Tlie  Doctrine, 
of  Chances,"  "  Miscellanea  Analytica,"  &c.' 
Died,  17.54. 

DEMOSTHENES,  the  greatest  orator  of 
antiquity,  was  tlie  son  of  an  opulent  sword- 
blade  manufacturer  at  Athens,  and  was  bom 
about  380  B.C.  Having  lost  his  fatlier  when 
a  mere  child,  his  education  was  neglected  ; 
but  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he  determined 
to  study  eloquence,  though  his  lungs  were 
weak,  his  pronunciation  inarticulate,  and 
his  gestures  awkward.  These  impediments 
he  conquered  by  perseverance,  till  by  de- 
grees he  surpassed  all  other  orators  in  the 
power  and  grace  of  eloqjience.  When  tlie 
encroachments  of  Pliilip  of  Macedon  alarmed 
the  Grecian  states,  he  depicted  his  ambi- 
tious design  with  so  much  etfcct,  that  similar 
orations  are  to  this  day  called  Pliilippics. 
When  that  monarch  was  about  to  invade 
Africa,  Demosthenes  was  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  prevail  on  the  Bceotians  to  assist 
them,  in  whicli  mission  he  succeeded.  He 
was  also  at  the  battle  of  Cheronea,  but  his 
conduct  tlicre  showed  that  he  was  as  defi- 
cient in  personal  courage  as  he  was  inimi- 
table in  the  senate.  The  influence  of  De- 
mosthenes being  on  the  decline,  ^schines 
took  advantage  of  it  to  bring  an  accusation 
against  him  on  tlie  subject  of  his  conduct  at 
Cheronea,  and  his  having  had  a  crown  of 
gold  awarded  him  ;  but  the  orator  so  well 
defended  himself  in  his  celebrated  oration 
De  Corona,  that  he  was  honourably  ac- 
quitted, and  his  adversary  sent  into  exile. 
Shortly  after,  however,  Demosthenes  was 
convicted  of  receiving  a  golden  cup  and 
twenty  talents  from  Ilarpalus,  one  of  Alex- 
ander s  generals,  who  had  retired  to  Athens 
with  a  quantity  of  plunder,  which  he  had 
gathered  in  Asia.  To  avoid  punishment,  he 
fled  to  ^gina,  where  he  remained  till  the 
death  of  Alexander,  when  he  was  recalled 
by  his  countrymen,  and  brought  home  in 
triumph.  But  this  change  of  fortune  was 
of  short  duration.  The  victory  of  Antipater 
was  followed  by  an  order  to  the  Athenians 
to  deliver  up  Demosthenes,  who  fled  to  the 
temple  of  Neptune,  at  Calauria,  where  he  , 
poisoned  himself,  b.  c.  322.  The  speeches  | 
of  Demosthenes  were  natural,  concise,  vi- 
gorous, and  logical :  he  was  by  turns  calm, 
vehement,  or  elevated,  as  the  ease  required  ; 
in  energy  and  power  of  persuasion,  in  beauty 
and  vigour  of  expression,  and  in  language  at 
once  strong  and  melodious,  he  surpassed  all 
his  predecessors. 

DEMOUSTIER,  C.  A.,  a  French  author 
of  celebrity,  descended  by  the  father's  side 
from  Racine,  and  by  the  mother's  from  La 
Fontaine.  He  was  born  in  1760,  and  died 
in  1801.  Among  his  works  are  "Le  Sii'ge 
de  Cythfere,"  a' poem,  and  many  successful 


dem] 


^  ^f£D  Bnibtv^al  ^taiflflrapTjw. 


[deo 


comedies,  "  Les  Femmes,"  "  Les  Troix  Tils," 
"  Le  Divorce,"  "  Alceste,"  "  La  Cliauniifere 
Indienne,"  &c. 

DEMPSTER,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  writer, 
was  born  in  1579,  and  studied  at  Cambridge, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Paris.  He  was 
afterwards  professor  of  philology  at  Pisa,  and 
died  at  Bologna  in  1C25.  He  wrote  several 
works,  the  most  curious  of  which  are  a  "  Mar- 
ty rology  of  Scotland,"  a  "List  of  Scottish 
Writers,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Etruscans." 

DENHAM,  Lieut.-col.  Dixon,  an  enter- 
prising traveller  and  intrepid  soldier,  was 
born  in  1786,  and  entered  tlie  army  as  a 
volunteer  in  1811,  serving  with  honour  in  the 
peninsular  war,  where  he  obtained  a  lieu- 
tenancy. In  1821  he  was  chosen  to  proceed 
to  Central  Africa,  in  company  with  Captain 
Clapperton  and  Dr.  Oudney,  for  tlie  purpose 
of  exploring  those  regions  ;  liis  courage  per- 
severance, address,  and  conciliatory  manners 
peculiarly  fitting  him  for  such  an  under- 
taking. On  his  return  to  England,  in  1824, 
he  published  a  "Narrative"  of  his  travels. 
In  1826  he  was  sent  to  Sierra  Leone  as  super- 
intendant  of  the  liberated  Africans,  and  in 
1828  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colony  ;  soon  after  which  he  was  seized 
witli  a  fever,  which  quickly  proved  fatal. 

DENHAM,  Sir  John,  a  poet  of  some  ce- 
lebrity, was  born  in  1615,  at  Dublin,  where 
his  father  was  chief  baron  of  tlie  exchequer, 
but  afterwards  became  a  judge  in  England. 
In  1641  appeared  his  tragedy  of"  The  Sophy," 
and  soon  after  he  was  made  governor  of 
Fareham  Castle  for  the  king.  In  1643  he 
published  his  "  Cooper's  Hill."  He  attended 
Charles'  II.  in  his  exile,  and  was  sent  by  him 
ambassador  to  Poland.  At  the  Restoration 
he  was  knighted  and  appointed  surveyor- 
general  of  the  royal  buildings.    Died,  1668. 

DENINA,  GiACOMO  Carlo,  an  Italian 
historian,  was  bom  in  1731,  at  Revel,  in 
Piedmont.  For  many  years  he  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  Turin,  and  ultimately 
became  librarian  to  Napoleon.  His  principal 
works  are  "  History  of  the  Revolutions  of 
Italy,"  "  The  Political  and  Literary  History 
of  Greece,"  "  The  Revolutions  of  Germany," 
&c.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1813. 

DENMAN,  Dr.  Tuomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  bom  at  Bake- 
well  Derbyshire,  in  1733.  He  first  ser\ed  in 
the  navy  as  a  surgeon,  and  having  obtained 
much  experience,  on  quitting  it  he  com- 
menced practice  in  I^ondon,  where  he  even- 
tually attained  great  professional  celebrity. 
In  1770  he  commenced  giving  lectures  on  the 
obstetric  art,  and  was  appointed  licentiate  in 
midwifery  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in 
1783.  He  wrote  an  "  Essay  on  Puerperal 
Fever,"  an  "  Introduction  to  the  Practice  of 
Midwifery,"  and  "  Aphorisms  "  for  the  use 
of  junior  practitioners.  His  son  was  the  late 
distinguished  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
king's  bench.     Died,  1815. 

DENNIS,  John,  a  dramatist  and  critic, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1657,  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture. Tliroughout  life  he  was  almost  per- 
petually in  broils  with  one  or  other  of  the 
wits  of  the  age  ;  and  Pope,  in  return  for  his 
animadversions,  gave  him  a  conspicuous 
place  in  the  Duneiad.    He  originally  had  a 


240 


considerable  fortune  ;  but  having  dissipated 
it,  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  obtained  for  him 
the  place  of  land -waiter  at  tlie  Custom  House; 
this  he  mortgaged,  and  his  latter  days  were 
spent  in  poverty,  aggravated  by  blindness. 
Died,  1734. 

DENON,  Dominique  Vivant,  Baron  de, 
was  born,  in  1747,  at  Chalons-sur-Saone,  in 
Burgundy.  Though  originally  destined  for 
the  law,  he  was  appointed  to  the  office  of 
"  gentUhomme  oj-dinaire  "  about  the  person  of 
Louis  XV.  He  afterwards  resided  several 
years  in  Italy,  as  secretary  of  embassy,  during 
which  period  he  applied  himself  sedulously 
to  the  study  of  the  arts.  He  was  so  fortunate 
as  to  pass  through  tlie  years  of  terror  without 
incurring  the  displeasure  of  any  of  the  re- 
publican tyrants  ;  and  having  attracted  the 
notice  of  Buonaparte,  he  accompanied  him 
to  Egypt,  alternately  wielding  the  pen,  the 
pencil,  and  the  sword.  On  returning  to 
Paris,  he  was  appointed  general  director  of 
the  museums,  and  had  the  superintendence 
of  the  medallic  mint,  and  all  works  of  art 
executed  in  honour  of  the  French  victories. 
After  the  abdication  of  the  emperor,  he  re- 
tained his  office,  but  was  deprived  of  it  in 
1815,  in  consequence  of  having  joined  him  on 
his  return  from  Elba.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  and  varied  talents  ;  and  his  able  work, 
entitled  "  Travels  in  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt 
during  the  Campaign  of  General  Buona- 
parte," has  gained  him  an  imperishable 
fame.    Died  at  Paris,  1825. 

D'EON,  the  Chevalier.  Eon  de  Beau- 
mont, Charles  Genevieve  Louise  Au- 
GUSTE  d',  was  bom  at  Tonnerre,  in  1728,  and 
known  until  1777  as  the  Chevalier  D'Eon, 
He  was  equerry  to  Louis  XV.,  chevalier,  doc- 
tor of  law,  parliamentary  advocate,  military 
officer,  ambassador,  royal  censor,  &c. ;  oc- 
cupying in  short,  during  his  eventful  life, 
the  most  varied  stations  with  consummate 
skill,  and  involving  his  sex  and  real  charac- 
ter in  unparalleled^ mystery.  Sent  as  envoy 
on  a  difficult  mission  to  the  Russian  court, 
his  insinuating  manners  gained  him  tlie  fa- 
vour of  the  empress  Elizabeth,  and  for  five 
years  he  was  the  medium  of  a  secret  corre-  ' 
spondence  between  her  and  the  king  of ' 
France.  In  consequence  of  these  services,  he  : 
was  made  captain  of  dragoons,  and  received 
a  pension  of  2400  livres.  He  returned  to 
France  in  1758,  and  subsequently  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  military  service. 
After  the  conclusion  of  peace,  he  went  to 
London  as  secretary  of  legation,  under  the 
Duke  of  Nivernois,  and  obtained  possession 
of  some  important  papers.  On  the  return 
of  the  duke,  he  remained  as  resident,  and 
afterwards  as  minister  plenipotentiary,  but 
was  finally  dismissed  from  his  employment, 
and  lived  14  years  at  London  in  a  kind  of 
exile.  During  this  period,  suspicions  arose 
as  to  his  sex,  which  led  to  several  extraor-  , 
dinary  wagers.  In  July,  1777,  a  curious  ' 
trial  took  place  before  Lord  Chief-justice 
Mansfield,  on  an  action  brought  against  Mr. 
Jaques,  a  broker,  who  had  received  several 
premiums  of  15  guineas,  to  return  100,  when- 
ever it  should  be  proved  that  the  chevalier 
was  a  woman.  By  the  evidence  of  Louis 
Legoux  and  M.  de  Morande  this  fact  was 
supposed  to  be  so  well  established,  that  Hayes, 


der] 


^  ^t\a  Winibtx^al  33i0fira|iTjy. 


[des 


the  plaintiff,  obtained  a  verdict,  but  it  was 
afterwards  set  aside  on  the  ground  of  the 
illegality  of  the  wager.  D'Eon  after  this 
put  on  female  attire,  and  returned  to  France  ; 
but  on  the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
which  deprived  him  of  Ids  pension,  lie  re- 
turned to  England.  Being  reduced  to  po- 
verty, he  supported  himself  for  some  time 
by  giving  lessons  in  fencing,  and  by  publicly 
exhibiting  his  skill  in  that  art  in  the  prin- 
cipal towns  in  the  kingdom.  When  age  had 
enfeebled  him,  and  the  notoriety  of  his  cha- 
racter had  abated,  he  depended  in  a  great 
measure  for  subsistence  on  the  aid  of  his 
friends.  Among  these  was  Elisee,  first  sur- 
geon of  Ijouis  XVIII.,  who  kindly  assisted 
him  till  his  death,  in  London,  in  1810,  and 
attended  the  dissection  of  his  body.  Tlie 
account  of  this  witness,  with  other  unde- 
niable evidence,  leaves  it  beyond  doubt  that 
D'Eon  was  of  the  male  sex.  What  the 
reasons  were  that  could  induce  the  cheva- 
lier, who  was  undoubtedly  a  brave  soldier 
and  an  able  diplomatist,  to  assume  female 
attire,  and  to  join  in  the  deception  when 
there  was  no  apparent  reason  for  it,  remain 
undiscovered  ;  but  they  were  probably  of  a 
political  nature,  and  might  have  been  sug- 
gested by  the  manoeuvring  policy  of  the 
French  court  to  attain  some  particular  ob- 
ject. That  D'Eon  was  a  man  of  talent  is 
sufficiently  evident  by  his  works,  which  ap- 
peared under  the  title  of  "  Loisirs  du  Che- 
valier D'Eon,"  in  13  vols.  8vo. 

DERBY,  James  Stanlkv,  Earl  of,  a  gal- 
lant English  nobleman,  who  in  the  action 
at  Wjgan,  in  Lancashire,  with  (}00  horse 
bravely  withstood  a  body  of  3000  horse  and 
foot,  commanded  by  Colonel  Lilbume.  lie 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Worces- 
ter, and  beheaded,  in  violation  of  a  promise 
of  quarter  which  hod  been  given  him,  in 

le.'-.i. 

DERHAM,  William,  D.  D.,  a  learned 
divine  and  philosopher,  was  bom  at  Stow- 
ton,  near  Worcester,  in  lCo7.  lie  was  a 
large  contributor  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  published  many  separate 
works  upon  theologico-philosopliical  sub- 
jects.   Died,  1735. 

DERMODY,  TuoMAS,  a  poet  of  some 
merit,  was  the  son  of  a  schoolmaster,  and 
born  at  Ennis,  Ireland,  in  1775.  He  ob- 
tained through  Earl  Moira  a  commission  in 
the  army  ;  but  so  confirmed  were  his  habits 
of  intemperance,  that  he  died,  a  victim  to 
disease,  in  1802.  His  poems,  which  were 
written  under  the  pressure  of  necessity,  and 
often  in  great  haste,  possess  considerable 
merit. 

DERRICK,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who,  on  the  death  of  Beau  Nash,  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  tlie  ceremonies  at  Bath 
and  Tunbridge  Wells.  On  coming  to  London 
he  attempted  the  stage  ;  but  being  unsuc- 
cessful as  an  actor,  he  had  recourse  to  his 
pen.  He  wrote  "A  View  of  the  Stage," 
"The  Third  Satire  of  Juvenal  in  English 
Verse,"  "  Sylla,"  a  dramatic  piece ;  and 
edited  "  Dryden's  Poems,"  4  vols.,  a  "  Col- 
lection of  Voyages,"  &c.  Born,  1724  ;  died, 
1769. 

DERSCHAWIN,  or  DERZHAVINE, 
Oabki£lRomanovitscu,  a  Russian  poet  and 


statesman,  was  born  at  Casau,  in  1743.  In 
1700  he  entered  the  army  as  a  common  sol- 
dier, but  soon  distinguished  himself;  and, 
after  a  military  service  of  14  years,  entered 
the  civil  service,  in  wlxich  he  arrived  at  the 
important  situations  of  treasurer  of  the  em- 
pire and  minister  of  justice.  He  holds  a 
high  place  among  the  bards  of  his  country. 
Died,  1819. 

DERYCK,  or  DERICK,  Peter  Cor- 
nelius, a  painter  of  Delft,  born  in  1508,  and 
died  in  1630.     He  excelled  in  landscape. 

DESAGULIERS,  John  Theoi-hilis,  an 
ingenious  philosopher,  was  born  in  1683  at 
Rochelle,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Keil  as  lecturer  in  experi- 
mental philosophy.  He  published  a  "  Course 
of  Experimental  Philosophy,"  a  "Disser- 
tation on  Electricity,"  &c.  He  was  a  useful 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  contri- 
buted several  papers  to  their  Transactions. 
Died,  1749. 

DESAIX  DE  VOIGOUX, Louis  Charles 
Anthony,  a  French  general,  was  born  in 
1768.  In  the  early  part  of  the  revolution 
he  became  aide-de-camp  to  General  Custinc  ; 
and  contributed  greatly,  by  his  talents,  to 
the  famous  retreat  of  Aloreau.  In  the  buttle 
of  Rastadt  he  commanded  the  left  wing,  and 
forced  the  Archduke  Charles  to  retire.  He 
afterwards  defended  tlie  bridge  of  Kehl  with 
great  bravery,  and  was  wounded.  He  ac- 
companied Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
country,  and  signed  tlie  treaty  of  El-Arish 
with  tlie  Turks  and  English.  He  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  to  which  victory 
he  greatly  contributed,  June  14.  1800. 

DESAULT,  Peteu  Joseph,  a  French  sur- 
geon, born  in  1744,  who,  during  the  violence 
of  the  revolution,  was  confined  some  time  in 
the  Luxembourg  prison,  but  his  usefulness 
saved  his  life.  He  died  while  attending  the 
dauphin,  June  1.  1795,  which  induced  a  sus- 
picion that  he  was  dispatched  because  he 
would  not  poison  that  unfortunate  prince. 
He  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  Traite  des  Ma- 
ladies Chirurgicales,"  &c. 

DESCARTES,  Rene,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  was  born  at  I^a  Haye,  in  Tou- 
raine,  in  1596,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  Jesuits  College  at  La  Flcche.  On  leaving 
that  seminary  he  removed  to  Paris,  and  ap- 
plied to  the  study  of  mathematics.  In  1616 
he  entered  into  the  arm^  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange  ;  and,  while  serving  in  the  garrison 
at  Breda,  solved  a  difficult  mathematical 
problem  which  had  been  posted  in  the  public 
streets.  This  introduced  him  to  the  ac- 
quaintance of  the  learned  Beckmann,  the 
principal  of  the  college  of  Dort.  Wliile  at 
Breda,  he  wrote,  in  l^atin,  a  treatise  on 
music,  and  projected  some  other  works. 
He  next  served  in  the  army  of  the  Duke  of 
Bavaria,  but  soon  after  quitted  the  military 
life,  and  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he  saw 
the  famous  Galileo  at  Florence.  In  1629  he 
settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  applied  assidu- 
ously to  the  mathematical  sciences,  particu- 
larly dioptrics,  in  which  he  made  some  im- 
portant discoveries.  About  this  time  he 
visited  England,  and  during  his  stay  made 
observations  on  the  declination  of  the  mag- 
netic needle.    His  philosophy  now  became 


2H 


DES] 


^  0t^  mnihtx&Kl  2Stfl(irapl)y. 


[des 


the  subject  of  much  discussion,  and    met 
with  an  extensive  reception,  tliough  with 
considerable  opposition.    At  the  invitation 
of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  he  went  to 
j  Stockholm,  where  he  died  in  16">0.    His  prin- 
I  cipal  works    are  "  Principia  Philosophise," 
I  "  Dissertatio    de    Methodo    recte    regendoB 
Rationis,"     &c. ;     "  Dioptricas,"     "  Medita- 
tiones,"  and  "  Geometry." 
DESEERICIUS,  or  DESERITZ,  Joseph 
j  Innocent,  an  Hungarian  divine,  was  born 
:  in  1702.      Being    called  to    Rome,  he  was 
i  created  a  cardinal,  and  was   appointed  by 
j  Benedict  XIV.  ambassador  to  the  hospodar 
of  Wallachia.    He  wrote  several  books,  and 
died  in  1765. 
I      DESEZE,  Raymond,  or  Romain,  a  native 
'  of  Bourdeaux,   and  an  able    counsellor  of 
the   parliament  of  that  city,  was  born  in 
1750.    He  afterwards  practised  at  Paris,  and 
his  acknowledged  talents  caused  him  to  be 
:  named  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  unfortu- 
nate Louis  XVI.,  whose  cause  he  most  ably 
defended,  after    Target    had    declined    the 
1  dangerous  task.    He  was  imprisoned  for  a 
I  time,  but  escaped  the  scaffold  ;  and  on  reco- 
j  vering  his  liberty,  he  was  never  induced  to 
i  serve  the  directory,  the  consulate,  or  the 
I  imperial  government.    On  the  return  of  the 
!  Bourbons  he  received,  as  the  only  survivor 
I  of  the  three  selected  by  Louis  for  his  counsel, 
j  the  grateful  notice  of  Louis  XVIII.  for  his 
I  devotedness  to  his  royal  and  unfortunate 
!  predecessor.    He  held  several  distinguished 
j  offices  :  was  a  peer  of  France,  a  knight  of 
the  order  of  Malta,  a  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  president  of  the  court  of  repeal. 
Died,  1828. 

DESFORGES,  Petek  John  Baptist 
Choudakd,  a  dramatic  writer  and  actor, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1746.  His  taste  for 
the  drama  was  very  early  evinced  ;  and  he 
not  only  wrote  for  the  stage,  but  commenced 
his  career  as  a  performer  in  1769.  He, 
however,  quitted  the  stage  in  1782,  and  de- 
voted his  time  principally  to  dramatic  com- 
position. He  is  the  author  of  24  comedies, 
besides  some  romances,  which  latter  afford 
unequivocal  proofs  of  a  sensual  mind. 

DESGODETS,  Anthony,  a  French  ar- 
chitect, was  born  in  Paris,  in  1653.  On  his 
passage  to  Rome  in  1674,  he  was  taken  by 
the  Algerines,  and  kept  in  slavery  16  months. 
On  being  exchanged  he  repaired  to  Rome, 
where  he  composed  a  work,  entitled  "  The 
Ancient  Edifices  of  Rome  ; "  and,  on  his 
return  to  Paris,  he  was  made  comptroller  of 
the  royal  buildings,  and  architect  to  the 
king.    Died,  1728. 

DESHAYS,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  ce- 
lebrated painter,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in  1729. 
Died  in  1765. 

DESHOULIERES,  Antoinette  du  Li- 
GiER,  a  handsome,  witty,  and  accomplished 
woman,  and  a  writer  of  much  versatility, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1634  ;  married  a  gen- 
tleman of  family,  and  was  on  terms  of 
friendship  with  the  principal  literati  of  the 
age.  She  produced  numerous  plays  and 
operas,  few  of  which  were  successful ;  but 
her  "Idyls,"  "Eclogues,"  and  "Moral  Re- 
flections "  are  still  admired.  She  died,  after 
12  years  of  suffering,  of  a  cancer  in  her 
breast,  in  1694. 


^DESHOUT.IERES,  Antoinette  The- 
KESE,a  daughter  of  the  preceding,  and  the 
inheritor  both  of  her  talents  and  her  suffer- 
ings ;  having  written  various  poems,  &c., 
and  been  for  20  years  the  victim  of  cancer. 
Died,  1718. 

DESIDERIUS,  or  DIDIER,  the  last  king 
of  Lombardy,  succeeded  Astolphus  in  756. 
His  daugliters  were  married  to  the  two  sons 
of  Pepin,  king  of  France,  Carloman  and 
Charlemagne. 

DESMAIZEAUX,  Peter,  a  biographical 
writer,  was  born  in  1666.  On  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he  took  refuge 
in  England,  became  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  died  in  London,  in  1745.  He 
translated  into  English  Bayle's  Dictionary, 
and  wrote  the  Lives  of  Cliillingworth  and 
John  Hales. 

DESAIOULINS,  Benoit  Camii.le,  bom 
in  1762,  was  a  fellow-student  with  the  tyrant 
Robespierre.  He  was  a  man  of  strong 
mind,  possessing  powerful  talents,  which 
became  injurious  owing  to  the  extreme  vio- 
lence of  the  measures  at  that  time  adopted. 
In  1789,  Desmoulins  was  the  favourite  orator 
of  the  people,  whom  he  harangued  in  all 
places,  and  on  all  occasions.  His  colleagues 
having  no  further  need  of  him  as  an  aux- 
iliary, conspired  to  hasten  him  to  the 
scaffold,  where  he  suffered  on  the  4th  of 
April,  1794. 

DESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  an  officer 
in  the  British  army,  was  a  native  of  Queen's 
County,  in  Ireland.  At  the  close  of  the 
American  war  he  served  in  the  West  In- 
dies, where  he  distinguished  himself  by  an 
expedition  on  the  Spanish  main.  For  his 
services  there  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  in  1784  appointed  superintend- 
ant  of  the  English  affairs  at  Honduras  ;  but 
his  conduct  giving  offence  to  the  settlers, 
complaints  were  sent  home  against  him, 
and  he  was  suspended.  He  applied  to  go- 
vernment for  an  investigation  of  his  con- 
duct, which  was  rejected,  as  were  also  his 
claims.  This  naturally  irritated  him  ;  and 
conceiving  that  he  was  at  least  entitled  to 
a  fair  hearing,  he  became  a  violent  democrat, 
and  for  his  inflammatory  conduct  was  im- 
prisoned. Having  collected  some  followers 
from  the  lowest  classes,  they  held  secret 
meetings,  to  which  no  persons  were  admitted 
without  taking  a  treasonable  oath.  At  these 
assemblies  various  plans  were  devised  for 
the  murder  of  the  king  ;  and  at  last  it  was 
determined  to  make  the  attack  when  his 
majesty  went  to  the  parliament  house.  The 
plot  being  discovered,  the  colonel  and  se- 
veral others  were  taken  up,  and  brought  to 
trial  by  a  special  commission,  Feb.  5.  1803  ; 
when  the  charges  being  proved,  Despard 
and  7  others  were  found  guilty,  and  executed. 

DESPARD,  General  John,  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  and  saw  much  service 
in  different  quarters  of  the  globe.  He  had 
been  in  24  engagements,  had  two  horses  shot 
under  him,  was  three  times  shipwrecked, 
taken  prisoner  once,  and  had  the  standard 
of  his  regiment  shot  out  of  his  hand,  when 
an  ensign,  at  15  years  of  age.  After  all  these 
"  hair-breadth  escapes  "  he  lived  to  attain  his 
85th  year,  and  died  in  1829,  at  Swan  Hill, 
Shropshire. 


DES] 


^  Jiefio  Unibttiiil  38i0flraji]^g. 


[dia 


DESSALINES,  John  James,  originally  a 
slave  in  St.  Domingo,  but  having  an  oppor- 
i  tunity  of  showing  great  courage  and  talents 
I  during  the  disturbances  in  that  colony, 
became  second  in  command  to  Toussaint 
Louverture  ;  on  whose  imprisonment  he 
was  chosen  emperor  of  Uayti,  under  the 
title  of  James  I.  Tliis  was  in  18()4  ;  but  he 
retained  his  imperial  dignity  only  two  years, 
having  perished  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy, 
in  1806. 

DESTOUCriES,  PiiiLTP  Nericault,  an 
eminent  French  dramatic  writer,  was  born 
at  Tours  in  1080.  Being  sent  to  London,  in 
1717,  to  aid  the  negotiations  then  carrying 
on,  he  continued  there  seven  years,  and 
married.  On  his  return  to  France  ne  re- 
tired into  the  country,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  agriculture  and  the  belles  lettres. 
His  principal  pieces  are  "  Le  Pliilosophe 
Marie  "  and  "  Le  Glorieux."    Died,  1754. 

DEVEREUX,  RoBEKT,  Earl  of  Essex, 
born  in  1567,  accompanied  the  Earl  of  Lei- 
cester to  Holland,  wJiere  he  beliaved  with 
mucli  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Zutpheu,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  was  made  master 
of  the  horse.  In  15'J1  he  commanded  the 
forces  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France  ;  and  in  1.596  he  was  apiKjinted 
joint-commander  with  Lord  Howard  in  an 
expedition  against  Spain,  where  he  contri- 
buted to  the  capture  of  Cadiz.  In  15WI  he 
was  made  earl  marshal  of  England,  and, 
on  the  death  of  Lord  Burleigh,  chancellor 
of  Cambridge.  About  this  time  he  incurred 
queen  Elizabeth's  displeasure  in  a  remark- 
able manner :  at  a  private  council  lield  re- 
specting tlie  appointment  of  a  proper  per- 
son to  govern  Ireland,  he  had  the  impru- 
dence to  oppose  her  majesty  with  rudeness, 
on  which  slie  gave  him  a  box  on  the  ear. 
The  earl  instantly  laid  his  hand  on  his 
sword,  and  swore  he  would  not  have  taken 
such  treatment  even  from  her  father.  He 
then  withdrew,  and  instead  of  making  his 
submission,  continued  to  complain  of  tlxe 
treatment  he  had  received.  At  length  a 
reconciliation  was  effected ;  and  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  of  Tyrone, 
Essex  was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Ireland  ;  but  being  unsuccessful  there,  the 
queen  became  displeased,  and  sharp  letters 
passed  between  them.  He,  therefore,  re- 
turned to  England,  and  waited  on  the  queen, 
wlio  gave  him  a  better  reception  than 
could  have  been  expected.  However,  he 
soon  fell  into  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned. 
In  1000  he  regained  his  liberty,  but  instead 
of  conducting  himself  with  caution,  he  gave 
vent  to  his  indignation  in  coarse  and  viru- 
lent terms.  His  enemies  having  intelligence 
of  his  actions  and  speeches,  sent  for  him  to 
attend  the  council,  which  he  refused,  and 
began  to  arm  in  his  own  defence.  Some 
blood  was  shed  before  he  surrendered,  on 
which  he  was  made  close  prisoner,  tried,  and 
beheaded,  in  1001.  Essex  was  rash,  bold, 
and  presumptuous,  but  at  the  same  time 
generous  and  affectionate :  he  was  also  the 
friend  and  patron  of  literature. 

DEVEKEUX,  RoBEUT,  earl  of  Essex,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1502,  and  re- 
stored to  his  family  lionours  by  James.  In 
1020  Essex  served  under  Sir  Horatio  Vere 


in  the  Palatinate,  and  afterwards  under 
Prince  Maurice  in  Holland.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  appeared  as  a  member  of  the 
opposition  against  the  court  ;  and  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  rel>ellion  had  the  com- 
mand of  the  parliamentary  army.  He 
gained  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  after  which 
he  took  Reading,  raised  the  siege  of  Glou- 
cester, and  fought  the  first  battle  of  New- 
bury. By  the  self-denying  ordinance  in 
1645  he  was  deprived  of  his  command,  and 
died  the  year  following. 

DEVONSHIRE,  Georoiana  Catendish, 
Duchess  of,  a  female  alike  remarkable  for 
personal  graces  and  mental  accomplish- 
ments, was  the  eldest  dauglitcr  of  Earl 
Sijencer  ;  born  in  1757,  and  married  to  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire  in  her  17th  year.  Her 
"  Passage  of  Mount  St.  Gothard,'  and  such 
other  of  her  poems  as  have  been  published, 
bear  the  impress  of  a  highly  cultivated 
mind.  She  also  evinced  very  considerable 
powers  in  musical  composition,  and  had  a 
decided  taste  for  the  fine  arts.    Died,  180(5. 

D'EWES,  Sir  SiMOXUS,  an  antiquary, 
was  born  in  1602,  and  created  a  baronet  in 
1C41 ;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war  he  espoused  the  cause  of  democracy, 
and  died  in  1650.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Journals  of  the  Parliaments  during 
the  Reign  of  Elizabeth." 

DE  WINT,  Petek.  a  distinguished  artist, 
whose  numerous  drawings  formed  for  forty 
years  an  attractive  feature  in  the  exhibitions 
of  the  Old  Society  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours,  was  born  at  Stone,  in  Staffordsliire, 
where  his  father  practised  as  a  physician, 
1783.  English  landscape  scenery  formed 
the  chief  theme  for  his  fertile  pencil  ;  and 
his  free  and  masterly  handling  of  his  sub- 
jects was  only  equalled  by  their  truthfulness 
to  nature,  and  the  care  which  he  bestowed 
on  the  minutest  details.    Died,  1849. 

DE  WITT,  John,  an  enlightened  states- 
man, was  born  in  1025,  at  Dort,  in  Holland. 
At  the  age  of  23  he  published  an  excellent 
mathematical  work,  entitled  "  The  Elements 
of  Curved  Lines."  In  1650  he  was  chosen 
pensionary  of  his  native  city  ;  and,  after 
distinguishing  himself  in  public  affairs,  was 
elected  pensionary  of  Holland.  While  in 
that  capacity  he  concluded  a  peace  with 
Cromwell,  one  article  of  which  excluded 
the  House  of  Orange  from  the  stadtholder- 
ship  ;  and  in  1667  he  established  the  per- 
pelual  edict  for  abolishing  the  oflice  of 
stadtholder,  for  which  he  received  public 
thanks.  However,  in  1072,  when  Holland 
was  invaded  by  the  French,  and  civil  dis- 
sension overspread  the  country,  both  John 
de  Witt  and  his  brother  Cornelius  were  bar- 
barously murdered  by  the  populace. 

DIAZ,  Bautholomew,  a  Portuguese 
navigator,  who,  in  1486,  with  two  small 
vessels,  discovered  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
which  he  named  the  Cape  of  Tempests,  and 
perished  there  in  a  storm,  in  1500.  The 
king,  however,  changed  it  to  its  present 
more  auspicious  appellation. 

DIAZ,  JoHx,  a  martyr  to  the  frantic  zeal 
of  his  brother,  was  a  native  of  Cuenza,  in 
Spain.  He  studied  at  Paris,  where,  by 
reading  the  works  of  Luther,  he  became  a 
Protestant.     He  then  quitted  France,  and 


dib] 


^  iSSclM  Unibtv^Kl  3Si0ffx*apT)y. 


[dig 


visited  Calvin  at  Geneva  ;  afterwards  he 
went  to  Strasburg,  and  lastly  to  Neuberg, 
whither  he  was  followed  by  his  brother 
Alphonsus,  a  zealous  Catholic.  Alphonsus 
finding  his  exhortations  could  not  reclaim 
him,  pretended  to  close  his  visit  and  take  his 
departure,  but  secretly  returned  at  break  of 
day,  with  a  companion,  and  murdered  him 
with  an  axe.  The  assassins  were  pursued 
and  taken  ;  but  as  they  were  about  to  be 
brought  to  trial,  Charles  V.  took  tlie  affair 
into  his  own  hands,  by  saying  that  he  would 
take  cognisance  of  it  at  the  approaching 
diet.  This  horrid  deed  was  perpetrated  in 
1546.  The  miserable  fratricide  afterwards 
hanged  himself. 

DIBDIN,  Charles,  a  dramatist,  poet, 
and  actor,  but  mostly  celebrated  as  a  writer 
of  songs  and  a  musical  composer,  was  bom 
at  Southampton,  in  1745.  He  was  intended 
for  the  church,  and  received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  Winchester  ;  but,  seduced  by  his 
love  of  music,  and  relinquishing  all  thoughts 
of  the  clerical  profession,  he  flrst  became  a 
candidate  for  the  situation  of  organist  at  a 
village  church  in  Hampshire,  and  then  took 
up  his  abode  in  London.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  as  a  performer,  in  1762,  at  the 
Richmond  theatre,  and  two  years  afterwards 
appeared  on  the  London  boards,  as  Ralph, 
in  the  Maid  of  the  Mill ;  but  he  never  shone 
as  an  actor,  though  both  as  a  writer  of  light 
dramatic  pieces  and  musical  compositions 
he  was  very  successful.  He  invented  a  new 
kind  of  monodramatic  entertainment,  con- 
sisting of  music,  songs,  and  recitations,  of 
which  he  was  the  sole  author  and  performer. 
His  sea  songs  were  eminently  popular ;  some, 
indeed,  are  of  a  very  superior  character,  and 
doubtless  had  a  most  favourable  influence 
with  British  sailors,  whose  feelings  they  de- 
scribed, and  whose  heroism  they  lauded.  For 
a  while  Dibdin  enjoyed  a  pension  of  200?. 
a-year  from  government,  but  lost  it  by  a 
change  of  the  ministry  ;  and  so  improvident 
had  he  been  while  in  the  zenith  of  his  popu- 
larity, that  in  the  closing  years  of  his  life  he 
would  have  suffered  extreme  indigence,  had 
not  an  anrtuity  been  purchased  for  him  by 
public  subscription.  Altogether  he  produced 
about  1400  songs  and  30  dramatic  pieces  ; 
besides  which  he  wrote  "  A  History  of  the 
Stage, "  his  "  Professional  Life, "  "  A 
Musical  Tour,"  three  novels,  &c.  He  died 
in  1814. 

DIBDIN,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  author  and 
song  writer,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  cele- 
brated Charles  Dibdin,  whose  "  naval  songs  " 
he  was  engaged  in  editing  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  had  tlie  honour  of  having  Garrick 
for  his  godfather  ;  and  in  1775,  when  only 
four  years  of  age,  he  arpeared  on  the  stage 
as  Cupid,  in  Shakspeare's  "Jubilee,"  to  the 
Venus  of  Mrs.  Siddons.  At  10  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  itr.  (afterwards  Sir  William) 
Rawlins,  to  learn  the  trade  of  an  upholsterer  ; 
but  bom  and  bred  to  "  the  profession,"  it 
was  no  wonder  that  after  a  few  years  he 
quitted  the  shop,  and  sought  his  fortune  on 
the  boards  of  various  provincial  theatres. 
From  that  time  until  1795  he  is  said  to  have 
performed  in  every  department  of  the  drama, 
and  written  more  than  1000  songs.  He  after- 
wards obtained  an  engagement  at  Covent 


Garden  Theatre  ;  and  numerous  were  the 
operas,  farces,  and  entertainments  which, 
for  that  and  other  establishments,  were  pro- 
duced by  his  fertile  and  inventive  genius, 
during  the  term  of  half  a  century.  From 
among  them  we  may  select  "The  Cabinet," 
"The  English  Fleet,"  "Mother  Goose" 
(which  yielded  more  than  20,000Z.  profit  to 
the  managers  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre), 
"  The  Iligli-mettled  Racer  "  (a  clear  gain  to 
the  proprietors  of  Astlcy's  of  13,000Z.),  "  The 
Jew  and  Doctor,"  "  Past  Ten  o'Clock,"  &c. 
But,  alas  I  prolific  as  was  his  brain,  and  suc- 
cessful as  were  his  pieces,  the  latter  days  of 
liis  long  and  active  life  were  uncheered  by 
tlte  result  of  his  previous  labours.  Died, 
Sept.  1841. 

DIBDIN,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Frogxall, 
D.D.,  nephew  of  the  celebrated  song  writer, 
and  himself  the  most  zealous  bibliographer, 
and  one  of  the  most  voluminous  and  miscel- 
laneous writers  of  his  time,  was  bom  at 
Calcutta,  1775,  and  after  receiving  his  edu- 
cation under  the  care  of  an  uncle  at  Reading, 
matriculated  at  Oxford,  as  a  commoner  of 
St.  John's  College,  where  his  taste  for  lite- 
rature and  history  commenced.  The  law 
being  his  destination,  he  became  a  pupil  of 
Mr.  Basil  Montague  ;  but  he  subsequently 
changed  his  views,  and  after  waiting  some 
time  for  a  degree,  he  was  ordained  a  clergy- 
man in  1804.  His  early  preferments  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  preacherships  or  lecture- 
ships in  the  metropolis,  he  was  enabled  to 
prosecute  his  favourite  studies  with  equal 
zeal  and  satisfaction  ;  and  for  nearly  thirty 
years  the  press  may  be  saicnto  have  teemed 
with  the  works  that  emanated  from  his 
fertile  and  versatile  pen.  A  bare  list  of 
these  would  inconveniently  crowd  our 
columns  ;  but  we  must  make  room  for  the 
"Bibliomania,"  which  was  published  in 
1809,  and  at  once  established  the  author's 
fame  in  this  peculiar  department ;  the  "  Bio- 
graphical Decameron,"  published  in  1817  ;  a 
"Biographical,  Antiquarian,  and  Picturesque 
Tour,"  the  result  of  a  continental  sojourn  in 
1818  ;  "  Reminiscences  of  a  Literary  Life," 
in  1836  ;  a  "  Northern  Tour,"  in  18.38,  besides 
various  sermons  and  innumerable  other 
works  on  literary,  bibliographical,  and  kin- 
dred" topics.  Dr.  Dibdin  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  founded 
in  1812.  In  1823  he  obtained,  through  Earl 
Spencer,  whose  filendship  he  enjoyed 
through  life,  and  in  whose  magnificent 
library  he  could  at  ease  pursue  his  favourite 
studies,  the  vicarage  of  Exming,  near  New- 
market ;  and  in  1824  he  was  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  St.  Mary's,  Bryanstone  Square, 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  Nov.  18.  1847. 

DICK,  Sir  Alexander,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  1703,  and  studied  at  Ley- 
den  under  Boerhaave.  In  1750  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  college  of  physicians  at 
Edinburgh,  to  which  he  was  a  benefactor. 
He  died  in  1785.  He  was  the  flrst  who  paid 
attention  to  the  culture  of  the  true  rhubarb 
in  Britain  ;  for  which  he  received,  in  1774, 
the  gold  medal  from  the  London  Society  for 
promoting  arts  and  commerce. 

DICK,  Major-general  Sir  Robert  Henry, 
was  the  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Dick,  of  Tul- 
limet  in  Perthshire.    He  entered  the  army 


Die] 


^  i^m  ^ffitibcrrfat  SBirrgrapl^s. 


[die 


aa  an  ensign  in  the  75th  foot,  in  1800  ;  and 
in  1804  obtained  a  company  in  the  78th.  He 
accompanied  the  expedition  to  Sicily,  and 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Maida  ;  joined 
Abercromby,  and  was  present  at  tlie  battle 
of  Alexandria,  and  was  severely  wounded 
at  Rosetta.  In  1808  he  was  appointed  to 
the  42d  Highlanders  ;  accompanied  the  2d 
battalion  to  the  Peninsula,  and  commanded 
a  light  battalion  at  Busaco  and  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  and  the  Ist  battalion  of  the  42d  at 
the  storming  of  Fort  St.  Michael,  and  during 
the  siege  of  Burgos,  &c.  He  served  in  the 
campaign  of  1815,  and  was  severely  wounded 
at  Quatre  Bras  while  commanding  the  42d. 
On  the  restoration  of  peace  lie  retired  to 
his  paternal  estate  at  Tullimet ;  but  his 
wife  dying  in  1830,  retirement  had  no  longer 
any  charms  for  him,  and  he  again  sought 
the  tented  field.  He  obtained  an  honour- 
able command  in  India,  and  fell  in  the 
memorable  victory  over  the  Sikhs  at  Sobraon, 
Feb.  10.  184<>,  while  (as  the  commander-in- 
cliief  expressed  it)  "personally  animating, 
by  his  dauntless  example,  the  soldiers  of  her 
majesty's  80th  regiment  in  their  career  of 
noble  daring." 

DICKONS,  Mrs.  (whose  maiden  name 
was  Poole)  was  a  celebrated  singer,  who, 
though  not  equal  to  Mrs.  Billington,  many 
years  sustained  the  same  cast  of  characters 
at  the  opera,  and  was  regularly  engaged  as 
a  principal  vocalist  at  the  oratorios.  She 
was  the  pupil  of  Rauzzini,  who  also  taught 
Braliam  ;  commenced  her  professional  career 
at  Covent  Garden,  in  1793  ;  and  retired  from 
public  life,  in  consequence  of  long-contiaued 
illness,  in  1818.    Died,  1833. 

DICKSON,  J.\MKS,  a  Scotch  divine,  but 
known  chiefly  as  a  writer  on  agriculture, 
was  a  native  of  East  Lothian  ;  and  died,  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  177G.  His  "  Treatise 
on  the  Agriculture  of  the  Ancients  "  is  much 
esteemed. 

DIDEROT,  Dexis,  a  French  writer,  was 
born  at  I.angres,  in  1713.  In  174(5  he  pub- 
lished "Pensc-es  Philosophiques,"  and  was 
concerned  in  a  Medical  Dictionary,  which 
suggested  to  him  the  idea  of  a  Dictionnaire 
Encyclopi'dique  ;  which,  with  the  assistance 
of  D'Alembert  and  others,  he  completed. 
While  engaged  in  the  Encyclop<5die,  he 
wrote  a  licentious  novel,  called  "I^s  Bi- 
joux Indiscrets,"  and  two  comedies,  "Le 
Fils  Naturel"  and  "Le  Pfere  de  Famille." 
In  1749  appeared  his  "  Letters  to  the  Blind," 
the  free  sentiments  in  which  occasioned  his 
being  imprisoned  six  montlis  at  Vincennes. 
He  died  in  1784. 

DIDO  or  ELISSA,  queen  and  founder  of 
Carthage,  was  the  daughter  of  Belus,  king 
of  Tyre.     Died,  B.C.  950. 

DIDOT,  FuANcis  Ambrose,  a  celebrated 
printer,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1730.  He 
greatly  raised  the  typographic  art ;  improved 
the  construction  of  paper-mills  ;  and  in- 
vented many  curious  and  useful  machines 
relative  to  the  art  of  type-founding,  stereo- 
typing, and  printing.  At  the  age  of  73,  he 
read  over  five  times,  and  carefully  corrected, 
every  sheet  of  the  stereotyjie  edition  of  Mon- 
taigne, printed  by  his  sons.  Died,  1804.  — 
His  brother,  Pierke  Fkaxjois  (who  died  in 
1795),  aa  well  as  his  sons  and  nephew,  have 


each  eminently  contributed  to  the  improve- 
ments of  the  arts  of  type-founding  and  print- 
ing. Nor  were  their  abilities  entirely  con- 
fined to  the  mechanical  part.  They  paid  the 
greatest  attention  to  correctness  as  well  aa 
beauty  ;  and  the  elder  sou,  Pierre  Didot, 
is  known  aa  an  excellent  classical  scholar, 
and  the  author  of  several  works,  both  prose 
and  verse. 

DIDOT,  FiRMiN,  the  most  celebrated  and 
skilful  of  modern  printers,  and  son  of  Fran- 
cois Didot,  (whose  editions,  especially  of 
classic  works,  are  in  request  all  over  Europe,) 
was  born  in  1764,  and  was  carefully  in- 
structed in  both  the  ancient  and  the  modern 
languages  with  a  view  to  succeeding  his 
father.  Not  only,  however,  did  he  prove  to 
be  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word  "  a  learned 
printer,"  but  he  also  made  some  most  im- 
portant improvements  in  the  details  of  the 
art,  and  invented  stereotyping.  His  editions 
of  Sallust,  the  Lusiad,  and  the  Henriadc, 
are  much  sought.  He  was  an  excellent 
translator,  and  no  mean  original  writer. 
Born,  17(i4  ;  died,  1830. 

DIEBITSCH,  Count  Sabalkaxskv,  a 
distinguislied  Russian  general,  was  the  son 
of  a  brave  olfiecr  who  had  served  under 
Frederic  the  Great,  but  who  afterwards 
quitted  the  Prussian  service  for  the  Russian, 
where  he  obtained  an  important  command. 
Through  his  father's  influence  and  liis  own 
talents,  young  Diebitsch  rose  rapidly  in  the 
army.  In  the  campaigns  of  1812,  lbI3,  and 
1814,  he  signalised  himself  by  his  skill  and 
bravery,  and  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
quarter-maater-general  to  the  emperor 
Alexander.  He  displaced  great  courage  in 
the  battles  of  Austerlitz,  Dresden,  Eylau, 
and  Friedland.  He  at  length  became  head 
of  the  stafl';  and  in  1829  was  entrusted  by 
the  emperor  Nicholas  with  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  Russian  army  in  the  expedition 
against  Turkey.  For  his  brilliant  services 
in  that  campaign  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  field-marshal,  and  rewarded  with 
the  title  of  count  Sabalkansky  (or  the  crosser 
of  the  Balkan),  the  orders  of  St.  Andrew 
and  St.  George,  a  million  of  roubles,  &c. 
Possessing  the  entire  confidence  of  his  sove- 
reign, it  was  natural  that,  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Polish  insurrection,  he  should  be 
selected  to  command  the  forces  sent  thither 
for  its  suppression  ;  but  a  variety  of  unfore- 
seen obstacles  presented  themselves,  and  his 
plans  were  in  a  great  measure  baffled,  when 
that  dreadful  scourge,  the  cholera,  which 
had  carried  off  great  numbers  of  his  troops, 
attacked  him,  and  he  died  in  a  very  few 
hours  after  the  first  symptoms  had  appeared, 
June  10.  1831. 

DIEFFENBACII,  Johanx  Friederich, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  surgical  ope- 
rators that  ever  lived,  was  bom  at  Konigs- 
berg,  in  1795.  After  studying  for  the  church 
at  Greifswalde,  he  took  part  in  the  war  of 
liberation  of  Germany  ;  and  it  was  not  till  a 
year  or  two  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  in  1815, 
that  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, in  which  he  has  secured  undying  fame. 
His  surgical  studies  being  finished  at  Vienna 
and  WUrtzburg,  he  took  up  his  residence  at 
Berlin,  where  hi«  operative  talents  soon  raised 
him  to  distinction,  and  in  1832  he  was  ap- 


245 


die] 


^  ^t^  WiwihtvM  JSiatjrffpl^M. 


[dim 


pointed  to  the  cliair  of  surgery.  In  this 
capacity  he  published  several  valuable  works; 
but  his  chief  fame  rests  on  the  skill  with 
which  he  performed  the  most  difficult  surgical 
operations,  such  as  supplying  artificial  noses, 
lips,  cheeks,  and  ej'elids  ;  and  to  him  also  the 
world  is  indebted  for  the  recently  discovered 
method  of  curing  or  removing  the  most  in- 
veterate cases  of  strabismus  or  squinting. 
Died,  1848. 

DIEMEN,  Anthony  Van,  governor  of 
the  Dutch  East  India  possessions,  was  born 
at  Kuilenberg,  of  which  place  his  father  was 
a  burgomaster.  He  went  to  India,  where  he 
was  employed  as  accountant  to  the  govern- 
ment. In  162')  he  became  a  member  of  the 
supreme  council.  In  1C31  he  returned  to 
Holland  as  commander  of  the  India  fleet, 
but  the  year  following  went  out  again  as 
director-general ;  and  not  long  after  he 
became  governor-general,  greatly  extending 
the  Dutch  interest  in  the  East,  In  1642  he 
sent  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voyage  to  the  South, 
the  consequence  of  which  was,  the  discovery 
of  that  part  of  New  Holland  called  "Van 
Dicmen's  Land.     He  died  in  1645. 

DIETRIC,  JouN  CoNKAT),  a  Lutheran 
divine,  was  born  at  Butzbach,  in  Wetteravia, 
iu'1612.  After  studying  at  various  imiver- 
sities,  he  became  professor  of  Greek  and  his- 
tory in  his  own  country,  and  in  1653  removed 
to  Giessen,  where  he  died  in  1667.  He  wrote 
"De  Percgrinatione  Studiorum,"  "Anti- 
quitates  llomanaj,"  "Lexicon  Etymologico- 
Graecum,"  "  Antiquitates  Biblicae,"  &c. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Eknkst, 
an  excellent  painter,  was  born  in  1712  at 
Weimar,  where  his  father  was  painter  to 
the  court,  and  celebrated  for  his  portraits 
and  battle  pieces.  After  studying  under  his 
father,  he  went  to  Dresden,  and  was  in- 
structed in  landscape  painting  by  Alexander 
Thiele.  He  next  visited  Italy,  and  in  1763 
became  professor  in  the  academy  of  Dresden, 
and  director  of  the  school  of  painting  at 
Meissen.  He  died  in  1774.  For  versatility 
and  general  excellence  few  have  surpassed 
him. 

DIEZ,  Juan  Martin,  better  known  as 
the  Empecinaclo  of  modern  Spanish  guerilla 
warfare,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant  of  Valla- 
dolid,  and  born  in  1775.  He  first  served  in 
the  regular  army  as  a  dragoon  ;  but  in  1808, 
with  a  chosen  band  of  about  50  brave  fel- 
lows, he  commenced  that  harassing  guerilla 
system,  which  so  much  contributed  to  the 
disasters  of  the  enemy  in  the  Peninsula ; 
and  the  value  of  his  services  being  properly 
appreciated,  he  was  at  length  made  a  bri- 
gadier-general of  cavalry.  Wheu  the  Duke 
of  Wellington  entered  Madrid  in  triumph, 
Diez  attended  him,  and  received  his  com- 
mands to  join  the  army  at  Tortosa,  at  the 
head  of  5000  men.  On  the  re-establishment 
of  Ferdinand's  government,  the  Empecinado 
became  obnoxious  to  the  ruling  powers,  who, 
regardless  of  his  former  great  services,  had 
him  seized  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  tried, 
and  executed,  in  1825. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Evekakd,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, who,  though  born  of  Protestant 
parents,  became  a  partisan  in  the  Gun- 
powder Plot,  for  which  he  was  executed  in 


DIGBY,  Sir  Kenelm,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Gothurst,  in  Buckingham- 
shire, in  1603,  and  educated  at  Gloucester 
Hall,  Oxford.  He  was  knighted  by  James  I., 
and  by  Cliarles  I.  he  was  appointed  to  seve- 
ral offices.  On  one  occasion,  when  some  dif- 
ference existed  between  England  and  the 
"Venetians,  he  was  sent  with  a  fleet  into  the 
Mediterranean,  where  he  attacked  the  fleet 
of  the  republic  in  the  bay  of  Scanderoon. 
About  1686  he  quitted  the  Church  of  England 
for  that  of  Rome.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  par- 
liament in  Winchester  House,  but  in  1643 
he  regained  his  liberty,  and  went  to  France. 
When  Cromwell  assumed  the  government, 
heventured  to  visit  his  native  country,  and 
paid  great  court  to  that  usurper.  He  wrote 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Nature  of  Bodies,"  "  On 
the  Operations  and  Nature  of  Man's  Soul," 
and  "  Peripatetic  Institutions."    Died,  1665. 

DIGBY,  John,  earl  of  Bristol,  bom  in 
1580,  was  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
James  I.,  who  sent  him  to  Spain  to  negotiate 
a  marriage  between  prince  Charles  and  the 
Infanta,  and  the  same  year  he  was  created 
carl  of  Bristol.  When  the  civil  wars  broke 
out  he  emigrated,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1653. 

DIGBY,  Lord  George,  son  of  the  above, 
was  born  at  Madrid  in  1612.  He  received 
his  education  at  Oxford,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  long  parliament,  wherein  he  at 
first  opposed  the  court,  but  afterwards  joined 
the  royal  partj',  and  exerted  himself  in  the 
service  of  Charles  I.    Died,  1676. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  an  astronomer  and 
mathematician  ;  author  of  "  Alse  sive  Scalse 
Mathematicaj,"  "  Perfect  Descriptions  of  the 
Celestial  Orbs,"  &c.    Died,  1595. 

DIGGES,  Sir  Dudley,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1583,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  knighted  by  James  I.,  who  sent  him 
ambassador  to  Russia  ;  but  in  the  parliament 
of  1621  he  resisted  the  court  measures,  and  so 
continued  to  do  till  1086,  when  he  was  brought 
over  by  the  grant  of  the  mastership  of  the 
rolls.  He  died  in  1639.  He  wrote  "  A  De- 
fence of  Trade,"  "  A  Discourse  concerning 
the  Rights  and  Privileges  of  the  Subject,"  &c. 
His  son  Dudley,  M-ho  died  in  1643,  was  a 
loyal  and  learned  man,  and  wrote  some  tracts 
against  rebellion. 

DILLENIUS,  John  James,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born  in  Darmstadt,  in  Germany, 
in  1087,  and  educated  at  the  imiversity  of 
Giessen.  In  1721,  he  accompanied  Dr.  Sher- 
rard  to  England,  where  he  spent  the  remain- 
der of  his  days.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he 
undertook  a  new  edition  of  Ray's  Synopsis  ; 
and  was  appointed  the  first  botanical  pro- 
fessor at  Oxford  on  Sherrard's  foundation. 
He  wrote  "  Hortus  Elthamensis"  and  a 
"  History  of  Mosses."    Died,  1747. 

DILLON,  Wentworth,  earl  of  Roscom- 
mon, was  born  in  Ireland  about  1633,  and 
educated  at  Caen  in  Normandy,  by  the  fa- 
mous Bouchart.  After  dissipating  his  pro- 
perty by  gaming,  he  was  made  master  of  the 
horse  to  the  Duchess  of  York.  He  then 
married  a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Burlington, 
and  applied  to  poetry.    Died,  1684. 

DIMSDALE,  Thomas,  a  physician,  who 
became  celebrated  by  his  successful  mode  of 
inoculating  for  the  small-pox.    In  1768  he 


din] 


^  llttD  BnibtviKl  Bi0sr«jpf)e. 


[dis 


went  to  Russia,  and  inoculated  the  empress 
and  grand-duke,  for  which  Dr.  Dimsdale  was 
created  a  baron  of  the  empire,  physician  to 
her  majesty,  and  counsellor  of  state.  A 
gratuity  of  V2,000l.  was  given  him  for  his 
journey,  and  a  pension  of  5001.  a-year.  In 
1781  the  baron  again  visited  Russia,  to  in- 
oculate the  two  sons  of  the  grand -duke.  In 
the  year  preceding  he  was  elected  into  par- 
liament for  Uertford,  and  again  in  1784,  on 
which  he  quitted  practice.  lie  wrote  Tracts 
on  Inoculation,  in  which  is  an  account  of 
his  first  journey  to  Russia.     Died,  1800. 

DINEZ  DA  CRUZ,  Antuon  v,  au  eminent 
Portuguese  poet,  was  born  in  1730,  and  die<l 
in  1798.  As  a  writer  of  odes,  sonnets,  and 
lyrical  pieces  generally,  he  holds  the  first 
rank  among  his  countrymen. 

DINOCRATES,  a  Macedonian  architect, 
who  was  employed  by  Alexander  in  building 
the  city  of  Alexandria.  He  also  rebuilt  the 
temple  of  Ephesus,  and  proposed  to  cut 
Mount  Athos  into  a  statue  of  the  Macedonian 
liero.  He  died  ia  Egypt,  under  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy. 

DIOCLETIAN,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  in  whose  reigu  the  Christians 
suffered  a  persecution,  was  born  of  au  obscure 
family  in  Dalmatia.  He  rose  from  being  a 
common  soldier  to  the  rank  of  general,  and 
on  the  death  of  Numerian,  in  284,  was 
chosen  emperor.  He  renounced  the  crown 
in  304,  and  retired  to  Salona,  where  he  died 
in  313.  He  was  prudent,  beneficent,  and 
brave. 

DIODATI,  JoHS,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Lucca,  in  1589,  was  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  and  brought  up  in  the  Catholic 
faith  ;  but  he  embraced  Protestantism,  be- 
came professor  of  Hebrew  at  Geneva,  and  is 
much  celebrated  for  a  translation  of  the  liible 
into  Italian.     Died,  1049. 

DIODORUS,  SicuLus,  a  native  of  Argj- 
rium,  in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  Universal  His- 
tory, of  which  only  15  books  and  a  few  frag- 
ments remain.  He  flourished  about  44  b.  c. 
DIOGENES,  sumamed  the  Ci/nic,  was  born 
at  Sinope,  a  city  of  Puntus,  u.c.  414.  He 
accompanied  his  father  to  Athens,  where  he 
applied  to  the  study  of  philosophy  under 
Antisthenes,  the  founder  of  the  cynics.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  the  excessive  rude- 
ness of  his  manners,  with  which  was  blended 
a  great  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and  a 
zeal  for  the  interests  of  virtue,  on  which  ac- 
count Plato  called  him  the  "  mad  Socrates." 
Being  on  a  voyage  to  ^gina,  the  vessel  was 
taken  by  pirates,  who  sold  Diogenes  to  a 
rich  Corinthian  citizen  named  Xeniades,  who 
entrusted  to  him  the  care  of  lus  sons.  His 
famous  interview  with  Alexander  took  place 
at  Corinth,  where,  at  the  age  of  90,  he  died. 

DIOGENES,  sumamed  the  BaJbylonian, 
was  a  stoic  philosopher,  who  flourished  about 
200  B.  c. 

DIOGENES,  Laertius,  a  Greek  historian, 
was  born  in  Cilicia.  He  wrote  the  "  Lives  of 
the  Philosophers,"  in  10  books,  and  died,  222. 
DIOGENES,  a  Cretan  philosopher ;  suc- 
ceeded his  master  Anaximenes  in  his  school 
of  Ionia,  about  3(iO  B.  c. 

DION,  a  celebrated  patriot  of  Syracuse, 
was  the  disciple  and  friend  of  Plato  when 
that  philosopher  was  at  the  court  of  Dio- 


247 


nysiusi  whose  daughter  Arete  he  married. 
Bein^  accused  of  treason,  he  was  banished 
by  Dionysius,  and  went  to  Athens,  where  he 
acquired  considerable  popularity  ;  which  so 
provoked  the  tyrant,  that  he  confiscated  his 
estates,  and  compelled  his  wife  to  marry 
another  man.  Dion,  irritated  at  this  treat- 
ment, resolved  to  attempt  the  deliverance  of 
liis  country  ;  and  with  a  small  force  he  landed 
in  Sicily  during  the  absence  of  Dionysius, 
and  entered  Syracuse  in  triumph.  After 
various  successes  he  perished,  the  victim  of 
a  conspiracy,  headed  by  one  Calippus,  au 
Athenian,  b.c.  XA. 

DION  CASSIUS,  an  historian  of  the  third 
century,  born  at  Bithynia;  was  twice  consul; 
and  wrote,  in  Greek,  the  "  History  of  Rome, 
from  the  Building  of  the  City  to  the  Reign  of 
Alexander  Severus." 

DIONYSIUS  I.,  of  Syracuse,  who,  from 
being  a  citizen,  became  commander  of  the 
forces,  overthrew  the  government,  and  as- 
sumed the  title  of  king  b.  c.  404. 

DIONYSIUS  II.,  the  Y'ounger,  the  son  and 
successor  of  the  above,  was  diiven  from  Sy- 
racuse B.C.  343,  but  again  returned  about  10 
years  afterwards,  and  was  expelled  by  Ti- 
moleon,  on  which  he  fied  to  Corinth,  where 
he  supported  liimsclf  as  a  schoolmaster. 

DIONYSIUS,  an  ancient  geographer,  who 
was  sent  by  Augustus  to  survey  the  Eastern 
part  of  the  world,  was  called  Peimeoetes, 
from  his  poem  of  "  Pcriegesis,  or  Survey  of 
the  World."    Died  about  150. 

DIONYSIUS,  an  historian  and  critic  of 
Halicamassus  in  Caria,  who  was  invited  to 
Rome  about  30  years  B.C.,  and  there  wrote 
his  "Roman  Antiquities,"  only  H  books  of 
which  are  extant. 

PIONYSIUS,  the  Areopagite,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Athens,  and  a  member  of  the  Are- 
opagus, where  he  sat  when  St.  Paul  was 
brought  before  it,  and  made  his  famous 
speech  respecting  the  "  unknown  God." 

DIOPHANTUS,  a  mathematician  of.Alex- 
andria,  to  whom  is  attributed  the  invention 
of  algebra,  is  sujiposed  to  have  existed  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

DIOSCORIDES,  Pkdanius,  a  physician 
and  botanist,  was  born  at  Anazarba  in  Ci- 
cilia,  in  the  1st  century  of  the  Christian  era ; 
and  distinguished  himself  as  tlie  author  of 
a  work  on  the  Materia  Medica,  in  which  the 
medicines  are  nearly  all  taken  from  the 
vegetable  kingdom. 

DIPPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  German  phy- 
sician and  celebrated  alchemist,  was  born  at 
Frankenstein,  in  Hesse,  in  1072.  He  led  a 
wandering  kind  of  life,  made  himself  ob- 
noxious to  various  governments,  and  was 
often  imprisoned.  He  pretended  to  have 
discovered  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  i>ro- 
phesied  that  he  would  not  die  till  1808.  He, 
however,  falsified  his  prediction,  by  suddenly 
departing  this  life  in  1734  ;  and  instead  of 
finding  the  philosopher's  stone,  he  discovered 
Prussian  blue,  and  the  animal  oil  which 
bears  his  name. 

DISNEY,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
magistrate,  was  born  in  1077  at  Lincoln.  He 
zealously  distinguished  himself,  botli  by  Jiis 
writings  and  his  actions,  in  the  suppression  of 
immorality,  for  which  he  repeatedly  received 
the  thanks  of  the  judges  on  the  circuits.    At 


DIS] 


^  0e\3i  Hniijer^al  ISwffrajpl)". 


[dod 


the  age  of  42  he  took  orders,  and  in  1722  ob- 
tained the  living  of  St.  Mary  in  Nottingham, 
where  he  died  in  1730. 

DISRAELI,  Isaac,  the  illustrious  author 
of  the  "  Curiosities  of  Literature,"  the  "  Quar- 
rels "  and  "  Calamities  of  Authors,"  "  Illus- 
trations of  the  Literary  Character,"  was  born 
at  Enfield,  1767.  lie  was  the  only  child  of 
Benjamin  Disraeli,  a  Venetian  merchant ; 
and  was  originally  destined  for  his  father's 
occupation  ;  but  having  shown  a  premature 
inclination  for  the  muses,  he  was  sent  off  first 
to  Amsterdam,  and  afterwards  to  Bourdeaux, 
to  be  initiated  into  the  mysteriesof  a  mercan- 
tile life.  But  all  in  vain.  Rousseau  and  Vol- 
taire had  superseded  the  ledger  in  his  estima- 
tion ;  and  he  returned  to  England  with  such 
an  antipatliy  to  embark  in  commerce,  that  he 
at  length  gained  a  reluctant  consent  from  his 
father  to  abandon  it  altogether ;  and  he 
thenceforward  devoted  his  long  life  to  lite- 
rary pursuits.  Besides  the  works  above  men- 
tioned, which  have  carried  liis  name  through- 
out the  whole  civilised  world,  he  published 
"  Commentaries  on  the  Life  and  Reign  of 
Charles  I.,"  the  "  Amenities  of  Literature," 
and  was  for  many  years  a  contributor  to  the 
Quarterly  Review  and  the  Gentleman's  Ma- 
gazine. Mr.Disraeli  was  smitten  with  blind- 
ness in  1839,  and  the  last  years  of  liis  intel- 
lectual pursuits  were  impeded,  though  not 
interrupted,  by  this  affliction.  Few  writers 
have  been  so  much  devoted  to  literature  from 
a  pure  love  of  it  for  its  own  sake  ;  and  many  a 
mind  has  been  excited  to  literary  effort  by  his 
graceful  and  entertaining  works.    Died,  1848. 

DITTON,  HuMPUKY,  a  learned  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Salisbury  in  1675, 
became  mathematical  master  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  and  died  in  1715.  He  wrote  several 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  ; 
but  he  is  best  known  by  a  treatise,  entitled 
"  the  Institution  of  Fluxions." 

DOBSOX,  WiF>LiAM,  an  English  painter, 
wlio  succeeded  Vandyke  in  the  appointments 
he  held  under  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  1610, 
and  died  in  1646.  Some  of  his  portraits  pos- 
sessed great  merit. 

DODD,  Ralph,  a  civil  engineer,  to  whom 
several  important  public  works  owe  their 
origin,  was  a  native  of  Northumberland,  and 
born  in  1761.  He  was  the  projector  of  Vaux- 
hall  Bridge,  the  South  Lambeth  Waterworks, 
tJie  Gravesend  Tunnel,  &c.  ;  and  wrote  seve- 
ral able  works  connected  with  his  profession. 
He  died  in  1822,  at  Cheltenham,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  injury  he  had  sustained  by  the 
explosion  of  the  boiler  of  a  steam-boat.  His 
eon,  Geokoe  Dodd,  who  followed  the  same 
profession,  was  the  planner,  and  for  a  time 
the  resident  engineer,  of  Waterloo  Bridge. 
He  died  in  1827. 

DODD,  Dr.  William,  was  born  in  1729, 
at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire ;  and  after  being 
ediicated  at  Cambridge,  entered  into  orders, 
became  a  popular  preacher  in  London,  and 
was  made  one  of  the  king's  chaplains.  But 
he  kept  high  society,  and  was  extravagant ; 
and  finding  himself  unable  to  support  an 
expensive  establishment,  he  endeavoured  to 
procure  the  living  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  by  offering  a  bribe  of  3000?.  to  tlie 
lady  of  the  lord  chancellor.  She  was,  how- 
ever, indignant  at  the  offer,  and  on  her  in- 


forming the  chancellor,  Dodd  was  struck  off 
the  royal  list.  The  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  to 
whom  he  had  been  tutor,  afterwards  pre- 
sented him  with  a  living  ;  but  being  pressed 
for  money  he  forged  a  bond  for  4200/.  on  his 
former  pupil  and  patron,  probably  intending 
to  take  it  up  before  it  became  due  ;  but  the 
fraud  was  soon  discovered,  and  he  was  tried, 
convicted,  and  executed  at  Tyburn,  in  1777, 
notwithstanding  great  interest  was  used,  and 
the  most  extraordinary  efforts  made  to  ob- 
tain his  pardon.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works  ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
"Sermons  on  the  Miracles  and  Parables," 
in  4  vols.,  "  Sermons  to  Young  Men,"  3  vols., 
"Poems,"  "  Reflections  on  Death,"  "Thoughts 
in  Prison,"  and  "  The  Sisters,"  a  novel. 

DODDRIDGE,  or  DODDERIDGE,  Sir 
John,  an  English  judge,  and  the  author  of 
several  works  on  le^al  science,  was  born  in 
1555,  at  Barnstaple  m  Devonsliire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Exeter  College,  Oxford.  In  1613 
lie  became  one  of  the  judges  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  died  in  1028.  His  chief  works  are 
"  Tlie  Lawyer's  Light,"  "  Tlie  English  Law- 
yer," "The  Law  of  Nobility  and  Peerage," 
"  Tlie  Complete  Parson,"  &c. 

DODDRIDGE,  Philip,  a  pious  and 
highly-gifted  dissenting  minister,  was  born 
in  the  metropolis  in  1702.  He  was  succes- 
sively a  minister  at  Kibworth,  Market  Har- 
borough,  and  Northampton,  and  acquired, 
a  great  and  deserved  reputation.  Being 
afflicted  with  a  pulmonary  complaint,  he 
went  to  Lisbon  for  the  benefit  of  his  health, 
but  died  there  in  1751 .  His  principal  works 
are  "  The  Family  Expositor,"  6  vols.  4to., 
"  The  Life  of  Colonel  Gardiner,"  "  Sermons," 
and  "  Hymns." 

DODINGTON,  Geohoe  Bubb,  Lord  Mel- 
combe  Rkgis,  a  statesman,  remarkable  for 
political  versatility,  was  born  in  1691,  in 
Dorsetshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  In 
1715  he  came  into  parliament  for  Winchel- 
sea ;  was  soon  after  appointed  envoy  to 
Spain  ;  became  a  lord  of  the  treasury  during 
Walpole's  administration ;  and,  after  years 
of  political  intrigue,  in  which  the  most 
shameless  dereliction  of  principle  was  mani- 
fest, he  was  raised  to  tlie  title  of  lord  Mel- 
combe.  Tliough  servile  as  a  politician,  he 
was  generous,  witty,  and  hospitable  in  pri- 
vate life  ;  and  had  the  merit  of  associating 
with  and  patronising  men  of  talent.  His 
celebrated  "  Diary,"  publislied  in  1784,  is 
liighly  interesting,  revealing,  as  it  does,  much 
of  the  art  and  mystery  of  statesmanship. 
Died,  1762. 

DODSLEY,  Robert,  an  author  and  book- 
seller, was  born  in  1703,  at  Mansfield,  Not- 
tinghamshire. His  parents  being  poor,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  stocking-weaver,  which 
trade  he  left,  and  became  footman  to  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Lowther.  While  in  this  situation 
he  published  a  volume  of  poems,  entitled 
"The  Muse  in  Livery,"  and  a  dramatic 
satire,  called  "The  Toyshop,"  which  being 
patronised  by  Pope,  and  successfully  brought 
out  on  the  stage,  enabled  Dodsley  to  com- 
mence business  as  a  bookseller  in  Pall  Mall. 
He  still  continued  his  literary  pursuits,  and 
produced  "Cleone,"  a  tragedy,  and  four 
light  dramas  ;  many  poems  ;  "  The  Economy 


of  Human  Life,"  &c.    He  also  edited  and 


dod] 


^  ^eia  Umhtvial  33tagrajpTjy. 


[dom 


published  a  "Collection  of  Old  Plays,"  in  12 
vols,  i  and  was  the  projector  of  "  The  An- 
nual Register."  After  a  prosperous  career, 
he  retired  from  business,  and  died  in  17G4. 

DODSON,  MiciiAiiL,  a  theological  writer 
of  some  eminence,  was  born  at  Marlborough, 
Wilts,  in  17o2,  brought  up  to  the  legal  pro- 
fession, and  in  1770  became  a  commissioner 
of  bankrupts.  His  principal  works  are  a 
translation  of  Isaiah,  with  notes  and  re- 
marks, and  a  life  of  Judge  Foster,  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  to  whose  instruction  he  wua 
indebted  for  his  professional  knowledge. 
Died,  1709. 

DODS WORTH,  Roger,  an  English  to- 
pographer, was  bom  in  Yorkshire,  in  1585, 
and  died  in  1G54.  lie  collected  the  anti- 
quities of  his  native  country,  in  1(;2  folio 
volumes,  which  are  in  the  Bodleian  library, 
Oxford. 

DODWELL,  Henry,  a  learned  critic  and 
theologian,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1041,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  College.  In  1G«8  he 
was  appointed  Camden  professor  of  history 
at  Oxford,  but  lost  his  office  soon  after  the 
Revolution.  He  wrote  several  books :  but 
the  work  which  excited  most  notice  was 
"  On  the  Natural  Mortality  of  the  Soul." 
Died,  1711.  — His  sons,  Hkkky  and  Wil- 
liam, were  also  both  distinguished  by  their 
writings  ;  the  former,  who  was  bred  to  tlie 
law,  by  his  scepticism  ;  the  latter,  who  was  a 
prebendary  of  Salisbury,  by  his  orthodoxy. 

DOEDERLEIN,  John  Cubistoi'Ueu,  a 
learned  Lutheran  divine,  professor  of  theo- 
logy in  the  university  of  Jena.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works  illustrative  of  the 
sacred  writings,  and  enjoyed  a  high  repu- 
tation for  biblical  knowledge.    Died,  179:i. 

DOES,  Jacou  Van  dek,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  in  1(523,  aad  died  in  1673  ;  he  studied  at 
Rome,  and  adopted  the  style  of  Bamboccio, 
— His  sons,  Jacob  and  Simon,  were  both 
good  artists  ;  the  former,  celebrated  for  his 
historical  pieces,  died  in  1013;  the  latter, 
who  excelled  in  landscapes  and  cattle,  died 
in  1717. 

DOGGETT,  Thomas,  an  actor  and  dra- 
matic poet,  was  a  distinguished  comic  iier- 
former  at  Drury  Lane,  of  which  liouse  he 
was  joint-manager.  He  is  now  remembered 
for  the  legacy  he  left  to  provide  a  "  coat  and 
badge,"  wluch  is  rowed  for  annually  on  the 
Ist  of  August,  from  London  Bridge  to  Chelsea, 
by  six  watermen.    Died,  1721. 

DOLABELLA,  T.  Cornelius,  the  son-in- 
law  of  Cicero,  who  attached  himself  zealously 
to  Julius  CiEsar,  by  whom  he  was  made 
consul.  Cassius  besieged  him  in  Laodicea, 
where  he  killed  himself,  in  the  27th  year  of 
his  age. 

DOLCE,  Louis,  a  Venetian  writer,  was 
bom  in  1508.  He  translated  into  Italian 
great  portions  of  Horace,  Ovid,  Seneca, 
Euripides,  &c. ;  but  was  chiefly  celebrated 
for  his  heroic  poem,  entitled  "L'Achille  et 
I'Enea."  He  also  wrote  a  life  of  Charles  V. 
Died,  1508. 

DOLCI,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  painter,  bom 
at  Florence,  in  1010,  was  remarkable  for  the 
felicitous  manner  in  which  he  treated  sacred 
subjects.  His  heuds  of  madonnas  and  saints 
are  inimitable.    Died,  1080. 

DOLGORUCKI,  John  Michaelovitsch, 


a  Russian  noble,  who  greatly  distinguished 
himself  in  several  campaigns  against  tlie 
Turks  and  Swedes,  was  born  in  1704,  and 
died  in  1824.  Latterly  he  held  several  high 
offices,  and  he  was  also  known  as  a  poet  of 
considerable  merit. 

DOLLOND,  John,  an  eminent  optician, 
was  born  in  Spitalfields,  London,  in  1706, 
and  brought  up  as  a  silk-weaver ;  but,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  study  of  astronomy, 
his  attention  became  directed  to  the  im- 
provement of  telescopes,  &c. ;  and,  in  con- 
junction with  his  eldest  son,  Peter,  lie 
commenced  business  as  an  optician.  He 
invented  the  achromatic  object-glass,  the 
application  of  tlie  micrometer  to  reflecting 
telescopes,  Stc.  Died,  1701. — His  son  Peter 
also,  who  died  in  1820,  made  many  valuable 
improvements  in  optical  instruments,  and 
tliey  Iwth  enjoyed  a  well-deserved  repu- 
tation. 

DOLOMIEU,  Deodatus,  a  French  geo- 
logist and  mineralogist,  was  born  in  Dau- 
phin*.', in  1750,  and  entered  into  the  order 
of  Malta.  He  accompanied  Buonaparte  to 
Egypt,  and  on  his  return  was  taken  prisoner 
and  confined  at  Messina.  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
obtained  his  release  in  1801,  but  he  died 
during  the  same  year.  Dolomieu  had  tra- 
velled, for  scientific  purposes,  in  many  parts 
of  EurojJC  ;  and  he  was  the  antiior  of  many 
esteemed  works,  of  which  his  "  Mineralogical 
Philosophy"  and  a  "Voyage  to  the  Lipari 
Islands  "  are  the  chief. 

DOMBEY,  JosEi'H,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent French  botanists  of  the  last  century  ; 
born  in  1742.  After  a  life  of  i^crsecution, 
from  which  his  ultra-philanthropy  did  not 
protect  him,  he  was  captured  by  corsairs,  in 
returning  from  St.  Domingo,  and  died  in  the 
prisons  of  Montscrfat. 

DOMENICHINO,  a  celebrated  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  Domenicho  Zampieki, 
was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1581,  and  was  a 
pupil  of  the  Caracci.  Though  at  first  his 
progress  was  so  slow  that  his  fellow-students 
in  derision  called  him  "  the  Ox,"  yet  he  rose 
to  first-rate  eminence  in  his  art.  He  was 
also  well  skilled  in  architecture,  and  held 
the  situation  of  architect  to  Gregory  XV. 
Died,  1041. 

DOMINIC,  St.,  founder  of  the  order  of 
monks  which  bears  his  name,  was  born,  in 
1170,  at  Calahorra,  in  Old  Castile.  He  was 
employed  by  pope  Innocent  to  convert  the 
Albigenscs  ;  but,  failing  in  his  endeavours, 
he  commenced  a  horrible  crusade  against 
them ;  and,  dying  iu  1221,  was  canonised 
for  his  zeal. 

DOMINIS,  MAR*  Anthony  de,  a  Dal- 
matian archbishop,  who  came  to  England, 
and  was  made  dean  of  Windsor  ;  but  being 
disappointed  of  higher  preferment,  he  ac- 
cepted an  invitation  from  pope  Gregory  XV. 
and  went  to  Rome,  where  he  abjured  his 
"errors,"  in  the  expectation  of  receiving 
a  cardinal's  hat ;  but  instead  of  receiving 
preferment,  he  was  sent  to  the  castle  of 
St.  Angclo,  where  he  died  in  1625.  He 
wrote  "  De  Ilepublica  Ecclesiastica ; "  and 
was  the  first  who  gave  a  true  explanation  of 
the  colours  of  the  rainbow. 

DOMOTT,  Admiral  Sir  William,  was 
l>orn  in  Devonsliire,  and  entered  the  navy 


dom] 


^  ^ctD  HnibenJal  Btotjrap!)!). 


[dob 


tinder  the  patronage  of  Lord  Bridport.  He 
served  several  years  on  tlie  West  India 
station,  and  afterwards  took  a  share  in 
many  actions  under  Sir  Samuel  Hood  and 
Sir  George  Kodney  ;  and  in  1793  received 
the  command  of  the  Royal  George,  which 
he  retained  more  than  7  years.  He  was 
then  made  a  captain  of  the  fleet,  to  act  in 
the  Baltic,  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker.  In  1808 
he  was  called  to  a  seat  at  the  admiralty 
board,  which  he  resigned  to  act  as  com- 
mander-in-cliief  at  Plymouth.  In  1819  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and 
died  in  1828. 

DOMITIAN,  Titus  Flavius,  the  second 
son  of  Vespasian,  and  the  last  of  the  12 
Cassars,  was  born  a.  d.  51,  and  succeeded  his 
brother  Titus  in  81.  He  was  voluptuous, 
cruel,  and  malignant ;  and  though  at  his 
accession  he  made  some  show  of  justice,  ajid 
even  of  kindness  to  the  citizens,  yet  the 
cruelty  of  his  disposition  was  too  deep-rooted 
for  concealment,  and  he  was  both  feared  and 
hated  for  his  tyranny.  He  was  in  continual 
dread  of  conspirators,  and  at  length  fell  by 
the  hands  of  an  assassin,  in  the  45th  year  of 
his  age,  a.u.  96. 

DOMITIANITS  DOMITIUS,  general  of 
Diocletian's  army  in  Egypt.  He  caused  him- 
self to  be  proclaimed  emperor  at  Alexandria, 
and  was  put  to  death,  in  288,  two  years 
afterwards. 

DONALD  v.,  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded 
his  brother  Kenneth  II.  The  ancient  laws 
of  Scotland  were  revised  and  confirmed 
under  his  authority.  He  died,  after  a  reign 
of  four  years,  in  8C4. 

DONALD  VI.  succeeded  Gregory  the 
Great  on  the  Scottish  throne,  in  891.  In 
this  reign  the  Danes  liaving  invaded  his 
kingdom,  he  fought  and  defeated  them. 
He  died  at  Forres  in  904. 

DONALD  VII.,  commonly  called  Donald 
Bane,  usurped  the  throne  in  1093.  He  was 
expelled  from  the  throne  by  Duncan  in  1094, 
but  regained  it  again  by  the  murder  of  that 
prince.  He  did  not,  however,  long  enjoy  it, 
for  he  was  finally  dethroned  by  Edgar 
Atheling  in  1098. 

DONALDSON,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, and  author  of  "  The  Eventful  Life  of  a 
Soldier,"  and  "  Scenes  and  Sketches  of  a 
Soldier's  Life  in  Ireland."  Died  on  the  5th 
of  October,  1830,  at  Paris. 

DONATELLO,  or  DONATO,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1383. 
His  statues  and  ba?so-relievos  adorn  many 
of  the  Italian  churches  ;  and  it  is  said  that 
Michael  Angelo  held  his  works  in  high 
esteem.    Died,  14G(3. 

DONATI,  ViTALiAxo,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  at  Padua,  in  1717  ;  author  of  a 
"  Natural  History  of  the  Adriatic  Sea."  He 
travelled  to  the  East  for  scientific  purposes, 
and  died  at  Bassorah,  in  17C3. 

DONDUCCI,  Geokge  Axdeew,  a  Bo- 
lognese  artist.  He  was  born  in  1575  ;  studied 
under  Annibale  Caracci  ;  and  his  pictures 
«re  remarkable  for  their  strong  contrasts  of 
light  and  shade. 

DON  1) US,  or  DONDI,  James,  a  physician 
of  Padua,  who  acquired  the  name  of  Aggre- 
gator, on  account  of  the  numerous  medicines 
he  made.    He  was  also  well  skilled  in  me- 


chanics, particularly  in  horology.  He  died 
in  13.50. 

DONNE,  JoHX,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  was  bom  in  London,  in  1573.  Being 
the  son  of  a  Catholic,  he  was  brought  up  in 
that  faith  ;  but  after  completing  his  studies 
at  Oxford,  he  embraced  Protestantism,  and 
became  secretary  to  the  lord  chancellor 
Ellcsmere.  After  having  lost  tliis  office, 
and  even  been  imprisoned  for  clandestinely 
marrying  the  chancellor's  niece,  lie  took 
orders  ;  when  king  James  made  him  one  of 
his  chaplains,  and  he  afterwards  became 
preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  and  dean  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  died  in  1631.  Donne  has  been 
termed  by  Dr.  Johnson  the  founder  of  the 
metaphysical  school  of  poetry.  Though 
rugged  in  his  versification,  he  often  displays 
great  force  and  originality  ;  and  his  prose 
works,  though  quaint  and  sometimes  pe- 
dantic, show  deep  thinking  and  strong 
powers  of  reasoning.  His  works  comprise 
letters,  sermons,  theological  essays,  &c. 

DOODY,  Samuel,  F.R.S.,  superintendant 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  Chelsea,  was  a 
native  of  Staffordshire,  and  a  member  of 
the  medical  profession.  His  knowledge  of 
botany  was  very  extensive ;  he  assisted  in 
the  publication  of  Ray's  Synopsis  ;  but  he 
devoted  his  attention  more  particularly  to 
the  class  cryptogamia,  in  which  he  made 
some  interesting  discoveries.    Died,  170<5. 

DORAT,  or  DAURAT,  John,  a  French 
poet,  born  in  1507,  was  professor  of  Greek 
at  the  Royal  College,  and  poet  laureate  to 
Charles  IX.  He  has  the  reputation  of 
greatly  contributing  to  the  revival  of  clas- 
sical literature  in  France,  and  of  having 
written  a  host  of  Greek  and  Latin  verses, 
besides  some  French  poems.    Died,  1588. 

DORAT,  Claude  Josepu,  a  French  poet, 
born  in  1734.  His  works  are  voluminous, 
and  embrace  poetry  of  every  class,  with 
dramas  and  romances.  They  possess  con- 
siderable merit  ;  but,  though  popular  at 
the  time,  are  now  generally  neglected. 
Died,  1780. 

DORIA,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  naval  com- 
mander of  great  renown,  was  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Oneglia,  in  1468.  Having  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  service  of  dif- 
ferent Italian  states,  and  successfully  con- 
tended against  the  African  pirates  and  other 
enemies  of  his  native  country,  he  entered 
the  French  service,  in  the  hope  of  counter- 
acting the  revolution  that  had  broken  out 
in  Genoa  by  putting  that  city  in  posses- 
sion of  the  French  ;  but  failing  in  his  de- 
sign, he  joined  with  the  Imperialists  in  en- 
deavouring to  expel  them.  This  object  being 
effected,  the  Genoese  senate  gave  him  the 
title  of  "  the  Father  and  Defender  of  his 
Country,"  erected  a  statue  to  his  honour, 
and  built  a  palace  for  him.  His  whole  life 
was  a  scene  of  great  exploits  and  brilliant 
successes ;  and  he  died,  at  the  great  age  of 
92,  in  1560. 

DORIGNY,  Michael,  a  French  painter 
and  engraver  in  aqua-fortis,  was  born  in 
1617,  and  died  in  1665. 

DORIGNY,  Nicholas,  a  son  of  the  fore- 
going, born  in  1657,  was  the  engraver  of  the 
celebrated  cartoons  of  Raphael  at  Hampton 
Court,  for  which  he  received  the  honour  of 


I 


dor] 


<xi  ^clu  ?aiu'l)C«lal  ^StOflTHpT)!?. 


[dou 


knighthood  from  George  I.  lie  died  at 
Pans,  in  174<5,  aged  90. 

DORISLAUS,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman,  and 
doctor  of  civil  law  at  Ley  den,  from  wlience 
he  came  to  England,  and  was  made  lecturer 
of  history  at  Cambridge  ;  but  avowing  re- 
publican principles,  he  was  silenced.  lie 
next  became  judge  advocate  in  the  king's 
army,  but  deserted  his  monarch  and  assisted 
in  drawing  up  tite  charges  against  liim. 
In  1()49  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Holland, 
where  he  was  assassinated  by  some  exiled 
royalists.  The  honour  of  interment  in 
Westminster  Abbey  was  decreed  by  the  par- 
liament, but  at  the  Restoration  the  corpse 
was  removed  to  St.  Margaret's  churchyard. 

D'ORLEANS,  Petek  Joseph,  a  i'rench 
historian,  and  one  of  the  society  of  Jesuits, 
was  the  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  Re- 
volutions of  England,"  3  vols.  4to.  ;  and 
"  A  History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Spain," 
3  vols.  4to.    Bom,  1C44  ;  died,  1698. 

DORSCH,  EvEKAKD,  a  celebrated  engraver 
on  gems,  was  born  at  Nureraburg  in  1(549, 
and  died  in  1712. 

DORSET,  Thomas  SACKVILLE,  Earl 
of,  the  son  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville,  was 
born  in  15'27,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  He  was  distinguished  both  as 
'  a  statesman  and  an  author ;  havini;  been 
I  ambassador  to  Holland,  chancellor  of  Ox- 
ford, and  lord  treasurer.  He  was  first  cre- 
ated lord  Buckhurst,  and  subsequently  in- 
vested with  the  order  of  the  Garter,  and 
made  earl  of  Dorset.  He  wrote  the  "  In- 
duction to  the  Mirrour  for  Magistrates," 
and  the  "Complaint  of  Henry,  Duke  of 
Buckingham,"  &c.    Died,  ir.08. 

DORSET,  Chaiu.es  SACKVILLE,  Earl 
of,  was  bom  in  16.17.  He  was  one  of  the 
distinguished  wits  and  revellers  at  the  court 
of  Charles  II.  ;  but  he  was  of  an  heroic 
turn  ;  and  while  acting  as  a  volunteer,  un- 
der the  Duke  of  York,  in  the  Dutch  war, 
he  wrote  on  the  eve  of  a  battle  the  cele- 
brated song,  "To  all  you  ladies  now  on 
land."  At  tlie  revolution  he  was  made  lord 
chamberlain  of  the  household.  His  poems 
possess  considerable  point  and  liveliness. 
Died,  1706. 

DOSSI,  Dosso,  a  painter  of  Ferrara,  some 
of  wliose  works  have  much  of  tlie  style  both 
of  Titian  and  Raphael.  Ariosto  mentions 
him  in  terms  of  liigh  commendation.  Born, 
1479 ;  died,  1560. 

DOUCE,  FRAifcis,  an  antiquarian,  well 
known  to  the  literary  world  by  his  "Illus- 
trations of  Shakspeare  and  of  Ancient 
Manners."  He  also  contributed  various 
papers  to  the  Archseologia,  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  &c.  ;  and  shortly  before  his 
death  published  a  beautiful  volume,  illus- 
trating the  "Dance  of  Death,"  by  disser- 
tations on  the  claims  of  Holbein  and  Maca- 
ber.  He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Antiquarian  Society,  and  for- 
merly keeper  of  manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum.     Died,  \SM. 

DOUGLAS,  Gawkv,  a  Scotch  divine, 
and  poet  of  some  eminence,  was  the  son  of 
Archibald,  (>th  earl  of  Angus,  and  born  at 
Brechin  in  1474.  After  receiving  a  liberal 
education  he  entered  the  church,  was  made 
provost  of  St.  Giles's,  and  eventually  ob- 


tained the  abbacy  of  Aberbrothick  and  the 
bishopric  of  Dunkeld.  Political  dissensions 
induced  him  to  seek  refuge  in  England, 
where  he  was  lil)erally  treated  by  Henry 
VIII.,  but  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  plague  of 
London,  in  1522.  He  wrote  "The  Palace 
of  Honour,"  and  other  works  ;  but  his  chief 
performance  is  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
..Eneid. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist, was  born  in  Scotland  in  1675  ;  settled 
in  London,  and  was  patronised  by  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  John  Hunter ;  and  died  in  1742. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Comparative  De- 
scription of  all  the  Muscles,"  and  other 
works  on  medical  science. 

DOUGLAS,  Sir  James,  a  renowned  war- 
rior, who  on  the  death  of  Robert  Bruce, 
king  of  Scotland,  was  commissioned  to 
carry  the  king's  heart  to  the  holy  sepulclire 
at  Jerusalem  ;  upon  which  errand  he  sailed 
in  June,  1330.  On  arriving  off  Sluys,  in 
Flanders,  where  he  exjicctcd  to  find  com- 
panions in  his  pilgrimage,  he  learned  tliat 
Alphonso  XL,  the  young  king  of  Leon  and 
Castile,  was  engaged  in  a  war  with  Osman 
the  Moor  ;  and  such  was  the  crusading  zeal 
of  Douglas  that  he  entered  the  lists  against 
the  foes  of  Christianity.  The  Moors  were 
defeated  ;  but  Douglas,  giving  way  to  his 
impetuous  valour,  pursued  tliem  too  eagerly, 
and  throwing  among  them  the  casket  which 
contained  the  heart  of  his  sovereign,  cried 
out, "  Now  pass  onward  as  thou  wert  wont, 
Douglas  will  follow  thee  or  die."  The 
fugitives  rallied,  surrounded  the  Christian 
knight,  who  with  a  few  of  his  followers 
perished  while  attempting  the  rescue  of  Sir 
Walter  St.  Clair  of  Roslin. 

DOUGLAS,  Archibald,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  appointed  regent  for  Scot- 
land for  king  David  Bruce,  and  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Halidon  Hill,  July  22.  1333. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  lord  of  Liddisdale, 
was  a  warrior  of  considerable  renown  in 
the  14th  century  ;  but  whose  fame  was  tar- 
nished by  an  act  of  baseness  and  inhumanity. 
The  brave  Alexander  Ramsay  having  taken 
the  castle  of  Roxburgh  from  the  English, 
was  rewarded  with  the  custody  of  the  castle 
and  the  shrievalty  of  the  adjoining  district; 
and  while  holding  his  court  at  Howick, 
Douglas  suddenly  entered  with  a  band  of 
armed  followers,  slew  several  of  Ramsay's 
attendants,  and  having  bound  him  with 
fetters,  threw  him  into  a  dungeon  of  Her- 
mitage castle,  and  left  him  tliere  to  perish. 
Enormous  as  this  crime  was,  the  king  par- 
doned him,  but  he  was  killed  by  the  Earl 
of  Douglas,  in  1353,  while  hunting  in  Ettrick 
Forest. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  first  earl  of  Doug- 
las, was  taken  prisoner  with  David  Bruce 
at  the  battle  of  Durham,  but  soon  ransomed. 
He  recovered  Douglasdale  and  other  districts 
from  the  English;  afterwards  went  to  France, 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Poictiers,  and  died  in 
1384. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  second  earl  of  that 
name,  after  performing  many  valorous  ex- 
ploits, was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Otterbum, 
in  1388. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  lord  of  Nithsdale, 
called  "The  Black  Douglas,"  whose  very 


DOU] 


^  ^rfit)  Winibtx^aX  33t05rapT)i). 


[dou 


name  was  said  to  be  a  terror  to  the  English, 
married  Egedia,  daughter  of  Robert  II.  ; 
and  after  a  life  of  bold  and  successful  war- 
fare, was  murdered  by  the  Earl  of  Clifford, 
in  1390. 

DOUGLAS,  Akciiibald.  the  fourth  earl 
of  Douglas,  succeeded  his  father  Archibald 
in  his  title  and  estates,  and  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Robert  II.  When  Henry 
IV".  of  England  laid  siege  to  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh,  in  1400,  Douglas  successfully 
defended  it ;  but  he  lost  an  eye  and  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Ilomildon. 
He  afterwards  joined  Percy  in  his  rebellion 
against  his  king,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Shrewsbury,  but  recovered  his  li- 
berty and  went  to  France,  where  he  was 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Vernoil,  in  1424, 

DOUGLAS,  AucHiBALD,  the  fifth  earl  of 
Douglas,  was  the  ainbassador  to  England  for 
the  release  of  James  I.    Died,  1438. 

DOUGI>AS,  Wu.r.iAM,  the  sixth  earl  of 
Douglas,  is  remembered  on  account  of  the 
tragical  fate  wliich  awaited  him,  almost  as 
soon  as  he  came  to  his  family  titles  and 
estates.  Under  the  specious  pretext  that 
the  young  earl's  presence  was  necessary  at 
the  meeting  of  parliament,  which  was  about 
to  be  held  at  Edinburgh,  after  the  recon- 
ciliation of  Livingston  and  Crichton,  he 
and  his  brother  accepted  an  invitation  to  a 
royal  feast  at  the  castle.  The  entertainment 
was  prolonged  with  unusual  pomp,  and 
every  delicacy  spread  on  the  table  ;  till  at 
length  a  bull's  head  was  suddenly  placed 
before  the  two  noble  guests,  which  they 
knew  to  be  the  herald  of  death.  They  then 
hastily  sprung  from  their  seats,  and  made 
some  vain  efforts  to  escape  ;  but  a  body  of 
armed  men,  at  a  given  signal,  rushed  in, 
bound  their  hands,  and  led  them  to  instant 
execution.    This  happened  in  1437. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  the  eighth  earl  of 
Douglas,  was  a  haughty  and  ambitious 
noble,  wielding  at  times  an  imcontrolled  in- 
fluence over  tlie  king,  and  at  others  openly 
bearding  his  authority.  He  raised  the  power 
and  grandeur  of  the  house  of  Douglas  to  its 
loftiest  height ;  and,  not  content  with  the 
sway  he  exercised  at  home,  caused  himself 
to  be  received  at  Rome  and  France  with 
those  honours  which  are  only  due  to  sove- 
reign princes.  Among  other  despotic  acts 
which  he  committed,  was  his  beheading 
Macallan  of  Bombic,  for  having  refused  to 
join  the  earl  in  his  attack  on  Crichton, 
between  whom  and  Douglas  tliere  was  a 
deadly  feud.  The  indignation,  however, 
with  which  king  James  received  the  news 
of  this  and  similar  actions,  determined  him 
at  length  to  get  rid  of  the  opposition  of  a 
subject  so  daring  and  powerful.  The  earl 
was  therefore  invited  to  attend  his  sovereign 
in  parliament  at  Stirling,  which  he  accepted; 
and  while  vainly  remonstrating  with  him 
on  the  impropriety  of  his  conduct,  the  king 
drew  a  dagger  and  plunged  it  into  the  heart 
of  Douglas,  Feb.  13.  1452. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, and  ninth  and  last  earl  of  Douglas, 
took  up  arms  to  revenge  his  brother's  death, 
and,  assembling  all  the  members  of  tlie 
league,  brought  a  large  army  into  the  field. 
The  king,  however,  being  active,  and  well 


provided  with  forces,  lay  siege  to  the  castle 
of  Abercorn,  the  best  fortified  seat  of  the 
earl,  and  the  two  armies  lay  encamped 
within  a  short  distance  of  each  other  ;  but 
without  coming  to  an  engagement,  Douglas 
fled  to  Annandale,  with  his  brothers,  the 
Earls  of  Ormond  and  Moray.  Thither  they 
were  pursued  by  the  king's  forces,  under 
the  command  of  the  Earl  of  Angus  ;  Moray 
slain,  Ormond  made  prisoner,  and  Douglas 
himself  driven  to  provide  for  his  safety  in 
England.  Several  years  after,  Douglas 
returned  with  Percy,  earl  of  Northumber- 
land, upon  an  expedition  against  his  coun- 
try, in  which  Douglas  was  taken  prisoner  ; 
and  James  contented  himself  with  sending 
his  rebel  captive  to  the  abbey  of  Lindores, 
where  he  died,  in  monkish  confinement,  in 
1488. 

DOUGLAS,  George,  fifth  earl  of  Angus, 
was  commander  of  the  forces  that  defeate<l 
the  Earls  of  Douglas  and  Northumberland, 
when  Douglas  was  taken  prisoner,  and  his 
estates  forfeited.    Died,  1402. 

DOUGLAS,  Archibald,  sixth  earl  of 
Angus,  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the 
royal  army  at  the  battle  of  Torwood,  where 
James  III.  lost  his  life  ;  and  at  the  fatal 
battle  of  Flodden  Field  he  endeavoured, 
though  unsuccessfully,  to  dissuade  James  IV. 
from  that  engagement.  His  eldest  son, 
George,  was  there  slain  ;  and  the  earl  died 
in  the  year  following. 

DOUGLAS,  Jamks,  earl  of  Morton,  was 
for  some  time  regent  of  Scotland,  and  was 
a  chief  actor  in  the  transactions  which  took 
place  in  that  country  during  the  reign  of 
!Mary,  and  in  the  minority  of  her  son  James 
VI.    He  was  beheaded  in  WSl. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  earl  of  Morton  and 
Aberdeen,  was  bom  at  Edinburgh  in  1707. 
He  established  the  Edinburgh  Philosophical 
Society,  and  in  1733  was  elected  president 
of  the  "Royal  Society  of  London.   Died,  1768. 

DOUGLAS,  JoH?r,  a  learned  divine  and 
critic,  born  at  Pittenweem,  Fifeshire,  in 
1721 ;  was  travelling  tutor  to  Lord  Pulteney  ; 
obtained  the  deanery  of  Windsor  ;  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Carlisle  in  1787  ;  trans- 
ferred to  that  of  Salisbury  in  1792  ;  and  died 
in  1807.  Dr.  Douglas  was  a  distinguished 
writer,  and  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson  and 
most  of  the  eminent  literary  characters  of 
his  day.  He  vindicated  Milton  from  the 
charge  of  plagiarism  brought  against  him 
by  Lauder  ;  entered  the  lists  against  David 
Ilume,  by  publishing  "  The  Criterion,  or  a 
Discourse  on  Miracles,"  and  prepared  for 
the  press  Captain  Cook's  second  and  third 
voyages. 

bOUSA,  JoHJT,  whose  real  name  was 
VANDER  DOES,  was  born  at  Noordwick, 
Holland,  in  L545.  He  became  eminent  both 
as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar.  After  being  sent 
as  ambassador  to  England,  he  was  made 
governor  of  Ley  den  in  1574,  and  heroically 
defended  it  against  the  Spaniards  :  he  was 
also  the  first  curator  of  the  university  of  that 
city,  and  died  there,  of  the  plague,  in  1604. 
As  an  author,  Dousa  distinguished  himself 
by  his  "  Annals  of  Holland,"  in  Latin  verse, 
as  well  as  by  various  other  Latin  poems  and 
criticisms.  His  son  JoHX,  who  died  in  his 
20  th  year,  assisted  his  father  in  the  Annals, 


|dou] 


^  i^clD  Bnihex^aX  28t0ffrap]^». 


[dra 


!  ttiid  vas  an  emii^cnt  classical  scholar  and 
I  mathematician.      He  had  also  three  other 
sons,  of  great  classical  attainments. 

DOUW,  or  DOW,  Gekakd,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  and  the  pupil  of  Ilcmbrandt, 
was  born  at  Leyden  in  1C13,  and  died  there 
in  1674,  or,  as  some  say,  iu  1C80.  For  the 
excellence  of  his  colouring,  delicacy  of 
finish,  and  attention  to  every  minutia  of 
his  art,  this  master's  compositions  are  un- 
rivalled i  and  the  prices  which  some  of  his 
paintings  have  obtained  arc  almost  without 
parallel. 

DOVER,  Gkorge  James  Wei.hork  Agar 
Ellis,  I^ord,  was  born  in  the  year  1797,  and 
completed  his  education  at  Christchurch, 
Oxford.  In  1818  he  was  returned  as  member 
for  Heytesbury  ;  in  succeeding  parliaments 
he  sat  for  Seaford,  Ludgershall,  and  Oak- 
hampton  ;  and  in  1830  he  was  appointed  cliief 
commissioner  of  woods  and  forests.  But  it  is 
us  a  patron  of  the  fine  arts,  and  as  a  pro- 
moter of  literature,  that  Lord  Dover  will  be 
chiefly  remembered  ;  his  acquaintance  with 
the  former  entitling  him  to  the  character  of 
a  connoisseur,  and  liis  talents  as  an  author 
being  highly  respectable.  In  1828  he  pub- 
lished "Historical  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Character  of  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Claren- 
don ; "  after  which  appeared  the  "  Ellis  Cor- 
I  respondence, "  which  was  followed  by  his 
"  Life  of  Frederick  the  Great  j  "  and  his  last 
literary  task  was  that  of  editing  the  "  Inciters 
of  Hoiace  VValpole  to  Sir  Horace  Maim." 
He  was  also  an  occasional  contributor  to  the 
Quarterly  and  Edinburgh  Reviews,  &c.  ;  and 
in  1832  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Literature.    Died,  183^3. 

DOW,  ^tLEXAXDKR,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  East 
India  Company's  service.  He  translated 
several  works  from  the  Persian,  was  the 
author  of  two  unsuccessful  trogedies,  and 
died  in  170<t. 

DOWNMAN,  IIuou,  a  physician  and 
poet,  born  at  Exeter,  in  1740  ;  studied  at 
Oxford  J  and  settled  in  his  native  city, 
where  he  died  in  1809.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Editlia,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Infancy,"  a  iK)em  ; 
"  Tlie  Land  of  the  Muses,"  &c. 

DOYEN,  Gabuiel  Francis,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  pupil  of  Vanloo.  The 
"  Death  of  Virginia."  "  Death  of  St.  Louis," 
and  other  works  of  great  merit,  were  pro- 
duced by  him.  He  afterwards  resided  in 
Russia,  and  died  there  in  180«. 

DRACO,  an  Athenian  legislator,  the  ex- 
traordinary and  indiscriminate  severity  of 
whose  laws  has  rendered  his  name  odious  to 
humanity.  During  the  period  of  his  archou- 
ship,  n.  c.  (523,  he  enacted  a  criminal  code, 
in  which  the  slightest  offences  were  punished 
with  death,  no  less  than  murder  or  sacrilege. 
Hence  it  was  said  to  be  "  written  in  blood." 
It  was  abolished  by  Solon  ;  and  its  san- 
guiiiary  author  was,  according  to  tradition, 
smothered  by  the  populace  of  ^gina,  on 
his  appearance  at  the  theatre  there. 

DRAKE,  Sir  Fraxcis,  an  eminent  navi- 
gator and  commander,  was  born  at  Tavi- 
stock, Devon,  iu  1545.  He  first  served  in 
the  royal  navy  under  his  relative.  Sir  John 
Hawkins  ;  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
valour  at  the  unfortunate  expedition  against 

2ra 


the  Spaniards,  in  the  harbour  of  Vera  Cruz. 
Iu  1570  he  went  to  the  West  Indies,  on  a 
cruise  against  the  Spaniards,  which  he  soon 
repeated  with  success  ;  and  in  1572,  having 
received  the  command  of  two  vessels,  for  the 
purpose  of  attacking  the  commercial  ports 
of  Spanish  America,  he  took  possession  of 
two  of  their  cities,  and  returned  laden  with 
booty.  On  his  return  he  equipped  three 
frigates  at  his  own  expense,  with  which  he 
served  as  a  volunteer,  under  tlie  Earl  of 
Essex,  in  Ireland,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  his  bravery,  that  Sir 
Christopher  Hatton  introduced  him  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  Drake  disclosed  to  her  his  i)lan, 
and  being  furnished  with  five  ships,  he  sailed, 
in  1577,  to  attack  the  Spaniards  in  the  South 
Seas.  In  this  expedition  he  ravaged  the 
Spanish  settlements,  coasted  the  North  Ame- 
rican shore  as  far  as  48°  N.  lat.,  and  gave  I 
the  name  of  New  Albion  to  the  country  he  I 
had  discovered.  He  then  went  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  having  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  returned  to  Plymouth  in  1580.  U'he 
queen  dined  on  board  his  ship  at  Deptford, 
and  knighted  him.  In  158.')  he  ogain  sailed 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  succeeded  in  taking 
several  places  and  ships.  In  1587  he  com- 
manded a  fleet  of  30  sail,  witli  which  he 
entered  the  liarbour  of  Cadiz,  and  destroyed 
the  shipi)ing  ;  and,  in  the  following  year, 
he  commanded  as  vice-admiral  under  Lord 
Howard,  and  had  his  share  in  the  destruction 
of  the  Spanish  armada.  He  died  off  Nombre 
de  Dios,  in  1596.  Sir  Francis  represented 
Plymouth  in  parliament ;  and  to  him  that 
town  is  indebted  for  a  supply  of  water,  which 
he  caused  to  be  conveyed  to  it  from  springs 
at  several  miles  distance.  His  victories  have 
been  equalled,  nay  surpassed,  by  modern 
admirals  ;  but  his  generosity  has  never  been 
rivalled  ;  for  he  divided,  in  just  proportional 
shares  among  liis  seamen,  the  booty  Jie  took 
from  the  enemy. 

DRAKE,  Fran'Cis,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  surgeon  at  York  j  author  of  "  Ebora- 
eum"  or  the  history  and  antiquities  of  that 
city.    Died,  1770. 

DRAKE,  James,  an  English  physician 
and  political  writer,  was  born  at  Cambridge 
in  l(i(i7,  and  ediicutcd  at  tJiat  university. 
In  1704  he  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  The  Memorial  of  the  Church  of  England," 
which  gave  such  offence,  tliat  a  proclamation 
was  issued  for  discoveiing  tlio  author,  who 
kept  concealed.  He  was  afterwards  prose- 
cuted for  the  publication  of  a  newspaper, 
called  "  Mercurius  Politicus  ;  "  but  though 
he  was  acquitted,  it  produced  in  him  such 
violent  excitement  as  to  cause  his  death. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  "System  of 
Anatomy,"  3  vols.;  a  translation  of  Herodo- 
tus, &c.    Died,  1707. 

DRAKE,  Dr.  Nathan,  was  born  at  York, 
in  176<> ;  graduated  at  lidinburgh  in  1789  ; 
and  settled  as  a  physician  at  Hadlcigh,  Suf- 
folk, in  1792,  where  he  practised  44  years. 
He  was  an  author  of  considerable  powers, 
and  devoted  them  chiefly  to  essays  and 
ingenious  illustrations  of  our  standard  lite- 
rature.   Died,  June  7.  183<5. 

DRAPARMAUD,  James  Philii'  Ray- 
mond, a  French  physician,  and  professor  of 
natural  history  at  the  School  of  Medicine, 


was  born  at  Montpelicr,  in  1772,  and  died 
in  1805.  lie  left  behind  him  in  MS.  two  aide 
works  on  natural  history,  which  have  since 
been  printed. 

DRAPER,  Sir  William,  a  military  officer, 
well  known  also  as  a  controversial  writer, 
■was  born  at  Bristol  in  1721.  He  received  his 
education  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  Having 
entered  the  army,  he  distinguished  himself 
in  the  East  Indies,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
a  colonel  in  17(50,  and  in  17G3  he  commanded 
the  troops  at  tlie  capture  of  Manilla,  for 
which  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
In  1779  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Minorca  ;  and  when  that  place 
surrendered  to  the  enemy  he  preferred 
charges  against  General  Murray,  the  go- 
vernor, but  which  lie  failed  to  substantiate, 
and  was  commanded  by  the  court  to  make 
an  apology  to  him.  He  owes  his  literary 
celebrity  to  the  circumstance  of  his  having 
imdertaken  the  defence  of  his  friend  the 
Marquis  of  Granby  against  the  attacks  of 
Junius.    He  died  in  1787. 

DRAYTON,  Michael,  a  poet,  was  bom 
at  Atherstone,  Warwickshire  in  1,5(5.3,  and 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  indebted  for 
a  great  part  of  his  education  to  Sir  Henry 
Goodere,  and  afterwards  lived  for  a  long 
time  in  the  family  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset,  as 
it  would  seem,  in  a  state  of  dependence. 
He  wrote  "  The  Shepherd's  Garland," 
"Baron's  Wars,"  "England's  Heroical 
Epistles,"  "  Polyolbion,"  "  Nymphidia," 
&c.,  and  is  reckoned  a  standard  author 
among  the  early  poets.    Died,  1031. 

DREBBEL,  Cornelius  Van,  a  Dutch 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher,  was  born 
at  Alkmaar  in  1572.  With  a  considerable 
share  of  cliarlatanism,  he  combined  real 
talent,  and  made  several  useful  discoveries  ; 
such  as  the  invention  of  the  thermometer, 
the  method  of  dyeing  scarlet,  and  the  im- 
provement of  telescopes  and  microscopes. 
He  died  at  liondon  in  ir>34. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charles,  a  French 
Protestant  divine,  was  born  at  Sedan  in 
159.'>,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1(5(59.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  religious  books,  but  the 
only  one  by  which  he  is  now  remembered 
is  tliat  entitled  "Consolations  against  the 
Fears  of  Death." 

DREW,  Samuel,  M.A.,  the  son  of  poor 
parents  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  was  born 
in  17(55,  and  at  ten  years  of  age  apprenticed 
to  a  shoemaker.  Though  he  was  almost 
destitute  of  education,  as  he  grew  up  he 
became  a  shrewd  and  subtle  disputant  among 
his  shopmates  ;  while  his  jocose  manner  and 
vivacious  disposition  led  him,  in  early  life, 
not  only  to  slight  the  solemn  truths  of  re- 
ligion, but  to  ridicule  those  of  his  acquaint- 
ance who  embraced  tliem.  He  was  at  length, 
however,  aroused  to  a  sense  of  their  import- 
ance by  the  preaching  of  the  late  Dr.  (then 
Mr.)  Adorn  Clarke  ;  and,  joining  the  Metho- 
dist society,  he  determined  to  abandon  his 
former  practices,  and  devote  every  moment 
he  could  spare  to  the  acquirement  of  re- 
ligious knowledge.  Indefatigable  in  its 
pursuit  he  soon  appeared  as  a  local  preacher, 
while  he  still  carried  on  his  business  ;  not 
venturing  before  the  world  as  an  author  till 
1799,  when  he  published  his  "  Remarks  on 


Paine's  Age  of  Reason."  This  was  very 
favourably  received  ;  but  it  was  from  his 
next  production,  entitled  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Immiiteriaiity  and  Immortality  of  the  Soul," 
that  Mr.  Drew  is  cliiefly  indebted  for  his  re- 
putation as  a  theological  metaphysician 

Quitting  trade,  he  now  wrote  several  valu- 
able works,  among  which  must  be  noticed 
his  "  Treatise  on  the  Being  and  Attributes 
of  God  ; "  and  from  the  year  1819  to  his 
death  he  edited  the  Imperial  Magazine 
with  singular  ability ;  his  knowledge  ex- 
tending to  various  branches  of  science,  and 
the  careful  and  dispassionate  view  he  took 
of  every  subject  under  his  review  eminently 
qualifying  him  for  the  office  of  critic.  He 
died  in  March,  1833. 

DROUET,  John  Baptist,  one  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  was  born  in  1763. 
He  was  postmaster  of  Menehould  when 
Louis  XVI.  and  his  family,  in  1791,  passed 
through  that  town  in  their  endeavours  to 
escape  from  France ;  and  it  was  owing  to 
Drouet  that  they  were  conducted  back  to 
Paris.  For  this  important  service  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  offered  hiin  80,000  francs, 
which  he  refused.  In  1792  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  deputy  to  the  convention,  in  which 
he  distinguislied  himself  by  his  support  ot 
the  most  violent  measures.  He  was  after- 
wards sent  a  commissioner  to  the  army  of 
the  north,  and  being  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Austrians,  was  exchanged  in  1795,  with 
others  of  Jiis  party,  for  the  daughter  of  the 
unfortunate  Louis.  He  subsequently  be- 
came a  member  of  the  council  of  five  hun- 
dred ;  and,  under  the  consulship,  sub-pre- 
fect of  St.  Menehould.  In  1815  li£  was  cho- 
sen deputy  from  the  department  of  Marne 
to  the  chamber  of  representatives ;  but, 
being  excepted  from  the  amnesty  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  following  year,  and  con- 
demned to  exile,  he  returned  to  Macon, 
where  he  died  in  1821. 

DROUOT,  General  Count,  the  well-known 
commander  of  the  artillery  of  the  guard 
under  Napoleon,  was  born,  as  he  himself 
says,  "  of  poor  parents,  who  earned  by  the 
sw-eat  of  their  brow  the  bread  of  a  numerous 
family,"  at  Nancy,  1774.  Scarcely  had  he 
finished  liis  education  when  the  wars  of  the 
revolution  broke  ont  in  1792.  The  following 
3'ear  he  was  admitted  into  the  school  of 
artillery  as  sub-lieutenant,  and  gradually 
rose  through  the  different  ranks  to  that  of 
general  of  division,  which  he  attained  in 
1813.  It  would  occupy  more  space  than  we 
can  afford  to  give  even  an  outline  of  the 
achievements  of  this  remarkable  man.  In 
abilities  as  an  officer  of  artillery,  in  bravery 
and  steadiness,  and  above  all  in  single- 
minded  honesty,  staunch  fidelity,  and  unim- 
peachable virtue,  he  had  no  superior  and  but 
few  equals  in  all  that  band  of  heroes  who 
raised  the  emperor  to  his  throne  of  glory. 
Nor  must  his  fervent  piety  be  oveilooked. 
He  always  had  a  small  Bible  with  him  ;  to 
read  this  constituted  his  chief  delight,  and 
he  did  not  scruple  to  avow  the  fact.  His 
modesty  was  equal  to  his  skill,  and  his 
fidelity  to  his  courage  ;  and  he  gave  a  strik- 
ing proof  of  the  latter  by  accompanying 
Napoleon  to  Elba  amid  the  general  defection 
that  disgraced  the  emperor's  proteges.     After 


DRO] 


^  ^tta  mm'brrtfal  3Bt0j3Tnp!)l». 


[dby 


the  defeat  at  Waterloo,  General  Droiiot  was 
included  in  the  ordinance  of  proscription  ; 
but  he  immediately  surrendered  to  take  his 
trial,  and  having  been  found  "not  guilty," 
he  returned  to  liis  native  town,  where  he 
"  gave  himself  up  to  the  charms  of  a  quiet 
private  life."  The  return  of  the  a-shcs  of  tlie 
emperor  in  1840  filled  him  with  great  joy  ; 
all  his  last  hopes  and  wishes  were  fulfil  led 
by  this  event ;  and  it  should  seem  that  from 
this  iHiriod  he  longed  for  the  moment  to 
arrive  when  he  should  be  admitted  "  to  that 
everlasting  dwelling,  where  those  who  have 
well  loved  and  well  served  their  country 
will  meet  their  recompense."    Died,  18-t7. 

DUOZ,  Peter  JAcyvEX,  a  skilful  me- 
chanician, was  a  native  of  Switzerland,  and 
bom  in  1721.  Among  other  curious  things 
he  made  a  writing  automaton,  the  motions 
of  whose  fingers,  &c.  corresponded  exactly 
with  those  of  nature.    Died,  179(). 

DllOZ,  llE.VKY  Louis  Jacquet,  a  son  of 
the  foregoing,  born  in  17.59,  excelled  even 
his  father,  by  whom  he  was  taught,  in  the 
construction  of  mechanical  figures.  At  the 
age  of  22  he  went  to  Paris  with  some  of  the 
products  of  his  ingenuity  ;  among  which  was 
an  automaton,  representing  a  female  play- 
ing on  the  harpsichord,  which  followed  tlie 
notes  in  the  music  book  with  the  eyes  and 
I  head,  and  having  finished  playing,  got  up 
and  made  an  obeisance  to  the  comiwiny. 
lie  died  at  Naples,  in  1791. 

DKUMMOND,  Geohoe,  an  active,  en- 
terprising, and  patriotic  Scotchman,  was 
born  in  1(^87.  When  the  Earl  of  Alar  reared 
the  standard  of  rebellion  in  171.5,  Mr.  G. 
Drummond  was  the  first  to  apprise  the  mi- 
nistry of  it  ;  and,  raising  a  company  of 
volunteers,  he  joined  the  Duke  of  Argyle, 
and  assisted  at  the  battle  of  SheritFinoor. 
This  loyal  conduct  he  repeated,  upon  the 
approach  of  the  rcljcls  in  174.5,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Preston,  lie  held 
various  offices  in  the  excise  and  customs 
from  an  early  age  ;  and  in  1737  he  was  made 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  excise,  an  ofiice 
which  he  retained  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  lie  was  also  lonl  provost  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  to  his  patriotic,  zeal  the  city  is 
indebted  for  many  of  its  improvements  and 
most  valuable  institutions.  He  died  in  1766, 
aged  80. 

DRUMMOND,  TuoitAS,  under-gecretary 
of  state  for  Ireland.  Very  early  in  life  he 
was  distinguished  for  his  mathematical  pro- 
ficiency ;  and  when  he  became  private  se- 
cretary to  Lord  Althorp,  who  was  then  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  his  punctuality  in 
attendance  to  his  official  duties,  and  the  at 
once  tried  and  unpretending  plainness  of 
the  various  official  communications  which 
his  position  obliged  him  to  make,  as  well 
to  public  bodies  as  to  individuals,  marked 
him,  in  the  opinion  of  those  who  were  best 
able  to  appreciate  such  qualities,  and  who, 
fortunately  for  the  public  service,  had  both 
the  will  and  the  power  to  reward  and  em- 
ploy them,  as  the  fittest  possible  person  for 
the  situation  of  under-seci-etary  for  Ireland 
—  as  difficult  a  post,  from  circumstances  to 
which  we  need  not  allude,  as  any  in  the 
whole  range  of  our  civil  service.  But  the 
cares  of  oflicc  did  not  prevent  him   from 


indulging  his  taste  for  study  and  experi- 
mental service  ;  one  of  the  fruits  of  wliich 
is  the  brilliant  light  which  he  invented,  and 
which  bears  his  name.    Died,  1840. 

DRUMMOND,  William,  a  Scotch  poet, 
was  the  son  of  Sir  John  Drummond  of 
Uawthomden,  and  bom  there  m  1,58.5.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  studied  civil  luw  at  Boursres  ; 
but  Parnassus  had  more  charms  for  liim 
than  legal  science,  and,  on  coming  to  the 
family  estate,  the  romantic  beauties  of 
Uawthomden  inspired  him  with  a  love  for 
poetry  and  polite  literature.  His  poems  are 
replete  with  tenderness  and  delicacy.  He 
died  in  1649  ;  and  his  death  is  said  to  have 
been  accelerated  by  grief  for  the  tragical 
fate  of  Charles  I. 

DKUMMOND,  Sir  William,  F.R.S.,  a 
learned  antiquary,  a  statesman,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  classical  and  histori- 
cal. He  was  a  i)rivy  councillor,  and  at  one 
period  filled  the  office  of  envoy  extraordinary 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  from  Great 
Britain  to  the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  ;  and 
at  another  (1801),  went  on  an  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  when  he  was  invested  with 
the  Turkish  order  of  the  Crescent.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  A  Review  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  Sparta  and  Athens,"  "  Herculauen- 
sia,"  "Odin,"  a  poem;  and  "  Origincs,  or 
Remarks  oh  the  Origin  of  several  Empires, 
States,  and  Cities."  He  died  at  Rome,  in 
1828. 

■  DRYANDER,  Jonas,  a  naturalist,  by 
birth  a  Swede,  who  came  to  England,  and 
was  patronised  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks.  He 
became  librarian  to  the  Royal  Society,  and 
vice-president  of  the  Linnroan.    Died,  1810. 

DRYDEN,  JoH.v,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated English  i>oet8,  was  born  at  Aldwinkle, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1(K31,  and  received  his 
education  at  Westminster  School  and  Tri- 
nity College,  Cambridge.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  16.54,  he  came  to  London,  and 
acted  as  secretary  to  his  relation.  Sir  Gill)ert 
Pickering,  who  was  one  of  Cromwell's  coun- 
cil ;  and  on  the  death  of  the  protector,  he 
wrote  his  well-known  laudatory  stanzas  on 
that  event.  At  the  Restoration,  however, 
he  greeted  Charles  II.  with  a  poem,  entitled 
"  Astrea  Redux,"  which  was  quickly  fol- 
lowed by  a  panegyric  on  the  coronation  ; 
and  from  that  time  his  love  for  the  royal 
house  of  Stuart  appears  to  have  known  no 
decay.  In  1661  he  produced  his  first  play, 
"  The  Duke  of  Guise,"  but  the  first  that  was 
performed  was  "  The  Wild  Gallant,"  which 
appeared  in  the  year  following.  In  1667  he 
published  his  "Annus  Mirabilis;"  and  his 
reputation,  both  as  a  poet  and  a  royalist, 
being  now  established,  he  was  appointed  poet 
laureate  and  historiograjjher  royal,  with  a 
salary  of  2001.  per  annum.  He  now  became 
professionally  a  writer  for  the  stage,  and 
produced  many  pieces,  some  of  which  have 
been  strongly  censured  for  their  licentious- 
ness and  want  of  good  taste.  In  1681  he 
commenced  his  career  of  political  satire  ;  and 
at  the  express  desire  of  Charles  II.  composed 
his  famous  poem  of  "  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel,"  which  he  followed  up  by  "  The  Medal " 
and  "  A  Satire  on  Sedition."  His  next  satire 
was  "  Mac  Fleckuoc  ; "  after  wliich  appeared 


z2 


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"  Religio  Laici,"  a  compendious  view  of 
the  arguments  in  favour  of  revelation.  At 
the  accession  of  James  II.,  Dryden  became 
a  Roman  Catholic,  and,  liki;  most  converts, 
endeavoured  to  defend  his  new  faith  at  the 
expense  of  the  old  one,  in  a  poem  called 
"  The  Hind  and  Panther,"  which  was  ad- 
mirably answered  by  Prior  and  Montague, 
in  "  The  Country  Mouse  and  City  Mouse." 
The  abdication  of  James  deprived  Dryden 
of  all  his  official  emoluments  ;  and  during 
the  10  concluding  years  of  his  life,  when  he 
actually  wrote  for  bread,  he  produced  some 
of  the  finest  pieces  of  which  our  language 
can  boast.  His  translation  of  Virgil,  which 
alone  would  be  sufficient  to  immortalise  his 
memory,  appeared  in  1(5{)7  ;  and,  soon  after, 
that  master-piece  of  lyric  poetry,  "Alex- 
ander's Feast,"  his  "  Fables,"  &c.  Tlie 
freedom,  grace,  strength,  and  melody  of  his 
versification  have  never  been  surpassed ; 
and  in  satire  he  stands  unrivalled  ;  but  as  a 
dramatic  writer,  though  he  has  mafiy  strik- 
ing beauties,  he  does  not  generally  excel. 
His  prose  essays  afford  a  fine  specimen  of 
composition,  and  are  replete  with  critical 
ability.  He  died  in  1700,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 

DUBOCAGE,  Marie  Akne  le  Page,  a 
French  lady  of  considerable  literary  abili- 
ties, and  a  member  of  the  academies  of  Rome, 
Bologna,  &c.,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in  1710. 
She  translated  Pope's  Temple  of  Fame, 
Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  The  Death  of  Abel, 
&c.,into  French;  and  wrote  "  The  Colum- 
biad,"  an  epic  poem  on  the  discovery  of 
America  ;  "  The  Amazons,"  a  tragedy  ;  and 
"  Travels  through  England,  Holland,  and 
Italy."    Died,  1802. 

DU  BOIS,  Edward,  who  gained  a  high 
reputation  in  the  lighter  literature  of  the  day, 
was  born,  1775.  Educated  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  in  1809,  but  he  took  little  interest 
in  his  profession,  though  it  subsequently 
enabled  him  to  fill  with  advantage  the  only 
two  public  offices  he  ever  held,  the  deputy 
judgeship  of  the  court  of  requests,  and  the 
secretaryship  to  the  commissioners  in  lunacy. 
He  commenced  his  literary  career  as  the 
editor  of  the  Monthly  Mirror,  while  Thomas 
Hill  was  its  proprietor,  and  Theodore  Hook 
was  a  contributor.  He  at  the  same  time 
filled  the  lighter  departments  of  the  Jlorning 
Chronicle,  under  Air.  Perry  ;  and  he  main- 
tained his  connection  with  the  press  to  liis 
latest  years.  In  1808  appeared  "  My  Pocket 
Book,  or  Hints  for  a  ryghte  merry e  and  con- 
ceitede  Tour  in  Quarto,"  written  in  ridicule 
of  the  books  of  travels  manufactured  by  Sir 
John  Carr.  This  little  work,  which  was 
anonymous,  ran  through  numerous  editions. 
The  only  works  published  with  liis  name 
i  were  the  "  Wreath,"  "  Old  Nick,"  a  satirical 
j  story,  3  vols.,  the  "  Decameron  of  Boccaccio, 
:  with  Remarks  on  his  Life  and  Writings," 
i  2  vols.,  and  an  edition  of  Francis's  Horace. 
We  ought  also  to  add,  that  among  his  ano- 
nymous writings  was  a  work  attributing  the 
authorship  of  "  Junius "  to  Sir  P.  Francis, 
with  wliom  he  was,  it  is  said,  in  some  way 
i  connected.  M.  Du  Bois' powers  of  conversa- 
tion were  great,  and  his  good-humoured 
■  pleasantry    and   knowledge    of  the    world 


made  him  the  idol  of  a  large  circle  of  friends. 
Died,  18 -.0. 

DUBOIS  DE  CRANCE,  Edmund  Louis 
Alexis,  a  modern  French  statesman,  was 
born  at  Cliarleville  in  1747.  He  was  one  of 
the  deputies  to  the  states-general  in  1789, 
and  in  tlie  convention  he  voted  for  the  death 
of  tlie  king.  To  him  tlie  republican  army 
owed  its  first  organisation,  by  his  having 
procured  the  decree  for  the  levy  of  3(X),000 
men,  promotion  according  to  seniority,  &c. 
While  at  Lyons,  whither  he  was  sent  to 
suppress  the  insurrection,  he  was  accused 
of  moderatism,  recalled,  and  arrested,  but 
recovered  his  liberty  ;  and  was  subsequently 
appointed  by  the  directory  inspector-general 
and  minister  of  war.  He  opposed  Buona- 
parte, and  was  consequently  deprived  of 
his  posts.  He  died  in  1814.  Dubois  wrote 
several  works  connected  with  passing  events 
of  tlic  revolution. 

DUBOIS,  William,  a  French  cardinal 
and  statesman,  notorious  for  his  ambition 
and  his  vices,  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary, 
and  born  at  Brive  la  Gaillard,  in  the  Li- 
mousin, in  l')5(5.  Having  obtained  the  situ- 
ation of  preceptor  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
he  pandered  to  the  passions  of  his  pupil, 
and  secured  his  attachment ;  till  at  length 
he  became  his  privy  councillor,  and  overseer 
of  the  household;  and,  when  the  duke  became 
regent,  he  was  appointed  to  the  situation  of 
minister  of  foreign  affairs.  The  archbishopric 
of  Cambray  having  become  vacant,  Dubois, 
though  not  even  a  priest,  liad  the  boldness  to 
request  it,  and  succeeded  ;  and  by  his  con- 
summate address  he  afterwards  obtained  a 
cardinal's  hat,  and  was  made  prime  minister. 
Died,  1723. 

DUBOS,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  author  of 
merit,  and  secretary  to  the  French  academy, 
was  born  at  Beauvois  in  1670,  and  distin- 
guished himself  both  as  an  historian  and  a 
writer  on  the  polite  arts.    Died,  1743. 

DUBY,  Petkk  Auciier  Tobiesen,  a  cele- 
brated Swiss  medallist  and  antiquarian,  was 
born  in  1721,  and  died  in  1782.  He  was 
linguist  to  the  royal  library  at  Paris,  and 
the  author  of  an  able  and  extensive  work  on 
medals. 

DUC AREL,  Andrew  Coltee,  an  eminent 
antiquary  and  civilian,  was  born  at  Caen,  in 
Normandy,  in  1713.  After  receiving  his 
education  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  he  became  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  So- 
cieties, and  held  a  situation  in  the  state 
paper  office.  His  piincipal  works  are 
"  Anglo-Norman  Antiquities  "  and  "  Histo- 
ries of  Lambeth  Palace  and  of  St.  Catherine's 
Church."    Died,  1785. 

DUCASSE,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
naval  officer  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  who 
as  governor  of  St.  Domingo  rendered  himself 
formidivble  to  the  English,  and  who  also 
had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  a  victory 
over  the  gallant  Benbow.    Died,  1715. 

DUCHANGE,  Gaspard,  a  clever  French 
engraver,  and  coimsellor  of  the  Academy  of 
Painting.    Born,  1G()2  ;  died,  1756. 

DUCHESNE,  Andrew,  geographer  ajid 
historiographer  to  the  king  of  France,  was 
born  in  1584,  and  died  in  1640.  So  prolific 
a  writer  was  he,  that  he  published  22  works, 
among  wliich  were  Histories  of  England,  of 


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the  Popea,  and  of  the  Dukes  of  Burgundy, 
&c.  ;  and  he  left  in  MS.  more  than  a  100 
folio  volumes. 

DUCHESNE,  JosEPiT,  better  known  bv 
the  Latin  name  of  Quercetanus,  a  French 
physician  and  writer  ;  author  of  a  "  Phar- 
niacopccia,"  and  several  medical  works  now 
very  rarely  referred  to.  In  bis  own  time  he 
was  very  popular,  and  became  physician  and 
conncillor  to  Henry  IV.  Died,  WOO. 
I  DUCHESXOIS,  Jo.sEnnxE  Ki'fin,  acele- 
brated  French  actress  of  whom  it  is  said  that 
8hc  was  so  much  attracted  by  the  rei)re8cn- 
tation  of  MeiUa,  which  she  witnessed  when 
only  8  years  of  age,  that  she  secretly  begun  to 
prepare  for  her  future  career,  and  api)eared 
in  the  i)art  of  Puliiii/ra,  in  '•  Mahomet,"  when 
only  1.1.  Slie  performed  at  the  Theatre  Fran- 
<;ais  from  1802  until  1830.    Bom,  1777  ;  died, 

DUCIS,  Jean  Fraxcois,  a  distinguished 
French  dramatist,  was  born  at  Versailles  in 
173;i.  He  took  Shakspcare  for  his  model, 
and  the  majority  of  his  pla3'3  arc  free  imi- 
tations of  the  English  hard  ;  though  some 
of  them  are  so  altered  to  suit  the  taste  of 
his  countrymen,  that  the  genius  of  Shaks- 
pcare is  but  dimly  discovcruLle.  He  died 
in  1817.  aged  84. 

DUCK,  STEriiEy,  an  English  poet,  was 
originally  an  agricultural  labourer,  born 
near  Marlborough,  Wilts.  Some  of  liis  po- 
etical attempts  having  l)een  sliown  to  queen 
Caroline,  she  first  granted  liim  a  small  an- 
nuity, but  afteiR'arda  had  him  ordained, 
and  procured  for  him  the  living  of  Byfleet, 
in  Surrey,  where  he  lived  several  years,  but, 
in  a  fit  of  mental  derangement,  drowned 
liimself,  in  \7'>Ct. 

DUCKWOUTir,  Admiral  Sir  John  Tho- 
mas, an  English  admiral,  was  born  in  Surrey, 
in  1748,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1709.  He 
had  frequent  opportunities  of  distinguishing 
himself  during  the  late  war,  from  the  me- 
morable action  of  the  first  of  June,  17!H,  in 
which  he  took  a  conspicuous  part,  to  his 
destruction  of  the  French  squadron  otf  St. 
Domingo,  in  1800.  He  was  appointed  go- 
vernor of  Newfoundland,  in  18i0,  which  si- 
tuation he  held  three  years,  and  died  in  1817. 

DUCLOS,  Chaules  Pineau,  a  French 
novelist  and  biographer,  was  born  at  Dinaut, 
in  Brittany,  in  170.5 ;  became  secretary  of 
the  French  academy,  and  on  the  death  of 
.Voltaire  was  appointed  to  the  office  of  histo- 
riographer of  France.  All  his  writings  are 
lively  and  satirical,  descriptive  of  love, 
women,  and  intrigue  ;  the  principal  are 
"Memoires  sur  le  Moeurs  du  XVIIIme 
Sit'cle,"  "  Confessions  du  Compte  de  B." 
Died,  1772. 

DUCREST,  Ciiari.es  Louis,  Marquis,  was 
a  brother  of  Madame  de  Genlis.  Having,  in 
1790,  made  claim  for  a  large  sum  on  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  then  at  the  height 
of  his  popularity,  and  who  refused  to  pay 
the  debt,  Ducrest  sued  him  ;  but  as  no  ad- 
vocate would  plead  his  cause,  the  marquis 
himself  conducted  the  proceedings,  and 
gained  the  suit.  He  publit^hed,  in  1817, 
"Faite  de  la  Monarchic  Absolue,"  a  work 
containing,  among  other  singular  proposi- 
tions, one  to  teach  the  military  discipline  on 
the  Lancasterian  system. 


DUDIiEY,  EnMixn,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, born  in  H<j2,  who  on  the  death  of 
Henry  VII.  was  sent,  with  Empson.  to  the 
Tower,  and  beheaded  in  l.')10.  While  in 
confinement,  Dudley  wrote  a  piece  entitled 
"The  Tree  of  the  Commonwealth." 

DUDLEY,  John,  duke  of  Northumber- 
land, was  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and  born 
in  1502.  He  was  first  created  vi.scount  Lisle, 
then  carl  of  Warwick,  and  after  being  ap- 
pointed lord  high  admiral,  reached  his 
dukedom  in  IMl.  He  clfected  a  marriage 
between  his  son.  Lord  Guildford  Dudley, 
and  Lady  Jane  Grey,  daughter  of  the  Duke 
of  SufiblK.  He  afterwards  prevailed  on  the 
young  king,  Edward,  to  set  aside  his  sisters, 
Mary  and  Elizabeth,  from  the  succession  in 
favour  of  Lady  Jane,  whom  he  caused  to  be 
proclaimed  at  the  king's  death.  But  an  in- 
surrection being  raised  in  favour  of  Mary, 
she  was  proclaimed  in  London,  and  the 
duke  executed  as  a  traitor,  in  15.53. 

DUDLEY,  RouEKT,  earl  of  Leicester,  a 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1.5,S2. 
Queen  Elizabeth  proposed  him  as  a  husband 
for  Marv  queen  of  Scots,  but  she  rejecte<l 
him  with  disdain  i  and  in  1.572  he  married 
privately  Lady  Douglas,  but  never  acknow- 
ledged her  as  his  wife.  He  afterwards  mar- 
ried the  Countess  Dowager  of  Essex,  and 
finding  Lady  Douglas  intractable  to  his  pro- 
posals tor  a  separation,  is  charged  with 
having  poisoned  her.  For  a  short  time  he 
held  the  situation  of  governor  of  the  Pro- 
testant I>ow  Coimtries ;  but  returning  to 
England  by  command  of  the  queen,  he  was 
made  lieutenant-general  of  the  army  as- 
sembled at  Tilbury  in  1588,  and  died  during 
the  same  year. 

DUDLEY,  Sir  Robert,  the  son  of  the 
Earl  of  Leicester  by  the  l>a<ly  Douglas,  was 
born  in  1573.  Having  commenced  a  suit  to 
prove  his  legitimacy,  the  Countess  Dowager 
of  Leicester  filed  an  information  against 
him  for  a  conspiracy,  on  whicli  he  went  to 
Florence,  and  was  appointed  chamberlain 
to  the  grand  duchess,  sister  to  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  II.,  who,  creating  him  a  duke  of 
the  Roman  empire,  he  assumed  the  title  of 
the  duke  of  Northumlierland.  He  drained 
the  morass  between  Pisa  and  the  sea.  by 
which  Leghorn  became  one  of  the  finest 
ports  in  tiie  world.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Del  Arcauo  del  Mare,"  and  other  works. 
Died,  1630. 

DUDLEY,  Sir  Hexry  Bate,  was  born 
in  1745,  educated  for  the  ehureh,  and  took 
orders.  Much  of  his  early  life  was,  how- 
ever, spent  in  political,  literary,  and  con- 
vivial society  ;  and,  in  spite  of  his  sacerdotal 
calling,  he  was  engaged  in  several  duels. 
"  Parson  Bate,"  as  he  was  familiarly  called, 
established  the  Morniug  Post  and  Morning 
Herald  daily  papers;  and  wrote  "The 
Woodman,"  "Rival  CandidateK,"  and  se- 
veral other  dramatic  pieces.  His  political 
connections  eventually  procured  him  a  ba- 
ronetcy and  valuable  cliurch  preferment. 
Died,  1824. 

DUDLEY,  the  Right  Hon.  John  Wil- 
liam Ward,  Earl  of,  was  a  man  of  powerful 
talents,  but  remarkable  for  his  absence  of 
mind  and  the  haljit  of  "  thinking  aloud," 
of  wliieh  many  ludicrous  anecdotes  are  told. 

7.  3 


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^  ^t^  ?SiTtl3cr^al  3S{ff5rajp!)u. 


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The  following  is  recorded  as  a  fact.  When 
he  was  secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  in  Mr. 
Canning's  administration,  he  directed  a  let- 
ter intended  for  the  French  to  the  Russian 
ambassador,  shortly  before  the  affair  of  Na- 
varino  ;  and,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  it 
gained  him  the  highest  lionour,  Piince 
Ivieven  set  it  down  as  one  of  the  cleverest 
ruses  ever  attempted  to  be  played  off,  and 
gave  himself  immense  credit  for  not  falling 
into  the  trap  laid  for  him  by  the  sinister 
ingenuity  of  the  English  secretary.  He  re- 
turned the  letter  with  a  most  polite  note,  in 
which  he  vowed,  of  course,  that  he  had  not 
read  a  liiie  of  it,  after  he  had  ascertained 
that  it  was  intended  for  Prince  Polignac  ; 
but  could  not  help  telling  Lord  Dudley  at 
an  evening  party,  that  he  was  "  trap  fin,  but 
that  diplomatists  of  his  standing  were  not  so 
easily  caught."  His  lordship  was  born  in 
1781,  and  entered  parliament  first  for  Down- 
ton  in  1802 ;  he  afterwards  successively  re- 
presented Worcestershire,  Warcham,  and 
Bossiney.  In  1823  he  succeeded  to  the  peer- 
age ;  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs,  and  sworn  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  1827  ;  raised  to  the  rank  of 
an  earl  in  the  same  year  ;  and  died  in  1833. 

DUFAU,  FoirruNE,  a  native  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, who  studied  under  David,  and  be- 
came an  excellent  painter.  His  "Count 
Ugolino  in  Prison "  is  an  admired  produc- 
tion.    Died,  lb21. 

DUFRESNOY,  Ciiaules  Alphoxso,  a 
French  painter  and  poet,  was  born  in  1611. 
He  was  intended  by  his  father  for  the  legal 
profession  ;  but  the  sister  arts  of  poetry  and 
painting  were  more  attractive  than  the  law, 
and  lie  devoted  his  undivided  attention  to 
them.  In  1631  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
completed  his  well-known  poem,  "De  Arte 
Graphica;"  though  it  did  not  appear  till 
after  Ids  death,  when  his  friend  De  Piles 
published  it,  with  annotations.  It  has  been 
three  times  translated  into  English,  by 
Drj'den,  Graham,  and  Mason.  In  painting, 
Titian  and  tlie  Caracci  appear  to  have  been 
his  models  ;  and  though  he  benefited  but 
little  by  his  artistical  labours,  they  are  now 
highly  valued.     Died,  1665. 

DUFRESNY,  Charles  Riviere,  a  ver- 
satile and  witty  French  dramatist  and  comic 
writer,  was  born  in  1648,  and  died  in  1724. 
He  held  a  situation  in  the  household  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  great- 
grandson  of  Henry  IV. 

DUGDAliE,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
antiquary  and  herald,  was  born  near  Coles- 
hill,  Warwickshire,  in  160.5,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
made  Chester  herald  in  1644,  accompanied 
Charles  I.  throughout  the  civil  war ;  and 
after  the  Restoration,  on  being  appointed 
garter-king-at-arms,  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  His  chief  work  is  the  '•  Mo- 
nasticoii  Anglicanum  ; "  but  he  also  wrote 
"The  Baronage  of  England,"  3  vols.,  "The 
History  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,"  "  Origines 
Juridicales,"  and  several  other  works  of 
merit.    Died,  168:>. 

DUGOMMIER,  General,  was  a  native  of 
Martinique,  where  he  possessed  a  large  es- 
tate previously  to  the  French  revolution. 
He  espoused  the  republican  cause,  and  being 


nominated  colonel  of  the  national  guards  of 
the  island,  he  defended  it  against  a  body  of  } 
royalist  troops  sent  from  France.     He  after- 
wards went  to  France,  and  being  made  com-  | 
mander-in-chicf  of  the  army  in  Italy,  he  i 
gained  many  important  advantages  over  the  I 
Austro-Sardinian  arIn}^     He  took  Toulon, 
after  a  sanguinary  contest,  in  1793.    He  next 
commanded  the  army  of  the  Eastern  Py- 
renees, and,  in  1794,  gained  the  battle  of  I 
Alberdes,  and  seized  the  post  of  Montes-  | 
quieu,  taking  200  pieces  of  cannon  and  2(X)0  ■ 
prisoners.    He  continued  his  career  of  victory  ; 
till  he  fell  in  an  engagement  at  St.  Sebastian,  < 
on  Nov.  17.  1794.  | 

DUGUAY  TROTJTlSr,  Rene,  one  of  the  | 
most  celebrated  naval  officers  of  France, 
was  born  at  St.  Malo  in  1673.  His  love  for 
a  maritime  life  soon  showed  itself,  and  at 
the  age  of  18  he  was  the  commander  of  a 
privateer.  -At  20,  he  maintained  an  action 
with  a  40-gun  ship,  which  he  commanded, 
against  6  English  vessels,  but  was  captured. 
After  a  series  of  gallant  exploits,  by  which 
he  essentially  served  his  country,  and  raised 
its  naval  rejjutation,  he  died  in  1736. 

DUGUESCLIN,  BektkanD,  a  renowned 
French  warrior  and  statesman,  who  was 
constable  of  France  in  the  14th  century, 
may  be  regarded  as  a  model  of  valour,  pru- 
dence, and  high-minded  heroism.  Though 
deformed  in  person,  and  of  an  unamiable 
disposition  in  his  youth,  he  persevered  in 
his  endeavours  to  eclipse  these  defects  by 
the  brilliancy  of  his  actions  ;  and  mainly  to 
him  must  be  attributed  the  expulsion  of 
the  English  from  Normandy,  Guienne,  and 
Poitou.  So  highly,  indeed,  was  he  esteemed 
even  by  his  enemies,  that,  at  his  death, 
which  took  place  while  he  was  besieging 
Randam,  the  governor  insisted  on  placing 
the  keys  of  the  fortress  on  the  coffin  of  the 
hero. 

DUIIALDE,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  the  author  of  "  A  Geographical 
and  Historical  Description  of  China,"  which 
he  compiled  from  the  records  of  successive 
missionaries,  and  is  allowed  to  furnish  the 
best  account  ever  published  of  that  immense 
empire.     BOrn,  1074  ;  died,  1743. 

DUU>;1lMEL,  Joiix    Baptist,    a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  a  philosopher,  was  born  at  j 
Vire,    in  Lower  Normandy,  in  1624.      He 
studied  at  Caen  and  Paris  ;  became  a  mem-  i 
ber  of  the  Congregation  of  tlie  Oratory,  but 
left  it  for  the  living  of  Neuilli  upon  the  | 
Marne  ;  and  when  the  Royal  Academy  of  , 
Sciences  was  established,  he  was  appointed  I 
secretary.      In  1G78   appeared    his  "Philo-  i 
Sophia  Vetus  et  Nova,"  4  vols.,  to  which 
were  aftei-wards  added  two  more  volumes. 
In  1697  he  resigned  Ms  situation  in  the  aca- 
demy, to  devote  himself  to  theology.    His 
chief  works,    besides    the    one    mentioned 
above,  are  "  Regiis  Scicntiarum  Academiaa 
llistoria,"  4to.,  and  an  edition  of  the  Vulgate 
Bible,  with  notes  and  tables,  chronological 
and  geograpliical.    He  died,  1700. 

DUHAMEL  DU  MONCEAU,  Hexkt 
Louis,  an  eminent  French  philosopher  and 
writer  on  agriculture,  born  at  Paris,  in 
1700.  His  whole  life  was  dedicated  to  the 
cultivation  of  useful  science ;  and  besides 
largely  contributing  to  the  transactions  of 


DUl] 


^  ^etn  dixiberj^nl  3i5t0grapfj». 


[JDCM  I 


different  learned  societies,  of  which  lie  was 
a  member,  the  following  are  among  hia 
separate  works  :  —  "  Traite  de  la  Culture  dcs 
Terres,"  6  vols.,  "Elements  of  Agriculture," 
2  vols.,  "Traite  des  Arbres  et  Arbustes  qui 
se  cultivent  en  France  en  pleine  Terre,  2 
vols.  4to.,  "Physique  dea  Arbres,"  2  vols. 
4to.,  "De  I'Exploitation  dea  Eois,"  2  vols. 
4to.,  "  Traite  dcs  Arbres  Fruiticrs,"  2  vols. 
4to.,  "  Ek'mcns  de  1' Architecture  Navale  ;  " 
besides  many  otlier  treatises  on  various  arts 
and  manufactures.     Died,  1782. 

DUIGENAN,  Dr.  Patieick,  an  Irish  ci- 
vilian, was  born  of  humble  parents  in  173.5, 
and  obtained  his  education  as  a  sizcr  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  lie  practised  as  a 
barrister,  was  afterwards  king's  advocate, 
then  judge  in  the  prerogative  court ;  till  by 
persevering  Industry  he  raised  himself  to 
tlie  post  of  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of 
Armagh,  witli  a  seat  in  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons, and  the  rank  of  a  privy  councillor, 
lie  was  a  strong  promoter  of  the  Union,  and 
as  firm  an  opponent  of  Catliolic  emancipation. 
He  wrote  "  Laclirymne  Academicaj,"  and 
various  political  pamphlets.    Died,  1816. 

DU.JAKDIN,  CuAitLES,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  a  pupil  of  Berghem,  was 
born  at  Amsterdam,  iu  IG40 ;  and  died  at 
Venice,  in  1(578. 

DU  JAKRY,  LAUREJfCK  Juillahd,  emi- 
nent botli  for  his  pulpit  oratory  and  liia 
poetry,  was  born  in  16.>8,  and  died  in  1730. 
He  gained  the  poetical  prize  of  the  French 
academy  in  1G79,  and  again  in  1714,  on  which 
last  occasion  he  had  Voltaire  for  a  comi)eti- 
tor.  His  works  consist  of  theological  trea- 
tises, sermons,  and  poems. 

DULAVKE,  M.,  author  of  the  "  Histoire 
de  Paris  ct  sea  Environs."  He  wasameml-er 
successively  of  tlie  constituent  assembly, 
the  national  convention,  tlic  council  of 
five  hundred,  and  the  legislative  body.  Died 
at  Paris,  in  his  80lh  year,  Aug.  1835. 

DULON,  Louis,  a  <listinguished  ilute- 
playcr  and  musical  composer,  was  born  at 
Orianenburg,  near  Berlin,  in  17(59.  He  lost 
his  sight  at  a  very  early  ago,  but  evincing  a 
decided  taste  for  music,  he  was  put  uiider 
the  first  ijerformers,  and  soon  arrived  at 
singular  eminence  in  his  profession.  He 
prepared  an  autobiographical  work,  enti- 
tled "  The  liife  and  Oi>inions  of  tlie  Blind 
Flutist,"  which  was  edited  by  tlie  celebrated 
Wieland.     Died.  182(5. 

DULONG,  a  celebrated  French  chemist, 
was  one  of  the  many  pupils  of  the  Poly- 
technic School,  who  have  done  it  lionour. 
To  him  we  owe  the  discovery  of  the  "  Chlo- 
rure  d' Azote,"  by  an  exiilosiou  of  wliich 
dangerous  substance  he  lust  an  eye  and  a 
finger.    Born,  1785  ;  died,  1838. 

DUMANIANT,  John  Andrew,  an  actor 
and  dramatic  writer,  was  born,  in  1754,  at 
Claremont,  and  died  in  1828.  He  produced 
about  50  pieces,  some  of  which  possessed 
considerable  merit,  and  were  popular. 

DUAIARESQ,  Lieut.-colonel  Henky, 
who  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  chief  com- 
n\is3ioner  of  the  Australian  company  in  New 
South  Wale.?,  entered  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  9th  foot,  at  the  age  of  16  ;  and 
served  in  8  campaigns,  of  which  6  were  in 
tlie    Peninsula,  one    in    Canada,    and    the 


2c-9 


last  that  of  VV^aterloo.  He  was  present  in 
the  13  battles  for  which  medals  were  be- 
stowed, and  at  several  sieges ;  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  after  0  years' 
service  ;  was  employed  on  the  stuff  upwards 
of  18  years  ;  and  was  twice  dangerously 
wounded.  At  the  battle  of  Waterloo  he 
was  on  tlie  stalfof  General  Sir  John  Byng, 
and  was  shot  through  the  lungs  at  llougo- 
mont;  but  being  at  the  time  charged  with 
a  message  for  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  he, 
as  if  supported  by  the  resolution  to  do  his 
duty,  rode  up  to  the  duke,  delivered  his 
message,  and  then,  as  Sir  Walter  Scott  de- 
scribes it,  dropped  from  hia  horse,  to  all 
appearance  a  dying  man.  The  ball,  wliicli 
waa  never  extracted,  is  sui)posed  to  have 
eventually  induced  paralysis,  and  caused  his 
death,  March,  1838. 

DUMESNIL,  Maime  Frak<?oise,  a  cele- 
brated French  actress,  who  rose  to  the 
liigheat  eminence  aa  a  tragical  performer, 
was  bom  in  1713,  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  in  17.37,  retired  from  it  in  1775,  and 
died  in  1803.  Like  our  Siddoiis,  she  sur- 
passed all  her  con  tern  poraiies  in  parts  re- 
quiring queenly  dignity,  deep  pathos,  or 
the  vehement  display  of  the  fiercer  paasiona. 

DUMONT,  GKoiuiE,  a  statistical  writer, 
and  at  one  time  secretary  to  the  French 
embassy  at  St.  Petersburgh,  was  born  at 
Paris  in  172.5,  and  died  in  1788.  Among  his 
works  are  a  "History  of  the  Commerce  of 
the  English  Colonies,"  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Circulation  of  Credit,"  &c. 

DUMONT,  John-,  an  eminent  publicist, 
was  a  native  of  France,  but  settling  in 
Austria,  became  historiographer  to  the  em- 
peror, by  whom  he  was  created  baron  of 
Carlscroon.  He  published  a  voluminous 
work,  entitled  "A  Universal  Diplomatic 
Code  of  the  Law  of  Nations,"  besides 
"  Voyages,"  &c.  in  4  vols.    Died,  1726. 

DUMONT,  STEi'HE!f,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  legislation,  and  a  member  of  the 
order  of  Jesuits,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in 
17.50.  He  resided  for  several  years  in  Eng- 
land, and  was  on  i'riendly  terms  with  the 
celebrated  Jeremy  Bentlmm,  who  entrusted 
him  with  the  manuscript  of  his  "Traite 
de  Legislation  Civile,"  which  Dumont  pub- 
lished in  1802.  He  subsequently  translated 
and  edited  Bentham's  "  Theorie  des  Peines 
et  des  R>'compenses,"  and  also  published 
his  "Tactics  of  Legislative  Assemblies." 
Since  his  death,  which  happened  in  1829, 
at  Milan,  an  interesting  work  by  him,  under 
the  title  of  "Souvenirs  sur  Mirabeau,"  has 
been  published. 

DUMONT  D'URVILLE,  Jples  Sebas- 
tian C.iiSAi!,  one  of  the  most  skilful  and  in- 
trepid navigators  that  modern  France,  rich 
as  she  undoubtedly  is  in  naval  skill  and  in- 
trepidity, can  boast  of.  He  was  not  merely 
a  good  sea-captain  ;  he  was  a  good  botanist, 
entomologist,  draughtsman,  and  writer,  us 
may  be  seen  from  his  interesting  account  of 
the  French  expedition  of  1819-20  to  the  shores 
of  the  Archipelago  ami  the  Black  Sea.  As 
second  in  command  to  M.  Duperre,  in  La 
C'oquillc,  he  visited  Peru,  China,  Oceana, 
&c.,  and  he  brought  home  immense  stores  of 
both  knowledge  and  specimens  of  natural 
history.    In  1828  he  was  entrusted  with  a 


dum] 


^  ^c£d  ^uibcr^aX  Ma^vn^fiU' 


[dun 


mission  to  discover,  if  possible,  some  traces 
of  the  unfortunate  La  Perouse.  On  his 
return  lie  published  a  most  interesting  ac- 
count, in  which  he  pretty  clearly  proved 
that  the  shipwreck  occurred  oif  an  island 
to  the  south  of  Santa  Cruz.  Being  6ul)se- 
quently  sent  to  approach  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible to  the  south  pole,  he  acquitted  himself 
with  his  usual  skill.  We  have  from  his  pen, 
besides  the  narrative  already  mentioned, 
"  A  Picturesque  Journey  round  the  World." 
This  skilful  and  brave  man  was  killed  with 
his  -wife  and  child,  by  the  fatal  Versailles 
railway  accident.  May  8.  1842,  aged  52. 

DUMOURIER,  CuAULES  Fkaksois,  an 
eminent  French  general,  was  born  at  Cam- 
bray,  in  1739.  He  entered  the  army  early 
in  life,  and  at  24  years  of  age  had  received 
22  wounds,  and  was  made  a  knight  of  St. 
Louis.  In  1772,  Louis  XV.  sent  him  with 
communications  to  Sweden,  but  he  was  ar- 
rested, and  for  a  long  time  coniined  in  the 
Bastile.  However,  in  1789,  we  lind  him  a 
piincipal  director  of  the  Jacobin  Club,  which 
was  composed  of  all  who  aspired  to  be  ac- 
counted the  friends  of  libertj'.  He  after- 
wards became  a  minister  of  Louis  XVI.,  and 
he  strongly  advised  the  monarch  to  yield 
the  direction  of  the  interior  affairs  of  the 
kingdom  to  the  council  of  the  assembly  then 
sitting,  and  to  declare  war  against  the  foreign 
foes  of  France.  "  Such  a  step,"  said  Du- 
niourier,  "  would  cool  the  democratic  fever 
now  raging,  would  restore  public  confidence, 
and  disperse  all  the  evils  which  now  threaten 
France."  The  advice  was  disregarded,  and 
Dumourier  was  dismissed.  Still  determined 
to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the  army, 
he  proceeded  to  Valenciennes,  where  he  soon 
gained  immortal  fame  by  his  valour  and 
his  firmness,  displayed  at  the  head  of  the 
French  soldiers,  having  succeeded  La  Fayette 
in  the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Nortii. 
Notwithstanding  the  success  which  con- 
tinued to  result  from  his  superiority  of 
military  talents,  the  directory  entertained 
suspicions  regarding  his  designs,  because  it 
was  known  that  he  was  desirous  to  spare  the 
life  of  the  king,  and  Dumourier  retired  into 
Switzerland.  Finding  that  a  reward  of 
300,000  francs  was  offered  for  his  head,  he 
went  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  lived  on  a 
small  pension  from  the  landgrave  of  Hcsse- 
Cassel  until  1804,  when  he  accepted  an 
asylum  in  England,  wrote  his  own  memoirs, 
and  employed  Ids  mind  in  otlier  literary 
pursuits,  at  Turville  Park,  near  Henley- 
upon-Thames.  He  was  honoured  with  the 
friendship  of  his  late  royal  highness  the 
Duke  of  Kent,  with  whom  he  kept  up  a 
correspondence.     Died,  182.'5. 

DUNBAR,  William,  a  Scotch  poet  of 
considerable  merit,  was  born  about  1465, 
and  died  in  1535.  For  the  age  in  which  he 
lived,  his  poems  display  much  skill,  and 
are  not  deficient  either  in  imagination  or 
energy.  "  The  Thistle  and  Rose "  and 
"  The  Friars  of  Berwick "  are  favourable 
specimens  of  his  poetical  vein. 

DUNCAN,  Adam,  Viscount  Duxcax,  of 
Camperdown,  &c.,  a  gallant  and  distin- 
guished naval  officer,  was  a  native  of  Dun- 
dee, and  born  in  1731.  He  went  to  sea 
when  young,  rose  to  the  rank  of  post-cap- 


tain in  1761,  and  steadily  advanced  till  he 
became  admiral  of  the  blue,  and  commander 
of  the  North  Sea  fleet  in  1795.  He  was 
with  Lord  Keppel  at  the  taking  of  the 
Havannah,  and  had  a  full  share  in  Rod- 
ney's victory  over  the  Spaniards,  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar,  &c.  While  in  command  of 
the  North  Sea  fleet,  he  had  for  two  years 
the  tedious  duty  of  watching  the  motions 
of  the  Dutch  squadron,  and  was  at  length 
forced  to  quit  the  station,  in  consequence 
of  a  mutiny  breaking  out  among  his  men, 
during  which  the  enemy  put  to  sea.  The 
gallant  admiral,  however,  after  displaying 
tlie  most  undaunted  resolution  during  the 
mutiny,  came  up  with  the  Dutch  fleet  off 
Camperdown,  totiUiy  defeated  them,  and 
captured  8  sail  of  the  line,  June  11.  1797. 
Upon  this  he  was  created  a  viscount,  with 
a  pension  of  3,000/.  per  annum  to  himself 
and  the  two  next  heirs  of  the  peerage. 
Died,  1804. 

DUNCAN,  W^iiuam,  a  learned  writer, 
was  born,  in  1717,  at  Aberdeen,  wliere  he 
was  educated,  and  afterwards  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  tlic  Marischal  Col- 
lege. He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Logic,"  and  tlie  translator  of  Cicero's 
Orations  and  Caesar's  Commentaries. 

DUNCOMBE,  William,  born  in  London, 
in  1690,  was  tlie  author  of  "Lucius  Junius 
Brutus,"  a  tragedy.  He  also  translated 
Horace,  and  wrote  various  minor  poems 
and  prose  pieces.  He  died  in  1709. — His  sou 
John,  who  was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in 
1786,  was  the  author  of  "  The  Femeueid  " 
and  other  poems. 

DUNDAS,  Sir  David,  a  general  in  the 
English  army,  and  a  member  of  the  privy 
council,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  17;j6, 
and  entered  the  military  service  in  1758. 
He  became  colonel  of  the  first  regiment  of 
dragoon  guards,  and  had  the  reputation  of 
being  a  most  able  tactician.  On  the  tem- 
porary resignation  of  the  Duke  of  York,  he 
was  made  commander-in-chief.  His  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Military  Movements"  and  "Regu- 
lations for  the  Cavalry  ]'  are  both  acknow 
ledged  standard  works  iu  the  army.  Died; 
1820. 

DUNN,  Samuel,  a  mathematician,  who 
having  acquired  considerable  property  in 
the  exercise  of  his  profession,  bequeathed 
it  at  his  death  towards  the  foundation  of  a 
mathematical  school  at  his  native  town  of  j 
Crediton,  in  Devonshire.  He  publisheil  an  j 
atlas,  treatises  on  bookkeeping,  navigation, 
&c.  ;  and  died  in  1792.  i 

DUNNING,  Jonx,  Lord  Asiiburtox,  a 
celebrated  lawyer,  was  born  at  Ashburton,  I 
Devon,  in  1731.    After  serving  his  clerkship  ! 
in  his  father's  office,  he  studied  for  the  bar  ; 
and   rapidly  attaining  an  eminence  in  the 
profession,  he  became  counsel  for  Wilkes,  [ 
whose  cause  he  conducted  in  such  a  manner  i 
as  to  establish  his  fame  as  a  sound  lawyer 
and   adroit  pleader.     He  became   attorney- 
general  in  1767,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster  in  1782,  and  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  but  died  in  the  following  year. 

DUNOIS,  JoHX,  count  of  Orleans  and 
Longueville,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Oi  leans,  was  born  in  1402.  So  successful 
was  he  in  his  military  career,  particularly 


in  the  share  he  bore  in  the  expulsion  of  the 
English  from  France,  that  Charles  VII. 
honoured  him  with  the  title  of  "  Kestorer 
of  his  Country."    Died,  14(!8. 

DUNS,  Joii.v,  usually  styled  Duns  Scottis, 
a.  theological  disputant,  who  acquired  the 
title  of  "  the  most  subtle  doctor  "  by  his 
metaphysical  abstractions,  was  born  at 
Dunstance,  in  Northumberland  ;  studied  at 
Mcrton  College,  (Jxford  ;  and  having  en- 
tered the  University  of  Paris,  was  soon  ap- 
pointed professor  and  regent  in  the  theo- 
logical schools.  Great  as  was  his  fame,  the 
works  which  obtained  it  are  now  disregarded 
as  a  mass  of  misapplied  talent  and  intel- 
lectual lumber.    Died  at  Cologne,  in  13<)9. 

DUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, an  accomplished  prelate  and  eminent 
statesman,  was  born  at  Glastonbury,  in  925, 
in  the  reign  of  Athelstan.  lie  took  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  the  political  struggles  of 
the  day;  and  assumed,  as  was  the  custom 
of  the  clergy  in  that  age,  as  great  a  share 
in  the  temporal  authority  of  the  kingdom 
as  in  its  spiritual  affairs.    Died,  !)88. 

DUNSTEH,  Charles,  an  English  divine 
and  scholar,  was  the  son  of  the  Kev.  Siimuel 
Dunster,  who  is  known  as  the  translator  of 
the  satires  and  art  of  poetry  of  Horace 
into  English  prose.  Besides  Mr.  Charles 
Dunster's  theological  writings,  of  wliich 
"  Discursory  Considerations  on  the  Gospels 
of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Luke  "  is  the  prin- 
cipal, he  wrote  a  treatise  "On  the  Early 
Reading  of  Milton,"  a  commentary  on  Pa- 
radise Regained,  and  other  works.  lie  died 
at  Pctworth,  Sussex,  of  which  place  he  was 
the  incumbent,  in  lsl6. 

DUNTON,  Joiix,  a  noted  London  book- 
seller, was  born  at  Graffliam,  lluntingdou- 
shire,  in  16.')9.  He  projected  and  carried 
on  "The  Athenian  Mercury,"  a  selection 
from  which,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Athe- 
nian Oracle,"  in  4  vols.,  was  reprinted.  He 
was  also  tlie  author  of  "  Alheniauism," 
consisting  of  numerous  treatises  in  prose 
and  verse  j  and  a  curious  work,  entitled 
"  Dnnton's  Life  and  Errors."    Died,  1733. 

DUPATY,  .Teax  Baptibte  Meucier, 
president  in  the  parliament  of  Bourdcaux, 
was  born  at  Rochelle,  in  174(i  ;  and  died  at 
Paris,  in  1788.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Historical  Reflections  on  Penal  Laws," 
"Academical  Discourses,"  and  "Letters  on 
Italy." 

DUPATY,  Charles,  son  of  th«  president, 
was  a  celebrated  sculptor,  whose  produc- 
tions are  remarkable  for  their  classic  purity. 
Died,  182.). 

DUPERRON,  James  Davy,  a  Swiss  Pro- 
testant, who,  having  abjured  his  religion, 
was  successively  promoted  by  Henry  III. 
and  IV.,  till  he  at  length  obtained  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Sens,  and  was  elected  a  cardinal. 
Born,  15.^  ;  died,  1(318. 

DUPIN,  Louis  Ellis,  an  eminent  French 
historian  and  ecclesiastic,  was  born  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1637.  He  became  professor  of 
divinity  in  the  Royal  College,  but  lost  the 
professorship  in  consequence  of  his  religious 
moderation.  He  was  the  author  of  an  ex- 
tensive and  valuable  work,  entitled  "Bib- 
liotlu'que  UniverscUe  des  Auteurs  Ecclesi- 
astiqucs,"  in  58  vols.  ;  and  for  the  freedom 


and  tolerance  of  his  opinions  therein  he 
was  exposed  to  much  persecution.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  various  other  works  on 
church  government  and  practical  divinity. 
He  died  in  1719. 

DUPLEIX,  Joseph,  was  a  celebrated 
French  merchant,  who,  as  the  head  of  the 
factory  at  Chandemagore,  had  raised  it  to 
such  a  pitch  of  prosperity,  that,  in  1742,  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Pondicherry, 
and  director-general  of  the  French  factories 
in  India.  In  1748  he  successfully  defended 
it  against  the  English,  for  which  he  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  marquis  ;  and  during 
his  whole  administration  lie  displayed  first- 
rate  talents,  both  civil  and  military.  But 
his  valuable  services  did  not  shield  him  from 
the  shafts  of  envy  :  he  was  recalled  ;  and  ll»e 
man  who  had  been  surrounded  by  all  the 
splendour  of  an  eastern  court,  was  left  to 
languish  in  poverty,  vainly  soliciting  justice 
from  an  ungrateful  government.  He  died, 
the  victim  of  anxiety,  iu  1703,  9  years  after 
his  recall. 

DUPLEIX,  SciPio,  h58toriograr)her  of 
France,  was  born  in  15<5(5.  He  wrote  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  Gauls,"  a  "History  of  France," 
«  vols,  folio  ;  a  "  History  of  Rome,"  3  vols, 
folio  ;  "  A  Course  of  Philosophy,"  &c.  It 
is  asserted,  that,  having  written  a  work  on 
the  liberties  of  the  Galilean  Church,  which 
he  took  to  the  chancellor  Scguier  to  be  li- 
censed, that  magistrate  threw  it  into  the 
lire  ;  which  so  preyed  upon  his  mind  that  it 
caused  his  death,  in  10(51. 

DUPONT  DE  NEMOURS,  Peter 
Samuel,  a  French  political  economist,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1739.  Though  he  twice  sat 
as  president  of  the  constitutional  assembly, 
and  held  other  high  official  situations  under 
the  revolutionary  government,  he  invariably 
opposed  the  anarchists,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped becoming  their  victim,  in  1797,  by 
his  timely  retreat  to  America.  From  that 
country  he  returned  in  1805,  and  became 
president  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  ;  and 
in  1814  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
provisional  government.  In  the  following 
year  he  finally  retired  to  America,  where  he 
died  in  1817.  Dupont  was  the  author  of 
various  treatises  on  different  branches  of 
political  economy  J  he  also  wrote  "Philo- 
sophic de  rUnivers,"  and  other  works  of 
merit. 

DUPPA,  Brian,  a  loyal  prelate  and  the 
faithful  friend  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  at 
Lewisham,  Kent,  in  1589,  and  educated  at 
Christchurch  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  after- 
wards dean.  He  attended  the  captive  king 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  is  said  to  have 
assisted  him  in  his  Icon  Basilikc.  He  was 
successively  bishop  of  Chichester,  Salisbury, 
and  Winchester.    Died,  1';G2. 

DUPPA,  Richard,  a  barrister,  and  as  a 
literary  character  remarkable  for  the  ver- 
satility of  his  talents,  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Oxford,  and  took  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  at  Cambridge,  in  1814.  He  wrote 
many  interesting  works,  among  which  are 
"The  Life  and  Works  of  Michael  Anselo 
Buonarotti,"  "  The  Life  of  Raffaclle,"  "  Tra- 
vels in  Italy,"  &c.    Died,  1831. 

DUPUIS,  Charles  Fraxcis,  a  modem 
French  philosopher,  was  born  at  Trie-le-  i 


261 


^     OF  THC  A 

UNIVERSITY   \ 


DUPj 


^  ^cbi  ^nibtx^til  38t0jgTapl)?n 


[dujr 


Chateau,  near  Gisors,  in  1742,  and  educated 
at  Harcourt  Collc're.  During  tlie  revolu- 
tionary era  he  was  a  distinguished  politician, 
became  president  of  the  legislative  body, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  the  Institute  and 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  lie  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  telegraph,  and  the  author  of 
a  noted  work,  entitled  "Origine  de  tons  les 
Cultes,  ou  la  Religione  universelle."  Died, 
1800. 

DUPRE  DE  ST.  MAUR,  Nicholas 
Francis,  a  French  writer,  born  in  1G95,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1775.  lie  translated  Mil- 
ton's Paradise  I^ost,  and  wrote  some  works 
on  numismatics. 

DUPUYTREN,  Baron  William,  one  of 
the  most  renowned  surgeons  of  modern 
times,  was  born  of  poor  parents  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute  Vienne  in  France,  1777. 
At  the  age  of  3  years  he  was  stolen  from  his 
home  by  a  lady  of  rank,  who  wished  to  adopt 
him  ;  but  he  was  subsequently  returned  to 
his  parents,  and  he  owed  his  future  eleva- 
tion to  the  accidental  circumstance  of  an 
ofiBcer  seeing  him  in  liis  native  village,  and 
being  struck  with  Ills  address,  made  pro- 
posals that  he  should  go  with  liim  to  Paris, 
where  his  education  should  be  attended  to. 
Placed  by  this  olficer  in  the  College  de  la 
Marche,  he  soon  evinced  a  great  aptitude  for 
medical  science ;  in  1«03  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  D.,  and  after  passing  with  distinction 
through  various  grades  of  the  profession,  he 
obtained  in  1815  the  chair  of  clinical  sur- 
gery in  the  Hotel  Dieu,  the  laborious  duties 
of  which  he  discharged  with  equal  ability 
and  success  for  20  years.  Dupuytren  was 
equally  distinguished  as  a  physiologist  and 
as  a  surgeon  ;  and  there  are  few  among  the 
most  enlightened  practitioners  of  France 
who  do  not  acknowledge  him  as  tbcir 
master.    Died  in  18o5. 

DUQUESNE,  AuKAiiAM,  a  brave  and 
skilful  naval  officer  in  the  French  service, 
was  born  at  Dieppe,  in  ICIO.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  numerous  acts  of  intre- 
pidity during  a  long  career,  and  added  much 
to  the  maritime  character  of  his  country. 
Died,  1088. 

DURAND,  David,  a  French  Protestant 
minister,  who,  after  some  perilous  escapes 
from  the  dangers  of  death  and  the  Inquisi- 
tion, came  to  England,  and  was  preacher  at 
the  Savoy  chapel ,  London.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "Life  of  Vanina,"  a  "History  of  the 
Sixteentli  Century,"  and  a  Continuation  of 
Rapin.    Born,  KiHl ;  died,  17C3. 

DURAND  DE  MAIIXANE,  Peter 
Touissast,  an  eminent  French  lawyer, 
was  born  in  1729,  and  died  in  1811.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  National  Convention,  and 
published  many  able  works  relating  to  the 
canon  law. 

DURANTE,  Fraxcesco,  a  celebrated 
musical  composer,  was  born  at  Naples,  in 
1693,  where  he  died  in  1755.  He  is  prin- 
cipally known  as  the  composer  of  vocal 
church  music. 

DURAS,  Duchesse  de,  a  French  lady  of 
considerable  literary  talents  and  accom- 
plishments. Her  father,  Count  Kersaint, 
fell  a  victim  to  his  loyalty,  in  liaving  voted 
against  the  regicides  in  the  National  Con- 
vention.   Died,  1827. 


DURE  AU  DE  LAMALLE,  Joiix  Baptist 
Joseph  Rexe,  a  native  of  St.  Domingo, 
where  he  was  born  in  1782.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  legislative  body  and  of  the 
Institute  ;  and  as  a  literary  character  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  versions  of  Tacitus, 
Sallust,  and  other  classics.     Died,  1807. 

DURELL,  JouN,  an  eminent  divine,  bom 
at  Jersey,  1020  -,  became  dean  of  Windsor, 
and  died  in  1683.  He  translated  the  Liturgy 
into  French  and  Latin,  and  wrote  a  "  Vin- 
dication of  the  Church  of  England  against 
Schismatics,"  &c. 

DURELL,  David,  a  descendant  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Jersey  in  1728,  and 
died  in  1775.  He  was  the  author  of  various 
dissertations  on  parts  of  the  Old  Testament. 

DURER,  ALiiEiiT,  an  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  was  born  at  Nuremberg  in 
1471.  His  father  was  a  goldsmith,  in  wliich 
profession  tlie  non  had  made  considerable 
progress  before  he  turned  his  attention  ex- 
clusively to  the  arts.  He  was  the  first  who 
in  Germany  taught  the  rules  of  perspective, 
and  of  the  proportions  of  the  human  body, 
according  to  mathematical  principles. 
Though  particularly  eminent  as  a  painter, 
he  also  excelled  as  a  sculptor  and  architect, 
wrote  several  works  illustrative  of  those 
arts,  and  made  great  imi)rovements  in 
copper- plate  and  wood  engraving.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  emperors  Maximilian  I. 
and  Charles  V.,  and  died  at  his  native  town, 
in  1523. 

D'URFEY,  Thomas,  a  facetious  poet,  once 
highly  popular,  but  now  nearly  forgotten, 
was  the  son  of  a  French  refugee,  and  born  at 
Exeter  in  1628.  He  abandoned  the  study  of 
the  law  for  the  life  of  a  dramatist,  and  was 
the  author  of  about  30  comedies,  all  of  which 
have  justly  become  obsolete  from  their  licen- 
tiousness. He  was  also  a  writer  of  songs  and 
party  lyrics,  which  were  printed  in  6  vols., 
under  the  title  of  "  Pills  to  purge  Slelan- 
choly  ; "  and  being  the  boon  companion  of 
Charles  II.  his  society  was  courted  by  the 
witty  and  profligate  frequenters  of  his  court. 
Died,  1723. 

DURHAM,  JoHX  Georoe  Lambtok, 
Earl  of,  was  the  eldest  son  of  W.  H.  Lamb- 
ton,  esq.,  of  Lambton  Castle,  M.  P.  for  the 
city  of  Durham,  by  Lady  Anne  Villiers, 
daugliter  of  the  Earl  of  Jersey.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  served  in  the  10th  hussars, 
and  at  the  age  of  20  married  Miss  Harriet 
Cholmondeley,  by  whom  he  had  three 
daughters,  all  now  deceased.  In  1815  this 
lady  died  ;  and  in  the  following  year  he 
formed  a  matrimonial  alliance  with  Lady 
Louisa  Elizabeth,  the  second  daughter  of 
Earl  Grey.  During  the  whole  of  his  par- 
liamentary career  he  denounced  Tory  influ- 
ence, and  steadily  adhered  to  the  doctrine 
of  reform  as  originally  propounded  by  his 
noble  father-in-law ;  but  in  1827  we  find 
him  a  supporter  of  Mr.  Canning's  ministry, 
and  on  the  dissolution  of  Lord  Goderich's 
cabinet,  in  1828,  he  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age by  the  title  of  Baron  Durham.  On  the 
formation  of  Earl  Grey's  government  in 
1830,  he  became  a  member  of  the  cabinet, 
as  lord  privy  seal  ;  and  to  him  is  mainly  at- 
tributed the  great  extent  and  liberality  of 
the  reform  bill,  and  its  eventual  triumph. 


duk] 


^  ^etx)  ainibcriSal  38t0flrapl;p. 


[dutI 


He  was  now  hailed  as  tlie  great  leader  of 
the  movement  party,  and  became  a  popular 
idol ;  Ilia  presence  was  eagerly  solicited  at 
all  the  great  radical  meetings,  and  his  ad- 
mirers were  on  tip-toe  in  the  expectation 
that  he  would  be  raised  to  the  head  of  pub- 
lic aftairs.  In  ISiW  his  lordship  went  to 
Russia  as  ambassador,  and  remained  there 
till  the  summer  of  1S37,  when  he  returned 
to  England  ;  and  in  the  following  year  he 
went  out  as  governor-general  to  Canada, 
entrusted  with  extraordinary  powers  ;  but 
finding  himself  not  supported  as  he  expected 
by  the  ministry,  he  returned  home  the  same 
year.  So  opposite  have  been  the  sentiments 
with  regard  to  Lord  Durham's  general 
policy  and  his  cxualiflcations  as  a  statesman, 
that  to  a  mind  disposed  to  be  impartial  it 
is  dilHcult  to  form  a  correct  opinion  of  them  ; 
but  we  believe  that  we  may  safely  reiterate 
the  following  encomium  on  him  :  —  "From 
his  first  appearance  on  the  field  of  politics 
to  the  last,  no  man  ever  thought  of  even 
doubting  his  rectitude  and  determined  ad- 
herence to  his  conscientious  convictions." 
Born,  April  12. 1792  ;  died,  Julv  28.  1840. 

DURHAM,  Admiral  Sir  Philip  Ciiakles 
Caldeuwood,  was  born  at  Largo,  in  Fife- 
shirc,  in  17(>3,  and  entered  the  navy  in  1777, 
as  a  midshipman  on  board  the  Edgar,  of  74 
guns.  He  was  afterwards  acting  lieutenant 
in  the  Viceroy,  lOl,  flag-ship  of  Admiral 
Kempenfclt,  whom  he  followed  on  his  re- 
moving to  the  Royal  George.     When  that 

I  noble  ship  "  went  down  "  at  Spithcad,  Aug. 

j  29.  1782,  the  subject  of  this  memoir  was 
officer  of  the  watch  ;  and  his  miraculous 
escai)e  on  that  fatal  day  is  so  extraordinary 
and  interesting,  tliat  we  shall  briefly  relate 

;  the  circumstances.  Finding  the  ship  m'hs 
sinking,  Lieut.  Durham  threw  off  his  coat 
and  plunged  into  the  water,  where  he  was 
seized  by  a  drowning  marine,  by  whom  he 
was  twice  carried  down  ;  on  rising  the  second 
time,  lie  succeeded  in  extricating  himself 
from  the  dying  man's  grasp  by  tearing  olF 
his  waistcoat,  and  he,  with  one  of  the  sea- 
men, was  eventually  saved  by  seizing  the 
halyards  from  the  mizen-topmast-head,  by 
which  they  reached  the  mast-head,  from 
wlienee  they  were  taken  with  great  difficulty 
by  a  boat.  The  poor  marine's  body  was 
washed  on  shore  a  fortnight  afterwards, 
with  tlie  waistcoat  by  which  he  had  caught 
liold  of  Lieut.  Durham  so  firmly  twisted 
round  his  arm,  that  a  pencil  case,  bearing 
the  lieutenant's  initials,  was  found  in  the 
pocket,  and  restored  to  the  owner.  When 
Lieut.  Durham  had  reached  a  place  of  tem- 
porary security,  he  observed  the  captain 
(Waghorn)  holding  by  the  weather  mizen- 
topsail-yard-arm,  and  sent  a  boat  to  his 
aid ;  and  these  two  were  the  only  officers 
saved.  Soon  after  this  event  he  was  ap- 
pointed acting  lieutenant  of  tlie  Union,  98, 
at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  by  Lord  Howe; 
and  after  various  promotions,  to  which  his 
services  well  entitled  him,  he  commanded 
the  Defence,  of  74  guns,  at  the  battle  of  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21.  180.",;  but,  in  fact,  he  was 
almost  continuously  employed  from  1780  to 
181.'),  when  the  last  Buonapartcan  flag  that 
waved  in  the  AVest  Indies  struck  to  liim. 
He  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1819,  and  full 


20.3 


admiral  in  1820.  His  last  service  was  that  of 
commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth,  which 
post  he  resigned  in  18;19.  Sir  Philip  was  M.P. 
for  Queenborough  in  18.jO.  and  for  Devizes 
in  18.'5.5.     Died,  April  2.  \Mr>. 

DUROC,  Michael,  duke  of  Friuli  and 
a  marshal  of  France,  was  bom  in  1772,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1792.  Being  subse- 
quently appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Buona- 
parte, he  accompanied  him  to  Egypt,  where 
lie  eminently  distinguished  himself,  and 
was  severely  wounded  by  the  bursting  of  a 
howitzer.  On  the  formation  of  the  imperial 
court  in  180.'5,  he  was  created  grand -mar- 
shal of  the  palace  ;  and  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  diplomatic  missions,  though  he 
still  took  his  full  share  of  peril  and  glorj-  in 
the  wars  of  France,  till  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  happened  at  the  battle  of  Wurtzen,  in 
1813.  Napoleon,  who  was  firmly  attached  to 
Duroc,  wept  over  him  on  his  death-bed  ;  and 
perhaps  he  never  had  to  lament  the  loss  of  a 
more  faithful  friend  or  a  braver  soldier. 

DUSART,  CoiiNKLius,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  cxeclle<l  in  tavern  scenes,  revelry,  &c. 
was  the  discijile  of  Adrian  Ostade.  Bom, 
!&]', ;  died,  1704. 

DUSSAULT,  John  Josei-ii,  a  French 
journalist  and  critic,  was  bora  at  Paris,  in 
17C9.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  Journal 
des  IX'bats,  and  the  articles  he  furnished 
were  afterwards  published  in  .'>  vols.,  entitled 
"  Annules  Littoraires."  He  also  wrote  va- 
rious pamphlets  and  essays,  and  was,  in  short, 
a  litterateur  of  considerable  notoriety.  Died, 
1824. 

DUSSEK,  Jonx  Louis,  an  eminent  mu- 
sical composer,  was  born  at  Czaslau,  in 
Boiiemia,  in  17(;2,  and  studied  at  Hamburgh, 
under  the  famous  Emanuel  Bach.  From 
the  north  of  Europe  he  went  to  France,  but 
being  compelled  to  leave  that  country  dur- 
ing the  revolution,  he  came  to  London  in 
179(5,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Corri,  opened 
a  musical  establishment.  In  1799  he  re- 
turned to  the  continent,  and  died  in  1812. 

DUTENS,  liOiiis,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  at  Tours  in  1730.  He  became 
secretary  and  chaplain  to  the  British  mi- 
nister at  Turin,  who  left  him  there,  on  his 
return  to  England,  as  charge  d'affaires.  He 
afterwards  obtained  the  living  of  Elsdon.  in 
Northumberland,  and  died  in  London,  1812. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  An  Inquiry  into 
the  Origin  of  Discoveries  "  and  "  Memoirs  of 
a  Traveller  in  Retirement." 

DUVAL,  Alexandre  Vince.vt  Pindkr, 
a  popular  and  voluminous  French  author. 
He  so  well  understood  the  difficult  art  of 
constructing  a  diamatic  piece,  says  a  French 
critic,  that  he  could  naturally  and  grace- 
fully introduce  touching  scenes  even  into  a 
comedy,  and  that  too  without  sinking  to 
melodramc.  He  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute and  keeper  of  the  arsenal  library. 
Born,  1707  ;  died,  1842. 

DUVAL,  Valenti.ve  Jamerai,  the  son 
of  a  peasant,  was  born  at  Artonay,  in  Cham- 
pagne, in  1095.  Being  left  an  orphan  at  the 
age  of  10,  he  was  employed  as  a  shepherd's 
boy.  and  underwent  great  privations  ;  but 
at  18,  he  became  keeper  of  the  cattle  belong- 
ing to  the  hermits  of  St.  Anne,  near  Lune- 
and  by  one  of  that  fraternity  he  was 


igtc 
ille. 


DITV] 


^  ^eSn  miitbcr^aX  Btograp!)!). 


[eak 


tauzlit  to  read.  Thenceforth  he  displayed 
at)  earnest  desire  for  acquiring  knowledge  ; 
and  being  discovered  by  two  noblemen  while 
he  was  studying  geography  under  a  tree, 
with  his  maps  stretched  out  "before  liini,  they 
were  so  pleased  with  his  conversation,  that 
they  introduced  him  to  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
who  sent  him  to  college,  afterwards  made 
him  his  librarian,  and  eventually  procured 
him  tlic  situation  of  keeper  of  the  books  and 
medals  ef  the  imperial  cabinet  of  Vienna. 
He  died  in  1775. 

DUVERNEY,  Joseph  Guiciiard,  a  cele- 
brated French  anatomist,  was  born  at  Feurs, 
in  1G48  ;  apiKiinted  professor  of  anatomy  at 
tlie  royal  garden  in  1C79,  and  died  in  17.J0. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  works  illus- 
trative of  the  science  he  professed. 

DU  VOISIN,  JoHX  Bai'tisx,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, who,  in  1792,  suffered  deportation 
with  a  great  number  of  his  clerical  brethren  ; 
but,  on  returning  in  1802,  he  was  raised  to 
the  bishopric  of  Nantes,  and  obtained  the 
esteem  of  Buonaparte,  who  created  liim  a 
baron,  and  made  him  a  member  of  the  legion 
of  honour.  He  wrote  several  theological 
works,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1813. 

D  WIGHT,  Timothy,  an  American  divine, 
of  great  reputation  both  as  a  pulpit  orator 
and  a  writer,  was  born  in  Massachusetts, 
in  1752 ;  became  president  of  Yale  College 
in  1795  ;  and  died  in  1817.  His  "  System  of 
Theology,"  in  5  vols.,  is  regarded  as  a  work 
of  great  merit,  and  has  been  frequently  re- 
printed. 

DYER,  Sir  Edward,  a  poet  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan age,  was  born  about  154(),  and  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  received  many  proofs  of  the 
royal  favour  after  he  had  returned  from  his 
travels,  being  employed  in  various  embassies 
by  tlie  queen,  who  conferred  on  him  tne 
chancellorship  of  the  garter  in  159G.  His 
poetical  pieces  consist  chiefly  of  pastoral  odes  . 
and  madrigals.  | 

DYER,  George,  a  classical  scholar  and 
miscellaneous    writer,    whose    long    life    of 
literary  toil    may  in  some   sort    be   exem- 
plified   by  quoting  from  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine   the  following  mournful   record  : 
"  Tlie  greatest  labour  of  his  life   was  the 
share  he  had  in  the  production  of  Valpy's  ; 
edition  of  the  classics  in  141  volumes,  being 
a  combination  of  the  Delphin,  Bipont,  and  i 
Variorum  editions.    With  the  exception  of  i 
the  preface,  Dyer  contributal  all  that  ions 
original  in  this  ixist   work,  upon  wltich   lie 
was  engaged  from   the   year  1819  to  1830  1 


He  had  scarcely  completed  this  work  whera 
his  eyesight  gave  way,  and  sho7-tly  after- 
ivards  left  him  in  total  blindness."  The 
writer  adds  (and  let  %is  not  grudge  the 
space  which  the  iniatFected  tribute  occu- 
pies), "  Tlie  memory  of  George  Dyer  -will 
be  ever  cherished  by  his  friends  as  of  one 
who  passed  through  the  world  without  hav- 
ing contracted  one  blemish  of  worldliness  ; 
his  gxiileless  simplicity  endeared  him  esj)e- 
cially  to  his  friend  Charles  Lamb,  wlio 
would  often,  indeed,  indulge  his  humorous 
vein  at  the  expense  of  one  whom  he  knew 
to  be  of  invulnerable  innocency,  but  who 
has  also  declared  that,  in  doing  so,  it  M'as 
his  ambition  to  make  familiar  to  the  public 
a  character  which,  for  integrity  and  single 
hcartedness,  he  has  long  been  accustomed 
to  rank  among  the  best  patterns  of  his  spe- 
cies." Mr.  Dj'er  was  born  in  1755  ;  received 
his  education  at  Clirist's  Hospital  and  Ema- 
nuel College,  Cambridge  ;  and  died  in  1841, 
aged  85.  His  writings  are  varied  and  nume- 
rous ;  historical,  poetical,  classical,  and 
political;  amongst  them  his  "History  of 
the  University  and  Colleges  of  Cambridge," 
2  vols.,  and  "The  Privileges  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,"  &c.,  2  vols.,  are  the 
most  important. 

DYER,  Sir  James,  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  and  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  was  born  in  1512,  and  died  in  1581. 
Dyer's  "  Reports  "  are  still  highly  valued  by 
the  profession. 

DYER,  JoHx,  a  poet  of  considerable  re- 
putation, was  born  at  Aberglasney,  Caer- 
marthenshire,    in    1700,    and    educated    at 
Westminster  School.    He  was  intended  for 
the  law,  wliich  he  abandoned  for  painting, 
but  not  arriving  at  excellence  as  an  artist, 
he  took  orders,  and  obtained  some  respectable 
church   preferment.    In  1727   he   published 
his  poem  of  "  Grongar  Hill,"    which  met 
with  deserved  success.    He  then  made  the 
tour  of  Italy,  where,  besides  the  usual  study, 
he  often  spent  whole  days  in  the  country 
about  Rome  and  Florence,  sketching  those 
picturesque  scenes  tliat  there  abound ;  and 
it  is  very  naturally  imagined  that  the  beauti-  I 
ful  landscapes  depicted  in  his  two  subsequent  ! 
poems  owe  their  existence  in  no  slight  degree 
to   tiiat  cause.     These  are  entitled    "The 
Ruins  of  Rome  "  and  "  The  Fleece."    His  , 
poetry  displays   a  lively  imagination,  and  ! 
combines  great  originality  with  the  warmest  | 
sentiments  of  benevolence  and  virtue.    He 
died  in  1758. 


E. 


E  ACHARD,  JoHX,  an  English  divine,  was 
bora  in  1636.  After  studying  at  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge,  ho  was  chosen  master  in 
1675,  and  died  in  l';97.  He  wrote  a  work, 
entitled  "  The  Grounds  and  Reasons  of  the 
Contempt  of  the  Clergy  and  Religion  inquir- 
ed into,"  and  was  also  known  as  the  author 
of  two  dialogues,  in  which  the  system  of 
Hobbes  is  attacked  with  satiric  humour. 


EADMER,  an  English  Benedictine  monk 
of  the  12th  century,  wlio  became  abbot  of 
St.  Alban's.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the 
Liberty  of  the  Church,"  and  various  other 
ecclesiastical  works.     Died,  1124. 

EARLE,  JoHx,  an  English  prelate,  was 
horn  at  York,  and  entered  of  Merton  College. 
Oxford,  in  1620.     He  became  chaplain  and  j 
tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of  V.'ales,  and  suf-  I 


2G4 


ear] 


^  llffio  ^niijtvial  MiaQvupX)^. 


[kdq 


fcred  much  in  the  rebellion.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  made  dean  of  Westminster  and 
bishop  of  Worcester,  from  which  see  lie  was 
translated  to  Salisbury  in  1C38.  Dr.  Earle 
was  the  author  of  an  ingenious  work,  entitled 
"  ALicrocosmography,  or,  a  Piece  of  the  World 
characterised,  in  Essays  and  Characters." 
lie  also  translated  the  Icon  Basilike  into 
Latin.    Died,  1(5(55. 

EARLOJI,  RuiiAiiD,  a  mezzotinto  engra- 
ver, was  born  in  London,  in  17-10.  His  taste 
for  design  is  said  to  have  been  excited  by  in- 
Bpecting  the  ornaments  on  tlie  lord  mayor's 
coach,  which  had  been  painted  by  Cipriani. 
He  was  employed  by  Boydell  to  make  draw- 
ings from  the  celebrated  collection  of  pictures 
at  Houghton,  which  he  afterwards  engraved 
in  mezzotinto  —  an  art  in  which  he  was  his 
own  instructor.  He  also  engraved  and  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  plates  from  Claude's 
Liber  Veritatis  ;  several  fine  flower  pieces 
from  Van  Huysum  ;  a  tiger  hunt,  and  other 
subjects,  from  Zottuny,  S:c.     Died,  1822. 

EATON,  William,  an  American  officer, 
whose  adventures  have  furnished  incideuts 
for  an  interesting  volume,  was  born  at  Wood- 
stock, in  Connecticut,  in  17G4,  and  at  the 
I  age  of  16  enlisted  as  a  soldier.  Being  dis- 
charged in  1783,  he  studied  Latin  and  Greek, 
and  after  filling  the  situation  of  classical 
assistant  in  a  school  at  Vermont,  was  ap- 
pointed clerk  to  the  house  of  delegates  of 
that  state.  In  1792  he  received  a  captain's 
commission  in  the  American  army,  and  in 
1794  obtained  the  appointment  of  American 
consul  at  Tunis.  War  being  declared  in 
1801  against  tiie  United  States,  by  the  bey  of 
Tripoli,  who  was  an  U8uri>er,  Haniet  Pacha, 
the  ex-bey,  who  was  then  an  exile  at  Tunis, 
induced  Mr.  Eaton  to  join  him  in  the  des- 
perate attempt  of  recovering  possession  of 
his  dominions.  A  series  of  singular  events 
followed,  which  our  limits  prevent  us  from 
eiitering  on  ;  but  his  services  were  so  highly 
valued  by  his  countrymen,  that  on  his  return 
home  he  was  received  with  the  most  flattering 
marks  of  favour ;  and  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  bestowed  on  him  a  tract  of 
land  insisting  of  10,000  acres.    Died,  1811. 

EBELING,  CiiKisToi'HEK  Daniel,  a  dis- 
tinguished geographer,  was  born  in  1741 ; 
died,  1817. 

ECIIARD,  Laukence,  an  English  divine 
and  historian,  was  born  in  lt571 ;  received 
his  education  at  Cambridge ;  became  arch- 
deacon of  Stowe,  and  obtained  some  valuable 
livings  in  his  native  county,  Suffolk.  He 
was  a  very  voluminous  writer  :  "  Tlie  Roman 
History,"  "A  General  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," a  "  History  of  England,"  and  a  "  Ga- 
zetteer," are  the  moat  promineut  of  liis  works. 
Die.l,  1730. 

ECHINUS,  Sebastiak,  a  Venetian  noble- 
man, eminent  for  his  writings,  particularly 
on  medals.    Died,  158o. 

ECKIIARD,  Joii.v  Fkkderick,  a  learned 
and  voluminous  writer  on  philology  and  bi- 
bliography, was  director  and  librarian  of  the 
college  of  Eisenach  ;  born  in  Saxony  in  1723, 
and  died  in  1794. 

ECKHARD,  John  George,  an  antiquary 
and  historian,  was  born  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  in  lf!74,  and  brought  up  a  Pro- 
testant;  but  abjuring  his  religion,  he  vas 


made  historiograi)her  and  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives at  Wurzburg.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  A  Body  of  History  of  the  Middle  Ages," 
"  The  Origin  of  the  Families  of  llapsburg 
and  Cruclph,"  &c.    Died,  17;ki. 

ECKHEL,  JosKPU  Hilauy,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  well  skilled  in  numismatics,  was  born 
in  Upper  Austria,  in  173(5.  He  was  keeper 
of  the  imperial  cabinet  of  medals  at  Vienna, 
and  few  men  possessed  so  extensive  a  know- 
ledge of  the  science.  His  two  works,  entitled 
"Doctrina  Nummorum  Veterum"  and 
"  Nummi  Veteres  Anecdoti,"are  both  replete 
with  sound  information  on  the  subject.  Died, 
1798. 

ECLUSE,  Charles  de  l',  better  known 
by  the  name  of  CLi:.sri;s,  was  born  at  Arras, 
in  Flanders,  in  l.'iSt;,  and  became  eminent  as 
a  physieian  and  botanist.  He  travelled  into 
various  i)arts  of  Europe,  in  searcli  of  botanical 
information;  was  made  superintendant  of  the 
imperial  garden  at  Vienna;  and  ultimately 
accepted  a  professorship  in  the  imiversity  of 
Leyilen,  where  he  died  in  1C09. 

EDELIXCK,  Gerard,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, born  at  Antwerp,  in  1049,  was  patnm- 
ised  by  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  and  executed 
many  great  works  from  historical  subjects, 
as  well  as  the  portraits  of  distinguished  cha- 
racters.    Died,  1707. 

EDEN,  Sir  Freuerick  Morton,  a  writer 
on  statistics  and  political  ecouimiy.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "The  State  of  the 
Poor,  or  a  History  of  the  Labouring  Classes 
in  England,  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present 
Time,^'  3  vols.  4to.     Died,  1809. 

EDEN,  Sir  Morton,  a  diplomatist,  who, 
after  being  employed  as  ambassador  to  va- 
rious continental  powers,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  late  war,  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  by  the  title  of  lord  Hexlev,  and 
died  in  1802. 

EDGAR,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Saxon  kings  of  England,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Edwy  in  9.")9,  at  the  age  of  1(J.  The 
moderatitm  of  his  reign  procured  him  the 
name  of  Peaceable.  He  vanquished  the  Scots, 
and  laid  Wales  under  a  yearly  tribute  of 
a  certain  number  of  wolves  heads,  which 
cleared  the  country  of  those  animals.  He 
subdued  part  of  Ireland,  and  maintained  u 
large  fleet,  which  secured  his  kingdom  from 
invasion.  On  the  death  of  his  queen  Egel- 
flida,  he  sent  Earl  Athelwold  to  see  whether 
the  report  of  the  beauty  of  Elfrida,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Devon,  was  true.  The  earl 
fell  in  love  with  the  lady,  gave  his  master  a 
false  report,  and  married  her.  He  was  af- 
terwards killed  while  hunting,  and  Elfrida 
became  the  wife  of  Edgar,  who  died  in  975, 
aged  ;W.  Edward  the  Martyr  succeeded  him. 

EDGEW(3RTH,  RicHARU  Lovell,  of 
Edgeworthtown,  Ireland,  was  born  at  Bath, 
in  1744,  and  completed  his  studies  at  Oxford. 
Being  jwssessed  of  a  good  fortune  he  devoted 
mucli  of  his  time  to  agricultural  improve- 
ments, as  well  as  to  the  amelioration  of  the 
existing  modes  of  education,  by  writing,  in 
conjuuotion  with  his  highly  gifted  daughter, 
many  usefid  works.  He  also  wrote  his  own 
"  Memoirs  ; "  and  among  his  various  meelian- 
iciil  inventions  was  a  telegraph.    Died,  1817. 

EDGEWORTH,  Mauia,  the  celebrated 
Irish  novelist,  whose  works  have  had  great 


edg] 


^  ^e£o  ^aitibcr^al  Miao^n^\)\j, 


[edr 


influence  in  promoting  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion, and  of  social  morality,  was  born  in 
Oxfordshire,  in  17B6.  She  was  the  daugliter 
of  Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth  above  men- 
tioned, and  was  12  years  old  before  she  was 
taken  to  her  paternal  home.  She  commenced 
her  career  as  an  authoress  about  1800  ;  and 
1  in  her  early  literary  eltbrts  slie  was  greatly 
assisted  by  the  advice  and  sound  practical 
suggestions  of  her  father,  to  wliom  she  was 
in  tlie  habit  of  submitting  the  first  designs  of 
her  works.  The  famous  "  Essay  on  Irish 
Bulls,"  the  joint  production  of  lierself  and 
her  father,  was  published  in  1801.  Her 
"  Castle  Rackrent"  abounds  in  some  of  those 
admirable  sketches  of  Irish  life  and  manners, 
for  which  most  of  her  tales  and  novels  are 
80  much  distinguished.  Her  "  Belinda,"  a 
novel  of  real  life  and  ordinary  characters, 
is  also  descriptive  of  some  of  the  striking 
traits  of  the  Irish  character.  In  1804  she 
published  her  "  Popular  Tales,"  3  vols.  ;  and 
two  years  afterwards,  "  Leonora,"  a  novel 
in  2  vols.  In  1809  she  issued  3  vols,  of 
"  Tales  of  Fashionable  Life,"  of  a  more 
powerful  and  varied  cast  than  any  of  lier 
previous  productions.  Three  other  vols, 
of  "  Fashionable  Tales "  appeared  in  1812, 
and  fully  sustained  the  high  reputation 
which  she  had  now  attained.  In  1814  her 
novel  of  "  Patronage,"  in  4  vols.,  was  pub- 
lished. Its  object  is  to  show  the  miseries 
resulting  from  a  dependence  on  the  great, 
and  she  paints  the  manners  and  charac- 
ters of  high  life  with  her  usual  vigour  and 
fidelity.  In  1817  appeared  two  tales  named 
"  Harrington  "  and  "  Ormond  ;  "  the  inten- 
tion of  the  first  of  these  being  the  removal 
of  the  prejudices  entertained  by  many 
against  the  Jews  ;  the  other  is  an  Irish 
story.  In  1822,  Miss  Edgeworth  published  a 
work  of  a  diffeient  kind,  namely,  "Rosa- 
mond," a  sequel  to  "  Early  Lessons,"  which 
liad  been  previously  published,  being  tales 
for  the  young.  In  182.5  she  issued  4  vols,  of 
similar  tales,  under  the  title  of  "  Harriet 
and  Lucy,"  being  a  continuation  of  that 
course  of  moral  instruction  for  youthful 
readers  on  which  she  had  so  ably  and  so 
successfully  entered,  and  in  which  she  had 
so  few  predecessors  or  equals.  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  last  work  of  fiction,  a  novel  entitled 
"  Helen,"  in  3  vols.,  appeared  in  1834.  It  is 
not  inferior  to  any  of  her  other  works.  Be- 
sides those  already  mentioned,  she  also 
wrote  "The  Modern  Griselda,"  "Frank," 
"Garry  Owen,"  "Laurent  le  Paresseux," 
"  Little  Plays  for  Young  People,"  "  Moral 
Tales,"  "  Parent's  Assistant,"  "  Patronage 
and  Comic  Dramas,"  &c.  For  many  years, 
indeed,  literary  composition  formed  the 
chief  business  of  her  life.  Originality  and 
fertility  of  invention,  and  a  power  of  depict- 
ing Irish  manners,  unequalled  among  mo- 
dern authors,  are  her  chief  characteristics  as 
a  novelist.  She  especially  shone,  however, 
in  her  stories,  which  are  written  in  a  beauti- 
fully simple  style,  and  in  which  the  youth- 
ful mind  is  made  first  to  comprehend  its 
part  in  the  great  drama  of  social  life.  But 
ntuTierous  and  valuable  as  her  producti(ms 
are,  these  were  not  the  only  serWce  which 
she  rendered  to  literature.  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  with  whom  she  lived  in  the  closest  ties 


of  friendship,  has  acknowledged  that  to  her 
descriptions  of  Irish  character  and  manners 
we  are  indebted,  in  a  great  measure,  for  the 
"  Waverley  Novels."  "  The  rich  humour, 
pathetic  tenderness,  and  admirable  tact "  of 
her  Irish  delineations,  he  declared,  led  him 
first  to  think  that  something  might  be  at- 
tempted for  his  own  country  of  the  same 
kind  witli  that  which  Miss  Edgeworth  so 
fortunately  achieved  for  Ireland.  In  private 
life.  Miss  Edgeworth  was  highly  beloved  and 
respected  by  all  who  knew  her  ;  and,  in  her 
intercourse  with  society,  slie  was  most  un- 
alFeeted  and  agreeable.  But  she  had  long 
ceased  to  take  an  active  part  in  life,  or  in 
the  world  of  literature  of  which  she  was 
once  so  bright  an  ornament,  her  last  years 
being  passed  in  tranquillity  at  the  family 
seat  at  Edgeworthtown.    Died,  1849. 

EDGEWORTH  DE  FIRMONT,  Henry 
Es.sKX,  confessor  to  Louis  XVI.,  was  born 
at  Edgeworthtown.  Ireland,  in  1745.  His 
father,  who  was  a  Protestant  clergyman,  be- 
came a  Catholic,  and  went  with  his  family  to 
France,  where  Henry  was  educated.  Being 
devoted  to  the  cause  of  royalty,  he  offered  | 
personally  to  attend  the  kiiig  to  the  place  of  | 
execution,  ascended  the  scaffold  with  him, 
and  exclaimed,  as  the  axe  fell,  "  Son  of  Saint 
Louis,  ascend  to  heaven  I  "  He  succeeded  in 
escaping  to  this  country,  in  1790,  when  Mr. 
Pitt,  in  the  name  of  the  king,  offered  him  a 
pension,  which  he  declined.  He  followed 
Louis  XVIII.  to  Blankenburg,iu  Brunswick, 
and  thence  to  Mittau,  where  he  died  in  1807. 

EDMONDES,  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman  in 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles 
I.  He  was  also  distinguished  as  a  political 
writer.    Died,  1639. 

EDMONDSON,  Joseph,  a  genealogist  and 
heraldic  painter,  died  in  1780.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  A  Body  of  Heraldry,"  2  vols, 
folio  ;  and  "  Baronagium  Genealogicum,  or 
the  Pedigrees  of  English  Peers,"  6  vols. 

EDMUND,  St.,  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
was  so  illustrious  for  his  piety  as  to  obtain  a 
place  in  the  Roman  calendar.  In  870  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Danes 
under  Ivar,  who  caused  him  to  be  fastened 
to  a  tree,  and  to  be  shot  to  death  with  arrows. 
His  remains  were  interred  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's. 

EDMUND  I.,  king  of  England,  son  of 
Edward  the  Elder,  succeeded  his  brother 
Athelstan  in  941.  He  subdued  Mercia,  North- 
umberland, and  Cumberland.  He  was  killed 
in  948,  while  at  a  banquet,  by  an  outlaw, 
named  Leolf,  who  entered  among  the  guests, 
and  provoked  the  king  to  a  personal  attack 
upon  him. 

EDMUND  II.,  surnamed  Ironside,  on 
account  of  his  prodigious  strength,  was  the 
son  of  Ethelred,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1010; 
but  being  opposed  by  Canute,  he  agreed  to 
share  the  crown  with  him.  After  a  reign 
of  nine  months  only,  he  was  treacherously 
murdered,  in  1017,  at  Oxford,  by  two  of  his 
chamberlains. 

EDRIDGE,  Henry,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  miniature  painter,  was  born  at  Padding- 
ton,  in  1768.  His  earlier  portraits  are  prin- 
cipally drawn  on  paper,  with  black  lead  and 
Indian  ink  ;  but  in  later  years  he  produced 
[  an  immense  number  of  elaborately  finished 


edr] 


^  ^e&)  mnibtxial  mastai?l)v» 


[edw 


jjictures,  in  wliich  were  combined  the  depth 
und  richness  of  oil-paintings  with  the  free- 
dom of  water-colour  drawings.    Died,  1821. 

EDKISSI,  Ai;u  Abuai.lah  Moiiammkd 
BEN  Mohammed,  adcscendantof  the  African 
princes  of  the  race  of  Edris,  was  born  in 
Spain  in  10t>9,  and  settled  at  the  court  of 
Roger,  king  of  Sicily  ;  for  whom  he  framed 
an  inunense  terrestrial  globe  of  silver,  and 
wrote  in  ^Uabic  a  geographical  work  to  cx- 
pluiii  it. 

EDWARD  THE  Ei.r-KR,  son  of  Alfred  the 
Great,  succeeded  his  father  in  901.  He  en- 
couraged learning,  and  improved  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Northumbria  and 
East  Anglia  were  subdued  by  him  ;  and  he 
cxtcn<led  his  dominions  by  conquests  in 
Scotland  and  Wales.    Died,  023. 

EDWARD  THE  MAKXvit,  son  of  Edgar, 
king  of  England,  was  born  in  !)G2,  and  crown- 
ed in  i)7r>.  He  was  murdered  by  order  of  his 
steiimother  EUVida,  at  Coric  Castle,  after  a 
reign  of  three  years. 

EDWARD  THE  Coxfkssok,  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  the  son  of  Ethelred,  and  suc- 
ceeded llardicanutc  in  1041.  He  restored 
Malcolm  to  the  throne  of  Scotland,  which 
had  been  usurped  by  Macbeth.  He  caused 
the  Saxon  laws  to  be  revised,  amended, 
formed  into  one  body,  and  translated  into 
I/atin  ;  hence  they  were  called  his  laws. 
He  consulted  William  of  Normandy  about 
the  choice  of  a  successor,  which  fumialied 
that  prince  with  a  plea  for  invading  the 
kingdom  after  the  death  of  Edward,  whicli 
liappened  in  1W3. 

EDWARD  I.  (of  the  Norman  line),  king 
of  England,  called  I-ongshnnks,  succeeded 
his  father,  Henry  III.,  in  1272.  After  firmly 
establishing  his  authority  at  home,  he  led 
an  army  iuto  Talestine  against  the  Saracens, 
where  lie  signalised  his  valour  on  many 
occasions  ;  and  having,  on  his  return,  con- 
quered Wales,  he  created  his  son  prince  of 
that  country,  which  title  has  from  that  time 
been  given  to  the  heir-apparent.  He  also 
brought  Scotland  into  subjection,  and  took 
the  king,  John  Baliol,  prisoner.  Edward 
died  at  Carlisle  in  1307,  aged  68. 

EDWARD  II.  was  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  born  at  Caernarvon.  He  was 
governed  by  his  favourites,  Gaveston  and 
the  Spencers,  which  occasioned  the  barons 
to  rise  against  him.  After  resigning  his 
crown,  he  was  confined  in  Berkeley  Castle, 
Gloucestershire,  where  he  was  traitorously 
murdered  by  the  contrivance  of  his  queeu, 
Isabella,  and  her  favourite,  Roger  Mortimer, 
carl  of  ^larch,  in  1328.  His  deposition  took 
place  in  1327. 

EDWARD  in.,  the  son  and  successor  of 
the  above,  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
heroes  of  his  country.  Being  but  fifteen 
when  the  crown  devolved  t  >  him,  the  queen 
dowager  and  her  inlanions  paramour  go- 
verned during  the  first  three  years  of  his 
reign  ;  but  in  13.'!()  the  king  took  the  reins 
of  government  into  his  own  hands  ;  dis- 
graced and  confined  his  motlicr  ;  and  caused 
Mortimer  to  be  tried  and  executed  for  the 
murder  of  his  father,  and  his  uncle  the  earl 
of  Kent.  He  then  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  army,  reduced  the  Scots,  and  took 
their  king,  David,  prisoner,    lie  next  in- 


vaded France,  laid  claim  to  the  crown,  as 
heir  to  liis  mother,  the  sister  of  Chailes  the 
last  king,  who  died  without  issue.  Victo- 
rious by  sea  and  land  against  France  and 
Spain,  he  was  cle(;tcd  emperor  of  Germany, 
but  refused  the  hni)eriul  throne,  and  re- 
turned in  tritmiph  to  England  ;  leaving  his 
sou,  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  to  command 
the  army  in  his  absence.  He  died  in  1377, 
m  the  51st  year  of  his  reign,  and  the  C'.th 
of  his  age.  His  gallant  son  dying  before 
him,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson, 
Richard  II. 

EDWARD,  Prince  of  Wales,  surnamed 
the  Black  Prince,  son  of  Edward  III.,  was 
born  in  1330;  and,  accompanying  his  father  to 
France  iu  1345,  took  a  leading  part  in  gain- 
ing the  glorious  victory  of  Crcey  in  the 
year  following.  During  his  stay  in  France 
he  performed  many  other  acts  of  heroism, 
till  at  length,  in  135(5,  he  won  the  great 
battle  of  Poictiers,  when  he  took  king  John 
and  his  son  prisoners,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  much  by  his  courtesy  and  true 
chivalry  to  his  captives,  as  he  had  in  the  field 
by  his  unrivalled  valour.  He  was  created 
prince  of  Aquitaine  by  his  father  ;  and  died, 
univcrsallv  regretted,  in  137<i,  aged  45. 

EDWARD  IV.,  son  of  Richard  duke  of 
York,  succeeded  Henry  VI.  in  1461.  He 
married  l^ady  Elizabeth  Grey,  which  so  dis- 
gusted the  Earl  of  Warwick,  commonly 
Allied  the  king-maker,  that  he  joined  the 
Lancastrian  party,  and  defeated  Edward's 
forces  near  Banbury  in  1469.  Soon  after- 
wards he  took  Edward  prisoner,  who  ef- 
fected his  escape,  and  obtained  a  victory 
over  Warwick  at  Stamford  Wells.  That 
nobleman  fled  to  France,  from  whence  he 
returned  with  a  supply  of  troops,  and  pro- 
claimed Henry.  Edward  on  this  escaped 
beyond  sea,  and  Warwick  released  Henry 
from  the  Tower,  aiul  set  him  on  the  throne  ; 
but  Edward  returned  with  succours,  and 
marched  to  Eondon,  where  he  took  Henry 
prisoner.  He  shortly  after  defeated  War- 
wick, who  was  slain.  Another  victory  at 
Tewkesbury  secured  to  him  the  quiet  pos- 
session of  the  tluoue.  He  died  in  1483, 
aged  41. 

EDVV^ARD  v.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
whom  he  succeeded  at  the  age  of  12  years. 
Richard  duke  of  Gloucester,  his  uncle,  took 
the  guardianship  of  him  ami  his  brother 
into  his  own  hands,  and  placed  them  in  the 
Tower,  where  they  were  smothered  in  their 
beds  in  UKi. 

EDWARD  VI.,  the  only  son  of  Henry 
VIII.,  by  Jane  Seymour,  his  tliird  queen, 
ascended  the  throne  when  only  nine  years 
old  ;  and,  considering  his  extreme  youth, 
displayed  many  qualities  of  the  fairest  pro- 
mise. He  promoted  the  Reformation,  and 
established  the  service  of  the  Church  of 
England,  in  1552,  by  act  of  parliament.  He 
founded  the  hospitals  of  Christchurch, 
Bridewell,  and  St.  Thomas  ;  but  the  hopes 
of  the  nation  were  blighted  by  his  imtimely 
death  in  1553,  in  the  seventh  year  of  his 
reign,  and  the  16tli  of  his  age. 

EDWARD  Plantaoexet,  earl  of  War- 
wick, the  only  surviving  male  descendant 
of  the  house  of  York,  was  kept  a  iirisoner 
iu  the  Tower  several  years,  through  jcalou.sy, 


EDW] 


^  |}ctM  mnibtx^aX  BtograpTjj), 


[ege 


that    he    entered    into    a    conspiracy  with 
j  Perkin  Warbeck  against  Henry  VIII. 

EDWARDS,  Bryax,  an  ingenious  writer, 
I  was  bom  in  1743,  at  Westbury,  in  Wiltshire, 
I  and,  on  the  dcatli  of  liis  father,  was  taken 
j  under  the  care  of  an  uncle  in  Jamaica.    He 
afterwards  settled  in  England,  and  was  re- 
turned member  of   parliament  for  Gram- 
pound   in  Cornwall.     Mr.  Edwards  wrote 
*'  The  History;,  Civil  and  Commercial,  of  the 
British  Colonies  in  the  West  Indies,"  2  vols. 
4to.  ;    "  The  Proceedings  of  tiie  Governor 
and  Assembly  of  Jamaica  in  regard  to  the 
Maroon    Negroes  ;  "    and    "  An    Historical 
Survey  of  tlie  French  Colony  in  the  Island 
of  St.  Domingo,"  8vo.    He  died  in  1800. 

EDWARDS,  George,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, was  born  in  1693,  at  Stratford,  in 
Essex.  He  was  bred  to  trade,  but  on  the 
expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went 
I  abroad,  and  f(jr  some  years  applied  himself 
I  to  the  study  of  natural  history,  for  which  he 
had  alwaj's  shown  a  predilection.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  appointed  libra- 
rian of  the  college  of  physicians  ;  and  wliile 
holding  that  situation  he  published  a  "  His- 
tory of  Birds,"  in  7  vols.  4to  ;  "  Gleanings  of 
Natural  History,"  in  3  vols.  4to.  ;  and  a 
volume  of  Essays.    Died,  1773. 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  an  American, 
celebrated  for  his  metaphysical  knowledge, 
was  born  at  Windsor,  in  Connecticut,  in 
1703.  In  1722  he  became  a  preacher  at  New 
York  to  a  presbyterian  congregation,  and 
in  1724  was  chosen  tutor  of  Yale  College.  In 
1726  he  resigned  that  station,  and  became 
assistant  to  his  grandfather,  who  was  a 
minister  at  Northampton.  Here  he  con- 
tinued till  17.J0,  when  he  was  dismissed  for 
refusing  to  administer  the  sacrament  to  those 
who  could  not  give  proofs  of  their  being  con- 
verted. The  year  following  he  went  as 
missionary  among  the  Indians,  and  in  1757 
was  chosen  president  of  the  college  of  New 
Jersey,  where  he  died  in  1758.  He  wrote  a 
"  Treatise  concerning  religious  Affections  ;  " 
the  "  Life  of  David  Brainerd,  a  Missionary  ;  " 
an  "Inquiry  into  the  modern  prevailing 
Notion  of  that  Freedom  of  Will,  which  is 
supposed  to  be  essential  to  Moral  Agency," 
&c. 

EDWARDS,  TnoMAS,  an  ingenious  poet 
and  critical  \\iriter,  was  born  in  London  in 
1699,  and  bred  to  the  bar.  In  1744  he  at- 
tacked Warburton's  edition  of  Sliakspeare, 
which  being  coarsely  noticed  by  the  haughty 
editor,  was  followed  by  a  humorous  publi- 
cation, entitled,  "  Canons  of  Criticism,  with 
a  Glossary,"  which  passed  through  several 
editions.  He  was  also  the  author  of  some 
sonnets.     Died,  1757. 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1609.  He  was  a  fu- 
rious presbyterian,  and  wrote  with  equal 
zeal  against  the  episcopalians  aud  inde- 
pendents. When  the  latter  party  gained 
the  ascendancy,  he  withdrew  to  Holland, 
where  he  died  in  1647.  His  "  Gangrajna  " 
exhibits  a  curious  picture  of  the  religious 
divisions  of  that  period. 

EDWARDS,  William,  a  self-taught  ar- 
chitect, was    born    in    Glamorganshire,    in 


1710.  He  was  only  a  common  mason,  but 
by  the  force  of  genius  he  acquired  an  extra- 
ordinary skill  in  building  bridges,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  that  on  the  river  Taafe.  It 
is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the  chord  of  which 
at  the  surface  of  the  water  is  147  feet.  His 
skill  aud  success  in  this  instance  soon 
brought  him  into  note,  and  he  left  many 
other  proofs  of  his  great  abilities  as  a  bridge- 
builder.     Died,  1789. 

EDWIN,  John,  a  comic  actor  of  very  con- 
siderable talents,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1750.  He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the 
London  boards,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre, 
in  1775,  and  subsequently  performed  at 
Covent  Garden,  where  he  was  a  decided 
favourite.    Died,  1790. 

EDWY,  king  of  England,  son  of  Edmund 
I.,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edred  in  955.  He 
ojiposed  the  temporal  power  of  St.  Dunstan, 
and  called  him  to  account  for  his  share  in 
the  administration  of  the  preceding  reign  ; 
but  the  wily  ecclesiastic  proved  too  much  for 
the  monarch,  and  Edwy  was  driven  from  his 
throne,  to  make  way  for  his  brother  Edgar. 
He  died  in  959. 

EGBERT,  the  first  king  of  all  England, 
and  the  last  of  the  Saxon  heptarchj-,  was  a 
prince  of  great  accomplishments  ;  but,  while 
young,  he  was  obliged  by  Brilhric,  king  of 
Wessex,  to  withdraw  to  France,  where  he 
lived  at  the  court  of  Charlemagne.  There 
he  acquired  both  the  arts  of  war  and  govern- 
ment ;  and  being  recalled  to  take  possession 
of  the  kingdom  of  Wessex,  to  which  he  was 
the  rightful  heir,  he  soon  united  all  the 
other  kingdoms  under  him,  giving  the  whole 
the  name  of  England.  His  dominions  were 
twice  afterwards  invaded  by  the  Danes  with 
great  force,  but  he  signal  Ij'  defeated  them  on 
both  occasions.  He  died  in  838,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Ethelwolf. 

EGEDE,  Hans,  a  Danish  divine,  bom  in 
1686,  was  the  fonnr'er  of  the  religions  mis- 
sions to  Greenland,  whilher  he  went  in  1721, 
and  presided  over  the  establishment  there 
for  fifteen  years,  gaining  the  confidence  of 
the  natives  by  his  piety  and  benevolence. 
Died,  1758. 

EGEDE,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
his  assistant  in  the  mission,  and  imitated  his 
example.  He  composed  a  dictionary  and 
grammar  of  the  language  ;  translated  into 
it  a  part  of  the  Bible  ;  and  published  a 
journal  of  his  residence  in  Greenland,  from 
1721  to  1788.    Died,  1789. 

EGERTON,  Daniel,  a  theatrical  per- 
former, who,  for  many  years,  supported  an 
extensive  range  of  characters  of  a  second- 
ary class  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  He  was 
bom  in  1772,  made  his  debut  at  Birmingham 
in  1799  ;  and  after  taking  the  lead  at  Bath 
for  some  years,  came  to  Covent  Garden  in 
1809,  where  he  remained  till  18o2,  when,  in 
conjunction  with  Abbot,  he  embarked  his 
money  and  talents  in  the  management  of  the 
Victoria  Theatre.  This  was  an  unfortunate 
speculation,  and  proved  liis  total  ruin.  Died, 
1835.  I 

EGERTON,  John,  an  eminent   prelate, 
born  in  London  in  1721,  was  the  son  of  the  I 
Bishop  of  Hereford  ;   studied  at  Eton  and  i 
Oxford  ;  was  made  dean  of  Hereford  in  17.50; 
and  afterwards  successively  preferred  to  the 


ege] 


^  ^ebi  Wittibtr^al  'Miatixnp'^i}, 


[eld 


bishoprics  of  Bangor,  Liciifielil,  and  Dur- 
ham, lie  was  an  eloquent  preaclier,  and  a 
liberal  contributor  to  several  impoitaut 
works  in  his  diocese.    Died,  1787. 

EGEIITON,  Thomas,  lord  chancellor  of 
England  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  was  the 
natural  son  of  Sir  Richard  Egerton,  in 
Cheshire,  and  born  in  1540.  He  was  made 
attorncy-geueral  in  15ST2  ;  soon  after,  master 
of  the  rolls  ;  and  then  lord-keeper.  In  1(51)3 
he  was  appointed  lord-ciiancellor,  with  the 
title  of  baron  Ellesmcre  ;  and  in  ItilO  he 
was  created  yiscount  Bracklcy,  but  died  tlie 
year  following.  His  principal  work  is  en- 
titled "  Tlie  Privileges  and  Prerogatives  of 
the  High  Court  of  Cliancery." 

EGG,  JoHX  Ga.spak,  a  Swiss  agricultu- 
rist and  political  economist,  born  in  17^8. 
He  was  the  founder  of  several  industrious 
agricultural  colonics,  working  with  common 
funds,  iu  the  manner  of  those  projected  by 
Mr.  Owen  of  Lanark. 

EGIL,  ScALLEGiiiM,  an  Icelandic  warrior 
and  poet  of  the  10th  century,  wlio  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  warlike  exi)loit8  in 
predatory  invasions  of  Scotland  and  North- 
uinl)erlaud.  The  son  of  Eric  Blodtcxe,  king 
of  Norway,  being  slain  by  him  in  combat, 
he  was  doomed  to  death  on  being  subse- 
quently taken  prisoner  by  that  prince  ;  but 
having  extemporaneously  composed  and  re- 
cited a  poem  in  praise  of  Eric,  he  obtaiucd 
his  life  and  lilK-rty. 

EGINIIAUT,  or  .(EGINIIARD,  a  cele- 
brated lilstoi'ian,  was  a  native  of  Germany 
and  the  pupil  of  Alcuin,  wlio  reconuntnded 
him  to  Charleniagne.  At  lirst  he  was  the 
emperor's  secretary,  and  it  appears  that  he 
gained  his  esteem  and  confidence ;  but  the 
story  of  his  nightly  interview  and  marriage 
witli  Clmrlemague's  daughter,  Imma,  is  now 
believed  to  be  as  fabulous  as  it  is  incredible. 
He  wrote  a  "Life  of  Charlemagne,"  "Annals 
of  France,  from  741  to  829,"  and  some  Epis- 
tles. He  became  abbot  of  the  monastery  of 
Seligenstadt,  and  died  there  in  8^!). 

EGINTON,  Fkancis,  an  artist  celebrated 
for  Ills  paintings  on  glass,  and  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  the  restoration  of  that  art, 
was  born  in  1737,  and  died  at  Handsworth, 
in  Shropshire,  in  1805. 

EGLANTINE,  Fabre  d',  was  one  of  those 
misguided  beings  who  played  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  French  revolution.  He  possessed 
a  degree  of  playful  talent,  which  is  pour- 
trayed  in  some  light  dramatic  pieces,  but  his 
character  wanted  consistency  ;  for  he  aimed 
at  being  a  painter,  an  engraver,  a  musician, 
and  a  poet,  but  did  not  acquire  excellence  in 
any  profession.  At  length  his  puerile  ambi- 
tion led  him  to  become  a  violent  revolu- 
tionist ;  and  he  tried  to  l)e  loudest  in  the 
assembly  of  the  Convention  in  voting  for  the 
death  of  Louis  XVI.  without  appeal.  Yet 
the  same  man  shortly  after  was  an  acknow- 
ledged moderate,  a,  sin  for  which  Robespierre 
and  llebert  persecuted  him  with  a  bitterness 
that  brought  his  head  to  the  block,  at  the 
age  of  39.  Eglantine  suffered  with  Danton 
and  others  in  April,  1794. 

EGMONT,  Lamoual,  Count  of,  a  distin- 
guiehed  nobleman  in  Flanders,  was  born  in 
1522,  and  served  in  the  armies  of  Charles  V. 
with  great  reputation.  lie  was  made  gene- 
SCO 


ral  of  horse  bv  Philip  II.,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin  in  1557. 
But  the  Duke  of  Alva  fearing  his  power,  and 
that  his  designs  wei-e  in  favour  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  caused  him  to  be  beheaded  at 
Brusfcls,  in  15fi8,  together  witli  Count  Horn. 

EGllEMONT,  GK01K5K  O'BuiE.v  Wvnd- 
ham.  Earl  of,  was  born  in  1751,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  peerage  when  lie  was  only  12 
years  old.  This  illustrious  nobleman  dis- 
played throughout  the  whole  course  of  his 
long  and  useful  life  a  liberal  spirit  and  pa- 
trician magnificence.  Though  he  never  took 
a  very  prominent  part  in  the  dis^cussions  of 
the  legislature,  he  enjoyed  much  political 
consideration  ;  and  in  times  of  pressure  and 
peril,  his  purse,  his  example,  and  his  exer- 
tions were  nobly  devoted  to  his  country's 
cause.  His  mansion  at  Petworth  contained 
the  noblest  productions  of  genius,  including 
one  of  the  best  libraries  iu  the  kingdom  ; 
and  his  patronage  of  British  artists  was  un- 
bounded. When  the  earl  succeeded  to  the 
title  and  estates,  the  yearly  rental  amounted 
to  not  quite  45,000/.  per  annum,  which  at 
tlie  time  of  his  decease  had  been  increased 
to81,(KHJ/. ;  and  in  the  last  CO  years  he  had 
distriliuted  in  acts  of  charity  and  liberality 
the  immense  sum  of  1,200,000/.,  or  about 
20,000/.  per  annum  I     Died,  Ibi^J,  aged  85. 

EICHHOliN,  John  Gkouuk,  an  eminent 
German  divine  and  biblical  critic,  was  \mrn 
in  1752,  and  became  professor  of  Oriental 
literature  at  Jena  ;  from  which  place  he 
went  to  the  university  of  (iolti)igen,  where 
he  was  long  one  of  its  brightest  ornaments. 
His  works  are  erudite  und  voluminous  ;  but 
our  limits  will  allow  us  to  mention  only  a 
few  of  the  principal.  "The  History  of 
Literature  from  the  Earliest  to  the  Latest 
Times,"  11  vols.;  a  "General  Library  of 
Biblical  Literature,"  10  vols. ;  "  Repertory 
of  Biblical  and  Oriental  Literature,"  18 
vols.;  "Introductions  to  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,"  each  5  vols.  &c.    Died,  1827. 

ELBEE,  GicoT  v\  generalissimo  of  the 
"Vendean  royalists,  was  bom  at  Dresden,  in 
1752.  lie  entered  the  French  army  as  lieu- 
tenant of  cavalry  ;  and  having,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  retired  to  his 
estate  in  Anjou,  the  insurgent  peasants  of 
La  Vendee,  in  1793,  chose  him  their  leader. 
He  displayed  great  courage  and  firmness, 
won  many  victories,  and  was  often  defeated 
by  superior  numbers  ;  at  length  he  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  brought  before 
a  court-martial,  and  sliot,  January  2.  1794. 

ELDON,  John  Scott,  Earl  of,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  statesman,  who  for  25 
years  filled  the  office  of  lord  high  chancellor 
of  England,  was  the  third  son  of  William 
Scott,  coal-fitter,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
and  a  younger  brother  of  the  late  Lord  Sto- 
well.  He  was  born  on  the  4th  of  June,  1751 
(the  birthday  of  his  friend  and  master,  George 
III.) ;  and,  after  receiving  the  rudiments  of 
his  education  at  the  grammar-school  of  New- 
castle, was  admitted  a  commoner  of  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
fellow  in  1767  ;  gained  the  chancellor's 
prize,  "  On  the  Advantages  and  Disadvan- 
tages of  Foreign  Travel,"  in  1771  ;  and  there 
was  every  prospect  of  his  obtaining  college 
preferment,  had  he  remained  single.  Having, 


ele] 


^  i^tbi  Bnihtv^Kl  JSmsrapTjy, 


[eli 


however,  contracted  a  marringe  with  Miss 
Surtees,  a  young  lady  of  Newcastle,  he  re- 
solved on  making  tlie  law  his  profession, 
and  to  that  end  he  studied  late  and  early. 
In  1773  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Middle  Temple  ;  but  he  resided  chiefly  in  or 
near  Oxford,  till  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1776.  Years  of  laborious  study  passed  away, 
with  little  encouragement  to  him,  and  he 
had  seriously  resolved  to  quit  London,  to 
practise  as  a  provincial  counsel  in  his  native 
town  ;  but  his  knowledge  and  application 
had  not  been  unobserved  by  some  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  the  profession,  who 
persuaded  him  to  remain,  assuring  him  his 
success  was  certain  ;  and  the  result  quickly 
I)roved  the  correctness  of  their  predictions, 
for  he  shortly  after  became  the  leader  on  the 
northern  circuit.  In  178.3,  Mr.  Scott  came 
into  parliament  for  the  borough  of  VVeobly, 
and  attached  himself  to  tlie  parly  of  Mj. 
Pitt,  wIjo  was  his  personal  friend.  His  pro- 
gress towards  the  highest  legal  honours  now 
appeared  certain  :  he  was  made  solicitor- 
general  in  1788,  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  became  attorney-general  in 
1793.  In  179(5  Sir  John  Scott  was  returned 
for  Boroughbridge,  fts  the  colleague  of  Sir 
rrancis  Burdett ;  succeeded  Sir  James  Eyre 
as  lord  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas  ; 
and  in  July,  1799,  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  baron  Eldon,  of  Eldon,  in  the  county  of 
Durham.  In  1801  he  became  lord  high 
chancellor  of  England,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  elected  high  steward  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  when  tlie  degree  of  D.C.L.  was 
conferred  on  him.  In  February,  1800,  he 
resigned  the  great  seal ;  but  was  re-appointed 
in  April,  1807,  from  which  period  he  held  it 
until  April  30.  1827,  being  altogether  nearly 
2.5  years.  At  the  coronation  of  George  IV. 
the  lord  cliancellor  was  promoted  to  the 
dignities  of  viscount  Encombe  and  earl  of 
Eldon.  His  whole  life  was  an  example  of 
unremitting  diligence  in  the  most  arduous 
of  all  professions  ;  and  there  are  few  who 
will  dispute  the  character  given  of  him  by 
that  able  and  upright  advocate  Sir  Samuel 
Romilly,  who  in  the  House  of  Commons 
declared,  "  there  never  was  a  man  in  the 
court  of  chancery  who  more  endeared  him- 
seli"  to  the  bar,  or  exhibited  more  humane 
attention  to  the  suitors  :  there  never  presided 
in  that  court  a  man  of  more  deep  and  various 
learning  in  his  profession  ;  and  in  anxiety 
to  do  justice,  that  court  had  never  seen,  he 
would  not  say  the  superior,  but  the  equal  of 
the  lord  chancellor.  If  he  had  a  fault,  it 
was  an  over-anxiety  to  do  justice."  His 
politics  will  yet  be  viewed  through  the 
various  lights  and  shades  of  party  feeling ; 
but  no  one,  with  due  reflection,  will  attribute 
to  Lord  Eldon  a  want  of  integrity,  or  a  de- 
parture from  any  principle  which  lie  con- 
scientiously believed  would  tend  to  the  good 
of  his  country.  He  died  at  his  house  in 
Hamilton  Place,  London,  Jan.  13. 18;58,  being 
in  his  87 Ih  year.  [Lady  Eldon  died  in  1831.] 
ELEANOR,  duchc.^sofGuienne,  succeeded 
her  father  \^'illiam  IX.  in  1137,  at  the  age 
of  1.5,  and  the  same  year  married  Louis  VII. 
king  ol  France,  whom  she  accompanied  to 
the  Holy  Land.  A  separation  ensued  be- 
tween her  and  Louis,  and  in  1153  she  married  i 


the  Huke  of  Normandy,  afterwards  Henry 
II.  king  of  England,  which  occasioned  a 
succession  of  wars  between  the  two  king- 
doms. Her  jealousy  of  Henry,  and  her  con- 
duct to  Fair  Rosamond,  have  aflforded  a 
copious  subjeat  to  poets  and  romance- writers. 
She  excited  her  sons  to  rebel  against  their 
father,  for  which  she  was  imprisoned  16 
years.  On  the  accession  of  Richard  I.  she 
was  released,  and  in  his  absence  to  the  Holy 
Land  she  was  made  regent.    Died,  1204. 

ELGIN  and  KINCARDINE,  Thomas 
BisrcE,  Earl  of,  was  born  in  1771,  succeeded 
to  the  peerage  in  his  childhood,  and  received 
his  education  at  Harrow  and  Westminster 
Schools,  and  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drew's. On  many  occasions  the  Earl  of  Elgin 
was  honoured  with  diplomatic  missions,  the 
last  of  which  was  as  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary to  the  Sublime  Porte,  in  1789,  where 
he  continued  till  the  French  were  finally 
driven  out  of  Egypt.  Being  desirous  of 
rescuing  the  remains  of  Greece  also  from 
destruction  and  oblivion,  he  availed  himself 
of  the  opportunities  of  his  station,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  forming  a  vast  collection  of  statues, 
specimens  of  architecture,  medals,  and  other 
valuable  antiquities,  which  were  eventually 
purchased  by  government  for  3.5,000/.,  and 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  Much 
censure  has  been  lavi-shed  by  l.,ord  Byron 
and  others  on  the  Earl  of  Elgin  for  removing 
these  antiquities  from  Athens  ;  but  if  it  be 
true,  as  is  asserted,  that  the  cost,  including 
interest  of  money,  amounted  to  74,W0l.,  the 
"  mercantile  spirit"  with  which  he  has  been 
charged  is  altogether  without  foundation, 
inasmuch  as  he  lost  more  than  one  half  of 
that  sum  in  endeavoin-ing  to  secure  these 
invaluable  treasures.    Died,  1841,  aged  7.5. 

ELIAS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  born  at  Cassel  in  10.58,  and  settled  at 
Dunkirk,  where  he  painted  a  grand  altar- 
piece.  His  portraits  are  iu  high  estimation. 
Died,  1741, 

ELICAGARY,  Dosiinique,  a  Frencli 
ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Bayonne  in  17<>0  ; 
quitted  France  in  1791,  because  he  would 
not  subscribe  to  the  new  constitution  of  the 
chmch,  but  returned  under  the  directorial 
government,  and  exercised  the  functions  of 
rector  of  the  academj'.  During  the  "  hun- 
dred d.'iys  "  he  accompanied  the  Duchess  of 
Anaoulerae  to  England,  as  almoner.  Died, 
1822. 

ELIO,  FnANCis  Xaviek,  a  Spanish  gene- 
ral, who  nobly  defended  his  country  against 
the  French,  and  at  the  restoration  of  Ferdi- 
nand VII.  was  appointed  governor  of  Va- 
lencia ;  but  when  the  resolution  took  place, 
in  1820,  part  of  tlie  population  rose  against 
the  governor,  and  declaring  him  guilty  of 
tyrannical  acts,  he  was  imprisoned,  tried  by 
a  military  commission,  and  sentenced  to  the 
punishment  of  death,  whi(rh  was  inflicted, 
Sept.  3.  1822.  When  Ferdinand  recovered 
his  authority  in  1823,  the  proceedings  were 
reversed,  and  a  pension  was  granted  to  his 
widow  and  family. 

ELIOT,  Joux,  an  English  divine,  styled 
the  apostle  to  the  Indians,  was  born  in  1C04  ; 
went  to  New  England  in  1031 ;  and  there 
learned  the  Indian  language,  that  he  might 
devote  himself  to  the  conversion  of  the  na- 


^70 


ELl] 


^  f.tta  Winibtri:d  I3iogr?tj)^i»» 


[ell 


lives.  In  this  he  met  with  great  success,  and 
obtained  a  considerable  influence  over  tlie 

!  various  tribes.  lie  translated  the  Bible  into 
their  language,  and  wrote  several  pieces  of 
practical  divinity.    Died,  1689. 

i  ELIOT,  Thomas,  an  English  writer  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  lie  was  a  native 
of  Suttblk,  but  resided  chiefly  at  Cambridge. 
He  compiled  a  Latin  and  English  dictionary, 
and  died  in  154<;. 

I  ELIOTT,or  ELLIOT,  George  AcorsTus, 
lord  Ileathfield,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Eliott,  of  Stobs,  lioxlnughshirc,  and  l>orn 
about  1718.  After  receiving  his  education 
at  I^eyden  he  in  1735  attaclied  himself 
to  the  engineer  corps  ;   from  which  Jie  re- 

•  moved,  and  obtained  an  adjutancy  in  the 
2nd  troop  of  horse  grenadiers,  with  which 
he  went  to  Germany,  and  was  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Dettingcn.  In  1759  he  was 
appointed  to  raise  the  1st  regiment  of  light 
horse,  with  wliich  he  served  on  the  Continent 
witii  great  reputation;  and  on  his  recall  from 
Germany  he  was  sent  to  the  Huvannali,  in 
the  reduction  of  which  he  had  an  eminent 
share.  In  1775,  General  Eliott  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  Ireland ; 
from  whence  lie  returned  soon  after,  and  was 

'  made  governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  fortress 
he  deliended  with  consimimate  talent  and 

i  persevering  fortitude.    He  was  very  abste- 

,  miuus,  his  constant  food  being  vegetal)Ie8, 

;  and  his  drink  water.  He  never  allowed 
himself  but  four  hours  sleep  at  a  time  ;  and 
was  so  accustomed  to  hardiness  that  it  was 
become  habitual.    On  his  return  to  Kngland 

1  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of 
lord  Heathfleld,  baron  Gibraltar;  and  died 
in  179(). 

ELISSE  (Perc),  a  name  once  of  great 
diplomatic  influence  ;  born  in  17()9,  died  in 
1817.  He  was  surgeon  to  I^uis  XVIII., 
while  at  Hartwell,  and  returned  to  France 
in  1814,  in  his  train,  on  tlie  restoration. 
He  has  been  accused,  in  conjunction  with 
Blacas,  of  having  contributed  to  tlie  return 
of  Napoleon  from  p]lba,  by  the  re-action 
wliich  tlieir  ultra-royal  zeal  provoked. 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  England,  was  the 
daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Anne  Boleyn, 
and  born  in  1.533.  She  was  educated  in  the 
Protestant  religion  ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Mary, 
in  consequence  of  her  known  attachment  to 
it,  she  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  from  whence 
she  was  afterwards  removed  to  Woodstock. 
On  the  death  of  her  sister  in  1558,  she  was 
proclaimed  queen,  amid  the  acclamations  of 
assembled  multitudes,  and  to  the  great  joy 
of  the  nation.  Philip  of  Spain  made  her  an 
offer  of  marriage,  which  she  declined.  The 
French  and  Spaniards  having  formed  a  league 
for  the  extirpation  of  heresy,  Elizabeth  was 
induced  to  protect  the  Protestants  ;  and  this 
she  did  so  effectually  as  to  separate  tlie  United 
Provinces  from  the  Spanish  throne.  The 
king  of  Spoin,  in  return,  sent  a  body  of  troops 
to  invade  Ireland,  but  they  were  all  cut  off 
by  Lord  Grey,  tlie  deputy.  In  the  me.in  time 
various  offers  of  marriage  were  made  to  the 
queen,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  was 
that  of  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  who  came  to 
Eii;;land  for  the  purpose,  but  after  staying 
some  time,  the  affair  was  broken  off.  In  1588, 
Pliilip  sent  against  England  lua  famous  Ar- 

271 


mada,  to  which  the  pope  gave  the  appellation 
of  Invincible.  On  this  occasion  the  queen 
distinguished  herself  by  her  great  presence 
of  mind  and  inflexible  courage.  She  rode 
on  horseback  in  the  camp  of  Tilbury,  and 
inspired  her  people  with  heroism  by  her 
deportment  and  her  speeches.  The  English 
fleet,  however,  assisted  by  the  winds,  pre- 
vented the  Spaniards  from  landing,  and 
their  boasted  armada  was  destroyed.  Eliza- 
beth combined  prudence  with  fortitude,  and 
judgment  with  vigour  ;  but  she  was  violent, 
haught}',  and  insatiably  fond  of  admiration. 
During  her  reign  the  nation  was  raised  to  a 
high  degree  of  prosperity,  and  its  foreign 
enemies  were  eftcctually  humbleil ;  but  her 
deceptive  and  cruel  contluct  in  the  afiair  of 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  has  left  an  indelible 
stain  on  her  memory.  She  had  strong  na- 
tural talent,  was  well  versed  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  gave  repeated  proofs  of  her  skill 
in  the  art  of  governing  a  brave  and  free 
people.    Died,  1002. 

ELIZABETH  PETROWNA,  daughter  of 
Peter  the  Great,  was  born  in  17t»9.  In  1741 
she  usurped  the  imperial  throne,  bydetliron- 
ing  the  infant  Ivan,  which  revolution  was 
effected  without  the  shedding  of  blood.  At 
her  accession  she  made  avow  that  no  capital 
punishments  should  take  place  in  her  reign. 
But  her  humanity  was  equivocal,  as  is  in- 
stanced in  the  shocking  inini.-^hment  which 
she  inflicted  upon  the  Countess  Bestuchef 
and  Lapookin,  who  were  ptd)licly  knouted, 
and  had  their  tongues  cut  out,  for  betraying 
some  Beciets  relating  to  the  amours  of  the 
empress.    She  died  in  17(!1. 

ELIZ.VBETH,  PniLii-nxK  ^Iarie  He- 
lens, sister  of  Louis  XVI.,  was  born  at  Ver- 
sailles, in  1704,  and  perished  by  the  guillo- 
tine, in  1794.  When  Louis  fled  from  Paris, 
she  Bccomi>anied  him,  and  was  brought 
back  with  him  from  Varennes.  With  the 
royal  family  she  was  carried  into  the  Temple, 
but  removed  from  it.  May  9lh,  1794,  to  the 
Conciergerie,  because  it  had  been  discovered 
that  she  corresponded  with  the  princes,  her 
brothers.  The  next  morning,  when  carried 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  asked 
her  name  and  rank,  she  replied  with  dignity, 
"  I  am  Elizabeth  of  France,  and  the  aunt  of 
your  king."  Though  she  was  compelled  to 
submit  to  the  horrible  necessity  of  witness- 
ing the  execution  of  24  victims  who  were 
sentenced  with  her,  she  met  her  fate  with 
heroic  calmness,  and  breathed  not  a  word 
against  her  merciless  judges. 

ELLENBOROL'GU,  EiJWART)  Law,  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  and  a 
distinguished  lawyer,  was  the  son  of  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  born  in  1748  at  Great 
Salkfleld,  Cumberland.  On  the  trial  of 
Warren  Hastings,  in  1785,  Erskine  having 
refused  to  undertake  the  defence,  he  served 
as  leading  counsel,  and  obtained  the  victory. 
In  1801  he  was  made  attorney-general,  and 
next  year,  on  the  death  of  Lord  Kenyon, 
became  lordchief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  was  created  a  peer.  During  a  period  of 
great  difliculty.  Lord  Ellcnborough  filled  the 
arduous  office  with  great  acuteness,  and  pro- 
found legal  knowledge.  It  is  said,  that  the 
result  of  the  trials  of  Hone,  who  was  pro- 
secuted for  impious  parodies  and  libels  (the 


ell] 


^  iflrio  Hntiier^al  JJiogvajpT)!?. 


[ell 


jury  having  found  verdicts  contrary  to  liis 
lordship's  charges),  hofl  a  great  ettbct  on  liis 
declining  state  of  health  ;  and  though  he 
continued  to  appear  in  court,  and  performed 
his  functions  with  his  usual  energy  of  mind, 
his  frame  was  fast  sinking.     Died,  1318. 

EIxLEY,  Lieutenant-general  Sir  Jonx,  a 
distinguished  English  otficer,  whose  services 
are  the  more  worthy  of  record,  because,  by 
his  own  sheer  merit,  he  rose  to  almost  the 
highest  military  rank,  and  to  a  liost  of  other 
honours,  from  the  very  humble  situation  of 
a  private  iu  the  royal  horse  guards  blue. 
After  passing  through  the  inferior  grades, 
and  serving  with  great  credit  as  a  quarter- 
master, he,  in  1791,  obtained  a  cornctcy  in 
the  Blues.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
the  Low  Countries  in  179-'5  and  two  following 
years,  and  was  present  at  nearly  every 
action,  including  the  siege  of  Valenciennes. 
By  the  year  180d  he  had  fought  his  way  up 
to  a  lieutenant-colonelcy  ;  in  1808  and  1809 
he  served  as  assistant  adjutant-general  to 
the  cavalry  iu  Spain,  and  was  present  at  all 
the  sanguinary  affairs  in  that  country  and 
Portugal  throughout  the  remainder  of  the 
Peninsular  war.  He  subsequently  served  in 
the  Netherlands,  and  was  at  the  final  shock 
of  battle, "  Waterloo,"  where  he  was  service- 
able not  merely  as  an  officer,  but  even  as  an 
individual  trooper  ;  for  we  read  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  "  Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk," 
that  several  of  Napoleon's  cuirassiers  were 
found  cleft  to  the  very  chine  by  Ellcy's  stal- 
wart arm.  In  addition  to  his  high  military 
rank,  Sir  John  was  K.  C.  B.,  K.  C.  H.,  and 
governor  of  Galway.    Died,  18o9. 

ELLIOTT,  Ejsknezek,  "  The  Corn-Law 
Rhymer,"  was  born  at  Masborough  near 
Rotherham  in  1781,  where  his  father  was  a 
commercial  clerk  in  the  iron  works.  His 
early  years  were  not  marked  by  any  of  the 
shrewdness  or  ability  for  whiclx  he  was  after- 
wards distinguished  ;  but  his  love  of  nature 
was  intense,  and  his  first  publication,  "The 
Vernal  Walk,"  written  in  his  17th  year, 
showed  to  what  extent  the  scenery  of  his 
native  country  had  impressed  itself  on  his 
mind.  From  this  period  his  poetic  effusions 
were  unceasing.  Poem  after  poem  succeeded 
each  other  without  interruption  ;  he  con- 
tributed to  the  New  Monthly  Magazine, 
Tait's  Magazine,  and  many  other  periodi- 
cals ;  and  in  originality,  power,  and  beauty, 
his  writings  may  vie  with  those  of  any  con- 
temporary writer.  The  great  object  of  his 
political  life  was  the  abolition  of  the  corn 
laws  ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the 
"Corn-Law  Rliymes  "  were  as  instrumental, 
especially  in  the  manufacturing  districts,  in 
fanning  the  excitement  which  ultimately  led 
to  the  abolition  of  the  corn  laws,  as  the 
eloquence  of  any  member  of  the  Anti-Corn- 
Law-League.  But  while  Ebenezer  Elliott 
courted  tlie  muses,  he  did  not  neglect  the 
more  practical  business  of  life  ;  and  though 
at  first  unsuccessful  in  the  iron  trade,  his 
energy  and  perseverance  were  ultimately 
crowned  with  great  success.  The  last  edition 
of  his  poems  appeared  in  one  volume  in 
1840.  Died,  1849.  Some  posthumous  poems 
have  also  been  published,  besides  a  not  very 
felicitous  account  of  his  life. 
ELLIS,  Geouge,  a  miscellaneous  writer 


of  considerable  talent,  was  born  in  London 
in  1745,  and  died  in  1815.  He  commenced 
liis  literary  career  as  the  author  of  various 
political  satires  and  essays ;  and  he  subse- 
quently produced  "  Specimens  of  early  Eng- 
lish Poets,"  "Specimens  of  early  English 
Metrical  Romances,"  &c. 

ELLIS,  Joiix,  an  English  poet,  was  bom 
in  London  in  1698,  and  brought  up  a  scri- 
vener. Mr.  Ellis  was  the  intimate  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  wrote  several  pieces  in 
Dodsley's  Collection.    Died,  1791. 

ELLIS,  John,  a  naturalist,  was  born  in 
London  in  1710,  and  died  in  1770.  Ilis  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  An  Essay  towards  a  Na- 
tural History  of  British  Corallines,"  and  "A 
Natural  History  of  inicommon  Zoophytes." 

ELLIS,  William,  a  practical  agriculturist 
of  the  18tli  century,  who  lived  at  Great  Gad- 
desdcn,  Herts,  and  enjoyed  considerable  re- 
putation both  as  an  inventor  of  farming  im- 
plements, and  as  the  author  of"  The  Modem 
Husbandman,"  in  8  vols. 

ELLISTON,  RoBEuT  William,  an  emi- 
nent comedian,  was  born  in  London  in  1774. 
lie  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and 
intended  for  the  church  ;  but  at  the  age  of 
1(5  he  quitted  school,  without  the  knowledge 
of  his  friends,  went  to  Bath,  and  there  first 
gratified  his  ambition  for  scenic  celebrity. 
With  the  Bath  company  he  remained  one 
season  ;  he  then  joined  that  of  York,  under 
Tate  Wilkinson,  but  returned  to  his  former 
quarters  in  1793,  where  for  about  four  years 
he  continued  to  play  a  variety  of  characters 
in  tragedy,  comedy,  opera,  or  pantomime  ; 
for  such  was  his  versatility  and  tact,  that  he 
appeared  advantageously  in  all.  His  first 
bow  to  a  London  audience  was  made  at  the 
Haymarket  Theatre,  June  the  24th,  179G ; 
but  though  engaged  occasionally  for  Covent 
Garden,  it  was  not  till  1804  that  he  became 
fixed  at  either  of  the  winter  houses.  This 
occurred  on  Kemble's  retirement  from  Drury 
Lane  ;  and  till  the  destruction,  by  fire,  of 
that  edifice  in  1809,  he  continued  to  be  one 
of  its  most  active  and  etiicient  supporters. 
He  then  took  the  Circus,  and  having  given 
it  the  name  of  the  Surrey  Theatre,  he  com- 
menced performing  the  plays  of  Shakspeare, 
&c.  under  new  titles,  and  with  such  inge- 
nious alterations  as  brought  them  within  the 
licence  granted  to  the  minor  theatres.  His 
speculation,  however,  turned  out  by  no 
means  successful :  he  relinquished  it,  and 
returned  to  Drury  Lane,  where  for  several 
years  he  maintained  his  ground  as  a  decided 
public  favourite  ;  but  becoming  the  lessee  of 
tliat  theatre  in  1819,  at  an  annual  rent  of 
10,200/.,  it  ended  in  his  bankruptcy  in  1826. 
After  this  he  was  concerned  in  the  Olympic 
Theatre  ;  and,  lastly,  he  a  second  time  under- 
took the  superintendence  of  the  Surrey,  which 
appeared  to  be  in  a  prosperous  state  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1831. 
No  man  who  ever  trod  the  stage  was  more  at 
home  on  it ;  and  while  he  excelled  in  a 
varied  range  of  first-rate  characters  belong- 
ing to  genteel  comedy,  he  was  more  than 
merely  respectable  in  tragedy  ;  but  comedy 
was  decidedly  his  forte,  and  nature  had 
given  him  a  large  share  of  those  main  re- 
quisites for  it  —  buoyant  spirits,  mirthful 
hilarity,  dry  humuur,  and  fervid  gallantry. 


I 


ell] 


^  ^ctD  ?lfm'bcrs'al  33t0firapTj|). 


ELLWOOD,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Crowell 
in  Oxfordshire,  in  16o!).  He  was  bred  in 
the  tenets  of  tlie  Cliurch  of  England,  but 
was  induced  to  join  tiie  Quakers,  tlirough 
which  he  lost  the  favour  of  his  father.  He 
became  reader  to  Milton,  whicli  tended 
greatly  to  his  iinprovcmciit  in  learning. 
Eliwood  suft'ered  imprisonment  for  lus  pro- 
fession, and  wrote  a  number  of  books  iu  its 
defence.  He  also  edited  George  Fox's  Jour- 
nal, and  publi.-ihed  a  History  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments  ;  a  sacred  poem  on  the  life 
of  Huvid,  &<;.    Died,  1713. 

ELMSLEY,  Pkter,  D.D.,  an  eminent 
philologist  and  classical  scholar,  was  bom 
in  1773,  and  received  his  education  at  West- 
minster and  Oxford.  In  pursuit  of  his  phi- 
lological studies  he  visited  the  principal 
libraries  on  the  Continent ;  and  iu  1819,  in 
conjunction  with  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  he 
accepted  a  comn\ission  from  government  for 
the  development  of  the  Hercuianean  papyri, 
but  their  labours  proved  abortive.  On  his 
return  lie  settled  at  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  Camden  professorship  of  ancient 
history,  and  was  elected  principal  of  St. 
Alban's  Hall.  He  produced  editions  of 
various  classics,  and  contributed  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the  Edinburgh  Review,  and  at  a 
subsequent  period  to  the  Quarterly.  Died, 
1«L>5. 

ELPHINSTON,  ABxnuR,  Lord  Balme- 
KiNO,  was  born  in  1688.  He  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  foot  in  Lord  Shan- 
non's regiment  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne  ; 
but  at  the  accession  of  George  I.  resigned 
that  commission,  and  joined  the  Earl  of 
Mar,  under  whom  he  served  at  the  battle  of 
Sheriffmuir.  After  that  engagement,  James's 
affairs  being  in  a  desperate  situation,  Elphin- 
ston  found  means  to  escape  out  of  Scotland, 
and  to  enter  into  the  French  service,  in  which 
he  continued  till  tlic  death  of  his  brother 
Alexander  in  1733,  when  he  returned  home. 
When  the  Chevalier  de  St.  George  arrived  in 
Scotland  in  1744,  Elphinston  was  one  of  the 
flrst  that  repaired  to  his  standard,  and  was 
api)ointed  colonel  and  captain  of  the  second 
troop  of  life-guards.  At  the  decisive  battle 
of  CuUoden,  Lord  Balmerino  (for  he  had 
succeeded  to  the  title  a  few  weeks  preceding) 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land's army.  Being  conducted  to  London, 
he  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  brought 
to  trial  iu  Westminster  Hall,  29th  July, 
1746,  along  with  the  Earls  of  Kilmarnock 
and  Cromarty,  both  of  whom  pleaded  guilty. 
Tlie  Earl  of  Cromarty  obtained  a  pardon, 
but  the  other  two  suffered  decapitation  on 
Tower  Hill,  18th  August,  1746. 

El>PUINSTON,  Jamks,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, whose  attempts  to  effect  an  ima- 
ginary reformation  iu  the  orthography  of 
the  English  language,  by  spelling  all  words 
as  they  are  pronounced,  occupied  a  great 
part  of  his  life,  and  ended,  as  he  ought  to 
have  foreseen,  in  complete  disappointment. 
In  this  vain  pursuit  he  published  various 
works,  among  which  we  may  mention  "  En- 
glish (Jrthography  epitomised,"  and  "  Pro- 
priety's Pocket  Picture."  Born,  1721 ;  died, 
18(>9. 

ELPHINSTONE,  George  Keith,  Vis- 
count KEITH,  born  in  1747,  was  a  distin- 


[els 


guished  naval  officer.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice early  in  life,  and  arrived  at  the  rank  of 
post-captain  in  1775.  During  the  American 
war  he  served  with  great  credit  at  the  attack 
on  Mud  Island,  at  Charlestown,  &c. ;  he  also 
captured  L'Aigle  of  40  guns  and  COO  men  ; 
and  when  the  war  broke  out  with  France  he 
was  among  the  first  who  so  nobly  sustained 
the  credit  of  the  British  navy.  In  17i)3  he 
o-isisted  at  the  reduction  of  Toulon  ;  and  iu 
1795  he  commanded  the  fleet  destined  for 
the  capture  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in 
which  he  not  only  succeeded,  but  compelled 
the  Dutch,  who  advanced  to  tlie  relief  of  the 
colony,  to  surrender  at  discretion.  His 
services  on  numerous  other  occasions  were 
highly  valuable  j  and  at  length,  afrer  his 
exertions  in  the  Foudroyant  on  the  coast 
of  Egypt,  lie  was  elevated  to  the  peerage. 
Died,  1823. 

ELPHINSTONE,  Major-general  Geokok 
William  Keith,  C.  B.,  was  born,  1782. 
Early  in  life  this  distinguished,  but  even- 
tually unfortunate,  officer  entered  the  service 
as  ensign  in  the  24th  infantry.  After  serv- 
ing with  much  distinction  in  various  parts 
of  the  globe,  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  33rd  foot  in  1813  ;  and  being  present 
with  that  regiment  at  Waterloo,  his  services 
were  rewarded  witli  the  distinction  of  C.B. 
He  was  made  major-general  in  18,37,  and 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bengal 
arm}',  when  our  arms  received  so  awful  and 
disgraceful  a  check  in  Affghanistan.  He 
was  at  this  period  enfeebled  by  long  service 
and  by  the  climate  of  India,  and  was,  more- 
over, almost  heljiless  from  the  effects  of  gout, 
yet  he  was  assailed  by  calumny,  and  waa 
to  have  been  tried  by  court-martial,  had  not 
death  occurred  while  proceedings  were 
pending,  and  thus  proved,  alas  I  too  fatally, 
at  once  the  reality  of  the  sutfcring  that  he 
had  endured,  and  the  malice  of  his  slander- 
ers.    Died,  April  23.  1842,  aged  60. 

ELRINGTON,   Dr.  Thomas,   bishop    of 
Leighiin  and  Ferns.    In  1781  he  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  Dublin  University,  and  in  1794 
became  the  first  Donnellau    lecturer.      In 
1811   he  was  appointed  provost  of  Trinity 
College  ;  and  in  1820  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Limerick  ;  from  which  he  was  translated, 
in  1822,  to  the  see  of  Leighiin  and  Ferns.  I 
He  distinguished  himself  by  various  polem- 
ical writings,  and  produced  excellent  edi-  | 
tions  of  Euclid  and  Juvenal,  which  of  them-  | 
selves  are  sufficient  to  hand  down  his  name  | 
as  a  scholar  of  first-rate  merit.     Died  at  | 
Liverpool,  July,  1835. 

ELSTOB,   William,   a   learned   divine, 
was  horn  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  in  1673,  ! 
und  died  in  1714.    He  was  profoundly  skilled  | 
in  the  Saxon  language  and  antiquities,  and 
published  a  Latin  translation  of  the  Saxon  ; 
Homily  of  Lupus  ;  and  the  Homily  on  St.  i 
Gregory's  Day,  in  Saxon  and  Latin.    He 
also  wrote  "An  Essay  on  the  Affinity  and 
Agreement  between  the  Two  Professions  of 
Law  and  Divinity,"  &c. 

ELSTOB,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Newcastle,  in  lUbS. 
She  resided  with  her  brother  at  Oxford,  and 
became  the  partner  of  his  studies.  She  ac- 
companied his  Homily  on  St.  Gregory  with 
an  English  version  and  a  preface,  and  i)ub- 


els] 


^  ^t^  Winihtv^al  33tograpT)w. 


[-EKP 


lished  a  Saxon  grammar.  After  lier  bro- 
ther's death,  queen  Caroline  allowed  her  a 
small  pension,  which  slie  lost  on  the  death 
of  her  benefactress ;  but  was  saved  from 
want  by  the  kindness  of  the  Duchess-dowager 
of  Portland.    Died,  1750. 

ELSYNGE,  Hexrv,  born  at  Battersca, 
Surrey,  in  liiOS  ;  held  the  place  of  clerk  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  which  he  resigned 
in  1048  ;  and  died  in  1054.  lie  wrote  an  ex- 
cellent book,  entitled  "  The  Ancient  Method 
and  Manner  of  holding  Parliaments  in  Eng- 
land." 

ELVIUS,  Peter,  a  Swedish  mathema- 
tician, and  secretary  of  tlie  royal  academy 
of  sciences  at  Stockholm,  was  born  at  Upsal, 
in  1710  ;  and  died  in  1749. 

ELWES,  Joux,  an  extraordinary  miser. 
His  family  name  was  Meggot,  which  he  al- 
tered in  pursuance  of  the  will  of  Sir  Harvey 
Elwes,  his  uncle,  who  left  him  at  least 
250,000/.,  and  he  was  possessed  of  nearly  as 
much  of  his  own.  At  tliis  time  he  attended 
tlie  most  noted  gaming  houses,  and  after 
sitting  up  a  whole  niglit  at  play  for  thousands, 
he  would  proceed  to  Smithficld  to  meet  his 
cattle,  wliere  he  would  stand  disputing  with 
a  cattie-bntcher  for  a  shilling.  He  would  sit 
in  wet  clotlies  to  save  tlie  expense  of  a  fire  ; 
eat  his  provisions  in  the  last  stage  of  putre- 
faction ;  and,  in  short,  subject  liimself  toany 
privation,  or  be  guilty  of  any  beggarly  con- 
duct, by  whicli  a  sixpence  might  be  saved  ; 
yet,  if  by  liis  personal  exertions  l>e  could 
assist  another,  provided  it  cost  him  nothing 
but  his  labour,  he  was  active  and  ready.  In 
1774  he  was  chosen  member  for  Eerksliire, 
and  liis  conduct  in  parliament  was  perfectly 
independent.  He  died  in  1789,  aged  about 
77,  leaving  a  fortuue  of  500,000/.,  besides 
entailed  estates. 

ELZEVIK.  Tlie  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  printers,  residing  at  Amsterdam 
and  Lcj'den,  whose  beautiful  editions  were 
chiefly  publislied  between  the  years  1594 
and  1680.  —  Louis,  the  first  of  them,  began 
to  be  known  at  Leyden  in  1595,  and  was 
the  first  who  made  the  distinction  between 
the  V  consonant  and  the  u  vowel.  He  took 
for  his  device  an  eagle  holding  seven  ar- 
rows, with  the  motto,  "  Concordia  res 
parva3  crescunt."  This  he  afterwards  ex- 
changed for  that  of  a  man  standing,  w^ith 
the  motto  "  Non  solus;"  and  this  was 
adopted  by  his  successors.  Tlieir  names 
were  Joiix,  Daniel,  Mattuew,  Isaac, 
BuoNAVENTUUA,  and  Abuaiiam.  The  two 
latter  prepared  the  smaller  editions  of  the 
classics,  in  12mo.  and  lOmo.,  which  are  still 
valued  for  their  beauty  and  correctness. 
Although  the  Elzevirs  were  surpassed  in 
learning,  and  in  Greek  and  Hebrew  editions, 
by  the  Stephenses  of  Paris,  they  were  un- 
equalled in  their  choice  of  works,  and  in  the 
elegance  of  their  typography. 

EMANUEL,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
John  II.  in  1495.  He  restored  the  nobility 
to  their  privileges,  and  greatly  encouraged 
maritime  adventures,  by  which  means  a  new 
passage  to  India  was  discovered  by  Gama, 
and  to  Brazil  in  1501,  by  Cabral.  Emanuel 
also  sent  an  expedition  to  Africa,  and  es- 
tablished a  conmiercial  intercourse  with  the 
kingdom  of  Congo.    He  died  in  1521. 


EMERY,  John",  an  actor  of  very  consi- 
derable merit  (.particularly  in  rustic  cha- 
racters, where  his  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
Yorkshire  dialect  rendered  him  so  effective),  I 
was  bom  at  Sunderland,  in  1777.  For  many 
years  he  drew  from  a  London  audience  the 
most  unequivocal  proofs  of  their  delight ; 
and  he  will  long  be  remembered  for  the 
power  he  evinced  when  pourtraying  the 
rough  nature  and  genuine  simplicity  of  un- 
sophisticated country  life.    Died,  1822. 

EMILIANUS,  Maucl's  Julius,  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  army  in  253,  was  a 
native  of  Mauritania,  who  had  risen  by  his 
courage  to  be  governor  of  Moesia.  Like 
Gallus,  whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne,  he 
too  was  murdered  by  those  who  advanced 
him  to  it,  after  a  reign  of  only  four  months. 

EMLYN,  TuoMAS,  a  Protestant  dissent- 
ing minister,  memorable  for  the  persecution 
he  sustained  in  consequence  of  his  religious 
sentiments  with  regard  to  the  Trinity,  was 
born  at  Stamford,  Lincolnshire,  in  1003,  and 
studied  at  the  university  of  Cambridge.  In 
1091  he  settled  at  Dublin,  as  assistant  to  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Boy ce,  but  was  soon  interdicted 
from  his  pastoral  duties,  on  suspicion  of 
Arianism.  Finding  himself  the  object  of 
much  odium  and  misconception,  he  published 
"  A  Humble  Enquiry  into  tlie  Scripture 
Account  of  Jesus  Christ;"  upon  w^hich  he 
was  arrested  on  the  charge  of  blasphemy, 
tried,  and  sentenced  to  a  year's  imprison- 
ment and  a  fine  of  lOOOl.  The  fine  was 
afterwards  reduced  to  70/.,  through  the  in- 
terposition of  the  Duke  of  Ormond  and 
other  humane  persons  ;  and  after  a  little 
more  than  a  year's  confinement  he  was  set 
at  liberty.  His  character  was  amiable,  and 
he  was  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Dr.  Clarke, 
Whiston,  and  other  eminent  men.  Died, 
1743. 

EMMETT,  Robert,  the  son  of  a  physi- 
cian at  Cork,  was  educated  for  the  legal 
profession  ;  but,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Irish  rebellion,  he  was  drawn  into  its  vor- 
tex, became  secretary  to  the  secret  direct- 
ory of  United  Irishmen,  and  in  1803  suffered 
the  death  of  a  traitor.  His  youthi'ul  ardour, 
eloquence,  and  intrepidity  have  been  greatly 
extolled. 

EMMETT,  Thomas  Addis,  elder  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  also  bred  to  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  but  becoming  involved 
in  the  Irish  rebellion,  he  fled  his  country, 
and  settled  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
where  he  practised  as  an  advocate.  He 
died  at  New  York,  in  1S27. 

EMPEDOCLES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
whose  doctrines  were  nearly  allied  to  those 
of  Pythagoras,  was  born  about  b.  c.  400, 
at  Agrigentum,  in  Sicily.  The  sovereignty 
was  offered  him  by  his  fellow  citizens  ;  but 
being  a  friend  to  pure  democracy  he  refused 
it,  and  established  a  popular  government. 
He  was  skilled  in  philosophy,  poetry,  and 
medicine.  The  time  and  manner  of  his 
death  are  uncertain  ;  the  story  of  his  having 
thrown  liimself  into  the  crater  of  Mount 
Etna  being,  in  all  probability,  a  fiction. 

ENFIELD,  Dr.  AVilliam,  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  a  writer  of  much  judgment, 
was  born  at  Sudbury,  in  1741  ;  and  after 
filling  the  situation  of  resident  tutor  and 


eng] 


^  i5eto  mntber^flT  JJiosrapT^tn 


[epi 


lecturer  on  the  belles  lettres  at  Warrington 
Academy  till  the  dissolution  of  that  esta- 
biishinent,  he  died  in  1797.  lie  was  one  of 
the  principal  contributors  to  Dr.  Aikiu's 
Biographical  Dictionary  ;  and  is  known  as 
the  author  or  compiler  of  several  useful 
works,  viz.  "Tlie  Speaker,"  "Exercises  on 
Elocution,"  "  Natural  Pliilosophy,"  &c. 

ENGEL,  Joiix  James,  a  German  writer, 
whose  philosophical  works  are  held  in  high 
esteem,  was  born  in  the  territoiy  of  Mcck- 
lenburgh,  in  1741  ;  and,  after  studying  at 
several  German  universities,  he  accepted 
the  oliice  of  professor  of  morals  and  litera- 
ture at  Berlin,  where  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  and 
wrote  tlie  greatest  parts  of  his  works.  He 
died  in  1802. 

ENGELBRECIIT.  John-,  a  religious  fa- 
natic, was  born  at  Brunswick,  in  1,")99.  lie 
travelled  for  several  years  through  Ger- 
many, fasting  at  times  for  a  forlniglit  to- 
gether, and  not  unfrequently  falling  into 
trances,  during  which  he  pretended  to  re- 
ceive divine  revelations  and  missions  for 
proselytising  mankind.    Died,  1C42. 

ENGIIIEN,  Louis  Antoine  IIen'ri  dk 
BouiJBON,  Duke  of,  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon,  and  a  descendant  of  the  great 
Condi',  was  born  at  Chantilly,  in  1772. 
Having  served  witli  credit  in  the  armies  op- 
posed to  the  French  republic,  he  went  to 
Baden,  in  1804,  married,  and  lived  there  as 
a  private  citizen.  He  was,  however,  re- 
garded with  tt  jealous  eye,  as  one  who  might 
bectmie  a  dangerous  foe  to  the  ambitious 
designs  of  the  lirst  consul ;  and  an  order  to 
arrest  him  was  accordingly  issued.  The 
situation  of  his  house  having  been  ascer- 
tained, it  was  surrounded  on  the  night  of 
March  17. 1804,  witli  a  body  of  soldiers  and 
gendarmes.  The  duke  at  first  wished  to 
defend  himself,  but  the  force  was  too  great 
to  lie  opposed  ;  and  thus,  with  several  friends 
and  domestics,  he  was  seized  and  carried 
prisoner  to  Strasburg.  Early  upon  the  18th, 
the  escort  set  oft'  with  the  duke  for  Paris ; 
but  upon  arriving  at  the  gates  of  the  ca- 
pital, they  received  an  order  to  conduct 
their  prisoner  to  Vincennes,  where  he  ar- 
rived exhausted  by  hunger  and  fatigue,  and, 
just  as  he  had  dropix-'d-  asleej),  he  was 
awakened,  at  11  o'clock  at  niglit,  to  un- 
dergo his  trial.  Tlie  troops,  which  were 
marched  to  Vincennes  on  this  occasion, 
were  commanded  by  Savary,  who  formed  a 
court-martial,  consisting  of  General  Hullin, 
the  president,  together  with  five  colonels, 
and  a  cai)tain.  lie  was  accused  of  having 
taken  part  in  conspiracies  against  tlie  life 
of  the  first  consul  ;  and  though  nothing 
was  proved  against  him.  he  received  sen- 
tence of  death^  and  was  led  into  the  fosse 
of  the  castle,  where  he  heroically  and 
firmly  submitted  to  it.  Tliis  atrocious  as- 
sassination, without  even  the  plea  of  state 
necessity  to  justify  it,  has  notwitlistandiiig 
found  its  defenders  in  some  of  those  who, 
with  the  sacred  name  of  freedom  on  their 
lips,  have  done  servile  homage  to  the  me- 
mory of  the  arch  assassin. 

EN'GLEFIKLD,  Sir  Henry  Chaeles,  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Soci- 
eties, to  whose  "  Transactions  "  he  contri- 


buted largely,  was  born  in  ]7.';2.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  work  "On  the  Determina- 
tion of  the  Orbits  of  Comets,"  "A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Picturesque  Beauties  and  Geo- 
logical Phenomena  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,"  &c. 
Died,  1S22. 

ENNIUS,  QuiNTCs,  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet  of  the  earlier  times  of  the  republic, 
was  bom  at  Calabria,  b.  c.  2,'iO.  Cato  the 
Censor  became  acquainted  with  him  in  Sar- 
dinia, was  his  pupil,  and  brought  him  to 
Rome,  where  he  soon  gained  the  friendship 
of  the  most  distinguished  individuals,  and 
instructed  young  men  of  rank  in  Greek. 
Of  all  his  writings,  nothing  is  extant  but  a 
few  fragments.    Died  B.  c.  2(;0. 

ENTICK,  Jonx,  an  English  divine,  died 
in  1780.  He  published  a  "History  of  the 
War  which  ended  in  17(x?,"  5  vols.  8vo.  j  a 
"History  of  London,"  4  vols.  8vo. ;  a  well 
known  and  approved  "Latin  and  English 
Dictionarv,"  &c. 

ENTINOPUS,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Candia  in  the  4th  century,  who  may  pro- 
perly be  styled  the  founder  of  Venice. 
Having  fled  from  the  ravages  of  the  Goths 
to  the  morasses  on  the  Adriatic  coast,  he 
built  the  first  house  there  for  himself,  and 
afterwards  assisted  the  inhabitants  of  Pa- 
dua, who  also  took  refuge  there,  in  building 
tlie  80  houses  which  formed  the  first  city. 
Died  about  420. 

EPAMINONDAS,  a  Theban  general,  il- 
lustrious for  his  talents  and  his  virtues,  was 
the  son  of  Polymnis.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Pelopidas,  and  by  him  appointed  to  tlie 
command  of  tlie  Theban  armies.  He  de- 
feated Cleombrotus,  and  gained  the  battle 
of  l/cuctra ;  overcame  Alexander,  tyrant  of 
Phcraja  ;  and  fell  in  the  moment  of  victory 
at  the  battle  of  Mantinea,  B.C.  'MS.  He 
was  brave,  patriotic,  and  incorruptible  ;  and 
to  him  Cicero  assigns  the  first  place  among 
the  heroes  of  Greece. 

EPEE,  Charles  Michael  pe  l*,  a  French 
abbe,  founder  of  the  institution  in  Paris  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  was  born  at  Versailles 
in  1712,  and  deserves  grateful  remembrance 
for  the  philanthropic  occupation  in  which 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent.  He 
entered  into  holy  orders,  and  became  a  Ca- 
tholic priest ;  but  his  great  object  being  to 
impart  instruction  to  the  deaf  and  dumb,  he 
spent  his  whole  income,  besides  what  was 
contributed  by  benevolent  patrons,  in  the 
education  and  maintenance  of  his  pupils, 
for  whose  wants  he  provided  with  such  dis- 
interested devotion,  that  he  often  deprived 
himself  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  restricting 
himself  to  the  plainest  food,  and  clothing 
himself  in  the  coarsest  appaiel.  Dc  I'Epec 
died  in  1789,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
Abb^  Sicard,  who  much  improved  the  sys- 
tem of  cultivating  the  minds  of  that  unfor- 
tunate class  for  whom  his  j)redecessor  had 
so  benevolently  laboured. 

EPICHARMUS,  of  Cos,  a  philosopher  of 
the  Pythagorean  school,  lived  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  ."ith  century  Ijcfore  Christ,  at 
Syracuse,  and  there  wrote  his  celebrated 
comedies,  all  of  which  are  now  lost.  He 
also  wrote  upon  medical  and  philosophical 
subjects,  and  attained  the  age  of  97  years. 

EPICTETUS,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  who 


EPi] 


^  0tbi  ^nibtr^Kl  IJmsrapIjn. 


[era 


lived  in  the  1st  century,  was  a  native  of 
Hierapolid,  in  Plirygia,  and  was  originallj' 
a  slave  to  Epaphroditus,  one  of  Nero's' fieed- 
men.  Having  been  emancipated,  he  gave 
himself  up  wliolly  to  the  study  of  ijliilo- 
eophy,  and  his  life  alTorded  an  example  of 
unblemished  virtue.  When  Domitian  ba- 
nished the  philosophers  from  Rome,  Epic- 
tetus  settled  at  Nieopolis,  but  returned  on 
the  death  of  that  tyrant,  and  was  in  great 
esteem  with  Adrian  ami  Marcus  Aurelius. 
lie  resided  in  a  humble  cottage,  where  he 
wrote  his  admirable  "  Enchiridion  ;  "  and 
such  was  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held, 
that  the  earthen  lamp  which  gave  him  light 
sold,  at  his  death,  for  30()0  draclimas,  being 
upwards  of  90Z.  of  our  money. 

EPICURUS,  tlie  founder  of  the  Epicurean 
sect  of  philosophers,  was  born  at  Gar- 
gcttui,  B.C.  312,  and  studied  at  Athens. 
For  a  time  he  resided  successively  at  Colo- 
phon, Mitylene,  and  Lampsacus,  but  finally 
•ettled  at  Athens,  where  he  purchased  a 
garden,  and  there  expounded  his  system  of 
philosophy.  His  doctrines  became  popular  ; 
and  though  the  pursuit  of  pleasure  was  the 
chief  aim,  yet  he  taught  nothing  that  ad- 
ministered to  sensual  gratification,  or  that 
was  inconsistent  with  virtue.  In  short, 
he  recommended  moderation,  temperance, 
firmness  of  soul,  and  the  contempt  of  Hie. 
lie  died  B.C.  271. 

EPIMENIDES,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
and  poet  of  Crete,  who  flourished  during  the 
6tli  century  before  Christ.  He  is  represented 
as  favoured  with  divine  communications, 
and  as  an  infallible  prophet. 

EPINAY,  Louise,  Madame  d',  a  female 
of  considerable  talents,  and  notorious  for 
her  connection  witli  Rousseau,  was  the  wife  of 
M.  Delalive  de  Bellegarde,  who  filled  the 
office  of  farmer-general.  During  the  earlier 
part  of  her  life,  she  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  the  philosopher  of  Geneva,  to  wliom 
•she  gave  a  cottage  in  her  park  of  Chevrette 
(afterwards  the  well-known  hermitage), 
where  he  passed  many  of  his  days,  which 
were  rendered  happy  by  this  romantic  attach- 
ment, until  he  became  jealous  of  Baron 
Grimm,  whom  he  had  himself  introduced  to 
his  mistress.  She  was  the  author  of  "Les 
Conversations  d'Emilie,"  "  Lettres  h  mon 
Fils,"  and  "  Mes  Moments  heureux."  Died, 
1783. 

EPIPHANIUS,  a  father  of  the  church, 
who  displayed  great  zeal  against  the  writings 
of  Origen.  He  was  chosen  bishop  of  Salamis, 
and  died  in  403. 

EPIPHANIUS,  an  heresiarch,  who  al- 
lowed liis  followers  a  community  of  wives  ; 
and  after  his  death  he  was  worshipped  by 
them  as  a  deitv. 

EPISCOPIUS,  SiMOX,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1.583.  In  1G12  lie  was 
chosen  divinity  professor  at  Eeydeu  ;  was  the 
princitml  of  the  remonstrants,  or  Arminians, 
at  the  synod  of  Dort,  which  arbitrary  assem- 
laly  deposed  him  and  the  other  deputies  from 
tlieir  ministerial  functions,  and  banished 
them  tlie  republic.  He  then  went  to  An- 
twerp, but  in  1626  he  returned  to  Holland, 
and  became  minister  to  the  remonstrants  at 
Rotterdam,  where  he  died,  in  1()-13. 

EPONINA,    a    Roman    female,    whose 


strength  of  conjugal  affection  is  worthy  of 
record,  was  the  wife  of  Julius  Sabinus,  who. 
after  being  defeated  in  his  revolt  against 
Vespasian,  took  shelter  in  a  subterranean 
cave,  where  during  nine  years  he  and  Epo- 
niua  lived  concealed.  Their  retreat  being 
at  length  discovered,  and  Sabinus  being 
condemned  to  sutt'er  deatli,  the  faithful  wife 
having  vainly  implored  the  emperor's  cle- 
mency for  her  husband,  heroically  refused 
to  survive  his  loss,  and  died  a  willing  mar- 
tyr to  her  cimstancy,  a.  d.  78. 

ERASISTRATUS,  an  ancient  physician, 
who  acquired  great  reputation  at  the  court 
of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  king  of  Syria,  was  one 
of  the  first  who  dissected  human  bodies,  and 
accurately  described  the  brain.  He  was 
decidedly  averse  to  the  practice  of  blood- 
letting ;  and  is  said  to  have  put  an  end  to 
his  own  existence,  at  an  extreme  old  age, 
rather  than  endure  the  pain  of  an  ulcer  in 
his  foot. 

ERASMUS,  DERiDEnius,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  scholars  of  the  age  in  which  he  I 
lived,  was  born  at  Rotterdam,  in  1467.    He  [ 
was  tiie  illegitimate  son  of  one  Gerard,  by  ! 
the  daughter  of  a  physician  ;  but  his  father  j 
and  mother  dying  when  he  was  only  nine 
years  old,  he  was  left  to  the  care  of  three 
guardians,  wlio  determined  on  bringing  him 
up  to  a  religious  life  that  they  miglit  enjoy 
his  patrimony ;     for  which    purpose    they 
removed  him  from  one  convent  to  another, 
till  at  last,  in  1486,  he  took  the  habit  among 
the  canons-regular  at  Stein,  near  Tergou. 
The  monastic  life  being  disagreeable  to  liim, 
he  accepted  an  invitation  iVom  tlie  Arch- 
bishop   of  Cambray  to    reside  with    him. 
During  his  abode  with  this  prelate  he  was 
ordained  priest ;    but  in   1496  he  went    to 
Paris,  and  supported  himself  by  giving  pri- 
vate lectures.    In  1497  he  visited  England, 
and  met  with  a  liberal  reception  from  the  | 
most  eminent  scholars.     On  liis  return  he  j 
spent  12  years  in  France,  Italy,  and  the 
Netherlands  ;  and  during  that  time  he  pub-  I 
lished  several  works  of  great  merit.    In  1^0(5  j 
lie  took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Turin,  and  j 
went  to  Bologna,  where  he  continued  some  ; 
time  ;   thence  he  removed  to  Venice,  and  [ 
resided  with  the  famous  Aldus  Manutius.  i 
From  Venice  he  went  to  Padua  and  Rome, 
where  many  offers  were  made  him  to  settle  ;  | 
but    having    received    an    invitation    from  i 
Henry  VIII.  he  came  to  England  again  in 
1510  I  wrote  his  "  Praise  and  Folly,"  while 
residing  with  Sir  Thomas  More  ;   and  was 
appointed  Margaret    professor  of  divinity, 
and  Greek  lecturer,  at  Cambridge.    In  1514  j 
he  once  more  returned  to  the  Continent,  and 
lived  chiefly  at  Basle,  where  he  vigorously 
continued  liis  literary  labours,  and  prepared 
Ills  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  with  a 
Latin  translation  ;  his  "Ciceronianus,"  and 
his   celebrated  "  Colloquies,"  which  latter 
gave  such  oflFence  to  the  monks,  that  they 
used  to  say,  "  Erasmus  laid  the  egg  which 
Luther  hatched."    With  Luther,  however, 
whom  he  had  provoked  by  his  treatise  on 
Free  Will,  he  was  in  open   liostility.      In 
1528  appeared  his  learned  work,  "De  recta 
Latinis  Gra:cique  Serraonis  Pronunciatione," 
and  his  last  publication,  which  was  printed 
the  year   before   his   death,   was    entitled 


era] 


^  llelD  ?atiilJCi'^aT  JJioffrajpTjj?. 


[ers 


"  Eficlesiastes,  or  the  Manuer  of  Preaching." 
Ue  <lied  at  Basle,  in  1530. 

ERATOSTHENES,  a  native  of  Cyrenc,  in 
Africa,  B.C.  275,  was  librarian  at  Alcxaiuliia, 
and  improved  the  science  of  mathematical 
geography,  which  he  corrected,  enlarged, 
and  reduced  to  system.  He  was  also  a  phi- 
losopher, poet,  and  grammarian  ;  while  he 
rendered  much  service  to  the  sciences  of 
astronomy  and  geography,  by  first  observing 
the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptics,  and  by  disco- 
vering the  method  of  measuring  the  circum- 
ference of  the  globe. 

ERCILI.A  y  ZUNIGA,  a  Spanish  poet 
and  soldier,  was  born  in  the  province  of 
Biscay,  about  1530.  He  was  brought  up  at 
the  court  of  Charles  V.,  and  joined  an  ex- 
pedition which  was  sent  out  to  Chili  against 
u  tribe  of  natives  called  the  Aracoaniaus. 
Hence  came  his  admirable  epic  of  "La 
Araucana,"  which  desciibes  the  perils  and 
exi)loit8  of  that  fierce  and  dangerous  contest: 
this  he  wrote  on  scraps  of  paper,  and  on  bits 
of  leather  when  paper  could  not  be  had, 
during  those  brief  intervals  wliicli  could  be 
snatched  from  active  duty. 

EKEJIITA,  Daniel,  a  writer  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and  be- 
came secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Florence.  He 
was  very  unsettled  in  his  religious  opinions, 
being  successively  a  protestant,  catliolic, 
rieijt,  and  at  his  death  an  avowed  atheist. 
He  wrote  several  works,  the  principal  one 
being  entitled  "De  Aulicd  Vitd  ac  Civili." 
Died,  IC13. 

ERIC  IX.,  king  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and 
Norway,  succeeded  Margaret  in  1412.  He 
married  the  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  Eng- 
land. He  made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land,  but  was  taken  prisoner  in  Syria,  and 
paid  a  large  ransom  for  his  liberty.  Soon 
after  his  return  the  Swedes  revolted,  and 
were  followed  by  the  Danes,  on  which  he 
withdrew  to  the  Isle  of  Gothland.  In  1439 
he  was  formally  deposed.  He  afterwards 
settled  in  Pomerania,  where  he  died  in  1459. 
He  compiled  a  "  History  of  Denmark  to  the 
year  1288." 

ERIC  XIV.,  son  and  successor  of  Gusta- 
vus  I.,  king  of  Sweden.  lie  courted  the  prin- 
cess Elizabeth,  afterwards  queen  of  England, 
but  being  refused,  he  married  the  daugliter  of 
a  j)easant.  This  alienated  from  him  the  hearts 
of  his  subjects,  and,  together  with  his  cruel- 
lies, occasioned  a  revolt.  Eric  was  compelled 
to  renounce  his  throne  in  1508.  He  died  iu 
prison,  in  1578. 

ERICEIRA,  Fekdinand  de  Mexezes, 
Count,  a  Portuguese  historian,  was  born  at 
Lisbun,  in  1(!14.  He  devoted  himself  to 
military  service,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  an  able  general  at  Tangier.  He  wrote 
"The  History  of  Tangier,"  "History  of 
Portugal,"  &c. 

ERICEIRA,  Fraxcis  Xavieh  Mexezes, 
Count,  great-grandson  of  the  above,  was 
born  at  Lisbon,  in  1703  ;  and  died  in  1713. 
Ue  wrote  on  "  Academical  Studies,"  "  Pa- 
rallels of  illustrious  Men  and  Women,"  &c. 

ERIGENA,  Joiix  Scotus,  a  learned  man 
of  the  9th  century,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
though  some  make  him  a  native  of  England, 
and  others  of  Ireland.  He  is  said  to  have 
travelled  to  Athens,  where  he  acquired  the 


Greek  and  Oriental  languages.  He  resided 
many  years  at  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald, 
king  of  France,  with  whom  he  lived  on  terms 
of  the  greatest  familiarity.  At  the  request 
of  his  patron  he  translated  the  works  of 
Dionysius  into  Latin,  which  drew  upon  him 
the  resentment  of  the  pope,  to  avoid  whose 
fury  he  went  to  England,  where  he  was 
courteously  received  by  Alfred  the  Great, 
who  placed  him  at  the  head  of  his  newly- 
founded  college  at  Oxford  ;  but  after  a  resi- 
dence there  of  about  three  years,  he  retired 
to  the  abbey  of  Malmesbury.  His  greatest 
work  was  the  "  Division  of  Nature,  or  the 
Nature  of  Things,"  printed  at  Oxford  in 
KWl. 

ERNESTI,  John  Augustus,  an  eminent 
German  critic,  and  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  was  born  in  1707.  He  published 
several  valuable  editions  of  Xenoidion,  Ci- 
cero, Suetonius,  Tacitus,  Homer,  and  Cal- 
limachus,  accompanied  with  learned  notes  ; 
and  a  "Theological  Library,"  in  10  vols. 
Died,  1781. 

ERNESTI,  Augustus  William,  a  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguished 
classical  scholar,  and  published  several 
learned  works.    Born,  1753  ;  died,  1801. 

ERSCH,  John  Samuel,  a  German  bibli- 
ographer, born  in  i7W,  was  principal  libra- 
rian, and  professor  of  geography  and  statis- 
tics, at  the  university  of  Halle.  He  wrote  a 
"  Manual  of  German  I^itcrature  ;  "  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  French  Writers,  from  1771  to 
1805  ;"  was  ^oint  editor  with  Professor  GrUber 
of  the  "  Universal  Encyclopaidia,"  published 
at  I^ii)sic  ;  and  editor  of  the  "  Jena  Literary 
Gazette."    Died,  1828. 

ERSKINE,  Rev.  Ebenezer,  the  founder 
of  the  secession  church  in  Scotland,  was  bom 
at  Dryburgh,  in  Berwickshire,  1080.  Having 
passed  through  the  usual  literary  and  theo- 
logical curriculum  at  Edinburgh  University, 
he  was  ordained  minister  of  Portmoak,  in 
Kinrosshire,  in  1703,  and  soon  began  to  take 
a  prominent  part  in  the  religious  contests 
of  the  period.  In  1731  he  accepted  of  a  call 
to  Stirling  ;  and  circumstances  soon  after- 
wards having  occurred  to  augment  the  hos- 
tility he  had  always  shown  to  the  law  of 
patronage,  he  declared  the  church  judicato- 
ries to  be  illegal  and  unchristian,  and,  after 
some  delay  and  discussions,  was  "  deposed 
from  the  olfice  of  the  holy  ministry  "  in  1740. 
But  he  was  soon  joined  by  his  brother  Raii)h, 
minister  of  Dunfermline,  and  other  min- 
isters ;  and  having  constituted  themselves 
into  a  presbytery,  they  founded  the  Secession 
church  of  Scotland,  which  has  since  shot  up 
into  a  goodly  tree,  and  borne  ample  fruit. 
Died,  1704. 

ERSKIXE,  Dr.  Joiix,  son  of  an  eminent 
Scotch  lawyer  of  the  same  name,  was  born 
at  Cardross,  in  1721,  and  destined  for  the 
bar  ;  but  his  inclination  leading  him  to  the 
study  of  theology,  he  was,  in  1742,  licensed 
to  preach  by  the  presbytery  of  Dumblane  ; 
and  in  July,  1759,  he  and  Dr.  Robertson  were 
admitted  collegiate  ministers  of  the  Old 
Grey-Friars  church  there.  His  "  Theological 
Dissertations "  appeared  in  1765  :  but  his 
"  Sketches  and  Hints  of  Church  History  and 
Theological  Controversy "  were  not  pub- 
lished till  many  years  after.    These,  with  a 


ERS] 


^  jjiclj)  ^m'ber^al  SSiasrapf)!?. 


[esp 


volume  of  sermons,  are  his  principal  works. 
Died,  1803. 

ERSKINE,  Thomas,  Lord,  third  son  of 
David  Henry  Erskine,  earl  of  Buchan,  was 
born  in  17,50.  lie  received  his  education  at 
Edinburgh  High  School  and  St.  Andrew's 
University  ;  but  the  contracted  means  of  his 
family  rendering  a  profession  necessaiy, 
he  went  to  sea  as  a  midshipman  ;  but  he 
quitted  the  service  after  four  years,  and  en- 
tered into  the  royals,  or  1st  regiment  of 
foot,  with  whom  he  embarked  for  Minorca 
in  1770.  Ilis  friends,  however,  and  par- 
ticularly his  mother,  who  properly  appre- 
ciated his  great  talents,  advised  him  to  laj' 
aside  all  thoughts  of  a  military  life,  and 
embrace  the  legal  profession.  Accordingly, 
at  the  age  of  26,  he  entered  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Caml)ridge,  in  1777,  mei-ely  to  obtain 
a  degree,  to  which  he  was  entitled  as  the 
son  of  a  nobleman  ;  and,  at  the  same  time, 
became  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  also 
placed  himself  as  a  pupil  in  the  office  of  Mr 
(afterwards  judge)  Buller,  then  an  eminent 
special  pleader,  and  subsequently  in  that  of 
Mr.  (afterwards  baron)  Wood.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1778,  and  obtained  im- 
mediate success.  In  May,  1783,  he  received 
a  silk  gown,  and,  the  same  year,  was  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Portsmouth,  and 
unanimously  rechosen  for  the  same  borough 
on  every  succeeding  election,  until  raised  to 
the  peerage.  In  1792,  being  employed  to 
defend  Thomas  Paine,  when  prosecuted  for 
the  second  part  of  his  Rights  of  Man,  he  de- 
clared that,  waiving  all  personal  convictions, 
he  deemed  it  right,  as  an  English  advocate, 
to  obey  the  call :  by  the  maintenance  of  w  liich 
principle,  he  lost  his  office  of  attorney-gene- 
ral to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  rnost  ar- 
duous eflFort,  however, in  his  professional  life, 
arose  out  of  the  part  cast  upon  him,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Vicary) 
Gibbs,  in  the  trials  of  Hardy,  Tooke,  and 
others,  for  high  treason,  in  1794.  Tliese 
trials  lasted  for  several  weeks,  and  tlie 
ability  displayed  by  Mr.  Erskine  on  this 
eventful  occasion  was  admired  and  acknow- 
ledged by  all  parties.  He  was  a  strenuous 
opposer  of  the  war  with  France  ;  and  wrote 
a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  A  View  of  the  Causes 
and  Consequences  of  the  War  with  France;" 
when  such  was  the  attraction  of  his  name, 
that  it  ran  through  the  unprecedented  num- 
ber of  48  editions.  In  1802,  the  Prince  of 
Wales  not  only  restored  him  to  his  office  of 
attorney-general,  but  made  him  keeper  of 
his  seals  for  the  duchj'  of  Cornwall.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  in  1806,  when  Lord  Gren- 
ville  received  the  commands  of  George  III. 
to  form  a  new  administration,  Mr.  Erskine 
was  created  a  peer,  and  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  lord  high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain  ; 
but  the  dissolutioia  of  the  administration  of 
wiiich  he  formed  a  part  happening  during 
the  following  year,  he  retired  with  the  usual 
pension.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life 
Lord  Erskine  laboured  under  considerable 
pecuniary  difficulties  ;  while  numerous  follies 
and  eccentricities  (to  use  no  harsher  epithets) 
obscured  the  brilliancy  of  his  former  fame. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  political  romance,  in 
2  vols.,  entitled  "  Armata,"  and  some  pam- 
phlets on  the  Greek  cause.    But  it  was  at  j 

278 


the  bar  that  he  shone  with  peculiar  lustre. 
There  the  resources  of  his  mind  were  made 
apparent  by  instantaneous  bursts  of  elo- 
quence, combining  logic,  rhetorical  skill, 
and  legal  precision ;  while  he  triumphed 
over  the  passions  and  prejudices  of  his  hear- 
ers, and  moulded  them  to  his  will.  He  died 
in  1823. 

ERXLEBEN,  Jons  CiiRisTrAir  Poly- 
CAKP,  a  German  naturalist,  born  at  (iued- 
linburg,  in  1744.  He  studied  physic  at 
Gottingen,  and  gave  lectures  there  on  the 
veterinary  art  and  natural  history.  His 
"Principles  of  Natural  History "  is  par- 
ticTilarlv  valuable.     He  died  in  1777. 

ESCOBAR  Y  MENDOZA,  Anthont,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  Jesuit,  born  at  Valla- 
dolid,  in  1589,  and  died  in  1669.  He  was  a 
popular  preacher  and  a  voluminous  author. 
His  most  noted  works  are  his  "  Moral  The- 
ology," and  his  "  Cases  of  Conscience." 

ESCOIQUIZ,  Dox  JiTAN,  a  Spanish  di- 
plomatist and  author,  born  in  1762.  He 
was  the  confidential  friend  of  Ferdinand 
VII.,  whom  he  defended  zealously  against 
the  machinations  of  the  Prince  of  Peace,  and 
of  Napoleon  at  Bayonne  ;  jet  for  having  ad- 
vised the  king  to  accept,  at  least  in  part,  the 
constitution  of  the  Cortes,  he  was  banished 
on  his  restoration,  and  died  in  exile,  in  1820. 
Among  liis  works  are  the  "Conquest  of 
Mexico  "  anl  translations  from  Milton  and 
Young. 

ESMENARD,  Joseph  Alphoxse,  a  French 
poet  and  political  writer,  was  born,  in  1770, 
at  Ptlissane,  in  Provence.  During  the  revo- 
lution he  was  connected  with  many  literary 
and  political  journals  ;  accompanied  General 
Leclerc  to  St.  Domingo ;  and  on  his  return 
became  acquainted  with  Marmontel.  His 
poem,  "La  Navigation,"  is  highly  descrip- 
tive ;  lie  also  wrote  the  operas  of  "  Trajan  " 
and  "  Ferdinand  Cortez."    He  died  in  1811. 

ESPAGNAC,  John  Baptist,  Baron  d',  a 
French  general,  born  in  1713.  He  served 
under  Marshal  Saxe,  and  wrote  a  number  of 
books  on  the  military  art,  and  a  history  of 
the  marshal,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

ESPEJO,  N.,  bom  about  1764  ;  one  of  the 
earliest  champions  of  Spanish  South  Ameri- 
can liberty.  He  was  massacred  in  1814,  with 
the  garrison  of  Valencia,  by  the  royalist 
general  Boves,  after  capitulation. 

ESPER,  John-  Frederic,  a  naturalist  and 
astronomer,  was  born  at  Drossenfeld,  in 
Bayreuth,  in  1732.  He  published  "  A  Method 
of  determining  the  Orbits  of  Comets,  and 
other  celestial  Bodies,  without  astronomical 
Instruments,  or  mathematical  Calculations;" 
and  was  the  first  who  examined  and  described 
the  curious  fossil  remains  in  the  subterranean 
caverns  of  Barreuth.    Died,  1781. 

ESPREMENIL,  James  Duval  d',  a  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  deputy 
from  the  nobility  to  the  states-general  in 
1789.  He  had  from  his  youtli  entertained  the 
project  of  restoring  to  France  the  states- 
general  ;  and  for  the  violence  of  his  speeches 
on  that  subject  he  was  seized  and  banished 
to  the  isle  of  St.  Margaret ;  but  being  re- 
called to  Paris  in  1789,  he  defended  the  mo- 
narchy against  innovators  with  as  much 
warmth  as  he  had  before  opposed  the  despo- 
tism of  the  ministry.    He  was  ultimately 


est] 


^  ^flD  Winihct^al  38i0grap!)M. 


[eto 


condemned  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal, 
and  perislicd  on  the  scaffold  in  1793. 

ESTAIMG,  CUAKLES  IIknry,  Count,  a 
French  commander,  was  born  of  a  noble 
family  in  Auvergne  ;  and  commenced  his 
career  in  the  East  Indies, under  Lally,  when 
he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English.  In 
the  American  war  he  was  employed  as  vice- 
admiral  and  general  of  the  French  armies 
on  that  station,  where  he  took  the  island  of 
Grenada.  In  1787  lie  became  a  member  of 
the  assembly  of  notables,  and  commandant 
of  tlie  national  guards  at  Versailles  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  ;  but  like 
many  others  who  had  promoted  the  revolu- 
tion, he  was  accused  of  counter-revolution- 
ary projects,  and  suffered,  in  1793,  by  the 
guillotine. 

ESTE,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  illus- 
trious families  of  Italy,  wliich  owed  its  ori- 
gin to  those  petty  princes  who  govenied 
Tuscany  in  the  time  of  the  Carlovingians. 
In  later  times,  they  received  from  the  em- 
perors several  districts  and  counties,  to  be 
held  as  fiefs  of  the  empire,  with  the  title  of 
marquis.  Of  this  family  was  Guelfo  IV., 
who.  having  received  the  investiture  of  the 
duchy  of  Bavaria,  founded  the  house  of 
Brunswick. 

ESTRADES,  Godfrey,  Count,  a  French 
general  and  diplomatiist,  born  in  1G07,  and 
died  in  161(5.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Netherlands,  under  Prince  Maurice ; 
concluded  several  important  treaties  ;  and 
for  his  various  services  was  created  a  marshal 
of  France. 

ESTllEES,  Gabrielle,  duchess  of  Beau- 
fort, mistress  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  was 
born  about  1571,  and  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  and  noble  family  in  I'icardy. 
So  passionately  was  she  loved  by  Henry, 
tliat  he  intended  to  raise  Gabrielle  to  the 
throne  as  his  lawful  consort ;  for  which 
purpose  he  procured  a  divorce  from  Margaret 
of  Valois.  The  design  was  strongly  opposed 
by  Sully,  who  often  represented  to  tlie  mo- 
narch the  bad  consequences  of  such  a 
measure,  and  succeeded  in  rendering  it 
abortive.  Her  death  took  place  under  very 
suspicious  circumstances,  in  1599.  Having 
eaten  an  orange  one  day  after  dinner,  she 
was  suddenly  seized  with  convulsions,  and 
died  during  the  same  week  in  excruciating 
torments.  She  is  descril>ed  as  possessing 
qualities  of  rare  occurrence  in  one  so  situ- 
ated, namely,  gentleness,  amiability,  and  a 
modest  demeanour. 

ETHELBEKT,  king  of  Kent  in  500.  He 
married  Bertha,  daughter  of  Caribcrt,  king 
of  France,  by  whose  means  he  embraced 
Christianity,  which  he  had  permitted  to  be 
preached  to  his  subjects  by  Augustine  the 
monk,  who  made  many  converts,  and  was 
afterwards  canonised.  Etlielbert  enacted  a 
code  of  laws,  and  died  in  CIC). 

ETHELBEKT,  king  of  England,  the  se- 
cond son  of  Ethelwolf,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Ethelbald,  in  8(iO.  He  was  a  virtuous 
prince,  and  beloved  by  his  subjects. 

ETHELIIED  I.,  king  of  England,  son  of 
Ethelwolf,  succeeded  his  brother  Etlielbert 
in  atV).  The  Danes  became  so  formidable 
in  his  reign,  as  to  threaten  the  conquest  of 
the  whole  kingdom.    Assisted  by  his  brother 


Alfred,  Ethelred  drove  them  from  the  centre 
of  Mercia,  where  they  had  penetrated  ;  but 
the  Mercians  refusing  to  act  with  him,  he 
was  obliged  to  trust  to  the  West  Saxons 
alone,  his  hereditary  subjects.  After  various 
successes,  the  invaders  continualljr  increas- 
ing in  numbers,  Ethelred  died,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  received  in  an  action  with 
them,  in  871. 

ETHELRED  II.,  king  of  England,  the 
son  of  Edgar,  succeeded  his  brother  Edward 
the  Martyr  in  978,  and,  for  his  want  of  vi- 
gour and  capacity,  was  surnamcd  the  Un- 
ready. He  paid  a  tribute  to  the  Danes  by 
a  tox  levied  on  his  subjects,  called  Danefjc.lt. 
To  free  himself  from  this  ojipression,  he 
caused  all  the  Danes  in  England  to  be  trea- 
cherously massacred  in  one  daj'.  On  this, 
Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark,  entered  Ids  king- 
dom, and  compelled  him  to  fly  to  Kor- 
mandy,  but  Sweyn  dying  soon  after,  Ethelred 
returned  and  resumed  the  government.  He 
died  in  lOlC. 

ETHELWOLF,  king  of  England,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Egbert,  in  838,  and  gave 
to  his  son,  Athelstan,  the  sovereignty  over 
Essex,  Kent,  and  Sussex.  In  the  year  851 
tlie  Danes  invaded  the  kingdom  in  excessive 
numbers,  and  threatened  its  total  subjuga- 
tion ;  for,  thougli  vigorously  opposed  by 
Athelstan  and  others,  they  fixed  tlieir  win- 
ter quarters  in  England,  and  next  year  burnt 
Canterbury  and  London.  During  these 
troubles,  Ethelwolf,  accompanied  by  Alfred, 
his  youngest  son,  made  a  pilgrimage  to 
Rome,  where  he  remained  a  year,  and,  on 
his  return,  found  Athelstan  dead,  and  suc- 
ceeded by  his  next  son,  Ethelbald,  who  had 
entered  into  a  conspiracy  with  some  nobles 
to  prevent  his  father  from  again  ascending 
the  throne.  To  avoid  a  civil  war,  the  king 
gave  up  the  western  division  of  the  kingdom 
to  his  son,  and  soon  after,  summoning  the 
states  of  the  whole  kingdom,  solemnly  con- 
ferred upon  the  clergy  the  tithes  of  all  the 
produce  of  the  lands.    Died,  S.")?. 

ETHEREDGE,  Sir  Gkoi:«k,  an  English 
dramatist,  and  one  of  the  wits  of  the  court 
of  Charles  II.,  was  born  about  1(53(5.  After 
he  returned  from  his  travels,  he  studied  at 
one  of  the  inns  of  court,  but  soon  relin- 
quished legal  science  for  the  pursuit  of  that 
fashionable  course  of  dissipation  which  cha- 
racterised the  era  in  which  he  lived.  Not- 
withstanding this,  he  devoted  considerable 
attention  to  light  literature,  and  wrote  songs, 
panegyrics,  lampoons,  and  dramas  ;  which, 
though  tinctured  with  licentiousness,  possess 
humour,  ease,  and  spirit.  His  comedies  are 
entitled  "  The  Comical  Revenge,  or  Love  in 
a  Tub,"  "  Slie  Would  if  She"  Could,"  and 
"Tlie  Man  of  Mode."  Having  injured  his  I 
constitution  and  fortune,  he  sought  to  ! 
marry  a  rich  elderly  widow,  who  made  his  ' 
acquirement  of  the  honour  of  knighthood 
the  condition  of  her  acceptance.  This, 
on  the  accession  of  James  II.,  he  attained, 
and  was  appointed  envoy  to  Ratisbon, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  lost  his  life,  in  1083, 
by  falling  down  stairs  when  in  a  state  of 
intoxication. 

ETOILE,  Peter  pe  j/,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  ir>4(»,  wliote  diary  of  events  fumished 
the  matter  for  the  "Journal  of  Henry  HI.," 


ett] 


%.  i2cl\3  mniSitx^Kl  3St0SVKi3lj». 


[eul 


in  6  vols. ;  and  the  "Journal  of  IlcnrylV.," 
in  4  vols.    Died,  1011. 

ETTY,  William,  R.A.,  a  distinguished 
artist,  was  born  at  York,  1787.  At  a  very 
early  age  he  evinced  a  talent  for  drawing 
and  colours  ;  and  having  served  his  appren- 
ticeship asa  printer,  he  abandoned  that  vo- 
cation for  one  in  which  he  ultimately  at- 
tained so  eminent  a  position.  On  his  arrival 
in  London  in  180,5,  he  soon  attracted  the 
attention  of  Ojiie,  Fuseli,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence  ;  and  the  death  of  an  uncle,  who 
t)equeathed  him  a  considerable  fortune, 
having  enabled  him  to  prosecute  his  studies 
as  he  pleased,  he  proceeded  on  a  tour  to 
Italy,  the  home  of  art,  where  he  applied 
himself  with  zeal  and  perseverance  to  his 
profession,  and  imbibed  that  taste  for  Vene- 
tian art  which  he  subsequently  carried  out 
in  the  numerous  works  that  proceeded 
from  his  pencil.  :Many  of  liis  works  were  of 
colossal  magnitude.  A  year  liefore  his  death, 
a  collection  of  them  was  made  in  the  rooms 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,  under  his  own  super- 
intendence ;  and  their  dazzling  brilliancy 
surpassed  the  expectations  of  even  his  most 
cordial  admirers.  His  "  Judith  "  and  "  Joan 
of  Arc  "  may  rank  with  the  best  compositions 
of  modern  times.    Died  at  York,  1850. 

EUBULIDES,  a  philosopher  and  dramatic 
writer  of  Miletus,  was  a  disciple  of  Euclid, 
and  preceptor  to  Demosthenes  and  Alexinus. 
He  wrote  some  comedies,  and  a  book  against 
Aristotle.  There  was  another  of  the  same 
name,  but  of  the  cynic  sect. 

EUCLID,  an  eminent  philosopher  of 
Megara,  and  the  disciple  of  Socrates,  from 
whom  he  differed  in  the  manner  of  teaching; 
for,  instead  of  instructing  his  pupils  in  mo- 
rals, he  confined  their  attention  wholly  to 
the  subtleties  of  logic.  He  flourished  about 
four  centuries  before  the  Christian  era,  and 
was  the  founder  of  the  Megaric  sect. 

EUCLID,  a  celebrated  mathematician  of 
Alexandria,  who  flourished  B.C.  300.  He 
immortalised  his  name  by  his  books  on 
geometry,  in  which  he  digested  all  the  pro- 
positions of  the  eminent  geometricians  who 
preceded  him,  as  Thales,  Pythagoras,  and 
others.  Ptolemy  became  his  pupil,  and  his 
school  was  so  famous,  that  Alexandria  con- 
tinued for  ages  the  great  university  for  ma- 
thematicians. His  "  Elements  "  have  gone 
through  innumerable  editions  ;  and  though 
he  wrote  on  music,  optics,  and  other  subjects, 
it  is  as  a  geometrician  that  he  will  ever  be 
remembered. 

EUDOCIA,  a  learned  female  of  Athens, 
whose  original  name  was  Athenais,  was  the 
daughter  of  Leontius  tlie  philosopher.  In 
421  she  was  married  to  the  emperor  Theodo- 
sius,  who  afterwards  divorced  her  in  a  fit  of 
jealousy.  She  then  went  to  Jerusalem,  where 
she  built  churches,  and  led  a  life  of  great 
devotion.  She  died  in  4G0.  This  empress 
wrote  several  Greek  poems,  and  paraphrases 
on  some  of  the  prophets. 

EUGENE,  Franci,^,  of  Savoy,  known 
as  Prince  Eugene,  a  distinguished  military 
commander,  and  a  grandson  of  the  Duke 
of  Savoy,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  16G3.  He 
was  intended  for  the  church  ;  but  his  predi- 
lection for  a  military  life  was  so  strong,  that 
I  on  being  refused  a  regiment  in  the  French 


ai-my,  he  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
as  a  volunteer  against  the  Turks  ;  where 
his  bravery  attracting  notice,  he  was  soon 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  regiment  of 
dragoons.  He  was  afterwards  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  army  of  Hungary  ;  and  so  highly 
did  Louis  XIV.  think  of  his  abilities,  that 
he  offered  Mm  a  marshal's  staff,  a  pension, 
and  the  government  of  Champagne  ;  but 
these  he  indignantly  refused.  He  was  the 
companion  in  arms  of  the  great  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  and  participated  in  the  vic- 
tories of  Blenheim,  Oudenarde,  &c.  He  like- 
wise saved  Turin,  expelled  the  French  from 
Italy,  reduced  Lisle,  and,  in  short,  raised 
his  name  to  the  very  pinnacle  of  military 
renown  by  repeated  demonstrations  of  skill 
and  bravery.  He  routed  the  Turks  at  Peter- 
waradin,  in  1716,  and  compelled  Belgrade  to 
surrender,  after  inflicting  on  them  another 
ruinous  defeat.  After  the  peace  in  1718  he 
retired  to  private  life,  and  spent  his  time  in 
cultivating  and  patronising  the  arts,  till  he 
was  again,  in  1733,  called  into  the  field  as 
commander  on  the  Rhine  :  this  service,  how- 
ever, was  unproductive  of  any  remarkable 
action.  He  died,  aged  72,  in  1736  ;  and,  in- 
dependently of  his  military  renown,  he  left 
behind  him  a  character  in  private  life  worthy 
of  imitation. 

EUGENIUS,  an  obscure  man,  who  from 
being  a  grammarian,  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror in  Datii)hin<5  by  Count  Arbogastus, 
after  the  death  of  Valentinian  the  Younger, 
in  392.  He  crossed  the  Alps,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Milan  ;  but  in  394  he  was 
defeated  and  slain  by  the  emperor  Theo- 
dosius. 

EULER,  LEONAno,  a  celebrated  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Basle,  in  1707,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  John  Bemouilii.  He  was  one  of  the  lite- 
rati invited  to  St.  Petersburg  by  Catharine  I., 
and  for  a  time  sustained  the  whole  weight 
of  the  mathematical  department  in  the  new 
university,  with  great  talent  and  industry. 
In  1741  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Fre- 
derick the  Great,  and  remained  at  Brienne 
till  1766,  when  he  returned  to  the  Russian 
capital,  where  he  died  in  1783.  Though  he 
had  been  blind  for  many  years  before  his 
death,  he  still  continued  his  literary  labours; 
and  in  that  state  he  produced  his  "  Elements 
of  Algebra  "  and  his  "  Theory  of  the  Moon." 
His  writings,  which  are  numerous,  are  able 
and  original,  both  in  metaphysics  and  philo- 
sophy ;  and,  in  fact,  he  may  justly  be  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  greatest  mathematicians 
of  the  age. 

EULER,  John  Albert,  Charles,  and 
CHinsToriiER,  three  sons  of  the  preceding, 
were  each  eminent  in  their  respective  walks 
of  lil'e.  — The  eldest,  John  Albert,  an  able 
mathematician,  was  born  at  St.  Petersburg, 
in  1734,  and  died  there  in  1800.  He  was  a 
counsellor  of  state,  and  secretary  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  and  wrote 
many  treatises  on  astronomy,  optics,  &c — 
Charles,  the  second  son,  who  was  bom 
at  St,  Petersburg,  in  1740,  was  physician  to 
the  cburt,  and  a  member  of  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences.  He  died  in  1766  ;  and 
to  him  is  attributed  an  able  treatise  on  the 

motion  of  the  planets Christopher,  the 

youngest  son,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  1743  ; 


eum] 


^  ^cU)  ^nibrrj^fll  3Si0jQT<ip!)y» 


[eva 


besides  being  eminent  as  a  mathematician, 
l>e  was  an  excellent  astronomer,  and  was  one 
of  the  persons  selected  to  observe  the  transit 
of  Venus  in  1709.  He  first  held  a  commis- 
sion in  the  Prussian  artillery  service,  and 
afterwards  in  that  of  Russia  ;  but  the  time 
and  place  of  his  death  are  unknown. 

EUMENES,  a  celebrated  general  under 
Alexander  the  Great,  after  whose  death  he 
became  very  powerful,  the  government  of 
Cappodocia  and  Faphlogonia  being  assigned 
to  him  ;  but  he  was  at  last  conquered  by 
Antigonus,  and  put  to  death  B.C.  316.  He 
was  a  man  of  strict  probity,  and  of  a  mild 
and  generous  nature. 

EUNAPIUS,  a  writer  and  physician  of 
the  4th  century,  who  wrote  a  book  of  the 
Lives  of  the  Pliilosophers  and  Sophists,  in 
which  he  speaks  rancorously  of  Cliristinnity. 
lie  also  composed  the  history  of  the  Ccesars, 
which  is  lost,  but  the  substance  of  it  may  be 
seen  in  Zosimus. 

EUPHUllION,  a  Greek  poet  and  histo- 
rian, born  at  Chalcis  in  Euba-a,  is.  c.  274. 
Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  poems  are 
extant. 

EUPIIRANOR,  an  Athenian  painter  and 
sculptor,  who  lived  about  uii2  years  B.C. 
He  wrote  some  books  on  the  arts  which  he 
professed,  but  they  are  lost. 

EUPOLIS,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens,  who 
lived  about  435  b.c.  Alcibiades  is  said  to 
have  caused  him  to  be  cast  into  the  sea  for 
writing  a  play  against  him,  but  yElian  says 
that  he  died  at  Egiua.  Some  fiagmeutsof 
his  remain. 

EURIPIDES,  a  Grecian  tragic  poet,  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Salamis,  B.C.  480. 
He  studied  at  Athens  under  Anaxagoias  the 
philosopher,  and  Prodicus  the  rhetorician  ; 
but  left  that  city  in  disgust,  on  account  of 
the  rivalship  of  Sophocles  and  the  raillery 
of  Aristophanes,  and  went  to  the  court  of 
Archelaus,  king  of  Maeedon.  He  wrote  an 
immense  number  of  tragedies,  nineteen  of 
which  are  extant.  As  he  was  walking  one 
evening  in  a  wood,  he  was  attacked  by  the 
king's  hounds  and  torn  in  pieces.  He  was 
then  in  his  7.")th  year. 

EUSDtIN,  Laurexce,  an  English  poet, 
was  born  in  Yorkshire.  In  1718  he  obtained 
the  laureateship,  which  raised  him  seve- 
ral enemies,  particularly  Pope,  who  placed 
him  in  the  Dunciad.  He  became  rector 
of  Coningsby,  in  I.incolnshiie,  where  he 
died  in  J730.  His  poems  are  in  Nichols's 
collection. 

EUSEBIUS,  Pampiiimts,  an  ecclesiastical 
historian,  was  born  in  Palestine  about  270. 
In  the  i>ersecution  by  Diocletian,  he  assisted 
the  suffering  Christians  by  his  exliortations, 
particularly  his  friend  Pamphilus,  whose 
niinie  out  of  veneration  he  assumed.  liuse- 
bius  was  chosen  bishop  of  Ca;sarea  about  013. 
He  was  at  first  the  friend  of  Arius,  because 
lie  considered  him  as  persecuted,  but  on  per- 
ceiving the  dangerous  extent  of  his  opinions, 
he  abandoned  Iiim,  and  assisted  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Nice,  which  he  opened  with  an  address. 
He  was  also  at  that  of  Antioch.  The  emperor 
Omstanline  had  a  particular  esteem  forliim, 
and  showed  liim  several  tokens  of  favour. 
He  died  about  338.  He  wrote  an  "Ecclesi- 
astical History,"  the  "Life  of  Constantinc," 


and  other  works,  the  principal  of  which  is 
"Evangelical  Preparation." 

EUSTACUIUS,  Baktholomeav,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  physician  of  the  ICth  century. 
He  settled  at  Rome,  wlicre  he  formed  his 
anatomical  tables,  and  nuide  several  im- 
portant discoveries,  among  which  is  the 
passage  from  the  throat  to  the  internal  ear, 
called  the  Eustachian  tube.  Boerhaave  pub- 
lished this  author's  Opuscula  Anatomicu  in 
1707.     He  died  in  1570. 

EITSTATHIUS,  an  eminent  critic  and 
archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  was  born  at 
ConstantiJiople,  and  lived  in  the  12lh  century. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Homer  and  Dio- 
njsius  the  geographer  ;  displaying,  in  the 
former  more  especially,  profound  philological 
learning. 

EUTROPIUS,  Flatii-s,  a  Latin  historian 
of  the  4th  century.  He  was  secretary  to 
Constantine  the  Great,  and  served  under 
Julian  in  his  Persian  expedition.  He  wrote 
an  epitome  of  the  history  of  Rome,  of  which 
numerous  editions  have  been  printed. 

EUTYCHES,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  5th 
century,  from  wliom  the  sect  of  Entychians 
sprung,  was  a  man  of  strict  piety,  l)Ut  who, 
in  opposing  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  fell 
into  the  opposite  extreme,  and  denied  the 
human  nature  of  Christ.  For  this  he  was 
excommunicated  ;  but  he  had  many  follow- 
ers, and  the  sect  existed  for  a  long  period 
after  hia  death. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer  in  the  time 
of  Augustus.  He  wrote  a  History  of  Egypt, 
the  Liie  of  Tlmagencs,  "De  AriiflcioThucy- 
didis  Oratorio,"  &c. 

EVANS,  Abkl,  commonly  called  Dr. 
Evans,  the  epigrammatist,  was  one  of  the 
Oxford  wits,  and  intimate  with  the  most 
eminent  poets  of  the  age.  He  was  a  member 
of  St.  John's  College,  and  viciir  of  St.  Giles, 
Oxford.    He  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1711. 

EVANS,  Akise,  an  astrologer  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Wales,  and  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  removed  to  London,  where 
he  taught  the  mathematics,  practised  astro- 
logy, and  had  the  reputation  of  a  necro- 
mancer. 

EVANS,  Caleb,  was  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister  at  Bristol,  and  the  author  of  "  Ser- 
mons on  the  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Son 
and  Holy  Spirit,"  "  Christ  Crucified,  or  the 
Scripture  Doctrine  of  tlie  Atonement,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1791. 

EVANS,  Cornelius,  an  impostor,  was 
born  at  Marseilles,  but  his  father  was  a 
Welsliman.  In  1048  he  came  to  P^ngland, 
and  pretended  to  be  the  prince  of  Wales,  to 
wliom  he  bore  a  great  resemblance.  After 
carrying  on  this  farce  a  few  weeks  he  was 
sent  to  Newgate,  from  whence  he  effected  his 
escape,  but  what  became  of  him  afterwards 
is  not  known. 

EVANS,  Joiix,  n  general  Baptist  minister, 
and  theological  writer,  was  I)orn  at  Uskc, 
in  Monmouthshire.  Having  completed  his 
studies  at  the  universities  of  Aberdeen  and 
Edinburgh,  in  1792  he  became  pastor  of  a 
congregation  in  Worship  Street,  London, 
and  8ul)se(itiently  opened  an  academy  for 
youth  at  Hoxton,  which  he  removed  to  Is- 
lington, and  finally  rclintiuished  it  in  1K25. 
He  wrote  and  compiled  several  works,  but 


281 


eva] 


^  flfin  mntbtr^al  SSiagraiJl^M. 


[exji 


is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  "  A  Brief 
Sketch  of  the  several  Denominations  into 
which  the  Christian  World  is  divided." 
Died,  1827. 

EVANSON,  Edward,  a  divine,  was  born 
at  Warrington,  in  Lancashire,  in  1731,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Tewkesbury,  but  liaving  adopted 
Sociuian  doctrines,  he  was  compelled  to  quit 
his  living,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Mitcham, 
in  Surrey.  He  wrote  the  "  Dissonance  of  the 
Four  generally  received  Evangelists,"  "  A 
Letter  to  Bishop  Hurd  on  the  Grand  Apos- 
tasy," "  Reflections  on  the  State  of  Religion 
in  Christendom,"  and  some  other  works. 
Died,  180.5. 

EVELYN,  John',  was  the  son  of  Richard 
Evelyn,  esq.,  of  Wotton,  Surrey,  where  he 
was  born  in  1G20.  Throughout  life  he  evinced 
a  love  for  the  liberal  and  useful  arts  ;  and 
having  at  an  early  period  been  induced  to 
leave  England  on  account  of  the  civil  war, 
he  added  greatly  to  liis  stock  of  knowledge 
by  the  good  use  he  made  of  his  time  while 
travelling  in  France  and  Italy.  He  re- 
turned home  in  1(5.51,  and  made  some  efforts 
in  favtjur  of  the  royal  cause  ;  on  which  ac- 
count he  was  much  favoured  by  Charles  II. 
after  lii.s  restoration.  On  the  foundation  of 
the  Royal  Society,  he  was  nominated  one  of 
the  first  fellows  ;  soon  after  which  he  pub- 
lished his  most  celebrated  work,  entitled 
"  Sylva,  or  a  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,"  &c. 
In  1004,  Evelyn  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  sick  and  wounded  seamen; 
also  a  commissioner  for  rebuilding  St.  Paul's 
cathedral;  and  he  afterwards  had  a  place  at 
the  board  of  trade.  Jn  the  reign  of  James  II. 
he  was  made  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
executing  tlie  oflice  of  lord  privy  seal,  and 
after  the  Revolution  he  was  appointed  trea- 
surer of  Greenwich  Hospital.  Evelyn  has 
the  honour  of  being  one  of  the  first  who  im- 
proved horticulture,  and  introduced  exotics 
into  this  country.  Of  liis  garden  at  Sayes 
Court,  a  curious  account  may  be  seen  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions.  Besides  liis 
"  Sylva,"  he  wrote  "  Xerra,  a  Philosophical 
Discourse  of  Earth,"  "Kumismata,  or  a  Dis- 
course of  Medals,"  "  Sculptura,"  "  Acetaria," 
&c.  His  "Memoirs,"  comprehending  a 
curious  Diary  and  Correspondence,  have 
been  published  ;  besides  an  interesting  "  Me- 
moir of  Mrs.  Godolphiu  "  (which  he  left  in 
MS.),  edited  by  the  present  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford ;  and  still  more  recently  a  "  History  of 
Religion."     Died,  1706. 

EVELYN,  Sir  George  Augustus  Wil- 
liam Shuckburgii  whose  original  name 
was  Shuckburgh,  but  having  married  the 
daughter  of  James  Evelyn,  esq.,  of  Fal- 
bridgc.  Surrey,  heiress  of  the  Evelyn  estates, 
he  took  that  name.  lie  was  M.P.  for  War- 
wick, and  a  member  of  tlie  Royal  and  An- 
tiquarian Societies  ;  to  the  "  Transactions  " 
of  the  former  of  which  he  was  a  valuable 
contributor.      Born,  1751  ;  died,  1804. 

EVERARD,  Johannes  Secl-xdus,  son  of 
Nicholas  Everard,  president  of  tlie  council 
of  Holland,  was  born  at  the  Hague  in  1511, 
and  became  Latin  secretary  to  tlie  emperor 
Charles  V..  wliom  he  accomjianied  to  the 
siege  of  Tunis.  He  wa.s  the  author  of 
"Basia,"  a  collection  of  Latin  poems,  ele- 


gant in  language, but  licentious  in  principle: 
it  is  therefore  to  be  lamented  that  they 
have  been  translated  into  most  modern  Eu- 
ropean languages.  Johannes  Secundus,  as 
he  is  usuallv  called,  died  in  1536. 

EVERDINGEN,  Aldek  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  celebrated  both  for  landscapes  and 
sea  pieces,  was  born  in  1021.  The  date  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

EVREMOND,  St.,  Charles  Marquetel 
DE  St.  Dknis,  Lord  of,  was  born  in  1613,  and 
became  one  of  the  most  lively  and  amusing 
writers  of  his  time.  He  studied  the  law,  but 
subsequently  entered  the  military  service, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  general  under  the 
Prince  of  Conde  ;  but  he  lost  his  commission 
for  having  indulged  his  propensity  for  satire 
at  the  expense  of  the  prince.  He  then  got 
embroiled  with  Cardinal  Mazarin,  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Biistile,  and  afterwards  es- 
caped a  second  arrest  only  by  flying  to  Eng- 
land. He  was  well  received  at  the  gay  court 
of  Charles  II.  ;  and,  after  indulging  in  a  life 
of  ease  and  enjoyment,  died  in  1703. 

EWALD,  John,  an  eminent  Danish  poet, 
was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  and  born  at 
Copenhagen,  in  1743.  Having  lost  his  father 
while  young,  and  disliking  the  clerical  life, 
he  left  his  home  when  but  15  years  of  age, 
and  enlisted  in  the  Prussian  army.  Desert- 
ing to  the  Austrian  service,  he  was  made  a 
Serjeant,  but  not  being  able  to  obtain  his 
discharge  when  he  wished,  he  deserted  again 
and  returned  to  Denmark.  His  youthful 
follies  being  now  at  an  end,  he  pursued  a 
literary  life  with  great  ardour,  and  produced 
several  very  excellent  works  ;  but  that  one 
to  which  he  owed  his  earliest  distinction  as 
a  poet,  was  an  "  Elegy  on  the  Death  of  Fre- 
deric V."  His  "  Songs  of  the  Scalds,"  and 
other  pieces  after  the  manner  of  Ossian,g.'ive 
him  great  reputation  ;  and  he  may  be  said  to 
have  surpassed  all  preceding  Danish  poets  in 
spirit  and  originality.    Died,  1781. 

EWING,  JoUN,  an  eminent  American 
divine,  natural  philosopher,  and  mathema- 
tician, was  born  in  Maryland,  in  1732.  He 
was  pastor  to  the  first  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Philadelphia  ;  and  on  visiting  Great  Bri- 
tain in  1773,  he  received  from  the  university 
of  Edinburgh  the  diploma  of  D.D.  In  1775 
he  returned  home  ;  and  in  a  few  years  after- 
wards was  made  provost  of  the  university  of 
Philadelphia.  He  also  became  one  of  the 
vice-presidents  of  the  American  Pliilosophi- 
cal  Society  ;  and  was  justly  esteemed  as  a 
mathematician  of  distinguished  reputation. 
Died,  1802. 

EXMOUTH,EDAVARn  Pellew,  Viscount, 
was  descended  from  a  Cornish  family  of 
respectability,  and  born  at  Dover  in  1757. 
At  the  age  of  13  he  entered  the  navy  as  a 
midshipman  on  board  the  Juno  frigate  ;  and 
during  the  American  war  we  find  him  in 
the  Blonde  frigate,  contending  for  naval  su- 
premacy on  Lake  Champlain,  where  he  at- 
tracted" the  notice  of  his  superiors  by  his 
bold  and  matchless  daring.  Continuing  to 
signalise  himself  in  various  ways,  during  the 
American  contest,  he  was  at  length  sent 
home  with  disjjatches,  and  strong  recom- 
mendations for  promotion  ;  and  having  ob- 
tuined  it,  he  proved,  by  repeated  successes, 
how  much  he  deserved  it.      At  the  com- 


I 


etc] 


^  iUeiD  5Huiber^aI  38iOffrapTjn. 


[fab 


meiiccment  of  the  war  \iitli  France  in  1703, 
his  services  were  called  into  immediate  action 
as  captain  of  the  Nymphe,  a  3(5-gun  frigate, 
which  he  manned  chiefly  with  Cornish  mi- 
ners ;  and  meeting  the  Cleopatre,  of  4()  guns, 
a  "crack  ship  of  France,"  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  make  her  his  prize,  after  sustaining 
one  of  the  most  gallant  lights  on  record. 
Tiiis  being  the  first  frigate  captured  after 
the  commencement  of  hostilities,  he  was  gra- 
ciously received  at  court,  and  had  the  honour 
of  knighthood  conferred  on  him.  lie  was 
now  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Are- 
thusa  of  44  guns,  and  hence  followed  many 
gallant  exploits,  wlule  cruizing  in  the  Chan- 
nel with  Sir  J.  B.  Warren's  squadron.  After 
this  he  commanded  the  Indefatigable,  and 
his  devotion  and  energy  continued  to  be  re- 
warded with  liis  usual  succesa.  But  it  was 
not  merely  by  beating  the  enemies  of  his 
country  that  Sir  Edward  distinguished  him- 
self:  many  acts  of  self-devotion,  courage, 
and  presence  of  mind  were  displayed  by 
him  in  saving  human  life  :  for  one  of  which, 
namely,  the  preservation  of  tlic  crew  of  the 
Button,  which  was  shipwrecked,  he  was 
created  a  baronet,  and  received  for  an 
honourable  augmentation  to  his  arms  a 
stranded  ship  for  a  crest.  From  179G  to 
17tt8  a  series  of  daring  enterprises  well  sus- 
tained his  hourly  increasing  reputation. 
lu  1799  he  removed  into  L'Impetueux,  of 
74  guns  ;  and  in  1800  was  dispatched,  with 
a  squadron,  to  assist  General  Maitland  in 
co-operating  with  the  French  royalists  at 
Quibcron.  During  the  short  peace  he  was 
(  elected  to  represent  Barnstable  in  parlia- 
i  ment ;  but  on  the  resumption  of  hostilities 
he  hoisted  his  flag  on  board  Le  Tonnant,  of 
80  guns.  Soon  after  this  he  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  and  proceeded 
to  the  East  Indies,  as  commander-in-chief 
on  that  station,  which  he  held  till  1809.  He 
'  had  not  long  returned  to  this  country  before 
he  received  the  command  of  the  fleet  in  the 
North  Sea  ;  and  a  year  afterwards  succeeded 
Sir  Charles  Cotton  in  the  more  important 
I  command  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet.  For 
I  a  long  period  he  was  incessantly  engaged 
I  in  upholding  the  patriot  cause  on  the  eastern 
i  coast  of  Spain,  and  in  co-operating  with 
the  British  forces  there.  His  valuable  ser- 
vices were  properly  appreciated,  and  on  his 
return  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the 
title  of  Baron  Exmouth,  with  a  pension  of 
2000L  per  annym.  In  March,  181(5,  his  lord- 
ship proceeded  to  the  Barbary  States,  and 
concluded  a  negotiation  for  the  liberation 
of  all  Christiou  slavea  in  those  dominions  ; 


but  he  had  scarcely  been  welcomed  home 
before  it  was  discovered  they  had  violated 
all  their  engagements  ;  and  he  returned  to 
Algiers  witli  a  force  sufficient  to  carry  into 
effect  the  object  of  his  former  mission.  He 
drew  up  his  fleet  in  order  of  battle,  and  sent 
in  a  flag  of  truce  ;  but  no  answer  being  re- 
turned, it  was  followed  by  one  of  the  fiercest 
and  most  destructive  bombardnients  ever 
known.  The  result  of  this  was,  that  the 
ferms  prescribed  by  the  British  government, 
for  the  total  abolition  of  Christian  slavery, 
&c.  were  nnconditioually  subnutted  to. 
Lord  Exmouth  was  now  created  a  viscount, 
and  on  the  death  of  Admiral  Duckworth,  in 
1817,  he  was  appointed  to  the  chief  command 
at  Plymouth,  where  he  continued  till  1821, 
when  he  finally  retired  from  the  active  du- 
ties of  his  profession,  but  obtained  the  high 
station  of  vice-admiral  of  England,  in  18;}2. 
Few  men  in  the  naval  service  of  this  coun- 
try, eminently  distinguished  as  many  have 
been,  ever  bore  so  prominent  a  part,  or 
evinced  more  determined  courage  and  cool- 
ness in  discharge  of  their  arduous  duties, 
than  did  this  gallant,  humane,  and  active 
officer.  He  seemed  to  be  the  very  beau  ideal 
of  a  British  sailor  ;  his  undaunted  courage 
and  enterprise  was  strikingly  denoted  in  his 
manly  aspect ;  and,  though  a  perfect  disci- 
plinarian, his  hearty  and  encouraging  ex- 
pressions produced  a  magic  eftect  on  his 
officers  and  men,  while  they  always  felt  the 
fullest  confidence  in  his  skill  and  intrepidity. 
He  died  in  January,  1HS3. 

E  YCK,  UuBEUT  and  John  Vak,  brothers, 
both  eminent  as  painters,  were  born  at 
Maaseyk,  in  Holland  ;  the  former  in  l.'iGO, 
the  latter  in  1.J70.  Hikekt  is  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  the  Flemish  school ;  and 
JouN,  who  from  his  place  of  residence  is 
known  as  Johii  of  lirugcs,  was  certainly  the 
first  who  brought  the  art  of  painting  in  oil 
to  perfection.  He  also  made  great  improve- 
ments in  the  art  of  perspective ;  and  is 
allowed  to  have  excelled  all  others  in  paint- 
ing on  glass,  delicately  blending  his  colours, 
and  yet  so  firmly  fixing  them  that  oblitera- 
tion was  impossible.     He  died  in  1441. 

EYKE,  FKA^•cls,  a  gentleman  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  persuasion,  and  a  public  ad- 
vocate of  its  principles,  was  descended  from 
a  respectable  family  in  Northamptonshire, 
many  years  resident  at  Warkworth  Castle. 
He  engaged  in  a  theological  controversy 
with  Mr.  Churton,  and  wrote  "  Remarks  on 
the  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  &c.    Died,  1801. 


FABER,  BASir,,  a  learned  German  Pro- 
testant, who  published  in  1.571,  a  work, 
entitled  "  Thesaurus  Eruditionis  Scholias- 
tica!,"  since  improved  by  Cellarius  and  others 
into  2  vols,  folio.  He  was  a  native  of  Sorau, 
and  died  in  l.">7<!. 

FABER,  Joiix,   a   German   divine,  was 


bom  at  Heilbron  in  1600.  His  works  were 
printed  at  Cologne,  in  3  vols,  folio.  There 
was  another  of  this  name,  termed  Malleus 
Ifereticontm,  or  the  Cruslier  of  Heretics, 
who  wrote  several  publications  against  the 
Protestants,  for  which  he  was  raised  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Vienna.    Died,  1542. 


fab] 


%  iSclD  Winibtr^aX  2St05rapT)p, 


[fab 


FABERT,  Abraham  de,  a  French  mili- 
tary commander  of  great  reputation,  was 
))orn  at  Metz  in  1599.  When  oniy  1  a  years 
old,  his  father  procured  him  a  commission 
in  the  army  ;  and  such  was  his  skill  and 
ardour  for  the  service,  that  he  rose  to  the 
first  rank  in  his  profession,  and  distinguished 
liimself  by  a  series  of  exploits  which  have 
had  but  few  parallels  in  modern  warfare. 
He  refused  the  cordon  bleu,  which  was 
offered  to  him  by  Louis  XIV.,  and  to  which 
none  but  those  of  ancient  descent  were  pro- 
perly entitled,  because,  said  he,  "  I  will  not 
have  my  mantle  decorated  by  a  cross,  aud 
my  name  dishonoured  by  an  imposture." 
In  fact,  so  highly  was  lie  esteemed  for  his 
sense  of  honour,  that  Mazarine  declared, 
"If  Fabert  can  be  suspected,  there  is  no 
man  living  in  whom  we  can  place  con- 
fidence."    Died,  1GC2. 

FABIAN,  Robert,  an  English  chronicler 
of  the  1.5th  century.  He  was  a  tradesman 
of  London,  anil  ser\'ed  the  offices  of  alder- 
man and  sheriff.  His  "  Chronicle  of  Eng- 
land and  France  "  was  first  printed  at  Lon- 
don in  1510. 

FABIUS,  Maximus  Rijllianus,  an  illus- 
trious Roman.  In  303  B.C.  he  served  the 
office  of  censor,  and  obtained  the  name  of 
Maximus  for  lessening  the  power  of  the 
populace  in  elections.  He  triumphed  over 
seven  nations,  and  served  the  office  of  dic- 
tator a  second  time,  b.c.  287. 

FABIUS  MAXIMUS, QtnxTtrs, surnamed 
Va-rucosiis,  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
above.  He  was  employed  against  Hannibal, 
in  opposition  to  whom  he  adoi)ted  a  liarassing 
and  protracted  mode  of  warfare,  instead  of 
risking  the  fortunes  of  Rome  upon  the  event 
of  a  single  battle ;  and  thus  the  Fabian 
manner  of  conducting  a  campaign  lias  be- 
come an  adage.  He  distiiiguislied  himself 
by  his  prudence,  valour,  and  generosity.  He 
was  consul  tlie  first  time  b.  c.  233,  when  he 
gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Ligurians. 
In  his  advanced  years  he  was  superseded  by 
Scipio,  yet  his  death  was  lamented  by  the 
people  as  a  common  loss.  Died  b.c.  203, 
aged  near  100. 

FABIUS  PICTOR,  the  first  wiitcr  of  the 
Roman  history,  who  flourished  B.  c.  225. 
There  is  a  work  extant  under  his  name,  but 
it  is  a  manifest  forgery. 

FABRE,  John  Cj.AtDius,  a  French  writer 
of  some  note,  was  born  at  Paris  in  l(>i;8,  and 
died  about  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  Continuation  of  Fleu- 
ry's  Ecclesiastical  History,  a  French  and 
l^atin  Dictionary  ;  and  translated  Virgil, 
Phajdrus,  &c. 

FABRE,  John,  a  native  of  Nismes,  whose 
name  deserves  to  be  handed  down  to  pos- 
terity as  a  noble  instance  of  filial  piety. 
At  a  period  when  the  spirit  of  persecu- 
tion was  rife  in  France,  his  father  was  con- 
demned to  the  gallej's  for  having  made  one 
of  a  Protestant  congregation.  The  son  was 
no  sooner  informed  of  the  cruel  sentence  than 
he  solicited  to  be  exchanged  for  him,  and 
was  accepted.  Though  compelled  to  herd 
with  the  vilest  of  mankind,  he  remained  in 
this  degrading  state  of  slavery  upwards  of 
G  years,  having  refused  to  purchase  his  li- 
berty on  the  condition  of  prevailing  upon 


the  Protestant  pastor  to  quit  the  kingdom. 
Bom,  1729  ;  died,  1797. 

FABRETTI,  Raphael,  an  Italian  anti- 
quarian of  great  merit.  Ilia  principal  works 
are  "  De  Aquis  et  Aquaeductibus  veteris 
Roma;,  Dissertationes  Tres  ; "  "  De  Columna 
Trajana,"  and  "  Inscriptionum  Antiquarum 
Explicatio."  Born,  at  Urbino,  1G20 ;  died, 
at  Rome,  1700. 

FABRI,  HoNORius,  a  learned  Jesuit,  was 
born  in  1007  at  Bellay,  and  died  at  Rome  in 
1088.  He  wrote  "  Physica  sen  Rerum  Cor  • 
porearum  Scientia,"  6  vols.  4to.  ;  "  Synop- 
sis Optica,"  4to.  ;  "  De  Plantis,  de  Gene- 
ratione  Animalium,  et  de  Homine,"  4to. 
&c.  He  is  said  by  some  to  have  discovered 
the  circulation  of  the  blood  before  Harvey. 

F ABRIClUS,  Caius  (surnamed  Luscinus), 
a  Roman  general,  who  was  twice  consul, 
and  gained  several  victories  over  tlie  Sam- 
nites  and  Lucanians.  He  was  a  pattern  of 
virtue,  in  his  integrity  and  contempt  of 
riches.  When  consul,  he  discovered  to  Pyr- 
rhus,  king  of  Epirus,  a  plot  formed  to  poison 
him  by  his  physician  ;  and  in  gratitude  for 
so  noble  an  act,  Pyrrhus  released  the  Roman 
prisoners  without  ransom.  He  died  in  po- 
verty about  2.")0  B.  c. 

F ABRICI  US,  Davip,  a  German  astrono- 
mer and  divine,  who  is  chiefly  remembered 
for  his  attempting  to  reconcile  the  Pto'e 
maic  system  with  the  observations  of  Kep- 
ler, ife  is  also  the  author  of  a  Chronicle  of 
East  Friesland,  of  which  country  he  was  a 
native,  and  where  he  died  in  l.'')79. 

FABRICIUS,  John,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  also  an  astronomer,  and  the  first  who, 
by  means  of  refracting  telescopes,  disco- 
vered the  spots  on  the  sun's  disk,  before,  as 
it  appears,  they  were  noticed  l)y  Galileo. 
Died,  about  1025. 

FABRICIUS,  or  FABRIZIO,  Jerome,  an 
Italian  physician,  usually  called  Aquapcn- 
detite,  from  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Fallopius,  and  professed  anatomy 
with  extraordinary  reputation  at  Padua  40 
years.  He  died  in  1619.  His  works  on  ana- 
tomv  and  surgery  form  2  vols,  folio. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Albert,  a  learned 
critic  and  divine,  was  born  at  Leipsic  in 
1668.  He  became  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Hamburgh,  where  he  died  in  1736  ;  leaving 
behind  him  a  justly-acquired  fame  for  pro- 
found and  comprehensive  erudition.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Bibliotheca  Latina,"  2  vols. 
4to.  ;  "  Bibliotheca  Grseca,"  14  vols.  4to.  ; 
"  Codex  Ai)ocryphus  Novi  Testamenti,"  3 
vols.  8vo.,  and  many  other  learned  works. 

FABRICIUS,  JoHX  Christian,  a  distin- 
guished entomologist,  and  the  friend  and 
pupil  of  Linnajus,  was  born  at  Tundern,  in 
Sleswick,  in  1742,  and  died  at  Copenhagen  in 
1807.  He  was  counsellor  to  the  king  of 
Denmark,  and  professor  of  rural  and  poli- 
tical economy  ;  on  both  of  which  subjects 
he  wrote  ;  but  his  life  was  mainly  devoted 
to  the  pursuit  of  liis  favourite  science,  and 
for  the  purpose  of  improving  it  he  visited 
most  of  the  museums  in  Europe.  Ilis 
"Systema  Entomologiae,"  and  other  works 
on  entomology,  are  in  high  repute. 

FABRIS,  NiciioLA-s,  an  Italian  mecha- 
nician, was  born  at  Chioggia  in  1739,  and 
was  made  counsellor  to  tlie  bishop  of  that 


fab] 


^  |leh)  BniiinSKl  ^ia^ra^f^^. 


[fai 


city  in  1801.  He  was  of  the  clerical  pro- 
fession, but  studied  mathematics  and  music 
with  singular  ardour  and  success,  lie  made 
a  pianoforte,  which,  while  it  played,  wrote 
down  the  music  ;  also  a  time-piece,  which  at 
thesame  time  marked  the  French  and  Italian 
hours,  minutes,  and  seconds,  with  the  equi- 
noxes and  solstices ;  besides  various  other 
curious  instriunents. 

FABROXI,  Anoiolo,  a  learned  Italioji, 
was  born  at  Marradi,  in  Tuscany  in  1732. 
lie  is  generally  known  by  his  biographies 
of  Italian  literati  of  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies, of  wliich  work  he  published  IB  vo- 
lumes, and  left  another  ready  for  the  press. 
lie  also  wrote  the  lives  of  l-oreuzo  and 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  and  of  Leo  X.  ;  besides 
editing  a  literary  journal,  which  exteuded 
to  110  volumes.  Towards  the  close  of  his 
life  he  retired  to  Pisa,  became  curator  of 
that  university,  and  there  died  in  1802. 

FABRONI,  Giovanni,  an  Italian  writer 
of  great  celebrity,  whose  works  on  political 
economy,  agriculture,  and  physical  science 
are  alike  remarkable  for  the  sound  maxims 
they  contain,  and  the  extensive  views  in 
which  they  abound.  He  was  director  of 
bridges  and  highways  (under  the  imperial 
government)  for  the  department  beyond 
the  Alps,  and  held  many  honourable  situa- 
tions connected  with  literature  and  science. 
Born,  1752  ;  died,  at  Florence,  1823. 

FABllOT,  Charles  Anniual,  a  learned 
jurist,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Aix, 
in  Provence,  where  he  was  born  in  l.TSl. 
His  principal  work,  entitled  "  Basilicon,"  in 
7  vols,  folio,  is  a  translation  of  the  basilics 
or  laws  of  the  Eastern  empire  ;  but  he  wrote 
several  professional  works,  and  edited  many 
of  the  Byzantine  historians.    Died,  lGo9. 

FABRY,  John  Baptist  Gkumain,  secre- 
tary to  Fouche,  duke  of  Otranto,  Buona- 
parte's minister  of  police.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Le  Spectateur  Frangais  au  19me 
Sitcle,"  12  vols.,  and  many  other  works. 
Born,  1780  ;  died,  1821. 

FACCIOLATI,  James,  an  Italian  philo- 
logist, was  bom  at  Torreglia,  near  Padua, 
in  1682.  He  devoted  great  attention  to  re- 
viving the  study  of  ancient  literature  ;  and 
having  conceived  the  idea  of  a  Latin  lexicon, 
in  which  every  word,  with  all  its  significa- 
tions, should  be  contained  and  illustrated 
l>y  examples  from  the  classical  writers,  this 
immense  undertaking  occupied  for  nearly 
li»  vears  both  him  and  his  pupil  Forcellini. 
Died,  1 700. 

PACINI.  Petei!,  a  native  of  Bologna,  who 
was  first  a  t)Upil,  and  afterwards  tlic  rival,  of 
Aunibal  Caracci.  He  was  extensively  em- 
ployed in  ornamenting  churches  and  man- 
>i(;ns  ;  but  his  works  being  painted  in  fresco, 
few  of  them  are  preserved.  Born,  15(51 ; 
died,  1S02. 

FADLALLA,  an  oriental  historian  in  the 
13th  century,  was  the  son  of  a  physician  of 
Hamadan,  in  Persia ;  and,  on  being  ap- 
pointed vizier  to  the  sultan  Cazan,  who 
reigned  at  Tauris,  was  ordered  by  him  to 
write  a  history  of  the  Moguls  ;  which  hav- 
ing performed,  he  afterwards  added  to  it  a 
civil  and  geographical  description  of  all  the 
territories  and  people  of  the  Moguls  and 
Tartars. 


FAGE,  Raimond  de  la,  a  French  artist, 
celebrated  for  the  extraordinary  facility  and 
beauty  of  his  pen-and-ink  drawings,  some 
of  which  have  been  engraved  and  published. 
Died,  lf)90. 

FAGEL,  Gaspar,  an  eminent  Dutch 
statesman,  born  at  Haerlem,  in  1(529,  was 
grand  pensionary  of  Holland,  and  distin- 
guished himself  not  more  by  the  firmness 
with  which  he  opposed  Louis  XIV.,  when 
he  invaded  his  country,  than  by  the  activity 
with  which  he  supported  the  Prince  of  Orange 
in  his  plans  for  the  expulsion  of  James  II. 
from  England.  Died,  l(i88.  He  was  never 
married  ;  but  the  name  has  been  well  kept 
up  by  his  nephews  and  great  nephews,  live 
of  whom  have  filled  the  most  important 
offices  in  the  state;  and  one  of  them,  Francis 
Nicholas,  was  a  renowned  military  com- 
mander. He  greatly  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battle  of  Fleurus,  1(!!)0  ;  the  defence 
of  Mons,  1G91  ;  the  siege  of  Namur,  and  the 
capture  of  Bonn,  1703  ;  in  Portugal  and 
Flanders  ;  and  at  the  great  battles  of  Ramil- 

lies  and  Malplaquet.      He  died   in  1718 

Henrv,  the  last  of  the  Fagels,  who  has 
figured  as  a  statesman,  signed  the  treaty  of 
peace  between  Great  Britaiu  and  the  Nether- 
lauds,  in  1814,  and  has  at  all  times  sliowii  a 
devoted  attacliment  to  the  House  of  Orange. 

FAGIULOLI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian 
poet,  celebrated  for  the  fucetiousness  and 
drollery  of  his  writings,  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1(5(50,  and  died  in  1742.  He  wrote 
seven  volumes  of  comedies,  two  volumes  of 
burlesque  poetry,  and  one  of  miscellanies 
in  prose. 

FAHRENHEIT,  Oabhiel  Da:tiel,  an 
experimental  philosopher,  whose  arrange- 
ment of  the  thermometer  and  barometer 
which  bear  his  name,  was  a  work  of  great 
utility.  He  was  a  native  of  Dantzic  ;  born 
in  1(58(5,  and  died  in  1730. 

FAIPOULT,  Guillaume  Marie,  was  a 
French  republican  statesman,  born  of  a 
noble  family  in  Champagne,  in  17.52.  For 
ten. years  he  was  prefect  of  the  department 
of  the  Scheldt  ;  he  subsequently  held  the 
otfice  of  minister  of  finance  under  Joseph 
Buonaparte  in  Spain,  and  on  his  return  to 
France  in  1813,  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Italy  by  Napoleon.  On  the  second  restora- 
tion he  was  made  prefect  of  the  department 
of  Saone  and  Loire.    Died,  1817. 

FAIRFAX,  Edward,  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fairfax,  of  Denton,  in  Yorkshire, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  improvers 
of  English  versification.  Settling  at  New- 
hall,  in  Knaresborough  Forest,  he  led  the 
life  of  a  retired  country  gentleman,  devoted 
to  literary  pursuits.  His  chief  reputation 
as  a  poet  rests  on  his  translation  of  Tasso's 
"  (jrodfrey  of  Bouillon,"  which  is  written  in 
the  same  stanza  with  the  original,  and  com- 
bines fidelity  to  the  sense  of  the  author,  with 
striking  harmony  of  style.  He  also  wrote 
Eclogues,  and  a  prose  work  on  Demonology, 
in  which  he  was,  it  seems,  a  believer.  He 
died  about  1632. 

FAIRFAX,  Thomas,  Lord,  a  distinguished 
commander  in  the  civil  wars,  and  one  of 
the  leading  characters  of  that  turbulent 
period,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
to  whose  title  and  estates  he  succeeded  in 


PAl] 


^  ^cto  Winihtv^nl  ^fiiasrapfju. 


[fal 


1647.  When  the  disputes  between  Charles  I. 
and  tlie  Parliament  terminated  in  open  rup- 
ture, Fairfax  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  latter,  and  joined  his  father  in  making 
active  preparations  for  the  approaching 
contest.  In  the  earlier  part  of  his  career, 
he  suffered  various  checks  from  the  royalist 
forces,  but  he  retrieved  his  character  at 
Marston  Moor,  and  was  appointed  general- 
in-chief  when  Essex  resigned.  He  was  after- 
wards victorious  at  Naseby,  reduced  the  west 
to  obedience,  and  compelled  Colchester  to 
surrender.  But  he  was  hostile  to  the  exe- 
cution of  the  dethroned  monarcli ;  and  con- 
siderable jealousy  appears  to  have  been  en- 
tertained of  him  by  Oliver  Cromwell.  At 
length  he  resigned  the  command  of  the  army, 
and  retired  for  awhile  from  public  life.  At 
the  Restoration  he  crossed  over  to  Holland 
for  the  purpose  of  congratulating  Charles  II. 
on  his  accession,  and  was  formally  recon- 
ciled to  that  monarch.  He  devoted  his  lei- 
sure hours  to  the  encouragement  and  cul- 
tivation of  letters,  and  left  behind  him  a 
volume  of  poems  and  miscellanies,  including 
an  interesting  sketch  of  his  own  life.  Died, 
1671. 

FAITHORNE,  William,  an  English 
engraver  and  painter  of  the  17th  century, 
whose  works,  though  numerous  and  popular 
in  his  day,  seldom  rise  above  mediocrity. 
Died,  1691.      ■ 

FALCONER,  Thomas,  an  ingenious 
scholar,  and  the  author  of  "  Chronological 
Tables,"  &c.,  was  born  at  Chester,  in  1736, 
and  died  in  17S2. 

FALCONER,  William,  an  English  poet 
and  writer  on  naval  aflfairs,  was  born  at 
Edinburgh,  about  1730.  When  very  young, 
he  went  to  sea  in  the  merchant  service,  and 
had  risen  to  the  situation  of  second  mate, 
when  the  vessel  to  which  lie  belonged  was 
cast  away.  Thus  furnished  with  the  inci- 
dents of  his  "  Shipwreck,"  it  was  published 
in  1762,  and  dedicated  to  Edward,  duke  of 
York,  by  whose  patronage  the  author  was 
appointed  a  midshipmivn  on  board  the  Royal 
George,  and  next  a  purser  in  the  Glory. 
In  1769,  he  was  appointed  purser  of  the 
Aurora,  which  ship  was  never  heard  of  after 
she  quitted  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  De- 
cember, 1769,  and  was  therefore  supposed  to 
have  foundered  at  sea,  and  all  her  crew  to 
have  perished.  Besides  "  The  Shipwreck," 
he  wrote  some  minor  poems,  and  a  "  Marine 
Dictionary." 

FALCONER,  William,  a  skilful  physi- 
cian, residing  at  Bath,  was  an  able  writer 
on  chemical  and  medical  subjects ;  and 
many  able  treatises  owe  their  existence  to 
liis  professional  skill  and  industry.  To  him 
belongs  the  discovery  of  the  properties  of 
carbonic  gas,  which  has  been  erroneously 
attributed  to  Dr.  Priestley.  Born,  1743  ;  died, 
1824. 

FALCONET,  Stephen-  Mairice,  a  cele- 
brated French  sculptor,  was  born  at  Paris, 
in  1716.  Although,  owing  to  his  humble 
origin,  he  had  been  apprenticed  to  a  cutter 
of  barber's  blocks,  he  became  an  excellent 
modeller,  and,  assisted  by  Lemoine,  the 
sculptor,  rose  to  eminence  as  an  artist ; 
while,  owing  to  his  persevering  application, 
he  also  shone  as  an  author.    In  1766  he  was 


286 


invited  to  Russia,  to  execute  the  colossal 
statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  there  he  re- 
sided 12  years.  His  writings  on  the  fine  arts 
form  6  vols.  8vo.     Died,  1791. 

FALCONETTO,  John  Maria,  an  Italian 
architect,  was  born  at  Verona,  in  14j8.  He 
built  palaces,  and  much  improved  the  style 
of  architecture  in  the  Venetian  states  ;  and 
a  building  of  his  at  Padua  is  said  to  liave 
suggested  to  Palladio  the  idea  of  the  famous 
Villa  Capra,  which  served  as  the  model  of 
Lord  Burlington's  villa  at  Chiswick.  lie  died 
in  1534. 

FALCONIA,  Proba,  a  Christian  poetess, 
born  in  Etruria,  who  flourished  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  llonorius,  in  the  4th  century. 

FALIERI,  Makino,  a  Venetian  noble, 
succeeded  Andrew  Dandolo  as  doge  of 
Venice,  in  1354.  He  had  previously  com- 
manded the  troops  of  the  republic  at  the 
siege  of  Zara,  in  Dalmatia,  where  he  gained 
a  brilliant  victory  over  the  king  of  Hun- 
gary ;  and  was  afterwards  ambassador  to 
Genoa  and  Rome.  When  he  succeeded  to 
the  office  of  doge,  he  was  76  years  of  age, 
and  had  a  young  and  beautiful  wife.  Jealous 
of  Michael  Steno,  he  quarrelled  with  and 
was  insulted  by  him  at  a  masquerade  ;  but 
Steno  being  sentenced  to  no  more  than  a 
month's  imprisonment  for  his  offence,  Fa- 
lieri,  burning  with  revenge,  entered  into  a 
conspiracy  with  the  plebeians  to  overturn 
the  government  and  massacre  the  patri- 
cians. On  the  night  before  it  was  to  be 
carried  into  effect,  the  plot  was  discovered, 
and  Falieri  suffered  decapitation,  April  17. 
1355.  His  character  is  delineated  with  his- 
torical truth  by  Lord  Byron,  in  one  of  his 
noblest  tragedies. 

FAI<K,  Jonx  Daxiel,  was  the  son  of  a 
poor  wig-maker  at  Dantzic,  who  would 
scarcely  allow  him  to  be  taught  even  to 
read  and  write  before  he  employed  him  in 
his  trade  ;  but  his  love  of  knowledge  was 
sufficient  to  overcome  the  difficulties  that 
lay  in  his  way  of  attaining  it,  and  all  his 
little  savings  were  laid  out  at  the  circulating 
library.  Having  thus  obtained  a  tolerable 
education,  he  published  some  admirable 
satires,  but  afterwards  wrote  principally 
upon  religious  subjects.  Born,  1770  ;  died, 
1826. 

FALK,  or  FALCK,  Jonx  Petek,  a  Swe- 
dish naturalist  and  traveller,  and  a  pupil 
of  Linnceus.  Having  finished  his  studies  at 
Upsal,  he  went  to  St.  Petersburgh,  and  was 
engaged  by  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences to  assist  in  exploring  the  Russian 
dominions.  After  some  years  spent  in  this 
employment,  he  was  afflicted  with  hypochon- 
dria to  such  a  degree,  that,  while  at  Kasan, 
in  1774,  in  one  of  his  paroxysms,  he  put  a 
period  to  his  existence  with  a  pistol.  His 
travels  were  afterwards  published  in  3  vols. 

FALKENSTEIN,  Johx  Henry,  a  volu- 
minous writer,  was  born  in  Franconia,  in 
1682.  He  wrote  the  "  Antiquities  of  Nord- 
gau,"  3  vols,  folio ;  and  other  works  of  a 
similar  kind.  He  died  at  the  court  of  the 
Margrave  of  Anspach,  in  1760. 

FALKLAND,  Henrv  Cary,  Viscount, 
son  of  Sir  Edward  Cary,  master  of  the  jewel 
office  to  queen  Elizabeth  and  to  James  I., 
was  made  comptroller  of  the  king's  house- 


fal] 


^  ^cix)  mntbcriEfaX  38t00rapl)J?. 


[far 


hold,  and  elevated  to  the  (Scotch)  peerage 
of  Falkland  in  1<!17.  Subsequently  he  was 
made  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  but  did  not 
long  hold  the  office,  the  Catholic  party  being 
much  opposed  to  him.  lie  was  a  man  ot 
considerable  literary  talcut,  and  published 
"Letters  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham," 
"  A  Ilistory  of  that  unfortunate  Prince,  Ed- 
ward II.,"  &c.     Died,  IG33. 

F.(\X.KLAND,  Li  c:ius  Caky,  Viscount,  son 
of  the  preceding.  His  course  is  a  strong  and 
painful  proof  that  the  best  intentions  may 
lead  to  fatal  results,  if  not  guided  by  solid 
judgment.  lie  was  much  favoured  by  Charles 
I.,  and  was  one  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  that  monarch.  Yet,  unaware  of 
the  extremities  to  which  the  (so  called)  pa- 
triots of  the  day  desired  to  proceed,  he 
warmly  supported  them.  It  is  true  that 
when  he  did  perceive  the  real  intentions  of 
the  parliamentarians  he  decidedly  embraced 
the  cause  of  the  king.  But  he  had  done 
immense  mischief  by  lending  the  weight  of 
his  high  character,  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral,  precisely  at  the  time  when  the  weight 
of  that  character  would  most  have  benefited 
the  cause  of  social  order.  Learned,  and  the 
patron  of  learning,  he  was  also  as  brave  as 
he  was  gentle  ;  and  when  he  discovered  the 
error  of  liis  opposition,  he  fought  boldly  and 
zealously  for  his  king  ;  and  died  honourably 
at  the  battle  of  Newbury,  in  the  34  th  year 
of  liis  age,  KiW. 

FALKLAND,  TIe.vuy  Lucius  Gary,  Vis- 
count, son  of  the  above,  died  young.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  a  man  of  talent,  but  the 
only  proof  we  have  of  it  is  a  play,  culled 
"  The  Wedding  Night."    Died,  If56i5. 

FALKNEB,  Thomas,  was  originally  an 
English  surgeon,  but  afterwards  a  Jesuit, 
and  employed  as  a  missionary  in  Paraguay. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  order  to  which 
he  belonged,  he  returned  to  England,  and 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retire- 
ment. He  wrote  a  "Description  of  Pata- 
gonia," &c.     Died,  1780. 

FALLOPIUS,  CxAnuiEL,  an  eminent  ana- 
tomist and  physician,  was  born  at  Modcna  ; 
studied  at  Ferrara  and  Padua  ;  was  professor 
of  anatomy  for  three  years  at  Pisa  ;  and, 
lastly,  filled  the  chair  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  Padua,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death,  in  LW.^.  He  was  the  first  who  accu- 
rately described  the  vessels  and  bones  of 
the  foetus  ;  and  his  account  of  the  Fallopian 
tubes  has  served  to  i)erpetuate  his  name. 
His  chief  work  is  entitled  "  Observationes 
Anatomicae." 

FALLOWS,  Feakox,  was  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  who  in  1821 
was  appointed  to  the  office  of  astronomer 
royal  at  the  Cape  of  Goo<l  Hope.  During 
the  two  following  years,  though  furnished 
with  but  few  instruments,  he  formed  a  cata- 
logue of  27;i  stars  belonging  to  the  southern 
hemisphere  ;  nor  is  there  a  doubt  but  that, 
had  his  life  been  spared  for  a  few  years,  and 
his  observatory  made  complete,  he  would 
have  succeeded  in  making  the  catalogues  of 
the  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere  equal 
in  accuracy  to  those  of  the  northern.  He 
died  in  IS-Sl. 

FANSHAWE,  Sir  Richard,  a  statesman 
and  poet,  was  bom  at  Ware  Park,  Herts,  in 


1008,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  In  1C35 
he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Spain,  whence, 
in  1(>41,  he  returned,  and  acted  steadily  for 
tlie  royal  cause.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Worcester,  and  closely  confined 
for  a  considerable  time  ;  but  at  last  recovered 
his  liberty,  and  went  to  Breda,  where  he  was 
knighted  by  Charles  II.,  in  1(5«5.  At  the 
Restoration  he  was  made  master  of  requests, 
and  sent  to  Portugal  to  negotiate  the  marriage 
with  the  king  and  the  Infanta  Catharine. 
In  1004  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Spain,  and 
died  there  in  1000.  He  translated  into  Eng- 
lish the  Pastor  Fido,  or  Faithful  Shepherd, 
of  Guiarini ;  also  the  Lusiad  by  Camoens. 
His  letters  during  his  embassies  iu  Spain 
and  Portugal  were  printed  in  1702. 

FANTIN-DESODOARDS,  Antoine  Eti- 
ENNE  Nicolas,  a  French  historian  and  po- 
litical writer,  was  born,  in  17^8,  at  Pont  de 
Beauvoisin,  in  Dauphine.  He  was  originally 
an  ecclesiastic ;  but  becoming  acquainted 
with  Danton  and  Robespierre,  he  employed 
his  pen  in  defending  the  revolutionary  career 
of  his  cotemporaries.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  extensive  works,  but  his  "  Histoire 
Philosophique  de  la  R''volution  Fran(;aise," 
in  0  vols.  8vo.,  is  sufficient  of  itself  to  attest 
liis  principles. 

FARE,  Charles  Augustus,  Marquis  de 
la,  a  French  poet,  and  captain  of  the  guards 
to  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  was  born  iu  1044,  and 
died  in  1712.  According  to  Voltaire,  Fare 
did  not  begin  to  write  poetry  till  he  was 
nearly  00.  His  compositions  are  remarkable 
for  sweetness  and  elegance.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  "Mcmoires  sur  le  Regne  de 
Louis  XIV.,"  a  work  containing  satirical 
reflections  on  cotemporary  characters. 

FAREL,  William,  a  Protestant  divine, 
and  one  of  the  associates  of  Calvin  in  the  re- 
formation of  the  church,  was  born  at  Gap,  in 
Dauphin^.  While  at  the  university  of  Paris, 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  phi- 
losophical and  classic  attainments;  but  being 
invited  by  the  Bishop  of  Meaux  to  preach  in 
that  city,  he  propagated  the  principles  of  the 
Huguenots,  and  was  consequently  soon  com- 
pelled to  seek  safety  in  flight.  He  found  an 
asylum  at  Strasburg,  wlience  he  removed  to 
other  parts  of  German  J',  exercising  his  talents 
as  a  preacher,  with  great  zeal  and  success. 
It  seems,  liowever,  that  he  was  intemperate 
and  bigoted  :  and,  though  defended  by  Cal- 
vin, the  portrait  drawn  of  niin  by  Erasmus 
places  him  in  a  very  unfavourable  light.  He 
wrote  some  theological  treatises ;  but  the 
cause  of  the  reformed  church  was  more  pro- 
moted by  his  preaching  than  by  his  writings. 
He  died  at  Neufchatel  in  150.5. 

FAREY,  John,  an  eminent  surveyor  and 
geologist,  was  born  atWoburn,  Bedfordshire, 
in  1700.  He  made  a  survey  of  the  county  of 
Derby,  which  was  published  in  2  vols. ;  but 
his  great  merit  consists  in  the  pains  he  took 
to  examine  the  relative  position  of  the  strata 
throughout  Britain,  and  to  collect  mineral 
specimens  to  illustrate  this  useful  branch  of 
science.    Died,  1820. 

FARIA  Y  SOUSA,  Ma.vuel  de,  a  Por- 
tuguese historian  and  poet,  was  born  at 
Souto,  in  Portugal,  about  1 '.90,  and  for  some 
time  secretary  to  the  Marquis  of  Castel 
Rodrigo,  ambassador  of  Rome.     He  wrote 


FAR 


^  ^tiD  Wnihu^Hl  ^iastn^iyyi* 


[far 


various  historical  works  relative  to  Portugal 
and  its  distant  possessions,  7  volumes  of 
poems,  &c.    Died  in  1649. 

FARINATO,  Paul,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Verona,  whose  numerous  works  were  dis- 
tinguished by  freedom  of  design,  boldness 
of  colouring,  and  great  facility  of  execution. 
Born,  1522  ;  died,  lOOfi. 

FARINELLI,  a  Neapolitan  singer  of  great 
eminence,  whose  real  name  is  said  to  be 
Carlo  Bho.sciii,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  1705. 
He  studied  under  Porjwra,  and  went  from 
Rome  to  Vienna,  M'here  the  emperor,  Charles 
VI.,  loaded  him  with  rich  presents.  In  1734 
lie  came  to  l^ondon,  and,  by  the  magic  of 
his  singing,  so  delighted  the  public,  that 
Handel  was  obliged  to  dismiss  a  rival  com- 
pany over  which  he  presided,  in  spite  of  all 
his  powers  and  popularity.  Manj'  extra- 
ordinary stories  are  related  of  his  vocal  skill, 
and  his  command  over  the  feelings  and 
sympathies  of  his  audience  appears  to  have 
been  unrivalled. 

FARINGTON,  Geokoe,  an  historical 
painter,  and  a  pupil  of  West.  In  1780  his 
painting  of  the  incantation  scene  in  Macbeth 
was  rewarded  with  a  gold  medal  by  the 
Royal  Academy.  Died  at  Arcot  in  the 
East  Indies.     Born,  1754  ;  died,  1788. 

FABINGTON,  JosKi-ii,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  and  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.  lie  made  many  drawings  for  the 
"Britannia  Depicta,"  and  left  behind  him 
several  good  pictui-es  of  lake  and  landscape 
scenery.    Died,  1818. 

FARMER,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  born  in  1714,  near  Shrewsbury  ;  studied 
under  the  celebrated  Dr._  Dodd.Mdge  ;  and 
was  pastor  of  a  congregation  at  A\'altliam- 
stow,  where  he  died  in  1787.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  tlieological  tracts ;  "On 
Miracles,"  "  On  the  Temptation  in  the  Wil- 
derness," "  On  Demoniacs,"  "  On  the  Worship 
of  Human  Spirits  by  the  Heathens,"  &c. 

FARMER,  Richard,  a  divine  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Leicester  in  1735,  and 
educated  at  Emanuel  College,  Cambridge. 
In  17(j7  lie  took  the  degree  of  B.A.,  and 
became  one  of  the  preachers  at  Whitehall, 
lie  subsequently  became  vice-chancellor 
and  librarian  of  the  university  ;  and  also 
obtained  prebends  at  Lichfield  and  Canter- 
bury, the  latter  of  which  he  exchanged  for 
a  canonry  at  St.  Paul's.  In  his  "  Essay  on 
the  Learning  of  Shakspeare,"  which  is  a 
work  of  great  critical  merit,  he  proved  that 
all  the  knowledge  of  ancient  history  and 
mythology  possessed  by  the  immortal  bard, 
was  drawn  from  translations.     Died,  1797. 

FARNABY,  or  FARNABIE,  Thomas,  an 
eminent  schoolmaster,  was  born  in  London 
about  1575,  and  admitted  a  servitor  of  Merton 
College,  in  1590.  Hence  he  was  drawn  away 
by  a  Jesuit,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain ; 
but  being  disgusted  with  his  new  connection, 
he  escaped,  and  entered  on  board  the  Eng- 
lish fleet ;  after  which  he  served  as  a  soldier 
iu  the  Low  Countries.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  kept  a  school  at  Martock,  in 
Somersetshire,  whence  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, and  gained  great  reputation  as  a  teacher. 
From  Loudon  he  removed  with  many  of  his 
pupils  to  Sevenoaks,  in  Kent ;  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  town  he  purchased  an 


estate,  still  in  the  possession  of  the  family, 
which  has  been  raised  to  the  baronetage. 
He  wrote  various  school  books  ;  and  his 
Commentaries  on  Juvenal,  Persius,  Martial, 
and  other  classic  authors,  are  clear,  com- 
prehensive, and  erudite.    Died,  1047. 

FARNESE  ;  the  name  of  an  illustrious 
family  in  Italy,  many  of  the  members  of 
which  filled  the  highest  situations  in  church 

and  state Alexander,  the  s(m  of  Peter 

Louis  the  first  grand-duke  of  Parma  and 
Placentia,  was  born  in  1520,  and  created  a 
cardinal  by  his  grandfather,  pope  Paul  III. 
He  was  dean  of  the  sacred  college,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  highly  by  his  learning 
and  his  virtues  ;  while  as  a  statesman  his 
talents  were  such  as  to  obtain  for  him  the 
office  of  nuncio  to  the  courts  of  Vienna  and 

Paris.     Died,  1589 Alkxandek,  nephew 

of  the  preceding,  was  the  third  Duke  of 
Parma,  and  highly  distinguished  as  a  mili- 
tary commander  under  Philip  II.,  who  sent 
him  to  Flanders,  where  the  situation  of  the 
Spaniards  was  becoming  desperate.  He  re- 
covered several  cities,  and  succeeded  iu  re- 
conciling the  Catholic  part  of  the  population 
to  the  Spanish  government,  lie  afterwards 
invaded  France,  and  compelled  Henry  IV. 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Rouen.  On  his  return 
from  that  expedition,  he  received  a  wound 
in  his  arm  before  Caudebec,  in  consequence 
of  the  neglect  of  which  he  died,  at  Arras,  in 
1592,  aged  4(5. 

FARNEWORTH,  Ellis,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  born  in  Derbyshire,  and  educated 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  In  1762  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Carsington  in  Derby- 
shire, where  he  died  the  year  following.  He 
translated  the  Life  of  Vope  Sixtus  V.  from 
the  Italian,  1754,  folio  ;  Davila's  History  of 
the  Civil  Wars  of  France,  in  1757,  2  vols. 
4to. ;  the  works  of  Macliiavel,  1761,  2  vols. 
4to.  ;  and  Flcury's  History  of  the  Israelites, 
12mo. 

FARQL'HAR,  Geokge,  a  comic  writer 
was  born  at  Londonderry,  in  Ireland,  iu 
1678,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, from  which  he  either  eloped  or  was  ex- 
pelled for  irregular  conduct,  and  repaired  to 
London  with  his  friend  Wilks  the  actor, 
where  he  commenced  his  career  of  dramatic 
authorship.  His  first  production  was  "  Love 
in  a  Bottle,"  performed  at  Drury  Lane  Thea- 
tre with  success  in  1698,  about  which  time  I 
he  attracted  the  favour  of  I^ord  Orrery,  who 
procured  him  a  lieutenancy  in  his  own  regi- 
ment. In  1700  he  added  to  his  reputation  by 
"  The  Constant  Couple,"  a  comedy  in  which, 
under  the  character  of  Sir  Harry  Wildair,  he 
exhibited  a  lively  picture  of  the  foppish  tine 
gentleman  of  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
He  died  in  1707,  at  the  premature  age  of  29, 
and  during  the  run  of  his  last  and  best  play, 
"  The  Beaux  Stratagem."  Farquhar's  wit 
is  genuine  and  spontaneous,  his  characters 
are  obviously  drawn  from  nature,  and  his  in- 
cidents well  arranged.  His  libertinism  of 
language  and  sentiment  are,  however,  highly 
reprehensible  ;  but  it  was  the  vice  of  the  age 
rather  than  of  the  author,  whose  offence  may 
be  extenuated  on  the  ground  of  its  being  less 
glaring  than  in  many  of  his  cotemporaries. 

FARRANT,  Richard,  an  English  musi- 
cian.     He  held    situations    in  the  Chajjcl 


far] 


^  ^ctD  jam'tjcnSal  3Si00rajpl)». 


[fah 


Royal  and  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
from  1564  to  l.'iSO,  and  is  remarkable  for  tlie 
devout  and  solemn  style  of  his  compositions. 

FAIIREN,  Ei.izA,  countess  of  Dekby,  was 
the  daugliter  of  a  surgeon  at  Cork,  who 
failing  in  his  profession,  became  a  provincial 
actor,  and  died  young,  leaving  liis  family  in 
destitute  circumstances.  Eliza  was  born  in 
1759  ;  made  lier  first  appearance  at  Liverpool, 
wlien  14  years  of  ;ige  ;  and,  in  1777,  apjjeared 
at  the  llaymarket  Theatre,  London,  as  Miss 
Hardcastle,  in  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer." 
She  afterwards  played  at  Drury  Lane  and 
Covent  Garden  rand  eventually  succeeded 
Mrs.  Abington  in  her  principal  characters, 
which  she  played  with  great  eclat,  and  es- 
tablitihed  her  theatrical  fame.  At  this 
peri(xi  she  was  much  noticed  bj'  persons  of 
distinction,  and  conducted  the  private  the- 
atricals at  the  Duke  of  Newcastle's  house  in 
Privy  Gardens,  where  Lord  Derby,  Lord 
Henry  Fitzgerald,  Cliarles  Fox,  Lord  John 
Towushend,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Darner,  and 
others,  assumed  the  principal  characters. 
An  honourable  attachment  for  the  accom- 
plished actress  was  soon  after  formed  by 
Lord  Derby  ;  and,  in  1797,  on  the  death  of 
Lady  Derby,  from  whom  his  lordship  had 
been  for  some  years  separated,  he  raised  Miss 
Farren  to  the  rank  of  a  countess.  Died,  1H29. 

FASTOLF,  Sir  John,  the  supposed  proto- 
type of  Shakspeare's  Falstatf,  was  a  native 
of  Norfolk.  Adopting  the  profession  of  a 
soldier,  he  served  with  some  distinction  in 
Ireland,  under  Sir  Stephen  Scrope,  deputy 
to  the  lord  lieutenant,  and  married  his 
■widow,  who  was  an  lieiress  ;  through  the  ac- 
quisition of  wliose  property  he  obtained  the 
honour  of  knighthood,  and  the  order  of  the 
garter.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  and  rewarded  for  his  bravery  ; 
but  at  the  battle  of  Patay  he  shamefully 
tarnished  his  laurels  by  fleeing,  panic- 
stricken,  from  Joan  of  Arc.     Died,  1469. 

FATIO  DE  DUILLIER,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  was  bom  at  Basle,  in  1664  ; 
settled  in  London  in  1087,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  geometrician  and  astronomer  ; 
but,  becoming  a  zealous  partisan  of  a  fana- 
tical sect,  called  the  French  prophets,  he  was 
tried  and  put  in  the  pillory.  Many  inven- 
tions in  the  mechanical  arts  owe  their  ex- 
istence to  him  ;  among  others,  was  the  jew- 
elling of  watches. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  a  French  historian 
and  archajologist  in  the  16th  century,  and 
historiographer  to  Henry  IV.  He  wrote 
various  antiquarian  works,  of  which  his 
"  Antiquitt's  et  Histoires  Gauloises  et  Fran- 
coises "  is  the  chief.    Died,  1601. 

FAUCHET,  Claudk,  a  native  of  Dome, 
France,  was  grand-vicar  to  tlie  archbishop 
of  Bourges  and  preacher  to  the  king.  Just 
previous  to  the  French  Revolution  he  joined 
the  sect  of  the  lUuminati,  and  became  one 
of  theirchiefs  ;  and  during  the  popular  com- 
motions in  Paris,  he  took  an  active  part,  ap- 
pearing sword  in  hand  at  the  head  of  the 
mob  which  attacked  the  Basiile.  In  1791  he 
was  elected  constitutional  bishop  of  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados,  and  chosen  a  member 
of  the  legislative  assembly.  He  continued 
to  distinguish  himself  by  his  revolutionary 
furor  till  the  trial  of  Louis  XVL,  for  whose 


imprisfmment  he  voted  instead  of  his  death  ; 
and  having  joined  the  Girondists,  he  was 
persecuted  by  the  opposite  party.  At  last  he 
was  condemned  to  death  on  the  unfounded 
charge  of  being  an  accomplice  of  Charlotte 
Corday  in  the  assassination  of  Marat,  and 
suffered  by  the  guillotine  in  October,  1793. 

FAUJAS  DE  ST.  FOND,  Baktiiolo- 
MEW,  an  eminent  French  geologist,  was  born 
at  Montclimart,  in  1750  ;  became  professor  at 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History  ;  and  wrote 
various  works  connected  with  his  favourite 
pursuit ;  among  which  are  "  The  Miner- 
alogy of  Volcanoes,"  "  A  Natural  History 
of  Dauphini',"  "A  Journey  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  the  Hebrides,'   &c. 

FAULHABER,  John,  an  ingenious  ma- 
thematician, and  the  friend  of  Descartes, 
was  born  at  Ulm,  in  Suabia,  where  he  died, 
in  16.^5. 

FAUQUE,  a  French  authoress,  known  in 
England  by  the  name  of  Madame  de  Vau- 
cluse,  was  born  at  Avignon,  at  the  beginning 
of  tlie  ISth  century.  She  had  been  forced 
by  her  parents  to  become  a  mm  against  her 
will ;  and  having  obtained  a  dispensation 
from  her  vows,  slie  retired  to  England,  where 
she  supported  herself  by  writing  for  the  press. 
Among  her  productions  are  "  Dialogues 
Moraux  et  Amusans  "  and  "  Histoire  de 
Madame  de  Pompadour."     Died,  1777. 

FAUST,  or  FUST,  John,  one  of  the  three 
artists  to  whom  the  invention  of  printing  has 
been  ascribed,  was  the  son  of  a  goldsmith  at 
Mentz.  The  other  two  were  Guttemberg 
and  Schajffer  ;  to  the  former  of  wliom  the 
invention  of  printing  with  wooden  blocks  is 
attributed  ;  and  to  the  latter,  who  married 
the  daughter  of  Faust,  is  allowed  the  honour 
of  having  invented  punches  and  matrices,  by 
means  of  which  this  grand  art  was  carried  to 
perfection.  It  has  been  pretended  that, 
when  Faust  went  to  Paris  to  sell  a  second 
edition  of  his  Bible  of  14(i2,  he  was  arrested 
on  the  supposition  that  he  effected  the  print- 
ing of  them  by  magic  ;  but  this  story  appears 
to  be  a  mere  fiction.  There  is  reason  to 
believe  that  he  died  of  the  plague  in  1466. 

FAUST  or  FAUSTUS,  Dr.  John,  who 
lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  10th  century, 
was  born  at  Knittlingen,  in  Suabia.  After 
receiving  an  education  at  Wittemberg,  he 
went  to  Ingoldstadt,  where  he  studied  me- 
dicine, astroh>gy,  and  magic  ;  and  occupied 
himself  in  alchemical  experiments.  That 
he  was  a  man  of  great  scientific  acquire- 
ments there  is  little  doubt ;  and,  according 
to  legendary  tradition,  he  made  use  of  his 
power  in  a  manner  calculated  to  inspire  his 
countrymen  with  a  firm  belief  that  he  had 
familiar  dealings  with  the  devil.  The  super- 
natural feats  performed  by  him  and  his  ser- 
vant, Mephistopheles,  have  been  immortal- 
ised by  the  genius  of  Goethe. 

FAVART,  Cuables  Simon,  a  dramatic 
poet,  to  whom  the  comic  opera  in  France  is 
greatly  indebted,  was  born  in  1710.  At  an 
early  period  he  devoted  himself  to  poetical 
pursuits,  continuing,  with  little  intermission, 
to  write  for  the  stage  till  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1792. 

FAUVEL, ,  an  eminent  French  anti- 
quary, chiefly  known  for  his  researches,  at 
first  alone  in  Greece,  and  subsequently  in  the 


FAV] 


^  ^t\33  Winibtxial  SStDflrapT)^. 


[fea 


East  with  M.  de  Choiseul-Gouffler,  whom  he 
aided  in  valuable  researches.  M.  Fauvel  is 
well-known  in  connection  with  the  "  Voyage 
Pittoresque  de  la  Grfece."  Born,  1753  ;  died, 
1838. 

FAVIER,   ,    an    eminent    French 

statesman,  was  bom  at  Toulouse,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century  ;  and  at  the 
age  of  20  he  succeeded  liis  father  as  secretary 
general  to  the  states  of  Languedoc.  He 
afterwards  sedulously  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  politics,  and  was  employed  on 
several  secret  missions  in  Spain  and  Russia, 
under  the  ministry  of  the  Duke  de  Choiseul  ; 
but  engaging  in  certain  covert  transactions 
of  the  French  government  at  the  instigation 
of  the  Count  de  Broglie,  he  became  involved 
in  difficulties,  and  was  obliged  to  quit  France. 
He  was  subsequently  arrested  at  Hamburgh, 
and  taken  to  Paris  ;  but  procured  his  liber- 
ation in  1773,  and  on  the  accession  of  Louis 
XVI.  obtained  a  pension.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  political  treatises,  some  of 
which  have  been  collected  and  published  by 
M.  Segur  ;  and  he  was  one  of  the  principal 
contributors  to,  and  conductors  of,  the  Jour- 
nal Etranger.     Died,  1784. 

FAVORINUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher  and 
rhetorician  of  the  2nd  century,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Aries,  in  Gaul,  and  taught  at  Athens. 
Being  once  on  a  visit  at  Rome,  in  the  reign 
of  Adrian,  and  being  reproached  with  having 
meanly  submitted  to  the  emperor,  with 
whom  he  was  disputing  on  some  literary 
topic,  he  ironically  exclaimed,  "  Would  you 
have  me  pretend  to  be  wiser  than  the  com- 
mander of  thirty  legions  ?  " 

FAVRAT,  Francis  Andrew,  a  Prussian 
general,  so  remarkable  for  his  strength,  that 
he  is  said  to  have  once  lifted  up  a  horse  and 
its  rider,  and  to  have  often  carried  a  cannon 
on  his  shoulder  with  as  much  apparent  ease 
as  a  soldier  carries  his  firelock.  He  was 
governor  of  Glatz,  and  wrote  "  Memoirs  of 
the  History  of  the  War  of  the  Polish  Revo- 
lution from  1794  to  17%." 

FAWCETT,  John,  an  eminent  theatricial 
performer,  was  the  son  of  an  actor  of  humble 
pretensions  at  Drury  Lane,  and  was  born  in 
London,  in  17C9.  At  the  age  of  13  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  linendraper,  but  clandestinely 
left  the  shop  for  the  Margate  Theatre,  where, 
under  the  name  of  Foote,  he  made  his  first 
appearance.  He  afterwards  joined  Tate 
Wilkinson  on  the  York  circuit ;  and  in  1791 
made  liis  bow  to  a  LondoH  audience,  at 
Covent  Garden,  as  Caleb,  in  "  He  would  be 
a  Soldier."  His  dramatic  reputation  wasNit 
length  fixed  by  his  representation  of  Dr. 
Pangloss,  OUapod,  Caleb  Quotem,  and  Job 
Thornberry.  In  1798  he  joined  the  Haymar- 
ket  company,  and  became  acting  manager, 
in  1800,  of  that  theatre.  In  1813  he  appeared 
at  the  English  Opera,  and  in  1816  rejoined 
the  Hayraarket.  He  afterwards  became 
manager  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  which 
situation  he  held  till  his  retreat  from  the 
stage  in  1836.  In  private  life  his  conduct 
was  irreproachable,  but  there  was  a  bluntness 
in  his  manners,  which,  to  a  stranger,  often 
appeared  like  intentional  rudeness.  Died, 
1837. 

FAWCETT,  Sir  William,  a  distinguished 
military  officer,  was  a  native  of  Yorkshire. 


290 


Entering  young  into  the  army,  he  served 
under  General  Elliot,  with  reputation,  in  the 
German  wars  of  George  II.,  and  vl^s  made 
aide-de-camp  to  the  Marquis  of  Granby.  He 
was  soon  after  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  guards,  and  continued 
to  rise  gradually  till  he  became  a  general  in 
the  army,  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  and  governor 
of  Chelsea  Hospital.  Sir  William  wrote  some 
useful  "  Rules  and  Regulations,"  and  trans- 
lated the  "  Reveries  of  Marshal  Saxe."  Born, 
1728  ;  died,  1804. 

FAWKES,  Francis,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  was  bom  in  Yorkshire  about  1721, 
and  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge. 
On  entering  into  orders  he  settled  at  Bram- 
ham  in  his  native  county,  but  afterwards  he 
obtained  the  vicarage  of  Orpington  in  Kent, 
which  he  exchanged  for  the  rectory  of  Hayes, 
where  he  died  in  1777.  He  published  a 
volume  of  poems  and  translations  of  Ana- 
creon,  Sappho,  Bion,  Moschus,  and  Tlieo- 
critus.  His  poetry,  though  not  of  first-rate 
talent,  is  elegant  and  correct. 

FAY,  Charles  Francis  de  Cisternai 
DU,  the  son  of  an  officer  of  the  French  guards, 
was  born  in  1698  ;  and  though  he  first  em- 
braced the  military  profession,  soon  quitted 
it  for  pursuits  more  congenial  to  his  nature, 
the  study  of  chemistry  and  natural  philoso- 
phy. He  was  a  member  of  t).-;  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
researches  concerning  the  phosphoric  light  in 
the  mercurial  vacuum  of  the  barometer,  the 
magnet,  and  tlie  nature  of  electricity,  which  ! 
he  divided  into  two  kinds,  the  vitreous  and 
the  resinous,  answering  to  the  positive  and 
negative  electricities  of  Franklin.  Died, 
1739. 

FAYDIT,  Anselm,  a  troubadour  of  the 
13th  century,  patronised  by  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion,  whose  praises  he  celebrated  in  a 
funeral  elcgv. 

FAYETTE,  Marie  Madeleine  de  la 
Verge,  Countess  of,  a  female  of  great  lite- 
rary attainments,  wife  to  the  Count  de  la 
Fayette,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  She 
was  in  habits  of  friendly  intimacy  with  many 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  letters  ; 
and  her  romances  of  "  Zaide  "  and  "  The 
Princess  of  Cleves"  affind  ample  testimony 
that  the  fame  she  acquired  for  delicacy  of 
sentiment  and  graceful  description  was  not 
exaggerated.  She  wrote  also  "  Memoirs  of 
the  Court  of  France."    Died,  1693. 

FAZIO,  Bartholomew,  an  historian  and 
biographer  of  the  15th  century,  was  by  birth 
a  Genoese,  and  patronised  by  Alphonso,  king 
of  Naples,  at  whose  instance  he  translated 
Arrian's  History  of  Alexander  into  Latin  ; 
but  his  most  important  work  is  entitled  "De 
Viris  lUustribus,"  containing  brief  accounts 
of  the  most  famous  of  his  cotemporaries. 

FEARNE,  Charles,  a  writer  on  meta- 
physics and  jurisprudence,  was  bom  in 
London,  in  1749,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster School.  He  became  a  student  at  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  attained  a  first-rate  re- 
putation as  a  chamber  counsel  and  convey- 
ancer. He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
Contingent  Remainders,"  &c.    Died,  1794. 

FEATLEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine  of  the  17th  century,  was  bom 
at  Charlton   Kings,   Oxfordshire,   in   1582 ; 


FEC] 


^  |3eto  ^Kmbrr^al  3Bi0gra|jT;g, 


[fel 


studied  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship ;  and  was  afterwards 
presented  with  the  rectory  of  Lambeth  by 
Archbishop  Abbot.  Soon  after  this  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  maintaining  a  public 
dispute  with  two  Jesuits,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  by  the  archbishop  with  the  livings 
of  All  Hallows,  Bread  Street,  and  Acton, 
Middlesex.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Clavis 
Mystico,  a  Key  opening  divers  difficult 
Texts  of  Scripture,"  &c.  ;  and  among  his 
controversial  tracts  is  one  bearing  the  quaint 
title  of  "The  Dipper  dipt,  or  the  Anabaptist 
plunged  over  Head  and  Ears,  and  shrunk  in 
the  Washing." 

FECKENHAM,  Joii.v  de,  the  last  abbot 
of  Westminster,  was  born  in  a  village  of 
that  name  in  Worcestershire.  VViien  the 
Reformation  commenced,  he  opposed  it  with 
spirit,  and  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
continued  till  the  accession  of  queen  Mary, 
when  he  was  made  abbot  of  Westminster. 
Died,  1585. 

FEITU,  Rhyxtis,  a  modem  Dutch  poet, 
was  born  at  Zwolle  in  17.>J.  He  studied 
law  at  Leyden,  and,  returning  to  his  native 
city,  was  made  burgomaster,  and  afterwards 
receiver  at  the  admiralty  college  ;  but  he 
did  not  relinquish  tlie  art  of  i)oetry.  He 
wrote  "  Inez  de  Castro,"  and  several  other 
good  tragedies  ;  many  poems,  hymns,  and 
odes,  remarkable  for  feeling  and  elevated 
sentiment;  and  his  "Grave"  stands  fore- 
most among  the  best  didactic  poems  in  the 
language.    Died,  1824. 

FEITHIUS,  EvEKARD,  a  Protestant  phi- 
lological writer  of  the  6th  century,  was  a 
native  of  the  Netherlands,  who,  flying  into 
France  to  escape  the  persecution  of  the 
Spanish  government,  then  dominant  in  his 
own  country,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
assassinated  at  Rochelle  in  1590.  He  wrote 
"  Antiquitates  Homericae,"  a  useful  work, 
descriptive  of  tlie  sacred  and  profane  rites 
and  customs  of  the  Greeks,  &c.  in  the  heroic 
ages. 

FELIBIEN,  Andhew,  a  writer  on  and 
encourager  of  the  fine  arts,  was  born  at 
Chartres,  France,  in  l(il9.  He  studied  at 
Paris ;  after  which  he  went  as  secretary  to 
the  French  embassy  at  Rome,  where  he 
formed  an  intimacy  with  tlie  celebrated 
painter,  Nicholas  Poussiu,  wliich  naturally 
heightened  and  matured  his  taste  for  the 
works  of  art.  On  his  return  to  France  he 
was  appointed  superintendant  of  the  royal 
buildings,  and  of  arts  and  manufactures. 
His  works,  which  are  much  esteemed,  illus- 
trate the  principles  of  i)aintiug,  architecture, 
and  sculpture.    Died,  1(!95. 

FELIBIEN,  Joan  Fiiancis,  eldest  son  of 
the  foregoing,  succeeded  to  the  offices  held 
by  his  father,  and  wrote  a  work  on  the  lives 
and  writings  of  the  most  celebrated  archi- 
tects.   Died.  1733. 

FELIX  I.  succeeded  pope  Dionysius  in 
269.  He  suffered  death  in  274,  and  was  ca- 
nonised. An  epistle  by  him  against  Sabel- 
lius  and  Puulus  Samosanctus  is  extant — 
FELIX  II.,  antipope.  He  was  placed  in  the 
papal  chair  in  355  by  the  emperor  Constans, 
during  the  exile  of  Liberius,  on  the  return 
of  whom  he  was  expelled.  Constans  would 
have  bad  the  two  popes  reign  together,  but 


the  people  exclaimed.  One  Ood,  one  Christ, 
and  one  binhop!    Felix  was  then  exiled,  and 

died  in  .365 FELIX  III.  succeeded  Simpli- 

cius  in  483.  He  had  a  violent  dispute  with 
the  emperor  Zeno  in  behalf  of  the  Western 
charch,  and  died  in  492.  —  FELIX  IV.,  a  na- 
tive of  Beneventum,  ascended  the  chair  after 
John  I.  in  526.  He  governed  the  church 
with  zeal  and  piety,  and  died  in  630.  He 
introduced  extreme  unction. 

FELL,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  was 
bom  at  Cockermouth,  in  Cumberland,  in 
1735,  and  bred  a  tailor;  which  occuiiation 
he  followed  in  London  for  some  time  ;  but 
his  turn  for  literary  pursuits,  and  his  natural 
talent  being  too  obvious  to  escape  notice,  he 
was  enabled  by  a  friend  to  pursue  his  studies 
at  an  academy,  after  which  he  became  in 
succession  pastor  of  a  congregation  at  Beccles, 
near  Yarmouth,  Thaxted.  and  Homerton. 
He  wrote  "  An  Essay  on  the  Love  of  One's 
Country,"  "Genuine  Protestantism,"  "A 
Letter  to  Mr.  Burke  on  the  Penal  Laws," 
"  An  Essay  towards  an  English  Grammar," 
&c.    Died,  1797. 

FELL,  Samuel,  dean  of  Christchurch, 
was  born  in  London  in  1594,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  wlience  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Christchurch,  Oxford,  in  1601. 
During  tlie  civil  wars  he  was  a  staunch  ad- 
herent of  the  royal  cause,  on  which  account 
he  was  ejected  in  1647,  from  the  office  of 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university  ;  and  he 
died  in  the  following  year.  The  news  of  the 
execution  of  Charles  I.  is  said  to  have  broken 
his  heart. 

FELL,  Dr.  Jonx,  bishop  of  Oxford,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Longworth, 
in  Berkshire,  in  1625,  and  educated  at  Christ- 
church, Oxford,  of  which  his  father  was 
dean.  In  the  rebellion  he  was,  like  his 
father,  ejected  from  the  college  for  his 
loyalty.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  made 
canon  and  dean  of  Chri^-tchurch,  and  10 
years  after  he  had  obtained  the  deanery  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Oxford.  He  was  a 
learned  prelate,  and  a  liberal  benefactor  to 
his  college,  the  magnificent  tower  of  which, 
called  the  "Tom  Gate,"  he  built.  Several 
valuable  works  from  his  pen  are  extant ; 
among  others,  a  Latin  translation  of  Wood's 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  Oxford,"  in  2 
vols,  folio  ;  "  In  Laudem  Musices  Carmen 
Sapphicum,"  a  "  Paraphrase  on  St.  Paul's 
Epistles,"  &c.    Died,  1686. 

FELLENBERG,  Emanuel  de,  whose  la- 
bours in  the  cause  of  education  have  earned 
for  him  immortal  fame,  was  bom  at  Berne 
in  Switzerland,  in  1771.  His  father  was  of 
patrician  rank,  and  a  member  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Berne  ;  his  mother,  a  great  grand- 
daughter of  the  celebrated  Dutch  admiral 
Van  Tromp.  After  a  somewhat  desultory 
education  at  home  and  luidcr  different  mas- 
ters, young  De  Fellenberg  repaired  to  the 
university  of  Tubingen  in  1790,  to  complete 
his  studies  in  civil  law ;  but  these  he  soon 
abandoned  for  the  more  congenial  pursuits 
of  politics  and  philosoi)hy.  In  order  to  ac- 
quaint himself  with  the  moral  state  of  his 
countrymen,  he  spent  much  of  his  time  in 
travelling  through  Switzerland,  usually  on 
foot,  with  his  knapsack  on  his  back,  residing 
In  the  villages  and  farm-houses,  mingling  in 


fel] 


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[fen 


the  labours  and  occupations  and  partaking 
of  the  rude  lodging  and  fare  of  the  peasants 
and  mechanics,  and  often  extending  his  jour- 
ney to  the  adjacent  countries.  Immediately 
after  the  fall  of  Kobespierre  in  1795  he  visited 
Paris.  During  his  sojourn  there  he  perceived 
the  storm  which  was  impending  over  Swit- 
zerland from  tlie  schemes  of  the  French  Re- 
volutionists, and  hastened  hack  to  warn  his 
countrymen  of  their  danger,  and  to  concert 
measures  to  avoid  it.  But  his  predictions 
were  disbelieved,  and  his  warnings  disre- 
garded. Berne  was  consequently  taken,  and 
the  cause  lost,  before  any  efficient  force  could 
be  organised  ;  and  Fellenberg,  wlio  had  taken 
an  active  part  in  raising  and  leading  on  tlie 
levy  en  masse  to  resist  the  invaders,  was  pro- 
scribed, a  price  was  set  upon  his  head,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  fly  into  Germany.  He 
was,  however,  soon  afterwards  recalled  to 
Switzerland,  and  sent  on  a  mission  to  Paris, 
to  remonstrate  against  the  rapacity  and  op- 
pressive conduct  of  the  agents  of  tlie  French 
republic  ;  but  the  want  of  faith  and  public 
spirit  which  he  found  on  the  part  of  his  own 
government  confirmed  his  disgust  with 
public  life,  and  he  resolved  to  exchange  the 
tortuous  paths  of  political  career  for  the  more 
peaceful  pursuits  of  agriculture  and  educa- 
tion. To  promote  the  object  so  dear  to  his 
heart,  he  became  a  member  of  the  council  of 
education  at  Berne,  but  was  soon  convinced 
that  nothing  adequate  could  be  accomplished 
on  this  subject  through  the  medium  of  legis- 
lative commissions  ;  and  having  come  into 
possession  of  an  ample  fortune,  he  resolved 
to  devote  this  to  his  great  object,  and  to  form 
on  his  own  estate,  and  on  an  independent 
basis,  a  model  institution,  in  which  it  should 
be  proved  what  education  could  accomplish 
for  the  benefit  of  humanity.  In  pursuance 
of  his  great  design,  he  purchased,  in  1799, 
the  estate  called  Hofwyl,  two  leagues  from 
Berne  ;  and  his  life  forms,  henceforward,  an 
important  page  in  the  records  of  benevolent 
enterprise.  But  it  would  be  impossible 
within  our  limits  to  give  even  an  outline  of 
the  various  schemes  for  the  improvement 
and  diffusion  of  education  that  emanated 
from  M.  de  Fellenberg  during  the  long 
period  of  forty-five  years  that  followed  ;  of 
the  skill  and  tact  with  which  he  defeated 
the  combinations  of  interested  and  jealous 
opponents  ;  and  the  success  which  ultimately 
crowned  his  labours.     Died,  Nov.  21st,  1844. 

FELLER,  Francis  XAViER,born  at  Brus- 
sels in  1735  ;  author  of  an  "  Historical  Dic- 
tionary," "  Remarks  on  the  Newtonian  Phi- 
losophy," &c.    Died,  at  Ratisbon,  1802. 

FELLER,  Joachim,  a  German  poet,  was 
born  at  Zwickaw  in  1638  ;  chosen  professor 
of  poetry  at  Leipsic  in  1601  ;  and  became 
librarian  to  that  university  in  1676.  His 
death,  which  happened  in  1691,  was  occa- 
sioned by  his  falling  from  a  window,  in  a 
fit  of  somnambulism.  His  talent  for  poetry 
was  very  early  developed,  and  his  compo- 
sitions were  chiefly  in  Latin. 

FELLER,  Joachim  Fkederic,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  secretary  to  the  Grand-duke 
of  Weimar ;  a  situation  he  filled  during  20 
years  ;  travelling  a  considerable  part  of  the 
time,  under  his  patron's  auspices,  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  the  principal  libraries 


of  Europe.  He  wrote  a  valuable  work,  en- 
titled "  Monurnenta  varia  Inedita,"  and 
some  others.    Died,  172G. 

FELLOVVES,  Robert,  LL.D.,  a  writer 
chiefly  on  religious  and  political  subjects, 
was  born  in  Norfolk,  1770.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  attained 
the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1801 ;  and  was  ordained 
in  1795  ;  but  he  gradually  relinquished  the 
doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  at 
length  adopted  the  opinions  maintained  in 
the  work  which  he  published  in  1836,  unde? 
the  title  of  "  The  Religion  of  the  Universe." 
He  was  tlie  intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Parr  and 
the  Baron  Maseres :  the  former  presented 
him  to  queen  Caroline,  whose  cause  he  es- 
poused with  great  zeal ;  and  the  latter  left 
him  nearly  200,000Z.,  which  enabled  him  at 
once  to  gratify  his  own  tastes  for  literature, 
and  to  benefit  his  fellow-creatures.  He  en- 
tered with  much  spirit  into  the  project  of 
establishing  a  university  in  London,  support- 
ing it  both  by  his  counsel  and  his  purse  ;  and 
on  recovering  from  a  tedious  illness,  to  indi- 
cate his  gratitude  to  Dr.  EUiotson  in  a  way 
which  he  thought  would  be  most  agreeable  to 
tliat  gentleman,  he  founded  two  annual  gold 
medals,  called  the  Fellowes  medals,  for  the 
greatest  i)roficicnts  in  clinical  science.  Died, 
1847. 

FELTHAM,  OwEX,  was  born  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century  in  Suffolk.  I-ittle 
more  is  known  of  him  than  that  he  resided 
many  years  in  the  family  of  the  Earl  of  Tho- 
mond,  during  which  period  he  published  a 
work  of  great  merit,  entitled  "  Resolves, 
Divine,  Political,  and  Moral,"  which  went 
through  12  editions  before  the  year  1709. 
Died,  about  1678. 

FELTRE,  Henry  James  Wiliiam 
Clarke,  Duke  of,  was  born  in  1765,  at 
Landrecies,  where  his  father  was  a  keeper 
of  the  public  stores.  In  1781  he  entered  the 
military  school  at  Paris  ;  in  1790  he  went  to 
London  with  the  French  embassy,  and  after- 
wards served  in  the  infantry  and  cavalry, 
until  he  was  suspended,  and  imprisoned  as 
a  noble.  He  was  subsequently  employed  by 
Carnot ;  and  the  directory,  in  1795,  created 
him  general  of  division.  In  1807  he  was  \ 
made  minister  of  war,  and  shortly  after 
created  duke  of  Feltre.  Though  indebted  to 
Buonaparte  for  his  dukedom,  he  contributed 
towards  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  and 
held  office  under  the  government  at  Ma. 
death,  which  took  place  in  1818. 

FENELON,  Fkaxcis  de  Salionac  de  la 
MoTTE,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  was  born 
in  1651,  at  the  chateau  Fenelon,  in  Perigord, 
of  a  family  illustrious  in  cliurch  and  state. 
He  studied  at  Cahors  and  Paris,  where  he 
made  such  astonishing  progress  in  the  most 
difficult  studies,  that,  in  his  loth  year,  he 
preached  with  great  applause.  At  tlie  age 
of  24,  Fenelon  took  holy  orders,  and  com- 
menced his  regular  ministerial  functions  in 
the  parish  of  St.  Sulpice.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  chief  of  a  mission  for  the 
conversion  of  heretics  in  Saintonge  and 
Aunis  ;  and  on  his  return  he  became  knowTi 
to  the  public  as  a  writer,  by  a  work,  "  Sur 
le  Ministere  des  Pasteurs,"  and  a  treatise, 
"  De  1  Education  des  Filles."  In  1689, 
Louis  XIV.  entrusted  to  him  the  education 


fen] 


^  ^cfa  iHuihcrjSal  3Bi0flTap^i.K 


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of  his  grandsons,  the  Dukes  of  Burgundy, 
Anjou,  and  Berri.  Fenelon  was  successful 
in  forming  the  mind  of  the  young  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne 
of  France,  and  sowed  the  seeds  of  every 
princely  virtue  in  his  lieart ;  but  his  prema- 
ture death  blasted  the  pleasing  anticipations 
entertained  resi)ecting  him.  In  KJVH,  Fenelon 
was  created  archbishop  of  Cambray  ;  soon 
after  which,  a  theological  dispute  with  Bos- 
suet,  his  former  instructor,  respecting  the 
devotional  mysticism  of  the  celebrated  Ma- 
dame Guyon,  whose  opinions  Fenelon  fa- 
voured, terminated  in  his  condemnation  by 
pope  Innocent  XII.,  and  his  banisliment  to 
his  diocese  by  Louis  XIV.  From  this  time 
he  lived  in  his  diocese,  sustaining  the  ve- 
nerable character  of  a  Christian  philoso- 
pher, and  scrupulously  performing  his  sa- 
cred duties.  His  works  in  the  departments 
of  pliilosophy,  theology,  and  the  belles 
lettres,  liave  immortalised  his  name.  He 
was  familiar  with  the  best  models  of  an- 
cient and  modern  times,  and  his  mind  was 
animated  by  a  mild  and  gentle  spirit  of  be- 
nevolence. In  person  and  manners  Fene- 
lon was  one  of  the  most  engaging  of  men, 
joining  to  a  noble  manner  a  distinguishing 
politeness,  and  adding  to  a  flowery  elo- 
quence the  jwwer  of  making  himself  under- 
stood upon  the  most  abstruse  subjects.  He 
wrote  many  excellent  works  ;  among  the 
chief  of  which  may  he  reckoned  his  "  Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,"  "]Jialogues  on  Elo- 
quence," "  Letters  on  diiferent  Religious 
and  Metaphysical  Subjects,"  &&.  But  his 
most  celebrated  production,  and  the  one 
which  for  ages  will  survive,  is  his  "  Adven- 
tures of  Telemachus,"  in  which  he  endea- 
voured to  exhibit  a  model  for  the  education 
of  a  prince  ;  and  more  pure  and  elevated 
maxims  were  never  woven  into  a  tale  either 
of  truth  or  fiction.  His  death  was  accele- 
rated by  the  overturning  of  his  carriage, 
which  brought  on  a  fever,  and  the  amiable 
and  virtuous  prelate  expired  in  Jan.  1715. 

FENESTELLA,  Lucius,  a  Roman  his- 
torian, who  flourished  during  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.    Died,  a.  d.  20. 

I  ENN,  Sir  Joiuv,  on  antiquary  of  great 
research,  was  born  in  1739,  at  Norwich  ; 
educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and 
died  in  1794.  He  published  two  volumes  of 
an  interesting  collection  of  letters,  written 
by  members  of  the  Paston  famil3',  with 
which  he  was  proceeding  when  his  death 
took  place. 

FENTON,  Elijah,  a  poet  of  considerable 
talent,  was  born  in  108;5,  at  Shelton,  near 
Newcastle,  in  Staffordshire.  Having  re- 
ceived a  classical  education,  the  Earl  of 
Orrery,  in  1710,  made  him  his  private  sec- 
retary, and  placed  his  eldest  son  under  his 
care.  He  afterwards  lived  with  Lady  Trum- 
bull as  tutor  to  her  son,  and  died  at  her  seat 
in  Berkshire,  in  1730.  He  became  acquainted 
with  most  of  the  wits  of  the  age,  and  as- 
sisted Pope  in  his  translation  of  the  Odyssey. 
Besides  this,  he  published  "  Mariamne,"  a 
tragedy,  and  the  lives  of  Milton  and  Waller. 

FENTON,  Sir  Geoffkev,  an  English 
writer,  was  born  in  Nottinghamshire,  and 
died  at  Dublin,  in  1608.  He  translated 
Guicciardini's  History  of  the  Wars  of  Italy. 


FERAUD,  JoH.v  Fraxcis,  a  French  gram- 
marian, and  a  professor  of  rhetoric  and  phi- 
\o8ijphy  at  Besan^on,  was  born  in  1725,  and 
died  in  1807.  He  wrote  "A  Grammatical 
Dictionary  of  the  French  Language,"  2  vols. 
8vo.,  and  "  A  Critiual  Dictionajy,"  3  vols. 
4to. 

FERBER,  Jon.v  James,  a  Swedish  miner- 
alogist of  note,  was  born  at  Carlscrona,  in 
1743  ;  and  died  in  Switzerland,  while  on  a 
scientific  tour.  In  1790.  He  wrote  "Letters 
from  Italy,"  wlijch  are  much  esteemed ; 
and  his  other  works  are  all  more  or  less  de- 
scriptive of  mines  and  minerals  in  different 
parts  of  Germany. 

FERDINAND  V.,  king  of  Arragon,  sur- 
named  the  Catholic,  on  account  of  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Moors  from  Spain,  was  the 
son  of  John  II.  of  Arragon,  and  born  in 
1453.  By  his  marriage  with  Isabella,  queen 
of  Castile,  he  founded  the  union  of  the  differ^ 
ent  Spanish  kingdoms  ;  overcame  Alphonso, 
king  of  Portugal,  at  the  battle  of  Toro,  in 
147C  ;  totally  subjugated  the  Moorish  i)ower 
in  Spain,  which  had  for  so  many  centuries 
baffled  all  the  efforts  of  his  ancestors ;  and 
brought  under  his  rule  a  large  proportion 
of  the  Neapolitan  dominions.  But  the  most 
extraordinary  feature  in  his  reign  is  the 
discovery  of  America  by  Columbus,  which 
opened  to  him  and  his  successors  the  sove- 
reignty of  a  new  hemisphere.  He  died  in 
151(5  J  having,  by  a  course  of  sinistrous  policy, 
lost  the  rc8i)ect  of  his  contemporaries,  al- 
though the  splendour  of  his  arms  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  European  princes. 

FERDINAND  I.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
succeeded  his  brother,  Charles  V.,  in  1558, 
at  which  time  Ferdinand  was  king  of  the 
Romans,  and  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia.  — 
FERDINAND  II.  was  the  son  of  the  Arch- 
duke of  StyrJa  ;  elected  king  of  Bohemia  in 
1017,  and  of  Hungary  in  Kill.  Soon  after- 
wards he  succeeded  Muthias  as  emperor. 
He  died  in  1037.— FERDINAND  III.,  sur- 
named  Ernest,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  born  in  1008  ;  made  king  of  Hungary  in 
1025,  of  Bohemia  in  1027,  and  succeeded  his 
father  in  1(537.    He  died  in  1057. 

FERDINAND,  king  of  Naples  and  of  Si- 
cily, succeeded  Alphonso  in  1458.  He  died 
in  1494,  aged  70,  detested  for  his  debauche- 
ries and  cruelties  ;  yet  he  enacted  many 
good  laws,  and  restored  the  university  of 
Naples. 

FERDINAND  of  Cordova,  a  learned 
scholar  and  accomplished  cavalier  of  the  15th 
century,  whose  attainments  in  every  art  and 
science  that  can  adorn  the  mind,  or  add  a 
dignity  to  manliood,  have  been  handed 
down  for  the  admiration  of  posterity.  That 
he  was  possessed  of  great  and  versatile  abi- 
lities may  fairly  be  supposed  ;  but  the  ac- 
counts related  of  him  are  so  extravagant  as 
to  stagger  the  belief  of  the  most  credulous. 

FERDINAND  I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sici- 
lies, was  born  in  1751,  and  succeeded  his 
father  Charles  III.  on  the  throne  of  Naples, 
in  1759,  on  the  accession  of  the  latter  to  that 
of  Spain.  During  his  minority,  the  govern- 
ment was  conducted  by  a  council  of  regency; 
and  at  that  time  Ferdinand  was  a  great 
favourite  with  the  people,  in  consequence  of 
the  familiarity  of  his  demeanour.    In  1708 

cc  3 


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he  married  Maria  Caroline,  daughter  of  the 
empress  Maria  Theresa,  who  soon  acquired 
sucli  a  decided  influence  over  him,  that  he 
consulted  her  upon  all  occasions.  His  faith- 
ful minister,  Tanucci,  who  had  been  the 
president  of  the  council  of  regency,  having 
lost  the  favour  of  Charles  III.  of  Spain,  gave 
in  his  resignation  in  1777,  and  was  succeeded 
by  the  Marquis  Sambuca.  This  minister, 
observing  that  the  influence  of  the  queen 
over  her  husband  was  unbounded,  attempted 
to  alienate  the  king  from  her,  by  means  of  a 
beautiful  English  woman,  who  had  married 
a  Frenchman  named  Goudar,  at  Naples  ; 
but  the  queen  discovered  the  plot ;  M.  and 
Mme.  Goudar  were  banished  from  Naples, 
and  Sambuca  thought  it  prudent  to  retire. 
Acton,  his  successor,  followed  implicitly  the 
wishes  of  the  queen  ;  and  the  cabinet  of 
Madrid  now  lost  all  influence  in  that  of 
Naples,  which  became  more  closely  united 
with  that  of  Austria  and  Britain.  But  a 
new  era  was  approaching.  The  French 
revolutionary  government  demanded  that 
Naples  should  renounce  all  connection  with 
Britain,  and  enforced  its  demand  by  sending 
a  fleet  into  the  bay  of  the  Neapolitan  capital. 
On  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.,  however,  Fer- 
dinand joined  the  coalition  against  France, 
and  took  part  in  the  general  war  from  1793 
to  179(3.  After  two  years  of  peace,  the  victory 
of  Nelson  at  Aboukir  again  engaged  Ferdi- 
nand against  the  French,  who,  on  the  defeat 
of  the  Neapolitans  under  General  Mack,  took 
possession  of  the  whole  kingdom,  and  pro- 
claimed the  Partlienopean  republic,  in  1799. 
But,  during  the  same  year,  the  capital  again 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  royalist  army, 
under  Cardinal  Ruffo,  and  many  adherents 
of  the  republic  were  executed.  In  this  way, 
under  the  imbecile  rule  of  Ferdinand,  Naples 
continued  to  change  sides,  according  to  the 
power  and  influence  of  the  two  great  belli- 
gerent nations,  until  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
in  1814,  Bnally  re-established  him  in  all  his 
riglits  as  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Unfit 
as  this  monarch  was  to  wield  the  sceptre,  all 
agree  that  he  felt  a  strong  sympathy  for  the 
sufferings  of  his  subjects,  that  he  was  a  pa- 
tron of  charitable  institutions,  and  decidedly 
good-natured.     He  died  Jan.  24.  182.). 

FERDINAND  VII.,  king  of  Spain  and 
the  Indies,  son  of  Charles  IV.  and  Maria 
Louisa  of  Parma,  was  born  at  St.  Ildefonso, 
in  1784.  He  was  recognised  prince  of  Astu- 
rias  when  6  years  old.  It  was  at  this  epoch, 
in  1790,  that  the  deputies  of  the  Spanish 
provinces  demanded  the  re-establishment  of 
the  Cortes, which  Charles IV.  had  abolished; 
but  after  some  difflculties  the  claim  was 
abandoned.  The  Duke  of  San  Carlos  and 
Don  Juan  Escoiquiz  were  appointed  go- 
vernors of  the  young  prince,  who  is  said  to 
have  made  brilliant  progress  in  mathe- 
matical studies.  Spain  was  at  that  time 
governed  by  Godoy  (prince  of  Peace)  with 
little  short  of  absolute  royal  power.  This 
minion  saw  an  insurmoinitable  obstacle  to 
his  ambition  in  the  heir  apparent  to  the 
crown,  and  aimed  at  obtaining  the  same 
influence  over  Ferdinand  as  he  had  obtained 
over  his  parents ;  but  the  design  was  defeated 
.  by  his  two  governors,  who  succeeded  in  in- 
spiring him  with  a  disgust  and  dread   of 

294 


Godoy.  Finding  he  could  not  sljcceed,  he 
sought  to  thwart  him  in  all  his  designs  and 
wishes.  In  1801,  Ferdinand  married  Maria 
Antonia,  a  princess  of  Naples,  who  was 
highly  accomplished,  possessed  great  inde- 
pendence of  character,  and  attracted  all 
hearts  by  her  beauty  and  talents.  The 
envy  of  the  queen-mother,  thus  excited,  was 
speedily  converted  into  hatred  ;  and  the 
princess  from  that  time  was  subjected  to  the 
most  cruel  persecutions ;  nay,  it  is  even 
alleged  that  she  was  despatched  by  poison 
given  to  her  in  a  cup  of  coffee,  in  1806.  The 
designs  of  Napoleon  on  Spain  now  began  to 
operate.  Beauharnols,  the  French  ambas- 
sador at  Madrid,  was  instructed  to  open  a 
secret  conference  with  Ferdinand,  to  detach 
him  from  the  projects  of  Godoy,  and  induce 
him  to  connect  himself  with  the  Buonaparte 
family  by  marrying  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Lucien  Buonaparte.  Ferdinand  assented  by 
letter  to  this  overture.  Godoy  was  informed 
of  it,  and,  trembling  for  his  interest,  hastened 
to  detail  the  secret  transaction  to  Charles  IV., 
taking  care  to  paint  it  in  the  most  odious 
colours,  and  accusing  Ferdinand  of  a  design 
to  possess  himself  of  the  throne.  The  king 
was  so  enraged,  that  he  immediately  ordered 
the  prince  to  be  imprisoned  at  the  Escurial, 
and  his  papers  to  be  seized.  On  the  30th  of 
October  following,  a  decree  was  addressed  to 
the  council  of  Castile,  declaring  Ferdinand, 
and  all  those  who  had  abetted  his  design, 
traitors  to  the  state.  This  extreme  measure 
was  the  work  of  Godoy  ;  but,  with  his  usual 
hypocrisy,  he  opened  negotiations  with  Fer- 
dinand, offering  to  act  as  mediator  between 
him  and  his  father.  He  induced  him  to  write 
a  letter  of  unconditional  submission  to  the 
king,  and  the  consequence  was  a  public  re- 
conciliation of  the  parties.  But  astonishment 
succeeded  to  the  expressions  of  public  joy 
caused  by  this  event,  when  it  was  now  for 
the  first  time  learned  that  the  French  army 
had  crossed  the  frontiers,  and  was  marching 
directly  on  Madrid.  The  king  then  gave 
out  that  he  was  on  the  point  of  setting  out 
for  Andalusia.  The  mob  rose  at  Aranjuez 
and  elsewhere,  proceeding  to  violence,  and 
asserting  a  determination  not  to  allow  the 
king  to  quit  the  kingdom  ;  but  it  was  against 
Godoy,  and  with  a  view  to  his  dismissal,  that 
the  public  indignation  was  chiefly  excited. 
Alarmed  at  these  popular  tumults,  Charles 
abdicated  his  throne  ;  and  Ferdinand,  being 
proclaimed  his  successor,  began  his  reign  by 
reducing  taxes,  and  issuing  a  decree  for 
devoting  the  crown  lands  to  public  purposes. 
Meanwhile,  the  French  advanced  towards 
Madrid,  and  all  parties  (including  the  new 
king)  were  ignorant  that  this  proceeding  was 
the  result  of  a  treaty  concluded  between 
Godoy  and  Napoleon  at  Fontainebleau.  Fer- 
dinand sent  the  latter  a  deputation  request- 
ing tlie  preservation  of  amity  ;  to  which 
Napoleon  replied,  that  Charles  IV.  was  his 
ally  and  friend,  and  that  he  could  not  re- 
cognise the  rights  or  pretensions  of  any  j 
other  claimant  to  the  throne.  Muratj  then  | 
advancing  on  Madrid,  returned  a  similar  | 
answer,  and  was  in  actual  possession  of  that  | 
capital  when  Ferdinand  made  his  public  I 
entry.  Being  apprised  by  Murat  and  the  | 
Duke  of  Kovigo  that  Napoleon  was  coming  i 


fer] 


^  iSttD  ^anibcr^al  Biograplb^ 


[FEB 


to  Bayonne,  the   former  persuaded   Ferdi- 
nand to  meet  Napoleon  there,  with  a  view 
to  separate  him  from  his  subjects.    On  his 
arrival  lie  was  not  long  before  he  was  made 
aware  of  tlie'snare  into  which  he  had  fallen. 
After   diuing  with  Napoleon,  wlio  treated 
liim  witli  cordiality,  he  was    apprised    by 
I  Savary  that  Napoleon  claimed  the  title  of 
disposing  of  the  Spauisli  crown,  and  abso- 
I  Ititely   demanded    his    renunciation    of    it. 
I  Napoleon  afterwards  proposed  to  give  him 
one  of  liis  nieces  in  marriage,  and  make  him 
king  of  Etruria  ;  but  Ferdinand  refused  to 
I  assent,  and  was  from  that  time,  notwith- 
standing the  remonstrances  of  his  minister 
j  Cevallos,  treated  with  the  rigour  of  a  pri- 
I  soner.      Godoy  shortly  after    arrived  with 
j  Charles  IV.  and  the  queen.    The  latter  in- 
I  stantly  reclaimed  the  crown  of  Ferdinand, 
who  then  made  a  public  resignation  of  it 
I  to  his  father.      Meanwhile,  the  Spaniards, 
I  stimulated  by  the  junta  left  by  Ferdinand 
I  at    Madrid,   with    powers    to    convoke    the 
I  Cortes,  were  rising  ia  arms  in  all  directions  ; 
;  and   Napoleon,   alarmed,  now  induced  the 
I  whole  of  the  royal  family  of  Spain  to  go  to 
Bourdeaux,  and  there  make  a  formal  cession 
;  of  the  crown.    lie  immediately  proclaimed 
his  brother  Joseph  king,  and  placed  Ferdi- 
nand in  confinement  at  Valengay,  where  he 
and  his  family  were  kept  under  the  rigorous 
surveillance  of  the  police,  and  remained  in 
custody  till  December,  1813 ;   when  Napo- 
leon, after  his  disasters  in  Russia,  found  it 
inii)o3sible  to  retain  possession  of  Spain,  and 
a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Valengay 
between  him  and  Ferdinand  ;  by  which  the 
latter  was  restored  to  the  exercise  of  his  royal 
powers.     Tlius  released  from  a  captivity  of 
six  years,  the  young  monarch  reached  the 
Catalonian  frontier,  March  24.  1814.  lie  was 
received  every  where  with  the  distinctions 
api)ertaining    to    royalty    by   the     retiring 
French  army,  and  with  the  warmest  testi- 
monies of  affection  by  the  people.    But  he 
constantly  refused  to  sign  the  constitution 
established  by  the  Cortes  during  his  absence, 
although  he  had  promised  to  do  so  before 
quitting  Valen^ay.     On  arriving  at  Madrid 
he  dissolved  the  Cortes,  and  assumed    all 
the   odious    privileges    of   absolute    power. 
The  old  institutions  were  replaced,  and  the 
inquisition  was  re-establislied.   These  causes 
of  dissatisfaction  were  long  producing  their 
effects,  but  at  length,  in  1»20,  Riego,  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  party  at  Cadiz,  and,  although  supported 
by  a  very  trivial  force,  proclaimed  the  con- 
stitution of  1812,  established  by  the  Cortes  ; 
and  Ferdinand,  compelled  to  yield,  convoked 
the  Cortes  on  the  7th  of  March,  and  shortly 
after  swore  fidelity  to  the  constitution  of  1812. 
But  from  this  time  the  noblesse  and  the  dig- 
nitaries of  the  church  set  themselves  secretly 
and  openly  to  oppose  the  march  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  perpetual  shocks  and  collisions 
occurred    between   them  and    tlie    popular 
party.      Popular  tumults    occurred,  which 
were  instantly  pleaded  against  the  cause  of 
the  constitution.     Protests  were  made  by 
Russia  against  the  continuance  of  this  revo- 
lutinnary  anarchy  ;    France  was  prompted 
to  adopt  a  pretended  cordon  sanitaire,  with 
an  obvious  intention  to  seize  the  first  oppor- 


295 


tunity  of  invading  Spain  ;  mutual  charges 
and  recriminations  were  made  between  the 
Spanish  and  French  ministers  ;  and  Eng- 
land's voice,  as  an  umpire,  was  appealed  to, 
but  was  scarcely  heard.  At  length  France 
declared  war  ;  and  the  Duke  d'Angouleme 
entered  Spain,  with  an  avowed  design  of 
putting  down  the  constitutionalists,  and  re- 
storing Ferdinand  to  absolute  power.  It-is 
not  our  place  in  this  biography  to  detail  the 
events  of  the  campaign.  It  is  sufficient  to 
record  that  Ferdinand  was  restored,  at  its 
termination,  to  the  exercise  of  an  unmiti- 
gated arbitrary  tyranny,  which  he  indulged 
m,  without  compunction,  till  his  death.  In 
1816,  Ferdinand  married  Maria  Theresa,  a 
princess  of  Portugal,  for  his  second  wife  ;  in 
1819,  Maria-Josepha  Amelia,  a  princess  of 
Saxony,  for  his  third.  She  died  in  1828j  and  in 
1829  he  married  Maria  Christina,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Francis  I.,  king  of  Naples,  mother  of 
the  present  queen  of  Spain.    Died,  1833. 

FERDINANDI,  Erii'HANius,  a  physician 
of  Otranto ;  author  of  several  professional 
treatises —  "  De  Vita  Propaganda,"  "De 
Peste,"  &c.     Bom,  1.509  ;  died,  1G38. 

FERDUSI,  or  FERDOUSI,  a  celebrated 
Persian  poet,  whose  talents  having  attracted 
the  notice  of  Mahmoud,  the  reigning  sultan, 
he  gave  him  a  distinguished  reception  at 
Ills  court,  and  employed  him  to  write  a 
metrical  history  of  the  Persian  sovereigns. 
This  work,  which  is  called  the  Schahnameh, 
contains  UU,(X)*j  stanzas,  and  occupied  him 
3(1  years,  during  wluch  long  period  the 
enemies  of  Ferdusi  succeeded  in  prejudicing 
Mahmoud  against  him.  Instead  of  being 
rewarded,  according  to  promise,  with  fiO,()00 
liieces  of  gold,  the  same  number  of  the 
smallest  silver  coin  was  sent  to  him,  which 
the  poet  indignantly  distributed  among  the 
menials,  wrote  a  severe  satire  on  the  sultan, 
and  tted  to  Bagdad.    Born,  91«  ;  died,  1020. 

FERGUSON,  ADAMvan  eminent  historian 
and  moral  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1724, 
at  Logierait,  Perthsliire,  of  which  parish  his 
father  was  minister.  He  was  educated  at 
Perth,  St.  Andrew's,  and  Edinburgh  ;  was 
chaplain  to  the  42nd  regiment,  in  Flanders, 
till  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  ;  and,  on 
his  return  to  Edinburgh,  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy,  which  chair  he 
subsequently  resigned  for  that  of  moral  phi- 
losophy. In  17C7  appeared  his  "Essay  on 
Civil  Society,"  which  procured  him  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  In  1773  he  accompanied  the 
Earl  of  Chesterfield  on  his  travels  ;  and,  in 
177G,  having  replied  to  Dr.  Price  on  Civil 
Liberty,  he  was  appointed  to  the  secretary- 
ship of  a  reconciliatory  mission  sent  out  to 
America  in  1778.  On  his  return  he  resumed 
his  professorial  duties,  and  composed  his 
"History  of  the  Roman  Republic,"  in  3 
vols.  4to.  Several  years  after  this  appeared 
his  "  Treatise  on  Moral  and  Political  Sci- 
ence," 2  vols.  4to.  ;  and  "  Institutes  of 
Moral  Philosophy."    Died,  1816. 

FERGUSON,  James,  an  experimental 
philosopher,  astronomer,  and  mechanist, 
was  the  son  of  a  labourer,  and  born,  in  1710, 
at  Keith,  in  Banffsliire,  Scotland.  His  ex- 
traordinary genius  quickly  displayed  itself, 
as  he  learned  to  read  in  infancy  by  hearing 
his  father  teach  one  of  his  brothers  ;   and 


fer] 


^  I^cUj  Bnibev^nt  3BtflfltaptJ?« 


[fer 


when  only  8  years  of  age  he  constructed  "a 
wooden  clock.  Wlien  old  enough  to  work, 
he  was  placed  out  as  a  servant  to  a  farmer, 
who  employed  him  in  keeping  sheep  ;  iu 
which  situation  he  acquired  a  surprising 
knowledge  of  the  stars  ;  and  his  abilities 
being  discovered  by  some  neighbouring 
gentlemen,  one  of  them  took  him  to  his 
house,  where  he  learnt  decimal  arithmetic 
and  the  rudiments  of  algebra  and  geometry. 
From  a  description  of  the  globes  in  Gordon's 
grammar,  he  made  one  iu  three  weeks  suffi- 
ciently accurate  to  enable  him  to  work  pro- 
blems ;  and,  having  a  taste  for  drawing, 
began  to  draw  portraits  with  Indian  ink, 
by  which  he  supported  himself  creditably 
some  years.  In  1743  he  came  to  London, 
where  he  published  some  astronomical 
tables  and  calculations,  and  gave  lectures  in 
experimental  pliilosophy,  which  he  repeated 
with  success  throughout  the  kingdom.  In 
1754  he  published  a  brief  description  of  the 
solar  system,  with  an  astronomical  account 
of  the  year  of  our  Saviour's  crucifixion,  8vo. ; 
also  an  idea  of  the  Material  Universe,  de- 
duced from  a  Survey  of  the  Solar  system. 
But  his  greatest  work  is  liis  "  Astronomy 
explained  upon  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Princi- 
ples, and  made  easy  to  those  who  have  not 
studied  Mathematics*"  On  the  accession  of 
George  III.,  who  had  attended  his  lectures, 
he  received  a  pension  of  501.  a  year  ;  and 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
lie  published  numerous  works  on  astro- 
nomy, mechanics,  drawing,  electricity,  &c., 
all  of  which  were  successful ;  and  he  died 
possessed  of  considerable  property — the 
sole  result  of  a  persevering  industry  in  the 
application  of  those  talents  with  which 
nature  had  so  liberally  endowed  him.  In 
his  manners  he  was  meek  and  unassuming  ; 
in  his  religious  principles,  sincerely  devout. 
Died,  1776. 

FERGUSSON,  RoBEijT,  a  poet,  was  born 
at  Edinburgh  in  1750.  He  was  educated  for 
the  ministry,  but  a  love  of  poetry  and  dissi- 
pation disqualified  him  for  tliat  profession, 
and  he  obtained  a  place  in  the  sheriff-clerk's 
office  at  Edinburgh.  His  conversational 
powers  rendered  his  company  highly  attrac- 
tive ;  and  the  excesses  into  which  he  was 
led  are  said  to  have  impaired  his  naturally 
feeble  constitution,  and  rendered  him  an 
inmate  of  tlie  Edinburgh  lunatic  asylum, 
where  he  died  in  1774.  His  poems,  written 
in  the  Scottish  dialect,  have  considerable 
merit,  but  those  in  English  are  often  below 
mediocrity. 

FERISHTA,  Mohammed  Casem,  an  In- 
dian historian,  who  flourished  in  the  ICth 
and  17th  centuries,  was  born  at  Ahmedna- 
gur,  in  the  Deccan.  He  was  liberally  pa- 
tronised by  the  sovereign  of  Visapour,  under 
whose  auspices  he  published  his  "  History  of 
India  under  the  Mussulmans,"  a  work  of  ac- 
knowledged merit  for  impartiality  and  truth. 

FERMAT,  Petek  de,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, civilian,  and  poet,  was  bom  at 
Toulouse,  in  1590,  and  died  in  1664.  He  was 
a  good  scholar,  and  wrote  poetry  in  the 
Latin,  French,  and  Spanish  languages.  His 
prose  works  were  collected  and  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Opera  Varia  Mathe- 
matica." 


FERNANDEZ,  Juan,  a  Spanish  pilot  and 
navigator,  who,  in  1572,  discovered  the  island 
which  bears  his  name. 

FERNANDEZ  XIMENES  DE  NAVA- 
RETTE,  John,  a  celebrated  Spanish  pain- 
ter, and  a  pupil  of  Titian,  was  born,  at 
Logrono,  in  1526,  and  surnamed  El  Mudo, 
in  consequence  of  being  deaf  and  dumb. 
He  was  appointed  painter  to  Philip  II. ;  and 
died  in  1579. 

FERRACINO,  Baetholomew,  a  self- 
tauglit  genius  of  Padua.  He  was  bom  in 
1095,  and  bred  a  sawye/.  His  first  invention 
was  a  saw  worked  by  the  wind.  He  made 
curious  clocks  and  hydraulic  engines,  but 
his  greatest  work  is  the  bridge  over  the 
Breuta^  which  is  remarkable  for  the  bold- 
ness of  the  design,  and  its  firmness.  He 
died  about  1764. 

FERRAND,  Anthony,  a  French  coun- 
sellor, who  died  at  Paris  in  1719  ;  author  of 
various  songs,  epigrams,  and  madrigals. 

FERRANDO,  Gonsalvo,  a  native  of 
Oviedo,  in  Spain  ;  author  of  a  tract  on  the 
virtues  of  the  Lignum  Guiacum,  which  he 
brought  from  America  at  the  close  of  the 
15th  century,  and  introduced  into  Europe 
for  its  valuable  medical  properties. 

FERRAR,  Robert,  an  English  prelate 
of  the  16th  century,  was  born  at  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  and  became  prior  of  the  monas- 
tery of  St.  Oswald,  which  he  surrendered 
on  the  dissolution  in  1540,  and,  embracing 
the  principles  of  the  Reformation,  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  David's  by  Edward  VI.  But, 
neglecting  some  form  admissive  of  the  king's 
supremacy,  he  was  fined  beyond  bis  ability 
to  pay,  and  imprisoned.  On  the  accession 
of  Mary  he  was  brought  before  Gardiner, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  tried,  and  declared 
guilty  of  heresy,  and  burnt  at  Caermarthen 
in  1555. 

FERRARI,  the  name  of  a  Milanese  family, 
many  of  whose  members,  during  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries,  were  distinguished  by 
their  scholastic  attainments.  Octavian 
Ferrari,  born  in  1518,  professor  of  politics 
and  ethics  successively  at  Milan  and  Padua, 
translated  the  works  of  Athenaeus  into  Latin, 
and  wrote  two  treatises  on  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  &c.  He  died  in  1586.— Francisco 
Bernardino  Ferrari,  born  in  1577,  was 
a  doctor  of  the  Ambrosian  college  of  Milan, 
and  celebrated  thoughout  Europe  for  his 
intimate  acquaintance  with  books  and  lite- 
rature in  general.  His  collection  of  rare 
books  formed  the  foundation  of  the  cele- 
brated Ambrosian  library  ;  and  his  own 
writings,  several  of  which  are  yet  extant, 
display  great  erudition.  Died,  1669 — Oc- 
TAVio  Iekrari,  born  in  1607,  was  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  and  historiographer  at 
Milan.  He  aftei-wards  settled  at  Padua, 
where  the  fame  of  his  learning  brought 
him  numerous  scholars,  and  the  patronage 
of  crowned  heads.  Among  these  were 
Christina  of  Sweden  and  Louis  XIV.,  from 
the  latter  of  whom  he  enjoyed  a  pension  of 
600  crowns.  Distinguished  as  he  was  by 
his  great  talents,  he  was  not  less  remarkable 
for  suavity  of  manners  and  disposition,  uni- 
versally acquiring  thereby  the  appellation 
of  Pacificator.  He  followed  Scaliger  in 
an  able  work,  entitled  "  Origines   Linguae 


FEr] 


^  i9etM  Huiber^al  3SiflcjrnpTjy. 


[fes 


Italicffi,"  and  wrote  various  treatises  on  an- 
cient manners,  customs,  &c.     Died,  1682. 

FERRAKI,  Gaudexzio,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Valdugio,in  1484,  and 
assisted  Raffaelle  in  ornamenting  tlie  Vati- 
can. Died,  1.5.50 Giovanni  Anduea,  ce- 
lebrated as  well  for  Jjis  paintings  of  fruit 
and  flowers,  as  for  his  landscapes  and  liis- 
torical  pieces,  was  born  at  Genoa,  in  1599, 
and  died  in  1G69. 

FERRARI,  L.OUIS,  an  Italian  mathema- 
tician, was  born,  in  1552,  at  Bologna,  wliere 
he  became  professor,  lie  was  a  pupil  of 
Cardan,  and  the  discoverer  of  the  metliod  of 
resolving  biquadratic  equations. 

FERRARIS,  JosEPU,  Count  de,  an  Aus- 
trian general,  distinguislied  as  a  geogra- 
pher and  skilful  engineer.  He  was  born  at 
Luneville,  in  1720 ;  entered  the  army  in 
1741,  and  in  177(J  was  appointed  director- 
general  of  artillery  for  the  Netherlands,  at 
which  time  he  undertook  and  completed 
the  2d  sheet  map  of  that  country,  which  bears 
his  name.  lie  served  against  the  French  in 
the  campaign  of  1793  ;  afterwards  became 
vice-president  of  the  aulic  council  of  war  at 
Vienna  ;  was  made  a  field-marshal  in  1808  ; 
and  died  in  1814. 

FERRARS,  Edward,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire ;  author  of  some  tragedies  and 
comedies.    Died,  1.564. 

FERRARS,  George,  a  lawyer  and  poet, 
was  born  in  1512,  near  St.  Alban's  ;  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  ;  and  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn.  He  was  in  great  esteem  with  Henry 
VIII.,  who  gave  him  a  large  grant  of  lauds 
in  Hertfordshire.  He  wrote  some  pieces 
inserted  in  the  Mirror  for  Magistrates,  ijub- 
lished  in  1559  ;  and  the  History  of  Queen 
Mary,  in  Grafton's  Chronicle.  One  event  of 
his  political  life  is,  however,  more  memor- 
able than  his  personal  history,  as  it  records 
the  recognition  of  a  valuable  parliamentary 
privilege.  While  attending  his  duty  as  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  he  was 
arrested  and  sent  to  prison  for  debt,  which 
the  Commons  no  sooner  heard  of  than  they 
demanded  his  release.  This  was  refused, 
and  their  serjcant  had  his  mace  broken 
while  defending  himself  in  an  affray  with 
the  officers  of  the  Compter.  The  case  was 
referred  to  the  lords,  who  judged  the  con- 
tempt to  be  very  great ;  and  although  the  city 
magistrates  at  length  submittedto  the  autho- 
rity of  Parliament,  their  tardy  obedience  did 
not  exempt  the  parties  from  punishment ;  for 
the  sheriffs,  and  the  plaintiff  at  whose  suit 
Ferras  was  arrested,  were  committed  to  the 
Tower,  and  the  clerks  to  Newgate  ;  and  an 
act  of  parliament  passed, discharging  Ferrars 
from  liability  for  the  debt.    Died,  1579. 

FERREIRA,  Antonio,  a  poet  ranked  by 
the  Portuguese  as  one  of  their  classic  authors, 
was  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1528.  He  carried  to 
perfection  the  elegiac  and  epistolary  style, 
and  his  "  Ines  de  Castro "  is  the  second 
regular  tragedy  that  appeared  after  the 
revival  of  letters  in  Europe.    Died,  1560. 

FERRERAS,  Joiix  DE,  a  learned  Spanish 
historian  and  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  La- 
baneza,  in  1652,  of  a  poor  but  noble  family, 
and  completed  liis  studies  at  Salamanca. 
He  wrote  several  works  in  philosophy,  theo- 
logy, and  history,  the  most  considerable  of 


297 


which  is  his  "  History  of  Spain,"  in  10  vols. 
4to.  He  also  assisted  in  the  compilation  of 
the  great  Spanish  Dictionary.    Died,  1735. 

FERRETI.  or  FERRETO,  an  historian 
and  poet  of  Vicenza,  was  born  about  129C, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  restoration  of 
polite  literature  in  Italy. 

FERRIAR,  Jou>%  a  physician  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  at  Chester,  in 
1764  ;  took  his  medical  degree  at  Edinburgh, 
and  settled  at  Manchester,  where  he  was 
chosen  physician  to  the  infirmary  and  lunatic 
asylum,  and  became  an  efficient  and  active 
member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society.  He  wrote  many  professional  tracts, 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Medical  His- 
tories and  Reflections  ;  "  also  "  Illustrations 
of  Sterne,"  which  display  much  research  in 
tracing  that  eccentric  author's  literary  ob- 
ligations to  Burton,  Hall,  and  other  satirical 
moralists  ;  besides  other  works,  in  verse  and 
prose.    Died,  1815. 

FERRI,  CiBO,  an  eminent  Italian  painter 
and  architect,  was  born  at  Rome  in  1634. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Pietro  de  Cortona,  to 
whose  style  his  pictures  bear  a  strong  re- 
semblance.   Died,  1689. 

FERRIER,  Arnold  du,  an  eminent 
French  lawyer  and  diplomatist,  was  born  at 
Toulouse,  in  1506.  Having  a  strong  predilec- 
tion for  the  Protestant  religion,  although 
brought  up  a  Catholic,  he  at  length  openly 
avowed  his  opinions,  and  availed  himself  of 
the  patronage  of  the  King  of  Navarre,  who 
made  him  his  chancellor.  Father  Paul  was 
greatly  indebted  to  Ferrier  for  his  assistance 
in  compiling  the  History  of  the  Council  of 
Trent,  where  he  had  attended  in  his  capacity 
of  advocate,  and  been  distinguished  for  the 
boldness  of  his  language.    Died,  1585. 

FESCH,  Joseph,  senior  priest-cardinal  of 
the  sacred  college,  and  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
and  brother  of  La;titia  Ramolini,  mother  of 
Napoleon  Buonaparte,  was  born  at  Ajaccio, 
in  Corsica,  in  17<>4,  educated  in  France,  and 
was  in  that  country  when  the  revolution 
broke  out.  Young  and  ardent,  he  instantly 
became  attached  to  the  new  state  of  things, 
threw  off  the  clerical  attire  of  the  seminary 
at  which  he  was  studying,  and  entered  the 
army  at  Montesquieu,  in  Switzerland,  in  the 
capacity  of  a  store-keeper.  In  1796  we  find 
him  commissary-general  to  the  army  of 
Italy,  which  was  then  commanded  by  his 
nephew,  Buonaparte.  Having  in  this  capa- 
city realised  a  princely  fortune,  he  retired 
from  the  army,  resumed  his  clerical  studies 
and  profession,  and  in  1802  was  consecrated 
archbishop  of  Lyons.  Early  in  the  following 
year  he  received  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  went 
to  Rome  as  ambassador  from  France.  There 
he  was  received  with  peculiar  distinction  ; 
but  it  would  seem  that  the  cardinal's  hat, 
any  more  than  the  monk's  hood,  does  not 
always  cover  true  piety.  His  luxurious  way 
of  living,  and  a  certain  air  of  the  camp  that 
appeared  both  in  his  mien  and  in  his  con- 
versation, gave  considerable  scandal  to  the 
graver  Romans  ;  and  that  scandal  was  es- 
pecially increased  by  his  obstinately  persist- 
ing in  giving  concerts  at  his  palace,  even  in 
Lent,  in  defiance  of  a  jiarticular  and  very 
strict  order  to  the  contrary.  In  1804  the 
cardinal  accompanied  Pius  VII.  to  FarLn, 


feu] 


^  0tbi  Wiuibtr&aX  23tO0raj)l)2). 


[fib 


and  assisted  in  the  consecration  of  Napoleon; 
by  whom,  in  tlie  following  j'ear,  he  was  made 
grand  almoner  of  France,  a  principal  officer 
of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  a  member  of  the 
senate.  As  president  of  the  council  of  Paris, 
he  opposed  his  self-willed  nephew  in  many 
of  his  unjust  schemes,  and  both  boldly  and 
constantly,  though  ineffectually,  protested 
against  tlie  violence  with  which  he  insulted 
the  unfortunate  pope.  Naisoleon,  who  was 
as  incapable  of  sympathising  with  such  true 
greatness  of  mind  as  he  was  of  practising  it, 
showed  how  deeply  he  felt  his  uncle's  opposi- 
tion, by  depriving  him  of  his  succession  to 
the  arch-chancellorsliip,  and  nominating  in 
his  stead  Eugene  Beauharnois,  with  the  title 
of  grand-duke  of  Frankfort.  When  his 
disgrace  with  the  emperor  was  thus  published, 
he  retired  at  first  to  Lyons,  and  subsequently 
to  Rome,  where,  with  Madame  Buonaparte, 
he  lived  a  quiet  but  most  luxurious  life. 
His  library  and  picture  gallery  were  the  finest 
that  even  Rome,  that  city  of  the  arts,  could 
boast.     Died,  1839. 

FETJILLEE,  Louis,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, geograplier,  and  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Provence,  about  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century.  Louis  XIV.  sent  him  to 
South  America  to  make  researches  in  natu- 
ral history  and  philosophy,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  "Journal,"  in  2  vols.  4to.  He  was 
afterwards  employed  in  an  expedition  to  the 
Canary  Islands,  to  ascertain  the  relative 
position  of  the  meridian  of  Ferro,  which, 
having  satisfactorily  performed,  he  was  re- 
warded with  a  pension  and  the  situation  of 
botanist  to  the  king.     Died,  1732. 

FE  VRE,  Guy  le,  a  French  poet,  was  born, 
in  1541,  at  La  Boderie,  in  Lower  Normandy. 
He  was  the  autlior  of  several  works  relating 
to  oriental  literature,  besides  several  poems, 
which  obtained  for  him  considerable  reputa- 
tion.   Died,  1598. 

FEVRE,  Anthony  le,  a  brother  of  the 
preceding,  an  eminent  statesman,  was  am- 
baasador  at  Brussels  in  1597,  when  he  dis- 
covered the  conspiracy  of  Marshal  Biron 
against  his  master,  Henry  IV.  He  was 
twice  ambassador  to  England,  and  died  in 
1615. 

FEVRE,  or  FABER,  Tanaquil,  a  classi- 
cal sdiolar,  of  great  eminence,  was  horn 
at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1C15.  Cardinal 
Richelieu  procured  liim  a  pension  of  2000 
livres,  with  the  office  of  inspector  of  works 
printed  at  the  Louvre.  He  was  subsequently 
professor  of  classical  literature  at  Saumur, 
and  died  there  in  1672.  His  works,  which 
are  very  numerous,  chiefly  consist  of  com- 
mentaries on,  and  translations  from,  the 
Greek  and  Latin  authors.  The  celebrated 
Madame  Daeier  was  his  daughter.  Died, 
1672. 

FEYJOO  Y  MONTENEGRO,  Benedict 
Jerome,  a  Spanish  Benedictine  monk  of  the 
last  century,  who  published  his  thoughts  on 
a  vast  variety  of  topics,  in  the  form  of  essays 
designed  for  popular  use,  whence  he  has  been 
sometimes  styled  ihQ  Spanish  Addison.  His 
"  Teatro  Critico  Universal,"  and  his  "  Cartas 
eruditas  y  curiosas,"  both  works  of  merit, 
are  devoted  to  a  common  object  —  the  refuta- 
tion of  error,  and  the  removal  of  prejudice. 
A  selection  from  Ma  essays  and  discourses 


was  translated  into  English,  and  published 
in  4  vols,  in  1780. 

FICHTE,  John  Theophilus,  a  celebrated 
German  philosopher  and  metaphysician, 
was  bom,  in  1762,  in  Upper  Lusatia  ;  studied 
at  Wittenberg  and  Leipsic  ;  and  was  succes- 
sively professor  of  philosophy  at  Jena,  Er- 
langen,  and  Berlin.  In  most  of  his  writings 
he  unfolds  the  doctrines  of  transcendental 
idealism,  representing  the  life  of  the  mind 
as  the  only  real  life,  and  all  the  reality  in 
the  universe  being  expressed  in  what  he 
called  the  "absolute  I."  His  works  have 
been  translated  into  English.     Died,  1814. 

FICINUS,  or  FICINO,  Marsilius,  an 
eminent  scholar  of  the  15th  century,  and 
one  of  the  revivers  of  a  taste  for  Platonic  phi- 
losophy in  Europe,  was  born  at  Florence,  in 
1433.  His  father  was  physician  to  Cosmo 
de  Medici,  and  was  himself  patronised  by 
Cosmo,  Peter,  and  Lorenzo.  He  was  such 
an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  the  writings  of 
Plato,  that  he  not  only  made  a  Latin  version 
of  them,  but  descanted  upon  them  in  an 
academy,  and  even  preached  their  doctrines 
from  the  pulpit.    Died,  1499. 

FIDDES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  and  author  of  several 
works,  was  born  at  Hunmanby,  Yorkshire, 
in  1671 ;  educated  at  University  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  obtained  the  rectory  of  Hail- 
sham.  W^hile  there  he  contracted  an  illness, 
which  ever  after  nearly  deprived  him  of 
utterance,  and  this  led  him  to  devote  himself 
to  literature.  Among  his  various  works  are, 
"  A  Body  of  Divinity,"  2  vols,  folio  ;  "  Fifty- 
two  Practical  Discourses  ; "  and  a  "  Life  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey ; "  the  last  evidently  a 
party  work,  written  to  favour  the  views  of 
the  Pretender  and  of  popery.    Died,  1725. 

FIELD,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  1561,  at  Hemel  Hampstead,  Herts, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
In  1598,  being  then  a  D.  D.,  he  was  made 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
and  afterwards  a  prebendary  of  Windsor. 
He  was  a  great  favourite  of  James  I.,  who 
bestowed  upon  him  the  deanery  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  proposed  sending  him  into  Germany 
to  compose  the  differences  between  the  Lu- 
therans and  Calvin ists  ;  but  for  some  reason 
this  appointment  did  not  take  place.  He 
gained  great  reputation  by  a  work,  entitled 
"  Of  the  Church  ;  "  and  he  commenced  "A 
View  of  the  Controversies  in  Religion," 
which  he  did  not  live  to  finish.    Died,  1616. 

FIELDEN,  John,  M.P.,  whose  exertions 
in  behalf  of  the  labouring  classes  deserve 
honourable  mention,  was  originally  him- 
self a  labouring  man,  but  gradually  worked 
his  way  up  to  competence,  influence,  and 
authority  ;  and  when  through  the  medium 
of  his  combined  industry  and  intelligence 
he  had  become  a  master,  his  fidelity  to 
his  caste  made  him  the  earnest  and  untiring 
champion  of  the  rights  of  his  fellow  toilers. 
He  sat  in  parliament  for  Oldham,  from  1832 
to  1847.  His  exertions  in  regard  to  the  me- 
morable ten  hours'  bill  will  not  speedily  be 
forgotten.    Died,  1849. 

FIELDING,  Henry,  an  English  novelist 
and  a  political  writer,  pre-eminently  distin- 
guished for  genuine  humour  and  a  know- 
ledge of  the  world,  was  the  son  of  Lieut.- 


fie] 


^  ^etn  mnihtv^aX  3B{0JirapTjy. 


[fii, 


general  Fielding,  of  Sharpham  Park,  Somer- 
set, where  Henry  was  born,  April  22. 1707.  He 
waa  first  sent  to  Eton,\vhence  he  removed  to 
Leyden  ;  but  the  straitened  circumstances  of 
his  father  shortened  his  academical  studies, 
wliich,  added  to  a  love  of  gaiety  and  dissipa- 
tion, led  him  to  turn  his  attention  to  the 
stage.  His  first  piece,  which  came  out  in 
1727,  was  entitled  "  Love  in  sevei-al  Masks," 
and  its  success  induced  him  to  iwrsevere. 
Some  of  his  dramatic  eflForts  were,  however, 
failures  ;  tliough  neither  wit,  humour,  nor 
spriglitliness  is  generally  wanting  in  them. 
In  his  27th  year,  he  married  Miss  Craddock, 
a  lady  of  some  fortune  ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  by  the  death  of  his  mother,  became 
possessed  of  a  small  estate  in  Dorsetshire. 
Unfortunately,  instead  of  husbanding  these 
resources,  he  immediately  set  up  for  a  country 
gentleman,  on  a  scale  which,  in  3  years,  re- 
duced him  to  greater  indigence  than  iCver, 
with  a  young  family  to  support.  He  then, 
for  the  first  time,  dedicated  himself  to  the 
bar  as  a  profession,  and,  for  immediate  sub- 
sistence, employed  his  pen  on  various  mis- 
cellaneous subjects,  "  The  History  of  Jona- 
than Wild  "  being  among  the  early  fruits  of 
his  literary  industry.  In  1742  appeared  his 
first  novel,  "  Joseph  Andrews,"  in  which  the 
Cervantic  style  of  humour  is  admirably  imi- 
tated. It  immediately  received  the  attention 
to  which  it  was  entitled  ;  but  success  as  a 
novel-writer  was  not  very  likely  to  advance 
his  practice  at  the  bar  ;  nor  was  the  emolu- 
ment attached  to  it  sufficient  for  a  manner 
of  life  never  sufficiently  regulated  by  the 
rules  of  prudence.  He  was  further  impeded 
in  his  profession  by  repeated  attacks  of  the 
gout ;  added  to  which,  his  domestic  affliction 
was  greatly  increased  by  the  death  of  his 
wife.  Neither  disease  nor  grief,  however, 
paralysed  the  efforts  of  his  pen.  In  rapid 
succession  he  brought  forth  4  periodical 
papers,  called  "  The  Champion,"  "  The  True 
Patriot,"  "The  Jacobite  Journal,"  and  "The 
Covent  Garden  Journal,"  "  Essays  on  Con- 
versation, and  on  the  Knowledge  and  Cha- 
racters of  Men,"  "  A  Journey  from  this 
World  to  the  Next,"  and  the  novels  of  "  Tom 
Jones  "  and  "  Amelia."  During  the  rebel- 
lion of  1745,  he  lent  the  assistance  of  his 
literary  talents  to  the  government,  and  was 
rewarded  with  the  then  not  altogether  re- 
putable office  of  a  Middlesex  justice.  To  the 
credit  of  Fielding,  however,  he  did  much  to 
render  it  more  respectable  by  the  prevention 
of  crimes,  and  the  improvement  of  the  police. 
Ill  liealth  at  length  obliged  him  to  try  the 
milder  air  of  Lisbon,  and  a  Narrative  of  his 
"Voyage  to  that  place  was  the  last  of  his 
works.  He,  unhappily,  received  no  benefit 
from  the  change,  but  died  in  the  Portuguese 
capital,  in  1754.  Notwithstanding  the  lapse 
of  a  century,  and  the  change  in  manners,  the 
inimitable  wit  of  Fielding  is  still  relished, 
and  his  accurate  knowledge  of  character  uni- 
versally admitted. 

FIELDING,  Sir  Jonif,  half-brother  of 
Henry,  and  his  successor  as  a  justice  for 
Middlesex.  Though  blind  from  his  child- 
hood, he  discharged  his  office  with  great 
credit,  and  in  1701  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  He  published  some  tracts  on 
the  penal  code,  and  a  miscellaneous  coUec- 


299 


tion,  entitled  "The  Universal  Mentor." 
Died,  1780. 

FIELDING,  Sarah,  the  third  sister  of 
Henry  Fielding,  was  born  in  1714,  lived  un- 
married, and  died  at  Bath,  in  17C8.  She 
was  a  woman  of  talent,  and  wrote  several 
novels,  &c.,  of  which  "  David  Simple  "  is  the 
principal.  She  also  translated  from  the 
Greek  "  Xenophon's  Memoirs  of  Socrates." 

FIENNES,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele, 
was  bom  in  1582,  and  educated  at  New 
College,  Oxford.  In  1624  he  was  made  a 
viscount ;  yet,  like  many  others  who  had  ex- 
l)erienced  the  favours  of"  the  court,  he  joined 
the  parliamentarians.  He,  however,  con- 
curred in  the  Restoration,  and  was  made 
lord  privy  seal  and  chamberlain  of  the 
household.    He  died  in  1662. 

FIENNES,  Nathaniel,  second  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  in  1608,  and  educated  at 
New  College,  Oxford,  after  which  he  went  to 
Geneva.  He  was  a  considerable  leader  of 
the  independent  party,  and  commanded  at 
Bristol  when  that  city  was  taken  by  Prince 
Rupert,  and  would  have  suffiired  death  for 
his  disloyalty,  but  for  the  influence  of  his 
father.     Died,  16(!9. 

FIESCO,  Joii.v  Lotns,  count  of  Lavagna, 
a  Genoese  of  an  illustrious  family,  and  a 
victim  of  unsuccessful  ambition,  was  at  the 
head  of  the  conspiracy  which  was  formed 
against  the  celebrated  Andrew  Doria  and 
his  nephew.  On  the  evening  of  the  Ist  of 
January,  1547,  Fiesco,  who  had  prepared  a 
galley  under  pretence  of  a  cruise  against  the 
corsairs,  waited  upon  Doria  to  request  per- 
mission to  depart  from  the  harbour  early  in 
the  morning.  Having  succeeded  in  lulling 
his  intended  victims  into  a  false  security,  he 
sallied  forth  in  the  night  at  the  head  of  500 
men  ;  and  dispatching  parties  to  take  posses- 
sion of  different  posts,  himself  proceeded  to 
the  dock,  where  the  galleys  lay  ;  but  in  pass- 
ing on  a  plank  from  one  galley  to  another, 
he  fell  into  the  water,  and,  owing  to  the 
weight  of  his  armour,  was  unable  to  rise 
again.  His  confederates  failed  in  their  at- 
tempt on  Andrew  Doria,  though  Giannetino, 
his  nephew,  fell  beneath  their  swords  ;  and 
the  family  of  Fiesco  were  made  to  pay  the 
penalty  of  liis  ambition  by  ruin  and  pro- 
scription. 

FIESOLE  (so  called  from  the  monastery 
to  which  he  belonged)  was  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  restorers  of  painting  in  Italy.  His 
family  name  was  Santi  Tosini.  Born,  1387  ; 
died,  1584. 

FIGUEROA,  Bartholomew  Carascosa 
DE,  a  Spanish  poet,  was  a  native  of  Logrono, 
and  studied  at  the  university  of  Salamanca. 
Born,  1510  ;  died,  1570. 

FILANGIERI,  Gaetano,  a  celebrated 
writer  on  political  economy  and  legislation, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  1752.  He  was  at  first 
intended  for  the  army,  but  being  of  studious 
habits,  he  was  allowed  to  gratify  his  inclina- 
tion for  a  literary  life.  His  great  work,  en- 
titled "The  Science  of  Legislation,"  not- 
withstanding it  was  never  completed  accord- 
ing to  his  original  design,  attracted  great 
attention,  from  its  bold  and  original  views, 
and  the  liberality  of  its  sentiments  ;  and 
places  him  in  the  rank  of  a  first-rate  writer 
upon  one  of  the  most  difficult  and  important 


fil] 


^  iflciM  Winibti'Sal  MiaQtKpffVi. 


[fI8 


subjects  that  can  engage  the  mind  of  man. 
In  1787  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  su- 
preme council  of  finance,  and  died  in  1788. 

FILICAIA,  VixcENZO  da,  an  eminent 
Italian  poet,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1642, 
and  studied  at  Pisa.  His  "  Canzoni,"  com- 
memorating the  deliverance  of  Vienna  by 
John  Sobieski,  fully  establislied  his  poetical 
fame,  and  obtained  for  him  from  the  Duke 
of  Tuscany  the  title  of  senator,  while  more 
solid  rewards  awaited  him  in  being  appointed 
governor,  first  of  Volterra,  and  afterwards  of 
Pisa.     Died,  1707. 

FILMER,  Sir  Robekt,  an  English  writer, 
was  born  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  "  The  Anarchy 
of  a  limited  and  mixed  Monarchy,"  "  Patri- 
archa,"  in  which  he  contends  that  govern- 
ment was  monarchical  in  the  patriarchal 
ages ;  and  "  The  Freeholder's  Grand  In- 
quest." He  was  a  man  of  talent,  but  a 
more  bigoted  champion  of  absolute  monarchy 
has  seldom  appeared  ;  and  it  was  to  refute 
the  doctrines  of  Filmer  that  l/ocke  wrote  his 
Treatises  on  Government.    Died,  1747. 

FINCH,  IlEN-EAOE,  first  earl  of  Notting- 
ham, was  the  son  of  Sir  Heneage  Finch,  re- 
corder of  London.  He  was  born  in  1621,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  Cliristchurch,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  to  the  Inner  Temple.  Charles  II. 
made  him  solicitor-general,  and  created  him 
a  baronet.  He  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  the  university  of  Oxford,  in  1061.  In 
1670  he  was  appointed  attorney-general,  and 
soon  after  lord-keeper,  with  the  rank  of  a 
peer.  In  1675  he  was  made  lord  chancellor, 
and  in  1681  created  earl  of  Nottingham.  His 
powers  as  an  orator  were  highly  rated  ;  and 
Dryden  has  handed  down  his  portrait  to 
posterity  in  his  poem  of  "  Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel,"  under  the  character  of  Amri.  Died, 
1682. 

FINCH,  Daniel,  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1647,  and  finished  his  edu- 
cation at  Christchurch,  Oxford.  In  1680  he 
was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  Admiraltj% 
and  in  1692  succeeded  his  father  as  the  earl 
of  Nottingham.  On  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne,  he  was  one  of  the  lords  justices  for 
the  administration  of  affairs,  and  800n  after 
was  made  president  of  the  council ;  but  in 
1716  he  was  dismissed,  on  account  of  a  speech 
which  he  made  in  behalf  of  the  Scottish  lords 
condemned  for  high  treason.  He  devoted 
his  remaining  years  to  tlie  enjoyment  of  re- 
tirement and  literary  leisure,  the  fruits  of 
which  appeared  in  an  eloquent  reply  to 
Whiston,  on  the  subject  of  the  Trinity. 
Died,  1730. 

FINCH,  Robert,  an  ingenious  antiquary, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1783  ;  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School  and  Baliol  College,  Oxford; 
and  entered  into  holy  orders.  He  travelled 
through  the  south  of  Europe  and  Palestine  ; 
and  died  at  Rome,  in  1830  ;  bequeathing  to 
the  Ashmolean  Museum,  at  Oxford,  his 
valuable  library,  medals,  coins,  pictures,  and 
antique  curiosities. 

FINET,  Sir  John,  a  man  of  wit  in  the 
court  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  was  born 
near  Dover,  in  1571,  and  died  in  1641.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Fineti  Pliiloxenus,  or 
Observations  touching  the  Reception,  Pre- 


cedency, &c.  of  Foreign  Ambassadors  in 
England." 

FINGAL,  celebrated  in  the  poems  of  Os- 
sian  his  son  ;  was  prince  of  Morven,  a  pro- 
vince of  ancient  Caledonia,  and  was  bom 
about  the  year  282.  He  constantly  strug- 
gled with  the  Romans,  who  at  that  time 
ruled  in  England  ;  and  frequently  made  ex- 
peditions to  Sweden,  the  Orkney  Islands, 
and  Ireland.  Fingal's  character,  as  sketched 
by  Ossian,  is  that  of  a  noble  hero,  the  father 
of  his  people. 

FINIGUERRA,  Tommaso,  a  celebrated 
sculptor  and  goldsmith,  to  whom  is  ascribed 
the  invention  of  copperplate  printing.  He 
lived  at  Florence,  about  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  practised  the  art  called 
niello,  which  consisted  in  encliasing  dark 
metallic  substances  into  cavities  worked  on 
gold  or  silver,  and  fixing  them  by  fusion. 
Died,  1475. 

FINLAY,  John,  a  modem  Scotch  poet, 
was  born  at  Glasgow,  in  1782,  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  that  city.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Wallace  of  Ellerslie,"  a  "  Life 
of  Cervantes,"  and  the  edition  of  "  A  Col- 
lection of  Scottish  Ballads,  historical  and 
romantic,"  in  2  vols.     Died,  1810. 

FIRENZTJOLA,  Angelo,  an  Italian  dra- 
matic poet,  born  at  Florence  in  1493.  He 
was  originally  bred  to  the  bar,  but  left  it  for 
the  church,  and  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits.     Died,  1545. 

FIRMIAN,  Chakles,  Count  de,  adminis- 
trator of  the  Austrian  government  at  Lom- 
bardy,  was  born  in  1718.  So  exemplary  was 
his  love  of  justice,  and  his  zeal  for  the  hap- 
piness of  the  people,  that  the  Austrian  go- 
vernment rewarded  him  with  the  highest 
honours  ;  while  he  emploj'ed  his  wealth  and 
influence  in  the  encouragement  of  literature 
and  the  arts,  of  which  he  was  a  liberal  and 
discriminating  patron.    Died  at  Milan,  1782. 

FIRMIN,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  phi- 
lanthropist, was  born  at  Ipswich,  in  1632,  and 
brought  up  to  business  in  London,  as  a  linen- 
draper,  which  he  carried  on  with  good  suc- 
cess. Although  he  had  adopted  anti-trini- 
tarian  opinions,  in  consequence  of  having 
formed  an  intimacy  with  the  persecuted 
Socinian,  John  Biddle,  whose  necessities  he 
relieved  ;  yet  his  upright  conduct,  piety,  and 
liberality  were  so  conspicuous,  that  Arch- 
bishop Tillotson  and  other  eminent  prelates 
were  proud  of  his  friendship.  Having  es- 
tablished a  linen  manufactory  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  employment  to  those  who 
would  otherwise  have  been  vagrants,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1678,  "  Some  Proposals  for  the  Em- 
ployment of  the  Poor,  and  especially  in  and 
about  the  City  of  London,  and  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Begging,"  &c.  His  charity  was 
extended  to  all  sects  and  parties,  and  his 
useful  life  terminated  in  1697. 

FISCHER,  John  Bernard,  an  eminent 
German  architect,  born  at  Vienna,  in  1560. 
He  erected  the  palace  of  Schoenbrunn,  the 
church  of  St.  Boromeo,  and  a  number  of 
other  fine  edifices  at  Vienna  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  architect  to  Joseph  I.,  wlio 
created  him  baron  d'Erlach.    Died,  1724. 

FISH,  Simon,  a  native  of  Kent,  and  a 
member  of  the  legal  profession,  who,  having 
acted  a  part  in  a  play  written  for  the  pur- 


FIS] 


91  j5ctD  ^mbcrM  2St05rapT;i». 


[fit 


pose  of  ridiculing  Cardinal  Wolsey,  was 
obliged  to  flee  to  the  Continent.  lie  there 
wrote  a  satire  upon  the  Popish  clergy,  en- 
titled "  The  Supplication  of  the  Beggars," 
which  was  answered  by  Sir  Thomas  More  in 
his  "Supplication  for  Souls."  Fish  was 
ultimately  recalled  home  by  Henry  VIII., 
but  died  of  the  plague  soon  after  his  return, 
in  l.Wl. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester,  a 
learned  divine,  was  born  at  Beverley,  in 
Yorkshire,  in  1459.  He  became  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge  ;  and  being  appointed 
confessor  to  Margaret,  countess  of  Rich- 
mond, it  was  through  his  influence  that  she 
founded  St.  John's  and  Christ's  colleges.  In 
1504,  he  was  unexpectedly  promoted  to  the 
see  of  Rochester,  and  subsequently  declined 
translation  to  a  more  valuable  bishopric  ; 
styling  his  church  his  wife,  and  declaring 
that  he  would  never  exchange  her  for  one 
that  was  richer.  Deeply  prepossessed  in  fa- 
vour of  the  ancient  faith,  he  opposed  with 
zeal  and  perseverance  the  principles  of  Lu- 
ther and  his  followers  ;  and  having  denied 
the  supremacy  of  Henry  VIII.  as  head  of 
the  church,  he  was  convicted  of  high  trea- 
son, and  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  in  15.3.5. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  was 
born  at  Hampton,  Middlesex,  in  1748  ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  at  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge  ;  became  a  fellow  and  tutor  of 
St.  John's  ;  and  subsequently  was  apjiointed 
tutor  to  Prince  Edward,  the  late  duke  of 
Kent.  In  1803  he  was  raised  to  the  bishopric 
of  Exeter,  and  had  the  honour  of  superin- 
tending the  education  of  the  late  princess 
Charlotte  of  Wales,  which  he  performed  with 
equal  ability  and  success.  In  18W  he  was 
translated  to  the  bishopric  of  Salisbury,  which 
diocese  he  continued  to  hold  till  his  death 
in  1825. 

FISHER,  Payjte,  a  poet  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, chiefly  memorable  for  having  held  the 
otttee  of  laureate  under  Oliver  Cromwell. 
He  was  a  native  of  Dorsetshire,  studied  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  ;  and  served  on  the 
royalist  side  in  the  civil  wars  ;  but  on  the 
decline  of  the  king's  affairs  he  joined  the 
republicans,  and  celebrated  their  successes 
in  several  Latin  poems.  He  also  wrote  a 
"  Synopsis  of  Heraldry,"  and  various  poems. 
Died,  1G93. 

FISHER,  Thomas,  F.S.  A.,  a  gentleman 
whose  love  of  literature  and  antiquarian 
research  rendered  him  a  most  acceptable 
contributor  to  many  periodical  works,  was 
a  native  of  Rochester,  and  for  many  years 
held  the  situation  of  searcher  of  records  in 
the  service  of  the  East  India  Company.  To 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Mr.  Fisher  was 
a  contributor  for  nearly  50  years.  He  was 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Asiatic  Journal, 
and  one  of  the  first  projectors  of  the  Con- 
gregational Magazine.  He  was  also  a  di- 
rector of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  of 
which  the  knowledge  he  had  obtained  of  the 
East  made  him  a  valuable  member.  Few 
persons,  indeed,  were  more  earnest  in  their 
endeavours  to  extend  the  empire  of  Chris- 
tianity generally,  or  who  were  better  ac- 
quainted with  its  progress  and  success  ;  nor 
was  he  ever  known  to  shrink  from  assisting, 
to  the  utmost  of  Ms  ability,  in  a  pecuniary 


301 


way,  any  cause  which  could  plead  for  its 
object  religious  instruction,  or  Christian  be- 
nevolence.    Born,  1772  ;  died,  IH'M, 

FITZGERALD,  Euwakd,  Lord,  a  mis- 
guided and  unfortunate  political  partisan, 
was  the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Leinater,  and 
born  on  the  15th  of  October,  17(53.  At  a 
time  wken  the  revolutionary  spirit  was  at 
its  height  in  Ireland,  he  joined  the  malcon- 
tents, became  the  object  of  i)ro8cription,  and 
met  with  his  death  in  the  following  manner. 
Having  disguised  himself  as  a  countryman, 
and  taken  refuge  in  a  house  in  Thomas 
Street,  Dublin,  a  party  commissioned  to  ap- 
prehend him  arrived,  headed  by  the  two 
town  majors,  Sirr  and  Swan,  and  a  Captain 
Ryan.  Swan  and  Ryan  entered  the  room 
together,  and  summoned  I^ord  Edward  to 
surrender ;  but  he  made  a  bold  attempt  to 
escape,  and  closing  with  Captain  Ryan, 
killed  him  with  a  dagger  on  the  .<!pot.  Be- 
fore, however,  he  could  well  disengage  him- 
self from  the  dying  man.  Swan  threw  himself 
upon  l-.im,  and  pinioned  him  round  the 
body  ;  and  Sirr,  who  had  been  standing  at 
the  door  during  the  conflict,  shot  him  through 
the  body  with  a  pistol.  He  was  instantly 
removed  to  a  plac*  of  security,  where,  after 
lingering  for  a  day  or  two  in  extreme  agony, 
he  died,  1798.  He  had  before  attracted  con- 
siderable notoriety,  not  merely  from  the 
rashness  of  his  jwlitical  conduct,  but  from 
having  married  the  celebrated  Pamela,  the 
protege  and  supposed  natural  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Orleans  and  Madame  de  Genlis. 

FITZGERALD,  Lady  Edward,  wife  of 
the  preceding,  (commonly  called  Pamela), 
was  supposed  to  be  the  daughter  of  Madame 
de  Genlis,  by  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Egaliti-). 
But  according  to  the  statement  of  Madame 
de  Genlis,  she  was  the  daugliter  of  a  man  of 
high  birth,  named  Seymour,  who  married,  in 
spite  of  his  family,  a  young  woman  of  the 
lowest  cla.s8,  called  Mary  Syms,  and  went  off' 
with  her  to  Newfoundland,  on  the  coast  of 
America,  where  he  established  himself  at  a 
place  called  Fogo.  There  Pamela  was  born, 
and  received  the  name  of  Nancy.  Her  father 
died,  and  the  mother  returned  to  England 
with  her  child,  then  18  montlis  old.  As  her 
husband  was  disinherited,  she  was  reduced 
to  great  misery,  and  forced  to  work  for  her 
bread.  She  had  settled  at  Christchurch, 
and  a  Mr.  Forth  having  been  commissioned 
by  the  Duke  of  Orleans  to  send  him  a  young 
English  girl,  he  saw  Pamela,  and  obtained 
her  from  her  mother.  "  When  I  began," 
continues  M.  de  Genlis,  "  to  be  really  at- 
tached to  Pamela,  I  was  very  uneasy  lest 
her  mother  might  be  desirous  of  claiming 
her  by  legal  process  ;  that  is,  lest  she  might 
threaten  me  with  doing  so  to  obtain  grants  of 
money  it  would  have  been  out  of  my  power  to 
give."  She  at  length  got  over  this  difficulty, 
by  the  mother's  acceptance  of  25  guineas, 
and  signing  an  agreement  not  to  claim  her 
child  till  she  had  paid  M.  de  Genlis  all  the 
expense  she  had  been  at  for  her  maintenance 
and  education.  Pamela's  arrival  at  the 
Palais  Royal,  however,  had  occasioned  odd 
conjectures.  She  was  educated  with  the 
princes  and  princesses,  as  a  companion  and 
friend  :  she  had  the  same  masters,  was  taken 
equal  care  of,  partook  of  their  sports  ;  and 


fit] 


^  ^tia  mntljer^al  3StOffrap]b«. 


[fit 


I  her  astonishing  resemblance  to  the  duke's 
I  cliildren  would  have  made  her  pass  for  their 
ristPr,  were  it  not  for  her  foreign   accent. 
!  Whilst  Pamela  and  the   young  princesses 
I  were  pursuing  their  studies  in  the  delightful 
I  retreat  of  Belle-chasse,  the  revolution  broke 
I  out.    The  Duke  of  Orleans  and  his  two  sons, 
[  the  Dukes    of   Chartres    and  Montpensier, 
I  warmly  supported  its  principles.    Madame 
j  de  Genlis  was  then  an  admirer  of  the  con- 
I  stituent  assembly ;  Pamela  participated  in 
I  her  enthusiasm  for  liberty  ;  and  every  Sun- 
day the  distinguished  members  of  that  as- 
1  Bembly  met  at  Belle-chasse.    When  the  con- 
stituent assembly  had  terminated  its  labours, 
Madame  de  Genlis  proceeded  to  England 
with  Mademoiselle  d'Orleans  and  Pamela, 
and  attended  by  two  deputies,  Petion  and 
i  Voidel.    It  was   then  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald first  saw  Pamela.     The  brilliancy  of 
her  beauty,  the  graces  of  her  mind,  and  the 
free  expression  of  her  feelings  of  liberty, 
made  a  deep  impression  on  the  young  Irish- 
man ;  and  when  Madame  de  Genlis,  alarmed 
at  the  turn  things  were  taking  in  France, 
retired  with  her  pupils  to  Tournay,  where 
the  presence  of  Dumouriez  and  the  duke 
assured  them  a  safe  asylum.  Lord  Fitzgerald 
accompanied  them,  and  soon    became  the 
husband  of  Pamela.    A  few  years  after  his 
unhappy  fate,  she  married  a  Mr.  Pitcaim, 
an    American,  and  consul   at   Hamburgh ; 
from  whom  she  was  subsequently  divorced. 
Slie  then  resumed  the  name  of  Fitzgerald, 
and  lived  in  great  retirement  in  one  of  the 
provinces,  until  the  revolution  of  1830  placed 
the  associate  of  her  childhood  upon  a  throne. 
Lady  Fitzgerald  was,  in  consequence  of  this 
event,  tempted  to  visit  Paris;  but  she  received 
little  notice  from  Louis  Philippe,  or  any  of 
his  family.    She  died  in  indigence,  at  Paris, 
Nov.  1881. 

FITZGIBBON,  Joiix,  first  earl  of  Clare, 
and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  was  born  in 
1749 ;  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  at  Oxford.  He  rapidly  rose  in 
the  legal  profession,  till  he  became  a  chan- 
cellor, in  1789,  with  the  title  of  baron  Fitz- 
gibbon  i  and  in  1795  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  the  earl  of  Clare.  He  was  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  decided  promoter  of  the  Union. 
Died,  1802. 

FITZUERBERT,  Sir  Anthoxy,  an  able 
and  learned  judge  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  was  born  at  Norbury,  in  Derbyshire, 
and  educated  at  Oxford,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  one  of  the  inns  of  court.  In  1523, 
he  was  made  a  judge  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  died  in  1538.  He  wrote  "The 
Grand  Abridgment,"  a  "  Collection  of  Law 
Cases,"  "Tlie  Office  and  Authority  of  Jus- 
tices of  the  Peace,"  "  The  Office  of  Sheriffs," 
"  Natura  Brevium,"  &c.  He  is  also  supposed 
to  have  written  a  book  on  the  Surveying  of 
Lands,  and  another  on  Husbandry,  .tliough 
some  have  ascribed  these  to  his  brother,  Jolm 
Fitzherbert. 

FITZUERBERT,  Nicholas,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  about  the  middle  of 
the  16th  century  ;  was  educated  at  Oxford  ; 
went  to  Italy,  and  held  the  situation  of  secre- 
tary to  Cardinal  Alan,  whose  life  he  wrote  ; 
and  is  said  to  be  the  author  of  a  treatise  on 
the  "  Antiquity  and  Duration  of  the  Roman 


Catholic  Religion  in  England."  He  was 
accidentally  drowned  in  1012. 

FITZHERBERT,  Sir  William,  a  de- 
scendant of  tiie  same  family  as  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1748,  and  received  his  education 
at  Cambridge.  Though  called  to  the  bar,  he 
did  not  practise  as  a  counsellor,  but  employed 
himself  in  writing  on  professional  subjects. 
He  held  the  office  of  gentleman  usher  to  the 
king,  who  created  him  a  baronet  in  1784. 
Died,  1791. 

FITZHERBERT,  Maria  Anxe,  a  lady 
who  at  one  period  of  her  life  occupied  a  pro- 
minent place  in  the  history  of  this  country, 
was  the  sister  of  the  late  Walter  Smythe, 
esq.,  of  Bambridge,  near  Winchester,  and 
was  married  in  1775  to  Edward  Weld,  esq., 
of  Lulworth  Castle,  uncle  to  the  late  Cardinal 
Weld.  Her  husband  died,  without  issue 
within  a  twelvemonth  after  their  marriage, 
and  she  was  soon  after  united  to  Thomas 
Fitzherbert,  esq.,  who  also  died,  leaving  no 
offspring,  in  1781.  Having  found  it  necessary 
to  allude  to  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  at  some  length, 
in  our  memoir  of  George  IV.,  we  shall  here 
merely  observe,  that,  attracted  by  the  beauty 
and  fascination  of  the  blooming  widow,  the 
prince  urgently  pressed  his  suit,  and  a 
marriage,  according  to  the  forms  of  the 
Catholic  Church,  is  believed  (but  never  was 
thoroughly  ascertained)  to  have  taken  place 
about  1787.  She  naturally  became  the  ob- 
ject of  great  public  and  political  interest ; 
but  the  influence  she  possessed  was  always 
exercised  for  the  honour  of  him  to  whom  she 
was  united  ;  and  she  found,  after  her  retire- 
ment from  the  meretricious  splendour  that 
had  once  surrounded  her,  ample  means  for 
the  employment  of  her  mind  in  acts  of  un- 
ostentatious benevolence.    Died,  March,  1837. 

FITZJAMES,  Edward,  Duke  of,  was  the 
great-grandson  of  the  Duke  of  Berwick,  who 
was  natural  son  of  James  II.  of  England,  by 
a  sister  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  At  the 
time  of  the  French  revolution,  the  name  of 
the  Duke  of  Fitzjames  was  placed  on  the  list 
of  proscription,  in  consequence  of  his  having 
emigrated  ;  but,  at  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbon  family,  he  returned  to  France,  and 
became  aide-de-camp  and  first  nobleman  of 
tlie  chamber  to  the  Count  d'Artois,  after- 
wards Charles  X.  In  the  chamber  of  peers 
he  was  remarkable  for  the  constancy  yet  mo- 
deration with  which  he  upheld  the  monarch. 
After  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  was  no  less  a 
favoured  person  than  before  it,  having 
readily  sworn  allegiance  to  the  new  state  of 
things.  He  is  chiefly  noticeable  as  being  in 
some  sort  a  member  of  our  ill-fated  Stuart 
family.     Died,  1839. 

FITZSTEPIIEN,  William,  a  learned 
English  monk  of  the  12th  century,  and  the 
friend  of  Thomas  k  Becket,  archbisliop  of 
Canterbury,  whose  life  he  wrote.  Prefixed 
to  this  life  is  a  "  Description  of  the  City  of 
London,  and  of  the  Manners  and  Customs 
of  its  Inhabitants,"  which  is  curious  on 
account  of  its  being  the  earliest  account  of 
London  extant,  and  has  been  preserved  by 
being  printed  at  the  end  of  Stowe's  Survey. 
Died,  1191. 

FITZWILLIAM,  the  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Wentwoktu  FiTZWiLLiAM,  Earl,  was 
born  in  1748 ;  commenced  his  education  at 


fla] 


^  ij^ftn  Bnihtr^aX  SSiflflrajpljM. 


[fle 


Eton,  finished  it  at  Oxford,  and  took  his  seat 
in  the  House  of  Peers  in  17G9.  Inheriting  a 
good  fortune  from  his  father,  and  coming 
into  possession,  on  the  death  of  tlie  Marquis 
of  Rockingham,  of  tlie  fine  domain  of  Went- 
worth  and  other  large  estates,  his  lordsliip 
was  naturally  looked  up  to  as  a  nobleman  of 
influence  and  high  connections,  which  his 
marriage  with  Lady  Charlotte  Ponsonby  had 
of  course  extended.  Up  to  the  period  of  the 
French  Revolution,  Earl  Fitzwilliam  acted 
with  the  Whigs  ;  but  when  Mr.  Fox  held  up 
the  Gallic  system  of  liberty  and  equality  as 
a  model  for  imitation,  and  the  levelling  prin- 
ciple was  spreading  far  and  wide  throughout 
the  kingdom,  the  warning  voice  of  Edmund 
Burke  was  not  lost  upon  him  ;  and  seeing 
the  necessity  of  sacriflcing  the  attachments 
of  party  to  the  general  good,  like  many 
others  of  the  hereditary  nobility,  he  joined 
the  Duke  of  Portland  and  Mr.  Pitt,  thus 
giving  strength  to  the  ministry  and  confi- 
dence to  the  nation.  This  was  an  extraor- 
dinary period  of  popular  clamour  and  dis- 
content ;  and  at  this  critical  juncture  Earl 
Fitzwilliam  was  appointed  to  the  government 
of  Ireland.  Finding  that  the  Catholic  party 
there  was  all  powerful,  and  dreading  the 
propagation  of  revolutionary  principles  at 
the  very  time  the  French  fleet  was  hovering 
on  the  island,  his  lordship  favoured  those 
who  were  seeking  "  emancipation,"  and  en- 
deavoured to  conciliate,  rather  than  punish, 
the  disaffected  ;  but  his  measures  were  not 
approved  of  by  the  ministry,  and  he  was  re- 
called, to  make  room  for  Earl  Camden.  In 
1798  he  was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  ;  and  on  Mr.  Pitt's 
death,  in  180<3,  he  became  president  of  the 
council,  which  he  retained  until  the  fall  of 
the  Grenville  administration  in  the  following 
year.  After  this  he  gradually  retired  from 
public  life  ;  and  on  the  8th  of  February,  1833, 
he  died,  aged  84. 

FLACCUS,  Caius  Valerius,  was  a  Ro- 
man poet  of  the  1st  century,  who  lived  at 
Padua,  and  died  young.  He  wrote  an  epic 
poem,  entitled  "  Argonautica,"  of  which 
seven  books,  and  part  of  the  eighth,  were 
completed  by  himself,  and  the  others  sup- 
plied by  ApoUonius. 

FLAMINIO,  GiovAJfxi  ANTOmo,  M-hose 
family  name  was  Zarrabini,  was  a  Genoese, 
and  born  in  14(54.  He  was  a  teacher  of  the 
belles  lettres  in  the  university  of  Bologna, 
wrote  the  lives  of  Albertus  Magnus  and  St. 
Dominic,  and  was  also  the  author  of  various 
poems.    Died,  1.5.'36. 

FLAMINIO,  Makc  Antoxio,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born,  in  1498,  at  Seravale, 
educated  by  his  father,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  extent  and  variety  of  his 
erudition.  He  was  secretary  to  the  cardinals 
Pole  and  Farnese,  at  tlie  council  of  Trent, 
and  died,  at  Rome,  in  looO.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Carmina  Sacra,"  and  other 
poetical  works  in  Latin,  which  are  admired 
for  their  sweetness  and  purity. 

FliAMSTEED,  John,  an  eminent  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  Denby,  in  Derbyshire, 
in  1C4<5,  and  received  his  education  at  tlie 
free-school  of  Derby.  He  was  led  to  the 
study  of  astronomy  by  perusing  Sacrobosco's 
work,  "De  Sphaera;"    and   he    prosecuted 


his  studies  with  so  much  assiduity,  as  to  be 
inferior  only  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  his  co- 
temporary,  who,  in  fact,  availed  himself  of 
some  of  Flamsteed's  calculations  in  his 
"  Principia."  He  was  appointed  astronomer- 
royal,  and  the  observatory  at  Greenwich  was 
erected  for  him,  where,  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  he  assiduously  cultivated  the  sub- 
lime science.  His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"Historia  Ccelestis  Britaunica;"    Died,  1719. 

FLAVEL,  John,  a  nonconformist  divine, 
was  born  in  Worcestershire,  and  educated 
at  University  College,  Oxford.  In  1G50  he 
settled  at  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire,  where 
he  wrote  his  "  Navigation  Spiritualised." 
He  was  ejected  from  his  living  in  lG(i2,  but 
continued  to  preach  privately.  At  the  ac- 
cession of  James  II.  he  returned  to  Dart- 
mouth. He  died  suddenly  at  Exeter,  in 
1(591.  He  was  a  man  of  exemplary  piety 
and  conduct,  and  his  works  are  liighly 
esteemed  by  all  who  hold  Calvinistic  sen- 
timents. 

FLAXMAN,  Jous,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
whose  father  was  for  many  years  cm- 
ployed  by  Roubillac,  was  born  at  York,  In 
1755 ;  and  was  admitted  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  in  1770.  Having  made 
considerable  progress  in  his  own  country, 
he  visited  Italy,  and,  during  a  seven 
years'  residence  there,  executed  several  im- 
portant works  in  sculpture,  besides  making 
drawings  for  the  illustration  of  Homer, 
.^Cschylus,  Hesiod,  and  Dante.  This  esta- 
blished liis  fame  as  an  artist  of  classical 
taste,  and  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
academies  of  Florence  and  Carrara.  In  1794 
he  returned  to  England  ;  and  from  that 
period  till  his  death,  he  was  almost  unin- 
terruptedly employed  in  works  of  first-rate 
character.  Among  them  may  be  named. 
Lord  Mansfield's  monument  in  Westminster 
Abbey  ;  and  those  of  Collins,  the  poet  ;  Lord 
Nelson,  Earl  Howe,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
and  tlie  Baring  family.  He  also  finished  a 
set  of  drawings  and  a  model  for  the  shield 
of  Achilles,  as  described  in  Homer's  Iliad. 
In  1810  he  was  appointed  professor  of  sculp- 
ture to  the  Royal  Academy ;  and  died  in 
182(5. 

FLECHIER,  Esprit,  a  famous  French 
bishop,  was  born  in  1()32,  at  Femes,  in  the 
county  of  Avignon.  He  was  greatly  admired 
as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and  his  funeral  ora- 
tions set  him  on  a  level  with  Bossuet.  In 
1(579  he  published  his  "  History  of  Theodo- 
sius  the  Great."  In  1685  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Lavaur  ;  on  which  the  king  said,  "I 
should  have  rewarded  you  much  sooner,  but 
that  I  was  afraid  of  losing  the  pleasure  of 
hearing  your  discourses."  Shortly  after  he 
was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Nismes ;  and 
died  in  1710.  His  entire  works  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  in  10  vols.  8vo. 

FLECKNOE,  Richard,  an  English  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  whose  name  is  now 
more  remembered  on  account  of  its  having 
been  held  up  to  ridicule  by  Drj'den,  in  his 
invective  against  Shadwell,  than  for  the 
value  of  his  own  compositions.    Died,  1C78. 

FLEETWOOD,  Charles,  a  parliament- 
ary general  in  the  civil  wars,  was  the  son  of 
Sir  William  Fleetwood,  who  belonged  to  the 
household  of  Charles  I.      He  entered  the 


fle] 


^  i5el»  Hnilicr^aX  ^tSiOflrapl^t). 


[fle 


army,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
wars,  declared  against  the  king  ;  commanded 
a  regiment  of  cavalry  in  1(344  ;  and  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester  bore  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-general. Becoming  allied  to  the 
family  of  the  protector,  by  marrying  his 
daughter,  on  the  decease  of  her  first  hus- 
band, Ireton,  he  was  sent  as  lord  deputy  to 
Ireland  ;  but,  on  the  death  of  Cromwell,  he 
joined  in  inducing  his  son  Richard  to  abdi- 
cate ;  thus  hastening  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.,  an  event  which,  he  did  not  long 
survive. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  an  English 
lawyer,  and  recorder  of  London  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  was  born  in  Lancashire.  He 
received  his  education  at  Oxford,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  the  Inner  Temple. 
He  wrote  the  history  of  Edward  V.,  Rich- 
ard III.,  Henry  VII.  and  VIII. ;  the  "  Office 
of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  &c.  He  was  a  great 
favourite  of  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester  ;  and 
his  professional  writings  were  much  es- 
teemed.   Died,  irm. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  an  eminent 
prelate,  was  born  in  London,  in  165G,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  Soon 
after  the  Revolution  he  became  chaplain  to 
William  and  Mary,  and  fellow  of  Eton.  In 
1702  he  obtained  a  canonry  of  Windsor,  and 
in  170G  he  succeeded  Bishop  Beveridge  in 
the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  from  whence,  in  1714, 
he  was  translated  to  Ely.  He  wrote  "  In- 
8crii)tionum  Antiquarum  Sylloge,"  "  Chro- 
nicon  Preciosum,  or  an  Account  of  the 
English  Money,  the  Price  of  Corn,"  &c.  8vo., 
"A  plain  Metljod  of  Christian  Devotion," 
8vo.,  "  An  Essay  on  Miracles,"  &c.  Died, 
1723. 

FLEMING,  a  poetical  writer  and  trans- 
lator of  the  Elizabethan  age.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  poems,  chiefly  devo- 
tional, translated  some  of  the  classic  au- 
thors, and  was  the  editor  of  Hollinshed's 
Clironicle. 

FLEMING,  Robert,  a  Scotch  Presbyte- 
rian minister,  who  retired  from  his  pastoral 
charge  at  Cambuslang  on  the  establishment 
of  prelacy,  and  went  to  Rotterdam,  and  is 
known  as  the  author  of  a  work,  entitled 
"The  Fulfilling  of  the  Scriptures."  Born, 
1630  ;  died,  1694. 

FLEMING,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
accompanied  his  father  to  the  Continent,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  universities  of  Leyden 
and  Utrecht.  He  was  for  some  years  minis- 
ter to  the  Scotch  church  at  Amsterdam  ;  but 
on  coming  to  England  he  was  chosen  pastor 
to  the.  Scotch  church  at  Lotlibury,  and  lec- 
turer at  Salter's  Hall.  He  is  principally 
known  by  his  work  entitled  "  Christiology,'' 
a  "History  of  Hereditary  Right,"  and  a 
discourse  on  the  rise  and  fall  of  Popery,  in 
which  are  many  passages  that  correspond 
remarkably  with  the  early  events  in  the 
French  revolution.     Died,  171(5. 

FLEMING,  or  FLEMMYNGE,  Richard, 
an  English  prelate,  was  born  at  Croston,  in 
Yorkshire.  He  received  his  education  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  and  in  1408  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  York. 
He  founded  Lincoln  College,  and  died  in 
1431. 

FLETCHER,  Andrew,  a  Scottish  politi- 


cal writer,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Robert  Fletcher 
of  Saltoun,  and  born  in  1653.  When  a  child, 
he  had  been  placed  under  the  tuition  of 
Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  and  he  acquired  from 
him  that  attachment  to  free  principles  of 
government  which  distinguished  him 
through  life.  Having  given  offence  to  the 
Scottish  parliament,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  he  was  outlawed  ;  but  in  1683  he 
came  over  to  England  to  concert  with  others 
who  were  opposed  to  the  designs  of  James 
II.  ;  and  in  1685  joined  the  enterprise  of  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth.  While  on  this  expe- 
dition, having  killed  in  a  quarrel  another 
partisan  of  the  same  cause,  the  duke  dis- 
missed him.  He  then  repaired  to  Spain, 
and  afterwards  to  Hungary,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  a  war  against  the 
Turks.  When  the  revolution  took  place, 
he  resumed  possession  of  his  estate,  and 
opposed  the  Scottish  union.  As  a  political 
writer  he  possessed  great  powers  ;  and,  as 
he  wrote  with  great  boldness  on  the  popular 
side,  his  readers  were  generally  willing  con- 
verts to  his  opinions.     Died,  1716. 

FLETCHER,  James,  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  Poland,"  a  volume  of  poems,  &c., 
was  bom  in  1811,  and  filled  the  situation  of 
assistant  in  a  school  at  St.  John's  Wood, 
London  ;  which,  in  consequence  of  the  suc- 
cess of  his  work  on  Poland,  he  relinquished  ; 
but  shortly  after  meeting  with  unexpected 
pecuniary  disappointments,  he  committed 
suicide,  in  a  fit  of  temporary  insanity,  ia 
1832  ;  being  then  only  21  years  of  age. 

FLETCHER,  Richard,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  bom  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  In  1583  he  was  made  dean  of 
Peterborough,  and  in  1586  he  attended 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  at  her  execution,  with 
a  view  of  converting  her  to  the  Protestant 
religion,  but  failed.  He  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  London,  and  died  in  1596. 

FLETCHER,  Jonx,  an  eminent  English 
dramatic  poet,  was  the  son  of  the  Bishop  of 
London,  and  born  in  1576.  He  received  his 
education  at  Cambridge,  and  wrote  several 
plays  in  conjunction  with  Beaumont.  In 
this  dramatic  partnership,  it  is  said  that 
Fletcher  found  fancy,  and  Beaumont  judg- 
ment. He  died  of  the  plague  at  London  in 
1625,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Saviour's  church, 
Southwark.  The  principal  piece  of  his  own 
writing  is  a  dramatic  pastoral,  entitled 
"  The  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  and  there  is 
no  doubt  it  suggested  the  idea  of  Milton's 
"  Comus."  Edward  Phillips,  the  nephew 
of  Milton,  classes  him  with  Shakspeare  and 
Ben  Johnson,  as  one  of  the  "happy  trium- 
virates" of  the  age. 

FLETCHER,  Giles,  brother  of  Dr.  Rich- 
ard Fletcher,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was 
a  native  of  Kent,  and  finished  his  education 
at  Cambridge,  where  he  acquired  the  repu- 
tation of  being  a  good  poet.  In  1588  he 
was  sent  ambassador  to  Russia,  of  which 
country  he  published  an  account  on  his 
return,  but  it  was  quickly  suppressed,  lest 
some  strictures  on  the  brutal  tyranny  of 
Ivan  Basilovitch  should  offfend  the  reigning 
prince.  He  enjoyed  some  civic  oflSces,  and 
was  treasurer  of  St.  Paul's.    Died,  1610. 

FLETCHER,  Giles,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  born  in  1588  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  ; 


fle] 


^  Jlcto  ^nihtr^al  33ioflTap]^y. 


[flo 


and  died  at  his  living  of  Alderton,  Suffolk, 
in  1<)23.  He  was  the  author  of  a  fine  poem, 
entitled  "  Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph  in 
Heaven  and  Earth,  over  and  after  Death." 

FLETCHER,  Piiineas,  brotlier  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  about  1582,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  In  l(i2l  he  obtained 
the  living  of  Hilgay,  in  Norfolk,  where  he 
died  in  1G50.  He  is  best  known  by  a  poem, 
entitled  "  The  Purple  Island,"  which  is  an 
allegorical  description  of  man,  in  12  books, 
written  in  Spenserian  verse.  He  also  wrote 
"Piscatory  Dialogues,"  "Poetical  Miscel- 
lanies," and  a  work  in  prose,  entitled  "De 
Literatis  Antiquse  Britanuise." 

FI-EURIEU,  CUAULE3  PiEURE  Claret, 
Count  de,  a  French  naval  officer,  and  one 
of  the  most  learned  hydrographers  of  mo- 
dern times,  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1733. 
Having  turned  his  attention  to  nautical 
studies,  he  invented  the  sea-chronometer. 
In  179<)he  was  made  minister  of  the  marine  ; 
but  the  revolution  obliged  him  to  discon- 
tinue his  public  occupations,  and  he  was 
committed  to  prison  in  1793.  Having,  how- 
ever, survived  the  reign  of  terror,  he  was 
nominated  by  Buonaparte,  in  1799,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state  ;  and  he  was  also 
made  intendant  of  cavalry  and  governor  of 
the  Tuilleries,  which  offices  be  resigned  iu 
1805,  and  died  in  1810. 

FLEURY,  Andre  Hercule  de,  a  car- 
dinal and  prime  minister  of  France,  imder 
Louis  XV.,  was  born  at  Lodlve,  in  Langue- 
doc,  in  1053.  Coming  to  court,  he  won 
general  favour  by  his  pleasing  person  and 
fine  understanding  ;  became  bishop  of  Fre- 
jus  ;  and,  through  the  interest  of  Madame 
Maintenon,  was  appointed  instructor  to 
Louis  XV.  In  1720  lie  was  made  cardinal, 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  ministry,  and  from 
his  73rd  to  his  90th  year,  he  administered  the 
affairs  of  his  country  with  great  success. 
Died,  1743. 

FLEURY,  Claude,  a  French  historian 
and  divine,  was  born  in  1040.  He  was  edu- 
cated as  an  advocate,  and  became  a  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  of  Paris  in  1068  ; 
but  subsequently  took  orders,  and  acquir- 
ing a  great  reputation  for  learning,  was  ap- 
pointed preceptor  to  the  Princes  of  Conti, 
and  afterwards  associated  with  Fenelon  in 
the  task  of  educating  the  young  Dukes  of 
Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri.  He  subse- 
quently obtained  the  priory  of  Argenteuil, 
where  he  resided  till  1710,  when  he  left 
it  to  become  confessor  to  Louis  XV.  His 
most  important  works  are  "  Ecclesiastical 
History,"  "Manners  of  the  Israelites,"  and 
"  Manners  of  the  Christians."     Died,  1723. 

FLINDERS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish navigator,  was  born  at  Donnington, 
Lincolnshire,  and  entered  early  into  the 
merchant  service,  from  which  he  removed 
into  the  royal  navy,  as  a  midshipman,  in 
1795,  In  1801  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  an  expedition  of  discovery  to  New 
Holland,  having  previously  distinguished 
himself  by  the  discovery  of  Bass's  Straits  ; 
and  after  exploring  a  considerable  part 
of  the  coast,  his  vessel  was  wrecked  on  a 
coral  reef,  and  he  was  obliged  to  return  to 
Port  Jaekson.  On  his  passage  homeward, 
in  1803,  having  touched  at  the  Mauritius,  he 

305 


was  detained  liy  General  Decaen,  the  go- 
vernor, who,  notwithstanding  he  had  pass- 
ports from  the  French  government,  thought 
proper  to  make  him  a  prisoner.  There  he 
was  kept  till  1800,  when,  through  the  inter- 
cession of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  and 
the  National  Institute  of  France,  lie  was  set 
at  liberty,  and  had  his  vessel  restored.  He 
died  in  1814,  having  prepared  an  account  of 
his  researches,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Voy- 
age to  the  Terra  Australis,"  &c,,  which  wa» 
published  after  liis  decease. 

FLOIUAN,  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de,  a 
popular  French  writer,  was  born  in  1755. 
He  was  recommended  by  Voltaire  as  i)age  to 
the  Duke  of  Pentluevre,  who  gave  him  a 
company  in  his  own  regiment,  and  on  dis- 
covering his  talents  and  literary  tastes,  ul- 
timately treated  him  as  a  confidential  friend, 
and  afforded  him  the  means  of  pursuing  a 
literary  career.  Among  his  earliest  works 
were  "Galatea,"  "Estelle,"  and  "  Numa 
Pompilius."  He  also  produced  some  ad- 
mirable "  Fables,"  and  various  dramatic 
pieces.  During  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre 
he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  having 
affixed  to  his  Numa  some  verses  in  praise  of 
Maria  Antoinette  ;  and  while  in  confinement 
he  composed  the  first  book  of  his  "Guil- 
laume  Tell."  His  life  was  distinguished  by 
a  spirit  of  benevolence  and  moral  feeling  ; 
and  sucli,  indeed,  is  the  characteristic  sen- 
timent of  all  his  writings.     Died,  1794. 

FLORIDA  BLANCA,  Francis  Antony 
MoNiNA,  Count  de,  a  Spanish  statesman, 
distinguished  as  an  opponent  of  the  French 
revolution,  but  who,  becoming  unpopular, 
was  dismissed  fiom  office  in  1792,  and  sub- 
sequently committed  to  the  castle  of  Pam- 
peluna.  He  was,  however,  speedily  re- 
leased ;  and,  after  several  years  of  seclu- 
sion, chosen  president  of  the  cortes  in  1808, 
in  which  year  he  died,  aged  80, 

FLORIO,  John,  the  descendant  of  a  fa- 
mily of  Italian  refugees  iu  England,  was 
bom  in  London, in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,; 
taught  French  and  Italian  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford ;  and  on  the  accession  of 
James  I.  was  appointed  tutor  to  Prince 
Henry,  and  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  queen. 
His  works  are,  "First  Fruits,"  "Second 
Fruits,"  and  the  "  Garden  of  Recreation," 
besides  a  "  Dictionary,  Italian  and  English." 
Died,  1025, 

FLORIS,  Francis,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  acquired  the  title  of  the  Raphael  of 
Flanders,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1620,  and 
died  there  in  1570. 

FLORUS,  Lucius  Ann^us,  a  Latin  his- 
torian of  the  same  family  as  Seneca  and 
Lucan,  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Compen-  | 
dium  of  Roman  History,"  in  four  books, 
which  is  concise  and  elegant.  He  lived  in 
the  reisns  of  Trajan  and  Adrian. 

FLOWER,  Benjamin,  a  political  writer, 
who,  while  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits in  1783,  lost  the  whole  of  his  property 
by  a  speculation  in  the  funds.  He  after- 
wards became  a  printer  at  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1793,  he  commenced  the  publica- 
tion of  a  weekly  newspaper,  called  "The 
Cambridge  Intelligencer,"  which  he  con- 
ducted for  some  time  successfully  ;  but  the 
freedom  of  his  remarks  subjected  him  to  a 


FLO] 


^  ^c&j  mniljcrgaX  2SiflcrraajI;j). 


[fol 


prosecution  for  a  libel,  and  he  was  im- 
prisoned. His  paper  henceforth  declining, 
he  went  to  Harlow,  in  Essex,  where  he 
commenced  a  periodical  journal,  called 
"The  Political  Review,"  which  was  con- 
tinued montlily  for  some  years.  He  was 
the  author  of  many  political  tracts  ;  and 
died,  aged  74,  in  1829. 

FLUYER,  Sir  Joux,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  born  at  Hinters  in  Staffordshire,  in  1C49  ; 
settled  at  Lichfield  ;  was  knighted  ;  and  died 
in  1734.  His  works  are,  "The  Touchstone 
of  Medicines,  2  vols.,  "  The  Virtues  of  Cold 
Water,"  2  vols.,  '•  The  Physician's  Pulse 
Watch,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  Galenic  Art  of  Pre- 
serving Old  Men's  Health,"  &c. 

FLUDD,  Robert,  an  English  philosopher, 
was  the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Fludd,  and  bom 
at  Milgate,  in  Kent,  in  1574.  His  writings 
are  wholly  on  alchemy,  and  the  mysticism 
of  the  Rosicrucians.    Died,  1637. 

FOGLIETTA,  Ubekto,  an  historian  and 
orator  of  Genoa,  from  which  city  he  was 
banished  and  his  property  confiscated,  for 
censuring  the  nobles,  in  a  book  entitled 
"  Delia  Republica  di  Genova."  He  wrote 
several  works  of  merit  during  his  exile. 
Born,  1518  ;  died,  1.581. 

FOIX,  Gaston  de,  the  nephew  of  Louis 
XII.  of  France,  was  born  in  1489.  He  had 
the  command  of  the  army,  and  on  account 
of  his  daring  exploits  was  denominated  the 
thunderbolt"  of  Italy.  After  performing 
prodigies  of  valour,  lie  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Ravenna,  in  1512. 

FOIX,  Loiis  DE,  a  French  architect  in  the 
employ  of  Philip  II.,  of  Spain,  who  was  en- 
gaged in  the  erection  of  the  Escurial,  near 
Madrid.  On  his  return  to  France  he  con- 
structed tlie  canal  of  the  Adour,  and  built 
the  tower  of  Cordouan. 

FOIX,  Paul  ue,  archbishop  of  Toulouse, 
was  born  in  1528,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  much  lor  his  diplomatic  abilities  as  for 
his  virtuous  and  tolerant  conduct  as  a  church- 
man. He  was  employed  on  embassies  in 
England,  Scotland,  Venice,  and  Rome  ;  and 
died  in  1.584. 

FOLARD,  JouN  Charles,  an  eminent 
military  tactician,  was  born  at  Avignon,  in 
1609,  and  entered  the  army  early  in  life.  He 
served  with  distinguished  reputation  under 
Vendome,  in  Italy,  during  the  war  of  succes- 
sion. In  1714,  he  volunteered  his  services, 
and  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Malta  against 
the  Turks  ;  and  fought  under  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  till  the  death  of  that  prince,  when 
he  returned  to  France  and  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  a  regiment.  His  system  of  tactics 
was  allowed  to  be  very  judicious,  and  the 
works  he  published  were  held  in  considerable 
repute.     Died,  1752. 

FOLCZ,  John,  a  barber  of  Nuremberg, 
born  at  Ulm,  in  the  loth  century,  was  a  ce- 
lebrated German  poet,  belonging  to  the  class 
called  Mastersingers, — a  class  which  sprung 
up  in  Germany  in  the  14th  century,  after  the 
extinction  of  the  Minnesingers,  or  Suabian 
bards.  Tliese  Mastersingers  belonged  to  the 
humbler  sort  of  artisans,  who  met  at  taverns, 
where  they  established  clubs  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  this  branch  of  literature.  Their  great 
merit  was  that  of  being  able  to  invent  some 
new  and  difficult  species  of  metre,  subject  to 


certain  rhythmical  laws  laid  down  for  this 
species  of"  composition  ;  and  Folcz  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  invention  of  a  number 
of  them.  The  earliest  of  his  pieces  was 
printed  at  Nuremberg,  in  1474. 

FOLENGO,  TiiEOPiiiLUS,  an  Italian  bur- 
lesque i)oet,  who  wrote  under  the  name  of 
Merlin  Coccaie,  was  born  near  Mantua,  in 
1491  ;  became  a  monk  of  the  Benedictine 
order,  which  he  quitted  for  several  years, 
and  wrote  Macaronic  verses ;  and  died  in 
1554. 

FOLEY,  Sir  Thomas,  a  veteran  admiral, 
was  descended  from  a  respectable  family  in 
Wales,  and  served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Prince 
George,  of  98  guns,  at  the  time  his  majesty, 
William  IV.,  was  a  midshipman  in  that  ship. 
In  1790  he  was  promoted  to  post  rank ;  and,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  war  in  1793,  he  had 
the  command  of  the  St.  George,  and  assisted 
in  the  recapture  of  the  St.  Jago,  a  Spanish 
ship  of  immense  value.  He  also  bore  a  part 
in  capturing  the  Ca  Ira,  of  80  guns,  and  the 
Censeur,  of  74,  wlien  engaged,  under  Admiral 
Hotham,  with  the  Toulon  fleet.  At  the  me- 
morable battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  as  well 
as  at  the  Nile,  Captain  Foley  displayed  great 
skill,  having,  on  the  latter  occasion,  tlie 
honour  to  lead  the  British  fleet  into  action  ; 
and  again,  with  his  friend  the  gallant  Nelson, 
he  shared  in  the  danger  and  glory  of  the 
conflict  before  Copenhagen.  In  1812  he  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral ;  and 
in  1830"  received  the  appointment  of  com- 
mander-in-chief at  Portsmouth,  in  which 
station  he  died,  January,  18.53. 

FOLKES,  Maktin',  an  English  philoso- 
pher and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Westmin- 
ster in  1690,  and  educated  at  Clare  Hall.  At 
the  age  of  23  he  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  1741  he  succeeded  Sir 
Hans  Sloane  as  president  of  that  learned 
body,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  royal 
academy  of  sciences  at  Paris.  Mr.  Folkes 
wrote,  besides  a  number  of  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  a  "  Table  of 
English  Silver  Coins,  from  the  Norman  Con- 
quest to  the  Present  Time."     Died,  1754, 

FOLLETT,  Sir  William  Webb,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  was  born  at  Topsham,  Devon, 
in  1798.  His  education  commenced  imder 
Dr.  Lempriere,  at  the  Exeter  Grammar 
School,  and  was  completed  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  In  1818  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Inner  Temple,  commenced 
practice  as  a  special  pleader  in  1823,  and  in 
the  following  year  lie  was  called  to  the  bar. 
His  legal  abilities  were  of  the  first  order,  and 
his  rise  to  eminence  was  rapid,  his  superiority 
as  an  advocate  on  the  western  circuit  being 
universally  admitted.  Sir  William  aspired 
to  parliamentary  honours  in  1832,  but  he  did 
not  succeed  till  three  years  later,  when  he  was 
returned  for  the  city  of  Exeter.  On  Sir  R. 
Peel's  accession  to  place  as  prime  minister, 
in  1834,  Sir  W.  Follett  was  appointed  soli- 
citor-general ;  but  upon  Sir  Robert's  resigna- 
tion in  1835,  he  also  quitted  office,  and  was 
knighted.  At  the  general  election  of  1837, 
and  again  in  1841,  he  was  re-elected  member 
for  Exeter.  On  Sir  Robert  Peel's  resumption 
of  office,  he  was  once  more  appointed  solicitor- 
general.  On  Sir  F.  Pollock's  elevation  to 
the  judicial  bench  in  1844  he  succeeded  him 


306 


fon] 


^  ^eta  Hiiiljcr^al  3SiD5raj|)T)B, 


[fon 


as  attorney-general.    The  health  of  Sir  V»\ 
Follett  had  never  been  robust  in  his  youth, 
and  it  was  unequal  to  the  exertions  neces- 
sary   to    fulfil    the  duties  of  his  extensive 
practice.     After  repeated  attacks  of  illness 
in  previous  years,  and  occasional  relaxations 
from  his  professional  labours,  he  at  length 
sought  to  restore  his  health  by  a  residence 
'  on  tiie  Continent  :  it  was  thought  that  he  had 
received  benefit  from  the  change  ;  but  he  had 
not  long  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
engaged  agabi  in  the  busy  scene  of  his  for- 
mer activity,  before  the  hand  of  "  the  De- 
I  stroycr  "  was  upon  him.    Died,  June  28. 1845. 
I      roNBLANQUE,  John  de  Gkeniek,  an 
'  eminent  barrister,  was  descended    from    a 
i  noble  family  in  the  south  of  France,  some 
of  whom,  on  the  revocation  of  t)ie  edict  of 
I  Nantes,  came  to  England,  and  founded  the 
!  celeljrated  house  of  agency,  into  which  they 
'  subsequently    admitted    as    a   partner,   Mr. 
Thelluson,     originally    their    book-keeper, 
but  who  afterwards  realised  that  prodigious 
j  fortune  whicli  has  since  so  often  occupied 
public  attention,  through  its  singular  testa- 
j  mentary  disposition.    John  Fonblanque,  the 
subject   of  this   article,  was  born  in    1759  ; 
received  his  education  at  Harrow  and  Ox- 
ford ;    and  in   1783  was  called  to  the  bar. 
In  1790  he  acted  as  leading  counsel  for  tlie 
liOndon    merchants,   in    opposition    to   the 
Quebec  bill,  at  the  bar    of   the  House  of 
Commons.    In  1793  appeared  his  celebrated 
"  Treatise  on  Equity,"  wliicli  went  through 
several  editions,  and  is  regarded  by  the  courts 
as  an  authority  on  the  subject.     In  1802  he 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Camelford,  and  con- 
tinued a  member  until  the  dissolution  in  18U(3. 
In  1804  he  obtained  a  silk  gown  with  a  patent 
of  precedency,  and  for  many  years  enjoyed 
an  extensive  equity  practice.     He  was  an 
able  advocate  of  the  Whig  party,  and  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  for  whom 
he  now  is  supposed  to  have  written  the  cele- 
brated letters  to  the  king,  on  the  subject  of 
his  royal  highness's  exclusion  from  the  army, 
which    were   generally   attributed  to  Lord 
Moira.     He  died,  Jan.  4.  18:^7. 

FONESCA,  Eleaxoka,  Marchioness  de,  a 
lady  of  great  beauty  and  talents,  was  bi.rn 
at  Naples,  in  17G8.  She  cultivated  the  study 
of  botany,  &e.  with  success,  and  assisted 
Spallanzani  in  his  philosophical  investiga- 
tions. She  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  French  revolution,  and  when  the  French 
invaded  Italy,  she  engaged  in  intrigues 
against  that  court,  though  less  perhaps  from 
principle  than  from  her  having  formerly 
been  dismissed  from  her  situation  of  attend- 
ant on  the  queen.  During  the  triumph  of 
the  republican  party  she  was  in  the  zenith  of 
her  fame,  and  edited  a  paper  called  "  The 
Neapolitan  Monitor  ; "  but  the  royal  cause 
again  succeeding,  she  was  ultimately  arrested 
and  hanged,  in  1799. 

FONTAINE,  John  de  la,  the  inimitable 
fabulist,  was  born  in  1621,  at  Chateau  Thierry, 
where  his  father  was  overseer  of  the  forests. 
His  taste  for  poetry  was  first  aroused  by 
hearing  one  of  Mallierbe's  odes  recited  ;  but 
to  the  patronage  of  the  Duchess  of  Bouillon, 
who  invited  him  to  Paris,  and  encouraged 
him  to  write  his  Tales,  he  owed  much  of 
the  distinction  in  literature  he  afterwards 


acquired.  For  35  years  he  lived  in  Paris, 
residing  successively  with  the  Duchesses  of 
Bouillon  and  Orleans,  Madame  de  Sabliere, 
and  Madame  d'Hervart ;  and  was  in  habits 
of  intimacy  with  Moliere,  Boileau,  Racine, 
and  all  the  first  wits  of  the  French  capital, 
by  whom  he  was  much  beloved  for  the  can- 
dour and  simplicity  of  his  character.  Yet, 
with  this  simplicity,  which  amounted  almost 
to  stupidity,  he  united  the  talent  of  making 
severe,  shrewd,  and  sensible  observations  on 
human  life,  and  decorating  his  verse  with 
touches  of  exquisite  grace  and  delicacy.  Be- 
sides his  "  Tales  "  and  "  Fables,"  I^a  Fon- 
taine was  the  author  of  "Les  Amours  de 
j?8yche,"  "  Anacreontiques,"  two  comedies, 
&c.    Died,  1095. 

FONTAINE,  Nicholas,  a  voluminous 
French  writer,  of  the  Jansenist  connection, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1G25,  and  died  at 
Melun,  in  1709. 

FONTANA,  Charles,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect, and  the  author  of  various  architectural 
works,  among  which  arc  descriptions  of  the 
Vatican  and  the  Amphitheatre  of  Vespasian, 
was  born  in  1034,  and  died  in  1714. 

FONTANA,  Dominic,  an  eminent  Italian 
architect,  was  born,  in  1.543,  at  Miii,  on  the 
lake  of  Como.  He  was  employed  by  popes 
Sextus  V.  and  Clement  VIII.,  and  after- 
wards appointed  to  the  situation  of  first 
architect  to  the  two  kingdoms  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  Among  the  many  edifices  he  built, 
no  one  is  more  remarkable  thun  the  Egyp- 
tian obelisk  in  front  of  St.  Peter's  at  Itome. 
Died,  lti07. — John  Fontana,  his  brotiier, 
was  distinguished  as  a  hydraulic  architect, 
and  performed  some  extremely  imi)orlant 
works  in  that  department  of  the  art.  Born, 
1540  ;  died,  1640. 

FONTANA,  Felix,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Pomarlo, 
in  the  Tyrol,  in  1730.  He  was  ai)|)ointed 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  by  the  Grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany  ;  and  afterwards  invited  to 
Florence  by  Leopold  II.,  who  made  him  his 
physician,  and  employed  him  to  form  a 
cabinet  of  natural  history.  To  this  he  added 
a  variety  of  anatomical  figures  in  coloured 
wax,  most  exquisitely  finished,  which,  with 
other  objects  of  interest  and  curiosity,  to- 
gether form  at  present  one  of  the  attractions 
of  the  Florentine  capital.  He  was  the  author 
of  some  important  works  on  chemistry, 
physics,  and  physiology.     He  died  iu  1806. 

FONTANA,  Gkeookv,  a  mathematician, 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1735.  He  filled  the  oflice  of  mathematical 
professor  at  Pisa  for  more  than  thirty  years, 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Cisalpine  re- 
public in  17%,  and  died  in  1805. 

FONTANA,  FuANCis,  a  Neapolitan  astro- 
nomer of  the  17th  century,  to  whom  the  in- 
vention of  the  telescope  has  been  erroneously 
attributed,  first  studied  jurisprudence  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  doetor  of  laws,  but  after- 
wards devoted  himself  to  astronomical  and 
mathematical  researches,  and  mode  improve- 
ments in  several  instruments.     Died,  16.>(>. 

FONTANA,  Fkancis  Louis,  an  Italian 
cardinal,  who  adhered  to  pope  Pius  VII., 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Paris,  and  was 
afterwards  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
ceunes.    Died,  1822. 


^  i^tio  Winihtv^nX  SStosrapTig, 


[for 


FONTANA,  Gaetano,  an  astronomer  of 
Modena,  who  corresponded  with  Cassini, 
and  was  regarded  by  him  as  one  on  whose 
accuracy  he  could  ever  depend.  He  died, 
aged  74,  in  1719. 

FONTANEL.LE,  John  Gaspar  Dubois, 
a  popular  French  writer  ;  author  of  "  Averi- 
tures  Philosophiques,"  "  Naufrage  et  Aven- 
tures  de  Pierre  Viaud,"  "  Cours  de  Belles 
Lettres,"  several  plays,  &c  Born  1737  ; 
died,  1812. 

FONTANES,  iMVis  DE,an  eminent  French 
writer,  was  born  in  1761.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  he  edited  a  journal, 
called  "  The  Moderator,"  and  after  the  fall 
of  Robespierre  joined  La  Harpe  and  others 
in  the  publicatioii  of  anotlier,  culled  "  The 
Memorial,"  which  with  many  others  was 
suppressed  by  the  National  Convention  in 
1797,  and  the  proprietors,  editors,  &c.  in- 
cluded in  one  common  sentence  of  banish- 
ment and  confiscation  of  property.  When 
the  amnesty  was  granted  on  the  elevation 
of  Buonaparte  to  the  consulship,  he  took  a 
share  in  the  management  of  the  "  Alercure 
de  France,"  and  soon  after  obtained  a  seat 
in  the  legislative  assembly  of  which  he  be- 
came the  president.  He  afterwards  at- 
tained the  rank  of  senator,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  in  1814,  to  propose  the  recall  of 
Louis  XVIII.,  who  made  him  a  peer  and  a 
privy-councillor.  He  died  in  1821,  having 
acquired  the  reputation  of  being  a  good 
orator  and  political  writer,  and  a  poet  of  no 
mean  rank. 

FONTENAY,  Peter  Clacde,  a  French 
Jesuit ;  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Gal- 
lican  Church,"  11  vols.  Born,  1683  ;  died, 
1742. 

FONTENELLE, Bernard LE  Bovierde, 
a  nephew  of  the  great  Corneille,  and  an 
author  of  great  and  varied  talents,  was  born 
at  Rouen,  in  1657.  He  studied  the  law  at  the 
request  of  his  father,  who  was  an  advocate  ; 
but  soon  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  lite- 
rature. At  the  outset  of  his  career  he  met 
with  little  encouragement  in  his  poems  and 
dramas,  but  on  the  appearance  of  his  "  Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,"  and  his  "  Conversations 
on  the  Plurality  of  Worlds,"  his  fame  was  at 
once  fully  established.  In  1699  he  was  made 
secretary  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  which 
post  he  held  forty-two  years,  and  of  the 
proceedings  of  which  body  he  published  a 
volume  annually.  He  continued  to  write 
on  general  subjects,  agreeably  combining  a 
taste  for  the  belles  lettres  with  more  ab- 
struse studies,  with  little  intermission,  till 
he  had  almost  reached  the  patriarclial  age  of 
100  years.    He  died  in  1757. 

FOOTE,  Sir  Edavaed  James,  a  British 
vice-admiral,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in 
Kent,  and  entered  the  naval  service  when  a 
boy.  In  1799  he  took  charge  of  the  blockade 
of  the  bay  of  Naples,  by  order  of  Lord  Nelson  ; 
and  whilst  engaged  on  that  service,  in  con- 
junction with  Cardinal  RuflTo,  he  signed  a 
treaty, with  the  insurgents.  This  was  disap- 
proved of  and  annulled  by  Nelson,  and  the 
circumstance  ^ave  rise  to  much  animadver- 
sion at  the  time ;  some  considering  that 
Captain  Foote  had  been  the  dupe  of  the  car- 
dinal, and  others  blaming  the  British  ad- 
miral for  having  greatly  exceeded  his  au- 


thority. He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral  in  1812,  and  vice-admiral  in 
1821.  Died  at  his  residence,  Highfield  House, 
near  Southampton,  1833,  aged  66. 

FOOTE,  Samcel,  a  comic  writer  and 
actor  (whose  satiric  wit  and  imitative 
powers,  though  perhaps  never  surpassed, 
were  often  indecent  and  personally  ott'en- 
sive),  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Truro,  Corn- 
wall ;  educated  at  Worcester  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  intended  for  the  bar.  After  a 
course  of  dissipation,  to  which  his  small 
fortune  fell  a  sacrifice,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  stage,  and  appeared  in  "  Othello," 
but  having  little  success,  he  struck  out  an 
untrodden  path  for  himself  in  the  double 
cliaracter  of  dramatist  and  performer.  In 
1747,  he  opened  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
with  some  very  humorous  imitations  of  well 
known  individuals ;  and  tlius,  having  dis- 
covered where  his  strength  lay,  he  wrote 
several  two-act  farces,  and  continued  to 
perform  at  one  of  the  winter  tlieatres  every 
season,  usually  bringing  out  some  pieces  of 
his  own,  and  regularly  returning  to  Ms 
summer  quarters.  In  1766,  he  was  thrown 
from  his  horse,  and  fractured  his  leg  in  such 
a  manner,  that  amputation  was  rendered 
necessary.  He  soon,  however,  recovered  his 
health  and  spirits,  and  even  improved  the 
incident  to  the  suggestion  of  characters  for 
his  own  acting.  This  accident  also  proved 
of  service  to  his  fortune,  as  it  induced  the 
Duke  of  York  to  procure  for  him  a  patent 
for  life  of  the  Haymarket  Theatre.  In  1777, 
having  been  charged  with  an  infamous 
crime  by  a  discarded  manservant,  he  was 
tried  for  the  crime,  and,  though  fully  ac- 
quitted, it  had  such  an  effect  upon  his  mind 
and  health,  that  he  died  in  a  few  months 
after.  He  wrote  twenty-six  dramatic  pieces, 
all  replete  with  wit,  humour,  and  satire  ; 
but  "The  Mayor  of  Garratt"  is  the  only 
one  which  at  present  keeps  possession  of 
the  stage. 

FOPPENS,  JoHx  Francis,  a  learned 
Flemish  divine  and  critic,  was  bom  about 
1689,  and  died  in  1761.  He  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Louvain,  and  canon  of  Ma- 
lines  ;  compiler  of  the  "  Bibllotheca  Bel- 
gica,"  2  vols.  4to.,  containing  an  account  of 
Flemish  writers  ;  and  the  author  of  various 
works,  historical  and  theological. 

FORBES,  Sir  Charles,  bart.,  an  eminent 
Indian  merchant,  was  born  in  Aberdeenshire, 
1773.  He  was  for  more  than  40  years  the 
head  of  the  first  mercantile  and  financial 
house  in  India ;  and  his  name  stood  in  the 
highest  repute  in  the  commercial  world  for 
ability,  foresight,  and  rectitude  of  character. 
He  was  returned  to  parliament  in  1812  for 
Beverley  ;  and  during  five  parliaments, 
from  1818  to  1832,  he  sat  for  IMalmesbury. 
Connected  from  early  youth  with  India,  and 
devoted  to  the  welfare  of  its  people,  he  was 
ardent  in  his  advocacy  for  "  justice  to 
India ; "  and  he  had  tlie  happiness  to  see 
many  of  his  benevolent  schemes  for  the  well- 
being  of  his  numerous  clients  completely 
realised.  On  returning  from  India  he  was 
presented  by  the  natives  with  a  magnificent 
service  of  plate  j  and  27  years  after  his 
departure  from  Bombay,  a  statue  from  the 
chisel  of  Chantrey  was  erected  to  his  honour 


fob] 


f[  ^t\o  Winihixitd  3StOQTajJl)M. 


[for 


in  the  town  hall  of  Bombay.  But  it  was  in 
his  private  cliarities  tliat  the  character  of 
Sir  C.  Forbes  was  peculiarly  manifested  : 
they  were  distributed  without  reference  to 
any  other  consideration  than  the  necessities 
of  the  recipient ;  and  so  unostentatiously 
were  they  administered,  that  almost  literally 
it  ought  to  be  said  of  him,  that  his  riglit 
hand  knew  not  what  his  left  bestowed. .  He 
was  created  a  baronet  in  182.3.     Died,  1849. 

FORBES,  DUxNCAN,  an  eminent  Scottish 
judge,  was  tuorn  atCulIoden,in  1G85  ;  studied 
at  Paris,  Utrecht,  and  Ediuburgh  ;  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  president  of  the  court  of 
session,  discharging  the  functions  of  his 
high  office  with  zeal,  ability,  and  patriotism. 
It  was  mainly  owing  to  his  exertions  that 
the  rebellion  of  174.5  was  prevented  from 
spreading  more  widely  among  the  clans  ; 
but  so  ungratefully  was  he  treated  by  the 
government,  that  he  was  never  able  to  ob- 
tain repayment  of  the  various  sums  he  had 
expended  to  uphold  it.  He  was  the  author 
of  •'  Thoughts  on  Religion,"  &c.    Died,  1747. 

FORBES,  Patrick,  bishop  of  Aberdeen, 
descended  of  a  noble  family,  was  born  in 
15ti4,  took  orders  in  1592,  and  was  raised 
to  the  episcopal  bench  by  James  VI.  in 
1618.  He  was  a  munificent  patron  to  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  which  owes  to  him 
the  revival  of  the  dormant  professorships  of 
theology,  medicine,  and  civil  law.  He  was 
the  author  of  an  elalwrate  "  Commentary  on 
the  Apocalypse."    Died,  1013. 

FORBES,  RouEKT,  nn  eccentric  Scotch- 
man, was  born  at  Peterhead,  about  the 
year  172.5.  He  completed  his  education  at 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  He  was  soon  after  appointed 
schoolmaster  of  the  parisii  of  Peterculber, 
where  he  continued  for  some  time,  but  found 
it  expedient  to  leave,  on  account  of  an  in- 
trigue, which  he  has  humorously  described 
in  a  well-known  local  poem,  called  the  "  Do- 
minie Deposed,"  written  in  the  Buchan  dia- 
lect, published  about  1750.  He  then  removed 
to  London,  where  he  commenced  the  busi- 
ness of  a  hosier,  in  a  shop  on  Tower  Hill. 
Here  he  composed  that  celebrated  travestie 
on  "The  Speech  of  Ajax  to  the  Grecian 
Chiefs,"  also  in  the  Buchan  dialect,  begin- 
ning with 

"  The  Grecian  chiefs  upo'  their  doupa  sat 

down, 
A  rangel  o'  the  common    folk  in    bou- 

racks  a* 
Steed  roun,"  &c. 

The  MS.  having  been  shown  to  Ruddiman, 
the  grammarian,  he  pronounced  it  the  best 
he  had  ever  seen  on  any  subject.  It  was 
printed  at  Edinburgh,  in  8vo.,  in  1754. 
Forbes  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  the 
year  1783. 

FORBES,  William,  the  first  bishop  of 
Edinburgh,  to  which  see  he  was  raised  on 
its  foundation  in  1633,  was  born  at  Aber- 
deen in  1585  ;  and  died  three  months  after 
he  came  to  his  episcopal  dignity,  early  in 
UVM. 

FORBES,  ALEXANnER,  lord  Forbes  of 
Pitsligo,  commanded  a  troop  of  horse  in  the 
rebellion  of  1745;  and  after  the  battle  of 
CuUoden  he  fied  to  France,  but  returned  to 


Scotland  in  1749,  and  died  in  1762.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Moral  and  Philosophical 
Essays,"  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  pro- 
totype of  the  Baron  of  Bradwardine  in  the 
novel  of  Waverley. 

FORBES,  Sir  William,  born  at  Pitsligo, 
in  1739,  was  the  founder,  in  conjunction 
with  Sir  James  Hunter  Blair,  of  the  first 
banking  establishment  in  Edinburgh.  Al- 
though born  to  an  ample  fortune,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  commercial  prosperity 
of  his  country,  though  without  neglecting 
the  study  of  elegant  literature,  to  which  he 
was  greatly  attached.  He  was  an  early 
member  of  the  celebrated  literary  club, 
which  numbered,  amongst  its  illustrious  as- 
sociates, the  names  of  Johnson,  Reynolds, 
Garrick,  and  Burke.  Some  time  previous 
to  his  death,  wliich  happened  in  1806,  he 
published  an  account  of  the  life  and  writings 
of  Dr.  Beattie,  which  exhibits  throughout 
sound  judgment  and  discriminating  taste. 
The  support  and  encouragement  of  all  pub- 
lic concerns  engaged  much  of  his  attention  ; 
and  in  public  and  private  charity  his  libe- 
rality was  at  once  exemplary  and  unosten- 
tatious. 

FORBIN,  Claude,  Chevalier  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  naval  commander,  born 
in  1656.  In  l(i8.5  he  accompanied  the  French 
ambassador  to  Siain,  where  he  remained  two 
years,  as  high  admiral,  general,  &c.  to  his 
Siamese  majesty ;  and  on  his  return  to  Europe 
he  signalised  himself  on  several  occasions. 
In  1708  he  was  entrusted  with  conveying  the 
Pretender  to  Scotland,  but  owing  to  the 
vigilance  of  Admiral  Byng  he  could  not  effect 
a  landing.     Died,  1733. 

FORCELEINI,  Giles,  an  eminent  critic 
and  lexicographer,  was  born  at  Treviso,  in 
the  Venetian  States,  in  1688,  and  died  there 
in  1768.  He  was  associated  in  his  literary 
labours  with  Facciolati  ;  jointly  producing, 
among  others  of  less  note,  that  important 
work,  "  Lexicon  totius  Latinitatis." 

FORD,  John,  an  English  dramatic  author 
of  the  17th  century,  was  born,  in  1586,  at 
Ilsington,  in  Devonshire,  where  his  father 
was  a  justice  of  the  peace.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Middle  Temple  in  1602,  and 
died  about  1639.  His  first  tragedy,  "The 
Lover's  Melancholy,"  was  printed  in  1629  ; 
and  he  was  the  author  of  many  other  plays, 
besides  some  which  he  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  Drayton  and  Decker. 

FORD,  Sir  Joux,  was  bom  at  Harting, 
Sussex,  in  1605  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  and 
knighted  by  Charles  I.,  after  having  served 
the  office  of  sheriff  for  his  native  county. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  commanded  a  re- 
giment of  horse,  and  suffered  much  in  the 
royal  cause,  being  imprisoned  on  suspicion 
of  aiding  the  king's  escape  from  Hampton 
Court ;  but  owing  to  the  interest  of  Ireton, 
whose  sister  he  had  married,  he  obtained 
his  release.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable 
mechanical  ingenuity  ;  and  at  the  request 
of  the  citizens  of  London,  he  contrived  ma- 
chinery for  raising  the  Thames  water  into 
all  the  high  streets,  which  machinery  was 
afterwards  used  to  drain  mines  and  lands  in 
other  parts  of  the  country.  He  projected 
various  other  beneficial  improvements,  and 
died  in  1670. 


for] 


^  ^fiD  HititJCr^aX  23tO0r<tpf;s. 


[roR 


FORDUN,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian  of 
tlie  14th  century  ;  author  of  a  history  of 
Scotland,  entitled  "  Scotichronicon,"  which 
would  be  a  valuable  document,  were  it  not 
disfigured  by  much  that  is  absurd  and 
fabulous. 

rORDYCE,  David,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1711.  He  was 
educated  at  that  university,  and  became 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  Maris- 
chal  College.  In  1750  he  made  a  tour  to 
Italy,  and  on  his  return  the  following  year, 
was  drowned  on  the  coast  of  Holland.  He 
wrote  "Dialogues  concerning  Education," 
2  vols.  8vo. ;  "  The  Elements  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy," &c. 

FORDYCE,  James,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born,  in  1720,  at  Aberdeen,  and 
educated  at  that  university.  His  first  settle- 
ment, as  a  minister,  was  at  Brechen,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Alloa  ;  and  having 
obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  he  came  to  Monkwell 
Street  Chapel,  London,  where  he  drew 
crowded  audiences  by  his  eloquence  and  the 
beauty  of  his  sermons.  In  1782  he  resigned 
his  situation,  and  went  to  live  first  in  Hamp- 
shire, and  next  at  Bath,  where  he  died  in 
1796.  He  published  "Sermons  to  Young 
Women,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Addresses  to  Young 
Men,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Addresses  to  the  Deity  ;  "  a 
volume  of  poems  ;  and  some  single  sermons. 

FORDYCE,  Geokge,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1736  ;  educated  at  the  university  of  Aber- 
deen, and  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  tlie 
age  of  14.  The  year  following  he  was  placed 
with  his  uncle,  who  was  a  surgeon  and  apo- 
thecary at  Uppingham,  in  Rutlandshire. 
He  went  from  thence  to  Edinburgh,  and  next 
to  Leyden,  where,  in  1758,  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree.  In  1759  he  settled  in  London,  and 
commenced  lecturer  on  the  materia  medica 
and  practice  of  physic,  in  which  he  acquired 
an  unrivalled  reputation.  In  1770  he  was 
chosen  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
and  in  1776  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
In  1787  he  was  elected,  speciali  gratia,  a 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Dr. 
Fordyce  is  known  by  his  "  Dissertations  on 
Fever,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Digestion,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  the  Practice  of  Physic,"  &c.  He 
was  also  an  excellent  experimental  chemist, 
and  published  "  Elements  of  Agriculture  and 
Vegetation."     He  died  in  1802. 

FOREST,  JoHx,  painter  to  the  king  of 
France,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1636,  and  died 
in  1712.     His  landscapes  are  much  admired. 

FORESTI,  or  FORESTA,  James  Philip, 
usually  called  Philip  of  Bergamo,  an  Augus- 
tine monk,  and  author  of  a  "  Chronicle  from 
the  earliest  Period  to  1203,"  &c.    Died,  1520. 

FORKEL,  JoHX  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
writer  on  the  history  and  theory  of  music, 
and  director  of  music  in  the  university  of 
Gottingen,  was  born  in  1749,  and  died  in 
1819.  His  "  General  History  of  Music,"  2 
vols.  4to.,  is  reckoned  tlie  most  valuable  of 
his  numerous  works.  He  was  also  a  com- 
poser and  a  good  pianist,  and  a  man  of  ge- 
neral and  extensive  knowledge. 

FORSKAL,  Petek,  a  young  Swedish  na- 
turalist, the  scholar  and  friend  of  liinnaeus, 
who,  after  completing  his  studies  at  Upsal, 


travelled  into  the  East  with  Niebuhr,  but 
died  at  Djerim,  in  Arabia,  during  the  2nd 
3'ear  of  his  travels,  and  before  he  had  at- 
tained his  28th  year.  On  Niebuhr's  return 
he  published,  in  3  vols.  4to.,  Forskal's  re- 
marks on  the  productions  of  the  countries 
through  which  he  had  passed. 

FORSTER,  Geokge,  an  English  traveller, 
was  in  1782  engaged  in  the  civil  service  of 
the  East  India  Company.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  oriental  languages,  which 
rendered  him  a  fit  person  to  undertake  a 
journey  from  Bengal  to  Persia,  and  thence 
through  Russia  to  England.  A  full  narra- 
tive of  this  was  published  in  1798,  in  2  vols. 
4to.     Died  at  Allahabad,  in  1792. 

FORSTER,  John  Reinuold,  an  eminent 
naturalist  and  geographer,  was  born,  in 
1729,  at  Dirschau,  in  Polish  Prussia  ;  edu- 
cated at  Berlin  and  Halle  ;  and  officiated  as 
minister  of  Dantzic,  and  afterwards  at  Nas- 
senhuben.  He  then  came  to  England,  as 
teacher  of  the  French  and  German  lan- 
guages, and  natural  history,  at  tlie  dis- 
senting academy  at  Warrington.  In  1772 
he  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world,  as  naturalist  to 
the  expedition,  and  took  his  son  with  him 
as  a  companion.  On  his  return,  in  1775,  the 
university  of  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.,and  he  seemed  on  the  high 
road  to  preferment ;  but  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  historj',  &c.  at  Halle,  in 
Saxony,  to  which  place  he  retired  ;  and  died 
in  1798.  Besides  his  "History  of  Voyages 
and  Discoveries  in  the  North,"  he  wrote 
several  other  original  works,  and  translated 
many  into  German.  He  united  great  pene- 
tration and  quick  apprehension  with  asto- 
nishing powers  of  memory.  He  spoke  or 
wrote  17  living  and  dead  languages,  and  was 
well-acquainted  with  almost  every  depart- 
ment of  literature  ;  while  in  history,  botany, 
and  zoology,  he  stands  among  the  first  in- 
vestigators of  the  last  century. 

FORSTER,  John  Geokge  Adam,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  1754  ;  accompanied 
his  father  in  the  voyage  round  the  world  ;  was 
professor  of  natural  history  in  Hesse  Cassel, 
and  afterwards  at  Wilna.  He  subsequently 
settled  at  Mentz  as  a  bookseller,  and  entered 
warmly  into  the  revolutionary  principles  of 
France  ;  on  which  account  he  was  nominated 
a  deputy  to  the  Rhenish  convention,  and  sent 
to  Paris,  but  Mentz  being  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  Prussians,  Forster  was  obliged  to  re- 
main at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1794,  while 
preparing,  as  it  is  said,  for  a  voyage  to  Hin- 
dostan  and  Thibet.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works  on  geography,  natural  history, 
philosophy,  and  politics. 

FORSTER,  Nathaniel,  a  learned  divine 
and  writer,  was  born,  in  1717,  at  Plymstock, 
Devon  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford  ;  ob- 
tained a  prebendal  stall  in  the  cathedral  of 
Bristol,  and  the  vicarage  of  Rochdale,  in 
1754  ;  in  the  following  year  elected  F.  R.  S., 
and  appointed  one  of  the  royal  chaplains  ; 
and  died  in  1757.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Reflections  on  the  Antiquity,  Government, 
Arts,  and  Sciences  in  Egypt,"  "  A  Disserta- 
tion on  Josephus's  Account  of  Jesus  Christ," 
and  a  "  Hebrew  Bible  without  points." 

FORSYTH,    Alexander   John,    A.  M., 


for] 


^  ^etu  Winibtr^al  %ia^Kpf)v, 


[fos 


LL.D.,  "the  discoverer  of  the  percussion 
principle,"  was  bom  1st  of  January,  1769. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Forsyth, 
minister  of  Belhelvie,  near  Aberdeen,  and 
Isabel  Syme,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Gilbert 
Syme,  minister  of  Tullynessle.  (A  son  of 
Mr.  Syme  married  a  daughter  of  Principal 
Robertson,  of  Edinburgh,  whose  only 
daughter,  Eleonora  Syme,  was  married  to 
Henry  Brougham,  esq.,  of  Brougham  Hall, 
Westmoreland,  and  was  the  mother  of 
Henry,  lord  Brougham  and  Vaux.)  He 
completed  his  education  at  the  nniversity  of 
King's  College,  wliere  he  took  the  degree  of 
A.  M.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  pas- 
toral charge  of  the  parish  of  Belhelvie,  24th 
of  August,  1791.  Soon  after  his  settlement, 
lie  commenced  for  his  amusement,  a  series 
of  chemical  experiments,  principally  on 
fulminating  powders,  and  other  explosive 
compounds.  In  the  year  1805,  he  was  called 
to  London,  to  make  experiments  for  the 
government  on  the  percussion  principle, 
which  he  had  about  two  years  previously 
discovered.  His  stay  in  London  was  pro- 
longed to  nearly  a  twelvemonth,  and  he  had 
all  but  succeeded  in  convincing  the  officials 
at  the  ordnance  office  of  the  propriety  of 
adopting  the  percussion  lock,  when  a  change 
of  ministry,  and  the  bustle  of  new  appoint- 
ments, or  tlie  contempt  for  every  thing  done 
or  proposed  by  predecessors,  led  to  an  order 
to  him  to  remove  from  the  Tower,  where  he 
had  been  experimenting,  and  take  his  "  rub- 
bish "  with  him.  That  "  rubbish  "  consisted 
of  beautiful  and  ingenious  applications  of 
the  percussion  principle  ;  a  principle  which, 
now  after  nearly  half  a  century  has  elapsed, 
is  partially,  and  will  soon  be  generally,  used 
in  the  British  army,  as  it  has  long  been  in 
the  armies  of  our  continental  neighbours. 
About  a  year  previous  to  his  death,  his 
claims  were  acknowledged  by  government, 
who  gave  liim  an  annuity  of  2007.  As  a  parish 
clergyman  he  was  much  esteemed,  and  by  the 
gentleness  and  modesty  of  his  demeanour 
secured  for  himself  the  warm  attachment  of 
a  wide  circle  of  friends  and  acquaintance. 
He  died  suddenly,  11th  June,  1843,  aged  74. 

FORSYTH,  William,  an  able  horticul- 
turist, was  bom  at  Old  Meldrum,  Aberdeen- 
shire, in  1757.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  cele- 
brated Philip  Miller,  and  succeeded  him  at 
the  physic-gardens  of  the  apothecaries'  com- 
pany at  Chelsea.  In  1784  he  was  made 
superintendant  of  the  royal  gardens  at 
Kensington  and  St.  James's,  and  died  in  1804. 

FORTESCUE,  Sir  Jonx,  an  eminent 
judge  and  writer  on  the  law,  was  a  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Fortescue,  lord  chief  justice  of 
Ireland.  He  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  in  1442  was  made  chief 
justice  of  the  court  of  king's  bench.  He 
was  a  principal  counsellor  in  the  court  of 
Henry  VI.,  aud  for  his  devotion  to  that  mon- 
arch he  was  attainted  by  the  Parliament 
under  Edward  IV.;  and  in  1403  he  fled,  with 
Queen  Margaret  and  her  suite,  to  Flanders, 
where  he  remained  in  exile  several  years  ; 
during  which  time  he  wrote  his  well-known 
work,"De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglite."  Re- 
turning to  England,  to  join  in  the  struggle 
for  the  restoration  of  the  house  of  Lancaster, 
he  was  taken  at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury  ; 


311 


but  obtained  his  pardon  from  Edward,  and 
was  allowed  to  retire  to  his  seat  in  Gloucester- 
shire, where  he  died,  in  his  90th  year. 

FORTESCUE.    See  Aland. 

FORTIGUERRA,  Nicholas,  an  Italian 
prelate  and  poet,  was  bom  at  Pistoia  in 
1674,  and  died  in  1735.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  burlesque  poem,  entitled  "  Ricciardetto," 
a  lively  and  elegant  production,  in  which  the 
style  of  Ariosto  and  Pulci  is  by  turns  very 
happilv  imitated. 

FOSBROOKE,  Rev.  Thomas  Dudley, 
F.S.A.,a  learned  and  industrious  antiquary 
and  archaBologist,  was  born  in  1770,  and 
received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
London,  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford. 
Mr.  Fosbrooke  commenced  his  literary  ca- 
reer in  1796,  with  a  poem  entitled  "  The 
Economy  of  Monastic  Life  ;  "  and  in  1799  he 
produced  his  "British  Monachism,"  2  vols. 
8vo.,  having  previously  api)lied  himself  with 
extraordinary  diligence  to  the  study  of  the 
Saxon  language.  His  next  great  work  was 
the  "  History  of  Gloucestershire,"  in  2  vols. 
4to.  ;  and  in  1819  appeared  his  "  History  of 
the  City  of  Gloucester."  These  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  "  Wye  Tour,"  "  Ariconensia," 
and  the  "  Berkeley  Manuscripts."  In  1824 
he  published  his  most  important  work,  the 
"  Encyclopa:dia  of  Antiquities,  and  Ele- 
ments of  Archaeology,"  2  vols.  4to. ;  and,  in 
1828,  a  kind  of  sequel  to  it,  called  "Foreign 
Topography."  "  The  Tourist's  Grammar," 
and  several  other  works,  also  appeared  from 
his  pen  ;  and  he  was  for  many  years  a  pro- 
lific contributor  to  the  "  Gentleman's  Ma- 
gazine." Mr.  Fosbrooke's  church  prefer- 
ment was  aa  scanty  as  his  literary  industry 
was  great.  For  16  years  he  officiated  as 
curate  of  Horsley,  in  Gloucestershire;  during 
the  next  20  years  he  was  curate  at  Walford 
(on  tiie  banks  of  the  Wye) ;  and  for  the  last 
12  years  of  his  life  he  was  its  vicar.  Died 
on  New-year's-day,  1842. 

FOSCOLO,  Ugo,  a  distinguished  Italian 
writer,  was  born  at  sea,  in  1776,  in  a  Vene- 
tian frigate,  lying  near  Zante,  of  which 
island  liis  father  was  governor.  He  was 
educated  at  Padua,  and  produced  his  tragedy 
of  "Thyestes"  before  he  was  20.  He  wag 
soon  after  employed  as  secretary  to  Battoglia, 
who  was  sent  ambassador  to  Buonaparte,  to 
endeavour  to  preserve  the  independence  of 
the  Venetian  republic.  The  embassy  was  j 
unsuccessful,  and  Foscolo  retired  into  Lom- 
bardy,  where  he  produced  his  celebrated 
"Letters  of  Ortis,"  which  established  his  ' 
fame.  Having  enlisted  in  the  1st  Italian  | 
legion  that  was  formed,  he  was  shut  up  in  I 
Genoa  during  the  famous  siege  of  1799,  with  j 
General  Massena,  and  while  there  he  com- 
posed two  of  his  finest  odes.  He  remained 
in  the  Italian  army  till  1805,  when  he  was 
sent  to  Calais  with  the  troops  professedly 
destined  for  the  invasion  of  England  ;  but  he 
soon  after  quitted  the  service.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  literature  at  Pavia,  in 
1809  ;  when  the  bold  language  of  his  intro- 
ductory lecture  is  said  to  have  oflfended 
Buonaparte,  and  the  professorship  was  imme- 
diately suppressed.  In  1812  he  produced  his 
tragedy  of  "  Ajax,"  which  was  represented  at 
the  theatre  Delia  Scala,  at  Milan  ;  but  it 
being  supposed  to  convey  a  satire  on  the 


FOS] 


^  ^cijj  mniiitr^nl  ^iaQtapf)^, 


[fou 


character  of  Buonaparte,  he  found  it  neces- 
sary to  withdraw  to  Florence.  He  is  said  to 
liave  subsequently  engaged  in  a  conspiracy 
to  expel  the  Austrians  from  Italy  ;  but  a  dis- 
covery taking  place,  he  was  obliged  to  de- 
camp, first  to  Switzerland,  from  whence  lie 
shortly  after  removed  to  England,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  the  most  eminent  lite- 
rati, and  noticed  by  people  of  distinction. 
Besides  publishing  his  "  Essays  on  Petrarch," 
"Disputations  and  Notes  on  Dante,"  &c.,  he 
contributed  to  the  Edinburgh,  Quarterly, 
and  other  reviews ;  and  he  might  have  en- 
joyed an  easy  competence,  if  he  had  not 
unnecessarily  involved  himself  in  pecuniary 
diffleulties.    Died,  1827. 

FOSSE,  Chakles  de  la,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  born  at  Paris,  in  H'AO.  He  became  suc- 
cessively professor,  director,  and  chancellor 
of  the  academy  of  painting,  and  died  in  1716. 

FOSSE,  Anthoxyde  la,  sieurd'Aubigny, 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  at  Paris, 
in  1653.  He  was  secretary  to  the  Duke 
d'Aumont,  but  he  devoted  considerable  time 
to  literary  pursuits,  and  wrote  several  suc- 
cessful tragedies,  of  which  the  best  is  entitled 
"  Manlius  Capitolinus."    Died,  1708. 

FOSTER,  Henrv,  a  naval  officer  who  ac- 
companied Sir  Edward  Parry  in  his  voyages 
to  the  arctic  regions  ;  and,  in  1828,  had  the 
command  of  the  Chanticleer  sloop  of  war, 
to  prosecute  a  voyage  of  scientific  research 
in  the  southern  regions  of  the  globe.  After 
having  visited  various  islands  in  the  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  oceans,  in  order  to  determine 
points  relative  to  the  figure  of  the  earth, 
meridians,  &c.,  he  was  drowned,  by  falling 
out  of  a  canoe  which  he  had  used  in  ascend- 
ing the  river  Cliagres,  Feb.  5.  1831. 

FOSTER,  James,  D.D.,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister  of  the  sect  called  Independ- 
ents, was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1697  ;  and  com- 
menced preaching  there  in  1718.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Trowbridge,  in  Wiltshire, 
where  he  turned  Baptist ;  and  in  1724  was 
cliosen  successor  to  Dr.  John  Gale,  of  the 
chapel  in  Barbican,  London,  where  he  acted 
as  a  pastor  nearly  20  years,  and  also  as  a 
lecturer  at  a  meeting-house  in  the  Old  Jewry. 
He  was  so  eloquent  a  preacher  that  crowds 
flocked  to  hear  him,  and  Pope  has  made 
honourable  mention  of  him  in  his  satires.  In 
1746  he  attended  Lord  Kilmarnock  to  the 
scatTuld,  which  is  said  to  have  made  so  strong 
an  impression  upon  his  own  spirits  as  to 
aflSict  him  with  a  settled  melancholy,  from 
whicli  he  never  entirely  recovered.  He  wrote 
a  "Defence  of  Revelation,"  in  reply  to  Tin- 
dal  ;  "  Tracts  on  Heresy,"  "  Discourses  on 
Natural  Religion  and  Social  Virtue,"  &c. 
Died,  1753. 

FOSTER,  Jonu^,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  1731,  at  Windsor,  and  educated  at 
Eton,  from  whence  he  was  sent  to  King's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  for  a  time 
head-master  at  Eton,  and  was  appointed  to 
a  stall  at  Windsor,  in  1772  ;  but  died  in  1773 
at  Spa,  wliither  he  had  gone  for  liis  health. 
He  published  an  "  Essay  on  the  Nature  of 
Accent  and  Quantity,"  &c. 

FOSTER,  Rev.  John,  one  of  the  most 
able  writers  and  original  thinkers  of  modern 
times,  was  born  in  Yorksliire,  1770.  At  an 
early  age  he  entered  the  Baptist  college  at 


Bristol,  and  on  the  completion  of  his  theologi- 
cal studies,  was  successively  settled  as  a  prea- 
cher at  various  places,  the  last  of  which  was 
Downend,  near  Bristol ;  but  he  afterward  re- 
linquished his  pastoral  duties,  and  the  last  20 
years  of  his  life  were  chiefly  devoted  to  lite- 
rary pursuits.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  "  Eclectic  Review  "  (some  of  his  articles 
have  been  collected  and  published  separate- 
ly) ;  but  his  chief  reputation  is  founded  on 
his  "  Essays,"  which  have  gone  through  nu- 
merous editions,  and  whose  popularity  seems 
to  increase  with  the  lapse  of  time.  Died,  1843. 

FOSTER,  Sir  Michael,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, was  born  at  Marlborough  in  Wiltshire, 
m  1689,  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  and  in 
regular  course  was  called  to  the  bar.  In 
1735  he  was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol ;  and, 
in  1745,  appointed  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
king's  bench,  on  which  occasion  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  published  a 
tract  against  Bisliop  Gibson's  Codex  on 
Church  Power,  and  a  Report  of  the  Trials 
of  the  Rebels  in  the  year  1746.  He  was  an 
independent  and  fearless  asserter  of  the 
liberty  of  the  subject. 

FOTHERGILL,  George,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, was  bom  in  Westmoreland,  in  1705, 
and  educated  at  Kendal  School,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  In  1751 
he  was  elected  principal  of  Edmund  Hall, 
and  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Bramley  in 
Hampshire.  He  wrote  2  vols,  of  sermons, 
which  were  highly  esteemed.    Died,  1760. 

FOTHERGILL,  John,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  1712,  at  Carr  End,  in 
Yorkshire,  his  parents  being  highly  respect- 
able members  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He 
served  his  time  to  an  apothecary,  after  which 
he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where,  in  1736,  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree.  In  the  same  year 
he  became  a  pupil  in  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
and  in  1740  made  a  tour  of  the  Continent. 
On  his  return  lie  settled  in  London  ;  and  in 
1748  acquired  much  reputation,  by  a  tract 
entitled  "An  Account  of  the  Sore  Throat 
attended  with  Ulcers."  In  1754  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  in  1763  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  For  30  years  he  may  be  said  to 
have  stood  at  the  head  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession, and  died  in  1780.  His  works,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  medical  pieces,  have  been 
printed  in  3  vols.  8vo.,  with  his  life  prefixed. 

FOUCHE',  Joseph,  duke  of  Otranto,  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  of  a  merchant  ship,  and 
born  at  Nantes  in  1763.  It  was  intended  he 
should  follow  the  same  profession  as  his 
father,  but  he  adopted  that  of  the  law,  and 
the  events  of  the  Revolution  soon  brought 
him  into  notice.  He  headed  a  popular  so- 
ciety at  Nantes,  by  which  he  was  sent,  in 
1792,  as  their  deputy  to  the  National  Con- 
vention ;  and  on  the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.  he 
voted  for  his  death.  In  1793  he  was  sent  to 
Lyons  with  CoUot  d'Herbois,  and  the  cold- 
blooded cruelties  he  tliere  committed  are 
recorded  in  his  own  letters  and  reports.  Re- 
turning to  Paris,  he  joined  in  the  destruction 
of  Robespierre,  merely  from  the  fear  of  be- 
coming one  of  his  victims.  He,  however,  had 
several  narrow  escapes  during  the  turbulent 
times  that  followed ;  but  circumstances  at 


FOC] 


^  ^tto  mnihtvinl  2Si0gra4jTji?. 


[fou 


length  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  Parisian 
police,  in  which  office  he  was  a  useful  in- 
strument in  the  hands  of  Buonaparte,  who 
thought  it  might  be  easy,  through  Fouch^, 
to  hazard  a  political  stroke  without  compro- 
mising his  own  character.  To  the  superin- 
tendence of  police  Buonaparte  added  the 
management  of  the  interior,  and  in  1805  he 
made  him  duke  of  Otranto.  He  then  opened 
his  drawing-room  to  the  ancient  nobility, 
many  of  whom  he  employed  as  spies  ;  but 
the  emperor  grew  suspicious  of  this  minister, 
and  after  his  second  marriage  he  resolved  on 
dismissing  him,  for  which  an  opportunity 
goon  offered.  As  they  felt  no  conlidence  in 
each  other,  both  employed  a  secret  agent  at 
the  English  court ;  which  agents,  not  being 
known  to  each  other,  had  no  means  of  con- 
certing measures  together ;  consequently 
their  communications  did  not  agree,  and  the 
English  minister  concluded,  from  the  want 
of  coincidence  in  their  proposals,  that  France 
was  merely  trifling,  and  complained  loudly 
of  the  insult.  This  led  to  some  investigation, 
when  tlie  contractor  Ouvrard  was  proved  to 
have  been  secretly  employed  by  the  Duke  of 
Otranto.  Immediately  upon  this,  the  Duke 
of  Rovigo  was  made  prefect  of  the  interior, 
and  Fouche  was  required  to  deliver  up  his 
papers.  He  was  then  sent  into  a  sort  of 
honourable  exile,  with  the  empty  title  of 
governor  of  Rome.  In  1814  he  returned  to 
France,  and  was  well  received  by  the  restored 
government.  When  Napoleon  re-appeared 
in  France,  Fouche  was  suddenly  called  to  the 
ministry,  and  filled  his  post  with  skill.  After 
the  battle  of  Waterloo  he  was  appointed  i)re- 
sident  of  the  provisional  government,  when 
he  appeared  as  negotiator  between  the  em- 
peror and  the  allied  powers  ;  and  seeing  the 
uselessness  of  Paris  offering  a  defence,  he 
acted  honourably  in  advising  Napoleon  to 
abdicate.  Louis  XVIII.  continued  Otranto 
as  one  of  his  ministers,  until  by  the  law  of 
the  r>th  of  January,  181(5,  he  was  obliged  to 
quit  France.  After  travelling  some  time  in 
Germany,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Trieste, 
where  he  died  in  ISliO.  He  was  certainly  one 
of  the  most  celebrated,  and,  perhai)s,  the 
most  designedly  wicked  of  all  the  French 
revolutionists.  One  of  his  countrymen  has 
summed  up  his  character  in  this  short  sen- 
tence. "Fouche  effected  some  good,  and  a 
great  deal  of  evil." 

FOULIS,  Robert  and  Axorew,  two 
eminent  printers  in  Glasgow,  distinguished 
for  the  beauty  and  accuracy  of  their  books, 
particularly  the  Latin  and  Greek  classics. 
They  continued  for  30  years  to  carry  on 
business  with  great  success ;  but  having 
endeavoured  to  establish  an  acailemy  for 
the  instruction  of  youth  in  painting  and 
sculpture,  their  resources  were  unequal  to 
the  undertaking,  and  it  ultimately  ruined 
them.  Andrew  died  in  1774,  and  Robert 
in  1776. 

FOUNTAINE,  Sir  Andrew,  an  English 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Narford,  in  Norfolk, 
and  educated  at  Christchurch,  Oxford, 
where  he  studied  the  Anglo-Saxon  language, 
and  wrote  a  piece  inserted  in  Dr.  Hickes's 
Thesaurus,  entitled  "  Numismata  Anglo- 
Saxonica  et  Anglo-Danica."  King  William 
conferred  on  him  the  honour  of  knighthood, 


and  in  1727  he  was  appointed  warden  of  the 
mint.    Died,  1753. 

FOUQUIER  TINVILLE,  Aktiiony 
QL'ENTi>',one  of  the  most  execrable  monsters 
of  the  French  revolution,  was  born  in  1747. 
As  director  of  Robespierre's  revolutionary 
tribunal  in  1793,  he  boasted  of  pronouncing 
only  one  word  —  "Death."  It  was  he  that 
accused  Marie  Antoinette  of  incest  with  the 
dauphin  ;  to  which  infamous  accusation  she 
replied,  "I  appeal  to  all  mothers  whether 
the  charge  is  possible."  He  called  the  guil- 
lotine the  coining  machine  of  the  revolution) 
and  to  such  a  state  of  savage. fury  had  his 
thirst  for  blood  risen,  that  its  repeated  grati- 
fication appears  to  have  produced  a  real  in- 
sanity. At  length,  after  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, in  1795,  this  human  demon  was  de- 
nounced by  Freron  in  these  appropriate 
words,  "I  demand  that  Fouquier  Tinville 
may  wear  off  the  remains  of  his  drunken 
surfeit  of  blood  in  hell."  Being  tried  and 
condemned  to  the  guillotine,  the  people  used 
his  own  death-dealing  phrase  as  he  went  to 
execution,  while  he  replied  with  hoarse 
curses  and  distorted  gesticulations  to  their 
execrations,  but  his  courage  failed  him  at 
the  foot  of  the  scaffold,  and  he  died  like  a 
coward. 

FOUQUIERES,  James,  a  Flemish  painter, 
was  born  at  Antwerp  in  1580.  He  was  the 
disciple  of  Velvet  Breughel,  and  became  so 
excellent  in  painting  landscapes,  as  to  be 
ranked  with  Titian.     Died,  UVjQ. 

FOURCROY,  Antoixe  Francois  t>e,  an 
eminent  French  chemist  and  natural  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Paris,  in  175,'> ;  and, 
having  adopted  the  profession  of  medicine, 
he  applied  himself  closely  to  the  study  of 
the  sciences  connected  with  it,  especially 
to  chemistry.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  chemistry  at  the  Jardin  du 
Roi ;  and  about  this  i>eriod  he  became  as- 
sociated with  Lavoisier,  Berthollet,  &c.  in 
researches  which  led  to  vast  improvements 
and  discoveries  in  chemistry,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  them,  he  drew  up  the  new 
"Methode  de  Nomenclature  Chimique." 
When  the  Revolution  took  place,  he  en- 
gaged in  politics,  and  was  chosen  a  deputy 
from  Paris  to  the  National  Convention.  In 
1794  he  became  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  public  safety,  and,  next  year,  passed  into 
the  council  of  ancients.  In  1799,  Buona- 
parte gave  him  a  place  in  the  council  of 
state,  when  he  was  entrusted  with  the 
management  of  all  affairs  relating  to  public 
instruction,  and  acquitted  himself  in  a 
manner  highly  meritorious.  He  was  the 
author  of  many  valuable  works  on  chemical 
science  and  natural  philosojihy.    Died,  1809. 

FOURCROY,  Charles  Rkxe  de,  an 
eminent  French  officer  and  engineer,  who 
served  with  distinction  in  various  campaigns, 
and  attained  the  rank  of  marechal  de  camp. 
Born,  1718  ;  died,  1791. 

FOURIER,  Charles,  the  son  of  a  Be- 
sangon  clothier,  is  known  as  the  author  of 
the  co-operative  system,  in  which  he  pro- 
posed a  division  of  profits  proportioned  to 
the  labour,  talent,  and  capital  employed. 
He  has  left  several  works  bearing  on  his 
favourite  views,  which,  under  the  names  of 
Socialism  and  Communism,  have  since  taken 


FOU] 


^  ^fUj  mnibcrs'al  Mia^VKpf)^, 


[fox 


such  deep  hold  of  the  French  character,  that 
it  is  to  be  feared  nothing  will  eradicate  tliem 
until  the  tremendous  ordeal  through  which 
they  must  pass  in  the  experiment  shall  prove 
them  to  be  impracticable.  Bom,  1772  ;  died, 
1837. 

FOURMONT,  Stephen,  an  eminent  lin- 
guist, was  bom,  in  1083,  at  Herbelai,  near 
Paris.  He  was  member  of  many  learned  so- 
cieties, and  held  the  situation  of  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Orleans.    Died,  1746. 

FOURNIER,  PiEiiRE  SiMOX,  a  Parisian 
tyiie  founder  and  engraver ;  author  of 
"  Manuel  Typographique,"  and  other  works 
illustrative  of  his  art.  Born,  1712 ;  died, 
1768. 

FOUVIER,  Baron,  a  secretary  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  ;  who  had 
been  a  priest  of  the  Oratory,  but  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  mathematics.  He 
accompanied  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  but 
afterwards  lost  liis  favour,  as  he  also  did 
that  of  the  Bourbon  family  ;  neither  of  the 
governments  reposing  confidence  in  his 
services.  He  published  some  discussions  in 
the  journal  of  the  Polytechnic  School,  &c. 
Died,  1830. 

FOWLER,  Edward,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  was  born,  in  1.632,  at  Westerleigh, 
Gloucestershire.  Though  at  first  a  non- 
conformist, he  was  afterwards  distinguished 
for  his  attachment  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land ;  and,  after  enjoying  several  livings, 
he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Gloucester  for 
his  refusal  to  read  the  faMous  declaration 
of  James  II.  in  1668,  and  his  subsequent 
exertions  in  favour  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  theological  tracts, 
and  died  in  1714. 

FOX,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  pre- 
late and  statesman  in  the  16th  century,  was 
born  at  Dursley,  Gloucestershire  ;  educated 
at  Eton,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
at  which  latter  he  became  provost ;  and  was 
sent  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  on  a  mission  to 
Rome,  in  conjunction  with  Gardiner,  to 
procure  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  from 
queen  Catliarine.  He  was  subsequently  en- 
gaged in  embassies  to  France  and  Germany  ; 
and,  in  1535,  he  was  promoted  to  the  see  of 
Hereford.  He  is  said  to  have  secretly  pro- 
moted the  cause  of  the  Reformation  ;  but 
though  he  might  have  used  his  influence  in 
that  cause  as  a  politician,  as  a  divine  he 
never  openly  espoused  it.    Died,  1536. 

FOX,  George,  founder  of  the  society  of 
Friends,  or  Quakers,  was  bora  at  Drayton, 
Leicestershire,  in  1624,  and  apprenticed  to 
a_  grazier.  At  the  age  of  19  he  persuaded 
himself  that  he  had  received  a  divine  com- 
mand to  devote  himself  solely  to  religion. 
He  accordingly  forsook  his  relations,  and 
wandered  from  place  to  place,  leading  a 
life  of  itinerancy,  in  which  he  fasted  much, 
walked  abroad  in  retired  places,  studying 
the  Bible,  and  sometimes  sat  in  a  hollow 
tree  for  a  day  together.  In  1648  he  began 
to  propagate  his  opinions,  and  commenced 
public  preacher.  _  At  Derby,  his  followers 
were  first  denominated  Quakers,  in  conse- 
quence of  their  tremulous  manner  of  de- 
livery. He  was  taken  up  in  1635,  and  sent 
a  prisoner  to  Cromwell,  who,  being  satisfied 
with  his  pacific  intentions,  set  him  at  liberty. 


In  fact,  he  was  more  than  once  indebted 
to  the  Protector  for  his  freedom,  when 
committed  to  prison  by  the  country  ma- 
gistracy for  his  frequent  intermption  of 
ministers  while  performing  divine  service. 
In  1666  he  was  liberated  from  prison  by 
order  of  Charles  II.,  and  immediately  com- 
menced the  task  of  forming  Jiis  followers 
into  a  formal  and  united  society.  In  1669 
he  married  the  widow  of  judge  Fell,  and 
soon  after  went  over  to  America,  for  the 
express  purpose  of  making  proselytes.  On 
his  return  he  was  again  thrown  into  prison, 
but  was  soon  released,  and  went  to  Holland. 
Returning  to  England,  and  refusing  to  pay 
tithes,  he  was  cast  in  a  suit  for  the  recovery 
of  them,  and  again  visited  the  Continent. 
His  health  had  now  become  impaired  J)y  the 
incessant  toil  and  suffering  he  had  endured, 
and  he  again  revisited  his  native  land,  living 
in  a  retired  manner  till  his  death,  in  1690. 
He  was  sincere  in  his  religious  opinions, 
and  a  rigid  observer  of  the  great  moral 
duties.  His  writings  consist  of  his  "Jour- 
nals," "  Epistles,"  and  "  Doctrinal  Pieces." 

FOX,  Sir  Stephex,  a  statesman,  was 
bom  at  Farley,  Wilts,  in  1627.  From  his 
attachment  to  Charles  II.,  he  was  at  the 
Restoration  made  clerk  of  the  green  cloth, 
and  paymaster  of  the  forces.  By  opposing 
the  bill  for  a  standing  army,  he  lost  the 
favour  of  King  William,  but  was  replaced 
in  the  reign  of  Anne.  He  built  a  new  church 
at  Farley,  founded  some  almshouses,  and 
was  the  first  who  projected  Chelsea  College 
as  a  military  asylum.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, being  father  by  his  first  wife  to  the 
first  Earl  of  Ilchester",  and  by  the  second  to 
the  first  Lord  Holland,  the  subject  of  the 
following  paragraph. 

FOX,  Henry,  the  first  Lord  Holland,  an 
eminent  statesman,  was  born  in  1705,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  After  filling  lower  oflSces 
in  the  state,  he  was  in  1746  appointed  sec- 
retary at  war  ;  retired  in  1756,  to  make  way 
for  Mr.  Pitt,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham, 
but  returned  to  office  the  following  year  as 
paymaster  of  the  forces  ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion his  public  conduct  has  been  much  ani- 
madverted upon.  In  1763  he  was  created 
baron  Holland  of  Foxley,  and  died  in  1774. 

FOX,  Charles  Jame.s,  the  second  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  bom  Jan.  13th,  1748  ; 
and  received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
Eton,  and  Oxford,  where  his  proficiency 
in  classical  literature  attracted  considerable 
notice.  It  was  the  intention  of  his  father, 
who  had  a  high  opinion  of  his  capacity,  that 
he  should  occupy  a  prominent  station  in 
the  political  world,  and  he  accordingly 
procured  for  him  a  seat  in  parliament  for 
the  borougli  of  Midhurst  when  he  was  only 
19.  He,  however,  prudently  remained 
silent  till  lie  had  attained  the  legal  age  of 
a  member,  and  then  we  find  him,  in  1770, 
aiding  the  ministry,  who  rewarded  him 
witli  the  oflSce  of  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty  ;  but  he  resigned  that  situation 
in  1772 ;  and,  in  1773,  was  nominated  a 
commissioner  of  the  treasury,  from  whence 
he  was  suddenly  dismissed,  in  consequence 
of  some  disagreement  with  Lord  North. 
Mr.  Fox  now  entered  the  lists  of  opposition, 
and  throughout  the  whole  of  the  American  , 


fox] 


^  ^cU)  ?am'&crjSal  3Sioj5ra}j]^i). 


[fra 


•war  proved  a  most  powerful  antagonist  to 
tlie  ministers  of  tliat  period.  On  the  down- 
fall of  Lord  North  he  was  appointed,  in  17it2, 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  state,  whicli  situ- 
ation he  resigned  on  the  death  of  tlie  Mar- 
quis of  Rockingliam  ;  when  the  Earl  of  Sliel- 
burne,  afterwards  Alarquis  of  Lansdowne, 
was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  On  the  dis- 
solution of  that  short-lived  administration, 
he  formed  the  coalition  with  Lord  North  (a 
coalition  which  was  odious  to  the  great 
mass  of  the  people),  and  resumed  his  for- 
mer oSice.  He  now  brought  in  his  India 
bill,  which,  after  having  passed  the  House 
of  Commons,  was  unexpectedly  thrown  out 
by  the  House  of  Lords,  and  occasioned  tlie 
resignation  of  the  ministry,  of  which  he 
formed  a  part.  Mr.  Pitt  tlien  came  into 
power  ;  while  Mr.  Fox  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  opposition,  and  a  long  eon- 
test  took  place  between  these  illustrious 
rivals.  Worn  out,  and  perhaps  disgusted, 
with  public  business,  he,  in  1788,  repaired 
to  the  Continent,  in  company  with  Mrs. 
Fox,  and  after  spending  a  few  days  with 
Gibbon,  the  historian,  at  Lausanne,  entered 
the  classic  regions  of  Italy.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  the  sudden  illness  of 
the  king,  and  the  necessity  of  constituting  a 
regency,  he  was  soon  recalled.  Tlie  re- 
gency, the  trial  of  Mr.  Hastings,  and,  above 
all,  the  French  revolution,  and  its  relative 
effects  on  this  country,  gave  ample  scope 
to  display  his  talents  and  eloquence,  both 
of  which  he  continued  to  exert  against 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Pitt ;  inveighing 
against  the  war  with  France,  and  denoun- 
cing tlie  measures  of  his  great  rival  on  every 
sul)ject  of  importance.  However  men  may 
differ  as  to  the  soundness  of  Mr.  Fox's  po- 
litical views,  no  one  denies  that  he  was  a 
sincere  friend  to  the  freedom  and  best  in- 
terests of  mankind,  or  that  in  private  life 
a  more  amiable  and  pleasant  companion 
could  not  be  found.  In  the  senate  he  was 
argumentative,  bold,  and  energetic  ;  in  the 
domestic  circle,  no  one  was  more  ingenuous, 
bland,  or  courteous.  His  literary  abilities 
were  of  the  first  order  ;  and  had  he  lived  in 
less  stirring  times,  tliere  is  every  probability 
his  country  would  have  benefited  by  his 
writings.  As  it  was,  he  left  little  beliind 
him  for  our  admiration  but  his  eloquent 
speeches,  and  "  The  History  of  the  early 
Part  of  the  Reign  of  James  II."  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt  ht-  was  again  recalled  to 
power,  and  set  on  foot  a  negotiation  for  peace 
with  France,  but  did  not  live  to  see  the  issue 
of  it.  He  died  in  the  59th  year  of  his  age, 
on  the  13th  of  September,  1806. 

FOX,  John,  a  celebrated  church  historian 
and  divine,  'syh-s  born,  in  1.517,  at  Boston, 
Lincolnshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
Applying  himself  closely  to  the  study  of 
theology,  he  became  a  convert  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Reformation,  was  expelled  liis 
college  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  and  suffered 
great  privation.  A  short  time  before  the 
death  of  Henry  VIII.,  he  was  employed  as 
tutor  in  the  family  of  the  Duchess  of  Rich- 
mond, to  educate  the  children  of  her  brother, 
the  Earl  of  Surrey,  then  a  state  prisoner. 
In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  was  restored 
to  his  fellowship  ;  but  when  Mary  ascended 


815 


the  throne  he  found  it  prudent  to  retire  to 
tlie  Continent,  where  he  gained  a  livelihood 
as  corrector  of  the  press  for  an  eminent 
printer  at  Basle.  On  Elizabeths  accession 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and  settled 
in  the  family  of  his  former  pupil,  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  ; 
and  he  also  received  a  prebendal  stall  in  the 
cathedral  of  Salisbury.  He  was  the  author 
of  many  controversial  and  other  works  ;  but 
the  only  one  which  now  obtains  perusal  is 
his  "History  of  the  Acts  and  Monuments 
of  the  Church,"  commonly  called  "Fox's 
Book  of  Martyrs."  There  is  scarcely  any 
book  in  existence,  perhaps,  concerning 
which  such  opposite  opinions  have  been  en- 
tertained !  but,  while  we  are  ready  to  admit 
that  a  recital  of  liorrid  cruelties  practised 
by  persecuting  bigots  is  repulsive  to  the 
feelings  of  humanity,  and  calculated  to  per- 
petuate the  animosities  arising  from  religious 
feuds,  rather  than  to  promote  peace  and 
good-will,  these  "  Acts  and  Monuments  "  are 
in  general  too  veracious  in  their  details  to 
be  regarded  as  the  fictions  of  a  zealot.  Fox 
died  in  1587,  aged  Cy. 

FOX,  RiciiAUi),  an  English  prelate  and 
statesman,  was  bom  about  14(i(j,  at  Ropes- 
ley,  near  Grantham,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge.  He  was  in  high  fa- 
vour witli  Henry  VII.,  who  employed  him 
on  various  missions  ;  and  successively  made 
him  bisliop  of  Exeter,  Bath  and  Wells, 
Durham,  and  Wincliester.  But  in  the  fol- 
lowing reign  he  found  himself  supplanted 
by  Wolsey,  whom  he  had  introduced  and 
fostered ;  lie  therefore  retired  to  his  dio- 
cese, and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  acts  of  charity  and  munificence.  He 
was  a  patron  of  leaiTiing,  and  the  founder 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  and  of 
the  free-schools  of  Taunton  and  Grantham. 
Died,  1528. 

FOY,  Maximilian-  Sebastiait,  General, 
was  a  native  of  Ham,  in  Picardy,  wliere  he 
was  born  in  1775.  He  entered  the  army  at 
15  years  of  age,  and  made  his  first  campaign 
under  Dumouriez  in  1792.  He  displayed 
his  military  talents  to  great  advantage  in 
Italy,  Germany,  and  Portugal ;  and  suc- 
ceeded Marmont,  as  commander-in-chief 
after  the  battle  of  Salamanca ;  where  he 
conducted  a  skilful  retreat  to  the  Douro. 
He  received  hia  15th  wound  on  the  field  of 
Waterloo,  but  refused  to  quit  his  post  until 
the  close  of  tliat  engagement.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  as  inspector-general  of 
infantry  ;  and  in  1819  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  chamber  of  deputies  at  Paris ;  when 
he  distinguished  himself  as  an  orator,  and 
was  a  great  public  favourite.  He  died  in 
1825  ;  and  having  left  his  widow  and  family 
in  destitute  circumstances,  a  most  liberal 
subscription  was  immediately  entered  into, 
to  provide  for  them,  and  to  erect  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory.  From  his  MS8.  a 
"History  of  the  Peninsular  War"  has  been 
published  by  his  widow. 

FRA  DIAVOLO,  a  Neapolitan  robber, 
whose  real  name  was  Michael  Pozzo,  was 
born  about  1769.  He  was  at  first  a  stocking- 
maker,  afterwards  a  friar,  and  in  the  latter 
capacity  united  himself  as  leader  to  a  gang 
of  outlawed  banditti  in  Calabria.    In  hia 


fka] 


^  |5fto  BnibtY^Rl  SStflffrnplii'. 


[fra 


double  character  of  robber  and  priest,  he 
offered  his  services,  in  1799,  to  Cardinal 
RufFo,  who  headed  the  counter-revolution- 
ary party  in  favour  of  the  Bourbons  of  Na- 
ples. For  his  services,  altliough  a  price 
had  been  previously  set  on  his  head,  he 
obtained  pardon,  distinction,  and  a  pension 
of  3600  ducats,  with  which  he  retired  to  an 
estate  which  he  purchased.  On  Joseph  Na- 
poleon becoming  king,  the  expelled  govern- 
ment again  set  him  in  motion.  He  made 
a  descent  in  180G,  with  a  large  body  of  ban- 
ditti and  recruits,  at  Sperlonga,  threw  open 
the  prisons,  and  was  joined  by  numerous 
lazzaroni ;  but,  after  a  severe  action,  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner,  condemned  by 
a  special  commission,  and  executed.  He 
died  with  disdainful  indifference.  He  often, 
like  Robin  Hood,  restored  their  liberty  and 
property  to  captives  who  interested  him, 
especially  females,  even  making  them  pre- 
sents, and  affecting  to  protect  the  poor. 

FRAMERY,  Nicholas  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent French  musician  and  dramatist ;  born 
at  Rouen  in  174.5.  lie  was  the  composer 
both  of  the  poetry  and  music  of  several 
operas  ;  wrote  many  critical  tracts,  &c.,  and 
for  a  time  conducted  the  Journal  de  Mu- 
sique.    Died,  1810. 

FRANCIA,  Francesco,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  born  at  Bologna  in  1450.  He  had 
been  a  goldsmith  and  an  engraver  of  me- 
dals, but  afterwards  applied  wholly  to  paint- 
ing. Being  employed  by  Raphael  to  place 
a  pictixre  of  his  in  a  church  at  Bologna,  it 
is  said  that  he  was  so  struck  with  its  beauty, 
and  convinced  of  his  own  inferiority,  that  he 
fell  into  a  desponding  state.    Died,  1518. 

FRANCIA,  Dr.  Jose  Gaspar  Rodei- 
odez,  the  celebrated  dictator  of  Paraguay, 
was  the  son  of  a  small  French  proprietor  in 
the  country,  and  born  at  Assumgion,  in  1767. 
His  mother  was  a  Creole.  Arrived  at  the 
proper  age,  he  was  sent  to  the  university  of 
Cordova,  with  a  view  to  entering  the  church  ; 
but  his  plans  underwent  a  change  while  he 
was  still  a  student,  and  on  his  return  to  his 
native  town  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,  he  began  his  public  career  as  a  bar- 
rister. His  high  reputation  for  learning, 
but  still  more  for  honesty  and  independence, 
procured  him  an  extensive  practice  ;  and  he 
devoted  himself  to  legal  pursuits  for  thirty 
years,  varying  his  professional  avocations 
with  a  perusal  of  the  French  Encyclopedian 
writers,  and  with  the  study  of  mathematics 
and  mechanical  philosophy,  to  which  he  re- 
mained addicted  throughout  his  life.  In 
1811,  soon  after  the  revolution  of  the  Spanish 
possessions  of  South  America  became  gene- 
ral. Dr.  Francia,  then  in  his  54th  year,  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  independent  junta 
of  Paraguay  ;  and  such  was  the  ability  he 
displayed  in  this  capacity,  that  on  the  for- 
mation of  a  new  congress,  called  in  1813,  Ire 
was  appointed  consul  of  the  republic,  with 
Yegros  for  his  colleague.  From  this  moment 
the  affairs  of  his  country  underwent  a  fa- 
vourable change  ;  the  finances  were  hus- 
banded ;  peace  was  obtained  in  Paraguay, 
while  the  rest  of  the  South  American  conti- 
nent was  a  prey  to  anarchy ;  and  the  people's 
gratitude  to  their  deliverer  was  characteris- 
tically exhibited  In  conferring  upon  him, 


in  1817,  unlimited  despotic  authority,  which 
he  exercised  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Died,  1840. 

FRANCIS  I.,  king  of  France,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1515,  at  the  age  of  21.  He 
was  the  son  of  Charles  of  Orleans,  and  of 
Louisa  of  Savoy,  grand-daughter  to  Valen- 
tine, duke  of  Milan,  in  riglit  of  whom  he 
laid  claim  to  that  duchy.  Tiie  Swiss  op- 
posed his  passage  through  their  territories, 
and  were  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Marig- 
nana.  Francis  then  entered  the  Milanese, 
and  forced  Maximilian  Sforza  to  relinquish 
the  sovereignty.  A  war  afterwards  broke 
out  between  him  and  the  emperor  Charles 
v.,  in  which  Francis  lost  a  considerable  part 
of  his  territories,  was  made  prisoner,  and 
conveyed  to  Madrid.  In  1526  he  regained 
his  liberty,  after  renouncing  his  claim  to 
Naples,  the  Milanese,  Flanders,  and  Artois. 
In  1635  he  marched  again  into  Italy,  and 
possessed  himself  of  Savoy  ;  but  a  peace 
was  hastily  made  up,  which  was  soon  after 
broken,  and  Francis  again  lost  a  consider- 
able part  of  his  own  dominions.  He  died 
in  1547.  He  was  the  patron  and  friend  of 
literature,  and  possessed  a  generous  and 
chivalric  spirit ;  and  had  he  been  content  to 
reign  in  peace,  France  might  have  been 
happy  imder  his  rule.  He  founded  the 
Royal  College  of  Paris,  and  furnished  a 
magnificent  library  at  Fontainebleau,  besides 
building  several  palaces,  which  he  orna- 
mented with  pictures  and  statues,  to  the 
great  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts.  He 
is  frequently  termed  "  the  Great,"  and  "  the 
Restorer  of  Learning  ; "  and  though,  per- 
haps, not  entitled  to  these  appellations  in 
their  strictest  sense,  he  may  be  fairly  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
sovereigns  that  ever  swayed  the  sceptre  of 
France. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, was  bom  in  1708,  and  married  in 
1736  Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Charles  VI. 
On  the  death  of  her  father  in  1740,  Maria 
Theresa  appointed  her  husband  to  tlie  ad- 
ministration of  the  government,  and  on  the 
death  of  Charles  VII.  in  1745,  he  was  elected 
emperor.    Died,  1765. 

FRANCIS,  St.,  or  FRANCIS  OF  ASSISI, 
the  founder  of  the  order  of  Franciscan  friars, 
was  born  at  Assisi,  in  Umbria,  in  1182. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  said  to 
be  of  dissolute  habits  ;  but  on  recovering 
from  a  dangerous  illness  he  became  enthu- 
siastically devout,  and  devoted  himself  to 
solitude,  joyfully  undergoing  every  species 
of  penance  and  mortification.  Thinking  his 
extravagance  proceeded  from  insanity,  his 
father  had  him  closely  confined  ;  and  at 
length,  being  taken  before  the  bishop  of 
Assisi,  in  order  formally  to  resign  all  claim 
to  his  paternal  estate,  he  not  only  assented 
to  it,  but  literally  stripped  himself.  He 
was  now  looked  upon  as  a  saint ;  and  great 
numbers  joining  him  in  his  vow  of  poverty, 
he  drew  up  rules  for  their  use,  which  being 
sanctioned  by  pope  Innocent  III.,  the  order 
of  Franciscans  was  established.  So  rapidly 
did  they  increase,  that  in  1219  he  held  a 
chapter,  which  was  attended  by  5000  friars. 
After  having  made  a  fruitless  effort  to  con- 
vert the  sultan  Meleddin,  he  returned  to 


fKA] 


^  ^m  Winibtx^Kl  l8t0Qtajp]^j). 


[fra 


Aseisi,  where  he  died  in  122<;,  and  was  ca- 
iioiiised  by  pope  Gregory  in  1230. 

FRANCIS  or  PAULO,  a  Romish  saint, 
born  ut  Paulo,  in  Calabria,  in  14iG.  He  was 
brought  up  in  a  Frauciscau  convent ;  and 
in  order  to  exceed  the  preceding  saint  in 
austerity  of  life,  he  retired  to  a  cell  on  the 
desert  part  of  the  coast,  where  he  soon  ob- 
tained followers,  built  a  monastery,,  and 
thus  commenced  a  new  order,  called  Minimt. 
He  enjoined  on  his  disciples  a  total  absti- 
nence from  wine,  flesh,  and  fish  ;  besides 
Which  they  were  always  to  go  barefoot,  and 
never  sleep  on  a  bed.  He  died  in  France, 
aged  91,  in  1508,  and  was  canonised  by 
Leo  X. 

FRANCIS  DE  SALES,  another  samt  of 
the  Roman  calendar,  was  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  the  castle  of  Sales,  near  Geneva, 
1507.  He  obtained  great  praise  for  the  suc- 
cess which  attended  his  missions  for  the 
conversion  of  his  Protestant  countrymen. 
He  was  ultimately  made  bishop  of  Geneva  ; 
and  he  performed  the  duties  of  his  station 
with  exemplary  diligence  and  charity.  He 
died  in  1022,  and  was  canonised  in  10G5. 

FRANCIS,  Philip,  son  of  the  dean  of 
Lismore,  M-as  a  poet  and  dramatic  writer, 
though  much  more  celebrated  for  his  trans- 
lation of  Horace  and  other  classic  authors, 
than  for  his  original  compositions.  He  was 
educated  at  Dublin  ;  and  having  taken  or- 
ders, first  settled  at  Esher,  Surrey,  where 
he  kept  an  academy,  and  had  Gibbon  the 
historian  among  his  pupils.  He  afterwards 
held  the  living  of  Barrow,  Sufl:olk,  and  was 
chaplain  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  He  wrote 
"Eugenia"  and  "  Constantia,"  two  tragedies, 
some  controversial  tracts,  &c.    Died,  1773. 

FRANCIS,  Sir  Philip,  a  i)olitical  cha- 
racter of  some  distinction,  and  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  boin  at  Dublin  in  1740,  and 
received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's  School. 
He  entered  into  public  life  as  a  clerk  in  the 
secretary  of  state's  office  ;  after  which  he 
went  out  as  secretary  to  the  embassy  to 
Portugal ;  and,  in  1773,  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Bengal.  He  remained 
in  India  till  1780,  during  wliich  time  he  was 
the  constant  and  strenuous  opponent  of  the 
measures  of  Governor  Hastings ;  and  his 
opposition  savouring  too  much  of  personal 
hostility,  a  duel  was  the  result.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  was  chosen  member  for 
the  borough  of  Yarmouth,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight ;  and,  joining  the  opposition,  he  took 
a  prominent  part  in  most  of  their  measures, 
particularly  in  the  impeachment  of  Mr. 
Hastings.  He  published  many  political 
pamphlets  and  speeches,  all  of  which  are 
imbued  with  considerable  spirit  and  party 
feeling.  The  celebrated  "  Letters  of  Junius  " 
have  l)een  attributed  to  him,  and  many  cir- 
cumstantial proofs  are  brought  forward  to 
support  the  opinion  ;  he,  however,  always 
disavowed  the  authorship ;  the  supposition 
therefore  rests  only  on  strong  conjecture, 
founded  on  certain  events  of  his  life  and  a 
supposed  similarity  of  style  between  them 
and  his  acknowledged  productions.  He  died 
in  1818. 

FRANCIS  I.,  Joseph  Charles,  emperor 
of  Austria,  king  of  Lombardy,  &e.,  was  born 
in  17()8,  and  succeeded  his  father,  Leopold 


317 


II.,  in  1792.  At  that  time  he  was  styled 
emperor  of  Germany,  by  the  name  of  Fran- 
cis II.  ;  but,  in  1804,  when  France  had  been 
declared  an  empire,  he  assumed  the  title  of 
hereditary  emperor  of  Austria  ;  and,  on  the 
establishment  of  the  confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  1806,  he  renounced  the  title  of 
Roman  emperor  and  German  king,  and  re- 
signed the  government  of  the  German  em- 
pire. At  the  age  of  20  he  accompanied  his 
uncle,  the  emperor  Joseph  II.,  on  a  campaign 
against  the  Turks.  From  his  position,  he 
necessarily  became  a  most  important  pivot 
upon  which  the  mighty  attkirs  of  Europe 
turned  during  the  continuance  of  the  wars 
arising  out  of  the  French  revolution.  France 
declared  war  against  him  in  1792 ;  and 
Prussia,  though  at  first  his  ally,  concluded 
a  separate  peace  with  the  republic  ;  but  the 
emperor  Francis  continued  the  war  with 
energy.  In  1794  he  put  himself  at  tlie  head 
of  the  army  of  the  Netherlands,  and  defeated 
the  French  at  Cateau,  Landrecy,  and  Tour- 
nay.  In  1797  he  procured  a  temporary  repose 
by  the  peace  of  Campo  Formio  ;  but  in  1799 
he  entered  into  a  new  coalition  with  Russia 
and  England  against  France  ;  which  was 
dissolved  by  Austria  and  Russia  being  com- 
pelled to  conclude  the  peace  of  Luneville  in 
1801.  War  again  broke  out  between  France 
and  Austria  in  1805  ;  but,  after  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz,  the  terms  of  an  armistice  and 
basis  of  a  treaty  were  settled  in  a  personal 
interview  between  Francis  and  Napoleon,  at 
the  bivouac  of  the  latter.  This  peace  lasted 
till  1809,  when  the  restless  ambition  of  the 
French  emperor  induced  Francis  to  declare 
war  against  him  once  more.  A  disastrous 
campaign  followed.;  but  a  favourable  peace 
was  obtained,  and,  by  the  marriage  of  his 
eldest  daughter,  Maria  Louisa,  to  Napoleon, 
a  strong  tie  seemed  to  be  formed  between 
the  two  imperial  houses.  Tins  family  tie, 
however,  was  not  sufficient  to  appease  the 
aggrandising  ambition  of  his  son-in-law. 
In  1813,  Francis  found  himself  again  com- 
pelled to  enter  into  an  alliance  with  Russia 
and  Prussia  against  France  ;  and,  to  the 
close  of  the  contest,  he  was  present  with 
the  allied  armies;  He  died,  March  3. 1835, 
leaving  a  more  extensive  empire  to  his 
successor  than  any  of  Ixis  ancestors  ever 
possessed; 

FRANCKLIN,  Dr,  Thomas,  was  the  son 
of  the  printer  of  the  celebrated  anti-minis- 
terial paper  called  Tiie  Craftsman,  and 
born  in  1721.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  became  Greek  professor  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  obtained  successively  the  livings  of 
Ware,  Thundridge,  and  Brasted,  and  was 
made  king's  chaplain,  and  died  in  1784.  He 
translated  Lucian,  Sophocles,  and  other 
classic  authors ;  wrote  a  "  Dissertation  on 
Ancient  Tragedy,"  four  volumes  of  Ser- 
mons, "  The  Earl  of  Warwick,"  and  various 
other  dramas  ;  and  left  behind  him  the  cha- 
racter of  a  learned  but  eccentric  man. 

FRANCKS,  or  FRANKEN,  Fkancis. 
There  were  two  eminent  Dutch  painters  of 
this  name,  father  and  son  ;  distinguished 
for  the  beauty  of  their  scriptural  pieces. 
The  elder  Francks  died  in  1016  ;  the  other 
in  1642. 


tRX] 


^  ^cto  ^m'ber^al  ISwgrajpIjy. 


[fra 


FRANCO-BARRETO,  a  Portuguese  poet, 
soldier,  and  churchman,  was  born  in  1606, 
and  died  in  KiO-l.  After  flgliting  against 
the  Dutch  in  Brazil,  Jie  returned  to  Portu- 
gal, entered  the  church,  and  became  vicar 
of  Barreiro. 

FRANCOIS  DE  NETJFCHATEAU,  Ni- 
cholas, was  born  in  1750,  at  Neufchateau, 
in  Lorraine.  He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and 
sent  as  attorney-general  to  St.  Domingo  in 
1782  ;  but  returning  at  the  commencement 
of  the  revolution,  he  espoused  its  principles, 
and  obtained  a  seat  in  the  legislative  as- 
sembly. In  1797  he  was  chosen  one  of  the 
five  directors  ;  and  under  the  reign  of  Na- 
poleon lie  became  a  count,  a  senator^  and 
grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  ability,  both  as  a  states- 
man and  an  author  ;  and  left  various  works 
in  different  branches  of  polite  literature. 

FRANK,  Pkter,  a  German  pliysician, 
born  in  1735 ;  was  director-general  of  the 
hospitals  of  Jyombardy  ;  but  quitte<l  Italy  in 
1795,  to  become  clerical  professor  at  Vi- 
enna. He  afterwards  went  to  Russia  as 
imperial  archiater,  but  ill  health  compelled 
him  to  return  :  and  after  having  refused  to 
visit  France,  whither  he  was  invited  by  Na- 
poleon, he  died  in  1821.  Professor  Frank's 
most  important  works  are,  "  Systfeme  de 
Police  Medicale,"  11  vols.  8vo. ;  "  Choix 
d'Opuscules  appartenant  ii  la  Medecine,"  12 
vols.  8vo.  ;  and  "  De  I'Art  de  Traiter  les 
Maladies,"  9  vols.  8vo. 

FRANKLIN,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  phi- 
losopher and  politician,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, in  the  United  States,  in  1706.  His  fa- 
ther, who  had  emigrated  from  England,  was 
a  tallow-chandler  ;  and  Benjamin^  the  fif- 
teenth of  seventeen  children,  was  appren- 
ticed to  his  elder  brother,  a  printer  and 
publisher  of  a  newspaper  at  Boston.  His 
early  passion  for  reading,  which  lie  had 
always  manifested,  was  now  gratified  ;  and 
lie  was  able  also,  through  the  medium  of 
the  newspapert  to  try  his  powers  at  literary 
composition.  Some  political  articles  in  this 
journal  having  offended  the  general  court  of 
the  colony,  the  publisher  was  imprisoned, 
and  forbidden  to  continue  it.  To  elude  this 
prohibition,  young  Franklin  was  made  the 
nominal  editor,  and  his  indentures  were  os- 
tensibly cancelled.  After  the  release  of  his 
brother,  he  took  advantage  of  this  act  to 
assert  his  freedom,  and  thus  escaped  from  a 
severity  of  treatment  which  he  thought 
savoured  more  of  the  rigorous  master  than 
the  kind  relation.  He  therefore  secretly 
embarked  aboard  a  small  vessel  bound  to 
New  York,  without  means  or  recommenda- 
tions ;  and  not  finding  employment  there, 
he  set  out  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived 
on  foot  with  a  penny  roll  in  his  hand,  and 
one  dollar  in  his  purse.  Here  he  obtained 
employment  as  a  compositor,  and  having 
attracted  the  notice  of  Sir  William  Keith, 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  was  induced  by 
his  promises  to  visit  England,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  purchasing  types,  &c.,  to  establish 
himself  in  business.  TJpon  reaching  London, 
in  1725,  he  found  himself  entirely  deceived 
in  his  promised  letters  of  credit  and  recom- 
mendation from  governor  Keith  ;  and  being, 
as  before,  in  a  strange  place,  without  credit 


or  acquaintance,  he  went  to  work  once  more 
as  a  compositor.  While  he  was  in  London 
(a  period  of  about  eighteen  months)  he  be- 
came a  convert  to  deistical  opinions,  and 
wrote  a  "Dissertation  on  Liberty  and  Ne- 
cessity, Pleasure  and  Pain  ;"  wlierein  he 
endeavoured  to  show  that  tliere  was  no  dif- 
ference between  virtue  and  vice.  This  he 
afterwards  regarded  as  one  of  the  grand 
errors  of  his  life.  In  1726  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  ;  soon  after  which  he  entered 
into  business  as  a  printer  and  stationer  ; 
and  in  1728  he  established  a  newspaper. 
His  habitual  prudence,  combined  with  ac- 
tivity and  talents,  soon  raised  him  to  tlie 
rank  of  a  highly  respectable  tradesman  ; 
and,  chiefly  by  his  exertions,  a  public  li- 
brary, an  Insurance  company,  and  other 
useful  institutions  were  established  in  Plii- 
ladelphia.  In  1732,  he  published  his  "  Poor 
Richard's  Almanack  ;  "  which  became  noted 
for  the  concise  and  useful  maxims  on  in- 
dustry and  economy  with  which  it  was 
sprinkled.  In  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk 
to  tlie  general  assembly  at  Pennsylvania, 
and,  the  year  following,  post-master  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. In  the  French  war,  in  1744,  he 
proposed  and  carried  into  elfect  a  plan  of 
association  for  the  defence  of  that  province  ; 
whicli  merits  notice,  as  it  served  to  unfold  to 
America  the  secret  of  her  own  strength. 
About  the  same  time  he  commenced  his 
electrical  experiments,  making  several  dis- 
coveries in  that  branch  of  philosophy,  the 
principal  of  which  was  the  identity  of  the 
electrie  fire  and  lightning  ;  and  as  practical 
utility  was,  in  his  opinion,  the  ultimate 
object  of  all  philosophical  investigation,  he 
immediately  applied  his  discoveries  to  the 
invention  of  iron  conductors  for  the  pro- 
tection of  buildings  from  lightning.  In 
1747  he  was  chosen  a  representative  of  the 
general  assembly,  in  which  situation  he 
distinguished  himself  by  several  acts  of 
public  utility.  By  his  means  a  militia  bill 
was  passed,  and  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
the  Philadelphia  regiment.  In  1757  he  was 
sent  to  England  as  agent  for  Pennsylvania. 
At  this  time  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws  by  the  universities 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford. 
In  1762  he  returned  to  America  ;  but  two 
years  afterwards  he  again  visited  England, 
in  his  former  capacity,  as  agent ;  and  it  was 
at  this  period  that  he  was  examined  at  the 
House  of  Commons  concerning  the  stamp 
act.  In  1775  he  returned  home,  and  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  congress.  He  was 
very  active  in  the  contest  between  England 
and  tlie  colonies  ;  and  was  sent  to  France, 
where,  in  1778,  he  signed  a  treaty  of  alliance, 
offensive  and  defensive,  which  produced  a 
war  between  that  country  and  England.  In 
1783  he  signed  the  definite  treaty  of  peace, 
and  in  1785  returned  to  America,  where  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  supreme  coun- 
cil. He  died  in  1790.  Besides  his  political, 
miscellaneous,  and  philosophical  pieces,  he 
wrote  several  papers  in  the  American  Trans- 
actions, and  two  volumes  of  essays,  with  his 
life  prefixed,  written  by  himself.  He  was  a 
man  of  much  practical  wisdom,  possessing  a 
cool   temper    and   sound   judgment ;     and 


fra] 


^  ^cio  Sluiljcr^al  l3i0£n:ai>I)M. 


[frb 


though  never  inattentive  to  liis  own  interest, 
he  united  with  it  a  zealous  eolicitnde  for  ttie 
advancement  of  the  general  interests  of 
mankindi 

IRANKLIN,  Eleanor  Anne,  the  wife 
of  Captain  Franklin,  the  celebrated  navi- 
gator, but  known  as  an  authoress  as  Miss 
rordcn,  was  the  youngest  daughter  of  Mr. 
roiden,  an  architect  ;  and  born  in  1795.  In 
early  youth  she  exhibited  great  talent  and  a 
Btrong  memory,  and  acquired  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  other  languages. 
Her  ttrst  poem,  "  The  Veils,"  was  written 
when  she  was  seventeen.  Her  next  was 
"  The  Arctic  Expedition,"  wliich  led  to  her 
acquaintance  with  Captain  Franklin  ;  but 
her  principal  work  is  the  epic  of  "  Cceur  de 
Lion."  She  died  in  1»25,  a  few  days  after 
her  husband  had  sailed  from  England  on  his 
second  expedition. 

FBAUENliOFER,  Joseph  VON,  professor 
of  philosophy  in  the  Koyal  Bavarian  Aca- 
demy, was  the  son  of  a  glazier  at  Straubing, 
and  apprenticed  to  a  glass-cutter.  After 
struggling  with  many  difficulties,  he  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  theory  of  optics 
and  mathematics,  constructed  a  glass-cut- 
ting machine,  and  ground  optical  glasses. 
His  subsequent  discoveries  and  inventions  in 
optics,  the  excellence  of  the  telescopes  which 
he  manufactured,  and  his  "  Researches  con- 
cerning the  Laws  of  Light,"  printed  in  Gil- 
bert's Annals  of  Physics,  all  contributed  to 
establish  his  fame  ;  and  he  died  in  182(5,  after 
having  been  raised  to  deserved  celebrity  as  a 
man  of  science. 

FREDERIC  I.,  Bumamed  Barbarossa, 
emperor  of  Germany,  born  in  1121,  was  the 
son  of  Frederic,  duke  of  Suabia,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  Conrad  on  the  imperial 
throne  in  1152.  His  principal  efforts  were 
directed  to  extend  and  confirm  his  power  in 
Italy,  but  the  events  of  the  war,  which  lasted 
almost  twenty  years,  were  not  particularly 
favourable  for  him.  Saladin  having  retaken 
Jerusalem  from  the  Christians,  the  pope 
preached  a  new  crusade,  and  Frederic,  with 
an  immense  army,  undertook  it.  The  Greek 
emperor  had  secretly  entered  into  an  alli- 
ance with  Saladin,  and  attempted  to  pre- 
vent the  march  of  the  Germans  through  his 
dominions  ;  but  Frederic,  after  gaining  two 
great  battles,  penetrated  into  Syria,  where 
he  met  his  death  in  1190,  by  being  drowned 
while  bathing.  Independent  of  his  military 
prowess,  this  monarch  deserves  notice  for  his 
political  capacity  and  literary  talent. 

FREDERIC  II.,  the  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  son  of  Henry  VI.,  was  born  in 
1194  ;  elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  1190, 
and  emperor  in  1210,  in  opposition  to  Otho. 
He  afterwards  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  and 
concluded  a  truce  with  the  sultan  of  Baby- 
lon, which  so  provoked  pope  Gregory  IX. 
that  he  anathematised  him.  On  this,  Fre- 
deric returned  to  Europe  and  laid  siege  to 
Rome,  which  occasioned  the  famous  parties 
of  the  Guelphs  and  the  Ghibelines.  Gregory 
was  obliged  to  make  peace,  but  in  123ti  he 
again  excommunicated  Frederic,  and  the 
war  was  renewed,  which  proved  unsuccess- 
ful to  tlic  emperor.  He  was  brave,  bold, 
and  generous  ;  possessed  enlightened  views 
of  government ;  and,  for  the  age  in  which 

319 


he  lived,  was  highly  accomplished.  Died, 
1250. 

FREDERIC  -SVILLIAM,  generally  called 
the  sp-eat  elector,  was  born  in  l(i20,  and  at 
the  age  of  2U  years  succeeded  liis  father  as 
elector  of  Brandenburg.  He  is  considered 
as  the  founder  of  the  Prussian  greatness ; 
and  from  him  is  derived  much  of  that  mili- 
tary spirit  which  is  now  the  national  cha- 
racteristic. By  affording  protection  to  the 
French  Protestant  refugees,  he  gained,  as 
citizens  of  the  state,  20,000  industrious  manu- 
facturers, an  acquisition  of  no  slight  import- 
ance to  the  north  of  Germany  ;  and  he  also 
gave  great  encouragement  to  agricultural 
improvements.  He  founded  the  library  at 
Berlin,  and  a  university  at  Duisburg  ;  and 
at  his  death  he  left  to  his  son  a  country 
much  enlarged,  and  a  well  supplied  treasury. 
Died,  16H8,  aged  t)9. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM  I.,  king  of  Prus- 
sia, son  of  Irederic  I.,  and  father  of  Fre- 
deric the  Great,  was  bom  in  1088,  and  as- 
cended the  throne  in  17  Ui,  having  i)reviou8ly 
married  a  daughter  of  the  elector  of  Ha- 
nover, afterwards  George  I.  of  England. 
His  habits  were  entirely  military  ;  and  his 
constant  care  was  to  establish  tlie  strictest 
discipline  among  his  trooi)S.  But  he  had 
such  a  ridiculous  fondness  for  tall  soldiers, 
that,  in  order  to  fill  the  ranks  of  his  favour- 
ite regiment,  he  would  use  force  or  fraud, 
if  money  would  not  efl'ect  his  object,  iu 
order  to  obtain  the  tallest  men  in  Europe. 
Being  void  of  science  and  ornamental  litera- 
ture, he  treated  their  professors  with  every 
kind  of  discouragement.  He  was  rigorous 
in  his  punishments,  and  always  showed  an 
inclination  to  aggravate  rather  than  miti- 
gate them.  He  died  in  1740,  leaving  an 
abundant  treasury,  and  an  efficient  army  of 
Oe.WX)  men. 

FREDERIC  II.,  king  of  Prussia,  com- 
monly called  the  Great,  and  sometimes 
erroneously  styled  Frederic  III.,  was  born 
in  1712.  He  obtained  but  a  scanty  educa- 
tion, owing  to  his  father's  predilection  for 
military  discipline,  and  his  determination 
to  check  the  strong  inclination  which  he 
perceived  in  the  heir-apparent  to  cherish 
literature.  This  led  him,  in  1730,  to  at- 
tempt an  escape  from  Prussia ;  but  the 
scheme  being  discovered,  the  prince  was 
confined  in  the  castle  of  Custrin,  and  his 
young  companion,  Katte,  executed  before 
his  lace.  After  an  imprisonment  of  some 
months,  a  reconciliation  was  eft'ected  ;  and 
in  1733  he  married  the  Princess  of  Bruns- 
wick VVolfenbuttel,  in  obedience  to  his 
father's  command  ;  but  it  is  said  the  mar- 
riage was  never  consummated.  In  1740  he 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  and  it  was  not  long 
before  he  added  Lower  Silesia  to  his  do- 
minions. In  1744  he  took  Prague,  with  its 
garrison  of  10,000  men.  In  1745  he  de- 
feated the  Prince  of  Lorraine  at  Freidburgh, 
and  then  marched  into  Bohemia,  where  he 
defeated  an  Austrian  army.  Shortly  after 
he  took  Dresden,  laid  it  under  heavy  exac- 
tions, and  there  concluded  a  highly  favour- 
able peace.  During  the  ten  years  of  com- 
parative tranquillity  that  followed,  Fre- 
deric employed  himself  in  bringing  his 
troops  into  a  state  of  discipline  never  be- 


fre] 


^  i^elD  Unihn^aX  SStngrapIjn, 


[fre 


fore  equalled  in  any  age  or  country.  He 
also  encouraged  agriculture,  the  arts,  manu- 
factures, and  commerce,  reformed  the  laws, 
and  increased  the  reveniics  ;  thus  improving 
the  condition  of  the  state,  and  rendering  it 
more  than  a  match  for  foreign  enemies. 
Secret  information  of  an  alliance  between 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Saxony  gave  him 
reason  to  fear  an  attack,  which  he  hastened 
to  anticipate  by  the  invasion  of  Saxony, 
in  1756.  This  commenced  the  seven  years' 
war,  in  which  he  contended  single-handed 
against  the  united  force  of  Russia,  Saxony, 
Sweden,  France,  Austria,  and  the  great 
majority  of  the  other  German  states  ;  till 
at  length,  after  various  changes  of  fortune, 
he  was  left,  in  1763,  in  the  peaceful  posses- 
sion of  all  liis  paternal  and  acquired  domi- 
nions. He  now  entered  into  a  league  with 
his  former  enemies,  which  in  1772  was  ce- 
mented by  the  partition  of  Poland,  an  act 
which  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  denounced  by 
every  lover  of  freedom  and  national  secu- 
rity. The  remainder  of  his  life,  with  the 
exception  of  a  short  demonstration  of  hos- 
I  tility  towards  Austria,  which  was  termi- 
nated by  the  mediation  of  Russia,  was  passed 
in  the  tranquillity  of  literary  leisure,  and 
in  an  unreserved  intercourse  with  learned 
men  ;  among  wliom  Voltaire  and  Mauper- 
tuis  were  for  a  long  time  his  especial  fa- 
vourites. His  own  literary  attainments  were 
far  above  mediocrity,  as  may  be  seen  by 
his  "  History  of  his  own  Times,"  "  The 
History  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,"  "Con- 
siderations on  the  State  of  Europe,"  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  House  of  Brandenburgh," 
poems,  &c.  Frederic,  on  ascending  the 
throne,  found  in  his  states  a  population  of 
only  two  millions  and  a  quarter,  and  left  it 
with  six  millions,  a  result  to  which  nothing 
but  his  talents  as  a  general  and  a  legislator 
contributed.  His  talents,  his  armj',  and  his 
treasure  were  his  sole  means  of  govern- 
ment. His  habits  were  singularly  simple 
and  unostentatious  ;  he  rose  constantly  at 
five,  when  he  employed  himself  in  reading 
despatches  and  reports,  all  of  which  were 
addressed  to  himself  in  person,  and  to  each 
of  which  he  marked  an  answer  in  the 
margin,  consisting  generally  of  no  more 
than  a  single  word  ;  at  eleven  he  reviewed 
his  regiment,  and  dined  at  twelve  ;  the  re- 
mainder of  tlie  day  was  passed  in  literary 
pursuits,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  musical 
performances  ;  and  at  ten  he  invariably  re- 
tired to  rest.  He  was  an  avowed  sceptic  in 
matters  of  religion,  yet  he  encouraged  the 
observance  of  it  among  his  subjects  ;  and 
though  he  is  justly  chargeable  with  immo- 
derate ambition,  by  which  his  subjects  were 
continually  involved  in  war,  yet  his  vigor- 
ous understanding  and  undaunted  courage 
rendered  him  equal  to  Ixis  position  ;  while 
the  splendour  of  his  reign  endeared  him  to 
the  people,  and  they  willingly  accorded  to 
him  the  epithet  of  "the  Great."  He  died 
in  1786,  aged  75. 

FREDERICK- WILLIAM  III.,  king  of 
Prussia,  was  born  in  1770,  and  ascended  the 
throne,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1797. 
It  is  rather  the  province  of  history  than  of 
biography  to  describe  the  events,  important 
though  they  be,  which  distinguish  the  reign 


820 


of  a  monarch  :  we  shall  therefore  observe 
generally,  that  during  all  the  extraordinary 
vicissitudes  to  which  he  and  his  country 
were  subjected  by  the  successes  of  Napoleon, 
his  conduct  ensured  fbr  him  the  confidence 
of  his  army  and  the  regard  of  liis  subjects  ; 
though  an  impartial  biographer  feels  him- 
self called  on  to  state,  that  the  convulsions 
which  shook  the  Prussian  throne  to  its 
foundations  in  1848  may  in  no  small  de- 
gree be  traced  to  his  refusal  to  grant  those 
constitutional  privileges  which  Jiad  long 
been  promised  to  his  people,  and  which  they 
were  well  fitted  to  exercise.  Died,  June  7. 
1840. 

FREDERICK,  Colonel,  son  of  the  un- 
fortunate Theodore,  commonly  called  King 
of  Corsica,  of  whose  misfortunes  and  im- 
prudence he  partook.  He  obtained  the 
rank  of  cohmel,  with  the  cross  of  the  order 
of  merit,  from  the  Duke  of  Wirtemburg,  for 
whom  he  acted  as  agent  in  England.  Being 
greatly  reduced  in  circumstances,  he  shot 
himself  in  the  portal  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
in  1796.  He  wrote  "M^moires  pour  servir 
h  I'Histoire  de  Corse,"  a  "Description  of 
Corsica,"  &c. 

FREELING,  Sir  Francis,  bart.,  secre- 
tary to  the  general  post-oflSce,  was  born 
at  13ristol,  in  1764,  and  commenced  his  offi- 
cial career  in  the  post-office  of  that  city. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  new  system  of 
mail  coaches  by  Mr.  Palmer,  in  1785,  he 
was  selected  by  that  gentleman,  on  account 
of  his  superior  ability  and  intelligence,  to 
assist  him  in  carrying  his  improvements 
into  effect,  and  was  introduced  into  the 
general  post-office,  in  1787,  where  he  suc- 
cessively filled  the  offices  of  surveyor,  joint 
secretary,  and  sole  secretary,  for  nearly 
half  a  century.  The  luiremitted  attention 
which  he  bestowed  upon  the  duties  of  his 
office,  the  skill  with  which  he  managed  its 
most  difficult  transactions,  and  the  un- 
bounded confidence  which  he  enjoyed  both 
of  his  sovereign  and  the  highest  function- 
aries in  the  state,  together  with  his  unim- 
peachable character,  enabled  him  to  effect 
improvements  of  the  highest  importance 
and  value  to  the  interests  of  commerce  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  country.  The  honour 
of  a  baronetcy  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
1828,  and  was  the  spontaneous  act  of 
George  IV.,  from  whom,  as  well  as  from  his 
royal  father,  he  had  received  many  flatter- 
ing testimonials  of  approval.  Sir  Francis 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
and  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Roxburgh  Club.  He  died  July  10.  1836, 
aged  72. 

FREEMAN,  William  Peere  Williams, 
Admiral,  entered  the  service  in  1757,  and 
Was,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  the  senior 
officer  in  the  British  navy.  Though  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  American  war,  he 
was  not  employed  during  the  late  war  with 
France,  owing  to  his  political  principles 
being  opposed  to  those  of  the  Pitt  ministry  ; 
but  on  the  accession  of  William  IV.  to  the 
throne,  the  situation  of  admiral  of  the  fleet 
became  vacant,  and  his  majesty  appointed 
him  to  it.     He  died  in  1832,  aged  90. 

FREIND,  JoHx,  a  learned  physician  and 
writer  on  medical  science,  was  born  in  1675, 


pre] 


^  ^ctxj  Hnil) tribal  23i0gTajpl)S» 


[fri 


at  Croton,  in  Northamptonshire.  In  1703 
he  distinguished  himself  by  an  able  work 
on  diseases  peculiar  to  females,  which  raised 
him  to  eminence  as  a  physiologist.  Tlie 
next  year  lie  was  appointed  chemical  pro- 
fessor at  Oxford ;  and  in  1705  he  accom- 
panied the  Earl  of  Peterborough  in  his  ex- 
pedition to  Spain,  as  physician  to  the  army. 
On  his  return  in  1707  he  published  a  vindi- 
cation of  the  earl's  conduct  in  Spain,  which 
gained  him  considerable  reputation.  He 
tlien  obtained  his  diploma  of  M.D.,  and  in 
1709  publislied  his  "  I^ectures  on  Chemistry." 
In  1711  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  tlie 
Koyal  Society,  and  the  same  year  he  accom- 
panied the  DukeofOrmond  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  Flanders.  In  171(5  he  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
in  1722  he  was  brought  into  parliament  for 
Launceston.  The  year  following  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  being  con- 
cerned in  Atterbury's  plot,  but  was  soon 
released  on  bail.  While  in  confinement, 
he  wrote  an  epistle  to  his  friend  Dr.  Mead, 
"De  quibusdam  Variolarum  Generibus." 
He  also  formed  the  plan  of  his  greatest 
literary  undertaking,  which  he  afterwards 
published,  under  the  title  of  "The  History  of 
Physic,"  &c.  At  the  accession  of  George  II. 
he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  queen. 
Died,  1728.  —  Dr.  Rt)BEnT  Fkeind,  his  bro- 
ther, was  master  of  Westminster  Scliool,  and 
died  in  1754,  ased  83. 

FREINSHEM,  or  FREINSHEMIUS, 
John,  a  learned  German,  was  born  at  Ulm, 
in  1608,  and  became  professor  of  rhetoric 
in  the  university  of  Upsiil,  and  librarian  to 
queen  Christfna  of  Sweden  ;  but  returned 
to  Germany  in  consequence  of  ill  health, 
and  died  at  Heidelberg,  in  1G60.  He  showed 
himself  a  profound  scholar,  particularly  by 
his  celebrated  supplements  to  the  lost  books 
and  passages  of  Curtius  and  of  Livy. 

FREMINET,  Maktuv.  chief  painter  to 
Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIII.,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1.507,  and  died  in  1(J19. 

FRENICI.E  DE  BESSY,  Beuxard,  a 
French  mathematician,  celebrated  for  his 
skill  in  solving  mathematical  questions 
without  the  aid  of  algebra.  He  kept  his 
method  a  secret  during  his  life,  but  a  de- 
scription of  it  was  found  among  his  papers, 
and  is  called  the  method  of  exclusion.  Died, 
1675. 

FRERE,  Right  Hon.  John  Hookham,  a 
gentleman  distinguished  for  his  diplomatic 
talents,  was  born  in  1769,  and  was  educated 
at  Eton,  where,  in  conjunction  with  Can- 
ning, &c.,  he  appeared  as  one  of  the  youth- 
ful writers  of  the  Microcosm.  He  entered 
parliament  in  1796  as  member  for  West 
Looe ;  in  1799  succeeded  his  friend  Mr. 
Canning  as  under- secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs,  and  subsequently  filled  va- 
rious diplomatic  missions  in  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  Prussia.  Mr.  Frere  was  a  good  scholar, 
and  a  man  of  great  and  varied  talents  ; 
but  most  of  his  writings  were  of  a  fugitive 
kind,  and  have  not  been  published  in  a  col- 
lected for"i.  He  had  resided  at  Malta  many 
years,  and  there  he  died,  of  apoplexy,  Jan.  7. 
1840. 

FRERET,  Nicholas,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1688,  and  abandoned 


821 


his  profession  of  law  to  devote  himself  to  the 
study  of  history  and  chronology.  His  trea- 
tises and  controversies  on  these  subjects, 
among  others  with  Newton,  compose  a  great 
l>nrt  of  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  at  that 
time.  His  first  work,  "  On  the  Origin  of  the 
French,"  wounded  the  national  vanity  so 
deeply,  that  it  occasioned  his  imprisonment 
in  the  Bastile.     Died,  1749. 

FRERON,  Elie  Catiiekine,  a  French 
critic,  was  born  at  Quimper,  in  1719,  and 
was  originally  a  Jesuit,  but  quitted  the  so- 
ciety at  the  age  of  20.  In  174!)  he  com- 
menced his  "  Letters  on  certain  Writings  of 
the  Times,"  which  extended  to  13  vols. ; 
and,  as  he  freely  criticised  the  works  and 
actions  of  others,  it  procured  liim  some 
powerful  enemies,  among  whom  was  Vol- 
taire. He  then  began  his  "Aunte  Litt^- 
raire,"  which  he  continued  till  his  death, 
in  1776.  Resides  the  above  works,  he  wrote 
Miscellanies,  "  Les  Vrais  Plaisirs,"  "  Opus- 
cules," &c. 

FRERON,  Loris  Stanislaus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  one  of  the  most  violent  of 
the  French  revolutionists.  In  1789  he  com- 
menced an  incendiary  journal,  called 
"L'Orateur  du  Peuple,"  associated  him- 
self with  Marat,  and  was  guilty  of  many 
enormities  at  Toulon  and  elsewhere.  Born, 
17.^)7  ;  died,  1802. 

FRESNEL,  AVGUSTINE  JoiiN,  an  expe- 
rimental Irench  philosopher,  distinguished 
by  his  admirable  experiments  on  the  inflec- 
tion and  polarisation  of  light ;  was  born  at 
Broglie,  in  1788,  and  died  in  1827. 

FRESCOBALDI,  Gikolamo,  an  eminent 
musician  and  composer,  born  at  Ferrara,  in 
1601,  and  appointed  organist  at  St.  Peter's, 
Rome,  in  1624.  He  is  the  first  Italian  who 
composed  in  fugue  for  the  organ,  which  is 
a  German  invention  ;  and  is  considered  as 
the  father  of  that  species  of  organ  playing 
known  in  England  by  the  name  of  "  volun- 
taries." 

FRISCH,  John  Leonard,  a  German 
naturalist  and  divine,  was  born  in  Sulzbach, 
in  1666.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  silk 
manufactory  in  Brandenburg,  and  was  the 
flrot  who  cultivated  mulberry-trees  in  that 
country.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  German 
and  Latin  Dictionary,"  a  "Description  of 
German  Insects,"  &c.     Died,  1743. 

FRISCHLIN,  NicoDEMUs,  a  German 
writer,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
classical  attainments,  and  still  more  by  his 
poetical  satires.  He  was  born  at  Balingcn, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  in  1547  ;  stu- 
died at  the  university  of  Tubingen,  where  he 
obtained  a  professorship  at  20  years  uf  nge  ; 
and  wrote  a  critical  work,  entitled  "  Strigil 
Grummatica,"  which  involved  him  in  much 
angry  controversy.  Having  written  an 
abusive  letter  to  the  Duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
for  refusing  to  grant  him  some  pecuniary 
favour,  he  was  arrested,  and  sent  to  the 
prison  of  Aurach  ;  from  which  he  attempted 
to  escape,  but  fell  down  a  frightful  precipice, 
and  was  dashed  to  pieces.  This  hai)pened 
in  1590. 

FRISI,  Paul,  a  mathematician  and  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Milan,  in  1727  ;  ob- 
tained professorships  in  several  colleges ; 
and  ultimately  was  placed  by  the  govern- 


fro] 


^  ^c&)  mm'tjcrj^al  aSiosrajpTjj). 


[PRT 


ment  at  the  head  of  the  architectural  de- 
partment in  the  university  of  his  native  city. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  useful  treatises 
on  electricity,  astronomy,  hydraulics,  &c. 
Died,  1784. 

FROBENIUS,  or  FROBEN,  Johx,  a 
learned  printer,  was  born  at  Ilammelburg, 
in  Franconia,  in  14t;0.  He  established  a 
press  at  Basle,  at  wliich  Erasmus,  wJio  was 
his  intimate  friend,  and  lodged  in  his  house, 
had  all  his  works  printed.    Died,  1527. 

FROBISHER,  Sir  Martin,  a  celebrated 
English  navigator,  was  born  near  Doncaster, 
Yorkshire,  and  brought  up  to  a  maritime 
life.  The  discovery  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  the  Indies  excited  his  ambition  ;  and, 
after  many  fruitless  attempts  to  induce 
merchants  to  favour  his  project,  he  was 
enabled,  by  the  ministers  and  courtiers  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  to  fit  out  a  private  adven- 
ture, consisting  only  of  two  small  barks  and 
a  pinnace.  In  tliis  enterprise,  he  explored 
various  parts  of  the  arctic  coast,  and  en- 
tering the  strait  which  has  ever  since  been 
called  by  liis  name,  returned  to  England 
with  some  black  ore,  which  being  supposed 
to  contain  gold,  induced  queen  Elizabeth  to 
patronise  a  second,  and  even  a  third  voyage, 
but  all  of  them  proved  fruitless.  In  158,5, 
Frobisher  accompanied  Drake  to  the  West 
Indies  ;  and,  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,  was  honoured  with  knighthood  for 
his  bravery.  In  1590  and  1592,  he  com- 
manded squadrons  successfully  ag.ainst  the 
Spaniards  ;  and  in  1594,  being  sent  with 
four  sliips  of  war  to  the  assistance  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  he  was  wounded  in  attack- 
ing fort  Croyzan,  near  Brest,  and  died  on 
his  return  home. 

FROISSART,  John,  an  early  French 
chronicler  and  poet,  was  born  at  Valen- 
ciennes, in  1337.  He  was  originally  destined 
for  the  church  ;  but  liis  inclination  for 
poetry  was  soon  apparent,  and  was  accom- 
panied by  a  great  passion  for  the  fair  sex, 
and  a  fondness  for  feasts  and  gallantry.  In 
order  to  divert  liis  mind  from  the  chagrin 
attendant  on  an  unsuccessful  love-suit,  or, 
what  is  more  likely,  a  desire  to  learn  from 
their  own  mouths  the  achievements  of  his 
cotemporary  warriors,  induced  him  to  travel; 
and  he  visited  England,  where  he  was  kindly 
patronised  by  Philippa  of  Hainault,  queen 
of  Edward  III.,  whose  court  was  always 
open  to  the  gay  poet  and  narrator  of  chival- 
ric  deeds.  In  13t>6  he  accompanied  Edward 
the  Black  Prince  to  Aquitaine  and  Bour- 
deaux.  On  the  death  of  his  protectress, 
Philippa,  Froissart  gave  up  all  connection 
with  England  ;  and,  after  many  adventures 
as  a  diplomatist  and  soldier,  he  became 
domestic  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Brabant, 
who  was  a  poet  as  well  as  himself,  and  of 
whose  verses,  united  with  some  of  his  own, 
he  formed  a  kind  of  romance,  called  "  Me- 
liador."  On  the  duke's  death,  in  1384,  he 
entered  the  service  of  Guy,  count  of  Blois, 
who  induced  him  to  continue  his  chronicles. 
He  paid  another  visit  to  England  in  1395, 
and  was  introduced  to  Richard  II.,  but  on 
the  dethronement  of  this  prince  he  returned 
to  Flanders,  where  he  died,  in  1401.  His 
historical  writings  strikingly  exhibit  the 
character  and  manners  of  his  age,  and  are 


322 


highly  valuable  for  their  simplicity  and 
minuteness. 

FRONTINUS,  Sextus  Jrnus,  a  Roman 
autlior,  of  a  patrician  family.  He  was 
thrice  consul,  and  commanded  the  Roman 
army  in  England  as  pro-consul.  He  died 
in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  early  in  the  2nd 
century. 

FRONTO,  Marcus  Cornelius,  an  orator 
and  teacher  of  eloquence  at  Rome.  He  was 
a  native  of  Crete,  and  received  his  education 
at  Cirta,  a  Roman  colony  in  Numidia.  He 
lived  in  the  reigns  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and 
Lucius  Verus,  both  of  whom  he  instructed 
in  oratory,  and  the  former  in  ethics.  AH 
his  works,  except  a  few  grammatical  frag- 
ments, were  supposed  to  have  been  lost,  till 
so  lately  as  1815,  wlien  Angelo  Maio,  libra- 
rian of  the  Ambrose  library  at  Milan,  found 
several,  and  then  first  published  them.  A 
critical  edition  of  his  works,  by  Niebulir, 
was  published  in  1816. 

FRUGONI,  Charles  Innocent,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  poet,  born  at  Genoa,  in  1692. 
He  originally  belonged  to  one  of  the  mo- 
nastic orders,  but  obtained  leave  to  quit  it, 
settled  at  Parma,  {ind  was  appointed  court 
poet.  He  was  a  fertile  and  elegant  writer, 
and  his  works  include  almost  every  variety 
of  poetical  composition.    Died,  1768. 

FRUMENTIUS,  St.,  usually  called  the 
Apostle  of  Ethiopia,  was  a  native  of  Tyre, 
flourished  in  tlie  4th  century,  and  estab- 
lished numerous  churches  tliroughout  the 
empire. 

FRY,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  whose  active  ex- 
ertions and  pious  zeal  in  administering 
to  the  moral  and  spiritual  wants  of  the 
wretched  will  hand  down  her  name  to  pos- 
terity as  a  benefactor  of  mankind,  was  the 
wife  of  Joseph  Fry,  esq.,  of  Upton,  Essex, 
and  sister  to  Joseph  Gurney,  esq.,  of  Earl- 
ham  Hall, near  Norwich  ;  also  sister  to  Lady 
Buxton,  widow  of  Sir  Fowell  Buxton.  Mrs. 
Fry  has  been  emphatically  called  "  the 
female  Howard  ;  "  and  although  she  did  not 
confine  her  sphere  of  observation  to  the  un- 
happy inmates  of  the  prison  alone,  but  dis- 
pensed her  blessings  to  the  poor  and  helpless 
wherever  found,  her  main  object  through 
life  was  the  alleviation  of  the  sorrows  of  the 
captive.  "  She  took  the  gauge  of  misery,  not 
as  a  matter  of  curiosity  and  philosophical 
speculation,  but  with  the  hope  of  relieving  it. 
The  lips  that  had  been  seldom  opened  but 
to  blaspheme  their  Maker,  were  taught  to 
praise  him  ;  the  hands  hitherto  employed 
in  theft  were  employed  in  honest  labour. 
Infants,  in  a  doubly- lamented  sense,  born 
in  sin  and  bred  in  vice,  were  snatched  from 
a  destruction  which  had  appeared  inevitable, 
and  put  into  a  train  of  improvement.  The 
gloomy  mansion,  which  had  lately  been  a 
scene  of  horror  only  to  be  exceeded  by  those 
more  dreadful  future  mansions  to  which  it 
was  conducting  them,  changed  its  face.  The 
loathsome  prison,  which  had  witnessed  no- 
thing but  intoxication  and  idleness,  and 
heard  no  sounds  but  those  of  reviling  and  of 
imprecation,  gradually  became  a  scene  of 
comparative  decency,  sobriety,  and  order." 
Died,  Oct.  12.  1845,  aged  65. 

FRYE,  TuoMAS,  an  artist,  bom  in  Ire- 
land, in  1710.    He  ia  said  to  have  been  th« 


fry] 


^  ^tlo  mniiitv^Kl  3Bt0ffrai)lbS» 


[fug 


first  manufacturer  of  porcelain  in  England, 
but  the  heat  of  the  furnaces  having  injured 
his  health,  lie  adopted  the  profession  of  a 
portrait  painter  and  mezzotiuto  engraver. 
Died,  1762. 

FRYTH,  John,  a  martyr  to  the  Protest- 
ant religion,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He 
was  the  son  of  an  inn-keeper  at  Scvenoaks, 
in  Kent,  and  educated  in  King's  College, 
Cambridge.  Thence  he  removed  to  Oxford, 
where  he  became- acquainted  with  William 
Tyndale,  a  zealous  Lutheran,  who  converted 
him  to  Lutherauism.  Avowing  his  opinions 
publicly,  he  was  apprehended,  examined, 
and  coi'-flued  to  his  college.  After  under- 
going various  hardships,  he  was  apprehended 
for  making  proselytes,  and  sent  to  the  Tower. 
Refusing  to  recant,  he  waa  burnt  in  Smith- 
field.  July  4.  153a. 

FUCA,  Juan  de,  whose  real  name  was 
Apostolos  Valerianos,  was  a  native  of  Ce- 
phalonia,  and  died  at  Zante,  in  1632.  For 
upwards  of  forty  years  he  acted  as  a  pilot 
in  the  Spanish  American  possessions  ;  and, 
in  1592,  he  was  sent  i)y  the  viceroy  of  Mexico 
to  explore  the  west  coast  of  North  America 
for  an  inlet  which  might  lead  to  a  commu- 
nication with  the  Atlantic.  But  the  account 
of  his  discovery  was  mingled  with  such 
romantic  tales,  that  it  remained  disbelieved 
in  modem  times,  until  the  trading  vessels 
which  frequent  this  coast,  in  the  fur  trade, 
having  approached  the  shore  from  which 
Captain  Cook  had  been  driven  by  contrary 
winds,  discovered  the  inlet  mentioned  by 
De  Fuca  between  the  48th  and  49th  paral- 
lels. This  strait  was  thoroughly  explored 
by  Vancouver,  in  1792. 

FUCHS,  or  FUCHSIUS,  Leovaiid,  a  Ba- 
varian physician  and  botanist,  was  born  in 
1501,  at  VVembdingen,  and  educated  at  In- 
goldstadt.  He  settled  at  Tubingen,  where 
he  practised  for  35  years,  and  was  ennobled 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  Besides  works 
on  medicine  and  anatomy,  he  was  the  author 
of  "  Historia  Plantarum,"  and  his  name  has 
been  perpetuated  by  being  applied  to  a  genus 
of  plants,  of  which  the  scarlet  fuchsia  is  a 
well-known  species. 

FUCHS,  Theophilus,  a  German  poet, 
born  at  I^eppersdorf,  in  Upper  Saxony,  was 
the  son  of  a  poor  peasant,  whose  labours  he 
shared  till  he  was  18.  He  afterwards  stu- 
died theology  at  Leipsic,  became  a  country 
clergyman,  and  wrote  many  lyrical  pieces. 
Died  about  1810. 

FUENTES,  Don  Pedro  HEireiQnEZ 
d'Azevkdo,  Count  of,  a  Spanish  general  and 
statesman,  born  at  Valladolid,  in  1.560.  He 
served  his  first  campaign  in  Portugal,  under 
the  Duke  of  Alva,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself ;  as  he  also  did  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, under  Alexander  Farnese.  lie  was 
afterwards  sent  on  important  embassies  to 
foreign  courts.  In  the  reign  of  Philip  III. 
he  was  made  governor  of  Milan,  and  ren- 
dered himself  formidable  to  the  Italian 
states,  by  causing  them  to  feel  the  superi- 
ority of  the  Spanish  power.  In  1643,  when 
Spain  wished  to  take  advantage  of  the  death 
of  Louis  XIII.,  and  the  minority  of  his  suc- 
cessor, Fuentes,  then  82  years  of  age,  was 
sent  with  an  army  into  Champagne.  He 
laid  siege  to  Rocroy  ;   but  the  young  and 


brave  Duke  d'Enghien  (afterwards  the  great 
Conde)  attacked  the  besiegers  with  inferior 
forces,  and,  falling  with  his  cavalry  upon 
the  Spanisli  infantry,  destroyed  nearly  the 
whole  army.  The  old  general,  who  at  the 
time  was  severely  afflicted  with  the  gout, 
caused  himself  to  be  carried,  in  a  chair, 
into  the  midst  of  the  fight,  and  there  pe- 
rished by  the  sword. 

FUESSLI,  JoHx  Gaspard,  a  Swiss  artist, 
born  at  Zurich,  in  1706  ;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Artists  of  Switzerland,"  in  5 
vols.  &c.  He  died  in  1781,  leaving  three 
sons  : — RoPOLi'H,  afterwards  librarian  to  the 
emperor  of  Germany  ;  Henry,  the  eminent 
painter,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
FusELi  [which  see]  ;  and  Caspar,  a  skilful 
entomologist,  who  resided  at  Leipsic,  and 
published  several  works  on  his  iavourite 
science. 

FUGER,  Frederic  Henry,  an  eminent 
painter,  and  director  of  tlie  imperial  picture- 
gallery  in  Belvidere,  at  Vienna,  was  born  at 
Heilbron,  in  1751.  He  began  by  painting 
miniatures  while  a  mere  child;  but  as  he 
grew  up,  his  passion  for  historical  subjects 
led  him  to  emulate  the  great  masters  in  that 
branch  of  the  art.  In  1774  he  went  to 
Vienna,  and  w;is  sent  as  a  pensioner  to 
Rome  by  the  empress  Maria  Theresa.  After 
a  diligent  study  of  seven  years  there,  he 
went  to  Naples,  and  resided  two  years  in 
the  house  of  the  imperial  ambassador.  Count 
Von  Laml)erg.  where  he  had  a  fine  oppor- 
tunity of  exerting  his  talents.  On  his  return 
to  Vienna  in  1784,  he  was  appointed  vice- 
director  of  the  school  of  painting  and  sculj)- 
ture  at  Vienna.  He  painted  many  large 
portraits,  miniatures,  and  historical  pieces  ; 
some  of  which  are  highly  esteemed.  His 
"  St.  John  in  the  Wilderness,"  painted  for 
the  imperial  chapel,  in  1804,  is  a  master- 
piece, and  for  it  he  received  1000  ducats. 
Died,  1818. 

FUGGER.  The  name  of  a  rich  and  noble 
family,  whose  founder  was  John  Fugger,  a 
weaver,  residing  in  a  small  village  near  Augs- 
burg. His  eldest  son,  John,  likewise  a  weaver, 
obtained,  by  marriage,  the  rights  of  a  citizen 
of  Augsburg,  and  carried  on  a  linen  trade 
in  that  city,  then  an  important  commercial 
place.  He  died  in  1409.  His  eldest  son, 
Andrew,  acquired  such  great  wealth,  that 
he  was  called  the  rich  Fugyer.  He  died 
without  issue;  and  his  three  nephews,  Ulrich, 
George,  and  James,  married  ladies  of  noble 
families,  and  were  raised  to  the  rank  of 
nobles  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  Under 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  this  family  rose  to 
its  highest  splendour.  When  Cliarles  held 
the  memorable  diet  at  Augsburg,  in  1530, 
he  lived  for  a  year  and  a  day  in  Anthony 
Fugger's  splendid  house  near  the  wine 
market.  The  emperor  derived  considerable 
pecuniary  aid  from  him,  and  in  return  raised 
him  and  his  brother  Raimond  to  the  dignity 
of  counts  and  bannerets,  invested  them  with 
the  estates  of  Kirchberg  and  Weissenhom, 
and  granted  them  letters  giving  them 
princely  privileges,  and  the  right  of  coining 
money.  Anthony  left  at  his  death  6.000.000 
gold  crowns,  besides  jewels  and  other  valu- 
able property,  and  possessions  in  all  parts  of 
Europe  and  the  Indies.    It  was  of  him  that 


ful] 


^  ^ciB  Mm'facr^aX  2St0flrap!)». 


[ful 


the  emperor  Charles,  when  viewing  the 
royal  treasure  at  Paris,  exclaimed,  "  There 
is  at  Augsburg  a  linen  weaver,  who  could 
pay  as  much  as  this  with  his  own  gold." 
And  it  was  he  also  who  did  one  of  the  most 
graceful  and  princely  courtesies  on  record, 
as  the  following  anecdote  will  show  : — When 
Charles  V.  returned  from  Tunis,  and  paid 
Anthony  a  visit,  the  latter  produced  the  em- 
peror's bond  for  an  immense  sum  of  money 
with  which  he  had  supplied  him  ;  and  on  a 
fire  made  of  cinnamon  wood  which  had 
been  lighted  in  the  hall,  he  nobly,  though 
somewhat  ostentatiously,  made  a  burnt- 
oft'ering  of  it  to  his  imperial  visitor.  "  This 
noble  family,"  says  the  Mirror  of  Honour, 
"  contained,  in  live  branches  (1G19),  47  counts 
and  countesses,  and,  including  the  other 
members,  young  and  old,  about  as  many 
persons  as  the  year  has  days."  Even  while 
counts,  they  continued  to  pursue  commerce, 
and  their  wealth  became  such,  that,  in  !)4 
years,  they  bought  real  estate  to  the  amount 
of  941,«)0  florins,  and  in  1762  owned  2  coun- 
ties, 6  lordships,  and  57  other  estates,  besides 
their  houses  aud  lands  in  and  around  Augs- 
burg. They  had  collections  of  rich  treasures 
of  art  and  rare  books.  Painters  and  musi- 
cians were  supported,  and  the  arts  and 
sciences  were  liberally  patronised  by  them. 
Their  gardens  and  buildings  displayed  good 
taste,  and  they  entertained  their  guests  with 
regal  magnificence.  But  while  the  industry, 
the  prudence,  the  honours,  and  the  influence 
of  the  Fugger  family  is  mentioned,  we  ouglit 
also  to  state  that  these  were  equalled  only 
by  their  unbounded  charity  and  tlieir  zeal 
to  do  good.  In  acts  of  private  benevolence, 
and  in  the  foundation  of  hospitals,  schools, 
and  charitable  institutions,  they  were  un- 
rivalled. 

FTJLDA,  Charles  Frederic,  a  Protestant 
divine,  born  at  Wimpfen,  in  1722  ;  author  of 
several  learned  treatises,  viz.  "  On  the 
Goths,"  "  On  the  Cimbri,"  "  On  the  Ancient 
German  Mythology,"  &c.    Died,  1788. 

FULLER,  Thomas,  an  eminent  historian 
and  divine  of  the  church  of  England,  in  the 
17th  century,  was  born  at  Aldwinkle,  North- 
amptonshire, in  1008,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge.  His  first  clerical  ap- 
pointment was  that  of  minister  of  St.  Ben- 
net's  parish,  Cambridge,  where  he  acquired 
great  popularity  as  a  preacher.  He  was 
afterwards  collated  to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury 
Cathedral,  and  obtained  the  rectory  of  Broad 
Winsor,  Dorsetshire.  His  first  literary  pro- 
duction was  entitled  "David's  heinous  Sin, 
hearty  Repentance,  and  heavy  Punishment." 
In  1(540  he  published  his  "History  of  the 
Holy  War  ; "  soon  after  which  he  removed 
to  London,  and  was  chosen  lecturer  at  the 
Savoy  church,  in  the  Strand.  On  the  de- 
parture of  Charles  I.  from  London,  previously 
to  the  commencement  of  hostilities.  Fuller 
delivered  a  sermon  at  Westminster  Abbey, 
ou  the  anniversary  of  his  majesty's  inaugur- 
ation in  1642,  from  2  Samuel,  xix.  30 "  Yea, 

let  them  take  all,  so  that  my  lord  the  king 
return  in  peace  ;  "  which  greatly  offended  the 
popular  leaders  of  the  day,  and  endangered 
the  safety  of  the  preacher.  About  this  time 
he  published  his  "  Holy  State."  In  1643  he 
went  to  Oxford,  and  joined  the  king,  became 


chaplain  to  Sir  Ralph  Ilopton,  and  employed 
his  leisure  in  making  collections  relative  to 
English  history  and  antiquities.  In  1650 
appeared  his  "  Pisgah  Sight  of  Palestine," 
and  liis  "  Abel  Redivivus  ; "  but  it  was  not 
till  after  his  death  that  his  principal  literary 
work  was  published,  entitled  "  The  Wor- 
thies of  England"  —  a  production  valuable 
alike  for'the  solid  information  it  affords  re- 
lative to  the  provincial  history  of  the  country, 
and  for  the  profusion  of  biographical  anec- 
dote and  acute  observation  on  men  and 
manners.  In  1648,  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Waltham,  in  Essex,  which  in  1658  he  quitted 
for  that  of  Cranford,  in  Middlesex  ;  and  at 
the  Restoration  he  was  reinstated  in  his 
prebend  of  Salisbury,  of  which  he  had  been 
deprived  by  the  parliamentarians.  He  was 
also  made  D.  D.  and  chaplain  to  the  king. 
Dr.  Fuller's  writings  possess  much  learning, 
wit,  and  humour,  with  an  elaborate  display 
of  quaint  conceit — a  quality  highly  esteemed 
at  the  time  he  wrote,  aud  one  which  appears 
quite  natural  to  him.  Many  extraordinary 
stories  are  told  respecting  his  prodigiously 
retentive  memory,  which  we  omit ;  but  the 
following  punning  anecdote,  old  as  it  is,  and 
tliough  not  strictly  biographical,  we  take  the 
liberty  of  here  introducing.  The  "  worthy  " 
Dr.  Fuller  was,  it  seems,  an  inveterate  pun- 
ster ;  but  once  attempting  to  play  off  a  joke 
upon  a  gentleman  named  Sparrowhawk,  he 
met  with  the  following  retort  :  — "  What  is 
the  difference,"  said  the  Dr.  (who  was  very 
corpulent),  "  between  an  owl  and  a  sparrow- 
hawk  ?  "  "  It  is,"  replied  the  other,  "  fuller 
in  the  head,  fuller  in  the  body,  and  fuller  all 
over." 

FULLER,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister,  and  secretary  to  the  Baptist  Mis- 
sionary Society,  was  born  at  Wicken,  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, in  1754.  His  father  was  a  small 
farmer,  who  gave  his  son  the  rudiments  of 
education  at  tlie  free  school  of  Soham  ;  aud 
though  principally  engaged  in  the  labours  of 
husbandry  till  he  was  of  age,  yet  he  studied 
so  diligently,  that  in  1775  he  became,  on 
invitation,  the  pastor  of  a  congregation,  first 
at  Soham,  and  afterwards  at  Kettering.  In 
the  establishment  of  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Society,  by  Dr.  Carey  and  others,  Mr.  Fuller 
exerted  himself  with  great  energy,  and  the 
whole  of  his  future  life  was  identified  with 
its  labours.  He  was  also  an  able  controver- 
sialist. His  principal  works  are,  a  treatise 
"  On  the  Calvinistic  and  Socinian  Systems 
compared  as  to  their  Moral  Tendency,"  "  So- 
cinianism  Indefensible,"  "  The  Gospel  its 
own  Witness,"  "  Discourses  ou  the  Book  of 
Genesis,"  &c.    Died,  1815. 

FULTON,  Robert,  an  American  engineer 
and  projector,  of  considerable  celebrity,  was 
born  in  Little  Britain,  Pennsylvania,  in  1765. 
Having  acquired  some  knowledge  of  portrait 
and  landscape  painting,  he  came  to  England, 
and  studied  under  his  distinguished  country- 
man. West,  witli  whom  he  continued  an  in- 
mate several  years  ;  and,  after  quitting  him, 
he  made  painting  his  chief  employment  for 
some  time.  He  afterwards  formed  an  ac- 
quaintance with  another  fellow-countryman, 
named  Rumsey,  who  was  well-skilled  in 
mechanics,  and  hence  he  ultimately  adopted 
the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer.    He  also 


1 


fun] 


^  ^fiu  Unihtv^al  %iatp:K^\)ij, 


[fus 


became  acquainted  with  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water,  8o  famous  for  his  canals,  and  with 
Earl  Stanhope,  a  nobleman  celebrated  for  his 
attachment  to  the  mechanic  arts.  In  170(5, 
he  published  a  treatise  on  "  Inland  Naviga- 
tion ; "  and  after  making  public  some  clever 
inventions  and  useful  contrivances,  in  spin- 
nin;?,  sawing,  &c.  Mr.  Fulton  went,  in  17'J7, 
to  Paris,  where  he  lived  seven  years,  and 
studied  the  higher  mathematics,  physics, 
chemistry,  and  perspective.  It  was  there,  in 
18(K),  that  he  projected  the  first  panorama  ever 
exhibited ;  and  there  also  that  he  perfected 
the  plan  for  his  submarine  boat,  or  torpedo. 
Returning  to  America  in  1800,  he  imme- 
diately engaged  in  building  a  steam-boat,  of 
what  was  then  deemed  very  considerable  di- 
mensions, and  which  began  to  navigate  the 
Hudson  river  in  1807,  its  progress  tlirough 
the  water  being  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an 
hour.  He  had  meditated  on  this  experiment 
since  1793,  and  was  the  first  who  applied 
water-wheels  to  the  purpose  of  steam-navi- 
gation; and  though  he  claimed  the  invention, 
lie  certainly  was  not  the  real  inventor — tliat 
credit  being  due  to  Mr.  Miller,  of  Dalswinton, 
Dumfries-shire.  [See  the  Scots  Magazine, 
for  Nov.  1788.]  It  is  said  that  vexation  at 
being  denied  the  merit  of  this  discovery,  and 
prevented  from  deriving  the  whole  benefit 
of  it,  preyed  on  his  mind,  and  hastened  liis 
death. 

FUNES,  Gregorio,  a  patriot  of  La  Plata, 
in  South  America.  He  was  dean  of  the  ca- 
thedral church  of  Cordova,  in  which  station 
he  employed  all  his  influence  in  support  of 
the  revolution.  In  1810  he  was  sent  as  a 
deputy  from  Cordova  to  the  congress  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  on  various  subsequent 
occasions  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
political  transactions  of  his  country,  lie 
was  also  distinguished  as  an  historical  writer, 
especially  by  his  "  Essays  de  la  Historia  Civil 
del  Paraguay,  Buenos  Ayres,  y  Tucumau." 
Died,  1829. 

FURETIERE,  Axtiioxy,  abbot  of  Cha- 
livoy,  was  a  French  philologist,  born  in  1620. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  various  literary 
productions,  and  was  a  member  of  the  French 
academy,  but  was  expelled  from  it  on  a 
charge  of  having  pillaged  the  unpublished 
lexicographical  labours  of  his  colleagues  to 
enrich  a  dictionary  of  his  own  ;  and  his  ex- 
pulsion gave  rise  to  a  virulent  paper  war 
between  him  and  his  former  associates.  Be- 
sides this  "Dictionary,"  which  served  as  the 
basis  of  the  "  Dictiunnaire  de  Trevoux,"  he 
published"  Gospel  Parables,"  "  Five  Satires," 
"  I^  Roman  Bourgeois,"  &c.    Died,  1083. 

FURIETTI,  Joseph  Alexaxdeu,  a  car- 
dinal, born  at  Bergamo,  in  1085  ;  author  of 
a  treatise  on  the  mosaic  art  of  painting. 
Died,  1704. 

FUIIIUS,  Frederic,  sumamed  Coriola- 
nus,  was  a  learned  Spaniard,  whom  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  sent  into  the  Netherlands, 
and  placed  with  his  son  Philip,  who  made 
him  his  historian,  and  with  whom  he  re- 
mained during  his  life.  He  wrote  some  es- 
teemed works,  and  died  in  1592. 

FURNEAUX,  PiiiLir,  a  Nonconformist 
divine,  born  at  Totuess,  Devon,  in  1726.  In 
17.>5  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  congre- 
gation at  Clapliom,  where  he  continued  till 

325 


1777,  when  he  retired  in  consequence  of  an 
illness,  which  ended  in  mental  derangement, 
and  he  died  in  1783.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  An  Essay  on  Toleration." 

FURST,  Walter,  was  a  native  of  Altorf, 
Switzerland,  by  whose  means,  aided  by  the 
heroic  William  Tell  and  Arnold  of  Melcthal, 
the  liberty  of  liis  country  was  established,  in 
1307. 

FURSTEMBERG,  Ferdinand  de,,  an 
eminent  prelate,  born  at  Bilstern,  in  West- 
phalia, in  1(!20.  He  was  raised  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Paderbom  in  1061,  by  pope  Alexander 
VII.,  who  afterwards  made  him  apostolical 
vicar  of  all  the  north  of  Europe.  He  collected 
a  number  of  MSS.  and  other  monuments  of 
antiquity,  and  published  them  under  the  title 
of  "  Monumenta  Paderbornensia  : "  he  also 
published  a  valuable  collection  of  Latin 
poems.    Died,  1083. 

FUTRADO,  Abraham,  a  French  Jew, 
who  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of 
the  Sanhedrim,  convoked  by  Buonaparte  in 
1808,  at  Paris.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
is  said  to  have  possessed  great  eloquence. 
Bom.  17.'')9  ;  died,  1817. 

FUSELI,  Henry,  or  FUESSLI,  the  more 
correct  way  of  spelling  the  family  name,  was 
the  second  son  of  Gaspard  Fuessli,  and  born 
at  Zurich,  about  1739.  He  was  originally  in- 
tended for  the  church  ;  but  he  had  employed 
Itimself,  while  under  his  father's  roof,  in 
making  copies  from  the  works  of  Michael 
Angelo  and  Raphael,  and  this  had  inspired 
him  with  an  insurmountable  desire  to  devote 
himself  to  the  profession.  While  at  the 
Humanity  College,  in  Zurich,  he  formed  an 
intimate  friendship  with  the  celebrated  La- 
va ter,  and  became  enamoured  with  literature. 
He  studied  English,  read  the  be.^t  authors  in 
that  language,  and  translated  the  tragedy  of 
Macbeth  into  German.  In  1703,  Fuseli  came 
to  England  ;  he  was  then  in  his  22nd  year  ; 
and  on  his  showing  his  specimens  of  painting 
to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  the  latter  expressed 
himself  in  terms  of  high  commendation,  and 
advised  him  to  go  to  Rome.  This  he  did  ; 
and  after  eight  years  spent  in  studying  the 
Italian  masters,  he  returned  to  England. 
Having  suggested  to  Alderman  Boydell  tlic 
idea  of  forming  his  "  Shakspeare  Gallery," 
for  which  he  painted  eight  of  his  best  pic- 
tures, that  splendid  design  was  accordingly 
executed.  In  1790,  Fuseli  became  a  royal 
academician;  and  during  the  next  nine  years 
he  painted  a  series  of  47  pictures,  afterwards 
exhibited  as  the  "  Milton  Gallery."  In  1799 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  painting,  and,  j 
in  1804,  keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Fu- 
seli was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  his  most  eminent  literary 
cotcmporaries.  His  imagination  was  lofty 
and  exuberant ;  but,  in  aspiring  to  the  sub-  I 
lime,  which  he  often  reached,  he  occasionally  j 
fell  into  extravagance  and  distortion.  His 
anatomical  knowledge  was  extensive  ;  and  ! 
so  predominant  is  it  in  some  of  his  paintings,  | 
that  while  admiring  the  grandeur  of  his  con-  | 
ceptions,  the  thoughts  of  the  spectator  are 
involuntarily  carried  to  the  dissecting-room. 
Fuseli  experienced  the  unchanged  attach- 
ment of  the  late  Mr.  Coutts,  the  banker,  who 
was  on  all  occasions  his  sincere  and  generous 
friend ;  and  the  artist  was  on  a  visit  to  Lady 


res] 


^  !Jl?c&)  2Entbtr^aI  23totjr«P^S. 


[gad 


Guildford,  when  he  was  seized  with  his  short, 
but  fatal  illness ;  and  he  died  at  lier  house, 
Putney  Hill,  on  the  16th  of  April,  1825.  in 
the  84th  year  of  his  age. 

I'USS,  Nicholas  xo's,  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher, 
born  at  Basle,  in  175.5.  He  first  studied 
under  Bernouilli,  then  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  the  university  of  that  place,  who 
procured  him  a  situation,  when  he  was  17, 
with  his  friend,  the  celebrated  Euler,  at  St. 
Petersburgh,  who  wished  to  obtain  a  young 
man  of  talent  in  the  prosecution  of  his  phi- 
losophical inquiries.  Here  he  soon  obtained 
distinction  and  preferment.  In  1770  he  was 
appointed  adjunct  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
for  the  higher  mathematics.  In  1784,  Ca- 
tharine II.  gave  him  a  professorship  in  the 
corps  of  noble  land  cadets  ;  and  in  1792  he 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  free  econo- 
mical society.  In  1800  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  a  counsellor  of  state  ;  in  1805  he 
was  constituted  one  of  the  council  for  the 
organisation  of  military  schools  ;  and,  con- 
tinuing to  advance  tiie  interests  of  science  in 
the  various  honourable  stations  to  which  he 
was  promoted,  he  was  rewarded  with  the 
order  of  Vladimir  and  a  pension.  He  was  a 
regular  contributor  to  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Petersburgh  during 
a  period  of  50  years,  and  published  various 
works,  chiefly  on  mathematics  and  astro- 
nomy.   Died,  1826. 


rUX,  John  JosEre,  a  celebrated  musical 
composer  during  the  reigns  of  the  emperors 
Leopold  I.,  Joseph  I.,  and  Charles  VI.,  was 
born  in  Styria,  about  the  year  1660,  and  held 
the  office  of  imperial  chapel-master  for  about 
40  years.  He  composed  several  operas,  and 
had  great  influence  on  the  musical  taste  of 
his  time.  His  Musical  Gradus  and  some  of 
his  sacred  pieces  are  still  highly  esteemed. 
Died,  UM. 

FUZELIER,  Louis,  a  French  dramatic 
poet  ;  born,  1672  ;  died,  1752.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  operas,  light  comedies,  and  other 
theatrical  piece.^,  some  of  which  are  still 
occasionallv  performed. 

FYOT  DE  LA  MARCHE,  Claitde,  Count 
de  Bosjan,  nlmoner  to  Louis  XIV.,  and  an 
honorary  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Dijon,  was  born  in  1630,  and  died  in  1721. 
lie  was  abbot  of  the  collegiate  church  of 
St.  Stephen,  at  Dijon,  of  which  abbey  he 
wrote  a  history,  and  founded  and  endowed  a 
seminary  for  the  education  of  young  ecclesi- 
astics there. 

FYT,  Joiix,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp,  iu  1625.  His  pencil  was  so  prolific, 
that  almost  every  important  collection  of 
paintings  has  some  of  his  productions.  His  [ 
subjects  are  chiefly  game,  beasts,  birds,  fruit,  j 
and  flowers  ;  and  they  are  remarkable  for 
their  fidelity  to  nature  in  the  drawing,  and 
for  their  rich  and  glowing  colours.  The  year 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 


G. 


G ABBI ANI,  AxTONY  Domimc,  an  Italian 
painter ;  born  at  Florence  in  1652,  and  ac- 
cidentally killed  by  falling  from  a  scatt"old, 
while  employed  in  painting  the  large  cupola 
of  Castello,  in  1726. 

GABRIEL,  Severus,  a  Greek  bishop  in 
the  16th  century,  born  at  Monembasia  in  the 
Peloponnesus.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Philadelphia,  and  was  afterwards  bishop 
of  the  Greek  church  at  Venice. 

GABRIEL,  SiosiT.4,  a  learned  Maronite, 
and  professor  of  the  Oriental  languages  at 
Rome  and  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1648.  He 
assisted  Le  Jay  in  his  Polyglot  Bible,  and 
published  a  translation  of  the  Arabic  geo- 
graphy, with  the  title  of  "  Geographia  Nu- 
biensis." 

GABRIELLI,  Julio,  a  Catholic  prelate 
and  a  cardinal,  who  held  the  office  of  pro- 
secretary  of  the  holy  see,  during  the  period 
of  discussion  between  the  pope  and  Buona- 
parte, and  was  driven  into  exile  by  the  latter. 
He  returned  to  Rome  in  1814,  and  attained 
his  74th  year,  dying  in  1822.  An  interesting 
account  of  the  proceedings,  which  were  con- 
ducted by  Cardinal  Gabrielli,  are  to  be  found 
in  "  Correspondance  authentique  de  la  Cour 
de  Rome  avec  la  France." 

GACON,  Francis,  a  French  satirist,  who 
wrote  against  Eossuet,  Rousseau,  and  Le 
Motte.  He  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1666,  and 
became  a  priest  of  the  Oratory  ;  gained  the 


prize  for  poetry  of  the  academy  in  1717,  and 
died  at  his  priory  of  Baillon  in  172.5. 

GADBURY,  John,  an  astrologer,  who,  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  attracted 
considerable  notice.  He  was  originally  a 
tailor ;  afterwards  became  an  assistant  to 
Lilly  the  fortune-teller  (the  Sidrophel  of 
Butler)  ;  and,  like  his  master,  he  published 
astrological  almanacs  and  other  works  of  a 
similar  description.  He  was  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic, and  having  made  some  ambiguous 
remarks  iu  his  almanacs,  he  was  taken  up 
as  an  accomplice  of  Titus  Oates,  but  after- 
wards liberated.  He  is  said  to  have  perished 
by  shipwreck,  iu  a  voyage  to  Jamaica. 

GADD,  Peter  Adrian,  a  Swedish  chem- 
ist and  natural  philosopher  ;  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  university  of  Abo,  in 
Finland.  He  wrote  several  treatises  on 
geology,  &c. ;  and  died  about  the  end  of  the 
18th  century. 

GADDESDEN,  John  of,  an  English  phy- 
sician of  high  repute  in  the  14th  century. 
He  was  appointed  physician  to  Edward  III., 
and  was  the  first  Englishman  that  held  that 
oflSce.  He  wrote  a  work  on  the  practice  of 
physic,  entitled  "  Rosa  Anglica,"  which  is 
replete  with  absurdities  and  superstitious 
ceremonies,  proving  how  low  medical  science 
in  this  country  must  have  been  at  tliat  time  ; 
yet  it  appears  he  was  acquainted  with  the 
mode  of  procuring  fresh  water  from  salt  by 


gae] 


^  iSit\3i  l^nibtv^Kl  38fosrap]^», 


[OAL 


distillation  ;  a  process  supposed  to  have  been 
a  modem  discovery. 

GAELEN,  Alexander  vatt,  a  Dutch 
painter,  was  born  in  1C70,  and  died  in  1728. 
lie  settled  in  London,  and  painted  some 
battle  pieces,  particularly  one  of  the  Boyne. 
GAEKTNER,  JosiiPU,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man naturalist,  was  born  at  Calu,  in  Suabia, 
in  1732.  Ilaving  graduated  in  the  uuivtrsity 
of  Gottingen,  he  travelled  through  a  great 
part  of  Europe  in  the  pursuit  of  his  botanical 
studies.  In  1759  he  went  to  Leyden,  where 
he  attended  the  botanical  lectures,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  vegetable  anatomy.  With 
this  view  he  visited  England,  and  commu- 
nicated some  interesting  papers  to  the  Plxi- 
losophical  Transactions.  In  17C8  he  went 
to  Petersburgh,  and  was  appointed  professor 
of  botany  and  natural  Iiistory.  After  fllling 
that  place  with  great  credit,  and  exploring 
the  Ukraine  for  botanical  discoveries,  he 
returned  to  liis  native  place  in  1770.  Died, 
1791. 

GAFFARELLI,  James,  a  French  vriteT, 
who  applied  himself  to  tlie  study  of  the  lie- 
brew  language  and  rabbinical  learning,  was 
born  at  Maunes,  in  Provence,  about  1001. 
lie  adopted  the  doctrines  of  the  Cabala,  in 
defence  of  which  he  wrote  a  quarto  volume 
in  Latin.  He  became  librarian  to  Cardinal 
llichelieu,  who  gave  him  several  preferments, 
lie  died  at  Sigonce,  of  which  place  he  waa 
then  abbot,  in  16«i.  Besides  the  above,  he 
wrote  a  book,  entitled  "  Unheard-of  Curi- 
osities concerning  the  Talismanic  Sculpture 
of  the  Persians,  the  Horoscope  of  the  Patri- 
archs, and  the  Reading  of  the  Stars." 

GAFURIO,  Franchixo,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian composer  and  professor  of  music,  was 
born  at  Lodi  in  1451.  He  was  in  orders,  and 
l)ecame  head  of  the  choir  in  the  cathedral  of 
Milan,  where  also  he  was  appointed  musical 
professor.  lie  died  about  1520.  His  works 
are,  "  Theoricum  Opus  Musicae  Disciplinae," 
"Practica  Musicaj  utriusque  Cantus,"  "  An- 
gelicum  et  Divinum  Opus  Musicae,"  "  De 
Harmonica  Musicorum  Instrumentorum," 
&c.  UU  works  were  highly  esteemed  at  the 
time,  and  his  rules  generally  adopted. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who, 
travelling  into  Spain,  assumed  the  tonsure  in 
a  convent  of  Dominican  monks,  whence  he 
was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  the  Philippines, 
in  l(j2.5.  lie  contrived  to  amass  a  good  pro- 
perty during  his  journey  ;  and  on  his  return 
to  Europe,  he  settled  in  England,  abjured  the 
Romish  religion,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
Deal,  in  Kent.  In  1(551  he  published  "A 
Survey  of  the  West  Indies." 

GAGER,  William,  a  dramatist  of  the 
16th  century,  and  vicar- general  to  the  dio- 
cese of  Ely.  His  dramatic  works  are  written 
in  Latin. 

GAGNIER,  Joiix,  a  celebrated  orientalist, 
was  a  native  of  Paris.  He  was  bred  a  Ro- 
man Catholic,  entered  into  holy  orders,  and 
became  a  canon  in  the  church  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve ;  but  turned  Protestant  and  settled  in 
England.  He  was  patronised  by  Archbishop 
Sharp  and  many  other  eminent  persons,  and 
received  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  Cambridge 
and  Oxford.  In  170(5  he  published  an  edition 
of  Ben  Gorion's  History  of  the  Jews,  in  He- 
brew, with  a  Latin  translation  and  notes. 


In  1723  he  edited  Abulfeda's  Life  of  Mo- 
hammed, in  Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation 
and  notes,  folio.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Wallis 
in  the  Arabic  professorship  at  Oxford ;  and 
died  in  1740. 

GAILLARD  de  LonjumeatJ,  bishop  of 
Apt,  in  Provence,  was  the  first  who  pro- 
jected a  universal  historical  dictionary,  and 
employed  Moreri,  who  was  his  almoner,  to 
execute  the  work.    Died,  IfiOS. 

GAILLARD,  Gabriel  Hknry,  a  French 
historian,  born  at  Ostel,  near  Soissons,  in 
1728,  and  died  in  1806.  He  was  the  author 
of"  Histoire  de  Charlemagne,"  "  Rhdtorique 
Fran^oise,"  "  Histoire  de  Francis  I.,"  and 
many  other  works  of  a  similar  character. 

GAILLARD,  Joii.v  Ernest,  a  musical 
composer  of  considerable  merit,  was  born  at 
Zell,  in  1087,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Farinclli. 
He  came  over  to  England  with  George, 
prince  of  Denmark,  the  husband  of  queen 
Anne,  qnd  was  appointed  chapel-master  to 
the  queen  dowager.  At  that  time  the  whole 
musical  world  was  occupied  with  the  rivalry 
between  Handel  and  Buononcini,  and  Gail- 
lard  was  glad  to  enter  into  an  agreement 
with  Rich,  the  manager  of  the  theatre  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  to  compose  the  music 
for  his  operatic  and  pantomimic  entertain- 
ments, some  of  which  were  very  popular. 
Died,  1749. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
landscape  painter,  waa  born  at  Sudbury,  in 
Sutfolk,  in  1737.  He  was  self-taught,  and 
used  to  entertain  himself  by  drawing  land- 
scapes from  nature,  in  the  woods  of  his  native 
county.  From  Sudbury  he  came  to  London, 
and  commenced  portrait  painter,  in  which 
line  he  acquired  great  eminence.  His  chief 
excellence,  however,  was  in  landscape,  in 
wliich  he  united  the  brilliancy  of  Claude 
with  the  precision  and  simplicity  of  Ruys- 
dael.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  who  bestowed  on  him  a  high  but 
well-merited  compliment  in  one  of  his  aca- 
demical discourses.    Died,  1788. 

GALAS,  Matthew,  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  his  time,  was  bom  at  Trent  in 
1589.  He  served  in  Italy  and  Germany,  and 
rendered  eminent  services  to  the  emperor 
Frederic  II.  and  Philip  IV.  king  of  Spain. 
He  was  deprived  of  the  command,  after  being 
defeated  by  the  Swedes  near  Magdeburg,  but 
was  restored,  and  died  at  Vienna  in  1047. 

GALATEO,  Antonio,  a  learned  phy- 
sician, was  descended  from  a  Greek  family, 
and  born,  in  1444,  at  Galatino,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Otranto.  He  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  the  king  of  Naples,  and  died  at 
Leece,  in  his  native  province,  in  1510.  He 
wrote  "De  Situ  lapygiae,"  "De  Situ  Ele- 
mentorum,"  "  De  Situ  Terrarum,"  "  Dc  Marl 
et  Aquis,"  &c. 

GALATIN,  Peter,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
who  flourished  about  1530.  He  wrote  "De 
Arcanis  Catholicaa  Veritatis,"  a  work  of 
considerable  reputation. 

GALBA,  Sekvius  SuLncius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  was  descended  from  the  ancient 
family  of  Sulpicii.  He  was  successively 
praetor,  proconsul  of  Africa,  and  general  of 
the  Roman  armies  in  Germany  and  Spain. 
He  retired  to  avoid  the  jealousy  of  Nero  j 
but  the  tyrant  having  issued  an  order  for  his 


V» 


gal] 


^  ^ctn  Winibtr^aX  23tagrajjTj». 


[gal  '' 


death,  Galba  revolted  against  the  emperor  ; 
and  Gaul  declaring  for  him,  Nero  put  a 
period  to  his  own  existence.  Galba  gave 
himself  up  to  the  government  of  3  obscure 
men,  whom  the  Komans  called  his  school- 
masters ;  and  he  was  slain  by  the  prtEtorian 
band,  who  proclaimed  Otho  in  his  stead, 
A.  D.  09. 

GALE,  John,  an  eminent  Baptist  divine, 
was  born  in  I^ondon,  in  1C80.  At  the  age  of 
17  he  was  sent  to  Leydeu,  where  he  received 
the  degrees  of  master  of  arts  and  doctor  of 
philosoi)hy.  The  History  of  Infant  Baptism 
by  Mr.  Wall,  published  in  1705,  attracting 
his  notice,  he  wrote  a  reply  to  it ;  which, 
however,  did  not  appear  till  1711.  About 
this  time  he  was  chosen  minister  of  the 
Baptist  congregation  in  Barbican,  where  he 
continued  till  his  death,  in  1721.  His  ser- 
mons, in  4  volumes,  were  subsequently  pub- 
lished. 

GALE,  Theopiiilus,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist divine,  was  born,  in  1628,  at  King's 
Teignton,  in  Devonshire,  and  in  1(547  entered 
as  a  student  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
He  commenced  as  a  preacher  at  Winchester 
to  a  congregation  of  Independents,  from 
which  lie  was  ejected  in  consequence  of  tlie 
act  of  uniformity,  in  lOGl.  He  then  became 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  Lord  Wharton,  with 
whom  he  went  to  Caen  in  Normandy.  In 
1665  he  returned  to  England,  and  was  pastor 
of  a  dissenting  congregation,  and  master  of 
a  seminary  at  Newington.  He  died  in  1078. 
He  wrote  many  works,  the  principal  of 
which  is  his  "  Court  of  tlie  Gentiles,"  3  vols. 
4to. !  in  which  he  proves  that  the  theology 
and  philosophy  of  the  pagans  were  borrowed 
from  the  scriptures. 

GALE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
was  born  in  1630  at  Scruton,  in  Yorkshire. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  elected  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow.  In  1600  he  was 
chosen  Greek  professor,  and  in  1672  master 
of  St.  Paul's  School.  In  1697  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  deanery  of  York,  where  he  died 
in  1702.  He  published  a  collection  of  tlie 
Greek  Mythologists,  "  Historise  Poeticae 
antiqui  Scriptores  GrjEcae  et  Latinos,"  "  lle- 
rodoti  Halicarnassensis  Historiarum,"  "  Uis- 
torise  Britannicae,  Saxonicas,  Anglo-Danicse," 
&c.  Dr.  Gale  corresponded  with  some  of  the 
most  eminent  scholars  on  the  Continent,  by 
whom  his  abilities  were  highly  esteemed. 

GALE,  Roger,  the  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  published  some  valuable  books, 
the  principal  of  which  was  an  edition  of  his 
father's  Commentary  on  Antoninus.  Died, 
1744 — Samuel,  his  brother,  was  also  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  antiquities.    Died,  1754. 

GALEANO,  JosEi'H,  a  physician  of  Pa- 
lermo, was  born  in  1005,  and  died  in  1675. 
Besides  several  works  on  medical  subjects, 
he  published  a  collection  of  the  Sicilian 
poets,  in  6  vols. 

GALEN,  Christopher  Bernhard  vax, 
the  warlike  bishop  of  Munster,  first  entered 
the  military  service,  which  he  afterwards  left 
for  the  church.  In  1660  he  was  chosen  prince- 
bishop  of  Munster,  but  was  obliged  to  besiege 
the  city  on  account  of  the  opposition  of  the 
citizens  ;  he,  however,  conquered  it,  and 
built  a  citadel  to  secure  his  power.    In  1604 


he  was  appointed  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  | 
imperial  army  against  the  Turks  in  Hungary,  j 
He  afterwards  fought  against  the  Dutch,  first 
in  alliance  witli  England,  and  then  with 
France,  taking  from  them  several  cities  and 
fortresses.  After  this  he  joined  the  Danes 
against  the  Swedes,  and  made  new  conquests; 
and  in  1764  he  formed  an  alliance  with 
Spain,  and  again  gave  battle  to  his  old  ene- 
mies the  Dutch.  He  was  a  man  of  extra- 
ordinary enterprise,  one  of  the  greatest  gene- 
rals of  his  time,  and  an  adroit  diplomatist. 
Died,  1678,  aged  73. 

GALEN,  Claudhts,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated pliysicians  of  ancient  times,  was  born 
at  Pergamus  in  Asia,  in  131.  After  studying 
philosophy  and  general  literature,  he  tra- 
velled though  Egypt  and  other  countries  in 
the  East  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  medical 
and  anatomical  knowledge.  On  his  return, 
he  practised  4  years  in  his  native  city,  and 
then  went  to  Kome,  but  was  driven  from 
thence  by  the  intrigues  of  his  jealous  rivals, 
who  attributed  his  success  to  magic.  From 
Home  he  returned  to  Pergamus  ;  but  was  re- 
called by  an  especial  mandate  of  the  emperor 
Marcus  Aurelius,  who,  on  quitting  Rome  to 
make  war  on  tlie  Germans,  confided  to  Galen 
tJie  care  of  the  health  of  his  son  Commodus. 
The  place.and  time  of  his  death  are  uncer- 
tain ;  but  he  is  supposed  to  have  died  at 
Rome,  in  about  the  70th  year  of  his  age.  A 
part  only  of  his  very  numerous  writings  has 
been  preserved  ;  but  even  that  part  forms  5 
folio  volumes,  and  afltords  undoubted  proofs 
of  his  practical  and  tlieoretical  skill. 

GALERIUS,  Caius  Valerius  Maximi- 
anus,  a  Roman  emperor.  Entering  tlie 
army  as  a  common  soldier,  he  rose  to  the 
highest  ranks  by  his  bravery,  and  was 
adopted  by  Dioclesian,  who  gave  hira  his 
daughter  in  marriage.  He  ascended  the 
imperial  throne  in  305,  and  died  in  311.  He 
was  naturally  of  a  cruel  disposition,  and 
during  his  reign  the  Cliristians  suffered  great 
persecution. 

GALILEI,  Galileo,  an  illustrious  astro- 
nomer, mathematician,  and  philosopher,  was 
the  son  of  a  Florentine  nobleman,  and  born 
at  Pisa,  in  1504.  He  was  intended  by  his 
father  for  the  medical  profession  ;  but  his 
love  for  mathematical  studies  was  so  deci- 
dedly evinced,  and  his  aversion  for  the  other 
so  strong,  that  he  was  allowed  to  pursue  >he 
former,  which  he  did  with  such  unwearied 
diligence,  that  at  the  age  of  24  he  was  ap- 
pointed mathematical  professor  at  Pisa. 
There  he  was  constantly  engaged  in  asserting 
the  laws  of  nature  against  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy,  which  raised  up  such  a  host  of 
enemies  against  him,  that,  in  1592,  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  professorship.  He  then 
went  to  Padua,  where  he  lectured  with  un- 
paralleled success,  and  students  flocked  to 
hear  him  from  all  parts  of  Europe.  After 
remaining  there  18  years,  Cosmo  III.  invited 
him  back  to  Pisa,  and  soon  after  called  him 
to  Florence,  with  the  title  of  principal  ma- 
thematician and  philosopher  to  the  grand 
duke.  Galileo  had  heard  of  the  invention 
of  the  telescope  by  Jansen  ;  and  making  one 
for  himself,  a  series  of  most  important  as- 
tronomical discoveries  followed.  He  found 
that  the  moon,  like  the  earth,  has  an  uneven 


gal] 


^  i^efio  ©IntbcriEfal  2SiOfli*apT)e» 


[gal 


surface  ;  and  he  taught  liis  scholars  to  mea- 
sure the  height  of  its  mountains  by  their 
shadow.  A  particular  nebula  he  resolved 
into  individual  stars  ;  but  his  most  remark- 
able discoveries  were  Jupiter's  satellites, 
Saturn's  ring,  the  sun's  spots,  and  the  starry 
nature  of  the  milky  way.  The  result  of  his 
discoveries  was  his  decided  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  the  Copernicau  system  ;  though  the 
blind  and  furious  bigotry  of  the  monks 
charged  him  with  heresy  for  it,  and  he  was 
twice  persecuted  by  the  Inquisition,  first  in 
1015,  and  again  in  1633.  On  both  occasions 
he  was  compelled  to  abjure  the  system  of 
Copernicus  ;  but  it  is  said,  that  in  tlie  last 
instance,  when  he  had  repeated  the  abjura- 
tion, he  stamped  his  foot  on  the  earth,  indig- 
nantly muttering,  "  yet  it  moves  1 "  The 
latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  his  own 
country-house  near  Florence,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  perfecting  of  his  tele- 
scope ;  and  he  died,  at  the  age  of  78,  in  1G42, 
the  year  in  which  Newton  was  born. 

GALL,  Joiix  JosBru,  the  celebrated 
phrenologist,  was  born,  in  1758,  at  Teifen- 
brunn,  Wirtemburg.  He  studied  medicine 
under  Professor  Shermann,  and  settled  in 
Vienna,  where  he  attracted  much  attention 
by  his  "  Anatomical  and  Physiological  In- 
quiries respecting  the  Brain  and  Nerves,"  on 
accoimt  of  the  principles  it  contained,  that 
certain  talents  and  tendencies  depend  on  the 
formation  of  certain  parts  of  the  head, — that, 
in  fact,  each  faculty  of  the  mind  has  a  se- 
parate organ  in  the  brain,  and  that  those 
organs  are  marked  externally  by  elevations 
or  protuberances  on  the  cranium.  lie  after- 
wards travelled  through  the  north  of  Ger- 
many, Sweden,  and  Denmark,  delivering 
lectures  ;  and,  in  1807,  established  himself  in 
Paris,  thinking  France  the  most  likely  part 
in  wliich  to  circulate  his  doctrines.  Prince 
Metternich  consulted  him  m  his  physician, 
and,  in  1810,  guaranteed  the  expense  of  pub- 
lishing the  work  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim  on 
phrenology.  Dr.  Gall  died  at  Paris  in  1828. 
He  directed  that  no  clergyman  should  attend 
his  funeral,  and  that  his  head  should  t>e 
dissected  and  placed  iu  the  museum  he  had 
collected. 

G  ALLAND,  Antuony,  an  able  orientalist, 
was  born,  in  1(540,  at  RoUot,  in  Picardy.  He 
was  employed  to  travel  on  account  of  the 
French  government  ;  and  his  zeal  and  in- 
dustry are  evinced  by  several  treatises,  wliich 
he  published  on  his  return,  illustrative  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  the  Mohammedan 
empire  and  religion.  He  is  now  principally 
known  by  his  "  Mille-et-un  Nuits,"  a  curious 
collection  of  eastern  romances,  translated 
into  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  known 
to  us  as  the  "  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments." Galland  was  Arabic  professor  to 
the  college  of  France,  and  antiquary  to  the 
king.     Died,  1715. 

GALLI ANI,  Ferdixand,  an  Italian  abb^, 
celebrated  for  his  writings,  was  born  at 
Chieti,  in  the  province  of  Abruzzo,  Naples, 
in  1728.  He  made  a  rapid  progress  in  his 
studies,  and  was  no  less  remarkable  for 
playful  wit  than  for  more  solid  acquirements. 
Having  made  a  collection  of  specimens  of 
the  various  volcanic  productions  of  Vesuvius, 
he  sent  them  to  the  pope  in  a  box,  thus  la- 


belled, "  Beatissime  Pater  fac  ut  lapides  isti 
panes  fiant  " — "  Holy  Father,  command  that 
these  stones  be  made  bread,"  which  the  pope 
virtually  attended  to  by  giving  him  the 
canonry  of  Amalfl,  worth  400  ducats  per 
annum.  One  of  his  earliest  productions  was 
a  volume  written  on  the  death  of  the  public 
executioner,  in  order  to  ridicule  the  academi- 
cal custom  of  pouring  forth  lamentations,  in 
prose  and  verse,  on  the  death  of  great  per- 
sonages. In  1759  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  French  embassy,  and  soon  took  a  lead 
among  the  wits  and  literati  in  Paris.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  able  works  ;  among  which 
are  a  "  Treatise  on  Money,"  "  Annotations 
upon  Horace,"  "  Dialogues  on  the  Corn 
Trade,"  "  On  the  Reciprocal  Duties  of  Neu- 
tral and  Belligerent  Princes,"  &c.  He  held 
several  important  offices  under  the  Nea- 
politan government,  and  died,  greatly  es- 
teemed, in  1787. 

GiVI^LIENUS,  PuBLius  LiciNius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  who  reigned  in  conjunction 
with  Valerian,  his  father,  for  seven  years, 
and  became  sole  ruler  in  2ijO.  Iu  his  youth 
he  gave  fair  promise  to  become  an  excellent 
sovereign,  but  he  grew  indolent  and  sen- 
sual ;  and  was  at  length  assassinated,  at 
Milan,  in  208. 

GALLOIS,  John,  a  French  critic  of  the 
17th  century,  celebrated  for  the  univer- 
sality of  his  knowledge.  He  was  one  of  the 
projectors  of  the  "Journal  des  Savans," 
and  its  conductor  for  many  years.  Died, 
1707. 

GALLOWAY  BEY,  second  son  of  Alex. 
Galloway,  esq.,  engineer  of  London.  This 
young  man  had  devoted  his  talents  and 
energies  in  the  service  of  the  pacha  of  Egypt, 
whose  chief  engineer  he  had  been  for  12 
years  ;  and  in  reward  for  his  services,  and  as 
a  high  token  of  his  esteem,  the  pacha  was 
pleased  to  confer  on  him,  in  1824,  the  title 
of  l>ey.    Died,  July,  18;J0. 

GALLUS,  Caius  Vibius  Trkboniaxus, 
emperor  of  Rome,  was  an  African  by  birth  ; 
but  holding  a  command  in  Mojsia,  under 
Decius,  at  the  time  that  monarch  was  slain 
in  a  battle  with  the  Goths,  he  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  army,  in  251.  He 
proved  unworthy  of  his  station,  and  he  fell 
by  assassination  in  253. 

GALLUS,  CoKNELius,  a  Roman  poet, 
was  born,  b.  c.  70,  at  Forum  Julii,  and  was 
intimate  with  Virgil,  whose  tenth  eclogue 
is  inscribed  to  him.  He  was  employed  by 
Augustus  in  his  war  with  Antony,  and  re- 
warded for  his  services  with  the  government 
of  Egypt.  He  was  there  guilty  of  excessive 
tyranny  ;  and  being  charged  with  peculation 
and  conspiracy,  he  was  condemned  to  exile  ; 
upon  which  he  committed  suicide,  aged  42. 
His  works  are  lost. 

G^VLT,  John,  a  voluminous  author  on  a 
great  variety  of  subjects,  but  chiefly  known 
as  a  novelist,  was  born  in  Ayrshire,  1779. 
The  scene  of  his  novels  is  in  general  laid  in 
Scotland,  and  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
every  light  and  shadow  of  Scottish  life, 
makes  them  really  important  to  all  who 
would  know  Scotland  —  especially  the  Scot- 
land of  middle  and  lower  life  —  as  it  really 
is.  The  list  of  his  works  is  formidably  long: 
perhaps  the  licst  of  them  arc,  "  The  Entail, ' 


gal] 


^  i9e&3  Winibtr^Kl  3St0ffraj>f)t)» 


[gan 


*'  The  Annals  of  the  Parish,"  "  The  Ayrshire 
Legatees,"  and  "  Kingan  Gilhaize."  Inde- 
pendent of  his  numerous  novels,  he  pub- 
lished tragedies,  minor  poems,  voyages,  and 
travels,  and  several  biographies.  He  was  for 
some  time  editor  ©f  the  Courier  newspaper, 
and  it  is  asserted  that  he  gave  up  that  ap- 
pointment rather  than  allow  the  insertion, 
though  at  the  request  of  a  minister,  of  an 
article  whicli  he  considered  objectionable. 
For  several  years  previous  to  his  death  he 
suffered  very  severely  from  paralysis  of  the 
limbs.    Died,  1839. 

GALUPPI,  Baldessaeo,  a  distinguished 
composer,  was  born  near  Venice,  in  1703. 
His  operas,  about  50  in  number,  are  almost 
all  of  the  comic  kind,  and  had,  at  one  time, 
the  chief  run  throughout  Italy.  He  died 
in  1785. 

GALVAM,  Antiioxy,  a  Portuguese,  who 
in  1527  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Mo- 
luccas. With  500  men  he  defeated  a  native 
army  of  20,000.  He  governed  well,  and 
used  his  efforts  to  convert  the  natives ;  but 
on  his  return  to  Portugal,  in  1540,  he  was 
treated  with  such  ingratitude,  that  he  sunk 
into  abject  poverty,  and  died  in  the  hospital 
of  I'isbon,  in  1557. 

GALVANI,  Louis,  an  Italian  physiologist, 
celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of  galvanism, 
was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1737.  lie  studied 
medicine  under  Galcazzi,  whose  daugliter 
he  married.  In  1702  he  became  lecturer  in 
anatomy  at  Bologna,"  and  obtained  a  con- 
siderable reputation.  By  experiments  on 
frogs,  he  discovered,  that  all  animals  are 
endued  with  a  peculiar  kind  of  electricity  ; 
and  he  followed  up  this  discovery  with  so 
much  perseverance  and  success,  as  to  give 
his  name  to  a  system  of  pliysiology,  wliich 
has  excited  universal  attention.  His  first 
publication  on  this  subject  was  in  1791,  and 
entitled  "  Aloysii  Galvanii  de  Viribus  Elec- 
tricitatis  in  Motu  Musculari  Commentarius." 
Upon  this  system  tlie  famous  Volta  made 
vast  improvements.  Galvani,  on  the  death 
of  his  wife,  in  1790,  fell  into  a  state  of  me- 
I  lancholy  ;  and  died  in  1798.  Besides  the 
above  work,  lie  wrote  several  memoirs  upon 
professional  subjects. 

GAM,  David,  a  native  of  Wales,  and  an 
officer  in  the  army  of  Henry  V.  Having 
I  returned  from  reconnoitring  the  enemy  on 
"  the  evening  preceding  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  he  reported,  that  there  were  enough 
of  the  enemy  to  be  killed,  enough  to  be 
taken  prisoners,  and  enough  to  run  away. 
He  was  killed  defending  his  sovereign,  who 
was  exposed  to  imminent  danger,  and  was 
knighted  by  him  on  the  field. 

GAMA,  Vasco  or  Vasquez  de,  an  illus- 
trious navigator,  was  born  at  Sines,  in  Por- 
tugal, of  a  noble  family  ;  and  to  him  belongs 
the  merit  of  having  discovered  the  route  to 
the  East  Indies  by  sea.  Having  under  his 
command  4  vessels,  manned  with  160  ma- 
rines and  sailors,  Gama  set  sail,  July  9th, 
1497  ;  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  year 
reached  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  and, 
holding  Ills  course  straiglit  towards  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  arrived  in  May,  at  Cali- 
cut, a  city  inhabited  by  Hindoos,  where  the 
ruler  over  the  country,  called  tlie  zamorin, 
or  king,  had  his  residence.    He  returned  to 


830 


Lisbon  in  two  years  and  two  months  from 
the  time  of  his  setting  out  ;  and  the  result 
of  this  expedition  promised  such  great  ad- 
vantages, that,  in  1502,  he  went  out  with  20 
ships,  but  he  was  attacked  by  an  opposing 
fleet  on  the  part  of  the  zamorin,  which  he 
defeated,  and  returned  the  following  year 
with  13  rich  vessels  which  lie  had  captured 
in  the  Indian  Seas.  Jolm  III.  of  Portugal 
appointed  him  viceroy  of  India  ;  on  which 
he  went  there  a  third  time,  and  established 
his  government  at  Cochin,  where  he  died  in 
1525.  Tlie  Lusiad  of  Camoens,  who  accom- 
panied Gama,  is  founded  on  the  adventures 
of  his  last  voyage. 

GAMBARA,  Vbrokica,  an  Italian  poet- 
ess, born  of  a  noble  famjly  in  1485.  On  tlie 
death  of  her  husband,  Giberto,  lord  of  Cor- 
reggio,  whom  she  survived  many  years,  she 
devoted  much  of  her  time  to  the  cultivation 
of  literature  ;  and  her  poems  possess  origin- 
ality and  spirit.     Died,  1550. 

GAMBIER,  the  Right  Hon.  James,  Lord, 
a  British  admiral,  was  born,  in  1756,  at  tlie 
Bahama  Islands,  his  father  being  at  that 
time  the  lieutenant-governor.  He  entered 
the  naval  service  at  an  early  age,  was  ac- 
tively engaged  on  various  occasions,  and 
was  rewarded  by  difterent  gradations  of 
rank,  till  he  reached  that  of  post-captain, 
with  the  command  of  the  Raleigh,  of  32 
gims,  in  1788.  In  this  frigate  he  was  en- 
gaged in  repelling  the  French  in  their  at- 
tempt upon  Jersey,  in  1781 ;  he  afterwards 
served  on  the  American  coast,  was  present 
at  the  reduction  of  Charlestown,  and  cap- 
tured the  Mifflin,  an  American  sliipofwar, 
mounting  20  guns.  When  hostilities  com- 
menced with  France  in  1793,  Captain  Gain- 
bier  was  appointed  to  the  Defence,  of  74 
guns,  and  had  the  merit  of  sharing  in  Earl 
Howe's  celebrated  victory.  On  the  first 
anniversary  of  that  battle  (June  1.  1795),  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral. 
Passing  over  minor  events,  we  find  him,  in 
1807,  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the 
fleet  sent  to  Copenhagen  to  co-operate  with 
Lord  Cathcart  in  demanding  possession  of 
the  Danish  navy  ;  which,  though  at  first  re- 
sisted, ended  in  the  surrender  of  19  sail  of 
the  line,  23  frigates,  sloops,  &c.  For  his 
share  in  this  important  service,  his  lordship 
was  created  a  baron  of  the  united  kingdom, 
and  offered  a  pension  of  2000?.,  which  he 
declined.  He  was  next  appointed  t®  the 
command  of  the  Channel  fleet ,-  and  in  1809, 
in  conjunction  with  Lord  Cochrane,  who 
commanded  the  fire-ships,  an  attack  was 
made  on  a  French  squadron  in  the  Aix 
Roads,  which,  though  successful  to  a  consi- 
derable extent,  was  considered  by  Lord 
Cochrane,  as  inefficiently  performed,  and 
caused  a  serious  misunderstanding  between 
them.  A  court-martial  on  Lord  Gambler, 
and  his  honourable  acquittal,  were  the  re- 
sults of  this  disagreement.  His  lordship 
occupied  a  scat  at  the  admiralty  for  many 
years,  and  on  the  accession  of  William  IV. 
he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of 
the  fleet.  He  was  pious  and  benevolent ; 
and  is  memorable  for  his  zeal  in  inculcating 
moral  and  religious  principles  among  the 
seamen.    Died,  April,  1833. 

GANDOLPHY,  Pjetei:,  a  Catliolic  priest, 


gan] 


^  ^tfji  Uni^tx^nl  23iograpI)n. 


[gar 


greatly  distinguished  as  a  preacher,  was 
bom  about  1760.  He  was  a  controversialist, 
and  published  "A  Defence  of  the  Ancient 
Faith,"  in  1811  ;  and  "  A  full  Exposition  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  in  1813  ;  but  a  ser- 
mon "On  the  Relations  between  Spiritual 
and  Temporal  Authority  "  exposed  him  to 
the  censure  of  his  diocesan,  in  1810.  He 
appealed  to  Rome,  and  made  an  able  de- 
fence of  his  opinions  ;  but  the  alfair  caused 
him  to  quit  his  situation  as  missioucr  at  tlie 
Catholic  chapel  in  Lincoln's  Inn  1'  ielda.  He 
died  at  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  in  18:il. 

GANDOX,  Jamks,  an  eminent  English 
arcliitect,  and  the  first  who  received  the  ar- 
chitectural gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy. His  reputation  was  much  enhanced 
by  his  editorial  labours  iu  producing  the 
"Vitruvius  Britanuicus  ; "  alter  which  he 
went  to  Ireland,  and  remained  there  till  he 
died,  in  1824,  aged  84.  He  designed  the 
custom  house,  the  four  courts,  and  many 
other  elegant  structures  in  Dublin. 

GARAMOND,  Clalue,  a  celebrated 
French  engraver  and  letter-founder,  was 
born  at  Paris  towards  the  close  of  the  15th 
century.  He  brought  the  art  of  letter- 
founding  to  such  perfection,  that  all  parts 
of  Europe  were  supplied  with  his  types. 
Among  Ids  works  are  some  beautiful  spe- 
cimens of  Greek,  and  it  was  lie  wlio  brought 
the  Roman  character  to  perfection.  Died, 
1561. 

GARASSE,  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit, 
bom  at  Angouleme,  in  1.585.  He  became  a 
very  popular  preacher,  but  is  chiefly  re- 
membered for  the  wit  and  asperity  of  his 
controversial  writings.  His  principal  work 
was  entitled  "  A  Tlieological  Summary  of 
the  Truths  of  theCliristian  Religion,"  which 
was  condemned  by  the  Sorbonue.  He  died 
of  the  plague  which  he  caught  at  Poictiers, 
while  attending  a  person  afflicted  with  that 
disorder,  in  1031. 

GARAT,  D.  J.,  a  French  metaphysician 
and  philosopher.  He  was  one  of  the  best- 
intentioned  men  of  the  revolution,  and  yet, 
such  was  the  force  of  circumstances,  ap- 
pearing to  sanction  its  worst  crimes,  and 
acting  with  men  whom  his  heart  abhorred. 
He  succeeded  Dan  ton  as  minister  of  justice. 
He  was  ennobled  by  Buonaparte,  on  be- 
coming emperor ;  but  his  liberal  steadiness 
gave  ottence,  and  he  did  not  re-appear  on 
the  political  stage  till  the  hundred  days. 
He  was  in  consequence  dismissed  from  the 
academy  by  the  Bourbons.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  "  Mumoires  sur  M.  Suard."  Born, 
1700  ;  died,  1.S21. 

GARAY,  Joiix  DE,  a  brave  Spanish  offi- 
cer, born  at  Badajoz,  in  1541.  He  went  to 
America,  as  secretary  to  the  governor  of 
Paraguay  ;  where  he  displayed  so  mucli  en- 
terprise and  talent,  tliat  he  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  and  governor 
of  Assumption.  He  founded  Santa  Fe,  re 
built  and  fortified  Buenos  Ayres,  and  eu- 
duavoured  by  kindness  to  civilise  the  In- 
dians. He  was  killed  on  the  banks  of  the 
Parana,  about  1592. 

GARAY,  Don  Martin  de,  a  Spanish 
statesman,  who  acted  a  conspicuous  part  iu 
the  management  of  public  attairs  from  1808 
till  tlie  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII.    He 


831 


was  made  minister  of  finance  in  1816,  dis- 
missed in  1818,  and  died  in  1822. 

GARCIA,  Manukl,  a  distinguished  mu- 
sical performer  and  composer,  was  born  at 
Seville,  in  Spain,  in  1782.  He  showed  great 
proficiency  at  an  early  age,  and  appeared  as 
a  public  singer  at  the  opera-houses  of 
Madrid,  Paris,  Rome,  Naples,  Turin,  and 
London.  He  was  engaged  as  principal  male 
singer  at  the  king's  theatre,  I^ondon,  iu 
1824  ;  and  his  abilities  attracted  much  atten- 
tion, botli  as  a  vocalist  and  as  an  actor.  His 
drumatic  compositions  are  too  numerous  for 
insertion  here,  and  many  of  them  possess 
great  merit.  Madame  Mali  bran  de  Beriot 
was  his  daughter.     Garcia  died  in  1832. 

GARCIA  DE  MASCARENHAS,  Blaise, 
a  Portuguese,  who  figured  both  as  a  soldier 
and  poet,  was  born  in  15%,  at  Avo.  In 
1014  he  entered  into  the  military  service, 
and  went  to  Brazil,  where  he  remained 
twenty-six  years,  and  on  his  return  to  Lis- 
bon wai  appointed  governor  of  Alfayates. 
Having  been  falsely  charged  with  treason 
and  imprisoned,  and  being  denied  the  use 
of  pens  and  ink,  he  composed  a  letter  in 
verse  to  the  king,  in  the  following  ingenious 
manner  :  —  he  procured  a  printed  book,  cut 
out  the  words  he  wanted,  and  pasted  them 
on  a  blank  leaf;  this  he  threw  from  his 
window  to  a  friend,  who  delivered  it,  and 
it  procured  his  liberation.    Died,  10.56. 

GARCIAS  LASSO,  or  GARCILASO  DE 
LA  VEGA,  called  the  prince  of  Spanish 
poets,  was  born  at  Toledo,  in  1503.  He  was 
early  distinguished  for  lus  wit  and  fancy, 
wrote  several  pathetic  pastorals  and  sonnets, 
and  did  much  towards  reforming  that  taste 
for  bombast,  wliich,  at  the  period  in  which  he 
flourished,  disfigured  the  productions  of  his 
countrymen.  Garcilaso  followed  the  pro- 
fession of  arms,  and  attended  Charles  V.  in 
many  of  his  expeditious,  and  fell  in  battle, 
in  1536. 

GARCILASO  DE  LA  VEGA,  suraamed 
the  Inca,  because,  by  his  mother's  side,  he 
was  descended  from  the  royal  family  of 
Peru,  was  born  at  Cusco,  in  that  country,  in 
1530.  Philip  II.  dreading  the  influence  of 
Garcilaso  among  the  natives,  summoned 
him  to  Spain,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  an 
interesting  and  faithful  History  of  Peru,  and 
also  a  History  of  Florida. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist and  zoologist,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
in  1730,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh.  He  went  to  America,  and 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Charlestown,  South 
Carolina,  where  he  engaged  in  botanical 
researches,  and  was  very  successful  in  the 
discovery  and  verification  of  new  species 
among  the  animal  and  vegetable  tribes  of 
North  America.  He  opened  a  correspond- 
ence with  Linnaeus,  which  was  attended 
with  many  reciprocal  advantages.  After  a 
residence  of  20  years  in  America,  he  returned 
to  England,  where  he  died  in  1791. 

GARDINER,  James,  a  Scotch  military 
officer  in  the  reign  of  George  II.,  distin- 
guished for  his  bravery  and  his  piety.  He 
was  born,  in  1088,  at  Carriden,  Linlithgow- 
shire ;  entered  the  army  when  only  14,  and 
obtained  a  cotnmission  in  the  Dutch  service. 
He  afterwards  distinguislied  himself  at  the 


gar] 


^  ^cJu  ^nibtx^nX  I3i0srapf)i?. 


[gar 


battle  of  Ramillies;  and  at  the  breaking 
out  of  tlie  rebellion,  he  commanded  a  regi- 
ment of  dragoons,  and  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Preston  Pans,  being  cut  down  by  a  blow 
from  a  Liochabar  axe,  in  sight  of  his  own 
house,  Sept.  21.  1745.  Dr.  Doddridge,  his 
biographer,  says,  that  in  his  youth  he  was 
very  gay  and  licentious,  but  the  accidental 
perusal  of  a  book,  entitled  "  Heaven  taken 
by  Storm,"  made  him  serious,  and  ft-om  that 
time  he  became  as  distinguished  for  his  piety 
as  he  had  before  been  for  the  absence  of  all 
religion  and  a  course  of  vice.  It  is  also  said 
that  he  received  a  supernatural  iutimation 
4  of  his  own  approaching  death. 

GARDINER,  SxEniEX,  a  celebrated  pre- 
late and  statesman,  was  born  at  Bury  St. 
Edmund's  in  Suffolk,  in  1483.  lie  was  the 
illegitimate  son  of  Dr.  Woodville,  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  and  brother  of  Elizabeth,  queen 
of  Henry  IV.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge ;  from  whence  he  went 
into  the  family  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and 
afterwards  into  that  of  Cardinal  Wolsey, 
who  made  him  his  secretary.  In  this  situ- 
ation he  acquired  the  confidence  of  Henry 
VIII.,  to  whom  he  was  serviceable  in  pro- 
curing his  divorce  from  Queen  Catharine : 
he  also  defended  tlie  king's  supremacy,  and 
for  these  services  he  was  promoted  to  the 
see  of  Winchester.  Gardiner  drew  up  ar- 
ticles accusing  Henry's  last  queen,  Catha- 
rine Parr,  of  heresy  ;  but  the  queen  avoided 
the  storm,  and  he  fell  into  disgrace.  At 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  he  opposed  the 
Reformation,  and  was  committed  first  to  the 
Fleet,  and  afterwards  to  the  Tower,  where 
he  was  a  prisoner  during  the  remainder  of 
the  reign.  He  was  also  deprived  of  his 
bishopric ;  but  on  the  accession  of  Mary 
he  was  restored  to  his  see,  and  appointed 
chancellor  of  England.  His  conduct  to- 
wards the  Protestants  was  cruel  and  sanguin- 
ary. He  died  in  1555.  He  was  a  learned 
man,  but  artful,  dissembling,  ambitious,  and 
proud. 

GARDINER,  William,  an  Irish  engraver, 
of  talents  rarely  excelled,  born  in  1760  ;  who, 
after  a  life  of  great  vicissitude  and  distress, 
during  which  he  had  been  alternately  jockey, 
bookseller,  painter,  priest,  and  actor,  wrote  a 
paper  on  the  miseries  of  life,  and  destroyed 
himself  in  1814. 

GARDNER,  Alax*  Lord,  an  English  na- 
val officer.  At  the  age  of  13  he  became  a 
midshipman,  and,  passing 'through  various 
promotions,  was  made  post-captain  in  the 
Preston,  of  50  guns,  in  1766.  In  the  action 
with  the  French  fleet  on  the  12th  of  April, 
1782,  he  commanded  the  Duke,  of  98  gims, 
in  which  ship  he  first  broke  the  French  line. 
In  1793  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  and  appointed  commander-in-chief 
on  the  Leeward  Island  station  ;  and  in  the 
action  of  the  1st  of  June,  1794,  he  so  ably 
supported  Lord  Howe,  that  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  baronetcy  and  further  promotion. 
During  the  mutiny  of  the  fleet  at  Ports- 
mouth, it  was  with  difficulty  that  he  escajied 
with  his  life,  in  consequence  of  his  en- 
deavours to  quell  it  by  severe  measures.  In 
1800  he  was  created  an  Irish  peer,  and  in 
1807  succeeded  Earl  St.  Vincent  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Channel  fleet.    He  sat  in  three 


successive  parliaments,  was  finally  raised 
to  the  English  peerage,  and  died  in  1809, 

GARNERIN,  James  Andrew,  a  cele- 
brated French  aeronaut,  to  whom  belongs 
the  merit  (.if  it  can  be  called  such)  of  first 
making  the  daring  experiment  of  descending 
in  a  parachute.  His  first  attempt  was  made 
at  St.  Petersburgh,  in  1800  ;  and  he  success- 
fullj'  repeated  it  in  England  on  the  21st  of 
September,  1802.    Died,  at  Paris,  1823. 

GARNET,  Henky,  an  English  Jesuit, 
memorable  for  being  concerned  in  the  Gun- 
powder Plot.    He  was  executed  in  1606. 

GARNET,  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  1766,  at  Casterton,  in 
Westmoreland ;  received  his  education  at 
Sedburgh,  in  Yorkshire  ;  and  went  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
He  commenced  professional  practice  at 
Bradford,  removed  to  Knaresborough,  and 
afterwards  to  Harrowgate  ;  but  his  practice 
being  small,  he  went  to  Liverpool,  with  a 
view  of  emigrating  to  America.  From  this 
scheme  he  was  diverted  at  the  request  of 
some  of  his  friends,  who  persuaded  him  to 
commence  a  course  of  lectures  on  chemistry 
and  natural  philosophy.  He  repeated  this 
course  at  JManchester  ;  after  which  he  was 
chosen  Anderson's  lecturer  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Glasgow.  On  the  foundation  of  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1800,  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  chemistry,  but  was  obliged  to 
resign  the  situation  on  account  of  ill  health, 
and  he  died,  in  1802,  aged  36.  Dr.  Garnet 
was  the  author  of  "  An  Analysis  of  the  Mi- 
neral Waters  at  Harrowgate,"  a  "  Tour 
tlirough  Scotland,"  2  vols.  4to.  ;  "  Outlines 
of  Chemistry,"  several  papers  and  essays 
on  medical  and  physical  subjects  ;  and 
"  Zoonomia,"  wliich  was  published  after  his 
death. 

GARNIER  DE  LANDE,  bom  in  1770. 
As  deputy  to  the  National  Convention,  he 
voted  for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI. ;  joined 
the  Girondists  ;  vainly  tried  to  save  Danton  ; 
and,  in  the  sitting  of  the  9th  Thermidor, 
1795,  when  Robespierre,  being  impeached, 
could  not  speak  through  fear  and  rage,  he 
addressed  that  falling  tyrant  with  the  words, 
"  It  is  Danton's  blood  which  suffocates  you!  " 
He  retired  into  private  life  when  Buonaparte 
abolished  the  republic. 

GARNIER,  Count  Geemaix,  a  French 
statesman,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Auxcrre. 
He  became  prefect  of  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  president  of  the  senate  ; 
and  was  known  as  the  translator  of  Adam 
Smith's  Wealth  of  Nations,  and  other  Eng- 
lish works  on  political  economy.  Died, 
1821. 

GARNIER,  Jean-  Jacques,  historiogra- 
pher of  France,  was  born  in  1729,  at  Goron- 
sur-Maine,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  was  professor  of  Hebrew  in  the 
university  of  Paris.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Man  of  Letters,"  2  vols. ;  a  treatise 
on  "The  Origin  of  the  Government  of 
France,"  a  "  Continuation  of  Velley 's  History 
of  France,"  a  treatise  on  "Civil  Education," 
&c.  During  the  reign  of  terror  he  fled  from 
the  French  capital  to  Boujival,  where  he 
died  in  1795. 

GAROFALO,  Bexvexuto,  an  artist  of 
Ferrara,  born  in  1481.    During  his  stay  in 


gab] 


^  ^cttt  ?an(t»er!SaT  iSioffrapibJ?* 


[gas 


Rome  he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Raphael, 
and  frequently  assisted  him.  His  works 
unite  the  grace  and  clearness  of  Raphael 
with  the  rich  colouring  of  the  Lombard 
Bchool,  and  his  Madonnas  and  angels  are 
full  of  beauty  and  expression.    Died,  1559. 

GARRICK,  David,  the  most  celebrated 
actor  that  ever  appeared  on  the  English 
stage,  was  descended  from  a  French  family, 
who,  being  Protestants,  fled  to  England  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  His 
father,  Peter  Garrick,  was  a  captain  in  the 
army,  and  generally  resided  at  Lichfield  ; 
but  being  on  a  recruiting  party  at  Hereford, 
David  was  born  there  in  171(5.  He  received 
his  education  partly  at  the  grammar  school 
at  Lichfield,  and  partly  under  Dr.  Johnson, 
with  whom  he  first  came  to  London,  in 
IT.'W,  and  prepared  himself  for  the  study  of 
the  law.  The  death  of  his  father,  however, 
disturbed  this  arrangement ;  and  having 
been  left  lOOOZ.  by  his  uncle,  he  went  into 
partnership  with  his  brother  in  the  wine 
trade.  A  love  for  the  stage  had  long  been 
deeply  rooted  in  his  mind,  and,  abandoning 
the  wine  trade,  he  resolved  on  being  an 
actor.  His  first  attempt  was  at  Ipswich  in 
1741,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Lyddal  j 
and  the  applause  he  met  with  induced  him 
to  make  his  appearance  at  the  theatre,  Good- 
man's Fields,  in  the  character  of  Richard  III. 
The  effect  of  this  was  immediate  and  deci- 
sive. The  other  theatres  were  quickly 
deserted,  and  Goodman's  Fields  became  the 
resort  of  people  of  fashion,  till  that  theatre 
was  shut  up.  Garrick  then  formed  an  en- 
gagement with  Fleetwood,  the  patentee  of 
Drury  Lane,  where  his  reception  was  equally 
flattering.  In  the  summer  of  1743  he  visited 
Dublin ;  and  in  1747  he  became  joint- 
patentee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  In  1749 
he  married  Mademoiselle  Violctte,  a  sketch 
of  whose  life  forms  the  subject  of  our  next 
article.  The  remainder  of  his  career  was  a 
long  and  uninterrupted  series  of  success  and 
prosperity  until  its  close,  which  took  place 
in  177«,  when  he  determined  upon  a  retreat, 
and  sold  his  moiety  of  the  concern  for  37,000?. 
The  last  part  which  he  performed  was  Don 
Felix,  in  "  The  Wonder,"  for  the  benefit  of 
the  theatrical  fund.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  play,  he  addressed  a  brief  farewell  to  the 
audience.  The  general  feeling  with  which 
this  was  delivered  and  received,  rendered  it 
truly  impressive ;  and  few  persons  ever 
quitted  the  stage  with  plaudits  so  loud  and 
unanimous.  In  1709  he  projected  and  car- 
ried into  effect  the  famous  Stratford  Jubilee, 
a  striking  proof  of  his  enthusiasm  for  Shak- 
speare.  It  occupied  three  days  there,  and 
its  representation  at  the  theatre  lasted  for 
92  nights.  He  died,  Jan.  20th,  1779,  his 
remains  being  interred,  with  great  pomp, 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  As  an  actor,  Garrick 
seems  never  to  have  been  equalled  for  truth, 
nature,  variety,  and  facility  of  expression, 
though  perhaps  surpassed  by  some  of  his 
contemporaries  in  the  enunciation  of  calm, 
sentimental  eloquence.  He  wrote  or  adapted 
for  the  stage  nearly  40  pieces,  besides  pro- 
ducing a  great  number  of  prologues  and 
epilogues.  The  style  of  acting  introduced 
by  Garrick  was  the  very  opposite  of  that 
formal    declamation    practised    before    his 


time  i  it  was  natural,  vigorous,  and  im- 
passioned ;  the  plays  of  Shakspeare  grew 
into  greater  repute  ;  and  a  reform  both 
in  the  conduct  and  licence  of  the  drama, 
honourable  to  his  taste  and  genius,  was 
eftected  by  his  example. 

GARRICK,  Eva  Maria,  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Vienna,  in  1725.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Viegel,  which  she  changed 
to  that  of  Violette,  by  command  of  the  em- 
press-queen, Maria  Tlieresa,  whose  notice  she 
had  attracted  as  an  opera  dancer.  In  1744 
she  arrived  in  England,  bringing  with  her 
a  recommendation  from  the  Countess  of 
Stahreml)erg  to  the  Countess  of  Burlington, 
who  received  her,  on  her  obtaining  an  en- 
gagement at  the  oiiera-house,  as  an  inmate 
of  Burlington  House,  and  ever  after  treated 
her  with  maternal  affection.  A  mutual 
attachment  having  been  formed  between  htr 
and  Garrick,  their  nuptials  were  celebrated 
June  22.  1749,  and  the  Earl  of  Burlington 
gave  the  bride  a  marriage  portion  of  COOOi. 
From  this  circumstance  a  notion  prevailed 
that  she  was  the  earl's  natural  daughter  ; 
such,  however,  was  not  the  fact.  Died, 
1822,  aged  97. 

GARTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  a  poet  of  no  mean  rank,  was  a 
native  of  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  where,  in  1(591,  he  took 
his  degree.  He  was  admitted  a  fellow  of 
the  colleire  of  physicians  in  the  following 
year,  and"  soon  attained  the  first  rank  in  his 
profession.  His  taste  for  general  literature, 
his  companionable  talents,  and  his  attach- 
ment to  the  principles  of  the  house  of  Han- 
over, acquired  him  patrons  of  rank  and 
influence  ;  and  on  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  and 
was  appointed  physician-in-ordinary  to  the 
king,  and  physician-general  to  the  army. 
His  principal  poem  is  ''  The  Disiiensary," 
which  contains  much  lively  and  polished 
satire.    Died,  171«. 

GARTH,  Thomas,  an  English  general, 
and  colonel  of  the  Ist  regiment  of  dragoons. 
From  the  year  17C2  to  that  of  1814,  when  he 
attained  the  rank  of  general,  this  officer  was 
employed  in  active  service.  It  had  long 
been  whispered  that  he  was  the  husband 
of  one  of  the  royal  princesses  of  England, 
though  the  circumstance  was  never  made 
public  during  his  life  ;  but  certain  unfortu- 
nate events  which  occurred  in  1830  caused 
the  subject  to  be  much  alluded  to.  Died, 
1829,  aged  85. 

GARZI,  Louis,  a  painter,  was  bom  at 
Rome  in  1640.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Andrea 
Sacchi,  and  considered  by  many  as  equal,  if 
not  superior,  to  Carlo  Maratti.    Died,  1721. 

GARZONI,  Thomas,  an  Italian  writer, 
boni  in  1549,  at  Bagnacavallo,  near  Ferrara, 
and  died  in  1589.  He  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral works  ;  the  chief  of  which  is  entitled 
"  La  Piazza  universale  di  tutti  le  Professioni 
del  Monde  ;"  a  work  of  great  labour,  and 
one  of  infinite  utility  at  the  time  it  was 
written. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  the  son  of  Sir  John 
Gascoigne,  of  Walthamstow,  Essex,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  disinherited  by  his  father. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  from  whence  he 


333 


gas] 


^  i^e^  Wittibtx^al  28i0flrap5y. 


[gat 


removed  to  Gray's  Inn,  which  he  soon  left 
for  a  military  life  in  Holland,  where  the 
Prince  of  Orange  gave  him  a  captain's  com- 
mission ;  but  having  a  quarrel  with  his 
colonel,  he  resigned  it  soon  afterwards.  On 
his  return  to  England  lie  became  an  attend- 
ant at  court,  and  accompanied  the  queen  in 
some  of  her  progresses,  during  whicli  he 
wrote  masques  for  her  entertainment.  Be- 
sides his  original  and  translated  dramas,  he 
wrote  "  The  Steel  Glass,"  a  satire,  and  other 
poems.  Till  of  late,  when  it  became  the 
fashion  to  search  after  the  relics  of  old  Eng- 
lish literature,  the  works  of  Gascoigne  were 
quite  neglected,  but  his  poems  will  repay 
I)erusal.    Died,  1577. 

GASCOIGNE,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
judge  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  V. 
He  was  born  at  Gawthorp,  in"  Yorksliire,  in 
1350  ;  became  serjeant-at-law  in  1398  ;  and 
on  the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  was  appointed 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  common  pleas,  and 
afterwards  made  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.  In  tliis  high  ollice  he  distinguished 
himself  on  many  occasions,  particularly  for 
refusing  to  pass  sentence  upon  Archbishop 
Scroop  as  a  traitor,  by  the  king's  command- 
ment, as  being  contrary  to  law  ;  and  still 
more  remarkable  by  committing  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  afterwards  Henry  V.,  to  prison, 
for  striking  him  wlien  on  the  bench.  Like 
maiiy  other  prominent  events  in  English 
history,  tliis  has  furnislied  Shakspeare  with 
materials  for  a  most  etfective  scene.  Sir 
Williiim  died  in  1413. 

GASCOIGNE,  William,  an  ingenious 
natural  philosopher  of  the  17th  century,  was 
born  in  1621,  and  is  considered  as  the  inventor 
of  the  micrometer,  though  the  merit  of  that 
invention  was  claimed  long  after  his  time 
by»M.  Azout.  Gascoigne  was  killed  wliile 
fighting  in  the  royalist  army  at  Marston 
Moor,  Julv  2.  1644. 

GASPARINI,  Fraxcesco,  one  of  the 
ablest  musical  composers  of  the  last  century, 
was  a  native  of  Lucca,  and  born  in  1G50.  His 
works  are  not  numerous,  but  possess  much 
merit.    Died,  1724. 

GASSENDI,  Plter,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher  and  mathematician,  was  born, 
in  1592,  atChantersier,  in  Provence.  Before 
he  was  20  years  of  age  he  became  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Aix  ;  but  he  soon  resigned  the 
chair,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to  his 
scientific  pursuits.  In  1645  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  college-royal 
of  Paris,  and  his  lectures  were  exceedingly 
popular.  In  fact,  he  was  distinguished  as 
an  astronomer,  naturalist,  theologian,  and 
mathematician.  Gassendi  combated  the  me- 
taphysics of  Descartes,  and  divided  with  that 
great  man  the  philosophers  of  his  time,  almost 
all  of  whom  were  Cartesians  or  Gassen- 
dians.  Gibbon  calls  )iim  the  most  philo- 
sophic among  the  learned,  and  the  most 
learned  among  the  philosophic  of  his  age. 
He  died  in  1655,  leaving  nine  volumes  of  his 
philosophical  works. 

GASSICOURT,  Charles  Louis  Cadet 
DE,  a  modern  French  philosopher  and  advo- 
cate, was  the  son  of  an  apothecary  at  Paris, 
and  first  attracted  notice  by  a  pamphlet, 
published  in  1797,  on  the  Theory  of  Elec- 
tions i  which  he  followed  up  by  a  variety  of 


essays  on  political  subjects,  viz.  "  On  the 
Private  Life  of  Mirabeau,"  "  On  tlie  Influence 
of  the  Masonic  Societies  in  the  Process  of 
the  Revolution,"  "  Tlie  Four  Ages  of  the 
National  Guard,"  &c.  On  the  death  of  his 
father,  who  was  himself  a  man  of  scientific 
pursuits,  and  the  personal  friend  of  Buffon, 
Lalande,  and  Condorcet,  he  turned  his  at- 
tention somewhat  from  politics  to  chemistry 
and  physics  ;  and  in  1803  appeared  his  new 
"Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  afterwards  in- 
troduced into  the  Polytechnic  School.  He 
followed  the  French  army  into  Austria  in 
1809,  and  wrote  a  history  of  the  campaign. 
The  modern  plan  for  the  organisation  of  the 
French  board  of  health  owes  its  origin  to 
him,  and  he  had  not  only  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  it  eagerly  adojjted,  but  that  of  obtain- 
ing tlie  appointment  of  reporting  secretary, 
which  situation  he  held  till  his  death,  in 
1823.  Besides  many  other  productions  not 
here  enumerated,  he  was  the  author  of  a 
series  of  epistles  on  London  and  the  English 
nation ;  and  a  treatise  "  On  the  Applica- 
tion of  the  Physical  Science  to  Military 
Purposes." 

GASTRELL,  Francis,  an  English  bishop, 
was  born  in  15G2,  at  Slapton,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Christchurch,  Oxford.  In 
1797,  he  preached  the  Boyle's  lectures,  which 
he  published  as  one  discourse  ;  to  which  he 
afterwards  added  another,  on  the  "  Necessity 
of  the  Christian  Revelation."  In  1702  he  was 
presented  to  a  canonry  of  Christchurch,  at 
which  time  he  published  "Considerations 
concerning  the  Trinity."  In  1707  he  printed 
his  excellent  scriptural  manual,  entitled 
"  Oiristian  Institutes  ;  "  and  in  1714  he  was 
promoted  to  the  bishopric  of  Chester.  He 
was  a  sound  scholar  and  an  able  polemic. 
Died,  1725. 

GATAKER,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
was  born,  in  1574,  in  London,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  He  be- 
came preacher  to  the  society  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  in  1011  obtained  the  rectory  of 
Rotherhithe.  In  1619  he  published  a  curious 
treatise  on  the  "Nature  and  Use  of  Lots," 
which  occasioned  considerable  controversy. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Opera  Critica," 
and  other  eminent  works,  chiefly  of  biblical 
criticism.  In  1620  he  made  a  tour  through 
the  Low  Countries  ;  and,  in  1624,  published 
in  London  a  work,  entitled  "  Transub- 
stantiation,  declared  by  the  confession  of 
the  popish  writers  to  have  no  necessary 
foundation  in  God's  word."  He  wrote  also 
a  defence  of  this  discourse.  In  1642  he  was 
chosen  one  of  the  famous  assembly  of  divines 
at  Westminster  ;  but  he  disapproved  of  the 
introduction  of  the  covenant,  and  declared 
in  favour  of  episcopacy.  He  zealously  op- 
posed the  trial  of  Charles  I.    Died,  1654. 

GATES,  Horatio,  an  American  officer 
who  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
of  independence,  was  born  in  England,  in 
1728.  After  serving  in  the  army,  and  obtain- 
ing considerable  promotion,  he  purchased  an 
estate  in  Virginia,  and  resided  on  it  until 
the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war  in  1775,  when  congress  appointed  him 
adjutant-general ;  and  during  the  struggle 
which  followed,  he  rendered  many  brilliant 


gat] 


^  IJclx)  i2In(t»a:^aT  38iosrajpl)o. 


[OAT 


services  to  his  adopted  country.  On  the  8th 
of  October,  1777,  he  totally  deleated  General 
Burgoyne,  who,  on  the  ICth,  wa3  compelled 
to  surrender  his  whole  army,  which  was 
considered  the  most  important  acliievemcnt 
of  the  whole  war,  and  had  the  fp-eatest  ettect 
in  obtaining  the  result  that  followed,  lie 
was,  however,  unfortunate  after  he  had  ob- 
tained the  chief  command  of  the  southern 
districts,  being  signally  defeated  at  Camden, 
by  Lord  Cornwallis.    Died,  1800,  aged  77. 

GATTERER,  John  Cuhistopher,  a 
learned  German  historian;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  World  to  the  time  of  Cyrus," 
"An  Essay  towards  a  General  Universal 
History,"  &c.  His  treatises  display  a  spirit 
of  deep  research  and  sound  criticism.  Died, 
1799. 

GATTEY,  F.  C,  bom  in  1756  ;  a  French 
royalist  iKJokseller,  sentenced  to  death  b^ 
the  revolutionary  tribunal,  in  1795.  His 
only  sister,  on  hearing  his  sentence,  repeat- 
edly exclaimed  "  Vive  le  Jioi,"  and  was 
guillotined  with  him. 

GAUBIL,  ANTHomr,  a  learned  French 
missionary  in  China,  was  born  at  Caillac,  in 
1708,  and  died  at  Pekin  in  1759,  where  lie  was 
interpreter  to  the  court.  He  wrote  the  history 
of  Genghis  Khan,  and  an  "  Historical  and 
Critical  Treatise  on  Chinese  Astronomy." 

GAUBIUS,  Jekome  David,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  born  at  Heidelberg  in  1705. 
After  studying  medicine  under  his  uncle,  a 
physician  at  Amsterdam,  he  went  to  Han- 
derwyck,  and  from  thence  to  Leyden,  where 
he  contracted  an  intimate  friendship  witli 
Boerhaave,  whom  he  succeeded  as  lecturer 
in  botany  and  chemistry  ;  and  in  1734  he 
obtained  the  medical  professorship.  His 
treatise  on  the  "  Method  of  Prescribing,  or 
of  Writing  Receipts,"  contains  the  best  rules 
on  that  important  subject.  But  liis  greatest 
work  is  his  "  Principles  of  Nosology."  Died, 
1780. 

GAUDEN,  Jonrr,  an  English  divine,  bom 
at  Mayland,  in  Essex,  in  1G05  :  though  he 
professed  reforming  principles,  and  was  even 
nominated  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  presented  with  a  living, 
yet  as  soon  as  he  saw  the  king  was  in  per- 
sonal danger,  he  changed  sides,  and  strongly 
protested  against  his  trial.  He  had  also 
committed  to  his  care  tlie  collating  and  pub- 
lishing the  king's  meditations,  to  which  he 
fave  the  name  of  "Icon  Basilike,  or  tlie 
'ortraiturc  of  his  Sacred  Majesty  in  his 
Solitude  and  Sufferings."  In  1659,  he  became 
pi-eacher  at  the  Temple  i  and  when  Charles 
11.  was  restored  lie  was  preferred  to  tlie  see 
of  Exeter,  and  in  1622  to  that  of  Worcester, 
where  he  died  soon  after. 

GAUDENTIO,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  was  born  about  1480.  He  painted  in 
fresco  and  oil  a  number  of  pictures  for  the 
churches  in  his  native  city. 

GAUDENTIUS.  St.,  bishop  of  Brescia,  in 
the  5tli  century.  He  was  sent  to  Constanti- 
nople to  hold  a  general  council  in  that  city, 
in  405  ;  and  died  about  the  year  427. 

GAUI/riER,  Louis,  a  Frei>3h  abbd,  whose 
life  was  laudably  spent  in  rendering  educa- 
tion a  scientific  amusement  rather  than  a 
task,  was  bom  about  the  year  1745.  He  had 
observed  that  the  ordinary  course  of  scho- 


lastic discipline  deprived  children  of  that 
portion  of  happiness  so  necessary  to  the 
development  of  their  moral  and  physical 
faculties,  and  he  endeavoured  to  smooth  tlie 
rugged  path  of  education  by  inventing  va- 
rious games  which  should  combine  amuse- 
ment witli  instruction.  The  horrors  of  the 
revolution  drove  him  from  France  ;  and  he 
retired  to  the  Hague,  where  he  became  tutor 
to  the  children  of  the  British  ambassador, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  England.  After 
the  peace  of  Amiens  he  returned  to  France, 
and  continued  to  teach  according  to  his 
system  until  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  1818,  the  abbe  being  then  in  his  75th 
year.  Ilis  works  are  well  known,  and  very 
popular. 

GAUTIIEY,  Em  LI  AN  Marie,  an  eminent 
civil  engineer,  was  bom  at  Chalons-sur- 
Saone,  in  France,  in  1732.  He  tilled  several 
important  posts  ;  and  under  his  direction 
many  public  works  of  magnitude  were  un- 
dertaken and  completed.  He  conceived  the 
idea  of  forming  a  canal  from  Chalons  to 
Dijon,  wliich  is  termed  tlie  "  canal  du  cen- 
tre," and  is  23  leagues  in  extent.  This  was 
completed  in  1791.  He  also  executed  the 
junction  canals  of  tlie  Saone,  Yonne,  and 
Duubs  J  and  built  several  bridges  and  quays. 
He  wrote  several  professional  treatises,  the 
principal  one  of  which  is  entitled  "  Traitu 
complet  sur  la  Construction  des  Ponts  et 
des  Canaux  navigables."    Died,  1806. 

GAVARD,  HyACiNTHE,  one  of  the  most 
able  anatomists  of  the  18th  century,  was 
born  at  Montmelian,  in  K.W,  and  was  a 
pupil  of  Desault.  He  published  treatises  on 
osteology,  myology,  and  splanchnology,  the 
latter  of  which  especially  has  been  highly 
praised.    Died,  1802. 

GAY,  Jons,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
was  bora  at  Barnstaple,  Devon,  in  1688,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  a  silk-mercer  in  London  ; 
but,  showing  a  marked  aversion  to  trade,  liis 
indentures  were  cancelled  by  mutual  agree- 
ment, and  he  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
In  1711  he  published  his  "Rural  Sports," 
wliicli  he  dedicated  to  Pope,  then  a  young 
poet  like  himself ;  a  compliment  that  intro- 
duced them  to  each  other,  and  proved  the 
foundation  of  a  friendship  which  lasted  for 
life.  The  year  following  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  Duchess  of  Monmouth. 
About  this  time  came  out  his  burlesque 
poem,  entitled  "  Trivia,  or  the  Art  of  Walk- 
ing the  Streets  of  London  ; "  which  was  suc- 
ceeded, in  1714,  by  the  "  Shepherd's  Week,  a 
series  of  Pastorals,"  in  ridicule  of  Phillips. 
The  same  year  he  went  to  Hanover  with  the 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  as  secretary  to  the  em- 
bassy ;  but  tliough  he  had  great  expectations 
from  the  court,  they  were  never  realised.  In 
1720  he  published  his  poems,  in  2  vols.  4to., 
by  subscription  ;  which  produced  him  a  con- 
siderable sum,  but  he  lost  it  all  in  the  South 
Sea  scheme.  After  producing  many  inge- 
nious and  agreeable  works,  some  instances 
of  court  favour  encouraged  him  to  employ 
himself  in  his  well  known  "Fables,"  written 
professedly  for  the  instruction  of  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  and  published  with  a  dedi- 
cation to  that  prince  in  1726  ;  but  though 
they  were  popular,  they  failed  to  serve  him 
at  court.    He  tliereupon  wrote  "  The  Beg- 


gar's  Opera,"  which  was  first  acted  in  172", 
and  ran  for  63  successive  niglits  ;  but  it  so 
offended  the  persons  in  power,  that  the  lord 
chamberlain  refused  to  license  for  perform- 
ance a  second  part  of  it,  entitled  "  Polly." 
This  resentment  induced  his  friends  to  come 
forward  on  its  publication  with  so  handsome 
a  subscription,  that  his  profits  amounted  to 
1200Z.  The  cause  of  Gay  was  taken  up  by 
the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  who 
gave  him  a  residence  in  their  house,  where 
he  died,  Dec.  11.  1732.  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  a  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory. 

GAY-LUSSAC,  Nicola  sFraxoots,  whose 
important  discoveries  in  numerous  brandies 
of  physics  and  chemistry  have  placed  him 
in  the  foremost  ranks  of  science,  was  born 
at  St.  Leonard,  in  France,  1788.  At  an 
early  age  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
aerial  voyages  for  the  observation  of  atmo- 
spheric phenomena  at  great  heights  ;  and  the 
numerous  experiments  he  made  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Humboldt,  Renard,  and  Berthol- 
let,  on  an  infinite  variety  of  subjects  con- 
nected with  the  general  laws  that  regulate 
the  composition  of  bodies,  have  proved  of 
eminent  practical  utility.  He  closed  a  long 
life  of  almost  unparalleled  scientific  indus- 
try, May  9.  1850. 

GAY  VERNON,  J.,  a  French  military 
officer  and  mathematician,  was  born  at 
St.  Leonard,  in  the  Limousin,  in  1700.  lie 
entered  the  army,  and,  having  obtained  a 
captaincy,  greatly  distinguished  himself,  in 
1793,  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Flanders.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Polytechnic 
School,  and  acted  as  second  director  of  it  for 
17  years.  In  1813  he  defended  the  fortress  of 
Torgau  with  great  gallantry,  but  was  made 
prisoner,  and  died  in  1822. 

GAYOT  DE  PITAVAL,  Fkakcis,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1673. 
He  was  at  first  an  ecclesiastic  ;  next  he 
entered  into  the  army  j  and,  at  the  age  of 
.50,  he  became  an  advocate.  He  compiled 
the  "Causes  Celebres,"  in  20  vols.  12mo. 
Died,  1743. 

GAYTON,  Edmuxd,  was  bom  in  London, 
in  1609,  and  educated  at  Merchant-Tailors' 
School,  and  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He  became 
superior  beadle  of  the  university,  but  was 
ejected,  in  1647,  by  the  parliamentary  visi- 
tors. However,  he  recovered  his  place  at 
the  Restoration,  and  died  in  1606.  He  wrote 
several  books,  the  chief  of  which  is  entitled 
"  Pleasant  Notes  upon  Don  Quixote." 

GAZA,  Theodore,  one  of  the  chief  re- 
vivers of  Greek  literature  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, was  born  at  Thessalonica,  in  1398.  On 
the  invasion  of  his  country  by  the  Turks,  in 
1430,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  obtained 
the  patronage  of  Cardinal  Bessarion,  to 
whom  he  presented  a  manuscript  of  the 
Iliad.  He  was  afterwards  employed  at 
Rome  in  translating  Greek  authors  into 
Latin ;  but,  on  presenting  one  of  his  finest 
performances  to  Sixtus  IV.,  who  gave  him 
a  trifling  sum  for  it,  he  threw  the  money 
into  the  Tiber,  exclaiming,  "It  is  time  to 
return  home,  since  these  asses  have  no  relish 
for  anything  but  thistles."  He  then  went 
to  Ferrara,  whence  he  removed  to  Calabri^a  ; 


but  it  appears  that  he  again  went  to  Rome, 
and  died  there  in  1478. 

GEBER,  an  Arabian  philosopher  of  the 
8th  century,  whose  skill  in  astronomy  and 
alchemical  researches  obtained  for  him  in 
that  dark  age  the  character  of  a  magician. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  Greek  by  birth, 
and  to  have  apostatised  from  Christianity 
to  Mahometanism.  His  works,  under  the 
title  of  "Lapis  Philosophorum,"  prove  that 
his  knowledge  of  chemistry  was  by  no  means 
so  limited  as  that  of  many  who  wrote  subse- 
quently to  his  time. 

GEBHARDI,  Louis  Albert,  a  volumi- 
nous historical  writer  ;  author  of  the  histo- 
ries of  Denmark  and  Norway,  the  Wendes 
and  Sclavonians,  Courland,  "Hungary,  the 
Sovereign  Houses  of  Germany,  and  various 
portions  of  the  Universal  History  published 
at  Halle.  He  was  librarian  at  Hanover, 
where  he  died  in  1802. 

GED,  William,  the  inventor  of  the  art 
of  stereotyping,  which  he  practised  in  1723, 
was  a  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh.  In  1729  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  Fenner,  a 
stationer  of  London,  but  no  advantage  to 
him  resulted  from  the  connection,  and  he 
returned  to  Scotland.    Died,  1749. 

GEDDES,  Dr.  Alexajtoer,  a  Roman 
Catholic  priest,  born  in  Ruthven,  Banflf- 
shire,  in  1737.  He  had  the  charge  of  a 
congregation  at  Auchinhalrig,  where  he 
remained  10  years  ;  and  in  1779  the  univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen  granted  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.,  being  the  first  Catholic  since  the 
Reformation  to  whom  it  had  been  given. 
About  this  time  he  removed  to  London,  and 
began  to  devote  himself  to  a  translation  of 
the  Bible  into  English.  In  1786  he  pub- 
lished his  prospectus  of  that  work  ;  and  in 
its  progress  he  was  liberally  supported  by 
Lord  Petre.  The  first  volume  of  it  appeared 
in  1792,  comprising  the  Pentateuch  and  the 
Book  of  Joshua ;  and  in  1797  appeared  the 
second  volume  ;  after  which  he  published 
"  Critical  Remarks,"  iii  vindication  of  his 
work,  and  an  "  Apology  for  the  Roman 
Catholics  of  Great  Britain."  He  died  in  1802. 
Dr.  Geddes  was  a  man  of  learning  ;  but  he 
assumed  so  many  new  views  in  respect  to 
scriptural  authority  and  doctrine,  that  he 
was  regarded  with  suspicion  by  orthodox 
Christians  of  all  denominations. 

GEDDES,  James,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  in  Tweeddale,  Scotland,  in  1710  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh ;  entered  on  the 
study  of  the  law,  and  was  admitted  an  ad- 
vocate. He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay 
on  the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing 
of  the  Ancients,  particularly  Plato."  Died, 
1749. 

GEDDES,  Dr.  Michael,  an  eminent 
English  divine  of  the  17th  century.  He  was 
chaplain  to  the  factory  at  Lisbon,  wliere  he 
was  apprehended  by  the  Inquisition  in  1080, 
and  interdicted  from  officiating  in  his  mi- 
nisterial capacity  ;  on  which  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  made  chancellor  of  Salis- 
bury. He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Churcli 
of  Malabar,"  the  "  Church  History  of  Ethi- 
opia."   Died,  1741. 

GEDOYN,  Nicholas,  the  translator  of 
Quiutilian  and  Pausanias  into  French,  was 
born  at  Orleans  in  1667,  and  died  in  1744. 


gee] 


^  ipctD  ?Suil)eriSaI  SStosraplbl'. 


[gen 


He  was  abbot  of  Beaugency,  and  a  member 
of  the  academy. 

GEER,  Chakles  de,  a  celebrated  Swedish 
naturalist,  was  born  in  1720.  He  studied  at 
Utrecht  and  Upsal,  and  at  the  latter  place 
had  Linnajus  for  his  master.  He  possessed 
a  share  in  the  iron-works  at  Dannemora, 
wliicli  mines  he  improved  by  the  application 
of  new  macliinery.  He  also  invented  an 
apparatus  for  drying  corn  by  the  lieat  of  the 
smelting  houses.  By  these  means  he  gained 
great  wealth,  whicli  lie  applied  to  the  noblest 
purposes,  in  feeding  the  poor,  repairing 
churches,  and  establishing  scliooU.  He  was 
appointed  marshal  of  the  court,  kniglit  of 
the  polar  star,  and  created  a  baron.  He 
wrote  "Memoires  pour  servir  h  rUistoire 
des  Insectes,"  &c.  7  vols.    Died,  1778. 

GEHLEN,  Adolphls Ferdinand,  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  and  a  member  of  the  academy 
at  Munich.  He  was  one  of  the  conductors 
of  tlie  Journal  of  Chemistry,  published 
at  Berlin,  and  the  author  of  some  original 
treatises  on  the  science.    Died,  181.5. 

GEIH^ER,  John  Samuel,  an  eminent  na- 
tural philosopher  and  a  senator  of  Lcipsic  ; 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Natural  Pliilo- 
sophy,"  0  vols.    Died,  1795. 

GELASIUS,  bishop  of  Caesarea  in  the  4th 
century,  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  the 
church,  of  which  some  portions  arc  still 
extant.    Died,  394. 

GELASIUS  I.,  was  elevated  to  the  papal 
chair  on  the  death  of  Felix  III.  in  492.  He 
had  a  contest  with  the  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  by  his  arrogance  prevented  a 
union  between  the  two  churches.  He  con- 
demned the  practice  of  communicating  only 
in  one  kind,  though  that  practice  became 
afterwards  a  standing  rule  in  the  Roman 
church  as  far  as  relates  to  the  laity.  Several 
of  his  works  are  extant.     He  died  in  49(5. 

GELASIUS  II.,  a  native  of  Campania, 
was  elected  pope  in  1118.  Cencio,  marquis 
di  Frangipan,  who  was  in  the  interest  of  the 
emiieror  Henry  V.,  drove  him  from  Rome  ; 
and  he  retired  to  the  abbey  of  Clugny,  where 
he  died  in  1119. 

GELL,  Sir  Wilmam,  a  celebrated  anti- 
quarian and  classical  scholar,  was  bom  in 
1777,  and  graduated  at  Emanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  had  been  a  fellow. 
He  devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits, 
and  published  "  The  Topography  of  Troy," 
"  The  Geography  and  Antiquities  of  Ithaca," 
"  The  Itinerary  of  Greece,"  "  The  Itinerary 
of  the  Morea,"  "The  Topography  of  Rome," 
and,  lastly,  his  interesting  and  beautiful 
work,  entitled  "  Pompeiana,  or  Observations 
upon  the  Topography,  Edifices,  and  Orna- 
ments of  Pompeii  ;  by  Sir  W.  Gell  and 
J.  P.  Gandy,  esq."  For  many  years  Sir 
William  had  resided  in  Italy  ;  first  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  at  Naples.  He  was  knighted 
on  liis  return  from  a  mission  to  the  Ionian 
Islands  in  18<)3  ;  and  in  1820  the  late  Queen 
Caroline  appointed  him  one  of  her  chamber- 
lains.    Died,  18;50. 

GELLERT,  Chkistian  Furchteoott,  a 
German  poet  and  writer  on  morals,  was 
l)orn  at  Ilaynichen,  in  Saxony,  in  1715.  He 
received  his  education  at  l,eipsic,  and  ac- 
quired great  celebrity  by  his  tales,  fables, 
1 1  and  essays.  He  was  appointed  extraordi- 
I    ■  

317 


nary  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic, 
where  he  read  lectures  on  poetry  and  elo- 
quence, which  were  received  with  great  ap- 
plause. His  complete  works  were  published 
in  10  vols.    Died,  17C9. 

GELLERT,  Christueb  Eiiregott,  bro- 
ther of  the  preceding,  was  a  celebrated 
metallurgist.  He  introduced  very  important 
improvements  into  the  method  of  separating 
metallic  substances  by  amalgamation,  and 
wrote  on  the  arts.    Born,  1713  ;  died,  1795. 

GELLI,GiAMBATisTA,an  Italian  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Florence,  in  1498. 
He  was  bred  to  some  low  trade,  but  became 
a  member  of  the  academy  of  Florence,  and 
had  a  high  reputation  in  his  day.  Besides 
his  original  works,  consisting  of  comedies, 
poems,  and  remarks  on  the  Italian  language, 
he  translated  the  "  History  of  Euripides, 
into  Italian.    Died,  l.^OS. 

GELLIBRAND,  Henry,  a  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  London,  in  1597,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  In  1027,  he  was 
elected  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresliam 
College  ;  but,  in  1G31,  he  was  brought  into 
the  high  commission  court  for  publishing  an 
almanac,  in  which  the  names  of  the  saints 
were  changed  for  the  Protestant  martyrs. 
As,  liowever,  similar  almanacs  had  Iwen 
printed,  the  information  was  dismissed.  He 
wrote  several  useful  works  on  the  longitude, 
the  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle,  on 
trigonometry,  and  on  navigation.  Died, 
1C30. 

GELLIUS,  AiJi-rs,  a  Roman  lawyer,  bom 
in  130.  He  studied  at  Athens,  and  is  the 
author  of  "Noctes  Atticae,"  a  work  full  of 
interesting  observations,  critical  aud  philo- 
logical. 

GEMINIANI,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  bom  at  Lucca,  in 
lOiKj,  and  completed  his  studies  under  Co- 
rcUi.  In  1714,  he  came  to  London,  and  was 
patronised  by  George  I.  He  published  va- 
rious compositions,  all  of  which  are  re- 
markable for  the  excellence  of  their  style, 
and  for  the  skill  necessary  for  their  proper 
execution.  His  chief  work  is  entitled,"  Guida 
Harmonica,  or  a  sure  Guide  to  Harmony 
and  Jfodulation."    Died,  1702. 

GEMISTUS  PLETHO,  George,  a  philo- 
sopher, bom  at  Constantinople,  in  1390,  but 
who  resided  chiefly  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
where  he  acquired  great  fame  for  his  wis- 
dom and  virtue.  He  was  a  zealous  defender 
of  the  Platonists  against  the  Aristotelians, 
and  of  the  Greek  Church  against  that  of 
Rome.  On  going  to  the  council  of  Florence, 
1433,  his  zeal  and  eloquence  gained  him 
the  admiration  of  all  parties.  He  contri- 
buted to  the  revival  of  Platonism,  in  Italy  ;  j 
and  was  the  means  of  laying  the  foundation 
of  the  academy  in  that  city.  He  died  in  his 
native  country,  at  the  age  of  101.  His  works 
are  chiefly  controversial  and  theological. 

GENDEBIEN,  a  distinguished  Belgian, 
born  in  1753  ;  took  part,  in  1789,  in  shaking 
off  the  yoke  of  Austria  ;  in  1790,  sat  as  a 
deputy  for  the  Belgian  republic,  when  united 
with  France  in  the  council  of  five  hundred. 
In  1815  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  com- 
mission for  drawing  up  the  constitutional 
act,  uniting  Belgium  and  Holland  as  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.    Aa  a  member 


gen] 


^  ^t^  mnttJcr^al  2St0frraj)l)j?, 


[gen 


of  the  second  chamber,  he  steadily  opposed 
the  arbitrary  acts  of  the  royal  autliority, 
especially  those  which  emanated  from  Van 
Maanen,  the  minister  of  justice  ;  and  took 
a  decided  part  in  the  Belgic  revolution  of 
1831,  by  which  Belgium  again  separated 
itself  from  Holland,  and  declared  its  in- 
dependence. 

GENGHIS-KUAN,  or  JINGHIS-KHAN, 
the  son  of  a  petty  Mongolian  prince,  ii'as 
born  in  Tartarj',  in  1103.  After  a  species 
of  intestine  warfare  with  various  Tartar 
tribes,  this  renowned  conqueror  invaded 
China,  the  capital  of  which  was  taken  by 
storm,  in  1205,  and  plundered.  The  murder 
of  the  ambassadors  whom  Genghis-Khan 
had  sent  to  Turkestan,  occasioned  the  in- 
vasion of  that  empire,  in  1218,  with  an  army 
of  700,000  men  ;  and  the  two  great  cities  of 
Bokhara  and  Samarcand  were  stormed,  pil- 
laged, burnt,  and  more  than  200,000  indi- 
viduals destroyed  with  them.  He  continued 
his  career  of  devastation  for  several  years  ; 
and  in  122.5,  though  more  than  00  years  old, 
he  marched  in  person,  at  the  head  of  his 
whole  army,  against  the  king  of  Tangut, 
who  had  given  shelter  to  two  of  his  enemies, 
and  refused  to  surrender  them.  A  great 
battle  was  fought  on  plains  of  ice,  formed  by 
a  frozen  lake,  in  which  the  king  of  Tangut 
was  totally  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  S00,l»00 
men.  This  ambitious  warrior,  whose  ravages 
had  cost  the  human  race  upwards  of  5,000,000 
human  beings,  by  dint  of  successive  vic- 
tories, became  monarch  of  a  territory  ex- 
tending 1,500  leagues,  including  Northern 
China,  Eastern  Persia,  and  the  whole  of 
Tartary.  He  died  in  1227,  in  the  GOth  year 
of  his  age,  and  in  the  52nd  of  his  reign  : 
having,  before  his  death,  divided  his  im- 
mense territories  between  the  four  princes 
whom  he  had  by  the  first  of  his  four  wives. 

GENI-IS,  Stkpuaxik  ITELiciTfi,  Countess 
de,  celebrated  for  her  literary  talents,  and 
by  many  for  the  independent  principles 
which  prevail  through  all  her  writings,  was 
born  near  Autun,  in  1740.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Ducrest  de  St.  Aubin,  and  the 
connection  of  her  family  with  that  of  St. 
Aubin  procured  her  admission,  at  four  years 
of  age,  to  enter  as  a  canoness  into  the  noble 
chapter  at  Aix  ;  from  which  time  she  was 
called  La  Comptesse  de  Lancy.  At  17,  a  letter 
of  her  writing  having  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  the  Count  de  Genlis,  he  was  so  fascinated 
with  its  style  as  to  make  her  the  oifer  of  his 
hand  and  fortune,  which  she  accepted.  By 
this  marriage  she  became  niece  to  Madame 
de  Montesson,  who  was  privately  married  to 
the  Duke  of  Orleans  ;  and  his  son,  the  Duke 
de  Chartres,  chose  her,  in  1782,  to  superintend 
the  education  of  his  children.  It  was,  soon 
after,  rumoured  that  an  improper  attach- 
ment existed  between  her  and  the  duke  ; 
and  Pamela,  afterwards  the  wife  of  the  un- 
fortunate Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald  [which 
see],  was  supposed  to  be  the  issue  of  that 
connection.  At  that  period,  Madame  de 
Genlis  wrote  several  excellent  works,  pro- 
ducing, in  rapid  succession,  "  Adela  and 
Theodore,"  "  The  Evenings  of  the  Castle," 
"  The  Theatre  of  Education,"  and  "  Annals 
of  Virtue,"  all  of  which  were  highly  po- 
pular.   In  1791  she  came  to  England  with 


her  pupil,  Mademoiselle  d'Orleans ;  and  on 
their  return  to  France,  the  following  year, 
both  were  ordered  to  quit  the  territories 
without  delay.  After  some  time,  they  went 
to  Switzerland,  but  were  not  permitted  to 
reside  there  ;  and  General  Montesquieu  ob- 
tained them  an  asylum  in  the  convent  of 
St.  Clair.  In  1800,  she  returned  to  France  ; 
and  in  1805,  Napoleon  gave  her  apartments 
in  the  arsenal  at  Paris,  and  allowed  her  a 
pension  of  5000  francs.  On  the  return  of 
the  Bourbons,  she  seemed  to  forget  her  old 
patron,  and  her  love  of  republicanism  gave 
way  to  admiration  for  the  restored  dynasty. 
When  her  old  pupil,  Louis  Philippe,  as- 
cended the  throne,  both  he  and  his  family 
paid  the  kindest  attention  to  the  comforts 
of  JIadame  de  Genlis  ;  and  her  pen  was 
actively  employed  to  the  last  day  of  her 
existence.  So  numerous  are  her  works, 
amounting  altogether  to  about  90  volumes, 
that  the  mere  enume-ation  of  their  titles 
would  occupy  too  much  of  our  space.  They 
embrace  nearly  all  subjects,  and  are  cha- 
racterised bv  fertility  of  imagination  and  a 
pleasing  style.    Died,  1830. 

GENNARI,  Cesar  and  Benedict,  two 
painters,  who  were  the  nephews  and  dis- 
ciples of  Guercino.  After  working  together 
some  years,  Ca;sar  established  himself  at 
Bologna,  and  Benedict  went  to  England, 
where  he  became  painter  to  James  IL,  on 
whose  expulsion  he  returned  to  Italy.  He 
died  in  1715,  aged  82. 

GENNAllO.  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  civilian, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  1701.  He  became 
chief  magistrate  in  his  native  city  ;  and  his 
works,  which  are  all  on  legal  subjects,  are 
remarkable  for  purity  of  style  and  dei^th  of 
erudition.    ]5ied,  1702. 

GENOVESI,  Anthoxt,  an  Italian  philo- 
sopher and  metaphysician,  was  born  at  Cas- 
tiglione  in  1712.  lie  read  lectures  in  philo- 
sophy at  Naples  with  great  reputation  for 
some  time  ;  but  at  length  he  was  attacked 
by  numerous  enemies  for  publishing  his  me- 
taphysics, in  which  he  recommended  the 
works  of  Galileo,  Grotius,  and  Newton. 
The  king  of  Naples,  however,  protected  him, 
and  made  him  professor  of  political  eco- 
nomy and  moral  philosophy  in  the  Nea- 
politan university.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Philosophical  Meditations  on  Religion  and 
Morality,"  a  "System  of  Logic,"  "  Hunio 
rous Letters,"  and  "  Italian  Morality,"  which 
last  is  accounted  his  principal  performance. 
Died,  1709. 

GENSONNE',  Armand,  fatally  distin- 
guished in  the  French  revolution,  was  born 
in  1758.  He  was  one  of  the  best  and  most 
eloquent  of  the  Girondist  party,  who  strug 
gled  first  to  save  Louis  XVI.,  and  next  to 
arrest  the  sanguinary  violence  of  Robes- 
pierre and  the  Jacobins  of  the  "  Mountain," 
by  which  they  were  finally  overwhelmed. 
The  10th  of  August,  1792,  which  established 
the  republic  on  Louis  XVIth's  destruction, 
was  fatal  to  Gensonnd ;  for  Robespierre 
then  became  paramount,  and  never  forgave 
his  bitter  witticisms  on  liim.  Gensonn?  re- 
fused to  fly,  and  he  and  his  28  Girondist 
colleagues  were  guillotined,  on  the  Slst 
October,  1793.  A  tranquil  heroism  cha- 
racterised his  death.    "Respect  the  laws," 


338 


oen] 


a  ^m  muiljcrisfal  23t0Jirai)t)B. 


[GEO 


he  said,  "  ray  countrymen,  while  you  reject 
tyrants." 

GENT,  Thomas,  a  native  of  York,  and  by 
trade  a  printer  iu  that  city,  lie  was  author 
of  "  An  Ancient  and  Modern  History  of 
York,"  "Tlje  History  of  Kingston-upon- 
IIuU,"  and  other  similar  publications.  Born, 
IG'Jl  ;  died,  1778. 

GENTILIS,  or  GENTILI,  Alberico.  nn 
Italian  civilian,  bom  at  Ancona,  in  IS.')*). 
His  father,  who  was  a  physician,  embraced 
the  refonned  religion,  and  came  to  P^ngland, 
where  Alberico  became  professor  of  law  at 
Oxford  ;  and  died  in  1608.  He  wrote  "  De 
Jure  Belli,"  and  other  works  on  jurispru- 
dence.—  His  brother  Scirio,  who  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Altdorf,  and  died  in 
lfil(>,  was  the  author  of  "  De  Jure  Publico 
Populi  llomani,"  &c. 

GENTLE.MAN,  Francis,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  actor  ;  born  in  Ireland,  in  1728. 
Besides  some  theatrical  pieces,  he  was  the 
author  of  "  Tlie  Dramatic  Censor,"  in  2 
vols.,  and  a  volume  of  "  Royal  1-ables,  in 
imitation  of  Gay."    Died,  1784. 

GENTZ,  FitKDEnic  von,  a  distinguished 
publicist  and  an  uncompromising  antagon- 
ist of  revolutionary  France,  was  bom  at  lires- 
lau,  1704;  studied  at  KUnigsberg  ;  and  after  a 
short  sojourn  in  England,  where  he  gained 
the  good  will  of  Pitt,  he  repaired  to  Vienna 
in  1803,  where  he  entered  into  the  Austrian 
civil  service,  under  the  most  favourable 
auspices  and  hopes.  Here  his  skilful  and 
facile  pen  was  soon  turned  to  account.  His 
able  manifestoes  and  pamphlets  proved 
almost  as  formidable  obstacles  to  the  in- 
vasions of  Napoleon  as  the  combined  forces 
that  opposed  him  ;  and  Austria  and  Prussia 
hastened  to  do  honour  to  the  man  who  could 
so  vigorously  support  their  views  and  defend 
their  cause.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the 
secretaries  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in 
1814,  and  at  Paris  in  181  ">,  and  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  various  congresses  that 
sprung  out  of  the  restoration.  A  selection 
from  his  various  works,  comprising  political 
questions,  a  "  lAfe  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots," 
and  numerous  articles  written  for  the 
Journal  Historique,  was  published  in  1838. 
Died,  1832. 

GEOFFREY  OF  Monmouth,  a  British  his- 
torian who  flourished  in  the  12tli  century. 
He  was  a  native  of  Monmouth,  became  its 
archdeacon,  and  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
St.  Asaph ;  but,  in  consequence  of  the  dis- 
turbed state  of  the  north  of  Wales,  he  left 
his  bishopric,  retiring  at  lirst  to  the  monas- 
tery of  Abingdon,  and  then  taking  up  his 
abode  at  the  court  of  Henry  II.  His  chief 
work  is  entitled  "Chronicon  sive  Historia 
Britonum,"  and  is  full  of  legendary  tales  re- 
specting the  early  British  monarchs. 

GEOFFKOI,  Stki'Uen  Fkancis,  a  French 
physician,  and  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Paris,  where  he  was  bom  in  1072.  He  was 
tlie  author  of  a  Pharmacopoeia,  called  "  l^e 
Code  Mi'dicamentaire  de  la  Faculte  de  Paris," 
and  was  a  niember  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
I^ondon.     Died,  1731. 

GEOFFRoY,  Jui-iAX  Louis,  a  French 
critic,  remarkable  for  the  severity  of  his 
dramatic  censures.  He  conducted  tlie  Lite- 
rary Annala  after  the  death  of  Frcron,  and 


339 


published  a  "Course  of  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture," in  5  vols.  ;  a  "  Commentary  on 
Racine,"  &c.    Bom,  1743  ;  died,  1814. 

GEOFFROY,  SxKiniKX  Louis,  an  eminent 
French  pliysician  and  naturalist ;  author  of 
a  «'  Manual  of  Practical  Medicine  for  Sur- 
geons," a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Organ  of 
Hearing,"  a  "  History  of  Insects,"  S:c.  Born, 
172.5 ;  died,  1810. 

GEOFFROY  SAINT  HILAIRE,  Eti- 
ENNE,  a  distinguished  zoologist  and  compara- 
tive anatomist,  sprung  from  a  family  well- 
known  in  science,  was  born  at  Etampes,  1772. 
He  was  originally  destined  for  the  church,  but 
he  preferred  dedicating  himself  to  the  science 
of  nature,  a  taste  for  which  he  had  imbibed 
from  the  instructions  of  Brisson,  at  the  college 
of  Navarre,  and  in  the  companjy^  of  IlaUy  his 
colleague  at  the  college  of  Cardinal  Lemoine. 
During  the  massacres  of  September,  1792,  he 
saved,  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  several  priests, 
and  among  others  HaUy,  who  had  been  im- 
prisoned for  recusancy.  This  act  of  devotion 
so  endeared  him  to  his  teachers,  especially 
Daubenton,  that  he  was  through  their  in- 
strumentality, in  1793,  appointed  to  an  office 
in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  where  he  founded 
the  vast  zoological  collections,  which  are  one 
of  the  glories  of  Paris.  In  1798  he  formed 
one  of  the  great  scientific  expedition  to  Egypt, 
explored  all  the  conquered  countries,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  most  active 
members  of  the  Institute,  of  which  he  after- 
wards became  professor.  In  1808  he  went  on 
a  great  scientific  mission  to  Portugal;  in  1815 
he  was  a  member  of  the  chamber  during  the 
hundred  days  ;  but,  on  the  return  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  retired  from  political  life,  and 
thenceforward  devoted  himself  solely  to 
study.  The  great  merit  of  Geoflfroy  Saint 
Hilaire  as  a  naturalist  consists  in  his  dis- 
covery of  the  law  of  unity  that  pervades  the 
organic  composition  of  all  animal  bodies  — 
a  theory  glanced  at  by  Buffon  and  Goethe; 
and  in  his  having  founded  the  theory  of 
"  Analogues,"  or  the  method  by  which  the 
identity  of  organic  materials  is  determined 
in  the  midst  of  all  their  transformations. 
With  him  too  originated  the  doctrine  of 
"  development,"  which  has  found  so  able  a 
supporter  among  ourselves  in  the  author  of 
the  "  Vestiges  of  Creation."  His  chief  works 
are  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Mammif&rcs," 
"Philosophic  Anatomlque,"  "Principes  de 
la  Philosophic  Zoologique,"  "Etudes  Pro- 
gressives," &c.  Died,  1844.  His  "  Life, 
Works,  and  Theories  "  has  since  been  pub- 
lished by  his  son,  who  bids  fair  to  emulate 
his  father's  scientific  zeal  and  ability. 

GEORGE,  Lewis,  I.,  king  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, was  the  son  of  Ernest  Augustus,  elector 
of  Hanover,  by  Sophia,  daughter  of  Frederic, 
elector-palatine,  and  grand-daughter  of 
James  I.  He  was  born  in  1000  ;  was  trained 
to  arms  under  his  father  ;  married  his  cousin, 
Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Zell,  in  1682  ;  served  in  three  campaigns 
with  the  emperor's  army,  against  the  Turks 
in  Hungary  ;  and  succeeded  to  the  electorate 
in  1700.  In  170<)  he  was  created  Duke  of 
Cambridge,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
England  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  in 
1714.  The  next  j-ear  a  rebellion  broke  out 
in  Scotland,  in  favour  of  tlie  Pretender,  but 


GEO] 


^  i^cfco  mnibtr^^l  33iOffra}Ji^i). 


[GEO 


this  was  Boon  entirely  quelled,  and  several 
of  the  leaders  lost  their  lives  on  the  scaffold. 
The  new  family,  however,  was  by  no  means 
popular  ;  and  the  Whigs,  with  a  view  to 
support  it,  introduced  septennial  parlia- 
ments ;  while  the  king,  who  probably  con- 
sidered tlie  British  crown  precarious,  endea- 
voured to  increase  his  continental  power  by 
the  purchase  of  Bremen  and  Vcrden.  This 
involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  czar 
Peter,  meditated  an  invasion  of  Scotland  in 
favour  of  the  Pretender ;  but  the  death  of 
Charles  XII.,  in  1717,  put  an  end  to  this 
alarm.  The  same  project  was  afterwards 
attempted  by  Spain,  whose  minister.  Cardinal 
Alberoni,  had  formed  the  celebrated  quad- 
ruple alliance  to  carry  it  into  effect.  This 
was  met  on  the  part  of  England  by  the  sail- 
ing of  a  naval  expedition  under  Sir  George 
Byng,  who  nearly  destroyed  the  whole  of 
the  Spanish  fleet,  and  recovered  Sicily  and 
Sardinia,  which  the  Spaniards  had  seized. 
In  1720  the  famous  "  South-sea  Bubble  "  was 
the  source  of  great  calamity  to  thousands  of 
families,  and  produced  such  disturbances, 
that  the  king,  who  had  gone  to  visit  his 
German  possessions,  was  suddenly  recalled. 
In  1722  a  new  conspiracy  against  the  govern- 
ment was  discovered,  but  no  serious  result 
occurred  from  it.  In  1725  a  treaty  between 
Spain  and  the  emperor  excited  the  jealousy 
of  the  king,  who  deemed  it  necessary  to 
coimteract  it  by  another  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  most  of  the  other  European  powers. 
Tlie  Spaniards  then  commenced  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar ;  but  all  disputes  being  arranged 
by  negotiation,  the  British  monarcli  set  out 
on  a  journey  to  the  Continent,  where  he  was 
seized  with  a  paralytic  attack,  and  died  at 
Osnaburg,  June  11.  1727,  in  the  G8th  year 
of  his  age,  and  the  13th  of  his  reign.  George 
I.  was  plain  and  simple  in  his  taste  and 
appearance ;  though  grave  and  sedate  in 
public,  he  was  gay  and  familiar  witli  his  in- 
timates ;  combining  a  good  share  of  sense 
vith  natural  prudence,  and  showing  much 
skill  in  the  management  of  his  hereditary 
dominions.  His  marriage  was  an  unhai)py 
one,  and  he  had  repudiated  his  wife  many 
years  before  his  death. 

GEORGE,  Augustus  II.,  son  of  George 
I.,  was  born  in  1G83  ;  married,  in  170,5,  the 
Princess  Caroline,  of  Brandenburg- Anspach, 
who  died  in  1737  ;  came  to  England  with  his 
fatlier  at  the  accession  of  the  latter ;  was 
created  Prince  of  Wales  ;  and  in  1727  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne.  The  country  was  at 
this  time  in  the  most  flourishing  condition 
both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  liad  a  powerful 
influence  in  all  the  courts  of  Europe,  Spain 
excepted;  but  peace  being  restored  in  1729, 
great  attention  was  given  to  the  private 
safety  and  welfare  of  the  subjects.  At  length, 
owing  to  an  infraction  of  the  late  treaty  by 
the  Spaniards,  and  their  repeated  encroach- 
ments on  our  foreign  trade  and  settlements, 
war  was  declared  against  Spain  in  October, 
1739  ;  and  Admiral  Vernon  was  sent  with  a 
squadron  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  de- 
molished Porto  Bello,  but  failed  in  his  at- 
tempt on  Carthagena.  In  1743  the  king 
headed  his  army  on  the  Continent,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Dcttingen.    In  1745  the  Pre- 


tender's eldest  son,  Charles  Stuart,  called  the 
young  Pretender,  landed  in  the  Higlilands, 
and  was  joined  by  several  clans.  After  ob- 
taining various  successes,  the  rebels  were 
finally  defeated  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
at  CuUoden,  in  174(5.  During  these  events 
the  king  received  numerous  demonstrations 
of  attachment  to  his  person  and  family  ;  and 
it  was  obvious  that  the  majority  of  the  nation 
were  satisfied  that,  by  supporting  the  House 
of  Hanover,  they,  in  fact,  maintained  the  in- 
terests of  civil  liberty.  In  1748,  the  war, 
which  had  produced  no  good  to  England,  was 
concluded  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
In  1751  died,  universally  lamented,  Frederic, 
prince  of  Wales,  between  whom  and  his 
father  there  never  was  any  cordiality.  In 
1755  war  broke  out  between  England  and 
France,  which  was  at  first  very  unpromising; 
but  soon  after  Mr.  Pitt  (first  Earl  of  Chatham) 
took  the  helm  of  state,  public  affairs  wore  a 
different  aspect.  In  1758  a  treaty  was  en- 
tered into  between  England  and  Prussia. 
Tlie  French  power  was  nearly  destroyed  in 
the  East  Indies.  In  America,  Louisburg 
was  taken  ;  and  the  capture  of  Quebec  was 
followed  by  the  conquest  of  Canada.  The 
island  of  Gaudaloupe  and  the  settlement  of 
Senegal  were  taken  by  the  English.  Ad- 
miral Hawkc  defeated  the  French  fleet  under 
Conflans,  and  the  British  flag  waved  trium- 
phant in  every  part  of  the  world.  Amid 
these  triumphant  successes,  George  II.  died 
suddenly,  Oct.  25.  1760,  in  the  77th  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  33d  of  his  reign,  lie  was 
a  plain,  blunt  man  ;  of  an  ingenuous  dispo- 
sition, but  hasty,  obstinate,  and  parsimo- 
nious ;  and  wholly  regardless  of  science  or 
literature.  Still  he  was  not  unpopular  ;  for 
dying  in  the  midst  of  a  successful  war,  the 
blaze  of  national  glory  would  have  been 
strong  enough  to  eclipse  his  personal  defects, 
had  they  even  been  much  more  glaring. 

GEORGE  III.,  king  of  Great  Britain,  el- 
dest son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
grandson  of  George  II.,  was  bom  June  4. 
1738,  being  the  first  sovereign  of  the  Hano- 
verian line  that  could  boast  of  England  as 
the  place  of  his  nativity.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1751,  his  education  was  en- 
trusted to  the  Earl  of  Harcourt  and  the 
Bishop  of  Norwich  ;  though  he  was  greatly 
indebted  to  the  princess-dowager,  his  mo- 
ther, for  the  formation  of  his  mind  and  cha- 
racter. He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather,  in  1760,  being  then  in 
his  23rd  year  ;  his  reputation  was  unspotted; 
and  the  first  speeches  he  delivered  to  his 
council  and  parliament  were  hailed  as  omi- 
nous of  a  patriotic  regard  for  the  liberties  of 
the  people,  over  whom  he  was  destined  to 
rule.  A  highly  prosperous  war  had  made 
the  existing  administration  exceedingly  po- 
pular, and  no  immediate  change  was  thought 
necessary  ;  but  the  Earl  of  Bute  had  always 
possessed  great  influence  with  the  king, 
while  Prince  of  Wales  ;  and  when  Mr.  Pitt 
(who  had  been  outvoted  in  the  cabinet  on 
the  subject  of  a  war  with  Spain)  resigned, 
and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  earl  of 
Chatham,  Lord  Bute  was  made  prime  mi- 
nister. On  the  8th  of  Sept.  17(51,  he-married 
the  Princess  Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg 
Strelitz.    The  new  administration,  formally 


GEO] 


a  ^c&j  ^nihtv^nX  JStagrajpl^i). 


[GEO 


headed  by  Tjord  Bute,  having  entered  into 
negotiations  with  France  and  Spain,  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  were  signed  Nov.  3.  17G2, 
at  Fontaiiiebleau.  In  1763,  the  country  was 
kept  in  continual  agitation  by  political  pam- 
phlets and  libels  of  various  kinds  ;  foremost 
among  which  was  the  memorable  "  No.  XLV. 
of  the  North  Briton,"  by  Wilkes  ;  tlie  result 
of  which  is  said  to  have  been  favourable  to 
the  interests  of  civil  liberty.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  there  was  at  the  time  a  sort  of  infatu- 
ation in  favour  of  licentious  and  abusive 
writings,  ill  calculated  to  beuciit  public 
morals,  or  to  afford  satisfaction  to  a  well-in- 
tentioned king.  In  17«!4,  Lord  Bute  retired, 
and  Mr.  George  Grenvillc,  the  new  premier, 
began  those  measures  iu  relation  to  the 
American  colonies,  the  consequences  of 
which  proved  so  momentous,  and  the  Ame- 
rican stamp  act  was  passed  the  following 
year.  The  most  alarming  irritation  pre- 
vailed among  the  colonists.  In  the  lower 
house  of  representatives  at  Virginia,  Patrick 
Henry,  a  popular  orator,  exclaimed,  "  Cssar 
had  his  Brutus,  Charles  the  First  his  Crom- 
well, and  George  the  Third" —  cries  of 
"Treason  I  "  here  interrupted  the  speaker  ; 
but,  after  a  moment's  pause,  he  continued, 
"  and  George  the  Third  may  profit  by  their 
example.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most 
of  it."  Early  in  this  year,  the  king  was  at- 
tacked by  an  illness  of  six  weeks'  duration, 
which  is  supposed  to  have  been  similar  in 
its  nature  to,  though  less  in  its  degree  than, 
the  malady  which  obscured  his  latter  days. 
Soon  alter  his  recovery,  he  went  down  to  Uie 
House  of  Peers,  and,  in  a  speech  from  the 
throne,  proposed  a  legislative  enactment,  by 
which  he  might  be  enabled,  under  his  sign 
manual,  from  time  to  time,  to  appoint  the 
queen,  or  some  other  member  of  the  royal 
family,  guardian  to  the  heir  apparent,  and 
regent  of  the  kingdom.  The  bill  was  soon 
afterwards  brought  into  parliament,  and 
eventually  passed  ;  although  it  met  with  so 
much  opposition  in  its  progress,  even  from 
some  of  the  ministry,  who  wished  the  term 
"  royal  family  "  to  include  only  the  descend- 
ants of  the  late  king,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
princess  dowager,  that  another  change  in  the 
administration  ensued,  and  the  Marquis  of 
Rockingham  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
treasury.  The  Rockingham  party  repealed 
the  obnoxious  stamp  act ;  yet,  notwithstand- 
ing this  and  some  other  popular  measures  of 
the  new  cabinet,  it  was  dissolved  in  July, 
1766.  The  Duke  of  Grafton  succeeded  the 
Marquis  of  Rockingham  as  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  and  the  Earl  of  Chatham  once 
more  took  office  ;  but  in  1768,  being  disgusted 
wtth  the  conduct  of  his  colleagues,  he  re- 
signed the  privy  seal,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Lord  Bristol.  The  same  year  was  distin- 
guished by  the  return  of  Mr.  Wilkes  for 
Middlesex,  and  the  popular  tumults  attend- 
ing upon  his  imprisonment  and  outlawry. 
The  aspect  of  affairs  in  America  grew  more 
serious  every  day,  and  public  discontent  was 
at  its  height ;  when,  at  the  close  of  the  year 
1769,  Junius  published  his  famous  letter  to 
the  king.  At  the  beginning  of  1770,  Lord 
North  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Grafton,  and 
increased  rather  than  alleviated  the  national 
calamities.    Popular  clamour  kept  pace  with 


ministerial  folly  ;  blood  had  been  already 
spilled  in  America  ;  and  the  city  of  London 
delivered  a  bold  and  spirited  address  and 
remonstrance  to  the  king,  which  the  king 
replied  to  in  terms  expressive  of  his  dis- 
pleasure. In  1772,  at  the  express  recom- 
meudation  of  his  majesty,  who  felt  highly 
indignant  at  the  recent  union  of  his  brother, 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  with  Mrs.  llorton, 
the  royal  marriage  act  was  passed,  whereby 
all  members  of  the  royal  family  are  prevented 
from  marrying  before  the  age  of  25,  without 
the  king's  approbation;  as  also, subsequently, 
if  disapproved  of  by  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment. The  public  events  which  followed, 
important  as  they  undoubtedly  are,  hardly 
fall  within  the  province  of  the  biographer  ; 
we  shall  accordingly  mention  them  only  in- 
cidentally, where  they  are  necessary  to  con- 
nect and  render  the  narrative  more  complete; 
suffice  it  to  say,  therefore,  that  after  a  long 
war,  during  which  France,  Spain,  and  Hol- 
land hostilely  interfered  in  behalf  of  Ame- 
rica, the  independence  of  the  United  States 
was  formally  acknowledged.  In  1782,  Lord 
North  resigned,  and  the  Rockingham  party 
went  into  office  ;  but  the  new  administration 
soon  afterwards  broke  up,  on  account  of  the 
sudden  death  of  the  premier,  and  Lord  Shel- 
burne  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  state, 
with  Mr.  Pitt,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham, 
as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  In  1783, 
the  memorable  coalition  ministry  between 
the  parties  respectively  headed  by  Mr.  Fox 
and  Lord  North  was  formed,  and  they  soon 
succeeded  in  forcing  themselves  into  office. 
To  this  the  king  was  decidedly  hoctile  ;  and 
as  soon  as  Mr.  Fox's  famous  India  bill  had 
been  rejected  by  the  lords,  he  sent  a  message 
to  him  and  Lord  North,  commanding  them 
immediately  to  return  him  their  seals  of 
office,  bjf  a  messenger,  as  a  personal  inter- 
view with  them  would  be  disagreeable  to 
him.  On  the  following  day  Mr.  Pitt  became 
prime  minister  ;  and  the  firmness  which  the 
king  had  displayed  in  the  affair,  and  the 
intrepidity  with  which  he  opposed  the  coali- 
tion faction,  gained  him  considerable  popu- 
larity. On  the  2nd  of  August,  1786,  a  woman, 
named  Margaret  Nicholson,  attempted  to 
assassinate  his  majesty,  at  the  garden  en- 
trance of  St.  James's  Palace.  While  he  was 
in  the  act  of  receiving  a  paper  from  her,  she 
struck  at  him  with  a  knife,  which  pierced 
his  waistcoat ;  but,  fortunately,  did  him  no 
injury.  She  was  about  to  repeat  the  thrust, 
when  a  yeoman  of  the  guard  caught  her  arm, 
and  at  the  same  moment  a  footman  wrenched 
the  knife  from  her  grasp.  The  king,  with 
extraordinary  coolness,  said,  "Don  t  hurt 
the  woman  :  poor  creature,  she  is  mad  1 " 
which  proved  to  be  the  case,  and  she  was 
at  once  consigned  to  Bedlam.  In  1789,  the 
king  was  afflicted  with  mental  aberration, 
which  lasted  from  the  beginning  of  Novem- 
ber till  the  following  February  ;  when  on 
the  22na,  to  the  surprise  and  joy  of  his 
minister,  he  received  a  note,  stating  that 
"  the  king  renewed,  with  great  satisfaction, 
his  communication  with  Mr.  Pitt,  after  the 
long  suspension  of  their  intercourse  ;  "  and 
when  Mr.  Pitt  waited  on  him  at  the  ap- 
pointed time,  he  found  him  quite  rational. 
On  the  23rd  of  April,  the  king,  accompanied 


o  a  3 


GEO] 


^  f.ebi  Winiittr^Kl  l3t0rjrapTu'« 


[GEO 


by  his  family,  proceeded  to  St.  Paul's,  in 
the  midst  of  a  vast  concourse  of  spectators, 
to  return  solemn  thanks  for  his  recovery  ; 
and  so  extravagant  was  the  loyalty  of  the 
public  at  this  period,  that  the  congregation 
were  with  difficulty  restrained  from  bursting 
out  into  plaudits.  A  war  with  revolution- 
ised France  now  appeared  inevitable  ;  and 
it  was  evident  that  the  views  of  ministers 
met  witli  the  king's  full  concurrence  in  re- 
gard to  its  vigorous  prosecution.  But  it  was 
an  awful  time  for  the  sovereign  ;  for  though 
he  could  depend  on  the  loyalty  of  the  great 
body  of  his  subjects,  there  were  not  a  few 
who  were  infected  witli  the  regicidal  mania 
of  France,  and  who  thought  tliat  a  republic 
would  be  cheaply  purchased  by  the  blood  of 
a  king.  On  the  2yth  of  Oct.  1795,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  assassinate  him  while  he  was 
proceeding  to  the  House  of  Lords,  to  open 
parliament  in  person.  In  1798,  public  dis- 
tress appeared  to  liave  readied  its  climax  ; 
but  we  must  pass  over  tliese  scenes,  as  well 
as  the  Irish  rebellion,  which  broke  out  during 
this  year,  and  the  events  of  the  war,  as 
matters  which  pertain  to  the  history  of  our 
country,  rather  tlian  to  that  of  the  king  ;  and 
proceed  to  the  narration  of  anotlier  attempt 
on  his  life.  On  the  loth  of  May,  while  liis 
majesty  was  present  at  a  review  in  Hyde 
Park,  a  gentleman  standing  near  him  was 
wounded  l)y  a  musket-ball,  and  carried  off 
the  ground.  Whether  this  was  the  effect  of 
accident  or  not,  no  one  could  tell ;  but  it  pro- 
duced a  great  sensation  in  the  minds  of  the 
king's  attendants,  and  they  endeavoured  to 
persuade  him  to  forego  his  intention  of  visit- 
ing Drury  Lane  Theatre  that  evening. 
However,  the  royal  visit  had  been  publicly 
announced,  and  his  majesty  was  determined 
not  to  disappoint  those  who  expected  him. 
The  king  and  queen,  with  some  of  the  prin- 
cesses, accordingly  went.  A  moment  after 
tlie  king  had  entered  his  box,  and  while  he 
was  in  the  act  of  bowing  to  the  audience,  a 
man  who  sat  in  the  middle  of  the  pit,  near 
the  orchestra,  fired  off  a  horse-pistol  at  him  ; 
but  the  assassin's  arm  having  fortunately 
been  a  little  elevated  by  a  person  near  him, 
who  had  observed  his  intent,  the  charge 
lodged  in  the  roof  of  the  royal  box.  The 
culprit  was  immediately  seized,  and  the 
pistol,  wliich  he  had  dropi^ed,  was  found 
beneath  the  seat.  Terror  and  indignation 
were  depicted  on  every  countenance,  except 
that  of  the  king,  who  stepped  back,  with  the 
greatest  composure,  to  the  box  door,  saying 
to  the  queen  and  princesses,  who  were  at  that 
moment  entering,  "  Keep  back,  keep  back  ; 
they  are  firing  squibs  for  diversion,  and  per- 
haps there  may  be  more."  The  loyalty  of 
the  spectators  was  raised  to  the  highest 
pitch  of  enthusiasm  by  his  majesty's  firmness. 
The  audience  rose,  and,  amid  repeated  cheers, 
"  God  save  the  king  1  "  was  three  times  sung 
by  the  whole  house,  witli  the  following 
stanza,  supplied  impromptu  by  Sheridan  -.-^ 
"  From  every  latent  foe, 

From  the  assassin's  blow, 
God  save  the  king  1 

O'er  him  thine  arm  extend, 

For  Britain's  sake  defend 

Our  father,  prince,  and  friend  : 
God  save  the  king  1 " 


On  interrogating  the  man  who  had  com- 
mitted this  outrage,  it  was  found  that  his 
name  was  Hatfield,  and  that  he  had  for- 
merly belonged  to  the  loth  light  dragoons  ; 
but,  having  received  eight  sabre  wounds  in 
the  head,  he  had  been  discharged  on  account 
of  insanity,  and  admitted  an  out-pensioner  of 
Chelsea  Hospital.  He  was,  notwithstanding, 
subsequently  indicted  for  high  treason  ;  but 
the  jury  being  satisfied  that  he  was  of  un- 
sound mind,  he  was  transferred  to  the  cus- 
tody of  the  keepers  of  Bethlem  Hospital. 
Some  time  after,  when  Sheridan  was  com- 
plimenting his  majesty  on  the  extraordinary 
resolution  he  had  displayed,  and  observing 
what  an  awful  confusion  would  have  taken 
place  had  he  abruptly  quitted  the  theatre, 
the  king  replied,  "I  should  have  despised 
myself  for  ever  had  I  stirred  a  single  inch  : 
a  man,  on  such  an  occasion,  should  need 
no  prompting,  but  immediately  feel  what  is 
his  duty,  and  do  it."  This  year  (1800)  the 
act  of  union  between  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land was  passed ;  and  in  order  to  bring 
those  over  who  opposed  the  measure,  the 
ministers  allowed  a  tacit  understanding  to 
prevail,  that  it  would  be  followed  by  cer- 
tain political  concessions.  George  III.,  how- 
ever, could  never  be  persuaded  that  he  could 
admit  the  Catholics  to  political  power,  with- 
out violating  the  spirit  of  his  coronation 
oath  ;  the  consequence  of  which  was,  the 
retirement  from  office  of  Mr.  Pitt  and  his 
colleagues  in  1801,  and  the  formation  of  a 
new  ministry,  headed  by  Mr.  Addington. 
Negotiations  were  now  speedily  entered  into, 
and  preliminaries  of  peace  signed,  wh: ch  led 
to  the  treaty  of  Amiens.  The  king,  however, 
considered  that  peace  at  that  time  was  impo- 
litic, unsafe,  and  unwise  ;  and  he  consented 
to  it  with  great  reluctance.  It  was,  in  fact, 
very  unpopular  ;  and  when  the  resumption 
of  hostilities  took  place  in  1803,  there  was 
an  evident  demonstration  of  public  satisfac- 
tion throughout  all  ranks.  The  Addington 
administration  proved  incompetent  to  the 
task  they  had  undertaken ;  and  Mr.  Pitt, 
with  his  friends  and  adherents,  in  1804,  again 
took  the  helm  of  state  ;  but  this  highly 
gifted  statesman  died  in  180G,  and  the  Greii- 
ville  party,  which  Fox  had  joined,  went  into 
office.  In  1807,  Lord  Grenville  and  his  col- 
leagues attempted  to  change  the  king's 
opinions  with  regard  to  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion ;  but  his  majesty  was  inflexible,  and 
declared,  "that  although  he  had  firmness 
sufficient  to  quit  his  throne  and  retire  to  a 
cottage,  or  place  his  neck  on  a  block,  if  his 
people  required  it,  yet  he  had  not  resolu- 
tion to  break  the  oath  which  he  had  taken, 
in  the  most  solemn  manner  at  his  corona- 
tion !  "  This  led  to  the  ejection  of  the  Fox 
and  the  Grenville  party,  and  the  Perceval 
administration  succeeded  them.  On  the  2jth 
of  October,  1809,  the  venerable  monarch 
commenced  the  oOth  year  of  his  reign  ;  and 
a  jubilee  took  place  on  the  occasion,  which, 
from  its  universality,  its  splendour,  and  the 
large  sums  which  were  raised  by  subscrip- 
tion for  the  benefit  of  the  poor,  reflected  the 
highest  credit  on  the  national  character  for 
loyalty  and  true  benevolence.  The  rapid 
decay  of  the  king's  sight  at  this  period  was 
very  apparent,  and  considerably  aflccted  his 


Geo] 


^  iSitbi  Unibn^nl  MiaQva^\)\j, 


[GEO 


spirits ;  and  the  death  of  liis  youngest  and  ! 
darling  child,  the  Princess  Amelia,  which 
happened  towards  the  close  of  1810,  gave 
him  a  shock  from  which  he  never  recovered. 
His  former  malady  returned,  and,  early  in 
December,  it  had  assumed  so  violent  a  cha- 
racter, that  but  slight  hopes  were  entertained 
of  his  recovery.  A  regency  bill  Avas  there- 
fore passed,  similar  to  that  proposed  by  Mr. 
Pitt  in  1788.  The  remaining  years  of  the 
king's  life  are  little  more  than  a  blank  in 
biography  ;  for  his  lucid  intervals  were  "  few 
and  far  between  ; "  but,  it  is  said,  that  in 
1814,  when  the  allied  sovereigns  visited  Eng- 
land, he  evinced  indications  of  returning 
reason  ;  and  on  being  made  acquainted  with 
the  astonishing  events  which  had  recently 
occurred,  he  appeared  greatly  delighted,  and 
even  expressed  a  wish  to  see  the  royal  visitors 
—  a  wish  which  it  was  not  deemed  proper  to 
indulge.  At  length  deafness  was  added  to 
his  other  calamities  ;  and  his  manner  and 
appearance  are  described  as  pitiable  in  the 
extreme.  On  the  17th  of  November,  1818, 
the  queen  died  ;  but  the  king  never  became 
acquainted  with  her  death,  or  the  subsequent 
appointment  of  the  Duke  of  York  to  the 
office  of  custos  of  his  person.  At  the  latter 
end  of  1819,  his  appetite  began  to  fail ;  his 
weakness  rapidly  increased  ;  and  on  the  29th 
of  January,  1820,  he  breathed  his  last,  in  the 
82nd  year  of  his  age,  and  the  51)th  of  his 
reign.  The  political  character  of  George  III. 
may  be  deduced  from  the  course  of  policy 
pursued  during  his  long  and  eventful  reign, 
for  no  limited  monarch  ever  had  a  more 
decided  influence  on  public  affairs.  He  lived 
in  i)erilou8  times,  when  thrones  and  states 
tottered  around  him  ;  but  he  was  firm  and 
consistent ;  and,  rather  than  give  up  any 
opinion  he  had  conscientiously  formed,  or 
deviate  from  what  appeared  to  him  to  be  the 
strict  line  of  duty,  he  would  have  descended 
from  the  throne,  though  it  were  to  mount 
the  scaffold.  If  his  obstinacy  were  censur- 
able on  some  occasions,  his  unflinching  firm- 
ness, even  in  the  face  of  danger,  was  ad- 
mirable on  others  ;  and  he  certainly  merits 
the  credit  of  having  formed  his  principles 
upon  just  grounds,  and  of  steadily  adhering 
to  them.  His  deportment  as  a  father  and  a 
husband  accorded  with  the  strictest  notions 
of  propriety  ;  and  the  morality  and  decorum 
of  his  court  afforded  a  happy  contrast  to  the 
lewdness  and  profligacy  of  many  others,  and 
had  a  decided  tendency  to  discountenance 
the  shameless  practices  which  were  else- 
where notoriously  prevalent.  He  was  re- 
ligious, temperate,  and  sincere  ;  and,  in  all 
his  tastes  and  amusements,  so  plain  and 
practical,  that  he  may  be  said  to  have  ap- 
proached almost  to  patriarchal  simplicity. 
Without  being  a  patron  of  literature  and 
the  arts,  in  the  most  extensive  sense  of  the 
word,  George  III.  was  favourable  to  their 
advancement.  He  was  particularly  fond  of 
music,  and  afforded  considerable  encourage- 
ment to  its  professors.  He  granted  a  charter 
to  the  society  of  artists  ;  knighted  its  first 
president,  Reynolds ;  and  patronised  his 
successor.  West ;  who,  in  the  course  of  thirty 
years,  painted  sixty-four  pictures  for  the 
king,  and  received  for  them  34,187i!.  He 
also  aided  the  cause  of  science  by  the  en- 


313 


couragement  he  afforded  to  Cook,  Byron, 
and  Wallis,  the  navigators  ;  Hersciiel,  and 
other  men  eminent  for  their  professional 
attainments.  But  it  is  for  the  qualities  we 
have  before  enumerated,  and  not  for  bril- 
liant attainments,  or  his  patronage  of  the 
learned  and  scientific,  that  the  name  of 
George  III.  will  be  transmitted  to  posterity. 
GEORGE  IV.,  Augustus  Fukokhic,  king 
of  Great  Britain,  &c.,  the  eldest  son  of  George 
III.  by  Queen  Charlotte,  was  born,  Aug.  1*2. 
17C2.  His  education,  together  with  that  of 
his  brother  Frederic,  was  entrusted  to  Dr. 
Markham,  subsequently  archbishop  of  York, 
with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Cyril  Jackson,  as 
sub-preceptor  ;  and  after,  177(5,  to  Dr.  Hurd, 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  Mr.  Arnold  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  Tlie  prince  was 
by  no  means  deficient  in  natural  abilities ; 
and  under  his  tutors  he  acquired  a  competent 
knowledge  of  literature  and  science.  Nor 
was  the  ornamental  part  of  education  ne- 
glected ;  and,  as  he  possessed  a  handsome 
person,  buoyant  spirits,  and  agreeable  man- 
ners, he  soon  Injcamc  tlie  idol  of  the  world 
of  fashion,  and  attained  considerable  popu- 
larity among  all  classes.  It  was,  however, 
apparent  that,  great  as  his  talents  might  be, 
his  love  of  dissipation,  whicli  preys  on  the 
intellect  while  it  debases  the  heart,  was  still 
greater,  and,  apparently,  unconquerable. 
Up  to  his  eighteeutli  year,  the  prince  had 
been  restricted  as  much  as  possible  to  the 
society  of  his  relatives  and  tutors ;  but  he 
now  associated  with  the  Whig  nobility,  and 
formed  political  connections  with  Lord 
Moira,  Fox,  Sheridan,  &c.,  while  he  figured 
in  the  annals  of  intrigue  and  gallantry  as  the 
protector  of  the  beautiful  and  accomplished 
Mrs.  Robinson.  This  lady,  although  only 
three  years  older  than  the  prince,  had  for 
some  time  been  married  ;  and,  as  an  actress, 
had  first  attracted  his  notice  when  perform- 
ing Perdita,  in  the  Winter's  Tale.  The 
public  prints  for  a  time  teemed  with  minute 
details  of  this  "  romantic  attachment ;  " 
novels  "  founded  on  fact "  were  written,  and 
"  authentic  histories"  invented  ;  when,  on 
a  sudden,  some  new  beauty  presented  herself, 
and  "  the  lovely  Perdita  "  was  doomed  to 
weep  over  the  faithlessness  of  princely  love. 
At  length  these  evanescent  amours  gave  way 
to  a  more  permanent  connection  with  Mrs. 
Fitzherbert,  a  widow  lady  of  good  family,  and 
a  professed  Catholic  ;  who,  although  seven 
years  older  than  himself,  still  retained  a 
good  share  of  personal  beauty,  and,  to  use 
the  prince's  own  expressive  term,  was  "  fat, 
fair,  and  forty."  It  was  understood  at  the 
time,  and  it  has  never  been  disproved,  though 
denied,  that  a  private  marriage  actually  took 
place.  This  circumstance  not  only  seriously 
displeased  the  king,  but  also  became  the 
subject  of  public  animadversion  ;  such  a 
contract  being  a  violation  of  the  act  of  settle- 
ment, which  seated  tlie  House  of  Hanover  on 
the  throne,  and  a  direct  opposition  to  the 
more  recent  royal  marriage  act.  His  dissi- 
pated mode  of  life,  and  the  building  of 
Carlton  House,  had  loaded  him  with  a  debt 
of  more  than  250,000/.  sterling,  his  annual 
income  being  at  this  time  .50,000/.  He  adopted 
a  variety  of  expedients  to  raise  sufficient 
funds  for  the  satisfaction  of  his  creditors ; 


GBO] 


^  i^cbi  Winibtv^aX  IStosrajjI^w. 


[GEO 


all  of  which  having  apparently  proved  fruit- 
less, he,  at  length,  applied  to  his  majesty. 
The  king,  however,  was  so  irritated  by  his 
extravagance,  tliat  he  refused  to  afford  liim 
any  aid  whatever.  He  tlierefore  adopted  a 
system  of  retrenchment,  which  lie  persevered 
in  for  nearly  a  year.  He  sold  off  his  stud  of 
racing  horses,  discharged  many  of  his  ser- 
vants, and  intimated  his  resolution  of  living 
in  a  state  of  retirement,  so  that  he  might  be 
enabled  to  save  such  a  portion  of  his  income, 
as  would,  in  time,  liquidate  his  debts.  At 
length,  in  1787,  his  case  was  brought  before 
parliament ;  and  the  king  having  announced 
his  intention  of  adding  10,000^  per  annum 
to  his  son's  income  out  of  the  civil  list,  the 
house  voted  IGl.OW/.  to  satisfy  the  prince's 
creditors,  and  20,000?.  for  the  completion  of 
Carlton  House.    This  for  a  time  patched  up 

I  his  credit ;  but  his  habits  of  expense  frus- 
trated all  hopes  of  his  living  within  his  in- 
come. A  sumptuous  residence  had  been 
prepared  for  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  at  Brighton, 
which  place  he  had  previously  raised  from 
obscurity  into  fashionable  importance,  by 

I  making  it  his  usual  place  of  abode  during 
the  summer  months :  her  furniture  and 
equipages  were  magnificent ;  and  in  dia- 
monds she  is  said  to  have  been  almost  as 
rich  as  the  queen.  But  though  attached  to 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  he  was  not  wholly  hers. 
Many  demireps  of  fashion  fluttered  round 
him,  and  shared  his  attentions,  the  most  no- 
torious of  whom  was  the  Countess  of  Jersey. 
Yet  in  the  midst  of  his  dissipation,  foppery, 
and  extravagance,  many  traits  of  noble- 
mindedness  were  seen  ;  and  hopes  were  en- 
tertained that  the  blandishments  of  beauty 
would  ere  long  cease  to  lead  him  from  com- 
panions and  pursuits  so  degrading  to  tlie 
princely  character,  and  so  inimical  to  the 
welfare  of  those  over  whom  he  might  soon 
be  called  to  govern.  The  king  and  his 
ministers  were  anxious  that  the  heir-ap- 
parent should  marry  ;  but  he  had  repeatedly 
expressed  his  aversion  to  a  royal  union,  and 
even  said,  that  he  would  willingly  forfeit  Ids 
right  to  the  throne,  rather  than  agree  to  it. 
At  length,  being  encumbered  with  debts,  he 
was  induced  by  the  conditional  promise  of 
their  liquidation,  together  with  an  increase 
of  his  income,  to  consent  to  a  match  with  his 
cousin,  the  Princess  Caroline  Amelia  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick. 
She  arrived  in  this  country,  April  5.  179,) ; 
their  marriage  was  celebrated  on  the  8th, 
and  on  the  following  day  they  proceeded  to 
Windsor,  whither  they  were  accompanied 
by  Lady  Jersey,  for  whose  establishment  in 
his  household  the  prince  had  peremptorily 
provided.  The  princess  soon  discovered  his 
close  intimacy  with  her  ladyship,  and  also 
found  that  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  had  procured 
from  him  a  superb  mansion  in  Park  Lane,  a 
magnificent  outfit,  a  pension  of  10,000?.  per 
annum,  and  an  assurance  that,  notwith- 
standing his  marriage,  the  attention  he  had 
pre\aously  shown  her  should  still  be  con- 
tinued. By  degrees  the  whole  of  the  mor- 
tifying circumstances  were  disclosed  to  her 
— iiis  debts  and  dissipation,  his  reluctant 
consent  to  the  marriage,  and  the  true  object 
of  it,  —  and,  lastly,  the  neglect  with  which  he 
treated  her,  while  he  lavished  liis  caresses 


on  others  —  all  tending  to  wound  her  pride 
and  rouse  her  just  resentment.  But  it  is 
needless  to  particularise  the  scenes  of  domes- 
tic discord.  The  Princess  of  Wales  gave  birth 
to  a  daughter  (the  Princess  Charlotte)  in 
January,  1796  ;  and  the  prince,  shortly  after, 
sent  her  proposals  for  a  separation,  to  which 
she  promptly  acceeded.  Little  else  occurred 
to  disclose  to  the  public  their  mutual  aver- 
sion till  the  year  1804,  when  the  right  to  the 
guardianship  and  charge  of  their  daughter 
was  maintained  on  both  sides  with  mucli 
acrimony.  The  result  was  that  George  the 
Third  undertook  the  care  of  the  young  prin- 
cess, and  her  mother  retired  to  a  private 
residence  at  Blackheath,  where  she  re- 
mained, subject  to  many  indignities  and 
mortifying  suspicions,  till  she  quitted  the 
country  in  1814. 

When  Napoleon  threatened  England  with 
an  invasion,  the  prince,  then  only  colonel  of 
a  regiment  of  dragoons,  while  his  brothers 
were  generals,  and  the  Duke  of  York  was 
commander-in-chief,  desired  to  be  placed  in 
a  more  ostensible  situation  ;  but  the  ministry 
coolly  declined  his  request.  He  accordingly 
appealed  to  the  king,  imploring  permission 
"  to  display  the  best  energies  of  his  charac- 
ter," and,  if  necessary, "  to  shed  the  last  drop 
of  his  blood  in  support  of  his  majesty's  per- 
son, crown,  and  dignity  ;  "  to  which  his  father 
briefly  answered  that  if  the  enemy  should 
land,  his  royal  highness  would  have  an  op- 
portunity of  showing  his  zeal  at  the  head  of 
his  regiment.  In  consequence  of  George  the 
Third's  incapacity,  through  mental  derange- 
ment, to  exercise  the  regal  functions,  the 
prince  was  appointed  regent,  with  certain  re- 
strictions, in  February,  1811 ;  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  restrictions  were  taken  off, 
and  he  entered  into  all  the  substantial  attri- 
butes of  royalty.  The  state  of  public  affairs 
had  long  been  truly  critical ;  but  our  re- 
peated victories  in  the  Peninsula  had  ren- 
dered the  prospect  more  cheering ;  and,  at 
length, its  final  abandonment  by  the  French, 
and  the  failure  of  Napoleon's  invasion  of 
Russia,  made  way  for  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIII.,  who  declared  himself  indebted 
for  his  crown,  under  God,  to  the  prince  re- 
gent of  England.  Soon  after  (in  1814),  the 
prince  received  a  visit  from  the  emperor  of 
Russia,  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  other  foreign, 
princes,  heroes,  and  statesmen,  whom  he  en- 
tertained with  dignified  hospitality.  The 
battle  of  Waterloo  gave  a  successful  issue  to 
the  long  and  desperate  struggle  between  the 
allied  powers  and  the  ambition  of  Napoleon  ; 
who,  hurled  from  the  pinnacle  of  greatness, 
supplicated  the  prince  regent  for  an  asylum 
in  this  country,  in  the  following  words : 
"Like  Themistocles,  I  throw  myself  upon 
the  protection  of  the  most  persevering,  but 
the  most  generous,  of  my  enemies."  What- 
ever inclination  the  regent  might  have  had 
to  comply  with  this  request,  certain  it  is  that 
he  had  not  the  power  individually  to  grant 
it ;  and  the  French  emperor  was  accordingly 
sent  to  his  solitary  and  distant  exile.  In 
May,  1816,  his  daughter,  the  Princess  Char- 
lotte, was  united  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe 
Coburg  (now  king  of  Belgium)  ;  and  when, 
in  the  following  year,  she  died,  it  threw  her 
father  into  such  a  paroxysm  of  grief,  as  to 


or 


OEO] 


^  llefiD  ^nibcriJat  33i0flra|)]^g. 


[gek 


bring  on  a  serious  illness.  Notwithstanding 
the  war  had  been  splendidly  terminated, 
peace  did  not  bring  with  it  its  usual  atten- 
dant, plenty ;  a  spirit  of  discontent,  for 
several  years,  pervaded  a  large  mass  of  the 
people  ;  and  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  on  tlie  life  of  the  prince  regent,  as  he 
was  going  to  Westminster,  .January  28.  1817, 
to  open  the  session  of  parliament.  In  1819 
and  1820,  very  serious  riots  occurred  in  the 
large  manufacturing  towns  ;  and  in  tlic  me- 
tropolis, a  few  desperate  men,  known  after- 
wards as  the  Cato  Street  conspirators,  were 
tried  and  executed  for  plotting  to  assassinate 
the  prince  and  tlie  leading  members  of  the 
administration.     On  the  29th  of  January, 

1820,  George  IV.  succeeded  to  the  tlirone  on 
the  death  of  his  father  ;  and  was  crowned  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  with  great  pomp,  July 
19.  1821.  Previous  to  this,  a  process  was  in- 
stituted in  the  llouse  of  Lords,  against  the 
queen,  for  the  purpose  of  depriving  her  of 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  queen  of 
England.   [See  Caroline.]  In  the  August  of 

1821,  the  king  visited  Ireland  ;  in  September 
he  went  to  Hanover  ;  and  in  1822,  he  paid  a 
similar  visit  to  Scotland.  On  his  return,  he 
sent  the  Duke  of  Wellington  to  the  congress 
of  Verona ;  and,  at  the  earnest  solicitation 
of  Lord  Liverpool,  he  appointed  Mr.  Canning 
to  succeed  Lord  Londonderry  as  secretary  of 
foreign  affairs,  although  his  opposition  to  the 
proceedings  against  the  queen  had  greatly 
offended  liim.  Lord  Liverpool  still  con- 
tinued premier,  but  the  new  secretary  made 
a  considerable  alteration  in  the  system  pur- 
sued by  gavernment,  by  the  introduction  of 
more  liberal  measures,  and  the  secession  of 
England  from  the  Holy  Alliance.  In  1825, 
our  army  in  India  gained  great  advantages 
over  the  Burmese,  by  whicli  our  empire  in 
the  East  was  materially  augmented.  In 
April,  1827,  the  Earl  of  Liverpool  became 
totally  incapacitated  for  office,  owing  to  a 
paralytic  affection,  and  Mr.  Canning  was 
appointed  premier ;  but  in  less  than  four 
months  this  enlightened  and  popular  minis- 
ter expired.  Lord  Goderich  succeeded  him  ; 
but  he  retained  office  only  till  the  following 
January,  when  most  of  the  leading  Tories, 
with  the  Duke  of  Wellington  at  their  head, 
returned  to  power.  The  most  remarkable 
event  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  George 
IV.  was  the  bill  for  abolishing  the  political 
disabilities  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  passed 
in  April,  1829.  During  the  latter  period  of 
the  king's  life  he  had  suffered  much  from 
the  gout  and  other  infirmities  of  age  ;  on 
which  account,  in  some  measure,  but  prin- 
cipally, it  is  said,  owing  to  his  excessive  dis- 
like of  being  exposed  to  public  gaze,  he  was 
seldom  seen  out  of  his  own  circles  ;  till  at 
length  he  lield  his  courts  entirely  at  Wind- 
sor, and  passed  nearly  the  wliole  of  his  time 
in  comparative  seclusion  at  the  royal  cot- 
tage. He  lingered  for  a  long  time,  and  suf- 
fered greatly  ;  at  length,  on  the  2(5th  of  June, 
1830,  a  blood-vessel  burst  in  his  stomach, 
and  he  almost  instantly  expired,  faintly  ex- 
claiming "  This  is  death."  As  regent  and 
sovereign,  George  IV.  held  the  sceptre  of 
Great  Britain  twenty  years  ;  and  the  mighty 
events  which  took  place  during  the  early 
part  of  that  period  were  such  as  cannot  fail 


345 


to  give  lilm  a  prominent  situation  in  the 
annals  of  his  country.  In  the  spirit  of  im- 
partial biography  we  liave  been  compelled 
to  notice  a  long  course  of  dissipation  and  ex- 
travagance, which,  whatever  be  the  age  or 
station  of  him  who  indulges  in  it,  inevitably 
tends  to  degrade  the  manly  character,  and 
to  debase  the  noblest  faculties.  But  let  us 
not,  in  closing  this  article,  omit  to  state, 
that  he  had  many  redeeming  points  of  cha- 
racter, and  possessed  some  splendid  qualities; 
that  he  was  naturally  kind  and  generous  ; 
that  his  whole  life  was  sprinkled  with  acts 
of  private  l)enevolence  ;  that  he  encouraged 
the  literature  of  his  country  ;  that  he  was 
the  munificent  patron  of  our  public  institu- 
tions, whether  for  charitable  objects,  or  for 
the  advancement  of  science  ;  and  that,  in 
short,  had  he  quaffed  less  from  the  intoxi- 
cating cup  of  pleasure,  he  might  have  been 
every  way  worthy  of  tlie  age  in  which  he 
lived,  and  the  people  over  whom  he  ruled. 

GEORGEL,  John  Fkancis,  originally  a 
Jesuit,  but  on  the  suppression  of  the  order 
he  became  secretary  to  the  French  ambas- 
sador at  Vienna.  In  tlie  early  part  of  the 
revolution  he  was  compelled  to  emigrate, 
but  returned  in  1800,  and  refused  a  hJsliop- 
ric.  He  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "Memoirs 
towards  a  History  of  Events  from  1760  to 
180()."  (5  vols.     Born,  1721  ;  died,  1813. 

GEORGES,  Chevalier  de  St.,  a  violinist 
and  musical  composer.  He  was  a  native  of 
Guadaloupe,  and  usually  resided  in  Paris, 
where,  as  well  as  in  England,  he  was  equally 
celebrated  for  his  skill  as  a  sword-player 
as  for  his  performances  on  the  violin.  Died, 
1801. 

GEORGIADES,  Anastasif.s,  a  modern 
Greek  author,  bom  in  1770,  at  Philippolis. 
He  published  at  Lcipsic  a  work  in  mo<lern 
Greek,  called  "  Anthropology,"  and  another 
on  the  pronunciation  of  Ancient  Greek.  He 
was  a  physician  at  Bucharest. 

GERAMB,  Baron  Fekdixaxd,  bom  in 
1770  ;  an  adventurer  (descended  from  a  Hun- 
garian noble  family),  who  headed  a  corps 
of  partisans  against  France,  when  she  in- 
vaded Austria  in  1805  and  1806.  On  the  re- 
volution breaking  out  in  Spain,  he  offered 
his  services  to  the  Cortes  ;  and  was  em- 
ployed till  the  unfavourable  results  of  the 
campaign  urged  liim  to  visit  England,  in 
1811,  to  obtain  supplies  and  assistance.  In 
this  he  failed  ;  but  being  pursued  by  his 
creditors,  and  hunted  by  bailiffs,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  a  defence  of  liis  villa 
against  the  latter,  who  besieged  him  for 
15  days.  The  alien  act  was  now,  however, 
brought  to  bear  on  him,  and  he  was  deported, 
as  a  mauvaM  svjet,  to  Denmark.  There  he 
was  claimed  by  Napoleon,  who  shut  him  up 
in  Vincennes,  in  181 2.  The  first  abdication  set 
him  free,  1814  ;  and  he  finished  his  career  by 
becoming  a  monk  of  La  Trappe.  His  letters 
to  Earl  Moira,  on  the  affairs  of  Spain,  and 
to  Sophia,  in  1810,  made  some  noise  ;  and  lie 
was  for  some  time  the  "  lion  "  of  the  fashion- 
able circles. 

GERANDO,  Baron  de,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  philosophical  subjects,  was  bom 
at  Lyons,  1772  ;  educated  by  the  Oratorians, 
took  part  in  1793  in  the  defence  of  his  native 
city  against  the  troops  of  the  Convention, 


gek] 


^  ^ci3)  iJntljfr^al  MitfcpcapM' 


[ger 


was  forced  to  flee  in  consequence,  returned 
in  1796,  and  was  present  ret  tlie  battle  of 
Zuricli,  1799.  But  in  the  heart  of  the  camp 
he  had  found  time  to  cultivate  literature  ; 
for  his  "  Comparative  History  of  the  Systems 
of  Philosophy  "  (first  published  as  a  small 
tract,  and  gradually  augmented  till,  in  1847, 
it  extended  to  eight  volumes)  attracted  the 
notice  of  Lucien  Buonaparte,  who  made  him 
secretary-general  to  the  minister  of  the  in- 
terior in  1804  ;  and  in  180")  he  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  for 
some  years  endeavouring  to  introduce  the 
French  system  of  administration.  The  rest 
of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  in  promoting 
Bclicmcs  upon  the  moral  and  physical  im- 
provement of  the  people.  In  1837  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage.    Died,  1842. 

GERARD,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  divine 
and  writer,  was  born  at  Garioch,  Aberdeen- 
shire, in  1728.  He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen 
and  Edinburgh,  and  in  17.")2  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  in  Marischal  Col- 
lege. In  1759  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
divinity,  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  in 
1771  he  obtained  the  theological  professorship 
in  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  An  Essay  on  Taste,"  "  Disserta- 
tions on  the  Genius  and  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity," "  An  Essay  on  Genius,"  two  vo- 
lumes of  sermons,  and  a  "  Discourse  on  the 
Pastoral  Care." 

GERARD,  Fran?ots,  a  French  liistorical 
painter,  of  the  highest  merit.  lie  became, 
at  the  early  age  of  14,  a  pupil  of  the  cele- 
brated David,  and  is  thought  by  many  good 
judges  to  have  equalled,  if  not  in  some  cases 
to  liave  surpassed,  his  master.  His  battle- 
pieces  are  extremely  grand  ;  but  probably  liis 
portraits  of  the  Buonaparte  family  and  of  tlie 
allied  sovereigns  are  his  finest  achievements. 
Born.  1770  ;  died,  1837. 

GERARD,  Louis,  an  eminent  French  phy- 
sician and  botanist,  born  in  1733.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  researches  in  various 
branches  of  natural  science ;  and  he  first 
noticed  the  natural  affinities  of  plants,  in 
liis  "  Gerardi  Flora  Gallo-Proviucialis." 
Died,  1819. 

GERARD  DE  RAYNEVAL,  JosErn 
Matthias,  a  French  diplomatist,  who  for  a 
long  series  of  years  was  employed  as  secretary 
in  political  missions,  and  subsequently  be- 
came chief  of  the  division  in  the  office  of 
foreign  aflFairs.  He  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self both  by  his  diplomatic  talents  and  his 
published  opinions.     Born,  1736  ;  died,  1812. 

GERARD  THOM.  or  TENQUE,  founder 
of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  was 
born  at  Amalfl,  about  the  year  1040.  He 
first  visited  Jerusalem  for  commercial  ob- 
jects ;  but  in  1100  he  took  the  religious  habit, 
and  associated  with  others,  who^  made  the 
vows  of  chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience  : 
the  object  of  their  institution  being  to  defend 
Christian  pilgrims  in  their  journey  to  and 
from  the  Holy  Land.  Thus  arose  the  power- 
ful order  of  knights  hospitalers  of  St.  Jolm, 
who  afterwards  became  the  knights  of  Malta, 
and  acquired  such  distinguished  fame»  Died, 
1120. 

GERARDE,  John,  an  English  botanist 
and  surgeon,  bom  at  Nantwicli  in  Cheshire, 
in  1545,  and  died  in  1607.    He  was  the  author 


of  "  Catalogus  Arborum,  Fruticum,  et  Plan- 
tarum,"  and  the  "  Herbal,  or  General  His- 
tory of  Plants,"  a  work  which  contributed  to 
diffuse  a  taste  for  botany. 

GERARDEN,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
French  naturalist;  author  of"  Tableau  Ele- 
mentaire  de  Botanique,"  &c.  Born,  1751 ; 
died,  1810. 

GERARDS,  Mark,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
was  bom  in  1561.  About  1580  he  came  to 
England,  and  was  appointed  painter  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  He  was  eminent  in  history,  por- 
traits, and  landscapes  ;  and  died  in  1635. 

GERBAIS,  Jean,  a  French  civilian,  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the 
roj'al  college  of  Paris,  and  principal  of  the 
college  of  Rheims,  died  in  that  city  in  1609. 
He  wrote  "  De  Causis  Majoribus,"  "A  Letter 
on  the  Ornaments  and  Luxury  of  Female 
Dress,"  &c. 

GERBj:LrUS,  Nicholas,  professor  of  ju- 
risprudence at  the  university  of  Strasburg  ; 
autJior  of  the  "  Life  of  Cuspinian,"  a  treatise 
on  the  "  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Anabap- 
tists," &c.    Died,  1500. 

GERBERT,  Maktin,  a  dignified  eccle- 
siastic, born  in  the  Austrian  states  in  1790. 
He  was  prince-abbot  of  the  Benedictine  mo- 
nastery at  St.  Blair,  in  the  Black  Forest ; 
and  was  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of,  and 
taste  for,  the  fine  arts,  particularly  music. 
He  travelled  throughout  the  Continent  for 
the  materials  of  a  work  on  the  history  of 
church  music,  and  in  1774  it  appeared  under 
the  title  of"  De  Cantu  et  Musica  Sacra  a  prima 
Ecclesiae  ^tate  usque  ad  presens  Tempus." 
A  still  more  valuable  one,  now  very  scarce, 
appeared  in  1784,  entitled  "  Scriptores  Eccle- 
siastioi  de  MusicA  Sacra  potissimum."  Died, 
1703. 

GERBIER,  Sir  Balthasae,  a  painter, 
was  born  at  Antwerp  in  1592.  He  came  to 
England  with  Reubens,  and  was  knighted  by 
Cliarles  I.,  who  made  him  his  agent  at  Brus- 
sels, and  employed  him  in  different  nego- 
tiations. At  the  Restoration  he  prepared 
the  triumphal  arches  for  the  reception  of  the 
king.    Died,  1607. 

GERBILLON,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit 
missionary  in  China,  horn  in  1654.  He  wrote 
"Observations  on  Great  Tartary,"  and  an 
account  of  his  travels  is  inserted  in  Du 
Halde's  History  of  China.  He  was  in  great 
favour  with  the  emperor,  for  whom  he  com- 
posed the  Elements  of  Geometry,,  and  was 
his  instructor  in  mathematics  and  philoso- 
phy. He  was  also  allowed  to  preach  the 
Christian  religion  in  Cliina,  and  finally 
became  superior-general  of  all  the  Jesuit 
missionaries  sent  from  France.  He  died  at 
Pekin  in  1707. 

GERDIL,  HrACiNTn  Sigissiond,  an  Ita- 
lian cai'dinal,  was  born  at  Samoeus,  in  Pied- 
mont, in  1718.  He  entered  the  Barnabite 
order,  and  in  1742  was  chosen  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Macerata  ;  from  which  place 
he  went  to  Turin,  where  he  was  appointed 
tutor  to  the  prince  royal  of  Sardinia.  In 
1777  he  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  removed 
to  Rome,  where  for  many  years  he  lived  in 
comparative  retirement ;  but  he  strenuously 
opposed  the  negotiations  with  the  consular 
government  of  France  in  1801,  and  treated 
the  concordat  proi>osed  by  Buonaparte  as  a 


ger] 


^  l^cto  mixibtv^Kl  2Stogtai)]by» 


[get 


liypocritical  farce.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  religious  subjects,  aud  died  at  Rome  in 
1802. 

GERLACH,  Stephen,  a  German  Protest- 
ant divine,  was  born  in  Suabia  in  1540.  He 
was  educated  at  Tubingen,  and  t)ecame 
chaplain  to  the  imperial  embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  resided  five  years.  On 
his  return  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
divinity  and  dean  of  Tubingen,  and  died  in 
1(512.  His  works  are,  "  An  Epitome  of  Ec- 
clesiastical History,"  "Journal  of  the  Em- 
bassy to  the  Porte,"  "  Dissertations,"  &c. 
j  GERLE,  A.  C,  a  Frencli  revolutionary 
I  ecclesiastic,  born  in  17(J9,  who  in  the  states- 
general,  in  1789,  pronounced  against  his 
order.  He  subsequently  connected  himself 
with  a  prophetess,  named  Suzannel,  who 
proclaimed  the  political  millenium  ;  and  in 
1793,  he  was  head  of  the  sect  of  the  pro- 
phetess, Catherine  Theor,  who  called  herself 
the  Mother  of  God,  and  was  believed  in  and 
protected  bv  Robespierre. 

GERMANICUS,  C^ar,  the  son  of  Clau- 
dius Drusus  Nero,  and  the  younger  Antonia, 
a  niece  of  Augustus,  was  adopted  by  Tiberius, 
bis  paternal  uncle.  He  was  at  the  head  of 
the  Roman  armies  in  Germany  when  Au- 
gustus died ;  and  after  gaining  many  great 
victories  there,  Tiberius,  jealous  of  liis  ne- 
phew's glory,  called  him  home  under  pre- 
tence of  granting  him  a  triumph.  In  order, 
however,  to  get  rid  of  a  man  whose  popu- 
larity appeared  dangerous,  he  sent  him,  in- 
vested with  almost  absolute  power,  into  the 
east,  where  he  died,  under  strong  suspicions 
of  being  poisoned,  a.d.  19,  aged  34.  His  death 
was  regarded  at  Rome  as  a  public  loss,  and 
all  tlie  houses  were  closed  on  the  day  of  his 
funeral. 

GERM  ANUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
in  the  8th  century,  was  a  zealous  defender 
of  image-worship,  for  which  he  was  de- 
graded, in  a  council  held  at  Constantinople, 
in  7.'iO. 

GERSON,  Jony  Charliee  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  divine,  born  at  Gerson,  in 
Cliampagne,  in  13(]3.  He  was  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  Paris,  and  canon  of  Notre 
Dame  ;  and  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
piety,  his  writings,  and  his  defence  of  the 
council  of  Constance  against  the  authority 
of  the  pope.    Died,  1421. 

GERSON,  JouN,  abbot  of  Vercei,  in  the 
12th  century,  by  whom  the  book  entitled 
"De  Imitatione  Christi,"  which  bears  the 
name  of  Thomas  &-Kempis,  was,  as  it  now 
appears,  really  written. 

GERSTEIN,  CuKiSTiAN  Louis,  a  mathe- 
matician, was  bom  at  Giessen,  in  1701 ;  ap- 
pointed to  the  professorship  of  mathematics 
there  in  1733  ;  but  was  afterwards  deprived 
of  it  for  not  submitting  to  the  decision  of  a 
court  of  justice  in  a  lawsuit.  He  died  in 
17(32.  He  wrote  some  Latin  works  on  ba- 
rometrical observations  j  a  "  New  Method  of 
calculating  Eclipses,"  &c. 

GERVAISE,  Armand  Franxjis,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  of  the  order  of  the  Carmelites. 
He  abridged  the  works  of  St.  Cyprian,  and 
wrote  his  life.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
the  lives  of  Abelard,  and  Hcloise,  and  other 
biographical  and  theological  works.  Died, 
1744. 


GERVAISE,  Nicholas,  brother  of  the 
preceding.  He  went  to  Siam,  where  he 
remained  4  years  as  a  missionary  ;  and  on 
his  return  published  the  natural  and  civil 
history  of  that  kingdom  ;  also  a  descrip- 
tion of  Macassar.  After  a  time  he  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Horren,  in  Guiana,  and 
went  thither ;  but  was  murdered,  with  all 
his  clergy,  by  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GESENIUS,  Frederic  Henry  Wiixiam, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  orientalists  of 
modem  times,  was  born  at  Nordhausen,  178C. 
He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Halle  ;  and 
during  the  30  years  that  he  lectured  in  that 
university,  he  published  numerous  works, 
which  have  made  a  new  era  in  oriental  lite- 
rature. His  "  Hebrew  Grammar  "  aud  many 
analogous  productions  enjoy  a  universal 
reputation,  and  some  of  them  are  translated 
into  most  European  languages.    Died,  1842. 

GESNER,  Conrad,  an  eminent  physician 
and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Zurich  in  Swit- 
zerland in  151(5,  and  was  professor  of  philo- 
sophy there  for  24  years.  His  fame  as  a 
botanist  was  spread  over  Europe,  and  he 
maintained  a  correspondence  with  learned 
men  of  all  countries.  He  wrote  numerous 
able  works  on  different  branches  of  natural 
history;  of  which  his  "Historia  Animalium" 
is  reckoned  his  greatest  performance,  and 
procured  him  the  appellation  of  the  Pliny  of 
German!/.  His  "  Bibliotheca  Universalis," 
a  full  catalogue  of  all  writers  extant  in 
three  languages,  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew, 
is  a  monument  of  immense  learning  and 
industry.  He  otherwise  rendered  much  ser- 
vice to  science,  and,  for  his  various  and  great 
meritihe  was  ennobled.    Died,  l.Wl. 

GEiNER,  SoLOMOX,  a  poet  and  painter, 
was  bbm  at  Zurich  in  1730.  He  was  placed 
under  a  bookseller  at  Berlin,  but  soon 
eloped  from  his  master,  and  employed  his 
time  in  painting  and  poetry.  On  his  return 
to  Zurich  he  published  "Daphnis,"  which 
was  followed  by  "  Inkle  and  Yarico  ; "  but 
his  fame  was  established  by  his  Idylls  and 
Pastorals.  He  next  added  to  his  celebrity 
by  the  very  popular  piece  of  "  The  Death 
of  Abel,"  which  appeared  in  1758,  and  made 
his  name  known  throughout  Europe.  He 
then  published  his  "First  Navigator," 
" Moral  Tales,"  "Dramas,"  &c.;  and  after- 
wards turned  his  attention  more  particularly 
to  painting  and  engraving,  and  produced 
several  landscapes  ;  at  the  same  time  in- 
structing with  his  pen,  while  he  pleased 
the  eye,  and  contributed  to  the  progress  of 
art.  Died,  1788.  As  a  pastoral  poet,  Gesner, 
if  he  has  been  equalled,  has  never  been 
excelled. 

GESaNER,  John  Matthias,  a  profound 
scholai»and  critic,  was  born  at  Roth,  in 
Anspach,  in  1(591.  His  most  esteemed  works 
are,  editions  of  some  of  the  classics,  aud  an 
excellent  Latin  Thesaurus,  4  vols,  folio. 

GETA,  Sei'Timuis  Antonius,  second  son 
of  the  emperor  Sevems,  and  brother  of  the 
infamous  Caracalla,  whom  he  joined  in  the 
government  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
Caracalla,  wlio  envied  his  virtues  and  was 
jealous  of  his  popularity,  after  having  en- 
deavoured to  effect  his  death  by  poison, 
murdered  him,  and  wounded  their  mother, 
who  was  attempting  to  save  him  from  the 


GEZ] 


^  0tbi  WinibevSaX  SSujgrapIjy. 


[gib 


1  worthless  fratricide.  lie  was  born,  a.d.  189; 
I  and  liad  not  readied  his  23rd  year  when 
1  the  Romans  had  to  lament  his  untimely 
death. 

GEZELIUS,  John,  bishop  of  Abo,  the 
capital  of  Finland,  was  the  author  of  a 
" Pentaglot  Dictionary,"  an  abridged  "En- 
cyclopedia of  the  Sciences,"  &c.  Born,  161.5  ; 
died,  IGDO.  His  son  John,  who  succeeded 
liim  in  the  bishopric,  was  also  a  learned 
scholar,  and  translated  the  Bible  into  the 
Findlandish  tongue.    Died,  1718, 

GEZEIilUS,  GEoncE,  a  Swedish  divine, 
and  almoner  to  the  king.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Illustrious 
Swedes."    Born,  173(5  ;  died,  1769. 

GHENT,  Henry  of,  archdeacon  of  Tour- 
nay  in  the  13th  century,  was  a  German  by 
birth,  and  is  said  to  have  excelled  all  his 
cotemporaries  in  knowledge  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  to  have  l)cen  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  Aristotelian  plulosophy. 
Died,  1293. 

GHERARDESCA,  ITooLmA  della,  im- 
mortalised in  the  "  Inferno  "  of  Dante,  under 
the  appellation  of  Count  Ugolino,  was  a 
Neapolitan,  who  in  the  13th  century  endea- 
voured to  usurp  the  government  of  Pisa,  and 
found  a  new  principality,  after  the  example 
of  Delia  Scala  at  Verona.  After  a  time  he 
succeeded,  but  governed  his  countrymen 
with  great  despotism;  and  Roger d'Ubaldini, 
the  archbishop  of  Pisa,  who  was  as  cruel  and 
ambitious  as  himself,  formed  a  conspiracy 
against  him;  the  result  of  which  was,  that 
Count  Ugolino  was  attacked  in  his  palace, 
and,  after  a  brave  resistance,  taken  prisoner, 
with  three  of  his  sons  and  one  of  his  grand- 
sons ;  all  of  whom  were  imprisoned,  and  left 
to  die  of  starvation. 

GHEZZI,  Sebastian,  Joseph,  and  Peter 
Lko,  father,  son,  and  grandson ;  three  Italian 
artists,  of  the  17th  and  ISth  centuries,  each 
of  whom  was  more  or  less  eminent  in  orna- 
menting churches  and  palaces. 

GIIIBERTI,  LouENZo,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  bom  in  1378,  at  Florence,  who 
early  learned  the  arts  of  drawing,  model- 
ling, and  casting  metals.  At  Florence  he 
executed  two  bronze  doors,  which  still  adorn 
the  baptistery  of  St.  John,  and,  according  to 
the  hyi>erbolical  praise  of  Michael  Angelo, 
were  worthy  of  decorating  the  entrance  to 
paradise.  It  contains  24  panels,  represent- 
ing various  sulyects  from  the  New  Testa- 
ment.   Died,  14j5. 

GIIIRLAND/VIO,  Domenico,  one  of  the 
elder  Florentine  painters,  was  distinguished 
for  fertility  of  invention,  and  has  therefore 
been  imitated  by  later  artists.  He  was  born 
in  1449,  and  had  the  honour  of  being  teacher 
to  Michael  Angelo.  —  His  son  Ridolfo  was 
also  an  excellent  artist,  and  highly  esteemed 
by  Raphael.     He  died  in  15C0. 

GIAMBERTI,  Francesco,  a  Florentine 
architect  of  the  15th  century,  who  made  the 
designs  for  many  buildings  in  Florence  and 
Rome,  composed  a  work  containing  tlie 
drawings  of  ancient  monuments  remaining 
in  the  Roman  territory  and  Greece — His 
son,  GiuLiANO,  was  architect,  sculptor,  and 
engineer  to  the  house  of  Medici  ;  built  a 
magnificent  palace  for  the  Grand-duke  Lo- 
renzo, besides  many  other  palaces,  churches, 


and  fortresses  ;  in  short,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  architects  of  the  age.  Born,  1443  ;  died, 
1517. 

GIANNI,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
born  at  Rome  about  17C0 ;  and  for  a  time 
exhibited  as  an  improvisatore  in  the  cities  of 
Italy.  He  was  nominated  the  imperial  poet 
by  Napoleon,  whose  victories  he  sung  in  the 
true  laureate  style.     Died,  1823. 

GIANNONE,  Peter,  a  fearless  historian, 
was  born  at  Ischitella,  in  Apulia,  in  107(5, 
and  became  an  advocate  at  Naples.  He 
wrote  a  valuable  "  History  of  Naples,"  in 
4  vols.  4to.,  -which,  for  its  dauntless  exposure 
of  papal  usurpation,  gave  great  offence  to 
the  court  of  Rome,  and  exposed  him  to  its 
fury.  His  book  was  prohibited,  himself  ex- 
communicated, and,  after  having  been  driven 
into  exile,  he  died  at  Turin,  in  1748. 

GIARDINI,  Felix,  a  Piedmontese  musi- 
cian, who  in  1750  came  to  England,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement,  and  re- 
mained about  30  years.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Russia,  where  he  died  in  1793. 

GIBBON,  Edward,  the  celebrated  histo- 
rian, was  born  at  Putney,  in  1737  ;  sent  to 
Westmiuster  School,  but  soon  transferred  to 
a  private  tutor  ;  then  to  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  for  a  short  time,  and  finally  to 
Lausanne,  where  he  renounced  the  Roman 
Catliolic  faith,  without  embracing  any  other, 
and  became  a  confirmed  sceptic.  On  return- 
ing to  England,  he  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  active  life,  but  read  much,  and  prepared 
lumself  for  authorship.  In  17(53  he  went 
on  his  travels  ;  and  while  sitting  amidst  the 
ruins  of  the  capitol  at  Rome,  he  formed  the 
idea  of  writing  the  history  of  the  decline 
and  fall  of  that  city.  In  the  mean  time, 
he  joined  M.  Dey\'urdun  in  a  journal  called 
"Mc'moires  Litteraires  de  la  Grand  Bre- 
tagne,"  which  met  with  no  success.  In  1770 
he  began  his  celebrated  history  of  the  "  De- 
cline and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  ;  "  the 
1st  vol.  of  which,  in  4to.,  appeared  in  1776  ; 
the  2ud  and  3rd  in  1781 ;  and  the  concluding 
3  vols,  in  1788.  Previous  to  this  undertak- 
ing, Mr.  Gibbon  was  chosen  into  parliament 
for  Liskeard  ;  and  when  hostilities  com- 
menced between  this  country  and  France, 
in  1778,  lie  was  employed  to  draw  up  the 
manifesto  on  that  occasion  ;  for  which  he 
was  made  commissioner  of  the  board  of 
trade,  but  lost  the  place  on  the  change  of 
administration  in  1783.  He  then  went  to 
reside  at  Lausanne,  where  he  continued  till 
the  French  Revolution  obliged  him  to  return 
to  England  ;  and  died  in  1794.  Mr.  Gibbon's 
celebrated  history  abounds  with  proofs  of 
unexampled  learning,  of  a  mind  penetrating 
and  sagacious,  and  of  almost  unrivalled 
talents  "for  ridicule.  Upon  Christianity, 
however,  he  has  inflicted  a  serious  injury, 
by  unsettling  the  faith,  or  offending  the  feel- 
ings of  many  who,  influenced  by  the  philo- 
sophical spirit  of  the  writer,  or  captivated 
by  his  style,  gave  a  too  ready  acquiescence 
to  his  specious  infidelity. 

GIBBONS,  Gkinling,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor and  statuary,  was  born  in  London  about 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  His  flowers 
and  foliage  carved  in  wood  have  almost  the 
lightness  of  nature  ;  and  he  executed  se- 
veral fine  pieces  also  in  marble  and  bronze. 


oib] 


^  i^elu  Hiii&cr^al  3SiO0rapTjp. 


[GIF 


Among  his  works  are  St.  Paul's  and  Windsor 
clioirs,  the  wooden  throne  at  Canterbury, 
the  monument  of  Viscount  Camden,  at  Ex- 
ton,  in  Rutlandshire,  the  font  in  St.  James's 
Church,  the  statue  of  Charles  II.  at  Charing 
Cross,  and  that  of  James  II.  in  Privy  Gar- 
dens,    lie  died  in  1721. 

GIBBONS,  Oklaxdo,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian, was  born  at  Cambridge,  in  1583.  He 
became  organist  of  the  chapel  royal  at  the 
age  of  21,  and  in  lCt>2  was  created  doctor  of 
music.  He  was  the  best  church  composer  of 
his  time  ;  and  he  also  published  madrigals. 
His  two  brothers  and  son  were  likewise  good 
musicians  ;  the  latter.  Dr.  Christopher  Gib- 
bons, was  organist  to  Westminster  Abbey. 

GIBBS,  Jame.^,  an  architect,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  in  16«.J.  He  designed  tlu;  churclies 
of  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Mary-le-Strand,  Lon- 
don ;  the  senate- house,  and  the  new  build- 
ings of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  the 
Radcliffe  Library,  Oxford,  &c.     Died,  1754. 

GIBBS,  Sir  Vicauy,  chief  justice  of  tlie 
common  pleas,  was  bom  in  1752,  at  Exeter, 
in  which  city  his  father  was  a  surgeon.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  and, 
through  the  friendship  of  Mr.  Dunning, 
afterwards  Lord  Ashburton,  he  obtained 
briefs  in  abundance.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Richard  Burke,  he  was  appointed  recorder 
of  Bristol,  and  was  soon  distinguished  as 
an  eloquent  pleader  and  an  able  advocate. 
The  trials  of  Home  Tooke,  Hardy,  and 
others,  for  high  treason,  brought  the  talents 
of  Mr.  Gibbs  still  more  conspicuously  before 
the  public  ;  and  soon  after  he  became  king's 
counsel.  He  was  also  elected  into  parlia- 
ment for  the  university  of  Cambridge  ;  made 
chief  justice  of  Chester  ;  next  solicitor,  and 
afterwards  attorney-general,  with  the  honour 
of  kniglithood.  In  1813,  he  was  appointed 
a  puisne  judge  of  the  common  pleas  ;  and, 
the  year  following,  lord  chief  justice.  After 
discharging  the  duties  of  this  office  about 
four  years,  he  resigned  it,  at  the  end  of  1818, 
ou  account  of  infirmities,  and  died  in  1820. 

GIBSON,  Edmuxd,  a  learned  prelate  and 
antiquary,  who  was  born  at  Knipe,  West- 
moreland, in  1C69.  After  receiving  a  gram- 
matical education  at  a  free-school  in  his 
native  county,  he  was  sent  to  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  applied  particularly 
to  the  study  of  the  northern  languages.  In 
1091  lie  published  a  new  edition  of  Drum- 
mond's  Polemo  Middiana,  and  James  V.  of 
Scotland's  Cantilena  Rustica ;  translated  the 
Saxon  Chronicle  and  Camden's  Britannia ; 
and  produced  several  original  works,  the 
principal  of  which  was  liis  "Codex  Juris 
Ecclesiastici  Anglicani,"  in  2  fol.  vols.  In 
1715,  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  was 
transferred  to  London  in  1720,  and  died  in 
1748. 

GIBSON,  RioHARD,  known  by  the  name 
of  the  dwarf,  an  English  painter  in  the  time 
of  Sir  Peter  Lely,  whose  manner  he  studied. 
In  his  youtli  he  was  servant  to  a  lady  at 
Mortlake,  who,  perceiving  his  taste  for  paint- 
ing, put  liim  under  De  Cleyn,  for  instruction. 
He  was  page  to  Charles  I.,  and  when  he 
married  Mrs.  Anne  Shepherd,  who  was  also 
a  dwarf,  the  king  honoured  tlie  wedding 
with  his  presence,  and  gave  away  the  bride. 


They  were  of  equal  stature,  each  measur- 
ing 3  ft.  10  in.  They  had  9  children,  5  of 
whom  arrived  at  years  of  maturity,  and 
were  of  the  usual  stature.  Gibson  died  in 
his  75th  year,  and  his  wife  in  1709,  at  the 
age  of  89. 

GIFFORD,  Andrew,  a  Baptist  minister, 
and  a  learned  antiquary,  was  born  in  1700. 
He  was  assistant  librarian  of  the  British 
Museum  manj^  years,  and  died  in  1784.  He 
Ijcqucathed  his  library  to  the  Baptint  aca- 
demy at  Bristol. 

GIFFORD,  Jon.v,  a  political  and  histo- 
rical writer,  whose  real  name  was  Joun 
RiciiAKD  GuEEX,  was  bom  in  1758  ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  and 
was  intended  for  the  law  ;  but  having  dis- 
sipated liis  property,  he  went  to  the  Conti- 
nent, and  assumed  the  name  of  Giifurd, 
which  he  ever  after  retained.  He  returned 
in  1788,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  t)>e 
French  Revolution,  devoted  his  pen  to  the 
defence  of  government  in  cliurch  and  state. 
He  contributed  to  the  establishment  of  the 
British  Critic,  and  afterwards  of  the  Anti- 
Jacobin  Review,  wliich  last  arose  out  of  a 
newspaper  of  the  same  name.  He  also  wrote 
(besides  many  pamphlets),  "  The  History  of 
France,"  5  vols.  4to. ;  the  "  History  of  the 
French  Revolution,"  4to.  ;  and  "  The  Life 
of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt,"  3  vols.  4to. 
Died,  1818. 

GIFFORD,  WiLUAM,  a  celebrated  critic 
and  satirist,  was  born  at  Ashburton,  Devon. 
His  father,  who  was  a  plumljer  and  glazier, 
at  South  Molton,  died  when  he  was  12  years 
old.  The  widow  soon  followed  her  husband 
to  tlie  grave  ;  and  the  orphan  was  at  first 
sent  to  sea  in  a  coasting  vessel,  but  shortly 
after  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker  in  his 
native  town.  There  he  remained  till  he  was 
in  his  20th  year ;  but  being  disgusted  with 
his  employment,  and  evincing  talents  of  a 
superior  order,  Mr.  Cookesley,  a  surgeon  of 
the  town,  proposed  to  some  of  the  inhabit- 
ants to  raise  a  subscription,  with  a  view  of 
purchasing  his  freedom,  and  giving  him  an 
education.  This  being  effected,  he  was  sent 
to  Oxford,  to  pursue  studies  more  congenial 
to  his  mind.  While  at  the  university  he 
was  fortunately  introduced  to  the  late  l^ord 
Grosvenor,  who  engaged  him  to  accompany 
his  son.  Lord  Belgrave,  on  his  travels  over 
the  Continent.  On  his  return  to  England, 
he  settled  in  London,  devoting  his  time  to 
literature ;  and  thenceforward  fortune 
smiled  on  his  career.  In  1791,  he  published 
"The  Baviad,"  a  poetical  satire,  in  which 
he  severely  lashed  the  poets  and  poetasters 
of  the  day  ;  and,  in  1794,  appeared  "  The 
Maeviad,"  a  satire  on  the  degraded  state  of 
the  drama.  In  1797,  Mr.  Gifford  became 
editor  of  the  Anti-Jacobin,  a  weekly  paper, 
established  by  the  late  Mr.  Canning,  and 
others  of  brilliant  talents  and  high  connec- 
tions ;  and  in  which  a  corner  was  reserved 
for  the  insertion  of  a  critical  notice  of  the 
misrepresentations  displayed  by  contem- 
porary editors — which  it  was  Gilford's  pecu- 
liar province  to  detect  and  expose.  This 
publication,  which  continued  only  one  year, 
involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  Dr.  Wolcot, 
against  whom  he  published  a  poetical  squib, 
entitled  "  An  Epistle  to  Peter  Pindar."    In 


349 


oil] 


^  ^cttj  ^Hitibrr^al  Masr^'i)V!* 


["GIL 


1802,  appeared  his  translation  of  Juvenal ; 
in  1805,  an  edition  of  Massirger's  plays  ; 
and,  subsequently,  the  works  of  Ben  Jonson, 
Ford,  and  Shirley  ;  but  it  was  in  his  capa- 
city of  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review, 
(which  he  conducted  from  its  commence- 
ment in  1809  till  1824),  that  he  was  most 
generally  known.  He  died  in  1826  ;  and 
his  remains  were  interred  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  Mr.  Gilford  held  the  office  of  pay- 
master of  the  baud  of  gentlemen  pensioners, 
with  a  salary  of  300/.  a  year  ;  and  for  a  time 
he  was  comptroller  of  tlie  lottery,  with  COO?. 
a  year.  He  also  enjoyed  an  annuity  from 
Lord  Grosvenor.  His  poetical  satires  are 
caustic  and  powerful ;  his  prose  writings, 
vigorous  and  correct ;  and  his  criticisms  are 
generally  distinguished  by  sound  judgment 
and  good  taste. 

GIL,  Father,  a  Spaniard,  born  in  1748, 
who  took  an  active  part  in  the  insurrection 
of  1808  ;  greatly  contributed  to  the  surrender 
of  Baylen  ;  and  is  generally  supposed  to 
have  originated,  or  greatly  etfectuated,  the 
guerilla  warfare  carried  on  by  order  of  the 
juntas  of  Seville  and  Cadiz,  of  which  he  was 
a  member. 

GILBERT,  Davies,  an  eminent  man  of 
science,  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  member  of  numerous  other  learned  aiid 
scientific  societies,  was  born  at  St.  Erth,  in 
Cornwall,  17(57.  His  family  name  was  Giddy, 
but  having  in  1808  married  the  daughter  of  a 
wealthy  Sussex  gentleman  named  Gilbert, 
he  assumed  his  name  and  arms  in  1817.  En- 
dowed with  large  wealth,  Mr.  Davies  Gilbert 
did  not  content  himself  with  aiding  the  ad- 
vance of  science  by  his  own  most  inde- 
fatigable exertions,  but  took  every  oppor- 
tunity of  bringing  forth  talent  from  obscurity, 
and  of  aifording  its  possessor  those  advan- 
tages which  his  own  poverty  might  otherwise 
have  denied  him,  to  the  utter  destruction  of 
his  hopes  and  prevention  of  his  usefulness. 
He  it  was  to  whom  the  great  Sir  Humplvry 
Davy  mainly  owed  it,  that  his  great  talents 
were  not  lost  to  himself  and  society  in  the 
obscurity  of  a  Cornish  apothecary's  shop  ; 
and  several  less  distinguished,  but  able  and 
useful,  men  were  equally  indebted  to  him. 
He  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Trans- 
actions of  scientific  societies,  and  published 
"A  Plain  Statement  of  the  Bullion  Question;" 
but  he  seems  to  have  been  far  less  ambitious 
of  bringing  his  own  abilities  before  the  pub- 
lic, than  of  indirectly  exerting  them  for  the 
public  good.  It  may  be  said,  indeed,  that  he 
communicated  largely  to  the  wants  of  others 
from  his  own  great  stores  of  knowledge,  and 
shone  more  by  those  reflected  lights,  than  by 
the  direct  ditfusion  of  his  rays.  He  repre- 
sented the  borough  of  Bodmin  in  parliament 
from  1806  to  1832.    Died,  1840. 

GILBERT,  Francis  Hilary,  a  French 
writer  on  veterinary  medicine  and  rural 
economy,  was  born  at  Chatelherault,  in 
1757.  He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
improvement  of  tbe  system  of  cultivation, 
and  to  the  management  of  sheep  ;  and  the 
French  directory,  in  1797,  employed  him  to 
go  to  Spain  for  the  purchase  of  a  flock  of 
Merinos  ;  but  they  neglected  to  supply  him 
with  sufficient  means,  and  the  disappoint- 
ment he  experienced  on  that  account  caused 


him  to  destroy  himself,  while  residing    in 
Castile,  in  1800. 

GILBERT,    Sir  ITuMPHKEr,    an    enter- 
prising English  navigator  in   the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  was  born  at  Dartmouth,  in  1,')39. 
He  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  and  his 
mother  married  Mr.  Raleigh,  by  whom  she 
had  the  celebrated  Sir  Walter.    Humphrey 
received  his  education  at  Eton  and  Oxford  ; 
after  which  he  went,  in  a  military  character, 
to  Ireland,  where,  for  liis  services,  he  was 
knighted  in  1570.    He  returned  soon  after  to 
England,  and  married  a  rich  heiress,  but 
lost  great  part  of  his  property  in  a  speculat- 
ing  concern  with    Sir  Thomas  Smith,  for 
converting  iron  into  copper.    He  published, 
in  1570,  a  discourse  to  prove  the  practica-  . 
bility  of  a  north-west  passage  to  China  :  and  ' 
in   1578  he  himself  sailed  on  a  voyage  of  j 
discovery  to  the  coast  of  America.    In  a  i 
second  voyage,  in  15Ji.3,  he  took  possession  j 
of  Newfoundland  ;    but  his  ship  foundered  | 
on  her  return  to  England,  and  all  on  board 
perished. 

GILBERT,  Nicholas  Peter,  an  eminent 
French  physician.  After  serving  as  a  naval 
surgeon,  and  practising  at  Rennes  as  a 
physician,  he  was  appointed  chief  physician 
to  the  army  of  the  Sombre  and  Meuse,  and 
subsequently  held  a  professorship  at  the 
hospital  of  instruction  formed  at  Paris,  in 
1796.  He  was  chief  physician  to  the  army 
of  St.  Domingo,  in  1802,  and  held  a  similar 
post  in  the  grand  army  from  1806  to  1812. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  medical  works. 
Died,  1814. 

GILBERT,  WiLLiAJf,  a  physician,  and 
exi)erimental  philosopher,  who  discovered 
several  of  the  properties  of  the  loadstone, 
was  born  at  Colchester,  in  1540  ;  educated  at 
Cambridge  ;  elected  a  fellow  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  and  became  physician  to  queen  j 
Elizabeth.  He  was  a  strenuous  advocate  | 
for  the  inductive  mode  of  philosophical 
matters,  and  was  the  first  who  asserted  tlie 
theory  of  a  great  central  magnet  in  the  earth, 
afterwards  applied  by  Dr.  Halley  to  tlie 
explanation  of  the  variation  and  dipping  of 
the  needle  in  the  mariner's  compass.  Died, 
1003. 

GILCHRIST,  John  BoRTinviCK,  a  dis- 
tinguished orientalibt,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1759.  He  was  for  many  years  pro- 
fessor of  Hindostauee  aud  Persian  at  the 
college  of  Calcutta,  wlience  he  returned  to 
England  with  a  large  fortune,  and  he  subse- 
queutly  taught  these  languages  in  Edinburgh 
and  London.  His  works  gave  a  great  im- 
petus to  the  study  of  Eastern  languages. 
Died  at  Paris,  where  he  had  long  resided, 
1841. 

GILCHRIST,  OcTAVius,  a  distinguished 
literary  character,  was  bom  at  Twicken- 
ham, in  1779  ;  and  received  his  education 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  His  writings 
consist  of  essays,  &c.  relating  to  the  rise  and 
progress  of  the  British  stage,  and  of  the 
respective  merits  of  the  elder  dramatists. 
Died,  1823. 

GILDAS,  surnamed  the  Wise,  a  British 
ecclesiastic  and  historian  of  the  0th  century, 
was  the  son  of  Caw,  a  British  prince,  who 
emigrated  to  North  Wales,  in  order  to 
avoid  submission  to  the  Anglo-Saxons.    He 


oil] 


^  ^c&)  Bnibtr^aX  38ioriT«P^». 


[gin 


appears  to  have  been  a  monk  ;  and,  after 
residing  in  one  of  the  small  ides  called  the 
Holmes,  in  the  Bristol  Channel,  retired  to 
the  abbey  of  Glastonburj',  where  he  died. 
A  book,  ascribed  to  Gildas,  lias  been  re- 
peatedly published,  entitled  "Epistola  de 
Excidio  Britannicaj,  et  Castigatio  Ordinia 
Ecclesiastici;"  but  it  exhibits  so  frightful  a 
picture  of  the  depravity  of  manners,  wliich 
pervaded  all  classes  of  Britons,  that  its 
authenticity  has  been  questioned  by  some 
critics,  who  presume  it  must  have  been  the 
work  of  a  foe  rather  than  of  a  friend  to  their 
race.    Died,  570. 

GILL,  Ai.KXAXDEU,  a  famous  school- 
master, was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  in  15H4. 
He  received  his  education  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees 
in  arts,  and  entered  into  orders.  In  l(i08 
he  became  master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  where 
he  brought  up  many  eminent  persons,  and 
among  the  rest  John  Milton.  Dr.  Gill  wrote 
a  "Treatise  concerning  the  Trinity  in  Unity," 
"Logonomia  Anglica,"  "  Sacred  Pliilosophy 
of  Holy  Scripture,"  &c.  Died,  1(53.';.  — His 
son  Alexandeu,  who  succeeded  him  in  the 
head-mastership  of  St.  Paul's  Scliool,  had 
also  the  honour  of  having  Milton  for  liis 
scholar  while  he  was  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  J  and  it  appears  that  the  pupil  had 
a  great  esteem  ior  his  preceptor  in  after  life. 
Died,  1G42. 

GILI/,  Jonx,  a  divine  of  the  Baptist  per- 
suasion, was  born  at  Kettering,  in  Nor- 
thamptonshire, in  1«;97.  His  education  was 
limited,  owing  to  the  contracted  circum- 
stances of  his  parents ;  but,  by  application, 
he  became  a  good  classical  and  oriental 
scholar.  He  commenced  as  a  preacher  at 
Higham  Ferrers,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  a  congregation  at  Horsleydown,  South- 
wark.  He  wrote  an  "  Exposition  of  the 
Song  of  Solomon,"  and  "  The  Cause  of  Go<l 
and  Truth,"  4  vols.  8vo.  But  his  great 
work  was  an  "Exposition  of  the  Bible," 
10  vols.  4to. 

GILLIES,  Joii:^,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  and  his- 
toriographer to  his  majesty  for  Scotland, 
was  born  at  Brechin,  Forfarshire,  Jan  18. 
1747,  and  received  his  education  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow.  When  quite  a  young 
man  he  came  to  London,  with  the  view  of 
making  literature  his  sole  pursuit,  and  was 
engaged  as  travelling  tutor  by  the  Earl  of 
Hopetown.  Dr.  Gillies  was  appointed  his- 
toriographer for  Scotland  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Kobertson  ;  and  he  continued  his  literary 
labours  to  a  late  period  of  his  life.  His  chief 
works  are,  "  A  History  of  Ancient  Greece," 
4  vols.  8vo.  ;  "  The  Reign  of  Frederic  II.," 
"  History  of  the  World,  from  Alexander  to 
Augustus  ;  "  translations  from  Aristotle,  Iso- 
crates,  &c.    Died,  Feb.  15.  1830,  aged  90. 

GILPIN,  Bekxard,  one  of  the  English 
Protestant  reformers,  was  bom  at  Kentmire 
in  Westmoreland,  in  1517,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  But  he  afterwards  removed  to  Christ- 
church,  where,  by  reading  the  works  of 
Erasmus,  he  secretly  embraced  the  principles 
of  the  Reformation.  In  1550  he  was  presented 
by  his  imcle  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Durham, 
and  the  rectory  of  Easington,  where  he  la- 
boured with  truly  apostolical  zeal ;  and,  in 


351 


his  capacity  of  archdeacon,  made  strict  visita- 
tions, being  a  great  enemy  to  non-residence 
and  pluralities.  He  was  next  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  Houghton-le-Spring,  where 
his  labours  in  promoting  the  Protestant  faith 
were  so  remarkable,  that  the  sanguinary 
Bishop  Bonner  threatened  to  bring  him  to 
the  stake  in  a  fortnight,  and  sent  a  messenger 
into  the  north  for  that  purpose.  On  the 
road,  however,  Mr.  Gilpin  broke  his  leg,  and, 
while  he  lay  in  the  hands  of  the  surgeon,  the 
queen  died  ;  so  that,  instead  of  being  carried 
to  London,  he  returned  to  his  parishioners. 
In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  he  was  offered  the 
bishopric  of  Carlisle,  and  the  provostship  of 
Queen's  College  ;  but  refused  both,  content- 
ing himself  with  Houghton,  where  he  died, 
deeply  lamented  by  his  parishioners,  in  1583. 
His  piety,  unwearied  exertions,  and  bene- 
volence, earned  him  the  glorious  titles  of  the 
Apostle  of  the  North,  and  the  Father  of  the 
Poor. 

GILPIN,  William,  a  divine  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  an  elegant  writer,  was  born 
in  1724,  at  Carlisle,  and  received  his  educa 
tion  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford.  For  many 
years  he  kept  a  school  at  Cheam,  in  Surrey, 
and  afterwards  became  vicar  of  Boldre,  in 
the  New  Forest,  and  prebendary  of  Salisbury. 
He  died  In  18(H,  aged  80.  Mr.  Gilpin  pub- 
lished the  "Life  of  Bernard  Gilpin,"  his 
ancestor,  above-mentioned ;  the  "  Lives  of 
Latimer,  Wickliff,  Huss,  and  Archbishop 
Cranmer,"  an  "Exposition  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament," 2  vols. ;  "  Observations  relative  to 
Picturesque  Beauty,"  8vo. ;  a  "  Tour  to  the 
Lakes,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Remarks  on  Forest  Sce- 
nery," "  Sermons  to  a  Country  Congrega- 
tion," 2  vols. ;  "Moral  Contrasts," &c.  And 
it  is  especially  worthjr  of  note,  that  he  left 
the  profits  of  his  publications  for  the  eudow- 
ment  of  a  school  at  Boldre. 

GILPIN,  Sawrey,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  bom  at  Carlisle  in  1733.  He  was 
placed  with  a  ship-painter,  and  his  first 
works  which  attracted  notice  were  some 
market  groups,  which  he  sketched  from  his 
window.  But  it  was  principally  as  an  ani- 
mal iiainter  that  he  acquired  his  reputation, 
though  his  historical  subjects  were  above 
mediocrity.    Died,  1807. 

GIL  POLO,  Gaspak,  a  Spanish  poet  and 
advocate,  was  born  at  Valencia,  in  1510,  and 
died  there  in  1572.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Di- 
ana Enamorada,"  so  highly  extolled  by  Cer- 
vantes, OS  combining  elegance,  sweetness,  and 
purity. 

GILRAY,  James,  a  celebrated  caricatu- 
rist, unrivalled  in  his  art  for  the  rich  broad 
humour  and  keen  satire  of  his  ready  pencil. 
Died,  1815. 

GIL  VICENTE,  a  Portuguese  dramatist 
of  the  leth  century,  who  wrote  nearly  fifty 
plays,  and  excelled  all  the  dramatic  writers 
of  that  period  in  elegance  of  style  and  fer- 
tility of  invention.  He  was  born  at  Barccl- 
los,  in  1485,  and  died  at  Evora,  in  1557. 

GINGUE'NE',  Peter  Louis,  a  French 
writer,  bom  in  1748,  at  Rennes,  in  Britany, 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  but  impo- 
verished family,  and  obtained  a  small  go- 
vernment office.  At  the  revolution,  in  which 
he  took  an  active  part,  he  associated  himself 
witli  the  more  moderate  writers  upon  the 


GIO] 


^  |1c£d  Winibtr^aX  23io5riipTjy. 


[gik 


affairs  of  the  times,  and  narrowly  escaped 
the  scaffold  during  the  reign  of  the  Jacobins. 
The  Directory  appointed  liim  ambassador  at 
Turin,  and  Buonaparte  gave  him  a  seat  in 
the  senate.  Upon  being  removed  from  this 
he  applied  himself  wholly  to  literature.  The 
work  to  which  he  is  chiefly  indebted  for  Ids 
fame  is  his  "  Histoire  latt^raire  d'ltalie,"  in 
9  vols.    He  died  iu  1810. 

GIOCONDO,  or  Jocundus,  Jony,  an 
Italian  architect  and  antiquarian,  born  at 
Verona  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century. 
He  built  the  bridge  of  Notre  Dame,  at  Paris, 
and  various  other  ediliccs  both  there  and  in 
Italy  ;  fortittcd  the  city  of  Treviso  ;  and 
was  summoned  to  Kome  by  Leo  X.  after  the 
death  of  Bramante,  to  assist  in  the  building 
of  St.  Peter's.  He  belonged  to  the  Dominican 
order ;  and  as  an  antiquary  and  a  literary 
character,  lie  also  greatly  distinguished 
liimself. 

GIOJA,  Fl.vvio,  an  Italian  mathematician 
of  the  14tli  century.  He  was  a  native  of 
Pasitano,  near  Amalfi,  and  is  considered  as 
the  inventor  of  the  mariner's  compass,  in 
consequence  of  his  having  properly  applied 
it ;  but  that  valuable  instrument  seems  to 
have  been  known  in  Europe  before  his  time. 

GIORDANI,  Vital,  a  mathematician, 
was  originally  a  soldier  in  the  papal  galleys, 
where  he  studied  arithmetic,  and  on  going 
to  Rome,  was  made  keeper  of  the  castle  of 
St.  Angelo.  Louis  XIV.  ajjpointed  him 
teacher  in  the  academy  which  he  founded  at 
Rome  ;  and  he  was  also  made  engineer  to 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  mathematical 
professor  in  the  college  La  Sapicuza.  Born, 
1633  ;  died,  1711. 

GIORDANO,  LucA,  a  Neapolitan  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Spagnoletto  and  Peter  of  Cor- 
tona,  who  imitated  the  style  of  Titian  so 
closely  that  his  pictures  are  not  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  works  of  that  great 
inaster.  In  fact,  he  imitated  the  best  ar- 
tists so  successfully,  that  even  connoisseurs 
were  often  deceived  ;  while  his  celerity  of 
execution  was  wonderful.  Born,  1C32 ;  died, 
1704. 

GIORGI,  Augustine  AxTnoxr,  a  learned 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  was  born,  in  1711,  at  St. 
Maur,  in  the  diocese  of  Rimini ;  entered  the 
Augustine  order  ;  and  liecame  an  eminent 
orientalist.  In  1740,  he  was  invited  to  Rome 
by  pope  Benedict  XIV.  to  fill  the  theological 
chair  of  La  Sapienza  ;  he  also  made  him 
librarian  del  Angelica.  The  emperor  Fran- 
cis I.  gave  him  repeated  invitations,  and  the 
most  liberal  offers,  to  settle  at  Vienna,  all  of 
which  Giorgi  declined.  He  wrote  an  able 
work,  entitled  "  Alphabetum  Thibetanum," 
relating  to  the  geography,  mythology,  and 
antiquities  of  Thibet ;  besides  several  others 
on  antiquities,  subjects  of  oriental  criticism, 
and  polemics.    Died,  1797. 

GIORGIONE,  or  George  BARBARELLI, 
was  an  eminent  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  born  in  1477,  at  Castelfranco.  He 
received  his  first  instructions  from  John  Bel- 
lino  ;  but  studying  afterwards  the  works  of 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  he  soon  surpassed  them 
both,  and  became  the  first  colourist  of  his 
time.  He  died  of  the  plague,  in  1.511.  Gipr- 
gione  excelled  in  fresco  painting,  and  was 
the  first  of  the  Lombard  School  who  found 


out  the  effects  of  properly  contrasting  strong 
lights  with  strong  shadows. 

GIOTTO,  or  ANGIOLOTTO,  an  ingenious 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect  of  Florence, 
was  born  in  127(3.  He  was. the  son  of  a  pea- 
sant, and  his  real  name  was  Ambrogiotto 
Burdone ;  but  being  observed  by  Cimabue 
drawing  figures  on  the  ground  while  feeding 
his  sheep,  he  took  liim,  and  instructed  him 
iu  the  art  of  painting.  He  soon  surpassed 
his  master,  and  acquired  such  a  reputation, 
that  Benedict  IX.  sent  a  person  to  Tuscany 
to  make  a  report  of  his  talents,  and  to  bring 
a  design  from  each  of  the  Florentine  artists. 
When  the  messenger  came  to  Giotto,  and  in- 
formed him  of  his  business,  the  painter  took 
a  sheet  of  paper,  and,  with  one  stroke  of  his 
pencil,  drew  a  circle  as  perfect  as  if  it  had 
been  performed  by  a  pair  of  compasses.  On 
presenting  this,  the  man  said,  "I  want  a 
design  ; "  to  which  Giotto  replied,  "  Go  about 
your  business  ;  his  Holiness  asks  nothing  else 
of  me."  The  pope  on  being  made  acquainted 
with  this,  sent  for  him  to  Rome,  where, 
besides  painting  many  pictures,  he  made  a 
ship  of  mosaic,  which  is  over  the  portico  at 
the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  church,  and  still 
known  by  the  name  of  Giotto's  vessel.  In 
1334  he  undertook  the  famous  tower  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Fiore,  at  Florence,  for  which  lie 
was  made  a  citizen,  and  rewarded  with  a 
pension.  Among  the  men  of  genius  with 
whom  he  was  intimate,  he  could  number 
Dante  and  Petrarch  as  his  particular  friends. 
Died,  1336. 

GIRALDI,  LiLio  Greoorio,  better  known 
by  his  Latin  name  of  Gvkaldus,  a  learned 
Italian  writer  and  Latin  poet,  was  born  at 
Ferrara,  in  1479 ;  and  has  been  considered 
by  Casaubon  and  other  authorities  as  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  whom  modem  Italy 
has  produced.  At  the  sacking  of  Rome  by 
the  troops  of  Charles  V.  he  lost  all  his  pro- 
perty, and  was  reduced  to  indigence ;  but 
he  wrote  numerous  works,  the  principal  of 
which  is  a  "  History  of  the  Heathen  Deities," 
and  eventually  triumphed  over  his  adverse 
fortune,  having  accumulated  10,000  crowns 
before  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1552. 

GIRALDI-CINTIO,  John  Baptist,  a  re- 
lative of  the  preceding,  was  an  Italian  poet 
and  ph3'sician,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1504.  He 
was  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  and 
professor  of  philosophy  and  medicine  in  the 
university  of  his  native  city,  and  afterwards 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Pavia.  He  wrote 
nine  tragedies  in  Italian,  but  his  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  Hecatommiti,"  which  con- 
sists of  100  tales,  in  the  manner  of  Boccaccio. 
Died,  1573. 

GIRARD,  Gabriel,  an  ingenious  French 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne, 
in  1678.  He  was  the  author  of  a  celebrated 
work,  entitled  "  Synonymes  Francois  ;"  was 
almoner  to  the  Duchess  de  Berri,  and  the 
king's  interpreter  for  the  Russian  and  Scla- 
vonian  languages.  He  also  wrote  a  work, 
entitled  "  Principes  de  la  Langue  Frangoise." 
Died,  1748,  aged  70. 

GIRARDON,  Francis,  a  sculptor  and 
architect,  was  born  at  Troyes,  in  162S.  His 
chief  works  are  the  mausoleum  of  Richelieu, 
in  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne;  the  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  Rape  of  Pro- 


gik] 


^  ^etu  BmhtrSal  2Stosra))I)!t. 


[glb 


scrpine,  iu  the  gardens  of  Yersaillcs.    Died, 
1715. 

GIRODET,  Trioson  Nicholas,  the  most 
original,  versatile,  and  ecientific  of  the  mo- 
dern school  of  French  painters,  was  born  at 
Montargis,  in  17G7  ;  was  first  a  pupil  of  Reg- 
nault,  and  afterwards  studied  under  David. 
His  subjects  are  distinguished  for  fulness 
and  beauty,  and  his  colouring  is  rich,  trans- 
parent, and  harmonious.  Among  his  prin- 
cipal works  are  Eudymion  sleeping,  Iliiipo- 
crates  refusing  the  Tresents  of  Aitaxerxes, 
the  Deluge,  the  Burial  of  Attala,  &c.  lie 
also  painted  Napoleon  receiving  the  keys  of 
Vienna;  full-length  portraits  of  tiiu  Veudean 
leaders,  Bonchainp  and  Cathclineau  ;  and 
St.  Louis  iu  Egypt,  wliich  was  his  last  great 
work.     Died,  1824. 

GIRTIN,  Thomas,  an  artist,  was  l)om  in 
London,  in  1773.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dayes  ; 
after  which  he  studied  the  works  of  Canaletti, 
and  the  colouring  of  Rubens.  He  first  intro- 
duced the  custom  of  drawing  upon  cartridge 
paper,  and  he  also  painted  excellently  in 
oil  colours.  He  took  many  beautiful  views 
in  Scotland,  Wales,  and  various  parts  of 
England  and  France.  He  also  painted  a 
panorama  of  Loudon,  which  was  cxlubited 
in  Spring  Gardens.     Died.  1802. 

GISBORNE,  Rev.  Thomas,  prebendary 
of  Durham,  an  eminent  philosophical,  tlieo- 
logical,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born 
at  Derby,  1758.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Cambridge,  where  he  greatly  distin- 
guished lumself,  and  on  soon  after  entering 
holy  orders,  in  1792,  he  obtained  the  living 
of  Barton  in  Stafford,  and  the  same  year 
removed  to  Yoxall  Lodge,  near  Barton, 
where  he  ever  after  resided.  It  would  oc- 
cupy too  much  of  our  space  to  enumerate 
the  long  series  of  works  which  Jlr.  Gis- 
borne  gave  in  succession  to  the  world.  Many 
of  them  have  attained  great  and  lasting 
popularity  ;  among  which  maybe  mentioned 
the  "  Principles  of  Moral  Philosophy  in- 
vestigated," &c.,  "  An  Enquiry  into  the 
Duties  of  the  Female  Sex,"  '^  Familiar 
Survey  of  the  Christian  Religion  and  His- 
tory," &c.,  besides  sermons,  and  two  volumes 
of  poetry,  which,  under  the  title  of  "  Walks 
in  a  Forest,"  and  "  Poems,  Sacred  and 
Aloral,"  gave  him  no  inconsiderable  poetic 
fame.    Died,  184*5. 

GIULIO    ROMANO,    the    most     distin- 
guished of  Raphael's  scliolars  and  assistants, 
was  born  at  Rome,  in  1409.      He  resided 
principally  at  Mantua,  and  there  found  a 
I  wide  field  for  the  exercise  of  his  powerful 
!  genius,  both  in  architecture  and  in  painting. 
He  was  unequalled  for  the  boldness  of  his 
I  style,  the  grandeur  of  his  designs,  and  tlie 
loftiness  of  his  poetical  conceptions.    Died, 
1546. 
I      GIUSTINIANI,    P-3MPEY,    by    birth    a 
j  Corsican,  was   an   eminent  general   in    the 
'  Spanish  service,  and  obtained  the  name  of 
Iron-arm,  by  having  one  of  iron  made  to 
replace  the  arm  he  lost  at  the  siege  of  Ostend. 
He  was  governor  of  Caudia,  where  he  was 
killed,  in  1616  ;  and  the  Venetian  senate 
'  erected  an  equestrian  statue  to  his  memory. 
GLANVIL,  Sir  J(j!I>',  an  eminent  lawyer 
I  and  statesman  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford ;  entered  at  Lin- 

.■553 


!  coin's  Inn  ;  obtained  a  Serjeant's  coif  in  1639; 
and,  being  a  member  of  parliament,  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in 
the  year  following.  His  attachment  to  the 
royal  cause  rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the 
republicans,  who  imprisoned  him,  and  he 
was  not  restored  to  liberty  till  1()48.  He  re- 
covered his  rank  on  the  return  of  Charles  H., 
but  died  soon  after,  in  1061. 

GLANVIL,  Joseph,  an  English  divine 
and  philosopher,  was  born  at  Plymouth,  in 
1036.  He  was  first  of  Exeter  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  of  Lincoln  College.  At 
the  Restoration  he  became  one  of  the  most 
active  members  of  the  Royal  Society.  In 
lOtW  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  the 
abbey  church  at  Bath,  where  he  died  in 
1680.  He  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the 
Aristotelian  philosophy,  but  a  believer  in 
witchcraft. 

GLANVIL,  or  GLANVILLE,  Ranulph 
DE,  an  English  baron  of  the  12th  century, 
celebrated  as  a  lawyer  and  a  warrior.  Du- 
ring the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  he  was  chief 
justiciary  of  the  kingdom,  and  signalised  his 
valour  by  repelling  the  invasion  of  William, 
king  of  Scotland,  who  was  taken  prisoner 
while  besieging  Alnwick  Castle.  Richard  I. 
is  said  to  have  extorted  from  him  the  sum  of 
lfi,0(K)/.  towards  the  expenses  of  a  crusade  to 
the  Holy  Land.  The  aged  magistrate  ac- 
companied his  master  on  the  expedition  to 
which  he  had  so  largely  contributed,  and  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Acre,  in  1190.  A  cu- 
rious treatise  on  the  laws  and  customs  of 
England  is  attributed  to  his  pen. 

GLASS,  John,  founder  of  the  religious 
sect  of  Glassitcs  in  Scotland  ;  born  iu  Fife- 
shire,  1095  ;  died,  1773. 

GLAUBER,  John  Rodolph,  a  chemist, 
alchemist,  and    physician,  of   Amsterdam, 
who  died  in  1688.    Chemistry  is  indebted  to 
liim  for  facilitating  many  useful  processes, 
as  well  as  for  the  discovery  of  the  purgative 
salt  which  bears  liis  name.    Like  others  of  i 
his    day,  he  was    incessantly    occupied    in  j 
attempts  to  find  out  the  philosopher's  stone;  j 
and  his  experiments,  however  futile  fOr  his 
professed  object,  threw  light  on  the  composi- 
tion and  analysis  of  various  metals,  inflam- 
mable substances,  &c. 

GLEIM,  Frederic  "William  Louis,  a 
celebrated  poet,  sometimes  called  the  Ger- 
man Anacreon,  was  born  in  1719,  at  Erms- 
leben  ;  filled  the  office  of  secretary  to  the 
chapter  of  Halberstadt ;  and  died  in  1803, 
aged  84.  He  owes  his  chief  fame  to  his  war 
songs,  composed  for  the  Prussian  army  ;  and 
they  will  long  be  remembered  by  his  country- 
men for  their  spirit-stirring  power. 

GLENDOWER,  Owex,  a  celebrated 
Welshman  lineally  descended  from  Llew- 
ellyn, the  last  prince  of  Wales,  and  who  op- 
posed Henry  IV.  fourteen  years,  declaring 
him  a  usurper  of  the  English  throne.  Bom, 
1350  ;  died,  1410. 

GLENIE,  James,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, was  born  in  Ireland,  and  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's.  During  the  American  war  he 
distinguished  himself  as  an  officer  of  artillery ; 
but  having  written  a  pamphlet,  ridiculing 
the  Duke  of  Richmond's  plan  of  fortification, 
he  was  compelled  to  leave  the  service,  and  he 
afterwards  experienced  much  of  the  vieissi- 


GLl] 


^  i^fln  SSnUjcrs'al  ^tograpl)!). 


[gme 


tudes  of  life.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  and  the  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Germany,"  aud  several  mathematical  works. 
Died,  1817. 

GLICAS,  or  GLYCA8,  Michael,  a  Greek 
historian  of  the  13th  century.  His  "Annals 
from  the  Creation,"  and  the  "  History  of  the 
Byzantine  Emperors,"  are  extant,  and  were 
published  by  Labbe  at  Paris,  1660. 

GLIS80N,  Fkancis,  an  anatomist  and 
physician,  was  bom  at  Rampisham,  in  Dor- 
setshire, in  1.596  ;  educated  at  Caius  College, 
Cambridge  ;  and  appointed  regius  professor 
of  physic,  which  office  he  held  40  years.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars,  he  settled 
at  Colchester,  but  removed  to  London,  and 
became  president  of  the  college  of  physicians. 
Among  his  works,  which  have  been  warmly 
praised  by  Boerhaave  and  Haller,  are  "  Trea- 
tises on  the  Rickets,  and  the  Anatomy  of  tlie 
Liver,"  and;  a  metaphysical  work  of  great 
profimdity,  entitled  "  De  Natura  Substantias 
Energetica,  seu  de  Vita  Naturse,"  4to.  Died, 
1677. 

GLOUCESTER,  Robert  of,  the  oldest  of 
our  English  poets,  lived  in  the  time  of 
Henry  II.  Camden  quotes  many  of  liis  old 
English  rliymes,  and  speaks  highly  of  him. 
He  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  king  John. 

GLOUCESTER,  William  Fkederic, 
Duke  of,  the  son  of  prince  William  Henry, 
duke  of  Gloucester  (brother  to  George  III.), 
by  his  wife  the  Countess-dowager  of  Walde- 
grave,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  January,  1776  ; 
and  his  education  was  completed  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  He  entered  the  armj', 
served  a  campaign  under  the  Duke  of  York, 
in  Holland,  and  subsequently  attained  the 
exalted  rank  of  fleld-marshal.  In  1805  he 
married  his  cousin,  the  princess  Mary,  fourth 
daughter  of  George  III.,  but  had  no  issue  by 
her.  The  duke  usually  acted  with  the  Whig 
opposition,  and  was  generally  distinguished 
by  the  support  of  popular  philanthropic 
measures,  especially  of  the  Anti-slavery  So- 
ciety. But  he  opposed  the  reform  bill,  in- 
troduced by  his  quondam  political  friends, 
and  voted  and  spoke  against  it.  He  was  of 
an  open  disposition  and  affable  manners,  and 
utterly  devoid  of  ostentation.  He  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  university  of  Cambridge  ;  in 
which  office  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Marquis 
of  Camden.  He  died  in  1834,  bequeathing 
to  his  illustrious  widow  the  greater  portion 
of  his  property,  which  was  very  large,  owing 
to  the  inexpensive,  though  not  illiberal, 
style  with  which  lie  supported  his  high  rank. 

GLOVER,  Richard,  a  poet  and  drama- 
tist, was  the  son  of  a  London  merchant,  and 
born  in  1712.  He  was  educated  at  Cheam 
School,  where,  at  16,  he  wrote  some  verses  to 
the  memory  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  which  ob- 
tained considerable  attention.  On  leaving 
school,  he  entered  on  the  mercantile  line 
under  his  father,  who  was  engaged  in  the 
Hamburgh  trade.  In  1737,  he  married  a  lady 
of  fortune  ;  soon  after  which  he  published 
his  "  Leonidas,"  an  epic  poem.  His  poem  of 
"  London,  or  the  Progress  of  Commerce," 
appeared  in  1739.  The  same  year  he  pub- 
lished his  popular  ballad,  entitled  "Hosier's 
Ghost,"  intended  to  rouse  the  national  spirit 
against  the  Spaniards.    About  this  time  he 


354 


distinguished  himself  as  a  city  politician  ; 
and  his  oratorical  talents  and  knowledge  of 
public  alfairs  were  so  great,  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  manage  an  application  to  parlia- 
ment in  behalf  of  the  London  merchants  ;  on 
which  occasion  his  speech  at  the  bar  of  the 
House  of  Commons  was  printed,  and  much 
applauded.  In  1753  his  tragedy  of  "Boa- 
dicea"  was  brouglit  out  at  Drury  Lane,  but, 
though  supported  by  Garriek,  Mossop,  Mrs. 
Cibber,  &c.,  it  was  performed  only  9  nights  : 
his  "  Medea,"  some  years  after,  met  with 
greater  attention.  At  the  accession  of 
George  III.  he  was  chosen  M.P.  for  Wey- 
mouth, and  was  esteemed  by  tlie  mercantile 
interest  as  an  active  and  able  supporter. 
He  died  in  1785,  aged  73  ;  leaving  the  world 
with  a  most  estimable  character  as  a  man,  a 
citizen,  and  an  author. 

GLOVER,  Mrs.,  a  distinguished  actress, 
was  born  at  Newry,  in  Ireland,  in  1781.  Un- 
der the  auspices  of  her  father,  Mr.  Betterton, 
she  commenced  her  theatrical  career  at  the 
age  of  six  ;  and  after  a  highly  successful  ap- 
pearance in  the  provinces,  she  was  engaged 
by  Mr.  Harris,  ©f  Covent  Garden,  where  she 
made  her  debut,  as  Elvina,  in  Hannah  More's 
"  Percy,"  in  1797.  She  soon  afterwards  ex- 
changed the  "buskin"  for  the  "sock,"  and 
it  will  be  long  before  her  impersonations  of 
"  Dame  Heidelberg  "  and  "  Mrs.  Malaprop  " 
will  be  forgotten.  For  the  last  few  years  Mrs. 
Glover  appeared  chiefly  at  the  Haymarket. 
Latterly  she  had  no  equal  in  her  theatrical 
walk;  her  Shakspearian  readings  also  ranked 
very  high.  Died,  July  16.  1850,  a  few  days 
after  she  had  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  m 
support  of  a  fund  which  her  friends  had 
instituted  on  her  behalf. 

GLUCK,  Christopher,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  musical  composers  of  modern  times, 
was  born  in  Bavaria,  in  1714,  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  music,  and  became  a 
skilful  performer  on  several  instruments. 
He  came  to  London  in  1745,  and  composed 
for  the  Italian  opera.  He  then  went  to  the 
Continent ;  *nd  Vienna,  Naples,  Rome, 
Milan,  and  Venice,  were  in  turn  the  the- 
atres of  his  glory.  His  "  Alceste,"  and  "  Or- 
pheus," produced  at  Vienna,  between  the 
years  1702  and  1769,  had  an  overwhelming 
effect  by  their  boldness  and  originality,  and 
served,  together  with  some  later  ones,  to 
establish  the  fame  of  their  author.  In  1774, 
Gluck  went  to  Paris  ;  and  the  celebrated  Pic- 
cini  arriving  there  shortly  after,  the  French 
capital  was  divided  upon  the  merits  of  the 
two  composers.  Such  a  scene,  indeed,  of 
musical  rivalry  had  never  before  been  known. 
He  now  brought  out  his  long  promised  opera 
of  "Iphigenia  in  Aulis."  It  was  received 
with  enthusiastic  applause,  and  represented 
170  times  in  the  course  of  two  seasons.  In 
1787  he  returned  to  Germany,  with  a  large 
fortune,  and  died  at  Vienna  in  the  same  year. 

GMELIN,  JoHX  George,  a  botanist  and 
phj'sician,  was  born  at  Tubingen,  in  1700. 
He  went  to  Petersburgh,  where  he  became 
member  of  the  academy,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history.  In  1773,  he 
was  sent  with  a  company  employed  to  ex- 
plore the  boundaries  of  Siberia.  He  pub- 
lished "Flora  Siberica"  and  "Travels 
through  Siberia."    Died,  1755. 


ome] 


^  i^eU)  WinibsvM  3B{03raj)!)g. 


[god 


GMELIN,  Samuel  Tiieophilus,  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  boru  at  Tubingen,  in 
1743 ;  went  to  Tetersburgh,  and  obtained  a 
professorship.  He  spent  some  years  in  tra- 
velling through  Tartary,  where  he  died  in 
prison,  into  which  he  had  been  thrown  by 
one  of  the  chiefs,  in  1774.  He  wrote  his 
"  Travels  tltrough  Russia,"  and  a  "  Journey 
from  Astracan  to  Czaricyn." 

GMELIN,  John  Fkkderic,  a  pli^sieian 
and  chemist,  was  born  at  Tubingen,  m  174». 
He  became  professor  of  chemistry  and  na- 
tural history  at  Uottingeu  ;  and  published 
several  works  on  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and 
natural  history.  One  of  the  most  celebrated 
is  his  edition  of  the  "  Systenia  Naturaj "  of 
Linnaeus.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  A 
History  of  Chemistry  ; "  and  the  world  is  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  discovery  of  several 
excellent  dyes,  extracted  from  mineral  and 
vegetable  substances.    Died,  1805. 

GNEISENAU,  NEiDiiAitn,  Count,  an  able 
and  highly  distinguished  Prussian  general, 
was  born  in  17C0.  He  was  educated  with 
a  view  to  the  military  profession  ;  and,  at 
the  age  of  20,  he  entered  into  the  service  of 
the  Margrave  of  Anspach.  His  fust  employ- 
ment was  in  America,  whither  he  was  sent 
with  the  auxiliary  troops  of  the  margrave  in 
British  pay.  In  1792,  ke  became  attached  to 
the  Prussian  army  as  a  subaltern  ;  and,  in 
1807,  he  had  attained  the  rank  of  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  defended  tlie  fortress  of 
Calberg  against  the  forces  of  Buonaparte. 
For  his  skill  and  bravery  on  that  occasion  he 
was  promoted ;  and  he  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  a  secret  mission  to  England.  In 
181.%  he  commanded  in  the  memorable  retreat 
of  the  combined  forces  of  Russia  and 
Prussia,  after  their  defeat  at  Lutzen  and 
Breslau  ;  and  subsefiuently,  under  Blucher, 
he  greatly  contributed  to  the  victories  over 
the  French  on  the  Katzbach,  at  Brienne.  In 
reward  of  his  numerous  services,  the  king  of 
Prussia  raised  him  to  the  dignity  of  a  count, 
made  him  a  field-marshal  and  governor  of 
Berlin,  and  granted  him  an  estate  in  Silesia, 
producing  an  income  of  more  than  10,000 
dollars  a  year.    Died,  1829. 

GOAD,  John,  an  eminent  schoolmaster, 
was  bom  in  London,  in  1015  ;  educated  at 
Merchant'  Tailors'  School,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. He  also  became  vicar  of  St.  Giles's, 
Oxford  ;  and  afterwards  of  Yarnton,  wlieu 
ho  took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity. 
In  1061,  lie  was  made  master  of  Merchant 
Tailors'  School  j  but  lost  the  mastership  in 
consequence  of  his  inclining  to  popery.  He 
then  kept  a  private  seminary,  and  died  In 
1689.  His  works  are,  "  Genealogicon  Lati- 
num,"  "  Astro- Meteorological  Aphorisms 
and  Discourses  of  the  Bodies  Celestial,  their 
Natures,  Influences,"  &c.  The  subject  of  this 
is  a  kind  of  astrology  founded  on  reason  and 
experiment,  and  gained  him  great  reputation. 
GOBBO,  Pexeu  Paul  Coktonese,  a 
celebrated  painter  of  fruit  and  landscapes, 
born  at  Cortona,  in  1.580.  He  copied  nature 
with  the  greatest  accuracy  ;  and,  by  his  skill 
in  the  chiaroscuro,  he  gave  an  exact  and 
expressive  roundness  to  his  fruits,  &c.,  but 
he  cliiefly  excelled  in  colouring.  Died,  1640. 
GOBELIN,  GiiES,  a  French  dyer  of  the 


Z5S 


17th  century,  who  resided  at  Paris,  and  is 
said  to  have  invented  or  greatly  improved 
the  process  of  dyeing  scarlet.  In  ICiCA),  a 
royal  establishment  for  tlie  manul'actory 
of  fine  tapestry  was  founded  on  the  spot 
where  his  premises  stood,  whence  the  work 
produced  there  was  termed  the  Gobelin 
tapestry. 

GODDARD,  JoNATUAN,  an  able  chemist 
and  physician,  born  at  Greenwich,  about 
the  year  1617.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
graduated  at  Cambridge,  and  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  was  attached  to  tlie 
parliament.  He  attended  Cromwell  in  his 
expeditious  to  Scotland  and  Ireland,  as 
physician  to  the  forces ;  was  appointed 
warden  of  Mertou  College  ;  and,  in  the  par- 
liament of  lO-W,  sat  as  sole  representative 
for  OxfonL     Died,  1674. 

GODDARD,  Rev.  William  Stanley, 
D.  D.,  a  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and 
Salisbury  cathedrals,  and  formerly  head- 
master of  Winchester  Scliool,  was  born  in 
1757.  To  his  qualificutions  as  an  able 
scholar  and  diligent  instructor,  he  added  the 
firmness,  vigour,  and  impartiality,  so  neces- 
sary in  conducting  a  large  public  establish- 
ment ;  and  when,  in  1809,  he  resigned  the 
mastership,  the  school  was  overflowing  in 
numbers,  ond  high  in  reputation.  Some 
years  since  he  invested  in  tbe  Ixands  of  trus- 
tees a  sum  of  25,00<)/.,  to  provide  annual 
stipends  for  the  masters  of  Winchester  Col- 
lege, on  condition  that  they  should  cease 
to  receive  gratuities  from  the  parents  of 
scholars  on  the  foundation  ;  and  his  whole 
life  was  spent  in  deeds  of  charity  and  bene- 
volence. Died  at  Andover,  where  he  had 
resided  for  many  years,  1845,  aged  88. 

GODEAU,  Antoine,  an  eminent  French 
prelate,  and  one  of  tlie  earliest  memlxirs 
of  the  French  Academy,  was  bom  in  IWo, 
at  Dreux.  He  translated  tlie  book  of  Psalms, 
wrote  an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  manjr 
devotional  treatises.  By  tlie  exercise  of  his 
talents,  seconded  by  the  patronage  of  Car- 
dinal Richelieu,  he  was  raised  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Vence.     Died,  1671. 

GODFREY  OF  BuuiLLoy,  chief  of  the 
first  crusade,  and  king  of  Jerusalem,  was 
the  son  of  Eustace  II.,  count  of  Boulogne 
and  Lens.  He  served  with  great  gallantry 
in  the  armies  of  tlic  emperor  Henry  IV., 
who  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  duke 
of  Lorrain  ;  and  when  the  first  crusade  was 
set  on  foot,  the  fame  of  his  exploits  caused 
his  election  as  one  of  the  principal  com- 
manders. In  1096,  accompanied  by  liis 
brothers,  Eustace  and  Baldwin,  he  com- 
menced his  march,  and  on  arriving  at  Phi- 
loppolis,  in  Thrace,  he  compelled  the  em- 
peror Alexis  Comnenus  to  allow  him  a  free 
passage  to  the  East.  Several  difhculties  oc- 
curred ;  but  at  length  the  Turks  were  van- 
quished, and  the  great  object  of  his  ambi- 
tion was  effected.  Jerusalem  was  carried 
by  storm,  after  a  siege  of  five  weeks  (July  15. 
1099) ;  and,  in  eight  days  after,  Godfrey  was 
proclaimed  king,  by  the  unanimous  voice 
of  the  crusading  army;  but  tlie  piety  and 
humility  of  the  conqueror  would  not  suffer 
him  to  wear  a  crown  in  the  lioly  city,  and 
he  declined  the  regal  title,  contenting  him- 
self with  that  of  Defender  and  Guardian  of 


god] 


^  ^ftD  Uiiibtv^al  l3i00rajpl^|). 


[god 


the  Holy  Sepulchre.  Tha  sultan  of  Egypt, 
at  the  head  of  400,000  men,  now  attempted 
to  dispossess  Jiim  of  his  newly  acquired 
territory,  but  Godfrey  gave  him  battle  in 
the  plain  of  Ascalon,  and  100,000  men  were 
left  dead  on  the  field.  He  died  after  one 
year's  reign,  in  1100. 

GODFREY  OF  YiTERBO,  an  historian 
who  lived  in  the  12th  century,  was  chaplain 
and  secretary  to  Conrad  III.  and  the  em- 
perors Frederic  and  Henry  VI.  He  laboured 
40  years  in  compiling  a  chronicle  from  the 
creation  of  the  world  to  the  year  1186.  It 
is  written  in  a  mixture  of  prose  and  verse  ; 
and  was  first  printed  at  Basle  in  1.559. 

GODOLPHIN,  Joiix,  a  learned  civilian 
of  the  17th  centurj',  was  a  native  of  one  of 
the  Scilly  islands.  During  the  protectorate 
of  Cromwell,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  admiralty  court ;  but  at  the  Restoration 
he  became  a  warm  asserter  of  royal  supre- 
macy, and  was  one  of  the  king's  advocates. 
Died,  1678. 

GODOLPHIN,  SinxEY,  Earl  of,  lord  high 
I  treasurer  of  England,  was  a  native  of  Corn- 
wall, and  educated  at  Oxford,  ire  was  em- 
ployed in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.,  though  he  had  voted  for  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  latter,  in  1680.  In  tlie  con- 
vention parliament,  lie  voted  for  a  regency  ; 
notwithstanding  which  he  was  made  first 
commissioner  of  the  treasury  ;  and  on  the 
accession  of  queen  Anne  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  that  office  ;  which  situation  he  dis- 
charged to  the  public  satisfaction.  In  1704 
he  was  honoured  with  the  order  of  the  gar- 
ter ;  and,  two  years  after,  was  raised  to  an 
earldom.    Died,  1712. 

GODOLPHIN,  SiDXET,  a  poet,  was  born 
in  Cornwall,  in  1(510  ;  educated  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford ;  and  having  joined  the 
king's  army,  he  fell  in  an  engagement  at 
Chagford,  Devon,  in  1643.  Besides  several 
poems,  he  translated  that  part  of  Virgil 
which  recites  the  loves  of  Dido  and  ^iieas. 

GODWIN,  earl  of  Kent,  a  powerful 
Anglo-Saxon  lord.  In  1017  he  accompanied 
Canute  in  an  expedition  against  Sweden, 
where  he  behaved  with  such  valour  as  to 
receive  the  daughter  of  that  monarch  in 
marriage,  and  large  grants  of  land.  On 
the  death  of  Canute,  the  envl  sided  with 
Hardicanute  against  Harold,  but  afterwards 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter.  He  was 
charged  with  murdering  Alfred,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Ethclred  II.,  from  which  he  vindi- 
cated himself  by  oath.  On  the  death  of 
Hardicanute  he  joined  Edward,  who  mar- 
ried his  daughter,  but  afterwards  he  rebelled 
against  Edward,  and,  being  unsuccessful, 
fled  to  Flanders.  Having  gathered  fresh 
forces,  he  sailed  up  the  Thames,  and  ap- 
peared before  London,  which  threw  the 
country  into  such  confusion,  that  the  king 
M'as  obliged  to  negotiate  peace  with  God- 
win, who  was  restored  to  his  estates.  He 
died  suddenly,  while  dining  with  the  king  at 
Winchester,  in  1053. 

GODWIN,  Feaxcis,  was  bom  at  Having- 
ton,  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1,561.  He  re- 
ceived Ilia  education  at  Christchurch  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  greatly  assisted  Camden  in  Jiis 
topographical  inquiries.  In  1601  lie  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Llandatf.  and  was 


856 


translated  to  that  of  Hereford  in  1617.  He 
died  in  1633.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Rerum 
Anglicarum  Hen.  VIII."  &c.  ;  and  a  curious 
book  entitled  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon,  or  a 
Discourse  of  a  Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo 
Gonzales." 

GODWIN,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  scho- 
lar, who  in  the  17th  century  was  the  master 
of  the  foundation  school  at  Abingdon,  Berks. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  useful  work,  entitled 
"Romanae  Historiae  Anthologia,"  a  "Sy- 
nopsis of  Hebrew  Antiquities,"  and  a  trea- 
tise on  Jewish  rites  and  ceremonies.  Died, 
1643. 

GOD^VIN,  William,  the  well-known 
author  of  "  Political  Justice,"  "  Caleb  Wil- 
liams," &c.,  was  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  born  at  Wisbeach,  in  1756. 
He  was  designed  for  the  same  calling  as 
his  father  :  but,  while  studying  at  the  Dis- 
senters' College,  Hoxton,  his  religious  opi- 
nions had  undergone  repeated  changes  ;  and 
though  he  commenced  as  a  preacher,  he 
ultimately  abandoned  the  pulpit  in  1783, 
and  came  to  London  as  a  literary  adven- 
turer. His  first  publication  was  a  scries  of 
six  sermons,  called  "Sketches  of  History  ;  " 
and  he  soon  after  had  the  good  fortune  to 
obtain  employment  as  a  principal  conductor 
of  the  Annual  Register,  from  which  he  de- 
rived a  small  but  certain  income.  Asso- 
ciating with  the  violent  democrats  of  the 
day,  and  expressing  opinions  in  unison  with 
theirs,  he  soon  became  notorious,  and  enlisted 
under  their  banners.  But  it  was  the  stormy 
elements  of  the  French  revolution  which 
called  forth  his  extraordinary  powers  of 
mind,  and  gave  birth  to  that  bold  and  as- 
tounding masterpiece  of  republicanism,  his 
"Political  Justice."  Lauded  and  flattered 
as  he  was  by  those  of  kindred  feelings,  he 
yet  had  the  discretion  to  retract,  in  a  second 
edition,  many  of  the  most  wild  and  destruc- 
tive tenets  which  appeared  in  the  first ;  but 
the  poison  was  disseminated,  and  the  author's 
character  fully  understood.  In  1794  he  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  novel  of  "  Caleb  Wil- 
liams," a  work  which  produced  nearly  as 
great  a  sensation  as  the  former,  its  object 
being  to  decry  the  existing  constitution  of 
society,  while  it  pourtrayed,  with  appalling 
force,  the  effects  of  crime.  He  was  now  an 
avowed  freethinker,  a  despiser  of  revealed 
religion,  and  the  advocate  of  every  leveller. 
After  the  trial  of  his  friends.  Hardy,  Thel- 
wall,  and  Home  Tooke,  he  published  a 
pamphlet,  containing  strictures  on  Judge 
Eyre's  charge  to  the  jury,  the  circulation  of 
which  government  tried  in  vain  to  prevent. 
Mr.  Godwin  did  not  appear  again  as  an  au- 
thor till  1797,  when  he  published  a  series  of 
essays,  under  the  title  of  "  Tlie  Enquirer." 
In  the  following  year  he  produced  the  "  Me- 
moirs of  Jlery  Wolstoncroft,"  authoress  of  a 
"  Vindication  of  the  Rights  _  of  Woman," 
whose  congenial  mind  in  politics  and  morals, 
and  whose  masculine  spirit  of  defiance  to 
the  authority  of  man,  lie  ardently  admired. 
He  had  lived  with  her  some  time  before 
their  marriage;  and  in  her  "Memoirs"  he 
says,  "  the  principal  motive  for  complying 
Avith  the  ceremony,  was  the  circumstance  of 
Mary's  being  in  a  state  of  pregnancy."  She, 
however,  died  a  few  months  after,  in  giving 


god] 


^  ^etu  Winibexial  23i00rapT^n. 


[goe 


birth  to  a  daughter.  In  1791)  lie  produced 
another  work,  entitled  "St.  Leon,"  a  ro- 
mance ;  and  it  was  evident  his  opinions  had 
undergone  some  modification.  In  IHOl  he 
again  married,  and  shortly  after  opened  a 
bookseller's  shop  in  Skinner  Street,  where 
ushered  forth  a  variety  of  juvenile  publi- 
cations, many  of  which  were  his  own  com- 
position. Though  engaged  in  trade,  he  con- 
tinued to  wield  the  pen  of  an  experienced 
author.  He  wrote  the  novels  of  "  Fleetwood  " 
and  "  Mandeville  ;  "  a  "  History  of  the  Life 
and  Age  of  Geoft'ry  Chaucer,"  a  "History 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,"  two 
unsuccessful  tragedies,  an  "  Exposition  of 
Mr.  Malthus'a  Theory  of  Population," 
"  Cloudesley,"  a  novel ;  "  Thoughts  on 
Man  ;  his  Nature,  Productions,  and  Disco- 
veries ;  "  "  The  Lives  of  the  Necromancers," 
&c.  As  a  novelist,  Godwin  is  decidedly 
original,  combining  a  depth  of  thouglit, 
singular  independence,  and  energy  of  style  ; 
but  the  dark  and  repulsive  picture  whicli  he 
draws  of  mankind,  and  the  scenes  of  vice 
which  he  depicts,  will  often,  it  is  to  be 
feared,  contaminate  the  innocent,  and  disgust 
those  whom  they  are  intended  to  reform. 
During  the  administration  of  Earl  Grey,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  sinecure  office  of  yeo- 
man-usher of  the  exchequer,  by  which  his 
latter  days  were  rendered  comfortable.  Died, 
April,  18;36. 

GODWIN,  Mrs.,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
though  better  known  as  Maky  Wolston- 
CROKT,  was  born  in  17.59.  The  poverty  of  her 
parents  could  only  afford  her  the  commonest 
mode  of  education.  Reading  and  reflection, 
with  extraordinary  talents,  her  biographer 
tells  us,  supplied  all  deficiencies  ;  so  that,  at 
the  death  of  her  mother,  she  opened  a  school 
with  her  sisters  at  Islington,  from  whence 
they  removed  to  Newington  Green.  Shortly 
after,  Mary  quitted  her  sisters  to  attend 
upon  a  sick  lady  who  had  been  her  benefac- 
tress, and  who  died  at  Lisbon.  Upon  her 
return  she  engaged  herself  as  governess  to 
Lord  Kingsborough's  children.  In  17»G,  she 
fixed  her  residence  in  London,  and  began 
her  literary  pursuits  with  "  Thoughts  on  the 
Education  of  Daughters."  In  1797,  she  was 
married  to  William  Godwin,  and  died  a  few 
months  afterwards. 

GODWIN,  William,  son  of  the  author 
of  "  Caleb  Williams,"  and  the  brother  of 
Mrs.  Shelley,  was  a  contributor  to  some  of 
the  best  periodicals  of  the  day,  and  a  parlia- 
mentary reporter.     His  essays  showed  that 

!  he  was  an  attentive  observer  of  men  and 
manners,  and  were  written  witli  consider- 
able tact  and  vivacity.  He  was  attacked 
with  cholera  in  18^2,  and  died,  sincerely 
lamented  by  a  large  circle  of  friends. 

GOECKINGK,  Lioi-old  Fkedekic  Gun- 
TUKK  VON,  a  German  poet,  born  at  Grun- 
ingen,  1748  ;  studied  the  law ;  wrote  songs, 
epigrams,  and  fables ;  and  filled  several 
important  situations  in  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment.    Died,  1828. 

I  GOERTZ,  Okokoe  Hen ry,  Baron,  was  an 
active  and  intelligent  statesman,  born  of  a 
noble  family  in  Ilolstein.  He  joined  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  at  Stralsund,  on  his  return 
from  Turkey ;  and,  by  his  activity  and  in- 
telligence, was  soon  placed  at  the  head  of 


affairs.  But  scarcely  had  Charles  fallen  be- 
fore Frederickshall  (Dec.  11th,  1718),  when 
the  foreign  minister  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
hatred  of  the  nobility  and  of  the  successor 
to  the  throne.  He  was  arrested,  and  charged 
with  having  induced  the  Swedish  monarch 
to  engage  in  ruinous  enterprises,  and  of 
having  mismanaged  the  sums  entrusted  to 
him  ;  no  time  for  repelling  the  accusations 
was  allowed  ;  and  on  the  28th  of  February, 
1719,  he  was  condemned  and  beheaded,  with- 
out a  hearing. 

GOETHE,  John  Wolfgang  von,  the 
greatest  modem  poet  of  Germany,  and  the 
patriarch  of  German  literature,  was  born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  August  28.  1749. 
His  father  was  doctor  of  law  and  imperial 
counsellor  ;  and  being  in  good  circumstances, 
possessing  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  having 
made  a  tolerable  collection  of  pictures  and 
other  objects  of  virtd,  young  Goethe  had  an 
early  opportunity  of  indulging  his  fancy 
and  improving  his  mind.  Drawing,  music, 
natural  science,  the  elements  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  the  languages,  occui)ied  his  early 
years  ;  and  when  he  was  15,  he  was  sent  to 
the  university  of  Leipsic,  but  did  not  follow 
any  regular  course  of  studies.  In  1708  he 
quitted  Leipsic,  and  subsequently  went  to 
the  university  of  Strasburg,  to  qualify  him- 
self for  the  law  ;  but  he  paid  more  attention 
to  chemistry  and  anatomy  than  to  his  no- 
minal pursuit.  In  1771  he  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  jurisprudence,  and  then  went  to 
Wetzlar,  where  he  found,  in  his  own  love 
for  a  betrothed  lady,  and  in  the  suicide  of 
a  young  man  named  Jerusalem,  the  subjects 
for  his  "  Werlher  ; "  which  appeared  in  1774, 
and  at  once  excited  the  attention  of  his 
countrymen,  while  it  produced  an  instanta- 
neous effect  on  his  country's  literature. 
Having,  in  1782,  entered  the  service  of  the 
Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar,  whom  he  had  met 
in  travelling,  he  was  made  president  of  the 
council  chamber,  ennobled,  and  loaded  with 
honours.  A  splendid  galaxy  of  talent  as- 
sembled at  Weimar,  and  united  itself  to 
Goetlie.  The  direction  of  the  theatre  was 
confided  to  him,  and  ho  there  brought  out 
some  of  the  noble  dramatic  clieJ's-cVoeuvre 
of  Schiller,  with  an  effect  worthy  of  them. 
There,  too,  his  own  dramatic  works  first 
appeared,  viz.  "  Goetz  von  Berlichingen," 
"  Faust,"  "  Iphigenia  in  Tauris,"  "  Tasso," 
"  Clavigo,"  "  Stella,"  and  "  Count  Egmont." 
In  1786  he  made  a  journey  to  Italy,  where 
he  remained  two  years,  visited  Sicily,  and 
remained  a  long  time  in  Rome.  In  1792  he 
followed  his  prince  during  the  campaign  in 
Champagne.  He  was  afterwards  created 
minister ;  received,  in  1807,  the  order  of 
Alexander-Newsky  from  Alexander  of  Rus- 
sia, and  the  grand  cross  of  the  legion  of 
honour  from  Napoleon.  He  died  at  Weimar, 
March  22.  mi2,  aged  80.  Goethe  was  an 
intellectual  giant ;  and  his  profound  know- 
ledge of  life  and  of  individual  character 
places  his  works  among  the  first  ever  pro- 
duced. His  greatest  production  is  his  "  Faust," 
emphatically  a  philosophical  poem,  which 
has  been  repeatedly  translated  into  English. 
His  beautiful  songs  and  shorter  poems,  ele- 
gies, distichs,  &c.  have  the  same  peculiar 
character  j  for,  though  many  or  most  of  them 


goe] 


^  ^fto  ^nibtv^iil  ^StnjprapIjM. 


[gol 


cannot  be  called  pre-eminently  philosophi- 
cal, yet  they  are  all  tinged  with' the  prolound 
reflections  of  his  philosopliical  mind,  and 
continually  remind  us  of  the  deep  springs, 
whence  flow  our  griefs  and  joj^s,  our  fears 
and  hopes,  and  all  the  emotions  of  the  soul. 
Goethe's  writings  are  by  far  too  voluminous 
to  be  here  enumerated  ;  but  we  must  men- 
tion "  William  Aleister's  Apprenticeship," 
an  ethic  fiction  ;  "  Herman  and  Dorothea," 
the    "  Elective  Aflinities,"  &c. 

GOETZE,  Jonx  Augustus  EPHnAiM, 
a  German  naturalist,  was  born  at  Ascher- 
leben,  in  1731  ;  and  died  in  179o.  lie  made 
many  microscopic  discoveries,  and  wrote 
several  books  on  natural  liistory  ;  among 
which  are  "Entomological  Memoirs,"  4 
vols.  ;  "  A  History  of  Intestine  Vermes," 
and  an  "  European  Fauna,"  9  vols.  He 
was  pastor  of  the  church  at  Quedlinburgh, 
and  died  in  1793. 

GOGUET,  AxTiifixY  Yves,  a  Parisian 
advocate,  and  a  writer  on  jurisprudence. 
His  principal  work,  exhibiting  much  indus- 
try and  learning,  appeared  in  1758  (the 
year  in  wliich  he  died),  and  is  entitled 
"  Origine  des  Loix,  des  Sciences,  et  des 
Arts,  et  de  leurs  Progrts  chez  les  Anciens 
Peuples." 

GOICOECHEA,  Joseph  Antiioxt  de 
LiEUDOV,  professor  of  philosophy  and  theo- 
logy at  Guatimahi,  in  South  America,  and 
founder  of  the  Economical  Society  there, 
was  a  Franciscan  friar,  but  at  the  same  time 
a  public  spirited  member  of  the  state.  He 
published  a  number  of  memoirs  on  botany, 
agriculture,  &c.,  and  imported  into  his  own 
country  many  valuable  inventions  and  dis- 
coveries.   Died,  1814. 

GOLDING,  Arthur,  an  English  writer, 
of  the  Elizabethan  era,  patronised  by  Cecil, 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  other  cotemporary 
literati,  was  the  translator  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses into  English  verse,  and  of  Csesar's 
Commentaries  into  prose.  He  was  likewise 
the  author  of  an  account  of  the  earthquake 
of  ].')80,  and  of  several  devotional  and  other 
treatises. 

GOLDONI,  CiiARi-ES,  a  celebrated  Italian 
dramatist,  was  born  at  Venice,  in  1707  ;  and 
so  early  did  his  taste  for  the  drama  appear, 
that  before  he  was  8  years  old  he  had 
sketched  the  plan  of  a  comedy.  His  father, 
who  was  a  physician,  having  settled  at 
Perugia,  intended  tliat  liis  son  should  follow 
the  medical  profession  ;  but  Goldoni,  dissa- 
tisfied with  this  pursuit,  obtained  permission 
to  study  law  in  Venice.  After  committing 
many  youthful  follies,  he  brought  a  few 
pieces  upon  the  stage,  which  procured  but 
little  profit,  and  not  much  praise  ;  and  he 
continued  to  live  in  a  continual  scene  of 
dissipation  and  intrigue,  until  he  married 
the  daughter  of  a  notary  in  Genoa,  and  re- 
moved to  Venice.  Here  he  first  began  to 
cultivate  that  department  of  dramatic  poetry 
in  which  he  was  to  excel ;  namely,  descrip- 
tion of  character  and  manners,  in  wliich  he 
took  Moliere,  whom  he  began  to  study  about 
this  time,  for  his  model.  Having  taken  the 
direction  of  the  theatre  at  Rimini,  he  set 
about  the  reformation  of  the  Italian  stage, 
and  in  1761  to  undertake  a  similar  office  at 
Paris.  On  the  conclusion  of  his  engagement, 


358 


he  was  appointed  Italian  master  to  the  prin- 
cesses, with  apartments  in  Versailles,  and  a 
pension.  For  30  years  he  resided  in  the 
French  capital ;  but  the  Revolution  having 
deprived  him  of  his  chief  resources,  he  sank 
into  a  profound  melancholy,  and  died  in 
1792,  aged  8.5. 

GOLDSMITH,  Oliver,  a  celebrated  poet, 
historian,  and  essayist,  was  born  in  1731,  at 
Pallas,  in  tlie  county  of  Longford,  Ireland. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  and  was 
educated  at  the  universities  of  Dublin,  Edin- 
burgh, and  Leyden,  witli  a  view  to  the 
medical  profession.  But  his  eccentricities 
and  careless  conduct  were  the  prolific  source 
of  difficulty  to  himself  and  friends ;  and 
when  he  abruptly  quitted  Eeyden  he  had 
but  one  shirt,  and  no  money,  though  he  in- 
tended to  make  the  tour  of  Europe  on  foot, 
and  actually  travelled  through  Flanders, 
part  of  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy,  often  subsisting  on  the  bounty  of 
the  peasants,  and  returning  the  obligation 
of  a  niglit's  lodging,  or  a  meal,  by  his 
skill  on  the  German  flute,  which  he  for- 
tunately carried  with  him  as  his  stock  in 
trade.  In  1758  he  arrived  in  England  ;  and, 
by  the  assistance  and  recommendation  of 
Dr.  Sleigh,  his  countryman  and  fellow-col- 
legian, obtained  a  situation  as  usher  in  a 
school  at  Peckham  ;  where,  however,  he  did 
not  remain  long,  but  settled  in  London,  and 
subsisted  by  writing  for  periodical  publica- 
tions. One  of  his  first  performances  was  an 
"  Enquiry  into  the  State  of  Polite  Learning 
in  Europe  ;  "  but  lie  emerged  from  obscurity, 
in  17fi5,  by  the  publication  of  his  poem,  en- 
titled "  The  Traveller,  or  a  Prospect  of  So- 
ciety," of  which  Dr.  Johnson  said,  "  tliat 
there  had  not  been  so  fine  a  poem  since 
Pope's  time."  The  year  following  appeared 
his  well-known  novel  of  the  "  Vicar  of 
Wakefield."  His  circumstances  were  now 
respectable,  and  he  took  chambers  in  the 
Temple  ;  but  the  liberality  of  his  temper, 
and  a  propensity  to  gaming,  involved  him 
in  frequent  difficulties.  In  1768  he  brought 
out  his  comedy  of  the  "  Good-Natured  Man  " 
at  Covent  Garden,  but  its  reception  was  not 
equal  to  its  merits.  In  1770  he  published 
"  The  Deserted  Village,"  a  poem,  which,  in 
point  of  description  and  pathos,  is  above  all 
praise  ;  yet  such  was  his  modest  opinion  of  j 
its  merits,  that  he  could  hardly  be  induced 
to  take  the  proffered  recompense  of  lOOZ. 
from  his  bookseller.  In  1772  he  produced 
his  comedy  of  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer," 
which  was  highly  successful  and  iirofitablc. 
Besides  these  performances,  he  produced  a 
number  of  others  ;  as  a  "  History  of  Eng- 
land, in  a  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman 
to  his  Son,"  2  vols.  ;  "  A  History  of  Eng- 
land," 4  vols. ;  "  A  Roman  and  a  Grecian 
History,"  each  2  vols. ;  "  A  History  of  the 
Earth  and  Animated  Nature,"  8  vols.  ; 
"  Chinese  Letters,"  &c.  Goldsmith  was  the 
friend  of  Johnson,  Reynolds,  and  Burke, 
and  a  member  of  tlie  Literary  Club  es- 
tablished by  the  former.  He  died  at  his 
chambers,  in  the  Temple,  April  4.  1774  ; 
and  was  buried  in  the  chamber-yard  of 
the  Temple  ;  but  a  monument  was  after- 
wards  erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 


GOLDSMITH,  Lewis,  by  birth  an  Eng- 
lishman, but  by  a  creed  a  Jew,  was  born 
in  17(53.  He  exercised  the  business  of  a  no- 
tary in  London,  till  the  French  revolution  ; 
when  he  attracted  persecution  by  writing 
liis  "  Crimes  of  Cabinets."  To  escape  the 
pecuniary  consequences  of  a  sentence  for 
libel  and  sedition,  lie  went  to  France,  and 
tliere  edited  the  "  Argus,"  with  funds  sup- 
plied by  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  In 
this  paper  he  attacked  every  thing  English 
with  the  same  ferocity  as  he  subsequently 
attacked  every  thing  Frencli  in  the  "  Anti- 
gatlican,"  and  the  "  Cabinet  of  Buonaparte." 
Being  informed  of  a  base  plot  of  the  police, 
to  deliver  him  up  to  tiie  British  government 
in  exchange,  lie  made  overtures  for  a  recon- 
ciliation with  the  latter  ;  returned  to  this 
country  ;  and,  after  being  subjected  to  the 
form  of  a  trial  for  high  treason,  which  ended 
in  his  discharge  on  giving  recognisances,  he 
l>egan  a  weekly  attack  on  Buonaparte  in 
the  " Antigallican  Monitor;"  continued  it 
till  the  time  of  his  abdication  ;  renewed  it 
during  the  hundred  days ;  and  is  said  to 
have  subsequently  (in  1817)  obtained  a  large 
sum  and  a  pension  from  Louis  XVIII. 

GOLIUS,  Jamks,  an  eminent  oriental 
scholar,  was  born  at  the  Hague,  in  liOti  ; 
educated  at  I^eyden  ;  and  in  1(522  went  as 
interpreter  to  the  Dutch  embassy  in  Morocco. 
On  his  return  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  Arabic  at  Leyden,  and  afterwards  also 
nominated  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
interpreter  of  the  oriental  languages  to  the 
United  States.  His  principal  works  are,  an 
"  Arabic  Lexicon,"  a  "  Persian  Dictionary," 
"The  History  of  the  Saracens,  translated 
from  Elmacin,"  and  "The  Life  of  Tamer- 
lane." He  died  in  1(5G7 His  brother  Pkter, 

who  was  also  an  excellent  orientalist,  be- 
came a  Catholic,  and  founded  a  Carmelite 
convent  on  Mount  Libanus.  He  died,  in 
107;},  at  Surat,  in  the  East  Indies,  whither 
he  had  proceeded  as  a  missionary. 

GOLTZIUS,  HuBEKT,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, born  at  Venloo,  in  152G.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  emperor  Ferdinand,  and 
made  several  tours  through  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, Germany,  France,  and  Italy,  in  pur- 
suit of  his  favourite  study  ;  in  illustration 
of  which  he  published  some  valuable  works. 
Died,  1583. 

GOMAR,  or  GOMARUS,  FnANCis,  a 
Protestant  divine,  born  at  Bruges,  in  1563  ; 
educated  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  ;  and 
became  theological  professor  at  Leyden,  in 
1573  J  and  afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  divinity  at  Groningen,  where  he  died 
in  1641.  He  was  the  great  opponent  of  his 
fellow-professor  Arminius,  and  is  chiefly 
remarkable  for  the  intolerant  bigotry  he 
displayed  while  defending  the  points  of  elec- 
tion and  predestination.  His  partisans  in 
Holland  were  called  Gomarites. 

GONGORA,  LoL'is,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
poet,  was  born  at  Cordova,  in  15<S2,  and  is 
called  by  his  countrymen  the  prince  of  lyric 
poets.  His  style,  however,  is  often  difficult 
to  comprehend,  even  to  the  Spaniards  them- 
selves, among  whom  he  has  had  almost  as 
many  censurers  as  admirers.  Died,  1627. 
j  GOX8ALVO  OK  Cordova,  Hekjtandez 
Y  AouiLAB,  a  celebrated  Spanish  warrior, 


was  born  at  Montilla,  near  Cordova,  in  1443. 
He  entered  the  army  when  only  15  ;  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Moors,  Turks, 
and  Portuguese  ;  was  appointed  viceroy  of 
Naples,  after  having  conquered  that  king- 
dom ;  and  universally  obtained  the  appella- 
tion of  the  Great  Captain.    Died,  1515. 

GOOD,  John  Masox,  a  physician,  poet, 
and  philologist,  was  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  born,  1764,  at  Epping,  in  Essex. 
Having  been  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon,  he 
first  practised  at  Coggeshall  ;  but  in  175)3  he 
settled  in  London,  as  a  surgeon  and  apothe- 
cary ;  and  having  obtained  a  diploma  from 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  he  commenced 
practice  as  a  physician  in  1820.  Dr.  Good 
exercised  the  most  indefatigable  persever- 
ance in  the  attainment  of  knowledge,  with- 
out allowing  his  literary  studies  to  interfere 
with  the  duties  of  his  profession.  It  is  stated 
of  him,  that  so  incessant  and  multifarious 
were  his  labours  in  1803,  that  he  was  finish- 
ing a  translation  of  "Solomon's  Song," 
carrying  on  his  "  Life  of  Dr.  Gcddes,"  walk- 
ing from  12  to  14  miles  a  day  to  see  his 
patients  (.his  business  as  a  surgeon  then 
producing  ui)wards  of  1400/.  per  annum), 
editing  the  Critical  Review,  and  supply- 
ing a  column  of  matter,  weekly,  for  the 
Sunday  Review  ;  added  to  which  he  had, 
for  a  short  period,  the  management  of  the 
British  Press  Newspaper.  In  the  winter  of 
1810,  Mr.  Good  commenced  his  lectures  at  the 
Surrey  Institution,  which  were  published  in 
182(5,  in  3  vols.,  entitled  "The  Book  of 
Nature."  He  produced  many  other  valu- 
able works,  among  which  arc  "  The  Study 
of  Medicine,"  4  vols.    Died,  1827. 

GOODAL,  Walter,  a  Scotcli  antiquary, 
was  born  in  Banftshire,  in  170ti  ;  studied  at 
King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  and  afterwards 
became  keeper  of  the  Advocates'  Library, 
at  Edinburgh.  His  principal  literary  per- 
formance is  "  An  Examination  of  the  Letters 
said  to  be  written  by  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
to  James,  earl  of  Bothwell,"  2  vols.  8vo.  ; 
in  which  he  proves  (to  the  satisfaction  of 
many  who  have  investigated  the  subject), 
that  the  whole  are  forgeries. 

GOODRICH,  Thomas,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  and  educated 
at  Bennet  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
chosen  Bishop  of  Ely,  in  1534,  and  proved 
a  zealous  promoter  of  the  Reformation. 
He  was  made  lord-chancellor  in  1551  ;  and, 
though  the  seals  were  taken  from  him  by 
queen  Mary,  he  was  suffered  to  retain  his 
bishopric.     Died,  1554. 

GOODWIN,  Francis,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, the  chief  of  whose  public  works  are  to 
be  seen  in  the  churches  erected  of  late  years 
in  various  provincial  towns.  He  was  also 
the  architect  of  many  municipal  buildings, 
of  which  the  Manchester  town  hall  may 
be  termed  his  clwfd'ceuvre.  When  public 
buildings  were  offered  to  competition,  Mr. 
Goodwin  frequently  furnished  plans,  and 
in  several  instances  he  obtained  premiums  ; 
and  it  was  owing  to  his  intense  application, 
while  engaged  in  producing  plans  for  the 
erection  of  the  new  houses  of  parliament, 
that  he  fell  a  victim  to  an  attack  of  apo- 
plexy, Aug.  30.  1835. 

GORDIAN,  Makccs  Antonius,  the  elder, 


359 


gor] 


^  ^fto  mnihtv^nl  23i0srap!)2). 


[gor 


a  Roman  emperor,  surnamed  Afncanus,-\vas 
descended  from  the  Gracclii,  and  the  family 
of  Trajan.  He  was  born  A.  d.  157,  and  the 
early  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  literary 
pursuits.  After  being  edile,  twice  consul, 
and  proconsul  of  Africa,  he  was,  at  the  age 
of  80,  raised  to  the  throne,  in  conjunction 
with  his  son  ;  who  being  slain  in  battle 
eix  weeks  after  their  accession,  the  father,  in 
an  agony  of  grief,  put  a  period  to  his  own 
existence. 

GORDIAN,  Marcus  Axtonius,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  called  to  the  tlirone 
when  he  was  only  13  years  of  age.  He  be- 
came a  renowned  warrior,  and  was  styled 
the  Guardian  of  the  Commonwealth.  He 
died,  near  Circesium,  in  244  ;  and  it  is  said 
he  was  treacherously  assassinated  by  Philip- 
pus,  the  Arabian,  who  was  one  of  his  gene- 
rals, and  his  successor  in  the  empire. 

GORDON,  Alexandeu,  a  Scotch  anti- 
quary, who  lived  many  years  in  Italy,  and 
other  parts  of  the  Continent,  and,  in  17.3(5, 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  society  for  the 
encouragement  of  learning.  In  1741,  he  went 
to  Carolina,  where  he  held  several  oflfices, 
and  had  some  grants  of  land.  He  died  in 
1750.  Among  his  works  are  the  "Lives  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  and  his  son  Caesar 
Borgia,"  "A  Complete  History  of  Ancient 
Amphitheatres,"  &c. 

GORDON,  Lord  Geokge,  son  of  Cosmo 
George,  duke  of  Gordon,  was  born  in  1750. 
He  entered  when  young  into  the  navy,  but 
left  it  during  the  American  war,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  dispute  with  Lord  Sandwich, 
relative  to  promotion.  He  sat  in  parliament 
for  Luggershall,  and  became  conspicuous  by 
his  opposition  to  ministers  ;  but,  though 
eccentric,  he  displayed  no  deficiency  of  wit 
or  argument.  He  soon,  however,  became  an 
object  of  great  notoriety  ;  for  a  bill  having 
been  introduced  into  the  liouse,  in  1780,  for 
the  relief  of  Roman  Catholics  from  certain 
I  penalties  and  disabilities,  he  collected  a  mob, 
at  tlie  head  of  whom  he  marched  to  present 
a  petition  against  the  proposed  measure. 
The  dreadful  riots  which  ensued,  led  to  his 
lordship's  arrest  and  trial  for  high  treason  ; 
but,  no  evidence  being  adduced  of  such  a 
design,  he  was  acquitted.  In  tlie  beginning 
of  1778,  having  been  twice  convicted  of  libel- 
ling the  French  ambassador,  the  queen  of 
France,  and  the  criminal  justice  of  his  coun- 
try, he  retired  to  Holland ;  but  he  was 
arrested,  sent  home,  and  committed  to  New- 
gate, where  he  died,  in  1793. 

GORDON,  Thomas,  a  political  writer, 
was  born  at  Kirkcudbright,  in  Scotland,  and 
settled  in  London  as  a  classical  teacher,  but 
Boon  turned  his  attention  to  politics,  and 
was  employed  by  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford. 
Mr.  Trenchard  next  took  him  to  live  with 
him,  and  they  wrote  in  conjunction  "  Cato's 
Letters "  and  the  "  Independent  Whig." 
On  the  death  of  Trenchard,  Gordon  married 
his  widow,  and  thus  gained  possession  of  a 
fine  estate.  They  were  both  zealous  Whigs, 
and  inveterate  enemies  of  religion.  Sir 
Robert  Walpole  employed  Gordon  to  defend 
his  administration,  and  made  him  a  com- 
missioner of  wine-licences.  He  translated 
Tacitus  and  Sallust ;  and  after  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1750,  appeared  "  A  Cor- 


dial for  Low  Spirits,"   and  the  "Pillars  of 
Priestcraft  and  Ortliodoxy  shaken." 

GORDON,  William,  M.D.,  whose  phi- 
lanthropic virtues  and  Christian  graces  have 
gained  for  him  a  wider  celebrity  than  falls 
to  the  lot  of  most  private  persons,  was  born 
at  Fountain's  Hall,  near  the  abbey  of  the 
same  name  in  Yorkshire,  in  1801.  He  ac- 
quired the  rudiments  of  learning  at  the 
grammar  school  of  Ripon,  where  his  great 
abilities  and  his  amiable  disposition  won  for 
him  the  esteem  botli  of  his  teachers  and  his 
schoolfellows.  After  leaving  school  he  was 
articled  to  a  general  practitioner  at  Otley, 
where  he  gained  "golden  opinions"  from  the 
warm  interest  he  took  in  the  welfare  of  the 
poor.  Soon  afterwards  his  father  having 
suffered  from  a  reverse  of  fortune  before  he 
had  completed  his  studies,  he  borrowed 
money  and  repaired  first  to  London  and  then 
to  Edinburgh,  where  it  was  his  intention  to 
graduate  as  a  physician.  But  his  design  was 
thwarted  for  the  present ;  and  after  three 
years  of  intense  study  and  application,  he  re- 
tired to  Welton,  where  he  commenced  his 
professional  career  as  a  general  practitioner. 
In  1826  he  married  the  daughter  of  James 
Lowtrop,  esq.,  of  Welton  Hall ;  and  after  12 
years  successful  practice  in  that  neighbour- 
hood, varied  by  the  cultivation  of  many 
branches  of  literature  and  science,  he  re- 
paired once  more  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  and  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  in  1841.  He  then  settled  in  Hull, 
devoting  himself  with  ardour  to  liis  profes- 
sional duties,  and  at  the  same  time  taking 
a  prominent  part  in  every  movement,  which 
he  thought  likely  to  promote  the  welfare  of 
the  people.  Freedom  in  trade,  education, 
religion,  parliamentary  and  financial  reform, 
extension  of  the  suffrage,  peace,  temperance, 
and  other  kindred  subjects,  found  in  him  an 
earnest  advocate  ;  and  the  Chiistian  graces 
of  his  temper,  displayed  in  harmonious 
concert  with  his  high  intelligence,  benevo- 
lence of  disposition,  and  disinterestedness 
of  character,  emphatically  earned  for  him 
the  lofty  title, — engraved  upon  a  tomb,  which 
the  gratitude  of  many  has  erected  to  his 
memory,— of  the  "People's  Friend."  Died, 
1849. 

GORE,  Christopher,  a  governor  of  the 
state  of  Massachussetts,  was  born  at  Boston, 
in  1758,  his  father  being  an  opulent  mechanic 
there.  In  1789,  Washington  appointed  him 
the  first  United  States'  attorney  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Massachussets  ;  and  in  179C  he  was 
selected  by  the  president  as  the  colleague  of 
the  celebrated  William  Pinkney,  to  settle 
the  American  claims  upon  England  for 
spoliations.  In  this  situation  he  evinced 
his  wonted  energy  and  talent,  and  recovered 
property  to  a  very  great  amount  for  his 
fellow-citizens.  In  1803,  he  was  left  in  Lon 
don  as  charge  d'affaires,  when  Rufus  King, 
the  American  minister,  returned  to  America. 
In  1809,  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Massa- 
chussets, but  retained  his  dignity  only  for 
one  year.  In  1814,  he  was  called  to  the 
senate  of  the  Union,  and  served  in  this  ca- 
pacity for  three  years  ;  when  he  retired  from 
public  affairs,  and  died  in  1827,  aged  68.  He 
was  a  good  scholar,  and  had  an  excellent 
knowledge  of  the  world ;  which  qualities 


oor] 


^  j5ciij  2Snitjerslal  ^itftpcapffv. 


[gou 


were  set  off  to  the  best  advantage  by  his  fine 
person  and  graceful  manners. 

GORGIAS,  Leontinus,  a  celebrated  ora- 
tor, of  tlie  school  of  Empedocles,  was  a  native 
of  Leontium  in  Sicily,  and  flourished  in  the 
fifth  century,  B.C.  A  statue  of  gold  was 
erected  to  hia  honour  at  Delphi ;  and  Plato 
has  given  his  name  to  one  of  his  dialogues. 
lie  lived  to  the  age  of  105. 

GOSSEC,  Fkancis  Joseph,  an  eminent 
French  musical  composer,  was  born  at  Ver- 
guiers,  in  1703  ;  and  died  at  Passy,  in  1S29. 
His  compositions  are  numerous,  and  the 
character  of  his  music  is  light,  pleasing,  and 
spirited.  In  1770,  he  founded  the  Concert  of 
Amateurs,  at  which  the  Chevalier  dc  St. 
George  played  the  first  violin.  He  composed 
the  apotheoses  of  Voltaire  and  J.  J.  Kousseau, 
and  the  funeral  hymn  for  Mirabeau. 

GOSSELIN,  Pascal  Fkakcis  Joseph,  an 
eminent  French  geographer,  born  at  Lille, 
in  the  Netherlands,  in  1751.  He  was  engaged 
in  a  tour  through  Europe,  for  several  years, 
and  made  many  valuable  researches  con- 
cerning ancient  geograjihy.  In  1789,  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly, and,  in  1791,  nominated  a  member  of 
the  central  administration  of  commerce.  He 
was  subsequently  employed  in  tlje  war  de- 
partment, became  a  member  of  the  legion  of 
honour  ;  and  was  ultimately  made  keeper  of 
the  king's  library  and  cabinet  of  medals, 
&e.  at  Paris.  His  works  relate  to  ancient 
geography,  and  possess  much  merit.  Died, 
1830. 

GOSSELINI,  Julian,  an  Italian  writer, 
was  born  at  Rome,  in  15.55.  He  became  se- 
cretary to  Ferdinand  Gonzaga,  viceroy  of 
Sicily  (whose  '•  lafe  "  he  wrote),  and  after- 
wards was  in  the  service  of  Spain,  where 
he  was  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy, 
but  soon  obtained  his  liberty  ;  on  which  he 
went  to  Milan,  and  there  died  in  1587. 

GOSSON,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  poet ; 
bom  in  Kent,  in  1554  ;  educated  at  Christ- 
church.  Oxford  ;  held  the  living  of  St.  Bo- 
tolph,  Bishopsgate ;  and  died  in  lt)23.  He 
wrote  three  dramatic  pieces  ;  notwithstand- 
ing which,  he  published  "  Play  confuted  in 
Five  several  Actions,"  and  "  The  School  of 
Abuse,"  against  poets  and  actors. 

GOTHOFRED,  Denls,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  born  of  an  illustrious  family  at 
Paris,  in  1.549.  France  being  involved  in 
confusion  by  the  leaguers,  he  accepted  of  a 
professor's  chair  at  Geneva,  until  he  was 
employed  by  Henry  IV.  ;  but  being  after- 
wards deprived  of  his  office,  as  a  Huguenot, 
he  retired  to  Heidelberg,  and  died  in  1622. 
He  wrote  many  books,  the  chief  of  which  is 
the  "  Corpus  Juris  Civilis." 

GOTHOFRED,  Theodore,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1580. 
As  soon  as  he  had  finished  his  studies,  he 
went  to  Paris ;  where  he  conformed  to  the 
Komish  religion,  and  applied  with  ind«- 
fatigable  industry  to  the  study  of  history. 
In  1032,  Louis  XIII.  made  him  one  of  his 
historiographers,  with  astipend  of  SOOOlivres; 
and,  in  1636,  he  was  sent  to  Cologne,  and 
subsequently  to  Monster,  to  assist  at  the 
treaty  of  peace  negotiating  there.  He  died 
in  1649.  His  principal  work  is  an  "  Account 
of  the  Ceremonial  of  the  Kings  of  France." 


GOTHOFRED,  Denis,  son  of  Theodore, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1615.  He  studied  his- 
tory, after  his  father's  example  ;  became  as 
eminent  in  that  department  of  knowledge, 
and  obtained  the  reversion  of  his  father's 
place  of  historiographer  royal,  from  Louis 
XIIL,  when  he  was  but  25  years  of  age.  He 
finished  the  "  Memoirs  of  Philip  de  Com- 
mines,"  began  by  his  father ;  and  was  pre- 
paring a  history  of  Charles  VIII.,  when  he 
died,  in  1681. 

GOTTSCHED,  John  Christopher,  a 
German  writer,  was  born  at  Konigsberg,  in 
1700  ;  and  is  considereQ  to  have  contributed 
much  towards  the  reformation  of  German 
literature.  He  was  successively  professor  of 
the  belles-lettres,  philosophy,  metaphysics, 
and  poetry,  in  the  university  of  Lcipsic";  and 
died  in  1766.  He  was  assisted  in  his  dramatic 
writings  by  his  wife,  who  was  a  woman  of 
splendid  talents. 

GOUFFIER,  Marie  Gabriel  Auouste 
Laurent,  count  de  Choiseul,  was  born  in 
1752.  At  the  age  of  22  he  travelled  through 
Greece  and  the  neighbouring  islands ;  and 
on  his  return  to  France  he  published  a  splen- 
did work,  entitled  "  Voyage  Pittoresrjue  de 
la  Grfece,"  beautifully  illustrated.  In  1784, 
he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Constanti- 
nople i  but  the  events  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion having  disarranged  his  plans  for  the 
continuation  of  his  great  work,  he  went  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  made  a  privy  council- 
lor, director  of  the  academy  of  arts,  and  su- 
perintendant  of  the  imperial  libraries.  lu 
1802,  his  name  being  erased  from  the  list  of 
emigrants,  he  returned  to  France  ;  and  the 
year  following  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
National  Institute.  He  now  published  a 
continuation  of  his  work  upon  Greece  ;  but 
became  involved  in  disputes  with  Le  Che- 
valier and  Cassas,  who  had,  as  he  conceived, 
injured  him,  by  sending  to  the  press  their 
works  on  the  same  subject,  after  having  been 
employed  under  his  auspices.  On  the  return 
of  Louis  XVIII.,  he  was  made  a  peer  of 
France  ;  and  died  in  1817. 

GOUGE,  William,  an  English  divine,  was 
born  at  Bow,  in  Middlesex,  in  1575.  He  be- 
came fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
and,  in  1608,  obtained  the  living  of  Black- 
friars,  London.  He  was  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly of  divines  at  Westminster,  officiated 
there  as  moderator,  and  was  also  one  of  the 
annotators  on  the  Bible  appointed  by  that 
body.     He  died  in  1653. 

GOUGH,  Richard,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  topographer,  the  son  of  a  London  mer- 
chant, was  bom  in  1735.  He  received  a  pri- 
vate education,  and  at  the  age  of  11  years 
translated  from  the  French,  a  "  History  of  the 
Bible,"  of  which  25  copies  were  printed  at  the 
expense  of  his  mother,  who,  with  a  pardon- 
able fondness  for  his  precocious  talents,  made 
presents  of  them  to  her  friends.  This  was 
followed  by  a  translation  of  Fleury's  treatise 
on  "  The  Customs  of  the  Israelites,"  when 
he  was  only  15.  In  1752,  Mr.  Gough  became 
a  student  of  Bennet  College,  Cambridge;  but 
antiquities  were  his  favourite  study,  and  he 
left  the  university  without  taking  a  degree, 
and  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life  to  antiquarian 
researches.  Besides  many  papers  in  the 
Archaeologia,  the  Bibliotheca  Topographica, 


GOtj] 


^  0tbi  ^niiitriaX  ^Bifffirapi^e. 


[gr^ 


and  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  he  published 
"Anecdotes  of  British  Topography,"  2  vols. 
4to.  ;  "  Tlie  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Great 
Britain,"  2  vols,  folio  ;  an  enlarged  edition  of 
Camden's  Britannia,  &c.     Died,  1800. 

GOUJON,  Jeax,  a  French  sculptor  and 
arcliitect  in  the  IGtIi  century,  wlio,  being  a 
Protestant,  fell  in  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  1572.  He  designed  the  fine 
facade  of  the  old  lyouvre,  and  other  works, 
which  procured  him  the  title  of  the  French 
Phidias. 

GOULSTON,  Theodore,  an  English  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  and 
studied  at  Merton  College,  Oxford.  He  died 
in  1632,  bequeatliing  200/.  for  a  pathological 
lecture  to  be  read  yearly  in  the  college  of 
physicians. 

GOUVION  ST.  CYR,  General  Laurent, 
Marquis  de,  an  eminent  French  commander, 
commenced  his  military  career  during  the 
revolution.  In  the  campaign  on  the  Rhine, 
in  1795,  he  repeatedly  distinguished  himself ; 
and  in  tlie  following  year  he  attracted  the 
particular  attention  of  Moreau,  who  hesitated 
not  to  attribute  to  his  skill  and  bravery, 
much  of  the  success  wliich  attended  the 
French  arms.  He  was  afterwards  entrusted 
witli  some  diplomatic  missions ;  and  when 
these  were  performed,  he  returned  to  the 
camp,  and  in  180f)  commanded  the  centre  of 
the  army  of  the  Rhine.  In  1804  he  was  made 
colonel-general  of  the  cuirassiers,  and  grand 
officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  continued 
to  pursue  a  successful  career  during  the 
following  campaigns  in  Italy  and  Germany  ; 
and  when  the  French  first  invaded  Spain  he 
was  employed  in  Catalonia,  where  he  also 
displayed  considerable  ability.  In  the  dis- 
asterous  campaign  of  Buonaparte  in  Russia, 
he  succeeded  Marshal  Oudinot  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  central  army  ;  and  for  his  ser- 
vices on  tliat  occasion  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  marshal.  He  behaved  with  great 
judgment  and  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Dres- 
den, and  was  left  there  with  a  garrison  of 
16,000  men  ;  but  succeeding  events  rendered 
it  impossible  for  him  to  maintain  the  place. 
On  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  he  was 
created  a  peer,  and  made  a  commander  of 
the  order  of  St.  Louis.  In  1817  lie  was  ap- 
pointed minister  for  naval  affairs,  and  he 
subsequently  filled  the  highest  office  in  the 
war  department.    Died,  1830. 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  poet  of  the 
14th  century,  supposed  to  have  been  bom  in 
Yorkshire,  about  1320.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  society  of  the  Inner  Temple  ;  and  some 
writers  assert  that  he  became  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas  ;  though  the  more  gene- 
ral opinion  is,  that  the  judge  was  another 
person  of  the  same  name.  He  died  in  1402, 
and  was  buried  in  the  conventual  church  of 
St.  Mary  Overy,  Southwark,  to  which  he  was 
a  benefactor,  and  where  his  tomb  is  still  to 
be  seen.  He  was  author  of  a  tripartite  work, 
entitled  "  Speculum  Meditantis,"  "  "Vox  Cla- 
mantis,"  and  "  Confessio  Amantis." 

GOYEN,  John  van,  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes, cattle,  and  sea-pieces,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  in  1596  ;  and  was  the  pupil  of  Van- 
dervelde.  He  possessed  great  facility  and 
freedom  ;  his  works  are  consequently  more 
general  throughout  Europe  than  those  of 


362 


any  other  master,  but  such  as  are  finished 
and  remain  undamaged  are  highly  valued. 

GOZON,  Deodati,  grand-master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  was  cele- 
brated for  his  courage  and  other  virtues. 
A  fabulous  story  is  told  of  his  killing  a  dra- 
gon of  a  monstrous  kind,  that  infested  the 
island  of  Rhodes.    Died,  1353. 

GOZZI,  Gaspar,  Count,  an  Italian  ;  au- 
thor of"  Dramatic  Pieces,"  "  Poems,"  "  Fa- 
miliar Letters,"  and  a  work  on  the  plan  of 
the  Spectator,  called  the  "  Venetian  Obser- 
ver."   Born  at  Venice,  1713  ;  died,  1786. 

GOZZI,  Charles,  Count,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  a  dramatic  writer,  known  as  the 
persevering  enemy  and  rival  of  Goldoni. 

GRABE,  John  Ernest,  a  learned  divine 
and  critic,  was  bom  in  1666,  at  Konigs- 
berg,  Prussia.  Being  dissatisfied  with  Lu- 
theranism,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  go  to 
England ;  here  he  received  considerable 
patronage,  king  William  III.  allowing  him 
an  annual  pension  of  100?.,  and  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  conferring  on  him  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  He  also  entered  into  orders,  and 
published  several  valuable  works,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is,  an  edition  of  the  Septua- 
gint,  from  the  Alexandrian  MS.  in  the  royal 
library.    He  died  in  1712. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius  Sempronius,  was 
a  celebrated  Roman,  of  eminent  talents  and 
patriotism,  who  distinguished  himself  at  the 
taking  of  Carthage,  and  was  elected  tribime 
of  the  people.  Having,  in  their  name,  de- 
manded of  the  senate  the  execution  of  the 
agrarian  law,  by  which  all  persons  possessing 
above  500  acres  of  land  were  to  l>e  deprived 
of  the  surplus,  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor 
citizens,  among  whom  an  equal  distribution 
of  it  was  to  be  made,  it  met  with  violent  op- 
position, and  Tiberius  fell  a  victim  to  his 
zeal  and  the  fury  of  the  offended  patricians, 
B.  c.  133. 

GRACCHUS,  Caius,  a  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  who  possessed  similar  talents 
and  principles,  and  pursued  similar  mea- 
sures. He  was  twice  tribune,  and  obtained 
the  passing  of  various  laws  obnoxious  to  the 
patricians  ;  but,  at  length,  he  was  slain  in 
battle,  when  contending  with  the  consul 
Opimius,  B.  c.  121. 

GRACIAN,BALTHASAR,a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
and  one  of  the  most  popular  preacliers  and 
writers  of  his  time,  was  born  in  1584,  and 
became  rector  of  the  college  of  Tarragona. 
He  wrote  several  works  ;  tlie  chief  of  which 
are,  "  The  Courtier,"  '•  The  Hero,"  and  "  The 
Art  of  Prudence."    Died,  1658. 

GR^FE,  or  GR^VIUS,  John  George, 
a  learned  classical  scholar,  born  at  Naum- 
burg.  Saxony,  in  1632.  His  avidity  for  study 
in  his  early  years  was  astonishing.  He  suc- 
ceeded Gronovius  in  the  professorship  of 
history  at  Deventer,  and  removed  from 
thence  to  Utreclit,  where  he  died  in  1703. 
He  published  editions  of  several  of  the  clas- 
sics ;  but  his  greatest  works  are  his  "  The- 
saurus Antiquitatum  Romanorum,"  12  vols, 
folio,  and  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  et  His- 
toiiarum  Italise,"  6  vols,  folio. 

GRiEME,  John,  a  Scotch  poet,  was  bom 
at  Carnwarth,  in  Lanarkshire,  in  1749.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  poor  farmer,  but  discover- 
ing a  superior  genius,  obtained  a    liberal 


ora] 


^  ^e&j  ^nibtriaX  aStOffiajp^ji. 


[gra 


education,  first  at  Edinburgh,  and  next  at 
St.  Andrew's.  He  was  preparing  for  the 
ministry,  wlien  he  died  in  1772,  leaving  be- 
hind liiin  a  volume  of  elegiac  and  miscella- 
neous poetry,  which  was  afterwards  pub- 
lished. 

GRAFFIGNY,  Frances  d'Issembocko 
d'Happoncoukt  de,  was  bom  at  Nancy  in 
1694.  She  was  the  wife  of  Graffigny,  cham- 
berlain to  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  from  whom 
she  was  legally  separated  on  account  of  his 
brutal  conduct.  Her  best  literary  produc- 
tions are  a  sentimental  work,  entitled  "  Let- 
tres  d'une  Peruvieiuie,"  and  the  drama  of 
"  Cenie."    Died  at  Paris,  in  1758. 

GRAFTON,  AtGUSTi's  Henjcy  Fitzroy, 
Duke  of,  was  born  in  1736  ;  succeeded  his 
grandfather  in  the  family  honours  in  1757  ; 
and  in  1765  was  appointed  secretary  of  state; 
but  the  year  Ibllowing  he  relinquished  that 
station,  and  soon  after  became  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  which  he  held  till  1770.  During 
his  administration,  he  was  virulently  at- 
tacked by  Junius,  who  seems  to  have  been 
actuated  quite  as  much  by  personal  enmity, 
as  by  political  hostility.  In  1771  the  duke 
was  nominated  lord  privy  seal,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  1775,  and  acted  in  opposition 
to  the  court  till  1782,  when  he  was  again  in 
place  for  a  short  time.  After  this,  he  was 
uniformly  an  opponent  of  ministers,  till  his 
death.  He  was  the  author  of  a  volume  of 
theological  essays,  &c    Died,  1811. 

GRAFTON,  Richard,  an  English  histo- 
rian, who  carried  on  an  extensive  business 
in  London  as  a  printer,  in  the  16th  century. 
He  greatly  assisted  in  the  compilation  of 
*♦  HiUl's  Chronicle,"  and  also  produced 
Another,  entitled  "  A  Chronicle  at  large  of 
the  Affayres  of  England  from  the  Creation 
of  the  Worlde  unto  Queene  Elizabeth." 
Grafton's  Chronicle  was  republished,  in 
2  vols.  4to.,  in  1809. 

GRAGGINI,  Antuont  Francis,  an  Ita- 
lian poet  of  the  16th  century.  He  was  the 
originator  of  the  Delia  Crusca  Academy  ; 
and  the  autlior  of  jioems  and  tales,  the  lat- 
ter rivalling,  in  purity  of  style,  those  of 
Boccaccio.  Bom,  at  Florence,  1503 ;  died, 
1583. 

GRAHAM,  George,  an  ingenious  watch- 
maker, and  a  most  accurate  mechanician, 
was  born  at  Kirklington,  Cumberland,  in 
1675.  He  came  to  London,  and  lived  with 
Tompion  the  watchmaker,  whom  he  suc- 
oceded  in  business,  but  far  excelled  in  scien- 
tific attainments.  He  invented  various  as- 
tronomical instruments,  by  which  the  pro- 
fress  of  science  was  considerably  furthered, 
"he  great  mural  arch  in  tlie  observatory  of 
Greenwich  was  made  for  Dr.  Hal  ley,  un- 
der his  insjiection,  and  divided  by  his  own 
hand.  He  invented  the  sector  with  which 
Dr.  Bra<lley  discovered  two  new  motions  in 
the  fixed  stars.  He  furnished  the  members 
of  the  French  Academy,  who  were  sent  to 
the  north  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  meri- 
dian, with  the  instruments  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  he  composed  tlie  whole  planetary  sys- 
tem, within  the  compass  of  a  small  cabinet, 
from  wliich  model  all  succeeding  orreries 
have  been  formed.  Mr.  Graham  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society,  to  which  he  com- 
municated several  useful  discoveries.     He 


363 


died  in  1751,  and  was  interred  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey. 

GR.\H.1M,  Sir  John,  the  faithful  compa- 
nion and  fellow-patriot  of  Sir  William  Wal- 
lace. He  fell,  at  the  battle  of  Falkirk,  July 
22.  1298. 

GRAHAM,  John,  of  Clavcrhouse,  Vis- 
count Dundee,  "  a  soldier  of  distinguished 
courage  and  professional  skill,  but  rapacious 
and  profane,  of  violent  temjjcr,  and  of  obiu- 
rate  heart,"  whose  name,  "  wherever  the 
Scottish  race  is  settled  on  the  face  of  the 
globe,  is  mentioned  with  a  peculiar  energy 
of  hatred,"  was  born  in  IdrrO.  His  career  m 
arms  commenced  as  a  soldier  of  fortune  in 
France  ;  lie  subsequently  entered  the  Dutch 
service  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Scotland  in 
1677,  he  was  nominated  to  the  command  of 
a  regiment  of  horse  that  ha<l  been  raised 
against  the  Covenanters.  His  subsequent 
career  we  will  not  dwell  upon.  Among 
many  cruel  instruments  of  a  tyrannous  so- 
vereign, he  made  himself  conspicuous  by  liis 
barbarity,  and  has  obtained  an  unenviable 
notoriety  in  history,  romance,  and  local  tra- 
dition. The  services  which  he  rendered  to 
his  sovereign  were  rewarded  from  time  to 
time  by  various  liigh  offices  ;  and  he  was 
finally  raised  to  the  i)eerage  by  the  title  of 
viscount  Dundee.  Killed  at  Killicraukic,  in 
the  hour  of  victory,  in  1689. 

GRAHAM,  Sir  Richard,  lord  viscount 
Preston,  was  bom  in  1648.  He  was  sent 
ambassador  by  Charles  II.  to  Louis  XIV., 
and  was  master  of  the  wardrobe  and  secre- 
tary of  state  under  James  II.  When  the 
Revolution  took  place,  he  was  tried  and 
condemned,  on  an  accusation  of  attempting 
the  restoration  of  that  prince,  but,  through 
the  queen's  intercession,  he  was  pardoned. 
He  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  re- 
tirement, and  published  an  elegant  transla- 
tion of  Boethius  on  the  Consolations  of  Phi- 
losophy.    Died,  1695. 

GRAHAME,  James,  a  Scottish  poet,  was 
bom,  in  1765,  at  Glassgow,  and  educated  at 
tlic  university  of  tliat  city.  He  was  bred  to 
the  law,  but  relinquished  forensic  pursuits 
for  clerical  ;  and  died  iu  1811,  curate  of 
Sedgefield,  near  Durliam.  His  poetry  is 
mostly  of  a  religious  character,  solemn,  yet 
animated,  flowing,  and  descriptive.  His 
principal  pieces  are,  "  The  Sabbath,"  "  The 
Bards  of  Scotland,"  and  "  British  Georgics." 

GRAINGER,  James,  a  poet  and  i)hysi- 
cian,  was  born  at  Dunse,  in  Scotland,  iu 
1723.  After  serving  his  time  to  a  surgeon 
at  Edinburgh,  he  became  a  regimenial  sur- 
geon in  the  English  army  iu  Germany  ;  but 
on  the  restoration  of  i>eace  in  1748,  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree,  and  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian in  London  ;  where,  however,  he  prin- 
cipally supported  himself  by  writing  for  the 
press.  An  "  Ode  to  Solitude,"  published  in 
Dodsley's  collection,  first  procured  him  re- 
putation ;  and,  among  others,  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Shenstone  and  Dr.  Percy.  In  1759 
he  publislicd  his  Elegies  of  TibuUus,  which, 
owing  to  some  severity  of  criticism,  involved 
him  in  a  paper  war  with  Smollett.  He  then 
went  to  the  West  Indies  as  tutor  to  a  young 
gentleman,  and,  during  the  voyage,  formed 
an  attachment  to  a  lady,  whom  he  married 
on  his  arrival  at  the  island  of  St.  Christo- 


ti2 


gka] 


^  ^tbi  mnlbtv^Kl  3St0firajpl)g. 


[gra 


pher's,  of  which  her  father  was  governor. 
Here  he  successfully  established  himself  as  a 
medical  practitioner,  but  did  not  lay  aside 
bis  pen.  He  wrote  a  West  Indian  Georgic,  or 
didactic  poem,  entitled  "  The  Sugar  Cane," 
and  the  ballad  of  "  Brian  and  Pereene."  He 
died  at  Basseterre,  St.  Christopher's,  in  1767. 

GRAMAYE,  Joay  Baptist,  a  Flemish 
traveller,  poet,  and  historian  ;  born  at  Ant- 
werp ;  was  made  historiographer  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  became  provost  of  Arn- 
heim.  He  travelled  through  Germany  and 
Italy  ;  but  as  he  was  proceeding  by  sea  to 
Spain,  he  was  taken  by  an  Algerine  corsair, 
and  carried  to  Barbary.  On  his  liberty 
being  obtained,  he  travelled  into  Moravia 
and  Silesia  ;  was  made  president  of  the  col- 
lege of  Louvain  ;  and  died  near  Lubeck,  in 
1635.  His  works  chiefly  relate  to  the  liis- 
tory  and  antiquities  of  liis  native  country  ; 
but  he  also  published  "  Africse  lUustrata;," 
"  Dlarium  Algeriense,"  some  Latin  poems, 
&c. 

GRAMMONT,  Piiilibekt,  Count  of,  a 
celebrated  wit  of  Cliarles  the  Second's  court, 
was  the  son  of  AnDiony,  duke  of  Gram- 
mont.  After  serving  in  the  army  under 
Condi?  and  Turenne,  lie  came  to  England  iu 
the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
with  whom,  as  well  as  his  mistresses,  he 
became  a  great  favourite.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Sir  George  Hamilton,  fourth 
son  of  the  Earl  of  Abei-corn,  and  died  iu 
1707.  He  is  described  as  possessing,  with  a 
great  turn  for  gallantry,  much  wit,  polite- 
ness, and  good-nature;  but  he  was  a  great 
gamester,  and  seems  to  have  been  indebted 
for  his  support  chiefly  to  his  superior  skill 
and  success  at  play.  His  memoirs  were 
written  by  his  brother-in-law,  Anthony, 
usually  called  Count  Hamilton,  who  fol- 
lowed the  fortunes  of  James  II.,  and  ended 
his  days  in  the  service  of  France. 

GRAMMONT,  the  Duke  of,  father  of  the 
DukeofGuiche  and  the  Countesses  of  Tank- 
erville  and  Sebastiani,  died  at  Paris,  aged  81, 
Aug.  1836.  Some  years  ago  he  instituted  a 
suit  in  the  Frencli  courts  to  establish  his 
claim  to  the  citadel  of  Blaye  and  its  depend- 
encies ;  and  the  cour  royale  of  Bourdeaux 
decreed  that,  at  the  expiration  of  three  years, 
the  state  should  pay  the  duke  an  annuity 
of  100,t)00  francs,  or  reinstate  him  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  citadel.  The  present  Duchess 
de  Grammont  is  sister  to  Count  Alfred 
d'Orsay. 

GRANBY,  John  Manners,  Marquis  of, 
a  famous  English  general,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  commanded 
with  honour  during  the  seven  years  war  in 
Germany.  After  the  peace  of  1763,  he  retired 
to  private  life,  greatly  beloved  by  all  ranks 
for  his  many  virtues.  He  died  in  1770, 
aged  50. 

GRANDIER,  Uhbaix,  curate  and  canon 
of  lioudon,  whose  tragical  end  disgraced 
France  in  the  17th  century,  was  born  at 
Bouvere,  near  Sable.  On  obtaining  the 
living  of  Loudon,  lie  became  so  very  popular 
as  a  preacher,  that  the  envy  of  the  monks 
was  excited  against  him.  He  was  first  ac- 
cused of  incontinency  ;  but  being  acquitted, 
his  enemies  instigated  some  nuns  to  play  the 
part  of  persons  possessed,  and  in  their  con- 


vulsions to  charge  Grandier  with  being  the 
cause  of  their  visitation.  This  horrible 
though  absurd  charge  was  countenanced  by 
Cardinal  Richelieu,  who  had  been  persuaded 
that  Grandier  had  satirised  hira ;  and  he 
was  tried,  declared  guilty,  ari  burnt  alive, 
April  18.  16;M. 

GRANDIUS,  or  GRANDI,Guido,  anlta- 
lian  mathematician,  was  born  in  1671,  at 
Cremona.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Florence,  and  zealously  advocated  the 
Cartesian  doctrines  ;  subsequently  removed 
to  Pisa  ;  was  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  that  university  ;  and  died  in  1742. 
He  corresponded  with  Newton,  Leibnitz,  and 
Bemouilli,  and  published  several  works,  the 
chief  of  wliich  is  a  Latin  treatise,  "  De  Infi- 
nitis  Infinitorum." 

GRANDMAISON,  Michael,  bom  in  1771; 
a  French  terrorist,  of  infamous  notoriety  ; 
member  of  the  revolutionary  committee  of 
Nantes,  and  chief  agent  in  Carrier's  horrible 
Noyades  and  Fusillades.  On  the  reaction  of 
1794,  against  his  patrons,  he  was  himself  con- 
demned to  the  guillotine.  It  was  proved  on 
his  trial,  that  he  armed  himself  with  a 
sabre,  and  chopped  off  the  hands  and  fingers 
of  those  who  tried  to  save  themselves  from 
the  Noyades  by  grasping  the  edges  of  the 
boats. 

GRANET,  Francis,  deacon  of  the  church 
of  Aix,  and  an  able  critic,  was  born  in  1692, 
at  BrignoUes  in  Provence.  He  continued 
Desfontaines's  "Nouvelliste  du  Parnasse," 
till  the  work  was  suppressed ;  after  which 
he  published  "  Reflexions  sur  les  Ouvrages 
de  Littt^rature,"  in  12  vols.  He  also  trans- 
lated Newton's  Chronology,  and  edited  Lau- 
noy's  works.     Died,  1741. 

GRANGE,  Joseph  dk  Chancel  de  la, 
a  poet,  was  bom  in  1676,  in  Perigord.  He 
wrote  a  comedy  at  9  years  old,  and  a  tragedy 
at  16  ;  but  the  work  which  made  him  known 
was  a  satire,  entitled  "Philippics,"  contain- 
ing many  infamous  accusations  against 
Philip,  duke  of  Orleans.  For  this  he  was 
seized,  and  ordered  to  be  imprisoned  in  the 
Isle  of  St.  Margaret ;  but  he  contrived  to 
effect  his  escape,  and  on  the  regent's  death 
returned  to  France,  where  he  was  allowed  to 
live  unmolested.  His  works,  consisting  of 
operas,  tragedies,  and  miscellaneous  poems, 
form  5  volumes.    Died,  1758. 

GRANGER,  James,  an  English  divine, 
who  published  a  valuable  and  highly  inter- 
esting work,  entitled  "  The  Biographical 
History  of  England,"  in  4  vols.  8vo.  He  was 
a  native  of  Berkshire  ;  received  his  education 
at  Christchurch,  Oxford  ;  became  vicar  of 
Shiplake,  in  Oxfordshire  ;  and  his  death  was 
occasioned  by  a  fit  of  apoplexy  while  admi- 
nistering the  sacrament,  in  1776. 

GRANT,  Anne,  usually  designated  Mrs. 
Grant  of  Laggan,  a  popular  and  instructive 
miscellaneous  writer,  whose  maiden  name 
was  M'Vicar,  was  born  in  Glasgow,  1755. 
Her  early  years  were  passed  in  America, 
wliither  her  father,  who  held  a  commission 
in  the  British  army,  had  removed  with  the 
intention  of  permanently  settling  there  ;  but 
circumstances  interfered  with  his  design, 
and  on  his  return  to  Scotland  he  was  ap- 
pointed barrack-master  of  Fort  Augustus. 
Here  his  daughter  became  acquainted  with 


33i 


ora] 


^  ^c&)  Bnibevial  3BCflflrap]^j?. 


[gra 


the  Rev.  James  Grant,  chaplain  to  the  fort ; 
and  a  mutual  attachment  having  sprung  up 
between  them,  on  his  appointment  to  tlic 
living  of  Laggan,  Invemesshire,  tliey  were 
married  in  1779.  In  1801  left  a  widow  with 
a  large  family,  and  but  acanty  means,  slie 
was  induced,  by  the  persuasion  of  her  friends, 
to  publish  a  volume  of  poems,  which  proved 
successful  beyond  her  most  ardent  wishes  ; 
and  the  literary  ice  once  broken,  she  now 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession,  and  at 
various  periods  produced  her  "  Inciters  from 
£he  Mountains"  (which  have  been  often  re- 
printed), "Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady," 
♦'  Essays  on  the  Superstitions  of  the  High- 
landers of  Scotland,"  "  Popular  Models  and 
impressive  Warnings  from  the  Sons  and 
Daughters  of  Industry,"  &c.  Nearly  the 
last  'M  years  of  her  life  were  spent  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  she  formed  the  centre  of  a 
highly  accomplished  circle,  numbering 
among  her  friends  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Lord 
JeflFrey,  Uenry  Mackenzie,  and  all  the  Scotch 
"notables"  of  the  day  ;  and  where  tliOiChris- 
tian  resignation  which  she  displayed  amid 
many  calamitous  events,  and  her  amiable 
character,  no  less  than.her  literary  celebrity, 
procured  her  general  esteem  and  regard. 
Died,  1838.  Her  "  Memoirs  and  Correspond- 
ence "  have  since  been  published. 

GRANT,  Charles,  an  eminent  and  be- 
nevolent East  India  proprietor  and  director, 
was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1746.  By  the  death 
of  his  father,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Cul- 
loden,  the  care  of  his  education  devolved  on 
his  uncle,  who  sent  him  out  to  India.  Here 
he  soon  found  patronage  in  the  civil  service, 
and  in  1770  returned  to  Scotland  and  married. 
In  1772  he  went  out  to  Bengal  as  a  writer  ; 
and  was  shortly  after  appointed  secretary  to 
the  board  of  trade.  In  this  situation  he 
became  the  patron  of  several  Christian  mis- 
sions ;  and  in  1790,  on  his  return  to  England, 
he  obtained  a  seat  in  the  East  India  direction. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, where  his  opinion  on  Indian  affairs 
obtained  great  attention.  He  wrote  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  State  of  Society  among  the 
Asiatic  Subjects  of  Great  Britain."  Died, 
1822. 

GRANT,  FnAycis,  lord  Cullen,  an  emi- 
nent Scotch  judge,  was  born  about  1660.  He 
studied  at  Leyden  under  Voet,  and  on  hia 
return  home  was  admitted  an  advocate.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  publications  in 
favour  of  the  Revolution,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded,  first  by  a  baronetcy,  and  soon 
after  by  being  appointed  one  of  the  judges, 
or  senators  in  the  college  of  justice,  when  he 
took  the  title  of  lord  Cullen.  He  continued 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office  for  twenty 
years,  with  the  highest  reputation  ;  and  died 
in  1726. 

GRANT,  James,  a  Scotch  barrister,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  the  father  of  the 
Scottish  bar.  He  was  early  distinguished 
for  his  liberal  political  principles,  and  could 
number  among  his  friends  Henry  Erskine, 
Sir  James  Mackintosh,  and  many  others, 
eminent  for  their  attainments  and  the  lead 
they  took  in  the  politics  of  the  day.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Essays  on  the  Origin  of  So- 
ciety," "  Thoughts  on  the  Origin  and  Descent 
of  the  Gael,"  &c.    Died,  1835,  aged  92. 


865 


GRANT,  Sir  William,  late  master  of  the 
rolls  ;  an  excellent  equity  judge,  the  promp- 
titude and  wisdom  of  whose  decisions  were 
appreciated  no  less  by  the  public  than  b^  the 
profession,  of  which  he  was  a  distinguished 
member.  Born  at  Elchles,  in  Scotland,  1754; 
died,  1832, 

GRANVILLE,  or  GREENVILLE,  Sir 
RiCHAKD,  was  a  native  of  Cornwall,  born  in 
1540,  and  entered  early  into  the  military 
service,  as  a  volunteer  against  the  Turks. 
He  afterwards  joined  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in 
his  expedition  to  America  ;  and,  in  l.'iOl,  be- 
came vice-admiral  under  Sir  Thomas  Hovr- 
ard,  who  was  sent  out  to  the  Aeores  to  inter- 
cept the  Plate  fleet.  The  Spaniards,  however, 
being  apprised  of  the  design,  dispatched  a 
powerful  squadron,  which  succeeded  in  cut- 
ting off  Greenville's  ship  from  the  rest ;  and 
in  a  desperate  contest  with  them  he  was 
mortally  wounded. 

GRANVILLE,  or  GREENVILLE,  Sir 
Bkvil,  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1596,  At  the  commencement  of  the  civil 
war,  he  raised  a  troop  of  horse  at  his  own 
expense,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Lansdowne,  in  1643. 

GRANVILLE,  George,  lord  Lansdowne, 
a  nobleman  of  very  considerable  talents,  was 
grandson  to  Sir  Bevil  Granville  (or  Green- 
ville), who  fell  in  the  royal  cause  at  Lans- 
downe, in  1643,  and  descended  from  the 
family  of  Rollo,  the  first  duke  of  Normandy. 
He  was  born  in  1667  ;  sent  to  Trinity  College. 
Cambridge,  when  only  11  years  of  age  ;  ad- 
mitted M.A.  at  13  ;  having,  before  he  was  12, 
spoken  a  poetical  address  of  his  own  com- 
position to  the  Duchess  of  York,  when  she 
visited  the  university.  He  had  a  strong 
inclination  for  a  military  life  ;  but  this  was 
checked  by  his  friends,  and  he  employed 
himself,  during  the  various  political  changes 
that  occurred,  in  cultivating  hia  taste  for 
literature.  In  1690,  his  comedy,  called 
"  The  Gallants,"  was  performed  at  the 
theatre  royal  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  as 
was  his  tragedy  of  "  Heroic  Love  "  in  1698. 
On  the  accession  of  queen  Anne,  he  made 
his  first  appearance  at  court ;  took  his  seat 
in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 
Fowey ;  became  successively  secretary  of 
war,  comptroller  of  the  household,  trea- 
surer, and  one  of  the  privy  council.  On  the 
queen's  death  he  not  only  lost  his  post, 
but  being  suspected  of  disaffection  to  the  I 
Hanoverian  succession,  was  arrested  and  i 
sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he  remained 
upwards  of  a  twelvemonth.  He  then  re- 
tired to  the  Continent  for  ten  years  ;  and 
on  his  return  passed  his  life  as  a  country 
gentleman,  amusing  himself  with  the  repub- 
lication of  his  poems,  and  in  writing  a 
vindication  of  his  uncle.  Sir  Richard,  against 
the  charges  of  Clarendon  and  Burnet.  Died, 
17a5. 

GRANVILLE,  Lord.    See  Cakteret. 

GRATIAN,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  the 
son  of  Valentinian  I.  by  his  wife  Severa, 
and  bom  in  359.  His  father  took  him  as  his  i 
associate  in  the  empire  when  he  was  only  j 
8  years  old.  In  his  17th  year  he  succeeded  j 
to  the  tlirone,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  i 
Oratian  defeated  the  Goths,  and  exerted  ; 
himself  with  energy  and  success  in  defend-  i 


gra] 


^  i^tin  WiiiihtriKl  JSiOffrapfjjf. 


[ghb 


ing  the  empire,  but  was  put  to  death  in  a 
revolt,  in  Gaul,  A.  D.  S83. 

GRATI AN,  a  Benedictine  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, was  a  native  of  Chiusi,  in  Tuscany. 
He  employed  24  years  in  compiling  an 
abridgment  of  the  canon  law,  commonly 
called  Gratian's  Decretal. 

GRATIUS,  Faliscus,  a  Latin  poet,  sup- 
posed to  be  contemporary  with  Ovid.  He 
wrote  a  poem,  entitled  "  Cynogeticon,"  or 
the  "  Art  of  Hunting  with  Dogs." 

GRATTAN,  Henuy,  an  eminent  Irish 
orator  and  statesman,  was  born  about  the 
year  17o0,  at  Dublin,  of  which  city  his 
father  was  recorder.  He  finished  his  edu- 
cation at  Trinity  College,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  England,  and  became  a  student 
in  the  Middle  Temple.  He  was  called  to 
the  Irish  bar  in  1772,  and  brought  into  the 
parliament  of  Ireland  in  1775,  where  he 
immediately  became  distinguished  for  his 
patriotic  speeches,  and  that  vigorous  op- 
position to  the  statute  of  6th  Geo.  I.,  which 
roused  the  whole  island,  and  produced  its 
repeal,  in  1782.  For  his  share  in  this  trans- 
action, Mr.  Grattan  received  addresses  from 
all  parts  of  tlie  country,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  sum  of  50,0(X)/.  voted  to  him  by  the 
parliament  of  Ireland.  In  1790,  he  was 
returned  for  the  city  of  Dublin,  principally 
for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  union  ;  but 
when  that  measure  was  carried,  he  did  not 
refuse  a  seat  in  the  united  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  latter  years  of  his  parliamentary 
attendance  were  chiefly  devoted  to  a  warm 
and  energetic  support  of  Catholic  emanci- 
pation ;  and  it  may  be  truly  said,  that  he 
died  in  the  service  of  this  cause.  Mr.  Grattan 
was  the  zealous  and  unequivocal  friend  to 
Ireland,  and  to  what  he  deemed  her  best 
interests,  from  first  to  last.  There  was  no- 
thing temporising  or  uncertain  about  him ; 
he  was  a  warm  friend,  or  a  bitter  enemy. 
As  a  public  speaker,  he  had  to  contend  with 
a  defective  voice  ;  but  his  eloquence  was  at 
all  times  animated,  combining  strength  with 
beauty,  and  energy  with  elegance.  Died, 
1820.  aged  70. 

GRAUN,  Karl  Henrich,  an  eminent 
German  musician,  chapel-master  to  Fre- 
deric the  Great,  was  born  in  1701,  and  died 
in  1769.  He  enjoyed  a  reputation  in  Ger- 
many scarcely  inferior  to  that  which  Han- 
del enjoyed  in  England  ;  and  was  tlie  author 
of  an  immense  number  of  masses,  oratorios, 
and  other  musical  compositions. 

GRAUNT,  Edwakd,  a  scholar  of  the 
IGth  century.  He  was  appointed  master 
of  Westminster  School  in  1572 ;  resigned 
tlie  mastership  jn  1591  ;  and  died,  rector 
of  Toppersfleldj  in  Essex,  1601.  He  was 
the  author  of  "GraeciB  Lingute  Spicile- 
gium,"  &c. 

GRAVES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  but  better  known  as  a 
novelist  and  poet  tliau  as  a  divine,  was 
bom  at  Mickleton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1715.  He  was  a  student  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  afterwards  obtained  a 
fellowship  of  All  Souls.  In  1750,  he  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Claverton,  near 
Bath  ;  and  in  that  pleasant  sequestered  vil- 
lage he  resided  till  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1804.    Among  his  various  works  are,  "  The 


Festoon,  or  a  Collection  of  Epigrams," 
"  Lucubrations  in  Prose  and  Rhyme,"  "  The 
Spiritual  Quixote,"  a  novel  ridiculing  the 
extravagancies  of  Methodism,  as  they  ap- 
peared among  the  immediate  followers  of 
Whitfield  and  Wesley,  and  combining  much 
shrewdness,  wit,  and  humour. 

GRAVES.\JSrDE,  William  James,  an 
eminent  Dutch  geometrician  and  philo- 
sopher, was  born  at  Bois-le-Duc,  in  1688. 
He  was  bred  a  civilian,  and  practised  some 
time  at  the  bar  with  reputation  ;  but,  about 
1715,  he  became  professor  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  at  Leyden.  where  lie 
taught  the  Newtonian  system.  He  died  in 
1742. 

GRAVINA,  John  Vixcent,  a  celebrated 
jurist  and  literary  character,  was  born  in 
Calabria,  in  1664  ;  became  professor  of  civil 
and  canon  law  at  Rome  ;  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Arcadian  Academy,  and  the 
early  protector  of  Metastasio  ;  and  died  in 
1718.  His  works  are  numerous  ;  and  the 
principal  one,  "  Origines  Juris  Civilis,"  is 
said  to  be  replete  with  learning. 

GRAY,  Stephen,  a  gentleman  belonging 
to  the  Charter  House,  who,  early  in  the  18th 
century,  distinguished  himself  as  an  experi- 
mental philosopher.  He  discovered  the  me- 
thod of  communicating  electricity  to  bodies 
not  naturally  possessing  it,  by  contact  or 
contiguity  with  electrics ;  and  he  projected 
a  kind  of  luminous  orrery,  or  electrical 
planetarium  ;  thus  leading  the  way  to  future 
discoveries  and  improvements. 

GRAY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  was  born  in  London,  in  1716 ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  Peter  House,  Cambridge  ; 
and  entered  himself  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
with  a  view  of  studying  for  the  bar.  Be- 
coming intimate,  however,  with  Horace 
Walpole,  he  was  easily  induced  to  accom- 
pany him  in  his  tour  of  Europe  ;  but  they 
parted  at  Reggio,  and  Gray  returned  to 
England  in  1741.  Here  he  occupied  himself 
several  years  in  laying  literary  schemes  and 
plans  of  magnitude,  which  he  admirably 
commenced,  but  wanted  energy  to  mature. 
So  slow  was  he  to  publish,  that  it  was  not 
until  1747,  that  his  "  Ode  on  h.  distant  Pro- 
spect of  Eton  College  "  made  its  appearance  ; 
and  it  was  only  in  consequence  of  the 
printing  of  a  surreptitious  copy,  that,  in 
1761,  he  published  his  "  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Church-yard."  He  declined  the 
office  of  laureate  on  Cibber's  death,  in  1557  ; 
and  the  same  year  published  his  two  prin- 
cipal odes,  "  On  the  Progress  of  Poesy  "  and 
"  The  Bard."  In  1768,  the  Duke  of  Grafton 
presented  him  with  the  professorship  of  mo- 
dern history  at  Cambridge.  But  though 
Gray  published  little  besides  his  poems,  he 
was  a  man  of  extensive  acquirements  in 
natural  history,  the  study  of  ancient  archi- 
tecture, &c. ;  his  correspondence  places  him 
among  our  best  epistolary  writers  ;  and  some 
of  his  posthumous  pieces  afford  proof  of  his 
profound  and  varied  erudition.  As  a  poet, 
he  is  energetic  and  harmonious  ;  and  his 
lyrics,  though  few,  have  been  rarely,  if  ever, 
surpassed.    Died,  1771. 

GREATOREX,  Thomas,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, was  born  at  North  Winfield,  Derby- 
shire, in  1758.    He  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Cook  ; 


and  he  afterwards  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
studied  vocal  music  under  Santarelli,  at 
Rome  ;  and  having  made  himself  acquainted 
with  all  the  knowledge  he  could  gather  by  a 
professional  tour  to  \he  principal  cities  of 
Italy,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  the  Ne- 
therlands, he  returned  to  England  in  1788, 
and  established  himself  in  London  as  a 
teacher  of  music,  in  which  he  was  emi- 
nently successful.  He  harmonised  various 
airs,  adapted  many  of  Handel's  productions, 
and  arranged  parts  for  the  grand  orchestra 
with  great  ability.  But  he  did  not  devote 
his  attention  wholly  to  music,  mathematics, 
astronomy,  botany,  and  chemistry,  each  oc- 
cupied his  mind  by  turns ;  and  he  was  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.     Died,  1831. 

GREAVES,  RicHAKD,  an  orientalist  and 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Colmore,  Hants, 
in  1602;  educated  at  Baliol  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  chosen  professor  of  geometry  at 
Gresham  College,  in  1630.  He  next  went  to 
Leyden,  where  he  studied  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage under  Golius ;  after  whicli  he  tra- 
velled into  the  Levant,  to  purcliase  manu- 
scripts for  Archbishop  Laud.  He  also  visited 
Egypt,  and  made  a  survey  of  the  pyramids  ; 
and,  in  1640,  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  deprived  of  his  Gresham  professor- 
ship ;  but  the  king  gave  him  tliat  of  astro- 
nomy, at  Oxford,  which  he  also  lost  on  the 
ruin  of  the  royal  cause.  While  in  Egypt, 
he  had  made  an  accurate  measurement,  &c. 
of  the  principal  pyramids,  which  he  gave  to 
the  world  under  the  title  of  "Pyramido- 
graphia ; "  he  also  published  an  ingenious 
work,  entitled  "Epochae  Celebriores  ;"  and 
a  "Dissertation  on  the  Roman  Foot  and 
Denarius."  Died,  1652. — His  brothers,  Tho- 
mas and  Edwaud,  were  also  men  of  learn- 
ing ;  the  former,  a  good  orientalist ;  the 
latter,  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  createcT 
a  baronet  by  Charles  II. 

GRECOURT,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 
ViLLART  DE,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  famous 
as  a  wit  and  a  poet,  was  born  at  Tours,  in 
1C84.  He  was  a  general  favourite  in  the 
fashionable  circles  of  Paris,  among  which 
he  threw  oflF  tlie  restraints  of  his  profession 
to  reside.  lie  excelled  in  epigrams,  tales. 
Bonnets,  and  fables,  a  collection  of  which 
was  published  in  4  vols.    Died,  1743. 

GREEN,  John,  bisliop  of  Lincoln,  was 
born  at  Hull,  in  1706 ;  became  a  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  was  elected 
master  of  Corpus  Christi,  in  1750 ;  vice- 
chnncellor  in  1756,  and  obtained  the  see  of 
Lincoln,  in  1764.  He  wrote  a  treatise  "  On 
Religious  Enthusiasm,"  &c.  ;  and  contri- 
buted to  the  "Athenian  Letters."   Died,1779. 

GREEN,  Valentixe,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver in  mezzotinto,  was  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, and  intended  for  the  legal  pro- 
fession ;  but  he  left  it  for  the  art  in  which 
he  afterwards  excelled.  He  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1765  ;  was  keeper  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitution, and  associate  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy ;  and  produced  many  fine  engravings 
ft-om  Reynolds,  West,  the  Dusseldorf  Gal- 
lery, &c.  He  was  also  known  as  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  Worcester,"  and  some  other 
works.    Died,  1813. 

GREENE,  Robert,  a  humorous  poet  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  bom  at  Nor- 


wich, about  1560.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  and  after  mak- 
ing "  the  grand  tour,"  took  orders.  But  he 
disgraced  his  profession  by  a  life  of  liber- 
tinism, and  died  of  a  surfeit,  in  1592.  He 
wrote  five  plays,  and  various  tracts  in  prose  ; 
among  which  is  one,  lately  reprinted,  with 
the  quaint  title  of  "  A  Groat's  W^orth  of  Wit 
bought  with  a  Million  of  Repentance." 

GREENE,  Matthew,  author  of  "The 
Spleen,"  a  clever  poem,  was  a  native  of 
London.  He  held  a  situation  in  the  custom 
house,  and  is  described  as  a  man  of  great 
probity  and  suavity  of  manners.    Died,  1737. 

GREENE,  Dr.  Maurice,  a  musical  com- 
poser, was  a  native  of  London,  and  brought 
up  in  the  choir  of  St.  Paul's,  of  which  he 
became  organist  in  1718.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  the  same  situation  in 
the  chapel  royal ;  and,  in  1730,  was  chosen 
professor  of  music  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, from  whicli  he  had  previously  ob- 
tained his  musical  degree.  Besides  his  an- 
thems, which  are  mucli  esteemed,  he  pro- 
duced several  excellent  catches,  duets,  &c. 
Died.  1755. 

GREENFIELD,  William,  celebrated  as 
an  oriental  scholar  and  linguist,  was  editor 
of  the  "Compreliensive  Bible,"  and  made 
many  valuable  translations  of  the  Bible  into 
Eastern  dialects.  His  literary  acquirements 
were  made  under  great  difficulties,  and  while 
pursuing  his  dail^  occupation  of  a  book- 
binder. He  died  m  1832,  in  consequence,  it 
is  said,  of  neological  sentiments  being  attri- 
buted to  him  during  the  Trinitarian  con- 
troversy. 

GREENVILLE.    See  Granville. 

GREGORY  I.,  sumamed  the  Great,  was 
born  of  a  noble  family  at  Rome,  about  the 
year  544.  He  discovered  such  abilities  as  a 
senator,  that  the  emperor  Justin  appointed 
him  prefect  of  Rome  ;  after  which  he  em- 
braced the  monastic  life,  in  a  society  founded 
by  himself.  Pope  Pelagius  II.  sent  him  as 
nuncio  to  Constantinople,  and  on  his  return 
made  him  apostolical  secretary.  He  was 
elected  successor  to  that  pontiif  in  590  ;  and, 
among  other  instances  of  his  zeal,  we  may 
mention  that  of  his  being  the  means  of  con- 
verting the  Anglo-Saxons  to  Christianity,  by 
sending  over  some  monks,  under  the  direction 
of  St.  Augustin.  Pope  Gregory  was  pious  and 
charitable,  had  lofty  notions  of  tlie  papal 
authority,  was  a  reformer  of  the  clerical 
discipline,  and  after  his  death  was  canon- 
ised. He  is,  however,  accused  of  destroying 
the  noble  monuments  of  Roman  magnifi- 
cence, and  of  burning  a  multitude  of  the 
works  of  ancient  authors,  lest  the  attention 
to  heathen  literature  should  supersede  the 
monkish  and  ecclesiastical  studies  of  the  age. 
His  works  are  comprised  in  4  vols.  Died,  604. 

GREGORY  VII.,  pope,  who  is  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  a  carpenter,  and  his 
real  name  Hildebrand,  is  chiefly  memo- 
rable for  his  extension  of  the  usurped  au- 
thority of  the  popes.  This  he  carried  so  far 
as  to  depose  Henry  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany; 
and  to  send  legates  into  all  the  kingdoms  of 
Europe,  to  support  his  pretended  rights.  He 
died  in  108.5,  and  for  ambition  aiKl  want  of 
principle  he  has  never  been  exceeded. 

GREGORY  XIII.  was  a  native  of  Bo- 


gbe] 


^  ^tbi  ^nihtx^Kl  38t00ra3pTj». 


[grb 


logna,  and  succeeded  pope  Pius  V.  in  1572. 
He  was  the  most  deeply  versed  in  the  canon 
and  civil  law  of  any  in  his  time.  He  or- 
namented Rome  with  many  fine  buildings 
and  fountains  ;  but  his  pontificate  is  chiefly 
memorable  for  the  reformation  of  the  ca- 
lendar, which  took  place  under  liis  auspices, 
and  bore  his  name.    Died,  1585. 

GREGORY  XV.  was.  a  native  of  Bologna, 
and  descended  of  an  ancient  family  ;  but 
his  real  name  was  Alexander  Ludovisio. 
He  was  elected  to  the  papal  dignity  in  1621 ; 
and  was  the  author  of  several  works,  one  of 
which,  entitled  '  Epistola  ad  Regem  Per- 
garuni,  Schah  Abbas,"  particularly  deserves 
mention. 

GREGORY  XVI.,  Macro  Cafellari,  was 
born  at  Belluno  in  1765,  and  succeeded  Pius 
VIII.  in  the  papal  chair,  1831.  His  reign 
embraced  a  period  of  no  ordinary  interest 
and  difficulty  in  the  history  of  the  church, 
and  in  the  relations  of  the  Vatican  with  the 
temporal  powers  of  Christendom.  Simple 
in  his  habits,  though  narrow  in  his  ideas 
and  timid  in  his  manners,  he  nevertheless 
displayed  great  energy  in  conducting  the 
affairs  of  the  church  ;  but  incajmble  of  civil 
government,  he  displayed  a  bigoted  resistance 
to  the  practical  improvements  of  the  age  ; 
and  the  volcano,  on  which  his  temporal 
throne  rested,  has  since  broken  out  with  an 
eruption,  the  subsidence  of  which  no  man 
can  foretell.    Died,  184G. 

GREGORY,  Nazianzen,  St.,  eminent  for 
his  piety  and  extensive  learning,  was  born 
in  324,  at  Nazianzum,  in  Cappadocia,  of 
which  place  his  father  was  bishop.  He  re- 
ceived an  excellent  education,  which  he 
improved  at  Athens,  where  he  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  St.  Basil.  On  his  return 
home  he  was  ordained ;  and  having  dis- 
played great  theological  and  classical  ta- 
lents, he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Constanti- 
nople, which  appointment  was  confirmed  by 
Theodosius  in  380.  After  filling  the  archi- 
episcopal  throne  for  several  years,  he  re- 
signed it,  and  returned  to  his  native  place, 
where  he  died  in  889.  He  far  excelled  all 
his  contemporaries  ;  and,  indeed,  his  style 
has  been  compared  to  that  of  the  most  ce- 
lebrated orators  of  ancient  Greece. 

GREGORY,  king  of  Scotland,  contem- 
porary with  Alfred,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  883.  He  delivered  his  country  from  the 
Danes,  acquired  the  counties  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland,  performed  many 
brilliant  exploits  in  Ireland,  and  built  the 
city  of  Aberdeen.    Died,  894. 

GREGORY,  bishop  of  Neocassarea,  in  the 
Srd  century,  was  surnamed  Thaumaturgus, 
or  the  Wonder-worker,  on  account  of  the 
miracles  which  he  is  said  to  have  performed. 
The  church  flourished  under  his  care  until 
the  Dacian  persecution,  in  250,  when  he 
thought  it  prudent  to  retire  for  a  time.  lie 
was  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated  Origen,  and 
appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  learning. 
Died,  265. 

GREGORY  OF  Nyssa,  St.  was  ordained 
bishop  of  Nyssa,  in  372.  The  zeal  he  dis- 
played against  the  Arians  excited  the  re- 
sentment of  the  emperor  Valens,  who  be- 
longed to  that  sect,  and  he  was  banished ; 
but,  on  the  accession  of  Gratian,  he  was 


restored  to  his  see.  He  drew  up  the  Kicene 
creed  at  the  council  of  Constantinople,  and 
died  in  396. 

GREGORY,  George,  D.D.,  a  divine  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  born  in  1754.  With  an  intention  of  fol- 
lowing mercantile  pursuits,  he  was  placed  in 
a  counting-house  at  Liverpool  ;  and  it  was 
not  till  1778  that  he  took  orders.  In  1782 
he  settled  in  London,  where  he  obtained  the 
curacy  of  Cripplegate,  and  was  chosen  even- 
ing preacher  at  the  Foundling.  Having 
written  in  defence  of  tlie  Addington  ad- 
ministration, Lord  Sidmouth,  in  1804,  pro- 
cured for  him  the  living  of  West  Ham,  in 
Essex,  which  he  held  till  his  decease.  Among 
Dr.  Gregory's  works  are,  "  Essays,  Historical 
and  Moral;"  a  "  Church  History,"  2  vols. ; 
»  The  Life  of  Chatterton,"  "  The  Economy 
of  Nature,"  3  vols. ;  "  Sermons,"  "  Letters  on 
Pliilosophy,"  2  vols. ;  and  a  Translation  of 
"Lowth's  Lectures  on  Hebrew  Poetry,"  2 
vols.    Died,  1808. 

GREGORY,  George  Florence,  com- 
monly called  Gregory  of  Tours,  a  Romish 
saint,  was  bom  in  544,  in  Auvergne.  He 
died  in  595.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Franks,"  in  10  books  ;  and  other 
works. 

GREGORY,  James,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician and  philosopher,  was  born  at  Aberdeen, 
in  1{'>88.  He  received  his  education  in  the  Ma- 
rischal  College  of  his  native  place,  where  he 
published,  in  1663,  his  "  Treatise  on  Optics," 
in  which  he  imparted  his  invention  of  the 
reflecting  telescope.  About  1665,  he  went 
to  Padua,  where  he  printed  a  work  on  the 
"  Quadrature  of  the  Circle  and  Hyperbola." 
On  his  return  from  his  travels,  he  was  chosen 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  ; 
and  merit  procured  him  the  mathematical 
chair  at  St.  Andrew's.  In  1674,  he  removed 
to  Edinburgh,  on  being  appointed  to  the 
mathematical  professorship  ;  but  he  held  the 
situation  only  for  a  short  time,  for  while 
showing  the  satellites  of  Jupiter  to  some 
pupils,  in  October  1675,  he  was  suddenly 
struck  blind,  and  died  a  few  days  after. 

GREGORY,  David,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  the  inheritor  of  his  abilites  and 
his  fame,  was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1661, 
studied  at  Edinburgh,  and  became  professor 
of  mathematics  in  that  university.  He  was 
afterwards  elected  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Oxford,  carrying  his  election 
against  Halley,  who  was  also  a  candidate  for 
that  situation.  In  1695,  he  published  his 
"  Catoptricse  et  Dioptrics  Sphericae  Elemen- 
ta."  His  demonstration  of  the  cui"A'e,  called 
the  catenarian,  appeared,  in  1697,  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  ;  but  his  greatest 
work  was  published  in  1702,  and  entitled 
"  Astronomiae  Physicae  et  Geometricae  Ele- 
menta."  It  was  afterwards  translated  into 
English,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  Dr.  Gregory  died 
while  engaged  in  superintending  an  edition 
of  Apollonius's  Conies,  in  1710. 

GREGORY,  James,  M.D.  andF.R.S.,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen  in  1753,  and  was  long  one 
of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  the  university 
of  Edinburgh.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Phi- 
losophical and  Literary  Essays,"  2  vols  ; 
"CuUen's  First  Lines  of  the  Practice  of 
Physic,  with  Notes,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Con- 


gke] 


^  ^ettj  SluibcriSaT  aStograpT)!?. 


[gke 


spectus  Mediciuae  Theoreticse,"  2  vols.  Died, 
1821. 

GREGORY,  John,  M.D.  a  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  1724,  at 
Aberdeen ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden ; 
became  professor  of  pliilosopliy  at  Aberdeen, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  physic  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  was  appointed  first  pliysician  to 
the  king  for  Scotland.  His  works  are,  "  A 
Comparative  View  of  the  State  and  Faculties 
of  Man  with  those  of  the  Animal  World," 
"  Observations  on  the  Duties  and  OfBces  of  a 
Physician,"  "  Elements  of  the  Practice  of 
Physic,"  and  "  A  Father's  Legacy  to  his 
Daughters."     Died,  1773. 

GREGORY,  Olinthus,  IX.  D.,  was  born 
at  Yaxley,  in  Huntingdonshire,  in  1774. 
He  commenced  his  literary  career  at  the  age 
of  19  ;  but  the  works  whicli  chiefly  brought 
him  into  notice  were  his  "Treatise  on 
Astronomy  "  and  the  "  Pantalogia,"  a  com- 
prehensive dictionary  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
of  which  he  undertook  the  general  editor- 
ship. Through  the  interest  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Ilutton,  he  was  appointed,  in  1802, 
mathematical  master  at  the  royal  military 
academy,  Woolwich ;  in  which  establish- 
ment he  eventually  obtained  the  professor's 
chair,  filling  it  with  reputation  until  he  was 
obliged  through  ill-health,  brought  on  by 
intense  study,  to  resign  it  in  IHSS.  Besides 
the  works  above  mentioned,  and  many 
others.  Dr.  Gregory  was  the  author  of 
"Elements  of  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigono- 
metry," "Mathematics  for  Practical  Men," 
"  Letters  to  a  Friend,  on  the  Evidences, 
Doctrines,  and  Duties  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion," 2  vols.,  and  "Memoirs  of  the  Life, 
Writings,  &c.  of  the  late  John  Mason  Good, 
M.  P."  His  original  papers  and  editorial 
labours,  also,  on  difterent  branches  of  art 
and  science,  were  numerous  ;  and  from  the 
year  1817  he  had  the  whole  of  the  general 
superintendence  of  the  almanacks  published 
by  the  stationers'  company.    Died,  1841. 

GHEGORIE,  IIexky,  Count,  bishop  of 
Blois,  a  French  prelate,  distinguished  by  his 
love  of  democracy,  no  less  than  by  his  in- 
flexible integrity  and  active  philanthropy, 
was  born  in  1750,  at  Vatro,  near  Luneville. 
In  1789,  he  was  nominated  by  the  clergy  of 
his  province  a  member  of  the  states-general; 
and  in  the  constituent  assembly  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  boldness  of  his  opi- 
nions relative  to  civil  and  religious  liberty. 
He  was  among  the  first  of  the  clergy  who 
Bwore  fidelity  to  the  constitution  ;  but  during 
the  reign  of  terror,  when  the  Bishop  of  Paris 
abdicated  his  office,  and  several  of  the  clergy 
abjured  Christianity,  the  Bishop  of  Blois 
stood  forward  as  the  supporter  of  the  reli- 
gion of  his  country,  undaunted  by  the  exe- 
crations of  infidel  regicides,  and  the  horrors 
of  the  blood-stained  guillotine.  He  also  op- 
posed the  accession  of  the  first  consul  to  the 
throne  of  France  ;  and  he,  alone,  objected  to 
the  obsequious  address  of  the  senate  to  the 
new  sovereign.  On  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  excluded  from  the  Insti- 
tute, and  deprived  of  his  bishopric.  He  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1831.  As  a  literary  cha- 
racter, the  constitutional  Bishop  of  Blois  was 
also  distinguished.    Among  liia  writings  are, 


"Essai  sur  I'Am^lioration  Politique,  Phy- 
sique, et  Morale  des  Juifs  ;"  "  Memoires  en 
favcur  des  Gens  de  Couleur,  ou  Sang-mSltSs 
de  St.  Domingue;"  "Essai  Historique  sur 
les  Liberties  de  I'Eglise  Gallicane',"  "Les 
Ruines  de  Port  Royal,"  &c. 

GREIG,  Samuel  Carlowitz,  an  eminent 
naval  officer  in  the  Russian  service,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland,  and  first  served  in  the 
navy  of  Great  Britain  :  distinguishing  him- 
self at  the  defeat  of  Conttans,  by  Admiral 
Hawke,  the  taking  of  the  Ilavannah,  and 
several  other  engagements.  After  the  peace 
of  1703,  he  entered  into  the  Russian  service  ; 
and,  at  the  battle  of  Chio,  contributed  greatly, 
by  his  advice  and  exertions,  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  whole  of  the  Turkish  fleet. 
Sensible  of  his  great  professional  merit,  the 
empress  promoted  him  to  the  chief  command 
of  the  Russian  navy,  gave  him  an  estate  in 
Livonia,  and  honoured  him  with  many  other 
marks  of  her  favour.    Died,  1788. 

GRENFEL,  Pascok,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, and  for  many  years  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  British  parliament,  where  his 
efforts  in  favour  of  the  abolition  of  slavery, 
and  the  opposition  generally  manifested  by 
him  to  the  i)roceedings  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, rendered  him  a  prominent  character. 
He  was  also  governor  of  the  Royal  Exchange 
Assurance  Company.    Born,  17(52;  died,  1838. 

GRENVILLE,Geokoe,  an  English  states- 
man in  the  reigns  of  George  II.  and  III., 
was  younger  brother  of  Richard  Grenville, 
Earl  Temple,  and  the  father  of  Lord  Gren- 
ville. He  entered  parliament  as  member  for 
Buckinghamshire,  and  was  distinguished  for 
his  eloquence.  He  successively  filled  the 
situations  of  treasurer  of  the  navy,  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
In  1763,  he  became  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, but,  in  176.5,  he  resigned  his  post  to 
the  Marquis  of  Rockingham.  His  adminis- 
tration having  been  violently  attacked  by 
the  press,  he  published  "Considerations  on 
tlie  Commerce  and  Finances  of  England, 
and  on  the  Measures  taken  by  the  Minis- 
ters," &c.  in  its  defence.    He  died  in  1770. 

GRENVILLE,  Rt.  Hon.  William  Wysd- 
iiAM,  Lord,  third  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  1759.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Oxford,  he  entered  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
with  an  intention  of  studying  for  the  bar  ; 
but  forming  an  early  acquaintance  with  Mr. 
Pitt,  it  caused  him  to  abandon  all  thoughts 
of  the  law,  and  seek  distinction  in  the  senate. 
In  1782  he  accompanied  Earl  Temple  to  Ire- 
land as  his  secretary,  and  after  a  stay  of  only 
one  year,  he  succeeded  Mr.  Burke  in  the 
office  of  paymaster-general  of  the  army. 
He  began  his  parliamentary  career  as  the 
representative  for  Buckinghamshire,  filled 
tlie  speaker's  chair  6  months,  and  then  suc- 
ceeded Lord  Sidney  as  secretary  for  the 
home  department.  In  1790  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage,  and  in  the  following  year  made 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs.  The 
revolutionary  principles  of  that  period  were 
making  rapid  progress,  and  it  appeared  to 
Lord  Grenville  that  a  war  with  France  was 
inevitable.  Acting  on  this  opinion,  he  re- 
fused to  admit  the  visits  of  the  ambassadors 
from  the  French  Directory,  which  being 
contrary  to  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Pitt,  his  lord- 


ore] 


^  ^eftj  ^niber^al  JStograjpf)!?. 


[gee 


ship  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  office 
by  Lord  Dundas.  He  signalised  himself  as 
a  powerful  orator  on  the  debate  following 
the  bill  for  "  providing  for  the  better  secu- 
rity of  his  majesty's  person;"  which  had 
been  introduced  in  consequence  of  the  king 
haWng  been  grossly  treated  by  the  mob  on 
his  way  to  the  parliament  house.  Lord 
Grenville  took  an  active  part  in  promoting 
the  union  with  Ireland,  and  joined  with  Mr. 
Pitt  in  favourable  intimations  to  the  Catho- 
lics ;  and  when,  afterwards,  ministers  found 
that  there  were  strong  reasons  why  those  in- 
timations could  not  be  fulfilled,  they  resigned. 
Lord  Grenville  then  took  part  with  the  op- 
position, and  adhered  to  that  party  till  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  in  1806.  In  the  cabinet 
which  followed  that  event,  he  was  made 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  which  office  he 
held  but  for  a  short  period  ;  and  he  lost  his 
popularity  by  filling,  at  the  same  time,  the 
office  of  auditor.  On  the  dissolution  of  the 
ministry,  his  lordship  principally  confined 
his  senatorial  exertions  to  the  cause  of  Ca- 
tholic emancipation,  for  which  he  was  always 
a  steady  and  consistent  advocate.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  general  literary  attain- 
ments, as  well  as  for  his  political  knowledge; 
and  he  held  the  office  of  cliancellor  of  the 
university  of  Oxford  ;  to  which,  on  his  death, 
in  1834.  the  Duke  of  Wellington  was  elected. 

GREPPI,  Charles,  an  Italian  dramatist, 
was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1751.  He  quitted 
the  profession  of  an  advocate  to  write  for  the 
stage,  became  a  zealous  liberal,  and  held 
considerable  offices  under  the  Cisalpine  re- 
public. He  wrote  several  comedies  and  tra- 
gedies, besides  poems.    Died,  1811. 

GRESHAM,  Sir  Thomas,  a  patriotic 
merchant  and  citizen  of  London,  the  son  of 
Sir  Richard  Gresham,  a  merchant  and  lord 
mayor  of  London,  was  bom  in  1519,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  On  leaving  the 
university  he  was  placed  under  his  uncle. 
Sir  John  Gresham  ;  and  being  designed  for 
a  mercantile  life,  was  enrolled  a  member  of 
the  mercers'  company.  His  father  had  been 
the  king's  agent  at  Antwerp  ;  and  the  person 
who  succeeded  him  having  mismanaged  the 
royal  affairs  there,  Sir  Thomas  was  sent  over, 
in  1552,  to  retrieve  them.  This  he  did  so 
effectually,  that  in  2  years  he  paid  off  a 
heavy  loan,  and  raised  the  king's  credit  con- 
siderably. Elizabeth,  on  her  accession,  re- 
moved him  from  his  office,  but  soon  restored 
it,  and  knighted  him.  He  now  planned  and 
erected  a  burse  or  exchange  for  the  merchants 
of  London,  in  imitation  of  that  of  Antwerp  ; 
and  in  1570  it  was  opened  by  the  queen  in 
person,  who  dined  with  the  founder,  and 
named  it  the  Royal  Exchange.  Sir  Thomas 
was  also  anxious  to  promote  the  interests  of 
science  ;  for  which  purpose  he  determined  on 
founding  a  college.  Having  built  a  mansion 
in  Bishopsgate  Street  for  his  town  residence, 
he  directed  by  his  will  that  it  should  be  con- 
verted into  habitations  and  lecture-rooms 
for  seven  professors  or  lecturers  on  the  seven 
liberal  sciences,  who  were  to  receive  a  salary 
out  of  the  revenues  of  the  Royal  Exchange; 
but  Gresham  College  has  since  been  converted 
into  the  general  excise  office,  and  the  lectures 
are  now  given  in  a  room  over  the  exchange. 
This  munificent  patron  of  commerce  and 


370 


science  also  founded  various  almshouses, 
and  made  many  charitable  bequests  ;  and  his 
liberality,  together  with  the  situation  he  held, 
universally  procured  for  him  the  name  of 
"  the  royal  merchant."    He  died  in  1579. 

GRESSET,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  bom  in  1709 ; 
entered  the  society  of  Jesuits,  but  withdrew 
from  them  at  the  age  of  2(5.  For  a  long  time 
he  excited  the  admiration  of  Parisian  circles, 
wrote  some  elegant  poems,  became  a  member 
of  the  academy,  and  was  the  companion  of 
the  wits  and  literati  of  the  French  capital ; 
but  at  length  he  renounced  his  favourite 
pursuits,  and  retired  from  the  gay  world,  to 
enjoy  the  tranquillity  of  retirement.  Died, 
1777.  His  literary  fame  rests  principally  on 
his  "  Ver  Vert,"  his  "  Chartreuse,"  and  "  Le 
M^chant." 

GRETREY,  ANDnfi  Erneste  Modeste, 
an  eminent  musical  composer,  was  born,  in 
1744,  at  Liege  ;  and  such  was  the  precocity 
of  his  talents  and  the  sweetness  of  his  voice, 
that  his  future  fame  was  very  early  pre- 
dicted. He  first  studied  under  Moreau,  then 
went  to  Rome,  and  finally  settled  at  Paris 
in  1768.  He  produced  upwards  of  40  operas, 
of  which  about  20  retain  possession  of  the 
stage,  and  2  of  them,  "  Zemire  et  Azor  "  and 
"  Richard  Coeur  de  liion,"  have  been  trans- 
lated, and  played  in  London  with  success. 
Died,  1813. 

GREVILLE,  Fplke,  lord  Brooke,  a 
patron  of  letters  and  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  in  1554,  and  descended  from  the 
noble  families  of  Neville,  Beauchamp,  and 
Willoughby  de  Brooke.  He  was  in  great 
favour  with  Elizabeth,  and  was  created  lord 
Brooke  by  James  I.,  who  gave  him  Warwick 
Castle.  In  1614  he  was  made  under- trea- 
surer, chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  one 
of  the  privy  council.  He  founded  a  history 
lecture  at  Cambridge.  This  accomplished 
nobleman  was  stabbed  by  a  servant,  named 
Haywood,  whom  he  had  reprimanded  for 
an  insolent  expression ;  after  which  the 
assassin  committed  suicide  with  the  same 
weapon.  This  was  in  1628.  After  his  death 
appeared  several  of  his  poetical  works,  and 
the  life  of  his  friend  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
written  by  him. 

GREW,  Nehemiah,  a  leamed  physician 
and  botanist,  born  at  Coventry,  in  1628.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  who  illustrated  the  doc- 
trine of  the  sexes  of  plants.    Died,  1711. 

GREY,  Charles,  Earl,  a  British  states- 
man, distinguished  for  his  senatorial  abilities 
generally,  but  more  especially  for  his  long 
and  inflexible  advocacy  of  parliamentary 
reform,  was  bom  at  Falloden,  near  Alnwick, 
March  15.  1764.  He  received  his  education 
at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  en- 
tered parliament  at  the  age  of  21,  as  member 
for  Northumberland  ;  and  espousing  Whig 
politics  with  all  the  vehemence  of  youth,  he 
soon  ranked  among  the  most  prominent  of 
that  party.  To  detail  the  chief  events  of  his 
public  life  from  its  commencement,  would 
be  like  writing  the  parliamentary  history  of 
England  for  that  period.  We  can  therefore 
only  say,  in  brief,  that  he  was  almost  con- 
stantly occupied  in  the  discussion  of  the 
most  important  questions  that  engaged  the 
attention  of  parliament.    At  the  onset  of  his 


qre] 


^  ^eti)  ^utbrri^al  Ui0srap]bfi» 


[gri 


career,  his  oratorical  powers  were  displayed 
as  one  of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment 
of  Warren  Hastings  ;  and  from  that  time  he 
always  held  a  conspicuous  station  among 
the  Wliigs.  At  that  period  also  he  was  fore- 
most among  the  leaders  of  the  great  political 
confederation  styled  "  The  Friends  of  the 
People,"  from  which  even  Charles  Fox 
thought  it  prudent  to  stand  aloof.  The  war 
of  the  French  revolution  had  now  com- 
menced ;  and  at  a  time  when  most  men  of 
property,  rank,  or  influence  in  this  country 
considered  it  their  duty  to  quench  the  revo- 
lutionary furor  that  was  widely  spreading, 
Mr.  Grey,  by  constantly  opposing  tlie  vigor- 
ous measures  brought  forward  by  the  mi- 
nister, Mr.  Pitt,  appeared  to  uphold  prin- 
ciples which  seemed  to  threaten  our  existence 
as  an  independent  nation.  But  when  in 
January,  180(3,  Mr.  Pitt  was  removed  from 
the  helm  of  state  by  deatli,  Mr.  Grey  took 
office,  under  Mr.  Fox,  as  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty ;  and  when,  in  the  following 
October,  the  great  Whig  leader  died,  Lord 
Howick  (for  he  had  tlien  so  become)  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs.  The  Whig  ministry  was  soon  after 
dismissed  ;  parliament  was  dissolved  ;  and, 
on  the  death  of  Lord  Grey's  fatlier,  in  1807, 
he  removed  to  the  Upper  House.  On  several 
occasions,  subsequently,  negotiations  were 
entered  into  to  promote  such  a  union  among 
the  leading  men  of  both  parties  as  should 
give  public  contidence  and  satisfaction,  but 
insuperable  ditticulties  presented  themselves. 
The  Perceval  administration  was  succeeded, 
in  1812,  by  that  of  Lord  Liverpool  ;  and,  on 
his  retirement  in  1827,  Lord  Grey  declined 
to  support  Mr.  Canning,  Lord  Liverpool's 
successor.  But  on  the  sudden  termination 
of  tlie  W^ellington  administration,  in  1830,  a 
fairer  field  seemed  to  lie  before  liim  ;  and, 
in  obedience  to  his  sovereign's  wisli,  he  as- 
sumed the  reins  of  government,  and  had  the 
satisfaction,  during  his  four  years  of  office, 
to  see  two  of  the  great  measures  for  which 
he  long  contended,  triumphantly  carried, 
namely,  parliamentary  reform  and  tlie 
abolition  of  slavery.  After  his  retirement 
from  office,  he  took  no  part  in  politics.  Died, 
July  17.  1845,  aged  81. 

GREY,  Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious  female, 
whose  accomplisliments  and  misfortunes 
have  rendered  her  an  especial  object  of  in- 
terest, was  the  daughter  of  Henry  Grey, 
marquis  of  Dorset  (afterwards  duke  of 
Suffolk),  by  the  Lady  Frances,  daugliter  of 
Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and 
Mary,  younger  sister  of  Henry  VIII.  Slie 
was  born  in  1537,  at  Bradgate,  her  father's 
seat  in  Leicestershire  ;    and  early  in   life 

tave  proofs  of  talents  of  a  superior  order, 
he  wrote  an  incomparable  hand  ;  played 
well  on  diflferent  instruments  ;  and  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  the  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
Latin,  as  well  as  of  the  French  and  Italian 
languages.  Roger  Ascham  has  given  a 
beautiful  and  affecting  narrative  of  his 
interview  with  her  at  Bradgate,  where  he 
found  her  reading  Plato's  Phaedo  in  Greek, 
while  the  family  were  amusing  themselves 
in  the  park.  In  1551  lier  fatlier  was  created 
Duke  of  Suffolk  ;  and  at  this  time  Lady 
Jane  Grey  was  much  at  court,  w^here  the 


ambitious  Duke  of  Northumberland  pro- 
jected a  marriage  between  her  and  his  son. 
Lord  Guildford  Dudlev,  which  tot)k  place 
at  the  end  of  May,  1553.  Soon  after  this 
Edward  "VI.  died,  having  been  prevailed 
upon,  in  his  last  illness,  to  settle  the  crown 
upon  the  Lady  Jane,  who  reluctantly  ac- 
cepted the  crown,  and  was  proclaimed  with 
great  pomp.  This  gleam  of  royalty,  how- 
ever, was  of  short  duration  ;  for  the  pageant 
reign  lasted  but  nine  days.  The  kingdom 
was  dissatisfied,  and  the  nobility  indignant 
at  the  presumption  of  Northumberland  ;  so 
that  Mary  soon  overcame  her  enemies,  and 
was  not  backward  in  taking  ample  revenge. 
The  Duke  of  Northumberland  was  beheaded; 
and  Lady  Jane  and  her  husband  were  ar- 
raigned, convicted  of  treason,  and  sent  to 
the  Tower.  After  being  confined  some  time, 
the  council  resolved  to  put  these  innocent 
victims  of  a  parent's  unprincipled  ambition 
to  death.  Lord  Guildford  suflfered  first  ; 
and  as  he  passed  her  window,  his  lady  gave 
him  her  last  adieu.  Immediately  afterwards 
she  was  executed  on  the  same  scaffold  i 
suffering  with  calm  resignation,  and  a  firm 
attachment  to  the  Protestant  religion,  Feb. 
12.  15,>4. 

GREY,  Dr.  Richard,  a  learned  English 
divine,  was  bom  in  1093.  He  was  educated 
at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  He  obtained 
successively  the  livings  of  Kilncote,  Lei- 
cester, and  Uinton  in  Northamptonshire ; 
and  a  prebend  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  Memoria  Technica, 
or  a  new  Method  of  Artificial  Memory  ;  " 
"  A  System  of  English  Ecclesiastical  Law," 
"  A  new  and  easy  Method  of  learning  He- 
brew, without  Points,"  &c.     Died,  1771. 

GREY,  Dr.  Zachauv,  an  English  divine, 
well  known  for  his  edition  of  Iludibras. 
He  also  published  "  Notts  on  Shakspeare," 
2  vols.  ;  and  an  "  Answer  to  Neale's  History 
of  the  Puritans,"  in  3  vols.  Died,  1766, 
aged  79. 

GRIESBACH.  Jony  James,  an  eminent 
German  theologian,  born  in  1745,  at  Butz- 
hach,  in  the  duchy  of  Hesse  Darmstadt. 
He  studied  successively  at  Frankfort,  Tu- 
bingen, Halle,  and  Leipsic  ;  became  rector 
of  the  university  of  Jena,  and  ecclesiastical 
privy  councillor  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe- Wei- 
mar ;  and  died  in  1812.  His  works,  which 
are  too  numerous  to  particularise  here,  pos- 
sess great  erudition  ;  but  the  most  valuable 
is  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  with 
various  readings. 

GRIFFIER,  John,  known  by  the  appel- 
lation of  Old  Griffier,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam  in  16.">8,  and  died 
at  London  in  1718.  He  succeeded  chiefly  in 
landscapes,  and  painted  several  views  on 
the  Thames.  He  also  etched  prints  of  birds 
and  beasts.  His  son  Robert,  called  the 
Younger  Griffler,  was  born  in  England, 
and  was  a  good  landscape  painter,  though 
not  equal  to  his  father. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of 
Wales,  who  jointly  with  her  husband  wrote 
two  novels,  entitled  "Delicate  Distress," 
"The  Gordian  Knot,"  and  "The  Letters 
of  Henry  and  Frances."  She  also  produced 
several  works  of  her  sole  composition, 
among  wliich  are,  "  Lady  Juliana  Harley," 


371 


GRi] 


^  ^cia  Winibtt^aX  28t0ffrapljji. 


[gki 


"  The  Morality  of  Shakspeare's  Drama  illus- 
trated," and  some  plays.     Died,  1793. 

GRIMALDI.  The  Grimaldi  family  have 
ever  been  of  great  importance  in  Genoa, 
and  many  of  its  members  are  conspicuous 
in  the  history  of  that  republic.  — 1.  Ranieei 
Grimaldi  was  the  first  Genoese  who  con- 
ducted the  naval  forces  of  the  republic  be- 
yond the  Straits  of  Gibraltar.  In  the  service 
of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  Grimaldi  sailed 
to  Zealand,  in  1304,  with  16  Genoese  galleys 
and  20  French  ships  under  his  command  ; 
and  defeated  and  made  prisoner  the  Count 
Guy  of  Flanders,  wlio  commanded  the 
enemy's  fleet  of  80  sail. — 2.  Antonio  Gri- 
maldi was  also  a  distinguished  naval  com- 
mander. His  victories  over  the  Catalonians 
and  Arragonese,  who  had  committed  aggres- 
sions on  the  Genoese,  for  a  long  time  gave 
the  latter  a  decided  maritime  ascendancy  ; 
but  at  length,  in  1353,  the  Catalonians, 
assisted  by  the  Venetians,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Nicholas  Pisani,  gave  him  battle, 
and  nearly  destroyed  his  whole  fleet — 
3.  Giovanni  Grimaldi  is  celebrated  for  the 
victory  he  gained  over  the  Venetian  admiral 
Trevesaui,  on  the  Po.  in  1431 ;  when,  in  sight 
of  Carmagnola's  army,  he  succeeded  in 
taking  28  galleys,  and  a  great  number  of 
transports,  with  immense  spoils — 4.  Dome- 
Nico  Grimaldi,  cardinal,  archbishop,  and 
vice-legate  of  Avignon,  was  eminent  both 
as  a  naval  commander  and  as  a  zealous  ex- 
tirpator of  heresy  from  the  Romish  Church. 
At  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  in  1571,  though  a 
bishop  at  the  time,  he  is  said  to  have  distin- 

fuished  himself  by  his  skill  and  courage — 
.  Geronimo  Grimaldi,  born  in  1597,  was 
sent  by  Urban  VIII.  as  nuncio  to  Germany 
and  France  ;  and  the  services  he  rendered 
the  Roman  court  were  rewarded,  in  1G43, 
by  a  cardinal's  hat.  His  whole  career  was 
highly  honourable.  He  was  bishop  of  Aix, 
and  endeavoured  to  reform  the  manners  of 
the  clergy  in  his  diocese,  by  establishing 
an  ecclesiastical  seminary  ;  he  also  founded 
an  hospital  for  the  poor,  and  annually  dis- 
tributed 100,000  livres  of  his  vast  property  in 
alms.    He  died  at  Aix,  in  1(585,  aged  89. 

GRIMALDI,  Francesco  Maria,  a  learned 
Jesuit  and  an  eminent  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Bologna,  in  1G13.  He  assisted 
Riccioli  in  his  scientific  labours  ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Physico-mathesis  de  Lumine 
Coloribus  et  Iride,  aliisque  aiinexis,"  &c. 
Died,  1663. 

GRIMALDI,  Giovanni,  an  eminent 
painter,  also  called  Bolognese,  was  born  at 
Bologna,  in  1606.  He  studied  under  Annibal 
Caracci,  to  whom  he  was  related  ;  and  be- 
came distinguished  chiefly  as  a  landscape 
painter,  though  he  was  also  employed  on 
historical  subjects,  particularly  in  the  Va- 
tican. Nor  was  he  merely  a  painter  ;  as  an 
architect  he  was  greatly  distinguished,  and 
as  an  engraver  also  liis  merit  was  conspi- 
cuous. Cardinal  Mazarin  invited  him  to 
Paris,  where  he  enjoyed  a  pension,  and  was 
much  noticed  by  Louis  XIII.  He  died  at 
Rome  in  1680. 

GRIMALDI,  Joseph,  an  unrivalled  pan- 
tomimic clown,  born  in  1779,  was  the  son 
of  Signior  Grimaldi,  an  artiste,  noted  for 
his  humour  and  eccentricities,  who  by  day 


followed  the  profession  of  a  dentist,  and  by 
night  that  of  ballet-master  at  Drury  Lane. 
For  a  period  of  40  years,  "Grimaldi  the 
clown"  delighted  the  laughter-loving  au- 
diences of  Drury  Lane,  Covent  Garden,  and 
Sadler's  Wells,  with  a  rich  and  (paradoxical 
as  the  term  may  seem)  intellectual  species  of 
buffoonery,  peculiarly  his  own — pourtraying 
to  the  life  all  that  is  grotesque  in  manners, 
or  droll  in  human  action.      Died,  1837. 

GRIMALDI,  William  (Marquis  Gri- 
maldi, of  Genoa),  was  born,  in  1785,  in 
Westminster,  and  in  early  life  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  but 
afterwards  held  a  situation  in  the  war- 
office  at  the  Horse  Guards.  In  1828  he 
travelled  in  search  of  his  hereditary  rights, 
and  discovered  that  he  was  sole  heir  of  the 
late  Marquis  of  Grimaldi  ;  but  he  never 
enjoyed  any  advantage  from  it,  being  at- 
tacked by  a  flt  of  apoplexy  while  at  his 
prayers. 

GRIMANI,  Dominic,  a  cardinal,  was 
born,  in  1460,  at  Venice,  of  which  city  his 
father  was  doge.  The  son  was,  in  conse- 
quence, employed  in  many  negotiations ; 
and  in  1493  was  raised  to  the  cardinal  dig- 
nity, by  Alexander  VI.,  as  a  reward  for  his 
filial  piety  in  oflTering  to  become  a  prisoner 
instead  of  his  father,  who  had  fallen  under 
popular  displeasure,  by  having  been  defeated 
in  an  action  with  the  Turks.    Died,  1523. 

GRIMBALD,  St.,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  the  9th  century,  who  was  invited  over 
from  Flanders  by  Alfred  the  Great.  He 
brought  with  him  several  learned  associates, 
and  settled  at  Oxford  ;  but  disputes  arising 
between  the  strangers  and  the  students 
before  placed  there,  he  retired  to  a  monas- 
tery, founded  by  Alfred,  at  Winchester.  It 
is  supposed  that  he  was  skilful  as  an  archi- 
tect, and  that  the  crypt  of  St.  Peter's  Church, 
Oxford,  is  his  work. 

GRIMM,  Frederic  Melciiior,  Baron  de, 
counsellor  of  state  of  the  Russian  empire, 
and  a  man  of  letters,  was  born,  in  1723,  at 
Ratisbon.  Going  to  Paris,  he  became  prin- 
cipal secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and 
acquainted  with  Rousseau  and  other  Parisian 
philosophers  ;  an  account  of  whose  writings, 
friendships,  disputes,  &c.,  has  been  preserved 
in  liis  "  Correspondence,"  which  extraordi- 
nary medley,  after  a  lapse  of  30  years,  was 
published  in  16  vols.  In  1776,  being  ap- 
pointed envoy  from  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Gotha 
to  the  French  court,  he  was  honoured  with 
the  title  of  baron,  and  invested  with  several 
orders.  On  the  revolution  breaking  out,  he 
retired  to  the  court  of  Gotha,  where  he  found 
a  safe  asylum.  In  1795,  the  empress  of 
Russia  made  him  her  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  states  of  Lower  Saxony  ;  and 
he  was  confirmed  in  that  post  by  Paul  I., 
and  retained  it  till  ill  health  obliged  him  to 
relinquish  it.  He  then  returned  to  Gotha, 
■v^^here  he  died,  in  1807. 

GRIMOARD,  Count  Philip  de,  a  French 
diplomatist,  general,  and  author,  descended 
from  an  ancient  family,  one  of  whose  mem- 
bers was  pope  Urban  V.  Louis  XVI.  en- 
trusted him  with  a  negotiation  in  Holland  ; 
and  on  his  return  he  formed  the  plans, 
offensive  and  defensive,  for  the  campaign 
of  1792.     The  fall  of  the  king  interrupted 


372 


GRi] 


^  ^tbi  Winibtvial  23tosr«JP5J?« 


[gro 


his  career,  and  he  retired  to  private  life, 
devoting  himself  to  literature.  He  wrote 
"Essai  Th^orique  et  Pratique  sur  les  Bat- 
tailes,"  "  Recherches  sur  la  Force  de  I'Armt'e 
Francaise,"  &c.;  and  "Tableau  Historique 
de  la  Guerre  de  la  Revolution  de  France," 
1808,  in  conjunction  with  General  Servan  ; 
of  which  work  only  3  vols,  were  published, 
when  it  was  suppressed  by  order  of  Buona- 
parte.    Died,  181.5. 

GRIMSTON,  SirllARBOTTLE,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer  in  the  time  of  Cromwell, 
was  bom  in  Essex,  about  l.'>94.  He  studied 
in  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  1638  became  re- 
corder of  Colchester,  for  which  place  he  was 
also  returned  to  parliament  in  1640.  He 
acted  for  some  time  in  opposition  to  the 
king,  but  disapproved  of  the  violent  mea- 
sures to  which  his  party  had  recourse,  and 
after  the  king's  death  he  went  abroad.  In 
1660  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  what  was 
called  "the  healing  parliament,"  and  he 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  who  waited 
on  Charles  II.  at  Breda  ;  on  whose  restora- 
tion he  was  made  master  of  the  rolls.  He 
published  the  "  Reports  of  Sir  George  Croke," 
and  died  in  1683. 

GRINDAL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  bom  at  Hensingham,  in  Cum- 
berland, in  1519.  In  1.5.59,  he  was  chosen 
master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  and  the  same 
year  preferred  to  the  see  of  London  ;  in 
1570  he  was  translated  to  York  ;  and  in 
1575  to  Canterbury.  Two  years  afterwards 
he  was  suspended  from  his  archicpiscopal 
functions,  for  refusing  to  obey  queen  Eliza- 
beth's order  to  suppress  prophesyings,  or 
associations  of  the  clergy  to  expound  the 
scriptures.  At  length  his  sequestration  was 
taken  off,  though  he  never  completely  re- 
covered the  royal  favour.  He  contributed  to 
"  Fox's  Acts  and  Monuments,"  and  founded 
the  celebrated  school  of  St.  Bee's,  in  Cum- 
berland. He  was  a  man  of  great  learning, 
piety,  and  moderation  ;  and  an  ornament  to 
the  church  of  which  he  was  a  prelate.  Died, 
1583. 

GRISAI7NT,  William,  an  English  phy- 
sician, astronomer,  and  mathematician,  in 
the  14th  century.  He  was  suspected  of  ma- 
gic, and  retired  to  France,  where  he  dedi- 
cated himself  to  the  study  of  medicine.  His 
son  became  pope  Urban  "V. 

GROCYN,  William,  a  distinguished 
classical  scholar,  bom  at  Bristol,  in  1442, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  School,  and 
New  College,  Oxford.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Dean  Colet,  tlie  tutor  of  Erasmus,  and 
god-father  to  Lilly  the  grammarian.  A 
Latin  epistle  of  his  to  Aldus  Manutius  is 
prefixed  to  Linacre's  translation  of  Proclus 
de  Sphaera. 

GROHMANN,  John  Godfrey,  a  native 
of  Upper  Lusatia,  and  a  lecturer  on  philo- 
sophy at  the  university  of  Leipsic.  As  a 
compiler  and  translator,  particularly  of 
works  relating  to  the  fine  arts,  he  was  both 
able  and  industrious.  Among  his  labours 
are  —  "  A  New  Historico-Biographical  Dic- 
tionary," 7  vols.  ;  "  An  abridged  Dictionary 
of  the  Fine  Arts,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Vestiges  of 
Egyptian  Architecture  ; "  "A  Dictionary  of 
Civil  Architecture,"  &c.    Died,  1805. 

GROLI^IER,  John,  a  patrou  of  learned 


373 


men,  was  bom  at  Lyons,  in  1479.  He  was 
grand  treasurer  to  Francis  I.,  who  sent  him 
on  an  embassy  to  Rome,  where  he  employed 
the  Aldnses  to  print  some  classics  for  him. 
He  also  made  a  large  collection  of  valuable 
books,  and  settled  pensions  on  many  emi- 
nent scholars.     Died,  1,565. 

GRONOV,  or  GRONOVIUS,  John  Fre- 
deric, an  emdite  writer,  born  at  Hamburgh, 
in  1611.  He  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Jena  ; 
travelled  through  France,  Holland,  and 
England  ;  and  became  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Leyden,  where  he  died  in  1671. 
With  extensive  knowledge  he  combined 
indefatigable  industry,  a  modest  opinion  of 
his  own  merit,  and  amiable  manners.  He 
published  a  number  of  classics,  with  valu.ible 
notes  and  improved  readings ;  of  which 
"  Commentarius  de  Sesterciis,"  and  his  edi- 
tion of  Hugo  Grotius's  work,  "  De  Jure  Belli 
et  Pacis,"  will  serve  as  instances. 

GRONOVIUS,  James,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Deventer,  in  1645.  He  was 
educated  entirely  under  his  father,  whom  he 
surpassed  in  learning,  though  he  fell  short 
of  him  in  modesty  and  liberality.  After 
studying  the  civil  law,  he  visited  England, 
where  he  resided  some  months  in  both  uni- 
versities ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Leyden, 
published  an  edition  of  Macrobius,  and  an- 
other of  Poly  bins.  In  1672  he  went  to 
France,  an<l  from  thence  to  Italy,  where 
the  Grand-duke  of  Tuscany  gave  him  a  pen- 
sion, and  obtained  for  him  a  professorship 
at  Pisa.  This  he  held  two  years,  and  then 
returned  to  Leyden  ;  and  was  .appointed  to 
the  professorship  of  belles  letters  and  geo- 
graphy in  that  university.  His  acquire- 
ments in  criticism  and  philology  were  very 
extensive  ;  he  compiled  the  valuable  "  The- 
saurus Antiquitatum  Graecarum,"  13  vols, 
folio ;  and  edited  a  variety  of  classics. 
Died,  1716. 

GROS,  Antoine  Jean,  Baron,  a  distin- 
guished French  painter,  professor  of  painting 
at  the  Ecole  Royale  des  Beaux  Arts,  was 
bom  at  Paris,  1771.  His  pencil  was  chiefly 
devoted  to  the  illustration  of  subjects  from 
the  history  of  France  during  the  career  of 
Napoleon  ;  and  his  pictures,  though  coarse, 
are  conspicuous  for  vigour  and  facility  of 
execution.    Died,  1835. 

GROSE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  was  born  in  1731,  at  Richmond, 
in  Surrey.  His  father  was  a  jeweller,  and 
left  him  a  good  fortune,  which  he  soon  spent, 
and  became  adjutant  and  pay-master  in  the 
Surrey  militia.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
wit  and  humour,  and  of  a  generous  disposi- 
tion, but  his  imprudences  involved  him  in 
great  difficulties ;  to  clear  himself  from 
which,  he  published  his  "  Views  of  Antiqui- 
ties in  England  and  Wales,"  8  vols.  4to. 
The  success  of  this  elegant  work  induced 
him  to  make  a  tour  of  Scotland  with  the 
same  object  ;  and  before  he  had  completed 
this  publication,  he  went  to  Ireland,  with 
the  design  of  surveying  and  sketching  the 
antiquities  of  that  kingdom,  but  while  thus 
employed  he  died,  at  Dublin,  in  1791.  Be- 
i  sides  his  "  Antiquities,"  he  published  a 
I  "  Treatise  on  Ancient  Armour  and  Wea- 
pons," "Military  Autiquities,"  and  other 
works. 


GUO] 


^  0t^  Uniber^Kl  MoQVKpfi}). 


[gru 


GROSLEY,  PiEKKE  Jkan,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Troyes,  in  1718.  lie  was 
educated  for  the  legal  profession,  but  de- 
clined it  for  the  belles  lettres.  lie  was  the 
author  of  many  works  ;  among  which  are, 
"  Essais  Historiques  sur  la  Champagne " 
and  "  Observations  sur  I'Angleterre,"  2  vols. 
Died,  1785. 

GROSSETESTE,  or  GROSTHEAD,  Ro- 
bert, an  English  prelate,  was  born  at 
Stradbrook,  in  Suffolk,  about  1175,  and  died 
in  1253.  His  "  Opuscula  Varia  "  were  pub- 
lished at  Venice  in  1514,  and  his  "  Comjien- 
dium  Sphasrae  Mundi "  in  1508.  Some  of  his 
discourses  and  letters  are  extant. 

GROSSMANN,  Gustavus  Fuederic 
William,  a  celebrated  actor  and  dramatist, 
born  at  Berlin,  in  174(;.  He  was  originally 
employed  in  some  subordinate  diplomatic 
situations  at  Warsaw  and  Berlin  ;  but  having 
become  acquainted  with  Lessing  at  the 
latter  place,  an  accidental  hint  from  that 
celebrated  writer  induced  him  to  try  his 
fortune  as  a  dramatist ;  and  he  wrote  seve- 
ral successful  plays.  He  afterwards  became 
an  actor  and  manager  ;  manifesting  consi- 
derable talents,  and  effecting  many  reform- 
ations in  the  German  stage  ;  but  his  bad 
success  as  a  manager  led  to  habits  of  in- 
temperance, and  involved  him  in  great  dis- 
tress.   Died,  1796. 

GROTIUS,  or  DE  GROOT,  Hugo,  an 
eminent  scholar  and  statesman,  was  born 
at  Delft,  in  Holland,  in  1583.  He  was  de- 
scended from  a  noble  family,  received  an 
excellent  education,  and  gave  early  mani- 
festations of  surprising  talents.  In  1599  he 
commenced  his  career  as  a  legal  advocate, 
and  also  as  an  author  ;  and  he  was  succes- 
sively appointed  historiographer,  advocate- 
general  of  Holland  and  Zealand,  a  member 
of  the  states-general,  and  envoy  to  Eng- 
land. Hitherto  his  life  had  been  marked  by 
splendour,  but  now  it  began  to  be  clouded 
by  the  part  which  he  took  in  the  Arminian 
controversy.  In  1613  he  became  syndic,  or 
pensioner,  of  Rotterdam  ;  and,  declaring 
himself  on  the  side  of  Bameveldt,  he  sup- 
ported him,  and  the  cause  of  the  Arminians, 
by  his  pen  and  influence.  But  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  fate  of  Bameveldt,  who  suf- 
fered on  the  scaffold,  and  received  sentence 
of  imprisonment  for  life  in  the  fortress  of 
Louvestein.  From  tliis,  however,  at  the 
expiration  of  18  months,  which  he  had  em- 
ployed in  writing  his  celebrated  "Treatise 
on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion," 
he  succeeded  in  escaping.  This  was  effected 
by  the  management  of  his  wife,  who  con- 
trived to  have  him  carried  out  of  the  castle 
in  a  chest  that  had  been  used  for  the  con- 
veyance of  books  and  linen.  Grotius  at  first 
sought  an  asylum  in  France  ;  and  it  was 
during  his  residence  there  that  he  composed 
his  great  work,  "De  Jure  Belli  et  Pacia." 
After  an  absence  of  12  years,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  relying  on  the  favour 
of  Frederic  Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  who 
had  written  him  a  sympathising  letter. 
But,  by  the  influence  of  his  enemies,  he  was 
condemned  to  perpetual  banishment.  He 
passed  the  remnant  of  his  life  in  the  di- 
plomatic service  of  Sweden,  and  died,  at 
Rostock,  in  1645.    With  the  talents  of  the 


most  able  statesman,  Hugo  Grotius  united 
deep  and  extensive  learning.  He  was  a  pro- 
found theologian,  a  distinguished  scholar,  an 
acute  philosopher,  a  profound  jurist,  and 
an  erudite  historian.  Among  his  works  not 
mentioned  above,  may  be  noticed,  "  De 
Antiquitate  Reipublicae  Biitavisc,"  "Insti- 
tutions of  the  Laws  of  Holland,"  a  "  History 
of  the  Goths,"  &c. 

GROTO,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  sur- 
named  II  Cieco,  was  bom  at  Adria,  in  1541. 
He  was  blind  from  his  infancy  ;  notwith- 
standing which  he  displayed  an  uncommon 
facility  for  learning,  and  at  the  age  of  14 
delivered  public  orations  at  "Venice.  He 
died  in  1585,  having  a  short  time  before 
performed  the  part  of  OEdipus  in  a  play  at 
Vicenza,  with  great  reputation. 

GROUCHY,  Emanuel,  Marquis  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished marshal  of  France,  and  a  scion 
of  a  noble  Norman  family,  was  born  at  Paris, 
1766.  In  1789  he  was  a  sub-lieutenant  of 
the  royal  gardes  du  corps ;  but  embracing 
the  new  ideas,  he  took  part  in  the  wars  of 
the  revolution,  and  gained  great  distinction, 
especially  in  the  Alps  and  La  Vendee,  where 
he  was  named  general  of  division  in  1793. 
The  decree  which  deprived  all  the  nobles  of 
France  of  military  rank  fell  heavily  upon 
him ;  but  nothing  daunted  he  joined  the  army 
as  a  private,  and  his  distinguished  gallantry 
soon  led  to  his  restoration.  Despatched  in 
1798  to  the  army  of  Italy,  under  the  command 
of  Joubert,  he  planned  the  abdication  of  the 
king  of  Sardinia,  and  thus  united  Piedmont 
to  France.  He  took  a  glorious  part  in  the 
battle  of  Novi,  where  he  received  14  wounds, 
and  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.  His  bravery 
was  no  less  conspicuous  on  the  fields  of 
Hohenlinden,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Wagram, 
Moscow,  &c.  J  and  he  obtained  the  marshal's 
baton  from  the  hands  of  the  emperor  shortly 
before  his  abdication.  During  the  hundred 
days  he  was  opposed  to  the  Duke  d'Angou- 
Ifeme  in  the  south,  and  made  him  prisoner. 
He  was  then  summoned  into  Belgium,  where 
he  played  an  important  part.  He  had  al- 
ready carried  the  villages  of  Fleurus  (June 
16.)  and  Ligny  (June  17.),  and  was  marching 
according  to  his  instructions  in  pursuit  of 
Blucher  with  a  body  of  30,000  men,  when 
the  battle  of  Waterloo  was  fought.  Not 
getting  instructions  in  time,  he  could  not 
take  part  in  the  battle,  and  his  absence  may 
in  some  measure  be  said  to  have  decided  the 
fortune  of  the  day.  At  the  restoration,  his 
title  of  marshal  was  not  acknowledged,  and 
remained  so  till  1830,  a  year  which  righted 
a  good  many  wrongs.  In  1832  he  was  created 
a  peer.     Died,  1847. 

GROVE,  Henry,  a  dissenting  minister, 
.  born  at  Taunton,  Somersetshire,  in  1683. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  religious  works; 
'  among  which  are  "An  Essay  towards  a 
I  Demonstration  of  the  Soul's  Immortality," 
"  The  Evidence  of  our  Saviour's  Resurrec- 
tion," "  Wisdom  the  First  Spring  of  Action 
in  the  Deity,"  &c.     Died,  1738. 

GRUBENM ANN,  John  Ulric  and  John, 
two  Swiss  mechanics,  who  having  been 
brought  up  as  carpenters,  devoted  their  en- 
tire attention  to  the  construction  of  wooden 
bridges  without  the  support  of  piers.  The 
most  extraordinary  of  these  were  at  Reich- 


gry] 


^  iitbi  Huibcrtfal  ISurgtiqjTjjj, 


[gub 


enau,  Wettingen,  and  Schaft'hausen  ;  the 
latter,  over  the  Rhine,  being  nearly  400  feet 
long.  During  the  campaign  of  1799  they 
were  all  destroyed  by  the  French.  The 
ingenious  builders  died  about  tlie  end  of  the 
18th  century. 

GRYPUIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man dramatist,  was  born  at  Glogau,  in  1616. 
He  was  called  tlic  Corneille  of  Germany, 
and  his  tragedies  acquired  great  popularity. 
He  also  wrote  a  keen  satire  on  tlie  old  come- 
dies of  his  countrymen,  and  produced  some 
smart  epigrams.    Died,  1664. 

GRYPHIUS,  Sebastian,  a  printer  in  the 
16th  century,  who  settled  at  Lyons,  and  was 
distinguished  for  the  beauty  of  his  Greek 
and  Hebrew  types.    Died,  1556. 

GUA,  JouN  Paul  DE,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
was  born  in  Languedoc,  in  1712.  He  laid 
the  plan  of  the  Encyclopt'die,  and  wrote  a 
numlier  of  mathematical  papers  in  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Academy  ;  besides  which  he 
translated  some  Euglisli  works  into  French. 
Died,  1785. 

GUALDO  PRIORATO,  Gai.easso,  an 
Italian  historian,  born  at  Vicenza,  in  160(! ; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Troubles  in 
France,"  an  "  Account  of  the  Administra- 
tion of  Cardinal  Mazarin,"  and  hii  "Life," 
a  "  History  of  the  Wars  of  the  Emperors 
Ferdinand  II.  and  III.,"  &c.    Died,  1678. 

GUARINI,  Battista,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian poet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1537.  He  was 
secretary  to  Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara; 
next,  to  Ferdinand  de  Medici,  grand-duke 
of  Tuscany  ;  and,  subsequently,  to  the  Duke 
of  Urbino.  He  was  well  acquainted  with 
polite  literature ;  wrote  several  admired 
poems ;  but  his  chief  composition  is  his 
pastoral  drama,  entitled  "II  Pastor  Fido." 
Died,  1612. 

GUARINI,  GUARINO,  a  native  of  Verona, 
descended  of  an  illustrious  family,  and  cele- 
brated as  having  been  tlie  first  who  taught 
Greek  after  the  restoration  of  letters  in 
Europe.    Died,  1460. 

GUAY-TROUIN,  Rf-N^  du,  a  French 
naval  officer,  was  born  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
1673.  He  commanded  a  slilp  at  the  age  of 
18,  and  had  great  success  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland,  but  at  last  fell  in  the  hands  of  some 
English  cruisers,  and  was  carried  into  Ply- 
mouth ;  from  whence  he  made  his  escape, 
and  in  a  short  time  renewed  his  depredations 
in  the  British  Channel,  and  also  on  the 
coast  of  Spain.  In  1709  he  was  ennobled, 
and  two  years  afterwards  he  made  himself 
master  of  Rio  Janeiro.    Died,  1706. 

GUDIN  DE  LA  BRENELLERIE,  Paul 
Philip,  a  French  dramatist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  bom  in  1738.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Observations  on  Good  Manners," 
"On  the  Progress  of  the  Arts  under  Louis 
XV.,"  "The  Conquest  of  Naples,"  3  vols.  ; 
several  tragedies,  poems,  &<;.    Died,  1812. 

GUELF,  or  GUELPH  (from  the  Italian 
Guelji  and  the  German  fVel/en),  the  name 
of  a  celebrated  family,  which,  in  the  11th 
century,  was  transplanted  from  Italy  to 
Germany,  where  it  became  the  ruling  race 
of  several  countries.  The  family  still  con- 
tinues in  the  two  lines  of  Brunswick  —  the 
royal  in  England,  and  the  ducal  in  Ger- 
many.   The  memory  of  this  ancient  name 


was  revived  by  the  foundation  of  the  Hano- 
verian Guelphic  order. 

GUERCINO  (properly  Gianfrance.sco 
BAiiBiEUi,  but  surnnmed  Gucrcino  da  Cento 
from  his  squinting),  was  a  celebrated  painter, 
bom  at  Cento,  near  Bologna,  in  1590.  He 
studied  under  Cremonini  and  Gennori ;  but 
adopted  two  or  three  styles  in  succession, 
and  afterwards  perfected  himself  in  the 
school  of  I<odovico  Caracci.  He  executed 
106  altar-pieces  for  churches,  and  144  histo- 
rical pieces,  besides  numerous  performances 
in  fresco  ;  in  short,  such  was  the  uncommon 
rapidity  of  his  pencil,  that,  having  been  re- 
quested by  some  monks,  on  the  eve  of  a 
festival,  to  paint  Jehovah  for  the  grand 
altar,  he  finished  the  picture  in  one  niglit  by 
torch  light.  The  Duke  of  Mantua  conferred 
on  him  the  honour  of  knighthood  ;  and 
several  sovereigns  endeavoured,  in  vain,  to 
draw  him  into  their  service.  He  died  in 
16<i6,  very  rich,  notwithstanding  he  had 
expended  large  sums  in  building  chapels, 
founding  hospitals,  and  other  acts  of  charity 
and  devotion. 

GUERICKE,  Otto  von,  a  distinguished 
exi)erimental  philosopher,  was  bom,  1602  ; 
studied  at  Leipsic,  Jena,  and  Leyden  ;  tra- 
velled in  France  and  England  ;  and  settled 
at  Magdeburgh,  where  he  eventually  became 
burgomaster.  He  invented  the  air-pump, 
and  in  1654  made  the  first  public  experi- 
ments with  his  machine  at  the  diet  at  Ra- 
tisbon,  before  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III., 
several  electors,  and  other  estates  of  the 
empire.  The  pressure  of  the  atmosphere 
he  exhibited  by  means  of  two  large  hollow 
hemispheres  of  copjier  and  brass,  an  ell  in 
diameter.  These  being  fitted  closely  toge- 
ther, the  air  contained  in  the  hollow  sphere 
thus  formed  was  exhausted  by  means  of  an 
air-pump.  Guericke  then  harnessed  horses 
to  strong  rings,  attached  to  the  hemispheres, 
and  they  attempted  in  vain  to  separate  them. 
The  number  of  the  horses  was  increased  to 
30  without  success  :  but  an  additional  num- 
ber at  length  made  them  separate  with  a 
loud  report.  His  electrical  and  astronomical 
knowledge  also  was  considerable.  Died, 
1686. 

GUERRERO,  Vicente,  elected  president 
of  the  United  Mexican  States,  in  1829,  was 
by  birth  a  Creole.  At  the  very  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  in  Mexico  he  took 
arms  against  the  royalists,  and  never  ceased 
to  occupy  a  prominent  position  in  the  affairs 
of  that  country.  On  repeated  occasions, 
from  1819  to  1828,  General  Guerrero  became 
the  rallying  point  of  the  liberal  or  popular 
party,  the  Yorkinos,  and  was  repeatedly 
called  into  active  service  in  his  military 
capacity.  Having  been  successful  in  various 
contests  with  the  aristocratical  party,  he  at 
length,  in  1829,  was  elected  to  the  presidency. 
The  expedition  of  Barradas  soon  gave  em- 
ployment to  the  new  government ;  and  the 
better  to  enable  the  president  to  meet  the 
exigency,  he  was  invested  with  extraordinary 
powers ;  but  after  the  victory  over  the 
Spanish  troops,  and  when  the  invading  ex- 
pedition was  destroyed,  Guerrero  evinced  an 
unwillingness  to  relinquish  the  dictatorship, 
which  became  the  pretext  of  another  revo- 
lution ;  and  Bustamente,  the  vice-president, 


375 


que] 


^  sJ^cU)  ^nibti'^^l  2Si0srapTjD. 


[gtti 


assumed  the  reins  of  government.  Guerrero, 
however,  was  not  long  idle  :  in  September, 
1830,  he  collected  a  large  force  at  Valladolid, 
and  established  a  form  of  government  in 
I  opposition  to  that  of  Bustamente,  and  the 
whole  country  was  agitated  by  troops  in 
arms.  But  his  career  was  almost  run.  In 
February,  1831,  he  was  taken,  and  shot. 

GUEVARA,  Louis  Velkz  de  las  Duenas 
T,  a  Spanish  dramatist  and  romance  writer, 
was  born,  in  1574,  at  Ecija,  in  Andalusia. 
He  was  an  advocate,  and  by  his  flashes  of 
wit  often  drew  forth  peals  of  laughter  from 
the  court.  He  was  a  great  favourite  of 
Philip  IV.,  who,  knowing  his  peculiar  talent, 
encouraged  him  to  write  for  the  stage.  Se- 
veral of  his  comedies  are  excellent ;  but  the 
work  which  especially  established  the  fame 
of  Guevara  was  his  "Diablo  Cojuelo,"  an 
admirable  romance,  which  afforded  the  idea 
of  I^  Sage's  famous  "  Diable  Boitcux." 
Many  of  his  witty  sayings  have  become  fami- 
liar to  the  people,  and  to  this  day  are  often 
heard  as  proverbs  in  Spain.    Died,  164G. 

GUIBERT,  Jacques  Antoine  Hvpolite, 
Count  de,  a  celebrated  French  tactician, 
was  born  at  Montauban,  in  1743.  He  studied 
the  military  art  under  his  father,  with  whom 
he  served  in  the  German  war  ;  and,  in  the 
expedition  to  Corsica,  he  was  made  a  colonel, 
with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis.  On  his  return 
to  France,  he  published  his  "  Essai  Gt5nerale 
de  Taclique,"  which  work  being  diametri- 
cally opposed  to  Folard's,  excited  a  vehement 
controversj'.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
some  tragedies  ;  historical  eulogies  on  Mar- 
shal Catinat.  the  chancellor  de  I'llopital, 
and  Frederic  the  Great ;  "  Travels  in  Ger- 
many," and  "  Travels  in  Switzerland." 
Died,  1790. 

GUICCIARDINI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
historian,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1482. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  jurisprudence  in  his  native  city. 
Politics,  however,  occupied  the  rest  of  his 
life.  In  1512,  he  was  sent  ambassador,  on 
the  part  of  the  republic,  to  the  Spanish  court 
at  Bruges  ;  for  his  services  in  which  mission 
he  was  received  with  great  honour  by  his 
countrymen  ;  and  Leo  X.  constituted  him 
advocate  of  the  consistory.  In  1518,  he  was 
made  governor  of  Modena  and  Reggio,  and 
next  of  Parma,  where  he  drove  out  the 
French,  and  confirmed  the  inhabitants  in 
their  obedience.  He  was  afterwards  re- 
appointed to  the  government  of  Modena, 
and  the  presidency  of  the  Romagna  ;  and, 
in  1531,  he  was  made  governor  of  Bologna, 
where  he  assisted  at  the  coronation  of 
Charles  V.  After  a  life  of  great  activity, 
he  returned  to  his  native  city,  and  there 
began  his  great  work  on  the  "  History  of 
Italy  during  his  own  Time,"  which  he 'had 
nearly  completed  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1540.  He  was  a  man  of  great  gravity  of 
temper  and  demeanour,  and  displayed  much 
political  sagacity  and  love  of  justice.  When 
the  courtiers  of  Charles  V.  once  complained 
of  the  preference  he  gave  to  Guicciardini 
and  other  Florentines,  he  replied,  "  I  can 
make  a  100  Spanish  grandees  in  a  minute, 
but  I  cannot  make  one  Guicciardini  in  a  100 
years." 

GUEROULT,  Petek  Claude  Bernard, 


a  learned  Frenchman,  born  at  Rouen,  in 
1745.  He  was  the  author  of  "La  Journ^e 
de  Marathon,"  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Ani- 
maux  de  Pline,"  &c.  He  was  director  of 
the  normal  scliool  at  Paris,  from  which  he 
retired  in  1815,  and  died  in  1821. 

GUIDI,  Alessandro,  an  Italian  lyric 
poet,  was  born  at  Pavia,  about  1650  ;  and 
died  in  1712.  He  was  patronised  by  Chris- 
tina, the  abdicated  queen  of  Sweden,  who 
allowed  him  apartments  in  her  palace. 

GUIDO  RENI,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
among  the  Italian  painters,  was  born  at 
Bologna,  in  1575.  Combining  the  beauties 
of  Albert  Durer  and  Caravaggio  with  the 
school  of  Caracci,  he  soon  gave  his  teachers 
occasion  to  admire  his  talents,  and  is  even 
said  to  have  excited  the  jealousy  of  Annibal 
Caracci.  He  was  honoured,  caressed,  and 
employed  by  the  great,  and  might  have  ac- 
cumulated great  wealth  ;  but,  to  satisfy  an 
unfortunate  passion  for  gambling,  he  often 
sold  his  paintings  at  any  price,  and  became 
involved  in  pecuniary  embarrassments,  so 
that,  in  1642,  he  died  in  a  state  of  poverty 
and  dejection.  Guido  imitated  the  beautiful 
in  nature,  and  was  pre-eminently  the  painter 
of  youth  and  female  loveliness. 

GUIDO,  Cagnacci,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  Bologna  in  1600,  and  a  disciple  of 
Guido  Reni.    He  died  in  1680. 

GUIGNES,  Joseph  de,  born  at  Pontoise, 
in  1721,  was  distinguished  for  his  knowledge 
of  the  oriental  languages,  and  obtained  the 
appointment  of  royal  interpreter  in  1745. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Histoire  Gt^nerale 
des  Huns,  des  Tures,  des  Moguls,  et  des 
autres  Tartares  Occidentaux,"  5  vols.  4to., 
and  many  other  able  works,  but  was  reduced 
to  poverty  by  the  revolution,  and  died  at 
Paris,  in  1800. 

GUILLEMINOT,  a  native  of  Belgium,  an 
able  military  ofl[icer,  who  fought  in  the  in- 
surgent army  against  the  Austrians,  in  1790  ; 
but,  at  the  defection  of  Dumouriez,  having 
been  made  prisoner,  he  found  an  asylum  in 
the  ranks  of  the  French  army,  and  became 
a  valuable  officer  under  Buonaparte.  In 
1814,  the  king  made  him  a  knight  of  St. 
Louis,  and  an  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour. 

GUILLIM,  JoHX,  the  reputed  author  of 
the  celebrated  work,  entitled  "  The  Display 
of  Heraldry,"  which  was  in  reality  written 
by  Dr.  Barkham,  was  bom  about  1565,  and 
died  in  1621.  He  was  rouge  croix  pursuivant 
at  arms. 

GUILLOTIN,  Joseph  Ignatius,  a  French 
physician,  who,  during  the  revolution,  pro- 
posed the  use  of  the  guillotine,  an  instru- 
ment made  after  the  fashion  of  the  maiden, 
which  was  used  on  tl»e  Scottish  borders  in 
the  16th  century.  Mons.  Guillotin  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Paris  many  years,  and  was 
much  respected  for  his  general  conduct.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly, 
where  his  political  principles  were  marked 
by  moderation  ;  and  his  introduction  of  this 
instrument  of  death  was  from  a  humane 
motive  —  that  of  rendering  capital  punish- 
ment less  painful,  by  ddSapitation.  He  was 
not,  as  has  been  reported,  the  victim  of  his 
own  contrivance,  though  greatly  annoyed 
by  its  being  called  by  his  name.  He  died, 
in  peaceful  retirement,  in  1814. 


GUl] 


^  ^ttD  mnibertfal  38iOflra|i^i). 


[gun 


OUTRAN,  Galliakd,  counsellor  of  state 
to  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  the  17th  century  ; 
autlior  of  an  "  Historical  and  Chronological 
Register  of  the  Seneschals  of  Nisnies  and 
Beaucaire."    Died,  IGtX). 

GUISCIIARD,CuAKLEsGoTLiEB,  an  able 
writer  on  military  tactics,  was  a  native  of 
Magdeburg.  He  entered  into  the  service  of 
Holland,  from  which  he  removed  into  that 
of  Prussia,  where  Frederic  the  Great  ho- 
noured him  with  the  appellation  of  Quintus 
Icilius,  the  commander  of  Caesar's  10th 
legion,  in  compliment  to  his  military  know- 
ledge. His  works  arc,  "  Mt-moires  Mili- 
taires  sur  leg  Grecs  et  les  Romaius"  and 
"  Memoires  Critiques  et  Historiques  sur 
plusieurs  Points  d'Antiquit^s  Militaircs." 
Died,  1775. 

GUISE,  Francis  of  Lorkaixe,  Duke  of, 
an  illustrious  warrior  of  France,  but  as  am- 
bitious and  bigoted  as  he  was  brave.  He 
was  bom  in  1019  ;  distinguished  himself  by 
his  bravery  at  the  siege  of  Boulogne,  the 
defence  of  Metz,  the  conquest  of  Calais,  &c.  ; 
and  lost  his  life  by  assassination,  in  1.563. 

GUISE,  CuAitLES  OF,  usually  called  the 
Cardinal  ok  Lorraine,  was  the  minister 
of  Francis  II.  and  Charles  IX.  He  is  no- 
torious for  his  violent  and  intolerant  spirit, 
and  his  meinorj'  will  ever  be  held  in  exe- 
cration for  the  furious  persecution  he  pro- 
moted against  the  Protestants  of  France. 
Bom,  162r, ;  died,  1574. 

GUISE,  Henry  of  Lorraine,  eldest  son 
of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise,  was  born  in  \r>oO. 
He  is  memorable  in  the  history  of  France 
ft)r  his  bravery  ;  but  he  was  of  a  turbulent, 
ambitious,  and  cruel  disposition.  After 
having  distinguished  himself  in  Hungary 
by  his  valour  against  the  Turks,  he  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  an  armed  band,  which 
he  called  the  League,  under  the  pretext  of 
defending  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
Henry  III.  the  king,  and  the  state,  against 
the  designs  of  the  Huguenots,  or  French 
Protestants.  This  plan  was  formed  by  his 
brother  the  cardinal,  and  the  Huguenots 
were  massacred  by  thousands.  But  their 
violence  did  not  stop  here.  Guise  now  be- 
came an  open  rebel ;  he  entered  Paris 
against  the  king's  express  order,  and  put 
to  the  sword  all  who  opposed  him  ;  and  the 
streets  being  barricaded  to  prevent  his  pro- 
gress, this  fatal  day  is  called  in  French  his- 
tory, "the  day  of  the  barricades."  The 
king  escaped  to  Blois,  and  convened  an 
assembly  of  the  states ;  and  the  Duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  there  to 
a  summons  sent  liim  for  that  purpose.  A 
forced  reconciliation  then  took  place  between 
Oiem,  by  the  advice  of  this  assembly  j  but  it 
being  afterwards  discovered  that  Guise  had 
formed  a  plan  to  dethrone  the  king,  the 
latter,  wanting  the  resolution  to  bring  him 
to  fv  trial,  procured  his  assassination  as  he 
was  entering  t^e  ooujicil  chamber,  Deo.  23, 
1658, 

GUISP,  HpNRY  JI.iDlTKE  OF  T^ORRAJ.VE,  a 

grandson  of  the  preceding,  wos  born  in  IG14. 
He  is  described  as  prodigal  and  brave,  ad» 
dieted  equally  to  love  and  war.  After  having 
joined  m  the  rebellion  of  the  Count  de 
Soissons,  and  received  a  pardon,  he  was  in- 
duced to  join  the  i-evolted  Neapolitans  ;  and, 

^77 


at   their  head,  displayed  great 

but  he  at  length  fell  into  the  hands  of  t^e 

Spaniards.     Died,  1664. 

GUISE,  William,  an  English  divine,  was  i 
born  near  Gloucester,  in  16")3,  and  educated  ] 
at  Oriel  and  All  Soul's  Colleges,  Oxford,  j 
Died,  1684.  His  son  was  the  celebrated  | 
General  Guise,  who  left  his  collection  of 
paintings  to  Cliristchiu-ch,  Oxford.  He 
died  in  1765. 

GUITON,  John-,  a  citizen  of  Rochelle, 
who  was  chosen  mayor  of  the  town  when  It 
was  besieged  by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  in  1637. 
He  refused  the  post,  unless  permitted  to  have 
a  poniard  to  stab  the  first  who  should  offer 
to  surrender.  Being  told  that  famine  had 
carried  off  many  of  the  inhabitants,  he  an- 
swered, "  It  matters  not,  provided  there  is 
one  left  to  shut  the  gates." 

GUIZOT,  Elizabeth  Charlotte  Pau- 
line, a  French  lady,  whose  works  written 
for  the  instruction  of  youth  have  given  her 
a  deserved  celebrity,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1773.  Her  father  died  when  she  was  a  child, 
and  her  family  having  been  brought  to  dis- 
tress by  the  revolutionary  changes,  she  was 
induced  to  attempt  authorship,  in  order  to 
provide  for  their  exigencies.  She  accord- 
ingly produced  the  novels,  entitled  "Les 
Contradictions"  and  "La  Chapelle  d' 
Ayton  ; "  she  also  wrote  in  the  public  jour- 
nals ;  and  her  articles  on  manners,  the 
drama,  &c.  attracted  considerable  attention. 
At  length  she  became  acquainted  with  M. 
Guizot,  a  gentleman  of  superior  talent,  and 
since  distinguished  also  as  a  statesman  ;  in 
1812  they  were  married ;  and  she  subse- 
quently acquired  no  small  share  of  literary 
distinction  for  her  "  L'Ecolier  ou  Raoul  et 
Victor,"  4  vols.;  "  Nouveaux  Contes,"  and 
"  Lettres  de  Famille  sur  I'Education  Do- 
mestique."    Died,  1827. 

GULDENSTAEDT,  John  Anthony,  a 
native  of  Riga,  who  became  professor  of 
natural  history  at  St.  Petersburgh.  He  spent 
3  years  in  travelling  through  Tartary,  on  a 
scientific  tour,  and  on  his  return  published 
the  result  of  his  researches.    Died,  1781. 

GUNDLING,  Nicholas  Jerome,  a  Ger- 
man philosopher,  bom  in  1G71.  He  became 
successively  professor  of  philosophy,  of  rhe- 
toric, and  of  the  law  of  nature  and  nations, 
at  Halle  :  he  was  also  privy  councillor  to 
the  king  of  Prussia.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "  The  Road  to  Truth,"  3  vols. ; 
"  A  History  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  "  Otia," 
a  miscellaneous  collection  of  essays,  &c. 
Died,  1729. 

GUNDUIiF,  bishop  of  Rochester,  was  one 
of  the  Norman  ecclesiastics  brought  over  by 
William  the  Conqueror.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated architect ;  and  built  that  part  of  the 
Tower  of  London  called  the  WJiite  Tower, 
He  also  erected  Rochester  Castle,  and  re- 
built the  cuthedral.    Died,  1108. 

GUNNER,  John  Ernest,  bishop  of  Dron- 
theim,  was  born  at  Christiana,  in  Norway, 
in  1718.  He  founded  the  Royal  Norwegian 
Society,  in  the  Transactions  of  which  he 
published  several  valuable  papers  on  natural 
history.  On  account  of  his  zeal  for  botany, 
Linnaeus  gave  his  name  to  a  plant  in  his 
system.  He  published  "  Flora  Norvcgica," 
and  died  in  1773. 


GDIJ] 


^  0tio  Bxiibtv^aX  33iosrajpT)|). 


[gus 


GUNNING,  Peter,  a  learned  and  munifi- 
cent English  prelate,  was  born  at  Hoo,  in 
Kent,  in  1G13.  He  was  a  principal  manager 
on  the  side  of  episcopacy  in  the  Savoy  con- 
ference ;  and,  in  1670,  was  made  bishop  of 
Chichester ;  from  which  see  he  was  trans- 
lated, in  1674,  to  Ely,  where  he  died  in  1684. 

GUNTER,  Edmund,  a  mathematician, 
was  born  in  Herefordsliire,  in  1581.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School ;  from 
•whence  he  went  to  Christchurch,  Oxford. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  professorship  of 
astronomy  in  Gresham  College,  where  he 
died  in  1626.  He  invented  a  portable 
quadrant  for  astronomical  purposes,  and 
the  famous  "  rule  of  proportion,"  which,  in 
its  mechanical  form,  is  styled  "  Gunter's 
scale."  He  also  discovered  the  variation  of 
the  magnetic  needle.  His  works  were  col- 
lected into  one  volume,  and  have  been  re- 
peatedly published.    Died,  1626. 

GURVVOOD,  Colonel  John,  the  celebrated 
editor  of  the  "Duke  of  Wellington's  Des- 
patches," entered  the  army  as  an  ensign  in 
the  52nd  foot,  in  1808,  and  served  in  the 
Peninsula  with  that  regiment  from  that 
year  to  1812.  At  the  assault  of  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  he  led  the  forlorn  hope  at  the 
lesser  breach,  and  received  a  wound  in  his 
skull  from  a  musket  ball,  which  affected 
him  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  ;  and  on 
this  occasion  he  took  the  governor.  General 
Banier,  prisoner,  whose  sword  was  presented 
to  him  by  Lord  Wellington.  After  serving 
with  great  credit  during  the  closing  cam- 
paigns of  the  war,  we  find  him  among  the 
heroes  of  Waterloo,  where  he  was  again 
severely  wounded.  He  obtained  his  rank 
as  full  colonel  in  1841  ;  but  he  had  been 
placed  on  the  unattached  list  in  1830. 
Having  filled  the  highly  honourable  post  of 
private  secretary  to  Field-marshal  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  he  imdertook  the  grateful 
office  of  editing  the  Wellington  Despatches, 
in  connection  with  which  his  name  will  be 
handed  down  to  posterity.  In  order  to 
testify  the  high  opinion  the  duke  had  of 
his  services,  he  appointed  him  deputy-lieu- 
tenant of  the  Tower  of  London.  The  Wel- 
lington Despatches,  which  had  been  in  the 
course  of  publication  during  many  years, 
was  a  work  of  labour,  requiring  great  care 
and  scrupulous  fidelity,  while  it  continually 
called  into  exercise  great  vigour  of  thought 
and  judgment ;  and  it  had  not  long  been 
concluded  when  the  health  of  the  gallant 
soldier  and  faithful  secretary  gave  way,  and 
he  put  an  end  to  his  valuable  life  in  a  fit  of 
temporary  insanity,  at  Brighton,  Dec.  25. 
1845. 

GCJSTAVUS  I.,  king  of  Sweden,  knoT(Ti 
by  the  name  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  was  born 
in  1490.  Having  delivered  Sweden  from  the 
Danish  yoke,  he  was,  in  1523,  elected  king 
of  that  country ;  reigned  gloriously  for  37 
years  ;  and  died  in  1560. 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPIIUS,  king  of  Swe- 
den, the  grandson  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  was 
born  at  Stockholm,  in  1595,  and  ascended 
the  throne  in  1611.  He  brought  the  war  in 
which  his  country  was  tlien  involved  with 
Denmark,  Russia,  and  Poland,  to  a  success- 
ful issue  ;  and  afterwards  led  an  army  of 
eixty  thousand  men  into  Germany,  for  the 


noble  purpose  of  rescuing  the  Protestants 
from  the  tyranny  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
He  penetrated  from  the  Vistula  to  the 
Danube,  and  twice  defeated  the  celebrated 
Tilly.  This  great  prince  fell  in  the  battle 
fought  on  the  plains  of  Lutzen,  in  1632.  He 
was  humane,  pious,  and  charitable  ;  unosten- 
tatious in  his  manners,  moderate  in  his  con- 
duct, and  possessed  a  vigorous  understanding. 

GUSTAVUS  III.,  king  of  Sweden,  was 
the  son  of  Adolphus  Frederic  and  Louisa 
Ulrica,  sister  of  Frederic  II.,  king  of  Prussia. 
He  was  born  in  1746,  and  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther in  1771.  He  abolished  the  practice  of 
torture,  and  introduced  other  good  regula- 
tions in  the  administration  of  justice.  He 
also  formed  a  college  of  commerce,  and  re- 
formed his  army  and  navy.  In  1788  he  was 
involved  in  a  war  with  Russia,  which  power 
was  assisted  by  Denmark.  Gustavus  headed 
his  army  himself,  and  stormed  the  defences 
of  Frederickshall,  where  he  took  and  de- 
stroyed a  great  number  of  vessels.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution,  a 
coalition  was  formed  between  the  northern 
powers  and  Spain,  by  which  it  was  agreed 
that  Gustavus  should  march  against  France 
at  the  head  of  a  considerable  army  ;  but 
while  preparations  were  making,  he  was  shot 
at  a  masquerade  by  Ankarstroem,  a  dis- 
banded officer  of  the  army,  March  15.  1792, 
and  died  on  the  29th. 

GUSTAVUS  IV.,  ex-king  of  Sweden, -was 
bom  in  1778,  and  ascended  the  throne  when 
his  father  fell  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin, 
March  29. 1792.  When  the  Duke  of  Enghein 
was  so  unjustifiably  seized,  and  after  a  mock 
trial  shot,  by  the  orders  of  Napoleon,  Gus- 
tavus resolved  upon  an  eternal  hostility  to 
the  French  emperor.  He  ordered  his  am- 
bassador to  leave  Paris,  and  dismissed  the 
French  ambassador  from  Sweden,  while  at 
the  same  time  he  returned  to  the  king  of 
Prussia  the  order  of  the  black  eagle,  with 
which  Napoleon  had  been  invested,  nobly 
saying,  "  that  he  never  could,  according  to 
the  laws  of  knighthood,  consent  to  be  brother 
companion  of  an  assassin."  After  this  he 
continued  to  join  every  party  opposed  to, 
and  to  wage  war  with  every  party  in  alli- 
ance with,  the  emperor.  His  hostile  pro- 
ceedings, however,  became  at  last  so  preg- 
nant with  danger  to  his  country,  that  a 
council  of  state  entreated  him  to  make  peace. 
This  he  refused  to  do  ;  a  revolution  in  Swe- 
den was  the  consequence ;  Gustavus  was 
imprisoned,  and  he  afterwards  signed  his 
abdication.  His  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Suder- 
mania,  was  then  raised  to  the  throne  by  the 
title  of  Charles  XIII.,  and  Christian  Au- 
gustus, of  Ilolstein  Augustenburg,  was  in- 
vested with  the  title  of  prince  royal  of 
Sweden,  or  heir  apparent.  This  prince  dying 
soon  after,  the  succession  was  transferred 
to  Marshal  Bernadotte,  who  in  1818  as- 
cended the  Swedish  throne,  as  Charles  John 
XIV.  After  his  abdication,  Gustavus  was 
for  years  known  as  a  mere  wanderer  upon 
the  face  of  Europe,  sometimes  bearing  the 
designation  of  Count  Gottorp,  sometimes 
that  of  the  Duke  of  Holstein,  and  again  the 
more  humble  one  of  Gustavson.  He  was  in 
England,  at  Hartwell,  with  Louis  XVIII. 
His  latter  years  were  spent  in  poverty,  his 


gut] 


^  IJeto  Wniljcrtfal  3Btflgraji]^|). 


[guy 


■mall  annuity  being  less  than  1001.  From 
his  relations  and  friends  he  would  receive 
nothing  ;  and  his  son,  Prince  Gustavus  Vasa, 
a  general  in  the  Austrian  service,  naturally 
anxious  to  render  his  father's  condition  less 
miserable,  was  compelled  to  adopt  various 
devices  to  assist  him.    Died,  1837. 

GUTCH,  JoHX,  an  antiquarian  writer, 
who  was  registrar  of  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, rector  of  St.  Clement's,  and  chaplain 
of  All  Soul's  College,  lie  publislied  "  Col- 
lectanea Curiosa,"  from  the  MSS.  of  Arch- 
bishop Bancroft,  2  vols.  ;  "  The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Colleges,  &c.,  from  MSS. 
In  the  Bodleian  library,  written  by  Anthony 
Wood;"  "The  Antiquities  and  Annals  of 
the  University,"  &c.    Died,  1831,  aged  8G. 

GUTHRIE,  William,  an  indefatigable 
writer,  was  born  at  Brechin,  Scotland,  in 
1708 ;  and  after  receiving  his  educatioi^  at 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  settled  in  London 
as  an  author.  Among  the  various  works 
which  bear  tliis  author's  name  are,  a  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  3  vols,  folio  ;  a  "  History 
of  Scotland,"  10  vols.  ;  an  "  Universal  His- 
tory," 13  vols.;  the  "Geographical  Gram- 
mar;" "  The  Friends,"  a  novel ;  "Kemarks 
on  English  Tragedy  ;  "  also  a  translation  of 
Quintilian,  2  vols.,  and  Cicero's  Offices. 
Died,  1770. 

GUTTEMBERO  or  GUTTENBERG, 
John,  usually  called  the  inventor  of  print- 
ing, was  bom  at  Mentz,  in  1400.  In  1427  he 
resided  at  Strasburg,  as  a  merchant ;  but  re- 
turned to  Mentz  in  1430.  About  1438,  Gut- 
tenberg  made  use  of  moveable  types  of  wood; 
and,  in  1450,  formed  a  co-partnership  with 
John  Faust,  or  Fust,  a  ricli  goldsmith,  wlio 
furnished  money  to  establish  a  press,  in 
which  the  Latin  Bible  was  first  printed. 
Guttenberg,  whose  printing-office  remained 
in  Mentz,  till  1465,  died  in  1468. 

GUY,  Thomas,  the  founder  of  Guy's  Hos- 
pital, was  the  son  of  a  lighterman  of  Hors- 
!  leydown,  and  bom  in  1644.    He  was  brought 
{  up  to  the  business  of  a  bookseller,  and  had  a 
I  lucrative  trade  by  dealing  largely  in  the  im- 
portation of  Bibles  from  Holland,  and  after- 
wards contracting    with   Oxford    for    those 
'  printed  at  that  university  ;  but  his  principal 
j  gains  arose  from  the  disreputable  purchase 
j  of  seamen's  prize  tickets,  and  jobbing  in 
South  Sea  stock.    By  these  means,  joined  to 
most  penurious  habits,  he  amassed  a  fortune 
of  nearly  half  a  million  sterling,  of  which  he 
spent  about  200,00<J^  in  building  and  endow- 
ing the  hospital  in  Southwark,  which  bears 
his  name.     He  also  erected  almsliouses  at 
Tamworth,  and  made  bequests  to  Christ's 
Hospital  and  various  other  charities  ;  besides 
leaving  80,000i.  to  be  divided  among  those 
who  could  prove  any  degree  of  relationship 
to  him.     He  died  in  1724,  aged  80. 

GUYON,  jEAiV  Makie  Bouviere  de  la 
MoTUE,  a  French  lady,  celebrated  as  a  re- 
ligious enthusiast,  was  born  at  Montargis 
in  1648,  and  become  a  widow  with  three 
children,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight.  Having 
a  strong  predilection  for  a  kind  of  mystical 
devotion,  she  relinquished  the  care  of  her 
children  to  others,  and  gave  up  a  part  of  her 
fortune  for  their  maintenance,  while  she 
professed  to  be  wholly  guided  by  "divine 
impulses,"  thereby  implying  a  complete  re- 


nunciation of  self,  the  silence  of  the  soul, 
and  the  annihilation  of  all  earthly  cares  and 
emotions,  wliicli  has  since  obtained  tlie 
name  of  quietism.  Misled  by  tlie  ardour  of 
her  zeal  and  a  heated  imagination,  slie 
imagined  that  heaven  destined  lier  for  an 
extraordinary  mission.  Thus  for  several 
years  she  wandered  from  place  to  place, 
preaching  her  doctrines,  and  making  con- 
verts ;  till  her  fame  reaching  Paris,  and 
calumny  having  been  busy  with  her  charac- 
ter, she  was  by  the  king's  order  eliut  up 
in  a  convent.  Through  the  intercession  of 
Madame  de  Maintenon,  however,  she  soon 
obtained  her  liberty  ;  and  such  were  the  at- 
tractions of  her  eloquence,  and  the  tender- 
ness and  apparent  fervour  of  her  piety,  that 
she  not  only  made  proselytes  of  many  ladies 
of  the  court,  but  enlisted  the  illustrious 
Fenelon  in  her  cause.  Her  doctrines  and 
conduct  at  length  excited  the  resentment  of 
Bossuet  and  other  rigid  ecclesiastics,  and  she 
was  compelled  to  sign  a  recantation.  But 
again  pursuing  the  same  career  in  Paris,  she 
was  confined  in  the  Bastile.  On  being  libe- 
rated, in  1702,  she  retired  to  Blois,  and  there 
passed  the  remainder  of  her  life  in  the  pri- 
vate exercise  of  "quietism."  Her  works, 
wliich  are  very  voluminous,  are  now  scarcely 
remembered,  except  the  one  entitled  "  The 
Song  of  Songs  interpreted  according  to  its 
Mystical  Sense."     Died,  1719. 

GUYON,  Makie  Claui>e,  a  priest  of  the 
Oratory  at  Paris  ;  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  Amazons  ; "  a  "  History  of  Empires  and 
Republics,"  12  vols.;  a  "History  of  tlie 
Indies,"  3  vols.,  &c.     Born,  1701  ;  died,  1771. 

GUYS,  Peteu  AuousTiNK,  a  French  mer- 
cliant,  born  at  Marseilles,  in  1720 ;  whose 
love  of  letters  induced  him,  when  trading  to 
the  Levant,  to  make  frequent  excursions  into 
Greece,  with  Humcr  in  his  hand,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  his  comments  on  the  spot, 
and  tracing  the  vestiges  of  its  ancient  glories. 
The  fruit  of  his  researches  appeared  in  a 
work,  entitled  "  Voyage  Litturaire  de  la 
Grfece."  He  also  wrote  "  Relation  Abrf^gte 
de  les  "Voyages  en  Italic  et  dans  le  Nord." 

GUYTON  DE  MORVEAU,  Louis  Bek- 
NAED,  an  eminent  French  chemist,  was  the 
son  of  a  lawyer  at  Dijon,  where  he  was  born 
in  1737.  He  was  bred  to  the  bar,  and  became 
advocate-general  to  the  parliament  of  his 
native  city  ;  but  he  applied  chiefly  to  natural 
philosophy  and  chemistry,  in  which  latter 
science  he  made  many  discoveries.  In  1777 
he  was  appointed  to  examine  the  coal-mines 
of  Burgundy,  on  which  he  made  a  miuera- 
logical  tour  of  that  province ;  and,  in  the 
course  of  these  inquirie?,  he  discovered  a  ricli 
lead  mine.  Soon  after  this  he  was  engaged 
in  writing  the  articles  on  chemistry  in  the 
Encyclopedic  Methodique  ;  in  1782  he  pub- 
lished his  new  chemical  nomenclature, 
paid  great  attention  for  a  time  to  the  science 
of  aerostation,  and  by  various  discoveries 
materially  promoted  the  advance  of  science. 
He  figured  among  the  earliest  and  most  vio- 
lent of  the  revolutionists  ;  bore  a  decided 
enmity  to  the  kingly  authority  and  the 
priesthood  ;  became  successively  a  member 
of  the  legislative  assembly,  tlie  convention, 
the  committee  of  public  safety,  and  the 
council    of  five    hundred ;    was    made    a 


GWl] 


^  i^m  Bnihtr^Kl  33iO(prajpi^ji. 


[hac 


member  of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  a  baron 
of  the  empire  by  Buonaparte  ;  and  was  di- 
rector of  tlie  Polytechnic  School  and  ad- 
ministrator of  the  mint.  Besides  his  share 
in  the  Encyclopedic  M^thodique,  he  was 
one  of  the  principal  editors  of  the  Annals 
of  Chemistry,  and  wrote  some  other  che- 
mical works.    Died,  181C. 

GWILYM,  David  ap,  a  British  bard, 
known  by  the  name  of  David  of  Glamorgan, 
and  styled  the  Welsh  Ovid,  was  born  in 
1340,  in  the  county  of  Cardigan.  He  was  one 
of  the  itinerant  bards,  and  became  steward 
and  tutor  in  the  family  of  Ivor  Hael,  where 
he  died,  in  1400.  His  poems  were  published 
in  1792,  and  are  said,  by  those  who  profess  to 
be  judges,  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any  of  his 
bardic  successors. 


GWINNE,  Matthew,  was  a  physician  of 
Welsh  descent,  but  born  in  London.  After 
taking  his  degrees  at  Oxford,  he  commenced 
practice  there  ;  but,  on  the  settlement  of 
Gresham  College,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
physic,  and  in  1G05  appointed  physician  to 
the  Tower.  Dr.  Gwinne  seems  to  have 
known  and  practised  tlie  courtier's  art  pretty 
well  ;  for,  knowing  the  mortal  antipathy 
James  I.  had  to  tobacco,  he  took  occasion, 
when  that  sapient  monarch  visited  Oxford, 
to  make  an  oration  against  that  "  filthy 
weed."  He  also  wrote  a  comedy  called 
"  Vertumnua,"  which  was  performed  before 
tlie  king  at  St.  Jolin's  College.  His  other 
works  consist  of  "  Orations,"  "  Letters  on 
Cliemical  and  Magical  Secrets,"  &c.  Died, 
1627. 


H. 


HAAK,  Theodore,  a  German  writer,  bom 
at  Newhausen,  in  1605.  He  studied  at  Ox- 
ford ;  translated  the  Dutch  "  Annotations  of 
the  Bible,"  2  vols. ;  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  died  in  1690. 

HAAS,  William,  a  letter- founder  at  Basle, 
who  improved  the  art  of  printing  by  the  in- 
vention of  a  balance-press,  &c.    Died,  1800. 

HABERLLN,  Francis  Dominic,  a  Ger- 
man historian  and  antiquary  ;  author  of  the 
"  History  of  the  German  Empire,"  20  vols., 
but  which,  owing  to  his  death,  in  1787,  was 
left  incomplete.  He  was  a  native  of  Suabia, 
and  professor  of  history  at  Helmstadt. 

HABERLIN,  Charles  Frederic,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence 
in  the  university  of  Helmstadt,  and  the 
author  of  various  legal  works.     Died,  1808. 

HABERT,  Germain,  a  French  poet,  was 
abbot  of  Notre  Dame  de  Cerisi,  and  one  of 
the  first  members  of  the  academy.  He  died 
in  1655.  His  principal  poem  is  entitled  "  Me- 
tamorphose des  Yeux  d'Iris  changds  en  As- 
tres."  He  also  wrote  the  "The  Life  of 
Cardinal  de  Berulle." 

HABERT,  Isaac,  bishop  of  Vabres,  in 
France  ;  distinguished  himself  as  a  contro- 
versialist against  Jansenius,  and  left  a  trans- 
lation of  the  pontifical  of  the  Greek  Church, 
some  Latin  poems,  and  other  works.  Died, 
1668. 

HABINGTOX,  Thomas,  a  gentleman  of 
landed  property,  at  Henlip,  in  Worcester- 
shire, who  was  implicated  in  various  trea- 
sonable practices,  but  who  had  the  good  for- 
tune, though  detected,  to  escape  from  the 
full  i)enalty  of  them.  He  was  found  guilty 
of  engaging  in  a  conspiracy  to  release  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned 
six  years  ;  and  he  was  afterwards  convicted 
of  concealing  some  of  the  agents  in  the  gun- 
powder-plot, and  received  sentence  of  death  ; 
but  obtained  a  pardon,  owing,  as  some  assert, 
to  his  having  been  the  godson  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  though,  more  probably,  to  the 
circumstance  of  his  daughter  being  the  wife 


of  Lord  Monteagle,  and  the  supposed  \iTiter 
of  the  mysterious  letter  that  led  to  its  dis- 
covery. He  was,  however,  restrained  from 
ever  leaving  Worcestersliire  :  in  consequence 
of  this,  he  employed  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
collecting  a  mass  of  topographical  materials, 
which  subsequently  formed  the  foundation 
of  Dr.  Nash's  history  of  that  county.  Born, 
1560  ;  died,  1647. 

HABINGTON,  William,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Henlip,  Worcestershire, 
in  1605  ;  and  was  both  a  poet  and  an  his- 
torian. He  was  educated  at  St.  Omer's  and 
Paris  ;  married  the  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
Powis ;  and  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
under  the  title  of  "  Castara  ; "  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  judgment  of  modern  critics,  possess 
much  fancy,  elegance,  and  moral  feeling. 
His  other  works  are,  "  The  Queen  of  Arra- 
gon,"  a  tragi-comedy  ;  "  Observations  upon 
History,"  and  "  A  Ilistory  of  Edward  IV." 
Died,  1645. 

IIACKET,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
was  born  in  1592  ;  received  his  education  at 
Westminster,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  became  chaplain  to  James  I. 
This  appointment  soon  led  to  other  church 
preferment.  In  1623  he  was  presented  ta  a 
stall  in  Lincoln  cathedral,  and,  shortly  after, 
to  the  rectory  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  with 
that  of  Cheam,  in  Surrey.  In  1631  he  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Bedford  ;  and  in  1641  he 
exchanged  his  prebend  at  Lincoln  for  a 
residentiaryship  at  St.  Paul's.  At  the  Re- 
storation he  was  made  bishop  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventry  ;  and  in  that  situation  he  ex- 
hibited a  degree  of  munificence  worthy  of 
his  station,  by  expending  20,000?.  in  repairing 
his  cathedral,  and  by  being  a  liberal  bene- 
factor to  the  college  of  which  he  had  been  <^ 
member.  He  was  the  author  of  "  A  Ceptury 
of  Sermons,"  "  Loyola,"  a  Latin  play,  twicie 
performed  at  the  university  before  James  J.  i 
and  the  "  Life  of  Bishop  Williams."  Died. 
1670. 

HACQUET,  BAt,THASAB,  an  eminent  n^,-. 


had] 


^  ^clB  WLnibex^iil  JSiograjilbl'* 


[hah 


taralist,  born  at  Conquet,  in  Britany,  in  1740. 
After  making  a  scientific  tour,  he  settled  at 
Laybach,  in  Camiola ;  became  professor  of 
surgery  at  the  Lyceum  there  ;  and  in  1788 
professor  at  Lemberg,  and  a  member  of  the 
council  of  mines  at  Vienna.  lie  produced 
several  works  illustrative  of  the  natural  his- 
tory and  state  of  the  countries  he  explored  ; 
and  died  in  1815. 

H  ADDICK,  Andrew,  Count  de,  a  German 
field-marshal,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  seven  years'  war,  and  who,  in  1780,  had 
the  chief  command  of  the  Austrian  forces 
against  the  Turks,  lie  was  alike  renowned 
for  his  bravery  and  skill,  and,  as  a  commander 
of  cavalry,  he  ha«  rarely  been  equalled. 
Died,  1790,  aged  80. 

HADDON,  Walteh,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  who,  on  the  deprivation  of  Gardiner, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  from  the  masterslup 
of  Trinity  Hall,  was  selected  to  fill  the  va- 
cant situation.  He  was  afterwards  president 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  but  during 
the  reign  of  Mary  he  was  compelled  to  seek 
obscurity.  Under  Elizabeth  he  became  judge 
of  the  prerogative  court ;  and  he  was  one  of 
the  three  commissioners  who  met  at  Bruges 
in  15C6,  to  arrange  a  treaty  of  commerce  be- 
tween England  and  the  Netherlands.  lie 
was  otherwise  much  employed  for  the  govern- 
ment ;  particularly  in  drawing  up  the  cele- 
brated code,  "  Reformatio  Legum  Ecclesias- 
ticarum  ;  "  and  he  wrote  various  poems  and 
treatises  in  Latin,  the  purity  and  elegance  of 
which  are  highly  commended.    Died,  1.072. 

UADLEY,  John,  an  English  philosopher, 
who  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. He  invented  the  quadrant  which  bears 
his  name,  and  also  a  reflecting  telescope  ; 
was  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions. 

HAEN,  Anthony  de,  or  VAN  HAEN,  a 
celebrated  physician,  was  born  at  Leyden, 
where  he  studied  under  Boerhaave.  He  first 
settled  as  a  physician  at  the  Hague ;  but,  after 
20  years'  residence,  he  removed  to  Vienna, 
where  he  obtained  a  prolessorship,  and  died 
in  1776. 

HAFIZ,  or  HAFEZ,  Mohammed  Schem- 
SEDDiN,  the  most  popular  of  the  Persian 
poets,  was  born  at  Shiraz,  and  flourished  in 
the  14th  century.  lake  Anacreon,  his  muse 
is  dedicated  to  love  and  wine,  and,  it  is  said, 
he  practised  what  he  preached.  If  we  may 
judge  of  their  general  merit  from  the  odea 
which  have  been  translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones 
and  others,  we  must  admit  that  the  fame  of 
Uafiz  has  never  been  overrated.  He  died 
in  1389  ;  and  his  countrymen  erected  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory,  which  w^as  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  182.5. 

HAGEDORN,  Fkedekic,  a  celebrated 
German  poet,  was  born  at  Hamburgh,  in 
1708.  He  was  educated  in  the  college  of  his 
native  city  ;  came  to  London  in  the  suite  of 
the  Danish  ambassador  ;  and,  in  1733,  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  English  factory  at 
Hamburgh.  He  was  the  author  of  Fables, 
Songs,  Tales,  and  Moral  Poems  ;  in  all  of 
which  there  is  considerable  originality,  and 
many  of  them  are  extremely  graceful.  Died, 
1754. 

HAGEDORN,  Cueistian  Lewis,  brother 


of  the  preceding,  held  the  rank  of  counsellor 
of  legation,  and  was  eminent  as  a  connois- 
seur of  the  fine  arts.  He  wrote  "  Remarks 
on  Painting,"  2  vols.  Sec.  Born,  1717  ;  died, 
1780. 

IIAGER,  Joseph  von,  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages  in  the  university  of  Pavia, 
was  born  at  Milan,  in  1750  ;  studied  at  Vi- 
enna ;  and  devoted  himself  to  the  acquisition 
of  a  critical  knowledge  of  the  Chinese  tongue. 
He  resided  some  time  in  London,  where  he 
published  several  works  explanatory  of  the 
Chinese  language  ;  but  meeting  with  little 
success,  he  went  to  Paris,  and  there  published 
many  more.  Among  his  works  are,  "  The 
Chinese  Pantheon,"  "An  Explanation  of 
the  Elementary  Characters  of  the  Chinese 
Language,"  "  A  Dissertation  on  the  newly 
discovered  Babylonian  Inscriptions,"  &c. 
Died  at  Milan,  1820. 

HAGUE,  Dr.  Charles,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, born  at  Tadcaster,  Yorkshire,  in  1769. 
Manifesting  a  talent  for  music  at  a  very 
early  age,  he  was  sent  to  Cambridge,  where 
he  received  lessons  from  Manini  and  the 
elder  Hellendaal.  He  was  indebted  for  his 
subsequent  instnictions  to  Salomon  and  Dr. 
Cook  ;  and  in  1799  he  succeeded  Dr.  Randall 
in  the  professorship  of  music  at  Cambridge. 
He  composed  a  variety  of  excellent  glees  and 
other  pieces,  all  remarkable  for  purity  and 
good  taste.     Died,  1821. 

HAHN,  Philip  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
mechanical  genius,  born  in  1739,  at  Scharn- 
liauseJt.  While  at  the  university  of  Tubin- 
gen, he  spent  his  leisure  hours  in  making 
sundials  and  siieaking-trumpcts,  grinding 
glasses,  &c.  He  contiuued  his  labours  with 
unremitting  assiduity,  and  eventually  pro- 
duced works  of  great  ingenuity  ;  as,  a  clock 
showing  the  course  of  the  earth  and  other  j 
planets,  as  well  as  that  of  the  moon  and 
other  satellites,  and  their  eccentricities  ;  a 
calculating  machine  ;  and  many  other  in- 
genious inventions.     Died,  1790. 

HAHNEMANN,  Samuel,  founder  of  the 
system  of  medicine  called  Homoeopathy,  was 
born  at  Meissen,  in  Saxony,  in  1755.  Edu- 
cated at  the  high  school  of  his  native  town, 
he  studied  successively  at  Leipsic,  Vienna, 
and  Erlangen,  where  his  zeal  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge  procured  him  the  regard  of  all 
his  teachers  ;  and  having  taken  his  degree  of 
M.D.,  he  was  appointed,  in  1781,  district  phy- 
sician at  Gomern,  near  Magdeburg,  where  he 
relieved  his  professional  labours  by  an  ar- 
dent study  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy.  In 
1784  he  removed  to  Dresden,  where  he  gained 
a  high  reputation  as  a  practitioner ;  but 
struck  with  the  absence  of  a  guiding  principle 
in  therapeutics,  and  the  great  uncertainty  of  I 
the  healing  art,  he  retired  from  practice, 
and  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  chemistry 
and  literary  occupations.  While  thus  em- 
ployed, the  great  law  of  "  similia  similibus 
curantur  "  dawned  upon  him,  and,  in  1796, 
he  announced  his  new  discovery  to  the  medi- 
cal world,  and  his  whole  time  was  now  spent 
in  testing  his  principles  by  practice,  and  in 
making  known  the  results  in  various  public- 
ations. In  1813  he  removed  to  Leipsic  as 
Magister  Legens  ;  but  the  persecutions  of  the  j 
apothecaries  drove  him  thence  to  Cothen, 
where  the  Duke  of  Anhalt-Cothen  offered  ; 


HAl] 


^  ^tbi  Bnihtx^Kl  3St00rapf)ii. 


[hal 


him  an  asylum  in  1820.  Here  he  remained 
for  15  years,  extending  his  fame  and  practice; 
but  in  1835,  having  married  a  French  lady 
when  in  his  80th  year,  he  removed  with  her 
to  Paris,  where  he  remained  in  the  active 
exercise  of  his  profession,  and  surrounded  by 
numerous  disciples  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  till  his  decease,  which  took  place  in 
1843.  His  chief  works  are  the  "  Organon  of 
the  Healing  Art,"  published  in  1810  ;  and 
"  Chronic  Diseases,  their  peculiar  Nature  and 
Homoeopathic  Cure,"  published  in  1828. 

IIAIIiLAN,  Bernard  de  Gikard,  Sieur 
d',  a  Frencli  liistorian,  was  born  at  Bour- 
deaux,  in  153.5.  He  was  originally  a  Pro- 
testant, but  changed  his  religion  for  inte- 
rest at  court,  where  he  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer of  France.  Besides  some  poems 
and  translations,  he  published  a  curious 
work,  entitled  "  Of  the  State  and  Success 
of  the  Affairsof  France,"  which  went  through 
several  editions.  He  also  wrote  a  "  History 
of  France,  from  Pharamond  to  Charles 
VII.,"  and  some  other  works.     Died,  1610. 

HAKEM-BAMRILLAH,  caliph  of  Egypt, 
a  sovereign  remarkable  for  the  impious  ex- 
travagance of  his  conduct,  succeeded  his 
father  Azis,  in  996,  at  the  age  of  11.  At 
first  he  was  a  zealous  Maliometan,  founding 
mosques,  colleges,  &c. ;  but  after  a  time  he 
took  a  fancy  to  establish  a  religion  of  his 
own.  He  styled  himself  the  visible  image  of 
God  upon  earth,  and  claimed  the  honours 
of  adoration.  He  persecuted  the  Jews  and 
Christians,  and  having  gained  many  fol- 
lowers, he  attempted  to  reform  Mahomet- 
anism,  by  suppressing  the  pilgrimages  to 
Mecca,  &c. ;  but  this  proved  his  destruction, 
and  he  perished  in  a  conspiracy  of  his  sub- 
jects, in  1020. 

HAKEWILL,  George,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1579.  lie  studied  at 
Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  after-which  he  became 
fellow  of  Exeter  College.  Having  taken  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  he  was  made  chaplain  to 
Prince  Charles,  and  archdeacon  of  Surrey  ; 
but  never  rose  higher  in  the  church,  owing 
to  his  writing  a  tract  against  the  proposed 
marriage  of  his  patron  with  tlie  infanta  of 
Spain.  For  this  he  not  only  lost  his  chap- 
laincy, but  was  sent  to  prison,  though  he 
soon  obtained  his  release.  Some  time  after, 
he  waa  elected  rector  of  Exeter  College, 
which  he  held  with  the  living  of  Heauton, 
in  Devonshire,  where  he  died  in  1649.  His 
greatest  work  is  entitled  "  An  Apology  or 
Declaration  of  the  Power  and  Providence  of 
God  in  the  Government  of  the  AVorld." 

HAKLUYT,  RtCHARD,  a  naval  historian, 
was  born  at  Eyton,  in  Herefordshire,  in 
1553.  He  received  his  education  at  West- 
minster School,  and  atChristchurch,  Oxford, 
where  lie  made  cosmography  liis  favourite 
study,  and  read  lectures  on  it.  About  1584 
he  went  to  Paris  as  chaplain  to  the  English 
ambassador,  and,  during  his  absence,  was 
made  prebendary  of  Bristol.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  published  several  works,  par- 
ticularly, a  translation  from  the  Spanish  of 
"  Leo's  Geographical  History  of  Africa," 
and  Peter  Martyr's  "  History  of  the  West 
Indies,"  In  1605,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
prebend  of  Westminster,  and  the  rectory  of 
Whetheringset,  in  Suffolk.     His  principal 


work  Is  a  valuable  collection  of  the  "  Voyages 
and  Discoveries  of  the  English  Nation,"  in 
3  vols,  folio. 

HAJiE,  Sir  Matthew,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish judge,  was  born  at  Aldersley,  in  Glou- 
cestershire, in  IGOO  ;  educated  at  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  and  removed  to  Lincoln's 
Inn,  where  he  studied  the  law  with  great 
application.  He  acted  as  counsel  for  Straf- 
ford, Laud,  Hamilton,  and  even  for  Charles 
himself;  yet,  by  dint  of  importunity,  Crom- 
well prevailed  upon  him  to  become  one  of 
the  justices  of  the  bench  ;  but,  refusing  to 
warp  the  laws,  lie  offended  the  protector, 
and  refused  to  try  any  more  criminal  causes. 
In  the  parliament  which  recalled  the  king, 
he  sat  for  his  native  county  ;  and,  soon  after 
the  Restoration,  was  made  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer  ;  from  which  he  was  advanced 
to  the  chief-justiceship  of  the  king's  bench. 
He  resigned  his  office  in  1675,  and  died  the 
following  year.  He  was  a  learned  man,  an 
upright  judge,  and  an  exemplary  Christian, 
His  writings  are  numerous  on  theological, 
philosophical,  and  legal  subjects.  The 
principal  are,  "  The  Primitive  Origination 
of  Mankind  considered  and  explained  ac- 
cording to  the  Light  of  Nature,"  "The 
History  of  the  Pleas  of  the  Crown,"  and 
"Contemplations,  Moral  and  Divine,"  3 
vols.  8vo.  He  also  wrote  various  mathe- 
matical and  philosophical  works ;  and  left 
a  very  valuable  collection  of  manuscripts 
relating  to  history  and  jurisprudence,  which 
are  preserved  in  the  library  of  Lincoln's 
Inn. 

HALES,  JoHX,  commonly  called  "  the 
ever-memorable,"  was  born  at  Bath,  in 
1.584.  He  suffered  great  hardships  in  the 
rebellion,  and  died  in  1656.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning  and  skill  in  argument,  as  ap- 
pears from  his  works,  which  were  collected 
after  his  death,  and  published  under  tlie 
title  of  "  Golden  Remains  of  the  ever-me- 
morable Mr.  John  Hales,  of  Eton  College," 
3  vols. 

HALES,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  philoso- 
pher, was  born  in  Kent,  in  1677,  and  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  in  1703.  He  in- 
vented a  machine  for  demonstrating  the 
motions  of  the  planets,  nearly  similar  to 
the  orrery,  and  in  1741  published  his  inven- 
tion of  ventilators.  He  contented  himself 
with  the  rectory  of  Teddington,  near  Hamp- 
ton Court,  refusing  higher  dignities  ;  and 
died  in  1761.  He  was  indefatigable  in  his 
scientific  researches,  particularly  in  those 
which  relate  to  vegetable  physiology  ;  and 
his  communications  to  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  were  very  numerous  ;  besides 
which  he  published  four  volumes  of  "  Statical 
Essavs,"  &c. 

HALFORD,  Sir  Hexrt,  bart.,  M.  D., 
G.  C.  H.,  one  of  the  most  eminent  and  suc- 
cessful of  modem  English  physicians,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  John  Vaughan,  of  Leicester, 
and  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  Oxford. 
His  extraordinary  success,  Sir  Henry  owed 
not  only  to  great  tact  and  gentleness,  aided 
by  a  most  gentlemanly  appearance  and  man- 
ners, but  also  to  consummate  skill,  which 
inspired  such  confidence,  that  he  attended 
George  m.  and  queen  Charlotte,  George  IV., 


hal] 


^  ^clM  ?ffntljfrjSaI  3Bi0srai)!)5. 


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and  queen  Victoria,  besides  other  members 
of  the  royal  family,  and  a  perfect  host  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry.  In  18()9,  he  was  already 
so  eminent  and  so  much  esteemed  by  his 
illustrious  patients,  that  he  was  created  a 
baronet ;  and  he  exchanged  his  paternal 
name  of  Vaughan  for  that  of  llalford  in  1815, 
by  act  of  parliament,  on  his  inheriting  a  pro- 
perty. He  published  a  vast  variety  of  essays, 
Latin  poems,  and  some  very  valuable  works 
on  professional  subjects  ;  and  it  may  be  very 
truly  said  of  him,  that  if  few  of  his  profession 
have  ever  been  more  successful,  very  few,  if 
any,  have  better  deserved  success.  Died, 
March  9.  1844  ;  aged  78. 

HALUED,  Nathaniel  Bkassey,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  was  educated  at  Har- 
row School,  and  afterwards  became  a  civil 
officer  in  tlie  East  India  Company's  service. 
lie  published  "  A  Code  of  Gentoo  Laws  on 
Ordinations  of  the  Pundits,  from  a  Persian 
Translation  ;"  "  A  Grammar  of  the  Bengal 
Language  ; "  and  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Events 
whicli  have  happened  in  Bombay  and  Ben- 
gal, relative  to  the  Mahratta  Empire  since 
July,  1777."  After  this  he  returned  to 
England,  and  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament 
as  a  member  for  Lymington  ;  but  it  appears 
that  he  laboured  under  a  species  of  mental 
delusion,  or  he  never  could  have  patronised 
and  defended  the  lunatic  prophet  Brothers, 
whose  confinement  in  Bedlam  he  denounced 
in  parliament  as  an  instance  of  tyranny  and 
oppression.     Born,  1751  ;  died,  18.'W. 

HALIFAX,  Geokge  Saville,  Marquis  of, 
an  eminent  statesman,  was  bom  in  1630 ; 
contributed  to  the  restoration  of  Charles  II., 
who  made  him  a  privy  councillor,  and  re- 
warded him  with  a  coronet.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  James,  he  was  appointed  president 
of  the  council,  from  which  he  was  dismissed 
for  refusing  his  consent  to  a  repeal  of  the 
tests.  In  the  convention  parliament  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and 
at  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary  was 
made  lord  privy  seal.  He  died  in  1095.  His 
lordship  wrote  an  excellent  piece,  entitled 
"  Advice  to  a  Daughter,"  and  various  po- 
litical tracts. 

HALIFAX,  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
was  born  at  Mansfield,  Derbyshire,  in  1733  ; 
received  his  education  at  Cambridge  ;  gra- 
duated as  LL.  D.,aud  obtained  the  profes- 
sorship of  Arabic,  which  he  resigned  soon 
after  for  that  of  civil  law.  In  1775  he  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Worksop,  Not- 
tinghamshire, and  made  king's  chaplain. 
In  1781  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Glou- 
cester ;  from  wliich  he  was  translated  to  the 
more  valuable  diocese  of  St.  Asaph,  in  1789. 
He  was  a  prelate  of  deep  erudition,  and  much 
beloved  for  lus  benevolent  disposition  and 
amiable  manners.  His  writings  are  select 
rather  than  numerous,  and  consist  of  ser- 
mons, a  volume  on  the  Prophecies,  and  an 
"  Analysis  of  Butler's  Analogy."   Died,  1790. 

HALKET,  Lady  Axne,  the  wife  of  Sir 
James  Halket.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Robert  Murray,  of  the  Tullibardin  family, 
and  born  in  1G22.  Her  father  was  preceptor 
to  Charles  I.,  and  afterwards  provost  of  Eton 
College  i  and  her  mother  was  sub-governess 
to  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  and  the  Princess 
Elizabeth.    Anne  received  a  liberal  educa- 


tion ;  but  theology  and  physic  were  her  fa- 
vourite studies,  iler  skill  in  the  latter  was 
so  great,  that  persons  came  from  Holland, 
and  other  countries,  to  benefit  by  her  advice 
and  treatment.    Died,  1099. 

HALL,  Edward,  an  old  English  chro- 
nicler, whose  works  rank  with  those  of 
Holingshed  and  Stowe.  He  was  a  native  of 
London,  and  being  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
attained  the  rank  of  a  judge  in  the  sheriff's 
court.  His  death  took  place  in  1547  As 
affording  delineations  of  the  manners,  dress, 
and  customs  of  the  age,  his  "  Chronicle," 
which  Grafton  completed,  is  verv  curious. 

HALL,  Sir  Jame.s  bart.,  F.Ii.S.  and  S.A., 
Edinburgh,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John 
Hall,  the  third  baronet  of  Dunglass,  and 
born  in  1700.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  the  Origin,  Principles,  and  His- 
tory of  Gothic  Architecture,"  and  of  many 
papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Edinburgh.  He  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  scientific  pursuits,  and  made  some 
ingenious  researches  and  discoveries  in 
mineralogy  aud  geology,  particularly  by  his 
experiments  in  the  fusionof  stony  substances 
—  tending  to  establish  the  truth  of  the  Ilut- 
tonian  theory  of  a  central  fire  against  the 
Wcmerian  or  aqueous  system.  Died,  at 
Edinburgh.  1832. 

HALL,  Basil,  Captain,  R.  N.,  a  distin- 
guished writer  of  voyages  and  travels,  &c. ; 
the  son  of  Sir  James  Hall,  who  has  also  found 
a  niche  in  our  Biographical  Treasury  ;  was 
born  at  Edinburgli  in  1788.  Entering  the  navy 
in  1802,  he  gradually  rose  througli  the  minor 
ranks  till  he  became  post-captain  in  1817. 
But  though,  like  most  other  British  officers, 
he  discharged  his  official  duties  with  great 
distinction  and  success,  it  is  on  the  field  of 
literature  that  he  reaped  his  most  honoured 
laurels  ;  for  to  whatever  quarter  of  the  world 
he  was  summoned  at  the  call  of  duty,  he 
viewed  men  and  manners  with  a  searching 
eye,  and  various  interesting  and  popular 
works  were  the  result  of  his  eager  and  indefa- 
tigable pursuit  of  knowledge.  Besides  con- 
tributing numerous  papers  on  scientific  sub- 
jects to  various  journals  and  encyclopsedias, 
Capt.  Hall  wrote  "  A  Voyage  of  Discovery 
to  the  Western  Coast  of  Corea  and  the  great 
Loo-Choo  Island  in  the  Japan  Sea  ;"  a  most 
interesting  work,  which  went  through  many 
editions  ;  "  Extracts  from  a  Journal  written 
on  the  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico,  in 
the  Years  1820, 1821, 1822,"  "  Travels  in  North 
America,"  "  Fragments  of  Voyages  and 
Travels,"  "  Schloss  Hcinfeld,  or  a  Winter  in 
Lower  Styria,"  &c.  His  last  work  was  pub- 
lished in  1841,  under  the  title  of  "  Patch- 
work," consisting,  as  its  name  implies,  of 
detached  papers,  embracing  recollections  of 
foreign  travels ;  incidents  worked  up  into 
short  talcs,  and  a  few  essays.  Having  been 
unfortunately  seized  with  insanity,  Capt. 
Hall  was  placed  in  the  Royal  Hospital,  Has- 
lar,  Portsmouth,  where  he  died  1844. 

HALL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  and  learned 
English  prelate.  He  was  born,  in  1574,  at 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch  ;  was  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel College,  Cambridge  ;  and  became  dean 
of  Worcester.  In  1024  he  refused  the  bi- 
shopric of  Gloucester  ;  but,  three  years  af- 
terwards, he  accepted  that  of  Exeter  ;  from 


hal] 


^  0eb3  mnibtv^al  MiaQVKi^^yi, 


[lIAL 


which  see  he  was  removed,  in  1641,  to  that 
of   Norwich.      In  a   few   weeks    after   his 
translation,  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  with 
twelve  other  prelates,  for  protesting  against 
any  laws  passed  in  parliament  during  tlieir 
1  forced  absence  from  the  house.     In  June, 
1642,  he  obtained  his  release  ;  but  the  next 
year  he  suffered  much  persecution  from  the 
Jpuritans,  who  plundered  his  house,  and  de- 
I  spoiled  tlie  cathedral.    His  estate  also  was 
j  sequestered ;   and  tlius,  in  liis  old  age,  he 
was  reduced  to  poverty,  which  he  endured 
with  fortitude,  and  continued  still  to  preach 
I  occasionally.    His  "  Meditations  "  are  well 
i  known  ;  and  his  poetical  talents,  chiefly  ex- 
ercised   in    satire,    were    very    respectable. 
He  is  universally  allowed  to  have  been  a 
man  of  great  wit  and  learning,  and  of  as 
great  meekness,  modesty,  and  piety.     His 
works  have  gained  him  the  appellation  of 
the  "  Christian  Seneca."    Died,  1656. 

HALL,  RiciiAHD,  an  English  divine  of 
the  Romish  church,  who,  in  tlie  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  went  to  Flanders,  and  became 
professor  of  divinity  at  Douay,  and  canon 
of  St.  Omer.  He  published,  among  other 
works,  a  "  History  of  the  Troubles  of  his 
Time  ;  "  and  is  very  severe  on  the  Protest- 
ants.   Died,  1604. 

HALL,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Baptist 
preacher,  and  a  distinguished  theological 
writer,  was  bom  at  Arnsby,  in  Leicester- 
shire, in  1764.  His  father,  who  was  also  a 
Baptist  minister,  earlj'  remarked  his  preco- 
city of  talent,  and  in  1773  placed  him  under 
the  instruction  of  the  learned  and  pious 
John  Ryland,  of  Northampton.  At  15  he 
became  a  student  in  the  Baptist  college  at 
Bristol ;  and  at  18  he  entered  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A. 
He  then  was  chosen  as  colleague  with 
Dr.  Caleb  Evans,  in  the  ministry  at  Bristol, 
and  adjunct  professor  in  the  institution. 
Here  he  attained  great  popularity  ;  but  he 
was  obliged  to  retire  from  this  situation,  in 
consequence  of  approacliing  symptoms  of 
mental  derangement.  By  judicious  treat- 
ment, during  a  long  seclusion  from  the  world, 
his  powerful  mind  regained  its  former  vi- 
gour ;  and,  in  1791,  he  removed  to  Cam- 
bridge, being  chosen  successor  to  the  cele- 
brated Robert  Robinson.  He  now  appeared 
as  the  author  of  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"Christianity  not  inconsistent  with  the 
Love  of  Freedom."  This  was  shortly  after 
followed  by  his  "  Vindication  of  the  Freedom 
of  the  Press,"  which  passed  through  several 
editions,  and  is  still  regarded  as  a  standard 
work.  But  it  was  his  "  Sermon  on  Modern 
Infidelity  "  that  established  his  fame  as  a 
divine.  In  1802,  Mr.  Hall's  mind  again 
received  a  shock,  which  obliged  him  to  sus- 
pend his  pulpit  labours  ;  and  on  his  recovery 
he  removed  to  Leicester,  where  he  remained 
as  pastor  of  the  Baptist  congregation  upwards 
of  20  years.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Ryland, 
in  182(;,  he  succeeded  to  the  presidency  of 
the  Bristol  Academy,  and  the  pastorsliip  of 
Broadmead  chapel  ;  and  there  he  continued 
till  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1831. 
Mr.  Hall  was  gifted  with  a  powerful  and 
persuasive  eloquence  ;  and  to  great  talents 
and  learning  he  united  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition and  a  truly  liberal  mind.    Dr.  Parr, 


who  was  his  intimate  friend,  says  of  him, 
in  his  last  will  and  testament,  "Mr.  Hall 
has,  like  Jeremy  Taylor,  the  eloquence  of 
an  orator,  the  fancy  of  a  poet,  the  subtility 
of  a  schoolman,  the  profoundness  of  a  philo- 
sopher, and  the  piety  of  a  saint."  His  works 
have  been  collected  and  published  since  his 
death,  in  6  vols.  8vo. 

HALLER,  Albekt  von,  an  eminent  Swiss 
physician,  was  born  at  Berne,  in  1708.  The 
early  display  of  his  abilities  was  most  ex- 
traordinary ;  and  when  in  his  13th  year, 
he  was  not  only  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge in  Greek  and  Latin,  but  also  for  his 
poetical  genius.  In  his  16th  year  he  began 
to  study  medicine  at  Tubingen,  but  the 
fame  of  Boerhaave  induced  him  to  remove 
to  Leyden,  where,  animated  by  the  example 
of  the  great  geniuses  around  him,  he  spent 
his  days  and  nights  with  the  least  possible 
intermission,  in  the  most  intense  study.  In 
1727  he  visited  England,  and  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  Che- 
selden,  and  other  eminent  men.  He  received 
the  title  of  physician  and  counsellor  to 
king  George  II.,  at  whose  request  Francis  I. 
gave  him  a  patent  of  nobility,  as  a  baron. 
After  17  years  absence  at  Gottingen,  the 
fame  of  whose  medical  school  he  had  greatly 
extended,  he  returned,  in  1753,  to  Berne, 
where  his  countrymen  received  him  with 
the  respect  due  to  his  great  fame  and  talents. 
Having  been  elected  a  member  of  the  sove- 
reign council  of  the  state,  he  soon  obtained 
one  of  its  magistracies ;  and  his  various 
duties  as  a  statesman,  a  physician,  and  a 
medical  teacher,  occupied  his  attention  till 
his  death.  His  "  Elementa  Physiologias  " 
and  "  Bibliotheca  Medicina; "  afford  ample 
proofs  of  his  penetrating  genius  and  solid 
judgment  ;  and  his  philosophical  and  de- 
scriptive poems  display  great  depth  of 
thought  and  richness  of  imagination.  He 
was,  in  short,  a  profound  philosopher,  an 
admirable  poet,  and  a  first-rate  physician 
and  botanist ;  yet  not  more  eminent  for  his 
various  scientific  knowledge,  than  for  his 
piety  and  active  benevolence.  He  died  in 
1777. 

HALLEY,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English 
astronomer  and  mathematician,  was  born, 
in  1656,  at  Haggerston,  near  London.  He 
received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
and  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  made 
so  great  a  proficiency  in  his  mathematical 
studies,  that  in  1676  he  published  observa- 
tions on  a  spot  in  the  sun,  by  which  the 
motion  of  that  body  on  its  axis  was  deter- 
mined. The  same  year  he  went  to  St. 
Helena,  where  he  determined  the  position 
of  350  stars,  which  procured  him  the  name 
of  tlie  Southern  Tycho.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  created  master  of  arts, 
and  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ; 
which  learned  body  deputed  him  to  go  to 
Dantzic,  to  adjust  a  dispute  between  Hooke 
and  Hevelius,  respecting  their  proper  glasses 
for  astronomical  purposes.  In  1680  he  made 
the  tour  of  Europe  with  Mr.  Nelson  ;  and 
on  the  passage  to  Calais  was  the  first  to 
observe  the  great  comet  —  the  same  erratic 
body  which  visited  our  hemisphere  again  in 
1835,  and  was  visible  in  England,  to  the 
naked  eye,  about  the  middle  of  October,  as 


hal] 


^  ^cfio  Winibtxial  aStoffraplbfi* 


[ham 


a  tolerably  bright  star,  just  above  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Great  Bear.  After  his  re- 
turn, he  turned  his  attention  to  the  theory 
of  the  planetary  motions,  which  brought 
him  acquainted  with  Isaac  Newton,  who  en- 
trusted to  him  the  publication  of  his  Prin- 
cipia.  To  ascertain  exactly  the  cause  of 
the  variation  of  the  compass,  he  was  made 
commander  of  a  ship  in  1698,  and  sent  to 
the  Western  Ocean ;  but  his  crew  being 
mutinous,  he  was  obliged  to  return.  The 
year  following  he  sailed  again,  and  pro- 
ceeded as  far  south  as  the  ice  would  permit ; 
the  result  of  which  observations  he  published 
in  a  general  chart.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
employed  to  observe  the  course  of  the  tides 
in  the  Cliannel,  and  to  make  a  correct  chart 
of  the  same.  Having  accomplislied  this 
object,  he  went  to  make  a  survey  of  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  for  the  emperor.  In  1703 
he  was  appointed  Savilian  professor  of 
geometry  at  Oxford  ;  in  1705  he  made  public 
his  valuable  researches  on  the  orbits  of 
comets  ;  in  1713  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society  ;  and  in  1719  he  succeeded 
Flamstecd  as  astronomer  royal.  Tlie  re- 
mainder of  his  life  was  chiefly  spent  in  the 
sedulous  performance  of  his  duties  in  that 
situation, especially  incompleting  the  theory 
of  the  motion  of  the  moon.  He  died  at 
Greenwich,  Jan.  14.  1741-2.  Fontenelle  thus 
speaks  of  Halley  :  "  To  his  great  extent  of 
knowledge  was  added  constant  presence  of 
mind,  and  a  freedom  of  expression,  at  once 
pertinent,  judicious,  and  sincere.  He  was 
naturally  of  an  ardent  temper  and  a  gen- 
erous disposition,  open  and  punctual  in  his 
transactions,  candid  in  his  judgment,  simple 
and  blameless  in  his  manners,  affable,  com- 
municative, and  disinterested."  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Catalogus  Stellarum  Aus- 
tralium,'*  "Tabulae  Astronomica:,"  "An 
Abridgment  of  the  History  of  Comets,"  &c. 

HALLIDAY,  Sir  Andrew,  an  eminent 
physician,  K.  H.  ;  was  originally  educated 
for  the  church,  but  being  of  an  ardent  and 
active  disposition,  he  prevailed  on  his  friends 
to  allow  him  to  embrace  a  more  active  pur- 
suit. After  the  usual  routine  of  education, 
Mr.  Ilalliday  travelled  throughout  Russia, 
Hungary,  and  Poland  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
England  commenced  practice  at  Birming- 
ham, where  he  met  with  very  considerable 
success.  His  active  nature,  however,  soon 
induced  him  to  obtain  a  medical  appoint- 
ment on  the  staff  of  the  army,  and  he  served 
witli  great  credit  to  himself,  and  no  less 
advantage  to  the  troops,  in  Spain  and  Por- 
tugal. He  was  present  at  the  memorable 
assault  upon  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  at  the 
still  more  memorable  battle  of  Waterloo. 
His  great  professional  talents,  his  stock  of 
general  knowledge,  and  his  amiable  and  pre- 
possessing manners,  gained  him  an  enviable 
distinction,  both  abroad  and  at  home,  to 
which  circumstance  he  doubtless  partly  owed 
the  honour  of  being  selected  to  fill  the  post 
of  travelling  medical  attendant  to  William 
IV.,  when  that  sovereign,  then  Duke  of  Cla- 
rence, was  obliged  to  travel  for  the  restora- 
tion of  liis  health.  The  principal  of  his 
works  are  a  "  Memoir  on  the  West  Indies," 
"  Observations  on  Ephysema,  or  the  Disease 
which  arises  from  the  Diffusion  of  Air  into 


385 


the  Cavity  of  the  Throat,"  "  Remarks  on  the 
Lunatic  Asylums  in  Ireland,"  "  Observations 
on  the  State  of  the  Portuguese  Army,  1811," 
a  translation  of  Professor  Franck's  "  Expo- 
sition of  the  Causes  of  Diseases,"  "  Memoir 
of  the  Campaign  of  1815,"  a  "  History  of  the 
House  of  Brunswick  and  Lunenburg,"  and 
"  Annals  of  the  House  of  Hanover."  Died, 
1840. 

HALS,  Francis,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  bom  at  Mechlin,  in  1584,  who  was 
considered  as  ranking  next  to  Vandyke. 
Died,  1CG().  — His  brother,  Dirk  Hals,  was 
famous  for  painting  merry-makings  and 
subjects  of  drollery.    Died,  1656. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  adistinguished 
American  officer  and  legislator  in  the  war 
of  independence,  was  born  in  1757.  While 
a  student  of  Columbia  College,  at  the  age  of 
17,  he  published  several  essays  concerning 
the  rights  of  the  colonies,  which  were  marked 
by  vigour  and  maturity  of  style,  as  well  as 
by  soundness  of  argument.  Before  he  was 
19  he  entered  the  American  army,  with  the 
rank  of  captain  of  artillery  ;  and  by  the 
time  he  was  20,  the  commander-in-chief  had 
made  him  his  aide-de-camp,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel.  From  this  time  he 
continued  the  inseparable  companion  ^of 
Washington  during  the  war,  and  was  always 
consulted  by  him  on  the  most  important 
occasions.  After  the  war.  Colonel  Hamilton, 
then  about  24,  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  was  soon  admitted  at  the  bar.  In 
1782  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress 
from  the  state  of  New  York,  where  he  quickly 
acquired  the  greatest  influence  and  distinc- 
tion. He  contributed  greatly  to  the  favour- 
able reception  of  the  constitution,  by  the 
essays  he  wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Madi- 
son and  Jay,  in  the  "  Federalist."  On  the 
organisation  of  the  federal  government  in 
1789,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  trea- 
sury ;  and  during  his  continuance  in  that 
ofllce,  about  five  years,  he  raised  the  public 
credit  from  the  lowest  state  of  depression 
to  a  height  altogether  unprecedented  in  the 
history  of  the  country.  In  1798,  when  an 
invasion  was  apprehended  from  the  French, 
and  a  provisional  army  had  been  called  into 
the  field,  his  public  services  were  again 
required  ;  and  on  the  death  of  Washington, 
in  1799,  he  succeeded  to  the  chief  command. 
U'hen  the  army  was  disbanded,  Hamilton 
again  returned  to  the  bar,  and  continued  to 
practise,  with  increased  reputation  and  suc- 
cess, until  1804.  A  quarrel  having  taken 
place  between  him  and  Colonel  Burr,  the 
latter  challenged  liim,  and  they  met  at  Ho- 
boken  on  the  11th  of  July,  At  the  first  fire 
Hamilton  fell,  mortally  wounded,  on  the 
same  spot  where,  a  short  time  previously, 
his  eldest  son  had  been  killed  in  a  duel. 
The  sensation  which  this  occurrence  pro- 
duced throughout  the  United  States,  was 
very  great  ;  for,  of  all  the  American  states- 
men, he  displayed  the  most  comprehen- 
sive understanding  and  the  most  varied 
ability.  | 

HAMILTON,  Anthony,  Count,  a  poet, 
courtier,  and  man  of  letters  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
Scotcli  family,  but  born,  in  1646,  in  Ireland  ; 
from  whence  he  was  taken  to  France,  when 


a  child,  by  his  parents,  who  were  attached 
to  Charles  II.  When  James  II.  was  obliged 
to  contend  for  his  crown  in  Ireland,  he  gave 
Count  Hamilton  a  regiment  of  infantry,  and 
made  him  governor  of  Limerick  ;  but  on  the 
ruin  of  the  royal  cause,  he  accompanied 
James  to  France,  where  he  passed  the  rest 
of  his  life.  His  wit  and  talents  secured  him 
admission  into  the  first  circles  ;  and  he  died 
at  St.  Germain,  in  1720.  Count  Hamilton  is 
chiefly  known  as  an  author  by  his  "  Memoirs 
of  Count  Grammont,"  a  lively  and  spirited 
production,  exhibiting  a  free  and  faithful 
delineation  of  the  voluptuous  court  of 
Charles  II.  His  other  works  are,  "  Poems 
and  Fairy  Tales,"  wliich,  as  well  as  the 
Memoirs,  are  in  French,  and  display  ele- 
gance of  style  with  fertility  of  invention. 

HAMILTON,  Elizabeth,  a  lady  of  great 
literary  attainments,  was  born  at  Belfast,  in 
Ireland,  in  17.58.  She  wrote  the  "  Letters  of 
a  Hindoo  Rajah,"  2  vols. ;  '•  The  Life  of 
Agrippina,"  3  vols. ;  "  Memoirs  of  Modem 
Philosophers,"  "  Popular  Essays,"  2  vols.  ; 
•'  On  the  Elementary  Principles  of  Educa- 
tion," "  Letters  on  the  Formation  of  the 
Religious  and  Moral  Principle,"  and  other 
works,  replete  with  sound  sense  and  inform- 
ation.    Died,  1816. 

Hamilton,  Gavin,  an  historical  painter, 
and  connoisseur  of  ancient  art,  was  born  at 
Lanark,  in  Scotland.  Having  discovered 
an  early  genius  for  painting,  he  was  sent  to 
Italy,  and  placed  under  Augustine  Massunhi, 
by  whose  instructions  he  profited  consider- 
ably ;  after  which  he  applied  with  great 
diligence  to  the  study  of  the  antique,  which 
has  given  his  paintings  of  ancient  subjects 
that  propriety  with  regard  to  costume,  which 
distinguished  them  at  the  time  from  the 
generality  of  modern  compositions.  One 
of  his  greatest  works  was  his  Homer,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  pictures,  representing 
scenes  taken  from  the  Iliad.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  employed  in  making 
excavations,  at  Tivoli,  among  the  ruins  of 
Adrian's  villa,  and  in  various  other  places 
in  Italy  ;  by  which  he  was  enabled  to  bring 
to  light  many  of  the  long  buried  treasures 
of  antiquity ;  so  that  the  success  which 
crowned  his  researches  made  ample  amends 
for  the  loss  which  painting  may  have  suf- 
fered by  the  intermission  of  his  practice. 
He  died  at  Rome,  in  1796. 

HAMILTON,  James,  Duke  of,  was  born 
in  Scotland,  in  1G06  ;  became  a  favourite  at 
court ;  and,  when  the  troubles  broke  out  in 
Scotland,  had  the  command  of  the  fleet.  In 
164.3  he  was  created  a  duke  ;  but  soon  after- 
wards his  loyalty  became  suspected,  and  he 
was  sent  prisoner  to  Pendennis  Castle,  and 
next  to  that  of  St.  Michael's  Mount,  in 
Cornwall.  There  he  remained  till  1646, 
when  he  regained  his  liberty  and  went  to 
Scotland,  where  he  was  accused  of  having 
betrayed  the  king,  and  received  a  share  of 
the  money.  To  wipe  off  this  disgrace  he 
raised  some  forces,  and  entered  England ; 
but  was  defeated  at  Preston,  in  Lancashire, 
August  17.  1648,  and  sent  to  Windsor  Castle. 
After  a  summary  trial  before  Bradshaw,  he 
was  sentenced  to  be  beheaded,  which  was 

put  in  execution  March  9.   1648-9 His 

brother    William,  who  succeeded  him  in 


the  title,  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Worcester,  Sept.  3.  1651. 

HAMILTON,  James,  inventor  of  the 
Hamiltonian  system  of  teaching  languages, 
died  at  Dublin,  where  he  had  gone  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  lectures,  Sept.  16.  1829. 

HAMILTON,  Patrick,  the  first  Scotch 
reformer,  was  nephew  to  James,  earl  of 
Arran,  and  born  in  1503.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's  ;  after  which  he  went 
abroad,  where  he  imbibed  the  opinions  of 
Luther.  On  his  return  home  he  was  made 
abbot  of  Feme,  in  the  shire  of  Ross,  where 
he  promulgated  the  new  doctrines  with  so 
much  zeal  as  to  excite  the  wrath  of  the 
clergy,  who  caused  him  to  be  apprehended 
and  sent  to  Beaton,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's. After  a  long  examination  he  was 
declared  contumacious,  and  burnt  at  a  stake 
opposite  St.  Salvador's  College,  March  1. 
1527. 

HAMILTON,  Captain  Thomas,  is  chieflv 
known  as  the  author  of  "  Cyril  Thornton," 
a  stirring  novel  of  military  adventure,  com- 
bining the  elegant  style  of  an  excellent  clas- 
sical scholar  with  the  graphic  description  and 
vivid  feeling  of  one  who  had  participated  in 
the  scenes  and  circumstances  that  he  de- 
scribed. After  serving  through  the  Penin- 
sular and  American  campaigns,  Capt.  Hamil- 
ton devoted  his  time  chiefly  to  literature,  and 
he  was  a  voluminous  contributor  to  Black- 
wood's Magazine,  in  which  Cyril  Thornton 
originally  appeared.  His  chief  separate 
works  after  Cyril  Thornton  are,  "  Annals  of 
the  Peninsular  Campaign"  and  "Men  and 
Manners  in  America."  Died,  Dec.  7. 1842, 
aged  53. 

HA3IILT0N,  William,  an  historical 
painter,  was  bom  in  1750.  He  went  to  Italy 
when  very  young,  and  was  there  placed 
under  the  instruction  of  Zucchi,  the  painter 
of  arabesque  ornaments,  at  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  acquired  considerable 
employment  ;  and,  in  1789,  was  admitted  a 
roval  academician.     Died,  1801. 

HAMILTON,  William,  a  Scotch  poet, 
was  born  at  Bangour,  in  Ayrshire,  in  1704. 
He  joined  the  Pretender  in  1745,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  being  taken  after  the  battle 
of  CuUoden.  Died,  1754.  Among  his  songs 
and  ballads  is  the  well  known  "Braes  of 
Yarrow." 

HAMILTON,  William  Gerakd,  a  states- 
man who  obtained  the  appellation  of 
"  Single  Speech  Hamilton,"  from  the  extra- 
ordinary impression  produced  by  the  first 
and  almost  only  speech  he  ever  made  in  the 
British  parliament,  was  the  son  of  a  barris- 
ter of  Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  was  born  in 
1729.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  School 
and  Oriel  College,  Oxford.  In  1754  he  was 
elected  into  parliament  for  Petersfleld,  and 
the  year  following  delivered  the  speech 
alluded  to.  In  1761  he  went  to  Ireland  as 
secretary  to  I/Ord  Halifax,  and  in  the  par- 
liament of  that  kingdom  he  confirmed  the 
reputation  which  he  had  gained  in  England 
by  his  oratory.  He  was  above  twenty  years 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland,  but 
retired  from  public  life  in  1784.  His  works, 
consisting  of  "  Parliamentary  Logic," 
"  Speeches,"  &c.  were  printed  in  1808,  witli 
the  life  of  the  author  prefixed.    Among  the 


ham] 


^  ^cbj  Winihtri^l  Jiiastn^'i)^, 


[ham 


many  to  whom  the  Letters  of  Junius  were 
once  ascribed,  Mr.  Hamilton  was  one  ;  but 
there  was  scarcely  the  shadow  of  an  argu- 
ment to  support  the  conjecture.     Died,  1796. 

HAMILTON,  Sir  Williasi,  bart.,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland  ;  born  in  1730.  His  mother 
having  been  the  nurse  of  George  III.,  young 
Hamilton  very  naturally  obtained  that 
prince's  patronage.  Sir  William  was  gene- 
rally distinguished  for  his  taste  in  the  polite 
arts,  employed  a  large  portion  of  his  life  in 
the  study  of  natural  history,  and  supplied 
the  Philosophical  Transactions  and  the 
Archasologia  with  many  learned  articles. 
During  his  residence  as  ambassador  from 
England  to  the  court  of  Naples,  he  published 
his  "  Campi  Phlegraei,"  from  his  observations 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  Mount  Etna,  and  other 
volcanoes.  He  presented  many  books, 
manuscripts,  and  geological  curiosities  to 
the  British  Museum  ;  and,  after  his  death, 
his  superb  collection  of  antique  vases  was 
purchased  by  parliament  for  that  institution. 
Died,  1K0.3. 

HAMILTON,  Emma,  Lady,  wife  of  the 
above-mentioned  Sir  William,  was  the 
daughter  of  a  female  servant.  At  the  age 
of  13,  she  obtained  a  situation  for  her 
daughter,  called  Emma  Harte,  in  the  house 
of  Mr.  Thomas,  of  Howardcn,  Flintshire, 
to  wait  on  his  children.  Emma,  it  seems, 
thought  the  situation  dull,  and  left  it.  At 
16,  she  went  to  London,  got  a  place  in  the 
house  of  a  shopkeeper  in  St.  James's  Market, 
and  soon  after  was  hired  to  wait  uiion  a 
lady  of  rank,  where,  having  only  the  duty 
of  dressing  her  mistress,  she  passed  her  lei- 
sure time  in  reading  novels  and  plays.  She 
soon  acquired  a  taste  for  the  drama  ;  and 
employed  herself  in  imitating  the  attitudes 
and  manners  of  persons  on  the  stage,  from  a 
desire  to  become  an  actress.  She  thus  laid 
the  foundation  of  her  extraordinary  skill 
in  pantomimic  representations.  But  she 
neglected  her  business,  was  dismissed,  and 
went  to  serve  in  a  low  tavern,  frequented 
by  actors,  painters,  musicians,  &c.  In  this 
service,  she  formed  an  acquaintance  with  a 
W^elsh  youth,  who,  being  pressed  upon  the 
river,  she  hastened  to  the  captain  and  ob- 
tained the  boy  his  liberty.  The  captain 
loaded  her  with  presents,  and  with  him  she 
remained  for  some  time.  At  J^ength  she 
quitted  him  for  a  gentleman  of  large  fortune, 
who  kept  her  in  great  affluence  for  a  short 
period  ;  but  disgusted  by  her  extravagance, 
and  induced  by  domestic  considerations,  he 
dismissed  her.  Reduced  to  the  greatest 
poverty,  she  became  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon of  degraded  females.  From  this  state 
she  was  relieved  by  the  infamous  Dr.  Gra- 
ham, who,  perceiving  the  beautiful  sym- 
metry of  her  person,  took  her  to  his  house, 
and  there  exhibited  her,  covered  only  with 
a  transparent  veil,  under  the  name  of  the 
goddess  Uygeia.  Painters,  sculptors,  and 
others,  paid  their  tribute  of  admiration  at- 
the  shrine  of  this  new  goddess.  The  artful 
quack  had  her  bust  modelled ;  numbers 
purchased  it,  and  a  greater  number  came 
to  admire  the  original.  She  was  an  adept 
in  deceit ;  with  a  violent  and  impassioned 
temper,  she  assumed  the  appearance  of  can- 
dour, innocence,  and  simplicity.      Charles 


Greville  (of  the  Warwick  family)  became 
enamoured  with,  and  would  have  married 
her,  but  for  the  interference  of  his  uncle. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  who,  according  to  some 
accounts,  made  an  agreement  with  Greville 
to  pay  his  debts,  on  condition  that  he  should 
give  up  his  mistress  ;  or,  as  others  state  the 
Circumstance,  in  his  endeavours  to  save  his 
nephew,  fell  into  the  snare  himself,  and 
became  the  victim  of  her  arts.  He  made 
her  his  wife  in  1791  ;  introduced  her  at  the 
court  of  Naples,  where  the  queen  became  so 
inl'atuated  with  the  new  ambassadress,  as 
frequently  to  keep  her  a  visitor  at  the  pa- 
lace. It  was  there  that  she  imbibed  a  violent 
passion  for  England's  naval  hero,  then  com- 
manding the  "Agamemnon  ;  "  and,  from  that 
period,  she  became  the  companion  of  Nel- 
son, to  whom  she  was  sometimes  useful  as  a 
political  agent.  After  the  victory  of  Aboukir, 
when  the  conqueror  was  received  in  Naples 
with  extravagant  rejoicings.  Lady  Hamilton 
was  the  heroine  of  the  crowd,  and  accom- 
panied the  slave  of  her  charms  wherever  he 
went.  To  her  advice  is  attributed  the  igno- 
minious death  of  Prince  Caracciolo,  the 
oldest  and  the  best  officer  in  the  Neapolitan 
navy.  She  died  in  1816,  in  the  neighbour- 
liood  of  Calais. 

HAMMOND,  Axxnomr,  an  ingenious 
writer,  wos  bom  at  the  family  scat  of  So- 
mersham  Place,  Huntingdonshire,  in  1668. 
He  woa  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  became  a  member  of  parliament, 
where  his  eloquence  procured  him  the  name 
of  "  Silver  Tongue."  He  was  also  a  com- 
missioner of  the  navy  ;  but  died  a  prisoner 
in  the  Fleet,  in  17-J8.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  "  Miscellany  of  Original  Poems." 

HAMMOND,  Jajiks,  an  elegiac  poet,  was 
bom  in  1710 ;  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  School ;  was  appointed  equerry 
to  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales  ;  and  sat  in 
parliament  for  Truro.  He  died  in  1741,  his 
health,  if  not  his  intellect,  having  been 
disordered  by  an  unfortunate  attachment  to 
a  young  lady  who  rejected  his  addresses. 
After  his  death,  a.  small  volume  of  his  "  Love 
Elegies "  was  published,  which,  though 
chiefly  imitations  of  Tibullus,  are  obviously 
the  fruits  of  a  cultivated  taste,  and  possess 
much  warmth  and  tenderness. 

HAMPDEN,  John,  a  political  character 
of  great  celebrity  in  tlie  reign  of  Charles  I., 
was  descended  of  an  ancient  family  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, and  bom  in  London,  in  1594. 
In  1636  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
spirited  opposition  to  the  payment  of  ship- 
money,  by  which  he  acquired  great  popu- 
larity. He  became  a  leading  man  in  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  and  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  civil  war  he  took  up  arms  against 
the  king,  and  accepted  the  command  of  a 
regiment  in  the  parliamentary  army,  under 
the  Earl  of  Essex.  Prince  Rupert  having 
beaten  up  the  quarters  of  the  parliamentary 
troops  near  Thame,  in  Oxfordshire,  IlainiKlen 
eagerly  joined  a  few  cavalry  that  were  rallied 
in  haste,  and,  in  the  skirmish  that  ensued, 
received  a  wound,  which  in  a  few  days 
proved  fatal.  His  character  and  conduct 
throughout  his  contest  with  the  crown 
showed  great  firmness  and  moderation  ;  and 
his  name  has  become  a  sort  of  watchword  to 


387 


L  L  2 


ham] 


^  ^cia  BnibtviaX  33t03Taji]^i). 


[han 


many  who,  lacking  his  stem  republican 
virtues,  exult  in  displaying  their  patriotism 
by  resisting  not  merely  taxation  by  prero- 
gative, but  the  law  of  the  land.     Died,  1643. 

HAMPER,  William,  an  antiquarian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native  of  Bir- 
mingham. His  principal  publication  is 
"  The  Life,  Diary,  and  Correspondence  of 
Sir  William  Dugdale."  He  was  a  contri- 
butor to  several  archaeological  works,  and 
furnished  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  with 
numerous  sketches  and  descriptions.  Died, 
1831. 

HANDEL,  George  FnEDKRic,  an  illus- 
trious musician,  was  born  at  Halle,  in 
Saxony,  in  1684.  His  father,  who  intended 
him  for  the  law,  perceiving  his  propensity 
to  music,  discouraged  it  as  much  as  possible, 
and  especially  forbade  liim  to  touch  an  in- 
strument. The  boy,  however,  contrired  to 
have  a  small  clavichord  concealed  in  the 
garret,  where  he  used  to  amuse  himself  wlien 
the  family  were  asleep.  At  the  age  of  7  he 
went  with  his  father  to  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Weissenfels,  to  whom  Handel's 
brother-in-law  was  valet.  While  there,  it 
was  impossible  to  keep  the  child  from  the 
harpsichords,  and  he  sometimes  went  into 
the  organ  loft  at  church,  and  played  after 
service  was  over.  On  one  of  these  occasions, 
the  duke  going  into  the  church,  was  surprised 
at  hearing  some  person  playing  on  the  organ; 
and  more  so  at  finding  that  it  was  a  child 
of  7  years  old,  the  brother  of  his  own  valet. 
Upon  this  he  reasoned  in  strong  terms  with 
the  father,  who  agreed  to  place  his  son  under 
Zuckau,  the  organist  of  the  cathedral  at 
Halle,  a  man  equally  capable  and  disposed 
to  do  justice  to  so  promising  a  pupil.  At 
the  age  of  9,  Handel  composed  the  church 
service,  for  voices  and  instruments  ;  and 
when  he  was  14  he  far  excelled  his  master, 
and  was  sent  to  Berlin,  where  the  sovereign 
made  him  liberal  presents.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1703,  he  proceeded  to  Ham- 
burgh, then  celebrated  for  the  excellence  of 
its  musical  performances,  and  procured  an 
engagement  there,  in  the  orchestra  at  the 
opera.  In  1704  lie  brought  out  his  first 
opera,  "  Almira."  Soon  after  this  he  visited 
Italy,  and  at  Florence  produced  the  opera  of 
"  Rodrigo."  He  subsequently  went  to 
Venice,  Naples,  and  Rome ;  and  having 
altogether  remained  in  Italy  about  6  years, 
he  accepted  the  pressing  invitations  he  had 
received  from  many  of  the  British  nobility 
to  visit  London,  and  set  out  for  England, 
where  he  arrived  in  the  latter  end  of  1710. 
The  flattering  reception  he  experienced  in- 
duced him  to  prolong  his  stay,  and  he  rose, 
during  the  50  years  which  followed,  to  the 
height  of  professional  honour.  In  1741  he 
brought  out  his  chef-d'oeuvre,  the  oratorio  of 
the  "  Messiah  ;  "  and  although  this  sublime 
composition  was  not  at  first  duly  appreciated, 
yet  its  vast  merits  were  soon  made  known, 
and  it  increased  constantly  in  reputation. 
Some  time  previous  to  his  decease,  he  was  af- 
flicted by  total  blindness  ;  but  this  misfor- 
tune had  little  effect  on  his  spirits,  and  he 
continued  not  only  to  perform  in  public, 
but  even  to  compose,  till  within  a  week  of 
his  death,  which  took  place  in  London,  in 
1759.      Handel's  manners  were  rough,  and 


his  temper  even  violent ;  but  his  heart  was 
humane,  and  his  disposition  liberal.  His 
musical  powers  can  hardly  be  estimated  too 
highly.  In  boldness  and  strength  of  style, 
and  in  the  combination  of  vigour,  spirit,  in- 
vention, grandeur,  and  sublimity,  he  has 
never  been  surpassed.  "  Conceive,"  said 
Arbuthnot  to  Pope,  "  the  highest  you  can 
of  his  abilities,  and  they  are  much  beyond 
any  thing  you  can  conceive."  This  great 
composer  was  buried  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, where  a  monument  is  erected  to  his 
memory. 

HANMER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
statesman  and  writer,  was  born  in  1676,  and 
succeeded  his  uncle  in  his  title  and  the  family 
estate  of  Hanmer.  He  was  elected  M.  P.  for 
Suffolk,  and,  in  1713,  chosen  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  an  office  which  he  dis- 
charged with  great  impartiality.  Towards 
the  close  of  his  life  he  withdrew  altogether 
from  public  business,  and  occupied  himself 
in  elegant  literature  ;  the  fruits  of  which  ap- 
peared in  a  corrected  and  illustrated  edition 
of  Shakspeare's  dramatic  works,  in  6  vols. 
4to.    Died,  1746. 

HANNEMAN,  Adrian,  an  eminent  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  was  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1611.  He  imitated  Vandyke  so 
closely,  that  his  portraits  are  not  often  to  be 
distinguished  from  those  of  that  great  master. 
He  came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.,  and  continued  here  several  years.  Died, 
1680. 

HANNIBAL,  general  of  the  Carthagi- 
nians, was  the  sou  of  Amilcar,  who  caused 
him,  at  the  age  of  8  years,  to  swear  be- 
fore the  altar  eternal  enmity  to  the  Romans. 
In  the  year  of  Rome  534,  and  b.  c.  220,  he 
took  the  command  of  the  army,  on  the  death 
of  his  brother  Asdrubal.  After  achieving 
several  conquests  in  Spain,  he  turned  his 
arms  against  the  Romans,  and  crossed  the 
Alps  by  a  new  road.  Having  defeated  Scipio 
and  other  commanders,  in  separate  actions, 
he  marched  towards  Rome,  and  gained  the 
victory  of  Cannae,  b.  c.  216.  Instead  of  fol- 
lowing up  this  advantage,  Hannibal  rested 
at  Capua,  which  enabled  the  Romans  to  re- 
cover from  their  fright,  so  that  when  the 
Carthaginians  encamped  before  the  city, 
their  appearance  created  no  alarm.  Hanni- 
bal, finding  it  hopeless  to  make  any  attempt 
upon  the»eapital,  retreated.  Two  years 
afterwards  he  defeated  Marcellus ;  but  not- 
withstanding this,  finding  his  aflFairs  growing 
desperate  in  Italy,  where  he  had  now  been 
16  years,  he  made  overtures  of  peace,  which 
terminated  without  effect.  The  battle  of 
Zama,  in  which  he  lost  20,000  men,  com- 
pletely ruined  Hannibal,  and  he  retired  to 
Asia,  where  he  took  refuge  with  Prusias,  king 
of  Bithynia  ;  but  being  apprehensive  that  he 
should  be  delivered  up  to  the  Romans,  he 
took  poison,  at  the  age  of  64,  B.C.  183. 

HANNO.  There  were  several  Carthagi- 
nian generals  of  this  name.  —  One  of  them 
made  a  voyage  on  the  western  coast  of 
Africa,  of  wliich  he  has  left  a  description, 
called  the  "  Periplus  of  Hanno."  The  pur- 
pose of  this  voyage  was  to  make  discoveries 
for  the  benefit  of  commerce,  and  to  settle 
colonies,  of  which  he  established  several — 
Two  Carthaginian  generals,  of  the  name  of 


i 


han] 


^  ^cU)  Hni&trsal  3Bi0flrapIjy. 


[hab 


Hanno,  commanded  in  Sicily,  successively, 
during  the  first  Punic  war. — Another  Hanno 
was  one  of  the  commanders  under  Hanni- 
bal in  Italy,  and  was  successful  on  several 
occasions. 

U ANKIOT,  or  HENRIOT,  Fransois,  one 
of  the  most  infamous  Wfctches  that  ever 
soiled  the  annals  of  any  people,  was  born  at 
Nauterre,  in  17(J1.  Having  robbed  his  master, 
an  attorney  in  Paris,  he  was  driven  on  the 
town  without  resource,  and  became  a  spy  of 
the  police.  He  first  appeared  in  his  revolu- 
tionary character  the  day  after  the  taking  of 
the  Tuileries,  in  1792.  A  few  months  after, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  sanguinary  of  the 
Septembriscrs  ;  and  presided  at  the  massacre 
of  the  prisoners  of  Orleans.  The  execrable 
commune  of  Paris  then  made  him  chief  of 
the  sans-culottes  section  ;  their  object  being 
to  organise  a  system  of  terror  and  sanguin- 
ary predominance  over  the  national  repre- 
sentatives. With  these  banditti,  armed  with 
bayonets  and  cannon,  he  marched  to  the 
Convention,  and  demanded  the  proscription 
of  the  Girondists.  Under  terror,  the  assembly 
consented  to  give  up  29  of  their  most  talented 
and  trustworthy  members  to  the  guillotine. 
He  afterwards  became  tlie  willing  and  blood- 
thirsty satellite  of  Robespierre.  When  that 
wretch  was  outlawed,  and  condemned  to 
death  by  the  Convention,  Henriot  and  Cof- 
finhal,  the  vice-presidents  of  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  made  an  efibrt  to  raise  the 
Jacobin  factions  in  his  favour ;  and  might 
have  succeeded,  but  his  courage  failed  just 
as  the  brigands  were  pointing  their  cannons 
against  the  Convention,  and  the  moment 
was  lost :  some  of  the  sections,  and  a  body  of 
gens-d'armes,  rallied  in  favour  of  the  latter, 
and  Henriot  was  outlawed,  and  arrested  in 
a  state  of  powerless  intoxication,  produced 
by  drinking  large  draughts  of  brandy  in 
order  to  sustain  his  courage.  His  colleague, 
Coffiuhal,  was  so  maddened  by  the  loss  of  the 
day,  that,  rushing  upon  him  in  the  upper 
room  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  where  both  were 
confined,  he  threw  him  out  of  the  window. 
He  lell  into  a  drain,  and  tried  to  hide  him- 
self, but  his  groans  discovered  his  hiding- 
place  ;  he  was  dragged  out,  and  sent  next 
day  to  the  scaffold,  with  Robespierre  and  his 
colleagues.  Tliis  monster  was  only  33  when 
he  suffered.  It  was  he  that  made  a  motion 
for  burning  all  the  public  libraries  and  books 
in  France. 

HANS  SACHS,  a  German  poet  of  the  16th 
century.  Prolific  as  German  writers  in 
general  are,  honest  Hans  must  ever  be  re- 
garded as  an  extraordinary  instance  of 
poetical  fertility,  if  what  his  countrymen  as- 
sert be  true,  namely,  that  he  wrote  no  less 
than  10,840  compositions  in  verse,  among 
which  are  218  comedies  and  tragedies  1  To 
this  we  are  bound  to  add,  as  an  additional 
proof  of  his  industry,  that  he  was  a  shoe  ■ 
maker,  and  worked  all  his  life  at  the  trade. 

HANSARD,  Luke,  an  industrious  and 
successful  printer,  was  born  at  Norwich,  in 
17.52.  He  served  his  apprenticeship  in  his 
native  city  ;  and,  at  its  expiration,  he  started 
for  I^ondon,  with  a  good  character,  and  one 
solitary  guinea  in  his  pocket.  His  first 
situation  in  London  was  that  of  a  compositor 
In  the  printing  office  of  Mr,  Hughs,  printer 

8ti9 


to  the  House  of  Commons  ;  in  which  he  ac- 
quired the  full  confidence  of  his  employer, 
and,  by  his  indefatigable  attention,  extended 
the  business.  In  1774,  Mr.  Hansard  became 
a  partner  in  the  concern  ;  and  when  the  whole 
of  the  business  devolved  upon  him,  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  Hughs,  he  spared  no  cost  nor 
personal  labour  in  performing  the  important 
duties  entrusted  to  him.  He  amassed  a  very 
considerable  property,  and  finished  his  useful 
and  laborious  life  in  1828,  aged  7(j. 

HANWAY,  Jonas,  an  eminent  philan- 
thropist, was  born  at  Portsmouth,  in  1712, 
and  being  bred  a  merchant,  formed  a  con- 
nection with  a  commercial  house  at  St. 
Petersbur^h,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
travelled  mto  Persia,  of  which  country  he 
published  an  account,  in  2  vols.  4to.  He 
was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Marine  Society 
and  the  Magdalen  Hospital ;  and  contributed 
to  the  establishment  of  Sunday  schools.  He 
wrote  several  religious  books  ;  the  best  of 
which  is  entitled  "  Domestic  Happiness  pro- 
moted." But  it  is  by  his  numerous  acts  of 
benevolence,  more  than  by  his  writings,  that 
Mr.  Hanway  will  be  remembered.  He  died 
in  178(!,  and  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory  in  Westminster  Abl>ey. 

H AliCOURT,  William,  Earl  of, was  bom 
in  1743,  and  entered  as  ensign  in  the  1st  foot 
guards,  in  1759.  He  accompanied  his  father 
m  17(il,  when  the  earl  was  sent  to  conduct 
the  destined  consort  of  fJeorge  III.  from  the 
court  of  Strelitz  ;  and  at  his  return  received 
an  appointment  in  the  queen's  household. 
While  on  duty  in  America  he  performed  a 
singular  service,  by  going  in  one  day  70 
miles,  on  the  same  horse,  through  an  enemy's 
country,  with  only  a  patrol  of  30  men,  and 
bringing  back  General  Lee,  who  had  deserted 
from  the  British  army  j  and  whom  he  took 
out  of  his  quarters  when  surrounded  by  2000 
of  the  American  troops.  On  his  return  he 
was  made  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  and 
had  the  command  of  the  queen's  regiment  of 
light  dragoons,  which  he  held  from  1779  till 
his  death.     Died.  1830. 

HARDENBERG,  Chakles  Adoustus, 
(Baron,  afterwards  Prince  of)  ;  a  famous 
Prussian  statesman,  born  in  1750  ;  became  j 
cabinet  minister  in  1793  ;  and  his  signature 
will  be  found  to  most  of  the  treaties  of  coa-  | 
lition  against  Napoleon,  with  Russia  and  I 
Austria,  till  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  in 
1805 ;  after  which  he  retired  (having  been 
accused  by  the  French  party  of  wishing  to 
preserve  Hanover  to  England)  for  some  time 
from  public  affairs  ;  but  returned  to  his  post 
soon  after,  and  in  1810  was  made  chancellor 
of  state.  He  was  one  of  the  Russian  pleni- 
potentiaries signing  the  treaty  of  Paris  in 
1814  ;  was  created  prince  ;  accompanied  the 
allied  sovereigns  to  London  ;  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  actors  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna ;  and  afterwards  made  president  of 
the  council  of  state.    He  was  present,  in 

1818,  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  ;  in 

1819,  at  Carlsbad;  in  1820,  at  Vienna,  at 
Troppau,  and  Verona.  He  died  at  Genoa, 
in  1822. 

HARDENBERG,  Frederick  von  (better 
known  by  his  literary  cognomen  Novalis), 
was  bom  at  Mansfeld,  near  Eisleben,  1772  j 
studied  at  Jena,  Leipsig,  and  Wittenberg ; 


har] 


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and  finally  became  superintendant  of  the 
mines  in  Saxony,  having  acquired  a  com- 
petent knowledge  of  the  science  of  miner- 
alogy under  the  celebrated  Werner.  His 
lyric  poems  have  gained  him  great  celebrity; 
and  his  romance,  "  Heinrich  von  Ofler- 
dingen,"  though  unfinished,  has  called  forth 
the  a'dmiration  even  of  such  fastidious  critics 
as  Tieck  and  Frederick  Schlegel.   Died,  1801. 

HARDER,  John  James,  a  physician  of 
Basle,  born  in  1656,  and  died  in  1711.  He 
was  professor  of  medicine,  anatomy,  and 
botany,  at  his  native  place,  and  for  his 
merit  was  created  a  count  of  the  empire. 
He  wrote  "  Prodromus  Physiologicus,"  and 
several  other  medical  works. 

HARDI,  Ai.EXA.vDEK,  a  French  drama- 
tist, who  died  at  Paris  in  1630.  He  wrote 
above  600  plays,  of  which  34  were  published, 
in  6  vols.  8vo.,  1628.  He  has  been  reckoned 
the  father  of  the  stage,  and,  previous  to  Cor- 
neille's  appearance,  he  ranked  as  their  first 
tragic  writer. 

HARDICANUTE,  king  of  England  and 
Denmark,  was  the  son  of  Canute,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  Danish  throne  in 
1038 ;  and  at  the  same  time  laid  claim  to 
that  of  England,  which  had  devolved  to  his 
half-brother,  Harold.  A  compromise  was 
effected,  by  which  he  governed  the  southern 
part  of  the  kingdom  during  Harold's  life, 
and  succeeded  to  the  whole  on  his  death. 
His  conduct  was  violent  and  tyrannical :  he 
revived  the  odious  tax  called  dancgelt ;  and 
his  subjects  rejoiced  at  his  early  death, 
which  happened  in  1041. 

HARDING,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Combe-Martin,  Devonshire,  in  1512. 
He  was  educated  in  the  Romish  faith  at 
Winchester,  and  New  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  a  fellowship.  In  1542  he  was 
chosen  Hebrew  professor,  and  conformed  to 
the  established  religion  during  that  reign 
and  the  next.  He  was  also  tutor  to  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  whom  he  instructed  in  the  Pro- 
testant faith.  But  on  the  accession  of  Mary 
he  apostatised  ;  for  which  his  excellent  pupil 
remonstrated  with  him,  as  appears  by  an 
admirable  letter  of  hers  preserved  by  Fox. 
In  1554  he  took  his  dwtor's  degree,  and  was 
made  prebendary  of  ^^'inchester  and  trea- 
surer of  Salisbury.  When  Elizabeth  came 
to  the  crown,  Harding  went  to  Louvain, 
where  he  carried  on  a  long  polemical  con- 
troversy with  Bishop  Jewell.    Died,  1572. 

HARDION,  James,  a  French  writer,  was 
born  at  Tours,  in  1686.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  and 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  library  and 
antiquities  in  the  royal  cabinet.  He  had 
also  the  honour  to  instruct  the  princesses  in 
history  and  geography,  and  for  their  use 
wrote  his  "Histoire  Poetique,"  3  vols.  12mo  ; 
and  his  Universal  History,  18  vols.  12mo. 
Died,  1766. 

HARDOUIN,  JoHX,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  the  author  of  several  works,  but  re- 
markable as  the  autlior  of  one  in  particular 
(which  excited  equal  interest  and  animad- 
version at  the  time),  the  object  of  which  was 
to  show  that  almost  all  the  writings  under 
the  names  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  poets 
and  historians  are  the  spurious  productions 
of  the  13th  century.    Bom,  1647  ;  died,  1729. 


HARDOUIN,  John  Stephen,  a  French 
writer ;  the  translator  of  Young's  Night 
Thoughts,  and  Fenelon's  Telemachus,  into 
rhyme.     Born,  1735  ;  died,  1817. 

HARDT,  Herman  von  der,  a  German 
writer  of  great  merit,  bom  in  1660,  at  Melle, 
in  Westphalia.  He  was  librarian  to  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick,  and  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages  in  the  university  of 
Hclmstadt.  He  was  afterwards  rector  of 
the  gymnasium  of  Marienburg.  Among  his 
works  are  "Magnum  Consilium  Constan- 
tiense  de  universali  Ecclesi»  Reformatione, 
Unione,  et  Fide,"  and  "  Historia  litteraria 
Reformationis."    Died,  1746. 

HARDWICKE,  Philip  Yorke,  Earl,  an 
eminent  English  lawyer,  was  born  at  Dover 
in  Kent,  in  1690.  After  serving  the  otflces 
of  solicitor  and  attorney  general,  he  was  in 
1733  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  created  a  peer.  In  1736  he  was 
made  lord  chancellor,  which  situation  he 
held  20  years.  In  1754  lie  was  created  earl 
of  Hardwicke.    Died,  1764. 

HARDWICKE,  Philip  Yorke,  Earl  of, 
eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1720. 
In  1738  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  tellers 
of  the  exchequer  ;  and  in  1764  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  earldom.  He  died  in  1790. 
Lord  Hardwicke  wrote  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  queen  Caroline ;  and  with  Ms  brother, 
the  Honourable  Charles  Yorke,  projected 
the  "Athenian  Letters,  or  the  Epistolary 
Correspondence  of  an  Agent  of  the  King  of 
Persia,  residing  at  Athens  during  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  War."  A  few  copies  only  of  this 
work  were  at  first  printed  for  private  circu- 
lation ;  but  in  1798  an  elegant  edition,  in  2 
vols.  4to.,  was  published.  Lord  Hardwicke 
also  printed  "The  Correspondence  of  Sir 
Dudley  Carleton,  in  the  Reign  of  James  I. ;  " 
and  "  Miscellaneous  State  Papers  from  1501 
to  1726." 

HARDWICKE,  Philip  Yorke,  the  third 
Earl  of,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Charles  Yorke,  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
and  was  born  in  1757.  From  1801  to  1805  he 
filled  the  office  of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
and  his  viceroyalty  was  distinguished  by 
wisdom  and  moderation,  combined  with 
firmness,  courtesy,  and  hospitality.  His 
lordship  was  through  life,  in  fact,  considered 
as  a  model  of  an  English  gentleman,  muni- 
ficent, accomplished,  and  public-spirited. 
He  was  high  steward  of  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  registrar  of  the  court  of  admi- 
raltv,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c.    Died,  1834. 

HARDY,  Sir  Charles,  an  English  ad- 
miral, and  the  grandson  of  an  eminent  naval 
commander  of  the  same  name,  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Anne.  He  had  the  command  of 
the  Channel  fleet  in  1779,  but  died  the  same 
year  at  Spithead. 

HARDY,  Vice-admiral  Sir  Thomas, 
G.C.B.,  a  gallant  oflScer,  of  whom,  for  his 
own  fame's  sake,  it  might  suffice  to  say  that 
he  was  the  friend  and  brother  in  arms  of  the 
gallant  Nelson,  whose  last  breath  he  received 
on  board  the  Victory.  At  the  early  age  of  12, 
he  entered  the  royal  navy  as  a  midshipman 
on  board  the  Helena,  of  14  guns,  and  in  No- 
vember, 1793,  was  made  lieutenant  in  the 
Meleager,  of-  the  squadron  of  Nelson,  under 
whose  notice  he  was  thus  brought.    He  was 


har] 


^  iSitb)  mxihtv^al  JStagraijlbS' 


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thenceforth  constantly  employed  under  the 
hero,  who,  in  1797,  promoted  him  to  the 
command  of  the  brig  La  Mutine,  of  the  cap- 
ture of  which  he  was  the  main  cause,    liis 
constant  gallantry,  and  especially  his  con- 
!  duct  ot  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  iu  which  his 
'  vessel,  La  Mutine,  was  the  only  single  decker 
I  that  was  present,  caused  Nelson  to  promote 
1  him  to  the  command  of  the  Vanguard.     In 
I  July,  1803.  he  became  flag-captain  to  Nelson, 
!  on  board  the  Victory,  and  he  it  was  who, 
on  the  fatal  though  glorious  21st  of  October, 
j  1805,  received  the  last  orders  of  the  greatest 
naval  chief  the  world  has  ever  seen.    For  his 
services  at  Trafalgar  he  was  created  a  ba- 
ronet.   After  3(5  years  of  arduous  and  efficient 
service  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  he  was, 
in  1834,  appointed  to  the  honourable  post  of 
governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  where  he 
constantly  resided  till  the  close  of  his  valu- 
able Ufe.    Born,  17G9  ;  died,  1839. 

HARE,  Dr.  Fkancis,  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter, and  author  of  some  celebrated  polemic 
tracts,  particularly  those  relating  to  the 
Bangorian  controversy,  in  which  lie  was  an 
;  opponent  of  Hoadley.  Died,  1740. 
!  HARGRAVE,  Fkancis,  an  eminent  legal 
writer  and  barrister,  born  in  1741.  He  was 
less  distinguished  at  the  bar  than  as  a  cham- 
ber counsel,  and  the  author  of  numerous 
professional  works.  Among  his  publications 
are  "  State  Trials,"  11  vols,  folio  ;  and  "Ju- 
ridical Arguments  and  Collections,"  2  vols. 
4to.    Died,  1821. 

HARIOT,  Thomas,  an  English  mathema- 
tician, was  born  at  Oxford,  in  1560,  and 
educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall.  He  accompa- 
nied Sir  Walter  Raleigh  to  America,  and 
published  an  account  of  the  discovery  of 
Virginia.  He  lived  some  time  in  Sion  Col- 
lege, and  died  in  1621.  His  "  Artis  Analy- 
ticae  Praxis"  was  printed  after  his  death, 
and  tliere  is  great  reason  to  believe  that 
Descartes  drew  from  it  all  his  pretended 
discoveries  in  algebra. 

HARLEY,  Robert,  ;earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer,  a  distinguished  English  states- 
man, was  born  in  lC(jl.  At  the  revolution 
he  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons 
for  Tregony,  in  Cornwall  ;  and  in  1702  he 
was  chosen  speaker,  which  office  he  held 
while  secretary  of  state,  but  resigned  the 
latter  place  in  1708.  In  1710  he  again  came 
into  office,  as  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  Shortly 
after  he  was  stabbed  by  the  Marquis  of 
Guiscard,  a  Frenchman,  when  under  ex- 
amination at  the  council-board  ;  but  he  re- 
covered from  his  wound,  and  the  assassin 
died  in  prison.  He  was  then  advanced  to 
the  peerage,  and  mode  lord  high  treasurer  ; 
which  office  he  resigned  a  few  days  before 
the  death  of  queen  Anne,  in  1714.  On  the 
accession  of  George  I.  he  was  impeached 
by  the  House  of  Commons,  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  where  he  was  kept  two  years, 
and  then,  after  a  public  trial,  he  was  ac- 
quitted. After  this,  he  retired  wholly  from 
public  business,  and  died  iu  1724.  Lord 
Oxford  was  a  liberal  eneourager  of  litera- 
ture, a  decided  patron  of  Pope  and  Swift, 
the  author  of  some  few  pamphlets  himself, 
and  a  great  collector  of  books. 
HARLOW,  Geouoe  Henry,  on  English 


391 


painter,  was  bom  in  1787  ;  studied  under 
Drummond  and  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  i  and 
died  in  1819.  He  produced  several  good 
pictures  ;  among  which  is  the  well-known 
scene  from  Shakspearc's  Henry  the  Eighth, 
containing  portraits  of  the  Kemble  family 
and  other  distinguished  actors. 

HARMER,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister 
at  Wattesfield,  in  Suffolk,  was  born  in  1715, 
and  became  eminent  as  an  Oriental  scholar. 
His  chief  work  is  entitled  "  Observations  on 
divers  Passages  of  Scripture,  illustrated  by 
Accounts  of  Travellers  in  the  East."  Died, 
1788. 

HAROLD  I.,  sumamed  Harefoot,  king  of 
England,  succeeded  his  father,  Canute,  in 
10.35.  He  reigned  four  years,  and  died  in 
1039. 

HAROLD  II.,  king  of  England,  was  the 
second  son  of  Godwin,  earl  of  Kent.  Upon 
the  death  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  lOCfj, 
he  took  possession  of  the  throne,  without 
attending  to  the  more  legal  claim  of  Edgar 
Atheling,  or  the  asserted  be<iue8t  of  Edward 
in  favour  of  William,  duke  of  Normandy. 
The  latter  accordingly  invaded  England 
with  a  large  army,  and  Harold  fell  at  the 
memorable  battle  of  Hastings,  Oct.  14.  lOGG  ; 
by  which  the  conquest  of  the  kingdom  was 
effected,  and  the  Norman  rule  began. 

HAROUN,  or  AARON  AL  RASCIIID,  a 
celebrated  caliph  of  tlie  Saracens,  ascended 
the  throne  in  78<>,  and  was  the  most  potent 
prince  of  his  race,  ruling  over  territories 
extending  from  Egypt  to  Khorassan.  He 
gained  many  splendid  victories  over  the 
Greek  emperors,  and  obtained  immense 
renown  for  his  bravery,  magnificence,  and 
love  of  letters  ;  but  he  was  cruel  and  tyran- 
nical.    Died,  808. 

HARPALUS,  an  ancient  Greek  astrono- 
mer, who  flourished  about  480  B.C. 

HARRINGTON,  James,  a  celebrated 
political  writer,  was  born,  in  1611,  in  North- 
amptonshire. His  chief  work  is  entitled 
"  Oceana,"  a  political  romance,  in  which 
he  defended  republicanism.  In  1661,  he  was, 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  sent  to  the  Tower, 
from  whence  he  was  removed  to  St.  Nicho- 
las's Island,  near  Plymouth,  but  was  after- 
wards released  on  bail.  He  died,  deranged 
in  his  intellects,  in  1677. 

HARRINGTON,  John,  Lord,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Lord  and  Lady  Harrington,  to 
whose  care  James  I.  committed  his  daughter 
Elizabeth,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Frederic, 
elector  palatine  and  king  of  Bohemia.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  22,  in  1613.  His  lordship 
was  the  intimate  companion  and  corre- 
spondent of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  and  the 
letters  which  passed  between  them,  in  Latin, 
are  extant. 

HARRIS,  General  Lord  George,  colonel 
of  the  73rd  foot,  and  governor  of  Dumbarton 
Castle,  entered  the  army  as  a  cadet  in  the 
royal  artillery,  before  he  was  13  years  of 
age,  in  1769.  He  served  during  the  cam- 
paign in  America,  and  received  a  wound 
in  the  head  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
which  obliged  him  to  be  trepanned  and  to 
be  sent  home  ;  but  he  returned  in  time  to 
take  the  field  previously  to  the  army  land- 
ing on  Long  Island.  He  subsequently  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  India,  and  continued 


har] 


^  i^m  mnibex^Kl  SJtograpi^e. 


[har 


in  active  seryice  until  the  capture  of  Sering- 
apatam  ;  when  his  services  were  rewarded 
with  the  honours  of  the  Bath,  and  a  British 
peerage.    Died,  1829. 

HARRIS,  James,  a  philological  writer, 
was  born  at  Salisbury,  in  1709.  In  1774  he 
was  made  secretary  and  comptroller  to  the 
queen  ;  and  died  in  1780.  He  wrote  "  Three 
Treatises  ;  the  first  concerning  Art ;  the 
second  concerning  Music,  Painting,  and 
Poetry  ;  and  the  third  concerning  Happi- 
ness; "  "  Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical  Enquiry 
concerning  Universal  Grammar  ; "  "  Philo- 
logical Enquiries,"  &c.  His  "  Hermes  " 
displays  much  ingenuity,  and  an  extensive 
acquaintance  with  the  writings  of  the  Greek 
poets  and  philosophers. 

HARRIS,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
mathematician,  who  was  secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society,  and  died  in  1719.  He  pub- 
lislied  a  translation  of  Pardie's  Elements  of 
Geometry,  a  "  History  of  tlie  County  of 
Kent,"  &c. ;  but  he  is  best  known  by  having 
been  the  first  projector  of  a  Cyclopedia,  or 
Dictionary  of  Sciences.  This  work  was  en- 
titled "  Lexicon  Technicum,"  in  3  vols,  folio. 

HARRIS,  Walter,  a  physician,  was  born 
in  1(!47,  and  educated  at  Winchester  School, 
and  New  College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained 
a  fellowship.  He  embraced  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic religion,  and  went  to  France  ;  but 
afterwards  returned  to  London,  renounced 
popery,  and  at  the  Revolution  was  appointed 
pliysician  to  the  king. 

HARRIS,  William,  a  Baptist  minister 
at  Honiton,  in  Devonshire.  He  wrote  the 
Lives  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.  and  II.,  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  Hugh  Peters,  in  the  manner 
of  Bayle,  in  5  vols,  folio.    Died,  1770. 

HARRISON,  John,  celebrated  as  the 
inventor  of  the  time-keeper  for  ascertaining 
the  longitude  at  sea,  was  born  at  Foulby, 
near  Pontefract,  Yorkshire,  in  1693.  His 
father,  a  carpenter  or  builder,  brouglit  him 
up  to  the  same  occupation  ;  but  by  dint  of 
his  own  ingenuity  and  perseverance,  he 
learned  to  make  clocks  and  watches  ;  and 
having  turned  his  attention  to  the  improve- 
ment of  pocket  watches,  he  was  induced  to 
make  a  time-keeper,  in  that  form,  which 
he  finished  in  1759.  This  chronometer,  in 
two  voyages,  having  been  found  to  correct 
the  longitude  within  the  limits  required  by 
the  act  of  parliament,  Harrison  applied  for 
the  proposed  reward  of  20,000i.,  which  he 
received.    Died,  1776. 

HARRISON,  JoHX,  one  of  the  regicide 
judges  who  sat  upon  the  trial  of  Charles  I., 
was  the  son  of  a  butcher,  and  became  a 
general  in  the  parliamentary  army.  He 
was  one  of  the  ten  who  were  executed  for 
that  act,  after  the  Restoration. 

HARRISON,  William  Hexry,  president 
of  tlie  United  States  of  America,  was  born 
in  "Virginia,  in  1773  ;  his  father  being  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  among  the  patriots 
of  the  revolution.  After  receiving  the  cus- 
tomary education  at  Hampden  Sydney  Col- 
lege, he  studied  for  the  medical  profession  ; 
but  participating  in  the  general  excitement 
whicli  prevailed  throughout  the  country 
against  the  barbarous  mode  of  warfare  at 
that  time  practised  by  the  Indians  on  the 
north-western  frontiers,  he  suddenly  aban- 


doned the  precepts  of  Galen,  and  joined  his 
brethren  in  arms,  as  an  ensign  in  the  U.  S. 
artillery,  in  1791.  Both  as  an  officer  of  the 
government,  and  subsequently  as  an  able 
representative  in  congress,  he  displayed  the 
principles  of  a  disinterested  patriot.  During 
the  years  1811,  1812,  and  1813,  General 
Harrison  assemljled  a  body  of  militia  and 
volunteers,  and  marched  against  the  Indians, 
who,  under  Tecumesh,  had  created  serious 
disturbances  on  the  frontier.  The  most 
signal  success  crowned  his  efforts,  and  he 
was  appointed  by  Mr.  Madison  to  negotiate 
with  those  enemies  against  whom  his  military 
skill  had  been  so  ably  directed.  In  1828,  he 
was  sent  as  United  States'  minister  to  Co- 
lumbia :  and,  in  1840,  he  received  the  highest 
honour  that  can  be  bestowed  upon  a  citizen 
of  a  free  country,  in  being  elected  to  preside 
over  it  as  its  chief  magistrate.  But  just  as 
his  measures  were  coming  into  operation, 
and  when  at  tlie  height  of  his  popularity,  he 
was  seized  with  an  illness,  and  died  April  4. 
1844. 

HARTE,  Walter,  an  English  poet  and 
historian,  was  born  and  educated  at  Marl- 
borough in  Wiltshire.  He  published  a  poet- 
ical collection,  called  the  "Amaranth,"  a 
"  History  of  GustavusAdolphus,"  2vol8.4to.; 
and  "Essays  on  Husbandry."     Died,  1773. 

HARTLEY, David,  an  English  physician, 
was  born  at  Armley,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1705, 
and  died  at  Bath,  in  1757.  He  wrote  an 
excellent  work,  entitled  "  Observations  on 
Man,"  2  vols.  8vo. 

HARTLEY,  David,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1730  ;  educated  at  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  became  M.  P.  for  Hull ;  was 
distiiiguislied  by  his  strenuous  opposition  to 
the  American  war  ;  and  was  appointed  one 
of  the  negotiators  to  treat  with  Dr.  Franklin. 
He  had  the  merit  of  several  ingenious  in- 
ventions, one  of  which  is  a  mode  of  securing 
buildings  from  fire.    Died,  1813. 

HARTSOEKER,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  me- 
taphysician and  natural  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Gouda,  in  1656.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg,  and  ma- 
thematician to  the  elector  palatine.  He 
died  in  1725.  He  wrote  a  "  Course  of  Na- 
tural Philosophy,"  "  Physical  Conjectures," 
and  other  scientific  works.  He  was  very 
successful  in  the  construction  of  telescopes  ; 
and  to  his  discovery  of  the  spermatic  ani- 
malcules, physiologists  are  indebted  for  a 
new  theory  of  generation. 

HARTZHEIM,  Joseph,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Cologne,  in  1694.  He  became 
professor  of  Greek  and  Hebrew  at  Milan, 
but  afterwards  returned  to  Cologne,  where 
he  held  the  chair  of  philosophy  and  divinity. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Suinma  HistorijE 
omnis  ab  Exordio  Rerura  ad  Ann.  h  Cliristo 
nato,"  "Bibliotheca  Scriptorum  Colonien- 
sium,"  "  Dissertationes  Historico-critica  in 
Sacram  Scripturam,"  &c.  He  also  edited 
and  published  the  Councils  of  Germany, 
4  vols,  folio.    Died,  1763. 

HARVARD,  JoHx,  a  Nonconformist 
divine,  who  died  in  1688,  at  Charlestown,  in 
New  England.  He  is  deserving  of  comme- 
moration by  being  the  founder  of  a  college 
bearing  his  name,  at  Cambridge,  in  North 
America. 


har] 


a  ^etD  ?Sntbertfal  38t0tn:apl)ij. 


[has  I 


HARVEY,  William,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, was  bom  at  Folkstoue,  in  Kent,  in 
1  1578.  lie  discovered  the  circulation  of  the 
'  blood,  of  which  he  publislied  an  account  in 
1G28,  entitled  "  Exercitatio  Anatomica  de 
Motu  Cordis  et  Sanguinis."  In  1632  he  was 
made  physician  to  Charles  I.,  and  adhered 
faithfully  to  the  king  ;  for  which,  in  1G45, 
he  was  chosen  warden  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford  ;  but  when  the  parliamentary  visi- 
tor* came  there,  he  left  it  for  I/ondon.  In 
1651  appeajted  his  "  Exercitatioiies  de  Genc- 
ratione  Animalium."  The  following  year 
he  presented  to  tlie  college  a  convocation 
room  and  museum  filled  with  books  and 
instruments.  After  this  he  gave  up  his  pa- 
ternal estate  to  their  use,  on  condition  that  a 
yearly  oration  (now  called  "  the  Harveian") 
should  be  delivered  in  the  college,  and  pro- 
vision made  for  the  keeper  of  the  library 
and  museum.    Died,  1658. 

HAKWOOD,  Sir  BusiCK,  an  English 
physician  and  anatomist,  was  a  native  of 
Newmarket.  After  attending  the  London 
hospitals,  he  went  out  to  India  as  an  army- 
surgeon  ;  and  tliere,  having  tlie  good  luck 
to  cure  one  of  the  native  princes  of  a  dan- 
gerous wound,  it  speedily  raised  liim  to 
fortujie  luid  reputation.  In  1790  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  medicine  at  Downing 
College,  was  knighted  iu  1806,  and  died  in 
1814. 

UASE,  TiiEODOKE  DE,  a  German  divine, 
was  born  at  Bremen,  in  1682.  On  com- 
pleting his  studies,  he  became  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Uanau  ;  was  next  appointed 
professor  of  Hebrew  and  minister  ut  Bre- 
men ;  and  in  1723  he  obtained  tlie  theolo- 
gical chair.  He  was  the  author  of  "Dis- 
sertations," which  are  much  esteemed  ;  and 
he  assisted  I^ainpe  in  his  "  Bibliotheca  His- 
torico-Philologico-Theologica."  Died,  1731. 
HASSAN  PACHA,  grand  vizier  of  the 
Ottoman  empire,  was  an  African  by  birth, 
and,  when  young,  served  in  the  Algerine 
navy.  Being  taken  prisoner  by  the  Sim- 
niaj-ds,  and  sent  to  Naples,  he  found  means 
of  obtaining  his  liberty,  went  to  Constanti- 
nople, and  entered  into  the  Turkish  service. 
Here  he  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
superior  skill  and  bravery,  and  was  appointed 
capitan  pacha,  or  high  admiral.  He  van- 
quished the  Egyptian  insurgents  ;  took 
Gaza,  Jaffa,  and  Acre  ;  and  beheaded  the 
famous  Daher,  sheik  of  the  latter  city,  who 
had  for  years  defied  the  power  of  the  Porte. 
He  twice  reduced  t)ie  beys  of  Egypt  to  sub- 
jection, and  carried  with  him  vast  treasures 
to  Constantinople.  In  the  war  between 
Turkey  and  Russia,  in  1788,  although  Has- 
san was  then  85  years  old,  lie  was  appointed 
to  the  supreme  command  of  all  the  forces, 
and  made  grand  vizier  ;  but  though  there 
was  no  want  of  energy  on  his  part,  age  had 
impaired  his  abilities,  and  the  Ottoman 
forces  were  subjected  to  repeated  discomfi- 
ture- The  vizier  was  accordingly  dismissed 
from  his  high  command,  and  he  died  in 
1790. 

HASSE,  Jonsr  Adolphus,  chapel-master 
of  Augustus,  king  of  Poland,  and  elector  of 
Saxony,  was  born  at  Bergedorf,  near  Ham- 
burgh, in  1699.  After  making  several  tours 
tlirough  the  Continent,  and  gaining  great 


success,  by  composing  operas  for  the  chief 
theatres  of  Italy,  he  came  to  London,  in 
1733,  where  he  was  received  with  great  dis- 
tinction. He  soon,  however,  went  to  Dres- 
den, and  finally  removed  to  Venice,  where 
he  died,  in  1783.  Hasse  is  deservedly  cele- 
brated as  the  most  natural,  elegant,    and 

judicious  composer  of  his  time His  wife 

Faustina,  who  died  in  the  same  year,  aged 
90,  was  eminent  as  the  inventor  of  a  new 
method  of  singing,  by  running  divisions  with 
astonishing  neatness  and  precision. 

HASSELQUIST,  FnEDEuic,  a  Swedish 
naturalist,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  all  the  pupils  of  Linnaeus,  was  born  in 
1722.  Having  formed  tlie  scheme  of  making 
researches,  on  the  spot,  into  the  natural  his- 
tory of  Palestine,  he  embarked  for  Smyrna 
in  August,  1749,  went  to  Egypt,  remained 
some  time  at  Jerusalem,  and  afterwards 
visited  other  parts  of  the  country  Return- 
ing to  Smyrna,  he  brought  with  him  an  ad- 
mirable collection  of  plants,  minerals,  fishes, 
reptiles,  insects,  and  other  natural  curiosi- 
ties. His  "  Iter  Palsestinum,  or  a  Journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,"  was  derived  from  his 
journal,  and  was  drawn  up  by  LinnKUS. 

HASTED,  EuwAKi),  a  topographer  and 
antiquarv,  was  born  at  Hawlcy,  the  seat  of 
his  family,  in  Kent,  in  1732.  He  devoted 
the  greatest  part  of  his  life  to  the  labour  of 
compiling  a  history  of  his  native  county, 
which  was  published  in  4  vols,  folio,  17'.i9. 
He  was  master  of  the  hospital  at  Corshain, 
in  Wiltshire,  where  he  died  in  1812. 

HASTINGS,  Lady  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Theophilus,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  was  born 
in  1682.  She  remained  single  through  life, 
and  distinguished  herself  by  works  of  piety 
and  benevolence.  She  erected  schools,  built 
churches,  supported  many  indigent  families, 
and  founded  five  scholarships  in  Queen's 
College,  Oxford.     Died,  1739. 

HASTINGS,  Warken,  was  bom  in  1733, 
at  Churchill,  Oxfordshire,  where  his  father 
was  the  clergyman.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster,  and,  at  the  age  of  17,  went  out 
to  India  as  a  writer  in  the  company's  ser- 
vice. On  his  arrival  he  applied  with  dili- 
gence to  the  duties  of  his  station,  and  at  his 
leisure  studied  the  oriental  languages.  After 
14  years'  residence  in  Bengal  he  returned 
to  England  ;  but  in  1769  he  went  out  as 
second  in  council  at  Madras,  where  he  re- 
mained about  two  years,  and  then  removed 
to  the  presidency  of  Calcutta.  This  was  a 
critical  period,  and  tlie  state  of  Hindostan 
soon  became  perilous  from  the  revolt  of  the 
native  subjects,  the  defection  of  allies,  and 
the  increasing  power  of  Hyder  Ally,  tlie 
sovereign  of  Mysore,  aided  by  the  land  and 
sea  forces  of  France.  In  this  exigency  the 
governor-general  had  to  depend  solely  upon 
his  own  exertions  -,  and  he  succeeded,  beyond 
all  expectations,  in  saving  British  India 
from  a  combination  of  enemies,  and  in  in- 
creasing and  strengthening  the  power  of 
the  company  at  the  expense  of  the  native 
princes.  Notwithstanding  this,  party  spirit 
at  home  turned  the  merit  of  Mr.  Hastings 
into  a  crime,  and  charges  were  brought 
against  him  in  parliament.  In  1786  he  re- 
turned to  England,  when  he  was  accused 
of  having  governed  arbitrarily  and  tyran- 


has] 


^  ^etD  Hniber^al  ^iast^f)v* 


[hau 


nically  ;  of  having  extorted  immense  sums 
of  money  ;  and  of  having  exercised  every 
species  of  oppression.  An  impeachment 
followed,  which,  in  contempt  of  all  the 
principles  of  justice,  lasted  9  years.  He  was 
at  length  acquitted,  and  sentenced  to  pay 
only  the  costs  of  prosecution  (71,080?.  ster>- 
ling)  for  which  the  East  India  Company 
indemnified  him  by  a  pension  of  4,000/.  for 
life.  He  lived,  however,  to  see  his  plans 
for  the  security  of  India  publicly  applauded; 
and  died  in  1818.  Mr.  Hastings  was  a  man 
of  mild  and  unassuming  manners,  and  an 
elegant  scholar.  He  wrote  "  A  Narrative  of 
the  Insurrection  at  Benares,"  "  Memoirs 
relative  to  the  State  of  India,"  some  fugitive 
poetry,  &c. 

HASTINGS,  Francis  Rawdon,  Marquis 
of,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Moira,  was  born  in  1754, 
and  entered  the  army  in  1771.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  American  war  ; 
was  appointed,  in  1778,  adjutant-general  of 
the  British  forces  there,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  a  brigadier-general  ;  but  a  severe  illness 
compelled  him  to  return  home  before  the 
conclusion  of  hostilities,  when  he  was  made 
aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  and  created  an 
English  peer.  Advanced  to  the  rank  of  a 
major-general  in  the  summer  of  1794,  he 
was  sent,  with  a  reinforcement  of  10,000  men, 
to  join  the  Duke  of  York,  opposed  to  the 
French  in  Holland  ;  and  materially  con- 
tributed to  mitigate  the  disasters  of  tliat 
memorable  campaign.  When  the  Whigs, 
with  wliom  he  had  acted,  came  into  power, 
in  1806,  he  was  appointed  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  which  post  he  resigned  on  the 
fall  of  his  party.  In  1812  he  obtained  the 
appointment  of  governor-general  of  British 
India,  whicli  he  held  till  1822  ;  and  during 
the  10  years  of  his  sway  he  ov«rcame  the 
Nepaulese,  the  Pindarees,  and  other  native 
powers,  and  rendered  the  British  authority 
supreme  in  India.  While  absent  he  was 
created  Marquis  of  Hastings.  Ill  health 
compelled  him  to  return  ;  and  in  1824  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Malta  ;  but  his 
health  growing  worse,  his  lordship  proceeded 
to  Naples,  and  died  on  board  the  Revenge, 
iu  Baia  Bay,  Nov.  29th,  1825.  He  was  an 
excellent  officer,  an  acute  statesman,  and  a 
man  of  a  noble-minded  and  generous  dispo- 
sition. Tlie  marquis  left  a  letter,  in  which, 
among  other  requests,  he  desired  that  his 
right  hand  might  be  cut  off,  and  preserved 
until  the  death  of  the  marchioness,  and  be 
put  into  the  coffin  to  be  buried  with  her. 
His  request  was  complied  with. 

HATSELTv,  John,  chief  clerk  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  was  born  about  1733 ; 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  studied  at  the 
Middle  Temple  ;  became  chief  clerk  in  1768; 
retired  from  office  in  1797  ;  and  died  in  1820. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Collection  of  Cases 
of  Privilege  of  Parliament,"  "  Precedents 
of  Proceedings  in  the  House  of  Commons," 
5  vols.  4to. ;  and  "  Rules  and  Standing  Orders 
of  the  House,"  &c. 

HATFIELD,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Durham, 
was  the  especial  favourite  of  Edward  III., 
at  whose  desire  he  was  elected  to  the  bishopric 
in  1345.  He  distinguished  himself  soon  after 
his  consecration,  by  repelling  the  Scots,  who 
had  invaded  the  principality,  and  were  de- 


feated by  Lord  Percy  and  the  bishop  in  per- 
son, at  the  head  of  their  respective  forces. 
On  this  occasion  the  king  of  Scotland  fell 
into  the  liands  of  the  victors,  and  was  after- 
wards ransomed.  He  was  the  founder  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  which  was  at  first 
called  Durham  College.  He  also  built  a 
palace  for  himself  and  his  successors  in  the 
Strand,  called  Durham  House  ;  and  he 
founded  a  Carmelite  friary  at  Northaller- 
ton, in  Yorkshire.  He  died  in  1381,  and  was 
buried  in  his  cathedral,  where  his  effigies 
are  still  to  be  seen. 

HATTO,  or  HATTO  VERCELLENSIS, 
was  bishop  of  Vercelli,  in  Italy,  in  the  10th 
century.  His  work  on  the  grievances  of 
the  church  (which  is  curiously  illustrative 
of  the  spirit  and  complexion  of  the  times), 
together  with  his  canons  and  epistles,  were 
published  in  1768. 

HATTON,  Sir  Christopher,  an  eminent 
statesman,  and  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
was  born  at  Holdenby,  in  Northampton- 
shire ;  educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
and  studied  at  the  Inner  Temple.  Instead, 
however,  of  following  the  law,  he  became  a 
courtier,  and  attracted  the  queen's  notice  by 
his  graceful  dancing  in  a  masque.  From 
this  time  he  rose  to  several  degrees  of  favour, 
and,  in  1587,  was  made  both  chancellor  and 
knight  of  the  garter.  His  inexperience 
created  much  prejudice  against  him  at  first, 
but  his  natural  capacity  and  sound  judg- 
ment were  seldom  found  defective.  He  died 
in  1591  of  a  broken  heart,  as  some  historians 
affirm,  occasioned  by  the  queen's  demanding 
a  debt,  which  he  was  unable  to  pay.  He 
wrote  the  fourth  act  in  the  tragedy  of 
"  Tancred  and  Sigismunda  ;  "  and  to  him  is 
ascribed  "  A  Treatise  concerning  Statutes  or 
Acts  of  Parliament." 

HATZFELD,  Francis  Louis,  Prince  of, 
was  born  at  Vienna,  in  1756,  and  was  go- 
vernor at  Berlin,  when  the  French  entered 
that  city  in  1806.  The  French  having  dis- 
covered that  Prince  Hatzfehl  continued  to 
give  the  Prussian  government  information, 
&c..  Napoleon  ordered  him  to  be  tried  as  a 
spy.  The  wife  of  the  prince  being  informed 
of  the  danger,  hastened  to  Napoleon,  and 
threw  herself  at  his  feet,  assuring  him  that 
her  husband  was  incapable  of  doing  a  dis- 
honourable action  ;  but  when  the  emperor 
showed  her  the  letter,  and  she  recognised 
the  handwriting  of  the  prince,  she  fainted 
away.  On  her  recovering,  Napoleon  told 
her  that  she  held  in  her  hand  the  only  do- 
cument there  was  against  her  husband,  and 
asked  her  why  she  did  not  burn  it.  The  hint 
was  of  course  sufficient,  and  Napoleon  par- 
doned him.  The  Memorial  of  Las  Cases 
contains  the  affecting  letter  which  Napoleon 
wrote  on  this  occasion  to  the  empress.  Uatz- 
feld  was  afterwards  employed  on  various 
diplomatic  missions,  and  died,  at  Vienna, 
in  1827. 

HAUBOLD,  Christian  Gottlieb,  a 
celebrated  German  jurist,  was  born  at  Dres- 
den, in  1766.  He  was  made  doctor  of  law 
in  1788  i  and  eventually  became  ordinary 
professor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Leipsic. 
He  was  profoundly  versed  in  the  science  of 
jurisprudence  ;  and  in  the  study  of  Roman 
law,  more  especially,  to  which  he  directed 


HAU] 


^  iSetw  Winihn^aX  3BiOfirffj)Ijy. 


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all  the  powers  of  his  mind,  there  scarcely 
ever  was  his  equal.  As  an  academical  in- 
structor he  was  pre-eminent,  and  crowds  of 
students  from  all  parts  of  Germany  flocked 
to  his  lecture-room.  His  library,  consisting 
of  nearly  10,000  volumes,  on  Greek  and 
Roman  law,  was  purchased  by  the  emjieror 
Alexander  for  the  university  of  Abo. 

IIAUTF,    WiLHELM,    one    of   the    most 

graceful  prose  writers  of  Germany  in  modern 

times,  was  born  at  Stuttgart,  1H02.     After 

the  usual  preliminary  education,  in  which 

he  distinguislied  himself  more  for  his  love 

of  romances  than  his  classical  attainments, 

I  he  went  to  the  university  of  Tubingen  from 

1820  to  1824,  where  he  studied  philosophy 

and  theology,  with  a  view  to  the  church. 

While  discharging  the  duties  of  tutor  in  a 

I  noble  family  at  Stuttgart,  he  commenced 

'  his  literary  career  with  the  "  Milrchen  Al- 

manach  auf  das  Jahr,  1820;"    the  success 

of  which  was  such  that  he  was  induced  to 

I  embrace  literature  as  a  profession,  and  the 

[  following  year  witnessed  a  profusion  of  ori- 

I  ginal  works  emanate  from  his  pen,  perhaps 

unrivalled  in  quantity  and  quality.      The 

.  chief  of  these  are,  "  Memoireu  des  Satans," 

"  Mann  im  Monde,"  "  Lichtenstein,"  "  Die 

I  Bettlerin  von  Pont  des  Arts,"  "  Phantasien 

j  im  Bremen  Rathskeller,"  &c.     He  had  just 


undertaken  the  editorship  of  the  celebrated 
journal,  called  the  "  Morgenblatt,"  when  he 
was  seized  with  typhus  fever,  and  died  Nov. 
1827,  to  the  great  grief  of  all  who  were  in- 

I  terested  in  the  belles  lettres. 

1  HAUOWITZ.  CiiKiSTiAJT  Henry  Cuas., 
Count  of,  an  eminent  Prussian  statesman, 
was  born  in  Silesia,  in  17">8.  When  the 
Prussian  minister,  Ilertzberg,  retired  from 
public  affairs,  Frederic  William  entrusted 
Iliiugwitz  with  the  portfolio  of  foreign  af- 
fairs and  the  presidency  of  the  cabinet.  In 
this  situation  he  gave  the  king  great  satis- 
faction, and  was  rewarded  wiih  the  order  of 
the  black  eagle,  and  the  grant  of  estates  in 
South  Prussia.  When  Frederic  William  III. 
ascended  the  throne,  Haugwitz  retained  his 
station  ;  and  the  tendency  of  his  policy  was 
to  bring  France  and  Prussia  into  a  closer 
connection.  But,  when  the  French  troops 
occupied  Hanover  in  1803,  this  step  appeared 
dangerous  to  tlie  neutrality  of  northern  Ger- 
many, which  Prussia  had  sought  to  main- 
tain, and  the  views  of  the  king  were  changed. 
Haugwitz  now  retired  to  his  estates  ;  and 
Hardenberg,  who  succeeded  him,  adopted  a 
different  system,  so  that  Prussia  remained 
neutral.  In  1805,  Haugwitz  left  his  retreat, 
to  negotiate  with  Napoleon  at  Vienna  ;  and 
concluded,  after  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  the 
convention  by  which  Hanover  was  ceded  to 
Prussia,  and  the  neutrality  of  northern  Grer- 
many  was  acknowledged.  But  this  treaty 
involved  his  country  with  England,  while 
her  position  with  France  became  more  em- 
barrassing than  ever.  Haugwitz  then  went 
to  Paris  to  reconcile  contending  interests, 
but  returned  without  effecting  his  object, 
and  once  more  retired  to  his  estates  in  Silesia. 
He  died  at  Vienna,  in  1832. 

HAUKSBEE,FKAKCi.s,an  English  philo- 
sopher of  the  18th  century,  who  made  many 
experimental  discoveries  in  electricity,  and 
published  them. 


HAUTEFEUILLE,  John,  a  mechanic, 
was  born  at  Orleans,  in  1647.  He  made  se- 
veral discoveries  and  improvements  in  clock- 
making,  and  invented  the  spiral  spring 
which  moderates  the  vibration  of  balance- 
wheels  in  watches,  which  Huygens  after- 
wards perfected.  He  also  wrote  several  short 
treatises  on  mechanical  subjects  ;  also, "  The 
Art  of  Breathing  under  Water,"  "  The  Per- 
petual Pendulum,"  "  A  new  System  of  the 
Flux  and  Reflux  of  the  Sea,''  &c.  Died, 
1724. 

HAUY,  RenI:  Just,  AbK',  a  celebrated 
mineralogist,  born  at  St.  Just,  in  Picardy,  in 
1742.  He  first  studied  theology,  and  was 
twenty-one  years  professor  of  languages. 
But  mineralogy  was  his  favourite  pursuit ; 
and  to  him  science  is  indebted  for  an  admi- 
rable theory  of  crystallisation,  founded  on 
geometrical  laws.  In  1783  he  was  admitted 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  and 
wholly  devoting  himself  to  his  studies,  he 
long  remained  a  stranger  to  the  revolution 
and  all  its  horrors.  But  at  length,  having 
refused  to  take  the  oath  of  obedience  to  the 
constitution  required  of  the  priests,  he  was 
deprived  of  his  place,  and  was  arrested,  in 
the  midst  of  his  calculations,  as  a  recusant 
priest.  He  was,  however,  released  ;  and  was 
subsequently  api>ointed,  by  Buonaparte,  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  the  botanic  garden, 
and  to  the  faculty  of  sciences,  at  Paris.  In 
180;3,  at  the  command  of  Napoleon,  he  wrote 
his  "  Traite  de  Physique  ; "  and  when  the 
emperor,  after  his  return  from  Elba,  visited 
the  museum,  he  said  to  Hauy,  "  I  read  your 
physics  again  in  Elba,  with  the  greatest  in- 
terest ; "  and  then  decorated  him  with  the 
badges  of  the  legion  of  honour.  The  esteem 
which  the  emperor  had  for  this  distinguished 
man  was  the  more  honourable,  both  to  him 
and  to  Hauy,  as  the  latter  had  opposed  Buo- 
naparte's elevation  to  the  imperial  dignity,  by 
signing  nay  when  the  question  was  proposed 
for  the  ratification  of  the  nation.  He  died 
in  1822,  aged  80.  His  treatises  on  mineralogy, 
crystallography,  and  natural  history  are 
all  highly  esteevned  ;  and  his  beautiful  col- 
lection of  minerals,  for  which  he  had  refused 
an  offer  of  600,000  francs,  was  bought  by  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham. 

HAUY,  Valentine,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, born  in  174G,  was  the  founder  of  the 
institution  for  the  blind  at  Paris.  The  in- 
stitution did  not,  however,  succeed  to  the 
extent  anticipated,  and  was  tlierefore  aban- 
doned ;  but  a  pension  of  2000  francs  was 
granted  to  him,  and  he  accepted  an  invita- 
tion to  go  to  St.  Petersburgh,  to  undertake 
one  there.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1806, 
and  died  a  few  months  before  his  brother,  in 
1822. 

HAVERCAMP,  Sigebekt,  a  celebrated 
philologist,  was  born  at  Utrecht,  in  1683 ; 
and  became  professor  of  Greek,  history,  and 
eloquence,  at  Leyden.  From  travelling  in 
Italy,  he  derived  a  taste  for  the  study  of 
medals  and  coins,  and  published  some  ex- 
cellent treatises  on  numismatics.  But  his 
chief  fame  lay  in  his  critical  editions  of 
classic  authors  j  of  which  hisTertulIian,  Lu- 
cretius, Josephus,  Orosius,  Sallust,  and  Cen- 
sorinus,  afford  ample  evidence.  Died,  1742. 
HA  WES,  Stepubn,  a  poet  of  the  15th  cen- 


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tury,  was  a  native  of  Suffolk,  and  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  afterwards  lield  a  situation 
in  tlie  household  of  Henry  VII.,  who  took 
great  pleasure  in  his  conversation.  His 
works  are,  "  Pastime  of  Pleasure,"  "  The 
Temple  of  Glass,"  &c. 

HAWES,  William,  an  English  physician, 
and  founder  of  the  Humane  Society,  was 
born  at  Islington,  in  1753  ;  studied  medicine, 
and  followed  the  profession  of  an  apothecary, 
which  he  practised  in  the  Strand,  until  1780, 
when  he  took  his  degree  as  a  physician. 
Before  this,  however,  he  had  become  de- 
servedl}'  popular  by  his  zealous  exertions  in 
the  establishment  of  the  Humane  Society,  to 
the  benefits  of  which  institution  he  may  truly 
be  said  to  have  devoted  the  best  part  of  liis 
life.  He  wrote  several  useful  tracts,  and 
among  others,  "  An  Examination  of  the  Rev. 
John  Wesley's  Primitive  Physic,"  being  at 
once  an  ironical  and  serious  exposure  of  the 
absurdities  of  that  production.  This  bene- 
volent physician  died  in  1808. 

HAWKE,  Edward,  Lord,  a  brave  British 
admiral,  was  the  son  of  an  eminent  barrister, 
and  entered  into  the  navy  at  an  early  age. 
In  1734  he  obtained  the  command  of  a  man- 
of-war,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery  in  the  famous  engagement  in  1744, 
wherein  the  British  fleet  was  commanded  by 
Matthews,  Lastock,  and  Rowley.  In  1747 
he  was  made  rear-admiral  of  the  white,  when 
he  defeated  a  large  French  fleet,  and  captured 
five  ships  of  the  line  ;  on  which  he  was 
created  a  knight  of  the  bath.  In  17.'>9  he 
defeated  Admiral  Conflans,  off  Belleisle,  and 
was  rewarded  with  a  pension  of  2000/.  a  year. 
In  1765  he  was  appointed  vice-admiral  of 
Great  Britain,  and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 
In  1776  he  was  created  a  British  peer,  and 
died  in  1781. 

HAWKER,  Dr.  Robert,  an  evangelical 
clergyman  of  some  note,  who,  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, was  vicar  of  the  parish  of  Charles  the 
Martyr,  at  Plymouth.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  commentary  on  the  Bible,  sermons,  and 
other  religious  works.    Died,  1827. 

HAWKES WORTH,  John,  LL.D.,  the  son 
of  a  watchmaker  at  Bromley,  Kent,  was 
born  in  1715,  and  apprenticed  to  his  father's 
trade  ;  but  he  soon  left  it  for  literary  pur- 
suits, and  eventually  became  an  author  of 
eminence.  He  is  chiefly  remembered  by  his 
"  Adventurer,"  a  series  of  periodical  essays  ; 
a  sentence,  taken  from  the  last  number 
of  which  work,  is  inscribed  on  a  marble 
monument  erected  to  his  memory  in  Bromley 
church.     Died,  1773. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  Johx,  a  brave  English 
admiral  under  queen  Elizabeth,  was  a  native 
of  Devonshire.  He  was  rear-admiral  of  the 
fleet,  which  she  sent  against  the  Spanish  Ar- 
mada, and  had  a  great  share  in  that  glorious 
victory.  He  was  afterwards  made  treasurer 
of  the  navy.  But  his  memory  is  disgraced 
by  his  being  the  first  European  who  carried 
off  slaves  from  the  coast  of  xVfrica,  and  in- 
troduced that  inhuman  traffic  into  the  West 
Indies.  Queen  Elizabeth  herself,  while  she 
honoured  his  bravery  by  knighthood, 
threatened  him  with  the  divine  vengeance 
for  this  practice.  He  died  in  the  West  Indies 
in  1595,  aged  74. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 


396 


cellaneous  writer  of  the  IStli  century,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1719.  He  practised  as  a 
solicitor,  with  reputation,  for  some  years  ; 
and  having  made  general  literature  the  study 
of  his  leisure  hours,  he  also  wrote  for  the 
periodical  press.  A  taste  for  music  led  him 
to  become  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Ancient  Music  ;  and  in  1742  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  literary  club,  established  by 
Dr.  .Johnson,  with  whom  he  formed  an  ac- 
quaintance, which  lasted  during  their  joint 
lives.  Having,  in  1753,  married  a  lady  of 
great  fortune,  and  becoming  possessed  of  a 
much  greater  one  in  1759,  on  the  death  of 
her  brother,  he  gave  up  his  profession,  and 
became  a  magistrate  for  Middlesex.  His 
principal  work  is,  "  A  General  History  of  the 
Science  and  Practice  of  Music,"  in  5  vol8. 
4to.  ;  and  his  edition,  with  notes,  of  "  Isaac 
Walton's  Complete  Angler,"  acquired  de- 
served popularitv.    Died,  1789. 

HAWK  WOOD,  Sir  JouN,  a  general  of  the 
14th  century,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  wars  of  Edward  III.,  and  received  the 
honpur  of  knighthood  from  that  monarch. 
After  the  peace  of  1360  he  associated  with 
other  soldiers  of  fortune,  who  harassed  and 
plundered  their  old  enemies,  the  French, 
notwithstanding  the  cessation  of  national 
hostilities.  From  France  they  passed  into 
Italy,  where  Sir  John  found  employment  in 
the  service  of  Pisa,  and  next  in  that  of  Flo- 
rence, which  state  he  defended  so  successfully, 
that  his  death,  in  1393,  was  considered  as  a 
public  loss. 

HAWLEY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican patriot,  was  bom,  in  1724,  at  Nor- 
thampton, Massachussetts,  and  being  bred  a 
lawyer,  soon  acquired  great  eminence  in  his 
profession.  But  he  was  mostly  distinguished 
for  his  knowledge  of  political  history  and 
the  principles  of  free  government  —  a  cir- 
cumstance that  rendered  him  one  of  the 
ablest  advocates  of  American  liberty  in  the 
legislature,  previous  to  and  during  the  con- 
test between  the  colonies  and  the  parent 
state.    Died,  1788. 

HAY,  James,  earl  of  Carlisle,  who  came 
to  England  with  James  I.,  was  the  first 
Scotchman  created  an  English  peer.  His 
first  title  was  baron  Hay,  he  was  afterwards 
made  viscount  Doneaster,  and,  lastly,  earl  of 
Carlisle.     Died,  1636. 

HAY,  William,  an  English  writer,  was 
born  at  Gledbourne,  in  Sussex,  about  1700, 
and  died  in  1755.  He  was  member  for  the 
borough  of  Seaford  ;  and  he  wrote  "  Religio 
Philosophi,"  an  "  Essay  on  Deformity,"  and 
other  pieces. 

HAYDN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  German 
musician,  was  born,  1732,  in  the  village  of 
Rohrou,  on  the  borders  of  Hungary  and 
Austria.  He  was  the  son  of  a  poor  wheel- 
wright, who,  having  a  taste  for  music,  played 
the  harp  on  Sundays,  his  mother  accompany- 
ing with  her  voice  ;  a  circumstance  which 
accounts  for  the  strong  predilection  which 
their  son  showed  for  the  science  even  in  his 
infancy.  When  but  8  years  old,  he  became 
a  chorister  in  St.  Stephen's,  and  at  10  years 
of  age  composed  pieces  for  several  voices. 
With  his  fine  soprano,  he  lost  his  place,  and 
his  situation  was  very  discouraging  ;  but  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  become  acquainted 


hay] 


a  ^ciD  ?ffnititr^aT  38t0jirap]bL»» 


[hay 


with  Prince  Esterhazy,  who  placed  him  at 
the  head  of  his  private  chapel.  For  this 
prince  he  composed  some  beautiful  sym- 
phouies, — a  department  in  which  lie  excelled 
all  otlier  composers,  —  and  the  greatest  part 
of  his  fine  quartetts.  Wlien,  after  a  period  of 
about  20  years,  the  prince  reduced  liis  court, 
and  Haydn  received  his  discharge,  he  went  to 
London,  to  which  capital  he  had  often  been 
invited.  In  171M,  having  made  a  second 
journey  thither,  he  found  a  most  splendid 
reception,  and  the  university  of  Oxford  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
music.  On  his  return  from  England,  he 
purchased  a  small  house  and  garden  in  one 
of  the  suburbs  of  Vienna,  where  he  died. 
To  the  English  public  he  is  universally 
known  by  his  noble  oratorio  of  the  "  Crea- 
tion," which  is  considered  a  chef-cTceuvre. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are,  "  The  Sea- 
sons," an  oratorio  ;  also  a  Te  Deum,  a  Stabat, 
with  many  concerts,  marches,  masses,  &c. 
He  was  inexhaustible  in  invention  and 
execution— always  new  and  original — always 
surprising  and  satisfying  his  enraptured 
hearers.     Died,  1H09. 

HAYDON,  Bexjamin  Robeht,  an  his- 
torical painter  of  distinguished  merit,  was 
born  at  Plymouth,  where  his  father  was  a 
bookseller,  in  178<;.  He  commenced  his 
studies  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1804.  His 
first  picture  was  exhibited  in  1807  ;  the  sub- 
ject of  it,  "Joseph  and  Mary  resting  with  our 
Saviour  after  a  day's  journey  on  the  road 
to  Egypt."  His  second  great  work,  "  Den- 
tatus,"  was  exhibited  in  1809,  and  in  the 
following  year  it  obtained  the  great  prize  at 
the  Royal  Institution.  His  "Judgment  of 
Solomon "  appeared  next ;  but  during  its 
progress  his  resources  failed,  and  the  di- 
rectors of  the  British  Institution  voted  him  a 
present  of  100  guineas.  Previous  to  this  the 
artist  had  for  some  time  devoted  10  or  12 
hours  a  day  to  the  study  of  the  Elgin  marbles, 
and  that  he  had  studied  them  with  intense 
delight  and  veneration  may  be  learned  from 
the  manner  in  which  he  speaks  of  these 
matchless  examples  of  art  in  his  "  Lectures 
on  Painting  and  Design."  He  went,  accom- 
panied by  Wilkie,  to  Paris  in  1814,  to  study 
at  the  Louvre,  and  on  his  return  commenced 
his  largest  work,  "  Christ  entering  into  Jeru- 
salem." This  picture  was  exhibited  in  1820, 
both  in  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  was 
considered  a  triumph  of  modem  art.  But, 
with  all  his  acknowledged  powers,  he  mistook 
or  disdained  to  follow  the  more  certain  path 
to  fame  and  fortune.  While  his  more  suc- 
cessful brethren  were  engaged  on  cabinet 
pictures  or  portraits,  his  works  were  on  too 
large  a  scale  to  be  hung  in  private  rooms  ; 
hence  the  orders  he  obtained  were  compara- 
tively few  ;  and  hence,  ere  long,  he  became 
embarrassed.  In  1827,  just  previous  to  a 
public  meeting  of  his  friends  held  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  a  subscription  for  him, 
he  gave  the  following  melancholy  account 
of  the  fate  of  his  great  pictures  :  — "  My 
'  Judgment  of  Solomon '  is  rolled  up  in  a 
worehouse  in  the  Borough  I  my  '  Entry  into 
Jerusalem,'  once  graced  by  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  rank  and  beauty  of  the  three  kingdoms, 
is  doubled  up  in  a  back  room  in  Holbom  I 
my  ♦  Lazarus '  is  in  an  upholsterer's  shop  in 


397 


Mount  Street !  and  my  '  Crucifixion  '  is  in  a 
liay-loft  in  Lisson  Grove  !  "  Some  of  these 
pictures,  and  others  which  he  afterwards 
painted,  fetched  considerable  prices ;  but 
many  others  proved  unsuccessful ;  and 
though  he  occasionally  emerged  from  the 
obscurity  and  distress  into  which  he  was 
plunged,  and  displayed  indomitable  courage 
and  determination,  —  now  defending  himself 
from  the  attacks  of  hostile  critics,  and  now 
contending  with  jealous  rivals  who  assailed 
his  most  favourite  productions,  —  lie  was 
never  once  free  from  the  pangs  of  blighted 
ambition.  An  ardent  admiration  of  ancient 
art,  and  an  equally  ardent  ambition  to  attain 
its  highest  excellence,  ever  distinguished 
him  ;  his  mind  was  thoroughly  imbued  with 
a  love  for  the  sublime  and  beautiful  ;  and  he 
laboured  unceasingly  to  implant  in  the 
breasts  of  others,  those  feelings  and  principles 
by  which  his  own  were  governed.  The 
slighting  of  his  cartoons  by  the  royal  com- 
mission was  the  death-blow  to  his  hopes.  He 
had  fought  through  overwhelming  diffi- 
culties before  ;  and  would  have  borne  up 
against  them  now,  had  he  but  entertained 
the  hope  of  painting  a  fresco  for  the  new 
houses  of  parliament,  or  been  clieered  under 
his  disappointment  by  popular  support. 
But,  alas  I  undoubted  genius,  noble  enter- 
prise, and  even  persevering  industry,  were 
not  sufficient  to  turn  aside  the  shafts  of  an 
adverse  fate.  He  fell  by  his  own  hand,  June 
22.  184(5,  aged  60  ;  and  was  discovered  lying 
on  the  floor  of  his  studio,  immediately  in 
front  of  a  colossal  picture  (Alfred  the  Great 
and  the  First  British  Jury),  on  which  he  had 
just  before  been  engaged,  his  white  hairs 
saturated  with  blood  I  The  last  sum  of 
money  Mr.  Haydon  ever  received  was  a 
present  of  .'50/.  from  Sir  R.  Peel  ;  whose 
generous  interference  in  behalf  of  his  widow 
obtained  from  her  majesty  a  pension  of  50i. 
a  year  from  the  civil  list ;  Lady  Peel  also 
assigned  her  a  pension  of  2.'>l.;  and  a  public 
subscription,  which  was  afterwards  entered 
into  for  the  benefit  of  Mrs.  Haydon  and 
family,  amounted  to  2000/. 

HAYES,  Ciiaiu.es,  a  mathematician, bom 
in  1(578.  He  published  a  "  Treatise  on  Flux- 
ions," and  some  other  mathematical  pieces, 
besides  several  works  of  a  theological  nature. 
Died,  1760. 

HAYES,  William,  a  musical  composer, 
was  originally  organist  of  St.  Mary's, 
Shrewsbury  ;  from  whence  he  removed  to 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees  in  music,  and  was  elected  professor 
in  that  faculty.  He  published  a  collection 
of  English  ballads,  but  is  best  known  by  his 
church  compositions  and  catches.  He  de- 
fended Handel  against  Avison,  with  some 
asperity.    Born,  1708  ;  died,  1777. 

HAYLEY,  William,  an  English  poet, 
was  born  at  Chichester,  in  1745.  After  quit- 
ting Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  settled 
at  Eartham,  in  Sussex,  and  devoted  his  time 
principally  to  literature.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  "Essay  on  History,  in  Three  poetical 
Epistles  to  Edward  Gibbon,"  "  Triumphs  of 
Temper,"  "  Essays  on  Painting  and  Sculp- 
ture," a  prose  "Essay  on  Old  Maids,"  Svols.-, 
and,  lastly,  "  The  Life  and  Correspondence 
of  the  Poet  Cowper."    Died,  1820. 


hay] 


^  0t^  mixiher^Kl  SSioffrap^i?. 


[hea 


HAYM,  Nicholas  Francis,  a  musical 
professor  of  Rome,  who  came  to  England  at 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  and  at- 
tempted to  establish  an  Italian  opera,  but 
with  indiiferent  success.  He  also  tried 
other  schemes,  among  which  was  the  public- 
ation of  "  II  Tesoro  Britannico,"  2  vols.  4to., 
or  a  description  of  coins,  gems,  &c.  in 
English  cabinets,  besides  an  able  work  on 
Italian  bibliography,  and  2  tragedies.  Died, 
1730. 

HAYMAN,  Francis,  an  English  painter, 
and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  was  born  in  1708,  at  Exeter. 
Coming  to  T^ondon  when  young,  he  was 
employed  as  a  scene  painter  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre.  The  principal  productions  of  his 
pencil  are  historical  paintings,  with  wliich 
he  decorated  some  of  the  apartments  at 
Vauxliall.  He  also  furnished  designs  for 
the  illustration  of  the  works  of  Sliakspeare, 
Milton,  Pope,  Cervantes,  &c.     Died,  1776. 

HAYNE,  Isaac,  a  colonel  in  the  Ameri- 
can army,  and  a  martyr  (according  to  the 
opinion  of  many  of  his  countrymen)  to  the 
cause  of  independence,  was  descended  from 
a  highly  respectable  family  in  South  Caro- 
lina. After  the  capitulation  of  Charlestown, 
he  consented  to  subscribe  a  declaration  of 
his  allegiance  to  the  kingof  Great  Britain, 
provided  he  might  not  be  compelled  to  bear 
arms  against  his  countrymen.  He  was  sum- 
moned, however,  after  the  successes  of 
Greene  had  changed  the  face  of  affairs,  to 
repair  immediately  to  the  British  standard. 
This  he  refused,  as  a  violation  of  the  com- 
pact he  had  entered  into,  and  hastened  to 
the  American  camp.  Being  shortly  after 
taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  he  was  tried, 
and  condemned  to  be  hanged,  "  for  having 
been  found  under  arms,  and  employed  in 
raising  a  regiment  to  oppose  the  British 
government,  though  he  had  become  a  sub- 
ject, and  accepted  the  protection  of  that  go- 
vernment." This  cruel  sentence,  notwith- 
standing the  mitigating  circumstances  of  the 
case,  was  accordingly  put  into  execution, 
Aug.  4.  1781. 

HAYNE,  Thomas,  a  learned  school-master 
and  divine,  born  at  Thrussington,  in  Leices- 
tershire, in  1581.  He  took  his  degrees  in 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  after  which  he  be- 
came one  of  the  ushers  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
where  he  died  in  1645.  He  endowed  a  school 
at  Thrussington,  and  founded  2  scholarships 
in  Lincoln  College.  His  works  are  '•  Gram- 
matices  LatiniE  Compendium,"  "Lingua- 
rum  Cognatio,"  "  The  Life  and  Death  of 
Luther,"  &c. 

HAYWARD,  Sir  JoHJf,  an  English  histo- 
rian, who  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.  Some  passages  in  his 
"Life  of  Henry  IV.,"  concerning  hereditary 
right  in  matters  of  succession,  gave  great 
offence  to  the  queen,  and  lie  was  thrown 
into  prison  ;  but  upon  the  accession  of  James 
he  was  released,  resumed  his  literary  la- 
bours, obtained  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
and  continued  to  receive  proofs  of  court  fa- 
vour during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Died, 
1627. 

HAYWOOD,  Elizabeth,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  born  in  London  in  1693,  and  died 
in  1756.    She  published  the  "  Female  Spec- 


tator," 4  vols. ;  "  Epistles  for  the  I-adies,"  2 
vols.;  "Fortunate  Foundling,"  "Adventures 
of  Nature,"  &c. 

HAZLITT,  William,  a  distinguished 
modern  writer,  both  as  a  critic  and  essayist, 
was  the  son  of  a  dissenting  minister,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Unitarian  College  at  Hackney. 
He  began  life  as  an  artist ;  but  though  he 
always  preserved  an  intense  love  for  the 
arts,  he  soon  relinquished  the  pencil  for  the 
pen  ;  and  when  he  was  not  borne  away  by 
violent  prejudices,  he  appeared  as  one  of  the 
most  able,  powerful,  and  judicious  critics  of 
the  day.  Besides  being  a  constant  contri- 
butor for  many  years  to  the  Morning  Chro- 
nicle and  Examiner  newspapers,  he  occa- 
sionally wrote  in  others  ;  and  was  so  alert 
and  indefatigable,  that  he  was  continually 
producing  some  new  work  of  sterling  merit. 
Among  the  most  popular  of  his  writings  are 
several  volumes  collected  from  periodical 
works,  under  the  titles  of  "  Table  Talk," 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  Age,"  and  "The  Plain 
Speaker."  The  largest  and  most  elaborate, 
though  not  the  most  successful  of  his  works, 
is  the  "Life  of  Napoleon,"  4  vols.  His 
"  Characters  of  Shakspeare's  Plays "  at- 
tracted much  notice  ;  as  did  also  his  "  "View 
of  the  English  Stage,"  "  Political  Essays  and 
Sketches  of  Public  Characters,"  "  The  Lite- 
rature of  the  Elizabethan  Age,"  "  The  Mo- 
dern Pygmalion,"  &c.  His  last  work  was  a 
very  interesting  volume,  entitled  "  Conversa- 
tions of  James  Northcote,  Esq.,  R.  A."  A 
cotemporary  writer,  in  an  eulogistic  analysis 
of  his  character  and  abilities,  makes  the  fol- 
lowing remarks  :  "  Connected  with  the  phi- 
losophical examinations  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  the  drama  and  the  theatre  came 
naturally  within  his  inquiries.  Into  these 
subjects  he  poured  the  tide  of  his  luminous 
mind,  and  soon  acquired  the  reputation  of 
being  one  of  the  highest  critical  authorities 
on  the  drama  and  the  fine  arts.  He  pene- 
trated boldly,  and  wrote  graphically  ;  and 
whether  his  opinions  were  always  profound 
or  just,  you  felt  that  they  were  dexterously 
said,  and  hardly  cared  to  question  farther." 
Died,  18.30. 

HE APY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  painter  in 
water  colours,  and  the  first  president  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists.  Died,  Oct.  1835, 
at  the  age  of  60.  His  pictures  are  well  known 
and  appreciated. 

HEARNE,  Samuel,  a  traveller  who,  from 
1769  to  1772,  was  employed  by  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company  to  explore  the  north-west 
coast  of  America,  and  who  was  the  first 
European  that  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
Arctic  ocean.    Born,  1742  ;  died,  1792. 

HEARNE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  classical  editor,  was  born  in  1678,  at 
White  Waltham,  in  Berkshire,  of  which 
parish  his  father  was  clerk  and  schoolmaster. 
He  published  several  ancient  MSS.  and  edi- 
tions of  old  books  ;  as  the  Life  of  Alfred  by 
Spelman  ;  Leland's  Itinerary,  9  vols.  8vo.  ;  a 
collection  of  curious  Discourses  written  by 
eminent  antiquaries,  &c.    Died,  1766. 

HEARNE,  Thomas,  an  artist  of  consider- 
able talents,  was  born  in  1744,  at  Marshfleld, 
in  Gloucestershine.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
topographical  designer  ;  but  his  great  merit 
lay  in  landscape-painting  in  water  colours — 


hea] 


^  ^cix)  WiwibtxiKl  MioQtK^})^, 


[hed 


a  branch  of  the  art  which  has  since  arrived  ' 
at  great  perfection  in  this  country,  and  of 

1  which  he  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  first  I 
wlio  successfully  practised  it.    Died,  1817.       | 

I  HEATH,  Benjamix,  s  distinguished 
lawyer  and  scholar  of  the  last  century,  who 
was  recorder  of  Exeter,  and  acquired  great  | 
popularity  in  his  native  county  by  writing 
against  the  cider  tax.  His  ablest  work  is 
entitled  "  An  Essay  towards  a  Demonstra- 

1  tive  Proof  of  the  Divine  Existence,  Unity, 

1  and  Attributes,"  &c.    Died,  1762. 

HEATH,  CiiAui.ES,  an  eminent  line  en- 
graver, wa«  bom,  1784.     His  taste  for  art  was 

I  fostered  and  matured  by  Jiis  father,  James 
Heath,  a  name  well-known  to  the  i>rint 
collector  ;  and  his  serial  artistic  publications, 
the  "  Book  of  Beauty  "  and  the  "  Keepsake," 
&c.,  for  many  years  kept  his  name  before  the 
world  as  one  of  the  first  English  engravers, 
besides  exercising  a  marked  influence  over 
that  department  of  the  arts.     Died,  lb48. 

HEATH,  James,  an  historical  writer  dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  II.  lie 
wrote  "  A  Chronicle  of  the  late  War,"  "  The 
Glories  and  Triumphs  of  the  Restoration  of 
Charles  II.,"  "  Flagellum,  or  the  Life  and 
Death  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  &c.  Died,  1(J04. 
UEATIICOTE,  Ralph,  a  clergyman  of 
the  Churcli  of  England,  to  whom  the  merit 
is  due  of  being  the  projector  of  the  General 
Biograpliical  Dictionary.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  The  Irenarch,  or  Justice  of  the 
Peace's  Manual,"  "  Sylva,  or  the  Wood," 
"  A  Sketch  of  Lord  Bolingbroke's  Philoso- 
phy," and  other  polemical  works ;  whicli 
caused  his  introduction  to  Dr.  Warburton, 
who  nominated  him  his  assistant  preacher 
at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  subsequently  obtained 
higher  church  preferments,  and  died  in 
1705. 
HEATHFIELD.  See  Elliot. 
HEBER,  Reginald,  D.D.,  bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta, was  born  at  Malpas,  Clieshire,  in  1783, 
and  received  the  first  rudiments  of  his  educa- 
tion at  Whitchurch,  about  5  miles  distant 
from  his  native  village.  He  entered  a  stu- 
dent at  Brazenose  College,  Oxford,  in  1800, 
and,  3  years  after,  carried  the  English  prize 
for  his  beautiful  poem,  "  Palestine."  In 
1805,  he  took  his  B.A.  degree,  and  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  All  Soul's.  He  soon  after  quitted 
the  university,  and  made  a  tour  through 
Germany,  Russia,  and  the  Crimea.  The  in- 
formation he  gained  in  that  excursion  assisted 
his  classical  mind  with  the  perspective  of  a 
plan  by  which  to  collect  and  arrange  all  of 
ancient  and  modern  literature  which  could 
disclose  any  part,  or  throw  light  on,  the  pre- 
sent state  of  Scythia,  a  work  which  he  gave 
up  on  entering  the  service  of  the  church,  as 
likely  to  interrupt  his  more  important  duties. 
From  1803  to  1822,  he  spent  his  time  in  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  a  parish  priest :  during 
which  he  published  some  elegant  poems,  and 
the  life  of  Jeremy  Taylor.  He  was  then 
elected  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Middleton,  the  bishopric  of 
Calcutta  was  offered  to  Mr.  Heber,  who,  after 
some  hesitation,  accepted  it ;  and  on  the  IGth 
of  June,  the  bishop,  with  his  wife  and  infant 
daughter,  embarked  for  India.  On  the  11th 
of  CK:tober  he  reached  his  destination,  and 
ibund  constant  occupation  in  the  important 


exercise  of  his  oflScial  duties.  On  the  15th 
of  June,  1824,  he  left  Calcutta,  to  make  a 
visitation  of  the  upiier  provinces,  on  which 
occasion  he  traversed  the  breadth  of  his 
diocese,  taking  in  their  course  the  eastern, 
northern,  and  western  extremities  of  British 
India,  every  where  sowing  the  seeds  of 
Christian  instruction  among  the  Hindoos, 
and  informing  himself  of  the  wants  of  the 
new  congregations.  In  1826,  he  took  an- 
other journey  in  the  discharge  of  his  episcopal 
duty,  to  Trichinopoly,  where  he  arrived  on 
the  1st  of  April,  1826.  The  next  day  he  was 
seized  with  an  apoplectic  fit,  whilst  bathing, 
which  terminated  his  valuable  life.  Since 
his  death,  a  "  Narrative  of  a  Journey  through 
the  Upper  Provinces  of  India  "  has  api>eared, 
and  his  widow  has  abo  published  his  bio- 
graphv. 

HEBERDEN,  William,  F.R.S.,  a  distin- 
guished medical  practitioner,  was  born  in 
London  in  1710,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  which  town  he  prac- 
tised as  a  physician  for  several  years  before 
he  settled  in  the  metropolis.  He  was  the 
projector  and  a  principal  contributor  to  the 
"Medical  Transactions,"  and  author  of 
'•  Medical  Commentaries  on  the  History  and 
Cure  of  Diseases."    Died,  1801. 

HEBERT,  James  RjEne,  commonly  called 
Ph-e  Duchene  (from  the  title  of  a  Jacobin 
paper  of  which  he  was  the  editor),  was  Iwn 
at  Alencon,  in  1765.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  violent  advocates  for  the  French  revo- 
lution, and  one  of  the  most  unprincipled. 
Having  nothing  to  lose,  he  entered  with 
eagerness  in  the  execution  of  any  plot  by 
which  the  nobility  could  be  plundered  ;  and, 
taking  an  active  part  in  those  scenes  where 
his  infamous  employers  were  not  willing  to 
appear,  he  obtained  a  guilty  notoriety.  He 
was  made  a  member  of  the  commune,  for 
his  assistance  in  the  massacres  which  took 
place  in  September,  and  the  cruel  murder 
of  the  Princess  de  l>amballe.  It  was  Hcbert 
who  so  grossly  insulted  the  unhappy  queen, 
Marie  Antoinette,  by  the  vilest  of  all  accu- 
sations ;  and  put  questions  to  the  children 
of  Louis  XVI.,  which,  when  reported  to  Ro- 
bespierre, called  forth  reproaches  even  from 
his  flinty  breast.  Having  from  a  weak  pre- 
sumption dared  to  oppose  his  colleagues  and 
masters,  they  hurled  him  from  his  slippery 
seat,  and  accomplished  his  destruction  with 
a  promptitude  that  astonished  him.  At  the 
place  of  his  execution,  contempt  and  insult 
were  added  to  the  severity  of  his  sufferings, 
and  he  died  amid  the  hisses  of  the  populace, 
on  the  24th  March,  1794. 

HEDELIN,  Fkancis,  a  French  advocate, 
celebrated  for  his  learning,  who  was  ap- 
pointed tutor  to  the  two  nephews  of  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  and  by  that  minister  rewarded 
with  the  valuable  abbeys  of  Aubignac  and 
Meimach.     Born,  1C04  ;  died,  1«)70. 

HEDERIC,  or  UEDERICHS,  Benjamix, 
a  German  lexicographer;  authorof  the  well- 
known  Greek  lexicon  which  bears  his  name, 
and  several  other  works  of  a  similar  nature. 
Born,  1675  ;  and  died,  rector  of  the  school 
of  Grossenhayn,  in  1748. 

HEDLINGER,  Johx  Chakles,  the  most 
celebrated  die-cutter  of  his  age,  was  bom 
at  Schweitz,  in  1691.    Many  crowned  heads, 


009 


hed] 


^  0m  Winibet^al  SSursrajil)^. 


[hei 


among  whom  were  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
Peter  the  Great,  and  Pope  Benedict  XIII., 
honoured  him  with  their  patronage.  He 
frequently  visited  Sweden  ;  and  on  his  last 
voyage  from  that  country,  in  1745,  he  lost 
the  greater  part  of  his  property  by  ship- 
wreck. His  works  are  distinguished  by  great 
simplicity,  softness,  and  correctness  of  de- 
sign.   Died,  1771. 

HEDVVIG,  John,  a  German  botanist  and 
physician,  was  born  in  1730,  at  Cronstadt, 
in  Transylvania.  After  studying  at  Pres- 
burg  and  Zittau,  he  went  to  Leipsic,  where 
he  assisted  Professor  Bose  as  demonstrator 
of  plants  in  his  botanical  lectures.  He  took 
his  doctor's  degree  in  17.59  ;  practised  as  a 
physician,  first  at  Chemnitz,  and  afterwards 
at  Eeipsie  ;  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
physic  and  botany  there,  and  made  super- 
intendant  of  the  public  garden.  His  most 
important  work  is  entitled  "  Cryptogamia," 
4  vols,  folio.    Died,  1799. 

HEEMSKERK,  Martin  van  (whose 
real  name  was  Van  Veen,  but  who  derived 
the  name  of  Heemskerk  from  his  native 
village),  was  born  in  1498.  After  studying 
under  some  of  his  most  eminent  countrjr- 
men,  he  went  to  Italy,  and  there  formed  his 
taste  under  Michael  Angelo,  who  was  at 
that  time  enriching  the  capital  of  the 
Christian  world  with  the  productions  of  his 
pencil.  Heemskerk  was  a  diligent  and  pro- 
lific artist,  though  his  works  are  now  very 
rare.    Died,  1574. 

HEEREN,  Arnold  Hermann  Ludwig, 
a  distinguished  German  historian,  was  born 
near  Bremen,  in  1760  ;  studied  at  Gottingen  ; 
and  after  spending  some  years  in  foreign 
travel,  returned  to  Gottingen  in  1787,  when 
he  was  appointed  professor,  and  thencefor- 
ward devoted  himself  to  the  composition  of 
those  numerous  works  which  have  placed 
him  among  the  first  historians  of  his  age. 
His  chief  works  are,  "  Ideen  iiber  die  Politik, 
den  Verkehr,  &c.  der  vornehmsten  Volker 
der  alten  Welt,"  "  Handbuch  der  Geschichte 
der  Staaten  des  AUerthums,"  "Handbuch 
der  Europitischen  Staatensystem,"  &c.  Died, 
full  of  years  and  honours,  in  1842. 

HEGEL,  George  William  Frederick, 
the  founder  of  a  new  school  of  philosophy, 
was  born  at  Stuttgart,  1770.  He  was  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Jena,  Heidelberg,  and 
Berlin.  He  was  at  first  the  disciple  of  Schel- 
ling,  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  the 
conduct  of  a  philosophical  journal  in  1802-3. 
But  his  opinions  gradually  took  a  different 
turn.  He  rejected  Schelling's  intellectual 
intuition  as  an  unwarrantable  assumption, 
although  he  continued  to  maintain  its  lead- 
ing idea,  —  the  unity  of  the  subjective  or 
ideal,  and  the  objective  or  real ;  and  in  this 
idea  endeavoured  to  establish  that  absolute 
cognition  and  absolute  truth,  which  alone, 
according  to  this  scliool,  can  satisfy  the 
demands  of  the  philosophical  spirit.  Hegel 
seems  not  to  have  perfected  his  system  ;  and 
as  he  had  no  power  of  exposition,  or  of  lucid 
expression  of  his  thoughts,  it  is  impossible 
to  give  a  clear  view  of  his  philosophy.  In- 
deed, it  would  appear  that  he  himself  had 
the  same  notion  ;  for  he  is  said  to  have  re- 
marked, that,  "  of  all  his  numerous  disciples, 
only  one  had  ever  understood  liim,  and  even 


he  had  understood  him  falsely."  Be  this  as 
it  may,  his  system  is  at  present  the  centre  of 
nearly  all  pliilosophical  interest  in  Ger- 
many, chiefly  from  the  widely  discrepant 
deductions,  political  and  religious,  which 
his  friends  and  enemies  draw  from  it ;  some 
maintaining  it  to  be  favourable  to  the  pre- 
sent order  of  things  in  church  and  state, 
others  founding  upon  it  conclusions  at  vari- 
ance with  all  ordinary  notions  of  religion  or 
morality.    Died  of  cholera,  at  Berlin,  1831. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  James,  a  very  ex- 
traordinary character,  by  birth  a  Swiss,  who 
took  up  his  residence  in  London,  in  16G0, 
and,  obtaining  a  commission  in  the  guards, 
was  known  in  fashionable  society,  by  the 
appellation  of  the  Swiss  count.  He  under- 
took the  management  of  the  opera  house, 
and  in  his  conduct  of  that  establishment 
was  very  fortunate  ;  added  to  which,  by 
giving  concerts,  masquerades,  &c.,  under  the 
patronage  of  the  court,  he  gained  a  handi- 
some  income,  which  he  expended  in  keeping 
an  hospitable  table,  and  relieving  the  un- 
fortunate. In  his  person  he  was  extremely 
ugly,  but  he  was  the  first  to  joke  upon  his 
own  homely  features.  Being  in  company 
where  a  debate  took  place  as  to  which  nation 
in  Europe  was  the  most  ingenious,  Heidegger 
claimed  it  for  the  Swiss,  and,  when  asked 
for  the  proof,  said,  "  I  was  bom  a  Swiss,  and 
came  to  England  without  a  farthing,  where 
I  found  the  means  of  gaining  5000/.  a  year, 
and  to  spend  it.  Now  I  defy  any  English- 
man to  do  the  same  in  Switzerland."  He 
died  in  1749,  aged  90. 

HEINE,  Heineich,  a  German  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Dussel- 
dorf,  1797,  and  studied  at  Bonn,  Gottingen, 
and  Berlin,  with  the  view  of  embracing  a 
legal  career  ;  but  his  temper  and  turn  of 
mind  rendered  a  residence  in  Germany  dis- 
tasteful, and  he  repaired  to  Paris  about  1820, 
where  he  continued  thenceforward  princi- 
pally to  reside.  His  works  comprise  two 
plays,  political  pamphlets  and  satires,  views 
of  French  society,  &c. ;  but  his  fame  chiefly 
depends  on  his  poems  and  "  Reisebilder," 
which,  though  often  deformed  by  a  spirit  of 
raillery  and  satire  that  knows  no  bounds, 
are  full  of  grace,  tenderness,  and  artless  ease. 
Died,  1847. 

HEINECCIUS,  John  Gotlieb,  a  cele- 
brated civilian  of  the  18th  century,  born  at 
Ersenburg,  in  Altenburg,  in  1681.  After 
ha^^ng  studied  at  Goslar  and  Leipsic,  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Halle, 
1710  J  and  in  1711  he  was  made  professor  of 
civil  law,  with  the  title  of  counsellor  of  the 
court.  His  great  reputation  induced  the 
states  of  Friesland  to  invite  him  to  Frane- 
ker,  in  1724  ;  but  in  1727,  the  king  of  Prussia 
prevailed  on  him  to  accept  of  a  professorship 
of  law  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  till  1753.  Becoming 
again  professor  at  Halle,  he  remained  there 
till  his  death  in  1741,  though  invited  to 
Marburg,  Denmark,  and  HoUaHd.  He 
wrote  many  works,  all  of  them  mueh  es- 
teemed. 

HEINECKEN,  Christian  Henry,  an 
extraordinary  child,  born  at  Lubeck,  in  1721. 
So  astounding  is  the  account  which  is  re- 
lated of  this  mental  phenomenon,  that  not- 


HEl] 


^  ^tio  WinibtriKl  3Bi'offrap!)jj. 


[UEL 


withstanding  it  is  supported  by  the  most 
powerful  evidence,  it  still  exceeds  credibility. 
He  spoke  fluently  at  ten  months  old :  at 
twelve  he  could  recite  the  principal  facts  in 
the  Pentateuch  ;  in  two  months  more  he  was 
master  of  the  entire  history  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments ;  at  two  years  and  a  half, 
he  answered  the  principal  questions  in  geo- 
graphy, and  in  ancient  and  modern  history  ; 
and  he  spoke  Latin  and  French  with  great 
facility  before  he  had  reached  his  fourth 
year.  His  constitution  was  so  delicate,  that 
he  was  not  weaned  till  a  few  months  beforo 
his  death.  M.  Martini,  of  Lubcck,  published 
a  pamphlet  in  1730,  in  which  he  endeavoured 
to  give  natural  reasons  for  the  extraordinary 
capacity  of  this  child.  lie  died  in  his  fifth 
year,  and  on  his  death- bed  displayed  the 
utmost  firmness  and  resignation. 

HEINSIUS,  Anthony,  a  distingmshed 
Dutch  statesman,  who  for  40  years  filled  the 
high  station  of  grand  pensionary  ;  and  whose 
prudence,  skill,  and  probity  gained  him 
the  confidence  and  regard  of  William  III., 
Marlborough,  and  Prince  Eugene.  Bom, 
1641  ;  died,  1720. 

HEINSIUS,  Daxikl,  professor  of  politics 
and  history  at  Leyden,  and  librarian  to  the 
university,  was  born  at  Ghent,  in  1580.  He 
became  a  pupil  of  Joseph  Scaliger  at  Ley- 
den, and  was  greatly  indebted  lo  him  for  the 
eminence  to  which  he  attained  in  literature. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  critic  by  his 
labours  on  many  classical  authors  ;  and  was 
highly  honoured  at  home  and  abroad.  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  gave  him  a  place  among  his 
counsellors  of  state;  the  republic  of  Venice 
made  him  a  kniglit  of  the  order  of  St.  Mark  ; 
and  Pope  Urban  VIII.  invited  him  to  come, 
as  he  expressed  it,  to  rescue  Rome  from 
barbarism  1  He  died  in  1(506,  leaving  several 
works  both  in  poetry  and  prose. 

HEINSIUS,  Nicholas,  the  son  of  Daniel, 
was  born  at  Leyden,  and  became  as  great 
a  Latin  poet  as  his  father,  and  a  still  greater 
critic.     Died,  1681. 

HEISTER,  Laurence,  a  physician,  sur- 
geon, and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Maine,  in  1683.  He  was  a  pupil  both 
of  Ruysch  and  Boerhaave;  became  physician- 
general  to  the  Dutch  military  hospital ;  and, 
in  1710,  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  Altorf.  From  thence  he  removed  to 
Helmstadt,  where  he  died  in  1758.  He  wrote 
several  works  on  anatomy  and  surgery,  and 
also  distinguished  himself  in  botany  as  a 
strenuous  opponent  of  the  Linnwan  system. 
HELENA,  St.,  the  mother  of  Constan- 
tine,  was  of  obscure  birth  in  Bithynia.  Con- 
fltantius  Chlorus  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
married  her,  while  in  that  country ;  but, 
when  he  became  associated  in  the  empire, 
he  divorced  Helena,  and  married  Theodora, 
daughter  of  Maximilian  Hercules.  Constan- 
tine,  at  his  accession,  paid  due  honours  to 
his  mother,  and  conferred  on  her  the  title 
of  Augusta,  which  she  merited  by  her  con- 
duct. At  the  age  of  80  she  went  to  Palestine, 
where,  it  is  said,  she  assisted  at  the  discovery 
of  the  holy  cross  ;  soon  after  which  slie  died. 
Her  body  was  conveyed  to  Rome,  and  de- 
posited in  the  tomb  of  the  emperors,  wliile 
her  native  village  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
a  city  by  the  name  of  Helenopolis. 


HELIODORUS,  a  native  of  Emesa,  in 
Phoenicia,  and  who  lived  near  the  end  of  the 
4th  century,  was  bishop  of  Tricea,  in  Thcs- 
saly,  but  deposed  towards  the  close  of  his 
life.  His  youthful  work,  "  ^thiopica,  or, 
the  Loves  of  Theagenes  and  (Jhariclea,"  in 
poetical  prose,  is  distinguislied,  by  its  strict 
morality,  from  the  other  Greek  romances. 
It  is  said,  that  the  alternative  of  burning  his 
romance,  or  resigning  his  bishopric,  being 
given  him,  he  preferred  the  latter ;  but 
the  story  is  too  improbable  to  deserve  our 
credence. 

HELIOGABALUS,  M.  Aurelius  Anto- 
ninus, a  Roman  emperor,  was  the  son  of 
Varius  Marcellus,  and  derived  his  nanrie 
from  having  been  a  priest  of  the  sun  in 
Phoenicia.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by 
the  soldiery  in  218,  when  he  was  under 
15  years  of  age  ;  and  though  he  began  his 
reign  with  professions  of  moderation  and 
virtue,  he  soon  abandoned  himself  to  every 
species  of  vice,  and  Rome  displayed  a  scene 
of  unparalleled  folly,  cruelty,  and  debauch- 
ery. He  raised  his  horse  to  the  honours  of  the 
consulship,  and  obliged  his  subjects  to  pay 
adoration  to  a  large  black  stone,  which  he 
called  Heliogabalus,  raising  temples  to  its 
honour,  &c.  At  length  his  licentiousness 
and  rapacity  drew  upon  him  the  vengeance 
of  the  people  ;  and  before  he  had  reigned 
4  years,  he  was  put  to  death  by  the  Prasto- 
rian  guards,  his  body  thrown  into  the  Tiber, 
and  his  memory  declared  infamous.  To 
show  the  kind  of  luxury  in  wliich  this 
youthful  monster  indulged,  it  is  enough 
to  state,  that  his  halls  were  covered  with 
carpets  of  gold  and  silver  tissue,  and  his 
mats  made  of  the  down  of  hares,  and  the 
sott  feathers  found  under  the  wings  of  par- 
tridgesl  He  was  succeeded  by  Alexander 
Severus. 

HELL,  Maximilian,  a  learned  astrono- 
mer, born  at  Chemnitz,  in  Hungary,  in  1720. 
He  was  astronomer  and  director  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  Vienna  ;  published  annually 
the  Ephemerides  ;  and  rendered  other  essen- 
tial services  to  the  science  of  astronomy. 
Died,  1792. 

HELMONT,  John  Baptist  van,  a  cele- 
brated chemist,  was  born  at  Brussels,  in 
1577  ;  studied  at  Louvain,  aud  made  such 
rapid  progress  in  natural  history  and  medi- 
cal science,  that  he  delivered  public  lectures 
at  seventeen  years  of  age.  He  then  travelled 
through  various  countries  for  ten  years,  and 
acquired  a  great  knowledge  of  chemistry,  to 
which  science  he  afterwards  constantly  de- 
voted himself,  and  in  which  he  made  some 
valuable  discoveries.  His  first  literary  pro- 
duction was  a  treatise  on  the  Spa  waters, 
wliich  is  remarkable  on  account  of  the  author 
having  used  the  German  word  gheist,  answer- 
ing to  the  English  ghost,  or  spirit,  to  denote 
the  air  on  which  the  properties  of  the  Spa 
water  depend,  and  from  which  is  derived  the 
modem  word  gas,  now  so  extensively  used. 
In  1609,  he  settled  at  Vilvorden,  where  he 
practised  medicine  gratuitously,  and  is  said 
to  have  performed  some  very  wonderful 
cures.  He  professed  to  disregard  all  book- 
learning  on  the  healing  art;  and  had  he 
lived  at  the  present  day,  would  have  been 
styled  an  impudent  quack  ;  but  though  his 


H  u  3 


iiel} 


^  ^m  mixibtv^al  IStOflrapl^g. 


[hem 


works  abound  with  crude  and  visionary 
dogmas,  they  contain  also  many  observa- 
tions on  the  Galenical  system,  which  are 
shrewd  and  pertinent.    Died,  1644. 

HELMONT,  Fkan-cis  Mercury  vatx, 
Baron,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Vil- 
vorden,  in  1618,  and  there  practised  as  a 
physician  and  experi.nental  chemist.  If  the 
father  be  cluirged  with  eccentricity  or  quack- 
ery, the  son  had  a  tenfold  right  to  both 
qualities  ;  yet  that  he  was  a  man  of  talent 
none  have  denied.  His  acts  speak  for  them- 
selves :  he  travelled  over  a  part  of  Europe 
with  a  caravan  of  Bohemians  (a  gang  of 
gipsies),  to  learn  their  language  and  opin- 
ions ;  pretended  to  have  discovered  the  ori- 
ginal language  of  man  j  and  had  the  impu- 
dence to  affirm  that  a  child  born  deaf  and 
dumb,  would  be  able  to  articulate  the  cha- 
racters at  first  sight.  He  professed  to  believe 
in  the  doctrine  of  transmigration,  in  the  ex- 
istence of  tlie  philosopher's  stone,  and  other 
theories  no  less  wild  and  visionary.  Died, 
1699. 

HELOISE.or  ELOISE,  celebrated  for  her 
beauty  and  wit.  but  still  more  on  account  of 
her  love  for  Abelard,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1101,  and  died  in  1164.  Cruelly  separated 
from  her  illustrious  lover,  she  first  became 
prioress  of  the  convent  of  Argcnteuil,  and 
afterwards  entered  the  oratory  of  Paraclete, 
where  she  founded  a  new  convent,  and  lived 
in  exemplary  piety —  For  a  further  account, 
see  Abelakd. 

HELST,  Bartholomew  van  ber,  an 
admirable  Dutch  painter,  excelling  in  por- 
traits, but  also  great  in  landscapes  and  his- 
torical subjects.  Born  at  Haerlem,  1613 ; 
died,  1670. 

HELVETIUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  physi- 
cian, who  being  at  Paris  while  the  dysentery 
was  raging  in  that  city,  successfully  arrested 
its  progress  by  administering  a"  remedy. 
Being  ordered  by  Louis  XIV.  to  make  it 
public,  he  declared  it  to  be  ipecacuanha,  and 
was  rewarded  with  1000  louis  d'ors,  and 
made  inspector  of  the  military  hospitals. 
Bom.  1650  ;  died,  1721. 

HELVETIUS,  John  Claude,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  a  physician,  and  a  man 
of  great  skill  in  his  profession.  He  cured 
Louis  XV.  of  a  dangerous  disorder  in  his  in- 
fancy, and  became  first  physician  to  the 
queen,  and  counsellor  of  state.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  able  works,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences,  F.R.S.  Lond. 
&c.     Died,  1755. 

HELVETIUS,  Claude  Adrien,  son  of 
the  last  mentioned,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1715,  and,  at  the  age  of  twenty- three,  ob- 
tained the  honourable  and  lucrative  post  of 
a  farmer-general,  but  resigned  it,  and  af- 
terwards purchased  the  place  of  maitre 
d'hotel  to  the  queen.  In  1758,  he  published 
"  De  I'Esprit,"  the  materialism  of  which 
drew  upon  him  many  attacks  ;  and  it  was 
condemned  by  the  parliament  of  Paris,  as 
derogatory  to  the  nature  of  man,  by  con- 
fining his  faculties  to  animal  sensibility,  and 
destroying  the  distinctions  between  vice  and 
virtue.  The  book,  however,  obtained  a  rapid 
celebrity,  though  its  author  found  it  neces- 
sary to  ensure  his  personal  safety  by  with- 
drawing for  a  time,  first  to  England,  and 


402 


afterwards  to  Prussia.  He  at  length  returned 
to  France,  and  led  a  retired  and  domestic 
life  on  his  estate  at  Vore,  till  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1771.  A  posthumous 
work,  entitled  "  De  rHomme,"  is  a  continu- 
ation of  the  former  treatise,  and  contains  a 
fuller  development  of  the  doctrines  laid 
down  in  it ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  many  new- 
ones,  particularly  such  as  relate  to  the 
science  of  education. 

HELWIG,  Amelia  von,  a  distinguished 
female  poet  of  Germany,  born  at  Weimar, 
in  1776.  Her  father  travelled  in  France, 
England,  and  Holland  ;  and,  at  a  very  early 
age,  she  discovered  a  remarkable  aptitude  in 
learning,  not  only  the  modem  languages 
but  Greek,  while  her  poetical  talents  were 
at  the  same  time  successfully  cultivated. 
Among  a  host  of  literary  characters,  whose 
friendship  she  obtained,  and  from  whom  she 
derived  much  valuable  instruction,  were 
Schiller  and  Goethe.    Died,  1832. 

HELWIG,  George  Andrew,  a  Prussian 
botanist  and  mineralogist;  author  of  "Li- 
thographia  Angerburgica,"  a  work  on  fossils, 
besides  other  productions  on  lithology  and 
botany.    Born,  1666  ;  died,  1748. 

HELWIG,  John  Otto,  first  physician 
and  counsellor  to  the  elector  palatine.  He 
travelled  through  many  countries,  employ- 
ing himself  in  making  collections  of  natural 
curiosities ;  and  while  in  England  he  was 
created  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  Died, 
1698. 

HEMANS,  Felicia  Dorothea,  an  ami- 
able and  highly  accomplished  poetess,  was 
born  at  Liverpool,  of  respectable  parents  of 
the  name  of  Browne,  who  subsequently  took 
up  their  residence  near  St.  Asaph,  Wales. 
She  manied  young ;  but  her  marriage  was 
infelicitous  ;  and,  after  the  birth  of  five  chil- 
dren, her  husband  estranged  himself  from 
her  society,  and  a  permanent  separation 
ensued.  From  childhood  she  had  an  ardent 
thirst  for  knowledge,  and  her  reading  was 
extensive  and  varied.  She  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  classical  literature,  and  in 
her  works  she  has  bequeathed  to  posterity 
ample  proofs  of  innate  genius  devoted  to  the 
noblest  object  —  the  improvement  of  the 
heart.  It  has  been  truly  said  that,  of  all  the 
sex,  "  few  have  written  so  much  and  so  well 
as  Felicia  Hemans  ;  "  although  her  writings 
possess  an  energy  equal  to  their  liigh-toned 
beauty,  yet  are  they  so  pure  and  so  refined, 
that  not  a  line  of  them  could  feeling  spare, 
or  delicacy  blot  from  her  pages.  Her  imagin- 
ation was  rich,  chaste,  and  glowing ;  and 
though  some  of  her  earlier  poems  may  be 
deemed  rather  monotonous,  her  "  Records  of 
Woman  "  and  "  Forest  Sanctuary  "  stand 
unrivalled.  In  her  social  Intercourse  she 
was  no  less  amiable  than  vivacious,  as  is 
proved  by  her  epistolary  correspondence  ; 
yet  her  most  serious  thoughts  were  ever 
placed  in  the  certainty  of  "another  and  a 
better  world."  After  her  establishment  at 
St.  Asaph  was  broken  up,  she  retired  to 
Vavertree,  near  Liverpool,  but  remained 
about  three  years  only,  when  she  settled  in 
Dublin,  where  she  died  on  the  16th  of  May, 
1835,  in  the  forty-first  year  of  her  age,  leav- 
ing five  sons  to  bewail  her  loss.  Besides  the 
two  works  before-mentioned,  Mrs.  Hemans 


1 


hem] 


91  i^m  HutljfrjSal  Ut00ra|i^j?, 


[UEN 


wrote  "  Wallace,"  "  Dartmoor,"  "  Dramatic 
Scenes,"  "  Welsh  Melodies,"  "  The  Siege  of 
Valencia,"  "  Songs  of  the  Affections,"  "Na- 
tional Lyrics  and  Songs  for  Music,"  "  Scenes 
and  Hymns  of  Life,"  "  The  Vespers  of  Pa- 
lermo, a  tragedy,  and  a  variety  of  scottered 
lyrics  in  the  Mew  Monthly  and  Blackwood's 
Magazines. 

HEMMINGFORD,  Walter  db,  an  Eng- 
lish chronicler  of  the  14th  century,  aud 
canon  of  Gisborough  Abbey,  in  Yorkshire, 
who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
He  compiled  a  history  of  England,  from  the 
Conquest  to  1308. 

HEMMLING  or  HEMMLINK,  Hans,  an 
eminent  Flemish  painter,  of  the  1,5th  century. 

HEMSTERHUYS,  or  HEMSTERIIU- 
SlUS,  TiBEKius,  a  celebrated  Dutch  philo- 
logist, was  the  son  of  a  physician,  and  bom 
at  Groningen,  in  1685.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen, he  was  entered  a  student  of  the  uni- 
versity of  his  native  place,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  Leyden,  where  he  was  held  in 
great  esteem.  In  1705  he  became  professor 
of  mathematics  and  philosophy  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  applied  himself  so  zealously 
to  the  Greek  authors,  that  he  may  justly  be 
said  to  have  been  the  most  profound  Hel- 
lenist of  the  age.  Unlike  many  of  his  coun- 
trymen who  have  attained  to  great  classical 
learning,  Hemsterhuys  had  no  taint  of  pride 
or  dogmatism,  but  was  remarkable  for  his 
modesty  and  mildness  of  character.  Died, 
1756 His  sou  Eka^cis  iulieritcd  his  clas- 
sical acquirements,  and  was,  moreover,  an 
acute  philosopher,  and  a  critical  judge  of  the 
fine  arts.    Born,  1720  ;  died,  17tK). 

HENAULT,  CuAKLEs  Joux  Francis,  an 
eminent  French  writer,  was  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  where  he  was  born  in 
1685.  lie  became  president  of  the  first  cham- 
ber of  inquests  in  1710,  which  led  him  to 
make  the  Roman  law  his  study,  though  he 
still  amused  himself  with  poetry ;  and,  in 
1713,  produced  his  tragedy  of  "  Cornelia," 
which,  however,  had  no  success  on  tlie  stage. 
Near  sixty  years  afterwards  he  gave  the 
manuscript  to  Mr.  Horace  Walpole,  who 
printed  it  at  the  Strawberry-hill  press.  In 
1723  he  obtained  a  place  in  the  French  aca- 
demy ;  after  which  he  set  himself  to  digest 
into  a  clironological  order  the  history  of 
France.  This  work  appeared  in  1744,  and 
has  been  translated  into  most  European 
languages.  He  also  wrote  three  comedies, 
and  after  his  death  appeared  a  work  of  his, 
entitled  "  Histoire  Critique  de  I'Etablisse- 
ment  des  Fran<;ois  dans  les  Gaules,"  2  vols. 
8vo.  He  was  intimately  connected  with 
Madame  du  Deffaud,  and  from  his  rank,  as 
well  as  his  talents,  he  held  a  distinguished 
station  among  the  literati  of  Paris.  Died, 
1770. 

HENAULT,  John  d',  a  French  poet,  was 
born  at  Paris.  After  travelling  into  several 
countries,  he  returned  to  France,  and  was 
patronised  by  Fouquet.  His  works  were 
printed  at  Paris,  in  a  small  volume,  in  1670  ; 
besides  which  he  translated  part  of  Lucre- 
tius, but  was  persuaded  by  his  confessor, 
when  at  the  point  of  death,  to  throw  it  into 
the  fire. 

HENDERSON,  Jous,  a  first-rate  actor, 
wos  bom  in  London,  in  1747.    He  acquired 


great  celebrity  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in 
Shakspeare's  characters,  where  he  perfbrmed 
Falstaff,  Richard  III.,  &c.  with  unbounded 
applause.    Died,  1785. 

UENGIST,  the  first  Saxon  king  of  Kent, 
who,  with  his  brother  Horsa,  landed  an  army 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  and  eventually 
subjugated  the  Britons.  The  kingdom  of 
Kent,  founded  by  Hengist,  embraced  that 
tract  which  is  now  known  as  the  counties  of 
Kent,  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  part  of  Surrey. 
He  established  his  residence  at  Canterbury, 
and  died  about  the  year  488,  leaving  his 
kingdom  to  his  posterity. 

UENKE,  Henky  Philip  Conrai>,  vice- 
president  of  the  consistory  of  Wolfenbuttel, 
and  first  professor  of  theology  at  Ilelmstadt, 
was  born  in  1752.  His  "  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory "  contains  a  vast  fund  of  historical 
learning  ;  and  his  work  on  dogmatism  is 
written  in  classical  Latin,  displaying  at  the 
same  time  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
theological  lore.    Died,  1809. 

HENKEL,  or  llENCKEL,  JoiiN  Fke- 
DEKic,  a  Saxon  chemist  and  mineralogist  of 
considerable  celebrity,  was  born  at  Friburg, 
in  1670.  Augustus  II.  of  Poland  made  him 
counsellor  of  mines  ;  an  oflice  which  he  dis- 
charged with  much  advantage  to  his  country. 
It  was  under  his  direction  also  that  the  por- 
celain manufactory  was  established  at  Meis- 
sen. He  wrote  "  Pyritologia,"  and  other 
scientific  works.    Died,  1744. 

HENLEY,  Antuuky,  on  ingenious  writer, 
contemporary  with  Steel  and  Addison,  and 
who  contributed  to  the  Tattler  and  other 
works.  He  was  born  at  the  Grange,  in 
Hampshire,  the  seat  of  his  father.  Sir  Robert 
Henley  ;  became  M.P.  for  Andover  ;  and  died 
in  1711. 

HENLEY,  Robert,  lord  chancellor  North- 
ington,  3rd  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1708  ;  educated  at  Westminster  Scliool,  and 
Christchurch  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
became  lord  keeper  in  1757  ;  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1760,  when  he  presided  at  the  trials 
of  Earl  Ferrers  and  Lord  Byron  ;  resigned  the 
great  seal  in  1766  ;  and  died  in  1772. 

HENLEY,  John,  familiarly  known  by  the 
appellation  of  Orator  Uenley,  was  born  at 
Melton  Mowbray,  Ijcicestershire,  in  1602. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  entered 
into  holy  orders  ;  but  being  dissatisfied  with 
liis  prospects  of  church  preferment,  he  com- 
menced public  orator.  Having  opened  a 
chapel  in  London,  he  gave  lectures  on  theo- 
logical subjects  on  Sundays,  and  on  other 
subjects  every  Wednesday.  Novelty  pro- 
cured him  a  multitude  of  hearers  ;  but  he 
was  too  imprudent  to  gain  any  permanent 
advantage  by  it ;  he  became  the  butt  of  wits 
and  caricaturists,  and  he  gradually  sunk  into 
obscurity.    Died,  1756. 

HENLEY,  Samuel,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  England,  and  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy m  the  college  of  Williamsburgh,  in 
Virgmia,  before  the  separation  of  the  United 
States  from  Great  Britain.  He  afterwards 
came  to  England  ;  obtained  a  curacy,  and 
was  a  teacher  in  Harrow  School ;  and  in 
1805  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  tlic  East 
India  College,  at  Hertford,  when  he  pro- 
cured the  diploma  of  D.  D.  He  died  in  1813, 
at  Rendlesham,  Suffolk,  of  which  place  he 


hen] 


^  ^c&)  ^aniber^al  23t00rap1^i). 


was  rector.  He  was  the  author  of  some 
treatises,  both  theological  and  archaeolo- 
gical. 

HENRIETTA,  ANNA,of  England,  duchess 
of  Orleans,  the  daughter  of  king  Charles  I., 
was  bom  at  Exeter,  in  1644,  amid  the  turbu- 
lent scenes  of  the  civil  war.  Her  unhappy 
mother  fled  with  her  to  France  when  the 
infant  was  scarcely  three  weeks  old  ;  and 
after  the  death  of  the  king  she  repaired  to 
the  convent  of  Chaillot,  and  there  devoted 
herself  to  the  education  of  her  daughter. 
She  united  with  great  sweetness  of  charac- 
ter the  charm  of  beauty,  and  was  married 
to  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans.  Their  marriage 
was,  however,  rendered  an  unhappy  one  by 
the  jealousy  of  the  duke,  who  feared  that 
liis  brother,  Louis  XIV.,  had  supplanted  him 
in  his  wife's  affections  ;  and  when  the  lat- 
ter afterwards  employed  her  mediation  in 
some  difficult  diplomatic  affairs  with  her 
brother  Charles  II.,  the  duke  no  longer 
doubted  tliat  whicli  he  had  before  suspected. 
Louis  wished  to  detach  the  king  of  England 
from  the  triple  alliance  with  Holland  and 
Sweden.  She  went,  therefore,  in  1670,  with 
the  court  to  Flanders,  and,  under  pretence 
of  visiting  her  brother,  passed  over  to  Dover, 
where  Charles  was  awaiting  her  arrival. 
Mademoiselle  de  Keroual,  a  native  of  Brit- 
tany (afterwards  mistress  of  Charles  II., 
under  the  title  of  duchess  of  Portsmouth), 
accompained  her.  Nor  was  their  mission 
in  vain  ;  for  in  ten  days  the  persuasions  of 
the  sister,  aided  by  the  fascinations  of  her 
companion,  gained  over  to  the  French  in- 
terest the  profligate  and  unprincipled  mon- 
arch. Soon  after  her  return  to  France, 
the  Duchess  of  Orleans  was  suddenly  seized 
with  violent  pains,  which  teiminated  her 
life ;  and  tliough  a  post  mortem  examina- 
tion took  place,  which  was  declared  to  be 
satisfactory,  there  is  little  doubt  that  she 
fell,  in  the  prime  of  life  and  beauty,  the  vic- 
tim of  a  base  revenge.  The  sweetness  of  lier 
manners  made  tliis  unfortunate  princess  an 
object  of  general  regret,  and  caused  her  to 
be  compared  with  her  still  more  unfortunate 
ancestor,  Mary,  (jueen  of  Scots.  She  died  at 
St.  Cloud,  in  1660. 

HENRY  I.  of  Germany,  sumamed  The 
Fowler,  was  the  son  of  Otho  the  Illustrious, 
duke  of  Saxony  and  Thuringia,  and  born  in 
876.  When  he  was  elected  sovereign  of  Ger- 
many, in  919,  he  had  to  contend  with  anar- 
chy at  home  and  enemies  abroad,  but  his 
activity  and  prudence  overcame  them  all. 
He  improved  the  art  of  war  among  the  Ger- 
mans ;  surrounded  the  cities  which,  before 
his  time,  were,  for  the  most  part,  nothing 
but  a  collection  of  log  and  mud  huts,  with 
walls  and  moats  ;  and,  as  he  compelled  part 
of  the  nobility  and  freemen  to  reside  in  these 
cities,  and  insisted  on  all  meetings  for  the 
discussion  of  public  affairs  to  be  held  in 
them,  their  progressive  civilisation  and  the 
encouragement  given  to  commerce  and  ma- 
nufactures were  the  almost  immediate  con- 
sequences. After  a  fortunate  and  glorious 
reign  of  16  years,  he  died  at  Quedlinburgh, 
in  936. 

HENRY  III.  of  Germany,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Conrad  II.,  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
imperial  dignity,  1039.    Nature  had  given 


him  the  talents,  and  education  the  charac- 
ter, suitable  for  an  able  ruler.  In  every 
thing  he  undertook,  he  displayed  a  steady 
and  persevering  spirit  :  the  clergy  were 
compelled  to  acknowledge  their  dependence 
on  him,  and  the  temporal  lords  he  held  in 
actual  subjection.  He  deposed  three  popes, 
and  placed  Clement  II.  on  the  vacant  chair; 
and  such  was  liis  despotic  character,  that 
the  whole  empire  was  at  length  changed 
into  a  monarchy  entirely  dependent  upon 
his  sovereign  will.    Born,  J017  ;  died,  1056. 

HENRY  IV.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  1050,  and  at  the  death  of  his  father 
was  only  five  years  old.  His  disputes  with 
pope  Gregory  VII.,  who  had  been  elevated 
to  the  papal  chair  without  the  consent  of 
the  imperial  court,  embroiled  him  in  a  series 
of  wars,  and  caused  him  to  be  excommuni- 
cated. His  eldest  son,  Conrad,  rebelled 
against  him,  but  was  overcome,  and  died  at 
Florence  in  1101,  deserted  by  his  partisans. 
He  then  caused  his  second  son,  Henry,  to 
be  elected  liis  successor,  and  crowned  :  but 
the  latter  also  rebelled,  and  making  himself 
master  of  his  father's  person  in  1105,  by 
stratagem,  compelled  him  to  abdicate  the 
throne.  Henry  IV.  ended  his  life  and  sor- 
rows in  neglect,  at  Liege,  in  1106  :  and,  as 
he  died  under  sentence  of  excommunication, 
was  not  buried  till  five  years  after,  when  the 
sentence  was  taken  off,  and  his  remains  were 
interred  at  Spire. 

HENRY  v.,  emperor  of  Germany,  the  son 
and  successor  of  the  preceding,  and  who 
had  made  himself  disgracefully  notorious 
by  his  conspiracy  against  his  father,  was 
bom  in  1081.  In  1111  he  married  Matilda, 
the  daughter  of  Henry  I.,  king  of  England  ; 
and  the  rich  dowry  he  received  with  this 
princess,  gave  him  the  means  of  undertaking 
an  expedition  over  the  Alps,  in  order  to 
demand  the  imperial  crown  from  the  pope 
in  Rome.  Finding  that  Pascal  refused  to 
do  so,  Henrj'  determined  to  put  an  end  to 
the  dispute  by  an  act  of  violence.  He 
caused  the  pope  to  be  conveyed  away  from 
the  altar,  while  at  mass  ;  and  cut  down,  in 
the  streets  of  Rome,  all  who  opposed  him. 
At  length  the  pope  yielded,  and  Henry  was 
crowned  without  making  any  new  conces- 
sions ;  receiving  from  the  proud  prelate  per- 
mission to  inter,  in  consecrated  ground,  the 
remains  of  his  unhappy  father.  During  his 
reign,  the  vassals  and  feudal  tenants  of  the 
crown  made  themselves  independent  princes, 
and  the  political  and  national  division  of 
Germany  was,  at  it  were,  sanctioned  for  pos- 
terity.   Died,  1125. 

HENRY  VII.  was  the  first  German  em- 
peror who  was  chosen  solely  by  the  electors, 
without  the  interference  of  the  other  states 
of  the  empire.  He  undertook  an  expedition 
to  Italy,  and  compelled  the  Milanese  to 
crown  him  king  of  Lombardy.  He  then 
suppressed  by  force  a  revolt  which  had 
broken  out  in  Upper  Italy  ;  took  several 
cities  by  storm  ;  and,  having  captured  Rome, 
he  was  crowned  Roman  emperor  by  two 
cardinals,  while  in  the  streets  the  work  of 
murder  and  pillage  was  still  going  on.  Died, 
1313. 

HENRY  THE  Lion,  the  most  remarkable 
prince  of  Germany  in  the  12th  century,  was 


^  ^etu  UinbtxM  2St00rap]bfi» 


[hen 


born  in  1129,  and  aesumed  the  government 
of  Suxony  iu  114<j.  lie  demanded  restitution 
of  Bavaria,  which  hod  been  taken  from  lus 
father.  This  being  refused  by  the  emperor, 
a  war  ensued,  which  in  the  sequel  gave  him 
Bavaria,  his  possessions  extending  from 
tlie  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea  to  the  Adriatic. 
In  11U8  he  went  on  an  expedition  to  the 
Holy  Laud,  and,  during  his  absence,  his 
enemies,  and  even  the  emperor,  made  en- 
croachments on  his  dominions.  Tliis  was 
the  fruitful  source  of  quarrels ;  and  tlie 
proud  and  liigh-minded  Henry  having  been 
driven  to  the  humiliation  of  asking  pardon 
of  the  emperor  on  liis  knees,  was  allowed 
to  retain  possession  of  his  hereditary  do- 
minions, and  he  died  in  peace  at  Brunswick, 
in  1195.  He  was  pious,  bore  up  manfully 
against  misfortune,  and  protected  the  in- 
terests of  commerce,  science,  and  the  arts. 

HENRY  r>E  Blois,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
nephew  of  William  Rufus,  and  brother  of 
king  Stephen,  was  an  active  prelate  and  a 
bold,  ambitious,  and  enterprising  statesman. 
Wlien  England  was  invaded  by  the  partisans 
of  the  empress  Matilda,  he  at  first  joined 
her  standard,  but  subsequently  deserted  it, 
and  became  her  most  determined  enemy. 
The  empress  queen  and  her  followers  having 
taken  refuge  in  the  castle  of  Winchester, 
he  laid  siege  to  it,  set  the  city  on  fire,  and 
consumed  20  churches,  a  number  of  religious 
houses,  and  many  other  buildings,  so  little 
respect  did  he  pay  for  the  capital  of  his 
diocese  when  he  had  an  ulterior  object  in 
view.  Yet  after  this  he  formed  a  project 
for  erecting  it  into  an  archbishopric ;  tind 
had  actually  arranged  the  business  with 
pope  Lucius  II.,  but  the  sudden  death  of  the 
pontiff  prevented  its  completion.  He  is  now 
remembered  chiefly  as  the  founder  of  tlie 
hospital  of  St.  Cross,  near  Winchester,  the 
church  of  which  is  regarded  by  many  anti- 
quaries as  furnishing  the  model  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing features  of  the  Gotliic  or  pointed 
style  of  architecture.    Died,  1171. 

HENRY  THE  Navigator,  the  fourth  son 
of  John  I.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  born  in 
1394.  He  gave  early  proofs  of  brilliant 
courage  ?  but  his  love  of  arms  was  surpassed 
by  his  love  of  the  sciences,  particularly 
mathematics,  astronomy,  and  navigation. 
While  vigorously  prosecuting  a  war  against 
the  Moors  in  Africa,  he  neglected  no  op- 
portunity to  obtain  from  them  a  knowledge 
of  the  regions  bordering  on  Egypt  and 
Arabia,  and  to  inquire  into  the  probability 
of  a  passage  to  the  treasures  of  India  by  a 
voyage  round  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
He  conversed  with  men  of  learning ;  and, 
finding  their  testimony  agreeable  to  the 
reports  he  had  collected,  he  resolved  to 
execute  his  designs.  He  was  the  first  who 
applied  the  compass  to  navigation  ;  and  to 
him  also  a  principal  part  is  ascribed  in  the 
invention  of  the  astrolabe.  Various  expe- 
ditions were  undertaken,  and  discoveries 
made,  under  his  patronage  and  at  his  ex- 
pense ;  but,  at  length,  companies  were 
formed  of  enterprising  men,  who  were 
tempted  with  the  prospect  of  obtaining  gold 
dust,  and  the  whole  people  became  animated 
with  the  love  of  discovery.  In  1440,  Nunno 
Tristan  doubled  Cape  Verde  j  and,  two  years 


with  the 
Tristan  < 


later,  Gonzalo  Vallo  discovered  three  of 
the  Azores  islands,  about  1000  miles  from 
the  Continent.  Henry  continued  these  efforts 
till  his  death,  in  1403,  and  thus  secured  for 
himself  an  undying  name  aa  the  patron  and 
friend  of  navigation. 

HENRY  IV.,  called  the  Great,  king  of 
France  and  Navarre,  was  bom  in  1553,  at 
Pau,  in  Berne.  His  father,  Anthony  of 
Bourbon,  was  descended  from  a  son  of 
Louis  IX.  ;  his  mother  was  Jeanne  d' Albert, 
daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Navarre.  He 
was  brought  up  in  the  simple  and  hardy 
manner  of  the  peasantry  of  Beam,  and  tlus 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  vigorous  constitution 
and  temperate  habits.  He  was  placed  under 
the  tuition  ofFlorent  Chretein,  a  learned 
man  and  zealous  Protestant.  In  1599  he  ac- 
companied his  mother  to  Rochelle,  and 
learned  the  art  of  war  under  Admiral  Coligni. 
When  the  perfidious  design  of  destroying 
the  Huguenot  chiefs,  by  a  massacre,  was 
formed  by  Charles  and  his  mother,  Catharine, 
one  of  their  means  to  lull  their  suspicions 
was,  to  propose  to  queen  Jeanne  a  marriage 
between  Henry  and  Margaret  of  Valois,  the 
king's  youngest  sister.  Wliile  preparations 
were  making  for  the  marriage  festival, 
Henry's  mother  died  at  Paris,  not  without 
strong  suspicions  of  poison.  Having  assumed 
the  title  of  King  of  iVararre,  his  marriage 
took  place,  Aug.  18th,  1572.  Then  followed 
the  horrible  scenes  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Aug.  24th.  Henry  was  obliged  to  make 
profession  of  the  Catholic  faith  to  save  his 
life  ;  but  Catharine  of  Medici  endeavoured 
to  dissolve  the  marriage  just  celebrated. 
As  she  was  unsuccessful  in  this,  she  adopted 
the  plan  of  corrupting  the  noble  youth  by 
the  pleasures  of  a  licentious  court ;  and  he 
did  not  escape  the  snare.  In  157C,  however, 
he  took  advantage  of  an  hunting  excursion 
to  quit  the  court,  and  professed  himself 
again  of  the  Protestant  Church.  Catharine, 
who,  after  the  decease  of  Charles  IX.,  ad- 
ministered the  government  in  the  name  of 
his  successor,  Henry  III.,  now  thought  it 
advisable  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
the  Huguenots  (1576),  securing  to  thera 
religious  freedom.  Exasperated  by  this 
event,  the  jealous  Catholics,  in  1585,  formed 
the  celebrated  league,  which  the  king  was 
obliged  to  confirm  ;  and  when  called,  by 
right  of  birth,  to  the  French  throne,  he 
found  innumerable  difliculties  in  establish- 
ing his  claims.  His  Protestant  religion  was 
brought  forward  to  prejudice  the  Catholics 
against  him.  After  a  protracted  and  obsti- 
nate struggle,  convinced  that  he  should 
never  enjoy  quiet  possession  of  the  French 
throne  without  professing  the  Catholic  faith, 
Henry  at  length  yielded  to  the  wishes  of  his 
friends,  was  instructed  in  the  doctrines  of 
the  Roman  Church,  and  professed  the  Ca- 
tholic faith,  Joily  25th,  1593,  in  the  church 
of  St.  Denys.  He  happily  escaped  an  at- 
tempt to  assassinate  him ;  was  solemnly 
anointed  king  at  Chartres,  in  1594  ;  and 
entered  the  capital  amid  the  acclamations 
of  the  people.  He  made  use  of  the  tran- 
quility which  followed,  to  restore  the  in- 
ternal prosperity  of  his  kingdom,  and  par- 
ticularly the  wasted  finances  ;  and  in  this 
design  he  was  highly  successful,  with  the 


hen] 


^  i^ebi  Winittt^aX  MiastHi^f^^* 


[hen 


aid  of  his  prime  minister  Sully.  To  his 
former  brothers  in  faith  and  in  arms,  the 
Protestants,  he  granted  entire  religious 
freedom  and  political  security,  by  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  in  1598.  In  1610,  while  riding 
through  the  streets  of  Paris,  liis  coach  was 
obstructed  in  the  street  de  la  Feronnerie,  by 
two  waggons.  A  fanatic,  named  Ravaillac, 
took  advantage  of  this  moment  to  perpetrate 
a  long-meditated  deed ;  and  he  received  a 
fatal  stab  from  the  hand  of  this  assassin,  in 
the  fl2nd  year  of  liis  age,  and  22nd  of  his 
reign.  His  character  is  thus  summed  up  by 
Henault  :  —  "He  united  to  extreme  frank- 
ness the  most  dexterous  policy  ;  to  the  most 
elevated  sentiments  a  charming  simplicity 
of  manners  ;  to  a  soldier's  courage  an  inex- 
haustible fund  of  humanity." 

HENRY  I.,  king  of  England,  called,  on 
account  of  his  learning,  Beauclerc,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  William  the  Conqueror ; 
born  in  1068,  and  succeeded  his  brotlier 
Rufus  in  1100.  He  restored  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  forgave  all  debts  owing  to 
the  crown  prior  to  his  accession,  reformed 
the  court,  and  conquered  Wales.  He  died 
in  Normandy,  in  1135.  He  abolished  the 
curfew-bell,  established  a  standard  for 
weights  and  measures,  and  signed  the  char- 
ter, which  proved  the  origin  of  the  English 
liberties. 

HENRY  II.,  king  of  England,  the  son  of 
Geoffrey  Plantagenet  and  Maud,  empress  of 
Germany,  was  born  in  Normandy,  in  1182, 
and  succeeded  Stephen  in  1154.  He  added 
the  provinces  of  Anjou,  Touraine,  Maine, 
Poitou,  Saintonge,  Guienne,  and  Gascony,  to 
the  English  crown.  His  reign  was  troubled 
by  disputes  between  liim  and  Becket,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  who  being  murdered 
in  1171,  the  pope  obliged  the  king  to  undergo 
penance  for  it  at  Becket's  tomb  at  Canter- 
bury. In  1170  he  caused  his  eldest  son 
Henry  to  be  crowned  king  of  England.  In 
1172  he  conquered  Ireland ;  and,  the  year 
following,  his  sons  rebelled  against  him. 
Henry  checked  the  prevailing  licentiousness 
by  severe  laws,  partitioned  England  into 
four  judiciary  districts,  and  appointed  iti- 
nerant justices  to  make  regular  excursions 
tlirough  them.  He  revived  trial  by  jury, 
discouraged  that  by  combat,  and  demolished 
all  the  newly  erected  castles,  as  shelters  of 
violence  and  anarchy.  He  was  manly  in 
person,  gifted  with  ready  elocution,  pos- 
sessed warm  affections,  and  was  a  real  lover 
of  justice.     He  died  in  1189. 

HENRY  III.,  king  of  England,  sumamed 
of  Winchester,  on  account  of  his  having 
been  born  in  that  city,  succeeded  his  father, 
John,  in  1216.  He  was  obliged  to  relinquish 
Normandy,  Anjou,  Poitou,  Touraine,  and 
Maine  to  the  king  of  France  ;  after  which 
a  civil  war  broke  out  in  England,  and  the 
king  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  barons,  at 
the  head  of  whom  was  Simon  de  Montfort, 
earl  of  Leicester.  The  tide  of  affairs  turn- 
ing in  Ills  favour,  he  deprived  several  of 
these  lords  of  their  estates,  and  gave  them 
to  his  friends.    Born,  1207  ;  died,  1272. 

HENRY  IV.,  king  of  England,  surnamed 
Bolijigbroke,  was  born  in  1367.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
the  third  son  of  Edward  III.    In  the  reign 


of  Richard  II.  he  was  made  earl  of  Derby 
and  duke  of  Hereford.  Having  accused  the 
Ihike  of  Norfolk  of  treason,  the  latter  chal- 
lenged him  to  single  combat ;  but  on  the 
appearance  of  the  two  champions,  at  the 
appointed  time  and  place,  Richard  would 
not  suffer  them  to  proceed.  Both  were 
banished  the  kingdom,  Norfolk  for  life,  and 
Hereford  for  a  term  of  years.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  succeeded  to  the  dukedom 
of  Lancaster;  and,  returning  before  the 
stated  time,  for  the  avowed  object  of  claim- 
ing his  duchy,  and  having  been  joined  by 
the  Earls  of  Northumberland  and  West- 
moreland, soon  found  himself  at  the  head 
of  60,000  men.  Richard  was  defeated,  taken 
prisoner,  and  deposed  ;  and  the  duke  was 
unanimously  declared  king,  under  the  title 
of  Henry  IV.  Tliis  usurpation  gave  rise  to 
the  civil  war  between  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster.  Henry  died  in  1413,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son. 

HENRY  v.,  king  of  England,  called,  after 
his  birthplace,  of  Monmouth,  was  bom  in 
1388.  His  dissipated  habits  while  a  prince 
gave  his  father  great  uneasiness  ;  but  he 
frequently  displayed  noble  traits  of  cha- 
racter, and  on  ascending  the  throne  he  cast 
off  liis  former  companions,  and  justified  the 
best  expectations.  France  being  at  the  time 
torn  asunder  by  the  opposing  factions  of  the 
Dukes  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy,  Henry 
took  the  favourable  opportunity  of  reviving 
the  claims  of  his  predecessors  upon  that 
country,  and  he  landed  an  army  at  Harfleur, 
Aug.  14.  1415.  With  15,000  men  he  gained 
the  battle  of  Agincourt,  though  the  French 
amounted  to  52,000.  He  then  returned  to 
England ;  but  three  years  afterwards  he 
went  again  to  France,  espoused  the  princess 
Catharine,  on  condition  that  the  French 
crown  should  go  to  Henry  and  his  heirs  on 
tlie  death  of  the  king  of  France ,  and  be  in- 
separably united  to  the  crown  of  England. 
While  all  his  great  projects  appeared  to  be 
rapidly  advancing  towards  a  successful  issue, 
a  painful  disease  arrested  his  progress,  and 
he  died  in  1422,  aged  34,  and  in  the  10th 
year  of  his  reign.  The  career  of  Henry  V. 
was  more  showy  than  useful ;  for  while  his 
successes  entailed  great  misery  on  France, 
they  did  more  harm  than  good  to  the  true 
interests  of  England. 

HENRY  VI.,  king  of  England,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Windsor,  in  1421, 
and  was  but  10  months  old  at  the  death  of 
his  father.  His  grandfatlier  Charles,  king 
of  France,  died  soon  after  ;  and  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  encouraged  by  the  minority  of 
Henry,  assumed  the  title  of  king  by  the 
name  of  Charles  VII.  When  only  9  years 
old,  Henry  was  crowned  at  Paris,  and  the 
great  Duke  of  Bedford,  his  uncle  and  guar- 
dian, obtained  several  important  victories. 
But  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Orleans  by 
Joan  of  Are  gave  a  new  turn  to  affairs,  and 
the  English  interest  declined.  The  death 
of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  was  a  fatal  blow  to 
the  cause  of  Henry  ;  and  at  length  the  Eng- 
lish were  deprived  of  all  their  x'ossessions  in 
France,  except  the  town  of  Calais.  The 
insurrection  of  Cade  followed.  To  add  to 
his  misfortunes,  the  York  party  in  England 
prevailed,  and  Henry  was  sent  to  the  Tower, 


hen] 


^  ^ebi  ^am'bcr^al  SStojarajpl)"* 


[hep 


where,  according  to  the  prevailing  opinion, 
he  was  slain  by  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
in  1471.  He  was  gentle,  pious,  and  well- 
intentioned,  but  too  weak  to  act  for  himself. 
EtonCoUege,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
owe  their  origin  to  him. 

HENRY  VII.,  king  of  England,  first  so- 
vereign of  the  race  of  Tudor,  was  born  in 
14.">7.  He  was  the  sou  of  Edmund,  earl  of 
Richmond,  and  of  Margaret  of  the  house  of 
Lancaster.  By  the  assistance  of  the  Duke 
of  Brittany  he  landed  in  Wales,  and  laid 
claim  to  the  crown  in  1485.  The  people, 
disgusted  at  the  cruelties  of  Richard  III., 
joined  him  in  such  numbers  that  he  was 
enabled  to  give  the  usurper  battle  at  Bos- 
worth  Field,  where  Richard  was  slain,  and 
Henry  crowned  on  tlie  spot.  He  reigned  24 
years,  and  died  in  1509.  During  tliis  reign 
the  feudal  aristocracy  was  considerably  de- 
pressed, while  the  middle  ranks  were  pro- 
portionably  raised  ;  and  many  highly  salu- 
tary laws  were  enacted. 

HENRY  VIII.,king  of  England,  was  bom 
in  1491,  and  succeeded  his  father,  the  pre- 
ceding monarch,  at  the  age  of  18.  Tlxe  em- 
peror Maximilian  and  the  pope  Julius  11. 
having  leagued  against  France,  persuaded 
Henry  to  join  them,  and  he  in  consequence 
invaded  that  kingdom,  where  he  made  some 
conquests.  About  the  same  time  James  IV., 
king  of  Scotland,  invaded  England,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain  at  Flodden  Field.  When 
Luther  commenced  the  Reformation  in  Ger- 
many, Henry  wrote  a  book  against  him,  for 
wliich  he  was  complimented  by  the  pope 
with  the  title  of  defender  of  the  faith.  Hav- 
ing conceived  an  aftection  for  Anne  Boleyn, 
he  determined  to  divorce  his  wife  Catharine 
of  Arragon,  to  whom  he  had  been  married 
18  years.  But  on  the  divorce  being  refused 
by  the  pope,  Henry  assumed  the  title  of 
supreme  head  of  the  English  Church,  put 
down  tlie  monasteries,  and  alienated  tlieir 
possessions  to  secular  purposes.  His  marriage 
with  Anne  Boleyn  followed  ;  but  afterwards 
he  brought  her  to  the  scaffold,  and  married 
Lady  Jane  Seymour,  who  died  in  childbed. 
He  next  married  Anne  of  Cleves  ;  but  she 
not  proving  agreeable  to  his  expectations, 
he  put  her  away,  and  caused  Cromwell, 
earl  of  Essex,  the  projector  of  the  match,  to 
be  beheaded.  His  next  wife  was  Catharine 
Howard,  who  was  beheaded  for  adultery  ; 
after  which  he  espoused  Catharine  Parr, 
who  survived  him.  Henry  died  in  1546. 
His  love  of  power  was  indomitable,  and  led 
to  frequent  acts  of  tyrannic  ferocity,  while 
his  excessive  pride,  impatience,  and  into- 
lerance extinguished  every  sentiment  of 
humanity  within  his  breast ;  so  that  it  has 
been  truly  said  of  him,  "that  he  never 
spared  man  in  his  anger,  nor  woman  in  his 
lust." 

HENRY,  of  Huntingdon,  an  English  his- 
torian, who  wrote  a  "  History  of  England  to 
the  year  1154,"  published  in  1576,  by  Savile. 
Died,  1168.  ' 

HENRY,  Charles,  M.D.,  a  gentleman 
distinguished  for  his  chemical  knowledge 
and  scientific  pursuits,  was  the  son  of  an 
eminent  manufacturing  chemist  at  Man- 
chester, and  born  in  1775.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 

407 


where  he  attended  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Black, 
and  was  tlie  associate  and  friend  of  Broug- 
ham, Jeffrey,  and  Mackintosh.  Though  in- 
tended for  the  medical  profession,  he  relin- 
quished it  for  the  sake  of  co-operating  in  his 
father's  lucrative  i)ur8uits,  which  he  after- 
wards carried  on.  He  began  his  public 
career  by  delivering,  in  Manchester,  several 
courses  of  lectures  on  chemistry,  which,  with 
notes,  &c.,  have  passed  through  several  edi- 
tions, and  are  remarkable  for  the  precision 
of  their  information  and  the  elegance  of 
their  style.  The  same  observation  may  be 
applied  to  his  characters  of  Priestley,  Davy, 
and  Wollaston  ;  and,  in  short,  to  his  various 
contributions  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  the  memoirs  of  the 
Literary  Philosophical  Society  of  Manches- 
ter, and  other  periodical  works.  There  were 
few  subjects  connected  with  popular  science, 
which  he  could  not  illustrate  or  embellish  : 
his  conversation  was  peculiarly  attractive, 
and  he  was  capable  of  imparting  his  varied 
stores  of  knowledge  in  tlie  most  alluring 
manner,  speaking  for  the  edification  and 
amusement  of  others,  and  not  for  personal 
display.  Blest  with  a  handsome  competence, 
he  was  never  backward  in  patronising  those 
aspirants  who  appeared  to  deserve  it,  nor 
slow  in  promoting  the  cause  of  general  sci- 
ence. He  had  just  returned  from  the  meet- 
ing of  the  British  Scientitic  Association  at 
Bristol,  where  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
secretaries  for  the  next  year's  meeting  at 
Liverpool  ;  but  he  had  been  for  some  time 
observed  to  labour  under  great  nervous  irri- 
tability, and  to  have  suffered  an  almost  total 
privation  of  sleep,  which  at  length  over- 
powered his  faculties,  and  he  put  a  period 
to  his  existence  with  a  pistol,  Aug.  30.  1836. 

HENRY,  Matthew,  a  Nonconformist 
divine,  was  born  in  16C2.  He  was  educated 
by  his  father,  Philip  Henry,  an  eminent 
Presbyterian  divine ;  studied  the  law  in 
Gray's  Inn,  but  renounced  it  for  the  mi- 
nistry, and  settled  at  Hackney.  His  chief 
work  is  an  "Exposition  of  the  Bible,"  in 
5  vols,  folio ;  besides  which  he  wrote  a 
"Method  of  Prayer,"  a  "Discourse  on  the 
Lord's  Supper,"  and  other  esteemed  books 
of  practical  divinity.    Died,  1714. 

HENRY,  Dr.  Robekt,  minister  of  one  of 
the  churches  in  Edinburgh,  and  author  of 
"  The  History  of  Great  Britain,"  in  6  vols. 
4to.,  was  born  at  St.  Ninian's,  near  Stirling, 
in  1718,  and  died  in  1790. 

HENRYSON,  Robeet,  a  Scotch  poet  in  | 
the  16th  century,  was  schoolmaster  at  Dum-  | 
fermline,  and  a  monk  of  the  Benedictine  ! 
order.  His  "  Fabils  "  were  printed  at  Ediii-  j 
burgh  in  1621 ;  and  his  "  Testament  of  Fairc 
Creseide  "  in  1593.  He  wrote  a  number  of 
other  pieces,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the 
collections  of  Hailes,  Pinkerton,  &c. 

HEPBURN,  James  Bonaventdra,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  philologists,  was  born 
at  Hamstocks,  in  Huntingdonshire,  in  1573. 
He  was  bred  in  the  Protestant  religion  by 
his  father,  who  was  a  presbyterian  minister  ; 
but,  after  studying  at  St.  Andrew's,  he  em- 
braced the  Romish  faith,  and  went  to  Italy. 
He  next  travelled  through  Turkey,  Persia, 
Syria,  Palestine,  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  most 
of  the  countries  of  tlie  east ;  and  it  is  asserted, 


hep] 


^  iSeto  Wiiiibtv^td  SStOffrajpIji). 


[her 


that  he  became  master  of  so  many  languages 
that  there  was  scarcely  a  region  of  the  globe 
with  whose  inhabitants  he  could  not  have 
conversed  in  their  own  tongue.  On  his  re- 
turn he  entered  into  the  order  of  Minims  ;  but 
the  fame  of  his  acquisitions  having  reached 
the  ears  of  pope  Paul  V.,  he  invited  him  to 
quit  his  retirement,  and  gave  him  the  ward- 
ship and  inspection  of  all  the  oriental  books 
and  manuscripts  in  the  Vatican  library.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  died  at  Venice,  about 
1()20.  He  published  a  "  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic 
Dictionary  and  an  Arabic  Grammar,"  in 
one  vol.  4to. 

HEPBURN,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1690.  At 
the  age  of  21  he  published,  in  30  numbers,  a 
series  of  essays,  entitled  "  The  Tattler,  by 
Hector  Macstaff,  of  the  North."  He  studied 
the  civil  law  in  Holland,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty  of  advocates  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  died  in  1712.  Some  of  his  manu- 
scripts are  in  the  advocates'  library. 

HERACLITUS,  the  founder  of  a  philo- 
sophical sect,  was  born  at  Ephesus,  and 
flourished  in  the  69th  Olympiad?  about  500 
B.  c.  He  incorporated  the  mysteries  of  the 
Pythagorean  system  into  his  own,  which  was 
exceedingly  severe  and  obscure.  Being  of  a 
misanthropic  turn,  whence  he  is  said  to  have 
wept  at  the  follies  of  mankind,  he  retired  to 
a  mountainous  region,  where  he  lived  upon 
roots  and  herbs  ;  but  being  attacked  by  a 
fatal  disease,  was  obliged  to  return  to  the 
city,  and  soon  afterwards  died,  in  the  60th 
year  of  his  age.  From  the  little  of  his  philo- 
sophy that  has  come  down  to  us,  it  appears 
that  he  considered  fire  as  the  element  of  all 
things. 

HERALiDUS,  Desiderius,  or,  properly, 
DiDiER  Herault,  was  a  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  in  1649.  He 
wrote  "  Adversaria,"  Notes  on  Tertullian, 
Martial,  &c.  His  son  became  a  clergyman 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  had  a  prebend 
in  the  cathedral  of  Canterbury.  He  wrote 
a  piece  against  the  regicides,  and  some  other 
works. 

HERAULT  DE  SECHELLES,  Marie 
Jean,  advocate-general  in  the  parliament  of 
Paris  under  the  old  regime,  and  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  National  Convention,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1700.  Thougli  he  conducted 
himself  before  the  revolution  as  an  able  and 
upright  magistrate,  he  subsequently  advo- 
cated vindictive  measures  against  the  royal- 
ists, and  even  charged  Louis  XVI.  with  an 
uninterrupted  series  of  treasons,  without 
mentioning  what  they  were,  and  recom- 
mended his  condemnation.  But  he  chiefly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  contest  between 
the  Mountain  and  Gironde  parties,  and  he 
powerfully  co-operated  in  the  destruction  of 
the  latter  ;  but  all  his  services  to  the  terrorists 
did  not  save  him  from  the  scaffold  :  he  was 
executed,  with  Danton,  in  1795. 

HERBELOT,  Bartholomew  d',  a  learn- 
ed orientalist,  was  bom  at  Paris,  in  1025. 
After  travelling  twice  into  Italy,  in  search 
of  eastern  manuscripts,  and  to  converse 
with  oriental  travellers,  with  a  view  to  the 
elucidation  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  he  was 
appointed  regius  professor  of  Syriac  in  the 
French  capital,  and  granted  a  pension.    He 


was  the  author  of  "  The  Oriental  Library," 
and  other  able  works.  He  died  in  1695,  not 
less  regretted  for  his  virtues,  than  admired 
for  his  learning. 

HERBERT,  Edward, Lord  of  Cherbury, 
was  born  in  1581,  at  Montgomery  Castle  ; 
was  sent,  when  only  12  years  old,  to  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford  ;  was  made  a  knight 
of  the  Bath,  soon  after  tlie  accession  of  James 
I.  ;  and  shortly  after  travelled  on  the  Con- 
tinent, where  liis  elegant  manners  and  chi- 
valric  accomplishments  attracted  the  greatest 
notice.  He  served  in  the  Netherlands  in 
1610  and  1614,  distinguishing  himself  by  his 
romantic  bravery  ;  was  twice  ambassador  to 
France  ;  and  on  his  return,  in  1625,  was 
created  an  Irish  peer,  and  afterwards  an 
English  baron.  He  espoused  tlie  parlia- 
mentary cause  during  the  civil  wars,  but 
quitted  it,  and  died  in  1648.  His  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  De  Veritate,"  the  object  of 
which  was  to  assert  the  sufficiency  and  per- 
fection of  natural  religion,  with  a  view  to 
prove  the  uselessness  of  revelation.  He  also 
wrote  "  De  Religione  Laici,"  his  own  "  Me- 
moirs," a  "  Life  of  Henry  VIII.,"  &c. 

HERBERT,  George,  a  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  as  a  poet  and 
a  divine.  He  was  bom  in  1593  ;  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  and  became  rector  of  Bemerton, 
Wilts  ;  where  he  died  in  1632.  He  was  a 
man  of  exemplary  piety  and  benevolence, 
and  a  poet  of  no  mean  rank. 

HERBERT,  William,  earl  of  Pembroke, 
a  poet  and  the  patron  of  learned  men,  was 
bom  in  1580,  at  Wilton  House,  the  family 
seat.  He  was  educated  at  New  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  in  1626  was  elected  chancellor 
of  that  university,  to  which  he  was  a  liberal 
benefactor  through  life,  and  bequeathed  to 
it  at  his  death  a  valuable  collection  of  manu- 
scripts.   Died,  1630. 

HERBERT,  Sir  Thomas,  a  descendant  of 
one  of  the  branches  of  the  Pembroke  family, 
was  the  son  of  an  alderman  at  York.  After 
receiving  his  education  at  Oxford,  he  tra- 
velled for  4  years  in  Asia  and  Africa,  of 
which  he  published  an  account.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars  he  sided  with 
the  parliament ;  but  ha\-ing  been  appointed 
to  attend  upon  Charles  in  his  captivity,  he 
became  warmly  attached  to  him,  and  proved 
himself  a  zealous  and  incorruptible  servant 
to  him  up  to  the  hour  of  his  execution.  He 
survived  his  royal  master  20  years,  devoting 
his  life  principally  to  literary  pursuits.  He 
assisted  Dugdale  in  his  "  Monasticon  Angli- 
canum,"  and  published  an  account  of  the 
last  2  years  of  the  life  of  king  Charles,  under 
the  title  of  "  Threnodia  Carolina."  He  was 
created  a  baronet  at  the  Restoration,  and 
died  in  1682. 

HEREIN,  Augustus  Frakcis  Julian, 
a  Frenchman,  distinguished  as  an  oriental 
scholar,  was  bom  in  1783.  He  composed  an 
Arabic  grammar ;  also  a  treatise  on  ancient 
music  ;  and  an  account  of  Hafiz,  the  Persian 
poet,  with  specimens  of  his  works.  Died, 
1806. 

HERDER,  John  Godfrey  von,  a  clas- 
sical German  writer,  and  a  moral  pliiloso- 
pher  of  the  new  school,  was  bom  in  1744,  of 
poor  parents,  at  Mohrungen,  in  Prussia ;  was 


her] 


^  iJ^eio  Bnibtrial  3St05rajp!)i). 


[her 


educated  for  the  church,  and  became  court 
preacher,  ecclesiastical  counsellor,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  consistory  to  the  Duke  of 
Saxe  Weimar;  and  died  in  1803.  At  the 
moment  when  he  expired  he  was  writing  a 
hymn  to  the  Deity,  and  the  pen  was  found 
on  the  unfinished  line.  He  was  greatly  es- 
teemed by  all  who  knew  him,  and  looked 
upon  as  the  Fenelon  of  Germany.  His  un- 
relaxing  zeal  and  diligence  penetrated  the 
most  various  branches  of  science,  theory, 
philosophy,  philology,  natural  and  civil 
history,  and  politics.  His  works  form  28 
vols.  8vo. 

HERISSANT,  Louis  Anthoxy  Prosper, 
a  French  physician  and  naturalist  of  the  18th 
century,  wag  a  native  of  Paris,  where  he 
died  in  1769,  at  the  early  age  of  24.  He  wrote 
"L'Eloge  de  Gouthier  d^Andemach  ; "  for 
which  he  received  a  prize  from  the  faculty 
of  medicine.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
an  eulogy  upon  Du  Cange,  a  poem  on 
printing,  "  Bibliothfeque  Physique  de  la 
France,"  Sec. 

HERITIER  DE  BRUTELLE,  Charles 
Louis  l',  a  French  botanist,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1745.  In  178fi,  Dombey  having 
brought  from  Peru  and  Chili  an  inestima- 
ble collection  of  plants,  L'lleritier  published 
a  description  of  them  in  London,  under  the 
title  of  the  Flora  of  Peru.  On  his  return 
to  Paris  he  published  a  work  with  the  sin- 
gular title  of  "Flore  de  la  Place  Vendome." 
This  ingenious  man  was  assassinated  in 
1801. 

HERITIER  DE  VTLLANDON,  Nicho- 
las l',  a  French  poet  of  the  17th  century, 
was  originally  in  the  guards  ;  but  being  dis- 
abled for  service  by  a  wound,  he  became 
historiographer  of  France,  and  died  in  1080. 
He  wrote  2  tragedies,  "  Hercule  Furieux  " 
and  "  Clovis  ; "  together  with  a  few  poems. 
His  daughter,  Marie  Jeanne  I'Heritier,  was 
born  at  Paris  in  1064,  and  died  in  1734.  She 
published  a  translation  of  Ovid's  Epistles, 
and  some  novels. 

HERMANN,  John,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, was  born  at  Barr,  near  Strasburg,  in 
1738.  He  acquired  a  taste  for  the  sciences 
from  his  fatlier,  who  was  a  Protestant  clergy- 
man ;  and  after  going  through  his  studies  at 
Strasburg,  he  took  his  doctor's  degree.  He 
greatly  extended  the  boundaries  of  science, 
both  by  his  lectures  and  the  great  number 
of  treatises  which  he  published,  and  devoted 
all  his  property  to  the  formation  of  a  cabinet 
of  natural  history.    Died,  1800. 

HERMANN,  Paul,  a  botanist,  was  born 
at  Halle,  in  Saxony.  He  resided  some  time 
in  the  East  Indies,  particularly  at  Ceylon, 
where  he  acted  as  physician  to  the  Dutch 
settlement.  On  his  return  he  published 
various  botanical  works,  and  died  in  1695. 

HERMAS,  an  ancient  father  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  surnamed  Pastor,  or  the  Shep- 
herd, who  is  said  to  be  the  same  mentioned 
by  St.  Paul  in  his  Epistle  to  the  Romans. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  died  at  Rome  about 
the  year  81.  A  piece  of  his,  entitled  "  The 
Shepherd,"  is  still  extant,  and  was  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Archbishop  Wake. 

HERMELIN,  Samuel  Gustavus,  Baron, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist,  was  born  in  1744, 
at  Stockholm.    After  having  travelled  ex- 


409 


tensively,  and  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  statistics  and  geology  of  the  countries 
which  he  visited,  he  settled  in  his  native 
land,  and  for  more  than  50  years  held  the 
most  eminent  situations  in  the  management 
of  the  Swedish  mines.  Hermelin  wrote 
various  works  relative  to  the  mineralogy, 
metallurgy,  and  resources  of  Sweden  ;  and 
spent  15  years  in  perfecting  the  Swedish 
Atlas,  a  geographical  undertaking  of  vast 
magnitude.  Indeed,  few  men  have  possessed 
so  great  a  degree  of  patient  perseverance, 
united  with  talents  adequate  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  so  many  useful  designs.  He 
died  in  1820. 

HERMES,  Trismegistus,  an  Egyptian 
priest  and  philosopher,  who,  according  to 
Diodorus,  was  the  friend  and  counsellor  of 
the  great  Osiris,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  lawgiver,  and  the  founder  of  religious 
ceremonies  among  the  Egyptians.  He  in- 
structed his  countrymen  in  the  cultivation 
of  the  olive,  the  measurement  of  lands,  and 
the  knowledge  of  hieroglyphics,  and  to  him 
are  attributed  all  the  mystic  sciences  of  the 
Alexandrian  School.  But  every  thing  re- 
lating to  him  is  so  uncertain  and  obscure, 
that  even  the  time  when,  and  the  place 
where,  he  lived  cannot  be  assigned  with  any 
certainty. 

IIERMILLY.Vaquette  u",  a  French  his- 
torian, was  bom  at  Amiens  in  1707,  and  died 
at  Paris  in  1778.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Majorca  and  Minorca,  and  translated  Fer- 
rara's  History  of  Spain  and  the  Critical 
Theatre  of  Father  Feijoo. 

UERMOGENES,  a  rhetorician,  bom  at 
Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  2nd  century,  and  is  celebrated  for  the 
precocity  and  rapid  extinction  of  his  talents. 
At  the  age  of  15,  he  was  famous  for  his  powers 
of  oratory  ;  at  17,  he  published  his  rhetoric  ; 
and,  soon  after,  various  treatises  on  oratory, 
which  ranked  him  high  among  writers  upon 
that  subject ;  but,  in  his  25th  year,  he  wholly 
lost  his  memory,  and  sank  into  a  state  of 
mental  imbecility.  The  precise  date  of  his 
death  is  not  known. 

HERO,  a  philosopher  and  mathematician 
of  Alexandria,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  skill  in  the  construction  of  warlike  ma- 
chines, and  who  wrote  some  able  works  on 
the  art.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not  re- 
corded. 

HERODIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  flourished 
in  the  3rd  century,  and  held  several  public 
offices  at  Rome.  His  history  is  written  in 
Greek,  and  comprises  the  period  from  the 
death  of  Marcus  Aurelius  to  the  year  238. 

HERODOTUS,  called  by  Cicero  the  "Fa- 
ther of  History,"  was  born  at  Halicarnassus, 
in  Caria,  b.c.  484,  and  is  tlie  most  ancient 
of  the  Greek  historians  whose  works  are  ex- 
tant. Egypt,  so  celebrated  for  the  wisdom 
of  its  institutions,  seems  to  have  been  one  of 
the  most  constant  subjects  of  his  attention  ; 
and  his  description  of  it  is  so  consonant  with 
the  accounts  of  the  most  intelligent  travellers, 
that  we  cannot  for  a  moment  believe  it 
founded  on  the  relations  of  others.  We  are 
also  indebted  to  him  alone  for  the  history  of 
the  origin  and  growth  of  the  Persian  mon- 
archy, and  of  those  of  the  earlier  Medes  and 
Assyrians  ;  for  the  origin  of  the  kingdom  of 


ber] 


^  ^t&)  WinibttM  MasvH^f^^* 


[her 


Lydia  ;  its  destruction  by  Cyrus,  and  the 
different  expeditions  of  that  celebrated  con- 
queror ;  the  conquest  of  Egypt  by  Cambyses, 
and  the  most  minute  and  exact  description 
of  that  country  and  its  inhabitants  ;  the 
constant  wars  of  the  successors  of  Cyrus ; 
and,  particularly,  the  expedition  of  Darius 
against  the  Scythians.  The  value  of  his 
history  has  been  tlie  subject  of  much  dis- 
cussion and  controversy  ;  and  it  is  generally 
believed  that  his  narration  of  events,  which 
happened  during  his  own  life,  is  extremely 
faithful,  while  in  the  traditional  accounts 
which  he  gives  of  remote  times  and  countries, 
sufficient  care  has  not  been  shown  to  distin- 
guish fact  from  fable.  He  went  into  volun- 
tary exile  when  his  country  was  oppressed  by 
l,ygdamis,  but  afterwards  returned  and  ex- 
I)elled  the  tyrant. 

HERRERA  TORDESILLAS,  Axtoxio 
DE,  a  Spanish  historian,  who  wrote  a  "  Ge- 
neral History  of  India,"  in  4  vols,  folio, 
which  is  a  curious  work.  He  also  wrote  a 
"  General  History  of  Spain,"  in  3  vols,  folio. 
Born,  15(15  ;  died,  1625. 

HERRICK,  RoBEUT,  an  English  poet  of 
the  17th  century.  He  received  his  education, 
first  at  St.  John's  College,  and  next  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  entered 
into  orders,  and  obtained,  in  1629,  the  vicar- 
age of  Dean  Prior,  in  Devonshire.  He  was 
deprived  of  this  living  during  Cromwell's 
usurpation,  but  recovered  it  at  the  Restor- 
ation, and  died  not  long  afterwards.  A 
complete  edition  of  his  poetical  works,  in 
2  vols.  8vo.,  was  published  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1823. 

HERRING,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, a  distinguished  English  prelate,  was 
the  son  of  a  clergyman  in  Norfolk,  and  bom 
in  1693.  In  the  rebellion  of  1745,  he  exerted 
himself  with  great  zeal  in  defence  of  the 
government,  for  which  he  was,  in  1747,  ad- 
vanced to  the  see  of  Canterbury.  He  died  in 
1757,  and  was  buried  at  Croydon. 

HERSCHEL,  Sir  William,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  astronomers  of  modem 
times,  was  born  at  Hanover,  in  1738.  His 
father,  who  was  a  musician,  brought  him  up 
to  his  own  profession,  and,  at  the  age  of  14, 
he  was  placed  in  the  band  of  the  Hanoverian 
foot-guards.  Towards  the  close  of  the  seven 
years'  war,  when  the  French  armies  entered 
Hanover,  young  Herschel  resolved  to  visit 
England,  but  not  being  able  to  obtain  em- 
ployment in  London,  he  accepted  a  situation 
in  the  band  of  the  Durham  militia.  When  the 
regiment  came  to  Doncaster,  Mr.  Herschel 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Miller,  an 
eminent  composer  and  organist  of  that  town. 
It  happened  about  this  time  that  an  organist 
was  also  wanted  at  Halifax,  and,  by  the 
advice  of  the  doctor,  his  young  friend  offered 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  place,  and  was 
successful.  In  17G6,  he  removed  from  York- 
shire to  Bath,  where  he  was  chosen  organist 
at  the  Octagon  Chapel,  and  leader  of  the 
orchestra  at  the  public  rooms.  Although 
enthusiastically  fond  of  music,  he  had  for 
some  time  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the 
study  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  ;  and, 
in  1779,  having  constructed  a  telescope,  and 
begun  a  regular  survey  of  the  heavens,  star 
by  star,  he  discovered,  March  13th,  1781,  a 

410 


new  primary  planet,  which  he  named  the 
Georgium  Sidus,  iu  honour  of  George  the 
Third.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  had  the 
gold  medal  awarded  him  for  his  discovery. 
His  majesty  now  called  Mr.  Herschel  from 
Bath,  and  gave  him  a  house  at  Slough,  with 
a  pension  to  enable  him  to  prosecute  his 
favourite  pursuits.  After  a  long  series  of 
arduous  and  valuable  labours,  in  1802,  he 
laid  before  the  Royal  Society  a  catalogue  of 
5000  new  nebulas,  nebulous  stars,  planetary 
nebulEB,  and  clusters  of  stars,  which  he  had 
discovered  ;  and,  iu  consequence  of  the  im- 
portant additions  made  by  him  to  the  stock 
of  astronomical  knowledge,  received  from 
the  university  of  Oxford  the  honorary  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws  —  an  honour  which  was 
followed  up,  in  1816,  by  the  Guelphic  order  of 
knighthood  from  the  king.  He  continued 
his  astronomical  observations  till  within  a 
few  years  of  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
1822.  His  highly  gifted  son,  the  present  Sir 
John  Herschel,  pursues  his  father's  scientific 
course  with  ardour  and  success. 

HERSCHEL,  Caroline  Lucretia,  sister 
of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  distinguished 
for  her  zeal  in  astronomical  pursuits,  was 
born  at  Hanover,  1750.  Having  joined  her 
brother  at  Bath,  in  1771,  she  voluntarily  un- 
dertook the  arduous  duties  of  his  astro- 
nomical assistant,  not  only  acting  as  his 
amanuensis,  but  executing  the  laborious  nu- 
merical calculations  necessary  to  render  liis 
discoveries  available  to  science,  and  labour- 
ing in  the  cause  of  astronomy  with  an  ardour 
and  activity  which  neither  the  fatigue  of 
the  body,  nor  the  inclemencies  of  the  season, 
could  exhaust.  Her  own  observations  were 
so  numerous  and  important,  that  the  Royal 
Society  published  them  in  one  volume  ;  and 
her  "  Zone  Catalogue "  was  honoured,  in 
1828,  with  the  gold  medal  of  the  London 
Astronomical  Society,  of  which  she  was  also 
elected  an  honorary  member.  She  had  re- 
sided in  Hanover  since  her  brother's  death 
in  1822  ;  and  her  latest  years  were  spent  in 
repose,  broken  now  and  then  by  the  visits  of 
the  learned,  and  cheered  by  the  regard  and 
esteem  of  all  who  knew  her,  whether  inmates 
of  a  palace  or  a  cottage.    Died,  1848. 

HERSCHELL,  Dr.  Solomon,  for  many 
years  chief  rabbi  of  the  Polish  and  German 
Jews  resident  in  England,  was  remarkable 
alike  for  his  learning,  his  attachment  to 
his  faith,  and  his  great  and  diffusive  bene- 
volence, which  was  extended  alike  to  Jew 
and  Christian.  Tall,  and  of  very  majestic 
figure  and  gait,  and  wearing  a  long  and 
snow-white  beard,  he  reminded  those  who 
chanced  to  meet  him  of  some  patriarch  of 
the  old  days  of  Israel.  Died,  October,  1842, 
aged  82,  having  been  just  half  of  his  long 
life  the  chief  rabbi. 

HERTZBERG,  Ewald  Frederic  von, 
Count,  a  Prussian  minister  of  state,  whose 
name  is  intimately  connected  with  the  his- 
tory of  Frederic  the  Great,  was  born  in  1725. 
He  manifested  his  talents  at  an  early  age  by 
the  publication  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  His- 
tory," was  patronised  by  the  king,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  highest  offices  in  the 
state.    Died,  1795. 

HERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine  of 


her] 


^  jJeto  Bnihtrial  miOQxnp^V!' 


[hey 


exemplary  virtue  and  piety,  was  born,  in 
1714,  at  Uardingstone,  near  Northampton  ; 
received  his  education  at  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  eventually  succeeded  his  father, 
as  rector  of  Weston  Favell  and  CoHingtree. 
His  chief  writings  are,  "  Meditations  and 
Contemplations,"  "  Remarks  on  Lord  Boling- 
broke's  Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use  of 
History,"  and  "  Theron  and  Aspasia ;  or,  a 
Series  of  Dialogues  and  Letters  on  the  most 
important  Subjects."    Died,  1758. 

HERVEY,  JoHX,  Lord,  second  son  of 
John,  first  earl  of  Bristol,  was  bom,  1694. 
Educated  at  Westminster,  and  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge,  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  in 
1715  i  and  after  a  short  tour  on  the  Conti- 
nent, he  returned  to  England,  where  he 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  the  literary  and 
fashionable  circles  of  the  metropolis.  In 
1720  he  married  Miss  Lepell,  so  well  known 
in  Pope's  letters  and  verses ;  in  1723  he 
succeeded  to  the  title  of  Lord  Hervey  by 
the  death  of  his  elder  brother  ;  and  in  172,5 
became  member  for  Bury,  when  he  attached 
himself  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole's  party  in 
opposition  to  Pulteney's,  and  was  made 
vice-chamberlain  in  1730,  which  he  retained 
by  court  influence  till  1740,  when  he  became 
lord  privy  seal.  From  an  early  age.  Lord 
Hervey  took  an  active  part  in  the  literary  and 
political  contests  of  the  day.  His  pamphlets 
in  answer  to  the  "Craftsman"  involved 
him  in  a  duel  with  Pulteney ;  his  quarrel 
with  Pope,  which  extended  over  many  years, 
gave  rise  to  some  of  the  bitterest  satirical 
sketches  ever  penned  (we  allude  especially 
to  the  latter's  celebrated  prose  letter,  the 
epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  and  the  character 
of  Sporus)  ;  and  he  carried  on  an  active  cor- 
respondence with  Dr.  Middleton  regarding 
the  mode  of  electing  the  Roman  senate, 
besides  writing  some  able  pamphlets  on 
foreign  affairs,  which  may  still  be  read  with 
interest.  His  "Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of 
George  II.,  from  his  Accession  to  the  Death 
of  Queen  Caroline,"  after  slumbering  for  a 
century  in  the  chests  of  Ickworth,  were  pub- 
lished in  1848,  with  an  interesting  account 
of  the  author  by  the  Right  Hon.  Jolin  Wil- 
son Croker.    Died,  1743. 

HESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet,  but 
whether  contemporary  with,  or  older  or 
younger  than.  Homer  is  not  agreed  among 
the  learned.  The  "  Theogony  "  and  "  Works 
and  Days  "  are  the  only  undoubted  pieces  of 
this  poet  now  extant. 

HESYCHIUS,  a  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  has  left  a  valuable  lexicon  of 
Greek  words,  first  published  by  Aldus  Ma- 
nutius  in  1513. 

HEVELIUS,  JoHx,  an  astronomer,  was 
born  at  Dantzic,  in  1611.  He  built  an  ob- 
servatory in  that  city,  made  some  excellent 
telescopes,  and  published  the  result  of  his 
observations  in  a  work,  entitled  "  Seleno- 
graphia,  sive  Lunae  Descriptio."  His  "  Co- 
metographia  "  caused  a  dispute  between  him 
and  Dr.  Hooke,  respecting  the  preference  of 
plain  and  telescopic  siglits  ;  Hevelius  de  • 
fending  the  former,  and  Hooke  the  latter. 
To  adjust  the  difference,  Halley  went  to 
Dantzic,  and,  on  his  return,  gave  a  report 
very  favourable  to  Hevelius.  Several  other 
aatronomical  works  were  produced  by  him  ; 


particularly  "  Machina  Coelestis,"  "  Annus 
Climacterus,"  &c.    Died,  1687. 

HEWSON,  William,  a  celebrated  ana- 
tomist and  physiologist,  was  the  son  of  a 
surgeon  at  Hexham,  in  Nortliumberland, 
where  he  was  born  in  1739.  After  studying 
his  profession  under  his  father,  he  resided 
for  some  time  at  Newcastle,  London,  Edin- 
burgh, and  Paris ;  and  he  subsequently  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Dr.  Hunter,  whom  he  also 
assisted  in  his  lectures.  In  1771  he  obtained 
the  Copleyan  medal  from  the  Royal  Society, 
for  his  discoveries  of  the  lymphatic  system 
in  birds  and  fishes,  and  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  that  learned  body.  He  also  published 
"  Experimental  Inquiries  into  the  Properties 
of  the  Blood."    Died,  1774. 

HEYLIN,  Pkteu,  D.D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Burford,  in  Oxfordshire, 
in  1600.  He  became  a  student  of  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  but  afterwards  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship in  Magdalen  College,  which  he  resigned 
in  1629,  on  being  appointed  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  In  1031  he  published  his  "  His- 
tory of  St.  George,"  for  which  the  king  gave 
him  the  rectory  of  Hemmingford,  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire, and  a  prebend  of  Westminster, 
to  which  was  added  the  living  of  Houghton, 
in  tlie  bishopric  of  Durham.  Other  church 
preferment  followed  ;  but,  becoming  ob- 
noxious to  the  parliamentarians,  he  was 
soon  ejected  from  it,  and  his  private  pro- 
perty was  also  sequestrated.  After  this  he 
went  to  Oxford,  and  published  a  weekly 
paper,  called  "  Mercurius  Aulicus."  His 
other  productions  are  "  Cosmography,"  "  A 
Help  to  English  History,"  the  "Life  of 
Charles  I.,"  a  "  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion," &c.  He  died  in  1662  ;  having  shortly 
before  been  reinstated  in  all  his  former 
appointments  by  Charles  II. 

HEYNE,  Christian  Gottlob,  a  distin- 
guished scholar,  was  a  native  of  Chemnitz, 
in  Saxony,  wliither  his  father,  a  poor  linen 
weaver,  had  fled  from  Gravenschutz,  in 
Silesia,  on  account  of  religious  persecution. 
Though  destitute  and  obscure,  he  acquired 
a  remarkable  acquaintance  with  the  ancient 
languages,  and  succeeded  Gesner  as  professor 
of  eloquence  at  Gottingen,  where  he  was 
soon  after  appointed  first  librarian  and  coun- 
sellor. By  his  editions  and  commentaries 
on  classic  authors,  Heyne  has  deserved  the 
reputation  of  being  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished luminaries  of  the  literary  world. 
His  particular  merit  consists  in  having  raised 
the  knowledge  of  antiquity  and  classical 
literature  from  the  dust  of  the  schools,  and 
introduced  it  into  the  circle  of  the  polished 
world.  It  is  not,  however,  merely  the  fame 
of  his  great  learning,  but  the  propriety  and 
delicacy  of  his  conduct,  that  procured  him 
the  acquaintance  and  regard  of  the  most 
accomplished  and  eminent  men  of  his  time, 
and  rendered  his  memory  dear  to  them.  He 
died  in  1812,  aged  82. 

HEYWOOD,  JoiiiV,  one  of  the  earliest 
of  the  English  dramatic  poets,  was  born  at 
North  Mims,  in  Hertfordshire,  and  educated 
at  Oxford  ;  after  which  he  became,  tliroiigh 
Sir  Thomas  More,  a  great  favourite  with 
Henry  VIII.  He  also  continued  in  the 
court  of  Edward  VI.,  and  was  much  in  the 
confidence  of  Queen  Mary  ;  on  whose  death, 


411 


hbt] 


^  igefio  Unibtv^Kl  28t0srajjljg. 


[hio 


being  a  Roman  Catholic,  he  went  abroad, 
and  died  at  Mechlin,  in  Brabant,  in  1565. 
He  wrote  "  The  Parable  of  the  Spider  and 
Fly,"  a  voluminous  poem,  in  4to.  His  other 
works  are  a  "Dialogue  of  Proverbs,"  and 
several  plays.  —  He  left  two  sons,  Ellis  and 
Jasper,  both  of  whom  possessed  talents 
very  similar  to  those  of  their  father  ;  but 
being  Catholics,  they  quitted  England,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  their  lives  in  Italy. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer 
and  actor  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James  I., 
and  Charles  I.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a 
most  voluminous  author,  having  written  no 
less  than  220  plays,  of  wliich  only  24  are 
extant.  He  also  wrote  "  The  Actor's  Vin- 
dication," "  The  Hierarchy  of  the  Angels," 
a  "  Life  of  Merlin,"  "  Life  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth," "Lives  of  the  Nine  Worthies,"  &c. 
Neither  the  date  of  his  birth  nor  that  of  his 
death  are  on  record. 

HIBBERT,  George,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant and  citizen  of  London,  alike  distin- 
guished for  his  talents  and  public  spirit,  was 
bom  in  Manchester,  in  1757.  Being  destined 
from  his  youth  to  a  commercial  life,  he  was 
introduced  into  a  leading  mercantile  house 
in  the  city,  engaged  in  the  West  India  trade; 
in  which,  first  as  a  junior  partner,  and  event- 
ually as  head  of  the  firm,  he  continued  nearly 
half  a  century.  Possessing  strong  common 
sense,  a  retentive  memory,  and  a  mind 
richly  stored  with  various  information,  to- 
gether with  the  faculty  of  expressing  him- 
self in  a  public  assembly  with  clearness  and 
fluency,  he  became  a  valuable  adviser  and 
coadjutor  on  all  commercial  questions  ;  he 
was  accordingly  selected  to  move  the  resolu- 
tions of  the  merchants,  bankers,  and  traders, 
which  led  to  the  imposition  of  the  property- 
tax  in  1798,  when  the  exigencies  of  the  na- 
tion required  the  sacrifice  ;  and  again  to 
move  those  resolutions  which  forced  its  re- 
peal in  1836.  In  1806  he  was  elected  M.  P. 
for  Seaford,  and  sat  for  that  borough  till 
1812.  He  was  greatly  instrumental  in  ori- 
ginating and  maturing  that  noble  under- 
taking, the  West  India  Pocks  ;  "  in  grateful 
testimony  "  of  which,  in  1804,  he  was  pre- 
sented by  the  company  with  some  splendid 
ornamental  plate.  Mr.  Hibbert  was  elected 
F.R.  S.  in  1810  ;  he  was  also  F.  S.  A.,  and  a 
member  of  the  Roxburgh  Club.  Botany 
likewise  engaged  his  attention  ;  it  served  as 
an  employment  for  him  in  his  retirement 
from  the  active  duties  of  commercial  life  ; 
and  he  was  the  means  of  introducing  into 
this  country  many  new  and  beautiful  species 
of  plants.    Died,  Oct.  8.  1837. 

HICETAS,  a  philosopher  of  Syracuse, 
who  maintained  that  the  heavens,  sun,  and 
stars  were  all  immovable,  while  the  earth 
revolved  on  its  axis.  This  is  the  account  of 
Cicero,  from  which  Copernicus  took  the  idea 
of  his  system. 

HICKERINGILL,  Edmund,  a  clergyman 
of  eccentric  character,  was  born  in  Essex, 
in  1630.  He  received  his  education  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  after  which  he  became  a  lieutenant 
in  the  army,  and  went  to  Jamaica,  of  which 
island  he  published  a  description.  On  en- 
tering into  orders,  he  obtained  the  vicarage 
of  Boxted,  in  Essex,  and  afterwards  the 
rectory  of  All  Saints,  in  Colchester,  where, 


after  leading  an  irregular  and  turbulent  life, 
he  died,  in  1708. 

HICKES,  George,  an  eminent  divine 
and  learned  antiquary  of  the  17th  century, 
was  born  at  Newsham,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1642, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  In  1681  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  and 
soon  after  made  dean  of  Worcester.  At  the 
Revolution  he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to 
William  III.,  and  was  deprived  of  all  his 
benefices.  In  1693  he  was  sent  by  the  non- 
juring  clergy  to  St.  Germains,  to  concert 
measures  with  the  exiled  king,  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  bishops,  in  the  English  church, 
from  their  party.  He  returned  from  this 
dangerous  mission  in  the  following  year, 
and  was  himself  shortly  after  consecrated 
bishop  of  Thetford.  Dr.  Hickes  was  a  pro- 
found scholar,  particularly  in  Saxon  lore  ; 
but  in  theological  matters  the  violence  of  his 
prejudices  sometimes  obscured  his  judgment. 
His  greatest  work  is  entitled  "Thesaurus 
Grammatico-Criticus  et  Archseologicus  Lin- 
guarum  veterum  Septentrionalium."  Died, 
1715. 

HICKES,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  Nonconformist  minister,  and  as  re- 
markable for  his  zeal  in  advocating  those 
principles,  as  Dr.  James  Hickes  was  in  de- 
fending the  high  church  party.  Hearing  it 
was  the  intention  of  government  to  appre- 
hend him  as  a  state  criminal,  he  procured 
an  introduction  to  Charles  II.,  and  not  only 
obtained  indemnity  for  himself,  but  also  the 
promise  of  protection  for  the  Devonshire 
Nonconformists.  In  the  ensuing  reign, 
Hickes  joined  the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  executed  as  a  traitor,  in 
1685. 

HIDALGO  Y  COSTILLA,  Don  Miguel. 
a  Spanish  priest,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  promoting  the  war  of  independence  in 
Mexico,  which  commenced  in  1809.  He  was 
at  that  time  curate  of  Dolores,  and  possessed 
great  influence  over  the  Indians  and  Creoles. 
After  raising  the  standard  of  independence, 
he  was  joined  by  AUende  and  a  consider- 
able body  of  insurgents  ;  upon  which  he 
threw  off  his  clerical  robes,  and  assumed 
the  uniform  and  rank  of  generalissimo.  At 
first  he  obtained  great  success  ;  but  he  ulti- 
mately fell  into  the  hands  of  the  royalists, 
and  was  executed  in  July,  1811. 

HIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet  and 
historian.  His  principal  works  are,  a  tra- 
gedy called  "The  Generous  Conqueror" 
and  a  "  Short  View  of  the  English  History." 
He  accompanied  James  II.  to  France,  where 
he  died  in  1735. 

HIGHMORE,  Joseph,  a  portrait  and  his- 
torical painter,  bom  in  London,  1692.  He 
was  intended  for  the  legal  profession  ;  but, 
on  the  expiration  of  his  clerkship,  he  aban- 
doned the  law,  resolved  to  trust  in  future 
to  his  talents  as  an  artist  alone  for  fame 
and  fortune.  He  possessed  the  extraordi- 
nary faculty  of  taking  a  likeness  by  memory 
as  well  as  by  sitting.  Among  his  best  paint- 
ings are,  Hagar  and  Ishmael,  in  the  Found- 
ling Hospital.  He  distinguished  himself  also 
as  an  author.    Died,  1780. 

HIGHMORE,  Nathaniel,  an  English 
anatomist,  was  born  at  Fordingbridge,  in 
Hampshire.     He  wrote  "  Corporis  humani 


hil] 


^  ^cto  ?Snii)rrjSaX  Utasraiil^M. 


[hil 


Disquisitio  Anatomicae,"  and  other  medical 
works.  The  cavity  called  the  A  ntrum  Hiyh- 
moriamnn,  in  the  8Ui)erior  maxilla,  takes  its 
name  from  him.    Born,  1G13  ;  died,  16b4. 

HILL,  Sir  John,  a  voluminous  writer, 
was  bom  in  171G,  at  Peterborough.  He  was 
brought  up  as  an  apothecary,  and  practised 
as  a  physician  ;  wrote  numerous  books  with 
great  rapidity ;  and  was  tlie  inventor  of 
several  lucrative  quack  medicines.  Under 
the  auspices  of  the  Earl  of  Bute  he  published 
a  "  System  of  Botany,"  in  17  vols,  folio  ;  and 
on  presenting  a  copy  of  it  to  the  king  of 
Sweden,  was  invested  with  an  order  of 
knighthood.  He  also  published  a  Supple- 
ment to  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia,  "Essays 
on  Natural  History  and  Philosophy  ; "  con- 
ducted a  periodical  called  "  The  Inspector  ;" 
and  wrote  several  novels,  farces,  &c.  He 
was  a  constant  attendant  on  every  place  of 
public  amusement ;  and,  being  a  satirical 
"busybody,"  was  often  involved  in  quarrels 
with  the  wits  of  the  day.  On  one  of  these 
occasions  he  was  characteristically  hit  off 
by  Garrick  in  the  following  epigrammatic 
couplet :  — 

"For    physic  and   farces   his   rival    there 
scarce  is  ; 
His  farces  are  physic,  his  physic  a  farce 
is." 

HILL,  Sir  Richard,  bart.,  born  in  1733, 
was  the  son  of  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  of  Hawk- 
stone,  Shropshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School  ;  graduated  at  Oxford  ; 
and,  on  his  return  from  the  tour  of  Europe, 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  attachment 
to  the  Calvinistic  Methodists  —  first,  by  de- 
fending the  conduct  of  six  young  men  who 
were  expelled  from  the  imiversity  in  1768, 
for  alleged  fanatical  conduct,  and  next  by 
engaging  in  a  polemical  controversy  with 
John  Wesley  and  other  leaders  of  the  Ar- 
minian  Methodists.  He  succeeded  his  father 
as  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Salop ;  and  be- 
came so  noted  in  the  house  for  his  frequent 
quaint  application  of  facts  and  language 
from  the  Bible,  that  he  was  called  the  scrip- 
tural Killigrew.  He  died  in  1808,  when  his 
title  passed  to  Sir  John  Hill,  the  father  of 
Lord  Hill. 

HILL,  Rowland,  the  venerable  minister 
of  Surrey  Chapel,  was  a  younger  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  born  at  Hawkstone, 
near  Shrewsbury,  in  1744.  In  the  grammar 
school  of  that  town  he  commenced  his  edu- 
cation, then  went  to  Eton  for  a  few  years, 
and  finished  his  studies  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  At  the  time  he  quitted 
the  university  the  celebrated  George  Whit- 
field was  in  the  zenith  of  his  popularity  ;  and 
so  congenial  to  his  nature  was  that  extraor- 
dinary preacher's  manner  and  doctrine,  that 
he  quickly  adopted  both,  and  became  his 
zealous  disciple  ;  prosecuting  his  favourite 
plan  of  itinerancy,  preaching  in  the  streets 
of  Bristol,  on  the  quays,  or  among  the  col- 
liers at  Kingswood  ;  wherever,  in  fact,  he 
could  gain  an  audience  ;  but  resuming,  at 
stated  periods,  the  services  of  the  London 
and  Bristol  tabernacles.  In  17*3  the  building 
of  Surrey  Chapel  was  completed  ;  and  from 
that  time  to  the  period  of  his  death,  an  in- 
terval of  SO  years,  he  continued  to  pass  his 


winters  in  town  for  the  purpose  of  ofiSciating 
there,  his  place  being  supplied  during  the 
summer  months  by  a  succession  of  poiiular 
ministers  from  the  country.  The  numerous 
tales  that  are  told  of  his  eccentricities  should 
be  received  with  caution  ;  though  it  is  cer- 
tain he  occasionally  illustrated  the  most 
solemn  truths  by  observations  which  sa- 
voured more  of  the  ludicrous  than  the  pa- 
thetic—  more  of  the  grotesque  than  the 
serious ;  yet  his  intentions  were  pure  and 
sincere,  and  he  was  no  less  indefatigable  in 
his  calling  as  a  preacher  than  he  was  bene- 
volent as  a  man.  His  writings  are  very 
numerous,  the  principal  of  which  is  entitled 
"Village  Dialogues  ;"  but  he  was  not 
sparing  of  wit,  humour,  or  sarcasm,  when- 
ever he  could  make  either  subservient  to 
his  purpose,  as  was  strikingly  seen  in  a 
satirical  pamphlet  against  the  ministers  of 
the  established  church,  which  he  published 
anonymously,  under  the  title  of  "  Spiritual 
Characteristics,  by  an  Old  Observer."  He 
died,  in  1833,  aged  88. 

HILL,  Viscount,  General  Rowland  Hill, 
the  second  son  of  Sir  John  Hill,  bart., 
was  bom  on  the  11th  of  Aug.  1772  j  entered 
the  army  at  the  early  age  of  16  ;  served  at 
Toulon  under  Lord  Mulgrave,  General 
O'Hara,  and  Sir  David  Duiidas  ;  through 
the  whole  of  the  Egyptian  campaign,  where 
he  was  wounded  in  the  head  ;  in  Ireland, 
throughout  the  Peninsular  War,  and  at 
Waterloo,  where  he  most  ably  seconded  the 
Duke  of  Wellington.  In  1828  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief,  and  never 
can  that  post  be  filled  to  greater  public  satis- 
faction, or  more  beneficially  to  the  anny. 
In  the  field  —  in  every  rank,  from  that  of 
ensign  to  that  of  general  —  lie  was  remark- 
able for  a  rare  union  of  daring,  zeal,  and 
prudence  ;  and,  as  commander-in-chief  at 
home,  he  was  equally  remarkable  for  his 
anxious  and  intelligent  exertions  for  the 
promotion  of  the  comforts  of  the  army,  and 
for  the  advancement  of  the  service.  In  the 
distribution  of  his  patronage  he  was  pro- 
verbially impartial  ;  private  or  political 
feeling  never  prevented  him  from  doing 
justice  to  professional  merit.  Died,  Dec.  10. 
1842,  aged  70. 

HILL,  Robert,  a  self-taught  genius  of 
extraordinary  merit,  was  bora  in  Hertford- 
shire, in  1699,  and  bred  a  tailor  and  stay- 
maker.  By  indefatigable  application  he 
acquired  a  suflScient  knowledge  of  the  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages,  to  be  able  to 
teach  them.  He  died  at  Buckingham,  in 
1777.  He  wrote  "  Remarks  on  the  Essay  on 
Spirit,"  "  The  Character  of  a  Jew,"  and 
"  Criticisms  on  Job." 

HILLEL  the  Elder,  sumamed  Hassa 
KEN,  was  a  celebrated  Jewish  doctor  or 
rabbi,  who  lived  in  the  century  preceding 
the  Christian  era,  and  was  a  native  of  Ba- 
bylon. At  the  age  of  forty  he  removed  to 
Jerusalem,  where  he  studied  the  law  with 
such  diligence  as  to  become  master  of  the 
chief  school  of  that  city.  He  formed  a  new 
digest  of  the  traditionary  law,  from  which 
the  "Mischna,"  or  earliest  part  of  the 
Talmud,  is  derived.  Shammai,  one  of  his 
disciples,  dissented  from  his  master,  and  set 
up  a  new  college,  which  produced  violent 


hil] 


^  |2t&j  UiiibtvStd  33tOja[rap]^p. 


[hip 


contests  among  the  Jews ;  but  the  party  of 
Hillel  proved  victorious.  He  lived  to  the 
great  age  of  120  years  ;  and  while  president 
of  the  Sanhedrim,  he  discharged  the  duties 
of  his  office  with  unexampled  wisdom  and 
justice. 

HILLEL  the  Younger,  who  obtained  the 
title  of  Nasi,  or  Prince  of  the  Captivity,  pre- 
sided over  the  Jewisli  church  in  the  third 
and  fourth  centuries,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  great  astronomical  learning,  re- 
forming the  Jewish  calendar,  regulating  the 
period  of  the  equinoxes,  &c.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  doctors  to  whom  is  ascribed  that 
portion  of  the  Talmud  called  "  Gemara." 

HILLIARD,  Nicholas,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  in  1547,  at  Exeter.  He  imitated 
the  style  of  Hans  Holbein,  and  became  gold- 
smith, carver,  and  painter,  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth. Among  his  best  works  are  the  por- 
traits of  Elizabeth  and  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots.    Died,  1019. 

HILTON,  Walter,  a  Carthusian  monk 
of  the  monastery  of  Sheen,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury ;  author  of  "  The  Scale  or  Ladder  of 
Perfection;"  and  to  whom  also  has  been 
erroneously  attributed  tlie  celebrated  book 
"De  Imitatione  Christi,"  written  by  Tho- 
mas k  Kempis,  or  by  Gerson. 

HILTON,  William,  R.  A.,-an  eminent 
English  artist.  His  forte  was  the  picturesque 
ideal,  and  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  he 
was  most  excellent  as  a  designer,  or  as  a 
colourist.  His  pictures  are  very  numerous, 
and  if  they  have  not  been  made  what  is 
called  "popular,"  by  means  of  engravings 
from  them,  it  is  because  their  chastity  of 
design  and  their  exquisite  finish  make  them 
essentially  and  exclusively  appeal  only  to 
the  genuine  cognoscenti.  His  "Rape  of 
Ganymede,"  "  Hebe,"  and  "  Rape  of  Pro- 
serpine," are  exquisite.  On  the  death  of 
the  great  though  eccentric  Fuseli,  Mr.  Hil- 
ton succeeded  him  as  keeper  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  that  important  office  he 
so  ably  and  indefatigably  directed  and  aided 
the  students,  that,  just  before  his  death,  they 
presented  him  with  a  valuable  piece  of  plate. 
Born,  1787  ;  died,  1840. 

HILTZ,  John,  a  German  architect  of  the 
15th  century.  He  succeeded  Steinbach, 
builder  of  the  catliedral  of  Strasburg,  the 
tower  of  which  celebrated  edifice,  570  feet 
high,  was  erected  by  Hiltz,  and  is  considered 
a  masterpiece  of  architecture. 

HINCHCLIFFE,  John,  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, was  born  in  1731,  in  Swallow  Street, 
St.  James's,  where  his  father  kept  a  livery- 
stable.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  of  which  he  subsequently  became 
head-master,  and,  through  tlie  patronage  of 
the  Grafton  family,  he  obtained  successive 
church  preferment  till  he  reached  the  mitre. 
Died,  1794. 

HIPPARCHUS,  the  most  eminent  among 
the  ancient  astronomers,  was  a  native  of 
Nicaja,  in  Bithynia,  and  flourished  about  a 
century  and  a  half  before  the  Christian  era. 
He  resided  some  time  in  the  island  of 
Rhodes,  whence  he  has  derived  the  appel- 
lation of  Ehodius ;  but  he  afterwards  went 
to  Alexandria,  at  that  time  the  great  school 
of  science.  He  has  been  styled  the  patriarch 
of  astronomy,  and  was  certainly  the  first 


414 


who  treated  the  sublime  science  in  a  philoso- 
phic manner.  He  discovered  the  precession 
of  the  equinoxes  ;  calculated  the  eclipses  ? 
determined  the  revolutions  and  mean  mo- 
tions of  the  planets  ;  invented  the  stereogra- 
phical  method  of  projection  ;  numbered  and 
catalogued  the  fixed  stars  ;  and  in  short,  by 
his  labours,  were  laid  the  solid  foundations 
of  geographical  and  trigonometrical  science. 

HIPPIAS,  prince  of  Athens,  was  the  son 
of  Pisistratus,  at  whose  death  he  assumed 
the  government,  in  conjunction  witli  his 
brother  Hipparchus ;  but  the  latter  being 
assassinated  by  a  band  of  conspirators,  while 
conducting  a  solemn  procession  to  the  tem- 
ple of  Minerva,  Hippias  immediately  seized 
the  reins  of  government,  and  revenged  the 
death  of  his  brother,  by  putting  to  death  all 
of  whom  he  entertained  the  least  suspicion. 
His  tyranny  at  last  became  so  obnoxious  to 
the  citizens,  that  they  bribed  the  priests  of 
the  Delphic  oracle  to  command  the  Spartans 
to  break  oS  their  alliance  with  him  ;  and 
being  obliged  to  yield  to  the  united  attack 
of  his  foreign  and  domestic  enemies,  he  was 
expelled  from  the  city  b.  c.  510.  He  after-  j 
wards  found  means  to  induce  Darius  to  apply 
to  the  Athenians  in  his  favour ;  and  their 
decisive  refusal  kindled  the  first  war  of  the 
Persians  against  the  European  Greeks.  The 
fate  of  Hippias  was  at  length  decided  on  the 
field  of  Marathon,  where,  with  the  Persian 
army,  he  fell  on  that  memorable  day,  fight- 
ing against  his  countrymen,  b.  c.  490. 

HIPPISLEY,  Sir  John  Coxe,  bart.,  was 
bom  at  Yatton,  Somersetshire,  in  1765.  Af- 
ter having  graduated  at  Hertford  College, 
Oxford,  he  became  a  bencher  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  was  appointed  in  1780,  through 
the  interest  of  Lord  North,  to  an  office  of 
trust  and  importance  in  India,  which  he 
held  during  the  wars  with  Hyder  Ally  and 
Tippoo  Saib.  In  1790,  he  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Sudbury,  of  which  borough  he  became 
recorder,  and  represented  it  in  five  parlia- 
ments. Sir  John  was  an  active  magistrate, 
and  a  warm  supporter  of  many  agricultural 
and  other  useful  institutions.  He  was  re- 
warded with  a  baronetcy  in  1796,  for  his 
services  in  the  negotiations  for  the  marriage 
of  the  Princess  Royal  of  England  with  the 
Duke  of  Wirtemberg.    Died,  1825. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Greek  physicians,  and  deservedly  styled  the 
father  of  medical  science,  was  bom  in  the 
isle  of  Cos,  B.  c.  460,  and  died  b.  c.  361.  His 
memory  is  still  venerated  in  his  native 
island,  and  the  inhabitants  show  with  pride 
a  house  in  which  they  say  he  resided.  He  j 
died,  in  the  99th  year  of  his  age,  at  Larissa, 
in  Thessaly,  and  the  highest  honours  were 
paid  to  his  memory.  Several  of  his  works 
are  extant ;  and  an  edition  of  them  was 
printed  at  Leipsic  so  latelv  as  1825. 

HIPPOCRATES,  of  Chios,  a  celebrated 
geometrician,  who  lived  about  500  years 
B.C.,  and  discovered  the  quadrature  of  the 
lunula,  which  bears  his  name. 

HIPPOLYTUS,  St.,  a  Christian  bishop, 
who  suffered  in  the  persecution  of  Alexan- 
der Severus,  a.  d.  230.  His  works  in  Greek 
and  Latin  were  printed  by  Fabricius,  in  2 
vols,  folio,  1716. 

HIPPONAX,  a  satiric  poet,  of  Ephesus, 


hoa] 


^  ^ein  BnihtxiaX  SBtograplbB* 


[hoc 


who  lived  about  540  years,  b.  c,  and  was  co- 
temporary  with  Anacreon. 

HOADLY,  Benjamix,  a  celebrated  pre- 
late, was  born  at  Westerham,  in  Kent,  in 
l(i7(j.  He  soon  distinguished  himself  as  a 
cliampion  of  freedom,  in  liis  controversy 
with  Calamy  and  Atterbury  ;  and  was  re- 
commended by  the  House  of  Commons  to 
queen  Anne,  who  promised  him  preferment, 
but  which  he  did  not  obtain  from  her.  On 
the  accession  of  George  I.  he  was  made 
bisliop  of  Bangor ;  and  soon  afterwards 
translated  to  Hereford.  lu  1723  lie  obtained 
the  bishopric  of  Salisbury,  and  in  1734  he 
became  bishop  of  Winchester.  Throughout 
life  he  was  an  active  and  able  controversial- 
ist, and  his  opponents,  who  were  of  the  high 
church  party,  never  ceased  to  charge  him 
with  attempting  to  undermine  that  establish- 
ment of  which  he  was  a  prelate.  Died  17C1. 
HOADLY,  Benjamix,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  physician  to  George  II.  and 
Frederic,  prince  of  Wales.  He  published 
some  medical  and  philosophical  pieces  ;  but 
he  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  "The  Sus- 
picious Husband,"  a  comedy.  Born,  1706 ; 
died,  1757. 

HOADLY,  JoHsr,  LL.D.,  the  younger  son 
of  Bishop  Iloadly,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1711 ;  received  his  education  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  and  studied  the 
law  ;  after  which  he  entered  into  orders,  and 
obtained  some  valuable  preferments  in  the 
church  and  diocese  of  Winchester,  among 

I  which  were  the  mastership  of  St.  Cross  Hos- 
pital, and  the  chancellorship  of  the  diocese. 

!  He  wrote  poems,  two  or  three  comedies,  and 

I  an  oratorio.     Died,  1770. 

I  HOARE,  Pkixce,  F.  S.  A.,  a  dramatic 
author,  and  secretary  to  the  Royal  Aca- 

I  demy,  was  a  native  of  Bath.  He  wrote  se- 
veral   farces,  wliich    were    successful,    and 

I  published  some  works  on  art.    He  died  in 

'  1834,  aged  80. 

HOARE,  Sir  Richard  Colt,  bart.,  F.R.S. 
and  F.S.A.,  an  eminent  local  historian  and 
topographer,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Richard 
Hoare,  the  first  baronet,  and  bom  in  1758. 
In  1818  he  printed  for  private  circulation 
among  his  friends,  his  "Recollections"  of 
a  "Classical  Tour,"  in  4  vols.  Various 
treatises  on  antiquarian  and  other  kindred 
subjects  occasionally  came  from  his  pen  ; 

I  but  liis  great  work,  on  which  he  bestowed 

;  the  utmost  care  and  attention,  and  which 
entitles  him  to  a  distinguished  place  in 
the  first  rank  of  topographical  historians, 
is  the  "Ancient  and  Modem  History  of 
Wiltshire,"  which  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  not  quite  complete.  Died,  aged  79, 
May  19.  1838. 

HOARE,  WiLUAM,  an  English  artist, 
was  born  about  1707,  at  Eye,  in  Suffolk.  He 
studied  under  Grisoni,  an  Italian  painter  in 
London ;  after  which  he  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  of  Francisco  Im- 
periale.  He  remained  in  Italy  many  years, 
and  on  his  return  painted  some  good  altar- 
pieces  and  portraits,  which  last  were  chiefly 
in  crayons.    Died,  1792. 

HOBBES,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher and  political  writer,  was  born,  in  1588, 
at  Malmesbury,  Wilts ;  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;   and   in  1608  be- 


came tutor  to  a  son  of  the  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire. On  the  death  of  his  patron  and  pupil 
he  became  travelling  tutor  to  a  young  gen- 
tleman; but  the  Countess-dowager  of  Devon- 
sliire  recalled  him  into  her  family,  to  take 
upon  him  the  education  of  the  young  earl. 
In  1028  he  attended  the  earl  on  his  travels, 
and  at  Pisa  contracted  an  intimacy  with 
Galileo.  In  1042  he  printed  his  book,  "  De 
Cive,"  which  procured  him  many  enemies 
by  its  dangerous  principles.  Soon  after  this 
he  was  appointed  mathematical  tutor  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  In  1050  appeared,  in  Eng- 
lish, his  work  on  "  Human  Nature  ; "  and 
one,  "De  Corpore  Politico,"  or  the  "Ele- 
ments of  Law."  The  next  year  he  published 
his  still  more  famous  and  obnoxious  book, 
entitled  "  Leviathan."  At  the  Restoration 
he  received  a  pension  ;  but  in  1005  the  par- 
liament passed  a  censure  on  his  writings, 
which  greatly  alarmed  him.  Besides  the 
works  which  we  have  enumerated  above, 
he  published  "  De  Mirabilibus  Pecci,  or  the 
Wonders  of  the  Peak,"  a  poem  ;  a  transla- 
tion of  Homer  ;  "  Elements  of  Philosophy," 
a  "  Letter  on  Liberty  and  Necessity,"  "  Six 
Lessons  to  the  Professors  of  the  Mathema- 
tics," &c.  The  latter  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  at  Chatsworth,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Devonshire,  where  he  died  in  1679.  Hobbea 
has  been  branded  with  the  epithets  of  infidel 
and  atheist,  by  those  who  thought  that  his 
speculations  might  weaken  the  confidence  of 
mankind  in  the  general  principles  of  morals 
and  theology  ;  and  though  there  is  evidence 
of  his  having  practised  the  duties  of  religion 
as  a  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  yet  a 
candid  review  of  his  written  opinions  induces 
us  to  pronounce  them  as  highly  pernicious. 

HOBBIMA,  MiNDERHOUT,  an  eminent 
Dutch  landscape  painter,  bom  at  Antwerp, 
in  1011.  His  pieces  are  remarkable  for  the 
grace  and  beauty  of  their  execution,  and, 
being  rare,  are  now  very  valuable. 

HOBLER,  Fis.iNCis,  for  many  years  chief 
clerk  to  the  lord  mayor  of  London,  was  the 
son  of  a  Swiss  watchmaker,  and  was  bom 
in  Soho,  London.  Having  served  his  articles 
to  an  eminent  lawyer,  he  was  at  a  very  early 
age  appointed  clerk  to  the  magistrates  at 
Guildhall,  and  thence  removed  to  the  chief 
clerkship  at  the  Mansion  House,  where  his 
strict  attention,  his  sound  knowledge  of  the 
law,  and  a  certain  odd  facetiousness  of 
repartee  and  remark  in  the  more  frivolous 
cases,  made  him  the  "observed  of  all  ob- 
servers." He  was  a  terror  to  evil-doers,  for 
it  was  impossible  for  them  to  elude  his  cir- 
cumstantial recollections  of  them  ;  but  no 
man  was  ever  more  prompt  in  relieving  the 
aflSicted,  and  lifting  up  those  who  had  fallen 
into  want.    Died,  1844,  aged  78. 

HOCHE,  Lazarus,  an  eminent  French 
general,  was  born,  in  1768,  at  Montreuil, 
near  Versailles,  where  his  father  was  an 
ostler.  In  1785  he  entered  the  army  ;  was 
made  a  corporal  of  grenadiers,  and  having 
passed  with  applause  through  the  interme- 
diate gradations  of  rank,  frequently  distin- 
guishing himself  by  acts  of  bravery,  he  wqb 
raised,  in  1793,  to  the  command  of  the  army 
of  the  Moselle,  where  he  had  to  contend  with 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  and  was  several 
times  beaten.    He,  however,  succeeded  better 


hod] 


^  i^m  Unihtr^Kl  3St0flrapi^i?. 


[hof 


when  engaged  with  the  Austrians,  whom  he 
drove  out  of  Alsace.  In  1795  he  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  republican  army  in  La 
Vendee.  In  this  important  and  difficult 
station  he  acquitted  himself  well,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  the  emigrants  at  Quibe- 
ron,  and  in  inducing  the  royalists  to  yield 
obedience  to  the  government.  After  having 
been  sent,  in  the  winter  of  1796,  as  com- 
mander of  the  troops  in  the  expedition  to 
Ireland,  and  from  which  he  returned  in  dis- 
grace, he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  army  of  the  Sambre  and  Meuse,  and  had 
already  gained  considerable  advantages, 
when  his  career  was  stopped  by  the  armistice 
between  Prince  Charles  and  Buonaparte. 
He  died  at  Wetzlar,  in  1797. 

HODGSON,  Dr.  Robekt,  dean  of  Carlisle, 
and  rector  of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
was  a  nephew  of  Bishop  Porteus,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge.  In 
1803,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  chaplains 
in  ordinary  to  the  king  ;  became  dean  of 
Carlisle  in  1820 ;  and  was  for  some  years 
chaplain-general  of  the  army,  but  resigned 
that  appointment  during  tlie  administration 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  His  principal 
literary  undertakings  were  the  "Life  of 
Beilby  Porteus,  Bishop  of  London,"  and  the 
editorship  of  the  bishop's  works  in  6  vols. 
8vo.     Died,  Oct.  1844. 

HODY,  Humphrey,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  Odcombe  in  Somersetshire,  in  1659. 
When  young  he  published  a  "  Dissertation 
against  Aristeas's  History  of  the  Seventy- 
two  Interpreters,"  which  was  received  by  the 
learned  with  great  applause.  It  was,  how- 
ever, attacked  by  Isaac  Vossius,  and  defended 
by  the  author  in  an  unanswerable  manner. 
In  1698  he  was  appointed  Greek  professor  at 
Oxford,  and  in  1701  he  published  his  "  His- 
tory of  English  Councils  and  Convocations." 
He  died  in  1706,  and  by  his  will  foimded  ten 
scholarships  in  Wadham  College. 

HOFER,  Andrew,  a  patriotic  leader  of 
the  Tyrolese,  was  born,  in  1765,  at  Passayer  ; 
and  when  he  grew  up,  he  kept  an  inn  there, 
and  dealt  in  corn,  wine,  and  cattle.  By  the 
treaty  of  Presburg,  the  Tyrol  was  transferred 
to  the  king  of  Bavaria  ;  but  the  war  being 
rekindled  in  1809,  the  inhabitants  rose  in  a 
mass  to  drive  out  the  Bavarians,  and  again 
place  themselves  under  the  dominion  of 
Austria.  The  riches  and  influence  of  Hofer, 
his  athletic  form  and  decided  character,  all 
combined  to  induce  the  insurgents  to  elect 
him  their  chief.  Every  thing  prospered  un- 
der his  direction.  Almost  the  whole  country 
was  conquered,  and  8000  of  the  best  troops  of 
Bavaria  were  made  prisoners  by  the  peasants. 
Hofer  now  appeared  upon  the  Brenner,  and 
became  the  idol  of  the  Tyrolese.  He  was 
preparmg  to  restore  to  the  closely  blockaded 
and  suffermg  Tyrol  a  communication  with 
the  interior  of  the  imperial  states,  when  the 
battle  of  Wagram  was  succeeded  by  the 
armistice  of  Znaim,  the  terms  of  which  re- 
quired that  the  Austrians  should  abandon 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg  to  the  vengeance  of 
the  enemy.  The  gallant  Hofer  concealed 
himself  in  a  cave,  but  soon  issued  from  his 
retreat,  and  drove  the  French  invaders  out 
of  the  country.  At  length,  however,  the  tide 
of  victory  turned  ;  and  although  they  main- 


418 


tained  a  glorious  struggle,  and  gained  many 
splendid  victories,  the  Tyrolese  were  sub- 
jugated, and  Hofer  being  discovered,  he  was 
tried  by  a  courtmartial  at  Mantua,  and  shot, 
Feb.  20. 1810.  After  liis  death  he  was  revered 
by  his  countrymen  as  a  martyr,  his  family 
were  indemnified  for  the  loss  of  their  pro- 
perty by  the  emperor  of  Austria,  and  his  son 
was  ennobled  by  him. 

HOFFMAN,  or  HOFFMANN.  There  were 
several  Germans  of  this  name  distinguished 

for  their  medical  knowledge Maurice, 

an  anatomist,  botanist,  and  pliysician  ;  bom 
in  1621,  at  Furstenwalde,  in  Brandenburg ; 
settled  at  Altorf,  where  he  held  the  profes- 
sorships of  anatomy,  botany,  and  physic  ; 
was  the  discoverer  of  the  pancreatic  duct ; 
and  died  in  1698.  He,  as  well  as  his  son, 
John  Maurice,  wrote  several  works  on  va- 
rious medical  subjects. Frederic  Hoff- 
mann, the  most  celebrated  of  the  name,  was 
born  in  1663,  at  Halle,  in  Saxony,  where  his 
father  was  also  an  eminent  physician.  He 
studied  and  lectured  at  Jena,  and  afterwards 
practised  at  Minden.  In  1684  he  visited 
England,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Boyle  and  other  men  of  science.  On  the 
establishment  of  the  university  of  Halle,  he 
was  appointed  primary  professor  of  medicine 
and  natural  philosophy  ;  and  thrice  held  the 
situation  of  rector.  His  reputation  being 
now  fully  established,  and  his  fame  widely 
spread,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  various 
scientific  associations  in  London,  Berlin,  and 
Petersburgh  (  and  appointed  physician  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  who  gave  him  the  title  of 
archiater  and  aulic  councillor,  with  a  liberal 
salary.  His  works  are  very  numerous  ;  the 
most  important  being  his  "Systema  Medi- 
cinsB  Rationalis "  and  "  Medicina  Consul- 
tatoria."  It  has  been  remarked  of  him,  that 
as  a  theorist  his  suggestions  were  of  great 
value,  and  contributed  to  introduce  that 
revolution  in  the  science  of  pathology,  which 
subsequent  observation  has  extended  and 
confirmed.  Died,  1742 Caspar  Hoff- 
mann, another  German  physician,  was  a 
native  of  Gotha ;  wrote  several  medical 
works ;  became  professor  of  the  theory  of 
medicine  at  Altorf;  and  died  there  in  1648. 

Christopher  Lewis  Hoffmann,  also  a 

physician,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Rheda,  in 
Westphalia.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
professional  writer,  and  formed  a  new  system 
of  medicine,  by  combining  the  humoral  and 
nervous  pathology  ;  assuming,  as  the  basis  of 
his  system,  the  sensibility  and  irritability  of 
the  solids,  and  the  corruption  of  the  humours 
as  the  principle  of  irritation.  He  was  suo^ 
cessively  physician  to  the  Bishop  of  Munster 
and  the  Electors  of  Cologne  ftnd  Mentz. 
Died,  1807, 

HOFFMAN,  Henry,  a  French  dramatic 
writer,  poet,  and  critic,  was  born  at  Nancy, 
in  1760,  He  began  his  literary  labours  in 
Paris,  by  publishing,  in  1785,  a  volume  of 
poems,  and  subsequently  wrote  many  dra^ 
mas  and  operatic  pieces  ;  but  during  the 
latter  portion  of  his  life  he  was  known  prin- 
cipally as  an  acute  and  impartial  critic  of 
the  writings  of  others.    Died,  1828. 

HOFFMAN,  John  James,  professor  of 
Greek  at  Basic,  where  he  was  born  in  1635, 
and  died  in  1706.    He  is  principally  known 


hof] 


^  ^ctD  ?am'l)tr^al  3Biflsra}jf)2?. 


[hog 


by  a  work  of  great  labour  and  value,  entitled 
"  Lexicon  Universale." 

HOFFMANN,  Ernest  Tueodoke  Wil- 
liam, a  German  of  varied  talents,  was  bom 
at  Konigsberg,  in  1776.  lie  studied  the  law, 
and  held  various  judicial  appointments  in 
Prussia  ;  till  his  legal  career  was  interrupted 
by  the  invasion  of  Warsaw  by  the  French, 
in  180(5,  in  the  government  of  which  city  he 
had  been  appointed  counsellor.  Having 
devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of 
music,  and  being  at  the  same  time  a  romance 
writer  and  an  artist,  he  applied  himself  to 
these  pursuits  in  order  to  obtain  a  livelihood. 
He  possessed  much  imagination  and  talent ; 
but  he  was  an  intemperate  liver,  and  suffered 
much  from  hypochondriasm.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  The  Devil's  Elixir,"  "  Tlie  En- 
tail," "  Tlie  Adversary,"  &c. ;  all  displaying 
a  singularly  wild  and  romantic  imagination. 
In  181G  he  was  reinstated  as  counsellor  in 
the  court  of  judicature  in  Berlin,  and  died  iu 
1822. 

HOFLAND,  Baebaka  (widow  of  Mr. 
T.  C.  HoFLAND,  landscape  painter,  who  died 
in  1843),  well  known  by  her  numerous  works, 
written  principally  for  the  amusement  and 
instruction  of  youth,  was  the  daughter  of 
a  manufacturer  at  Sheffield,  named  Wreaks, 
where  she  was  born  in  the  year  1770..  At 
the  age  of  26  she  married  Mr.  T.  Bradshaw 
Hoole,  of  that  town,  whose  death  happened 
about  two  years  after,  leaving  her  with  an 
infant  son,  subsequently  known  as  the  Kev. 
Mr.  Hoole,  curate  of  St.  Andrew's,  Hol- 
bom— a  zealous  minister  and  an  affectionate 
son  —  whose  death  occurred  in  1833.  Mrs. 
Holland  commenced  her  literary  career  in 
1805,  by  the  publication  of  a  volume  of 
poems,  by  subscription ;  from  the  proceeds 
of  which  she  established  herself  in  a  school 
at  Harrowgate,  at  the  same  time  appearing 
occasionally  as  a  writer  of  moral  and  amus- 
ing tales.  Ten  years  had  now  elapsed  since 
the  death  of  her  husband,  when  she  attracted 
the  attention  and  became  the  wife  of  Mr. 
Hofland.  They  soon  after  settled  in  Lon- 
don ;  and  from  that  period  till  her  decease 
she  may  be  said  to  have  never  discontinued 
writing  ;  for,  although  the  majority  of  her 
books  were  neither  laborious  nor  bulky,  they 
were  very  numerous,  and  required  consider- 
able powers  of  invention.  Among  the  more 
important  we  should  mention  "Emily,"  a 
novel  in  4  vols.  ;  "  Beatrice,"  "  The  Unloved 
One,"  "  The  Son  of  a  Genius,"  "  Tales  of  the 
Priory,"  "  Self-denial,"  "  The  Merchant's 
Widow,"  "  Decision,"  &c.    Died,  1844. 

HOGARTH,  William,  a  truly  great  and 

original  painter  of  life  and  manners,  was 

born  in  London,  in  1698,  and  bound  appren- 

I  tice  to  an  engraver  of  arms  on  silver  plate. 

About  1720  he  set  up  for  himself,  and  his 

first  employment  was  to  engrave  coats  of 

I  arms  and  shop  bills.    He  next  undertook  to 

[  execute  plates  for  booksellers,  the  chief  of 

i  which  are  the  prints  to  Hudibras.    His  first 

performance  as  a  painter  was  a  represeuta- 

I  tion  of  Wanstead  Assembly,  the  portraits 

;  being  taken  from  life.    In  1730  he  married 

i  a  daughter  of  Sir  James  Thornhill  ;  shortly 

after  which  he  embellished  the  gardens  of 

Vauxhall  with  some  excellent  paintings,  for 

which   tlie   proprietor   complimented   him 


417 


with  a  perpetual  ticket  of  admission.  In 
1733  appeared  his  "  Harlot's  Progress,"  prints 
whicli  stamped  his  reputation,  and  were  fol- 
lowed by  other  moral  histories  and  satirical 
representations  of  vice  and  folly,  such  as 
"The  Rake's  Progress,"  "  Marriage-Ji  la- 
Mode,"  "Industry  and  Idleness,"  &c.,  all 
admirably  executed.  Soon  after  the  treaty 
of  Aix-la-Cliapelle  he  went  to  France,  and 
while  at  Calais  began  to  sketch  a  drawing  of 
the  gate  of  the  town,  for  which  he  was  taken 
up,  but  was  soon  released.  On  his  return  he 
commemorated  the  aftair  in  his  excellent 
print,  "  O  the  Roast  Beef  of  Old  England." 
In  1753  he  published  his  "  Analysis  of 
Beauty,"  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Dr. 
Hoadly.  In  1757  he  became  serjcant-painter 
to  the  king  ;  but  though  he  had  arrived  at 
wealth  and  eminence,  yet,  from  being  des- 
titute of  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, he  was  inordinately  vain  of  his  talents, 
and  attccted  to  despise  every  kind  of  know- 
ledge which  he  did  not  possess.  He  was 
also  remarkably  absent,  of  wluch  the  follow- 
ing is  an  instance:  —  On  setting  up  his 
carriage  lie  i)aid  a  visit  to  the  lord  mayor, 
and  having  protracted  his  stay  till  a  heavy 
shower  came  on,  he  was  let  out  by  a  difterent 
door  from  that  by  which  he  entered,  and 
unmindful  of  his  carriage,  he  set  off  on  foot, 
got  home  wet  to  the  skin,  and  when  asked 
where  he  had  left  the  carriage,  said  that  he 
had  forgotten  it.  He  died  in  1762,  and  was 
interred  in  the  churchyard  of  Chiswick. 
The  works  of  Hogarth  have  been  frequently 
published,  and  even  at  the  moment  of  our 
writing  this  notice  of  the  painter's  life,  there 
are  different  editions  of  them  in  the  course  of 
publication. 

HOGG,  James  (the  Ettrick  Shepherd"),  a 
native  of  Scotland,  was  bom  Jan.  25.  1782, 
the  anniversary  of  the  natal  day  of  Burns. 
His  humble  occupation,  like  that  of  his 
ancestors  "  time  out  of  mind,"  was  that  of  a 
shepherd  ;  nor  had  he,  as  he  avers,  even  been 
more  than  half  a  year  at  school.  At  the  age 
of  18,  however,  he  began  to  amuse  himself  in 
stringing  rustic  rhymes  together  ;  and  he 
continued  to  tend  his  sheep,  and  to  write 
verses,  until  it  was  his  good  fortune  to  be 
noticed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (who  had  seen 
some  of  his  poetical  efforts),  which  induced 
him  to  attempt  something  of  a  more  decided 
character.  He  produced  an  "  Essay  on 
Sheep,"  which  won  for  him  the  premium 
given  by  the  Highland  Society  ;  and  which, 
added  to  the  success  of  a  volume  of  ballads 
he  had  shortly  before  published,  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Mountain  Bard,"  led  him  to 
hope  for  future  fame  and  profit.  He  soon 
afterwards  produced  his  "  Forest  Minstrel," 
which  gained  him  but  little  in  either  sense  ; 
and  it  was  owing  to  the  kindness  of  Scott  and 
Grieve,  that  his  pecuniary  difficulties  were 
relieved.  It  was  not  until  the  publication 
of  the  "  Queen's  Wake  "  that  his  fame  was 
established  ;  but  from  that  time  he  was  con- 
sidered as  a  somewhat  popular  author.  His 
publications  are  numerous ;  and  he  con 
tributed  to  some  of  the  Edinburgh  periodicals 
of  the  highest  literary  character.  In  fact,  it 
was  from  the  repeated  mention  of  "  the  Shep- 
herd "  in  the  "  Noctes  "  of  Blackwood,  that 
his  name  attained  its  chief  celebrity.    He 


hoh] 


^  iJScln  Unihtv^nl  SSioflrajpl^i?. 


[hol 


continued  the  friend  and  companion  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott  until  the  decease  of  the  lat- 
ter. James  Hogg  died  in  November,  183.5, 
at  Altrive  Lake,  on  the  Yarrow,  leaving 
his  widow  and  five  children  wholly  unpro- 
vided for. 

HOHENLOHE,  Alexander  Leopold, 
Prince  of,  bishop  of  Sardica,  celebrated  for 
the  numerous  miraculous  cures  which  cre- 
dulity has  attributed  to  him,  was  born  at 
Kupftrzell,  1794.  Destined  from  his  infancy 
for  the  church,  he  passed  through  his  edu- 
cational course  at  Vienna,  Berne,  and  EU- 
wangen  ;  in  1816  he  entered  into  holy  orders 
at  OlmUtz  ;  and  after  a  journey  to  Rome, 
where  he  lived  chiefly  with  the  Jesuits,  he 
discharged  ecclesiastical  duties  at  Bamberg 
and  Munich,  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  the 
members  of  his  cliurch.  In  1820,  having 
been  struck  with  the  cures  which  the  prayers 
of  a  Badenese  peasant,  Martin  Michel  by 
name,  were  said  to  have  eflfected  on  many  dis- 
tinguished invalids,  Prince  Hohenlohe  was 
induced  to  have  recourse  to  similar  means  ; 
and  having  healed  some  nervous  patients,  he 
was  soon  surrounded  by  a  liost  of  invalids, 
eager  to  test  the  spiritual  powers  of  one 
whose  fame  had  been  noised  abroad  as  having 
effected  cures  which  had  bafiled  all  ordinary 
medical  skill.  As  iu  most  similar  cases, 
rumour  was  far  in  advance  of  the  truth  ; 
but  the  prince  was  the  dupe  of  his  own  cre- 
dulity ;  and  it  was  not  until  a  thorough  ex- 
posure of  the  whole  proceedings  was  given  to 
the  world  by  the  burgomaster  of  Bamberg, 
that  he  abandoned  his  supernatural  pre- 
tensions. He  wrote  several  tracts  and  ser- 
mons, and  died  at  Grosswaradin,  in  Hungary, 
1849. 

HOHENLOHE  INGELFINGEN,  Fre- 
DEKic  Louis,  Prince  of,  was  born  in  1746  ; 
and  after  having  fought  with  distinction  in 
various  battles  at  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution,  was,  in  1804,  made  go- 
vernor of  the  principality  of  Franconia,  and 
commandant  of  Breslau.  After  the  battle 
of  Jena,  Oct.  14. 1806,  he  directed  the  retreat, 
and  led  the  remnants  of  the  great  Prussian 
army  ;  but  being  destitute  of  cavalry,  and 
his  infantry  exhausted  by  fatigue,  he  sur- 
rendered, with  17,000  men,  at  Prenzlau,  Oct. 
28.    He  died  in  1818. 

HOHENLOHE  KIRCHBERG,  Prince  of, 
a  general  of  artillery  in  the  Austrian  ser- 
vice, who  greatly  distinguished  himself  in 
the  early  campaigns  against  revolutionary 
France.  He  died  in  1796,  when  in  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Rhine. 

HOLBACH,  Paul  Thierry,  Baron  von, 
a  distinguished  natural  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Heidelsheim,  in  the  Palatinate,  1723. 
His  house  was  long  the  centre  of  attraction 
to  all  the  savans  of  Paris  ;  he  contributed  to 
the  Encyclopedic  numerous  articles  on  na- 
tural history,  politics,  and  philosophy  ;  and 
few  men  have  left  behind  them  more  endur- 
ing memorials  of  taste,  skill,  and  ability, 
though  disfigured  by  the  grossest  material- 
ism.    Died,  1789. 

HOLBEIN,  Hans,  or  John,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Basle,  in  1498,  and 
learned  the  elements  of  his  art  from  his 
father,  whom  he  soon  excelled.  His  talents 
procured  him  the  friendship  of  Erasmus, 


418 


for  whose  "  Praise  of  Folly  "  he  drew  several 
whimsical  designs.  At  the  recommendation 
of  Erasmus  he  came  to  England,  and  was 
employed  first  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  who 
introduced  him  to  Henry  VIII.  He  now 
rose  to  the  zenith  of  fortune  in  that  mon- 
arch's court,  and  painted  a  vast  number  of 
portraits,  which  are  still  considered  master- 
pieces of  art.  Some  of  his  earlier  produc- 
tions, especially  his  "  Dance  of  Death,"  are 
also  very  celebrated  ;  and  he  was  no  mean 
proficient  in  the  art  of  wood-engraving, 
many  of  his  historical  paintings  having  been 
executed  by  him  in  a  highly  graj)hic  style. 
He  died  of  the  plague  in  1554. 

HOLBERG,  Louis,  Baron  of,  a  popular 
Danish  writer,  was  born  at  Bergen,  in  Nor- 
way, in  1684.  His  father  had  raised  him- 
self, by  a  bold  achievement,  from  the  ranks 
to  the  office  of  colonel,  but  took  little  care 
in  forming  the  mind  and  character  of  his 
son,  who  struggled  with  great  difficulties 
in  acquiring  learning.  By  reading  the  ac- 
counts of  travellers,  he  became  desirous  of 
visiting  other  countries  ;  and  though  strait- 
ened in  circumstances,  he  travelled  in  Eng- 
land, Holland,  France,  and  Italy  ;  and,  on 
his  return  to  his  native  country,  raised 
himself  to  fame,  fortune,  and  rank,  by  his 
literary  talents.  He  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  fame  by  a  comic-heroic  poem,  or  national 
satire,  called  "  Peder  Paars."  He  also  wrote 
numerous  dramas,  romances,  fables,  and 
epigrams,  all  of  which  abound  with  wit, 
humour,  and  originality.  His  other  works 
consist  of  "  The  Subterraneous  Travels  of 
Nicholas  Klimm,"  an  "  Universal  History," 
"  Parallel  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men  and 
Women,"  a  "History  of  Denmark,"  &c. 
Died,  1754. 

HOLCROFT,  Thomas,  a  dramatist,  no- 
velist, and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  son 
of  a  London  tradesman,  and  bom  iu  1774. 
He  at  first  followed  his  father's  trade  (that 
of  a  shoemaker),  then  became  an  actor,  and 
finally  directed  his  talents  to  literary  pur- 
suits. It  was  as  a  dramatist  that  he  first 
essayed  his  powers  ;  and,  between  1778  and 
1806,  he  produced  more  than  thirty  pieces, 
several  of  which  were  successful,  and  some 
still  retain  possession  of  the  stage,  among 
which  is  the  "Road  to  Ruin."  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  French  revolution,  Holcrofit 
rendered  himself  obnoxious  as  a  strenuous 
supporter  of  liberal  principles,  and  was 
accused  of  high  treason  in  1794 ;  on  which 
he  surrendered  himself;  but,  owing  to  his 
companions.  Hardy,  Home  Tooke,  and 
Thelwall,  being  acquitted,  he  was  not 
brought  to  trial.  Among  his  productions 
are,  "  A  Tour  in  Germany  and  France," 
several  novels,  and  numerous  translations 
from  the  German  and  French.    Died,  1809. 

HOLDER,  William,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  noted  as  the  inventor  or 
improver  of  a  mode  of  instructing  the  deaf 
and  dumb.  He  was  a  canon  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  subdean  of  the  chapel  royal.    Died,  1696. 

HOLDSWORTH,  Edward,  an  elegant 
writer,  was  born  in  1688,  at  North  Stoneham, 
in  Hampshire,  of  which  parish  his  father 
was  rector.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Mus- 
cipula,"  a  Latin  poem,  written  with  clas- 
sical purity  ;  also  of  a  dissertation,  entitled 


\  hol] 


^  iiefjy  Winihtr^al  SSiflgrajil^M. 


[hol 


"  Pharsalia  and  Philippi,  or  the  Two  Phi- 
lippi  in  Virgil's  Georgics  explained."  Died, 
174«. 

HOLDSWORTH,  or  OLDISWORTH, 
Richard,  a  divine,  was  born  in  1590  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  where  his  father  was 
a  celebrated  preacher.  About  1C25  he  be- 
came rector  of  St.  Peter-le-Poor,  London  ; 
and  in  1629  was  elected  Gresham  professor 
of  divinity.  After  this  he  was  made  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  and  archdeacon  of 
Huntingdon.  In  1C37  he  was  cliosen  master 
of  Emanuel  College,  and  created  doctor  in 
divinity ;  but  when  the  civil  wars  com- 
menced, he  lost  his  church  preferments,  and 
was  thrown  into  prison.  In  IC47  he  at- 
tended the  king  at  Hampton  Court,  and 
died  in  1649. 

HOLE,  Richard,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  at  Exeter,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  the  author  of  a  poetical 
romance,  called  "Arthur,  or  the  Northern 
Enchantment ; "  translated  into  heroic  verse 
Ossian's  "  Fiugal,"  and  published  several 
original  works.  He  died  in  1802,  rector  of 
Farringdon. 

HOLINSHED,  or  HGLINGSHED,  Ra- 
phael, an  English  chronicler,  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan age.  He  is  said  to  have  been  de- 
scended n-om  a  respectable  family  in  Che- 
shire ;  and  from  his  own  will  it  appears, 
that  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  a 
steward  to  Thomas  Burdet,  esq.,  of  Brom- 
cote,  Warwickshire.  The  "  Chronicles  of 
Holinshed  *'  were  first  published  in  1577  ; 
and  prefixed  to  them  is  one  of  the  most 
curious  and  interesting  memorials  existing 
of  the  manners  and  domestic  history  of  the 
English  in  the  16th  century.    Died,  1582. 

HOLKAR,  Jeswtjnt  Rao,  a  Mahratta 
chief,  who  for  a  long  time  was  a  formidable 
enemy  to  the  English  in  India,  and  was 
able  to  bring  into  the  field  an  army  of 
100,000  men,  half  of  whom  were  cavalry. 
Being,  however,  engaged  in  frequent  con- 
tests with  other  native  princes,  as  well  as 
with  the  English,  his  power  was  very  much 
reduced,  and  his  territories  diminished.  In 
1805  he  surrendered  all  his  maritime  pro- 
vinces ;  but  the  insurrection  of  the  Pindar- 
rees,  in  1807,  induced  him  again  to  make  war 
on  the  English  ;  when  the  defection  of  his 
ally,  the  Peishwa,  deranged  his  operations, 
and  he  was  ultimately  deprived  of  two- 
thirds  of  his  dominions.    Died,  1825. 

HOLLAND,  first  Lord.   See  Fox,  Henkt. 

HOLLAND,  Hexrv  Richard  Vassal, 
Lord,  was  the  only  son  of  Stephen,  second 
lord  Holland,  elder  brother  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Charles  James  Fox.  His  father  and 
mother  dying  while  he  was  in  his  infancy, 
the  care  of  him  devolved  on  his  uncle,  the 
Earl  of  Upper  Ossory,  who  placed  him  at 
Eton,  where  he  remained  about  8  years,  and 
then  entered  as  a  nobleman  at  Christchurch, 
Oxford.  On  quitting  the  university,  he 
visited  Denmark,  France,  and  Switzerland  ; 
and  was  present  when  Louis  XVI.  accepted 
the  constitution,  after  his  attempt  to  leave 
the  country,  and  seizure  at  Varennes.  He 
subsequently  travelled  through  Spain  and 
Italy,  and  while  in  the  latter  country  he 
formed  an  intimacy  with  the  wife  of  Sir 


Godfrey  Webster,  bart.  ;  in  consequence  of 
which  the  latter  brought  an  action  against 
him,  and  obtained  GOOOl.  damages.  Lady 
Webster  being  subsequently  divorced,  Lord 
Holland  married  her  in  1797,  and  on  that 
occasion  took,  by  royal  sign  manual,  the 
surname  of  Vassall.  During  his  parliament- 
ary career  he  was  the  uncompromising 
advocate  of  the  Catholic  claims  ;  a  zealous 
promoter  of  every  endeavour  to  soften  the 
asperities  of  the  law  ;  and  an  assertor  of 
popular  rights  in  the  most  extensive  sense 
of  the  term.  When  the  Whig  party  came 
into  power  in  1830,  he  became  a  cabinet 
minister,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster.  Though  many  may  condemn  the 
ultra-liberal  policy  by  which  he  was  guided, 
none  can  withhold  from  him  the  praise  of 
being  an  urbane  gentleman,  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  a  friend  of  merit  wherever  it 
could  be  found.  He  died,  Oct.  22.  1840. 
During  his  lifetime,  Holland  House,  presided 
over  by  Lady  Holland,  who  died,  1845,  was 
the  most  renowned  temple  of  wit  and  hos- 
pitality of  which  England  could  boast.  Lord 
Holland  left  behind  him  some  interesting 
"  Foreign  Reminiscences,"  which  were  pub- 
lished in  18.V). 

HOLLAND,  Sir  Nathaniel,  an  English 
painter,  more  known  for  his  wealth  and 
eccentricity,  than  for  his  professional  skill. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mr.  George  Dance,  archi- 
tect and  surveyor  to  the  city  of  London  ; 
but  having  married  a  wealthy  heiress,  he 
changed  his  name,  obtained  a  baronetcy, 
was  chosen  member  of  pailiament,  and 
being  desirous  of  obliterating  all  traces  of 
his  professional  career,  he  endeavoured  to 
buy  up  all  liis  pictures,  in  order  to  destroy 
them.    Died,  1811. 

HOLLAR,  Wenceslaus,  an  eminent 
Bohemian  engraver,  was  bom,  in  1617,  at 
Prague.  He  was  brought  to  England,  in 
1636,  by  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  on  liis  return 
from  tlie  embassy  to  Vienna  ;  and,  in  1640, 
he  was  appointed  drawing-master  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke  of  York.  The 
prospects  of  Hollar,  however,  were  utterly 
destroyed  by  the  civil  war,  and  he  was  im- 
prisoned ;  but  he  contrived  to  escape  to 
Antwerp,  and  again  attached  himself  to  his 
noble  friend,  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  then  liv- 
ing there  in  exile.  In  1652  he  returned  to 
England,  and  applied  assiduously  to  his  art; 
but  though  he  was  so  much  employed,  that 
he  is  said  to  have  executed  2400  plates,  he 
died  so  poor  that  an  execution  for  debt  was 
in  his  house  at  the  moment  of  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1677.  His  "Omatus 
Muliebris  Anglicanus  "  is  held  in  high  es- 
timation, as  pourtraying  with  great  correct- 
ness the  appearance  of  the  fair  sex,  of  all 
classes,  in  the  17th  century. 

HOLLES,  Denzil,  Lord,  one  of  the  five 
members  of  the  long  parliament  who  were 
demanded  by  King  Charles  I.  when  he  went 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  advanced  to  the  peerage  ;  in 
1663  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  France,  and 
in  1667  was  one  of  the  English  plenipoten- 
tiaries at  Breda.  Notwithstanding  these 
employments,  he  remained  a  zealous  friend 
to  liberty  ;  and  when  the  politics  of  the  reign 
tended  to  make  the  king   absolute,  Lord 


hol] 


^  ^elxj  Winibtv^al  23t0ffrapr)i?. 


[hol 


Holies  was  a  conspicuous  leader  of  the  op- 
position. He  died,  witli  a  high  character 
for  honour,  integrity,  and  patriotism,  in 
1680,  aged  82. 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1720.  After  a  private  education  among 
the  dissenters,  he  went  to  Amsterdam  to 
learn  the  Frencli  and  Dutch  languages ; 
and  on  his  return  completed  his  studies 
under  Dr.  Ward,  the  Gresham  professor. 
He  then  went  on  his  travels  ;  and  having  a 
handsome  fortune,  employed  it  in  collect- 
ing curiosities  and  books.  He  contributed 
largely  to  Harvard  College,  in  America  ; 
the  public  library  at  Berne  ;  and  other 
foreign  institutions  ;  was  a  fellow  of  the 
royal,  antiquarian,  and  other  learned  socie- 
ties ;  and  made  many  valuable  presents  to 
the  British  Museum.  He  was  a  great  friend 
to  democratic  government ;  was  gentle  and 
polite  in  his  manners ;  and  seems  to  have 
united  much  of  the  ancient  stoic  to  the 
modern  partisan  of  freedom  and  general 
philanthropist.     Died,  1774. 

HOLMAN,  Joseph  George,  a  dramatist 
and  actor,  was  a  native  of  London,  and  in- 
tended for  the  church  ;  but  in  1784  he  made 
his  debut  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  He 
afterwards  went  to  America,  and  became 
manager  of  Charlestown  Theatre.  Among 
his  dramatic  productions  are  the  "Votary  of 
Wealth,"  a  comedy  ;  "  Red  Cross  Knights," 
"  Abroad  and  at  Home,"  &c.  His  death 
was  remarkable  and  melancholy,  taking 
place  together  with  his  second  wife,  two 
days  after  their  marriage,  by  the  yellow 
fever,  in  1817. 

HOLMES,  Robert,  a  divine  and  poet, 
born  in  1749  ;  he  was  educated  at  Winches- 
ter School,  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  ap- 
pointed professor  of  poetry  on  the  death  of 
Mr.  Warton,  in  1790  ;  and  in  1804  was  made 
dean  of  Winchester,  having  previously  been 
made  canon  of  Salisbury  and  Christchurch. 
He  published  various  short  poems,  sermons, 
&c.  ;  but  he  is  best  known  by  his  collated 
edition  of  the  Septuagint.    Died,  1805. 

HOLROYD,  Jony  Baker,  Lord  Shef- 
field, a  political  writer,  soldier,  and  states- 
man, was  descended  from  an  ancient  family 
in  Yorkshire,  aiid  born  in  1741.  He  first 
served  in  the  army  under  the  Marquis  of 
Granby  ;  and  in  the  American  war  he  raised, 
at  his  own  expense,  a  regiment  of  dragoons, 
of  which  he  had  the  command,  and  was 
usually  called  Colonel  Holroyd  till  his  ele- 
vation to  the  peerage.  He  wrote  several 
political  tracts  ;  but  he  is  best  known  as 
the  friend  of  Gibbon  the  historian,  whose 
posthumous  works  and  correspondence  he 
edited.    Died,  1821. 

HOLT,  Francis  Ludlow,  queen's  coun- 
sel, and  for  22  years  vice-chancellor  of  the 
county  palatine  of  Lancaster,  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1809,  and  in  1831  rose  to  the  rank 
ot  a  king's  counsel.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  legal  works  on  the  law  of  libel, 
shipping  and  navigation  laws,  the  bankrupt 
laws,  reports  of  cases  at  nisi  prius,  &c.  He 
also  wrote  one  or  two  dramatic  pieces  ;  and 
was  for  many  years  the  principal  editor  of 
Bell's  Weekly  Messenger.    Died,  Sept.  1844. 

HOLT,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
judge,  celebrated  for  firmness,  integrity,  and 


great  legal  knowledge,  was  born  at  Thame, 
Oxfordshire,  in  1642,  studied  at  Oriel  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  became  a  member  of 
Gray's  Inn.  He  filled  the  office  of  recorder 
of  London  for  about  a  year  and  a  half,  when 
his  uncompromising  opposition  to  the  abo- 
lition of  the  Test  Act  caused  him  to  lose  his 
situation.  Becoming  a  member  of  the  lower 
house,  he  distinguished  himself  so  much  by 
his  exertions  and  talents  in  what  is  called 
the  "  convention  parliament,"  that  on  king 
William's  accession  he  was  made  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  king's  bench.  On  the  removal 
of  Lord  Somers,  in  1700,  he  was  oflFered  the 
chancellorship  ;  but  he  refused  it,  and  con- 
tinued to  discharge  the  important  duties  of 
his  high  judicial  authority  with  a  resolute 
uprightness  that  gained  him  popularity 
while  living,  and  rendered  his  memory  dear 
to  posterity.    Died,  1709. 

HOLTY,  Louis  Henry  Christopher,  a 
German  poet,  excelling  particularly  in  ly- 
rical and  elegiac  compositions,  was  bom  at 
Mariensee,  Hanover,  in  1748.  He  was  of  a 
mild  and  pensive  disposition,  pursued  his 
studies  beyond  his  natural  strength,  and 
prematurely  died,  at  Gottingen,  in  1776. 

HOLAVELL,  John  Zepiianiah,  an  inge- 
nious English  gentleman,  who  was  governor 
of  Bengal,  and  one  of  the  persons  confined 
in  the  Black  Hole  at  Calcutta  in  1756,  of 
which  he  published  a  narrative.  He  wrote 
several  pieces  on  Indian  affairs,  and  died  in 
1798. 

HOLYDAY,  Barten,  a  learned  divine, 
was  bom  at  Oxford  in  1.593,  and  died  in 
1661.  He  wrote  several  sermons,  and  trans- 
lated the  satires  of  Juvenal  into  English. 

HOLYOAKE,  Francis,  a  learned  lexico- 
grapher, was  bom  in  Warwickshire  about 
1567,  and  died  in  1653.  His  "  Etymological 
Dictionary  of  Latin  Words  "  was  first  printed 
in  1006.  —  His  son  Thomas  was  doctor  in  di- 
vinity, and  died  in  1675.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  commanded  a  troop  of  horse  in  the 
king's  service,  although  in  holy  orders,  and 
on  the  failure  of  the  royal  cause  he  practised 
medicine  for  a  subsistence  ;  but  at  the  Re- 
storation he  resumed  his  ecclesiastical  func- 
tions and  obtained  church  preferment.  He 
enlarged  his  father's  dictionary,  which  was 
published  in  1677. 

HOLYOKE,  Edward  Augustus,  an 
American  physician,  bom  in  Essex  county, 
Massachussetts,  in  1728.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College,  and  in  1749  began  to  prac- 
tise at  Salem  ;  was  upwards  of  100  years 
old  when  he  died,  yet  it  is  said  he  was  never 
in  his  life  so  far  as  50  miles  from  the  spot 
where  he  was  bom.  He  was  temperate, 
cheerful,  and  active:  always  took  "a  due 
proportion  of  sleep  ;  "  and,  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  did  not  indulge  in  riding  till 
he  was  80  years  of  age.  Even  after  he  had 
attained  his  100th  year  he  took  interest  in 
the  investigation  of  medical  subjects,  and 
wrote  letters  which  show  that  his  under- 
standing was  still  clear  and  strong.  Dr. 
Holyoke  was  a  good  anatomist ;  was  versed 
in  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy ;  and 
regularly  recorded  his  meteorological  obser- 
vations daily  for  80  years.    Died,  1829. 

HOLYWOOD,  John,  or,  according  to  his 
Latinised  appellation,  De  Sacrobosco,  was 


hom] 


^  ^m  Bnibtx^al  iSiosrapTjin 


[lIOM 


au  English  mathRnatician  and  divine,  bom 
at  Halifax  in  Yorkshire.  After  receiving 
his  education  at  Oxford,  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  lie  taught  the  mathematics,  and  died 
in  1256.  He  wrote  "  De  Sphsera  Mundi," 
"De  Anni  Ratione,"  and  "L)e  Algorismo." 

HOME,  Daviu,  a  Scotch  divine,  who  was 
employed  by  James  I.  to  bring  the  Protest- 
ants of  Europe  into  one  confession.  He 
wrote  "  Apologia  Basilica,  seu  Machiavelli 
Ingenium  Exominatum,"  "  Li'Assassinat  du 
Koi,"  &c. 

HOME,  Sir  Eveuarh,  bart.,  an  eminent 
surgeon,  was  the  sou  of  Robert  Home,  esq., 
of  Greenlaw  Castle,  in  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick ;  and  was  brought  up  to  tlie  iirofession 
under  his  brother-in-law,  the  celebrated 
John  Hunter.  For  a  period  of  moi-e  than 
40  years  he  practised  with  great  success  in 
London  ;  and  during  that  time  he  produced 
numerous  medical  works,  whicit  are  held  in 
high  repute.  He  was  sergeant- surgeon  to 
the  king,  surgeon  to  Chelsea  Hospital,  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  Society,  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  ;  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1813,  and  died  in  1832.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Lectures  on  Comparative 
Anatomy,"  2  vols.  4to.,  and  "  Practical  Ob- 
servations" on  a  variety  of  diseases,  consist- 
ing of  several  volumes  ;  besides  numerous 
valuable  contributions  to  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  &c.     Bom,  1750  ;  died  1832. 

HOME,  He.vky,  Lord  Kames,  a  Scottish 
judge  and  eminent  writer,  born  in  the  year 
ItiiHi.  He  was  instructed  in  the  ancient  and 
modern  languages  by  a  private  tutor,  and 
afterwards  studied  the  civil  and  Scots'  law 
in  the  university  of  Edinburgh.  Mr.  Home's 
success  at  the  bar  was  not  great,  till  Jiis 
abilities  were  known  b^  the  publication  of 
his  "Remarkable  Decisions  of  the  Court 
of  Session,  from  1716  to  1718,"  which  hap- 
pened in  1728.  From  that  period  he  prac- 
tised, with  much  respectability  and  success, 
till  tiie  year  1752,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
bench.  Eleven  years  afterwards  he  was  &i>- 
pointed  one  of  the  lords  of  justiciary.  In- 
dependent of  various  judicial  works,  he 
wrote  "  Essays  concerning  British  Antiqui- 
ties," "  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Morality 
and  Natural  Religion,"  "  An  Introduction 
to  the  Art  of  Thinking,"  and  "  Elements  of 
Criticism  ; "  in  which,  discarding  all  arbi- 
trary rules  of  literary  composition,  he  en- 
deavours to  establish  a  new  theory  on  the 
principles  of  human  nature.  Nothing  far- 
ther came  from  his  pen  till  1772,  when  "  The 
Gentleman  Farmer  "  made  its  appearance  ; 
and,  the  following  year,  "Sketches  of  the 
History  of  Man,"  in  2  volumes,  4to.  The 
last  work  he  published  was  "  Loose  Hints 
upon  Education,  chiefly  concerning  the  Cul- 
ture of  the  Heart."  It  was  published  in  the 
year  1781,  when  the  venerable  author  was  in 
the  S.'ith  year  of  his  age.  Lord  Kames  was 
remarkable  for  public  spirit,  to  which  he 
conjoined  activity  and  great  exertion.  Died, 
1782. 

HOME,  John,  the  author  of  the  popular 
tragedy  of  "  Douglas,"  was  born  near  An- 
crum,  Roxburghshire,  in  1724,  and  educated 
for  the  church  ;  but  in  the  rebellion  of  1745, 
he  entered  into  the  royal  army,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Falkirk.    He 

3   421 


contrived,  however,  to  make  his  escape,  and 
in  1750  was  ordained  as  minister  of  Athel- 
staneford,  in  East  l^othiau.  His  tragedy  of 
"Douglas"  was  performed  at  Edinburgh  iu 
1750,  and  gave  such  oifence  to  the  presbytery, 
that  the  author,  to  avoid  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure, resigned  his  living,  and  ever  after  ap- 
peared and  acted  as  a  layman.  He  obtained 
some  trifling  government  appointments,  and 
wrote  four  other  plays,  which,  however, 
failed  to  attract.  His  "  History  of  the  Re- 
bellion of  1745-G "  also  disappointed  the 
public  expectation.    Died,  aged  85,  in  1808. 

HOMER,  the  father  of  poetry.  Of  the 
birth  of  this  immortal  bard,  and  of  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  death  —  of  his  parentage 
and  descent,  nay,  even  of  his  actual  exist- 
ence—  all  is  involved  in  doubt  and  fable. 
Seven  cities  disputed  for  the  honour  of  being 
his  birthplace  :  Smyrna,  Colophon,  Chios, 
Argos,  Athens,  Rhodes,  and  Salamis  :  the 
protiahility  is,  that  he  was  an  Asiatic  Greek, 
and  flourished  in  the  9th  century  before 
Christ.  According  to  the  account  ascribed 
to  Herodotus  (which,  though  traditionary, 
we  are  bound  to  receive,  in  the  absence  ot 
cotemporaneous  information^,  a  native  of 
Magnesia,  called  Menalippus,  went  to  live 
at  Cumic,  where  he  married  the  daughter 
of  Homyres,  and  had  by  her  a  child,  called 
Critheis,  who  was  left  an  orphan  in  the 
care  of  Cleonax.  This  man  betrayed  his 
trust,  and  seduced  liis  ward,  who,  going  to 
ft  festival  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Meles, 
near  Smyrna,  was  delivered  of  a  male  infant, 
to  whom  she  gave  the  name  of  Melesigenes. 
Being  without  any  means  of  support,  Critheis 
went  to  spin  wool  for  a  schoolmaster  named 
Phemius,  who  married  her,  and  adopted  her 
son.  On  the  death  of  Phemius,  this  youth 
conducted  the  school ;  but  he  afterwards 
accompanied  Mcntes,  a  master  of  a  sliip,  in 
several  voyages,  and  by  him  was  left  at 
Ithaca,  where  he  gathered  many  particulars 
respecting  Ulysses,  which  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  Odyssey.  At  length  Mentes  returned, 
and  took  him  on  board  again,  but  at  Colo- 
phon he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  sight. 
He  then  became  a  strolling  bard,  and  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Homer,  which  signifies  a 
blind  man.  It  is  further  added,  that  being 
at  Phocaea,  a  schoolmaster,  named  Thesto- 
rides,  oflfered  to  maintain  him,  provided  he 
would  sufl'er  him  to  transcribe  his  verses, 
which  he  agreed  to  from  necessity.  The 
schoolmaster  then  went  to  Chios,  where  he 
acquired  great  wealth  by  Homer's  poems, 
while  the  poet  himself  could  scarcely  get 
bread  by  reciting  them.  Homer  on  this"  pro- 
ceeded to  Chios  ;  and  Thestorides,  hearing 
of  his  arrival,  fled  before  him.  Here  the 
poet  opened  a  school  of  poetry,  married, 
and  had  two  daughters.  Pausanias  also 
declares  that  Homer  was  blind,  and  such  is 
the  commonly  received  opiniim  ;  but  to  re- 
present him  as  a  blind  beggar,  obliged  to 
sing  his  songs  before  the  doors  of  the  rich 
for  bread,  is  inconsistent  with  all  we  know 
of  the  ancient  Greek  bards,  and  their  man- 
ner of  life.  Though  neither  rich  nor  power- 
ful, they  were  highly  esteemed  ;  and  were 
equally  welcome  in  the  assemblies  of  citi- 
zens, in  the  palaces  of  princes,  and  at  public 
sacrifices.  Herder,  the  German  critic,  speak- 


hom] 


^  l^^&J  Winibtv^Kl  I3t0ffrajp55. 


[hoo 


ing  of  the  writings  of  Homer,  says,  "  The 
truth  and  wisdom  with  which  he  unites  all 
the  subjects  of  this  world  in  a  living  picture, 
the  firmness  of  every  stroke  in  all  the  per- 
sonages of  tliis  immortal  picture,  the  divine 
freedom  with  whicli  he  contemplates  the 
characters,  and  paints  their  virtues  and 
vices,  their  successes  and  disasters  —  this  is 
what  renders  Homer  unique,  and  worthy  of 
immortality." 

HOMER,  Henry,  a  classical  scholar  ; 
the  son  of  a  clergyman,  rector  of  Birding- 
bury,  in  Warwickshire  ;  editor,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Coombe,  of  a  variorum  edition 
of  Horace ;  also  editor  of  the  works  of 
Caesar,  Livy,  Tacitus,  &c.  Born,  1752  ;  died, 
1791. 

HOMII/IUS,  GoDFRET  Augustus,  music 
director  in  the  three  principal  churches  at 
Dresden,  and  one  of  the  greatest  organists 
and  composers  of  church  music  of  his  time. 
Born,  1714  ;  died,  1785. 

HONDEKOETER,  Giles  ;  Gysbrecht, 
his  son ;  and  Melchior,  his  grandson  ; 
three  Flemish  artists  of  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries.  The  1st  excelled  in  landscape 
painting ;  the  2nd,  in  delineating  birds  ; 
and  the  last,  who  was  by  far  the  most  cele- 
brated of  the  three,  combined  the  powers  of 
the  former  two,  and  painted  with  great  ele- 
gance and  accuracy. 

HONDIUS,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  artist,  of 
considerable  ability,  particularly  in  his 
hunting  pieces  ;  he  also  painted  "  The  De- 
struction of  Troy,"  in  a  manner  which  has 
obtained  for  lum  the  highest  praise.  He 
came  to  England,  and  died  in  1691. 

HONE,  Nathaniel,  a  celebrated  painter 
in  enamel,  was  a  native  of  Dublin,  but  came 
to  London  early  in  life,  and  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Died, 
1784. 

HONE,  William,  the  son  of  a  dissenter  at 
Bath,  became  conspicuous  as  the  publisher 
of  a  series  of  parodies,  in  whicli  such  irreve- 
rent use  was  made  of  the  liturgy,  that  the  go- 
vernment felt  bound  to  prosecute  him.  He 
was  tried  on  three  charges,  and  defended  him- 
self for  three  days  with  considerable  ability 
and  with  equal  courage  and  temper  ;  and,  as 
the  government  of  that  day  was  in  ill  odour 
with  that  large  and  violent  party  in  whom 
the  reforming  spirit,  at  that  time  yclept 
"  radical,"  was  rife,  a  verdict  was  returned 
in  his  I'avour.  He  subsequently  had  a  large 
sum  subscribed  for  him,  by  persons  who, 
we  presume,  must  have  entertained  senti- 
ments similar  to  those  of  the  "persecuted 
but  triumphant  champion  of  the  press," 
and  entered  business  as  a  bookseller.  His 
publications  now  were  of  a  far  more  re- 
spectable and  useful  character ;  such  as  the 
"  Every- Day  Book,"  &c.  He  was,  however,  so 
unfortunate  in  business,  that  he  was  arrested 
for  debt,  and  remained  in  prison  for  some 
time.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Tegg  and 
other  friends  he  was  released,  and  enabled  to 
open  the  Grasshopper  colfee-house,  where 
he  edited  the  "  Year-Book."  This  business, 
however,  did  not  succeed,  and  Mr.  Hone 
again  became  much  involved.  Being  led  to 
attend  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Binney  at  the 
Weigh  House,  his  character  became  changed  ; 
and  the  new  religious  connection  resulted  in 


his  becoming  subeditor  ofthe  Patriot ;  this 
lie  continued  till  his  death,  wliich  took  place 
in  November,  1842. 

HONORIUS,  Flavius,  emperor  of  the 
West,  the  son  of  Theodosius,  was  born  at 
Constantinople,  in  384 ;  succeeded  to  the 
throne,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Arcadius,  in  395 ;  and  died  at  Ravenna, 
after  an  inglorious  reign,  in  tlie  39th  year  of 
his  age,  a.  i>.  423. 

HONORIUS  III.  was  raised  to  the  papal 
chair  on  the  death  of  Innocent  III.  in  1216. 
Immediately  on  his  election,  he  wrote  to 
the  king  of  Jerusalem  to  assure  him  of  his 
support ;  to  the  bishops  of  France,  to  en- 
courage pilgrims ;  and  to  the  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  to  promise  him  assistance 
against  the  schismatics.  He  also  obliged 
Louis  of  France  to  renounce  his  pretensions 
to  the  English  throne,  and  reconciled  the 
barons  with  Henry  III.  Died,  1227  ;  and 
was  succeeded  by  Gregory  IX. 

HONTHEIM,  John  Nicholas  de,  suf- 
fragan to  the  Archbishop  of  Treves,  where 
he  was  bom  in  1701,  and  died  in  1790.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Treves"  in  Latin, 
which  procured  him  much  reputation  ;  and 
another  work  "  On  the  Condition  of  the 
Church  and  the  lawful  Power  of  the  Pope," 
in  which,  though  he  was  an  ardent  Catholic, 
he  attacked  the  usurpations  of  the  Romish 
see  with  so  much  boldness,  that  he  was  per- 
secuted, and  the  work  condemned.  Died, 
1790. 

HOOD,  Robin,  a  celebrated  English  out- 
law in  the  12th  century  —  whose  personal 
courage,  skill  in  archery,  boldness  of  en- 
terprise, and  generous  disposition,  have 
rendered  his  name  famous  in  the  legendary 
history  of  our  country  —  lived  in  Sherwood 
Forest,  in  Nottinghamshire.  The  heads  of 
liis  story,  as  collected  by  Stowe,  are  briefly 
these  :  —  "  In  this  time  (about  the  year  1190, 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.)  were  many  rob- 
bers and  outlaws,  among  whom  Robin  Hood 
and  Little  John,  renowned  thieves,  conti- 
nued in  the  woods,  despoiling  and  robbing 
the  goods  of  the  rich.  They  killed  none 
but  such  as  would  invade  them,  or  by  re- 
sistance for  their  own  defence.  The  said 
Robin  entertained  100  tall  men  and  good 
archers,  with  such  spoils  and  thefts  as  he 
got,  upon  whom  400  (were  they  ever  so 
strong)  durst  not  give  the  onset.  He  suf- 
fered no  woman  to  be  oppressed,  violated, 
or  otherwise  molested  ;  poor  men's  goods  he 
spared,  abundantly  relieving  them  with  that 
which  by  theft  he  got  from  abbeys  and 
the  houses  of  rich  old  carles."  He  died  in 
1247. 

HOOD,  Samuel,  Lord  Viscount,  the  son 
of  a  clergyman  at  Thorncombe,  in  Devon- 
shire, was  born  there  in  1724,  and  entered 
the  royal  navy  at  the  age  of  16.  By  his 
bravery  in  the  capture  of  a  50-gun  ship,  in 
1759,  he  acquired  the  rank  of  post-captain  ; 
and  he  was  present,  as  rear-admiral,  at  the 
famous  defeat  of  De  Grasse,  by  Rodney, 
April  12th,  1782,  when  his  services  on  that 
occasion  were  rewarded  with  an  Irish  peer- 
age. In  1784  he  was  elected  into  parliament 
for  Westminster ;  but  in  1788  he  vacated 
his  seat  on  being  named  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty.    In  1793  he  signalised  him- 


HOO] 


^  |2clB  Hui&crsal  aBtosrapl^g. 


[hoo 


self  by  the  taking  of  Toulon,  and  afterwards 
Corsica ;  in  reward  of  which  achievements 
he  was  made  a  viscount,  and  governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital.    Died,  1816. 

HOOD,  Thomas,  a  poet,  humourist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  the  son  of  Mr.  Hood, 
bookseller,  was  early  placed  "upon  lofty 
stool,  at  lofty  desk,"  in  a  merchant's  count- 
ing-house, but  his  health  failing,  he  was 
sent  for  a  time  to  his  father's  relations  at 
Dundee ;  and,  upon  his  return,  was  ap- 
prenticed to  an  uncle  as  an  engraver.  A 
desire  to  appear  in  the  world  of  literature 
bad,  however,  long  been  uppermost  in  his 
mind  ;  and  at  length  we  find  him  contri- 
buting to,  and  in  part  editing,  the  London 
Magazine.  But  his  connection  with  the 
press  became  more  publicly  known  by  the 
occasional  appearance  of  his  name  to  various 
clever  and  whimsical  bagatelles,  which  en- 
livened the  pages  of  some  of  the  most  popular 
among  the  weekly  and  monthly  periodicals. 
After  this  came  his  "  Whims  and  Oddi- 
ties," "National  Tales,"  "  Comic  Annuals," 
"Whimsicalities,"  "The  Plea  of  the  Mid- 
summer Fairies,"  "  Tylney  Hall,"  "  Up  the 
Khine,"  &c.  Much,  however,  as  we  have 
admired  his  abilities  as  a  punster  and  a 
satirist,  and  heartily  as  we  have  laughed  at 
his  original  sketches,  droll  allusions,  and 
grotesque  similes  ;  much  as  we  esteem  the 
man  of  wit  who  can  "  shoot  folly  as  it  flies," 
without  indulging  in  personalities,  or  in- 
flicting pain  on  any  but  the  worthless,  we 
can  still  both  admire  and  esteem  liim  more, 
when,  with  true  pathos,  he  fixes  the  atten- 
tion of  the  reader,  and  commands  the  best 
sympatliies  of  man's  nature,  by  composi- 
tions so  simple,  eloquent,  and  forceful  as 
"  The  Song  of  the  Shirt."  In  speaking  of 
the  long  and  wasting  illness  which  termi- 
nated in  Mr.  Hood's  death,  the  Literary 
Gazette  has  the  following  just  and  expres- 
sive sentences  :  —  "  His  sportive  humour,  like 
the  rays  from  a  crackling  fire  in  a  dilapidated 
building,  had  long  played  among  the  frac- 
tures of  a  ruined  constitution,  and  flashed 
upon  the  world  through  the  flaws  and  rents 
of  a  shattered  wreck.  Yet,  infirm  as  was 
the  fabric,  the  equal  mind  was  never  dis- 
turbed to  the  last.  He  contemplated  the 
approach  of  death  with  a  composed  philo- 
sophy and  a  resigned  soul.  His  bodily  suf- 
ferings had  made  no  change  in  his  mental 
character."     Born,  1798  ;  died.  May  3.  1845. 

HOOGSTRATEN,  David  vax,  a  Dutch 
poet  and  critic,  bom  at  Rotterdam,  in  1658  ; 
became  professor  of  the  belles  lettres  at 
Amsterdam  ;  wrote  several  good  poems,  in 
the  Latin  language  ;  and  otherwise  displayed 
considerable  classical  attainments.  Died, 
1724. 

H00GVI.T1:t,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  poet, 
born  in  1G87.  His  chief  fame  rests  on  a 
poem  in  12  books,  entitled  "  Abraham  the 
Patriarch,"  which  is  admired  for  the  beauty 
of  its  style  and  imagery.    Died,  17G3. 

HOOK,  James,  a  musical  composer,  of 
great  industry  and  talent,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, in  174(5.  His  operatic  and  melodra- 
matic productions  amount  to  more  than  140 
complete  works,  many  of  which  were  highly 
successful ;  he  also  set  to  music  upwards  of 
2000  songs  I    Died,  1827.    Ue  was  the  father 


423 


of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hook,  dean  of  Worcester, 
and  of  Theodore  Hook,  the  celebrated  no- 
velist, &c. 

HOOK,  Dr.  James,  dean  of  Worcester, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  an  able  dignitary  of  the  church. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ;  in  1802  he 
was  made  chaplain  to  George  IV. ;  held  the 
livings  of  Hertingfordbury  and  St.  Andrew's, 
in  Hertfordshire,  which  he  afterwards  ex- 
changed for  that  of  Whippingham,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight  J  obtained  a  prebendal  stall 
in  Winchester  cathedral,  in  1807  ;  succeeded 
Dr.  Middleton,  as  archdeacon  of  Huntingdon, 
in  1814  ;  and  accepted  the  deanery  of  Wor- 
cester, in  1825.  Besides  some  dramas,  which 
he  wrote  early  in  life,  he  published,  in  1802, 
"  Anguis  in  Herba  ;  a  Sketch  of  the  true 
Character  of  the  Church  of  England  and  her 
Clergy,"  which  he  inscribed  "To  the  sober 
sense  of  his  country."  Few  writers,  indeed, 
surpassed  Dr.  Hook  as  a  polemical  or  a 
political  pamphleteer.  At  all  times  and  on 
all  occasions  ho  was  the  unflinching  casti- 
gator  of  those  who  upheld  doctrines  of  a 
revolutionary  tendency  ;  and  some  of  the 
most  efliective  pamphlets  that  appeared 
during  the  war,  in  support  of  sound  monar- 
chical principles,  owed  their  origin  to  him. 
Died,  1H28. 

HOOK,  Theodore  Edward,  F.  S.A.,  a 
celebrated  novelist  and  dramatic  writer,  but 
more  celebrated  for  his  surpassing  wit  and 
extemporaneous  powers,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  James  Hook,  the  popular  composer, 
and  brother  of  the  Rev.  James  Hook,  dean 
of  Worcester.  He  was  born  in  London,  in 
1788,  and  received  his  education  at  Harrow. 
Seldom  are  the  indications  of  genius  in 
youth  so  apparent  and  so  mature  as  they 
were  in  the  case  of  Theodore  Hook.  At  17 
he  produced  liis  first  drama,  "  The  Soldier's 
Return,"  which  was  speedily  followed  by 
"  Catch  him  who  can,"  "  Tekheli,"  "Killing 
no  Murder,"  and  9  other  dramatic  pieces, 
nearly  all  of  which  were  decidedly  success- 
ful. These,  with  a  host  of  piquant  articles 
in  the  Satirist  magazine,  and  other  peri- 
odicals, were  hit  off  before  he  reached  his 
25th  year.  His  reputation  as  a  man  of  rare 
accomplishments,  elegant  manners,  and  pre- 
eminent convivial  talents,  being  fully  ap- 
preciated, he  was  a  welcome  guest  wherever 
gaiety,  wit,  and  good-humour  were  in  re- 
quest ;  and  his  intimacy  with  many  distin- 
guished characters  was  the  result  of  it.  In 
October,  1813,  he  was  appointed  to  the  offices 
of  accountant-general  and  treasurer  of  the 
Mauritius,  which  he  held  till  February,  1818, 
when  it  was  discovered  that  there  was  a 
deficiency  in  the  military  chest  of  about 
12,000/.,  abstracted,  as  it  afterwards  appeared, 
by  his  deputy,  who,  on  the  accounts  being 
about  to  be  investigated,  destroyed  himself; 
but  Mr.  Hook,  as  a  matter  of  course,  was 
made  answerable  for  the  acts  of  his  subor- 
dinate. He  was  accordingly  sent  home,  his 
effects  were  seized  and  sold,  and  he  became 
for  a  considerable  time  an  inmate  of  the 
king's  bench.  His  literary  labours  were 
both  his  solace  and  support,  his  industry 
kept  pace  with  his  increasing  popularity, 
and  to  his  fame  as  a  dramatist  was  now  to 


0  0  2 


HOO] 


%  ^t\x\  ?SnifacriJal  33iOffrap^t'» 


[hop 


be  added  his  success  as  a  novelist.  The  first 
series  of  "  Sayings  and  Doings"  appeared  in 
1824.  Other  novels,  as  "  Jack  Brag,"  "  Births> 
Deaths,  and  Marriages,"  "  Gilbert  Gurney," 
&c.  followed  at  short  intervals.  He  also 
wrote  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  David  Baird  "  and  of 
"  Michael  Kelly,"  the  composer.  But  not  a 
little  of  his  notoriety  arose  from  his  con- 
nection with  the  John  Bull,  of  which  he 
was  editor  as  well  as  a  joint  proprietor ; 
and  from  his  pen  proceeded  most  of  those 
bold  political  articles,  racy  sketches  of  men 
and  manners,  smart  poems,  and  epigram- 
matic je«.-r  cTesprit,  which  for  so  long  a  time 
distinguished  that  ultra- Tory  paper.  For 
the  last  few  years  he  was  tlie  editor  of  the 
New  Monthly  Magazine.  Died,  Aug.  24. 
1841. 

HOOKE,  Nathaniel.  Of  this  gentle- 
man, whose  chief  celebrity  arose  from  his 
writing  a  "  History  of  Rome,  from  the 
earliest  Period  to  the  Accession  of  Octa- 
vius,"  very  little  is  known.  It  appears  that 
he  was  a  zealous  Catholic,  and  has  been 
censured  for  taking  a  priest  to  confess  Pope, 
the  poet,  on  his  death-bed.  Besides  his 
Roman  History,  which  is  unquestionably  a 
work  of  great  critical  acumen  and  accu- 
racy, he  wrote  "  Observations  on  the  Ro- 
man Senate,"  translated  Ramsay's  "Tra- 
vels of  Cyrus,"  and  received  5000?.  from 
Sarah,  duchess  of  Marlborough,  for  assijting 
her  in  the  Memoirs  of  her  Life.  Died,  I'CS. 
_  HOOKE,  Robert,  an  English  mathema- 
tician and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Freshwater,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  16.35. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  Ox- 
ford; and  early  displayed  a  mechanical 
genius  and  an  extraordinary  talent  for 
drawing.  In  1G64  he  became  professor  of 
mechanics  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  Gresham 
professor  of  geometry.  In  1665  appeared 
his  "  Micographia  ; "  and  in  1666  he  pro- 
duced a  plan  for  rebuilding  London,  which, 
though  approved,  was  not  adopted.  Hooke, 
however,  was  appointed  one  of  the  city 
surveyors,  by  which  he  realised  a  hand- 
some fortune.  His  scientiiic  and  mecha- 
nical inventions  and  discoveries  were  nu- 
merous and  valuable  ;  but  he  was  a  man  of 
an  unamiable  disposition,  and  continually 
engaged  in  acrimonious  controversies  with 
his  fellow-philosophers.  He  had  a  violent 
dispute  with  Hevelius,  upon  the  preference 
of  the  telescopic  to  plain  sight ;  he  had 
afterwards  a  contention  with  Oldenburgh, 
on  the  invention  of  pendulum  watches  ;  and 
he  endeavoured  also  to  set  up  a  claim  to 
Newton's  theory  of  gravitation.    Died,  1703. 

HOOKER,  John,  a  learned  antiquary, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1524.  He  wrote  a 
"  Description  of  Exeter,"  and  some  part  of 
«' Holingshed's  Chronicle,"  besides  other 
pieces.    Died,  KiOl. 

HOOKER,  Richard,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  author  of  an  excellent  work, 
entitled  "  The  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity," 
in  8  books,  was  born  at  Heavitree,  near 
Exeter,  in  1553  ;  and  died  at  Bishop's  Bourne, 
Kent,  of  which  place  he  was  rector,  in  IGOO. 
It  is  recorded  that,  in  speaking  of  Hooker 
and  his  great  work,  pope  Clement  VIII. 
said,  "  This  man,  indeed,  deserves  the  name 
of   an  author.     His  books  will  get   reve- 


rence by  age  ;  for  there  is  in  them  such  seeds 
of  eternitj',  that  they  shall  continue  till  the 
last  fire  shall  devour  all  learning."  He  is 
generally  honoured  by  the  epithet  "judi- 
cious." 

HOOLE,  John,  a  dramatic  poet  and 
translator,  was  born  in  1727.  He  wag  a 
clerk  in  the  India  House,  but  devoted  his 
leisure  hours  to  literary  pursuits,  particu- 
larly the  study  of  the  Italian  language,  of 
which  he  acquired  a  great  knowledge,  as 
appears  by  his  excellent  translations  of 
"Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso"and  "  Tasso's 
Jerusalem"  into  English.  He  also  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  the  dramas  of  Metas- 
tasio ;  and  was  the  author  of  three  tra- 
gedies, viz.  "  Cyrus,"  "  Timanthes,"  and 
"  Cleonice."    Died,  1803. 

HOOPER,  George,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  bom  at  Grimsley,  in  Worces- 
tershire, about  1640.  In  1691  he  was  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Canterbury  ;  and,  on  the 
accession  of  queen  Anne,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  from  whence  he  was  translated  to 
Bath  and  Wells,  which  diocese  he  presided 
over  24  years,  and  died  in  1727. 

HOOPER,  John,  a  pious  English  prelate 
and  martyr,  was  born  in  Somersetshire,  in 
1403,  and  educated  at  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford. At  the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Gloucester,  to  which 
was  added  that  of  Worcester  in  corntnendam. 
Here  he  laboured  with  great  zeal  till  the 
restoration  of  popery  under  Mary,  when, 
continuing  firm  in  the  faith  he  had  chosen, 
he  was  condemned  to  the  flames  as  an  ob- 
stinate and  irreclaimable  heretic,  and  suf- 
fered the  perils  of  martyrdom  with  un- 
daunted constancy,  at  Gloucester,  in  1555. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  sermons  and 
controversial  treatises. 

HOPE,  John,  a  physician  and  naturalist, 
born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1725  ;  was  professor 
of  botany  and  the  materia  medica  in  his 
native  city  ;  and  in  1761  was  appointed  bo- 
tanist to  the  king,  and  superintendant  of  the 
botanic  garden.    Died,  1786. 

HOPE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  Scotch  lawyer, 
who  in  1627  became  king's  advocate,  and, 
though  secretly  attached  to  the  covenanters, 
was  created  a  baronet  by  Charles.  Died, 
1646. 

HOPE,  Thomas,  an  English  gentleman  of 
large  fortune,  distinguished  by  his  talents 
and  patronage  of  the  fine  arts,  was  the 
nephew  of  a  rich  merchant  of  Amsterdam. 
In  1805  he  first  appeared  as  an  author,  by 
publishing  a  work,  entitled  "  Household 
Furniture  and  Internal  Decorations;"  this 
was  followed  by  two  elegant  publicatioils, 
"  The  Costumes  of  the  Ancients "  and 
"  Designs  of  Modern  Costume  ;  "  but  his 
great  performance  was  "  Anastasius,  or  Me- 
moirs of  a  Modern  Greek,"  which  appeared 
anonymously  in  1819,  and  was  for  some 
time  very  generally  ascribed  to  Lord  Byron. 
In  this  romance,  which  holds  a  distinguished 
rank  among  modern  English  works  of  fic- 
tion, he  has  presented  a  most  accurate  and 
interesting  picture  of  the  customs,  manners, 
and  countries  of  the  Turks  and  Greeks,  i 
which  evinces  at  once  the  general  knowledge 
and  genius  of  its  author.  Anotlier  work,  of 
a  metaphysical  nature,  has  been  published 


hop] 


^  fitfsi  Winibtr^Kl  Ufograj)!)!?. 


[hop 


since  his  death,  entitled  "  On  the  Origin  and 
Prospects  of  Man."    He  died  in  1831. 

HOPITAI.,  Michael  de  l',  was  an  emi- 
nent chancellor  of  France,  to  which  high 
station  he  rose  through  the  zeal,  ability, 
and  integrity  he  displayed  in  the  various 
offices  he  before  filled.  He  was  bom  in 
1505 ;  studied  jurisprudence  in  the  most 
celebrated  universities  of  France  and  Italy  ; 
rose  rapidly  in  his  profession,  and  was  sent 
by  Henry  II.  as  ambassador  to  the  council 
of  Trent.  In  1554  he  was  made  superin- 
tendant  of  the  royal  finances,  when  by  his 
good  management,  and  his  inflexible  dis- 
regard of  those  rapacious  favourites  of  the 
court  who  battened  on  the  public  purse, 
he  restored  the  exhausted  treasury.  He 
was  a  sincere  friend  to  religious  toleration, 
and  the  principal  author  of  the  edict  of  IK'2, 
which  allowed  freedom  of  worship  to  Pro- 
testants. Ihis  brought  on  him  the  hatred 
of  the  court  of  Rome  ;  his  seals  of  office  were 
taken  from  him  ;  and  he  retired  to  his 
country-house,  in  the  full  conviction  that  a 
life  of  lettered  ease  and  the  conversation  of 
a  few  friends  were  of  far  greater  value  to 
his  personal  happiness  than  the  retention  of 
place  or  power  at  the  sacrifice  of  principle. 
When  the  atrocious  massacre  of  the  Pro- 
testants on  Bartholomew's  Day,  1572,  was  at 
its  height,  and  his  friends  thought  he  would 
be  made  one  of  its  victims,  he  not  only  re- 
f\iged  to  take  measures  for  his  own  safety, 
but  when  a  party  of  horsemen  advanced 
towards  his  house,  lie  refused  to  close  his 
gates.  They  were,  in  fact,  dispatched  by 
the  queen  with  express  orders  to  save  hiin. 
On  tliis  occasion,  he  was  told  that  the  per- 
sons who  made  the  list  of  proscription  par- 
doned him  ;  upon  which  he  coolly  observed, 
"  I  did  not  know  that  I  had  done  anything 
to  deserve  either  death  or  pardon.''  The 
whole  course  of  this  great  man's  life  was 
productive  of  benefit  to  his  country,  and  did 
honour  to  his  nature.  He  survived  this  ex- 
ecrable event  a  few  months  only,  dying  in 
1573. 

HOPITAL,  WitLTAM  Francis  Anthony 
DE  l',  marquis  de  St.  Mesme,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  was  the  son  of  a 
general  in  the  army,  and  born  in  1661.  Such 
was  his  reputation  for  mathematical  science, 
that  the  profound  Huygens  did  not  disdain 
to  apply  to  him  for  information.  He  wrote 
several  works  on  conic  sections,  equations, 
ic.    Died,  1704. 

HOPKINS,  EzEKiEL,  bishop  of  London- 
derry, was  a  native  of  Devonsliire,  and  born 
in  1633.  Having  married  a  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Truro,  and  that  nobleman  being  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  he  ob- 
tained the  bishopric  of  Raphoe,  and  was  sub- 
sequently translated  to  that  of  Londonderry. 
His  works  consist  of  "Expositions  of  the 
Decalogue  and  the  I/ord's  Prayer,"  with 
"  Sermons."    Died,  1690. 

HOPKINS,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Exeter  in  1664.  During  the 
Revolution  he  distinguished  himself  much 
in  favour  of  the  Orange  party  ;  was  the  friend 
and  associate  of  Dryden,  Lord  Dorset,  Con- 
greve,  and  other  literary  men  ;  wrote  the 
tragedies  of  "  Pyrrhus,"  "The  Female 
Warrior,"  and  "  Boadicea  ; "  and  translated 


Ovid's  Tristia  and  the  Art  of  Love.  His 
death,  which  was  hastened  by  intemperance, 
took  place  in  16J)9.— His  brother  John,  bom 
in  1675,  also  possessed  poetical  talents,  and 
published  "  Amasia,"  and  other  poems,  in 
3  vols. 

HOPKINS,  Lemuel,  an  American  phy- 
sician and  author,  bom  at  Waterbury,  Con- 
necticut, in  1750.  He  introduced  the  anti- 
phlogistic regimen  and  practice  in  febrile 
diseases,  and  was  not  less  assiduous  than  he 
was  skilful  as  a  practitioner ;  while  as  a 
literary  man  he  successfully  distinguished 
himself  by  various  political  tracts  and  sa- 
tires, written  with  a  view  to  give  a  tone  to 
the  public  feeling  in  favour  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  Washington.    Died,  1801. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  D.D.,  founder  of 
the  sect  called  Hojihinsians,  was  born  at 
Waterbury,  in  the  United  States,  in  1721. 
He  was  a  pious  and  Eealous  man,  with  con- 
siderable talents,  and  almost  incredible 
powers  of  application ;  but  his  theological 
opinions  have  given  rise  to  much  contro- 
versy. He  published  numerous  sermons,  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Millennium,"  &c.  ;  and 
earnestly  advocated  the  abolition  of  slavery 
in  the  American  states.  From  the  year 
1769  he  presided  over  a  congregation  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  where  he  died  in 
1803. 

HOPKINS,  Stephen,  an  American 
statesman,  and  one  of  those  who  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  bom  in 
1707,  in  that  part  of  Providence  which  now 
forms  the  town  of  Scituate.  In  1732  he 
was  elected  a  representative  to  the  general 
assembly  from  Scituate,  and  was  chosen 
speaker  of  that  body  in  1741.  In  1751  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  Rhode  Island  ;  and,  in  1756,  was 
elected  its  governor.  After  this  he  was  se- 
veral times  chosen  a  member  of  congress, 
and  died  in  1785.  He  was  a  clear  and  con- 
vincing speaker,  and  a  good  mathematician  ; 
and  though  he  had  received  but  a  very  li- 
mited education,  his  knowledge  of  literature, 
science,  and  political  economy  was  varied 
and  extensive. 

HOPKINS,  William,  D.D.,  an  English 
divine,  born  at  Evesham,  Worcestershire, 
in  1647,  was  a  celebrated  antiquary.  He 
assisted  Bishop  Gibson  in  his  edition  of  the 
Saxon  Chronicle,  and  was  the  translator  of 
the  article  "  Worcestershire,"  in  Camden's 
Britannia.  In  1675  he  was  promoted  to  a 
prebend  in  Worcester  cathedral ;  held  the 
mastership  of  St.  Oswald's  Hospital ;  and 
died  in  1700 — Another  William  Hopkins 
was  the  author  of  "  An  Appeal  to  Common 
Sense ; "  and,  though  openly  professing 
Arian  principles,  held  the  rectory  of  Bolney, 
in  Sussex,  till  his  death,  in  1786. 

HOPKINSON,  Francis,  an  eminent 
American  author,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  American  independence,  was  born  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1738.  His  father  was  the 
intimate  friend  and  scientific  coadjutor  of 
Franklin.  After  graduating  at  the  college 
of  Philadelphia,  and  making  the  law  his 
study,  Francis  visited  England,  the  country 
of  his  parents'  birth  ;  and,  in  a  few  years 
after  his  return,  entered  congress  as  a  de- 
legate from  New  Jersey.    He  produced  many 


0  o  3 


hop] 


^  ipcij)  mniiJtr^al  38ifl£!Tapl)S. 


[hob 


satires  and  ironical  pieces,  such  as  the  "  Pro- 
phecy," the  "Political  Catechism,"  &c., 
tending  to  ridicule  the  old  country  ;  while, 
at  the  same  time,  he  directed  his  efforts 
agaiiftt  the  ribaldry  of  the  newspapers,  and 
the  exaggerations  and  prejudices  with  which 
the  federal  constitution  was  at  first  assailed. 
After  his  retirement  from  congress,  he  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  admiralty  for  Penn- 
sj'lvania,  and  died  in  1791.  Among  his 
works,  the  greater  part  of  which  are  of  a 
political  character,  there  are  many  sound 
essays  and  scientific  papers,  acute  and 
learned  judicial  decisions,  and  a  variety  of 
songs  possessing  much  sweetness  and  deli- 
cacy, which  were  rendered  still  more  po- 
pular by  the  airs  he  composed  for  them. 

HOPPNER,  John,  an  ingenious  portrait 
and  landscape  painter,  chiefly  excelling  in 
females  and  children,  was  born  in  1759,  and 
died  in  1810.  As  the  author  of  a  metrical 
translation  of  "  Oriental  Tales,"  and  in  other 
Literary  performaucesj  he  also  distinguished 
himself. 

HOPTON,  Arthur,  a  mathematician,  son 
of  Sir  Arthur  Hopton,  was  born  in  Somerset- 
shire, and  educated  at  Lincoln  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  after  which  he  became  a  student  of  the 
Temple,  where  he  lived  on  terms  of  intimacy 
with  Selden,  but  died  in  1614,  aged  26.  He 
wrote  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Geodetical  Staff," 
"  The  Topographical  Glass,"  "  A  Concord- 
ance of  Years,"  &c. 

HORAPOLLO,  or  HORUS  APOLLO,  a 
grammarian  of  Panoplus,  in  Egypt,  in  the 
4th  century,  who  taught  first  at  Alexandria, 
and  next  at  Constantinople.  There  are  ex- 
tant, under  his  name,  2  books  concerning 
the  hieroglyphics  of  the  Egyptians,  printed 
in  Greek  by  Aldus,  in  1505,  but  their  au- 
thenticity is  questionable. 

HORATIUS  FLACCUS,  Quintus,  or 
HORACE,  one  of  tlie  most  eminent,  and 
certainly  the  most  popular  and  elegant  of 
the  Roman  poets,  was  born  at  Venusium,  a 
city  lying  on  the  borders  of  Lucania  and 
Apulia,  B.C.  65.  His  father,  although  fol- 
lowing the  calling  of  a  tax-gatherer,  was  a 
man  of  elevated  and  liberal  sentiments,  and 
took  the  greatest  pains  in  providing  for  his 
education.  At  the  age  of  20  years  he  went 
to  Athens  to  complete  his  studies  ;  and  while 
there,  Marcus  Brutus  passing  through  the 
city  on  his  way  to  Macedonia,  Horace,  ac- 
companied by  other  Roman  youths,  joined 
the  army ;  became  a  legionary  tribune ; 
fought  in  the  last  battle  for  the  freedom  of 
Rome  at  Philippi,  and  saved  himself  by 
flight.  Though  he  saved  his  life,  he  forfeited 
his  estate,  and  was  reduced  to  great  want, 
till  Virgil  introduced  him  to  Maecenas,  by 
whose  interest  he  recovered  his  patrimony. 
Augustus  now  became  his  friend,  and  olfered 
to  make  him  his  secretary,  which  Horace 
declined.  When  Macenas  was  sent  to  Brun- 
dusium  to  conclude  a  treaty  between  Au- 
gustus and  Anthony,  he  took  with  him 
Horace,  Virgil,  and  other  literary  friends  ; 
and,  not  long  after,  his  munificent  patron 
presented  him  with  the  Sabine  villa  ;  to 
which,  having  witnessed  such  striking  ex- 
amples of  the  instability  of  fortune,  lie  with- 
drew from  tlie  tumult  at  Rome,  preferring 
retirement  to  a  more  brilliant  life.    His  Odes 


are  models  of  that  kind  of  composition,  and 
his  Epistles  and  Satires  abound  with  acute 
and  vivacious  observations  on  life  and 
manners  ;  while  his  "  Ars  Poetica,"  so  often 
quoted,  evinces  great  taste,  and  is  remarkable 
for  a  species  of  graceful  negligence.  This  is 
not  the  place,  even  if  our  brief  limits  per- 
mitted it,  to  dwell  on  the  peculiar  merits  of 
a  classical  poet ;  but  we  may  safely  say,  with 
a  more  competent  authority,  that  "  the  easy, 
agreeable  manner  in  which  he  philosophises 
without  appearing  to  do  it,  the  salt  with 
which  he  seasons  his  thouglits,  and  the  de- 
licacy and  ease  with  which  he  expresses  him- 
self, afford  the  most  agreeable  entertainment. 
His  descriptions  are  still  applicable  and  in- 
teresting, and  the  poet  will  therefore  ever 
remain  the  favourite  of  those  whose  morality 
does  not  exclude  the  refinements  of  life." 
Horace  died  suddenly,  in  the  year  of  Rome 
756,  and  9  B.C.,  aged  56. 

HORN,  Charles  Edward,  the  best  Eng- 
lish melodist  of  modern  times,  the  son  of 
C.  F.  Horn,  a  German  musician,  and  teacher 
of  the  daughters  of  George  HI.,  was  born  in 
London,  1786.  At  the  precocious  age  of  six, 
he  showed  evident  si^ns  of  a  taste  for  com- 
position, his  skill  at  improvisation  arresting 
the  attention  of  his  father's  visitors,  among 
whom  the  great  Haydn  could  be  numbered. 
On  the  opening  of  the  English  Opera  House 
he  was  engaged  as  second  tenor,  and  he  sub- 
sequently shared  the  public  favours  with  the 
first  singers  of  the  day.  He  composed  the 
whole  or  the  greater  portion  of  the  music  for 
innumerable  operas  ;  and  in  proof  of  liis 
success  as  a  ballad  composer,  it  need  only  be 
said  that  he  was  the  author  of  the  three  most 
popular  ballads  of  his  tirne,  "  Cherry  Ripe," 
"  I've  been  Roaming,"  "  The  deep  deep  Sea," 
&c.    Died  at  New  York,  1849. 

HORNE,  George,  a  learned  and  pious 
English  prelate  of  the  18th  century,  was 
born  in  1730,  at  Otham,  Kent ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Maidstone  Grammar  School-,  and  at 
University  College,  Oxford.  He  took  orders 
in  1753,  and  his  graceful  elocution  and 
excellent  style  rendered  him  a  popular 
preacher.  He  was  successively  chaplain  to 
the  king,  vice-diancellor  of  the  university, 
and  dean  of  Canterbury  ;  and  in  1790  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Norwich.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  biblical  knowledge,  and  in 
early  life  was  a  strenuous  Hutchinsonian. 
In  1751  he  opposed  the  Newtonian  philosophy 
as  inconsistent  with  the  Bible  ;  in  1754  he 
wrote  against  Dr.  Shuckford's  account  of  the 
creation  and  fall  of  man  ;  and  in  1756  he  be- 
came involved  in  a  controversy  with  Dr. 
Keunicott,  the  supposed  author  of  "A  Word 
to  the  Hutchinsonians."  But  among  his  I 
numerous  works,  which  are  too  numerous 
for  specifying  here,  the  principal  is,  "A  , 
Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Psalms,"  an  I 
elaborate  performance,  on  the  composition  | 
of  which  he  bestowed  nearly  20  years.  Died, 
1792. 

HOBNECK,  Anthoxy,  an  eminent  divine 
and  learned  orientalist,  was  born  at  Bacca- 
rach,  in  Germany,  in  1641;  came  to  England, 
and  completed  his  education  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford  ;  and  obtained  a  prebend  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  a  chaplainship  to  | 
the  king.    He  wrote  many  admirable  works  i 


hor] 


^  llfii)  ^am'tjrv^al  28iog;rap^i)» 


[hot 


on  theology  and  church  history,  and  was 
an  excellent  Ilehrew  scholar.     Died,  lfi9(). 

HORNECK,  Ott(x;ak  of,  one  of  the  oldest 
historians  in  the  German  language,  was  a 
native  of  Stjria,  and  lived  in  tlie  h'Uh  and 
14th  centuries.  About  the  year  1280,  he 
composed  a  M-ork  on  the  great  empires  of  the 
earth,  which  concluded  with  tlie  death  of  the 
emperor  Frederic  II.,  and  is  still  extant  in 
manuscript  at  Vienna.  He  also  wrote  a 
chronicle  of  the  events  of  his  own  time,  con- 
sisting of  more  than  83,000  verses,  and  which 
is  said  to  be  rich  in  pourtraying  the  cha- 
racters of  eminent  men,  and  in  the  description 
of  festivals,  tournaments,  and  battles,  at  part 
of  which  he  was  himself  present. 

HORNEMANN,  Fkedkkic  Comrap,  a 
celebrated  German  traveller,  born  at  Ilil- 
desheim,  in  1772.  At  the  instance  of  Blu- 
menbach,  the  famous  naturalist,  he  was,  in 
1797,  employed  by  the  African  Association, 
in  London,  to  explore  the  interior  of  Africa. 
After  having  visited  Cyprus,  Alexandria, 
and  Cairo,  he  crossed  the  Libyan  desert, 
reached  Moureouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzau, 
and  soon  afterwards  proceeded  on  an  ex- 
cursion to  Tripoli.  From  this  place  he  set 
out  with  the  intention  of  penetrating  into 
Central  Africa,  and  is  believed  to  have  died 
on  his  return  to  Fezzan,  of  a  fever  caused 
by  drinking  cold  water,  after  t)cing  exiKJsed 
to  great  fatigue.  His  Journal,  which  was 
sent  by  him  from  Tripoli,  was  published  in 
1802  by  the  African  Society. 

HORNER,  Fkancis,  barristcr-at-law,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1778  ;  and  educated 
at  the  High  School  and  university  of  his  na- 
tive city.  He  entered  parliament  in  180(5, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  chairman  of  the 
bullion  committee;  but  his  severe  application 
to  that  intricate  subject  injured  his  health, 
which  was  naturally  delicate  ;  and  he  died, 
in  1817,  at  Pisa,  whither  he  had  gone  for  its 
restoration.  Mr.  Horner's  UteltLry  talents 
were  of  a  high  order,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  most  able  writers  in  the  Edin- 
burgh Review. 

HORNTHORST,  Gerard,  a  celebrated 
painter,  called  also  Gerardo  dalle  Notti, 
from  his  subjects,  was  born  at  Utrecht  in 
1592,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Abraham  Bloe- 
mart,  but  finished  his  studies  at  Rome, 
where  he  was  employed  by  Prince  Justi- 
niani,  and  other  persons  of  high  rank.  He 
painted  night-scenes,  and  pieces  illuminated 
by  torch  or  candle  light.  On  his  return 
from  Italy  he  visited  England,  and  obtained 
the  favour  of  Charles  I.  by  many  able  per- 
formances ;  and  on  his  return  to  Holland, 
he  was  much  employed  by  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  Among  his  numerous  pictures, 
that  of  Jesus  Christ  before  the  tribunal  of 
Pilate  is  the  most  celebrated.     Died,  1660. 

HORROX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  Toxteth,  in  Lancashire, 
about  1619.  He  was  the  first  who  observed 
the  transit  of  "Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  his 
account  of  which  was  published  by  Hevelius 
at  Dantzic,  in  lG61,under  the  title  of  "Venus 
in  Sole  visu,  anno  1639,  Nov.  21.  ; "  and  he 
formed  a  theory  of  lunar  motion,  which 
Newton  did  not  disdain  to  adopt.  His  pre- 
mature death,  which  was  a  real  loss  to 
science,  took  place  soon  after  he  had  attained 


the  age  of  21  years.     Dr.  Wallis  published 
his  posthumous  works  in  1073. 

HORSLEY,  John,  a  learned  antiquary, 
who  died  in  1731.  His  work,  entitled  "  Bri- 
tannia Romana,"  folio,  gives  a  copious  and 
exact  account  of  the  remains  of  the  Romans 
in  Britain. 

HORSLEY,  Samxjel,  a  celebrated  English 
prelate  and  mathematician,  was  born  in 
London  in  1733;  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
and  held  several  livings,  in  succession,  till 
lie  arrived  at  the  episcopal  dignity.  But 
while  he  was  rapidly  rising  in  the  church, 
and  opposing  Dr.  Priestley,  the  great  cham- 
pion of  Unitarianism,  by  liis  theological 
arguments,  he  was  not  neglectful  of  science. 
In  1775  he  published  an  edition  of  Newton's 
works,  in  5  vols.  4to.  ;  and  from  1773  till  the 
election  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  Royal  Society  ;  when,  deeming 
the  dignity  of  the  society  lessened  by  the 
choice  of  a  man  who  was  ignorant  of  the 
higher  sciences,  he  resigned  his  office.  He 
was  the  uncompromising  and  strenuous  ad- 
vocate of  the  cause  he  espoused,  an  oi)en  and 
sincere  enemy  to  all  innovation  in  church 
and  state,  profoundly  learned,  and  an  elo- 
quent preacher.  His  writings  were  numerous 
and  important,  in  theology,  in  science,  and 
in  classical  literature.     Died,  1806. 

HORTENSIUS,  Qcintus,  a  celebrated 
Roman  orator,  who,  till  his  great  rival  Cicero 
bore  away  the  palm,  eclipsed  all  others  by 
the  grace  and  splendour  of  his  eloquence. 
He  was  elegant  in  his  style,  acute  in  the 
conception  and  distribution  of  his  matter, 
and  succeeded  by  sudden  effect.  He  held 
many  civil  and  military  ofSces  ;  was  made 
consul  70  n.  c.  ;  was  Cicero's  colleague  as 
augur  ;  and  died  immensely  rich,  B.  c.  49. 
His  works  are  unfortunately  lost  to  jiosterity. 
—  His  daughter  Hortensia  inherited  his  elo- 
quence, and  when  the  Roman  women  were 
required  to  render  on  oath  an  account  of 
their  property,  she  pleaded  the  cause  of  her 
sex  with  such  force,  that  the  decree  was 
annulled. 

HOSTE,  JoHX,  a  learned  French  mathe- 
matician of  the  ]6th  century.  He  was  ap- 
pointed superintendant  of  fortifications  and 
counsellor  of  war ;  fortified  the  town  of 
Nancy  ;  and  wrote  several  works  on  astro- 
nomy, geometry,  &c.    Died,  1631. 

HOSTE,  Paul,  a  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician ;  born,  1652 ;  died,  1700.  He 
accompanied  the  Mareschals  d'Estrees  and 
de  Tourville  during  12  years  in  all  their 
expeditions ;  and  produced,  besides  other 
works,  "  L'Art  des  Arm(;es  Navales,"  a  trea- 
tise which  is  equally  historical  and  authentic, 
and  for  which  Louis  XIV.  liberally  rewarded 
him. 

HOTTINGER,  John  He.vry,  a  learned 
oriental  scholar,  born  at  Zurich,  in  1620.  He 
displayed  such  a  propensity  for,  and  made 
such  progress  in,  the  ancient  languages,  that 
he  was  sent  to  foreign  universities  at  the 
public  expense.  He  went  to  Geneva,  Got- 
tingen,'  and  Leyden  ;  visited  England  ;  and 
returned  to  his  native  country,  enriched  with 
vast  stores  of  knowledge.  In  1642  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history 
in  his  native  city ;  and  by  his  teaching  and 


hot] 


^  ^eby  mnibtv^Kl  SStaflrap^w. 


[how 


writings  contributed  greatly  to  promote  the 
study  of  oriental  literature.  lie  endeavoured, 
especially,  to  obtain  accurate  information 
concerning  the  state  of  the  eastern  churches  ; 
and  by  his  knowledge  of  oriental  history 
and  archaeology,  he  was  enabled  to  throw 
considerable  light  on  the  history  of  the  Jews, 
Mohammedans,  &c.  In  1658  he  accompanied 
his  patron,  the  Elector  of  Heidelberg,  to  the 
diet  at  Frankfort,  where  he  formed  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  famous  orientalist.  Job 
Ludolph  ;  and  in  1661  he  finally  returned  to 
Zurich,  laden  with  honours.  In  1667,  while 
preparing  for  a  visit  to  the  university  of 
Leyden,  in  compliance  with  repeated  invi- 
tations, he  was  accidentally  drowned,  with 
three  of  his  children,  by  the  upsetting  of  a 
boat,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Zurich.  His 
works  are  all  of  the  most  erudite  character. 

HOTTINGER,  John  James,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  bom  at  Zurich,  in  1652  ;  at 
which  place  he  became  professor  of  theology  ; 
and  died  in  1735.  His  principal  work  is  an 
"Ecclesiastical  History  of  Switzerland."  — 
Another  professor  at  Zurich,  of  the  same 
name,  known  by  his  editions  of  the  classics, 
was  born  in  1750,  and  died  in  1819.  He  was 
an  acute  critic  and  elegant  scholar :  among 
his  best  works  is  an  "  Essay  towards  a  Com- 
parison of  the  German  with  the  Greek  and 
Roman  Poets." 

HOTZE,  General,  an  officer  in  the  Aus- 
trian service,  was  by  birth  a  Swiss.  In  1792 
he  served  in  the  army  as  a  colonel  of  cuiras- 
siers ;  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  major- 
general  in  the  following  year  ;  and  continued 
to  serve  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine  for  several 
succeeding  years.  In  1795  he  was  made  a 
lieutenant-field-marshal ;  in  August,  1796, 
he  assisted  in  gaining  the  battle  of  Neu- 
marck  ;  and  a  few  days  afterwards  displayed 
great  talents  and  activity  in  the  field  of 
Wurtzburg.  In  1799  he  had  the  command 
of  the  left  wing  of  the  Archduke  Charles's 
army ;  and  by  efiecting  the  passage  of  the 
Riiine  above  the  lake  of  Constance,  and  by 
his  obstinate  contests  with  the  French,  he 
greatly  contributed  to  the  future  success  of 
the  archduke.  He  was  killed  near  Kalten- 
brunn,  Sept.  25.  1799. 

HOUARD,  David,  a  French  advocate  and 
juridical  writer,  was  born  at  Dieppe,  in  1725. 
He  laboured  with  great  diligence  in  clearing 
the  ancient  laws  of  France  from  their  ob- 
scurity, and  he  thereby  threw  much  light 
upon  the  history  of  that  country.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions 
and  an  associate  of  the  National  Institute. 
Died,  1803. 

HOUBIGANT,  Charles  Francis,  a 
learned  French  ecclesiastic,  who  produced  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  Old  Testament,  in 
8  vols. ;  and  an  excellent  edition  of  the  He- 
brew Bible,  with  a  Latin  version  and  notes, 
in  4  vols,  folio,  &c.  He  died  at  the  advanced 
age  of  98,  in  1803. 

HOUCHARD,  Jean  Nicolas,  a  French 
republican  general,  who  from  being  at  first 
a  private  in  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  rapidly 
arrived  at  the  rank  of  a  general,  and  dis- 
played great  boldness  and  activity  in  re- 
peated engagements  when  opposed  to  the 
Prussians  on  the  Rhine,  and  afterwards 
against  the  English  and  their  allies  before 


423 


Dunkirk,  &c.  Neither  his  bravery  nor  his 
successes,  however,  could  save  him  from  the 
guillotine  ;  for  having  been  denounced  by 
his  colleague.  General  Hoche,  as  a  conspirator 
against  the  republic,  he  was  arrested,  and 
shortly  after  executed,  1793. 

HOUEL,  J.  P.  L.  L.,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1735.  He  is  the 
author  as  well  as  artist  of  "  Le  Voyage  Pit- 
toresque  de  Sieile,"  &c.  in  4  folio  volumes, 
with  264  plates.    Died,  1813. 

HOUGH,  John,  an  English  prelate,  me- 
morable for  the  noble  stand  he  made  against 
the  arbitrary  conduct  of  James  II.,  was  a 
native  of  Middlesex,  and  born  in  1651.  He 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  } 
became  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond  ; 
and  in  1085  was  made  a  prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester. In  1687  the  presidentship  of  Magdalen 
College  becoming  vacant,  the  king  sent  man- 
datory letters  to  the  fellows,  requiring  them 
to  elect  one  Anthony  Farmer,  who  did  not 
belong  to  that  society,  and  was  a  man  of  bad 
character.  The  fellows  upon  this  seeing 
their  privileges  attacked,  applied  by  petition 
for  leave  to  proceed  to  a  free  election,  ac- 
cording to  their  statutes.  No  answer  being 
returned,  they  chose  Mr.  Hough,  wiio  was 
confirmed  by  the  visitor,  the  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester ;  and  the  new  president  having  taken 
his  doctor's  degree,  was  installed.  The  in- 
fatuated monarch,  instead  of  letting  the 
matter  rest,  now  thought  proper  to  send 
another  mandate,  ordering  the  society  to 
elect  Dr.  Parker,  bishop  of  Oxford,  for  their 
president ;  which  they  refused,  and  were  all 
expelled,  except  two.  Thus  the  business 
stood  till  September,  1688,  when  the  king, 
finding  that  his  affairs  grew  desperate,  began 
to  be  alarmed,  and  commissioned  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester  to  settle  the  society  of  Mag- 
dalen College  regularly  and  statutably.  Dr. 
Hough  and  the  fellows  were  accordingly 
restored  ;  dk  in  1690  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Lichfield, 
and  next  to  Worcester,  where,  in  1743,  he 
died,  honoured  for  his  patriotism,  piety,  and 
munificence. 

HOUSTON,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian and  botanist.  He  went  to  the  West 
Indies  as  surgeon,  and  on  his  return  took  his 
degrees  at  Leyden  under  Boerhaave  ;  while 
there  he  instituted  a  set  of  experiments  on 
brutes,  in  concert  with  Van  Swieten.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  on 
his  return  from  Holland,  and  went  soon 
after  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  died  in 
1733.  He  left  a  manuscript  catalogue  of 
plants,  which  was  published  by  Sir  Joseph 
Banks. 

HOUTEVILLE,  Claude  Francis,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1688,  and  died  in  1742,  aged  54.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  entitled  "  The  Truth  of  the 
Christian  Religion  proved  by  Facts,"  3  vols. 

HOVEDEN,  Roger  de,  an  English  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  He  wrote  Annals  in  Latin,  commencing 
at  731,  the  period  at  which  Bede  finished, 
and  bringing  down  affairs  to  the  3rd  year  of 
John,  1201.  His  style  is  defective,  but  he  is 
higlily  esteemed  for  diligence  and  fidelity. 

HOWARD,  Charles,  earl  of  Nottingham, 
an  intrepid  English  admiral ;  commander- 


now] 


^  i^cJu  BnihtviKl  ISiojjrajjlbi?. 


[how 


in-chief  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada. 
Born,  ir);?6  ;  died,  1624. 

HOWARD,  Lieut.  Edward,  R.N.,  the 
descendant  of  an  ancient  and  opulent  family, 
was  one  of  the  earliest  and  best  of  the  naval 
school  of  novelists.  With  all  the  graphic 
power  and  stirring  eloquence  of  his  otlier 
writers  of  that  class,  he  was,  to  his  honour 
be  it  said,  wholly  free  from  their  too  frequent 
coarseness.  "  Katlin  the  Reefer,"  "  Outward 
Bound,"  "  The  Old  Commodore,"  and  "  Jack 
Ashore,"  attest  his  powers  as  a  novelist  ; 
while  his  "Life  of  Sir  Henry  Morgan,  the 
Buccaneer,"  gave  promise  of  even  higher 
excellence.    Died,  1842. 

HOWARD,  John,  the  celebrated  pliilan- 
thropist,  was  born  at  Hackney,  in  172(i.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  a  grocer,  but  his  con- 
stitution being  delicate,  and  having  au 
aversion  to  trade,  he  purchased  his  inden- 
tures and  went  abroad.  On  his  return  he 
lodged  with  a  widow  lady,  whom  lie  after- 
wards married.  After  the  decease  of  Mrs. 
Howard,  who  lived  only  about  three  years, 
he,  in  17'»6,  embarked  for  Lisbon,  in  order 
to  view  the  effects  of  the  recent  earthquake, 
but  on  the  passage  the  ship  was  taken  and 
carried  to  France.  The  hardsiiips  he  suf- 
fered and  witnessed  during  his  imprison- 
ment, first  roused  his  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject of  Ids  future  labours.  On  being  released, 
Mr.  Howard  retired  to  a  villa  in  the  New 
Forest;  and  in  1758  he  married  a  second 
wife,  who  died  in  childbed  in  17(5."),  leaving 
him  one  son.  He  at  this  time  resided  at 
Cardington,  near  Bedford,  where  he  in- 
dulged the  benevolence  of  his  disposition  by 
continually  assisting  and  ameliorating  the 
condition  of  the  poor.  In  1773  he  served 
the  office  of  sheriff,  which,  as  he  declared, 
"  brought  the  distress  of  the  prisoners  more 
immediately  under  his  notice,"  and  led  liim 
to  form  tlie  design  of  visiting  the  gaols 
through  England,  in  order  to  devise  means 
for  alleviating  the  miseries  of  the  prisoners. 
Having  done  so,  he  laid  the  result  of  his 
inquiries  before  the  House  of  Commons,  for 
which  he  received  a  vote  of  thanks.  He 
next  made  a  tour  through  the  principal 
lutrts  of  Europe,  and  published  his  "  State 
of  the  Prisons,"  with  a  view  to  render  them 
both  more  humane  and  more  efficacious.  A 
new  subject  now  engaged  his  attention, 
namely,  the  management  of  lazarettos,  and 
the  means  of  preventing  the  communication 
of  the  plague  and  other  contagious  diseases. 
In  this  he  encountered  every  danger  that 
can  be  conceived  ;  and  having  become  per 
sonally  acquainted  with  the  subject,  in  1789 
he  published  "  An  Account  of  the  principal 
Lazarettos  in  Europe,  with  Papers  relative 
to  the  Plague,"  &c.  Actively  pursuing  this 
salutary  and  benevolent  object,  Mr.  Howard 
took  up  his  residence  at  the  town  of  Cherson, 
a  Russian  settlement  on  the  Black  Sea.  A 
malignant  fever  prevailed  tliere,  and  having 
been  prompted  by  humanity  to  visit  one  of 
the  sufferers,  he  caught  the  infection,  and 
died.  Jan.  20.  1790.  His  body  was  there  in- 
terred, and  every  respect  was  shown  to  his 
memory  bv  the  Russian  authorities Ed- 
mund Burke,  adverting  to  the  merits  of  this 
great  philanthropist  in  a  speech  previous  to 
the  election  at  Bristol,  in  1780,  thus  eulogises 

439  > 


him  :  — "  He  has  visited  all  Europe,  not  to  ! 
survey  the  sumptuousness  of  palaces,  or  the  [ 
Btateliness  of  temples  ;  not  to  make  accurate 
measurements  of  the  remains  of  ancient 
grandeur,  nor  to  form  a  scale  of  the  curiosity 
of  modern  art ;  not  to  collect  medals  or  to 
collate  manuscripts  ;  but  to  dive  into  the 
depths  of  dungeons  ;  to  plunge  into  the  in- 
fection of  hospitals  ;  to  survey  the  mansions 
of  sorrow  and  pain  ;  to  take  the  gauge  and 
dimensions  of  misery,  depression,  and  con- 
tempt ;  to  remember  the  forgotten,  to  attend 
to  the  neglected,  to  visit  the  forsaken,  and 
to  compare  and  collate  the  distresses  of  all 
men  in  all  countries.  His  plan  is  original ; 
and  it  is  as  full  of  genius  as  it  is  of  humanity. 
It  was  a  voyage  of  discovery  ;  a  circum- 
navigation of  charity."  His  statue,  in  a  Bo- 
man  garh,  is  erected  to  his  memory  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral. 

HOWARD,  Sir  Robert,  an  English  poet 
and  historian,  was  the  sou  of  Thomas,  earl 
of  Berkshire  He  was  a  zealous  friend  of 
the  revolution  of  1G88.  He  wrote  several 
plays,  the  "  History  of  the  Reigns  of  Ed- 
ward and  Richard  II.,"  the  "History  of 
Religion,"  &c.     Died,  1098. 

HOWARD,  Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey  and 
duke  of  Norfolk,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
warrior  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He 
served  with  his  brother.  Sir  Edward,  against 
Sir  Andrew  Barton,  a  Scotch  pirate,  who 
infested  the  English  coast  in  1.511,  but  was 
killed  and  his  ships  taken.  He  next  accom- 
panied the  Marquis  of  Dorset  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  Guienne,  which  ended  in  the  conquest 
of  Navarre  by  Ferdinand.  The  victory  of 
Flodden  Field,  in  which  the  king  of  Scotland 
was  slain,  was  chiefly  owing  to  his  bravery. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  disturbances  in 
Ireland,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  that 
kingdom,  where  he  suppressed  the  rebellion. 
Notwithstanding  his  great  services,  Henry, 
at  the  close  of  Jife,  caused  tlie  duke  to  be 
sent  to  the  Tower,  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
and  his  son  to  be  beheaded  in  his  presence. 
The  death  of  the  tyrant  only  saved  the 
duke's  life.    He  died  in  1554,  aged  66. 

HOWARD,  Edward,  younger  brother  of 
the  above,  entered  early  on  the  maritime 
service,  and  about  1494  was  knighted.  In 
1512  he  was  sent  as  lord  high  admiral  of 
England  with  a  large  fleet  against  France, 
the  coasts  of  which  he  ravaged.  He  also 
defeated  the  enemy's  fleet  off  Brest ;  but  the 
year  following  he  was  slain  in  boarding  the 
French  admiral's  ship,  and  his  body  thrown 
into  the  sea. 

HOWARD,  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  an 
accomplished  nobleman,  a  brave  soldier,  and 
the  best  English  poet  of  his  age,  was  bom  in 
1520.  He  served  under  his  father,  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  as  lieutenant-general  of  the  army 
sent  against  Scotland,  and  performed  various 
other  military  exploits,  of  eminence  and 
value.  He  had  quartered  on  his  escutcheon 
the  royal  arms  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  to 
which  he  had  an  hereditary  right ;  and  he  is 
said  to  have  aspired  to  the  hand  of  the  prin- 
cess Mary.  On  these  and  other  less  sub- 
stantial charges  he  suffered  decapitation  on 
Tower  Hill,  Jan.  19.  l.'>46,  by  the  jealous  and 
arbitrary  mandate  of  Henry  VIII.  His 
works  consist  of  "  Songs  and  Sonnets,"  &c., 


how] 


^  ^efa  Unihcv^aX  28i0ffrap!j5. 


[how 


which  deserve  a  high  degree  of  commend- 
ation, for  the  period  at  which  tliey  were 
composed.  Dr.  Heylin,  in  his  Church  His- 
tory, thus  speaks  of  his  great  popularity  : 
"  He  was  beheld  in  general  by  the  English 
as  the  chief  ornament  of  the  nation,  highly 
esteemed  for  his  chivalry,  his  affability,  his 
learning,  and  whatsoever  other  graces  might 
either  make  him  amiable  in  the  eyes  of  the 
people,  or  formidable  in  the  sight  of  a  jealous, 
impotent,  and  wayward  prince." 

HOWARD,  Thomas,  earl  of  Arundel,  a 
nobleman  distinguished  by  his  patronage  of 
the  line  arts,  was  earl  marshal  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  several  foreign  embassies  by  that 
prince  and  his  father.  He  sent  agents  into 
Greece  and  Italy,  to  collect  for  him,  at  a 
vast  expense,  whatever  was  curious  and 
valuable  of  the  works  of  ancient  artists, 
which  had  escaped  destruction.  His  un- 
rivalled museum  of  antiquities  was  divided 
at  his  death  ;  and  Henry,  the  sixth  duke  of 
Norfolk,  about  the  year  1G68,  presented  to 
the  university  of  Oxford  a  considerable  part 
of  his  moiety,  including  the  celebrated  Pa- 
rian Chronicle,  which  with  the  other  ancient 
inscribed  stones  accompanying  it  are  now 
termed  the  Arundelian  marbles.  His  lord- 
ship died  at  Padua,  in  164<5. 

HOWE,  John,  an  eminent  Nonconformist 
clergyman  of  the  17th  century,  born  in  1C30, 
at  Loughborough ;  was  ejected  from  his 
living  at  Torrington,  Devon,  and  for  many 
years  officiated  as  the  minister  of  a  Presby- 
terian congregation  in  London  ;  afterwards 
retired  to  the  Netherlands  ;  came  again  to 
England  upon  James's  proclamation  of  li- 
berty of  conscience,  and  died  in  1705. 

HOWE,  John,  a  statesman  in  the  reigns 
of  William  III.  and  Anne.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  convention  parliament,  and  exerted 
himself  greatly  in  favour  of  the  revolution  ; 
but  afterwards  joined  the  opposition,  and 
gave  great  offence  to  the  king  by  the  bold- 
ness of  his  conduct.  In  the  succeeding  reign 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor  and  pay- 
master of  the  forces  ;  but  retired  on  the  ac- 
cession of  George  I.,  and  was  succeeded  in 
his  office  by  Walpole.    Died,  1720. 

HOWE,  JosiAH,  an  English  divine  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  whose  cause  he  espoused 
with  ardour,  and  was  consequently  ejected 
from  his  fellowship  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  but  surviving  the  restoration  of  mon- 
archy, once  more  became  possessed  of  his 
preferment.  He  was  the  author  of  some 
poems,  &c.    Died,  1701. 

HOWE,  Richard,  Earl,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish admiral,  was  the  third  son  of  Emanuel, 
viscount  Howe,  and  was  born  in  1725.  After 
having  received  the  rudiments  of  a  liberal 
education  at  Eton,  he  was  placed,  at  the  age 
of  14,  as  a  midshipman  on  board  the  Severn, 
in  which  ship  he  sailed  with  Anson  for  the 
Pacific,  and  continued  going  through  the 
usual  gradations  of  the  service  under  that 
admiral  till  1745,  when,  though  only  20 
years  of  age,  he  obtained  the  command  of 
the  Baltimore  sloop  of  war,  and  was  made 
post-captain  for  gallantly  defeating  two 
French  ships  bearing  succours  to  the  Pre- 
tender. Having  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self on  many  occasions,  he  sailed,  as  com- 


mander-in-chief, to  the  Mediterranean  in 
1770,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  and  in 
a  few  years  rose  to  be  vice-admiral  of  the 
blue.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with 
France,  Lord  Howe  sailed  for  the  coast  of 
America,  with  a  squadron  destined  to  act 
against  D'Estaign  ;  and,  on  his  return  in  1782, 
he  was  created  an  English  viscount.  In  the 
course  of  the  same  year  he  sailed  to  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  effected  in  spite 
of  the  combined  fleets  of  the  enemy.  In 
1783  he  accepted  the  post  of  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  ;  and  in  1788  he  was  created  an 
earl  of  Great  Britain.  In  1793,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  with  France,  he 
took  the  command  of  the  British  fleet,  and 
bringing  tlie  enemy  to  an  action  on  the  1st 
of  June,  1794,  obtained  over  them  a  decisive 
and  most  important  victory.  The  rank  of 
general  of  marines  and  the  vacant  garter 
were  both  conferred  on  this  successful  com- 
mander in  the  course  of  the  next  year, 
which,  with  a  visit  from  the  king  on  board 
his  "ship,  who  presented  him  with  a  valu- 
able sword,  were  the  consummation  of  his 
honours.  In  1797,  Lord  Howe  exerted  him- 
self with  great  success  to  quell  the  mutiny 
among  the  seamen  at  Portsmouth,  and  died 
in  1799. 

HOWE,  Sir  William,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, succeeded  General  Gage  in  the  chief 
command  of  the  British  forces  in  America, 
having  landed  at  Boston  with  Generals 
Clinton  and  Burgoyne,  in  May,  1775.  Ge- 
neral Howe  commanded  at  the  attack  on 
Bunker's  Hill,  was  besieged  in  Boston  during 
the  next  winter,  evacuated  that  town  in  the 
ensuing  spring,  and  retired  to  Halifax.  In 
June,  1776,  he  arrived  at  Staten  Island, 
where  he  was  joined  by  his  brother  Lord 
Howe.  Here  the  brothers  informed  congress 
that  they  had  received  full  power  to  grant 
pardon  to  all  the  rebels  who  should  return 
to  their  obedience  ;  but  the  commissioners 
appointed  by  that  body  considered  both  the 
form  and  substance  of  the  propositions  too 
objectionable  to  deserve  attention.  In  Au- 
gust he  defeated  the  Americans  on  Long 
Island,  and  took  possession  of  New  York  in 
September.  After  the  campaign  of  the 
Jerseys,  he  set  sail  from  New  York  and 
entered  Chesapeake  Bay.  Having  previously 
secured  the  command  of  the  Schuylkill, 
he  crossed  it  with  his  army,  and  repelled 
the  attack  of  the  Americans  at  German- 
town.  In  May,  1778,  he  was  succeeded  in 
the  command  by  General  Clinton.  Died, 
1814. 

HOWELL,  THE  Good,  or  HYWEL  DDA, 
a  Cambrian  prince  and  legislator,  of  the 
10th  century,  who  went  to  Rome  to  obtain 
information  preparatory  to  a  compilation  of 
a  code  of  laws  for  the  Welsh ;  which  code, 
founded  on  the  laws  of  Dunwallo  Molmu- 
tius,  an  ancient  British  sovereign,  was  con- 
stitutionally established  throughout  Wales, 
and  are  still  extant. 

HOWELL,  James,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  1595,  at  Abemant,  in  Caermar- 
thenshire  ;  and,  after  receiving  his  education 
at  Oxford,  travelled  on  the  Continent  as 
agent  to  procure  workmen,  &c.,  for  a  glass 
manufactory  then  for  the  first  time  estab- 
lished in  England.    He  was  subsequently  a 


how] 


^  iJeiD  Hitibersfal  3Bt0sra|jf)i), 


[hud 


member  of  parliament,  secretary  to  the 
British  ambassador  in  Denmark,  and  clerk 
of  the  council.  For  some  offence  to  tlie 
parliamentarians  he  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Fleet,  but  obtained  his  liberty  by  applying 
to  Cromwell ;  became  historiographer  to 
Charles  II.,  and  died  in  16m.  He  wrote 
many  books  ;  but  the  one  by  which  he  will 
be  longest  rememl)ered  is, "  Epistolae  Ilowel- 
lianae,  or  Familiar  Letters,  domestic  and 
foreign." 

HOWELL,  William,  an  English  liisto- 
rical  writer  of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  the  World,  from  the  earliest 
Times  to  the  Ruin  of  the  Roman  Empire," 
3  vols,  folio  ;  and  "  Medulla  Uistorise  Aiigli- 
canae."     Died,  1683. 

HOWLEY,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  bom  at  Ropley,  in  Hampshire, 
of  wliich  parish  his  father  was  vicar,  in  1765. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  School, 
where  he  had  for  his  teacher  Dr.  Warton, 
and  for  a  class-fellow  William  Lisle  Bowles, 
the  poet ;  and  after  distinguishing  himself 
by  the  elegance  of  his  academic  exercises, 
he  proceeded,  in  1783,  to  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, passing  through  the  various  grades  of 
the  university  with  honour  and  success,  till, 
ill  18(X<,  he  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
divinity.  This  closed  his  academic  career. 
In  1813  he  was  nominated  bishop  of  London  ; 
and  in  1828  translated  to  the  primacy,  the 
onerous  duties  of  which  he  discharged  with 
zeal  and  fidelity  for  20  years.  He  seldom 
took  part  in  the  secular  discussions  in 
the  House  of  Lords.  When  bishop  of  Lon- 
don he  supported  the  bill  of  pains  and 
penalties  against  queen  Caroline,  laying  it 
down  with  much  emphasis  that  the  king 
could  do  no  wrong  either  morally  or  poli- 
tically ;  and,  as  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
he  vehemently  opposed  the  catholic  eman- 
cipation bill,  in  1829,  as  dangerous  to  the 
church ;  and  the  reform  bill,  in  1831,  as 
no  less  dangerous  to  the  constitution.  Dr. 
Howley  enjoyed  with  those  who  knew  him 
best,  a  high  reputation  for  scholarship  ;  and 
the  sermons,  charges,  &c.,  which  he  gave  to 
the  world,  showed  him  to  be  possessed  of 
good  sense,  good  feeling,  and  sincere  piety. 
Died,  1848. 

HUARTE,  John,  a  Spanish  philosopher 
and  author  in  the  17th  century,  who  gained 
celebrity  by  a  work,  entitled  "Examen  de 
Ingenios  para  las  Scienzias,"  &c.,  or  an  Ex- 
amination of  such  Geniuses  as  are  fit  for  ac- 
quiring the  Sciences.  This  book,  which  is 
full  of  practical  wisdom,  has  been  translated 
into  English,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Trial 
of  Wits,"  and  into  German  by  Lessing,  as 
"PrUfung  der  Kijple."  Though  he  wrote 
in  Spanish,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
bom  of  Spanish  parents,  Iluarte  was  a  native 
of  Navarre. 

HUBER,  JoHx  James,  a  celebrated  ana- 
tomist, was  born  at  Basle,  in  1707.  He 
studied  under  Haller  at  Berne,  and  next 
at  Strasburg  ;  after  which  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  at  his  native  place.  He  assisted 
Haller  in  his  great  work  on  the  Plants  of 
Switzerland.  He  obtained  the  rank  of  court 
physician  and  counsellor  of  state  ;  published 
a  work  on  the  spinal  marrow  and  other 
parts  of  the  nervous  system,  entitled  "  Com- 

431 


mentatio  de  Medulla  Spinali ;"  and  died  in 
1778.    There  were  also  several  other  writers 

and  artists  of  this  name Ulkic  Hubkr, 

a  native  of  Friesland,  author  of  "  De  Jure 
Civitatis,"  Died,  1694 — Maky  Hubkr,  a 
deistical  writer  ;  author  of  "  Lettres  sur  la 
Religion  de  I'Homme,"  and  many  other 
works.  Bom,  at  Geneva,  1694  ;  died,  1759. 
— John  Jamks  Hubek,  a  painter,  called  by 
Fuseli  the  Swiss  Tintoretto.  Born,  1668  ; 
died,  1748 — John  Hubek,  a  Genevese  artist, 
born  in  1722.  He  was  a  good  painter,  but 
devoted  much  of  his  attention  to  the  art 
of  cutting  profiles,  in  which  he  acquired  an 
extraordinary  degree  of  dexterity.  He  is 
described  as  being  an  eccentric  character ; 
and,  among  other  fanciful  schemes,  formed 
a  project  for  guiding  the  course  of  air  bal- 
loons by  the  flight  of  large  birds  ;  on  which 
he  published  a  tract,  illustrated  with  plates. 
Died,  1790. — Michael  Hubek,  a  native  of 
Bavaria,  professor  of  French  in  Leipsic,  and 
the  translator  of  several  German  works  into 
French.  Born,  1727;  died,  1804.— Louis 
Fkkdinand  Hubek,  son  of  the  preceding  ; 
editor  of  several  journals.    Born  at  Paris, 

1764;  died,  1804 Theresa  Hubek,  daughter 

of  the  celebrated  philologist  Heyne,  and 
wife  of  the  preceding ;  a  jwpular  German 
novelist,  many  of  whose  works  appeared 
under  her  husband  a  name. — Francis  Hu- 
bek, a  naturalist,  bom  in  1750,  at  Geneva  ; 
author  of  "Nouvelles  Observations  sur  les 
Abeilles,"  in  which  he  explains  the  manner 
of  the  queen-bee's  impregnation,  &c.  Hav- 
ing lost  his  way  in  a  winter  night,  the  effect 
of  the  cold  produced  total  blindness ;  but 
the  lady  to  whom  be  had  been  betrothed 
afterwards  married  him,  and  became  his 
constant  amanuensis. 

HUDDLESTON,  Robert,  an  eminent 
antiquarian  writer,  was  born  at  Closeburn, 
in  Dumfries-shire,  about  the  year  1776.  He 
received  the  rudiments  of  his  education  at 
the  school  of  Wallace  Hall,  in  that  neigh- 
bourhood. He  was  subsequently  settled  as 
the  schoolmaster  of  the  parish  of  Lunan,  in 
the  county  of  Forfar.  In  1814,  he  published 
a  new  edition  of  "  Toland's  History  of  the 
Druids,"  in  1  vol.  8vo.  Mr.  H.  rendered  an 
essential  service  to  antiquarian  literati  by 
this  publication,  enriched  as  it  is  by  his 
valuable  notes,  which  display  great  anti- 
quarian knowledge,  critical  acumen,  and  un- 
wearied research.     Died,  1826. 

HUDSON,  Henry,  a  distinguished  navi- 
gator, whose  early  history  is  unknown. 
After  making  three  voyages  to  find  a  north- 
east or  north-west  passage  to  China,  in  the 
second  of  which  he  discovered  the  river 
Hudson,  he  set  sail  a  fourth  time,  April  17th, 
1610,  in  a  bark  named  the  Discovery,  and 
proceeding  westward,  reached,  in  latitude 
eo*^,  the  strait  bearing  his  name.  Through 
this  he  advanced  along  the  coast  of  Labra- 
dor, until  it  issued  into  the  vast  bay,  which 
is  also  called  after  him.  Here,  with  his  son, 
and  seven  infirm  sailors,  he  was  turned 
adrift  by  a  mutinous  crew,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  perished. 

HUDSON,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  divine 
and  philological  writer,  was  born  in  1662, 
near  Cockermouth,  Cumberland  ;  obtained 
a  fellowsliip  in  University  College,  Oxlbrd, 


hue] 


^  ^e&)  ^Kniber^al  SStosrajpl^l'* 


[hum 


in  1686 ;  and  was  made  principal  of  St. 
Mary's  Hall  in  1712.  He  enjoyed  a  high 
reputation  as  a  scholar,  and  published  ele- 
gant editions  of  the  classic  authors.  After 
his  death  appeared  his  beautiful  edition  of 
Josephus,  2  vols,  folio. 

HUE,  Francis,  first  valet-de-chambre  to 
the  Dauphin  of  France,  and  who  afterwards 
filled  the  same  situation  under  LouisXVIII., 
distinguished  himself  by  his  inviolable  fide- 
lity to  the  royal  family  under  the  most  tid- 
ing circumstances.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work,  entitled  "Demi&rcs  Annees  du  Rfcgne 
et  de  la  Vie  de  I>ouis  XVI." 

HUERTA,  Vincent  Garcia  de  la,  a 
Spanish  poet  and  critic  ;  born  in  1729,  at 
Zafra,  in  Estremadura.  He  acquired  con- 
siderable fame  among  his  countrymen,  and 
zealously  defended  Spanish  literature  from 
the  censures  of  Voltaire  and  other  French 
writers.  He  published  various  poems  and 
dramas,  and  edited  "  Teatro  Espanol,"  in 
17  vols. 

HUET,  Peter  Daniel,  a  celebrated 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar,  born  at 
Caen,  iii  Normandy,  in  1630.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Jesuits'  College,  accompanied 
Bochart  to  Sweden,  and  was  in  vain  per- 
suaded to  settle  there  by  queen  Christina. 
In  1670  he  was  appointed  preceptor  to  the 
dauphin  ;  and  while  he  filled  that  situation, 
he  wrote  an  erudite  work  in  defence  of 
Christianity,  entitled  "  Demonstratio  Evan- 
gelica  ;  "  he  also  published  the  Latin  clas- 
sics, in  62  vols.,  with  those  ample  illustra- 
tions which  have  made  what  are  called  the 
Delphin  editions  so  generally  known  and 
esteemed.  In  1689  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Avrantes,  but  resigned  that  see  in  1699,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  literary 
retirement,  producing  many  works  of  great 
merit.     He  died,  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

HUFNAGEL,  George,  a  Flemish  painter, 
was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1545,  and  died  in 
1600.  He  was  also  a  tolerable  poet  in  Latin 
and  German. 

HUGH  CAPET,  the  first  of  the  third  race 
of  French  monarchs,  was  count  of  Paris 
and  Orleans.  He  was  proclaimed  king  of 
France  at  Noyon,  in  987,  and  died  in  996, 
aged  57. 

HUGH  DE  CLUNY,  a  Romish  saint,  was 
born  in  Burgundy,  in  1023.  When  young 
he  embraced  the  monastic  life  at  Cluny, 
where  he  became  prior,  and  at  last  abbot,  of 
his  order,  which  he  greatly  reformed  and 
extended.     Died,  1108. 

HUGH  DE  FLEURY,  a  monk  of  the 
abbey  of  Fleury,  in  the  11th  century.  His 
works  are  held  in  great  esteem  :  they  consist 
of  "  De  la  Puissance  Royale,  et  de  la  Diguit^ 
Sacerdotale,"  and  "  A  Chronicle,  or  History, 
from  the  Creation  to  840." 

HUGH  DE  ST.  CHER,  or  HUGO  DE 
SANCTO  CARO,  a  French  cardinal  of  the 
13th  century,  distinguished  as  a  Scripture 
commentator,  and  who  was  also  employed 
on  various  important  missions  by  the  papal 
court. 

HUGHES,  John,  an  English  poet,  dra- 
matic author,  and  essayist  ;  born,  1677  ; 
died,  1727.  His  last  work  was,  the  "  Siege 
of  Damascus,"  a  tragedy,  which  still  con- 
tinues on  tlie  stage.    Several  papers  in  the 


Tattler,  Spectator,  and  Guardian  were 
written  by  liim. 

HUGO,  Herman,  a  learned  Jesuit  and 
Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Brussels  in  1588,  and 
died  of  the  plague  at  Rhinberg,  in  1629. 

HUGTENBURGH,  John  van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  wlio  painted  the  victories  of  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene. 
Died,  1733. 

HULL,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  and 
actor,  born  in  1728.  He  was  contemporary 
with  Garrick,  and  lived  to  be  father  of  the 
British  stage,  but  never  rose  to  any  great 
eminence  in  his  profession.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  deservedly  popular  poem,  en- 
titled "  Richard  Plantagenet,"  besides  some 
novels,  tales,  and  dramas. 

HULSE,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Samuel, 
G.  C.H.,  a  British  field-marshal,  and  the 
governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital.  This  gallant 
veteran  was  JK)  years  of  age,  and  had  been 
upwards  of  three  quarters  of  a  century  in 
the  military  service  of  his  country,  having 
entered  the  Ist  foot  guards  as  an  ensign  in 
1761.  In  1782  he  attained  the  brevet  of 
colonel,  and  commanded  the  1st  battalion  of 
his  regiment  in  Holland  and  at  the  siege  of 
Valenciennes.  In  1798  he  received  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general,  and  was  in  Ireland 
for  a  time  during  the  period  of  the  rebellion. 
He  was  next  engaged  in  the  expedition  to 
the  Helder,  and  in  1803  he  obtained  the 
rank  of  general.  In  1806  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 
in  1820  he  became  governor,  and  in  1830  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal. 
He  also  held  various  offices  in  the  royal 
household,  and  was  a  member  of  the  privy 
council.     Died,  Jan.  1.  1837. 

HUMANN,M., French  minister  of  finance, 
was  a  native  of  Alsace,  which,  at  the  time  of 
his  birth,  was  accounted  a  province  of  the 
empire.  He  commenced  his  active  life  as  the 
master  of  a  mercantile  depot  in  Paris  ;  where, 
by  a  variety  of  circumstances,  he  brought 
himself  into  notice  as  an  able  financier,  and 
finally  gained  a  seat  in  the  cabinet  in  this 
capacity,  in  1832.  He  was  out  of  office,  how- 
ever, from  1836  to  1840,  when  he  came  in 
with  the  new  administration ;  and  he  was 
minister  of  finance  in  7  cabinets  out  of  19, 
which  were  formed  and  dissolved  between 
1830  and  the  time  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  AprL,  1842. 

HUMBOLDT,  William  von,  a  distin- 
guished statesman  and  philologist,  the  elder 
brother  of  the  great  philosopher  and  travel- 
ler, was  born  at  Potsdam,  1767.  He  received 
his  early  education  at  Berlin,  and  studied 
at  Gottingen  and  Jena,  where  he  formed 
a  friendship  with  Schiller,  which  lasted 
through  life.  In  1800  he  was  appointed 
Prussian  minister  at  the  papal  court,  where 
his  love  of  antiquarian  and  classical  pursuits 
necessarily  received  a  fresh  impulse  ;  and  on 
his  return  in  1808  he  was  created  a  councillor 
of  state,  and  nominated  minister  of  educa- 
tion. In  1810  he  went  as  plenipotentiary  to 
Vienna  ;  and  he  shared  in  all  the  great 
diplomatic  transactions  of  the  next  few 
years  ;  —  at  Prague,  —  at  the  conferences  of 
Chatillon,  where  he  signed  the  capitulation 
of  Paris  along  with  Hardenberg,  —  and  at 
the  congress  of  Vienna,  &c.    He  next  went 


hum] 


^  jirtD  2Im't)cr^al  33tOflriipf)iK 


[hcm 


as  ambassador  extraordinary  to  London  ; 
assisted  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
in  1818  ;  and  the  following  year  lie  became  a 
member  of  the  Prussian  cabinet,  but  he  soon 
returned  in  consequence  of  the  retrograde 
policy  pursued  by  his  colleagues,  and  thence- 
forward lived  chiefly  at  his  seat,  Tegel,  near 
Berlin,  iu  the  cultivation  of  literature  and 
science.  It  would  be  impossible  within  our 
limits  to  give  a  list  of  his  numerous  produc- 
tions. His  works  were  collected  by  l»is  bro- 
ther Alexander,  and  printed  in  1K41,  in 
4  vols.  They  are  of  a  most  miscellaneous 
character,  and  show  the  extraordinary  ver- 
satility of  his  powers  ;  but  his  chief  fame 
rests  on  his  erudite  researches  into  philology, 
and  more  esiwcially  the  Basque,  Sanscrit, 
North  American,  and  Malay  languages  :  nor 
should  we  forget  to  mention,  as  most  illus- 
trative of  his  amiability  and  excellence  of 
heart,  his  "  Letters  to  a  Female  Friend,"  of 
which  several  translations,  more  or  less 
complete,  have  appeared  in  England.  Died, 
183.5. 

HUME,  David,  a  celebrated  historian, 
philosopher,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh  in  1711.  lie  was  designed 
for  the  law,  but  having  no  inclination  to 
that  profession,  he  ajiplicd  to  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  liecame,  in  1734,  clerk  in  an 
eminent  house  at  Bristol.  He  did  not, 
however,  continue  long  iu  that  line  ;  for, 
having  a  strong  propensity  to  literature, 
he  went  to  France,  where  he  wrote  his 
"  Treatise  of  Human  Nature,"  which  he 
published  at  liOndon  in  1738.  This  meta- 
physical work,  however,  met  with  an  in- 
different reception  ;  nor  were  his  "  Moral 
Essays,"  which  appeared  in  1742,  more  suc- 
cessful. In  1745  he  was  invited  to  reside 
with  the  young  Marquis  of  Annandale,  whose 
state  of  mind  rendered  a  guardian  necessary. 
Here  he  spent  a  year  in  great  discomfort,  as 
might  easily  be  imagined  from  the  nature  of 
his  office  s  and  the  chair  of  moral  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  of  Edinburgh  having 
become  vacant,  he  became  a  candidate,  but 
failed  iu  his  application  in  consequence  of 
his  known  infidelity.  In  1746  he  became 
secretary  to  General  St.  Clair,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  his  military  embassy  to  the 
courts  of  Vienna  and  Turin.  While  at  the 
latter  city,  he  republiahed  his  first  work, 
under  a  new  title  of  "  An  Inquiry  concerning 
Human  Understanding  ;"  and,  in  17.52,  ap- 
peared at  Edinburgh,  his  "  Political  Dis- 
courses," which  were  followed  the  same  year 
by  his  "  Inquiry  concerning  the  Princii'les 
of  Morals,"  which  of  all  his  writings  he 
considered  incomparably  the  best.  In  17.54 
he  published  the  first  volume  of  his  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  which  he  did  not  complete 
till  17IU.  While  this  work  was  in  progress 
he  printed  a  piece,  with  the  title  of  "  The 
Natural  History  of  Religion,"  which  was 
attacked  by  Warburton  in  an  anonymous 
tract,  ascribed  at  the  time  to  Dr.  Hurd. 
His  great  work,  the  "  History  of  England," 
had  now  acquired  considerable  celebrity, 
and  the  writer  gained  largely  by  its  popu- 
larity, for  besides  the  profits  it  brought  him, 
he  obtained  a  iK-nsion  through  Lord  Bute. 
In  17<J3  he  accompanied  the  Earl  of  Hertford 
on  his  embassy  to  Paris,  from  whose  fasliion- 


able  and  literary  circles  he  received  an  en 
thusiastic  welcome  ;  and  where,  in  1765,  he  I 
remained  as  diurgi  d'ajfaires.  The  year 
following  he  returned  home,  accompanied 
by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  to  whom  he  be- 
haved with  great  delicacy  and  generosity, 
but  which  were  ill-requited  by  the  morbid 
sensitiveness  and  suspiciousness  which  the 
"  philosopher  of  Geneva  "  allowed  himself  to 
indulge  against  his  friend  and  benefactor. 
He  then  Iwcame  under-sccretary  of  state  to 
General  Conway.  In  1709  he  retired  to  his 
native  country  on  an  independent  income  of 
H\O0l.  per  annum  ;  and  died  stoically  in  1776. 
Hume  doubtless  takes  the  lead  among  mo- 
dern philosophical  sceptics  ;  and.  whatever 
we  may  see  to  condemn,  we  are  bound  to  ac- 
knowledge that  lie  upheld  his  doctrines  with 
distinguished  ability. 

HUME,  Jamks  Dkacon,  whose  financial 
reports  have  earned  for  him  a  high  reputa- 
tion, was  born  in  Surrey,  1774.  Having 
obtained  a  clerkship  in  the  custom  house, 
he  soon  became  conspicuous  for  energy  and 
ability  ;  and  at  length  his  value  was  so 
highly  appreciated  by  government,  that  he 
was  appointed  to  reduce  into  one  simple 
code,  the  iimumerable  and  conflicting  sta- 
tutes relating  to  our  custom  house  legisla- 
tion. His  services  on  this  head  were  re- 
warded with  a  present  of  .'>0(iO/.  ;  and  soon 
afterwards  (in  1829)  he  was  appointed  joint 
assistant  secretary  to  the  Itoard  of  trade, 
which  thus  secured  to  itself  the  benefit  of 
his  profound  acr^uaintance  with  the  mer- 
cantile system  of  this  country.  In  1840  he 
retired  from  public  life  ;  and  the  evidence 
he  gave  that  year  before  the  import  duties 
committee,  has  been  almost  universally 
quoted  as  an  authority  without  appeal. 
Died,  1842. 

HUMMEL,  JoHX  Nepomuk,  an  eminent 
musician,  was  born  at  Prcsburg,  in  1778.  His 
friends  discovering  in  him  an  extraordinary 
capacity  for  music,  he  was  placed  with  Mo- 
zart when  only  seven  yeais  of  age  ;  and  after 
remaining  under  his  roof  about  two  years, 
he  and  his  father  travelled  through  various 
parts  of  Europe,  visiting  England  in  1791, 
where  his  performances  on  the  pianoforte 
were  highly  applauded.  He  soon  acquired 
great  celebrity  as  a  composer  as  well  as  a 
lierformer.  In  1820  he  became  chapel-master 
to  the  Grand-duke  of  Weimar,  where  he 
continued  afterwards  to  reside,  making,  from 
time  to  time,  brilliant  and  profitable  tours  in 
Germany,  Russia,  and  England.  Hummel 
composed  some  operas,  the  most  celebrated  j 
of  which  is  "  Mathilde  von  Guise  ; "  his 
church  music  was  also  admirable  ;  but  his 
fame  will  chiefly  rest  upon  his  brilliant  com- 
positions for  the  pianoforte.  He  died  in 
October,  1837. 

HUMPHREY,  Laure.vce,  a  learned  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Newport  Pagnel,  in 
Buckinghamshire,  about  the  year  1527.  He 
was  successively  dean  of  Gloucester  and 
Winchester,  and  might  have  been  a  bishop 
but  for  his  puritanical  principles.  He  died 
in  1.590  ;  leaving  behind  him  many  able  clas- 
sical works,  a  "  Life  of  Bishop  Jewel,"  &e. 

HUMPHREYS,  Jamks,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  juridical  writer;  author  of  "Ob- 
servations   on    the    English    Law  of  Real 


hum] 


^  0tio  mnib^rs'al  SStosrapTjg. 


[nuN 


Property,"  &c.  He  was  a  native  of  Mont- 
gomervshire,  Wales  ;  aTid  died  in  1830. 

HUMPHRY,  OziAS,  on  eminent  minia- 
ture painter,  born  at  Honiton,  Devon,  in 
1743.  He  first  settled  at  Bath  ;  then  came 
to  London,  by  the  advice  of  his  friend,  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  and  was  made  a  royal 
academician.  In  1780  he  went  to  India, 
wliere  he  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  Sir 
W.  Jones  and  Warren  Hastings,  and  was 
chosen  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Asia- 
tic Society.    Died,  in  London,  in  1810. 

HUNNIADES,  John  Corvixus,  vaivode 
of  Transylvania,  and  general  of  the  armies 
of  Ladislaus,  king  of  Hungary,  was  born 
in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  He 
fought  against  the  Turks  heroically,  and 
for  many  years  rendered  himself  so  formid- 
able to  them,  that  they  surnamed  him  the 
Devil.  The  sultans  Araurath  and  ^laliom- 
med  II.  were  each  compelled  to  retire  from 
I  the  siege  of  Belgrade,  owing  to  his  energetic 
defence  of  it.  He  died  in  14.'»6,  the  acknow- 
ledged hero  of  the  Christian  cause. 

HUNNIS,  William,  chapel-master  to 
queen  Elizabeth,  and  a  voluminous  writer 
of  moral  and  religious  poetry.  He  is  said, 
by  a  cotemporary  poet,  to  have  "  depaincted 
sonets  sweete."  His  sonnets,  however,  have 
been  engulphed  in  the  oblivion  of  time  ; 
but,  certainly,  the  autlior  who  could  entitle 
a  metrical  version  of  the  book  of  Genesis, 
"  A  Hive  full  of  Honey,"  or  describe  a  vo- 
Imne  of  psalms  and  hymns  as  "  A  Handful 
of  Honeysuckles,"  ought  to  have  the  power 
of  rendering  his  "sonnets"  deliciously  nec- 
tarous. 

HUNNIUS,  a  Lutheran  divine,  who  filled 
the  professor's  chair  at  Wittemberg,  and 
wrote  against  Calvin  with  great  asperity. 
Died,  ir>03. 

HUNT,  Henry,  M.P.,  was  bom  at  Up- 
haven,  Wilts,  about  the  year  1773,  where 
he  was  well  known  as  an  opulent  farmer, 
and  one  who  was  a  regular  attendant  at  the 
Devizes  market.  When  Mr.  Hunt  was  a 
young  man,  he  was  a  decided  loyalist ;  and 
in  1801,  when  the  whole  country  was  ap- 
prehensive of  an  invasion,  he  voluntarily 
tendered  his  entire  stock,  worth  20,0007.,  to 
the  government,  for  its  use,  if  it  were  needed  ; 
besides  which  he  engaged  to  enter,  with 
three  of  his  servants  all  well  mounted  and 
equipped,  and  at  his  own  cost,  as  volunteers 
into  any  regiment  of  horse  that  might  make 
the  first  charge  upon  the  enemy  :  and  for 
this  proffered  service  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  lord-lieutenant  of  the  county.  Mr. 
Hunt  joined  the  Marlborough  troop  of  ca- 
valry ;  but,  owing  to  some  misunderstand- 
ing between  Lord  Bruce,  its  commander, 
and  himself,  he  challenged  his  lordship  ; 
for  which  he  was  indicted  in  the  court  of 
king's  bench,  found  guilty,  fined  100/.,  and 
imprisoned  six  weeks.  Owing  to  this,  or 
some  other  cause,  Mr.  Hunt  became  a  "  ra- 
dical reformer,"  associated  with  the  most 
disaffected,  and  was  looked  up  to  by  many 
of  them  as  the  fearless  champion  of  their 
party.  He  long  tried  for  a  seat  in  parlia- 
ment, but  was  unsuccessful  at  Bristol,  West- 
minster, and  for  the  county  of  Somerset.  He 
was,  however,  twice  elected  for  Preston,  in 
1830-1 ;  but,  the  year  after  his  second  return, 


his  constituents  declined  his  future  services. 
As  "  lord  of  the  manor  of  Glastonbury  "  he 
acted  fairly  at  his  court-leet ;  and,  as  a  mob 
orator,  he  obtained  notoriety  ;  but  a  radical 
meeting  at  Manchester,  where  he  presided 
and  declaimed,  having  ended  with  loss  of 
life  and  limb  to  many  of  the  assembled  mul- 
titude, he  was  indicted  as  the  ringleader  of 
an  unlawful  assembly  of  the  people  ;  tried, 
found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  3  years'  im- 
prisonment in  Ilchester  gaol.  But,  though 
in  confinement,  he  was  not  idle  ;  he  dis- 
covered and  made  known  to  the  public  some 
flagrant  malpractices  going  on  at  the  gaol, 
which,  through  his  means,  were  afterwards 
corrected.  lie  was  seized  with  paralysis 
while  alighting  from  his  phaeton  at  Aires- 
ford,  Hants,  where  he  died,  Feb.  12.  1835. 

HUNT,  Thomas,  a  learned  Hebraist  and 
oriental  scholar,  born  in  1096  ;  was  elected 
to  the  Arabic  professorship  in  Oxford  uni- 
versity, in  1738,  and  afterwards  obtained  the 
regius  professorsliip  of  Hebrew,  with  a 
canonry  of  Christchurch  annexed.  He  was 
tlie  author  of  valuable  "Observations  on 
the  Book  of  Proverbs,"  "  Sermons,"  &c. 
Died,  1774. 

HUNTER,  Christopher,  a  physician, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  his  writings 
relative  to  the  history  and  antiquities  of 
the  county  of  Durham,  of  which  he  was  a 
native. 

HUNTER,  Henry,  a  Scotch  Presbyterian 
divine,  was  born  at  Culross,  in  Pertlishire, 
in  1741  ;  was  educated  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  and  became  tutor  to  the  sons  of 
Lord  Dundonald.  He  was  subsequently 
pastor  of  the  Scottish  Church,  London  Wall, 
and  was  elected  secretary  to  the  correspond- 
ing board  of  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Cliristian  Knowledge  in  the  Highlands.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Sacred  Biography," 
7  vols.  8vo.  ;  a  translation  of  Lavater's 
Physiognomy,  with  splendid  plates,  4to.  ; 
2  volumes  of  "Sermons,"  "  Lectures  on  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity,"  &c.  He  also 
translated  Sonnini's  Travels,  St.  Pierre's 
Studies  of  Nature,  and  other  French  works. 
Died.  1802. 

HUNTER,  RoBEitT,  an  English  gentle- 
man, who  wrote  the  famous  letter  on  En- 
thusiasm, whicli  has  been  ascribed  both  to 
Swift  and  Sliaftesburj'.  He  was  governor 
of  New  York  and  the' Jerseys  several  years, 
and  afterwards  of  Jamaica,  where  he'  died 
in  17S4. 

HUNTER.  WiLi.iAif,  a  celebrated  anato- 
mist and  physician,  was  born  at  Kilbride, 
in  Lanarkshire,  in  1718.  His  father  was  a 
farmer,  and  designed  him  for  the  church  ; 
but  an  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Cullen  inclin- 
ing him  to  the  study  of  physic,  he  resided 
with  the  doctor  3  years.  In  1740  he  removed 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  followed  his  studies 
with  intense  application,  and  the  year  fol- 
lowing visited  London,  soon  after  which  he 
was  taken  by  Dr.  James  Douglas  into  ^|s 
house  as  a  dissector,  and  also  tutor  to  nis 
»on.  In  1740  he  succeeded  Mr.  Samuel 
Sharpe  as  lecturer  to  a  society  of  surgeons 
in  Covent  Garden,  and  commenced  a  series 
of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He 
soon  rose  into  extensive  practice  in  surgery 
I  and  midwifery,  but  confined  himself  to  the 


hdn] 


?[  jlelu  ?a[utl)fri^al  23tfl5ra|j]^n. 


[hup 


latter,  and  in  1764  was  appointed  physician 
extraordinary  to  the  queen.  He  was  elected 
F.  R.  S.  i  became  physician  to  the  British 
I/ying-in  Hospital;  and  on  the  foundation  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  tlie  king  appointed  him 
professor  of  anatomy.  lu  1770,  Dr.  Hunter 
completed  his  house  in  Great  Windmill 
Street,  to  which  were  attached  a  tlieatre, 
apartments  for  lectures  and  dissections,  and 
a  magnificent  room  as  a  museum.  His 
valuable  museum  is  now  in  the  university 
of  Glasgow.  He  wrote  several  able  works 
on  medical  subjects,  the  most  elaborate  of 
which  is  "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Gravid  Ute- 
rus."    Died,  178;3. 

HUNTER,  John,  younger  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  bom  in  1728,  and  appren- 
ticed to  a  cabinet-maker;  but,  hearing  of 
William's  success  in  London,  he  offered  his 
services  to  him  as  an  anatomical  assistant. 
In  a  few  mouths  he  had  attained  such  a 
knowledge  of  anatomy  as  to  be  capable  of 
demonstrating  to  the  pupils  iu  tlie  dissect- 
ing-room. In  U-OS  lie  entered  as  a  gentle- 
man commoner  of  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
but  he  could  not  liave  pursued  his  academi- 
cal studies  with  much  advantage,  as  in  the 
following  year  he  became  a  surgeon's  pupil 
at  St.  George's  Hospital.  He  made  astonish- 
ing progress,  but  his  health  being  impaired 
by  intense  study,  he  went  abroad  in  KOO,  as 
Btaff-surgeon,  and  served  at  Bellcisle  and  in 
Portugal.  On  his  return  to  London,  he  pur- 
sued his  inquiries  into  comparative  ana- 
tomy, and  erected  a  menagerie  for  that  pur- 
pose at  Brompton.  In  17G7  he  was  chosen 
a  fellow  of  tlie  Royal  Society,  and,  the  next 
year,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  surgeons  of 
St.  George's  Hospital.  In  177U  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon-extraordinary  to  the  king  ; 
and,  subsequently,  inspector-general  of  hos- 
pitals and  surgeon-general.  He  died  sud- 
denly, having  been  seized  with  a  spasmodic 
affection  of  the  heart,  in  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital, Oct.  16.  1793.  He  wrote  several  pro- 
fessional treatises,  besides  recording  the 
results  of  many  of  his  valuable  discoveries  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions.  His  perfect 
acquaintance  with  anatomy  rendered  him 
a  bold  and  skilful  operator  ;  but  his  great 
fame  rests  on  his  researches  concerniug 
comparative  anatomy,  and  the  structure  of 
the  various  classes  of  organised  beings.  His 
anatomical  museum  was  purchased  by  go- 
vernment for  15,(XM.,  and  transferred  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  for  the  use  of 
the  public. 

HUNTER.  Ax:ne,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
and  sister  of  Sir  Everard  Home,  was  the  au- 
thor of  many  lyrical  poems  possessing  much 
sweetness  and  beauty.  Some  of  these  were 
set  to  music  by  Haydn.  Born,  1742 ;  died, 
1821. 

HUNTER,  JoHjr,  LL.D.,  an  eminent  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  born  at  Closeburn,  Dum- 
fries-sliire,  in  1747.  He  was  principal  of  the 
united  college  of  St.  Salvador  and  St.  Leo- 
nard ;  and  for  more  than  half  a  century  pre- 
vious to  his  obtaining  that  appointment,  he 
was  professor  of  humanity  in  the  university 
of  St.  Andrew's.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  time,  and  is  well  known 
by  his  editions  of  Virgil,  Livy,  Horace,  and 
other  Latin  authors.    Died,  1837. 


435 


HUNTINGDON,  Henry  of,  an  ancient 
English  historian,  who  flourished  in  the 
11th  and  12th  centuries.  He  composed  a 
general  history  of  England  from  the  earliest 
accounts  to  the  death  of  king  Stephen,  in 
1154,  in  8  books  ;  and,  towards  the  conclu- 
sion, the  author  honestly  acknowledges  that 
it  is  only  an  abridgment,  observing  that 
to  compose  a  complete  history  of  England, 
many  books  were  necessary  which  he  could 
not  procure. 

HUNTINGDON,  Selina,  Countess  of,  the 
second  daughter  of  Washington,  earl  Fer- 
rers, was  born  in  1707,  and  married  in  1728 
to  Theophilus,  earl  of  Huntingdon.  After 
she  became  a  widow,  she  espoused  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Calvinistic  Afethodistii,  and 
patronised  the  famous  George  Wliitfleld, 
whom  she  constituted  her  cliaplain  ;  by  the 
influence  of  her  rank  and  fortune,  appeared 
at  the  head  of  a  sect ;  and,  after  the  death 
of  Whitlield,  his  followers  were  designated 
as  the  people  of  Lady  Huntingdon.  She 
founded  schools  and  colleges  for  preachers, 
and  expended  annually  large  sums  not  only 
in  their  support,  but  in  private  charity. 
Died,  1701. 

HUNTINGDON,  William,  a  religious 
enthusiast,  who  attained  more  notoriety 
than  credit,  was  born  in  1744.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer's  labourer  in  Kent,  and 
the  early  part  of  his  life  was  passed  in  me- 
nial service  and  other  humble  occupations. 
After  indulging  in  vice  and  dissipation  for 
several  years,  according  to  his  own  accoimt, 
he  was  converted,  and  became  a  preacher 
among  the  Calvinistic  Methodists.  He  soon 
engaged  in  religious  controversies,  published 
a  vast  number  of  tracts,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  head  of  a  peculiar  sect.  His  publica- 
tions are  very  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
contain  curious  details  relative  to  his  per- 
sonal history  and  religions  experience.  After 
the  death  of  his  first  wife,  he  married  the 
wealthy  relict  of  Sir  James  Sanderson,  a 
London  alderman,  and  passed  the  latter  part 
of  Ills  life  in  aflluence.  After  his  conversion, 
he  generally  appended  to  his  name  the  mys- 
tical letters  S.  S.,  or  Sinner  Saved. 

HUNTINGFORD,  Geouue  Isaac,  a  dis- 
tinguished classical  scholar,  and  an  amiable 
dignitary  of  the  church,  was  born  at  Win- 
chester, in  1748 ;  received  his  education 
there,  and  at  New  College,  Oxford ;  and 
subsequently  became  an  assistant  under 
Dr.  Joseph  Warton,  in  the  seminary  in  which 
he  had  been  educated,  and  over  wliich  he 
afterwards  presided  as  warden  for  a  jieriod 
of  40  years.  Through  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Sidmouth,  who  had  been  his  pupil  at  Win-  j 
Chester,  he  obtained  the  see  of  Gloucester  in  | 
1802,  and  that  of  Hereford  in  181.5.  This  I 
venerable  prelate  was  the  author  of  "Greek 
Monostrophics,"  "  A  Call  for  Union  with 
the  Established  Church,"  "Thoughts  on  the  1 
Trinity,"  &c.  With  a  profound  knowledge 
of  Grecian  literature  and  a  truly  poetical 
taste,  he  possessed  the  more  desirable  quali- 
ties of  Christian  piety  and  humility,  united 
with  an  independent  mind,  actuated  by  the 
spirit  of  pure  benevolence.     Died,  l!:>;!2. 

HUPAZOLI,  Feancis,  one  of  tlie  few 
individuals  who  have  lived  in  3  centuries. 
He  was  bom  iu  1587,  at  Casal,  in  Sardinia, 


hur] 


^  ^cti)  ^Uutlicr^al  3St05rajpl)i). 


[hut 


and  died  in  1702.    At  first  he  was  a  clergy-  ' 
man,  and  afterwards  became  a  merchant  at 
Scio  :  and,  in  liis  23rd  jear,  lie  was  appointed 
Venetian  consul  at  Smyrna.      By  his  .5th 
wife,  whom   he  married   at  the  age  of  98 
years,  he  had  4  children.      His  drink  was 
water ;    he  never  smoked,    and    ate    little  j 
(principally  game  and  fruit).     He  drank  a 
good  deal  of  the  juice  of  the  sco7-zo7iera  root,  I 
ate  but  very  little  at  night,  went  to  bed  and 
rose  early,  then  heard  mass,  and  walked  and  , 
laboured  the  whole  day  to  the  last.      He  | 
wrote  down  every  thing  remarkable  which 
he  had  witnessed,  in  22  volumes.    He  never 
had  a  fever,  was  never  bled,  and  never  took  | 
any  medicine.    At  the  age  of  100,  his  grey  | 
hair  again  became  black.     When  109  years 
old,  he  lost  his  teeth  and  lived  on  soup  ;  and, 
4  years  later,  he  had  two  large  new  teeth,  and 
began  again  to  eat  meat. 

KURD,  RiCHAiiD,  an  eminent  English 
prelate  and  philologist,  was  born  in  1720,  at 
Congreve,  in  Staffordshire  ;  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  College,  Cambridge,  and  obtained 
a  fellowship  there  in  1742.  In  1749  lie  pub- 
lished "  Horatii  Ars  Poetica,"  with  an  Eng- 
lish commentary.  In  1750  he  published  a 
commentary  on  the  Epistle  of  Horace  to 
Augustus  ;  and  also  a  satirical  attack  on 
Doctor  Jortin,  in  defence  of  Warburton,  »n 
an  essay  on  the  "  Delicacy  of  Friendship," 
which  he  afterwards  endeavoured  to  sujv 
press.  His  "  Dialogues,  Moral  and  Political,'*' 
witli  "  Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Romance," 
appeared,  at  different  times,  from  1758  to 
1764,  and  were  republished  collectively, 
in  1765,  3  vols.  8vo.  None  of  his  works 
attracted  so  much  notice  as  the  Dialogues, 
which  were  translated  into  German.  In 
1767  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Glouces- 
ter, and,  in  1768,  commenced  a  series  of  ser- 
mons on  the  prophecies,  preached  at  the  lec- 
ture founded  by  his  friend  Warburton  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1775  he  was  raised  to 
the  bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry ; 
and,  not  long  after,  was  made  preceptor  to 
the  late  king,  and  his  brother  the  Duke  of 
York.  He  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Wor- 
cester in  1781  ;  and  the  king  was  desirous  to 
elevate  him  to  the  primacy,  but  tiie  prelate 
modestly  declined  the  intended  honour. 
Dr.  Kurd's  latest  literary  performances  were 
a  biographical  sketch  of  his  friend  Dr.  War- 
burton, his  correspondence,  and  an  edition 
of  his  works.    Died,  1808. 

HURE,  CiiAKLES,  a  French  divine  of 
the  Jansenist  persuasion,  was  born  in  l(i."9, 
and  died  in  1717.  His  works  are,  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  2  vols,  folio ;  a 
"Translation  of  the  New  Testament  into 
French,  with  notes  ; "  a  "  Sacred  Gram- 
mar," &c. 

HUSKISSON,  the  Right  Hon.  William, 
an  English  statesman,  was  born  in  1770. 
His  father  becoming  a  widower,  and  marry- 
ing again,  the  son  was  placed  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Gem,  who  took  his  nephew  with  him 
to  France,  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
medical  science  at  the  Parisian  schools  of 
anatomy.  The  revolution  broke  out  directly 
after,  and  young  Huskisson  became  one  of 
its  wannest  disciples  :  it  is  said,  indeed,  that 
he  was  present  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastile. 
In  1790  he  obtained  an  introduction  to  Lord 


Gower,  the  English  ambassador  at  Paris, 
who  made  him  his  private  secretary  ;  and  on 
his  return  to  England  he  was  introduced  to 
Mr.  Pitt,  and  made  himself  agreeable  to  that 
minister  by  his  ability  and  eloquence.  He 
was  soon  after  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
alien  office ;  and  in  1795  became  under- 
secretary in  the  war  and  colonial  depart- 
ment. He  was  brought  into  parliament  for 
Morpeth,  by  government  interest,  in  1797  : 
from  which  time  he  connected  liimself  on 
terms  of  friendship  with  Mr.  Canning,  and 
supported  all  the  measures  of  the  Pitt  ad- 
ministration. He  retired  with  his  patron, 
as  did  Mr.  Canning,  during  the  Addington 
ministry,  and  claimed  a  jiension  of  1200?.  per 
annum.  He  subsequently  lost  his  seat  for 
Morpeth  ;  offered  for  Dover  ;  failed,  and  was 
returned  for  Liskeard  on  Pitt's  restoration 
to  power,  and  the  renewal  of  the  conti- 
nental war.  During  the  Whig  administra- 
tion of  1806,  Mr.  Huskisson  was  an  active 
member  of  the  opposition  ;  but  on  its  disso- 
lution he  returned  to  ofiBce,  and  remained 
till  the  premiership  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, with  the  short  exception  of  an  in- 
terval in  1809,  when  the  quarrel  took  place 
between  Mr.  Canning  and  Lord  Castlereagh, 
and  he  sided  witli  the  former  in  withdrawing 
from  the  government.  When  Mr.  Canning 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of  India, 
Mr.  Huskisson  succeeded  him  as  member  of 
parliament  for  Liverpool  ;  was  successively 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  joint  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  vice-president  and  president  of  the 
board  of  trade,  and  was  colonial  secretary 
during  the  Liverpool  and  Canning  adminis- 
trations. It  was  during  this  latter  period 
that  he  brought  forward  his  celebrated  free- 
trade  measures,  which  caused  such  diver- 
sities of  opinion  throughout  the  country  at 
the  time,  and  concerning  which  the  most 
opposite  opinions  are  still  entertained.  Mr. 
Huskisson  died  at  Manchester,  Sept.  15. 
1830,  in  consequence  of  one  of  his  legs  being 
crushed,  and  other  severe  injuries  sustained, 
by  the  wheels  of  a  locomotive  steam-engine 
coming  in  contact  with  him,  while  present  at 
the  celebration  of  the  opening  of  the  Liver- 
pool and  Manchester  railway. 

IIUSS,  John,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
reformer  and  martyr,  born  at  Hussienitz, 
about  1376.  He  was  the  first  opposer  of 
the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  and  the 
defender  of  Wickliffe  ;  for  which  he  was 
burnt  alive  by  order  of  the  council  of  Con- 
stance, in  1415. 

IIUSSEY,  Giles,  an  English  painter, 
born  at  Mamhull,  in  Dorsetshire,  in  1710. 
He  studied  in  France  and  Italy,  possessed 
considerable  talents,  and  painted  some  good 
pictures  ;  but  he  was  somewhat  eccentric, 
and  met  with  little  encouragement  in  pro- 
portion to  his  merits.    Died,  1788. 

HUTCHESON,  Francis,  LL.D.,  a  me- 
taphysical writer,  was  the  son  of  a  dissent- 
ing minister  in  Ireland.  He  was  born  in 
1694  ;  studied  at  Glasgow  ;  and,  on  his  re- 
turn to  Ireland,  oflSciated  to  a  dissenting 
congregation,  for  some  time,  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  that  kingdom;  but,  in  1729,  he 
was  elected  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
at  Glasgow.  He  was  the  author  of  "An 
Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Beauty  and  Vir- 


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tuc,"  and  a  "Treatise  on  the  Passions." 
In  1755,  his  son,  Dr.  Fkancis  Hltchkson', 
a  physician  of  Glasgow,  printed  from  his 
father's  papers,  "A  System  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy," 2  vols.  4to.  ;  to  which  is  prelixed 
an  account  of  the  author.    Died,  1747. 

HUTCHIXS,  Joiix,  an    English    divine 

I  and  topographer,  was  born  in  Dorsetshire, 

in   KiJH),   and  died   in  1773.      He  was    the 

author  of  the  "  History  and  Antiquities  of 

the  County  of  Dorset,"  2  vols. 

UUTCIIINS,  Thomas,  geographer-general 
to  the  United  States  of  America,  was  born 
in  New  Jersey,  about  1730.  He  had  served 
in  the  army  against  the  Indians  in  Florida  ; 
was  imprisoned  in  England,  in  1779,  on  the 
charge  of  having  corresponded  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  then  American  agent  in  France  ; 
afterwards  joined  the  army  of  General 
Greene  ;  and  died  at  Pittsburgh,  in  1789. 
He  published  several  topographical  and 
historical  works  of  considerable  interest, 

HUTCHINSON,  Ann,  a  religious  enthu- 
Biost  in  America,  who  instituted  meetings 
for  women,  in  which,  pretending  to  enjoy 
immediate  revelations,  she  taught  Antino- 
niian  and  other  sentiments.  By  these  means, 
great  dissensions  were  caused  in  the  churches 
of  New  England,  and  in  1(537  nn  ecclesiasti- 
cal synod  assembled  and  condemned  lier 
errors.  Not  long  after,  slie  was  banished 
from  the  colony,  where,  in  1(3J3,  she  and 
her  family,  consisting  of  15  persons,  were 
captured  by  the  Indians,  and  all  except  a 
daughter  killed. 

HUTCHINSON,  JouN,  an  English  philo- 
sophical and  critical  author,  celebrated  as 
the  opponent  of  Dr.  AVoodward  in  natural 
history,  and  of  Sir  Isaac  Ncwtou  in  philoso- 
phy.    Born,  lt>74  ;  died,  1737. 

HUTCHINSON,  John  Hely,  an  Irish 
statesman  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  1715. 
He  became  secretary  of  state,  and  accumu- 
lated a  number  of  lucrative  employments. 
So  great  indeed  was  his  avidity  for  oflBce 
and  emolument,  that  Lord  Norili  said,  "  If 
England  and  Ireland  were  given  to  this 
man,  he  would  solicit  the  Isle  of  Man  for  a 
potato  garden."  He  possessed  great  talents 
and  eloquence,  and  died  in  1794. 

HUTCHINSON,  John  Helt,  earl  of 
Donoughmore,  born  in  1757,  was  the  se- 
cond son  of  the  preceding.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1774  as  a  cornet  in  the  18th  dra- 
goons, and  rose  regularly  till  he  obtained 
a  lieutenant-colonelcy  in  the  77th,  in  1783. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  French  revo- 
lution he  found  means  for  gaining  access  to 
the  French  camp  at  a  very  interesting  pe- 
riod, and  saw  Lafayette  compelled  to  leave 
those  troops  of  which  he  had  been  the  fa- 
vourite, and  seek  safety  in  flight.  When 
war  was  declared  against  France  in  1793.  he 
raised  a  regiment,  and  obtained  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  served  in  Flanders  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  and  sub- 
sequently in  Ireland  during  the  rebellion. 
In  179»j  he  was  made  a  major-general,  and  In 
1799  he  was  wounded  at  the  Ilelder,  while 
leading  on  his  brigade  in  a  gallant  si  vie.  In 
the  expedition  to  Egypt,  in  1801,  he  was 
second  in  command  to  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
cromby ;  and  when  that  gallant  oificer  fell 
at  the  battle  of  Alexandria,  the  chief  com- 


mand devolved  on  Major-general  Hutchin- 
son; who,  receiving  reinforcements,  advaiiccd 
upon  the  enemy,  and  having  pursued  them 
to  Cairo,  a  capitulation  took  place,  and  the 
expedition  terminated  in  an  agreement  for 
the  French  to  evacuate  Egypt.  For  his  able 
services  in  this  campaign  he  was  rniseil  to 
the  iHierage  as  baron  Hutchinson  of  Alex- 
andria, and  of  Knocklofty,  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  with  a  pension  of  20(KJ/.  per 
annum.  In  ]80()  he  was  sent  on  an  extra- 
ordinary mission  to  the  Prussian  and  Rus- 
sian armies  ;  afterwards  to  the  court  of  St. 
Petersburgh  ;  and,  at  a  later  period,  to  meet 
Queen  Caroline  at  St.  Omer's,  as  the  per- 
sonal friend  of  the  king.  In  1813  he  be- 
came a  full  general,  and  in  1825  he  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  as  earl  of  Donoughmore, 
&c.     Died,  18.32. 

HUTCHINSON,  Thomas,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice, and  afterwards  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colony  of  Massachussetts,  was  born  at 
Boston,  in  1711.  He  had  been  greatly  re- 
spected in  his  province  for  his  able  and  irre- 
proachable conduct  on  the  judicial  bench  ; 
b»it  having  covertly  taken  part  with  Great 
Britain  against  the  American  colonies,  and 
given  the  English  ministers  advice  relative 
to  the  enforcement  of  the  duty  on  tea,  it 
was  found  necessary  to  remove  him  and 
place  General  Gage  in  his  situation.  He 
accordingly  came  to  England,  lived  in  a 
retired  manner  at  Bromiiton,  and  died  there 
in  1780.  Governor  Hutchinson  was  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of  Mas- 
sachussetts Bay,"  &c, 

HUTTEN,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
who,  in  the  16th  century,  founded  a  sict 
called  the  Bohemian  or  Moravian  brethren. 
These  were  the  descendants  of  the  Hussites, 
and  appear  to  have  given  rise  to  the  ana- 
baptists. Hutten  is  sujjposed  to  have  been 
burnt  as  a  heretic  at  Inspruck, 

HUTTEN,  Ulric  von,  a  German  soldier, 
poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born 
at  Steckelberg,  in  Franconia,  in  1488.  He 
was  the  most  violent  of  all  the  early  Re- 
formers ;  and  his  writings  agiiinst  the  Church 
of  Rome  were  so  severe,  that  the  pope  sent 
orders  to  the  inquisitor  to  seize  him  ;  but 
he  fled  into  Switzerland,  and  died  near 
Zurich,  in  1.523.  His  letters  and  poems  are 
very  classical.  Hutten  was  one  of  the  bold- 
est and  most  free-spirited  men  of  his  time  ; 
injustice,  falsehood,  hypocrisy,  and  tyranny 
filled  him  witli  indignation,  and  he  un- 
masked them  with  a  spirit  that  knew  no 
fear. 

HUTTER.Elias  and  Leonard,  two  co- 
temjiorary  Protestant  divines,  born  at  Ulm, 
about  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.  The 
former  is  remarkable  for  having  j)ublished 
a  Hebrew  Bible,  containing  no  less  than 
£0  versions  of  the  117th  psalm  in  various 
languages.  He  also  published  a  Polyglot 
Bible  in  four  languages,  Hebrew,  Greek, 
Latin,  and  German  ;  and  he  afterwards 
added  to  it  the  Italian,  French,  Sclavonic, 

and  Saxon.    Died,  1603 Leonard,  who 

distinguished  himself  as  a  staunch  supporter 
of  the  reformed  church,  published  a  variety 
of  polemical  treatises,  obtained  the  divinity 
professor's  clmir  at  the  imiversity  of  VVit- 
temberg,  and  died  in  1016. 


PF  3 


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HUTTON,  Charles,  LL.D.,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  in  1737.  Having  made  great  progress 
in  his  mathematical  studies,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  production  of  a  small 
work  on  the  principles  of  bridges,  he  was 
appointed  professor  at  the  royal  military 
college,  Woolwich,  elected  F.R.S.,  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  I^L.D,  from  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  He  produced,  in  1706, 
his  "  Mathematical  and  Philosophical  Dic- 
tionary," 2  vols.  4to.  ;  and  in  179H  he  gave  to 
the  world  the  first  edition  of  his  "  Course  of 
Mathematics."  lie  was  afterwards  engaged 
with  Dr.  Pearson  and  Dr.  Shaw  in  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  pub- 
lished in  18  vols.  ;  for  his  labour  in  wliich 
work,  it  is  said,  he  received  60001.  He  retired 
from  his  appointment  at  Woolwich  in  1807, 
witli  a  pension  of  .OOOZ.  ;  and  died  in  182.'i. 

HUTTON,  James,  a  celebrated  geologist 
and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  172(5.  After  finishing  his  educa- 
tion at  the  university,  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  writer  to  the  signet,  but  quitted  the 
legal  profession  for  that  of  medicine,  as 
being  the  nearest  allied  to  chemistry,  which 
was  his  favourite  study.  He  in  consequence 
went  to  the  universities  of  Paris  and  Leyden, 
at  the  latter  of  which  he  took  his  degree  in 
1740  ;  but  on  his  return,  being  desirous  of 
making  himself  conversant  with  agriculture, 
he  settled  upon  a  farm  of  his  own  in  Ber- 
wickshire. In  17(j8  he  went  to  Edinburgh, 
and  from  that  time  he  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  scientific  pursuits,  publishing  nu- 
merous works,  and  investigating  various 
subjects  of  natural  philosophy.  Dr.  Ilutton 
is  chiefly  distinguished  as  the  author  of  a 
system  or  theory  of  geology,  termed  the 
Plutonian,  by  whicli  the  structure  of  the 
solid  parts  of  the  earth  are  accounted  for 
by  the  action  of  subterraneous  fire.  Tliis 
tlieory  excited  a  warm  controversy  among 
men  of  science,  and  met  with  many  fierce 
opponents  :  but  the  late  Professor  Playfair 
advocated  it  in  his  "Illustrations  of  tlie 
Huttonian  Theory  of  the  Earth,"  and  it  has 
since  been  gradually  rising  into  repute. 
Among  the  chief  works  of  Hutton  are,  "  The 
Progress  of  Reason  from  Sense  to  Science 
and  Philosophy,"  3  vols.  4to.;  and  a"  Theory 
of  the  Earth,  with  Proofs  and  Illustrations," 
2  vols.  8vo.     Died,1797. 

HUTTON.  Mattheav,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  born  of  poor  parents  in  I^auca- 
shire  in  1.529,  and  sent  to  Cambridge  in 
1546.  He  became  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
obtained  a  prebend  in  tlie  cathedral  of  St. 
Paul,  and  was  elected  master  of  Pembroke 
Hall.  In  1567  lie  was  preferred  to  the 
deanery  of  York,  from  whence  he  was  re- 
rhoved,  in  1589,  to  the  bishopric  of  Durham, 
and  in  1594  translated  to  the  archbishopric 
of  York.    Died,  1605. 

HUTTON,  William,  an  ingenions  and 
self-educated  writer,  born  at  Derby,  in  1723. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  stocking- weaver  -. 
and  at  the  expiration  of  his  time  he  employed 
his  leisure  hours  in  book-binding.  In  1750 
he  opened  a  shop  for  the  sale  of  old  books, 
to  which  he  added  a  circulating  library,  at 
Birmingham  ;  where  he  succeeded  so  vviU  as 
to  embark  in  the  paper  business ;  and  by 


frugality  and  industry  he  arrived  at  opu- 
lence. In  1791  his  house  at  Birmingham, 
and  villa  near  that  town,  were  destroyed  by 
the  rioters ;  for  which  he  obtained  an  in- 
adequate compensation  from  the  county. 
He  wrote  several  ingenious  works,  among 
which  were  Histories  of  "  Birmingham," 
"  Derby,"  "  Blackport,"  and  the  "  Battle  of 
Bosworth  Field,"  "  Tour  to  Scarborough," 
"  Remarks  on  North  Wales,"  "  Poems,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1815,  aged  92. 

HUXUAM,  JoHX,  a  physician  of  con- 
siderable celebrity  in  the  west  of  England, 
was  born  at  Halberton,  in  Devonshire.  He 
took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Leyden,  under 
Boerliaave,  and,  on  his  return  to  England, 
settled  at  Plymouth,  where  he  continued 
for  30  years  to  practise  with  success.  He 
was  a  great  humourist,  and  particularly  at- 
tached to  the  bottle,  port  wine  being  with 
him  an  universal  remedy,  either  with  bark 
or  without.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  in  whose  Transactions  are  many  of 
Jus  papers.  He  also  published  various  me- 
dical works  ;  and  his  well-known  "  tincture 
of  baik"  still  holds  its  place  in  the  phar- 
macopoeia.   Died,  1768. 

HUYGENS,  Chuisxian,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer,  was  born  at 
the  Hague,  in  1029.  He  was  the  son  of  Con- 
stantiue  Huygens,  lord  of  Zuylichen,  a 
nobleman  of  great  scientific  abilities,  who 
initiated  his  son  in  the  principles  of  general 
science  and  classical  learning,  and  sent  hira 
to  the  university  of  Leyden.  He  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  publication  of 
several  learned  works,  both  astronomical 
and  mathematical  :  he  also  invented  tlie 
pendulum,  improved  the  air-pump,  ascer- 
tained the  laws  of  collision  of  elastic  bodies, 
and  discovered  the  ring  and  one  of  the 
satellites  of  Saturn,  of  which  he  gave  an  ac- 
count in  his  "  Systema  Saturiiinum."  He 
visited  both  France  and  England  for  scientific 
purposes  ;  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1661  ;  and  shortly  after,  at  the 
invitation  of  Colbert,  he  settled  in  France, 
where  he  received  a  handsome  pension,  and 
remained  till  1681,  when  he  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  died  in  1695. 

HUYSUM,  John  van,  a  celebrated  painter, 
was  born  in  1682,  at  Amsterdam,  where  his 
father,  Justus  van  Iluysum,  was  a  respect- 
able artist.  John  was  the  most  distinguished 
flower  and  fruit  painter  of  modern  times,  and 
his  pictures  fetched  enormous  prices :  his 
landscapes  were  also  highly  esteemed.  He 
died  in  1749 — He  had  two  brothers,  Justus 
and  Jacob  ;  the  former  painted  battles,  and 
died  in  his  22ud  year  ;  the  latter  copied  the 
works  of  John  with  great  exactness,  aud  died 
in  London,  in  1740. 

HYDE,  Thomas,  D.D.,  a  learned  divine 
and  orientalist,  was  born  in  1636,  at  Billings- 
ley,  in  Shropshire,  and  studied  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge.  While  there,  before  he 
was  18,  he  assisted  Walton  in  his  great  Poly- 
glot Bible.  In  1658  he  went  to  Oxford,  aud  be- 
came successively  Hebrew  reader  and  keeper 
of  the  Bodleian  Library.  He  was  next  pro- 
moted to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  cathedral, 
and  afterwards  appointed  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew,  and  canon  of  Cliristchurch,  Oxford. 
Died,  1703.     Hia    "Veterum   Persarum  et 


433 


I  hyd] 


^  i^clB  ^aiiibcr^al  3tJt0grapIji». 


[iBD 


Medorum  Historia  "  ia  regarded  as^  highly 
valuable  worki 

II YDER  ALI,  or  IIYDER  ALLY  KHAN, 
a  celebrated  ludian  prince,  who,  during  the 
hitter  part  of  the  ]8tli  century,  was  a  for- 
midable enemy  to  tlie  English  in  Ilindostan, 
was  the  son  of  a  petty  chief  in  the  Mysore, 
lie  introduced  the  European  discipline 
among  Ids  troops,  became  general-in-chief  of 
the  forces  of  Cinoas,  who  then  reigned  at 
Seringupatam  as  a  vassal  of  the  Great  Mogul; 
and  liaving  quarrelled  witli  the  grand  vizier, 
got  liim  into  his  power,  and  eventually  as- 
sumed the  sovereignty  himself,  lie  made 
important  conquests  from  the  Mahrattas, 
twice  invaded  tlie  East  India  Company's 
territories,  and  at  one  time  caused  the  greatest 
apprehension  for  the  safety  of  the  British 
power  in  the  east.  A  treaty  was  concluded 
in  1769,  which  was  broken  in  17S0,  and  the 
war  renewed  with  vigour ;  but  the  skill  of 
Sir  Eyre  Coote  proved  superior  to  llyder, 
who  M\  the  military  operations  to  his  son 
Tippoo  Saib.     He  died  in  17b2. 

HYGINUS,  Cars  Julius,  a  Roman  writer, 
R  freedman  of  Augustus,  and  keeper  of  the 
Palatine  library.  Though  there  is  only  one 
book  of  his  extant,  whieli  is  entitled  "  Po- 
eticon  Astronomicon,"  he  also  wrote  the  lives 
of  illustrious  men,  referred  to  by  Aulus 
Gellius,  and  a  copious  treatise  on  the  cities 
of  Italy. 

HYPATIA,  a  female  philosopher,  of  the 
eclectic  sect,  was  the  daughter  of  Theon,  a 
celebrated  mathematician,  who  governed 
the  Platonic  scliool  in  Alexandria,  in  the 
4tli  century.  She  early  exhibited  proofs  of 
extraordinary  genius  and  judgment;  and 
being  educated  by  iier  father  in  all  l>e  knew, 
she  became  a  preceptress  in  the  school  in 
which  Hieroeles  and  oilier  celebrated  philo- 
Bophera  had  presided.    Her  ready  elocution, 


her  beauty,  and  graceful  address,  united  with 
deep  erudition  and  sound  judgment,  procured 
her  the  admiration  of  all  her  hearers  ;  and 
her  house  became  the  resort  of  all  the  learned 
and  eminent  persons  in  Alexandria,  among 
whom  was  Orestes  the  governor.  This  roused 
the  jealousy  of  Cyril,  a  haughty  and  in- 
tolerant prelate,  at  that  time  the  patriarch 
of  Alexandria ;  and  such  was  the  blind 
bigotry  and  resentment  of  his  monkish  par- 
tisans, that  they  conspired  against  llypatia's 
life,  and  a  furious  band  of  assassins  seizing 
her  as  she  was  returning  home  from  the 
schools,  they  dragged  her  through  the  streets, 
murdered  her  in  the  most  barbarous  manner, 
and  threw  her  mangled  limbs  iuto  the  flames, 
A.  D.  41-.. 

IIYPERIDES,  an  Athenian  orator,  was 
a  disciple  of  Plato  and  Isocrates,  and  the 
contemporary  of  Demosthenes,  against  whom 
he  brouglit  that  accusation  of  bribery  which 
procured  his  banishment.  They  were  after- 
wards reconciled,  and  met  their  tragic  fate 
about  the  same  time,  Hyperides  being  seized 
in  the  temple  of  Ceres,  aud  delivered  up  to 
Antipater,  who  caused  him  to  be  put  to  death, 
B.C.  322. 

IIYPERIUS,  Gerahd  Andrew,  a  Lu- 
theran divine,  born  at  Ypres,  in  Flanders, 
in  1511.  After  studying  at  Paris  and  I^ou- 
vain,  he  visited  England,  and  became  travel- 
ling tutor  to  the  son  of  Lord  Motmtjoy,  who 
settled  a  pension  on  him.  He  then  went  to 
reside  at  Marburg,  where  he  filled  the  di- 
vinity chair  till  his  death  in  lo<i4.  His  works, 
on  theological  aud  mathematical  subjects, 
form  7  vols. 

HYPSICLES,  a  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, known  as  the  author  of  a  treatise, 
entitled  "  Anaphoricus,"  which  is  still  ex- 
tant. He  lived  in  the  2nd  century,  iu  the 
reigns  of  Marcus  Aurelius  aud  Yerus. 


I. 


IBARRA,  Joachim,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
printer,  was  born  at  Saragossa,  in  1720  ;  exer- 
cised his  art  in  Madrid,  where  he  was  king's 
printer;  and  died  there  in  1785.  He  raised 
the  art  of  typography  to  an  excellence  before 
unequalled  in  Spain,  and  from  his  press 
were  issued  magnificent  editions  of  the  Bible, 
the  Mozarabic  Missal,  &c. 

IBAS,  a  bishop  of  Edessa,  in  Mesopotamia, 
in  the  5th  century,  who  is  noted  iu  ecclesi- 
astical history,  on  account  of  the  opposite 
decisions  of  diflerent  councils,  relative  to  the 
orthodoxy  or  heterodoxy  of  his  opinions. 
He  was  deposed  and  re-instated,  condemned 
and  acquitted,  several  times,  on  the  charge 
of  favouring  the  heresy  of  Ncstorius. 

IBBETSON,  Agxes,  a  lady  distinguished 
for  her  researches  in  natural  history  and 
other  sciences,  was  the  daughter  of  A. 
Thompson,  esq.,  of  London,  and  was  married 
to  Mr.  Ibbetson,  a  barrister,  by  whom  she 
was  left  a  widow.  She  devoted  her  attention 
to   the  study  of  astronomy,  geology,  and 


botany,  and  more  especially  to  that  depart- 
ment of  the  latter  which  treats  of  the  physi- 
ology of  plants.  Many  of  her  microscopical 
experiments  on  the  structure  of  vegetables 
were  highly  interesting,  and  were  published 
in  the  Annals  of  Philosophy  and  other  sci- 
entific journals.  Died  at  Exmouth,  Devon, 
in  1823. 

IBBETSON,  Julius  C^sak,  an  ingenious 
landscape  painter,  was  a  native  of  Scar- 
borough, in  Yorkshire  ;  who  so  successfully 
imitated  the  style  of  Berghem,  that  he  was 
termed  by  West,  the  Berghem  of  England. 
Died,  1817. 

IBBOT,  Bexjamin,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Beachamwell,  in  Norfolk,  in 
ICSO,  and  educated  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge. 
Archbishop  Tennison  appointed  him  trea- 
surer of  the  cathedral  of  Wells,  and  gave 
him  the  united  livings  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster 
Lane,  and  St.  Michael  le  Queme.  George  I. 
made  him  one  of  his  chaplains  ;  and  when 
that  monarch  visited  Cambridge,  Mr.  Ibbot 


ibk] 


^  0m  mnibtxs^Kl  23t03raj)I;j). 


[iGN 


was  created  D.  D.  by  the  royal  command. 
He  was  the  Boylcan  lecturer  in  1713  and 
1714,  was  installed  prebendary  of  West- 
minster in  1724,  and  died  the  year  following. 

IBRAHIM  EFFENDI,  a  Turk,  belong- 
ing to  the  body  of  Ulema,  or  lawyers,  who, 
from  a  careful  perusal  of  the  Scriptures,  was 
converted  to  Christianity  in  the  17tii  cen- 
tury, and  baptized  at  Pera.  He  afterwards 
assumed  the  habit  of  St.  Dominic,  and 
tlie  name  of  Paul  Anthony  Effendi.  Died, 
1697. 

IBRAHIM  EFFENDI,  a  native  of  Poland, 
who  was  raised  to  the  first  dignities  in  tlie 
Ottoman  empire.  He  established  tlie  first 
printing  press  in  Turkey  in  1728,  the  Count 
de  Bonneval  furnishing  him  with  tlie  cha- 
racters. The  first  work  which  he  produced 
was  on  the  military  art :  he  afterwards  pub- 
lished tlie"  Account  of  an  Expedition  against 
the  Afghans,"  a  "  Turkish  Grammar,"  and 
a  "  History  of  Turkey." 

IBRAHIM  MANSOUR  EFFENDI,  an 
adventurer  whose  real  name  was  Cerfbere, 
was  the  son  of  a  Jew  at  Strasburg.  He  had 
served  in  the  republican  hussars,  but  became 
BO  violent  a  royalist,  that  he  was  imprisoned. 
In  1802  he  went  to  Constantinople,  embraced 
the  Mahometan  faith,  and  instructed  the 
Turkisli  troops  in  the  European  discipline. 
He  afterwards  travelled  through  the  north 
of  Europe,  and,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Medelshim,  held  a  govenmient  office  in 
Westphalia ;  afterwards  was  engineer  to 
All  Paclia  ;  and,  on  quitting  that  employ, 
travelled  to  various  parts  of  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America.  At  length,  being  in  a  state  of 
absolute  destitution,  he  shot  himself  at  Paris, 
in  1826.  He  was  tlie  author  of  a  "  Memoir 
of  Greece  and  Albania  during  the  Govern- 
ment of  AH  Pacha." 

IBRAHIM  PACHA,  viceroy  of  Egypt, 
stepson  and  successor  of  Mehemet  Ali,  was 
born  at  the  village  of  Cavella,  in  Albania, 
1789.  Inured  from  infancy  to  the  toils  and 
turmoils  of  a  camp,  he  at  an  early  age  dis- 
played the  adventurous  spirit,  high  courage, 
and  undaunted  resolution,  which  distin- 
guished his  subsequent  career.  In  1810  he 
became  generalissimo  of  tlie  Egyptian  army  ; 
and  charged  with  the  task  of  remodelling  and 
disciplining  it  after  the  French  fashion,  he 
proceeded  vigorously  to  work ;  and  in  the 
course  of  a  few  campaigns  completely  de- 
feated the  Wahabees  in  Arabia,  who  from  lsl8 
to  1824  had  resisted  all  the  efforts  of  the  Egyp- 
tian forces  to  subdue  tliem.  During  the  long 
struggle  for  Greek  independence,  Ibrahim 
was  conspicuous  as  leader  of  the  Turks. 
His  army  overran  the  whole  of  the  Morea, 
and  committed  unheard-of  devastations  and 
cruelties;  but  the  battle  of  Navarino,  Oct.  20. 
1827,  when  the  combined  British,  Russian, 
and  French  navies,  under  the  command  of 
Admiral  Codrington,  destroyed  the  Turko- 
Egyptian  fleet,  sent  liim  back  to  Egypt, 
shorn  of  his  conquests,  and  paved  the  way 
for  the  independence  of  Greece.  In  1831  he 
marched  to  the  conquest  of  Syria ;  and 
having  completely  routed  the  sultan's  troops 
at  Koiiieh  in  1832,  he  was  only  restrained 
from  marching  to  Constantinople  by  the 
intervention  of  Russia  ;  but  his  subjugation 
of  Syria  was  complete,  and  a  few  abortive 

440  fl^ 


attempts  made  by  the  population  to  throw 
off  the  Egyptian  yoke  only  ended  in  rivet- 
ting  their  chains  more  firmly  than  before. 
In  1839,  the  sultan  having  made  another 
effort  lor  the  recovery  of  Syria,  was  com- 
pletely overthrown  by  Ibrahim  at  Nizil. 
But  the  European  powers  now  interfered. 
An  English  fleet,  under  the  command  of 
Admirals  Stopfoid  and  Napier,  bore  down 
upon  Syria,  and  having  reduced  Acre,  forced 
Ibrahim  to  conclude  a  treaty,  by  which 
Syria  was  once  more  given  vip  to  the  sultan. 
In  1846,  Ibrahim  visited  England  and 
France.  On  September  1st,  1848,  he  was 
nominated  viceroy  of  Egypt,  in  the  room  of 
Mehemet  Ali,  whom  increasing  years  un- 
fitted for  the  cares  of  government ;  but  a 
severe  attack  of  bronchitis,  acting  on  a 
constitution  already  debilitated  by  youthful 
excesses,  and  unbounded  indulgence  in  his 
riper  years,  i'ut  him  off  after  a  short  reign  of 
two  months  and  ten  days.    Died,  1848. 

IBYCUS,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  was  a  native 
of  Rhegium,  and  flourished  about  .540  b.  c. 
He  was  murdered  by  robbers,  and  in  the 
moment  of  dying  he  observed  a  flight  of 
cranes  passing,  whom  he  implored  to  be  his 
avengers.  Some  time  after,  as  these  mur- 
derers were  walking  in  Rhegium,  one  of 
them,  seeing  some  cranes  in  the  air,  said  to 
his  companions,  "Here  are  the  avengers  of 
Ibj'cus,"  which  exciting  the  suspicion  of  a 
person  who  overheard  them,  the  wretches 
were  apprehended  and,  being  tortured,  con- 
fessed their  crime. 

ICTINUS,  an  Athenian  architect,  who 
lived  in  the  4th  century  b.  c,  and  Mas  era- 
ployed  by  Pericles  in  the  erection  of  the 
Parthenon.  He  also  built  the  temple  of 
Ceres  and  Proserpine  at  Eleusis,  and  the 
temple  of  Apollo  Epicurus  in  Arcadia. 

IDACIUS,  a  Spanish  bishop  of  the  5th 
century,  who  wrote  a  chronicle,  commencing 
with  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Theodo- 
sius,  and  ending  with  the  eleventh  of  that  of 
Leo.  The  consular  fasts  are  also  attributed 
to  him. 

lETZELER,  Christopher,  a  Swiss  ar- 
chitect, born  at  Schaffhausen,  in  1734.  He 
studied  under  the  celebrated  Euler  at  Ber- 
lin, and  travelled  in  several  parts  of  Europe. 
He  filled  the  mathematical  chair  at  his 
native  place  with  great  distinction,  and  died 
in  1791. 

IFFLAND,  Auousirs,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  born 
at  Hanover,  in  1759.  In  1796  he  was  in- 
vited to  Berlin,  to  take  the  direction  of  the 
theatre  there,  and,  in  1811,  was  appointed 
general  director  of  all  the  royal  plays.  He 
died  in  1814.  His  works  comprise  47  plays, 
memoirs,  and  reflections  upon  the  theory  of 
his  art.  So  greatly  was  he  admired  by  many, 
that  he  has  been  termed  the  Moliere  of 
Germany  ;  and  Madame  de  Stael  said  of 
him,  that  there  was  not  an  accent  or  a 
gesture  for  which  Iff  land  could  not  account 
as  a  philosopher  and  an  artist. 

IGNARRA,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Neapo- 
litan antiquary,  bom  in  1728.  He  became 
principal  professor  of  sacred  literature  in 
the  college  of  Urbano,  at  Naples  ;  was  di- 
rector of  the  royal  printing  otHce  ;  tutor  to 
tlie  hereditary  prince  Francis  of  Bourbon  > 


ign] 


^  ^cU)  ^m'bpr^al  JJiosrapl^ii. 


[iwc 


and  published  a  learned  work,  entitled  "De 
Talasstra  Neapolitaua  Commeutarium." 
'  Died,  1808. 

IGNATIUS,  St.,  sumamed  Theophorus, 
an  eminent  father  of  the  church  and  a 
martyr,  was  a  native  of  Syria,  and  a  disciple 
of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  by  whom  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Ant ioch,  a.  i).  CH.  He  con- 
tinued there  till  107,  when  Trajan  entered 
tlie  city  in  triumph,  after  having  conquered 
the  Scythians  and  Dacians.  A  persecution 
of  the  Christians  followed,  and  Ignatius, 
after  a  long  conference  with  the  emperor, 
was  sent  to  Rome,  where  he  was  doomed  to 
suffer  the  dreadful  death  of  being  exposed 
to  the  fury  of  wild  beasts  in  tlie  amphi- 
theatre. Seven  of  his  genuine  epistles  re- 
main, and  were  published  by  Usher,  at  Ox- 
ford, in  l(i4.'>. 

IGNATIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
was  the  son  of  the  emperor  Michael  Curo- 
paluta,  and  of  Procopia,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Nicephorus.     He  died  in  878. 

IlIUE,  JoHX,  a  learned  Swede,  was  born 
at  Upsul,  in  1707.  His  grandfather  was 
arclibishop  of  Upsal,  where  the  subject  of 
tills  article  had  his  education  ;  after  which 
he  travelled  into  various  parts  of  Europe, 
and  on  his  return  became  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences.  In  1748  he  was  made 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  politics,  an  olHc« 
the  duties  of  which  he  discharged  with  great 
ability  for  40  years  ;  and  died  in  1780.  His 
chief  works  are  "  L.exicou  Dialectorum," 
"  Glossarium  Sueco-Gothicum,"  2  vols,  folio; 
and  "  De  Kuuorum  Autiquitate,  Fatria, 
Origine,  et  Occasu." 

ILIVE,  Jacob,  an  English  printer  and 
letter  founder,  who  published  some  strange 
pieces,  as  a  pretended  translation  of  tJie 
book  of  Jasher,  an  oration  proving  that  this 
world  is  hell,  that  men  are  fallen  spirits, 
and  that  the  lire  to  destroy  them  at  the  day 
of  judgment  will  be  immaterial,  &c.  He 
died  in  1708. 

IMBERT,  Bartholomew,  a  French  poet, 
was  born  at  Nismes  in  1747.  His  poem  on 
the  "  J  udgment  of  Paris  "  has  been  much  ad- 
mired. He  also  published  a  volume  of  fa- 
bles ;  was  the  author  of  an  agreeable  novel, 
entitled  "  Les  Egaremens  de  I'Amour,"  and 
some  other  pieces.    Died,  17'J0. 

lAIBERT,  JosEPU  Gabkiel,  a  painter  of 
considerable  merit,  who  studied  under  Le 
Brun  aud  Vander  Meulen,  was  bora  at 
Marseilles,  in  1054.  At  the  age  of  34  he 
entered  into  the  Carthusian  order,  but  was 
permitted  by  his  brethren  to  exercise  his 
pencil  on  religious  subjects.  Died,  174'J, 
aged  95. 

IMHOFF,  John  William,  a  lawyer  and 
senator  of  Nuremberg,  who  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  history  and  the  descents 
and  alliances  of  all  the  great  families  of 
Europe  ;  hence  he  became  an  eminent  ge- 
nealogist, and  produced  many  able  works 
illustrative  of  liis  science.  Born,  1051 ; 
died,  1728. 

IMPERIALI,  Joseph  Rexatus,  a  cele- 
brated cardinal,  born  of  an  illustrious  Ge- 
noese family,  in  1051.  He  was  employed 
by  different  popes  in  the  most  important 
aifairs,  and  iu  the  conclave  of  17130  was 
within  one  vole  of  being  elected  pope  him- 


self. For  probity,  liberality,  and  a  love  of 
literature,  few  excelled  him.    Died,  1737. 

INA,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  a  valiant 
prince  and  an  able  legislator,  succeeded 
Ceadwalla,  in  089.  llaving  obtained  advan- 
tages over  the  people  of  Kent  in  094,  he 
wrested  Somersetshire  and  other  parts  of 
the  west  of  England  i"rom  the  Britons.  He 
afterwards  made  war  upon  the  Mercians  ; 
but  the  latter  part  of  his  reign  was  spent  in 
works  of  peace,  and  he  ended  his  days  in  a 
monastery,  having  resigned  his  crown  in 
728.  The  laws  of  Ina  served  as  the  found- 
ation of  the  code  formed  by  Alfred,  and 
some  of  them  are  still  extant. 

INCHBALD,  Elizabeth,  a  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer  of  great  talent,  was  born 
at  Stanningfield,  near  Bury,  Suffolk,  in  1750. 
Having  lost  her  father  at  the  age  of  10,  she 
went  to  Loudon  with  the  view  of  obtaining 
an  engagement  for  the  stage,  where,  after 
escaping  many  dangers  in  her  rash  adven- 
ture, slie  married  Mr.  Inchbald,  an  actor 
of  some  celebrity,  and  accompaiiied  him  on 
several  provincial  tours.  He  died  in  1779, 
and  Mrs.  Inclibald  obtained  an  engagement 
at  Covent  Garden  in  1780,  where  she  con- 
tinued 8  years,  and  was  deservedly  popular. 
After  her  retirement  from  tlie  stage  in  1789, 
slie  depended  upon  her  literary  labours. 
She  wrote  19  dramas,  several  of  which  were 
decidedly  successful,  and  among  them  may 
be  noticed  "  Such  Things  Are,"  "  Every  One 
has  his  Fault,"  "  Lover's  Vows,"  &c.,  besides 
two  novels,  "The  Simple  Story,"  and  " Na- 
ture and  Art."  Mrs.  Inchbald  also  edited 
"  The  British  Theatre,"  iu  25  vols.;  a  similar 
collection  of  popular  farces,  in  7  vols.  ;  and 
"The  Modern  Theatre,"  in  10  vols.  She 
died  in  1821,  having  passed  a  life  attended 
with  many  difficulties  and  temptations  with 
unsullied  reputation,  and  disjdaying  the 
noble  and  self-denying  character  of  her 
nature,  as  may  be  seen  from  her  "  Life  and 
Correspondence,"  published  by  Buaden,  iu 
2  vols.  8vo. 

INC1IOFER,Melchior,  a  German  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Vienna  in  1584.  He  wrote  a 
book,  entitled  "  Tlie  Virgin  Mary's  Letter 
to  tlie  People  of  Messina  proved  to  be  Ge- 
nuine," which  gave  great  offence  to  his 
bretiiren,  whom  he  found  great  difficulty 
in  appeasing.  lie  also  wrote  a  satire  against 
them,  which  was  printed  after  his  death, 
under  the  title  of"  Monarchia  Solipsorum," 
and  the  "  Ecclesiastical  History  of  lluugary," 
&c.     Died  at  Milan,  in  1048. 

INCLEDON,  BexVjamin  Charles,  a  ce- 
lebrated English  singer,  was  born  at  St. 
Keveran,  in  Cornwall,  in  1704,  where  his 
father  practised  as  a  surgeon.  When  only  8 
years  old,  the  astonishingly  fine  tones  of  his 
voice  induced  his  parents  to  article  him  to 
Jackson  of  Exeter,  under  whose  tuition  he 
remained  as  a  chorister  in  Exeter  Cathedral, 
until  he  was  15.  Not  liking  the  restraints  to 
which  he  was  necessarily  subject,  he  abruptly 
quitted  his  situation  in  1779,  and  entered  as 
a  common  sailor  on  board  the  Formidable, 
of  98  guns,  and  remained  in  the  royal  navy 
five  years,  during  which  time  ho  went  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  saw  some  service. 
His  vocal  abilities  having,  however,  attracted 
the  notice  of  his  officers,  he  was  advised  to 


ing] 


^  ^m  mnibtvSal  2Si0grajjf)n. 


[inn 


try  his  fortune  on  tne  stage.  He  accordingly 
joined  CoUins's  company  at  Soutliampton, 
in  1783,  and  next  year  accepted  an  engage- 
ment at  Bath,  where  tlie  manager  intro- 
duced him  to  the  acquaintance  of  llauzinni, 
who  did  much  towards  perfecting  him  in 
the  vocal  art.  In  1790  he  made  liis  debat 
at  Covent  Garden  Tlieatre,  with  great  suc- 
cess, as  Dermot,  in  "  Tlie  Poor  Soldier," 
and  rose  at  once  into  a  degree  of  popular- 
ity, which  attended  him  till  the  infirmities 
consequent  upon  advancing  years,  and  an 
irregular  mode  of  life,  compelled  him  to 
quit  the  stage.  His  voice  combined  uncom 
mon  power,  sweetness,  and  flexibility,  both 
in  tlie  natural  tones  and  in  the/a/se(<o,  and 
his  intonation  was  singularly  correct ;  in- 
deed, those  who  have  heard  him  in  "The 
Storm,"  "  Black-eyed  Susan,"  or  any  of  the 
better  sort  of  the  old  English  ballads  and 
hunting  songs,  will  not  easily  forget  a  style 
of  singing  which,  we  believe,  has  seldom,  if 
ever,  had  its  equal.    Died,  1826. 

INGENHOUSZ,  Joiix,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  cliemist,  was  born  at  Breda, 
in  1730.  He  came  early  to  England,  and 
having  learnt  the  Suttonian  method  of  in- 
oculation, went  to  ^'ienna,  in  order  to  in- 
oculate the  daughter  of  the  emperor  ;  for 
which  he  was  made  iriperial  physician, 
and  obtained  a  pension.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  treatises  on  subjects  of  natural 
history,  was  elected  a  fellow  of  tlie  Koyal 
Society,  and  died  in  1799. 

INGLiIS,  Henry  David,  a  writer  of  some 
distinction,  whose  earliest  worlds  were  pub- 
lished in  the  name  of  Derwent  Conway,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  born  in  1795.  An 
ardent  desire  to  visit  foreign  countries,  and 
a  not  less  ardent  love  of  literature,  led  him 
to  indulge  both  propensities  by  visiting  the 
Continent  and  recording  his  observations. 
His  first  work  was  entitled  "  Tlie  Tales  of 
Ardennes,"  which  was  followed  by  "  Solitary 
Walks  through  many  Lands  ;"  after  which 
appeared  his  "  Travels  in  Norway  and  Swe- 
den," "  Spain  in  1830,"  "  The  New  Gil  Bias," 
&c.  After  his  return  from  Spain,  he  made 
a  tour  through  Ireland,  the  result  of  which 
was  an  admirable  work,  entitled  "  Ireland 
in  1834."  His  constitution  at  length  sunk 
under  his  literary  exertions  ;  he  was  seized 
with  a  disease  of  the  brain,  and  died  in 
183.5. 

INGLIS,  Sir  James,  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Fifeshire,  where  he 
was  born  in  the  reign  of  James  IV.  He 
joined  the  French  faction  against  the  Eng- 
lish, and  in  some  skirmishes  preceding 
the  battle  of  Pinkey  so  distinguished  him- 
self, that  he  was  knighted  on  the  field.  In 
1548  he  published  at  St.  Andrew's  his  noted 
"  Complaint  of  Scotland."  He  died  at 
Culross,  in  1554. 

INGLIS,  Joiix,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Scottish 
divine,  was  born  in  Perthshire,  17G3.  In 
1796  he  succeeded  Principal  Robertson  as 
joint  minister  of  the  Grey  Friars  Church, 
Edinburgh.  For  nearly  30  years  he  was  the 
leader  of  the  moderate  party  in  the  Pres- 
bytery of  Edinburgh ;  and,  besides  some 
minor  publications,  he  was  the  author  of 
two  works  of  great  merit,  one  on  the  "  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity,"  and  the  other  in 


442 


"  Defence  of  Church  Establishments."   Died, 
18:34.  j 

INGPtAM,  RoEEUT,  an  English  clergy-  I 
man,  born  at  Beverley,  Yorkshire,  in  1727  ;  ' 
author  of  several  learned  and  ingenious  ! 
treatises  on  scriptural  subjects,  among  ' 
which  is  "  An  Account  of  the  Ten  Tribes  of  1 
Israel  being  in  America,  originally  written 
byManasseh  Ben  Israel,  with  Observations." 
Died,  1804. 

INGRASSIAS,  John  Piiu.ip,  an  eminent 
Sicilian  physician,  bom  in  1510.  He  filled 
the  chair  of  medicine  and  anatomy  at  Naples 
with  great  credit ;  and  when  the  plague 
raged  at  Palermo,  he  adopted  such  salutary 
regulations  as  put  a  stop  to  the  calamity. 
He  wrote  several  medical  and  anatomical 
works,  in  one  of  which  he  ably  defended  the 
rules  and  practice  of  Galen.  Ingrassias  ranks 
among  the  improvers  of  anatomy,  by  his 
discovery  of  the  bone  called  stapes,  in  the 
ear,  and  by  that  of  the  seminal  vesicles. 
Died,  1580. 

INGULPIIUS,  abbot  of  Croyland,  and 
autlior  of  a  history  of  that  abbey,  was  born 
in  London,  about  1030.  William,  duke  of 
Normandy,  while  a  visitor  at  the  court  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  made  Ingulphus, 
tlien  of  the  age  of  twenty-one,  his  secretary. 
He  afterwards  went  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and,  upon  his  return,  entered 
into  the  order  of  the  Benedictines,  at  the 
abbey  of  Fontenelle,  in  Normandy,  of  which 
he  became  prior.  On  the  acquirement  of 
the  crown  of  England  by  William,  Ingul- 
phus was  created  abbot  of  the  rich  monas- 
tery of  Croyland,  which  he  was  enabled  to 
rebuild  ;  and,  by  the  favour  of  the  king  and 
Archbishop  Lanfranc,  he  obtained  for  it 
many  privileges.  The  history  of  this  monas- 
tery commences  with  the  year  664,  is  brought 
down  to  1091,  and  is  interspersed  with  many 
particulars  of  the  English  kings.   Died,  1109. 

INNOCENT.  There  have  been  thirteen 
popes  of  this  name,  of  whom  the  following 
deserve  a  niche  in  our  work  :  — 

INNOCENT  I.,  St.,  was  a  native  of  Al- 
bano,  and  succeeded  Anastasius  I.  as  bishop 
of  Rome,  in  402.  He  supported  St.  Chry- 
sostom,  and  renounced  communion  with  the 
Eastern  churches  on  account  of  their  treat- 
ment of  that  eminent  man.  In  409,  he  en- 
deavoured to  obtain  terms  of  peace  with 
Alaric,  but  was  unsuccessful,  and  during  the 
following  year  Rome  was  taken  and  pillaged. 
Died,  417. 

INNOCENT  II.,  a  Roman  of  noble  birth, 
elected,  in  1130,  by  a  part  of  the  cardinals, 
whilst  others  chose  Peter  of  Leon,  who  took 
the  name  of  Anacletus.  This  contest  for  the 
papal  chair  continued  until  the  death  of  the 
latter  in  1138,  although  the  monarchs  of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Germany  espoused  the 
cause  of  Innocent.  The  whole  period  of  his 
pontificate  was  one  continued  struggle  for 
pre-eminence,  either  with  rival  popes  or  un- 
bending kings.     Died,  1143. 

INNOCENT  III.,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
of  the  popes,  was  descended  from  the  Counts 
of  Scgni,  and  born  at  Anagni,  in  1161.  He 
was  raised  to  the  papacy  in  1198  ;  and  being 
endowed  by  nature  with  all  the  talents  of 
a  ruler,  possessed  of  great  erudition,  and 
favoured  by  circumstances,  he  was  better 


inn] 


^  ^tb)  Bnibcx^al  33t0srai)!)B. 


[ire 


qualified  than,  any  of  liis  predecessors  to 
elevate  the  papal  power.  His  first  care  was 
to  unite  the  Christian  princes  in  a  crusade 
for  the  recovery  of  Palestine,  and  in  order  to 
succeed,  he  began  by  a  cruel  persecution  of 
tlie  Albigenses.  He  put  France  under  an 
interdict,  because  Tliilip  Augustus  divorced 
his  queen  ;  and  he  was  still  more  arbitrary 
in  his  treatment  of  John,  king  of  England, 
for  refusing  to  confirm  the  election  of  Ste- 
phen Langton,  as  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
Innocent  laid  the  kingdom  under  an  inter- 
diet,  and,  in  1212,  formally  deposed  him,  and 
instigated  the  king  of  France  to  attack  Eng- 
land. John  was  finally  obliged  to  submit ; 
resigned  his  territories  to  Rome ;  and  re- 
ceived them,  as  a  papal  fief,  from  Innocent, 
from  whom  he  was  unable  to  obtain  absolu- 
tion until  he  liad  paid  large  sums  of  money. 
Almost  all  Christendom  was  now  subject  to 
the  poi)e  ;  two  crusades  were  undertaken  at 
his  order,  and  his  influence  extended  even  to 
Constantinople.  Under  his  rule,  in  fact,  the 
temporal  power  of  the  papal  see  was  built 
upon  a  solid  foundation,  lie  reigned  from 
sea  to  sea,  and  the  Roman  republic,  in  her 
first  four  centuries,  did  not  possess  a  more 
extended  territory.  Yet  it  must  be  admitted, 
that  he  acted  in  accordance  with  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  his  writings  ;  he  enforced 
purity  of  morals  in  the  clergy,  and  was 
himself  irreproachable  in  private  life  ;  but 
the  cruel  persecution  of  the  Albigenses  in 
the  south  of  France,  which  he  encouraged, 

I  and  the  inquisitorial  tribunals  established 
by  him  in  1198,  from  which  the  inquisition 
itself  originated,  are  stains  on  his  pontifi- 
cate, but  partially  effaced  by  a  consideration 
of  the  spirit  of  the  times,  and  the  disordered 
state  of  tlie  Christian  world.  In  1215  he 
convoked  the  fourth  general  council  of  the 
Latcran,  consisting  of  more  than  1300  arch- 
bishops, bishops,  prelates,  and  ambassadors 
of  European  princes,  by  which  transubstan- 
tiation  in  the  Lord's  Supper  and  auricular 
confession  were  established  as  dogmas  ;  and 
it  was  at  this  famous  council  that  the  cele- 
brated orders  of  St.  Dominic  and  St.  Francis 
were  confirmed.     Died,  1216. 

INNOCENT  XI.  (Be.vedict  Odescal- 
ciii),  born  in  1611,  was  the  son  of  a  banker 
at  Como,  in  the  Milanese.  In  his  youth  he 
served  as  a  soldier  in  Germany  and  Poland  ; 
quitted  the  camp  to  take  orders  ;  and  rose, 
through  the  intermediate  dignities,  to  the 
pontificate  in  1076,  on  the  death  of  Clement 

1  X.  He  was  eminent  for  his  probity  and 
austerity,  restraining  luxury  and  excess, 
and  even  prohibiting  women  from  learning 
music.  Nor  was  he  less  distinguished  for 
the  enmity  he  bore  to  France,  or  rather  its 
sovereign,  Louis  XIV.  ;  his  dispute  with 
whom  was  highly  favourable  to  the  English 
revolution,  as  it  induced  the  pipe,  in  1689, 
to  unite  with  the  allies  against  James  II..  in 
order  to  lower  the  influence  of  Louis.  His 
conduct  in  this  respect  has  led  many  Ca- 
tholics to  assert,  that  he  sacrificed  their 
religion  to  his  personal  resentment  ;  but 
Bayle  judiciously  observes,  that  the  extreme 
preponderance  of  any  great  Catholic  sove- 
reign is  injurious  to  the  interests  of  the 
papacy,  and  mentions  the  similar  conduct 
of  Scxtus  v.,  in  relation  to  Philip  II.  of 


413 


Spain  and  queen  Elizabeth  of  England. 
He  died  in  1()«9,  aged  78. 

IPHICRATES,  a.  famous  Athenian  mili- 
tary commander,  during  the  4th  century 
B.C.,  who  raised  himself  to  eminence,  by 
courage  and  talents,  early  in  life.  In  the 
war  of  Corinth,  395  B.C.,  he  successfully 
opposed  Agesilaus,  the  warlike  king  of 
Sparta.  He  afterwards  commanded  a  body 
of  auxiliary  troops  in  the  service  of  Arta- 
xerxes,  king  of  Persia,  in  an  expedition  to 
Egypt  ;  and,  in  368  B.C.,  he  relieved  Sparta, 
when  invaded  by  the  Theban  general  Epa- 
minondas.  In  the  social  war,  he  was  one  of 
the  commanders  of  the  fleet  fitted  out  by 
the  Athenians,  for  the  recovery  of  Byzan- 
tium ;  when,  l)eing  accused  of  treachery  by 
one  of  his  colleagues,  he  defended  himself 
with  such  spirit,  that  he  was  acquitted  ;  but 
though  he  lived  to  a  great  age,  he  did  not 
again  engage  in  the  military  operations  of 
Athens. 

IPHITTJS,  king  of  Elis,  in  Greece,  me- 
morable as  the  insti tutor  of  the  famous 
Olympic  games,  in  the  8th  century  B.C. 
These  games,  at  first  consisting  only  of 
athletic  exercises,  but  afterwards  including 
horse  and  chariot  racing,  and  even  the  trials 
of  skill  among  rival  candidates  in  music, 
poetry,  eloquence,  &c.,  were  celebrated  every 
4th  year,  in  the  mouth  of  July,  near  Olym- 
pia,  a  city  of  Elis. 

IRELAND,  JoH.y,  an  ingenious  writer 
on  works  of  art,  was  born  near  Wem,  in 
Shropshire,  and  brought  up  to  the  watch- 
making business.  He  afterwards  became  a 
dealer  in  paintings  and  prints ;  and  died, 
near  Birmingham,  in  1789.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Hogarth  Illustrated,"  3  vols.  ;  and  the 
"  I^ife  and  Letters  of  John  Heuderson,"  the 
actor. 

IRELAND,  Joiiy,  the  very  rev.  dean  of 
Westminster,  celebrated  for  his  learning  and 
for  his  intimate  connection  with  some  of  the 
most  eminent  men  of  his  time,  was  born  at 
Ashburton,  in  Devonshire,  1762,  and  received 
contemporaneously  with  Gilford,  the  learned 
editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review,  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  education  at  the  free  grammar  school 
of  Ashburton.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  after  holding  a  small  curacy  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  his  native  place,  he  tra- 
velled with  the  son  of  Sir  James  Wright,  by 
whose  interest  he  was  in  1793  collated  to  the 
vicarage  of  Croydon  in  Surrey.  In  1802  he 
was  made  a  prebend  of  Westminster,  which 
promotion  was  followed  by  his  succeeding 
to  the  deanery  of  Westminster  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Vincent  in  1816.  He  was  a  somewhat 
voluminous  author  ;  besides  writing  some  of 
the  most  important  papers  in  the  earlier 
numbers  of  the  Quarterly  Review,  he  pub- 
lished "Five  Discourses  containing  certain 
Arguments  for  and  Agaiui-t  the  Reception 
of  Christianity  by  the  ancient  Jews  and 
Greeks,"  "  Vindicia  Regiaj,  a  Defence  of  the 
Kingly  Office,"  "  Paganism  and  Christianity 
compared,"  "  Nuptiaj  Sacrae,  an  Inquiry  into 
the  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Marriage  and 
Divorce,"  and  other  works,  exclusively  theo- 
logical. As  his  life  had  been  distinguished 
by  his  patronage  of  literature,  so  his  will 
evidenced  that  he  was  desirous  tliat  his 
ample  fortune  —  an  immense  one  if  we  con- 


ire] 


^  ^t\si  Wimbcx^nl  SSuijjrajpt)"* 


[iRV 


aider  his  origin  and  early  prospects  —  should 
benefit  botli  religion  and  literature  after  his 
death.  Besides  many  charitable  bequests 
for  the  benefit  of  the  various  places  with 
which  he  had  been  connected,  he  left  200()/. 
to  his  college,  Oriel,  Oxford,  for  an  exhibi- 
tion ;  5000?.  for  a  chapel  in  Westminster  ;  and 
the  princely  sum  of  10,000?  to  the  university 
of  Oxford,  for  a  "  Professor  of  the  Exigesis 
of  the  Holy  Scripture."  Died,  September  1. 
1842,  aged  80. 

IRELAND,  Samuel,  was  originally  a  silk 
manufacturer  in  Spitalflelds  ;  but  having 
a  taste  for  the  arts,  he  became  a  speculator 
in  scarce  books,  prints,  &c.,  and  published 
many  embellished  tours.  In  1796  his  cha- 
racter sustained  a  deep  injury  in  consequence 
of  the  part  he  took  in  the  publication  of  an 
impudent  forgery,  fabricated  by  his  son, 
which  made  a  great  noise  at  the  time,  and 
was  entitled  "  Miscellaneous  Papers  and 
Legal  Instruments,  under  the  hand  and  seal 
of  William  Shakspeare,"  &c.  His  son,  how- 
ever, acquitted  him  of  wilful  participation 
in  this  gross  literary  fraud,  in  what  he 
termed  an  "  Authentic  Account  of  the  Shak- 
speare Manuscripts."  Besides  a  variety  of 
"  Picturesque  Tours  "  above  alluded  to, 
Samuel  Ireland  published  a  work  in  one  vo- 
lume, entitled  "Graphic  Illustrations  of 
Hogartli." 

IREN^US,  St.,  a  Christian  martyr  in 
the  2nd  century,  was  bishop  of  Lyons.  lie 
was  a  man  of  considerable  learning,  and 
animated  with  an  ardent  zeal  for  Christian- 
ity ;  in  which  cause  he  suffered  during  the 
fifth  persecution  under  Septimus  Severus,  in 
202,  and  is  honoured  as  a  saint. 

IRENE,  an  empress  of  Constantinople, 
alike  famous  for  her  talents,  her  beauty, 
and  her  crimes,  was  by  birth  an  Athenian, 
and  married  liCO  IV".,  after  whose  death,  in 
769,  she  raised  herself  and  her  son  Constan- 
tine  "VI.,  who  was  then  but  9  years  old,  to 
the  imperial  throne.  Charlemagne  at  that 
time  menaced  the  Eastern  empire.  Irene 
at  first  delayed  him  by  promises  ;  and  at 
length  went  so  far  as  to  oppose  him,  arms 
in  hand  ;  but  he  totally  defeated  her  army 
in  the  year  788.  When  Constantine  had  ar- 
rived at  manhood,  he  refused  to  permit  her 
to  participate  longer  in  the  government,  and 
actually  reigned  alone  7  years  ;  but  the  in- 
human and  unnatural  empress  caused  him 
to  be  deprived  of  his  sight,  and  assumed  the 
sovereignty.  Her  entrance  into  Constanti- 
nople on  a  triumphal  car  of  gold  and  pre- 
cious stones,  her  liberality  to  the  people,  the 
freedom  which  she  bestowed  on  all  prisoners, 
and  other  artifices  employed  by  her,  were 
not  sufiicient  to  secure  her  from  the  conse- 
quences of  her  criminal  accession.  Nicepho- 
rus,  who  was  placed  on  the  imperial  throne, 
exiled  her  to  the  isle  of  Lesbos,  where  she 
died,  in  80.3. 

IRETON,  IIexry,  a  soldier,  statesman, 
and  regicide,  was  born  at  Atteuton,  in  Not- 
tinghamshire, in  1010  ;  studied  at  Trinitv 
College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple"; 
and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion, 
joined  the  parliamentarians,  the  left  wing 
of  whose  army  he  commanded  at  the  battle 
of  Naseby.  Having  married  a  daughter  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,    he  soon  rose  to    prefer- 


ments i  sat  in  judgment  upon  the  king, 
whom  he  had  previously  betrayed  ;  and 
was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Ire- 
land, where  he  died  in  1651.  His  body 
was  brought  to  England,  and  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey  till  the  Restoration, 
when  it  was  taken  up,  suspended  at  the  gal- 
lows, and  then  thrown  into  a  pit  with  those 
of  Cromwell  and  Bradshaw. 

IRVING,  the  Rev.  Edward,  M.  A.,  a 
native  of  Annan,  Scotland,  was  born  in 
1792.  He  received  the  first  rudiments  of 
classical  education  of  the  village  school- 
master, which  he  completed  at  the  imiver- 
sity  of  Edinburgh.  When  a  mere  child  he 
is  said  to  have  been  singular  in  his  way  of 
thinking,  habits,  and  amusements ;  and, 
before  he  had  reached  the  17th  year  of  his 
age,  he  was  recommended  as  a  teacher  of 
the  mathematics,  bj'  Professor  Leslie,  to  an 
academy  at  Haddington.  That  situation  he 
left,  in  order  to  fill  a  similar  one  at  Kirk- 
kaldy,  where  he  remained  7  years,  and 
during  which  time  he  became  enamoured 
of  Miss  Isabella  Martin,  whom  he  afterwards 
married.  In  1819  he  went  to  Edinburgh, 
with  a  determination  of  becoming  a  preacher 
of  the  gospel  ;  and  on  Dr.  Chalmers  hear- 
ing him  in  the  pulpit,  he  appointed  him 
his  assistant  at  St.  John's  Church,  Glasgow. 
In  182.'J  he  was  appointed  to  preach  at  the 
Caledonian  Asylum,  in  Cross  Street,  Hat- 
ton  Garden,  and  introduced  to  the  public  as 
the  late  assistant  of  Dr.  Chalmers.  The 
force,  eloquence,  and,  it  may  be  added,  the 
novelty  of  style  and  manner  of  Mr.  Irving, 
drew  such  large  congregations  to  the  Cale- 
donian Asylum,  that  those  only  were  ad- 
mitted who  could  procure  tickets  —  even  for 
"  standing  room  ;  "  while  these  were  chiefly 
distributed  among  the  noble,  wealthy,  and 
liberal  of  both  sexes  ;  in  short,  it  became 
"quite  the  fashion"  to  attend  Mr.  Irving, 
whose  grotesque  appearance,  violent  gesticu- 
lation, peculiar  phraseology,  and  general 
attack  upon  all  professors  whose  opinions 
were  opposed  to  his  own,  had  created  so 
ardent  a  curiosity  to  hear  him,  that,  from 
about  50  seats  being  previously  occupied  in 
the  chapel,  applications  were  made  to  the 
amount  of  1500.  He  occasionally  preached 
at  different  chapels  for  charities,  bible  socie- 
ties, &c.  He  published  many  of  his  sermons 
and  opinions  ;  and  on  becoming  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Drummond,  joined  "  the  prophets," 
as  they  were  called,  of  Albury  Park,  the  seat 
of  the  latter.  These  "  prophets "  were  20 
or  30  persons  assembled  together  at  the 
above-named  seat,  for  the  express  object  of 
studying,  or  elucidating,  "the  sublime  science 
of  sacred  prophecy,"  a<;counts  of  which  were 
published  in  1827.  In  the  course  of  this  and 
the  following  year  the  change  in  Mr.  Irving's 
doctrines  became  evident  to  his  former  ad- 
mirers ;  and  in  1830  he  was  charged  with 
"  heresy  "  by  the  Scotch  church  in  London. 
Proceedings  of  the  presbytery  were  carried 
on  against  him  ;  and  the  judgment  of  that 
body  being  approved  by  the  trustees  of  the 
National  Scotch  Church,  which  had  been 
erected  for  him  in  Regent  Square,  he  was 
dismissed  therefrom,  and  afterwards  deposed 
by  the  presbytery  of  Annan.  With  fanatics, 
generally,  the    greater  the   absurdity,    the 


IRW] 


%  ^clM  aintbrr^itl  38i'05rajpljg. 


[isi 


stronger  ia  the  attacliment  to  it ;  and  some 
of  Mr.  Irving's  warmest  friends  resolved  on 
providing  him  with  a  chapel,  wherein  he 
might  preach  uncontrolled.  The  picture- 
gallery  of  the  late  Mr.  West,  in  Newman 
Street,  waa  fitted  up  for  that  purpose,  and 
there  the  novelty  of  what  he  termed  "  ma- 
nifestations of  the  spirit,"  as  evinced  by  the 
screams  and  ravings  in  "  unknown  tongues  " 
of  the  deluded  or  the  artful,  ensured  him 
full  audiences.  About  this  time  he  felt  it 
necessary" to  return  to  Scotland  in  the  hope 
of  recruiting  his  health  ;  but,  on  arriving  at 
Glasgow,  he  rai)idly  became  wor.se,  and  he 
died  on  the  6th  of  December.  183J,  with  all 
the  external  symptoms  of  old  age,  though 
only  in  his  42nd  year. 

ikWIN,  Evi-Ks,  was  bom  at  Calcutta,  of 
Irish  parents,  in  1748,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation in  England.  In  17(57  he  returned  to 
the  east  in  a  civil  capacity  ;  but  was  sus- 
pended, in  1777,  for  his  attachment  to  Lord 
Pigot ;  on  which  he  came  to  Europe  over 
land  to  seek  redress,  obtained  it,  and  was 
restored  to  his  former  station  at  Madras, 
whither  he  again  repaired.  In  178.')  he 
returned  again  to  England  ;  but  in  1792  he 
went  to  China  to  superintend  the  Company's 
utfiiirs  ;  after  which  he  revisited  England, 
where  he  died  in  1817.  His  works  are 
"  Adventures  during  a  Voyage  up  the  Red 
Sea,  and  a  Journey  across  the  Desert," 
"Eastern  Eclogues,"  an  "Epistle  to  Mr. 
Ilayley,"  "  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Hyder 
Ally,"  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Feasibility  of 
Buonaparte's  Expedition  into  the  East," 
"Napoleon,  or  the  Vanity  of  Human 
Wishes,"  &c. 

ISAAC,  Karo,  a  rabbi,  who  was  forced 
to  quit  Spain  in  consequence  of  the  edict 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  1499,  which 
compelled  the  Jews  to  leave  that  country 
within  4  months,  or  become  Christians.  He 
first  went  to  Portugal,  and  from  tlience  to 
Jerusalem,  but  was  so  unfortunate  as  to 
lose  all  his  children  on  their  journey,  as 
I  well  as  his  library.  He  then  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  solitude,  occupying 
himself  in  writing  a  Commentary  on  the 
I  Pentateuch. 

!      ISAACSON,  He.vry,  the  author  of  a  va- 
j  luable  system  of  chronology,  was  the  son  of 
Richard  Isaacson,  sheriff  of  London.    Born, 
1581 ;  died,  1654. 

ISABELLA  OF  Castile,  the  celebrated 
queen  of  Spain,  daughter  of  John  II.,  was 
born  in  1451,  and  married,  in  14<J9,  Ferdi- 
nand v.,  king  of  Arragon.     After  the  death 
of  her  brother  Henry  IV.,  in  1474,  she  as- 
cended the  throne  of  Castile,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of   her  eldest  sister  Joanna,  who  had 
the  rightful  claim  to  the  crown.    After  the 
kingdoms    of    Arragon    and    Castile    were 
united,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  together  as- 
sumed the  royal  title  of  Spain.     She  was 
haughty  and  ambitious  ;  but  with  the  graces 
and  charms  of  her  sex,  Isabella  united  the 
courage  of  a  hero,  and  the  sagacity  of  a 
I  statesman  and  legislator  :    she  was   always 
present  at  the  transaction   of  state  affairs, 
I  and  her  name  was  placed  beside  that  of  her 
I  husband    in     public    ordinances.       Private 
I  warfare,   which  had  formerly  prevailed  to 
I  the  destruction  of  public  tranquillity,  she 


1^ 


checked,  and  introduced  a  vigorous  admi- 
uistraticm  of  justice.     Died,  I'AH. 

IS^US,  an  Athenian  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Lysias  and  Isocrutes.  He  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  4th  century  b.  c,  was  wholly 
unconnected  with  public  affairs,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  the  task  of  instructing 
others.  Eleven  of  his  orations  are  still 
extant. 

ISCANUS,  JosEPHUs,  or  Joseph  op  Exe- 
ter, was  a  distinguished  writer  of  Latin 
poetry,  who  accomi)anied  Richard  Coeur  de  , 
l>ion  to  Palestine.  He  wag  the  author  of 
an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  Antioeheis,"  or 
the  deeds  of  Richard  which  the  poet  had 
himself  witnessed.  This  is  unfortunately 
lost  ;  but  another,  on  the  Trojan  war,  is 
still  extant.  Warton  styles  Iscanus  "  the 
miracle  of  his  age  in  classical  composition." 
Died,  1224. 

ISELIN,  Isaac,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  an  ingenious  writer,  burn  at  Basle,  in 
1728,  of  the  grand  council  of  which  city  he 
became  secretary  in  17;j6.  His  principal 
work  is  entitled  "The  History  of  Mankind," 
2  vols.  8vo.  ;  but  many  others  came  from 
his  pen,  and  he  carried  on  an  extensive 
correspondence  with  the  literati  of  his  own 
and  other  countries.    Dicl,  1782. 

ISEMBERT  OK  Xaintes,  a  French  archi- 
tect of  the  twelfth  century,  whose  skill  in 
building  the  bridges  of  Xaintes  and  Rochelle 
induced  John,  king  of  England,  to  recom- 
mend him  to  the  citizens  of  London,  in  1201, 
OS  an  engineer,  or  architect,  who  might  be 
useful  to  them  in  completing  the  bridge  over 
the  Thames  then  building.  This  structure 
(old  London  Bridge)  has  of  late  years  been 
removed,  and  its  place  supplied  by  a  noble 
erection,  which,  for  architectural  beauty  and 
solid  masonry,  has  never  been  equalled.  The 
old  bridge  was  commenced  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  priest  called  Peter  of  Colechurch 
in  1176,  and  it  was  finished  in  1209,  pro- 
bably by  Isembert  ;  but  the  style  in  which 
it  was  executed  says  but  little  for  the  state 
of  architectural  science  in  England  during 
the  12th  century. 

ISIDORE  OF  Miletus,  a  Greek  architect 
of  the  6th  century,  who,  together  with 
Anthemius,  was  employed  by  the  emperor 
Justinian  to  erect  the  church  of  St.  Sophia, 
at  Constantinople.  It  is  now  used  as  a 
mosque. 

ISIDORE  OF  Pelusium,  a  saint  in  the 
Romish  calendar,  and  so  called  from  his 
retiring  to  a  solitude  near  the  town  which 
bears  that  name,  was  a  celebrated  disciple 
of  St.  Chrysostom,  and  flourished  in  the 
5th  century.  He  Mrote  3000  epistles  on 
theological  questions  and  ecclesiastical  dis- 
ciidine. 

ISIDORE  OF  Seville,  another  Romish 
saint,  was  born  at  Carthagena,  of  which 
city  his  father  was  governor.  Isidore  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  in  the  bishopric  of  Seville 
in  601,  and  died  in  636.  His  works  are 
numerous,  and  among  them  is  a  chronicle, 
ending  at  the  year  626.  The  editions  of  his 
Missal  and  Breviary  are  "very  scarce. 

ISLA,  JosKi'ii  Francis  de,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  was  born  at  Segovia,  in  1714  :  and 
after  the  expulsion  of  his  order  from  Spain, 
retired  to   Italy,  and  died  at  Bologna,  in 


ISO] 


^  ^cfcD  ?aiutici*^al  23i0graji!)i). 


[iTn 


1783.  His  principal  work,  "  The  Life  of 
Friar  Gerund,"  is  a  bitter  satire  upon  tlie 
absurdity,  fanaticism,  and  ignorance  of  tlie 
monks,  and  upon  tlie  prevailing  faults  of 
pulpit  eloquence.  He  possessed  much  of 
that  kind  of  humour  for  which  his  country- 
man Cervantes  is  so  justly  famed,  and  was 
•well  calculated  to  effect  a  reform  in  the 
manners  of  those  whom  he  satirised,  if,  in- 
deed, the  shafts  of  satire  could  possibly  reach 
such  a  race  of  drones  and  bigots. 

ISOCRATES,  one  of  the  greatest  orators 
of  Greece,  was  born  at  Athens,  b.  c.  436,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  musical  instrument-maker. 
His  principal  teachers  were  Gorgias,  Pro- 
dicus,  and  Theramenes.  On  account  of  his 
weak  voice  and  natural  timidity,  he  took 
but  little  share  himself  in  public  speaking, 
but  he  applied  himself  with  the  greatest 
ardour  to  instruction  in  the  art  of  eloquence, 
and  preparing  orations  for  others.  He  was 
particularly  distinguished  for  a  polished 
style  and  a  harmonious  construction  of  his 
sentences ;  his  subjects  were  the  most  im- 
portant points  of  morals  and  politics  ;  and 
it  is  recorded  to  his  honour  that  he  never, 
by  writing  or  accusation,  injured  a  single 
individual.  He  was  warmly  attached  to  the 
liberties  of  his  country  ;  and  such  was  his 
grief  on  hearing  of  the  fatal  battle  of  Che- 
ronaea,  that  he  took  no  food  for  four  days, 
and  literally  died  of  starvation,  in  the  98th 
year  of  his  age. 

ITTIGIUS,  Thomas,  a  Lutheran  di\'ine 
and  theological  writer,  born  at  Leipsic,  in 
1644.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy 
at  his  native  place,  and  afterwards  licentiate 
and  professor  in  divinity.    Died,  1710. 

ITURBIDE,  AnouSTiN,  emperor  of  Mex- 
ico, was  born  at  Valladolid.  in  New  Spain, 
in  1784,  and  entered  the  military  service  at 
the  age  of  17.  In  1810  he  was  a  lieutenant 
in  the  provincial  regiment  of  his  native  city, 
but  his  military  skill  and  valour  were  con- 
spicuous, and  led  to  his  further  promotion  ; 
so  that  in  1816  he  had  risen  to  the  command 
of  the  northern  army,  which  occupied  the 
provinces  of  Guanaxuato  and  Valladolid. 
About  this  time  he  was  suspected  and  ac- 
cused of  want  of  fidelity  to  tlie  royal  cause  ; 
but  though  acquitted  of  the  imputation, 
the  disgust  wliich  he  felt  in  consequence  of 
this  charge  led  liim  to  retire  for  a  while 
from  active  service.  Subsequent  events 
opened  a  new  career  for  his  ambition.  He 
was  invited  to  take  the  command  of  an 
army  destined  to  the  South,  and  he  marched 
to  Acapulco,  in  the  latter  part  of  1819. 
There  he  matured  a  plan,  the  professed 
object  of  which  was  the  emancipation  of 
Mexico  from  t'le  yoke  of  Spain,  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  country,  tlie  protection  of 
religion,  and  the  union  of  the  Spaniards  and 
Mexicans.  On  the  strength  of  this  plan 
Iturbide  continued  his  march  to  Qiieretaro, 
and  was  soon  joined  by  Victoria,  the  most 
devoted  of  the  friends  of  liberty.  Tlie  road 
to  power  was  now  entirely  open  before  Itur- 
bide. He  took  possession  of  the  capital  in 
the  name  of  the  nation,  and  established  a 
regency,  consisting  of  members  nominated 
by  himself,  and  wholly  under  his  control. 
Finding  that  the  republicans  saw  through 
his  intentions,  and  were  opposed  to  his  do- 


mination, he  resolved  to  preserve  his  autho- 
rity by  boldly  usurping  the  crown  ;  and 
accordingly,  through  the  subserviency  of  his 
troops,  and  the  concurrence  of  a  portion  of 
the  deputies,  he  was  proclaimed  emperor, 
May  18.  1822.  It  was  decreed  that  the  crown 
should  be  hereditary  in  the  family  of  Itur- 
bide, and  that  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars 
should  be  his  yearly  allowance  ;  at  the  same 
time  conferring  the  title  of  princes  on  his 
sons,  and  establishing  an  order  of  knight- 
hood and  other  accessories  of  a  monarchy. 
The  friends  of  liberal  institutions,  overawed 
and  held  at  bay  by  the  power  of  the  usurper, 
fled  to  their  wonted  retreats,  or  temporised 
until  a  fitting  season  should  arrive  for  acting 
with  union  and  efiiciency.  But  they  could 
not  acquiesce  in  a  state  of  things  so  adverse 
to  their  feelings.  Iturbide  was  driven  by 
his  necessities  to  exasperate  the  minds  of 
the  people,  already  disgusted  with  successive 
usurpations.  Defection  now  became  general 
among  the  officers  of  the  aimy,  and  in  all 
the  provinces,  so  that  Iturbide  saw  plainly 
that  his  cause  was  liopeless,  and  hastily 
assembled  at  Mexico  the  dispersed  members 
of  Congress,  and  tendered  to  them  his  abdi- 
cation of  the  crown,  March  20.  1823.  Con- 
gress agreed  to  grant  Iturbide  a  large  yearly 
pension,  on  condition  of  his  leaving  the 
Mexican  territory  for  ever,  and  residing 
somewhere  in  Italy,  making  suitable  provi-  | 
sion  for  his  family  in  case  of  his  deatli.  He 
proceeded  to  the  coast,  imder  escort  of  Gene- 
ral Bravo,  and  embarked.  May  11.  1823,  for 
Leghorn.  He  might  have  continued  to  live 
happily  in  one  of  the  charming  villas  of 
Tuscany,  had  he  not  been  impelled  by  an 
insane  ambition  to  attempt  the  recovery  of 
his  lost  empire.  With  this  object  he  left 
Italy  for  England,  and  embarked  for  Mex- 
ico, May  11.  1824,  precisely  a  year  after  his 
departure  from  it,  and  arrived  in  sight  of 
the  port  of  Soto  la  Marina,  July  14.  During 
the  year  that  had  elapsed,  the  Mexicans  had 
adopted  a  republican  constitution,  and  Itur- 
bide had  no  party  nor  friends  in  the  nation. 
The  government  had  been  apprised  of  his 
leaving  Italy,  and  suspected  his  design.  A 
decree  was  passed,  bearing  date  April  28. 
1824,  declaring  him  to  be  proscribed  as  a 
traitor,  and  requiring  that,  in  case  he  landed 
in  the  country,  the  mere  fact  should  render 
him  a  public  enemy.  Wholly  deceived  in 
regard  to  the  fate  which  awaited  him,  Itur- 
bide landed  at  Soto  la  Marina,  accompanied 
only  by  Beneski,  his  secretary,  and  was 
almost  immediately  arrested  by  order  of  La 
Garza,  commander  of  the  province  of  New 
Santander,  to  whom  he  had  applied  for  pass- 
ports, pretending  that  they  were  for  persons 
who  had  visited  Mexico  on  a  mining  specu- 
lation. La  Garza  lost  no  time  in  conducting 
his  prisoner  to  Padilla,  the  capital  of  the 
province,  demanding  instructions  how  to 
act,  of  the  provincial  legislature.  His  fate 
was  but  for  a  short  time  delayed  ;  sentence 
of  immediate  death  was  pronounced  ;  and 
while  preparations  for  executing  the  sen- 
tence were  making,  Iturbide  addressed  the 
assembled  people,  protesting  his  innocence 
of  any  treasonable  purpose,  and  exhorting 
them  to  observe  the  duties  of  patriotism, 
religion,  and  civil    subordination.      He  is 


iva3' 


^  ^elu  ^nihtxSnX  33i00rapi^i?. 


[JAC 


allowed  to  have  possessed  great  military 
talents,  and  considerable  strength  of  cha- 
racter ;  and  had  he  been  led  to  use  his  I 
influence  in  the  establishment  of  a  free  | 
government,  he  might  tiave  realised  the  | 
expectations  of  those  who  gave  him  credit  \ 
tor  intending  to  follow  the  example  of 
Washington,     He  was  shot,  July  19.  1824. 

rVANOF,  Feodor  Feodokovitscu,  a 
Russian  dramatist,  was  born  in  1777.  He 
first  served  in  the  army,  from  which  he  was 
removed  to  the  commissariat  department ; 
was  the  author  of  several  comedies,  and  a 
tragedy  called  •' Martha,  or  the  Conquest  of 
Novogorod."    Died,  181G. 

IVKS,  John,  an  English  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Yarmouth,  in  ITvil.  lie  became 
Suffolk  herald  extraordinary,  and  pub- 
lished three  numbers  of  select  papers  on 
subjects  of  English  antiquities  ;  also  "  Re- 
marks on  the  Garianouum  of  the  Romans," 
"  Remarks  on  English  Coins,"  &c.  Died, 
1776. 

IVETAUX,  Nicholas  "Vauqelix,  Seig- 
neur d',  a  French  poet  and  man  of  letters, 
born  in  1551).     lie  succeeded  his  father  as 


lieutenant-governor  of  Caen,  in  Normandy  ; 
but  being  of  a  gay  disposition  he  quitted  it 
for  the  metropolis,  and  was  selected  by  the 
"Fair  Gabrielle"  to  till  the  situation  of 
tutor  to  her  son,  the  young  duke  of  Ven- 
dome.  He  afterwards  became  tutor  to  the 
dauphin,  but  his  licentious  course  of  life 
occasioned  his  dismissal.  He,  however,  re- 
ceived a  pension,  and  lived  till  he  was  90 
years  of  age.  He  wrote  a  clever  poem,  en- 
titled "  Institution  d'un  Prince,"  and  a 
variety  of  other  pieces.    Died,  1C49. 

IZAACKE,  Richard,  author  of  "The 
Antiquities,  or  Memorials  of  the  City  of 
Exeter,"  was  born  there,  tilled  the  offices  of 
town  clerk  and  chamberlain,  and  died  in 
17()0. 

IZIOCAI.T  II.,  the  fourth  king  of  Mexico, 
ascended  the  throne  in  1433,  and  died  in 
1445.  During  his  reign  all  the  warlike  na- 
tions on  the  borders  of  the  lake  of  Mexico 
were  reduced  to  subjection.  He  also  con- 
quered the  Tepencans,  fortified  and  embel- 
lished his  capital,  formed  a  body  of  laws  for 
his  subjects,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  real 
founder  of  the  Mexican  empire. 


JABLONOWSKY,  Joseph  Alexander 
VON,  a  Polish  prince,  born  in  1712.  Pre- 
ferring a  life  of  literary  ease,  he  resigned 
his  dignity  when  tlie  troubles  broke  out  in 
his  country,  and  Ment  to  live  at  Leipsic, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  as  the  patron 
of  science,  founded  a  society,  called  by  his 
name,  which  still  exists.  He  wrote  "The 
Lives  of  Twelve  Generals,"  a  "  Treatise  on 
Sclavonic  Poetry,"  and  other  works.  Died, 
1777. 

JABLONSKI,  Daniel  Ernest,  a  native 
of  Dantzic,  born  in  ICCO,  who,  after  study- 
ing at  several  universities,  among  which  was 
Oxford,  eventually  became  an  ecclesiastical 
counsellor  at  Berlin  and  president  of  the 
academy.  He  was  an  able  divine,  and  la- 
boured earnestly,  though  without  success,  in 
endeavouring  to  promote  a  union  between 
the  Lutherans  and  Caivinists.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works,  and  translated 
Bentley's  "  Boy  lean  Lectures"  into  Latin. 
Died,  1741. 

JABLONSKI,  Theodore,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Dantzic  in  1(5.54,  and 
became  counsellor  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
He  cultivated  a  taste  for  pliilosophy  and 
general  literature  with  great  success,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  "  Course  of  Ethics," 
and  several  other  works  of  merit.  Died, 
1731. 

JABLONSKI,  Paul  Ernest,  nephew  to 
the  preceding,  and  son  of  Daniel  Ernest, 
was  the  author  of  a  very  erudite  treatise 
on  the  mythology  of  ancient  Egypt,  in  3 
vols.,  and  other  able  works,  theological  and 
antiquarian.     Died,  17.57. 

JACKSON,  General  Andrew,  president  of 
the  United  States  from  1829  to  1837,  was 


bom  in  South  Carolina,  17C7.  His  father 
was  an  Irish  emigrant.  At  the  oge  of  IC  he 
took  part  in  the  war  of  independence  ;  at 
the  close  of  which  he  became  a  law  student, 
and  was  thus  enabled  to  discharge  efl^ciently 
some  high  legal  offices  in  Tennessee,  to  which 
he  was  subsequently  appointed.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  with  England  in  1812, 
he  took  vigorous  measures  for  the  defence  of 
the  menaced  territory  ;  in  1814  he  was  ap- 
pointed major-general;  and,  among  other  ex- 
ploits, which  raised  him  to  the  highest  point 
of  popularity,  he  gained  the  decisive  victory 
over  the  English,  Jan.  8. 1815,  at  New  Orleans, 
which  put  an  end  to  the  war.  The  same 
success  attended  his  arms  against  the  Creek 
tribes,  whom  lie  repeatedly  subdued.  In 
1821,  lie  was  appointed  governor  of  Florida; 
and  his  gallant  deeds  being  still  fresh  in  his 
countryman's  recollection,  he  was  brought 
forward  by  the  democratic  party  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency,  elected  in  1829,  and 
re-elected  in  18;i3.  His  period  of  otKce  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  the  extension  of 
democratic  tendencies  which  took  place 
during  it.  He  obtained  from  France  the 
payment  of  an  indemnity  of  2.5  millions  of 
francs  for  injuries  done  to  the  commerce  of 
the  United  States  during  the  empire.  His 
refusal  to  renew  the  hank  charter,  in  183.3, 
led  to  one  of  the  most  violent  financial  crises 
on  record.  General  Juckson  was  endowed 
with  inflexible  will  and  an  ardent  patriotism; 
but  he  brought  with  him  to  power  the  pas- 
sions of  a  partisan,  and  he  did  not  always 
respect  legality,  as  his  treatment  of  Ar- 
buthnot  and  Ambrister,  during  the  war  with 
Florida,  will  show.  Died,  1845. 
JACKSON,  Dr.  Cvkil,  an  eminent  divine, 


Q  Q  2 


JAC] 


^  ^e1\)  SlntiJcr^aX  3SicsrapT)i?. 


[jAC 


was  born  in  174G.  at  Stamford,  where  his 
father  was  a  medical  practitioner.  He  be- 
came sub-preceptor  to  George  IV.  wiien 
prince  of  Wales,  for  which  he  was  made 
canon  of  Christcliurch,  and  on  the  elevation 
of  Dr.  Bagot  to  a  bishopric,  Jie  succeeded 
him  in  the  deanery,  which  he  resigned  in 
1809.  Dr.  Jackson  was  an  excellent  gover- 
nor of  his  college  and  an  elegant  scholar, 
but  he  as  studiously  avoided  the  press  as  he 
did  the  mitre,  though  the  primacy  of  Ireland 
was  offered  him,  as  well  as  an  English 
bishopric.    Died,  1819. 

JACKSON,  Dr.  William,  bishop  of  Ox- 
ford, was  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  and 
born  at  Stamford,  in  1750.  He  became  a 
prebendary  of  York,  rcgius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Oxford,  preacher  to  the  society  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  canon  of  Christcliurch,  and, 
in  1811,  bishop  of  Oxford.  He  translated  a 
tract  on  the  Sieve  of  Eratosthenes  into  Latin, 
published  some  sermons,  and  was  a  sound 
mathematician.     Died,  1815. 

JACKSON,  Joiix,  a  learned  Hebraist  and 
controversial  writer,  was  born  at  Lensy,  in 
Yorkshire,  in  168(5.  The  corporation  of 
Doncaster  gave  him  the  living  of  Rossing- 
ton,  but  the  pertinacity  with  which  he  sup- 
ported his  Arian  principles  prevented  his 
farther  rise  in  the  church.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Chronological  Antiquities  ;  "  and 
left  behind  him  the  character  of  a  learned 
and  sincere  writer,  though  strongly  tinc- 
tured with  the  faults  of  a  violent  polemic. 
Died,  1763. 

JACKSON,  Joiijr,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  was  born  at  Lastingliam, 
in  Yorkshire,  in  1778,  and  apprenticed  to 
his  father,  who  was  a  tailor;  but  discover- 
ing a  decided  talent  for  the  art  in  wliich  he 
afterwards  excelled,  his  abilities  procured 
him  the  protection  of  Sir  George  Beaumont, 
through  whose  means  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, and  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
At  the  time  he  entered  the  great  theatre  of 
art,  Lawrence,  Opie,  Beechey,  and  other 
eminent  masters,  pre-occupied  tlie  particu- 
lar branch  he  had  chosen,  and  for  a  time 
he  contented  himself  with  painting  portraits 
in  water-colours,  in  which  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful. He  was,  however,  determined  to 
take  a  high  stand,  if  possible,  as  a  portrait 
painter  in  oil  ;  and  the  tact  with  which  he 
copied  the  works  of  the  old  masters  sur- 
prised his  contemporaries.  He  was  elected 
royal  academician  in  1817  ;  and  when,  in 
1819,  he  travelled  through  Italy,  and  visited 
Borne  with  Mr.  Chantrey,  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Luke.  Jack- 
son "  had  an  uncommon  readiness  and  skill 
of  hand,  a  rapid  felicity  of  finish,  which 
enabled  him  to  dash  off,  at  a  few  sittings, 
whatever  he  undertook  ;  his  colouring  was 
deep,  clear,  and  splendid  ;  and  in  this  he 
more  resembled  Reynolds  than  any  artist 
since  his  day."    Died,  1831. 

JACKSON,  RoBEKT,  M.  D.,  was   an  in- 
spector of  military  hospitals,  and  many  years 
chief  of  the  medical  department  of  the  army 
in  the  West  Indies.     He  served  as  a  regi- 
1  mental  surgeon  in  North  America  in  1778, 
j  and  on  returning  to  England  he  settled  as  a 
physician  at  Stockton.     On  liostilities  with 
j  France  taking  place  in  1793,  he  again  engaged 


44» 


in  the  army  service,  and  was  employed  for 
many  years  on  tlie  Continent  and  in  the 
West  Indies.  Among  his  works  are  a  treatise 
"On  the  Fevers  of  Jamaica,  with  Observ- 
ations on  tlic  Intermittents  of  America," 
"  Remarks  on  the  Constitution  of  the  Me- 
dical Department  of  the  British  Army," 
&c.  He  died  at  Thursby,  near  Carlisle,  in 
1827. 

JACKSON,  Thomas,  dean  of  Peterbo- 
rough, a  learned  divine  of  the  17th  century, 
was  a  native  of  the  county  of  Durham  ; 
born  in  1579,  and  died  in  1640.  He  wrote 
many  excellent  devotional  tracts,  but  his 
principal  work  consists  of  a  "  Commentary 
on  the  Apostles'  Creed,"  a  performance  com- 
bining great  learning  and  research. 

JACKSON,  William,  a  musical  com- 
poser and  author,  was  born  in  1730,  at 
Exeter,  and  received  the  rudiments  of  a 
classical  education,  with  a  view  to  his  fol- 
lowing one  of  the  liberal  professions.  His 
taste  for  music  displayed  itself,  however, 
so  decidedly  while  he  was  j-et  a  youth,  that 
his  friends  were  induced  to  place  him  under 
Travers,  the  organist  of  the  cathedral  be- 
longing to  his  native  city.  Having  passed 
two  years  in  the  metropolis,  he  returned  to 
Exeter  in  1750,  and,  succeeding  eventually 
to  the  situation  of  organist,  there  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  published 
several  books  of  songs,  canzonets,  hymns, 
and  sonatas  of  his  composition,  which  are 
still  held  in  esteem  for  their  chasteness 
of  conception  and  truth  of  expression  :  he 
was  also  the  author  of  a  treatise  "  On  the 
present  State  of  Music,"  "  The  Four 
Ages,"  &c.  Mr.  Jackson  was  likewise  a 
landscape  painter  of  no  mean  powers.  Died, 
1804. 

JACKSON,  William,  a  Protestant  cler- 
gyman, by  birth  an  Irishman,  who  earned 
a  disgraceful  notoriety  by  carrying  on  a 
treasonable  correspondence  with  the  French 
in  1704,  and  recommended  the  invasion  of 
Ireland.  Being  convicted  of  this  offence, 
and  while  his  counsel  were  about  to  move 
for  an  arrest  of  judgment,  he  expired  in 
court,  and  on  examination  it  appeared  he 
had  taken  poison. 

JACOB,  Ben  Hajim,  a  rabbi  of  the  IGth 
century,  who  published  the  Masora  at 
Venice,  in  1.525,  in  4  vols,  folio,  with  the  text 
of  the  Bible,  the  Chaldee  Paraphrase,  and  the 
Rabbinical  Commentaries.  This  work  is 
greatly  esteemed  by  the  Jews. 

JACOB,  Ben  Naphthali,  a  learned  Jew, 
of  the  5th  century.  The  invention  of  the 
Masoretic  points  and  accents  is  inscribed  to 
him  and  Ben  Aser. 

JACOB,  Giles,  an  industrious  English 
lawyer,  who  published,  among  a  great  variety 
of  works,  a  "  Law  Dictionary "  and  the 
"Lives  and  Characters  of  English  Poets." 
He  died  in  1744,  aged  54. 

JACOB,  Henry,  pastor  of  the  first  con- 
gregation of  Independents  in  England,  was 
a  native  of  Kent.  After  graduating  at  Ox- 
ford, he  was  preferred  to  the  benefice  of 
Cheriton,  near  Hythe  ;  but  having  published 
a  polemical  tract,  in  which  he  avowed  lus 
sepai  ation  from  the  church  on  conscientious 
grounds,  he  found  it  necessary  to  withdraw 
from  England  for  a  time.     He  at  length. 


JAC] 


^  ^eta  Winibcvinl  2>t0(irap|)p. 


[JAH 


however, returned,  and  established  a  separate 
congregation  on  independent  principles  ;  but 
in  l(i24  he  went  to  America,  and  there  died. 
—  His  aon,  of  the  same  name,  studied  under 
Erpcnlus  at  Leyden,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  knowledge  in  oriental  literature.  He 
afterwards  obtained  a  fellowship  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  and  graduated  both  in  arts 
and  plj:j'sic ;  but  he  was  ejected  from  his 
fellowship  by  the  parliamentary  commis- 
siouers,  and  died  at  Canterbury,  in  1652. 
He  wrote  many  learned  works. 

JACOB,  John  (noticed  here  as  an  instance 
of  longevity),  was  a  native  of  Franche  Comti?, 
Who,  having  attained  the  age  of  120,  waa 
I  sold  hj"  his  grand-daughter  to  a  mountebank 
i  for  100  crowns.  Dragged  from  town  to  town, 
and  exhibited  as  a  public  show,  the  old  man 
sunk  under  the  fatigue,  and  sliortly  after 
died,  17!K). 

JACOUI,  Jonrt  GsonoE,  a  German  poet, 
was  born  in  1740,  at  Dusseldorf  t  studied  at 
Gottingen  ;  Was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
eloqtience  at  Halle  \  atnl,  Bubsequently,  of 
the  belles  lettres  at  Frlburg,  Mliich  he  re- 
tained during  hi*  life.  The  style  of  Jacobi 
was  formed  on  that  of  the  ligliter  French 
poetfl,  and  possesses  much  case  and  gaiety. 
Died,  1814. 

JACOBS,  FitEDEnic,  a  celebrated  philolo- 
gical writer,  was  born  at  Gothar,  in  Saxony, 
in  l'G4.  In  178o  lie  became  a  tcaclier  in  the 
gymnasium  of  his  native  city,  where  he 
published  a  number  of  excellent  works,  of 
which,  independent  of  those  of  a  critical  or 
philological  character,  may  be  noticed  liis 
"  School  for  Women,"  7  vols.,  and  "  Tales," 
5  vols.    Died,  1847. 

JACOBS,  Jt-KiEjr,  was  a  native  of  Swit- 
zerland, born  in  1610.  He  studied  under 
Snydets,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  fidelity 
and  «pirit  with  whicli  he  painted  the  animals 
in  his  hunting  pieces. 

JACOBS,  liUCAS,  commonly  called  Lucas 
VAX  Leydex,  was  born  at  Leyden,  in  1494. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  Hugh  Jacobs, 
and  next  under  Cornelius  Engelbrecht. 
Many  of  his  pictures  in  oil  and  distemper 
are  to  be  found  on  tlie  Continent ;  but  he  is 
now  best  known  by  his  engravings.  Died, 
1533. 

JACOPONE,  Da  Todi,  so  called  on  ac- 
count of  his  birthplace,  was  an  Italian  poet, 
whose  real  name  was  Jacopo  de  Benedetti. 
On  being  left  a  widower  he  distributed  his 
property  among  the  poor,  and  entered  into 
the  orcler  of  Minorites  as  a  servitor.  He 
composed  Sacred  Canticles,  Latin  poems, 
and  the  famous  "  Stabat  Mater,"  since  so 
celebrated  by  the  compositions  of  Ilaydn, 
Pergoiesi,  &c.    Died,  130(5. 

JACOTOT,  Jean  Joseph,  originally  a 
captain  of  artillery  in  Napoleon's  army,  and 
subsequently  sub -director  of  the  Polytechnic 
School,  was  deprived  of  his  office  at  the  re- 
storation for  having  been  a  member  of  the 
chamber  during  the  "hundred  days."  Re- 
tiring to  Belgium,  he  there  conceived  and 
put  into  partial  practice  a  new  system  of 
education,  on  the  principle  that  all  intelli- 
gences are  equal,  the  only  difference  between 
man  and  man  being  the  result  of  circum- 
stances more  than  of  nature.  He  has  left 
several  works  upon  the  subject,  interesting 

449 


for  ingenuitj',  if  not  for  correctness.  Born, 
1770  ;  died,  1840. 

J ACQUARD,  Joseph  MARiK,the  inventor 
of  the  beautiful  apparatus  for  figured  weav- 
ing which  bears  his  name,  was  born  at 
Lyons,  1752.  At  an  earlv  age  he  displayed 
a  taste  for  mechanics,  whicli  distinguished 
him  through  life  ;  and  whether  in  book- 
binding, type  founding,  or  cutlery— all  of 
which  lie  tried  in  his  youth  —  he  showed  a 
strong  aptitude  for  improvement.  On  his 
father's  death,  he  attempted  to  carry  on  the 
weaving  business,  which  he  inherited  from 
him,  but  with  little  success  ;  and  soon  after- 
wards, during  the  troubles  of  the  French 
revolution,  he  lost  his  little  all,  having  been 
comijelled  to  flee  from  Lyons  after  its  re- 
duction b}'  the  army  of  the  Convention. 
He  then  joined  the  army  of  the  Rhine  ;  but 
having  seen  his  son  fall  in  battle  by  his  side,  he 
once  more  returned  to  Lyons,  where  he  was 
obliged  to  earn  a  precarious  sustenance  in 
the  humble  occupation  of  plaiting  straw. 
But  a  new  era  was  now  in  store  for  him. 
In  1801  he  submitted  to  the  "National  Ex- 
position "  his  celebrated  machine,  which 
forms  a  memorable  epoch  in  the  textile  art ; 
and  its  merits  being  at  once  acknowledged 
and  rcMarded,  he  was  soon  afterwards  em- 
jdoyed  by  Napoleon  in  the  "  Conservatoire 
des  Arts  et  dcs  Metiers,"  at  Paris,  where  he 
introduced  some  ingenious  improvements  in 
tlie  models  and  machinery  there  in  use.  On 
his  return  to  Lyons,  he  had  to  struggle 
against  much  opposition  and  prejudice  on 
the  part  of  the  weavers  ;  but  he  outlived  it 
all,  and  long  before  his  death  he  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  his  machinery  intro- 
duced into  every  European  and  xVmerican 
manufactory  ;  and  so  far  from  diminishing 
employment,  as  some  feared  on  its  first  in- 
troduction, it  has  increased  the  number  of 
workmen  in  the  operations  to  which  it  is 
applied  tenfold.    Died,  1834. 

JACQUELOT,  Isaac,  a  learned  French 
Protestant,  was  the  son  of  a  minister  at 
Vassy.  lie  wrote  "  Dissertations  on  the 
Existence  of  God,"  and  "  On  the  Messiah," 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Inspiration  of  the  Scrip- 
tures," &c.     Born,  1647  ;  died,  1708. 

JACQUIN,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  cele- 
brated botanist,  was  born,  in  1727,  at  Ley- 
den, and  studied  medicine  at  Antwerp  and 
Louvain.  Being  induced  by  his  country- 
man, Van  Swieten,  to  visit  Vienna,  the 
emperor  Francis  I.  sent  him  to  the  West 
Indies  to  collect  plants  for  the  botanical 
gardens  of  Vienna  and  Schoenbrunn  ;  and 
after  an  absence  of  six  years,  he  returned 
with  a  superb  collection.  Two  years  after 
appeared  his  catalogue  of  plants  growing 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Vienna ;  and  in 
1773  a  magnificent  work,  entitled  "  Florae 
Austriacoe,"  with  .OOO  coloured  engravings. 
He  was  appointed  to  various  offices,  created 
a  baron  in  1806,  and  died  in  1817. 

J  AGO,  Richard,  one  of  the  minor  Eng- 
lish poets  in  the  last  century,  was  born  at 
Beaudesert,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1715,  and 
in  1771  presented  to  tlie  rectory  of  Kimcote, 
in  liCiccstershii-e.  His  principal  poem  is 
entitled  "  E<lge  Hill."     Died,  1781. 

JAirf^,  JoHX,  a  learned  orientalist,  who 
after  having  been  professor  of  biblical  ar- 

Q  Q  3 


Jaij 


^  l^ciD  Hui&risfal  3Siosra)jl^2). 


[jam 


chjBology  and  theology  in  the  university 
of  Vienna,  obtained  the  chair  of  oriental 
literature,  which,  in  1806,  he  was  obliged 
to  relinquish  on  account  of  his  heterodoxy. 
He  published  a  "  Hebrew  Bible,"  4  vols.  ; 
"Biblical  Archaeology,"  3  vols.;  "Enchi- 
ridion Hermeneuticaj  generalis  Tabularum 
veteris  et  novi  Foederis,"  &c.  ;  and  his  works 
on  the  pliilology  of  the  sacred  writings  are 
said  to  be  the  most  valuable  extaut.  Died, 
1817. 

JAILLOT,  Alexis  Hubert,  geographer 
to  the  king  of  France,  was  at  first  a  sculp- 
tor, but  on  marrying  the  daughter  of  a 
map-colourer,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
geography.  He  engraved  many  of  the  maps 
of  the  Sansons,  and  died  ill  1780.  His 
work,  entitled  "  Recherches  critiques,  his- 
toriques,  et  topographiques  siir  la  Ville  de 
Paris,"  5  vols.  8vo.,  is  a  curious  book. 

JAMBLICHUS,  a  philosopher  who  flou- 
rished at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century, 
and  was  a  native  of  Chaluis  in  Coclo- 
syria.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Anatolius 
and  Porphyry,  from  whom  he  learnt  the 
mysteries  of  the  Plotinian  system  of  philo- 
sophy, which  he  taught  with  great  reputa- 
tion. Among  the  philosopliical  works  of 
Jamblichus  now  extant  are,  "The  I^ifc  of 
Pythagoras,"  "  An  Exhortation  to  the  Study 
of  Pliilosophy,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Mysteries  of  the  Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  and 
Assyrians." 

JAMES  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  of  the  house 
of  Stuart,  born  in  1394,  was  the  sou  of  Ko- 
bert  III.  In  1405  he  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish on  his  passage  to  France,  and  kept  in 
confinement  18  years.  In  1424  he  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  severely  punished  those  who 
had  governed  his  country  in  his  absence  ;  for 
which,  and  some  strong  measures  which  he 
took  to  curb  a  lawless  nobility,  he  fell  a 
victim  to  assassins,  who  gained  admission 
to  his  apartment,  and  murdered  Iiim  in  his 
bed,  in  14:37- 

JAMES  v.,  of  Scotland,  succeeded,  in  1513, 
at  the  death  of  his  father,  James  IV.,  though 
only  18  months  old.  At  the  age  of  17  he 
assumed  the  government,  and  assisted  Fran- 
cis I.  of  France  against  Charles  V.,for  which 
that  prince  gave  him  his  daughter  Margaret 
in  marriage.  On  her  decease  he  mairied 
Mary  of  Lorraine,  daugliter  of  Claude,  duke 
of  Guise.  James  died  in  1545,  leaving  his 
crown  to  Mary  Stuart,  his  infant  daughter, 
then  only  8  days  old. 

JAMES  I.  of  England,  and  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, was  the  son  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scot- 
land, by  Henry  Stuart,  lord  Darnley,  and 
was  born  in  1566.  In  the  following  year, 
queen  Mary  being  forced  to  resign  the 
crown,  he  was  solemnly  crowned  at  Stir- 
ling, and  all  public  acts  ran  in  liis  name. 
When  it  became  apparent  tliat  the  life  of 
his  mother  was  in  danger  from  queen  Eliz- 
abeth, he  wrote  a  menacing  letter  to  her, 
appealed  to  other  courts  for  assistance,  and 
assembled  his  nobles,  who  promised  to  pre- 
vent or  revenge  that  queen's  injustice.  Tlie 
dreaded  catastrophe,  however,  took  place  ; 
and  though  he  prepared  for  hostilities,  the 
inadequacy  of  his  resources  prevented  him 
from  engaging  in  actual  war.  In  1603,  on 
the  death  of  Elizabeth,  James  succeeded  to 


the  crown  of  England,  and  proceeded  to 
London.  Although  James  had  behaved 
with  great  lenity  to  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
Scotland,  those  in  England  were  so  disap- 
pointed in  their  expectations  of  favour,  that, 
in  the  year  after  his  accession,  it  was  devised 
by  some  of  their  most  desperate  adherents, 
to  destroy  the  king,  the  prince,  and  parlia- 
ment, by  means  of  the  celebrated  gunpowder 
plot.  In  1606  he  established  episcopacy  in 
Scotland,  and  made  peace  with  Spain.  In 
1612  his  son.  Prince  Henry,  by  Anne  of 
Denmark,  died,  and  the  same  year  his 
daugliter  was  married  to  Frederic,  the  elec- 
tor palatine.  One  of  the  greatest  blots  of 
his  reign  was  the  execution  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  The  close  of  the  life  of  James  was 
marked  by  violent  contests  with  his  parlia- 
ment, which  prepared  dreadful  consequences 
for  his  successor  ;  and  his  reign,  although 
not  unprosperous  to  his  subjects,  was  in- 
glorious in  cliaracter.  He  received  during 
his  lifetime  a  deal  of  adulation  for  his 
literary  abilities  ;  but  though  he  was  the 
author  of  some  few  books,  they  display  more 
pedantry  than  learning.  lie  died  in  1625, 
aged  58. 

JAMES  II.,  king  of  England,  second  son 
of  Charles  I.  and  of  Henrietta  of  France, 
was  born  in  1633,  and  immediately  declared 
Duke  of  York.  After  the  capture  of  Oxford 
by  the  parliamentary  army,  he  escaped,  and 
was  conducted  to  his  sister,  the  Princess  of 
Orange.  At  that  time  he  was  15  years  of 
age.  He  soon  after  joined  his  mother  at 
Paris,  and,  when  he  had  readied  his  20th 
year,  served  in  the  French  army  under 
Turenne,  and  subsequently  entered  the 
Spanish  array  in  Flanders,  under  Don  John 
of  Austria  and  the  Prince  of  Cond^.  At  the 
Restoration  he  returned  to  England,  and 
married  secretly  Anne  Hyde,  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  by  whom  he  had  two 
daughters,  who  afterwards  became  queens 
of  England,  viz.  Mary  and  Anne.  In  the 
Dutch  war,  he  signalised  himself  as  com- 
mander of  the  English  fleet,  and  showed 
great  skill  and  bravery.  On  the  death  of 
Charles  II.,  in  1685,  the  duke  succeeded, 
under  the  title  of  James  II.,  and,  from  the 
time  of  his  ascending  the  throne,  seems  to 
have  acted  with  a  steady  determination  to 
render  himself  absolute,  and  to  restore  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion.  After  disgusting 
the  great  majority  of  his  subjects,  by  attend- 
ing mass  with  all  the  ensigns  of  his  dignity, 
he  proceeded  to  levy  the  customs  and  excise 
without  the  authority  of  parliament.  He 
even  sent  an  agent  to  Rome,  to  pave  the 
way  for  a  solemn  re-admission  of  England 
into  the  bosom  of  that  church,  and  received 
advice  on  the  score  of  moderation  from  the 
pope  himself.  By  virtue  of  his  assumed  dis- 
pensing power,  he  rendered  tests  of  no  avail, 
and  filled  his  army  and  council  with  Roman 
Catholics  ;  while  by  a  declaration  in  favour 
of  liberty  of  conscience,  he  also  sought  to 
gain  the  favour  of  the  dissenters,  who  were, 
however,  too  conscious  of  his  ultimate  object 
to  be  deluded  by  this  show  of  liberality. 
Thus  he  proceeded  by  every  direct  and  in- 
direct attack  to  overthrow  the  established 
church ;  but  these  innovations,  in  regard 
both  to  the  religion  and  government,  gra- 


jam] 


^  ^eto  ^am'tjcr^al  28t0QrapIji). 


[jAN 


dually  united  opposing  interests,  and  a  large 
body  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  concurred 
in  an  application  to  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  had  been  secretly  preparing  a  fleet  and 
an  army  for  the  invasion  of  tlie  country. 
James,  who  was  long  kept  in  ignorance  of 
these  transactions,  when  informed  of  them 
by  his  minister  at  the  Hague,  was  struck 
with  terror  equal  to  his  former  infatuation  ; 
and  immediately  repealing  all  his  obnoxious 
acts,  he  practised  every  method  to  gain  po- 
pularity. All  contidence  was,  however,  de- 
stroyed between  the  king  and  the  people. 
William  arrived  with  his  fleet  in  Torbaj*, 
Nov.  4th,  lt>88  ;  and  being  speedily  joined 
by  several  men  of  rank,  his  ranks  swelled, 
while  the  army  of  James  began  to  desert  by 
entire  regiments.  Incapable  of  any  vigorous 
resolution,  and  finding"  his  overtures  of  ac- 
commodation disregarded,  James  resolved  to 
quit  the  country.  He  repaired  to  St.  Ger- 
mains,  where  he  was  received  with  great 
kindness  and  hospitality  by  Louis  XIV. 
In  the  mean  time,  the  throne  of  Great 
Britain  was  declared  to  be  abdicated :  and 
William  and  his  consort  Mary  (the  daughter 
of  James)  were  unanimously  called  to  fill 
It  conjointly.  Assisted  by  Ijouis  XIV., 
James  was  enabled,  in  March,  UUi'J,  to  make 
an  attempt  for  the  recovery  of  Ireland.  The 
battle  of  Boyne,  fought  June,  IdKO,  com- 
pelled him  to  return  to  France.  All  suc- 
ceeding projects  for  his  restoration  proved 
equally  abortive,  and  he  spent  the  last  years 
of  his  life  in  acts  of  ascetic  devotion,  dying 
at  St.  Germains,  Sept.  10.  1701,  aged  08.  To 
sum  up  the  character  of  James  in  a  few 
words,  we  may  truly  say,  that  his  prejudices 
were  strong,  his  understanding  narrow,  and 
his  temper  cold  and  ungenerous. 

JAMES  DE  VITUI,  a  cardinal  in  the 
13th  century,  was  born  at  Vitry,  near  Paris. 
lie  attended  the  crusades,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Ptolemais  ;  after  which  Gregory 
IX.  raised  him  to  the  purple,  and  employed 
him  as  legate.  He  wrote  an  "  Eastern  and 
Western  History,"  and  died  in  1244. 

JAMES,  John  Thomas,  D.D.,  bishop  of 
Calcutta,  born  in  1786 ;  was  educated  at 
Rugby  School,  and  the  Charterhouse  ;  and,  in 
1804,  entered  at  Christchurch  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degrees,  and  for  a  time 
acted  as  a  college  tutor.  In  1813  he  left  the 
university  to  make  the  tour  of  the  north  of 
Europe  wit'h  Sir  James  Riddell,  and  on  his 
return  published  an  account  of  his  travels, 
with  illustrative  sketches  of  scenerj',  en- 
graved and  coloured  by  himself.  In  1816  he 
visited  Italy,  to  study  the  works  of  art  in 
that  country  ;  and  the  result  of  his  observa- 
tions appeared  in  an  account  of  the  Italian 
school  of  paiuting,  whicli  was  followed  by 
another  on  the  1  rencli,  Dutch,  and  German 
schools.  Soon  after  his  return  from  Italy 
he  entered  into  holy  orders  ;  and  in  182<i  he 
published  a  tract,  entitled  "  The  Semi- 
Sceptic,  or  the  Common  Sense  of  Religion 
considered."  At  this  time  he  only  held  the 
small  vicarage  of  Flitton,  in  Bedfordshire ; 
but  on  the  death  of  Bishop  Heber  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Calcutta,  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.,  and  embarked  for  India  in 
1827.  The  insalubrity  of  the  climate,  and 
the  fatigues  of  lus  episcopal  duties,  however, 


proved  too  much  for  his  constitution,  and  he 
died  in  1821). 

JAMES,  Robert,  an  English  physician, 
was  born  at  Kinverstone,  in  Stallord^hire, 
in  1703.  In  1743  he  published  his  "  Medical 
Dictionary,"  in  3  vols,  folio,  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  Dr.  Johnson,  who  was  his 
early  friend.  He  also  wrote  the  "Practice 
of  Physic,"  2  vols. ;  an  excellent  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Pentateuch,"  &c.  ;  but  he 
is  best  known  by  a  valuable  antimouial  pre- 
paration, universally  celebrated  under  the 
name  of  James's  powder.    Died,  1776. 

JAMES,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  St.  Neot's  in  Huntingdonshire,  and 
educated  at  Eton.  In  1770  he  became  master 
of  Rugby  School,  but  resigned  in  1793.  For 
his  great  s-ervices  he  was  preferred  to  a  pre- 
bend in  Worcester  cathedral,  and  the  living 
of  Harrington  in  the  same  county.  Died, 
1804. 

JAMES,  Thomas,  an  English  navigator, 
in  the  17th  century,  who,  in  1031  and  1632, 
attempted  to  discover  a  north-west  passage. 
He  wintered  on  Charleton  Island,  in  Hud- 
son's Bay,  and  next  summer  proceeded  on 
his  voyage,  but  was  unable  to  penetrate 
farther  titan  05  degrees  and  a  half  north. 
He  made  some  discoveries  on  the  coast  of 
Hudson's  Bay  ;  to  the  country  on  the  western 
side  of  which  he  gave  the  name  of  New  South 
Wales.  On  his  return  to  England  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  expedition,  entitled 
'•  The  strange  and  dangerous  Voya^'c  of 
Cai>tain  Thomas  James,  for  the  Discovery  of 
a  North-west  Passage  to  the  South  Sea." 

JAMES,  William,  tlie  author  of  a  valu- 
able national  work,  entitled  "The  Naval 
History  of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Declara- 
tion of  War  by  France,  in  1793,  to  the  Acces- 
sion of  George  IV.,"  &c.  Every  accessible 
source  of  authentic  information  was  made 
use  of  by  Mr.  James  in  writing  this  history  ; 
and  Ixis  industry  and  research  deserve  the 
liighest  praise.     Died,  1827. 

JAMES,  William,  a  land  agent  and  sur- 
veyor, was  a  native  of  Henley-in-Arden, 
Warwickshire.  He  was  the  original  pro- 
jector of  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  rail- 
way ;  and  may  in  some  respects  be  regarded 
as  the  father  of  the  railway  system,  having 
surveyed  numerous  lines  at  his  own  expense, 
and  been  an  active  promoter  of  these  under- 
takings, at  a  time  when  they  were  considered 
to  be  mere  sjjeculative  innovalions.  Died, 
aged  60,  at  Bodmin,  Cornwall,  March  11. 
1837. 

JAMESON,  Geoi'.oe,  an  eminent  painter, 
justly  termed  the  Vandyke  of  Scotland,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen  in  1586,  and  died  in  1044. 

JAMIESON,  Rev.  John,  D.  D.,  a  theo- 
logical writer  and  philologist,  was  tJie  mi- 
nister to  a  congregration  of  seceders  from 
the  Scotch  Church  at  Edinburgh.  His  chief 
works  are,  an  "  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
the  Scottish  Language,"  2  vols.  4to. ;  "  A 
Vindication  of  the  Doctrine  of  Scripture," 
2  vols.  8vo.  J  "  The  Use  of  Sacred  History," 
2  vols.  8vo. ;  "  An  Historical  Account  of  the 
Ancient  Culdees  of  lona,"  two  poems  ;  "  The 
Sorrows  of  Slavery,"  and  "Eternity;"  be- 
sides various  sermons,  &c.  lie  died,  aged 
80,  July,  1838. 

JANE  WAY,  James,  a  Nonconformist  di- 


451 


jan] 


^  0£io  Wini^tr^:il  ^StasrajiTji?. 


[jATJ 


vine,  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  CJiristehurch  College,  Oxford. 
j  Being  deprived  after  the  Kestoration,  he 
I  opened  a  meeting-liouse  at  Kotherhithe, 
i  when  the  net  of  indulgence  was  passed,  and 
i'died  there  in  1G74.  Among  his  works  arc, 
I  "  Heaven  upon  Earth,"  "  A  Token  for 
1  Children,"  which  has  gone  through  nunie- 
I  rous  editions  ;  "  The  Saint's  Encouragement 
j  to  Diligence,"  and  "  A  Legacy  to  my 
'  Friends." 

j  JANICON,  Fran-CIS  Michakl,  a  French 
j  Protestant  writer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1(574, 
I  and  died  at  the  Hague  in  1730.  His  articles 
j  in  the  Dutch  gazettes  discovered  him  to 
j  possess  great  political  knowledge.  He  was 
i  also  the  author  of  "  The  present  State  of  the 
j  Republic  of  tlie  United  Provinces  and  their 
!  Dependencies,"  2  vols. 

JANSEN,  or  JANSENIUS,  ConxELiUs, 

D.  D.,    bishop  of  Ypres,    and    professor    of 

divinity  in  the  universities  of  Louvain  and 

Douay,  was  one  of  the  most  learned  divines 

of  the  17th  century,  and  founder  of  the  sect 

of  Jansenists.     He  was  born  in  1585,  at  Akay, 

near  Leerdam,  in  Holland;  and  studied  at 

Louvain.     Being  sent  into  Spain  to  transact 

some  business  of  consequence  relating  to  the 

university,  the  Catholic  king,  viewing  with 

J  a  jealous  eye  the  intriguing  policy  of  France, 

engaged  with  him  to  write  a  book  against 

the  French,  for  having  formed  an  alliance 

I  with  Protestant   states  ;  and  rewarded  him 

;  for  it  with  the  see  of  Ypres,  in  lo35.   He  had, 

I  among  other  writings  before  this,  maintained 

j  a  controversy  against  the  Protestants  upon 

;  the  subject  of  grace  and  predestination  ;  but 

i  his  "  Augustinus,"  respecting  which  a  furious 

'  and  almost  interminable  contest  arose,  was 

I  the  principal  labour  of  his  life.    Died,  1C38. 

I      JANSENIUS,     CoENELius,     bishop     of 

i  Ghent,  was  born  at  Hiilst,  in  Flanders,  in 

I  1510.      He    distinguished    himself    at    the 

council  of  Trent    by  his  learning  and  mo- 

I  desty.    He  wrote  a  "  Harmony  of  the  Gos- 

'  pels,"  and  other  works  ;  and  died  at  Ghent, 

in  157fi. 
I  JANSSENS,  Adraiiam,  an  historical 
j  painter,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1569.  He 
i  was  contemporary  with  Rubens,  and,  in 
;  many  of  the  finest  parts  of  the  art,  was  ac- 
I  counted  not  inferior  to  him. 
I  JANSSENS,  CoKSELius,  called  also  John- 
'  SON,  an  eminent  portrait  painter,  M-as  born 
at  Amsterdam.  He  resided  in  England  se- 
1  veral  years,  and  was  engaged  in  the  service 
I  of  king  James  I.  His  paintings  are  easily 
I  distinguished  by  their  smooth,  clear,  and 
'  delicate  tints,  and  by  a  strong  character  of 
j  truth  and  nature.  His  fame  began  to  be 
j  obscured  on  the  arrival  of  Vandyke  in  Eng- 
I  land  ;  and  the  civil  war  breaking  out  some 
1  time  after,  he  returned  to  his  own  countrv, 
i  where  his  paintings  were  in  the  highest  es- 
i  teem.    Died,  1C85. 

JANSSENS,  Victor  Hostorius,  a  cele- 

I  brated  historical  painter,  was  born  at  Brus- 

i  eels,  in  1064.    He  associated  with  Tempesta, 

the  celebrated  landscape  painter,  for  several 

j  years,  and  painted  the  figures  in  the  works 

of  that  great  master  as  long  as  they  resided 

I  together.    For  small  historical  pictures,  he 

j  was  preferable  to  all  the  painters  of  his  time. 

JARCHI,  Sox-OMON  Ben  Isaac,  a  learned 


rabbi,  born  at  Troyes,  in  1104 1  travelled 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  Europe  and 
Asia  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  France,  wrote 
Annotations  on  various  parts  of  the  Bible, 
and  also  on  the  Talmud,  which  were  thought 
so  highly  of,  that  he  was  universally  called 
"  tlie  prince  of  commentators."    Died,  1180. 

JARDINE,  Geouoe,  professor  of  logic 
in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  was  born  in 
1743.  Having  pursued  his  studies  with  great 
successj  lie  was,  in  1774,  appointed  to  the 
professorial  chair  ;  and  such  were  the  im- 
provements  he  introduced  into  the  mode  of 
public  teaching,  that  his  class  was  rendered 
a  model  of  academical  instruction.  Died, 
1827. 

JARDINS,  Mary  Catiikrine  des,  an 
ingenious  but  profligate  Frenchwoman,  born 
at  AleuQon,  in  Normandy,  in  1C40.  Being 
obliged  to  quit  her  native  place,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  intrigue,  she  went  to  Paris, 
where  for  a  while  she  trusted  to  her  lite^ 
rary  talents  for  support,  and  wrote  many 
novels  and  dramas  j  her  private  character, 
at  the  same  time,  coutiuuiug  most  excep- 
tionable.    Died,  1683. 

JARDYN,  Karel  tiu,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter of  landscapes  and  animals,  was  born  at 
Amsterdam,  in  1C40.  He  studied  in  Italy, 
where  he  acquired  great  reputation,  and 
died  at  Venice  in  1G78. 

JARNOWICK,  or  GIORNOVICHI,  Oio- 
vanna  Maxe,  a  celebrated  violinist,  waa 
born  at  Palermo  in  1745,  and  was  the  most 
accomplished  pupil  of  Lulli.  For  several 
years  he  resided  in  Paris,  and  was  considered 
at  the  head  of  his  profession  ;  he  afterwards- 
came  to  England,  where  he  was  very  popu- 
lar ;  but  on  being  invited  to  settle  at  Peters- 
burg, he  went  thither,  where  he  died  in  1804, 
He  was  as  eccentric  and  irritable  as  he  was 
clever,  and  numerous  singular  anecdotes  are 
recorded  of  him. 

JARS,  Francis  de  Rociiechouart,  Che- 
valier de,  a  French  officer,  whose  boldness 
and  fortitude  deserve  to  be  recorded,  was  a 
knight  of  Malta,  and  commander  of  Lagny 
le  Sec.  He  was  arrested  and  confined  in 
the  Bastile,  at  the  time  of  the  prosecution 
of  Chateauneuf,  keeper  of  the  seals,  in  1633, 
for  the  object  of  procuring  evidence  from 
him  relative  to  the  designs  of  Chateauneuf 
and  others  ;  and  after  eleven  months'  close 
confinement,  during  which  he  was  examined 
24  times,  without  inculpating  his  friends,  he 
was  sent  to  Troyes,  and  there  tried  and  con- 
demned. He  mounted  the  scafibld,  but  a 
reprieve  was  announced  while  his  head  lay 
on  the  block  ;  upon  which  he  was  conveyed 
back  to  prison,  where  he  continued  for  some 
time  in  a  state  of  insensibility. 

JAIiVIS,  John,  an  artist,  distinguished 
by  his  paintings  on  glass,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  in  1749  ;  and  after  practising  his 
art  in  that  city,  removed  to  London,  where 
he  obtained  great  reputation.  His  most 
celebrated  performance  is  the  west  window 
tf  New  College,  Oxford,  from  the  design  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,    Died,  1804. 

JAUCOURT,  the  Chevalier  Louis  tie, 
member  of  tlie  Royal  Society  of  Londim,  and 
of  tiie  academies  of  Berlin  and  Stockholm, 
was  born  in  1704.  He  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely  to   literary   pursuits,   and   died    at 


i 


jay] 


^  ^t&j  ?ffuitjcr^al  3Siosr«P?)l'. 


[JEF 


Compeigne  in  1780.  He  furnished  the  En- 
cyclopedie  Fraii^oise  witli  many  valuable 
articles,  and  conducted  the  "liibliotlu'que 
Raisonni'e."  He  also  assisted  in  publishing 
the  "  Musaeum  Sebaeanum,"  4  vols,  folio, 
and  composed  a  "  Lexicon  Medicum  Uni- 
versale," the  MS.  of  which,  in  6  vols,  fol., 
was  lost  on  board  of  a  ship  which  fo«ndered 
on  her  passage  to  Amsterdam. 

JAY,  John,  an  eminent  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  was  born  at  Mew  York  in 
1745.  After  studying  at  Columbia  (then 
King's)  College,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  in  1774  waa  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  first 
American  congress,  at  Philadelphia.  In 
177(5  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  congress; 
in  1777  lie  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  New  York  ; 
and  in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
chief-justice  of  that  state.  He  was  next  sent 
as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  ;  and 
in  17H'2  he  was  appointed  one  ot  the  com- 
missioners to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Great 
Britain.  The  detluitive  treaty  having  been 
signed  in  September,  ITtKJ,  he  returned  to 
the  United  States  ;  and  in  1784  he  was  sent 
as  envoy  extraordinary  to  Great  Britain, 
and  concluded  the  treaty  which  has  been 
called  after  his  name.  In  1795  he  was 
elected  governor  of  his  native  state  :  this 
post  he  continued  to  occupy  till  1801,  when 
he  declined  a  re-election,  as  well  as  a  re- 
appointment to  the  office  of  chief-justice  of 
the  United  States,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  days  in  retirement.     Died,  181^9. 

JAUKEGUI  Y  AGUILAli,  JoHK,  a 
Spanish  poet  of  considerable  genius,  and 
who  also  excelled  in  painting.  He  was  born 
at  Toledo,  in  156(5,  and  died  in  ICK). 

JEAURAT,  Sebastian,  a  French  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Paris  in  1704,  and 
died  in  1803.  He  founded  the  observatory 
at  the  military  school,  and  wrote  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Perspective,"  "New  Tables  of  Ju- 
piter," &c. 

JEBB,  John,  a  divine  and  physician,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  John  Jebb,  dean  of  Casliel, 
and  born  in  London  in  173(5.  He  studied 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Peter  House, 
Cambridge ;  obtained  church  preferment, 
which,  however,  he  resigned,  and  then  com- 
menced practice  as  a  physician,  in  which  he 
was  very  successful.  He  was  a  violent  par- 
tisan in  whatever  he  engaged  ;  and,  though 
conscientious  in  his  religious  opinions,  their 
peculiar  complexion,  and  the  freedom  with 
which  he  indulged  in  the  political  squabbles 
of  the  day,  obstructed  his  professional  pro- 
gress. He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal  So- 
ciety, and  a  contributor  to  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  ;  and  his  works,  theologi- 
cal, political,  and  medical,  form  3  vols.  Died, 
178(5. 

JEBB,  Dr.  Samuei,,  an  eminent  physician 
and  classical  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Not- 
tingham. He  studied  at  Cambridge  ;  and, 
adopting  the  principles  of  the  nonjurors, 
became  librarian  to  the  famous  Jeremy 
Colliei.  While  at  the  university  he  pub- 
lished the  "  Dialogue  of  Justin  Martyr  with 
Trypho  the  Jew,"  in  Greek  and  Latin.  He 
afterwards  married  the  daughter  of  an 
apothecary,  procured  the  degree  of  M.  D., 
practised  as    a    physician   at    Stratford  in 


453 


Essex,  and  retired  to  Derbyshire,  where  he 
died  in  1772.     Dr.  S.  Jebb  was  the  conduc- 
tor of  a  classical  jourual,  entitled  "Biblio- 
theca  Literaria,"   and  tlie  editor  of  Roger  i 
Bacon's  "  Opus  Majus." 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  third    president  \ 
of  the  United  States,  was  born   iu  1743,  at  j 
Shadwell,  iu  Virginia,  and  was  brought  up 
to  the  bar.    In  17(59  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provincial  legislature,  and  in  1775  | 
he  entered  congress,  and  took  a  conspicuous 
and  very  decided  part  in  opposition  to  the  | 
measures  which  England  hud  adopted  to- 
wards her  American  colonies  ;   and  it  was  ' 
he  who  drew  up  the  famous  declaration  of 
independence.    In  177(5  he  retired  from  his 
seat  in  congress,  and  was  next  chosen  gover-  i 
nor  of  Virginia,  which  post   he  held  two 
years.     On  the  return  of  Dr.  Franklin  to 
America,  in  1785,  Mr.  Jett'erson  was  named 
his  successor  at  Paris,  from  which  he  pro- 
ceeded, as  envoy,  to  London,  in  1780.    At 
the    usual    presentation,    however,    to    the 
king  and  queen,  both  Mr.  Adams  and  him-  : 
self  were  received  in  the  most   ungrainnus 
manner,  and,  after  a  few  vague  and  ineffec- 
tual conferences,  he  returned  to  Paris.    Here 
he  remained,  with  the   exception  of  a  visit 
to  Holland,  to  Piedmont,  and  the  south  of 
France,  uulil  the  autumn  of  178!),  zealously  | 
pursuing    whatever    was    benetlciul    to    his  i 
country.    He  subsequently  filled  the  office 
of   secretary    of   state    under   Washington, 
until  1793,  when  he  resigned,  and  lived  in 
retirement  for  four  years.      He    was  then 
elected  vice-president,  and  in  1801   chosen 
president.    At  the  expiration  of  eight  years 
he  again  retired  to  private  life  ;  and  on  the 
4th  of  July,  182(5  (the  50th  anniversary  of 
American  independence),  he  died.    He  was 
the   acknowledged  head  of  the  republican 
party,  and   an   acute    politician  ;    eloquent 
and  persuasive  in  conversation,  and  possess- 
ing tlie  faculty  of  acquii  ing  an   ascendancy 
in  his  political  connections. 

JEFFREY,  Francis,  Lord,  equally  emi- 
nent on  the  bench,  at  the  bar,  and  in  tlie 
world  of  letters,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1773.  Having  passed  through  the  usual 
curriculum  of  the  High  School,  Edinburgh, 
he  repaired  in  1787  to  Glasgow  University, 
then  famous  for  its  professors  ;  and  after  a 
session  passed  at  Oxford  he  returned  to 
Edinburgh  in  1792,  where  he  completed 
his  legal  studies.  In  1794  he  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  Scotland,  and  though  for  some 
years  he  made  little  progress  in  his  profes- 
sion, yet  he  had  well  grounded  himself  in 
the  principles  of  both  the  civil  and  the 
Scottish  law,  and  had  diligently  applied 
himself  to  the  cultivation  of  eloquence,  as 
well  in  speech  as  in  written  composition. 
In  ihe  celebrated  scliool  of  debate,  whence 
many  orators  have  proceeded  —  the  Specu- 
lative Society  of  Edinburgh  —  he  bore  a 
most  distinguished  part ;  and  there  are  those 
still  living  who  can  never  forget  his  singular 
readiness  in  debate,  the  subtlety  of  his 
reasoning,  and  the  extraordinary  liveli- 
ness of  his  fancy.  He  had  now  obtained 
a  fair  share  of  practice,  when  he  joined  I 
a  few  lof  his  more  intimate  friends  in  esta-  I 
blishing  the  "  Edinburgh  Review,"  of  which  I 
he  was  sole  editor  for  the  long  period  of  1 


jef] 


^  ^ctD  Winihtx^Kl  3t3iaflrnjplj». 


[JEK 


27  years.  The  first  number  appeared  O.'t. 
25.  1802,  and  there  were  three  editions  ex- 
hausted in  as  many  weeks.  The  great  and 
increasing  success  of  this  journal,  while  it 
mightily  raised  him  in  the  public  estimation, 
in  no  way  interfered  with  his  progress  towards 
extensive  practice  at  the  bar;  for  the  moderate 
amount  of  business  in  Scotland,  and  the  relief 
from  attendance  on  circuit,  render  it  far  easier 
for  a  Scotch  advocate  than  an  English  barris- 
ter to  cultivate  literary  pursuits.  Having 
for  many  years  been  indisputably  at  the  head 
of  his  profession,  he  was  in  1829  chosen  dean 
of  the  Faculty,  upon  Lord  Moncrieff  being 
raised  to  the  bench.  It  was  deemed  advisable 
that  he  should,  on  this  auspicious  occasion, 
give  up  the  editorship  of  the  Review,  and  we 
believe  that  he  only  upon  one  or  two  sub- 
sequent occasions  contributed  any  papers  to 
this  famous  journal.  On  the  formation  of 
the  Whig  ministry  late  in  1830,  he  was  made 
lord  advocate ;  and  after  sitting  a  short 
time  for  the  Perth  district  of  burghs  and 
for  Malton,  he  was  in  conjunction  with 
Atr.  Abercrombie,  now  Lord  Dunfermline, 
the  first  member  chosen  to  represent  Edin- 
burgh in  parliament,  immediately  after  the 
passing  of  the  Reform  Bill.  His  success  in 
the  House  of  Commons  disappointed  his 
admirers,  chiefly  because  he  entered  so  late 
in  life  on  a  new  field,  and  partly  because 
he  spoke  generally  above  his  audience.  But 
he  never  addressed  the  house  without  dis- 
playing that  subtlety,  readiness,  and  fancy 
for  which  he  was  distinguished.  In  1834  lie 
was  promoted  to  the  bench  ;  and  in  this  ca- 
pacity he  displayed  such  eminent  qualities, 
that  he  is  by  common  consent  allowed  to 
rank  among  the  very  ablest  judges  that  ever 
sat  on  the  Scottish  bench.  In  society  his' 
powers  were  great,  his  social  intercourse  truly 
fascinating  ;  and  his  occasional  jeux  (T esprit 
cannot  be  easily  forgotten  by  any  who  may 
have  heard  them.  His  integrity,  both  pro- 
fessional and  political,  was  imimpeachable  ; 
his  spirit  was  high  and  undaunted,  his  sense 
of  honour  quick  and  del  icate,  his  temper  most 
kindly  and  sweet,  and  his  affections  warm 
and  steady.  In  short,  it  would  be  difficult  to 
name  any  great  man,  whetlier  in  tlie  world 
of  law  or  of  letters,  whose  personal  good 
qualities  were  so  entirely  without  an  ex- 
ception ;  and  hence  his  removal  from  this 
earthly  scene  was  mourned  widely  and 
deeply  with  no  common  sorrow.  Some  years 
before  his  death  he  published  a  selection  from 
his  contributions  to  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
accompanied  by  a  graceful  preface  and  ex- 
planatory notes.     Died,  1850. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  Baron  Wem,  Lord, 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Judge 
Jeffreys,  was  born  at  Acton,  in  Denbigh- 
shire, towards  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century,  and  educated  at  Shrewsburj'  School. 
He  studied  at  Westminster  and  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  rose  through  the  gradations 
of  recorder  of  London,  a  Welsh  judge,  and 
chief  justice  of  Chester,  till  at  length,  in 
1683,  he  attained  the  dignity  of  chief  justice 
of  the  king's  bench.  On  the  accession  of 
James  II.,  he  was  one  of  the  advisers  and 
promoters  of  all  the  oppressive  and  arbitrary 
measures  of  his  reign  ;  and,  for  his  sanguin- 
ary and  inhuman  proceedings  against  the 

454 


adherents  of  Monmouth,  was  rewarded  with 
the  post  of  lord  high  chancellor  in  1685. 
His  conduct  on  the  bench  was,  in  the  highest 
degree,  discreditable  at  all  times,  and  he 
indulged  in  scurrility  and  abuse  of  the  most 
degrading  description.  On  the  arrival  of 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  he  disguised  himself 
as  a  seaman,  in  order  to  get  on  board  a  ship 
unknown,  but  was  detected  in  a  low  public 
house  at  Wapping,  by  an  attorney  whom 
he  had  insulted  in  open  court.  The  latter 
making  him  known,  he  was  seized  by  the 
populace,  carried  befoie  tlie  coimcil,  and 
committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  died, 
April  18.  1689. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  an  English  poet, 
was  born  at  Weldon,  Northamptonshire,  in 
1078.  He  was  a  nephew  of  the  eighth  Lord 
Chandos,  and  bred  to  the  bar.  He  wrote 
"  Miscellanies,  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  and 
two  tragedies,  "  Edwiu  "  and  "  Merope." 
Died,  1755. 

JEFFRIES,  Jonx,  M.D.,  an  American 
physician,  was  born  at  Boston  in  1774. 
Having  studied  medicine  at  the  imiversity 
of  Cambridge,  he  went  to  London,  and  on 
his  return  to  Boston  practised  with  great 
success,  until  the  evacuation  of  that  city 
by  the  British  garrison.  He  then  accom- 
panied General  Howe  to  Halifax,  and  was 
made  surgeon-general  to  the  forces  in  1776. 
He  subsequently  resigned  his  army  appoint- 
ments, declining  even  the  offer  of  the  lucra- 
tive post  of  surgeon-general  to  the  forces 
in  India,  and  in  1780  settled  in  London. 
He  there  occupied  himself  much  in  scien- 
tific research  ;  and  in  order  to  ascertain  the 
correctness  of  certain  preconceived  hypo- 
theses relative  to  atmospheric  temperature, 
he  undertook  two  aerial  voyages  ;  the  second 
of  which  was  made  Jan.  7.  1785,  from  the 
cliffs  at  Dover,  across  tlie  British  Channel, 
into  the  forest  of  Guinnes  in  France,  and 
was  the  only  successful  attempt  that  had 
then  been  made  to  cross  the  sea  in  a  balloon. 
In  1789  he  again  returned  to  Boston,  and 
continued  to  practise  there,  with  success, 
till  his  death  in  1819. 

JEHAN  GHIR,  or  JEHAN  GUIRE,  Abul 

MUZAFFER      NOUIiEDDIN     MolIAMMED,     Cm- 

peror  of  Hindostan,  and  son  of  the  famous 
Akbar.  whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne  of 
Delhi  in  1605.  Unlike  most  eastern  despots, 
he  was  generous,  affable,  and  easy  of  access 
to  his  subjects,  and  a  patron  of  literature 
and  arts.  He  wrote  memoirs  of  the  first  17 
years  of  his  reign,  and  added  to  the  historical 
commentaries  of  Sultan  Baber.  Nourjehan, 
his  wife,  celebrated  equally  for  her  beauty 
and  wit,  has  been  the  fertile  theme  of  ori- 
ental poems  and  romances. 

JEKYLIj,  Sir  Joseph,  a  lawyer  and 
statesman  in  the  reigns  of  Anne  and  George 
I.,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in  Notting- 
hamshire. He  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment, and  one  of  the  managers  of  the  trial  of 
Sacheverel ;  was  knighted  by  George  I.,  who 
raised  him  to  the  office  of  master  of  the  rolls  ; 
and  died,  aged  74,  in  1738. 

JEKYLL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  barrister, 
was  the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  navy,  and  a 
descendant  of  the  preceding.  He  was  called 
to  tlie  bar  in  1778  ;  was  returned  as  M.  P. 
for  Calne  in  1787,  and  retained  his  seat  for 


Bcveral  successive  parliaments ;  was  ap- 
pointed solicitor-general  to  the  prince  of 
Wales  ia  1805  ;  and,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  was  senior  king's  counsel,  senior 
bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  F.R.S.,  and 
F.S.  A.  lie  enjoyed  a  fair  jiortion  of  forensic 
fame  ;  but  his  reputation  was  chiefly  formed 
by  his  ready  talent  in  epigram  and  repartee, 
his  bon-mots  often  -convulsing  the  bar  with 
laughter,  and  his  ever-sparkling  wit  de- 
lighting all  who  came  within  his  convivial 
sphere.     He  died,  aged  S,%  March  8.  1837. 

JEMSHID,  a  Persian  sovereign,  who 
reigned  about  800  b.  c,  ond  is  said  to  have 
founded  the  famous  city  of  Istakhar,  culled 
by  the  Greeks  Persepolis.  He  is  also  cele- 
brated for  instructing  his  subjects  in  astro- 
nomy, and  the  mysteries  of  Sabcism,  or  the 
worship  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  Being  un- 
fortunate in  war,  he  was  dethroned  by  Zo- 
hak,  an  Arabian  king,  and  spent  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  in  obscurity. 

JENKINS,  David,  a  loyal  and  intrepid 
judge,  was  bom  at  Hensol,  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, in  1.58^!.  In  1045,  when  "civil  war 
ran  high,"  he  wos  taken  prisoner  at  Here- 
ford, and  sent  to  the  Tower ;  from  whence 
he  was  removed  to  Newgate,  impeached  of 
treason,  and  brought  to  the  bar  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  where  he  refused  to  kneel,  and 
called  the  place  "a  den  of  thieves."  The 
assembly,  in  a  fit  of  rage,  were  about  to  sen- 
tence him  to  be  hanged  ;  upon  which  he  said 
that  he  would  suffer  "  with  Magna  Charta 
under  one  arm,  and  the  Bible  under  the 
other."  A  facetious  speech  from  Henry 
Marten  allayed  this  tempest  as  regarded  his 
life  ;  but  he  was  fined  lOiMl.  for  contempt, 
and  recommitted  to  Newgate,  where  he  re- 
mained till  16.56.    Died,  1667. 

JENKINS,  Sir  Leoline,  a  civilian  and 
statesman,  born  at  Llantrissant,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, in  1623.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus' 
College,  Oxford  ;  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war,  took  up  arms  on  the  side  of 
royalty.  He  afterwards  became  tutor  to 
several  young  gentlemen,  and,  during  the 
protectorate,  quitted  the  kingdom  with  them; 
but  at  the  Restoration  he  returned  to  college, 
was  created  LL.D.,  and  elected  principal. 
He  then  removed  to  Doctor's  Commons,  was 
admitted  an  advocate,  and,  in  1665,  appointed 
judge  of  the  court  of  admiralty.  In  1672  he 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Holland  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  of  peace,  though  without  suc- 
cess ;  but  afterwards,  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  William  Temple,  whom  he  succeeded  as 
ambassador  at  the  Hague,  he  effected  the 
treaty  of  Nimeguen.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  was  sworn  a  privy  councillor,  and 
made  secretary  of  state  ;  which  office  he  re- 
signed in  1084,  and  died  in  1685.  His  letters 
and  papers  were  published  in  2  vols.  fol.  1724. 
JENNENS,  CiiAULES,  a  literary  gentle- 
man of  fortune  at  Gopsal,  in  Leicestershire, 
who,  on  account  of  the  splendour  of  his  house 
and  equipage,  was  jocosely  styled  "  Solyman 
the  Magnificent."  He  selected  the  words 
for  Handel's  oratorios,  and  particularly  those 
of  the  Messiah ;  he  also  commenced  an 
edition  of  Shakspeare's  plays,  on  a  new  plan, 

y^"t  it  proved  a  total  failure.     Died,  1773. 
(ENNER,  Edward,  an  English  physician, 
ebrated  for  having  nearly  eradicated  a 


pestilent  disorder  from  the  human  race  by 
introducing  vaccine  inoculation,  was  bom  at 
Berkeley,  Gloucestershire,  in  1740,  and  sub- 
sequently settled  there  as  a  medical  practi- 
tioner. About  the  year  1776,  his  attention 
was  turned  to  the  cow-pox,  by  the  circum- 
stance of  his  ascertaining  that  those  persons 
who  had  been  affccted  with  this  disease, 
were  thereby  rendered  free  from  variolous 
infection.  From  that  time  till  17tK)  he 
steadily  pursued  his  investigation  of  this 
discovery  ;  and  having  at  length  established 
its  general  efficacy,  amidst  all  the  opposition 
naturally  to  be  expected  in  such  a  cose,  the 
practice  of  vaccination  was  introduced  into 
the  London  hospitals,  the  army  and  navy, 
&c.,  and,  finally,  extended  to  every  part  of 
the  globe.  Honours  and  rewards  were  now 
conferred  on  Dr.  Jenner  as  a  public  bene- 
factor ;  a  parliamentary  grant  of  20,000/.  was 
voted  him  ;  learned  societies  at  home  and 
abroad  enrolled  him  as  a  member  ;  and  when 
the  allied  potsntates  visited  England  in  1814, 
the  emperor  of  Russia  sought  an  interview 
with  him,  and  offered  to  bestow  on  him  a 
Russian  order  of  nobility.  Dr.  Jenner's 
writings  consist  merely  of  "  Observations  on 
the  VariolcB  Vaccinae,"  and  a  pai)er  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  "  On  the  Natural 
History  of  the  Cuckoo."    Died,  1823. 

JENNINGS,  David,  a  learned  dissenting 
minister,  was  born  at  Kibworth,  Leicester- 
shire, in  1691.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An 
Appeal  to  Reason  and  Common  Sense  for  the 
Truth  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  "An  Intro- 
ducticm  to  the  Use  of  the  Globes  and  Orrery," 
"  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of  Medals," 
"  Jewish  Antiquities,"  2  vols.  8vo.  Died,  1762. 
JENNINGS,  Henry  Constantine,  an 
antiquary  and  virtuoso  of  most  eccentric 
habits  and  chequered  fortune,  was  born  in 
1731,  and  was  the  only  son  of  a  gentleman 
of  considerable  property  at  Shiplake,  in  Ox- 
fordshire. He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  seventeen  became  an  ensign 
in  the  foot-guards  ;  but  resigned  his  com- 
mission, and  travelled  on  the  Continent, 
where  he  collected,  while  in  Italy,  a  number 
of  statues  and  other  antiques,  with  which  he 
decorated  his  seat  at  Shiplake.  He  now  led 
the  life  of  a  man  of  fashion  and  fortune,  in- 
dulging in  the  most  expensive  follies  ;  the 
consequence  of  which  was  that  he  soon  be- 
came an  inmate  of  the  King's  Bench.  He 
was  at  length  freed  from  his  pecuniary  em- 
barrassments, and  settled  on  an  estate  he  had 
in  Essex,  where  he  gave  himself  up  with  en- 
thusiasm to  the  collection  of  scarce  books, 
pictures,  and  curiosities.  But  the  current  of 
good  fortune  did  not  long  run  smooth.  Hav- 
ing borrowed  a  sum  of  money  from  a  person 
who  was  indebted  to  the  crown,  his  museum 
was  hastily  sold  for  a  small  sum,  to  satisfy 
the  claim  of  government  under  an  extent  in 
aid.  For  many  years  he  was  a  prisoner  in 
Chelmsford  gaol ;  but  on  regaining  his 
freedom,  he  resumed  his  former  habits,  and 
settled  at  Chelsea  ;  where,  to  use  the  words 
of  a  gentleman  who  visited  him  in  1803,  and 
who  graphically  described  his  singular  ap- 
pearance, he  sat,  "enthroned  in  all  the 
majesty  of  virtue  amidst  his  books,  his  pic- 
tures, and  his  shells."  In  consequence  of  re- 
newed embarrassments,  these  precious  relics 


453 


jen] 


^  i^ciu  ^nttier^al  SStogopl^n. 


[jEIi 


were  all  sold  in  ISlfl,  and  he  was  once  more 
a  prisoner  in  the  rules  of  the  Bcneli,  wliere 
he  died  in  1819. 

JENYNS,  SoAME,  a  sprightly  and  enter- 
taining writer,  was  the  only  son  of  Sir  Roger 
Jenyns,  born  in  London,  in  1704.  Having 
entered  into  public  life  as  representative  of 
the  county  of  Cambridge,  he  began  his  career 
by  supporting  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  ever 
after  remained  a  faitliful  adlierent  to  tlje 
minister  for  the  time  being.  Tliis  attach- 
ment to  ministers  was  rewarded  by  his  being 
made  a  commissioner  of  tlie  board  of  trade, 
an  office  he  held  for  flve-and-twenty  years. 
As  a  country  gentleman  and  magistrate.  Mr. 
Jenyns  appeared  to  much  greater  advantage 
than  as  a  politician  ;  but  it  is  as  an  author,  a 
wit,  and  a  shrewd  observer  of  manners,  tliat 
he  is  principallj'  to  be  regarded.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Poems,"  2  vols.,  "  Free  Enquiry 
into  the  Origin  of  Evil,"  "  A  View  of  the 
Internal  Evidence  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion," "Political  Tracts,"  and  some  others; 
all  collected  into  four  vols,  12mo.,  with  his 
life  prefixed.     Died,  1787. 

JEPHSON,  RiciiAUD,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  born  in  173(5. 
He  was  a  captain  in  the  army,  and  master 
of  the  horse  to  the  lord-lieutenant,  during 
twelve  administrations.  As  a  dramatist  his 
claims  are  chiefly  founded  on  his  tragedies 
of  "Braganza"  and  the  '"Count  of  Nar- 
bonne."  He  also  wrote  the  "  Law  of  I^om- 
bardy,"  "Julia,"  and  "The  Conspiracy," 
tragedies  ;  and  the  farce  of  "  Two  Strings  to 
your  Bow,"  "  Love  and  War,"  &c.  He  was 
also  author  of  "  The  Confessions  of  James 
Baptiste  Conteau,  Citizen  of  France,"  2  vols., 
a  severe  satire  on  the  "  French  Revolution," 
"  Roman  Portraits,"  a  poem  in  heroic  verse, 
with  historical  remarks  and  illustrations. 
Died,  1803. 

JEREMIAH,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  1572.  He  introduced  the  reformed  ca- 
lendar of  Gregory  XIII.,  for  which,  and  hiS" 
correspondence  witli  the  pope,  he  was  ba- 
nished, but  recovered  his  seat  after  being 
two  vears  in  exile. 

JERNINGHAM,  Edward,  a  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  Roman  Catholic  family,  and  born  in 
Norfolk,  in  1727.  He  was  educated  at  Douay 
and  Paris  ;  but  on  his  return  to  England,  he 
joined  in  communion  with  the  established 
cliurch.  He  was  the  author  of  the  tragedies 
of  "  Margaret  of  Anjou  "  and  "  Tlie  Siege  of 
Berwick,"  with  other  poems  and  plays,  con- 
sisting of  4  vols.  ;  lie  also  wrote  "  An  Essay 
on  the  mild  Tenour  of  Christianity,"  "  The 
Dignity  of  Human  Nature,  an  Essay,"  "  The 
Alexandrian  School,"  &c.    Died,  1812. 

JEROME,  or  HIERONYMUS,  St.,  one  of 
the  fathers  of  the  church,  was  born  in  332,  at 
Stridon,  on  the  frontiers  of  Dacia,  and 
studied  at  Rome,  under  Donatus  the  gram- 
marian. He  was  ordained  a  presbyter  at 
Antioch,  in  378  ;  and  soon  after  went  to 
Constantinople,  where  he  livejd  with  Gregory 
Nazianzen.  In  382  he  visited  Rome,  and 
was  made  secretary  to  pope  Damasus  ;  but 
three  years  afterwards  he  returned  into  the 
east,  accompanied  by  several  monks  and 
female  devotees,  who  wished  to  lead  an 
ascetic  life  in  the  Holy  Laud ;  and  died  in 


456 


422,  superintendant  of  a  monastery  at  Beth- 
lehem. His  biblical  labours  are  highly  va- 
luable, and  for  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  St. 
Jerome  must  be  accounted  a  learned  man  ; 
but  as  a  theological  disputant  he  was  violent 
and  acrimonious  in  a  high  degree. 

JEROME  OF  Prague,  so  called  from  being 
a  native  of  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  studied 
in  the  universities  of  Oxford,  Paris,  Prague, 
&c.  ;  was  a  disciple  of  Wickliffe,  and  boldly 
followed  the  great  reformer,  Huss,  in  pro- 
pagating his  doctrines.  He  attacked  the 
worship  of  images  and  relics  with  ardour, 
trampled  them  under  foot,  and  caused  the 
monks,  who  opposed  him,  to  be  arrested.  He 
publicly  burned,  in  1411,  the  bull  of  the  cru- 
sade against  Ladislaus  of  Naples,  and  the 
papal  indulgences.  When  Huss  was  im- 
prisoned at  Constance,  he  hastened  to  his 
defence  ;  but  on  his  attempting  to  return  to 
Prague,  the  Duke  of  Sulzbach  caused  him  to 
be  seized,  and  carried  in  chains  to  Constance. 
He  here  received,  in  prison,  information  of 
the  terrible  fate  of  his  friend,  and  was  terrified 
into  a  momentary  recantation  of  his  prin- 
ciples ;  but  he  resumed  his  courage,  and,  re- 
tracting his  recantation,  avowed  tliat  none  of 
his  sins  tormented  him  more  than  his  apos- 
tasy, while  he  vindicated  the  principles  of 
Huss  and  Wickliffe  with  a  boldness,  energy, 
and  eloquence,  that  extorted  the  admiration 
of  his  adversaries.  He  was,  however,  con- 
demned to  be  burnt ;  which  sentence  he 
endured  with  heroic  fortitude.  May  30.  1416. 

JERUSALEM,  JoHy  Fredekic  William, 
a  Lutheran  divine,  was  born  at  Osnaburg,  in 
1709  ;  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Leyden  ;  visited 
England  in  the  pursuit  of  farther  knowledge; 
and  was  appointed  tutor  by  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  Wolfenbuttel  to  his  son,  who 
was  afterwards  killed  at  the  battle  of  Jena. 
His  reputation  as  a  preacher  was  very  great, 
and  his  educational  improvements  gave  rise 
to  the  famous  Collegium  CaroUnum,  at  Bruns- 
wick. His  principal  work  is  entitled  "  Con- 
siderations on  the  most  important  Truths  of 
Religion  ; "  but  he  wrote  several  others,  and 
was  esteemed  throughout  Germany,  not  only 
as  a  theologian,  but  for  the  purity  and  bene- 
ficence of  his  character.    Died,  1789. 

JERVAS,  Charles,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  and  studied  under  Sir 
Godfrey  Kneller.  By  the  generosity  of  a 
friend  he  was  enabled  to  visit  France  and 
Italy,  and  at  his  return  became  a  fashionable 
artist,  was  eulogised  by  Pope,  to  whom  he 
gave  instructions  in  the  art.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Don  Quixote  ;  to 
which  Dr.  Warburton  added  an  appendix  on 
the  Origin  of  Romances  and  of  Chivalry. 
Died,  1739 

JERVIS,  JoH.v,  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,  a 
gallant  English  admiral,  son  of  Swynfen 
Jervis,  esq.,  auditor  of  Greenwich  Hospital, 
was  born  in  1734,  and,  at  the  early  age  of 
10,  entered  the  navy  under  Admiral  Hawke. 
In  1755  he  served  as  lieutenant  under 
Sir  C.  Saunders,  in  the  expedition  against 
Quebec.  In  1709  he  was  sent  to  the  Medi- 
terranean in  the  Alarm  frigate,  and  on  his 
return  in  1774  was  promoted  to  the  Fou- 
droyant.  of  84  guns.  In  this  ship  he  fought 
under  Admiral  Keppel,  in  the  memorable 
engagement  of  the  27th  of  July,  1778,  and 


JES] 


^  ^tbi  muibcrigaT  2Si0Q;raplbP« 


[JOA 


was  the  next  to  the  Victory.  In  1782  he  was 
with  Admiral  Harrington's  squadron,  and  in 
a  close  engwgement  took  the  Pegasus  of  74 
guns,  for  which  he  was  higlily  praised  in  tlic 
public  despatches,  and  rewarded  with  tlie 
order  of  the  Bath.  At  the  end  of  tlie  same 
year,  he  was  with  Lord  Howe  at  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar.  In  17!)4,  having  accepted  the 
command  of  a  squadron  equipped  for  tlie 
West  Indies,  he  took  tlie  islands  of  Gua- 
daloupe,  Martinique,  and  St.  Lucia.  lie 
was  next  employed  on  the  Mediterranean 
station  ;  and  on  the  14th  of  February,  1797, 
he,  with  15  sail  of  the  line,  defeated  a  Spanish 
force  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  consisting  of  27 
ships,  the  smallest  of  which  carried  74,  and 
seven  others  from  112  to  1:50  guns  each.  For 
tliis  service  he  was  elevated  to  the  English 
peerage,  by  the  titles  of  baron  Jcrvis  and 
earl  St.  Vincent,  from  the  scene  of  his  glory. 
To  this  was  added  a  pension  of  3(H)0Z.  a-year, 
and  the  usual  vote  of  thanks.  In  1779  he 
was  created  admiral ;  in  1801  he  succeeded 
Earl  Spencer  as  first  lord  of  the  admiraltj', 
which  post  he  resigned  in  1804  ;  in  1814  he 
was  appointed  general  of  marines,  and,  in 
1821,  admiral  of  the  fleet.  Lord  St.  Vincent 
possessed  a  vigorous  mind,  and  was  as  much 
distinguished  for  his  stern  and  unrelaxing 
attention  to  naval  discipline,  as  he  was  emi- 
nent for  naval  skill  and  gallantry.  The 
whole  of  his  long  life  was  passed  in  the  active 
duties  of  the  profession  ;  and  he  died  in  182:5, 
aged  88.  A  statue  to  his  memory  was  erected 
in  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  by  a  vote  in  the  Uouse 
of  Commons. 

JESSEY,  IIk.vry,  a  learned  Nonconformist 
divine,  distinguished  for  his  oriental  and 
biblical  knowledge,  was  born  at  West  Row- 
ton,  in  Yorkshire.  He  studied  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  held  the  living  of  St. 
George's,  Southwark,  during  Cromwell's  pro- 
tectorate, which  he  lost  at  the  Restoration  ; 
and  after  having  been  imprisoned  on  account 
of  liis  nonconformity,  died  in  16()3.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works,  and  had  made 
considerable  progress  in  a  new  translation  of 
the  Bible. 

JEUFFROY,  R.  V.,  an  eminent  gem  and 
medal  engraver,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in  1749. 
His  taste  and  genius  for  the  art  were  such, 
that  wliile  he  was  at  Rome,  as  an  assistant 
to  Pickler,  his  employer  was  in  the  habit  of 
selling  the  productions  of  the  young  artist  as 
antiques.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  was 
made  director  of  the  school  of  gem  engraving, 
at  the  institution  of  the  deaf  and  dumb. 
Died,  182<5. 

JEWELL,  John,  a  learned  prelate  of  tlie 
Church  of  England,  who  was  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabetli,  and  a 
great  polemical  writer  against  popery.  He 
was  born  in  la22  at  the  village  of  Buden,  near 
Ilfracombe,  Devonshire  ;  studied  at  Oxford  ; 
and  in  154t>  openly  professed  the  tenets  of 
the  reformers.  Having  obtained  the  living 
of  Sunningwell,  Berks,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  zeal  and  assiduity  as  a  parish 
priest ;  but  at  the  accession  of  queen  Mary, 
finding  they  were  about  to  prosecute  him  as 
a  heretic,  he  made  his  escape  to  the  Continent, 
and  became  vice-master  of  a  college  at  Stras- 
burg.  On  the  death  of  Mary  he  returned  to 
England,  was  received  with   great  favour 


4o7 


by  her  successor,  and  in  1.560  he  was  raised 
to  tlie  bishopric  of  Salisbury.  His  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  An  Apology  for  the  Church 
of  England,"  originally  written  in  elegant 
Latin,  but  translated  into  every  Euroi)ean 
language  ;  and  which,  it  is  said,  had  more 
effect  in  promoting  the  Reformation,  than 
any  other  book  ever  published.  He  died  in 
1571. 

JEZZAR,surnamed  tJie Butcher.'but  whose 
real  name  was  Ahmed,  was  the  famous  pacha 
of  Scide  and  Acre,  who  defended  the  latter 
place  against  Buonaparte.  In  his  youth  he 
was  purchased  by  the  celebrated  Ali  Bey,  at 
that  time  master  of  Egypt ;  and  from  being 
a  common  mamelukc,  Ahmed,  in  a  few  years, 
became  governor  of  Grand  Cairo.  Through 
a  variety  of  conflicting  events,  not  necessary 
to  detail  here,  Jczzar  was  appointed  pacha  of 
Acre  and  Syria,  on  the  death  of  Dhaher  ; 
and  for  his  zeal  in  opposing  the  redoubtable 
sheik,  who  had  so  long  defied  the  power 
of  the  grand  scignor,  he  was  made  a  pacha 
of  three  tails,  with  the  title  of  vizier.  This 
advancement  gave  him  an  opportunity  of 
extending  the  boundaries  of  his  government, 
and  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  Turkish 
court  to  displace  him,  he  retained  his  au- 
thority to  the  last.  After  Buonaparte  had 
vanquished  tlie  mamelukes  he  made  friendly 
overtures  to  Jezzar.  but  they  were  indig- 
nantly rejected  by  him,  and  with  the  aid  of 
the  English  8(|uadron,  under  Sir  Sidney 
Smith,  he  valiantly  defended  the  city  of  St. 
Jean  d'Acrc  against  the  incessant  attempts 
of  the  French  to  take  possession  of  it  ;  so 
that,  after  a  siege  of  01  days,  the  "conqueror 
of  Egypt "  was  obliged  to  withdraw  his  forces, 
and  leave  Acre  in  undisputed  possession  of 
its  brave  defenders.  He  died,  at  an  advanced 
age,  in  1804,  possessed  of  immense  treasures  ; 
and,  it  is  said,  he  delighted  in  the  sanguinary 
title  which  he  had  acquired  by  his  numerous 
acts  of  ferocity. 

JOACHIM,  an  Italian  monk  of  the  12th 
century,  was  abbot  of  the  Cistercians  at 
Corazzo,  and  afterwards  of  Flora  in  Cala- 
bria, lie  became  remarkable  for  his  pre- 
tended prophecies  in  1130,  and  his  errors  in 
regard  to  the  Trinity,  contained  in  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Everlasting  Gospel."  Died, 
1202. 

JOAN  OF  ARC,  called  also  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
heroines  in  history.  Slie  was  born  of  poor 
parents,  at  Domremi,  a  village  on  the 
borders  of  Lorraine,  in  1402  ;  and  became  a 
servant  at  an  inn,  where  she  attended  the 
horses,  drove  the  cattle  to  pasture,  and  was 
employed  in  other  services  similar  to  what 
a  man  servant  would  perform  in  England. 
At  this  time  the  affairs  of  France  were  in  a 
deplorable  state,  and  the  city  of  Orleans  was 
so  closely  besieged  by  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 
that  its  fall  appeared  inevitable.  In  this 
exigency  Joan  pretended  to  have  received  a 
divine  commission  to  exjiel  the  invaders.  On 
being  introduced  to  the  king,  Charles  VII., 
she  offered  to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and 
conduct  his  majesty  to  llheims  to  be  crowned 
and  anointed  ;  ut  the  same  time  demanding 
for  herself  a  particular  sword,  which  was  in 
the  church  of  St.  Catharine.  After  a  little 
hesitation  lier  request  was  complied  with ; 


SB 


jod] 


^  ^elu  ^ttihtr^iil  Utosrajpl&M. 


[JOH 


and  while  the  French  soldiers  were  elated 
by  having  an  inspired  leader,  the  English 
were  as  much  dismayed.  From  this  period, 
Bhe  appears  the  finest  character  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  middle  ages  of  France.  In  a 
male  dress,  armed  cap  d.  pie,  she  bore  the 
sword  and  the  sacred  banner,  as  the  signal 
of  victory,  at  the  head  of  the  army.  Still 
no  unfeminine  cruelty  ever  stained  her  con- 
duct. She  was  wounded  several  times  her- 
self, but  never  killed  any  one,  or  shed  any 
blood  with  her  own  hand.  The  general  be- 
lief of  her  elevated  mission,  of  which  she 
herself  was  piously  persuaded,  produced  the 
most  extraordinary  effects.  Resolute,  chi- 
valrous, pious,  and  brave,  looking  to  one 
single  aim,  she  was  skilfully  emploj-ed  by 
the  generals  to  animate  the  army,  while  they 
did  not  implicitly  follow  her  counsels.  The 
first  enterprise  was  successful.  With  10,()00 
men,  under  the  command  of  St.  Severre,  Du- 
nois,  and  La  Hire,  she  marched  from  Blois, 
and,  on  April  the  29th,  1429,  entered  Orleans 
with  supplies.  By  bold  sallies  to  which  she 
animated  the  besieged,  the  English  were 
forced  from  tlieir  intrenchments,  and  Suffolk 
abandoned  the  siege.  Joan  entered  Orleans 
in  triumph,  and  the  coronation  at  Kheims 
followed;  after  which  Charles  caused  a  medal 
to  be  struck  in  honour  of  the  heroine,  and 
ennobled  her  family.  The  town  of  Dom- 
remi  also,  where  she  was  born,  was  exempted 
from  all  imposts  for  ever.  After  the  coro- 
nation, Joan  declared  that  her  mission  was 
at  an  end,  and  that  she  should  now  retire  to 
private  life  ;  but  tlie  French  commandant 
Dunois,  who  thought  she  might  still  prove 
serviceable,  induced  her  to  throw  herself 
into  Compeigne,  then  besieged  by  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  and  the  Earls  of  Arundel  and 
Suffolk.  Here,  after  performing  prodigies  of 
valour,  she  was  taken  prisoner  in  a  sally  ; 
and,  after  four  months'  imprisonment,  was 
cruelly  condemned  by  the  Englisli  to  be 
burnt  alive,  on  the  charge  of  sorcery.  She 
resolutely  defended  herself  from  the  absurd 
accusation,  and  was  carried  to  tlie  stake, 
where  with  dauntless  courage  she  met  her 
disastrous  fate,  in  the  29th  year  of  her  age, 
May  30.  14.31. 

JODELLE,  Etiexxe,  an  early  French 
poet  and  dramatist,  born  at  Paris,  in  1532. 
He  was  the  author  of  tlie  first  regular  tra- 
gedy acted  on  tlie  French  stage  ;  and  he  is 
described  as  liaving  possessed  an  extraor- 
dinary facility  and  fluency  of  composition. 
Though  enjoying  the  favour  of  Charles  IX. 
and  of  Henry  II.,  yet  he  died  in  great 
poverty  and  distress,  in  1573. 

JOFFRID,  abbot  of  Croyland,  in  the  12th 
century.  In  the  continuation  of  Ingulph's 
account  of  Croyland,  by  Peter  de  Blois,  he 
says,  that  abbot  Joffrid  sent  a  deputation  of 
three  learned  French  or  Norman  monks, 
named  Odo,  Terrick,  and  William,  to  his 
manor  of  Cottenham,  near  Cambridge,  to 
teach  the  people  in  that  neighbourhood, 
grammar,  logic,  and  rhetoric  ;  and  that  these 
three  monks  went  every  day  from  Cotten- 
ham to  Cambridge,  where  they  hired  a  barn, 
in  which  they  taught  those  sciences  to  a 
great  number  of  scholars,  who  resorted  to 
tiiem  from  all  tlie  country  round.  If  De 
Blois  can  be  relied  on,  Joffrid  may  therefore 


be  considered  as  the  original  founder  of  the 
university  of  Cambridge. 

JOHX,  king  of  England,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  Henry  II.  by  Eleanor  of  Guienne, 
and  born  in  1160.  Ireland  being  intended 
for  him,  he  was  sent  over  in  1185,  to  complete 
its  conquest,  but  such  was  his  imprudence 
that  it  was  found  necessary  to  recall  him  ; 
and  on  the  death  of  his  father  he  was  left 
without  any  provision,  which  procured  for 
him  the  name  of  Satis  Terre,  or  Lackland. 
His  brother  Richard,  on  coming  to  the 
throne,  conferred  on  him  the  earldom  of 
Mortaigne,  in  Normandy,  and  various  large 
possessions  in  England,  and  married  him  to 
the  rich  heiress  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
Notwithstanding  this  kindness,  he  had  the 
ingratitude  to  form  intrigues  against  him,  in 
conjunction  with  the  king  of  France,  during 
his  absence  in  Palestine  ;  but  Richard  mag- 
nanimously pardoned  him,  and  at  his  death 
left  him  his  kingdom,  in  preference  to  Arthur 
of  Brittany,  the  son  of  his  elder  brother, 
GeofFry.  Some  of  the  French  provinces, 
however,  revolted  in  favour  of  Arthur; 
but  John  ultimately  recovered  them,  and 
his  nephew  was  captured,  and  confined 
in  the  castle  of  Falaise,  whence  he  was  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Rouen,  and  never 
heard  of  more.  Being  suspected  of  the  mur- 
der of  Arthur,  the  states  of  Brittany  sum- 
moned him  to  answer  the  charge  before  his 
liege  lord,  king  Philip  ;  and  upon  his  refusal 
to  appear,  tlie  latter  assumed  the  execution 
of  the  sentence  of  forfeiture  against  him  ;  and 
thus,  after  its  alienation  from  the  French 
crown  for  three  centuries,  the  whole  of  Nor- 
mandy was  recovered.  A  quarrel  with  the 
haughty  and  able  pope  Innocent  III.,  who 
had  nominated  Stephen  Langton  to  the  see 
of  Canterbury,  added  grievously  to  the  king's 
discomfort,  whom  the  pope  excommunicated, 
and  whose  subjects  he  formally  absolved 
from  their  allegiance.  At  length  John  was 
induced  not  only  to  receive  Langton  as 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  but  abjectly  to 
resign  his  kingdom  of  England  and  Ireland 
to  the  holy  see,  in  order  to  receive  them 
again  as  its  vassal.  John  had  by  this  time 
rendered  himself  the  object  of  such  universal 
contempt  and  hatred,  tliat  his  nobles  deter- 
mined, if  possible,  to  control  his  power,  and 
establish  their  privileges ;  and  though  the 
pope  declared  his  disapprobation  of  their 
conduct,  tlie  barons  assembled  in  arms  at 
Oxford,  where  the  court  then  was,  and  im- 
mediately proceeded  to  warlike  operations. 
They  were  received  without  opposition  in 
London,  which  so  intimidated  the  king,  that 
he  consented  to  wliatever  terms  they  chose 
to  dictate.  Thus  was  obtained  that  basis  of 
English  constitutional  freedom,  known  as 
Magna  Charta,  which  not  only  protected 
the  nobles  against  the  crown,  but  secured 
important  privileges  to  every  class  of  free- 
men. But  while  the  monarch  apjieared  to 
be  all-complying  and  passive,  he  was  secretly 
meditating  to  disannul  the  charter.  The 
pope  pronounced  a  sentence  of  excommuni- 
cation on  all  who  should  attempt  to  enforce 
it ;  and  John,  having  collected  an  army  of 
mercenaries,  carried  war  and  devastation 
throughout  the  kingdom.  The  barons,  taken 
by  surprise,  now  sent  a  deputation  to  Philip 


I 


I  joh] 


^  i5tiM  Sliubcr^al  3Bin0rapi)g. 


[JOII 


I  of  France,  offering  the  crown  of  England  to 

I  the  dauphin  Louis  ;  who  speedily,  with  tlOO 

vessels,  landed  at  Sandwich,  and  proceeded 

I  to  London,  where  he  was  received  as  lawful 

I  sovereign.    John  was  immediately  deserted 

I  by  all  liis  foreign  troops,  and  most  of  his 

English   adherents ;    but    the    report    of   a 

sclieme  of  Louis  for  tlie  extermination  of  the 

English  nobility  arrested  his  progress,  and 

induced  many  to  return  to  their  allegiance. 

i  While  the  king's  affairs  were  beginning  to 

!  assume  a  better  aspect,  he  was  taken  ill,  and 

died  at  Newark,  in  October,  1210,  in  the  49th 

year  of  his  age,  and  the  17th  of  his  reign. 

JOHN  OF  GAUNT,  duke  of  Lancaster,  a 
renowned  general,  was  born  in  134{».  lie 
served  with  great  distinction  in  France  with 
his  brother  the  Black  Prince,  and  on  his 
death  had  the  management  of  affairs  during 
the  life  of  liis  father.  He  died  in  1399.  John 
of  Gaunt  was  a  man  of  great  valour,  pru- 
dence, and  generosity.  His  son  afterwards 
became  king,  by  the  title  of  Henry  IV. 
j  JOHN  OF  Salisbuiey,  bishop  of  Char- 
tres  in  France,  was  born  at  Salisbury,  in 
Wiltshire,  in  the  beginning  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. He  studied  under  the  most  eminent 
I  professors  on  the  Continent,  and  acquired 
considerable  fame  for  his  proficiency  in  rhe- 
toric and  general  literature.  After  his  return 
to  England,  he  became  the  intimate  friend 
and  companion  of  Thomas  &  Becket,  whom 
he  had  attended  in  his  exile,  and  he  is  said 
to  have  been  present  when  he  was  murdered 
in  Canterbury  cathedral.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  restorers  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages  in  Europe,  and  an  elegant  Latin 
poet. 

JOHNES,  Thom.\s,  a  gentleman  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  attachment  to  lite- 
rary pursuits,  was  born  in  1748,  at  Ludlow, 
in  Shropshire  ;  studied  at  Eton,  and  Jesus 
College,  Oxford  ;  and  sat  in  parliament  for 
Cardigan,  and  subsequently  for  Radnorshire. 
He  possessed  an  estate  at  Hafod,  in  Cardi- 
ganshire, where  he  built  an  elegant  mansion, 
and -furnished  it  with  a  noble  library,  and 
a  complete  typographical  establishment, 
whence  proceeded  the  works  on  which  his 
literary  reputation  is  founded.  He  trans- 
lated the  "  Chronicles  of  Froissart  and  Mons- 
trelet,"  "  Joinville's  Memoirs  of  Louis," 
"  Bertrand  de  la  Brocquiere's  Travels  in 
Palestine,"  and  "St.  Palayes  Life  of  Frois- 
sart."   Died,  1816. 

JOHNSON,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  originally  a  member  of  the  law,  which 
profession  he  quitted  for  theatrical  composi- 
tion, in  which  he  experienced  considerable 
success.    Died,  1748. 

JOHNSON,  JoHX,  a  learned  divine,  was 
bom,  in  lG(i2,  at  Findsbury,  Kent :  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  School,  Canterbury,  and  at 
Cambridge  ;  and  successively  obtained  the 
livings  of  Boughton,  St.  John's,  Margate, 
Appledore,  and  Cranbrook.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral religious  works ;  among  which  are 
"Holy  David,"  "The  Clergyman's  "Vade 
Mecum,"  "The  Unbloody  Sacritice,"  "  Mis- 
cellaneous Discourses  and  Sermons,"  &c. 
Died,  1725. 

JOHNSON,  Maurice,  an  able  antiquary, 
was  born  at  Spalding,  in  Lincolnshire,  and 
bred  to  the  law  in  the  Inner  Temple  ;  after 

459 


whicli  he  settled  at  his  native  place,  where 
he  formed,  in  1717,  a  literary  society,  whose 
object  was  to  cultivate  the  knowledge  of 
Englisli  antiquities.    He  died  in  1755. 

■JOHNSON,  Richard,  a  grammarian, who 
was  head-master  of  the  new  school  at  Not- 
tingham, from  1707  to  1720.  He  published 
"  Noctes  Nottinghamicas,"  "  Grammatical 
Commentaries,"  "  Aristarchus  Anti-Ben- 
tlcianus,"  &c.  He  had  been  in  a  desponding 
state  for  some  time,  and  was  found  drowned 
in  a  rivulet,  near  Nottingham,  in  1720. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  a  divine,  eminent 
for  his  zeal,  and  for  his  numerous  writings, 
in  the  cause  of  civil  liberty,  was  bom  iu 
1(!49,  in  the  county  of  Stafford  ;  received  his 
education  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  became  minister 
of  Corringham,  in  Essex.  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  while  Lord  Russell  and  his  coad- 
jutors were  promoting  the  bill  for  excluding 
the  Duke  of  York,  he  published  a  tract, 
entitled  "  Julian  the  Apostate,"  for  which 
he  was  fined  and  imprisoned.  In  1C18,  when 
the  army  was  encamped  on  Ilounslow  Heath, 
he  drew  up  a  paper,  entitled  "  An  humble 
and  hearty  Address  to  all  the  English  Pro- 
testants in  the  present  Army,"  for  which  he 
was  tried,  and  condenmcd  to  stand  in  the 
pillory  in  three  places,  to  pay  a  fine  of  500 
marks,  to  be  degraded  from  the  priesthood, 
and  to  be  publicly  whipped  from  Newgate 
to  Tyburn.  He  bore  all  these  disgraceful 
punishments  with  unshrinking  fortitude, 
and  continued  to  employ  his  pen  in  the  same 
cause  until  the  revolution,  when  the  king 
offered  him  the  rich  deanery  of  Durham  ; 
but  this  he  refused,  as  inadequate  to  his 
sufferings  and  services,  which  he  thought 
merited  a  bishopric.  He  finally  received  a 
present  of  1000/.,  and  a  pension  of  300/.  per 
annum  for  the  life  of  himself  and  his  sou. 
Died,  1703. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  the  celebrated  lexi- 
cographer, and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
writers  of  the  18th  century,  was  born  in  1709, 
at  Lichfield,  where  his  father  was  a  book- 
seller. He  completed  his  education  at  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford  ;  and  in  1732  he 
became  under-master  of  a  free-school  at 
Market  Bosworth,  in  Leicestershire,  which 
situation  he  was  soon  induced  to  quit,  on 
account  of  the  haughty  treatment  he  re- 
ceived from  the  principal  ;  and  he  next 
endeavoured  to  earn  a  scanty  maintenance 
by  literary  employment.  In  1735  he  mar- 
ried Airs.  Porter,  the  widow  of  a  mercer 
at  Birmingham,  with  a  fortune  of  about 
800/.,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to  open  a 
boarding-school ;  but  the  plan  did  not  suc- 
ceed, and,  after  a  year's  trial,  he  resolved 
to  seek  his  fortune  in  London,  in  company 
with  one  of  his  few  pupils,  the  celebrated 
David  Garrick.  In  March,  1737,  the  two 
adventurers  accordingly  arrived  in  the 
metropolis,  Johnson  with  his  unfinished 
tragedy  of  "  Irene  "  in  his  pocket,  and  with 
little  to  depend  upon  but  his  slender  engage- 
ment with  Cave,  the  proprietor  of  the  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine.  At  this  time  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  reckless  and  unfortunate 
Savage,  and  in  some  respects  his  personal 
conduct  was  unfavourably  affected  by  the 
intimacy  ;     but  from    irregularity  of  this 


s  B  3 


joh] 


^  ^elD  Sliiibcr^al  ISiosvapljy* 


[joh 


nature  lie  was  soon  recovered  by  his  deeply 
grounded  religious  and  moral  principles. 
Uis  first  literary  production,  which  attracted 
notice  in  the  metropolis,  was  his  "London," 
a  poem  in  imitation  of  the  third  satire  Of 
Juvenal.  He  was  soon  after  led  to  a  new 
exercise  of  his  literary  powers  in  the  compo- 
sition of  parliamentary  dehates,  which,  being 
then  deemed  a  breach  of  privilege,  were  pub- 
lished under  the  fiction  of  "  Debates  in  the 
Senate  of  Lilliput."  The  extraordinary 
eloquence  displayed  in  these  productions 
was  almost  exclusively  the  product  of  his 
own  invention  ;  but  it  is  probable  that  he 
adhered  more  faithfully  to  the  tenor  of  the 
arguments  of  the  real  speakers  than  to  their 
language.  In  1747  he  printed  proposals  for 
an  edition  of  "  Shakspeare,"  and  the  plan 
of  his  "  English  Dictionary,"  addressed  to 
Lord  Chesterfield.  The  price  agreed  upon 
between  him  and  the  booksellers  for  the  last 
work  was  1575/.  In  1749,  Garrick  brought 
his  friend's  tragedy  on  the  stage  of  Drury 
Lane,  but  it  was  unsuccessful.  In  1750  he 
commenced  his  "  Rambler,"  which  was  con- 
tinued till  1752.  In  this  work  only  five 
papers  were  the  productions  of  other  writers. 
Soon  after  the  close  of  this  paper  he  lost  his 
wife,  a  circumstance  which  greatly  attected 
him,  as  appears  from  his  Meditations,  and 
the  sermon  which  he  wrote  on  her  death. 
In  1755  appeared  his  Dictionary,  and  the 
same  year  the  university  of  Oxford  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  M.  A.  Lord  Chester- 
field endeavoured  also  to  assist  it  by  writing 
two  papers  in  its  favour  in  "  The  World  ;  " 
but  as  he  had  hitherto  neglected  the  author, 
Johnson  treated  him  with  coutemi)t.  The 
publication  of  this  great  work  did  not  relieve 
him  from  his  embarrassments,  for  the  price 
of  his  labour  had  been  consumed  in  the  pro- 
gress of  its  compilation.  In  1758  he  began 
the  "  Idler,"  a  periodical  paper,  which  was 
published  in  a  weekly  newspaper.  On  the 
death  of  his  mother  in  1759,  he  wrote  the 
romance  of  "Rasselas"  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  her  funeral.  In  17C2  tlie  king 
granted  him  a  pension  of  300Z.  per  annum, 
without  any  stipulation  with  respect  to  his 
literary  exertions.  Johnson  had  the  honour 
of  a  conversation  with  the  king  in  the  royal 
library,  in  1765,  when  his  majesty  asked  if 
he  intended  to  publish  any  more  works  ?  To 
this  he  answered,  that  he  thought  he  had 
written  enough  ;  on  which  the  king  said, 
♦'  so  should  I  too,  if  you  had  not  written 
so  well."  About  this  time  he  instituted  the 
Literary  Club,  consisting  of  some  of  the 
most  celebrated  men  of  the  age.  It  was  at 
tills  period,  too,  that  his  intercourse  with 
the  Thrale  family  began,  which,  for  years, 
produced  him  so  much  social  enjoyment. 
In  1773  he  went  on  a  tour  with  Air.  Boswell 
to  the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  of  which 
journey  he  shortly  after  published  a  highly 
interesting  account ;  but  which  gave  oftence 
to  many,  by  the  violent  attack  therein  made 
on  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  attributed 
to  Ossian.  In  1775  the  university  of  Oxford 
sent  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  by  diploma. 
In  1779  he  began  his  "Lives  of  the  English 
Poets,"  a  work  which,  on  the  whole,  may  be 
regarded  as  a  treasure  of  sound  criticism, 
and  a  model  of  literary  biograpliy.    After  a 


long  illness,  during  part  of  which  he  enter- 
tained the  most  gloomy  apprehensions,  his 
mind  grew  serene,  and  he  died  full  of  that 
faith  which  he  had  so  vigorously  defended 
and  inculcated  by  his  writings,  Dec.  19.  1784. 
The  character  of  this  great  man  is  thus 
summed  up  by  Bishop  Gleig  :  —  "Without 
claiming  for  him  the  highest  place  among 
his  contemporaries,  in  any  single  depart- 
ment of  literature,  we  may  use  one  of  liis 
own  expressions,  'that  he  brought  more 
mind  to  every  subject,  and  had  a  greater 
variety  of  knowledge  ready  for  all  occasions, 
than  almost  any  other  mail  I  '  Though 
religious  to  superstition,  he  was  in  every 
other  respect  so  remarkably  incredulous, 
that  Hogarth  said,  while  Johnson  firmly 
believed  the  Bible,  he  seemed  determined 
to  believe  nothing  else.  The  same  energy 
which  was  displayed  in  his  literary  produc- 
tions was  exhibited  also  in  his  conversation, 
which  was  various,  striking,  and  instruc- 
tive :  like  the  sage  in  '  Kasselas,'  he  spoke, 
and  attention  watched  his  lips  ;  he  reasoned, 
and  conviction  closed  his  periods  ;  when  he 
pleased,  he  could  be  the  greatest  sophist  that 
ever  contended  in  the  lists  of  declamation  ; 
and  perliaps  no  man  ever  equalled  him  in 
nervous  and  pointed  repartees.  But  he  had 
a  roughness  in  his  manner  which  subdued 
the  saucy,  and  terrified  the  meek  ;  it  was 
only,  however,  in  his  manner ;  for  no  man 
was  more  loved  than  Johnson  was  by  those 
who  knew  him  ;  and  his  works  will  be  read 
with  veneration  for  their  author,  as  long  as 
the  language  in  which  they  are  written  shall 
be  understood." 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer 
and  performer  of  eccentric  celebrity  ;  author 
of  "  Hurlothrumbo,  or  the  Supernatural," 
and  various  other  laughable  extravaganzas. 
Died,  1773. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  first  president  of 
King's  College,  New  York,  was  born  at 
Guildford,  Connecticut ;  educated  at  the 
college  of  Saybrook  ;  first  preached  at  West 
Haven,  then  became  an  episcopalian,  and 
went  to  England  to  obtain  ordination.  On 
his  return  he  settled  at  Stratford,  where  he 
preached  to  an  episcopalian  congregation  ; 
received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Oxford, 
in  1743  ;  and  was  chosen  president  of  the 
college  at  New  York  on  its  establishment 
in  1754.  He  held  this  situation  with  much 
credit,  until  1763,  when  he  resigned  and 
returned  to  his  pastoral  charge  at  Stratford, 
where  he  continued  till  his  death,  in  1772. 

JOHNSON,  Thomas,  an  English  botanist, 
was  born  at  Selby,  in  Yorkshire.  He  was 
bred  an  apothecary  in  London,  and  became, 
says  Wood,  the  best  herbalist  of  his  age. 
He  wrote  "  Iter  in  Agrum  Canturarium  " 
and  "  Ericetum  Ilamstedianum,"  which 
were  the  first  local  catalogues  of  plants 
published  in  England.  But  his  great  work 
was  an  improved  edition  of  "  Gerard's 
Herbal."  In  the  civil  wars  he  entered  into 
the  royal  army  ;  at  the  siege  of  Basing- 
house  he  received  a  wound,  of  which  he  died 
in  1044. 

JOHNSTON,  Arthur,  a  physician  and 
poet,  was  born  in  1587,  near  Aberdeen,  and 
educated  at  that  university  ;  on  leaving 
whicli  he  went  to  Padua,  where  he  took  his 


joh] 


^  ^etu  ^ni^tx^aX  3iJiO0rap]^n, 


[joh 


doctor's  degree,  and  then  settled  in  Paris. 
After  an  absence  of  nearly  40  years,  cliiefly 
spent  in  foreign  travel,  he  returned  to  Aber- 
deen, of  which  university  he  became  prin- 
cipal, till  Archbishop  Laud  invited  him  to 
London,  and  obtained  for  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  physician  in  ordinary  to  Chark-s  I. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  collection  of  Latin 
epigrams,  an  elegant  paraphrase  of  the 
Psalms  in  Latin  verse,  the  "  Muste  Aulica;," 
and  a  selection  of  the  works  of  Scottish 
writers,  entitled  "  Poetarum  Scoticorum  De- 
licite."    Died,  1(541. 

JOHNSTON,  or  JOHNSON,  Ciiaules,  a 
native  of  Ireland,  who  was  bred  to  the  bar, 
and  came  over  to  England  to  practise  ;  but 
being  afflicted  with  deafness,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  quit  that  profession.  His  first 
literary  attempt  was  the  celebrated  "  Chry- 
Bal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Guinea;"  a 
political  romance,  in  which  the  leading  cha- 
racters were  drawn  from  real  life,  and  from 
their  being  generally  known,  produced  a 
great  sensation.  This  work  having  so  well 
succeeded,  he  produced  others  of  a  similar 
class,  viz.  "The  Reverie,  or  a  Flight  to  the 
Paradise  of  Fools,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  History 
of  Arbaces,  Prince  of  Betlis,"  2  vols.  ;  "The 
Pilgrim,  or  a  Picture  of  Life,"  2  vols. ;  and 
the  "  History  of  John  Juniper,  Esq.,  alias 
Juniper  Jack,"  3  vols.  In  1782  he  went  to 
India,  where  he  engaged  in  literary  and 
otlier  speculations,  aud  obtained  considerable 
wealth.     Died,  18<K». 

JOHNSTONE,  Chevalier  de,  an  adhe- 
rent of  the  Pretender,  was  the  son  of  a 
merchant  of  Edinburgh,  and  born  in  1720. 
At  an  early  age  he  evinced  an  inclination 
for  a  militarj'  life  ;  and  bein^  brought  up 
in  Jacobite  principles,  he  lett  Edinburgh 
privately  ou  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebel- 
lion in  1745,  and  joined  the  insurgents.  He 
was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  the  unfortu- 
nate prince  Charles  Edward  ;  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Preston  Pans  ;  and  raised  an  inde- 
pendent company,  with  which  he  served 
throughout  the  campaign.  After  the  battle  of 
Culloden,  he  sought  for  safety  in  flight ;  and, 
disguised  as  a  pedlar,  he  passed  through 
England,  and  at  length  escaped  to  the  Con- 
tinent. He  subsequently  entered  into  the 
service  of  France,  and  acted  in  the  capacity 
of  aide-de-camp  in  Canada  ;  on  the  conquest 
of  which  by  the  British  he  returned  to 
France,  and  died  there  at  an  advanced  age. 
His  "  Memoirs  of  the  Rebellion  in  1745 
and  1746,"  which  occupied  his  latter  years, 
is  a  very  interesting  work. 

JOHNSTONE,  Dr.  BiaxE,  an  eminent 
Scotch  divine,  born  in  1747,  was  a  son  of 
John  Johnstone,  esq.,  a  highly  respectable 
magistrate  of  Annan,  in  Drumfriesshire. 
He  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh  in 
1762 ;  in  1771  he  was  appointed  minister  of 
Holy  wood  ;  and  in  1786  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
was  unanimously  conferred  on  him.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Re- 
velation of  St.  John  the  Divine,"  2  vols. 
8vo. ;  an  "  Essay  on  tlie  Inriuence  of  Re- 
ligiou  on  Civil  Society  and  Civil  Govern- 
ment ; "  and  some  valuable  sermons.  He 
also  assisted  Sir  John  Sinclair's  patriotic 
views  in  drawing  up  the  statistical  account 
of  Scotland  ;  and  contributed  greatly  towards 


the  improvement  of  the  agricultural  and 
social  condition  of  liis  native  country.  Died, 
1805. 

JOHNSTONE,  James,  a  physician  and 
physiological  writer,  was  born  at  Annan, 
in  Dumfriessliire,  in  1730  ;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  17.50 ;  and  settled  at  Kidderminster, 
where  he  acquired  notoriety  by  his  success- 
ful treatment  of  a  malignant  fever  then 
raging  there,  as  well  as  by  claiming  the 
merit  of  having  discovered  the  good  effects 
arising  from  the  use  of  mineral  acids,  in 
counteracting  contagion.  Dr.  Johnstone 
subsequently  removed  to  Worcester,  and 
died  in  that  city,  in  1802.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Medical  Essays  and  Observations," 
"  Disquisitions  relating  to  the  Nervous  Sys- 
tem," and  also  several  medical  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions. 

JOHNSTONE,  JouN  He.vry,  a  celebrated 
comic  actor  and  vocalist,  was  born  in  1750 
at  Tipperary,  where  his  father  was  a  small 
farmer.  At  the  age  of  18  he  enlisted  in  a 
regiment  of  Irish  dragoons,  and  soon  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  his  comrades  by  his 
fine  voice  and  good-humoured  liveliness. 
The  colonel  of  the  regiment  having  had 
proofs  of  Johnstone's  vocal  powers,  and 
hearing  that  he  had  an  inclination  for  the 
stage,  he  generously  granted  his  discharge, 
and  gave  him  a  recommendatory  letter  to 
Mr.  Ryder,  then  manager  of  the  Dublin 
theatre,  who  engaged  him  for  three  years, 
at  two  guineas  per  week,  which  was  soon 
raised  to  four.  His  fame  as  a  vocalist  in- 
creased rai)idly ;  and  having  married  a 
Miss  Poitier,  who  had  acquired  a  profound 
knowledge  of  the  science  of  music,  he  pro- 
fited by  her  instructions,  and  soon  became 
a  finished  singer.  Mackliu,  the  celebrated 
actor,  advised  him  to  try  the  London  boards, 
and  wrote  a  letter  to  Mr.  Harris,  of  Covent 
Garden,  so  strongly  in  his  favour,  that  he 
engaged  Johnstone  and  his  wife,  for  three 
years,  at  a  weekly  salary  of  14^.,  16/.,  and 
18/.  He  accordingly  made  his  first  appear- 
ance at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  in  October, 
1783,  in  his  favourite  character  of  Lionel. 
There  were,  however,  other  aspirants  for 
vocal  fame  at  that  time  on  the  stage  ;  and 
though  he  continued  to  sing  for  several 
seasons  with  imdiminished  success,  he  saw 
that  a  wider  field  was  open  for  him  in  the 
personation  of  Irish  characters.  His  best 
efforts  were  therefore  directed  to  that  end  ; 
and  it  was  soon  found  that  his  native  hu- 
mour, rich  brogue,  and  fine  voice  carried 
him  to  a  height  of  excellence  in  the  path 
he  had  chosen,  wliich  left  every  competitor 
far  behind.  In  1803  he  quitted  Covent 
Garden  for  Drury  Lane,  and  in  the  summer 
of  that  year  he  visited  his  friends  in  Dublin, 
where  martial  law  being  then  in  force,  the 
company  performed  in  the  daytime.  On 
his  return  from  Ireland  his  wife  died  ;  and 
lie  married  Miss  Boulton,  by  whom  he  had 
a  daughter,  Mrs.  Wallack.  Few  public 
performers  have  passed  a  long  career  with 
such  uninterrupted  success  and  felicity  as 
the  veteran  Johnstone.  As  an  actor,  in  his 
line  he  stood  alone,  personating  his  buoyant 
and  blundering  countrymen,  both  patrician 
and  plebeian,  with  a  degree  of  fidelity  alto- 


joh] 


^  ;j^fl»  ^niftcv^al  IStasrapl^j). 


[jON 


gether  unrivalled  ;  -while  his  habits  of  pru- 
dence, which  enabled  him  to  accumulate  a 
good  fortune,  were  not  so  strict  as  to  inter- 
fere with  his  social  enjoyments  ;  for,  to  say 
I  the    truth,    "Jack    Johnstone"    loved    the 
juice   of   the  grape,   and  often   took    "one 
l  bottle  more "   than    would    have    qualified 
I  him  for  any  temperance  society  in  Chris- 
tendom.   He  died,  Dec.  26.  1828,  iu  the  78th 
!  year  of  his  age. 

JOHNSTONE,  Jon.v,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 
i  physician  of  Birmingliam,  who  for  upwards 
j  of  40  years  held  a  distinguished  station 
I  among  his  professional  brethren,  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  James  Johnstone,  of  Worcester, 
and  was  educated  at  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford. Dr.  John  Johnstone  was  considered 
peculiarly  successful  iu  his  treatment  of 
fevers,  and  somewhat  remarkable  for  the 
sparing  use  he  made  of  medicinal  prepara- 
tions ;  but  it  is  not  only  of  his  skill  and  ta- 
lents as  a  physician,  but  as  a  man  of  letters 
that  we  have  to  speak  of  him.  He  was  tlie 
intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Tarr,  and  his  "  Life  " 
of  that  great  scholar  affords  ample  evidence 
of  his  own  literary  acquirements  and  com- 
prehensive mind.  Besides  these  Memoirs 
of  Dr.  Parr,  which  is  a  fearless  and  noble 
specimen  of  biography,  he  was  the  author  of 
several  treatises  on  medical  subjects,  he  was 
also  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Pliysicians 
and  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  was  held  in 
high  estimation  for  liis  acquirements  and 
general  character  by  a  large  circle  of  friends, 
eminent  for  rank  and  talents.  Died,  aged 
(38,  Dec.  28.  1830. 

JOINVILLE,  Joii.v,  Sieur  de,  seneschal 
of  Champagne,  an  eminent  French  states- 
man and  historian  of  the  13th  century.  He 
accompanied  Louis  IX.  in  his  first  crusade 
or  expedition  to  Egypt,  in  1249,  sharing  liis 
master's  captivity,  and  rendering  him  many 
important  services.  In  the  king's  second 
crusade,  however,  he  declined  taking  a  part; 
and  subsequently  employed  himself  iu  writ- 
ing the  "  Life  of  St.  Louis,"  one  of  the  most 
interesting  documents  existing  relative  to 
the  history  of  the  middle  ages.  He  died  in 
1318,  aged  90. 

JOLIVET,  Jean  Baptiste  ^[ovse.  Count 
de,  was,  previous  to  the  French  revolution, 
an  advocate.  While  a  deputy  to  the  legis- 
lative assembly  in  1792,  he  had  the  courage 
to  denounce  the  Jacobin  club  before  the 
National  Convention,  and  the  good  fortune 
to  escape  from  the  perils  of  that  stormy 
period.  After  the  accession  of  Napoleon  he 
was  introduced  into  the  council  of  state,  and 
charged  with  the  organisation  of  the  four 
new  departments  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the 
Khine.  On  his  return  he  was  made  a  com- 
mandant of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  retained 
the  office  of  counsellor  of  state  till  1814.  He 
wrote  several  financial  and  statistical  works  ; 
and  died,  aged  64,  in  1818. 

JOL  Y,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
wrote  "  A  Collection  of  Maxims  for  the  Edu- 
cation of  a  Prince,"  which  gave  great  offence, 
and  was  burnt  by  the  hangman.  The  author, 
however,  republished  it  with  an  addition, 
called  "  Codicil  d'Or,  or  the  Golden  Codicil." 
He  was  born  at  Paris  in  1607,  and  died  there 
iu  1700. 
JOLY,  Guv,  the  confidential  secretary  of 


Cardinal  de  Retz,  who  wrote  "  Memoirs  of 
his  Times,"  containing  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  transactions  from  1648  to  1665,  in 
which  is  included  the  private  history  of  his 
patron. 

JOLY,  Marv  Elizabeth,  a  celebrated 
French  actress,  was  born  at  Versailles  in 
1761.  She  commenced  her  theatrical  career 
in  1781,  and  soon  ro.se  to  eminence  in  her 
profession,  excelling  principally  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  soubrettes  of  tlie  French 
drama.  In  1793  she  was  imprisoned  among 
other  political  victims,  but  recovered  her 
liberty  on  condition  of  performing  at  the 
theatre  of  the  Republic.     Died,  1798. 

JOMELLI,  NicoLO,  a  musical  composer, 
was  born  iu  1714,  at  Aversa,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples.  He  composed  a  number  of  operas 
in  his  own  country,  and  became  a  popular 
favourite.  He  afterwards  visited  Bologna, 
Rome,  Venice,  and  other  principal  cities  of 
Italy,  everywhere  carrying  away  the  palm 
from  rival  musicians.  He  was  the  author 
of  30  operas,  and  many  devotional  pieces, 
among  which  are  his  celebrated  "  Requiem  " 
and  "Miserere."    Died,  1774. 

JONAS,  AnxGRiM,  a  native  of  Iceland, 
distinguished  as  an  antiquary  and  historian. 
His  works  relate  chiefly  to  the  history  of 
his  own  countrj' ;  but  he  was  also  an  able 
astronomer,  and  had  studied  the  science 
under  Tycho  Brahe.  He  died,  aged  95,  in 
1640. 

JONES,  Edward,  a  Welsh  musician,  who 
was  bard  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He  pub- 
lished "Musical  and  Poetical  Relics  of  the 
Welsh  Bards,  "  "  Minstrels'  Serenades, " 
"Lyric  Airs,"  and  "Terpsichore's  Ban- 
quet."   Died,  1821. 

JONES,  Henry,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  born  at  Drogheda.  He  wrote  the  tra- 
gedy of"  The  Earl  of  Essex,"  and  a  volume 
of  poems,  for  which,  under  the  patronage 
of  Lord  Chesterfield,  he  procured  a  large 
subscription.  Want  of  prudence,  however, 
prevented  him  from  profiting  by  his  con- 
nections, and  he  died  in  indigence,  1770. 

JONES,  Imgo,  a  celebrated  arcliiteet, 
and  the  reviver  of  classical  architecture  in 
England,  was  born  in  London,  about  1572. 
He  was  at  first  an  apprentice  to  a  joiner  ; 
but  his  talents  for  drawing  having  attracted 
the  notice  of  the  Earls  of  Arundel  and 
Pembroke,  the  latter  supplied  him  with  the 
means  of  visiting  Italy,  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  landscape  painting.  He  went  to 
Venice,  where  the  works  of  Palladio  inspired 
him  with  a  taste  for  architecture  ;  and  he 
afterwards  devoted  all  his  energies  in  pursuit 
of  that  noble  branch  of  art.  He  soon  ac- 
quired fame,  and  obtained  the  situation  of 
first  architect  to  Christian  IV.,  king  of  Den- 
mark, who,  visiting  his  brother-in-law, 
James  I.,  in  1606,  brought  Jones  with  him 
to  England.  Being  induced  to  remain,  the 
queen  chose  him  as  her  architect ;  and  the 
place  of  surveyor-general  of  the  board  of 
works  was  granted  to  him  in  reversion.  Iu 
1020  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  repairing  St.  Paul's  cathedj-al ; 
but  this  was  not  commenced  till  1623.  In 
the  following  reign  he  was  much  employed 
in  preparing  masques  for  the  entertainment 
of  the  court,  and  in  building  the  Banqueting 


jon] 


^  ^e&j  ^inbtr^td  38tOfirapl)y. 


[jon 


\ 


House  at  Whiteliall ;  but  while  thus  en- 
gaged he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  Ben 
Junsun,  wlio  ridiculed  him  ou  the  stage,  and 
made  him  the  subject  of  his  epigrammatic 
muse.  Jones  realised  a  handsome  fortune  ; 
but  being  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  a  partisan 
of  royalty,  he  suffered  severely  in  the  civil 
war.  At  length,  worn  down  by  sorrow  and 
suffering,  he  died,  July  21.  hio'2.  As  an 
author  he  is  known  by  a  work  relative  to 
that  curious  monument  of  former  ages, 
Stonehence,  which  he  pronounwd  to  be  a 
Roman  temple,  dedicated  to  Ca;lns  —  an 
opinion  which  most  antiquaries  have  decried 
as  erroneous 'and  absurd.  Many  of  Inigo 
Jones's  architectural  designs  have  been  pub- 
lished bv  Kent,  Ware,  and  I>coni. 

JONES,  JoH.v,  LL.D.,  a  Unitarian  minis- 
ter, and  a  philological  writer.  Was  a  native 
of  Carmarthenshire,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation at  tlie  Dissenting  College,  Hackney. 
He  was  pastor  to  a  Unitarian  congregation, 
first  at  Plymouth  Dock,  and  next  at  Halifax, 
in  Yorkshire  ;  but  he  eventually  settled  in 
London,  and  employed  himself  in  literary 
pursuits  and  private  tuition.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  publications  ;  among 
wliich  are,  "  A  Development  of  remarkable 
Events  calculated  to  restore  the  Chiistian 
Religion  to  its  Original  Purity,"  2  vols.  ; 
"Illustrations  of  tlie  Four  Gospels,"  &c. ; 
a  "  Greek  and  English  Lexicon,"  and  many 
others,  both  educational  and  devotional. 
Died,  1827. 

JONES,  JoHX  Gale,  by  professsion  an 
apothecary,  but  far  better  known  as  a  po- 
litical orator,  was  born  in  1771.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution  he 
became  a  leading  meml)er  of  the  celebrated 
London  Corresponding  Society  ;  and,  until 
a  few  years  before  his  death,  he  was  known 
as  a  popular  declaimer  at  the  various  poli- 
tical meetings  held  in  the  metropolis.  Hav- 
ing rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  the  go- 
vernment by  his  violence,  and  impugned  the 
proceedings  of  the  House  of  Connnons,  he 
was  committed  to  Newgate  in  February, 
1810,  and  there  remained  till  his  liberation 
was  eftected  by  the  prorogation  of  parlia- 
ment, June  21.  The  part  he  took  in  advo- 
cating republican  doctrines  had  formerly 
subjected  him  to  a  trial  at  the  Warwick 
assizes,  when  he  obtained  a  verdict  of  ac- 
quittal, which  was  mainly  attributable  to 
the  skilful  advocacy  of  his  counsel.  Sir 
Samuel  Romilly.  As  a  public  speaker  he 
was  fluent,  energetic,  and  impressive  ;  in 
private  life  he  is  said  to  have  been  unassum- 
ing and  an  instructive  companion.  Died, 
April,  18;!8. 

JONES,  Colonel  Leslie  Grove,  was,  in 
early  life,  a  midshipman  ;  but  having  hu- 
manely, though  very  insubordinately,  inter- 
fered respecting  the  punishment  of  one  of 
the  seamen,  he  was  so  severely  censured, 
tliat  he  quitted  the  navy  in  disgust.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  was  presented  with  an  ensign's 
commission  in  the  1st  foot  guards,  served 
throughout  tlie  Peninsular  war,  and  was  a 
favourite  aide-de-camp  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, whose  high  opinion  of  his  zeal,  dis- 
cretion, and  gallantry,  may  be  formed  from 
the  fact  that,  previous  to  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo, the  honourable  and  responsible  ofiBce  of 


commandant  of  Brussels  was  intrusted  to 
him.  Being  put  on  half-pay  at  the  peace, 
he  engaged  in  literary  composition,  and  oc- 
casionally produced  some  essays,  &c.  But 
it  was  not  till  the  great  struggle  for  the 
reform  bill  that  he  appeared  before  the 
world  as  a  political  writer.  It  unfortunately 
happens  to  mean  well  and  to  judge  well  are 
not  always  the  same  thing  ;  and  Colonel 
Jones's  political  letters,  which  appeared  in 
the  "  Times,"  had  all  the  violence  of  those 
of  Junius,  without  their  redeeming  vigour, 
sarcasm,  and  eloquence.  Bom,  1779 ;  died, 
iKi9. 

JONES,  Owen,  a  Welsh  antiquary,  and 
a  member  of  the  Gwyneddigion,  or  Cam- 
brian Society,  for  encouraging  the  bards, 
language,  and  music  of  Wales,  was  born  in 
1740,  and  died  in  1814.  He  collected  and 
published  "  The  Archeology  of  Wales,"  the 
"  Poems  of  Dafydd  ap  Gwillym,"  and  other 
productions. 

JONES,  Paul  (whose  real  name,  it  is  said, 
was  John  Paul),  a  naval  adventurer,  was  a 
native  of  Selkirk,  in  Scotland,  and  born  in 
1730.  His  first  voyage  was  to  America, 
where  he  settled  early  in  life  ;  and  at  the 
commencement  of  the  struggle  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  country,  he  offered 
his  services  to  the  former,  and  was  appointed 
first  of  the  first  lieutenants.  In  177.5  he  ob- 
tained the  command  of  a  ship  under  Com- 
modore Hopkins,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  several  engagements,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  captain  of  the 
marine.  He  then  sailed  to  France,  and 
being  well  acquainted  with  the  Irish  coast, 
and  the  northern  part  of  England,  he  con- 
ceived the  design  of  effecting  a  descent.  For 
a  long  time  he  kept  the  northern  coast  in  a 
constant  state  of  alarm ;  at  length  he  effected 
a  landing  at  Whitehaven,  and  having  dis- 
mantled a  fort,  set  fire  to  some  shipping  in 
the  harbour.  From  thence  he  sailed  for 
Scotland,  where  he  landed  on  the  estate  of 
the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  and  j)lundcred  his  lord- 
ship's house  of  all  the  plate.  lie  next  took 
the  Drake  sloop  of  war,  with  which  he 
returned  to  Brest.  He  afterwards  sailed 
round  Ireland  to  the  North  Sea,  with  three 
ships,  the  Richard,  Pallas,  and  Vengeance. 
Having  committed  great  mischief  on  that 
coast,  he  fell  in  with  the  Baltic  fleet,  con- 
voyed by  the  Serapis  frigate,  and  the 
Countess  of  Scarborough  armed  ship,  both 
which,  after  a  severe  action,  he  captured  off 
Flamborough  Head.  For  these  services  the 
king  of  France  conferred  on  him  the  order 
of  merit,  and  gave  him  a  gold-hilted  sword. 
He  afterwards  was  invited  into  the  Russian 
service,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  where 
he  was  disappointed  in  not  receiving  the 
command  of  the  fleet  acting  against  the 
Turks  in  the  Black  Sea.  He  found  fault 
with  the  conduct  of  the  Prince  of  Nassau, 
the  admiral ;  Iwcame  restless  and  impatient, 
was  intrigued  against  at  court,  and  calum- 
niated by  his  enemies  ;  and  had  permission, 
from  the  empress  Catharine,  to  retire  from 
the  service  with  a  pension,  which  was  never 
paid.  He  returned  to  Paris,  sunk  into  po- 
verty, and  died  in  1792.  Jones  was  a  man 
of  decided  courage,  conducting  all  his 
operations  with  equal  boldness  and  saga- 


jon] 


^  |!eiu  Hm'ber^al  SSufsrajpf)!?. 


[jon 


city  ;  to  which  may  be  added,  that,  notwith- 
standing the  absence  of  instruction  in  liia 
youtli,  lie  wrote  with  fluency,  strengtli,  and 
clearness,  and  was  able  to  sustain  iiis  part 
respectably  in  tlie  polished  circles  of  Paris, 
where  he  was  a  great  pretender  to  to7i,  and 
passed  for  "  a  poet  as  well  as  a  hero." 

JONES,  William,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  in  UiSO,  in  the  island  of  Anglesea.  He 
became,  early  in  life,  a  schoolmaster  in  a 
ship  of  war  ;  after  which  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  publislied  "  A  Treatise  on 
Navigation,"  and  aiiotlier  entitled  "  Synopsis 
Palmariorum  Mathescos,  or  a  new  Intro- 
duction to  the  Mathematics."  These  works 
procured  him  the  friendship  of  several  men 
of  science,  particularly  Newton  and  Ualley, 
and  he  a:lso  obtained  a  pension  from  govern- 
ment.   Died,  1740. 

JONES,  William,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  for  his  abilities  and  public  spirit, 
and  a  strenuous  champion  of  the  liutchiu- 
sonian  doctrines,  was  born  in  172(5,  at 
Lowick,  in  Northamptonshire.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Charter  House,  and  University 
College,  Oxford,  wliere  he  formed  an  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  Mr.  Home,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Norwich.  Ou  leaving  the 
university  he  became  curate  of  Finedon, 
Northamptonshire,  and  next  of  Wadeuhoe, 
where  he  wrote  his  "Catholic  Doctrine  of 
the  Trinity,"  which  passed  through  nume- 
rous editions.  In  1762  he  published  "An 
Essay  on  the  first  Principles  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy." In  1764  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury gave  him  tlie  vicarage  of  Bethers- 
den,  in  Kent,  to  which  was  afterwards  added 
the  rectory  of  Pluckley  ;  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  perpetual  curate  of  Nay- 
land,  and  rector  of  Paston  andllolingbourne. 
When  the  French  revolution  gave  birth  to 
seditious  movements  in  this  country,  Mr. 
Jones  printed  "  A  Letter  from  Thomas  Bull 
to  his  brother  John,"  wliich  was  widely 
circulated  by  the  friends  of  government. 
He  was  also  concerned  in  establisliiug  the 
British  Critic  ;  and  he  published  a  collection 
of  excellent  tracts,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Scholar  armed  against  the  Errors  of  the 
Times."  On  the  death  of  his  friend.  Bishop 
Home,  to  whom  he  had  been  chaplain,  he 
paid  an  affectionate  tribute  to  his  memory 
in  an  account  of  his  "Life  and  Writings." 
His  theological  and  philosophical  works 
form  12  vols.  Svo.    Died,  1800. 

JONES,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, poet,  and  general  scholar,  was  the  son 
of  an  able  mathematician  ;  and  was  only 
3  years  of  age  when  his  father  died,  in  1746. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow  School,  from 
whence,  at  the  age  of  18,  he  went  to  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  where  he  had  been 
but  a  few  months  before  he  was  invited  to 
be  private  tutor  to  Lord  Althorpe,  after- 
wards Earl  Spencer,  with  whom  he  made  a 
tour  on  the  Continent.  In  1766  he  obtained 
a  fellowship,  and  began  his  "  Commentaries  ' 
on  Asiatic  Poetry."  Soon  after  this  he  was  \ 
engaged  to  translate  the  life  of  Nadir  Shah,  | 
from  an  eastern  manuscript  brought  to 
England  by  the  king  of  Denmark.  Another 
tour  to  the  Continent,  with  his  pupil  and 
family,  followed,  which  occupied  his  time 
until  1770,  when,  his  tutorship  ceasing,  he 


464 


entered  himself  as  a  law  student  in  the 
Temple.  He  did  not,  however,  wholly  sacri- 
fice literature  to  his  professional  pursuits  } 
but,  on  the  appearance  of  the  life  and  works 
of  Zoroaster,  by  Anquetil  du  Perron,  he  vin- 
dicated the  university  of  Oxford,  which  had 
been  attacked  by  tliat  writer,  in  an  able 
pamphlet  in  the  French  language,  which  he 
wrote  with  great  elegance.  In  1776  he  was 
made  a  connnissioner  of  bankrupts  ;  about 
which  time  his  correspondence  with  his 
pupil  evinced  the  manly  spirit  of  constitu- 
tional freedom  by  which  he  was  actuated  ; 
and  to  his  feelings  on  the  American  con- 
test he  gave  vent  in  a  spirited  Latin  ode  to 
Liberty.  In  1778  appeared  his  translation 
of  the  "  Orations  of  Isaeus,"  with  a  prefatory 
discourse,  notes,  and  commentary,  which, 
for  elegance  of  style,  and  iirofound  criti- 
cal and  historical  research,  excited  much 
admiration.  In  the  mean  time  he  rapidly 
advanced  in  professional  reputation,  and 
contiuued  at  the  same  time  to  give  almost 
daily  evidence  of  the  progress  he  was  mak- 
ing in  polite  literature  ;  at  one  time  trans- 
lating Arabian  poetry,  at  another  writing 
odes  on  liberty,  and  then  discussing,  with 
the  genius  of  a  statesman,  and  the  fervour  of 
a  patriot,  some  intricate  question  of  foreign 
or  domestic  policy.  At  length,  on  the  ac- 
cession of  the  Selburnc  administration,  he 
obtained  what  liad  long  been  the  object  of 
his  ambition,  the  appointment  of  judge  in 
the  supreme  court  of  judicature  in  Bengal. 
The  honour  of  knighthood  wao  on  this  occa- 
sion conferred  ou  him,  and  he  soon  after 
married  Miss  Shipley,  daughter  of  the  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  with  whom  he  embarked  for 
India  in  April,  1783.  One  of  his  earliest 
acts  in  India  was  the  establishment  at  Cal- 
cutta of  an  institution  on  the  ,plan  of  the 
Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  chosen  the 
first  president.  Another  was,  to  take  vigor- 
ous measures  for  procuring  a  digest  of  the 
Hindoo  and  Mahometan  laws.  He  theu 
applied  himself  with  ardour  to  the  study  of 
the  Sanscrit,  and  his  health  soon  suflering 
from  the  climate,  he  took  a  journey  through 
tlie  district  of  Benares,  during  which  cessa- 
tion of  public  duties  he  composed  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  th«  Gods  of  Greece,  Italy,  and  India." 
His  translation  of  the  celebrated  "Ordi- 
nances of  Menu,"  the  famous  Indian  legis- 
lator, published  early  in  1794,  had  scarcely 
appeared,  when  he  was  seized  with  an  in- 
flammation of  the  liver,  which  terminated 
his  truly  valuable  life  on  the  27th  of  April, 
in  tlie  48th  year  of  his  age.  As  a  judge  he 
was  indefatigable  and  impartial,  his  legal 
knowledge  was  profound,  and  he  was  an 
enlightened  and  liberal  champion  of  con- 
stitutional monarchy.  As  a  poet,  essayist, 
and  translator,  there  were  few  who  excelled 
liim  ;  while  as  a  linguist  he  stood  unrivalled. 
To  this  let  us  add,  that  in  private  life  his 
character  was  unimpeachable.  A  beautiful 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  a  statue  at  Bengal, 
at  the  expense  of  the  East  India  Company  ; 
but  the  most  honourable  and  imperishable 
monument  of  his  fame  exists  in  his  works, 
which  were  published  by  his  widow,  in 
6  vols.  4to. 
JONSON,  Benjamix,  a  celebrated  dra- 


Jou] 


^  ^efcD  ©[uiberj^al  23t05r<qpT)S. 


[JOR 


matlst,  and  tlie  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Sliakspeare,  was  the  posthumous  son  of  a 
clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Westminster, 
in  1.574 ;  at  the  grammar-school  of  which 
city  he  was  placed,  under  Camden,  at  an 
early  age  ;  till  his  mother  marrying  again  to 
a  person  who  lield  the  humble  occupation  of 
a  bricklayer,  young  Ben,  as  he  was  familiarly 
called,  was  taken  home  abruptly  by  his 
father-in-law,  and  employed  by  him  as  an 
assistant  in  his  trade.  Tlie  ardent  spirit  of 
the  future  poet  revolted  against  his  condi- 
tion; he  fled  from  home  and  entered  the 
army  as  a  private  soldier,  in  which  capacity 
he  served  in  the  English  army  in  Tlanders. 
On  his  return  he  resumed  his  studies,  and 
went  to  Cambridge  ;  but,  from  the  poverty 
of  his  circumstances,  he  was  obliged  to  leave 
the  university  and  take  to  the  stage.  At 
first  he  was  not  very  successful,  either  as  an 
actor  or  an  author  ;  and  having  tlie  misfor- 
tune to  kill  another  actor  in  a  duel,  he  was 
taken  up  and  imprisoned,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped with  life.  On  being  released  from 
confinement  he  married,  and  recommenced 
writing  for  the  stage,  to  which  he  was  en- 
couraged by  Shakspeare,  who  performed  in 
one  of  his  pieces.  In  1.5i>8  he  i)roduced  his 
comedy  of  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour  ;  " 
which  was  followed  by  a  new  play  every  year, 
till  the  reign  of  James  the  First,  when  he 
was  employed  in  the  masques  and  entertain- 
ments at  court.  But,  regardless  of  prudence, 
Ben  joined  Chapman  and  Marston  in  writing 
the  comedy  of  "  Eastward  IJoe,"  which  so 
grossly  libelled  the  Scotch  nation,  that  the 
authors  were  committed  to  prison,  and  had 
they  not  made  a  timely  and  humble  sub- 
mission for  the  offence,  they  would  have 
lost  their  noses  and  ears  in  the  pillory,  ac- 
cording to^their  sentence.  By  his  address, 
however,  he  soon  contrived  to  reinstate  him- 
self in  the  favour  of  a  monarch  to  whose 
pleasures  the  effusions  of  his  muse  hud  be- 
come necessary  ;  and  for  the  remainder  of 
that  reign  he  continued  in  high  favour  as  a 
kind  of  superintendant  of  the  court  revels. 
In  1017  he  was  appointed  poet  laureate,  with 
a  salary  of  1(K)/.,  and  a  butt  of  canary  wine 
yearly  from  the  king's  cellars.  Want  of 
economy,  however,  kept  him  constantly 
poor  ;  although,  in  addition  to  the  royal 
bounty,  he  had  a  pension  from  the  city.  He 
died  Aug.  16.  lt)37,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  where  a  handsome  tablet 
has  been  erected  to  his  memory  in  Poet's 
Corner,  inscribed,  "  O  rare  Ben  Jonson." 
Dryden,  speaking  of  the  great  rival  drama- 
tists, says,  "  Shakspeare  was  the  Homer,  or 
father,  of  our  dramatic  poets  ;  Jonson  was 
the  Virgil,  the  pattern  of  elaborate  writing  ; 
I  admire  him,  but  I  love  Shakspeare." 

JORDAENS,  Jacob,  an  eminent  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter,  was  a  native  of 
Antwerp.  He  was  the  son-in-law  of  "Van 
Oort,  under  whom  he  studied  ;  he  also  re- 
ceived some  instruction  from  Rubens  ;  and 
his  pictures  are  executed  with  correctness 
and  brilliancy.    Born,  1594  ;  died,  1(>78. 

JORDAN," Camili.e,  a  statesman  of  re- 
volutionary France,  was  born  at  Eyons,  in 
1771.  He  opposed  the  tyranny  of  tiie  Ja- 
cobins ;  and,  as  a  member  of  the  Convention, 
he  had  the  courage  to  defend  his  city  when 


4G5 


it  was  denounced  as  the  receptacle  of  assassins 
and  banditti.  For  his  laudable  zeal  he  was 
twice  compelled  to  seek  safety  in  exile  ;  and 
though  he  returned  to  France  when  Buona- 
parte had  subverted  the  power  of  the  direc- 
tory, he  lived  there  as  a  private  citizen. 
After  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
was  decorated  with  the  legion  of  honour,  and 
ennobled.    Died,  1821. 

JORDAN,  CiiARLKs  Stephkn,  a  Prussian 
writer,  originally  of  a  French  family,  was 
born  at  Berlin  in  1700,  and  died  in  174(5.  He 
wrote  "  Travels  in  France,  England,  and 
Holland,  with  Satirical  Anecdotes,"  "A 
Miscellany  of  Literature,  Philosophy,  and 
History,"  and  the  "  Life  of  dc  la  Croze." 

JORDAN,  DoKOTHEA,  or  Douothy 
Bland  t Jordan  being  only  an  assumed 
name),  was  born  at  Waterford,  about  the 
year  17(J2  She  made  her  theatrical  debut  on 
the  Dublin  stage,  in  1777,  in  the  part  of 
r/utbe,  in  "  As  You  Like  It."  In  the  follow- 
ing season  she  appeared  at  Cork,  where  she 
was  much  admired  for  her  archness  and 
sportive  simplicity.  In  1782  she  came  to 
England,  was  engaged  by  Tate  Wilkinson, 
and  first  appeared  at  the  Leeds  Theatre  as 
Culista,  in  "  The  Fair  Penitent."  From 
Leeds  she  proceeded  to  York,  where  she  first 
played  under  the  name  of  Mrs.  Jordan,  by 
which,  thougli  never  married,  she  was  sub- 
sequently known.  In  1785  she  made  her 
first  a]>pearance  before  a  London  audience 
at  Drury  Lane,  as  I'tavVi  '•»  "  T''C  Country 
Girl  ;  "  arid  immediately  became  such  a  de- 
cided favourite,  that  her  salary  was  doubled, 
and  she  was  allowed  two  benefits.  At  the 
close  of  the  season,  she  made  a  provincial 
tour,  and  visited  nearly  all  the  large  towns 
in  England,  everywhere  receiving  the  most 
enthusiastic  welcome  from  admiring  au- 
diences. When  the  Duke  of  Clarence  first 
made  overtures  to  her,  she  was  the  mistress 
of  a  Mr.  Ford  ;  who  refused  to  make  her  his 
wife,  through  fear  of  offending  his  father. 
Mrs.Jordan  then  entered  into  that  connection 
with  the  duke,  which  continued  in  an  almost 
uninterrupted  stale  of  domestic  harmony, 
until  it  was  suddenly  broken  off  in  1811. 
She  was  the  mother  of  10  children  by  his 
royal  highness  ;  and  it  may  well  be  sup- 
posed that,  when  his  intention  of  sei^arating 
from  her  was  disclosed  in  a  letter  which  she 
received  from  him  while  performing  at 
Cheltenham,  the  shock  was  almost  too  great 
for  her  endurance.  It  has  been  alleged  that 
state  reasons  had  great  weight  in.  inducing 
the  duke  to  insist  on  this  separation ;  but 
what  was  the  true  cause  is  still  a  n>atter  of 
doubt.  A  yearly  allowance  of  4400/.  was 
settled  on  her  for  the  maintenance  of  herself 
and  daughters  ;  with  a  provision  that  if  Mrs. 
Jordan  should  resume  her  profession,  the 
care  of  the  duke's  four  daughters,  together 
with  1,500Z.  per  annum  allowed  for  them, 
should  revert  to  his  royal  highness.  In  a 
few  months  afterwards  she  expressed  a  wish 
to  return  to  the  stage  ;  and  the  four  children, 
with  the  specified  allowance  for  their  main- 
tenance, were  surrendered  to  their  royal 
father.  Shortly  after  tliis  she  retired  to 
France,  under  circumstances  of  great  em- 
barrassment.   She  gradually  sank  under  the 


jor] 


^  iSeiu  Bnibtv^nl  23t05rapl)g, 


[job 


weight  of  her  afflictions  ;  and,  in  a  state  of 
extreme  mental  misery,  died  at  St.  Cloud, 
July  3.  1816.  Hazlitt,  speaking  of  her  at- 
tractions on  the  stage,  says,  "  Her  face,  her 
tones,  her  manner,  were  irresistible.  Her 
smile  had  the  effect  of  sunshine,  and  her 
laugh  did  one  good  to  hear  it.  Her  voice  was 
eloquence  itself ;  it  seemed  as  if  her  heart 
was  always  at  her  moulh.  She  was  all 
gaiety,  openness,  and  good-nature.  She 
rioted  in  her  line  animal  spirits,  and  gave 
more  pleasure  than  any  other  actress,  be- 
cause she  had  the  greatest  spirit  of  enjoy- 
ment in  herself." 

JORDAN,  Sir  JosErii,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  who  by  his  presence  of  mind  and 
valour,  gained  the  battle  of  Solebay,  in  1C72. 

JORDAN,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.  He  wrote  two 
comedies  and  a  masque  ;  and  is  mentioned 
by  Langbaine  with  respect. 

JORDANO,  LucA,  a  famous  painter,  was 
born  at  Naples,  iu  1632  ;  and  died  there,  in 
1703. 

JORTIN,  John.  D.D.,  an  eminent  scholar 
and  divine,  was  born  in  London,  in  1698, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge.  Here  he  ac- 
quired so  high  a  character  for  learning  and 
acuteness,  that  he  was  employed  by  Pope  to 
extract  the  notes  from  Eustathius,  to  print 
with  Ills  translation  of  the  Iliad.  He  took 
orders  in  1724;  and  held  successively  the 
livings  of  Swavesey,  St.  Dunstan's  in  the 
East,  and  Kensington  ;  he  was  also  a  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's  and  archdeacon  of 
London.  His  cliief  works  are,  "  Discourses 
concerning  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," "  Miscellaneous  Observations  upon 
Authors,  ancient  and  modern,"  "  Remarks 
upon  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Life  of  Eras- 
mus," and  7  volumes  of  "  Sermons  and 
Charges,"  which  were  printed  after  his  death. 
He  was  simple  in  manners,  liberal  in  senti- 
ments, independent  in  spirit  ;  and  as  much 
beloved  for  his  private  virtues,  as  he  was  ad- 
mired for  his  piety  and  learning.   Died,  1770. 

JOSE,  Anto>mo,  a  Portuguese  dramatist, 
by  birth  a  Jew,  who  was  burnt  alive  at  the 
last  auto-da-f^  in  1745,  for  having  intro- 
duced in  one  of  his  farces  a  scene,  in  which 
a  criminal  is  conversing  at  the  gallows  with 
his  confessor,  in  a  style,  as  may  be  supposed, 
not  the  most  edifying. 

JOSEPH  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  the 
son  of  Leopold  I.,  was  born  at  Vienna  in 
1678  ;  received  the  crown  of  Hungary  in 
1689  ;  and  was  soon  after  elected  king  of  tlie 
Romans.  He  began  his  reign  in  1705,  wliich, 
though  short,  was  troubled  by  wars  in  the 
Netherlands,  Germany,  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Hungary.  He  revived  the  imperial  chamber; 
and  the  Protestants  enjoyed  toleration  and 
some  privileges  under  his  reign.    Died,  1711. 

JOSEPH  II.,  emperor  of  Germajiy,  was 
the  son  of  the  emperor  Leopold  and"  Maria 
Theresa,  queen  of  Hungary.  He  was  crown- 
ed king  of  the  Romans  in  1764  ;  the  year  fol- 
lowing he  succeeded  his  fatJier  ;  and  in  1780, 
by  the  death  of  the  empress-queen,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  crown  of  Hungary  and  Bo- 
hemia. In  1788,  a  declaration  of  war  was 
published  against  the  Turks,  and  the  same 
year  the  emperor  in  person  reduced  Scha- 
batz ;  but  this  was  followed  by  a  defeat  of 


Prince  Lichtenstein,  who  fell  in  the  action. 
Soon  after  this  a  bloody  battle  was  fought 
between  the  Imperialists  and  Turks,  on  the 
heights  of  Rohadin,  in  which  neither  could 
claim  the  victory.  Joseph  next  made  an 
attempt  to  possess  himself  of  Belgrade,  but 
without  success.  But  Marshal  Laudohn 
taking  upon  him  the  command  of  the  army, 
took  Durbieza  andNovi,  and  in  1789  reduced 
Belgrade ;  soon  after  whicli,  a  peace  was 
concluded,  chiefly  occasioned  by  the  discon- 
tented spirit  in  Germany  at  such  a  waste  of 
men  and  treasure.  In  February  following 
the  emperor  died  of  a  lingering  illness  ;  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Peter  Leopold, 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany.  Joseph  II.  was  of 
a  lively  disposition,  fickle  and  fond  of  action  : 
his  favourite  object  was  to  be  sovereign  in 
a  peculiar  sense,  and  to  manage  the  great 
machine  of  the  state  entirely  himself.  Fre- 
deric the  Great,  in  a  letter  to  Voltaire,  thus 
spoke  of  him  :  —  "Joseph  is  an  emperor  such 
as  Germany  has  not  had  for  a  long  time. 
Educated  in  splendour,  his  habits  are  simple; 
grown  up  amidst  flattery,  he  is  still  modest ; 
inflamed  with  a  love  of  glory,  he  yet  sacri- 
fices his  ambition  to  his  duty." 

JOSEPHINE,  empress  of  France  and 
queen  of  Italy,  was  born  at  Martinique  in 
1763,  and  bore  the  name  from  her  parents, 
of  Rose  Tascher  ve  la  Pagekie.  While 
very  young,  she  was  taken  by  her  father  to 
France,  to  be  the  bride  of  the  Viscount  de 
Bewiharnois  —  a  marriage  having  been  ar- 
ranged by  the  two  families  when  the  Mar- 
quis Beauharnois  was  governor-general  of 
the  Antilles.  They  were  accordingly  mar- 
ried ;  and,  in  the  enjoyment  of  each  other's 
society,  they  lived  beloved  and  respected, 
while  Josephine  became  the  mother  of  two 
children,  Eugene  and  Hortense.  Prompted 
by  filial  attachment,  she  went,  in  1787,  to 
Martinique,  to  attend  upon  her  mother  in 
sickness  ;  and  having  taken  her  daughter 
with  her,  she  remained  in  the  island  three 
years.  The  sudden  rising  of  the  colony, 
however,  obliged  her  to  quit  it  for  France, 
with  such  haste,  as  not  to  allow  of  her  taking 
leave  of  her  parent.  After  effecting  her  es- 
cape, and  surmounting  numerous  obstacles, 
Madame  Beauharnois  began  to  experience 
the  horrors  of  the  French  revolution  ;  and 
soon  saw  lier  husband,  who  had  used  every 
exertion  at  the  head  of  the  French  army  on 
the  Rhine,  dragged  to  a  prison,  and  thence 
to  the  scaffold.  She  was  also  included  in 
the  list  of  proscription  ;  but  the  death  of  her 
husband  reduced  her  to  such  a  state  that  she 
could  not  be  removed,  and  to  this  circum- 
stance she  owed  her  deliverance.  Robes- 
pierre at  length  perished,  and  the  viscountess 
was  delivered  from  prison  by  Tallien  ;  who 
was  never  forgotten  by  her,  nor  by  Eugene, 
from  whom  he  received  a  considerable 
pension  till  his  death.  Josephine  was  in- 
debted to  Barras  for  the  restoration  of  s 
part  of  the  property  of  her  hnsband  ;  and  at 
his  house,  after  the  13th  Vendemiaire,  she 
met  General  Buonaparte,  who  was  desirous 
of  seeing  her,  in  consequence  of  her  son 
Eugene,  then  15  years  old,  presenting  him- 
self before  the  general,  to  solicit  that  the 
sword  which  had  belonged  to  his  father 
might  be  given  to  him.    Buonaparte  from 


JOS] 


^  ^m  mnibev^iil  Bioaraplbi). 


[jou 


the  first  was  favourably  impressed  towards 
the  widow  ;  and  his  attacliinent  strengthen- 
ing at  every  succeeding  interview,  he  married 
her,  in  1796.  From  tliat  day  it  became  her 
practice  to  encourage  him  through  dangers, 
and  moderate  liis  feelings  in  the  hour  of 
victory.  When  her  husband  was  raised  to 
the  consulate,  her  beneficent  disi)osition  dis- 
played itself  in  a  thousand  ways  :  to  her, 
many  emigrants  owed  their  restoration  ;  she 
encouraged  the  arts,  and  rewarded  industry; 
her  life,  in  short,  was  one  continued  act  of 
benevolence  towards  her  fellow-creatures  ; 
80  that  Buonaparte  frequently  observed  to 
her,  "  I  can  win  battles,  but  you  win  hearts." 
Her  great  mind  looked  to  the  glory  of  France, 
and  the  fame  of  her  husband,  as  the  two 
most  desirable  objects.  After  Napoleon  be- 
came emperor,  a  divorce  was  a  subject  to 
which  his  friends  advised  him,  but  which  he 
at  first  declined.  Josephine  ha<l  been  crowned 
empress  of  Paris,  and  queen  of  Italy  at 
Milan.  When  Napoleon  became  desirous  of 
marrying  a  princess,  and  she  was  made  ac- 
quainted with  the  wishes  of  the  nation  re- 
garding a  successor,  she  nobly  resolved  to 
sacrifice  her  private  feelings  on  the  altar  of 
France  ;  and  giving  the  archduchess,  Maria 
Louisa,  credit  for  all  the  estimable  qualities 
which  she  knew  were  requisite  to  the  hap|)i- 
ness  of  Napoleon,  she  consented  to  the  mar- 
riage. She,  however,  would  not  follow  the 
wishes  of  her  children,  who  were  anxious 
that  she  should  quit  France  ;  but  retired  to 
her  beautiful  seat  of  Malmaison,  with  the 
title  of  empress-queen-dowager.  After 
visiting  her  daughter-in-law,  the  vice-queen 
of  Italy,  she  returned  to  the  former  scat  of 
her  happiness,  and  pursued  her  taste  for 
botany.  But  she  was  doomed  to  see  the 
destruction  of  that  throne  on  which  she  had 
once  sat ;  Napoleon's  exile  to  Elba  drew 
from  her  expressions  of  the  most  poignant 
regret ;  and  it  was  evident  to  every  one 
that  her  health  was  rapidly  declining.  The 
allied  sovereigns  treated  her  with  tlie  most 
respectful  distinction.  The  emperor  Alex- 
ander sent  his  physician,  and  visited  her 
often  in  person  ;  but  a  sudden  inflammation 
of  the  throat  terminated  her  life  on  the  2i)th 
of  Mav,  1814. 

JOSEPHUS,  Flavius,  the  celebrated  his- 
torian of  the  Jews,  was  born  at  Jerusalem, 
A.  D.  37.  His  father,  Mattathias,  was  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  high-priests  of  the 
Jews,  and  his  mother  was  of  the  Maccabean 
race.  He  was  early  instructed  in  Hebrew 
learning,  and  became  an  ornament  of  the 
sect  of  the  Pharisees,  to  which  he  belonged. 
When  26  years  old  he  visited  Rome,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  release  of  some 
prisoners  whom  Felix  had  sent  to  the  capital ; 
on  which  occasion  he  was  introduced  to 
Poppaea,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Nero  ;  and, 
on  his  return,  was  made  governor  of  Galilee. 
He  afterwards  obtained  the  command  of  the 
Jewish  army,  and  supported  with  courage, 
wisdom,  and  resolution,  a  siege  of  7  weeks, 
in  the  fortified  town  of  Jotapata,  where  he 
was  attacked  by  Vespasian  and  Titus.  The 
town  was  betrayed  to  the  enemy  ;  40,000  of 
the  inhabitants  were  cut  to  pieces,  and  12<J0 
were  made  prisoners.  Josephus  was  dis- 
covered in  a  cave,  where  he  had  concealed 


himself,  and  given  up  to  the  Roman  gene- 
ral, who  was  about  to  send  him  to  Nero  ; 
but  his  life  was  spared  at  the  intercession 
of  Titus,  who  became  his  patron,  and  whom 
he  accompanied  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem. 
On  arriving  before  the  city  he  was  sent  to 
his  countrymen  with  offers  of  peace,  and 
he  advised  them  to  submit  to  the  Romaa 
power ;  but  they  treated  him  with  con- 
tumely, and  rejected  his  counsel.  At  the 
capture  of  the  city,  however,  he  was  enabled 
to  deliver  his  brother  and  several  of  his 
friends  without  ransom.  He  accompanied 
Titus  back  to  Rome,  where  he  was  rewarded 
with  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  received  a 
pension  and  other  favours  from  Vespasian 
and  his  son  ;  and,  as  a  mark  of  gratitude,  he 
then  assumed  their  family  name  of  Flavius. 
His  "  History  of  the  Jewish  War,  and  the 
Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  in  7  books,  was 
composed  at  the  command  of  Vespasian, 
and  is  singularly  interesting  and  atfecting, 
as  the  historian  was  an  eye-witness  of  all  he 
relates.  St.  Jerome  calls  him  the  Livy  of 
the  Greeks.  His  "  Jewish  Antiquities,"  in  20 
books,  written  in  Greek,  is  a  very  noble 
work  ;  and  bis  discourse  "Upon  the  Martyr- 
dom of  the  Maccabees  "  is  a  masterpiece  of 
eloquence.  He  is  supposed  to  have  died 
about  the  year  95,  but  the  exact  date  ia 
uncertain. 

JOUBERT,  Bartholomew  Cathekixe, 
a  distinguished  French  general,  was  born  at 
Pont  de  Vaux,  in  1709.  He  was  destined  by 
his  father  for  the  bar ;  but  at  the  age  of  15 
he  forsook  his  studies,  and  entered  the  army. 
His  discharge  being  obtained,  he  was  sent  to 
Lyons  to  continue  his  education,  and  at  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution  he  was  a  student 
at  the  university  of  Dijon.  In  1791  he  en- 
listed as  a  volunteer ;  and  displayed  great 
courage  and  activity  in  various  situations, 
he  rose  rapidly,  till  by  his  admirable  con- 
duct under  Kellerman,  at  the  battle  of  Lo- 
ano,  in  1795,  he  was  made  general  of  brigade 
on  the  field.  In  the  two  following  years  his 
bravery  and  talents  were  conspicuous  on 
many  occasions,  particularly  in  the  Tyrol, 
and  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division. 
He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  French 
army  in  Italy  in  1799,  and  fell  at  the  battle 
of  Novi,  in  that  year.  He  was  noted  for  the 
boldness,  promptitude,  and  impetuosity  of 
his  manoeuvres;  and  his  personal  character  is 
said  to  have  been  untainted  by  that  rapacity 
and  recklessness  which  characterised  80 
many  of  his  comrades. 

JOUBERT,  Laukkxt,  a  learned  French 
physician,  was  born  at  Valence,  in  1529.  He 
became  professor  of  medicine  at  Montpelier, 
and  chancellor  of  the  university.  His  Latin 
works  were  printed  at  Lyons  in  1582,  folio  ; 
besides  which  he  wrote  some  medical  treatises 
in  French,  particularly  one  on  "  Laughter  ;  " 
and  another,  entitled  "  Erreurs  Populaires 
touchant  la  Medecine,"  which,  owing  to  its 
broad  humour  and  a  degree  of  levity  that 
pervaded  it,  ran  through  ten  editions  in  six 
months.    Died,  1.583. 

JOUFFROY,  Marquis  de,  who  disputes 
with  Fulton  the  honour  of  having  been  the 
first  to  apply  steam  to  the  purposes  of  navi- 
gation, was  born  in  Franche  Comte,  1751. 
He  made  his  first  attempt  on  the  Doubs  in 


JOU] 


^  ^cii)  ^EntljcriSaT  I3i05rapl)jj, 


[JOV 


1776,  and  renewed  it  with  more  success  on 
the  Saone  in  1783 ;  but  he  failed  to  carry 
it  out  through  want  of  means  and  support. 
He  was  no  less  unsuccessful  at  Paris  in  1816  ; 
but  the  academy  of  sciences  acknowledged 
his  claim  to  the  discovery  in  1840  ;  a  distinc- 
tion with  which,  wliether  merited  or  other- 
wise, he  could  not  fail  to  be  gratified.  Died, 
1832. 

JOUFFROY,  TiiKonoRE,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  philosophical  subjects,  and  pro- 
fessor of  pliilosophy  at  Paris  ;  was  bom  at 
Pontets,  179(5.  Besides  numerous  original 
works,  which  are  in  great  repute  for  clear- 
ness and  deptii,  he  translated  into  French 
the  writings  of  Reid  and  Dugald  Stewart  ; 
and  his  "  Cours  du  Droit  Naturel  "  will  be 
found  worthy  the  most  attentive  perusal. 
Died,  1842. 

'  JOURDAIN,  Amable  Louis  Michel 
Bkechillet,  born  in  1788,  was  the  son  of  a 
celebrated  surgeon-dentist  at  Paris.  lie  was 
designed  for  the  law ;  but  being  struck  at 
hearing  the  splendid  eulogies  bestowed  on 
Anquetil  du  Perron,  the  orientalist,  he  de- 
termined on  cultivating  the  same  branches 
of  learning  for  which  that  great  scholar  had 
been  distinguished.  This  he  pursued  with 
such  success,  that  the  office  of  adjunct-secre- 
tary of  the  school  of  oriental  languages  was 
created  in  his  favour,  and  he  held  it  till  his 
death.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  Bio- 
graphic Universelle,  and  other  extensive 
publications;  and  author  of  "  La  Perse,  ou 
Tableau  de  I'Uistoire,  du  Gouvernement, 
de  la  Religion,  de  la  Litt^rature,  &c.  de 
cet  Empire  ; "  besides  some  others.  Died, 
1818. 

JOURDAN,  Jean  Baptiste,  Count,  mar- 
shal and  peer  of  France,  was  born  in  1762, 
at  Limoges,  wliere  his  father  practised  as  a 
surgeon.  He  entered  the  military  service  in 
1778,  and  fought  in  America  ;  but  during  the 
peace  he  attended  to  commercial  aflairs.  In 
1791  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  volunteers 
in  the  army  of  the  North  ;  and  in  1793  rose 
to  be  a  general  of  division.  Jourdan  received 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle,  in 
the  place  of  Iloche,  and  gained,  June,  1794, 
the  victory  of  Fleurus,  by  which  he  became 
master  of  Belgium,  and  drove  the  allies  be- 
yond the  Rhine.  In  1803,  Napoleon  made 
him  general-in-chief  of  the  army  in  Italy  ; 
and,  in  1804,  marshal  of  France,  and  grand 
cross  of  the  legion  of  honour.  After  losing 
the  decisive  battle  of  Vittoria,  June  21st, 
1813,  Jourdan  lived  in  retirement  at  Rouen  : 
but,  in  1814,  he  was  appointed  commander  of 
the  15th  division.  In  this  station  he  declared 
in  favour  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and  ever  after 
continued  faithful  to  the  Bourbons.  Died, 
1833. 

JOUSSE,  Dantel,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer  and  mathematician,  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  native  of  Orleans,  and  in 
1734  he  was  installed  in  the  office  of  coun- 
sellor of  that  presidency,  which  he  filled  till 
his  death,  in  1781.  His  works  are  very  nu- 
merous, including  "  Nouveau  Traite  de  la 
Sphere,"  besides  many  treatises  on  the  mu- 
nicipal law  of  France. 

JOUVENCY,  Joseph  de,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1643.  His  principal  work 
is  a  continuation  of  the  "  History  of  the 


Jesuits."  He  also  wrote  a  tract,  entitled 
"  De  Ratione  Disceiidi  et  Docendi ; "  and 
Notes  on  the  principal  Latin  classics. 

JOUVENET,  John,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  in  1()44,  and 
who  studied  under  Poussin.  He  was  em- 
ployed to  adorn  the  apartments  of  Versailles 
and  the  Trianon  ;  he  also  painted  colossal 
figures  of  the  twelve  apostles  in  the  Hospital 
of  the  Invalids  at  Paris.    Died,  1717. 

JOUY,  Joseph  Ede.vxe  de,  a  facile  and 
graceful  writer,  was  bom  in  1764,  served  in 
America  and  India,  and  took  part  in  the 
first  campaign  of  the  revolution.  But  he 
soon  abandoned  the  sword  for  the  pen  ;  and 
rose  to  great  popularity  with  his  vaudevilles 
and  the  librettos  which  he  wrote  for  Spon- 
tini,  Cherubini,  and  Rossini.  He  was  also 
distinguished  as  a  political  writer  :  but  he  is 
best  known  in  England  for  his  amusing  and 
satirical  work  called  the  "  Hermit  of  the 
ChaussL-e  d'Antin,"  which  was  translated 
into  English  many  years  ago.  In  1830,  Louis 
Philippe  appointed  him  librarian  at  the 
Lou^Te.    Died,  1846. 

JOVELLANOS,  Dov  Gaspar  Melchior 
DE,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  Spaniards 
of  modern  times,  was  born  at  Gijon,  in  Astu- 
rias,  in  1744,  of  an  ancient  and  noble  family. 
He  was  endowed  with  splendid  talents  ;  and 
not  only  acquired,  while  at  college,  an  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  jurisprudence,  his  more 
especial  object,  but  also  made  great  progress 
in  archaeology,  languages,  and  the  belles 
lettres.  He  soon  became  a  member  of  the 
criminal  branch  of  the  audie.ncia  in  Seville  ; 
and  advancing  rapidly  in  his  professional 
career,  he  was  finally  appointed  to  the  dig- 
nified station  of  member  of  the  council  of  the 
military  orders  at  Madrid.  About  the  same 
time  he  was  entrusted  with  some  important 
affairs,  and  nominated  counsellor  of  state, 
by  Charles  III.  When,  in  1794,  Spain  found 
herself  loaded  with  debt,  Jovellanos  pro- 
posed, for  the  relief  of  the  national  difficul- 
ties, a  tax  on  the  propertv  of  the  higher 
order  of  the  clergy  ;  for  which  he  was  exiled  to 
the  mountains  of  Asturias,  though  his  pro- 
ject was  afterwards  carried  into  execution. 
In  1799  he  was  recalled,  and  made  minister 
of  justice  for  the  interior  ;  but  before  twelve 
months  were  past,  he  was  dismissed,  and 
banished  to  the  island  of  Majorca,  where  he 
was  confined  in  the  convent  of  the  Carthu- 
sians. After  the  fall  of  Godoy,  the  prince 
of  peace,  in  1808,  he  recovered  his  liberty, 
and  subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
supreme  junta.  He  was,  however,  suspected 
of  favouring  the  French  ;  and  at  length, 
being  denounced  as  a  traitor  for  endeavour- 
ing to  promote  their  plans  for  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Siiain,  he  was  put  to  death,  in  1812, 
during  a  popular  insurrection.  He  wrote 
"  Lyric  Poems,"  "  Pelayo,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  The 
Honourable  Delinquent,"  a  comedy  ;  several 
works  on  subjects  connected  with  political 
economy  ;  and  translated  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost. 

JOVIANITS,  FLAvirs  Claudius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  was  born  in  Pannonia,  of  a  noble 
family,  in  331.  He  was  elected  emperor  by 
the  Roman  soldiers  after  the  death  of  Julian, 
but  refused  the  dignity  unless  they  would 
become  Chiistians,  to  which  they  consented. 


JOV] 


^  ilth}  Bnibtv^Kl  ^iaQvn^\)\j, 


[JUD 


He  died,  after  reigning  seven  montlis,  owing 
to  the  suffocating  vai)Our  of  burning  cliar- 
coal  in  his  room,  in  808. 

JOVINIAN,  an  Italian  monk  of  the  4th 
century,  who  was  i>erseeuted  for  teaching 
the  rational  doctrine,  that  all  those  who 
adhered  to  the  vows  made  at  their  baptism, 
and  led  a  life  of  piety  and  temperance,  were 
equally  entitled  to  the  rewards  of  futurity, 
as  those  who  passed  their  days  in  monkish 
celibacy  and  self-inflicted  mortiflcatiou.  Ue 
was  banished,  and  died  about  415. 

JOVIUS,  Fait.,  or  P.volo  Giovio,  a  ce- 
lebrated Italian  historian,  was  born  at 
Como,  in  1483  ;  studied  medicine  at  Pavia 
and  Milan  ;  relinquished  that  profession  for 
the  composition  of  history  ;  but  finally  took 
orders,  and  was  bishop  of  Nocera  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  in  15.52.  Living  at  the  court  of 
the  pope,  then  the  capital  of  Christendom, 
he  became  personally  acquainted  with  many 
individuals  of  the  first  importance  in  his- 
tory, or  other  eye-witnesses,  from  whom  he 
gathered  information  ;  still  when  it  is  recol- 
lected tliat  he  used  to  boast  of  possessing 
pens  of  iron  aud  gold,  which  he  used  as  oc- 
casion required,  his  writings  should  be  read 
with  great  caution,  His  best  work  is  "  His- 
toria  sui  Temporis." 

JOY,  Right  Hon.  Hexkv,  an  able  Irish 
judge,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1788,  and 
after  enjoying  high  reputation  as  a  counsel, 
filled  the  office  of  attorney-general,  and  in 
18.'il  succeeded  Lord  Ouillamore  as  chief 
baron.  Among  the  "  sayings  "  of  Lord  Nor- 
bury,  the  following  is  related  :  — Being  once 
requested  by  Mr.  Hope,  the  attorney,  to  wait 
a  few  minutes  for  Mr.  Joy,  his  leading 
counsel  in  a  nisi  prius  ctisc  just  then  culled 
on,  his  lordship  did  so  until  his  small  stock 
of  patience  was  exhausted  ;  then  exclaim- 
ing, "Hope  told  a  flattering  tale,  that  Joy 
would  soon  return,"  ordered  the  next  case 
in  rotation  to  be  proceeded  with.  Born, 
1767  ;  died,  1838. 

JOYCE,  Jeuemiah,  an  ingenious  and  in- 
dustrious writer,  whose  profession  was  that 
of  a  dissenting  minister,  was  born  in  17ri4  ; 
and  first  attracted  public  jiotice  as  one  of  the 
persons  included  in  the  state  prosecution 
with  Hardy,  Ilorue  Tooke,  Thclwall,  and 
others  for  treason.  He  was  the  coadjutor  of 
Dr.  Gregory  in  the  compilation  of  his 
"  CyclopsEdia,"  and  subsequently  produced 
another  on  a  similar  plan,  which  goes  by  the 
mame  of  Nicholson.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  "  Scientific  Dialogues,"  "  Dialogues  on 
Chemistry,"  "  Letters  on  Natural  Philoso- 
phy," &c.    Died,  1816. 

JUAN,  or  Don  Johx  of  Austuia,  a  na- 
tural son  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  the 
great  military  hero  of  his  age,  was  born  at 
Ratisbon,  in  1546.  His  mother  is  said  to 
have  been  a  lady  named  Barbara  Blomberg  ; 
but  this  is  doubtful,  and  a  singular  veil  of 
mystery  hangs  over  his  maternal  parentage. 
He  was  first  employed,  in  1570,  against  the 
Moors  of  Grenada,  and  acquired  great  fame 
by  their  subjugation.  He  also  signalised 
himself  by  a  memorable  victory  over  the 
Turks,  in  1571,  in  the  gulf  of  Lepanto  ;  as 
well  as  by  the  conquest  of  Tunis  and  other 
places  on  the  Africim  coast.  In  1576  he  went 
to  i'laudcrs,  took  Namur  by  stratagem,  and 


succeeded  in  reducing  the  insurgents  to  obe  •  ; 
dience.    Died,  l.W".  j 

JUAN  II,,  Don,  a  natural  son  of  Philip 
IV.  of  Spain,  and  of  Maria  Calderona,  an 
actress,  was  born  in  1629  ;  made  grand  prior 
of  Castile  ;  commanded  the  Si)anish  army  in 
Italy,  1647,  and  took  the  city  of  Naples  ;  sub-  , 
jugaled  Barcelona  in  16.'.2,  but  being  af- 
terwards unsuccessful,  was  exiled.  Under  ^ 
Charles  II.  he  was  recalled  to  Madrid, 
made  prime  minister,  and  died  in  1679.  I 

JUAN  Y  SANTICILIA,  Don  Geoiioe,  a  ; 
learned  Spanish  mathemotician  and  naval 
oflBcer,  was  born  at  Orihuela,  in  1712.    His 
progress  in  mathematics  was  so  great  that, 
while  a  student  in  Carthagena,  he  obtained  j 
the  appellation  of  Euclid  ;  and,  entering  the  j 
nuval  service  early,  his  reputation  as  a  scien-  J 
tific  man  occasioned  his  appointment,  with  ; 
Antonio  de  UUoa,  to  accompany  Bouguer  j 
and  La  Condamine  to    Peru,    in    1735,  to  ; 
measure  a  degree  of  tlie  meridian  at  the  j 
equator.    He  afterwards  directed  much  of 
his  attention  to  marine  architecture,  and 
his  exertions  to  improve  the  Spanish  nav^ 
were  highly  successful.     He  published  his 
"Observations  on  Astronomy  and  Physics, 
made  in  Peru,"  and  treatises  on  navigation 
and  ship-building.    Died,  1774. 

JUBA,  a  king  of  Numidia  and  Maurita- 
nia, M'ho  was  an  ally  of  Pompey  against 
Julius  Cajsar.  After  the  battle  of  Pharsa- 
lia,  he  joined  his  forces  to  those  of  Scii)io  ; 
but  being  totally  defeated  at  Thapsus,  he 
put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  and  his  kingdom 
became  a  Roman  province. 

JUBA  II.,  king  of  Numidia,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was,  when  a  lx)y,  led  as  a  captive 
to  Rome  to  adorn  the  triumph  of  Caesar  ;  but 
the  Roman  conqueror  bestowed  on  him  an 
excellent  education,  and  he  became  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  of  his  time.  He  gained 
the  hearts  of  the  Romans  by  the  courteous- 
ness  of  his  manners,  and  was  in  great  favour 
with  Augustus,  who  gave  him  the  daughter 
of  Antony  in  marriage,  and  made  him  king 
of  Ga:tulia  ;  of  which  dignity  he  proved  him- 
self worthy,  by  governing  his  dominions  with 
justice  and  lenity.  He  was  also  an  able  and 
prolific  author,  as  appears  by  Pliny,  Strabo, 
Plutarch,  and  other  writers,  who  allude  to 
his  histories  of  the  Arabians,  Assyrians,  and 
Romans  ;  his  treatises  on  the  fine  arts  ;  and 
his  natural  history  ;  of  all  M'hich  a  few 
fragments  only  have  been  preserved.  He 
died,  A.  D.  24.  The  Athenians  erected  a 
statue  to  liis  memory,  and  the  Ethiopians 
paid  him  divine  honours. 

JUDAU  CIIING,  a  learned  Jewish  rabbi, 
was  born  at  Fez,  studied  among  the  Ara- 
bians, and  practised  as  a  physician  in  1040. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  works  in  the 
Hebrew  language,  and  was  considered  by 
the  Jews  as  the  restorer  of  their  language, 
and  styled  the  "  prince  of  grammarians." 

JUDAH,  Hakkadosh,  or  "Jehudah  the 
Holy,"  a  famous  rabbi,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Marcus  Antoninus,  to  whom  he  was 
preceptor,  and  by  whose  command  he  com- 
piled the  Mischna,  or  first  Talmud,  being  a 
digest  of  the  oral  law  of  the  Jews. 

JUDAH,LKo,alearned  Protestant  divine, 
was  born  in  Alsace,  in  1482.  Being  sent  to 
Basle  to  complete  his  academical  studies,  he 


job] 


^  ^cio  Winiijtv^al  MwQtKpX)^. 


[JUN 


became  awiuainted  with  Zuin  lius,  from 
whom  he  imbibed  those  principles  whieli  led 
to  liis  embracing  the  reformed  faith.  He 
became  pastor  of  the  churcli  of  St.  Peter  at 
Zurich,  wJiere  he  undertook  a  translation  of 
the  Old  Testament,  from  the  Hebrew  into 
Latin,  but  did  not  live  to  complete  it.  Died, 
1542. 

JUDAS  LEVITA,  or  HALLE VI,  a  Jew- 
ish rabbi,  was  born  in  Spain,  in  1090.  He 
was  remarkable  for  his  great  learning,  and 
distinguislied  himself  as  a  poet,  grammarian, 
and  philosopher.  It  is  related  of  him,  that 
when  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  as  he 
approached  tlie  holy  city,  he  rent  his  gar- 
ments, and  recited  aloud  lamentations  for  the 
miseries  of  his  people,  which  so  enraged  a 
Mahometan  horseman,  that  he  rode  over  him 
and  trampled  him  to  death. 

JUEL,  Nicholas,  a  Danish  admiral,  who 
learned  liis  profession  under  Van  Tromp 
and  De  Ruyter,  in  the  Dutch  navy  ;  after 
which  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
and  greatly  distinguished  himself,  in  1659, 
during  the  siege  of  Copenhagen.  In  1676 
and  1(577  he  took  Gothland,  and  defeated  the 
Swedes  in  several  engagements.  He  died  in 
1097,  not  less  respected  for  his  modCsty  and 
piety,  than  honoured  for  his  bravery. 

JUGURTUA,  king  of  Numidia,  was  the 
son  of  Manastabal.  He  was  endowed  by 
nature  with  superior  talents,  and  was  re- 
markable for  manly  strength  and  personal 
beauty.  Formed  for  a  soldier,  his  valour 
and  conduct  won  the  esteem  of  the  Roman 
army,  and  the  friendship  of  Scipio ;  but 
involving  himself  in  intrigues  and  crimes 
to  obtain  the  Numidian  crown,  the  Roman 
senate  sent  the  celebrated  Metellus  against 
him,  who  conquered  him  in  a  great  battle, 
and  rejected  all  his  bribes.  AVheu  on  tlie 
point  of  signing  a  shameful  peace,  and  sur- 
rendering to  the  Romans,  Jugurtha,  through 
fear  that  they  might  inflict  vengeance  on 
him  for  his  former  crimes,  suddenly  clianged 
his  resolution,  and  determined  once  more 
to  abide  tlie  worst.  The  king  of  Mauritania, 
his  allj',  having  concluded  a  peace  with 
the  Romans,  Sylla  persuaded  him  to  draw 
Jugurtha  into  his  power,  and  deliver  him  up 
to  the  Romans.  He  was  accordingly  seized, 
and  sent  in  chains,  to  Marius,  at  Cirta.  Thus 
the  war  was  ended,  and  Numidia  became  a 
Roman  province,  jugurtha,  having  suftered 
many  insults  from  the  people,  was  thrown 
into  a  dark  prison,  and  starved  to  death  after 
six  days,  b.  c.  10(5. 

JULIAN,  Flavius  Claudius,  sumamed 
the  Apostate,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Constantius,  brotlier  of 
Constantine  the  Great.  He  was  born  in 
331,  educated  in  the  tenets  of  Christianity, 
but  apostatised  to  paganism.  In  335  he  was 
declared  Cmsar,  and  sent  to  Gaul,  where  he 
obtained  several  victories  over  the  Germans; 
and,  in  3(51,  the  troops  in  Gaul  revolted 
from  Constantius,  and  declared  for  Julian. 
During  the  lifetime  of  his  cousin,  Constan- 
tius, lie  made  a  profession  of  the  ortliodox 
faitli ;  but,  on  succeeding  to  the  throne,  he 
threw  off  all  disguise,  re-opened  the  heathen 
temples,  and  sought  to  restore  the  heathen 
worship  in  all  its  splendour ;  while  he 
laboured,  both  by  his  pen  and  authority,  to 


destroy   Christianity.      He  took  from    the  j 
Christian  churches  their  riches,  which  were  I 
often  very  great,  and  divided  them  among  | 
his  soldiers.    He  sought  likewise  to  induce  | 
the  Christians,  by  flattery  or  by  favour,  to  ' 
embrace  paganism  ;   but  failing  in  the  at-  j 
tempt,  he  shut  up  their  schools,  prohibited 
the  followers  of  that  religion  from  teaehlvg,  ! 
and  ordered  by  an  edict  that  the  name  of  j 
Christian  should  be  abolished.    His  malice  i 
was  farther  evinced,  by  an  extraordinary  j 
indulgence  to  the  Jews,  and  an  attemxjt  to  j 
rebuild  the  temple  of  Jerusalem,  that  the 
prophecy  of  Christ  miglit  be  falsified  ;   but 
it  is  said  that  flames  of  fire  rose  from  be- 
neath, and  consumed  some  of  the  workmen, 
by  which  miraculous  interposition  the  design 
was  frustrated.     He  did  not  long  survive 
this  disappointment,  being  killed  in  363,  in 
liis  expedition   against  the  Persians.    The 
cliaracter  of  Julian  is  full  of  contradictions. 
He  displayed  learning,  magnanimity,  jus- 
tice, and  mercy  ;  yet  we  find  him  insincere, 
superstitious,    vain,    and    ambitious.      No 
wonder,  then,  that  historians  have  passed 
such  opposite  judgments  on  him. 

JULIEN,  PiEURE,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  many  of  wliose  productions  adorn 
the  metropolis  of  France,  and  whose  chef- 
d'auvre  is  "  The  Dying  Gladiator."  Born, 
1731  ;  died,  1804. 

JULIEN,  SiMOX,  a  Swiss  painter,  who 
by  his  brother  artists  was  called  tlie  Apos- 
tate, in  allusion  to  the  Roman  emperor  of 
the  same  name,  as  well  as  to  his  abandon- 
ment of  the  French  school  of  painting  for 
the  Italian.    Born,  173(5  ;  died,  1799. 

JULIUS  I.,  Pope,  succeeded  to  the  papal 
see  on  tlie  death  of  Mark,  in  t37.  Celebrated 
for  the  part  he  took  in  the  Athanasian  con- 
troversy.     Died,  352. 

JULIUS  II.,  Pope,  nephew  of  SixtusIV., 
was  born  in  1443.  He  is  said  to  have,  at  one 
period  of  his  life,  followed  the  occujjation  of 
a  waterman.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
wars,  and  his  patronage  of  the  arts.  During 
his  pontificate,  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Peter's 
was  commenced.    Died,  1613. 

JUI/IUS  III.,  Pope,  previously  known  as 
Cardinal  Monte,  was  chamberlain  to  Julius 
II.,  whose  name  he  consequently  assumed. 
He  took  little  part  in  public  business,  but  led 
a  life  of  indolence  at  the  villa  still  known  by 
his  name.    Died,  1555. 

JUNGE,  or  JUNGIUS,  Joachim,  an  emi- 
nent philosopher  of  the  17th  century,  was 
born  at  Lubeck,  in  1687,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able  antagonist  of  the  Aris- 
totelian philosophy.  Like  his  great  con- 
temporary. Lord  Bacon,  he  substituted  ex- 
periment in  the  place  of  idle  and  antiquated 
theories  ;  and  is  ranked  by  Leibnitz  as  equal 
to  Copernicus  and  Galileo,  and  but  little 
inferior  to  Descartes.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Geometria  Empirica,"  "  Doxoscopiae 
Physicffi  Minores,"  and  "  Isagoge  Pliyto- 
scope,"  from  which  latter  work  Ray  and 
Linnaaus  appear  to  have  taken  some  valu- 
able hints.    Died,  1657. 

JUNIUS,  Adbian,  an  eminent  physician 
and  a  classical  writer,  was  born  at  Hoom, 
in  Holland,  in  1512.  He  studied  medicine 
at  Paris  and  Bologna  ;  after  which  he 
visited  England,  and  became  physician  to  j 


jun] 


^  l^etD  Winibtv^^l  Miastnp\)\}, 


[jus 


the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  While  here  he  pub- 
lished a  Greek  aud  Latiu  lexicon,  which 
the  court  of  Rome  condemned,  because  it 
was  dedicated  to  Edward  TI.  On  leaving 
England  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  as  phy- 
sician to  the  king  of  Denmark  ;  but  soon 
quitted  that  place  and  settled  at  Haarlem, 
wliere  he  was  made  principal  of  the  college. 
His  translations  from,  and  criticisms  on, 
ancient  authors  are  very  numerous ;  and 
he  was  considered  inferior  only  to  Erasmus 
as  a  scholar.    DiAl,  1575. 

JUNIUS,  Fkancis,  a  learned  French 
Protestant  divine,  was  born  at  Bourges  in 
1.545.  He  became  minister  of  the  Walloon 
church  at  Antwerp,  after  which  he  officiated 
as  chaplain  in  the  army  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange  ;  and,  on  leaving  that  service,  ob- 
tained a  professorship  at  Heidelberg,  from 
wlience  he  removed  to  Leyden,  where  he 
died  of  the  plague,  in  liJOii.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Scriptures  ;  but  is  best 
known  by  his  Latin  version  of  the  Bible, 
jointly  with  Tremellius. 

JUNIUS,  Fkancis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  eminent  as  a  philologist,  was  born  at 
Heidelberg,  in  158t».  After  studying  at 
Leyden,  he  came  to  England  in  1G20,  and 
found  a  patron  in  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  with 
whom  he  resided  30  years  as  librarian,  and 
died  in  1677.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Olos- 
sarium  Oothicum  in  tiuatuor  Evangelia 
Gothica,"  "  De  Pictura  Veterum, "  and 
"  Etymologicum  Anglicanum." 

JUNOT,  Anuociie,  duke  of  Abrantes,  a 
distinguished  French  general,  was  born  in 
1771,  and  entered  the  army,  as  a  volunteer, 
in  1791.  He  first  attracted  the  notice  of 
Buonaparte  by  his  coolness  and  courage 
when  serving  as  a  lieutenant  at  the  siege  of 
Toulon  ;  and  in  180(5  he  made  him  colonel- 
general  of  hussars,  aud  appointed  him  to 
the  command  of  Paris.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  army 
in  Portugal,  where  he  remained  two  years, 
and  was  honoured  with  his  ducal  title  ;  but 
being  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Vimiera  by 
Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  (the  Duke  of  U'elliiig- 
ton),  he  was  compelled  to  capitulate.  He 
subsequently  served  in  Spain,  and  was 
made  governor  of  the  lUyrian  provinces. 
Died,  1813. 

JUNOT,  Madame,  Duchess  of  Abrantes, 
wife  of  the  celebrated  French  general,  was 
from  her  infancy  intimate  with  Napoleon. 
Her  estates  being  confiscated  in  1814,  the 
emperor  Alexander  offered  their  restoration, 
on  condition  of  her  becoming  a  naturalised 
Russian.  She  refused,  and  remained  in 
Paris,  living  quite  literally  by  the  labours 
of  her  pen.  The  best  known  of  her  writings 
are  the  celebrated  "  Memoirs,"  which  had  a 
prodigious  run.  But  she  experienced  the 
only  too  common  fate  of  authors  ;  harassed 
by  creditors,  she  retired  to  a  maison  de 
sante;  where  she  died,  iu  1838. 

JURIEU,  Petek,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  and  theologian,  was  born  in  1G37. 
He  studied  jn  England,  under  his  maternal 
uncle,  Peter  du  Moulin  ;  and,  while  here, 
was  episcopally  ordained ;  but  the  French 
Protestants  disapproving  of  episcopal  ordi- 
nation, he  was  re-ordained  according  to 
the  form  of  Geneva,    lie  filled  the  chair  of 


divinity  at  Sedan  with  reputation  ;  but, 
when  that  university  was  taken  from  the 
Protestants,  he  retired  to  Holland,  and 
settled  at  Rotterdam,  where  he  became  a 
violent  polemic,  and  engaged  in  some  fierce 
contentions  with  Bayle  and  others.  Finding 
that  his  work  on  the  "  Accomplishment 
of  the  Prophecies "  produced  many  severe 
replies,  and  bein^  also  greatly  chagrined  by 
the  decisions  of  the  synods  against  some  of 
his  doctrines,  he  grew  hypochondriacal, 
and  died  in  1713.  His  principal  works  are 
a  "  Preservative  against  Popery,"  "  I^a  Poli- 
tique du  ClergtS"  "L'Accomplissement  des 
Prophfetes,"  "Histoire  de  Calvinisme  et  du 
Papisme,"  3  vols.,  and  "  Histoire  des  Dog- 
mes  et  des  Cultes,"  2  vols.  His  learning  was 
unquestionably  great,  but  it  was  obscured 
by  an  intolerant  and  litigious  temper. 

JURIN,  James,  an  English  phj'sician  and 
mathematician,  was  born  in  1(584  ;  studied 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship  ;  was  afterwards  phy- 
sician to  Guy's  Hospital ;  was  several  years 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  died, 
in  1750,  president  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians. He  published  "  Physico-Mathemati- 
cal  Dissertations,"  an  "  Essay  upon  Distinct 
and  Indistinct  Vision,"  and  a  translation  of 
Varenius's  Geography.  He  also  contributed 
many  papers  on  philosophical  and  mathe- 
matical subjects  to  the  Philosoi)hical  Trans- 
actions ;  and  was  a  warm  defender  of  the 
practice  of  inoculation,  and  a  zealous  advo- 
cate for  the  Newtonian  system. 

JUSSIEU,  De  ;  AxTHoNY,  Bernard,  and 
Joseph  ;  three  eminent  French  botanists 
and  ])hysicians.  The  first  was  bom  at  Lyons 
in  1(58(5,  and  died  in  1758.  He  enriched  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris 
with  several  valuable  papers,  the  result  of 
observations  made  in  his  travels,  on  botany 
and  mineralogy.  He  also  wrote  the  appendix 
to  Toucnefort,  and  abridged  Barrelier's  work 
upon  the  plants  of  France,  Spain,  and  Italy  ; 
he  was  likewise  the  author  of  a  "  Discourse 

on  the  Progress  of  Botany." Berxard, 

brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Lyons 
in  1699,  and  died  in  177(5.  He  published  an 
edition  of  Tournefort's  History  of  Plants 
about  Paris,  and  was  the  author  of  a  book, 
entitled  "  The  Friend  of  Humanity,  or  the 
advice  of  a  good  Citizen  to  the  Nation." 
He  was  botanical  demonstrator  at  the  king's 
garden,  and  was  much  esteemed  by  Louis  , 
XV.  Cuvier  calls  him  "  the  most  modest,  ' 
and,  perhaps,  the  most  profound,  botanist  of 
the  18th  century,  who,  although  he  scarcely 
published  any  thing,  is  nevertheless  the  in- 
spiring genius  of  modern  botanists." The 

third  brother,  Joseph,  who  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and 
accompanied  Condamine  to  Peru,  in  1735. 
He  was  not  only  a  good  naturalist  and  phy- 
sician, but  an  excellent  engineer.  He  pub- 
lished a  journal  of  his  voyages,  and  died 
in  1779. 

JUSTEL,  Christopher,  a  French  states- 
man and  juridical  writer  of  the  17th  century, 
was  born  in  1.580,  and  died  in  1G49.  He  was 
well  acquainted  with  ecclesiastical  antiqui- 
ties and  the  canon  law,  respecting  which  he 
published  several  learned  works,  and  left 
valuable  MS.  collections.  —  His  son  IIenkit 


jus] 


^  |5ciu  ^uiber^al  3Siocjrajpi)i). 


[JUV 


sent  his  father's  MSS.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  for  which  he  was  complimented 
with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  On  tlie  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  came  to  I^on- 
doii,  and  was  appointed  keeper  to  the  king's 
library.  lie  published,  chiefly  from  his 
father's  collection,  "Bibliotheca  Canonici 
veteris,"  2  vols,  folio,  and  also  some  able 
works  of  his  own.    Born,  1020  ;  died,  1093. 

JUSTI,  Joiix  IIknry  Gottlob  de,  an 
eminent  German  mineralogist,  who,  after 
gaining  some  literary  reputation  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Jena  in  1720,  enlisted  as  a  common 
soldier  in  the  Prussian  service.  He  rose  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant ;  was  cashiered  and 
imprisoned  for  instibordination,  but  made 
his  escape  to  Leipsic,  and  maintained  him- 
self by  writing  for  the  press.  In  1755  he 
became  professor  of  political  economy  and 
natural  history  at  Gottingen  ;  but  having 
written  two  freely  on  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment, was  arrested,  and  ended  his  days  a 
prisoner  in  the  fortress  of  Gastrin,  in  1771. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Money," 
a  "  Treatise  on  Mineralogy, "  "  Miscellanies 
on  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy,  "  and  "  A 
Complete  Treatise  on  Manufactures." 

JUSTIN,  a  Liitin  historian,  who  probably 
lived  at  Rome  in  the  2nd  or  3rd  century. 
He  made  an  epitome  of  the  history  of  Trogus 
Pompeius,  a  native  of  Gaul,  who  lived  in  the 
time  of  Augustus,  and  whose  works,  in  44 
books,  contain  a  history  of  the  world,  from 
the  earliest  ages  to  hisowntime.  Justin  has 
been  illustrated  by  the  most  able  commen- 
tators, and  particularlv  by  Gravius. 

JUSTIN,  St.,  a  Christian  philosopher  and 
martyr  in  the  2nd  century,  was  a  native  of 
Sichem,  in  Samaria.  A  persecution  break- 
ing out  against  the  Christians,  under  Antoni- 
nus, Justin  presented  to  tliat  emperor,  an 
admirable  apology  in  their  behalf,  which 
had  the  desired  effect.  He  afterwards  ad- 
dressed another  apology  to  Marcus  Aurelius, 
in  which  he  defended  those  of  his  religion 
against  the  calumnies  of  Crescens,  a  Cynic 
philosopher.  For  this,  and  his  neglect  of 
Pagan  worship,  he  was  condemned  to  be 
scourged  and  then  beheaded,  which  sentence 
was  put  in  execution,  a.d.  104,  iu  the  75th 
year  of  his  age. 

JUSTINIAN  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  ne- 
phew of  Justin  I.,  emperor  of  the  East,  and 
celebrated  as  a  lawgiver,  was  born  in  483,  of 
an  obscure  family.  He  shared  the  fortunes 
of  his  uncle,  who,  from  a  common  Tliracian 
peasant,  was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  ; 
and  at  whose  death,  in  527,  he  obtained  the 
exclusive  sovereignty.  He  was  then  in  his 
45th  year,  and  distinguished  for  his  devo- 
tional austerity  ;  but  immediately  upon  his 
elevation  he  solemnly  espoused  Theodora, 
an  actress  and  courtezan,  whose  influence 
over  him  was  unbounded.  During  the  reign 
of  Justinian  many  conquests  were  made  by 
his  brave  general  Belisarius.  In  523  and 
529  he  obtained  three  glorious  victories  over 
the  Persians  ;  in  534  hedestroj'ed  the  empire 
of  the  Vandals  in  Afri(;a  ;  Spain  and  Sicily 
were  reconquered  ;  and  the  Ostrogoths,  who 
possessed  Italy,  were  vanquished.  The  prin- 
cipal event,  however,  which  has  rendered 
the  reign  of  Justinian  interesting  to  pos- 
terity, was  tlie  celebrated  reformation  of  the 


Roman  jurisprudence.  He  commissioned 
Tribonian,  aided  by  other  learned  civilians, 
to  form  a  new  code  from  his  own  laws  and 
those  of  his  predecessors.  To  this  code  Jus- 
tinian added  the  "Pandects,"  the  "Insti- 
tute," and  the  "  Novelise,"  since  called,  col- 
lectively, the  body  of  civil  law  {corpus  juris 
civib's).  He  likewise  embellished  the  capital 
with  numerous  magnificent  churches,  among 
which  is  the  celebrated  Sancta  Sophia,  now 
subsisting  as  the  principal  mosque  in  Con- 
stantinople. Bridges,  aqueducts,  hospitals, 
fortresses,  and  other  public  works,  were  also 
undertaken  throughout  the  various  pro- 
vinces of  the  empire.  But  towards  the  end 
of  his  life  he  became  avaricious,  oppressed 
the  people  with  taxes,  and  lent  a  willing  ear 
to  every  accusation  ;  and  at  length,  full  of 
cares  and  disquietudes,  he  died  in  505,  after  a 
reign  of  38  years,  and  iu  the  83rd  of  his  age. 

JUSTINIAN  II.  was  the  elder  son  of 
Constantine  Pogonatus,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  085.  He  recovered  several  provinces  from 
the  Saracens,  and  made  an  advantageous 
peace  with  them  ;  but  his  exactions,  cruel- 
ties, and  debaucheries  tarnished  the  glory 
of  his  arms.  He  was  slain,  with  his  son 
Tiberius,  in  711,  by  Philippicus  Bardanes, 
his  successor, 

JUSTINIANI,  AuGusTiN,  bishop  of  Neho, 
in  Corsica,  was  a  prelate  of  distinguished 
literary  abilities.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An- 
nates de  Republica  Geuoensi ; "  a  "  Psalter 
in  Hebrew,  Greek,  Arabic,  and  Chaldee, 
with  Latin  notes,"  &c.,  being  the  first  of  the 
kind  that  ever  appeared  in  print.  He 
perished  in  a  voyage  from  Corsica  to  Genoa, 
in  1530. 

JUSTINIANI,  St.  Lawrence,  the  first 
patriarch  of  Venice,  was  born  there  in  1381 ; 
died  in  1485  ;  and  was  canonised  by  pope 
Alexander  VIII.  in  1090.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  devotional  works,  which  were 
printed  in  2  vols,  folio,  with  a  life  by  his 
nephew. 

JUSTINIANI,  Berxakd,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Venice,  in  1408  ;  was 
employed  in  several  important  missions  by 
Calixtus  III.  ;  wrote  a  history  of  Venice, 
which  has  been  considered  the  first  regular  j 
attempt  of  the  kind,  and  the  life  of  his  uncle, 
Lawrence  the  patriarch  ;  and  died  in  1489. 

JUVENAL,  Decius  Junius,  a  Latin  poet, 
remarkable  for  the  caustic  severity  of  his 
satires,  was  born  at  Aquinum  in  Campania,  | 
about  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Claudius.  | 
He  studied  rhetoric  under  the  most  cele-  j 
brated  masters,  and    became    an    eminent  ] 
pleader  at  the  bar,  but  satire  was  his  forte,  i 
His  first  essay  as  a  poetical  satirist  was  di- 
rected against  the  player  Paris,  wlio  was  the  I 
minion  of  Domitian  ;  for  which  he  was  sent  I 
into  an  honourable  kind  of  exile,  by  being  j 
made  commander  of  a  cohort  at  Pentapolis, 
on  the  borders  of  Egypt.    On  Domitian's  I 
death  he  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  died  j 
in  his  SOtli  year,  a.  i>.  128.     He  may  be  said  | 
to  have  been  the  last  of  the  Roman  poets,  i 
and  as  the  bold  and  unflinching  castigator  j 
of  vice  he  stands  without  a  rival.     Good  as  j 
are  his  intentions,  however,  and  forcible  as  ; 
are  his  denunciations,  the  moral  indelicacy  ' 
of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  renders  the 
satires  of  Juvenal  too  gross  in  their  details  I 


JDV] 


^  J2eU)  ?0[nitjcr^al  J)i0ijrajjTjy' 


[kal 


for  readers  of  the  present  day.  Able  trans- 
lations have  been  made  by  Dryden,  Gif- 
ford,  &c. 

JUVENCUS,  Caius  Vectius  Aquilinus, 
one  of  the  first  Cliristian  poets,  was  a  native 
of  Spain,  and  lived  in  the  reign  of  Constan- 
tine.  His  performance  is  a  life  of  Christ 
in  Latin  verue,  entitled."  Uistorias  Evan- 
gelicw." 

JUXON,  William,  an  English  prelate,  of 
distinguished  learning  and  piety,  was  born 
at  Chichester  in  l.Wi.  He  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford  ;  was  patronised  by  Laud  ; 
and,  through  his  influence,  obtained  tlie 
bishopric  of  Hereford  in  Ui3S,  and  of  London 
in  the  same  year.  In  1G35  he  was  made  lord 
high  treasurer  of  England,  an  office  which 
no  churchman  had  held  since  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  This  gave  great  offence  to  the 
puiitaos  ;  but,  ou  his  resignation  of  the  office. 


atler  having  held  it  something  less  than  six 
years,  the  integrity  and  ability  with  which 
he  had  discliarged  its  various  duties  were 
admitted  on  all  hands.  During  the  whole 
of  the  civil  wars  he  maintained  an  unshaken 
fidelity  to  the  king,  whom  he  attended 
during  his  imprisonment  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
and  on  the  scaffold  ;  on  which  occasion  he 
received  from  the  hand  of  Charles,  the  mo- 
ment previous  to  his  execution,  his  diamond 
George,  with  directions  to  forward  it  to  liis 
son.  After  the  king's  death,  the  parliament 
threw  him  into  confinement  for  contumacy 
in  refusing  to  disclose  the  particulars  of  his 
conversation  with  the  king  ;  but  he  was  soon 
released,  and  continued  to  live  in  privacy 
until  the  Restoration.  He  was  then  raised 
to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  but  did  not  long 
enjoy  the  honours  and  emoluments  of  the 
primacy,  his  death  occurring  about  two 
years  after  his  elevation,  in  1G63. 


K. 


KAAB,  a  celebrated  Arabian  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Mahomet,  whom  he  at  first 
strenuously  opposed,  but  afterwards  eulo- 
gised. As  a  reward  for  writing  a  poem  in 
his  favour,  tlic  prophet  gave  him  his  green 
mantle,  wliich  one  of  the  descendants  of 
Kaab  sold  for  10,000  pieces  of  silver.  Died, 
6G2. 

KAAS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Danish 
statesman,  was  born  in  15S5,  and  studied  in 
the  universities  of  Germany.  In  l.j73he  was 
made  chancellor  of  Denmark  ;  and,  on  the 
deatli  of  king  Frederic  II.  in  ]o88,  he  was 
nominated  to  fill  tlie  situation  of  first  regent 
during  the  minority  of  Christian  I.  Being 
attacked  with  a  mortal  disease  previous  to 
the  coronation  of  that  prince,  he  sent  for 
him  as  he  lay  ou  his  death-bed,  and  telling 
him  that  he  had  promised  his  royal  father 
in  his  last  moments,  to  do  all  he  could  to 
see  the  crown  placed  on  the  head  of  his  son, 
he  gave  him  the  key  of  the  place  where  the 
crown  and  other  regalia  were  kept,  saying, 
"  Take  it  in  the  name  of  God,  and  wear  the 
crown  with  glory,  sway  the  sceptre  with 
wisdom  and  clemency,  bear  the  sword  with 
justice,  and  keep  the  globe  with  judgment." 
Died,  159-1. 

KABllIS,  Joseph,  a  French  sailor,  who, 
being  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  in  the 
last  war,  obtained  permission  to  enter  on 
board  a  South  Sea  whaler,  and  being  wrecked 
on  the  coast  of  the  island  of  Noukahiwa,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
cannibal  inhabitants.  While  preparations 
were  making  for  his  intended  fate,  and  his 
doom  appeared  inevitable,  he  was  saved  by 
the  intercession  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
shortly  after  became  his  wife.  Being  now 
allied  to  royalty,  he  was  made  chief  judge 
of  the  island,  which  office  he  exercised  with 
reputation  and  comparative  ease,  owing  to 
the  simplicity  of  their  legal  institutions. 
Nine  years  thus  passed  away,  and  Kabria 


lived  in  the  enjoyment  of  domestic  happiness, 
when  he  was  carried  off,  as  he  stated,  while  , 
asleep,  by  the  Kussian  navigator,  Captain  ' 
Krusenstcrn.     On  returning  to  France   in 
1817,  he  exhibited  himself  to  the  public  at 
Paris  and  elsewhere,  his  face  being  tattooed  i 
in  the  New  Zealand  style.    His  object  was  ! 
to  raise  money,  to  enable  him  to  return  to  i 
his  wife  and  family  at  Noukahiwa ;  but, 
while  travelling  for  this  purpose,  he  died  , 
suddenly  at  Versailles,  in  1822.  | 

K^EMPFEll,  ExcJELBUECiiT,  a  celebrated  | 
physician,    naturalist,    and    traveller,    was  ' 
born  at  Lemgo,  in   Westphalia,    in    1651  ;  1 
studied  at  Dantzic,  Thorn,  and  Cracow;  per-  ' 
formed  a  journey,  in  108.3,  as  secretary  to  a  j 
Swedish  embassy,  by  land  through  Russia 
and  Persia ;  after  which  he  visited  Arabia,  | 
nindostan,  Java,  Sumatra,  Siam,  and  Japan,  I 
in  which  last  country  he  resided  two  years.  I 
In  1692  he  returned  to  his  native  country,  ' 
took  his  degree  of  M.  D.   at  Leydcn,  and 
entered  upon  medical  practice.    He  was  the  ! 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Japan,"  2  vols,  folio; 
»'  Amo-'nitates  Exoticas,"  &c.    Died,  1716. 

KAESTNER,  Abhaham  Gotthelk,  a 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  poet,  was 
boru  in  1719,  at  Leipsic  ;  and  filled  the  situ- 
ation of  professor  of  mathematics  at  Got- 
tingen,  with  the  highest  reputation  for  more 
than  40  years.  His  scientific  works  are  ex- 
tremely numerous,  of  which  the  principal 
is  a  "  History  of  Mathematics."    Died,  1799. 

KALB,  Baron  de,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  was  born  in  Germany, 
about  the  year  1717.  He  entered  into  the 
French  service  when  young,  and  continued 
in  it  42  years.  In  1757,  during  the  war  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  France,  he  was  sent 
by  the  French  government  to  the  American 
colonies,  in  order  to  see  with  what  effect  the 
seeds  of  discontent  against  the  mother  coun- 
try might  be  sown  among  them.  While  in 
the  performance  of  this  commission  he  was  i 


kal] 


^  ^cto  Winibtv^Kl  2SiDgrapT)i). 


KAT 


seized  as  a  suspected  person,  hut  escaped 
detection,  lie  then  went  to  Canada,  where 
he  remained  until  its  conquest  by  the  British, 
after  which  he  returned  to  France.  During 
the  war  of  the  revolution  he  otfered  his  ser- 
vices to  tlie  congress,  which  were  accepted, 
and  he  was  soon  after  made  a  major-general. 
On  the  15th  of  August,  1778,  when  Lord 
Rawdon  defeated  General  Gates,  near  Cam- 
den, the  baron  commanded  the  right  wing 
of  the  American  army,  and  fell  covered  with 
wounds. 

KALCKREUTII,  Fkedekic  Adolfhus, 
Count  of,  a  Prussian  field-marshal,  was  born 
at  Eisleben  in  1737  ;  entered  the  army  in 
1751 ;  served  with  distinction  in  the  seven 
years'  war ;  arrived,  step  by  step,  at  the 
rank  of  general,  and  was  made  a  count  in 
1788.  His  courage  and  ability  were  often 
conspicuously  shown  in  the  war  with  France; 
he  took  Mayence  in  179.S  ;  had  the  chief 
command  of  the  troops  in  Pomerania,  in 
1705 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Thorn 
and  Dantzic,  and  made  inspector-general  of 
cavalry  in  1800  :  concluded  with  Berthier, 
at  Tilsit,  the  truce  between  Prussia  and 
France,  in  1807  j  after  which,  in  conjunction 
with  Golz,  he  concluded  a  peace  with  Tal- 
leyrand. He  was  then  made  field-marshal, 
was  appointed  governor  of  Berlin  in  1810, 
and  died  in  1818. 

KALDI,  Geouge,  a  learned  Jesuit,  was 
born  in  Hungary  about  1572.  He  was  ba- 
nished from  Transylvania  with  the  rest  of 
his  order  ;  on  which  he  became  professor  of 
theology  at  Olmutz,  and  next  at  Presburg, 
where  he  died  in  16.34.  He  translated  the 
Bible  from  the  Vulgate  into  the  Hungarian 
tongue. 

KALE,  or  KALF,  Williasi,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Amsterdam  in  1630. 
He  had  the  power  of  Rembrandt  in  distri- 
buting his  light  and  shade,  while  ia  cor- 
rectness and  delicacy  he  equalled  Teniers. 
Died,  1693. 

KALKBRENNER,  Christian,  an  emi- 
nent musical  composer,  was  born  in  1756,  at 
Munden,  in  Prussia  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Emanuel 
Bach;  and  having  made  considerable  progress 
both  in  the  theoretical  and  practical  branches 
of  the  profession,  entered  the  service  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Prussia,  and  finally  settled  in 
Paris,  where  liis  reputation  obtained  him  the 
appointment  of  singing-master  to  the  aca- 
demy of  music,  which  he  held  till  his  death, 
in  1806.  He  was  the  author  of  several  operas, 
two  musical  treatises,  &c. 

KALKBRENNER,  Christian  Fred.,  a 
distinguished  pianist,  sou  of  the  above,  was 
born  at  Cassel,  1784.  Having  acquired,  at  an 
early  age,  a  high  reputation  as  a  brilliant  per- 
former on  the  pianoforte,  he  removed  in  1806 
to  Paris,  whence  he  made  frequent  profes- 
sional tours  throughout  Europe,  his  fame 
daily  increasing,  both  from  his  own  perform- 
ances and  the  brilliant  compositions  wliich 
he  gave  to  tlie  world.  In  1814  he  removed 
to  London,  where  he  remained  9  years.  He 
once  returned  to  the  French  capital  in  1823, 
when  he  joined  M.  Pleydel  as  a  manufacturer 
of  keyed  instruments,  and  continued  to  oc- 
cupy a  prominent  position  in  the  musical 
world  till  his  decease.  Died  of  cholera,  in 
Paris,  1849. 


KALM,  Peter,  a  Swedish  traveller  and 
natural  philosopher,  was  born  in  1715,  in 
Ostro  Bothnia  ;  travelled  in  North  America 
and  Russia,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring 
those  countries  ;  became  professor  of  botany 
in  the  univesity  of  Abo  ;  and  died  in  1779. 
His  works  consist  of  "  Travels  in  America," 
which  liave  been  translated  into  English  ; " 
besides  numerous  dissertations,  illustrative 
of  the  state  of  commerce,  agriculture,  and 
manufactures  in  Sweden. 

KANT,  Emsiaxuel,  a  celebrated  German 
metaphysician,  and  the  founder  of  a  new 
philosophical  sect,  was  born  at  Konigsberg, 
in  Prussia  Proper,  in  1724,  and  was  the  son 
of  a  saddler.  Through  the  kindness  of  a 
rich  uncle  he  was  educated  at  the  Frede- 
rician  College,  on  leaving  which  he  accepted 
the  situation  of  tutor  in  a  clergyman's  family. 
He  commenced  his  literary  career  in  his 
23rd  year ;  but  it.  was  not  till  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  professor  in  the  university  of  Ko- 
nigsberg, in  1770,  that  any  traces  of  his  new 
metaphysical  system,  which  afterwards  at- 
tracted so  much  notice,  appeared  in  his 
works.  In  1781  he  published  his  "  Critical 
Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Pure  Reason," 
which  contains  the  system  commonly  known 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Critical  Philosophy." 
A  second  part  of  it,  published  in  1783,  bore 
the  title  of  "  Prolegomena  for  future  Meta- 
physics." The  principles  contained  in  them 
he  had,  however,  long  been  promulgating 
from  his  professorial  chair.  In  1786  he  was 
chosen  rector  of  the  university  ;  and,  though 
far  advanced  in  life,  he  continued  to  produce 
works  in  farther  development  of  his  philo- 
sophical principles  until  1798,  when  he  re- 
tired from  his  otficial  situations,  and  died  in 
1804.  Kaut  was  a  man  of  high  intellectual 
endowments  ;  and  his  critical  philosophy  for 
a  time  superseded  every  other  in  the  Pro- 
testant universities  of  Germany.  From  the 
first,  however,  it  had  many  opponents  ;  and 
now  that  the  novelty  of  this  svstem  of  me- 
taphysics (more  remarkable  for  the  obscurity 
of  its  phraseology  and  the  subtlety  of  its 
reasoning,  than  for  any  practical  good  in 
morals)  is  worn  oif,  its  advocates  are  com- 
paratively few.  Yet  it  must  be  confessed, 
that  Ids  philosophical  conceptions  flowed 
from  the  inexhaustible  source  of  his  own 
reason  ;  that  he  not  only  discovered  the  in- 
congruities of  other  men's  sentiments,  and 
traced,  with  wonderful  precision,  their  errors 
to  their  true  origin,  but  that  he  had  an  as- 
tonishing faculty  of  unfolding  the  most  abs- 
truse principles,  and  digesting  single  and  in- 
dividual sentiments  into  a  systematic  order. 
His  works  are  far  too  numerous  for  insertion 
here  ;  but  they  are  all,  more  or  less,  of  a 
metaphysical  character. 

KARAMSIN,  Nicholas  Mich.\elo- 
viTSCH,  imperial  Russian  historiographer, 
was  born  in  1705;  educated  at  Moscow; 
served  for  a  while  in  the  imperial  guards  ; 
and  travelled  for  two  years,  through  Middle 
Europe  ;  after  which  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  His  "  History  of  the  Russian 
Empire,"  the  "  Letters  of  a  Russian  Travel- 
ler," and  "  Aglia,"  a  collection  of  tales  ;  are 
all  works  of  merit,  and  iu  much  esteem. 
Died,  1826. 
KATER,  Captain   Hexry,   F.R.S.,  was 


KAUJ 


^  ^clu  Winibn-^iil  33tfl0r<q)fju. 


KEA 


born  at  Bristol,  in  1777.  lie  was  intended 
for  the  legal  profession,  and  served  two  years 
in  a  pleader's  office,  thougli  from  his  earliest 
years  he  had  shown  a  decided  predilection 
for  mathematical  studies.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  17»4,  he  quilted  the  law,  and 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  12th  regt.  of 
foot,  tlien  stationed  in  India.  Soon  after  he 
arrived,  he  was  engaged  in  the  trigonome- 
trical survey  of  India,  a  stupendous  under- 
taking ;  but  his  unremitting  study  during 
seven  years  in  a  hot  climate  greatly  injured 
Ills  health,  and  rendered  it  necessary  for  him 
to  return.  He  subsequently  devoted  his 
whole  time  to  science  ;  and,  among  other 
useful  inventions,  his  meritorious  labours 
for  constructing  standards  of  weights  and 
measures  are  universally  known  and  appre- 
ciated. Many  learned  societies  enrolled  him 
among  their  members,  and  the  emperor  of 
Russia  not  only  employed  him  to  construct 
standards  for  the  weights  and  measures  of 
his  empire,  but  presented  him  witli  the  order 
of  St.  Anne,  and  a  diamond  snuff-box.  Died, 

KAUFMANN,  Mauia  Axna  Axgelica, 
a  distinguished  artist,  born  at  Coire,  in  the 
Orisons,  1741.  She  acquired  the  first  prin- 
ciples of  drawing  and  painting  from  her 
father,  whom  she  soon  excelled.  At  Milan, 
Florence,  Rome,  and  Naples,  she  greatly 
increased  her  skill ;  and  when,  in  1706,  she 
came  to  England,  and  was  patronised  by 
royalty,  her  reputation  and  success  quickly 
improved  her  circumstances.  She  remained 
here  seventeen  years ;  married  Zucchi,  a 
Venetian  painter  ;  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1807.  She  excelled  most  in  the  represent- 
ation of  female  characters  ;  and  many  of 
her  most  admired  paintings  were  engraved 
by  Bartolozzi,  whose  labours  much  contri- 
buted to  the  growth  and  perpetuity  of  her 
fame. 

KAUNITZ,  Wenckslaus  Anthonv, 
prince,  a  German  statesman,  was  born  at 
Vienna,  in  1711  ;  and  though  at  first  des- 
tined for  the  church,  he  finally  engaged  in 
political  life.  Ilia  talents,  aided  by  a  fa- 
vourable exterior,  opened  a  brilliant  career 
to  him.  In  1744  he  was  made  minister  of 
state  for  the  kingdoms  of  Hungary  and  Bo- 
hemia ;  in  1748  he  assisted  at  the  congress  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle  ;  was  honoured  with  the 
order  of  the  golden  fleece  by  Maria  Theresa, 
and  employed  as  ambassador  to  Paris ;  re- 
turned to  Vienna  in  17.53,  and  took  the  office 
of  chancellor  of  state  ;  concluded  the  treaty 
of  alliance  between  Austria  and  France,  in 
1756  ;  was  made  a  prince  of  the  German  em- 
pire, in  17C4  ;  and  died,  aged  83,  in  1794. 

KAYE,  or  CAIUS,  Dr.  Joim,  the  founder 
of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  was  born  at 
Noi-wich,  in  1510 ;  was  educated  for  the 
medical  profession,  first  at  Glonville  Hall, 
Cambridge,  and  subsequently  at  Bologna, 
where  he  graduated  as  M.D.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  became  physician  to  tlie  court, 
and  held  that  office  during  three  successive 
reigns.  He  was  for  several  years  president 
of  the  college  of  physicians  ;  and,  in  1557,  he 
obtained  a  royal  licence  to  advance  Glon- 
ville Hall  into  a  college  ;  which  he  endowed 
with  several  considerable  estates,  and  added 
to  it  the  quadrangle.    Dr.  Kaye  was  himself 


the  first  master  of  this  increased  establish- 
ment, now  known  as  Caius  College  ;  which 
he  retained  till  near  his  death  in  1573.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  works  ou  medi- 
cine, a  "  History  of  Cambridge,"  &e. 

KAYE,  Dr.  Thomas,  master  of  University 
College,  Oxford,  was  contemporary  with  the 
preceding,  with  whom  he  carried  on  a  warm 
controversy  respecting  the  comparative  an- 
tiquity of  these  two  celebrated  seats  of  learn- 
ing, in  a  work  entitled  "  Assertio  Autiquita- 
tis  Oxoniensis  AcadeniiiE." 

KAZWINI,  Zaciiakiau  ben  Mohammed, 
a  learned  Arabian  geographer  and  natural- 
ist of  the  loth  century ;  of  whose  labours 
Bochart,  Hyde,  Sir  W.  Ousely,  and  other 
Orientalists  have  availed  themselves.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  died  in  1283. 

KEACH,  Benjamin,  a  Baptist  minister, 
born  in  1640.  In  1064  he  was  tried,  and  sen- 
tenced to  stand  in  the  pillory  for  the  publi- 
cation of  a  book,  called  "  The  Child's  In- 
structor." After  this  he  was  chosen  pastor 
of  a  congregation  in  Horsleydown,  South- 
wark,  where  he  died  in  1704.  His  "  Travels 
of  True  Godliness,"  and  "  Travels  of  Un- 
godliness," written  in  the  manner  of  Bun- 
yan.  were  once  very  popular  ;  but  he  is  now 
best  known  by  his  "  Tropologia,  or  Key  to 
open  Scripture  Metaphors,"  and  by  his  "Ex- 
position of  Parables." 

KEAN,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English  tra- 
gedian, was  the  son  of  a  scene-carpenter,  of 
the  name  of  Kcan  (whose  brother,  Moses 
Kean,  obtained  some  notoriety  as  a  mimic 
and  ventriloquist),  and  the  daughter  of  the 
well-known  George  Saville  Carey,  a  dra- 
matic writer  and  performer.  He  was  born 
in  Castle  Street,  Leicester  Square,  London, 
in  1787,  according  to  some  accounts,  and  ac- 
cording to  others  two  or  tliree  years  later. 
He  trod  the  sto^e  almost  as  soon  as  he  could 
walk  alone,  being  employed  in  processions, 
&c.,  thus  imperceptibly  acquiring  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  theatrical  education  under  tJie 
eye  of  that  great  actor,  John  Kemble,  whose 
rival  he  was  afterwards  destined  to  become. 
Miss  Tidswell,  an  actress  long  known  on  the 
metropolitan  stage,  and  said  to  have  been  a 
relation,  assisted  Kean  in  his  juvenile  efforts; 
and,  at  the  age  of  13,  recommended  him  to  a 
company  of  players  in  Yorkshire.  He  per- 
formed there  under  the  name  of  Carey,  and  is 
said  to  have  obtained  much  applause  in  the 
parts  of  Hamlet,  Lord  Hastings,  and  Cato. 
He  also  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents 
for  recitation  ;  and  his  delivery  of  Satan's 
Address  to  the  Sun,  from  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  and  the  first  soliloquy  in  Shakspeare's 
Richard  III.  having  been  highly  applauded, 
he  repeated  his  recitations  at  Windsor,  be- 
fore some  of  the  royal  family.  He  had  also 
the  good  fortune  to  attract  the  notice  of  Dr. 
Drury,  who  sent  him  to  Eton,  where  he  re- 
mained three  years,  and  is  said  to  have  made 
great  progress  in  classical  studies,  devoting 
much  of  his  attention  to  the  precepts  and 
examples  of  Cicero.  On  quitting  Eton  he 
procured  an  engagement  at  Birmingham, 
where  he  was  seen  by  the  manager  of  the 
Edinburgh  theatre,  who  engaged  him  for 
twenty  nights,  on  twelve  of  which  he  per- 
formed Hamlet  to  crowded  houses.  He  was 
at  this  time  only  sixteen  ;  and  wc  find  that 


475 


his  provincial  engagements  led  him,  in  the 
com-se  of  a  few  years,  to  nearly  all  the  prin- 
cipal towns  in  the  south  and  west  of  Eng- 
land, playing  in  tragedy,  comedy,  opera,  and 
pantomime.  In  the  mean  time,  Dr.  Drury, 
his  old  patron,  had  recommended  him  to  the 
directing  committee  of  Drury  Lane,  as  fitted 
to  revive  that  declining  theatre.  He  was,  in 
consequence,  engaged  there  for  three  years, 
at  a  rising  salary  of  eight,  ten,  and  twelve 
guineas  a  week  for  each  successive  year.  Ills 
first  appearance  was  on  the  2(Jth  of  January, 
1814,  in  the  character  of  Sliylock.  The  house 
was  comparatively  empty  ;  but  in  order  to 
show  the  effect  he  produced  on  that  occasion 
we  will  quote  the  words  of  a  critic,  who  saw, 
and  thus  decribes  it :  —  "  There  came  on  a 
small  man,  with  an  Italian  face  and  fatal 
eye,  which  struck  all.  Attention  soon  ripened 
into  enthusiasm  ;  and  never,  perhaps,  did 
Kean  play  with  such  startling  effect  as  on 
this  night  to  the  surprised  few  I  His  voice 
was  harsh,  his  style  new,  his  action  abrupt 
and  angular  ;  but  there  was  the  decision,  the 
inspiration  of  genius,  in  the  look,  the  tone, 
the  bearing  ; "  —  "  that  night  was  the  start- 
ing-post on  the  great  course  on  which  he  was 
destined  to  run  his  splendid  race."  In 
Othello  also,  and  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  he  has 
been  ujiequalled  by  any  contemporary. 
When  he  performed  Massinger's  Jew  the 
first  time,  the  actors,  and  others  of  his  ad- 
mirers, presented  him  with  a  gold  cup,  as  a 
token  of  their  esteem.  In  1820,  he  visited 
the  United  States,  and  performed  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Boston, 
on  the  whole  with  great  success.  After  his 
return  to  England,  the  extravagance  and 
dissoluteness  which  had  always  disgraced  his 
character,  involved  him  in  great  embarrass- 
ments ;  and  a  second  visit  to  America,  in 
1825,  was  attended  with  little  credit  or  ad- 
vantage. He  returned  again  to  England, 
and  became  manager  of  the  theatre  ut  Rich- 
mond, Surrey,  where  he  died,  after  a  pro- 
tracted illness.  May  15.  1833. 

KEANE,  General  John,  Lord,  the  second 
son  of  the  late  Sir  John  Keane,  of  Belmont, 
Waterford,  entered  the  army  in  1793 ;  ob- 
tained a  company  in  the  44tli  foot  in  1790  ; 
and  served  in  the  Egyptian  campaign  as 
aide-de-camp  to  Major-general  Lord  Cavan. 
By  regular  gradation  he  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  tlie  GOth  foot,  in  1812  ;  and  such 
was  his  reputation,  that  on  his  arrival  in  the 
Peninsula  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  a  brigade  in  the  third  division. 
He  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Vittoria,the 
Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Orthes,  and  Toulouse ; 
attained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  1814, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
military  force  destined  to  co-operate  with 
Admiral  Sir  A.  Cochrane,  for  tlie  attack  on 
New  Orleans  and  Louisiana.  When  Sir  E. 
Pakenham  arrived  as  the  gencral-iu-chief. 
Sir  John  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  third  brigade;  and  in  an  assault  on  the 
enemy's  lines  in  January,  1815,  he  received 
two  severe  wounds.  From  1823  to  1830,  Sir 
John  Keane  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
forces  in  Jamaica.  In  1833  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chief  command  of  the  Bombay  army  ; 
and,  after  nearly  6  years'  service  in  that  pre- 
sidency, he  had  the  difficult  task  intrusted  to 


him  of  conducting  the  operations  in  Aff- 
ghanistan,  of  which  the  capture  of  Ghuznee 
was  his  crowning  achievement.  For  the 
manner  in  which  he  performed  this  duty  he 
received  the  thanks  of  the  court  of  directors 
of  the  East  India  Company  in  Dec.  1839,  and 
was  raised  to  the  peerage,  with  a  pension  of 
2000^  a  year  for  his  own  life,  and  that  of  his 
two  immediate  successors  in  the  peerage. 
Died,  Aug.  1844,  in  his  64th  year. 

KEATE,  Geokge,  F.R.S.,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Trowbridge,  in  Wilt- 
shire, in  1729,  and  educated  at  Kingston 
school ;  after  which  he  went  to  Geneva, 
where  he  contracted  an  intimacy  with  Vol- 
taire ;  to  whom  he  afterwards  dedicated  his 
"  Account  of  the  Republic  of  Geneva."  His 
first  literary  performance  was  "  Ancient  and 
Modern  Rome,"  a  poem,  1G50.  His  publica- 
tions after  this  were  very  numerous:  the 
principal  is  an  "  Account  of  the  Pellew  Is- 
lands," which  he  compiled  from  the  papers 
of  Captain  Wilson  and  his  officers,  who  were 
shipwrecked  there  in  1783.    Died,  1797. 

KEATS,  JouN,  a  young  English  poet,  of 
humble  origin,  was  born  in  1796,  at  a  livery- 
stable,  kept  by  his  grandfather  in  Moor- 
fields.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon,  but 
gave  way  to  the  ambition  of  becoming  a 
poet.  He  published  "  Endymion,"  a  poeti- 
cal romance,  in  1818  ;  and,  in  1820,  his  last 
and  best  work,  "  Lamia,"  and  other  poems. 
Being  in  feeble  health,  from  a  severe  pul- 
monary disease,  he  was  advised  to  try  the 
fine  climate  of  Italy,  where  he  arrived  in 
November,  1820,  accompanied  by  his  friend 
Jlr.  Severn  the  artist,  and  died  in  Rome,  on 
the  27th  of  December  following.  He  was 
interred  in  the  English  burying-ground, 
near  the  monument  of  Caius  Cestius,  and  not 
far  from  the  place  where,  soon  after,  were 
deposited  the  remains  of  the  poet  Shelley. 
Mr.  Leigh  Hunt,  who  was  his  earliest  and 
warmest  patron,  describes  him  as  having  "  a 
very  manly  as  well  as  a  delicate  spirit,"  and 
being  gifted  with  "  the  two  highest  qualities 
of  a  poet  in  the  highest  degree  —  sensibility 
and  imagination." 

KEBLE,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
whose  industry  was  so  remarkable  during 
his  whole  life,  that  some  account  of  it  is  ab- 
solutely due  to  his  memory.  He  was  born 
about  1632,  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1658.  Three  years  after- 
wards he  began  to  signalise  himself  by  the 
constant  regularity  of  his  appearance  in  the 
court  of  king's  bench,  where  from  that  time 
to  the  day  of  his  decease,  a  period  of  nearly 
half  a  century,  he  occupied  himself  inces- 
santly as  a  reporter  of  tlie  cases  which  came 
before  the  court.  Nor  was  he  less  persevering 
while  attending  the  chapel,  copies  of  up- 
wards of  4000  sermons,  delivered  by  various 
preachers  in  that  place  of  worship,  being 
found  among  his  papers  when  he  died,  in 
1710.  His  publications  are  numerous,  the 
principal  being  "  A  Table  to  the  Statutes," 
"  Assistance  to  Justices  of  the  Peace,"  "  Re- 
ports," 3  vols.;  and  "  Essays  on  Human  Na- 
ture and  Human  Actions." 

KEILL,  John",  a  learned  mathematician, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1671.  In  1698 
he  published  an  Examination  of  Burnet's 
Theory  of  the  Earth,  to  wliich  he  subjoined 


KEl] 


^  i^clu  Wimbcr^Kl  38iogra|>l)y. 


[kel 


"  Remarks  on  Whiston's  Tlieory."  The  year 
following  he  waa  appointed  deputy  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy, ;  and  in  1701  he 
published  his  "  Introductio  ad  Veram  Pliy- 
sieam,"  as  a  preparation  for  tlie  study  of 
Newton's  Principia.  In  1708  he  defended 
Newton's  claim  to  the  invention  of  Fluxions, 
which  brought  him  into  a  dispute  with 
Leibnitz.  In  1700  he  was  appointed  treasurer 
to  the  German  exiles  from  the  Palatinate, 
and  attended  them  in  tliat  capacity  to  New 
England.  He  next  defended  Newton's  doc- 
trine against  the  Cartesians,  and  received 
his  degree  of  M.  D.  In  1714  he  was  chosen 
Savilian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford, 
and  the  year  following  appointed  decii)lierer 
to  the  queen.  Among  his  works  are,  "  An 
Introduction  to  True  Pliilosonhy  "  and  "  An 
Introduction  to  True  Astronomy."  Died, 
1721. 

KEILL,  James,  yoimger  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1673, 
and  died  in  17  H).  He  wrote  on  "  The  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Human  Body,"  and  published 
several  physiological  tracts  and  papers  in 
the  Pliilosopliical  Transactions. 

KEISER,  Keixuaki),  an  eminent  German 
musician  and  composer,  was  born  at  Leipsic 
in  1(573.  He  was  the  author  of  1 18  operas,  of 
uliich  his  "  Circe,"  brought  out  at  Hamburgh 
ill  1734,  was  the  last  and  most  beautiful, 
lie  possessed  a  most  fertile  imagination,  and 
i.<  consi<lered  as  the  father  of  German  melody. 
Died,  17a-.. 

KEITH,  George,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
was  a  fellow  student  there  with  Bishop 
Burnet,  an<l  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  ;  but 
quitted  the  Presbyterian  church  to  become 
a  Quaker,  and  went  to  Pennsylvania.  At 
length  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  sect, 
he  formed  a  new  one  of  his  own  ;  and  sub- 
sequently entered  into  the  Churcli  of  Eng- 
land, took  orders,  and  obtained  some  pre- 
ferment. He  wrote  several  books  both  for 
and  against  the  Quakers  ;  was  a  believer  in 
the  transmigration  of  souls,  the  millennium, 
&e. ;  is  described  as  an  eloquent  speaker, 
and  an  acute  disputant.    Died  about  1715. 

KEITH,  James  Fkaxcis  Edavakd,  a  fleld- 
marshal  in  the  Prussian  service,  and  a  brave 
and  experienced  warrior,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  William  Keith,  earl-marshal  of  Scot- 
land, and  was  born  in  1G96.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion  in  1715,  he  joined  the 
Pretender,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Sherilfmuir  ;  but  made  his  escape  to  France, 
where  he  applied  himself  to  military  studies, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  From  Paris  he  went  to  Madrid, 
and  obtained  a  commission  in  Ormond's 
Irish  brigade ;  but  on  accompanying  the 
Spanish  embassy  to  Russia,  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  that  state,  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  invested 
with  the  order  of  the  black  eagle.  In  the 
Russian  service  he  continued  several  years, 
distinguishing  himself  as  well  in  the  field  as 
in  the  cabinet,  during  the  wars  between  that 
country  and  Turkey  and  Sweden.  He  at 
length  left  Russia  and  went  to  Berlin,  wliere 
the  king  of  Pnissia,  to  whom  his  abilities 
were  well  known,  received  him  with  open 
arms,  and  made  him  field-marshal  of  his 
forces  and  governor  of  his  capital.    In  the 


subsequent  wars  of  this  monarch,  Keith  dis- 
played the  greatest  talents  and  bravery,  till 
his  career  was  finally  closed  on  the  field  of 
battle,  at  the  aflfair  of  Hocjikirchen,  Oct.  4. 
1758. 

KEITH,  TnoMAs,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, and  author  of  several  excellent 
works,  was  born  in  1759,  at  Brandsburton, 
near  Beverley,  in  Yorkshire.  His  parents 
dying  when  he  was  only  14,  he  engaged 
himself  as  tutor  in  a  private  family.  In 
1781  he  settled  in  London,  and  soon  acquired 
distinction  as  a  mathematician.  In  1804  his 
reputation  as  an  accountant  led  to  his  being 
appointed  professor  of  geography  and  the 
sciences  to  tlie  princess  Charlotte  of  Wales  j 
and  in  1814  the  situation  of  accountant  to 
the  British  Museum  becoming  vacant,  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  conferred  it  on 
Mr.  Keith,  who  held  it  till  his  death,  in 
1824.  His  principal  works  are,  "The  Com- 
plete Practical  Arithmetician,"  "An  Intro- 
duction to  Geography,"  "  Plane  and  Spheri- 
cal Trigonometry,"  a  "Treatise  on  the  Use 
of  the  Globes,"  and  "Elements  of  Geometry." 

KEITH.    See  Ei.rni.vsxoNE. 

KELLER,  John  BALXiiASAK.an  excellent 
founder  in  brass,  was  a  native  of  Zurich. 
He  cast  the  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV., 
which  was  set  up  at  Purls  in  place  of  Louis 
the  Great.  Keller  was  made  inspector  of 
the  foundry  at  the  arsenal,  and  died  in  1702. 

KELLERMANN,FuANcis  Christophek, 
duke  of  Valmy,  peer  and  marshal  of  France, 
&c.,  was  born  at  Strasburg  in  1735  ;  entered 
th&^Bpnfians  legion  as  a  hussar  when  17 
years  of  age,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  quarter- 
master-general in  1788.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  patriotism  and  judgment.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  war  he  received 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle ; 
formed  a  junction  with  the  main  army 
under  Dumouriez  ;  and  sustained,  Sept.  20th, 
1792,  the  celebrated  attack  of  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  at  Valmy,  which  contributed 
much  to  the  success  of  the  campaign.  He 
was  repeatedly  denounced  to  the  National 
Convention  by  Custine  and  others  )  but  his 
trial  not  taking  place  till  after  the  reign  of 
terror,  he  was  acquitted.  In  1795  he  took 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Alps  and 
Italy,  but  he  was  soon  superseded  by  Buona- 
parte. In  1798  he  was  nominated  a  meinl)er 
of  the  military  board  ;  in  1801  he  was  i)resi- 
dent  of  the  conservative  senate,  and  the 
following  year  a  marshal  of  the  empire.  He 
served  under  Napoleon  in  Germany  and 
Prussia ;  and  having,  in  1814,  voted  for  the 
restoration  of  royalty,  was  employed  under 
the  Bourbons  till  his  death  in  1820. 

KELLEY,  or  TALBOT,  Edward,  a 
celebrated  necromancer  and  alchemist,  was 
born  at  Worcester  in  1555,  and  educated  at 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford ;  but  was  obliged 
to  leave  the  university  for  some  crime,  and 
after  rambling  about  the  kingdom,  was 
sentenced  to  lose  his  ears  at  Lancaster.  He 
next  became  an  associate  witli  the  credulous 
Dr.  Dee,  and  accompanied  him  to  Prague, 
where  Kellcy  contrived  to  live  handsomely 
by  his  impostures,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
emperor  Rodolphus ;  but  his  tricks  being 
discovered,  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  and 


kel] 


^  0t^  WinihtviKl  28ta5rap|)g. 


[kem 


in  attempting  to  escape,  he  fell,  and  bruised 
himself  to  such  a  degree,  tliat  he  died  soon 
after,  in  1595.  lie  wrote  a  poem  on  che- 
mistry, and  another  on  the  philosopher's 
stone  ;  besides  several  Latin  and  English 
discourses  printed  in  Dr.  Meric  Casaubon's 
"  True  and  faithful  Relation  of  what  passed 
for  many  years  between  Dr.  John  Dee  and 
some  Spirits." 

KELLISON,  ISIattoew,  an  English  Ca- 
tholic divine,  who,  as  a  controversial  writer, 
was  opposed  to  Sutcliife,  Montague,  and 
otlier  Protestants,  was  born  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, about  15(50.  He  was  educated  at 
the  English  colleges  at  Douay  and  Rheims  j 
resided  seven  years  at  Rome  ;  became  chan- 
cellor of  the  university  of  Rheims  ;  and, 
after  remaining  there  12  years,  removed  to 
Douay,  and  was  declared  president  of  that 
college  by  a  patent  from  Rome.    Died,  1041. 

KELLY,  Hugh,  a  dramatic  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  bom  in  1730,  near  the 
lake  of  Killamey.  He  wns  apprenticed  to 
a  staymaker,  which  trade  he  quitted  when 
in  London,  and  became  clerk  to  an  attorney. 
Afterwards  he  turned  his  attention  to  au- 
thorship with  considerable  success,  writing 
political  pamphlets,  plays,  &c.  Hia  works 
are,  "  False  Delicacy,"  "  A  Word  to  the 
Wise,"  "  The  School  for  Wives,"  the  "  Ro- 
mance of  an  Hour,"  comedies  ;  "  Clemen- 
tina," a  tragedy  ;  "  Thespis,"  a  poem  in  the 
manner  of  Churchill's  Rosciad  ;  "  Louisa 
Mildmay,"  a  novel ;  and  "  The  Babbler,"  a 
collection  of  essays.    Died,  1777. 

KELLY,  John,  a  learned  English  ^ttgy- 
man,  was  a  native  of  Douglas,  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  and  born  in  1750.  Having  paid  a  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  vernacular  dialect  of 
the  Celtic  tongue,  which  was  spoken  in  that 
island,  he  was  introduced  to  Bishop  Hil- 
desley,  who  employed  him  in  translating 
the  Bible  into  the  Manks  language,  and 
ordained  him  a  minister  of  the  episcopal 
congregation  of  Ayr,  in  Scotland.  Through 
the  patronage  of  the  Duke  of  Gordon,  to 
whose  son,  the  Marquis  of  Huntly,  he  was 
tutor,  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Copford, 
in  Essex  ;  and  having  entered  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  he  was  there  honoured 
with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  180.3  he  pub- 
lished "  A  Practical  Grammar  of  the  An- 
cient Gaelic,  or  Language  of  the  Isle  of 
Man;"  and  in  1805  issued  proposals  for 
publishing  "  A  Triglot  Dictionary  of  the 
Celtic  Tongue,"  which  was  nearly  com- 
pleted when  the  sheets  were  destroyed  by 
a  lire  on  the  premises  of  Mr.  Nichols,  the 
printer.    Dr.  Kelly  died  in  1809. 

KELLY,  Michael,  a  composer  and  singer, 
was  the  son  of  a  wine  merchant  in  Dublin, 
who,  for  many  years,  acted  as  master  of  the 
ceremonies  at  the  viceregal  castle.  He  was 
born  in  1762,  and  at  an  early  age  gave  proofs 
of  genius  for  music,  which  induced  his  father 
to  place  him  under  Rauzzini,  at  that  time 
in  Dublin,  who  prevailed  on  his  friends  to 
send  him  to  Naples,  where  he  arrived  when 
in  his  16th  year.  He  there  found  a  patron 
in  Sir  William  Hamilton,  the  British  mi- 
nister ;  studied  under  Fineroli  and  Aprili ; 
and  subsequently  performed  at  most  of  tlie 
Italian  theatres,  and  in  Germany.  He  con- 
tracted a  close  intimacy  with  Mozart  during 


his  stay  at  Vienna ;  was  for  some  time  in 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Joseph ;  and  at 
length  returned  to  liOndon,  where  he  made 
his  first  appearance,  in  1787,  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  in  "  Lionel  and  Clarissa,"  and  re- 
tained his  situation  as  first  singer  at  that 
theatre,  the  musical  performances  of  which 
he  directed  till  his  retirement  from  the  stage. 
He  set  to  music  upwards  of  60  pieces,  most 
of  which  were  successful,  and  amongst  these 
are  the  once  highly  popular  compositions  in 
Colman's  musical  romance  of  "Bluebeard." 
A  few  months  previous  to  his  death  appeared 
his  "Reminiscences,"  a  very  amusing  work, 
replete  with  anecdotes  of  his  contemporaries 
and  familiar  associates.    Died,  1826. 

KEMBLE,  JoH-v  Philip,  the  most  dig- 
nified and  accomplished  actor  on  the  British 
stage  since  the  days  of  Garrick,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Roger  Kemble,  manager  of  a 
company  of  comedians  at  Prescot,  in  Lan- 
cashire, where  he  was  born  in  1757.  Being 
of  Catholic  parents,  he  was  sent  to  the 
English  college  at  Douay,  where  he  early 
distinguished  himself  by  his  proficiency  in 
elocution,  and  had  Talma  for  a  fellow- 
student.  Finding  that  his  father  designed 
him  for  the  priesthood,  he  quitted  the  col- 
lege clandestinely,  returned  to  England, 
and,  engaging  in  an  itinerant  company,  per- 
formed with  great  eclat  at  Liverpool,  Edin- 
burgh, York,  &c.  In  1793  he  made  his  first 
appearance  on  the  boards  of  Drury  Lane,  in 
the  character  of  Hamlet.  His  success  was 
complete  ;  and  from  that  time  lie  main- 
tained the  character  of  being  the  first  tra- 
gedian of  the  age.  On  the  secession  of  Mr. 
King,  he  became  manager  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre.  In  1802  he  took  advantage  of  the 
peace  to  visit  the  Continent,  in  order  to 
study  the  French  and  Spanish  histrionic  es- 
tablishments, with  a  view  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  English.  On  his  return,  he 
became  manager  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre, 
where  he  continued  till  1809,  when  that  build- 
ing was  destroyed  by  fire.  On  the  restoration 
of  the  edifice,  Mr.  Kemble  was,  during  the 
O.  P.  riots,  as  they  were  called,  the  object  of 
popular  resentment,  in  consequence  of  hav- 
ing raised  the  prices,  and  made  certain  ob- 
noxious arrangements  in  regard  to  tlie  pri- 
vate boxes.  In  1817  he  retired  from  the 
stage,  after  a  long  and  honourable  career ; 
and,  in  consequence  of  ill  health,  went  first 
to  Montpelier,  and  thence  to  Lausanne, 
where  he  died,  Feb.  2C.  1823,  after  a  para- 
lytic attack.  The  learning,  elegant  man- 
ners, and  accomplishments  of  Mr.  Kemble, 
introduced  him  into  the  best  company,  by 
whom  he  was  at  once  courted  and  esteemed. 
As  a  tragedian,  when  personating  charac- 
ters more  immediately  adapted  to  his  style 
of  excellence,  such  as  Cato,  Coriolanus, 
Hamlet,  Penruddock,  &c.,  he  was  unrival- 
led. And  his  managerial  duties  were  marked 
by  the  exhibition  of  much  refined  and  accu- 
rate taste,  in  the  rectification  of  scenic  de- 
coration, and  the  adoption  of  appropriate 
costume,  adding  thereby  both  to  the  splen- 
dour and  illusion  of  the  drama.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Belisarius,"  a  tragedy; 
"  Lodoiska,"  an  opera  ;  and  "  Tlie  Female 
Oflficer,"  a  farce  ;  besides  which  he  altered 
and  modernised  many  of  the  old  dramas. 


478 


kem] 


^  ^t^  mnihtx^nl  23i0jjiapf)ii. 


[ken 


KEMBLE.  George  Stephe.v,  brofner  of 
the  foregoing,  and  also  an  able  actor,  was 
bom  at  Kingstown,  in  Herefordshire  ;  his 
mother  having  performed  the  part  of  Anne 
Bullen,  in  the  play  of  Henry  VIII.,  on  the 
evening  of  his  birth.  This  gentleman  was 
intended  for  the  medical  profession,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  in  Coventry  ; 
but  soon  quitted  it  for  the  stage.  He  first 
appeared  at  Covent  Garden  Tlieatre  in  1783. 
He  was  afterwards  manager  of  the  theatres 
of  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and 
Newcastle  ;  and  was  remarkable  for  play- 
ing the  part  of  Falstaff  without  stuffing. 
Died,  1822. 

KEMBLE,  Priscilla,  widow  of  John 
Philip  Kemble,  the  eminent  tragedian,  died 
at  Leamington,  aged  00,  on  the  13th  of  May, 
1845.  This  lady,  like  the  widow  of  Mr. 
Garrick,  long  survived  her  celebrated  hus- 
band, and,  it  is  said,  was  (like  her)  the  oldest 
member  of  the  theatrical  profession  at  tlie 
time  of  her  decease.  She  had  entered  on 
that  public  career  in  very  early  youth,  and 
was  first  married  to  Mr.  Brereton,  an  actor 
of  considerable  celebrity.  Not  many  years 
after  his  death  she  was  united  to  Mr.  Kemble, 
and  on  liis  death  in  1823  she  took  uj)  her 
residence  at  Leamington,  where  she  lived 
highly  respected  ;  her  lively  conversation 
and  knowledge  of  the  world  rendering  her 
society  no  less  desirable,  than  her  liberal 
and  charitable  disposition  had  made  it  useful. 

KEMP,  Josiirii,  an  eminent  musical  com- 
iwser,  was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1778  ;  and  was 
a  chorister  in  the  cathedral  of  his  native 
city,  where  he  studied  under  the  celebrated 
William  Jackson.  In  1802,  having  been  ap- 
pointed organist  of  Bristol  cathedral,  he 
removed  thither,  and  in  the  same  year  com- 
posed one  of  liis  best  anthems,  "  I  am  Alpha 
and  Omega."  In  1807  he  left  Bristol  for 
London,  and  the  j'car  following  took  the 
degree  of  M.B.  at  Cambridge.  In  1809  he 
proceeded  to  that  of  doctor,  when  his  exer- 
cise entitled  "  The  Cruciflxit)n"  was  per- 
formed. He  now  became  a  lecturer  in  music 
at  several  institutions,  and  invented  a  new 
mode  of  teaching  the  science.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  A  new  System  of  Musical  Edu- 
cation, being  a  Self-Instructor,"  "Twenty 
Psalmodical  Melodies, "  "  The  Siege  of 
Ischa,"  an  opera  ;  with  a  variety  of  songs, 
glees,  duets,  &c. 

KEMPELEN,  Wolfgaxo,  Baron,  a  cele- 
brated mechanician,  was  born  in  1734,  at 
Presburg,  iii  Hungary.  Among  his  inven- 
tions was  the  famous  automaton  chess- 
player, which  he  first  exhibited  at  Paris  in 
1783,  and  afterwards  in  London  ;  but  the 
secret  of  it  was  never  discovered.  He  also 
invented  a  speaking  figure,  which  he  him- 
self described  in  a  work  called  "The  M»- 
chauism  of  Speech."  He  was  also  an  author, 
and  wrote  "Perseus  and  Andromeda,"  a 
drama;  "The  Unknown  Benefactor,"  a 
comedy  ;  and  some  poems.    Died,  1804. 

KEMPIS,  Thomas^a.  a  famous  writer  of 
the  14th  century,  was  born  at  a  village  of 
that  name,  in  the  diocese  of  Cologne,  in 
i:i80  ;  and  died  in  1471.  His  treatise,  "  De 
Imitatione  Christi,"  or,  "  Of  the  Imitation  of 
Christ,"  some  have  attributed  to  Gerson. 

KEN,  TuuMAS,  a  learned  and  pious  dig- 


nitarv  of  the  Church  of  England,  was  born 
at  Berkhamstead,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1G37. 
His  conscientious  propriety  of  conduct  and 
unyielding  morality  found  favour  even  M'ith 
the  licentious  Charles  II.,  who  made  him 
his  chaplain,  and  afterwards  preferred  him 
to  the  bishopric  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He 
opposed  the  endeavours  of  James  to  intro- 
duce popery,  and  was  one  of  the  seven 
bishops  sent  to  the  Tower  for  resisting  that 
monarch's  dispensing  power.  Dr.  Ken  was 
the  author  of  sermons,  poems,  &c. ;  which 
were  published,  with  his  life,  by  his  nephew, 
in  4  vols.    Died,  1711. 

KENDAL,  Geouge,  a  Nonconformist  di- 
vine, was  bom  at  Dawlish,  in  Devonshire  ; 
and  in  1647  became  rector  of  Blissland,  in 
Cornwall,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don. He  died  in  1CC3.  Dr.  Kendal  wrote 
a  "  Vindication  of  the  Doctrine  generally 
received  in  the  Churches  concerning  God's 
Intentions  of  Special  Grace  and  Favour  to 
his  Elect  in  the  Death  of  Christ,"  folio ; 
the  "  Doctrine  of  the  Perseverance  of  the 
Saints,  against  John  Goodwin,"  folio,  &c. 

KENNEDY,  James,  bishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Scotland,  born  in  1405,  was  the 
founder  of  the  college  and  church  of  St. 
Salvador,  and  also  of  the  abbey  of  the  Ob- 
servantines.  He  filled  the  office  of  lord 
cliancellor  for  a  time  ;  and,  in  the  minority 
of  James  III.,  was  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
regcncv.    Died,  140(). 

KENNEDY,  Joh.v,  rector  of  Bradley,  in 
Derbyshire ;  a  good  mathematician,  and 
the  author  of  "Scripture  Clironology, " 
"  The  Doctrine  of  Commeusurability,"  &c. 
Died,  1770. 

KENNEDY,  William,  "  the  annalist  of 
Aberdeen,"  was  bom  there  in  1759.  He  re- 
ceived the  rudiments  of  his  education  at  the 
grammar  school,  and  his  academical  studies 
were  subsequently  completed  at  the  Maris- 
chal  College  there  ;  and  he  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  Aberdeen  bar  in  178.3.  He 
early  showed  a  predilection  for  antiquarian 
pursuits;  and  about  the  year  1813,  at  the 
request  of  the  magistrates,  he  spent  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  time  in  drawing  up  an 
index  to  the  voluminous  city  records,  which 
had  been  accumulating  for  centuries,  and 
which  extend  to  a  more  remote  antiquity, 
and  are  more  complete  than  those  of  any 
Scottish  burgh.  But  his  cliief  title  to  fame 
rests  on  his  justly  celebrated  work  in  2  vols. 
4to.,  "  The  Annals  of  Aberdeen."  Died, 
183(5. 

KENNET,  White,  a  learned  prelate, 
notorious  for  his  party  zeal,  was  bom  at  Do- 
ver, in  IfjfiO ;  and  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford.  He 
had  originally  been  a  Tory  ;  but  he  now  at- 
tached himself  to  the  Whigs,  and  entered 
into  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Atterbury  re- 
specting the  riglits  of  convocations  ;  and 
also  opposed  Sacheverel.  He  made  himself 
conspicuous  by  a  funeral  sermon  preached 
for  the  first  Duke  of  Devonshire  in  1707, 
whi(*i  gave  great  oifence  as  an  apology  for 
the  sins  of  the  great.  The  same  year  he 
obtained  the  deanery  of  Peterborough  ;  but 
so  obnoxious  had  he  now  become  by  the 
violence  of  his  partisanship,  that  Welton, 
the  rector  of  Whitechapel,  caused  his  portrait 


479 


ken] 


^  iScIi)  Saiuber^al  ^lOjjrjqjIjM. 


[ken 


to  be  exhibited  in  the  cliaracter  of  Judas,  iu 
the  altar-pieee  of  that  church.  This  gross 
act  of  indecency  vas  properly  resented,  and 
the  painting  removed.  In  1718  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Teterborough,  and  died  in  1728. 
He  was  an  able  antiquary,  and  published 
various  works  on  theology,  antiquities,  and 
ecclesiastical  history  ;  besides  which  he  edi- 
ted the  "  Collection  of  English  Historians," 
which  bears  his  name. 

KENXET,  Basil,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1074,  and  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  In  170{j  he 
went  as  chaplain  to  tlie  Englisli  factory  at 
Leghorn,  but  ran  a  narrow  risk  of  being 
sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  the  Inquisition. 
He  returned  in  1714,  and  was  admitted  to 
his  degree  of  D.D.,  but  died  a  few  months 
afterwards.  His  principal  works,  besides 
translations  of  ancient  and  modern  authors, 
are  "  Romas  Antiqua  Isotitia,  "  "  Lives  of 
the  Grecian  Poets, "  "  Exposition  of  the 
Apostle's  Creed, "  and  "  Sermons." 

KENNEY,  James,  a  distinguished  drama- 
tist, many  of  whose  pieces  still  keep  possession 
of  the  stage,  was  born  in  Ireland,  about  1G70. 
His  lively  farce  of  "Raising  the  Wind," 
with  its  inimitable  character  of  Jeremy 
Diddler,  was  his  first  dramatic  production. 
This  was  soon  followed  by  "  Love,  Law,  and 
Physic,"  "Matrimony,"  "The  World," 
"  The  Illustrious  Stranger,"  &c.  His  health 
had  been  for  a  long  time  infirm  ;  and  he 
died  on  the  morning  fixed  for  his  benefit  at 
Drury  Lane  Tlieatre,  Aug.  1.  1849. 

KENNICOTT,  Bexjamix,  an  able  divine 
and  biblical  critic,  was  a  native  of  Totness, 
Devonshire,  of  which  place  his  father  was 
parish  clerk.  He  was  educated  at  Wadham 
College,  Oxford  ;  became  vicar  of  Culham, 
preacher  of  Whitehall,  librarian  of  the  Rad- 
cllffe,  a  prebend  of  Westminster,  and  canon 
of  Christchurch.  Dr.  Kennicott's  literary 
fame  mainly  rests  on  his  Hebrew  Bible,  2 
vols,  folio  ;  in  collating  the  numerous  manu- 
scripts for  the  text  of  which  he  was  inces- 
santly occupied  during  more  than  ten  years. 
Though  some  object  to  this  great  work,  that 
the  author  was  insufficiently  acquainted 
with  the  eastern  languages,  yet  every  scholar 
admits  that  he  rendered  great  service  to  tlie 
cause  of  science  and  religion  by  opening  the 
way  in  this  department  of  biblical  criticism. 
He  died  in  1783. 

KENRICK,  William,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Watford,  in  Hertford- 
shire. He  was  brought  up  as  a  rule-maker, 
but  quitted  his  trade,  obtained  a  doctor's 
degree  at  Leyden.  and  became  an  indus- 
trious author  and  critic.  He  established  the 
London  Review,  iu  which  many  critiques 
of  merit  appeared,  too  often,  however,  con- 
taminated by  vituperative  language  and 
unwarrantable  personalities.  He  compiled 
a  "Dictionary  of  the  English  Language," 
and  wrote  various  works,  among  which  are 
the  comedies  of  "  Falstaff' s  Wedding," 
"  The  Widowed  Wife,"  and  "  The  Duel- 
list," "  Epistles,  Philosophical  and  Moral," 
and  various  poems.     Died,  1779. 

KENT,  His  Royal  Highness  Edward, 
Duke  of,  the  fourth  son  of  George  III.,  was 
born  Nov.  2.  17G7.  He  received  the  rudi- 
ments  of  bis    education    in  England,  but 


completed  it  at  Gottingen  and  Hanover. 
Entering  the  army  at  an  early  age,  he  be- 
came an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  military 
discipline  ;  and  having  attained  the  rank  of 
colonel,  he  served  during  the  years  1790  and 
1791,  under  General  O'Hara,  at  Gibraltar, 
where  he  rendered  himself  so  unpopular  by 
his  strictness,  that  his  regiment  repeatedly 
mutinied.  On  quitting  Gibraltar,  he  was 
sent  out  as  commander  cf  the  forces  in 
Canada ;  after  which  he  received  orders  to 
join  the  expedition  under  Sir  Charles  Grey, 
against  the  French  West  India  islands. 
During  the  campaign  that  ensued,  his  im- 
petuous bravery  was  so  conspicuous  at  the 
head  of  the  flank  division,  particularly  when 
storming  the  strong  and  important  posts  in 
Martinique  and  Guadaloupe,  that  "  the  flank 
corps  "  became  a  standing  toast  at  the  ad- 
miral's table,  as  well  as  at  that  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief. In  1802  his  royal  highness 
was  appointed  governor  of  Gibraltar  ;  but 
his  desire  to  repress  irregularities,  and  en- 
force subordination,  led  to  very  disagreeable 
consequences.  Having  refused  a  request  of 
the  soldiers  to  celebrate  Christmas  Eve  as  a 
holiday,  and  put  the  deputation  who  brought 
it  under  arrest,  the  men  in  the  garrison 
became  mutinous,  and  proposed  placing 
General  Barnet  in  the  command.  Christmas 
Day  passed  in  confusion  ;  and  on  the  follow- 
ing night  the  prince  headed  his  regiment, 
and  marched  against  the  rebellious  party. 
It  was  sometime  before  they  gave  up  the 
contest  ;  at  length,  after  blood  had  been 
shed,  peace  was  restored,  and  the  ringleaders 
were  tried  by  a  courtmartial ;  but  it  was 
thought  prudent  to  recall  the  duke,  and  he 
accordingly  soon  after  returned  to  England. 
On  the  20th  of  May,  1818,  the  Duke  of  Kent 
married  Victoria  Maria  Louise,  widow  of  the 
Prince  of  Leiningen,  and  sister  of  Leopold, 
now  king  of  the  Belgians.  The  royal  pair 
soon  after  arrived  in  this  country,  and  on 
the  24th  of  May,  1819,  the  duchess  gave  birth 
to  a  daughter,  "^ctoria,  our  present  gracious 
QuEEx.  Having  accompanied  the  duchess 
to  Sidmouth,  in  Devonshire,  where  she  re- 
sided during  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  with 
a  view  to  the  re-establishment  of  her  liealth, 
he  caught  a  violent  cold,  which  being  fol- 
lowed by  fever  and  inflammation,  the  symp- 
toms increased  so  rapidly  as  to  resist  every 
effort  of  medicine  ;  and  after  an  illness  of 
one  week,  his  royal  highness  died,  Jan.  23. 
1820.  Ilis  condescending  manners  and 
liberal  principles  had  rendered  him  a  great 
favourite  witli  the  nation,  and  liis  death  was 
generally  regretted. 

KENT,  William,  an  ingenious  artist, 
was  born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1G85.  He  was 
originally  a  coach-painter,  but  left  that 
branch  to  study  the  principles  of  design  ; 
for  which  purpose  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
he  studied  under  Luti,  and  found  a  patron 
in  Lord  Burlington,  who  brought  him  to 
England,  and  lodged  him  in  his  own  house, 
in  1719.  As  a  painter,  however,  he  never 
attained  celebrity  ;  his  talent  lay  more  in 
ornamental  architecture.  But  it  is  as  the 
inventor  of  the  modern  style  of  landscape 
gardening  that  his  fame  rests  ;  he  broke  up 
the  old  uniformity  of  straight  lines  and  cor- 
responding parts,  and  threw  wood,  water. 


ken] 


^  jjSclxj  MiTilJcr^al  Bioflraplbw. 


[kkt 


and  ground,  into  the  beautiful  shapes  pre- 
eented  by  nature  ;  rendering  that  graceful, 
pleasing,  and  attractive,  which  before  was 
stiff  and  formal.    Died,  174S. 

KENYON,  Lloyd,  Lord,  a  celebrated 
judge,  was  bom  atGredington,in  I'liiitsliire, 
in  1733,  and  received  his  education  at  Kuthiu 
School,  in  Denbighshire.  After  being  arti- 
cled to  Mr.  Tomlinson,  an  attorney  at  Nant- 
wich,  in  Cheshire,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  society  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  called 
to  tlie  bar  in  17G1 ;  but  he  does  not  appear 
to  have  made  a  conspicuous  Hgure  till  1780, 
when  he  led  the  defence,  with  Mr.  Erskine, 
for  Lord  George  Gordon.  In  1782  he  was 
made  attorney-general  and  chief  justice  of 
Chester.  lie  was  also  returned  to  parlia- 
ment for  Ilindon,  in  Wiltshire.  In  1784  he 
was  appointed  master  of  the  rolls  ;  and,  on 
the  resignation  of  the  Earl  of  Mansfield,  in 
1788,  he  was  raised  to  the  oflice  of  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  king's  bench,  and  created  Baron 
Kenyon.    Died,  1802. 

KEPLER,  Joiix,  a  distinguished  astro- 
nomer and  mathematician,  to  whom  astro- 
nomy is  indebted  for  much  of  its  present 
perfection,  was  born  in  1571,  at  Wiel,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg.  He  was  educated 
at  Tubingen,  under  Moastlinus,  and,  in  15'Jl, 
was  appointed  professor  of  astionomy  at 
Gratz  J  soon  after  which  he  published  his 
"  Mystcrium  Cosmographicum."  In  1598  he 
was  banished  the  university  for  professing 
the  reformed  religion,  but  was  afterwards 
recalled,  and  restored  to  his  office.  In  ItKK), 
he  was  invited  by  Tycho  Brahe  to  join  him 
in  Bohemia  ;  and  wlien  Tycho  died,  he 
became  mathematician  to  the  emperor 
Rudolph,  who  employed  him  in  completing 
the  Rodolphine  tul)lcs.  To  Kcpkr  we  are 
indebted  for  the  discovery  of  the  laws  wliich 
regulate  the  movements  of  tlie  planetary 
bodies,  their  elUpticity,  Sec. ;  and  he  accord- 
ingly ranks  among  the  first  class  of  astro- 
nomers. Among  his  scientific  productions 
are  *'  The  Rodolphine  Tables,"  "  Optical 
Astronomy, "  "  Harmony  of  the  World," 
"  Copernican  Astronomy,"  &c.     Died,  1G30. 

KEPPEL,  AuuusTCS,  Viscount,  a  cele- 
brated English  admiral,  was  the  second  son 
of  William,  earl  of  Albemarle.  He  accom- 
panied Commodore  Anson  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world,  and  afterwards  passed 
through  all  the  gradations  of  the  service,  till 
he  attained  the  rank  of  admiral.  In  1778 
he  commanded  the  Channel  fleet,  which,  on 
tlie  12th  of  July,  in  that  year,  fell  in  with  the 
French,  under  Count  d't)rvilliers,  off  Ushant. 
A  partial  action  ensued,  which  the  English 
admiral  thought  to  Jiave  renewed  in  the 
morning,  but  the  enemy  had  retired.  This 
affair  gave  great  dissatisfaction  to  the  nation, 
which  was  aggravated  by  Sir  Hugh  Palliser, 
second  in  command,  preferring  a  charge 
against  Admiral  Keppel ;  but  he  was  ho- 
nourably acquitted  by  a  courtmartial  at 
Portsmouth.  Sir  Hugh  was  then  tried  and 
censured.  In  1782,  Admiral  Keppel  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  ;  he  was  also  at  two 
separate  periods  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 
Died,  17H«;. 

KEKGUELEX  TREMAREC,  Yves  Jo- 
SKPU  DE,  a  French  navigator,  was  born  at 
Brest,  in  1745.    After  having  been  employed 


481 


on  the  coast  of  Iceland,  to  protect  the  whale 
fishery,  he  was  sent,  in  1771,  on  an  explora- 
tory voyage  to  the  South  Sea ;  and  having 
returned  with  a  flattering  account  of  a  sup- 
posed continent  towards  tlie  south  pole,  was 
again  sent  on  a  similar  expedition  in  1773. 
On  his  return  he  was  charged  with  having 
abandoned  a  boat's  crew  on  a  desert  shore, 
for  which  he  was  cashiered  and  imprisoned  ; 
but  he  was  at  length  liberated.  He  published 
accounts  of  his  voyages  to  the  North  and 
South  Seas,  and  died  in  1797. 

KERR,  Ror.ERT,  a  surgeon  at  Edinburgh, 
who  devoted  himself  principally  to  the  phy- 
sical sciences,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  industrious  author  and  translator.  Among 
his  works  are,  "A  History  of  Scotland  during 
the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce,"  "  Cuvier's  The- 
ory of  the  Earth,"  a  "  General  Collection 
of  Voyages  and  Travels,"  in  18  vols.  &c. 
Died.  1814. 

KERRICK,  Thomas,  principal  librarian 
of  the  university  of  Cambridge  ;  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  Gothic  Buildings 
abroad,  particularly  those  in  Italy,  and  on 
Gothic  Architecture  in  general."  Died, 
1828. 

KERSAINT,  AniiAXD  Guy  Siiiox,  Count 
de,  was   a  native  of  Paris,  and   originally 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  navy.     At  the 
commencement  of  the  French  revolution, 
he  iiublished  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  Le  Bon 
Sens,"  in  which  he  attacked  the  privileged 
orders  ;  but  though  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Convention,  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  more  moderate  party,  en- 
deavoured to  stem  the  rage  of  the  terrorists, 
and,  on  the  trial  of  the  king,  proposed  an 
appeal  to  the  people.     Finding  his  efforts  I 
unavailing,  he  sent  in  his  resignation  ;  and  i 
on  being  called  on  to  account  for  his  con-  I 
duct,  he  defended  himself  with    firmness,  ! 
and  refused  to  resume  his  place.    For  this  : 
offence  he  was  put  to  death  in  December,  i 
1793.  I 

KESSEL,  JoHx  VAK,  an  artist,  was  bom  ' 
at  Antwerp,  in  lf>2(},  and  died  about  1090. 
He  painted  portraits  in  the  manner  of  Van- 
dyke ;  but  excelled  in  the  representation  of 
flowers,  fruits,  and  insects. 

KETEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  artist.  He 
came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
whose  portrait  he  painted,  as  well  as  the 
portraits  of  many  of  the  nobility.  <.)n  his 
return  to  Holland  he  laid  aside  the  use  of 
pencils,  and  painted  with  the  tops  of  his 
fingers,  and  even  with  his  toes.    Died,  1602. 

KETT,  Hejjry,  a  divine  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar,  was  born  in  1761,  at  Nor- 
wich ;  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  ;  was  appointed  Bampton  lecturer  in 
1790,  and  rector  of  Chariton,  &c.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  History,  the  Interpreter  of 
Prophecy,"  "Elements  of  General  Know- 
ledge," 2  vols.  ;  "  A  Tour  to  the  Lakes," 
"  Emily, "  a  moral  tale,  3  vols.  &c. 
Drowned  while  bathing,  in  1825. 

KETT,  William,  a  tanner  of  Norfolk, 
who  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  excited  a 
revolt  against  the  govcnmient.  After  de- 
feating the  Marquis  of  Northampton,  he  was 
routed  by  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  Kett 
with  several  others  was  hanged,  in  1549. 

KETTLEWELL,  JouN,  a  learned  and 


KEU] 


^  0ti3}  Unibtx^Kl  2St0flraj>T;g. 


[kin 


{  pious  English  divine,  born,  165.3  ;  died,  1695. 
j  His  most  celebrated  work,  entitled  "Mea- 
I  sures  of  Christian  Obedience,"  has  gained 
i  him  a  lasting  reputation. 

KEULEN,  LuDOLPii  van,  a  Dutch  geo- 
!  metrician,  who  acquired  great  celebrity  by 
I  his  calculation  of  the  approximate    corre- 
!  spondence  between  the  diameter  of  a  circle 
and  its  circumference.    He  taught  mathema- 
tics at  Breda  and  Amsterdam.    Died,  1610. 
I      KEULEN,  Jaxssen  vax,  a  portrait  pain- 
ter, was  born  in  London,  of  Dutch  parents  ; 
;  and  before  Vandyke  came  to  England,  was 
I  in  great  favour  with  Charles  I.     Died,  1665. 
j      KIDDER,  RiCHAKD,  a  learned  English 
I  prelate,  was  a  native  of  Sussex,  or,  as  some 
say,  of  Suffolk,  and  was  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel   College,    Cambridge,    where    he    was 
I  elected  to  a  fellowship.      In  1681  he  was 
I  made  prebend  of  Norwich  ;    and,  in  1689, 
I  dean  of  Peterborough,  on  which  occasion  he 
i  took  liis  doctor's  degree.    On  the  deprivation 
of  Dr.  Ken,  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells,  and  preached  the  Boyle's 
lecture  in  1693.    lie  and  his  wife  were  killed 
in  their  bed  at  Wells,  during  the  night  of 
the  great  storm,    Nov.   26.   1703.      Besides 
several    sermons    and    religious    tracts,    he 
publislied  a  valuable  work,  entitled  "The 
Demonstration  of  the  Messiah,"  3  vols.  8vo.  ; 
a  "  Commentary  on  the  Pentateuch,"  2  vols. 
Svo.  &c. 

KIEN-LONG,  emperor  of  China,  distin- 
guished for  his  love  of  literature,  was  born 
in  1710,  and  died  at  the  end  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, aged  90,  having  reigned  above  60  years, 
and  greatly  extended  his  territories.  lie 
wrote  some  poetical  pieces,  and  when  Lord 
Macartney  went  tliither,  he  gave  liim  some 
of  his  verses  to  present  to  tlie  king.    • 

KIERINGS,  Alexander,  a  landscape 
painter  of  Utrecht,  was  born  in  1590,  and 
died  in  1646. 

KIESEWETTER,  CHRTSTornER  Gott- 
fried, a  celebrated  musician  and  performer 
on  tlie  violin,  was  born  at  Anspach,  and 
played  in  the  royal  chapel  there.  He  came 
to  England  in  1821,  established  his  reputa- 
tion as  a  solo  and  concerto  player,  and  was 
the  first  who  introduced  the  compositions  of 
Mayseder  into  this  country.     Died,  1827. 

KILBYE,  RiciiAKi),  an  English  divine, 
studied  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  rector  in  1590.  He  was  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  present  version  of  the  Bible, 
and  died  in  1620. 

KILLIGREW,  William.  Thomas,  and 
Henry,  three  brothers,  distinguished  for 
their  talents,  wit,  and  loyalty,  in  tlie  reigns 
of  Charles  I.  and  II.,  were  the  sons  of  Sir 
Robert  Killigrew,  of  Ilanwortli  in  Middle- 
sex  William,  the  eldest,  was  born  in 

1605 ;  and  after  going  through  the  usual 
course  of  a  university  education  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  made  the  tour  of  Europe. 
On  his  return  to  England,  he  obtained  a  place 
at  court,  as  one  of  the  gentlemen  ushers  of 
the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  I.  During  the 
civil  wars,  he  suffered  materially,  both  in 
purse  and  person,  in  consctiuenceof  his  ad- 
herence to  the  royal  cause  ;  in  recompense 
for  which  he  received,  after  the  Restoration, 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  obtained  the 
post  of  vice-chamberlain.    He  composed  four 


plays,  which  were  popular  in  their  day  ;  also 
two  essays,  written  in  the  decline  of  life,  on 
the  instability  of  human  happiness;  and  died 

in  1093 Thomas,  the  second  son,  born  in 

1011,  was  a  page  to  Charles  I.,  and  accom- 
panied the  Prince  of  Wales  into  exile. 
During  his  absence  from  England,  he  vi- 
sited France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  and,  after 
the  Restoration,  was  appointed  by  the  new 
king  (with  whom  he  was  a  great  favourite), 
one  of  his  grooms  of  the  bed-chamber.  A 
vein  of  lively  pleasantry,  combined  with  a 
certain  oddity,  both  of  person  and  manner, 
placed  him  high  in  the  good  graces  of 
Charles,  who  would  frequently  allow  him 
free  access  to  his  person,  when  characters  of 
the  first  dignity  in  the  state  were  refused  it ; 
till  Killigrew  at  length  became  almost  the 
inseparable  companion  of  his  monarch's  fa- 
miliar hours.  This  was  the  Killigrew  that 
obtained  the  appellation  of  "  King  Charles's 
jester  ; "  but  though  he  was  undoubtedly  a 
mirth-creating  spirit,  his  eleven  dramatic 
pieces  discover  few  traces  of  that  facetiousness 
and  whim  which  one  imagines  he  must  have 

actually  possessed.    Died  1682 Henry, 

the  youngest  of  the  three,  was  bred  to  the 
church,  and  obtained  a  stall  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  From  this  he  was  ejected  by  the  par- 
liamentarians, but  at  the  re-establishment  of 
monarchy,  it  was  restored  to  him,  with  other 

preferment.     Died,  1090 His  daughter, 

Anne  Killigrew,  born  in  1660,  had  a  decided 
genius  for  painting  and  poetry,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  her  exemplary  piety  and  un- 
blemished virtue,  amidst  the  seductions  of 
a  licentious  court.  She  was  one  of  the  maids 
of  honour  of  the  Duchess  of  York,  of  whom, 
as  well  as  of  her  husband,  she  executed  por- 
traits. She  died,  a  victim  to  the  small-pox, 
in  1685  ;  and  has  been  characterised  by  one 
of  her  contemporaries  as  "  a  grace  for  beauty, 
and  a  muse  for  wit."  Several  of  her  historical 
paintings  are  still  in  existence. 

KIMBER,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Wantage,  Berks,  in  1692  ;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  England,"  in  4  vols.  ;  a  "  Life 
of  Oliver  Cromwell  ; "  some  essays,  dis- 
courses, &c.  Died,  1758 —  His  son,  Edward 
KiMBER,  followed  the  same  pursuits.  His 
publications  were  the  "  Peerages  of  Scotland 
and  Ireland,"  the  Baronetage  of  "Eng- 
land," a"  History  of  England,"  lOvols,  8vo., 
and  "  Tlie  Adventures  of  Joe  Thompson,"  a 
novel,  2  vols." 

KING,  Edward,  an  ingenious  and  pro- 
mising young  man,  who  was  drowned  about 
16.3.3,  on  liis  passage  from  Chester  to  Ireland, 
which  melancholy  event  occasioned  Milton's  ! 
beautiful  poem  of  Lycidas.    Some  of  King's  I 
poems  are  in  Nichols'  collection  of  poets.         | 

KING,  Edward,  an  antiquary,  was  a  | 
native  of  Norwich;  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  \ 
was  called  to  the  bar,  and  became  recorder  of 
Lynn.  He  was  F.R.S.  and  A.S. ;  and  pro- 
duced an  excellent  work,  entitled  "Muni- 
menta  Antiqua,"  3  vols,  folio.  Born,  1735  ; 
died,  1807. 

KING,  Peter,  Lord  chancellor,  an  able 
and  upright  judge,  nephew  of  John  Locke 
the  philosopher,  was  born  in  1669.  AVhile 
serving  his  apprenticeship  to  his  father, 
a  grocer  at  Exeter,  he  secretly  acquired 
the  learned  languages  by  self  tuition,  and 


kin] 


^  ilch)  2llm'bcr^al  38t0sra}jl3t». 


[kin 


80  great  was  tlie  proficiency  lie  attained, 
that  it  induced  his  uncle  to  send  him  to 
I>eyden  University,  where  he  diligently  cvil- 
ti  vatcd  various  branches  of  knowledge,  while 
his  character  was  at  the  same  time  formed 
by  the  instructions  and  example  of  his  great 
kinsman.  After  leaving  Leyden  he  entered 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  attained  high  fo- 
rensic eminence.  In  1705  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  was  made  lord  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas  in  ITl.*),  and  raised  to 
the  chancellorship  in  1725.  Lord  King  oft'ers 
a  remarkable  instance  of  the  attainment 
of  the  highest  judicial  rank,  simply  by  his 
own  legal  knowledge  and  high  moral  cha- 
racter, without  any  adventitious  aid.  But  he 
was  no  less  remarkable  for  his  legal  attain- 
ments than  for  his  ecclesiastical  learning  ; 
for,  besides  a  variety  of  controversial  works 
of  great  ability,  lie  wrote  a  "  History  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,"  and  "  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Constitution,  &c.  of  the  Primitive  Church," 
which  excited  great  interest  at  the  time  of 
their  publication,  and  may  still  be  consulted 
with  advantage.  Died  1734,  leaving  four 
sons,  who  all  inherited  the  title  in  succession, 
and  one  of  whose  descendants,  the  seventh 
lord,  has  gained  great  celebrity  by  his  writ- 
ings and  speeches  on  subjects  connected  with 
political  economy,  and  more  especially  by 
his  "  Thoughts  on  Bank  llestrictions."  Lord 
Brougham,  in  liis  "  Statesmen  of  the  Reign 
of  George  III.,"  has  given  an  interesting 
account  of  this  nobleman,  who  appears  to 
have  been  as  amiable  in  private  life  as  he 
was  able  and  liberal  in  his  public  career. 
Died,  183a,  in  the  58th  year  of  his  age. 

KING,  RicuAKU,  a  clergyman,  wnose  po- 
lemical writings  attracted  some  notice,  was  a 
native  of  Bristol,  and  was  educated  at  New 
College,  Oxford.  Ue  held  the  livings  of 
Steeple  Morden,  in  Cambridgeshire,  and 
Worthing  in  Shropshire;  and  was  the  author 
of  "  liCtters  from  Abraham  Plymley  to  his 
brother  Peter,  on  the  Catholic  Question,"  &c. 
Died,  1810. 

KING,  RuFUS,  an  American  statesman 
and  diplomatist,  was  born  in  1755,  at  Scar- 
borough, in  the  district  of  Maine  ;  entered  at 
Harvard  College  in  1773  ;  studied  the  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1778  ;  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1784. 
In  1790  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Washington,  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
court  of  St.  James's,  the  functions  of  wliich 
office  he  continued  to  discharge  till  1803, 
when  he  returned  home.  In  1813  he  was  a 
third  time  sent  to  the  senate  by  the  legislature 
of  New  York ;  and  his  speech  on  the  burning 
of  Washington  by  the  English  was  a  most 
eloquent  display  of  senatorial  oratory.  In 
1816  he  lost  his  election  ;  but  in  1820  he  was 
once  more  re-elected,  and  continued  until  the 
expiration  of  the  term  in  1825.  He  then  ac- 
cepted the  appointment  of  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary at  the  court  of  London  ;  but  was 
taken  ill,  returned  home,  and  soon  after  died, 
aged  72,  in  1827. 

KING,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  actor  and 
dramatic  writer,  was  born  in  London,  in 
17.'iO.  Having  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a 
eomic  actor  in  provincial  companies,  he  was 
engaged  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in  1759, 
where  he  soon  became  a  great  favourite  with 


the  public,  and  in  176(5  arrived  at  the  height 
of  his  professional  reputation  by  the  perform- 
ance of  Loril  Oyh'bij.  He  subsequently  be- 
came manager  and  part  proprietor  of  the 
Bath  and  Bristol  theatres,  and  also  of  Sadler's 
Wells  ;  but  these  he  relinquished,  and  con- 
tinued to  i)erform  principally  at  Drury  Lane, 
till  he  retired  from  the  stage  in  IHOl.  His 
dramatic  pieces  are,  "  Love  at  First  Sight," 
"  Neck  or  Nothing,"  a  farce;  "A  Peep  behind 
the  Curtain,  or  the  New  Rehearsal,"  a 
comedy  ;  "  Wit's  Last  Stake,"  a  comedy  ; 
and  "  Lovers'  Quarrela."    Died,  1805. 

KING,  WiT-LiAM,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  London,  in  10(53 ;  was 
educated  at  Christchurch,  Oxford  ;  admitted 
an  advocate  in  Doctors'  Commons  ;  and  ob- 
tained various  preferments  in  Ireland.  His 
poetical  and  political  works  are  numerous, 
and  some  of  them  are  replete  with  pleasantry 
and  wit  :  but  his  most  useful  Iwok  is,  "  An 
Historical  Account  of  the  Heathen  Gods  and 
Heroes."    Died,  1712. 

KING,  William,  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  an  ingenious  theological 
and  political  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
various  Latin  tracts  ;  but  the  work  by  which 
he  will  be  remembered  is,  "Political  and 
Literary  Anecdotes  of  his  own  Times." 
Born,  at  Stepney,  1685  ;  died,  17(>3. 

KING,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Dub- 
lin, was  born  in  1(;50,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College.  He  was  the  author  of  a  celebrateil 
treatise,  "  De  Origine  Mali,"  or  the  Origin  of 
Evil ;  wherein  he  undertook  to  show  how 
all  the  several  kinds  of  evil  with  which 
the  world  abounds  are  consistent  with  the 
goodness  of  God,  and  may  be  accounted  for 
without  the  supposition  of  an  evil  principle. 
Died.  1729. 

KINGSBOROUOH,  Edward,  Viscount, 
eldest  son  of  the  third  Earl  of  Kingston,  was 
greatly  distinguished  for  his  literary  ac- 
quirements and  his  attachment  to  literary 
pursuits.  Ue  was  a  fellow  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society,  and  author  of  a  splendid  work  on 
"  The  Antiquities  of  Mexico."  Born,  1795  ; 
died,  18,37. 

KINGSTON,  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of, 
whose  singular  adventures  have  been  vari 
ously  recorded,  was  the  daughter  of  Colonel 
Chudleigh,  governor  of  Chelsea  College,  and 
born  in  1720.  At  the  recommendation  of  Mr. 
Pulteney,  she  was  appointed  one  of  the  maids 
of  honour  to  the  Princess  of  Wales,  mother 
to  George  III.  Possessed  of  talents,  wit,  and 
beauty.  Miss  Chudleigh  had  numerous  ad- 
mirers, and  became  the  rallying  point  of  the 
opposition  party.  Having  privately  married 
Captain  Harvey,  afterwards  earl  of  Bristol, 
she  soon  conceived  a  violent  dislike  towards 
him,  wliich  led  to  a  separation,  and  induced 
her  to  go  abroad  ;  but,  previous  to  her  de- 
parture, she  advertised  for  a  gentleman  com- 
panion, which  was  answered  by  a  major  in 
the  army,  and  they  proceeded  together  on 
their  tour  as  far  as  Berlin,  when,  finding  no 
sympathy  in  their  tastes  and  opinions,  they 
separated.  After  the  most  flattering  recep- 
tion at  the  courts  of  Dresden  and  Berlin,  she 
returned  to  England,  and  resumed  her  situa- 
tion as  maid  of  honour  to  the  princess.  De- 
sirous of  disuniting  the  nujitial  tie  with 
Captain  Harvey,  she  went  to  Launceston, 


kin] 


^  ^clu  ^Sniljcr^al  SSiosrajjIjiK 


[kir 


where  it  had  taken  place,  and  having  asked 
for  a  sight  of  the  marriage  register,  she 
adopted  the  infamous  expedient  of  tearing 
tlie  leaf  out  on  which  Iier  union  witli  Harvey 
was  recorded.  A  short  time  after,  her  hus- 
band came  into  possession  of  the  earldom  ; 
but  he  was  dangerously  ill,  and  the  lady, 
thinking  there  was  a  chance  of  her  becoming 
a  rich  widow,  found  means  to  have  the  pur- 
loined leaf  replaced.  Not  long  after  this, 
the  countess  inspired  the  Duke  of  Kingston 
with  a  violent  passion,  and  he  offered  her  his 
hand  ;  but  lier  husband,  who  had  recovered 
from  his  illness,  at  first  refused  his  consent  to 
their  divorce,  though  he  afterwards  agreed 
to  it  ;  and,  in  17ti9,  she  married  the  Duke  of 
Kingston.  He  died  in  1773,  leaving  her  an 
ample  fortune,  upon  the  condition  that  she 
should  not  marry  again.  But  she  did  not 
enjoy  her  riches  undisturbed.  The  heirs  of 
the  duke  instituted  a  suit  at  law  against  her 
for  bigamy,  as  having  been  divorced  by  an 
incompetent  tribunal.  As  soon  as  she  was 
apprised  of  this  proceeding,  she  came  to 
England,  and  attended  the  sittings  in  West- 
minster Hall,  dressed  in  a  suit  of  black,  ac- 
companied by  two  waiting  women,  lier  medi- 
cal attendant,  her  secretary,  and  six  lawyers. 
At  this  extraordinary  trial,  she  was  found 
guilty  by  tlie  peers,  and  adjudged  to  be  burnt 
with  an  iron  on  the  riglit  hand  ;  but  this 
punishment  was  remitted  on  her  pleading 
the  privilege  of  peerage,  and  she  was  dis- 
charged on  paying  the  fees  of  office.  The 
duchess  spent  her  latter  years  in  France, 
and  died  at  her  seat  near  Fontainebleau,  in 
1788. 

KINNAIRD,  the  Tlon.  Douglas,  was  bom 
in  178G,  and  received  his  early  education  at 
Eton.  He  afterwartls  passed  some  time  at 
Gottingen,  where  he  made  himself  master  of 
the  French  and  German  languages.  On 
leaving  Gottingen  he  went  to  Cambridge, 
and  there  became  the  associate  of  the  first 
characters  of  tlie  day.  In  1813  he  accom- 
panied Mr.  llobhouse  through  Sweden,  and 
to  Vienna,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Culm.  He  became  an  active  partner  in  the 
banking-house  of  Ransom  and  Morland  ; 
and  after  the  old  partnership  was  dissolved, 
took  the  principal  management  of  the 
business.  He  possessed  great  energy  of  mind 
was  a  lover  of  literature,  a  liberal  patron  of 
the  arts,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Lord 
Byron.     Died,  1830. 

KIPPIS,  Andrew,  a  dissenting  divine, 
biographer,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Nottingham,  in  1725.  He  was  the 
pastor  of  congregations,  successively  at  Bos- 
ton, Dorking,  and  Westminster  ;  received  a 
doctor's  degree  from  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  and  was  latterly  one  of  the  tutors  at 
the  new  academy  or  dissenters'  college. 
Hackney.  Dr.  Kippis  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  "New  Annual  Register,"  and  devoted 
his  principal  attention  during  the  latter  years 
of  his  life  to  an  improved  edition  of  the 
"  Biographia  Britannica,"  of  which  five  vol- 
umes were  printed  ;  but  it  was  conducted  on 
a  plan  so  elaborate  as  to  afford  no  prospect 
of  its  termination.  He  also  published  the 
Lives  of  Captain  Cook,  Pringle,  Doddridge, 
and  Lardner,  "A  Vindication  of  the  Dis- 
senters," a  volume  of  sermons,  and  "  Obser- 


vations on  the  late  Contests  in  the  Royal 
Society."    Died,  1795. 

KIRBY,  John  Joshua,  an  artist,  was 
born  at  Parham,  in  Suffolk,  in  171(3.  Though 
originally  a  house-painter,  he  had  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  art ;  and  on  settling  in 
London  he  was  introduced  by  Lord  Bute  to 
George  IIL,  by  which  he  became  clerk  of 
the  works  at  Kew,  and  had  the  honour  of 
teaching  the  queen  the  principles  of  per- 
spective. He  published,  at  the  expense  of 
the  king,  "  The  Perspective  of  Architec- 
ture," 2  vols,  folio  ;  was  F.R.S.  and  A.  S.  ; 
and  died  in  1774.  The  celebrated  Mrs. 
Trimmer  was  his  daughter. 

KIRBY,  Rev.  AVilliam,  honorary  pre- 
sident of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Lon- 
don, and  fellow  of  the  Royal,  Linnsan, 
Zoological,  and  Geological  Societies,  &c.; 
has  left  behind  him  an  imperishable  name 
as  one  of  the  first  entomologists  of  this  or 
any  age.  This  title  he  would  have  assured 
to  himself  had  he  written  no  other  work  than 
his  "  Monograplii.a  Ai)um  Angliae,"  pub- 
lished in  1801,  which  excited  the  warmest 
admiration  of  British  and  foreign  entomo- 
logists. But  when  to  this  great  work  we 
add  his  other  entomological  labours,  —  his 
numerous  and  valuable  pai)er3  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Linnaan  Society  ;  the  "  In- 
troduction to  Entomology,"  M'ritten  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Spence  ;  the  entomological 
portion  of  his  Bridgewater  treatise,  "  On  the 
History,  Habits,  and  Instincts-of  Animals  ;  " 
and  his  description  (occupying  a  quarto  vo- 
lume) of  the  insects  of  the  "Fauna  Boreali- 
Americana  "  of  Sir  John  Richardson  ;  it  will 
be  evident  how  largely  and  successfully  he 
contributed  to  the  extension  of  his  favourite 
science.  Nor  did  he  permit  his  love  for 
science  to  encroach  on  his  professional  or 
social  duties  ;  for,  while  ranking  so  high  as 
an  entomologist,  he  was  during  his  long 
life  a  most  exemplary  and  active  clergy- 
man, beloved  by  his  parishioners  of  all 
ranks,  and  one  of  the  most  simple-minded, 
warm-hearted,  and  pious  of  men.  Died  at 
Barham,  Suffolk,  of  which  place  he  had  been 
rector  for  G8  years,  July  4.  1850,  in  the  91st 
year  of  his  age. 

KIRCHER,  Athaxasius,  a  Jesuit,  was 
born  in  ICOl,  at  Geysen,  near  Fulda,  in  Ger- 
many, and  studied  at  Wurtzburg  and  Avig- 
non ;  after  which  he  was  a  teacher  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  college  belonging  to  his  order 
at  Rome,  where  he  was  professor  of  Hebrew. 
His  works  evince  great  depth  of  learning ; 
the  principal  are,  "(Edipus  Egyptiacus," 
4  vols,  folio;  "  Ars  Magnesia,"  "Lingua 
iEgyptiaca  restituta,"  "  Mundus  Suhterra- 
neus,"  "  OrganonJIalhemaiicum,"  "Musur- 
gia  Universalis,"  &c.    Died,  1680. 

KIRCHMAN,  N.,  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Petersburg!!,  celebrated  by  the  manner  of 
his  death.  Being  engaged  in  attracting  by 
his  apparatus  the  electric  fluid  from  the 
clouds,  a  ball  of  fire  struck  him  on  the  head, 
and  killed  him  on  the  spot,  August  6.  1753. 

KIRK,  Colonel,  an  English  officer  who, 
in  1685,  committed  the  most  inhuman  bar- 
barities in  the  west  of  England.  James  II. 
had  the  meanness  to  solicit  this  butcher  to 
turn  Catholic,  but  Kirk  roughly  replied, 
"  that  when  he  was  at  Tangiers  he  had  pro- 


kir] 


^  i^tU)  Winihtr^Kl  38iograji15p. 


[kle 


iniiicd  the  dey,  tlxat  if  he  ever  changed  his  re- 
i  ligion,  lie  would  turn  Mahometan."  lie  uf- 
I  terwards  served  the  army  of  king  William, 

and  died  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 
!      KIRKALDY,   William,  a  distinguished 
military  character  in  the    reign  of  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,    lie  early  joined  the  party 
known  by  the  name  of  tJic  Lords  of  the 
Congregation,  but  afterwards  attached  him- 
self to  Maitland,  who  was  at  the  liead  of 
tlic  partisans  of  Mary,     lie  was  executed  at 
Edinburgji  in  loTS. 
'      KIRKLAND,  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
j  siciau,  who  settled  at  Ashby  de  la  Zoucli,  in 
;  Leicestershire,  where  he  died  in  17U8,  aged  77. 
j  lie  was  the  author  of  an  "  Enquiry  into  the 
I  Slate  of  Medical  Surgery,"  2  vols.  8vo. ;  "  Ob- 
i  Bcrvations  on  Pott's  Remarks  on  Fractures," 
I  a  "Treatise  on  Childbed  Fevers,"  "  Thoughts 
I  on   Amputation,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on 

Apoplectic  and  Paralytic  Affections." 
I      KIKSTENIUS,  Pktku,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  medicine  at  Ups^al, 
in  Sweden,  was  born  at  Breslaw,  in  Silesia, 
I  in  1577.    He  was  well  skilled  iu  Arabic,  and 
I  understood  25  other  languages.     His  works, 
I  which  are  chiefly  on  the  oriental  languages, 
are  numerous  and  erudite.     Died,  1040. 

KIRKPATRICK,  James,  a  skilful  orien- 
talist, was  a  major-general  in  the  British 
service,  and  passed  a  great  part  of  his  life  in 
India.  He  published  a  "  Description  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Nepaul,"  a  "  Biogrupliy  of  Per- 
sian Poets,"  and  the  "I^etters  of  Tippoo 
Saib."     Died,  1812, 

KIRWAN,  Walter  Blake,  an  Irish  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  popularity  as  a  preach- 
er. He  was  born  at  Oalway,  in  1754  ;  was 
educated  at  St.  Omer's  and  Louvain  ;  took 
orders  as  a  Catholic  priest ;  and,  iu  1778,  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  Neapolitan  em- 
bassy in  London.  In  1787  he  conformed  to 
the  established  church,  and  obtained  succes- 
sively the  prebendary  of  Howth,  the  living 
of  St.  Nicholas,  in  Dublin,  and  the  deanery 
of  Killala.  As  a  pulpit  orator  he  excelled 
all  his  contemporaries ;  so  great,  indeed, 
were  his  attractions,  that  we  are  told  it  was 
often  necessaiy  to  keep  off  the  crowds,  by 
guards  and  pallisades,  from  tlie  cliurches  in 
which  he  was  preaching.  No  wonder,  tliere- 
fore,  that  his  exertions  in  favour  of  ehai'i- 
table  institutions  were  in  urgent  request,  or 
that  he  succeeded  in  an  astonishing  manner 
to  assist  their  funds.  He  died,  exhausted 
by  his  labours,  in  1805  ;  and  a  volume  of  his 
sermons  were  published  after  his  decease. 

KIRWAN,  RiCHAKD,  LL.D.,  a  distin- 
guished writer  on  chemistry,  geology,  &c., 
was  a  native  of  Galway  county,  in  Ireland. 
He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Dub- 
lin ;  devoted  himself  with  great  ardour  to 
chemical  and  mineralogical  researches  ;  and 
became  a  member  of  tlie  Royal  Irish  Aca- 
demy, and  also  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
In  1784  appeared  his  "Elcmeutsof  Miner- 
alogy," 2  vols.  8vo.  He  also  published 
"  Geological  Essays,"  a  treatise  on  the  "  Ana- 
lysis of  Mineral  Waters,"  an  "  Essay  on 
Plilogiston  and  the  Constitution  of  Acids," 
&c.     Died,  1812. 

KITCHENER,  William,  a  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  about  1775, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  respectable  coal-mer- 


chant in  London,  who  Icfl  him  a  large  for- 
tune. He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  settled 
in  London  as  a  physician  ;  but  he  distin- 
guished himself  far  more  by  his  precepts  on 
the  art  of  gastronomy,  than  by  the  practice 
of  medicine.  He  was  a  kind-hearted,  social 
being,  with  more  foibles  than  faults  ;  one,  in 
fact,  tliat  delighted  in  little  eccentricities, 
and  who,  rather  than  not  acquire  any  kind 
of  notoriety,  was  happy  to  obtain  it  by  tlie 
singularity  of  his  conduct.  He  accordingly 
wrote  a  book,  under  the  title  of"  The  Cook  s 
Oracle,"  in  which  the  laws  of  the  culinary 
art,  professedly  founded  on  his  own  practice, 
were  promulgated ;  and,  by  appointing  a 
"committee  of  taste"  among  his  friends, 
who  had  regular  invitations  to  his  dinner- 
table,  the  fame  of  this  epicure  spread  far 
and  wide,  while  his  evening  conversaziones 
were  the  resort  of  privileged  wits,  and  lite- 
rary bo7i  vivants.  He  was  a  great  stickler 
for  punctuality  ;  and,  for  the  regulation  of 
these  meeetings,  a  placard  was  fixed  over  the 
chimney-piece,  with  this  inscription,  "At 
seven  come,  at  eleven  go,"  to  which  the 
facetious  George  Colman  once  added  the 
word  "  it,"  making  the  last  sentence,  "  at 
eleven  go  it  1 "  Optics  and  music  were  also 
particular  objects  of  his  study  ;  and  on  these 
and  other  subjects  he  displayed  a  very  com- 
mendable degree  of  solicitude.  Besides  "  The 
Cook's  Oracle,"  which  was  his  most  popular 
work,  he  published  "  The  Art  of  Invigorating 
and  Prolonging  Life,"  "  TJie  Economy  of 
the  Eyes,"  "The  Traveller's  Oracle,"  "Ob- 
servations on  Vocal  Music,"  and  "  The  Lo^al 
and  National  Songs  of  Englaud."  Died, 
1827. 

KLAPROTII,  Martin  Henry,  an  emi- 
nent chemist  and  mineralogist,  was  born  at 
Berlin,  in  174.'J ;  became  chemical  professor 
there ;  and  died  in  1817.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  uranium,  the  zirconia,  and  mel- 
litic  acid  ;  he  also  made  interesting  experi- 
ments on  copal,  and  completed  the  discovery 
of  tellurium  and  titanium.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  A  Mineralogical  System," 
"Chemical  Essays;"  and,  in  conjunction 
with  Wolf,  a  "  Dictionary  of  Chemistry." 

KLAPROTII,  IlKNiii  Jules,  son  of  the 
celebrated  chemist  of  Berlin,  was  intended 
by  his  father  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  phy- 
sical sciences,  but  abandoned  them  in  favour 
of  the  oriental  languages,  in  which  he  be- 
came one  of  the  ablest  modern  scholars.  In 
1805  he  was  selected  to  accompany  the  Rus- 
sian ambassador  into  China,  and  m  1807  the 
Academy  of  St.  Petersburgh  commissioned 
him  to  visit  the  Caucasian  provinces.  Sub- 
sequently he  settled  at  Paris,  where  he 
founded  and  organised  the  Asiatic  Society. 
He  has  left  several  valuable  works  :  "  Asia 
Polyglotta,"  "Tableau  du  Caucase,"  &c. 
Born,  1783  ;  died,  1835. 

KLEBER,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  celebrated 
French  general,  was  born  at  Strasburg,  in 
1754.  He  was  originally  an  architect,  but 
preferred  the  military  profession,  and  entered 
into  the  Austrian  service,  where  he  remained 
from  1776  to  1783.  When  the  French  revo- 
lutionary war  broke  out,  he  entered  as  a 
grenadier  into  a  volunteer  regiment  of  his 
native  department,  and  rose  rapidly  into 
conmiand.    He  displayed   great    skill  and 


XT  3 


kle] 


^  ^m  Wini^tt^id  23t05raj3Tjg. 


[klo 


bravery  at  the  battle  of  Mayence,  after  wliich 
he  was  employed  in  La  Vendee,  but  the 
sanguinary  scenes  there  so  disgusted  him 
that  he  obtained  his  recall,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  north,  where  he  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians,  took  Mons,  and  drove  the  enemy  from 
Louvain.  He  also  captured  Maestricht,  and 
contributed  to  the  splendid  successes  which 
distinguislied  the  campaigns  of  179.5  and  1790 
on  the  Rhine.  The  directory  gave  him  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Sambrc  and 
Meuse,  which  he  resigned  to  Hoche,  and  for 
a  time  retired  from  the  service.  Buonaparte, 
however,  who  well  knew  the  value  of  his 
talents,  prevailed  upon  liim  to  join  the  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt,  lie  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Alexandria,  but  he  marched  into 
Syria,  where  he  commanded  the  corps  of 
observation  during  the  siege  of  Acre,  and 
defeated  the  Turks  in  several  actions.  When 
Buonaparte  left  Egypt,  he  appointed  Kleber 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army ;  and 
though,  under  the  then  existing  circum- 
stances, no  situation  could  be  more  difficult 
or  disheartening,  yet  lie  maintained  liimself 
successfully  against  the  enemy,  captured  the 
city  of  Cairo,  and  made  an  alliance  with 
Murad  Bey ;  but  in  the  midst  of  new  pre- 
parations wliich  he  was  making  for  securing 
possession  of  the  country,  he  was  assassinated 
by  an  Arab,  June  14.  1800.  Of  all  the  mili- 
tary characters  that  figured  during  the  era 
of  the  French  revolution,  few  of  tliem  sur- 
passed Kleber  for  coolness,  courage,  and 
activity  ;  while  scarcely  one  was  equally 
distinguished  for  humanity  and  integrity. 

KI/EIST,  CiiKisTiAx  EwALD  vox,  a  Ger- 
man poet,  was  born  at  Zeblin,  in  Pomerania, 
in  171.5.  After  studying  the  mathematics, 
plulosophy,  and  law,  at  Konigsberg,  he  en- 
tered into  the  Danish  service,  and  next  into 
that  of  Prussia,  where  he  rose  to  the  rank 
of  major ;  and  was  killed,  after  displaying 
almost  romantic  bravery  at  the  battle  of 
Kunnersdorff,  in  1759.  His  principal  poem, 
entitled  "  Spring,"  is  beautifully  descriptive, 
and  has  been  compared  to  the  "  Seasons  "  of 
Thomson.  Kleist  also  wrote  idylls,  moral 
treatises,  aud  a  military  romance,  called 
"  Cissides." 

KLEIST  VON  NOLLEXDORF,  Emiltus 
Fkederic,  Count,  a  distinguished  Prussian 
general,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  17G2.  Having 
risen  by  his  talents  and  courage  to  the  rank 
of  general,  he  commanded  a  corps  of  Prus- 
sians, in  1812,  auxiliary  to  Napoleon's  grand 
army;  signalised  himself  in  the  battle  of 
Bautzen,  May  20.  1813  ;  and  was  one  of  the 
plenipotentiaries  who  concluded  the  armis- 
tice. After  the  retreat  of  the  allied  troops 
from  Dresden  into  Bohemia,  Kleist  gave 
battle  to  the  army  under  Vandamme,  and 
by  his  victory  at  the  village  of  Nollendorf 
saved  Bohemia,  against  which  Napoleon 
had  directed  his  best  energies.  He  was 
afterwards  known  by  the  affix  of  JVoUendorf. 
Died.  1821. 

KLINGEMANN,  Augcstits,  a  dramatic 
writer,  and  director  of  the  national  theatre 
at  Brunswick,  was  born  in  that  city,  in  1777. 
In  1813  he  received  the  direction  of  the 
theatre  of  his  native  place,  and  under  his 
superintendence  it  became  one  of  the  first  in 
(lermany.      His  dramatic  works    form    12 


vols.,  and  among  them  are,  "  Heinrich  der 
Lowe,"  "  Luther,"  "  Moses,"  "  Faust,"  &c. 

KUNGER,  Frederic  Maximilian  vox, 
an  ofiicer  in  the  Russian  service,  and  a  lite- 
rary character,  was  born  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Maine,  in  1753.  He  commenced  as  a  dramatic 
writer  ;  but,  in  the  war  of  the  Bavarian  suc- 
cession, he  entered  the  military  service,  and 
was  made  a  lieutenant  in  the  Austrian  army. 
In  1780  he  went  to  St.  Petersburgh,  and  was 
appointed  an  officer  and  reader  to  the  grand- 
prince  Paul,  with  whom  he  afterwards 
travelled  through  Poland,  Austria,  Italy, 
France,  &c.,  and,  in  the  reign  of  Catharine, 
he  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  By  the  em- 
peror Paul  he  was  made  miijor-general,  and 
director  of  the  corps  of  cadets  ;  and,  when 
Alexander  ascended  the  throne,  he  received 
other  offices  and  further  promotion.  After 
having  served  forty  years  he  retired  ;  and 
died  in  18.31.  His  works,  which  are  of  a 
peculiar  character,  and  written  in  an  exag- 
gerated stvle,  form  12  volumes. 

KLOPSTOCK,  Frederic  TuEoniiLUS, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  German 
poets,  was  bom  at  Quedlinburg,  in  1724. 
After  receiving  a  liberal  education  at  his 
native  place,  he  was  sent  to  study  theology 
at  Jena,  where  he  wrote  a  great  part  of  his 
"Messiah,"  which  he  published  in  1747,  at 
Leipsic.  Though  this  poem  underwent  the 
ordeal  of  severe  criticism  by  some,  it  was 
admired  by  more  ;  and  Bodmer,  with  the 
Swiss  in  general,  were  loud  in  its  praises. 
Klopstock  was  invited  into  that  coimtry, 
and  while  there,  the  people  regarded  him 
with  a  kind  of  veneration.  From  thence 
he  was  called  to  Copenhagen  by  the  most 
flattering  promises,  which  were  amply  ful- 
filled. In  1771  he  went  to  reside  at  Ham- 
burgh, as  Danish  legate,  and  counsellor 
from  the  court  of  Baden.  He  died  in  1803, 
and  was  buried  with  great  pomp  and  solem- 
nity. As  a  lyrical  writer,  Klopstock  is,  per- 
haps, amongst  the  most  successful  of  any 
age,  and  may  well  be  called  the  Pindar  of 
modern  poetry.  His  patriotism  is  strong 
and  ardent ;  and  his  later  odes,  called  forth 
by  the  French  revolution,  in  which  at  first 
he  took  the  warmest  interest,  are  distin- 
guished by  bold  and  original  turns  of  ex- 
pression. His  tragedies,  though  not  cal- 
culated for  the  stage,  contain  beautiful 
language,  and  are  replete  with  the  loftiest 
sentiments ;  but  his  greatest  work, "  The  Mes- 
siah," though  possessing  much  sublimity 
and  feeling,  did  not  fulfil  the  high  expecta- 
tions of  his  countrymen,  who  predicted  that 
it  would  eclipse  the  Paradise  Lost  of  Milton. 
He  was  twice  married.  Margaret,  his  first 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1754,  and  who 
died  in  1758,  was  a  woman  of  kindred  genius 
and  literary  accomplishments.  Among  her 
productions  are,  "  The  Death  of  Abel,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  and  "  Letters  from  the  Dead  to  the 
Living." 

KLOSE,  F.  J.,  an  ingenious  composer  and 
professor  of  music,  who  both  by  his  printed 
works  and  his  skill  as  an  instructor  on  the 
pianoforte  attained  considerable  celebrity 
in  London,  of  which  city  he  was  a  native, 
and  where  he  died,  in  1830. 

KLOTZ,  Christiax  AnoLrHus,  an  emi- 
nent German  scholar  and  critic,  was  born  in 


KLU] 


^  jlfiD  ©fnibcr^al  38iotjrnpIji|. 


[kni 


1738,  at  Bischofswerden,  in  Lusatia  ;  stiidied 
at  lieipsic  and  Jena ;  and,  in  17(12,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  philosophy  at  Gottingcn. 
He  afterwards,  by  the  invitation  of  Fi-ederic 
the  Great,  held  a  similar  situation  at  llalle, 
where  he  died  in  1771.  Klotz  distinguished 
himself  chiefly  by  liis  Latin  poems,  his  nu- 
mismatic treatises,  )iis  works  on  tlie  study 
of  antiquity  and  the  value  and  mode  of 
using  ancient  gems. 

KLUIT,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  historian,  was 
born  at  Dort  in  1735;  studied  at  Utrecht; 
and  became  professor  of  archaeology  and 
diplomatics  at  I.cyden.  His  political  opi- 
nions occasioned  liis  removal  from  the  chair 
in  1795 ;  but  in  l8(Xi,  uuder  the  regal  go- 
vernment, he  was  professor  of  statistics. 
His  deatli,  which  took  place  in  1807,  was 
owing  to  the  destruction  of  his  house  from 
the  explosion  of  a  boat  laden  with  gun- 
powder, which  was  moored  to  the  quay  near 
which  lie  resided.  His  chief  work  is  a  his- 
tory of  the  political  affairs  of  Holland  to 
1795,  in  5  vols. 

KNELLER,  Sir  Godfuey,  an  eminent 
portrait  painter,  bcrn  at  Lubeuk  about  1(548, 
was  designed  for  a  military  life,  and  sent  to 
Lej'den  to  study  mathematics  and  fortifica- 
cation,  but  sliowing  a  decided  bent  for 
painting,  was  placed  under  Bol  and  Kem- 
brandt  at  Amsterdam.  Having  visited  Italy, 
where  he  studied  with  Carlo  Maratti  and 
Bernini,  he  came  to  England,  in  1(574  ;  and 
was  much  patronised  by  Charles  II.,  James 
II.,  and  William  III.,  for  the  latter  of  whom 
he  painted  the  beauties  at  Hampton  Court, 
and  several  of  the  portraits  in  the  gallery  of 
admirals.  His  colouring  is  lively,  true,  and 
harmonious ;  his  drawing  correct,  and  his 
disposition  judicious :  he  displays,  how- 
ever, a  singular  want  of  imagination  in  his 
pictures,  the  attitudes,  action,  and  drapery 
being  tasteless,  unvarying,  and  ungraceful. 
He  has  been  accused  of  caring  more  for 
money  than  for  lasting  fame,  and  the  con- 
sequence is,  that  many  of  his  productions 
are  below  mediocrity.  He  was  in  habits  of 
intimacy  with  Pope  and  most  of  his  emi- 
nent contemporaries  ;  and,  as  he  possessed  a 
fund  of  humour,  and  was  of  a  gay  and  con- 
vivial turn,  his  acquaintance  was  eagerly 
sought  after.  He  continued  to  practise  his 
art  till  after  he  was  seventy  years  of  age, 
amassed  a  large  fortune,  and  died  in  1723. 

KNIBB,  Rev.  Willi  am,  a  celebrated  Bap- 
tist missionary,  was  born  at  Kettering,  in 
Northamptonshire,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  Originally  apprenticed  to 
a  printer  at  Bristol,  he  offered,  on  the  death 
of  his  brother,  to  supply  his  place  as  a  teacher 
of  a  Baptist  school  in  Jamaica  ;  and  having 
repaired  thither  in  1824,  he  was  in  1829  ap- 
pointed pastor  of  tlie  mission  .  cliurch  at 
Falmouth,  where  his  efforts  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  negroes  were  amply 
rewarded  by  their  gratitude  towards  him. 
But  these  very  efforts  excited  such  hostility 
among  the  planters,  overseers,  and  others  in 
the  slave  holding  interest,  that  when  in  1832 
a  formidable  slave  insurrection  was  tlireat- 
ened,  Mr.  Knibb  was  not  only  compelled, 
despite  his  sacred  calling,  to  serve  in  the 
militia,  but  was  treated  witli  marked  indig- 
nity, and  shortly  afterwards    arrested  for 


being  implicated  in  the  thre.^tened  rebellion. 
In  the  absence  of  all  evidence  to  support  a 
criminal  prosecution  he  was  released  ;  but 
his  chapel  and  mission  premises  having 
been  burnt  down  during  the  disturbances,  he 
resolved  to  proceed  to  England  to  explain 
all  the  circumstances  connected  with  his 
mission.  Feeling  that  the  time  for  neutrality 
was  passed,  he  now  boldly  advocated  the 
entire  and  immediate  abolition  of  slavery  ; 
and  it  is  not  going  to  far  to  say,  that  his 
stirring  harangues  throughout  the  country 
had  no  unimportant  share  in  bringing  about 
the  emanciijation  act  of  1833.  In  1834  he 
once  more  returned  to  Jamaica,  where  he 
vigilantly  watched  the  operation  of  the  new 
act,  exposed  the  evils  of  the  apprenticeship 
system,  raised  subscriptions  for  building  new 
cliurches,  founded  schools,  and  after  ten 
years  spent  in  these  and  similar  under- 
takings (to  obtain  sympathy  and  pecuniary 
aid  for  wliich,  he  had  once  more  revisited 
England  in  1844),  he  was  suddenly  seized 
with  yellow  fever,  and  died  after  a  four 
days'  illness  at  the  village  of  Kettering  iu 
Jamaica.  Nov.  l.lth,  1845. 

KNIGHT,  Ei)\VAKi>,  a  celebrated  come- 
dian, born  at  Birmingham  in  1774,  who  was 
particularly  distinguished  in  comic  charac- 
ters. His  Tim  in  "  Wild  Oats"  was  admired 
as  a  chaste  and  natural  exhibition.  Afr. 
Knight  performed  at  Drury  Lane  and  at  the 
Lyceum,  till  illness  compelled  him  to  quit 
the  stage.    Died,  182(J. 

KNIGHT,  GowiN,  an  English  philoso- 
pher, was  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  bache- 
lor of  physic  in  1742.  He  practised  in  Lou- 
don, and  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  but  falling  into  great  distress,  he 
made  his  case  known  to  Dr.  Fotliergill,  who 
went  into  his  closet,  and  then  returned  with 
a  check  upon  his  banker  for  a  thousand 
guineas,  whicli  he  put  into  his  friend's  hand, 
and  told  him  to  go  home,  and  set  his  heart 
at  rest.  Dr.  Knight  published  "  An  Attempt 
to  demonstrate  that  all  the  Phenomena  in 
Nature  may  be  exiilaiucd  by  Attraction  and 
Repulsion." 

KNIGHT,  ITenky  Gally,  M.P.,  a  distin- 
guished traveller  and  accomplished  virtuoso 
and  antiquary,  was  born  in  1780.  Soon  after 
succeeding  to  his  father's  estates  in  Notting- 
hamsliire,  in  1808,  Mr.  Knight  set  out  on  a 
course  of  extensive  travel  iu  Spain,  Sicily, 
Greece,  the  Holy  Land,  &c. ;  and  on  his 
return  he  published  his  tour.  In  1814  he 
published  a  poem,  entitled  "  Europa  Redi- 
viva  s "  and  this  was  followed  at  different 
intervals  by  "Phrosyne,  a  Grecian  Tale," 
"  Alashtor,  an  Arabian  Tale,"  and  "  Hanni- 
bal in  Bitliynia."  But  Mr.  Knight's  chief 
title  to  fame  consists  in  the  zeal  with  which 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  investigation  of 
architectural  history  both  at  home  and 
abroad  ;  and  the  fruits  of  which  he  gave  to 
the  world  in  an  "  Architectural  Tour  in  Nor- 
mandy," "The  Normans  in  Sicily,"  and  his 
last  and  greatest  work,  the  "Ecclesiastical 
Architecture  of  Italy,"  &c.  Mr.  Knight  was 
a  member  of  the  commission  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  fine  arts,  and  his  purse  was  ever 
ready  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  literature 
and  art.    In  1824  he  was  for  a  short  period 


KNl] 


^  ^£to  ^utberM  28togm|}i)r|. 


[kno 


M.  P.  for  Aldborough  ;  in  1830  he  sat  for 
Malton  ;  and  from  183.5  down  to  his  demise 
he  was  one  of  the  members  for  North  Notts. 
Died,  184(5. 

KNIGHT,  KicHAHD  Payne,  a  man  of 
fortune,  and  a  patron  of  learning  and  the 
fine  arts,  was  born  in  1748.  He  devoted  a 
great  portion  of  his  tima  to  the  cultivation 
of  classical  literature,  and  the  elucidation 
of  the  domestic  manners  of  the  ancients ; 
while  his  splendid  collection  of  ancient 
bronzes,  medals,  pictures,  and  drawings,  in 
his  museum  at  his  house  in  Soho  Square, 
gave  sufficient  proofs  of  his  taste  for  every 
thing  connected  with  virtd.  The  whole  of 
this  valuable  collection,  worth  50,000/.,  he 
bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum.  As  an 
author  he  was  distinguished  for  the  variety 
of  his  knowledge,  and  the  depth  and  force  of 
his  critical  acumen.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  An  Account  of  the  Remains  of  the  Worship 
of  Priapus,"  an  "  Analytical  Inquiry  into 
the  Principles  of  Taste,"  "  Prolegomena  in 
Homerum,"  "The  Landscape,"  a  didactic 
poem  ;  and  "  The  Progress  of  Civil  Society." 
Died,  1824. 

KNIGHT,  Samuel,  a  learned  English 
divine,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  Dr.  Colet  and 
Erasmus.    Died,  1740. 

KNIGHT,  Thomas,  an  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  was  a  native  of  Dorsetshire.  He  was 
intended  for  the  profession  of  the  law,  but 
having  received  lessons  in  oratory  from 
Macklin,  he  imbibed  a  taste  for  the  stage, 
became  an  actor,  and  was  a  favourite  with 
the  ijublic,  particularly  in  rustic  characters 
and  flippant  coxcombs.  He  wrote  "  The 
Honest  Tliieves,"  "  The  Turnpike  Gate," 
and  several  other  dramatic  pieces.  Died, 
1820. 

KNIGHTON,  Hexey,  an  English  his- 
torian, was  a  canon  regular  of  Leicester 
Abbey,  in  the  reign  of  Kichard  II.,  of  whose 
deposition  he  wrote  an  account ;  also  a 
chronicle  from  the  Conquest  to  1395. 

KNIGHTON,  Sir  William,  bart.,  a  phy- 
sician and  private  secretary  to  George  IV., 
originally  entered  the  medical  profession  as 
an  apothecary  at  Tavistock,  but  soon  re- 
moved to  Loudon,  where  he  first  practised  as 
an  accoucheur  only,  but  afterwards,  having 
obtained  his  diploma,  as  an  accoucheur  and 
physician.  In  1809  he  accompanied  the 
Marquis  of  Wellesley  to  Spain,  and  on  this 
nobleman  retiring  from  office,  he  asked  the 
prince  regent  to  appoint  Knighton  one  of  his 
physicians.  Being  on  terms  of  intimacy  with 
Sir  John  Mc  Mahon,  the  latter  named  him 
a^  his  executor ;  and,  at  his  death,  some 
papers  relating  to  certain  private  affairs  of 
the  prince  came  into  his  possession,  wliich, 
without  comment  or  condition,  he  imme- 
diately placed  in  the  hands  of  the  rightful 
owner.  The  regent,  pleased  with  the  deli- 
cate manner  in  which  this  was  done,  ap- 
pointed him  to  an  important  office  in  the 
duchy  of  Cornwall,  and  in  1813  raised  him 
to  a  baronetage.  Known  as  a  decided  fa- 
vourite at  court,  his  reputation  was  now  at 
its  zenith,  and  his  business  became  very  ex- 
tensive ;  but  on  beiug  appointed  successor  to 
Sir  Benjamin  Bloomfleld,  who  held  the 
situation  of  private  secretary  to  the  prince 
regent  after  the  death  of  Sir  John  Mc  Mahon, 


he  wholly  abandoned  practice,  and  became 
an  inmate  of  the  palace.  Sir  W.  Knighton 
died  in  October,  18.36.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
questionable talents,  and,  in  every  sense  of 
the  word,  an  accomplished  courtier. 

KNOLLES,  RiciiAiiD,  an  English  his- 
torian, who  wrote  the  "History  of  the 
Turks,"  "  The  Lives  and  Conquests  of  the 
Ottoman  Kings,"  "A  Discourse  on  the 
Greatness  of  the  Turkish  Empire  ;  "  and  a 
"  Compendium  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  He- 
brew Grammar."  He  was  the  master  of  the 
free  school  at  Sandwich,  and  died  in  1010. 

KNOLLES,  Sir  Piobekt,  an  English  com- 
mander in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  was 
of  low  origin  in  Cheshire,  but,  being  of  an 
enterprising  mind,  obtained  the  rank  of 
general,  and  the  order  of  knighthood.  At 
the  close  of  life  he  retired  to  his  estate  in 
Kent,  and  built  Rochester  Bridge.  Died, 
1407,  aged  00. 

KNOLLIS,  or  KNOWLES,  Sir  Francis, 
an  English  statesman,  who,  on  the  accession 
of  Elizabeth,  was  emploj'ed  in  several  im- 
portant matters  of  state.  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  wlio  sat  in  judgment  on  Mary 
queen  of  Scots  ;  was  appointed  treasurer  of 
the  royal  household,  and  was  a  knight  of 
the  garter.  He  died  in  150G.  Sir  i'rancis 
wrote  a  "  Treatise  agaiust  the  Usurpation  of 
Papal  Bishops." 

KNORR,  George  Wolfoakg,  a  German 
engraver,  who  also  devoted  his  attention  to 
the  study  of  natural  history,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Thesaurus  Rei  Herbariae  Horten- 
sisque  Universalis,"  "Deliciaa  Naturae  Se- 
lectae,"  &c.    Born,  1705  ;  died,  17.58. 

KNOTT,  Edward,  a  learned  English 
Jesuit,  whose  real  name  was  Matthias  Wil- 
son. He  was  the  author  of  several  contro- 
versial works  of  great  acuteness,  among 
which  was  one,  entitled  "  Infidelity  Un- 
masked," in  reply  to  Chillingworth's  "  Reli- 
gion of  the  Protestants.  He  was  born  at 
Pegsworth,  in  Northumberland,  in  1580  ;  be- 
came provincial  of  his  order  in  England ; 
and  died  in  London,  in  1656. 

KNOWLES,  Thomas,  an  able  English 
divine  and  classical  scholar,  born  at  Ely,  in 
1723 ;  in  the  cathedral  of  which  place  he 
obtained  a  stall,  with  other  church  prefer- 
ment. His  principal  works  are,  "  The  Scrip- 
ture Doctrine  of  the  Existence  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  in  12  Sermons,"  "  Answer  to 
Bishop  Clayton's  Essay  on  the  Spirit,"  &c. 

KNOX,  JoHs,  styled  the  great  champion 
of  the  Scottish  reformation,  was  born  in 
1505,  at  Gifford,  in  East  Lothian,  and  was 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's.  Having  been  con- 
verted from  the  Romish  faith,  he  became  a 
zealous  preacher  of  the  new  doctrines.  Not- 
withstanding the  opposition  he  met  with 
from  the  clergy,  he  every  day  grew  bolder  in 
the  cause,  until  the  castle  of  St.  Andrew's 
surrendered  to  the  French  in  July,  1547, 
when  he  was  carried  with  the  garrison  into 
France,  and  remained  a  prisoner  on  board 
the  galleys,  until  the  latter  end  of  1549. 
Being  then  set  at  liberty,  he  passed  over  to 
England,  and,  arriving  in  Loudon,  was  li- 
censed either  by  Cranmer,  or  tlie  protector 
Somerset,  and  appointed  preacher,  first  at 
Berwick,  and  afterwards  at  Newcastle.  In 
1552  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Edward 


ICNO] 


91  llciD  Bnibtx^aX  iSiograijfjt). 


[koe 


VI.,  and  preached  before  the  king  at  ^\'cst- 
minster,  wlio  recommended  Cranmer  to  give 
him  the  living  of  All-hallows,  in  London, 
which  Knox  declined,  not  choosing  to  con- 
form to  the  English  liturgy.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  Queen  Mary,  he  went  to  Geneva,  and 
next  to  Frankfort,  where  he  took  imrt  with 
the  English  exiles,  who  opposed  the  use  of 
the  liturgy  ;  but  the  other  side  prevailing, 
Knox  returned  to  Geneva,  and  soon  after 
went  to  Scotland.  While  engnged  in  the 
ministry,  he  received  an  invitation  to  return 
to  Geneva,  wilJi  which  he  complied  ;  and  in 
his  absence  the  bishops  passed  sentence  of 
death  upon  him  for  heresy,  against  which 
he  drew  ui>  an  energetic  appeal.  In  lliHH  he 
published  his  treatise,  entitled  the  "First 
Blast  of  the  Trumpet  against  the  monstrous 
Kegimen  of  Women,"  chiefly  aimed  at  the 
cruel  government  of  queen  Mary  of  Eng- 
land, and  at  the  attempt  of  the  queen  regent 
of  Scotland  to  rule  without  a  parliament.  In 
April,  IHM,  he  would  have  visited  England, 
but  was  prevented  by  the  resentment  lelt  by 
Elizabeth  at  his  late  treatise.  He  therefore 
proceeded  directly  to  Scotland,  where  he 
found  a  persecution  of  the  Protestants  just 
ready  to  commence  at  Stirling.  He  hurried 
to  the  scene  of  action  to  share  the  danger, 
and,  mounting  a  pulpit,  inflamed  the  people 
by  a  vehement  harangue  against  idolatry. 
The  violence  of  his  denunciations,  aided  by 
the  indiscretion  of  a  priest,  who  immediately 
on  the  conclusion  of  this  discourse  was  pre- 
paring to  celebrate  mass,  precipitated  his 
hearers  into  a  general  attack  on  the  churches 
of  the  city,  in  which  the  altars  were  over- 
turned, the  paintings  and  finest  works  of 
architecture  destroyed,  the  images  broken, 
and  the  monasteries  almost  levelled  to  the 
ground.  From  that  time  forward,  he  never 
ceased  to  promote,  by  all  the  means  in  his 
power,  the  cause  he  had  espoused.  But  it  is 
useless  to  pursue  the  subject  farther,  or  to 
comment  on  his  character.  I>ike  Luther, 
he  was  one  of  those  extraordinary  persons 
of  whom  few,  if  any,  are  observed  to  speak 
with  sufficient  temper ;  all  is  cither  extra- 
vagant encomium,  or  senseless  invective. 
After  his  death  appeared  his  "  Historj'  of 
the  Reformation  of  Religion  within  the 
Realm  of  Scotland,"  &c.,  to  the  4th  edition  of 
which  are  appended  all  liis  other  works.  He 
died,  Nov.  24.  1572,  and  was  buried  at  Edin- 
burgh, several  lords  attending  ;  and  when  he 
was  laid  in  his  grave,  the  Earl  of  Morton, 
that  day  chosen  regent,  exclaimed,  "  There 
lies  he  who  never  feared  the  face  of  man." 

KNOX,  ViCEsiMus,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
author  and  an  eloquent  preacher,  was  born 
in  17.")2  ;  and  received  his  education  at  Mer- 
chant Tailors'  School,  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
was  chosen  his  successor  in  the  head-master- 
ship of  Tunbridge  Grammar  School,  over 
which  he  presided  with  great  reputation, 
thirty-three  years  ;  and  when,  in  1812,  he 
retired,  he  was  himself  succeeded  bj'  his 
son,  Ur.  Thomas  Knox.  Few  men  have 
better  claims  on  our  regard  than  the  sub- 
I  ject  of  this  notice.  In  theological  and 
classical  learning  he  excelled  most  of  his 
i  contemporaries  ;  in  an  acquaintance  with 
j  polite  literature  he  was  surpassed  by  none  ; 


while  all  who  remember  his  pulpit  oratory, 
are  able  to  bear  testimony  to  the  power- 
ful and  earnest  eloquem:e  with  which  he 
expoimded  the  precepts  and  doctrines  of 
Christianity.  He  lield  the  living  of  Rams- 
den,  in  Essex,  and  the  chapelry  of  Ship- 
bourne  in  Kent,  at  which  latter  place  and 
at  Tunbridge  he  for  many  years  officiated. 
Nor  was  he  unknown  to  the  religious  world 
of  London,  being  frequently  solicited  to 
plead  the  cause  of  various  public  charitable 
institutions  in  the  metropolis.  His  works 
consist  of  "  Essays,  floral  and  Literary,"  3 
vols. ;  "Liberal  Education,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Win- 
ter Evenings,"  3  vols. ;  "  Personal  Nobility, 
or  Letters  to  a  young  Nobleman  on  his 
Studies,"  "  Sermons  on  Faith,  Hope,  and 
Charity,"  "  Christian  Philosophy,"  2  vols.  ; 
"  Considerations  on  the  Nature  and  Efficacy 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,"  and  a  pamphlet  "  On 
the  National  Importance  of  a  Classical  Edu- 
cation." Besides  these,  he  published  a  series 
of  selections  from  the  works  of  the  best 
English  authors,  under  the  titles  of  "  Elegant 
Extracts  "  and  "  Elegant  Epistles."  He  is 
also  regarded  as  the  author  of  a  political 
work,  entitled  "The  Spirit  of  Despotism," 
published  anonymously  in  17'.>4,  and  of  vari- 
ous anti-belligerent  tracts,  which  appeared  at 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revolution. 
Died  in  1821. 

KNOX,  liev.  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  Vicesimus  Knox,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  the  mastership  of  the  Tunbridge  Gram- 
mar School,  and  also  in  the  rectories  of  Run- 
well  and  Ramsden  Crays,  in  Essex.  He  was, 
like  his  more  celebrated  father,  an  energetic 
and  powerful  preacher,  and  a  "  liberal  '  as 
to  politics  ;  but,  unlike  him, he  did  not  court 
literary  celebrity.  His  death  was  as  awful 
as  it  was  sudden.  He  had  scarcely  entered 
the  vestry-room  of  Tunbridge  church  when 
he  fell  back  and  expired,  the  disease  being 
enlargement  of  the  heart.  Died  July  23. 
1843,  aijed  .59. 

KNUTZEN,  Mattuias,  a  professed  atheist 
of  Ilolstein,  who  first  broached  his  impious 
tenets  at  Konigsberg,  in  1673.  His  followers 
were  called  Conscientarians,  because  they 
would  allow  of  no  other  divinity  than  what 
existed  in  a  man's  own  mind.  They  denied 
the  existence  of  good  and  evil  principles,  and 
of  a  future  state,  and  maintained  that  civil 
government  was  useless. 

KOCH,  CnitiSTopiiEU  William,  an  his- 
torian and  professor  of  public  jurisprudence 
at  Strasburg,  was  a  native  of  Alsace,  and 
born  in  1737.  History,  genealogy,  and  the 
canon  law  were  the  pursuits  which  chiefly 
engaged  his  attention  ;  but  the  progress  of 
the  French  revolution  for  a  time  interrupted 
his  studies  ;  for,  having  been  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  assembly,  his  patriotic 
opposition  to  the  Jacobins  occasioned  his  im- 
prisonment ;  but  on  the  fall  of  Robespierre 
he  was  liberated.  He  was  the  author  of  "  A 
View  of  the  Revolutions  of  Europe,"  &c. 
Died,  1813. 

KOEHLER,  .Tonw  David,  a  most  indus- 
trious German  author,  v/as  born  in  1G84,  near 
Lcipsic.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
universities  of  Altorf  and  Gottiiigen,  and 
published  a  number  of  valuable  works  on 
history,  areliaeology,  &c.    Died,  1755. 


koe] 


^  ^tbi  mm'bcr^al  3Sifl0rapIjin 


[kos 


KOENIG.  Several  persons  of  this  name 
have  iu  some  way  or  other  distinguished 

themselves George  Matthias,  born  at 

Altorf,  in  lOKi,  was  the  author  of  a  Latin 
Biograpliical    Dictionary,    of    considerable 

merit.    Died  1(599 Joiiann  Geuaud,  a 

physician  of  Courland,  in  Litliuania,  born 
1728,  was  a  celebrated  botanist,  and  travelled 
to  tlie  East  Indies  and  otlier  countries  in 
pursuit  of  his  favourite  science,  keeping  up  a 
correspondence  at  the  time  with  Linnaeus, 

his  old  preceptor.  Died,  1785 Tliere  were 

also  two  brotliers,  natives  of  Switzerland, 
named  Daniel  and  Samuel  Koenig.  The 
former  was  killed,  in  his  22d  year,  at 
Franeker,  by  the  mob,  who  in  a  popular 
commotion  fell  upon  Mm  under  the  suppo- 
sition that  he  was  a  French  spy,  as  he  had 
been  heard  to  converse  in  that  language. 
He  translated  into  Latin  "  Arbuthnot  on 
Ancient  Coins." Samuel  was  a  good  ma- 
thematical scholar,  and  filled  the  professor's 
chair  at  Franeker,  in  philosophy  and  ethics  ; 
but  afterwards  settled  at  the  Hague,  having 
been  invited  thither  by  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  made  him  his  librarian.    Died,  1757. 

KORNER,  Theodore,  an  eminent  poet, 
often  called  the  German  TyrtiEus,  was  born 
at  Dresden,  in  1791 ;  and,  after  studying  at 
Leipsic,  became  a  dramatist  and  secretary  to 
the  management  of  the  court  theatre  of  Vi- 
enna. Being  an  enthusiast  for  the  liberty  of 
Germany,  he  entered  as  a  volunteer  into  the 
Prussian  army,  in  1812;  signalised  himself 
equally  by  his  bravery  and  his  martial  songs; 
was  promoted  for  his  conduct  at  the  battle 
of  Lutzen  ;  was  afterwards  twice  wounded  ; 
made  a  lieutenant ;  and  fell  in  a  skirmish 
with  the  French,  in  Mecklenburg,  August 
26. 1813.  His  lyrical  poems  were  published 
after  his  death,  under  the  title  of  "The 
Lyre  and  Sword  ;"  but  innumerable  editions 
of  his  works,  consisting  of  his  dramas,  poems 
and  other  literary  remains,  have  since  been 
published  in  Germany  ;  and  many  of  his 
writings  liave  been  repeatedly  translated 
into  English. 

KOIALOWICZ,  Adalbert,  a  native  of 
Poland,  bom  in  1G09  ;  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Lithuania,"  written  in  Latin,  and  con- 
sidered by  Schloezer,  wlio  translated  it  into 
German,  as  an  admirable  performance. 

KOLBE,  or  KOLBEN,  Peter,  a  traveller, 
was  born  in  1G74,  at  Dorflas,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bayreuth.  He  studied  at  Halle, 
in  1700  ;  soon  after  which  he  was  sent  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  the  king  of  Prussia, 
to  make  astronomical  observations.  He  re- 
mained there  ten  years,  and  was  afflicted  with 
blindness,  but  recovered  his  sight  on  his 
return  to  Europe,  and  was  rector  of  the 
Gymnasium  of  Newstadt.  He  wrote  a  "  De- 
scription of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,"  and 
was  the  first  who  gave  a  full  and  circum- 
stantial account  of  that  colony.    Died,  172(5. 

KOLLMAN,  Augustus  Fred.  Charles, 
a  native  of  Angelbostel,  near  Hanover,  who 
came  to  England  in  1782,  to  fill  the  place  of 
organist  and  schoolmaster  in  the  Royal  Ger- 
man Chapel,  London,  which  lie  held  40  years. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  musical  com- 
positions, and  died  in  1829. 

KONIGSMARK,  Maria  Aurora,  Coun- 
tess of,  one  of  the  mistresses  of  Augustus  II.,, 


king  of  Poland,  was  bom  about  1G78.  She 
was  equally  celebrated  on  account  of  her 
personal  cliarins  and  extraordinary  talents, 
and  of  the  part  which  she  performed  in 
politics.  While  a  girl,  she  wiote  and  spoke 
Swedish,  German,  French,  Italian,  and  Eng- 
lish ;  read  the  classics  in  the  original  ;  had 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  liistory  and  geo- 
graphy; and  even  comjjosed  poems  In  French 
and  Italian.  She  played  on  several  instru- 
ments, composed  music,  sang  and  painted 
with  great  skill ;  all  which  accomplishments 
were  aided  by  a  refined  wit  and  superior 
conversational  powers.  Thus  gifted  and 
accomplished,  she  arrived,  in  1(594,  in  Dres- 
den, with  her  two  sisters.  The  elector  fell  in 
love  with  her  at  first  sight ;  she  yielded,  ap- 
peared at  court  as  his  mistress,  and  bore  him 
a  son,  the  famous  Marshal  Saxe,  to  whose 
improvement  she  consecrated  the  remainder 
of  her  life.  Though  the  passion  of  the  fickle 
king  cooled,  and  another  favourite  sup- 
planted the  countess,  he  always  remained  on 
terms  of  friendship  with  her  ;  and  by  his  in- 
fluence slie  was  appointed,  by  the  court  of 
Vienna,  superintendant  of  Quedlinburg, 
where  she  chiefly  resided  until  her  death, 
which  took  place  in  1768. 

KOSCIUSKO,  Thaddeus,  a  celebrated 
Polish  general  and  patriot,  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  and  noble,  though  not 
wealthy,  family  in  Lithuania,  and  was  born 
in  175(5.  He  was  educated  at  the  military 
school  of  Warsaw,  and  completed  his  studies 
in  France.  On  his  return  to  Poland  he  had 
a  commission  given  him  ;  but  being  refused 
promotion,  he  went  to  America,  where  war 
was  then  carrying  on  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies.  He  was  made  a  colonel  of 
engineers  and  aide-de-camp  to  Washington. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned  to 
his  native  country,  and  lived  in  retirement ; 
but  when  the  Polish  army  was  formed,  in 
1789,  the  diet  appointed  him  a  major-general. 
He  declared  himself  for  the  constitution  of 
May  3rd,  1791,  and  served  under  prince 
Joseph  Poniatowski.  In  the  campaign  of 
1792,  he  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Russians  at  Zielencck  and  Dubienka.  At 
the  latter  place,  under  cover  of  some  works 
which  he  had  thrown  up  in  the  course  of  24 
hours,  he  repulsed,  with  4000  men,  three 
successive  attacks  of  18,000  Russians,  who 
prevailed  only  after  the  loss  of  4000  men. 
When  king  Stanislaus  submitted  to  Catha- 
rine, he,  with  16  other  officers,  left  the  army, 
and  was,  therefore,  obliged  to  retire  from 
Poland.  He  went  to  Leipsic  ;  and  the  legis- 
lative assembly  of  France,  at  this  time,  gave 
him  the  rights  of  a  French  citizen.  The 
Poles  becoming  impatient  under  the  oppres- 
sion of  Russia,  all  eyes  were  turned  towards 
Kosciusko,  whom  they  chose  for  their  leader, 
and  invested  with  the  full  powers  of  gene- 
ralissimo. Kosciusko  then  advanced  to 
meet  the  Russian  forces.  Without  artillery, 
at  the  head  of  only  4000  men,  part  of  whom 
were  armed  only  witli  scythes  and  pikes, 
he  defeated  12,000  Russians  at  Raslavice, 
April  4.  1794.  His  army  soon  increased  to 
9000  men,  the  insurrection  extended  to  War- 
saw, and  in  a  few  days  the  Russians  were 
driven  from  that  palatinate.  But  the  enemy 
poured  in  on  all  sides,  and  at  length,  after 


i — r 

KOS] 


^  ^elu  Bni^tr^nl  SSiograpibj?' 


[kra 


having  for  six  months  delaj'ed  tiie  fall  of 
Poland,  he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner, 
Oct.  4.,  at  the  battle  of  Maceiowiue.  He  was 
sent  to  Russia,  and  confined  in  a  fortress 
near  St.  Tctersburgh,  till  the  accession  of  the 
emperor  Paul,  who  set  him  at  liberty.  In 
]7'J7  he  took  his  departure  for  the  United 
States  of  America,  but  returned  to  Europe 
the  following  year,  and  settled  in  France, 
liuonaparte  often  endeavoured  to  engage 
liim  in  his  ambitious  schemes  for  the  sub- 
jection of  Poland  ;  but  the  disinterested  pa- 
triot saw  through  his  designs,  and  rejected 
his  overtures,  lie  died  at  Soleure,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  1817. 

KOSEGARTEN,  Locis  Tiieobcl,  'a  Ger- 
man poet  and  divine,  was  born  in  1758,  in 
the  state  of  Mecklenburg,  and  became  rec- 
tor of  the  university  of  Griefswald,  where 
he  died  in  1818.  Besides  writing  numerous 
legends,  idyls,  patriotic  songs,  and  romances, 
he  translated  Richardson's  Olaiissa  and  other 
novels. 

KOSTROW,  Eemimus  Ivattovitsch,  the 
son  of  a  Russian  peasant,  who  obtained  ce- 
lebrity in  his  native  country  by  an  excellent 
translation  of  Ossian's  poems,  and  by  a  less 
perfect  one  of  Homer's  Iliad.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  some  original  poetry.  Died, 
1796. 

KOTZEBUE,  AforsTus  FREDt-nic  Fer- 
niNAND  vox,  a  prolific  German  writer,  was 
bom,  in  17G1,  at  Weimar.  At  the  age  of  16 
years,  lie  entered  the  university  of  Jena, 
where  his  inclination  for  the  drama  was 
confirmed  by  his  connection  with  a  private 
theatre.  In  1781  he  went  to  St.  Petersburgh, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  Prussian  minister  at 
that  court,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
governor-general.  Von  Bawr,  who  recom- 
mended him  to  the  empress,  who  became 
his  patroness,  and  he  was  finally  appointed 
president  of  the  government  of  Esthonia. 
In  17'J5  he  retired  to  a  country  place  about 
3.")  miles  from  Narva  ;  but  soon  after  went 
to  ^^'eimar,  and  from  thence  to  Petersburgh. 
He  had,  however,  scarcely  arrived  on  the 
frontiers,  before  he  was  arrested,  and  sent  to 
Siberia,  without  any  reason  being  assigned 
for  the  act.  A  small  drama  of  his,  an  in- 
direct eulogy  of  Paul  I.,  was  translated  into 
Russian,  and  laid,  in  manuscript,  before  the 
emperor,  who  was  so  delighted  with  it,  that 
he  recalled  Kotzebue,  and  took  him  into 
favour.  After  tlie  death  of  Paul,  he  again 
went  to  Germany,  but,  in  180C,  revisited 
Russia,  to  avoid  the  French,  and  never 
ceased  to  write  against  Napoleon.  Some 
subsequent  years  were  spent  in  travelling, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  pouruig 
forth  his  innumerable  literary  productions. 
He  is  said  to  have  written  many  of  the 
Russian  state  papers  and  proclamations. 
In  1817  he  received  a  salary  of  15,000  roubles, 
witli  directions  to  reside  in  Germany,  and 
to  report  upon  literature  and  public  opinion. 
This  invidious  office  Kotzebue  is  said  to 
have  filled  in  a  manner  hostile  to  the  freedom 
of  his  native  land,  and  he  was  regarded  with 
aversion  by  the  liberals  of  Germany.  His 
strictures  on  the  conduct  of  the  students  of 
the  German  universities  higlily  exasperated 
them  ;  and  the  feeling  was  so  strong  in  the 
case  of  a  young  enthusiast  named  Sand, 


491 


that  he  went  to  Kotzebue's  house  at  Man- 
heim,  and  there  deliberately  murdered  him, 
March  23.  1819,  and  then  immediately  gave 
himself  up  to  justice.  He  was  the  author  of 
98  dramas,  and  his  name  appears  to  about 
200  more,  which  are  either  translations,  or 
were  written  by  other  persons  and  retouched 
by  him.  Among  his  other  numerous  pro- 
ductions are,  "  A  History  of  the  German 
Empire,"  "  A  History  of  Ancient  Prussia," 
and  various  ".Recollections,"  such  as  of  Paris, 
Rome,  Naples,  &c. 

KRAFT,  George  Wolfgang,  a  German 
philosopher,  was  educated  at  Tubingen, 
where  he  subsequently  filled  the  chair  of  ma- 
thematics. He  wrote  many  valuable  and  in- 
teresting papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Academy  of  St.  Petersburg]!.    Died,  1754. 

KRANACH,  LrCAS  (whose  proper  name 
was  Sunder),  a  distinguished  painter,  was 
bom  at  Kranach  in  Bamberg,  1472.  He  was 
greatly  patronised  by  Frederic,  elector  of 
Coburg,  whom  he  accompanied  on  a  journey 
through  Palestine  in  1493,  and  soon  after- 
wards commenced  his  career  as  an  historical 
painter,  which,  whether  we  consider  the 
number  or  the  excellence  of  his  works,  has 
not  been  surpassed  by  any  of  his  countrymen. 
He  was  intimately  associated  witli  tlie  great 
reformers,  Luther  and  Melanchthon,  whose 
portraits,  as  taken  by  him,  are  amongst  the 
most  interesting  memorials  of  their  age. 
Died,  15.53.  His  son  Lucas,  with  whom  he 
is  sometimes  confounded,  gained  great  dis- 
tinction in  the  same  career,  and  died  in  1.">8C. 

KRANTZ,  Albeut,  a  German  historian 
and  philosopher  of  the  15th  century  ;  author 
of  a  Latin  "  Chronicle  of  the  Kingdoms  of 
Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,"  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Ancient  Vandals,"  &c.  His  re- 
putation as  an  able  and  upright  diplomatist 
also  was  so  well  estalilished,  that  in  a  dis- 
pute of  a  tenitorial  nature,  which  occurred 
between  the  courts  of  Holstein  and  Denmark, 
the  contending  potentates  agreed  to  abide 
by  his  arbitration. 

KRASICKl,  Igxatius,  Count  of  Sietzen, 
prince-bishop  of  Warmia,  &c.,  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  Polish  literati  of  the 
18th  century,  was  born  at  Dubiecko,  in  1735. 
When  the  first  partition  of  Poland,  in  1772, 
deprived  him  of  his  senatorial  dignities,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  literature,  and  pro- 
duced numerous  poems,  epic,  mock-heroic, 
and  satirical.  He  was  much  esteemed  by 
Frederic  the  Great,  who  took  great  pleasure 
in  his  lively  and  agreeable  conversation  ; 
and  the  following  morceau  is  related  of 
them.  The  monarch  having  said,  "  I  hope, 
Mr.  Archbishop,  you  will  carry  me  under 
your  episcopal  cloak  to  Paradise,"  — the 
prelate  rei)lied,  "  No,  sire,  your  majesty  has 
cut  it  so  short,  that  it  will  not  serve  the 
purpose  of  concealing  contraband  goods," 
Among  his  writings  are,  "The  War  of 
Choczim,"  in  12  cantos  ;  "  La  Monomaehie, 
or  the  War  of  the  Monks,"  "  La  Souriade," 
fables,  odes,  &c.    He  died  at  Berlin,  in  1801, 

KRAUSS,  JoiiN  Baptist,  a  learned  Ger- 
man ecclesiastic,  and  a  most  indefatigable 
writer.  He  was  born  at  Ratisbon,  in  1700  ; 
took  the  monastic  habit  at  an  early  age  ; 
became  prince-abbot  of  the  Benedictine 
monastery  of  St.  Erameran  in  1742 ;  and  pre- 


kra] 


^  0cby  Bnibtv^Kl  JSiacjrapl^t). 


[kut 


sided  there  till  his  death, in  1762.  Ilis  works 
on  theology,  history,  and  criticism  are  very 
numerous. 

KRAY,  Baron  de,  an  Austrian  general, 
embraced  the  military  profession  early  in 
life.  He  first  distinguished  himself  in  the 
war  with  the  Turks  ;  and  in  the  campaigns 
in  the  Netherlands,  and  on  the  Rhine,  from 
179.3  to  1797,  he  was  one  of  the  most  active 
of  the  imperial  commanders.  The  brilliant 
manner  in  which  he  opened  the  campaign 
of  1799,  made  way  for  the  future  triumphs 
of  Melas  and  Suwarrow,  and  in  1800  he  re- 
placed the  Archduke  Charles  in  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Rhine.    Died,  1801 . 

KREUTZER,  Rodoli'ii,  a  celebrated  vio- 
linist and  musical  composer,  was  born  at 
Versailles,  in  1767.  He  travelled  in  Ger- 
many, Holland,  and  Italy  ;  and  having  es- 
tablished himself  as  one  of  the  first  perform- 
ers in  Europe,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  orchestra  at  the  grand  opera  of  Paris. 
He  composed  the  music  for  the  operas  of 
"Lodoiska,"  "Joan  of  Arc,"  "Paul  and 
Virginia,"  "  Charlotte  and  Werter,"  and 
some  others.    Died,  1831, 

KRUDENER,  Juliana,  Baroness  Va- 
LEiuK  DE,  a  religious  enthusiast,  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Russian  baron  Vietinghoff, 
governor  of  Riga,  where  she  was  born,  in 
176C.  At  the  age  of  14  she  married  Baron 
Krudener,  appointed  ambassador  by  Catha- 
rine II.  to  Berlin,  and  subsequently  to 
Venice.  Here  the  secretary  of  legation  fell 
in  love  with  her,  and  committed  suicide  ;  on 
which  event  she  wrote  a  romance,  entitled 
"  Valerie."  For  years  she  resided  in  France, 
and  was  the  gayest  of  the  gay  in  the  Parisian 
circles.  At  length  she  became  a  fanatical 
devotee,  and  wandered  from  state  to  state, 
preaching  and  prophesying.  In  1814  she 
became  acquainted  with  Alexander,  emperor 
of  Russia,  wlio  had  already  for  some  time 
shown  a  disposition  to  religious  contempla- 
tions, and  on  whom  her  conversations  had  a 
great  influence.  In  Paris,  she  had  prayer- 
meetings,  attended  by  distinguished  per- 
sonages, where  she  was  seen  in  the  back- 
ground of  a  suite  of  rooms,  in  the  dress  of  a 
j  priestess,  kneeling  in  prayer.  Her  predic- 
tions excited  much  attention  ;  and  when  the 
I  allied  sovereigns  quitted  Paris,  she  retreated 
into  Switzerland,  where  she  preached  the  ap- 
proach of  the  millennium,  and  drew  around 
her  multitudes  of  the  credulous  moun- 
taineers, who  listened  to,  and  believed  in, 
her  mission.  At  length  tlie  states  interfered, 
and  she  removed  to  Germany  ;  but  wherever 
she  arrived,  she  was  under  the  surveillance 
of  the  police,  who  ultimately  transported 
her  to  the  Russian  frontier.  She  was,  how- 
ever, ordered  not  to  go  to  Petersliurgh  or 
Moscow  ;  she  accordingly  visited  the  Crimea, 
where  she  died  in  1824. 

KRUMMACHER,  Frederick  Adolphus, 
a  German  religious  writer,  whose  "  Parables" 
and  many  other  works  are  well  known  in 
England,  was  born  at  Tecklenburg  in  1768  ; 
and  became  successively  minister  of  Orefeld, 
Kellwick,  and  Beruherg,  and  ended  a  long 
and  useful  career  as  an  efficient  preacher 
and  writer  at  Bremen,  1845,  wlxere  he  had 
laboured  for  21  years. 

KRUNITZ,  Jou>r   George,   a   German 


physician  and  natural  philosopher,  was  born 
at  Berlin,  in  1728  ;  studied  at  Gottingen, 
Halle,  and  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  ;  devoted 
his  whole  life  to  literary  pursuits  on  his 
return  to  his  native  city,  and  died  in  1796. 
He  produced  an  extraordinary  number  of 
works,  the  most  considerable  of  which  is  an 
"  Economico-technological  Encyclopaedia," 
which  he  commenced  in  1773.  lie  had  com- 
pleted 73  volumes,  and  had  just  reached  the 
article  "Leiche,"  a  corpse,  when  liis  progress 
was  arrested  bv  death. 

KRUSEMARK,  Baron  de,  a  Prussian 
general  and  diplomatist.  In  1806  he  was 
sent  to  attempt  a  negotiation  of  peace  with 
Buonaparte  ;  and,  not  succeeding,  he  was 
dispatched  to  St.  Petersburg!!,  where  he 
formed  a  coalition  which  led  to  the  treaty 
of  Tilsit.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  am- 
bassador to  France  ;  and  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  peace  of  Paris,  in  1814,  he  was  sent 
envoy  extraordinary  from  the  court  of  Ber- 
lin to  Vienna,  where  he  died  in  1821. 

KUH,  EriJRAiM  Moses,  a  German  poet, 
born  of  Jewish  parents,  at  Breslau,  in  1731. 
His  father  intended  him  for  the  synagogue, 
but  he  had  no  relish  for  the  subtleties  of  the 
Talmud,  and  a  commercial  life  was  then 
designed  for  him.  At  his  father's  death  he 
went  to  Berlin,  and  took  a  financial  situa- 
tion in  the  counting-liouse  of  his  uncle, 
where  he  soon  had  an  opportunity  of  forming 
an  acquaintance  with  Mendelsslion,  Ramler, 
Lessing,  and  otlier  men  of  letters.  Though 
possessed  of  independent  property,  and  hav- 
ing a  good  salary,  his  love  of  literature  led 
him  to  neglect  liis  commercial  interests,  and 
in  a  few  years  his  means  were  exhausted ; 
he  travelled  through  Holland, France,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland  ;  but  on  his  return  to  Ger- 
many, he  was  attacked  with  hypochondria, 
which  degenerated  into  insanity  ;  and  it  was 
at  this  time,  in  his  lucid  intervals,  that  he 
produced  his  best  poetical  pieces.  Died  in 
1790. 

KUITLMAN,  QuiRixtrs,  a  fanatic,  and 
probably  a  madman,  of  the  17th  century, 
born  at  Breslau,  in  16/)1.  He  pretended  to 
have  acquired  the  faculty  of  fore-know- 
ledge, and  of  holding  communion  with  in- 
visible spirits  ;  but  wliile  travelling  through 
Russia,  where  some  of  his  prophecies  were 
distasteful  to  the  government,  he  was 
brought  to  the  stake,  and  suffered  with  all 
the  fortitude  of  a  martyr,  in  1689. 

KUNCKELL,  John,  an  eminent  chemist, 
born  at  Huysum,  in  Sleswick,  in  1630,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  several  important  dis- 
coveries, especially  by  the  extraction  of 
phosphorus  from  urine.  He  was  enriobled 
by  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  made  counsellor 
of  mines.     Died,  1703. 

KUSTER,  Ludolph,  a  learned  German 
writer,  and  one  of  the  first  Greek  and  Latin 
scholars  of  the  age,  born  at  Blomberg,  in 
1670.  He  visited  the  principal  libraries  in 
Europe,  chiefly  with  the  view  of  collating 
the  manuscripts  of  Suidas,  and  was  success- 
ful in  restoring  many  portions  before  un- 
published.   Died,  1716. 

KUTTNER,  Charles  Gotlob,  a  Ger- 
man traveller,  born  in  Saxony,  in  175.5  ; 
studied  at  Leipsic  and  Basle  ;  and  travelled, 
as  tutor  to  young  Englishmen,  througb  most 


kut] 


^  iSclD  ^aiTiber^nl  SSiflgrapfji). 


[lab 


of  the  countries  of  Europe.    Ilis  works  com- 
I  prise  "Letters  on  Ireland,"  "Letters  of  a 
I  Saxon  in   Switzerland,"    "  Travels  in  Ger- 
many, Denmark,"  &c.,  and  "  Observations 
!  on  England."    Died,  180.5. 
I      KUTUSOFF  SMOLENSKOr,  or  KUTU- 
SOW,  Michael,  Prince  of,  a  celebrated  Rus- 
sian lield-marshal,  was  born  in   174'>,  and 
!  educated    at    Strasburg.      lie    entered  the 
j  army  iii  17.5!)  ;  served  in  Poland  from  17G4 
I  till  iVc'J  ;  and  afterwards  against  the  Turks, 
under  Romauzoff.     Ue  behaved  with  great 
gallantry  at  the  siege  of  Oczacoflf,  where  he 
was  dangerously  wounded  ;  aini  on  his  re- 
covery he  joined  Suwarrow  at  the  storming 
and  capture  of  Ismailoll',  when  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 
In  the  subsequent  Polish  war,  he  was  par- 
ticularly conspicuous  during  the  memorable 
day  of  Praga.    In  1805,  the  emperor  Alex- 
ander gave  nim  the  chief  command  of  the 
]  first  Russian  corps  against  the  French,  and 
!  lie  headed  the  allied  army   ut   Austerlitz, 
i  where  he  was  wounded.    In  1810  and  1811 
he  obtained  several  advantages    over    the 
Turks  ;  and,  in  1812,  when  70  years  of  age, 
the  chief  command  of  the  Russian   army, 
destined  to  oppose  Napoleon,  was  bestowed 
upon  him.    To  commemorate  his  victories, 
he  received  the  surname  of  Smolenskoi.    lie 
died  in  1813. 

KUYP,  or  CUYP,  Alkekt,  a  celebrated 
painter,  whose  father  was  an  able  land- 
scape painter,  was  born  etDort  in  l(i(Mi.  He 
particularly  excelled  in  the  purity  aud  bril- 


liancy of  light ;  and  was  not  surpassed,  even 
by  Claude,  in  an  accurate  representation 
of  tJie  atmosphere,  and  of  the  various  ef- 
fects of  sunshine  or  shade  upon  the  objects 
delineated.  Ills  paintings  are  all  highly 
finished,  and  many  of  them  grace  the  prin- 
cipal collections  in  Great  Britain.  Died, 
1(3<]7. 

KYAU,  Fredekic  William,  Baron  of,  a 
native  of  Brandenburg,  whose  witty  sayings 
and  blunt  honesty  attracted  the  notice  and 
gained  the  favour  of  Augustus  IL,  king  of 
Poland,  who  made  him  liis  aide-de-camp, 
and  promoted  him  to  the  rank  of  adjutant 
general  and  commandant  of  Konigstein. 
Born,  1<!,54  ;  died,  1733. 

KYNASTON,  Sir  Francis,  an  English 
poet,  bom  at  Otley,  in  Shropshire,  in  1.587. 
He  was  knighted  by  Charles  I.  ;  became 
regent  of  a  literary  institution,  called  the 
"Musajum  Minervae  ;"  was  the  translator 
of  Cliaucer's  "  Troilus  and  Cressida"  into 
Latin,  and  author  of  "Leoline  and  Syda- 
nis,"  &c.    Died,  Hii2. 

KYRLE,  Joux,  celebrated  by  Pope  as  the 
man  of  lioss,  was  born  at  Whitehouse,  in 
Gloucestershire,  and  possessed  an  estate  of 
500/.  a  year  at  Ross  in  Herefordshire,  where 
he  died  iu  1754,  aged  90.  The  good  deeds  of 
this  estimable  man,  so  highly  eulogised  by 
Pope  in  his  "Moral  Essays,"  do  not  appear 
to  be  overrated.  Warton  says,  Kyrle  was 
the  Howard  of  his  age,  and  tliat  he  deser%'ed 
to  be  celebrated  beyond  any  of  the  heroes  of 
riudar. 


LABADIE,  JoHX,  a  French  enthusiast, 
was  bom  in  1010,  at  Bourg,  in  Guienne. 
He  was  originally  a  Jesuit ;  but,  from  his 
licentiousness  and  scandalous  practices,  he 
was  compelled  to  quit  that  society,  and  seek 
an  asylum  among  the  Protestants.  From 
these  he  was  also  driven  out,  and  forced  to 
retire  to  Middleburg,  where  he  propounded 
a  new  doctrine  of  belief,  and  by  his  imposing 
eloquence  obtained  many  followers.  Tiie 
looseness  of  his  private  life,  however,  lost 
him  many  of  his  sect,  and  lie  was  at  length 
obliged  to  retire  to  Altona,  in  Holstein, 
where  he  died  in  1074,  He  wrote  many 
works,  but  they,  as  well  as  his  doctrines, 
have  fallen  into  deserved  oblivion. 

LABAT,  Jkax  Baptiste,  a  Dominican 
missionary,  was  born  in  Paris,  in  1G()3.  He 
possessed  great  mathematical  knowledge ; 
and  while  in  America,  wliere  he  remained 
twelve  years,  he  acted  as  an  engineer  in 
defence  of  Guadaloupe  when  attacked  by  the 
English  in  1703.  On  his  return  to  Europe  in 
1708,  he  accurately  surveyed  the  environs  and 
coast  of  Andalusia  ;  soon  after  travelled  into 
Italy  and  other  parts  ;  and  finally  returned  to 
Paris,  wliere  he  died  in  1738.  He  wrote  many 
works,  the  chief  of  which  are  his  "Voyage 
aux  Ilesde  TAmcriquc, ""  Travels  in  Spain 


and  Italy,"  a  "Description  of  the  Coun- 
tries of  Western  Africa,"  &c. 

LABBE,  Philip,  a  learned  French  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Bourges,  in  1(507.  He  taught 
philosophy,  divinity,  and  languages,  with 
great  eclat,  and  was  a  most  laborious  writer, 
as  well  as  a  sound  critic.  He  died  at  Paris, 
in  1C67.  His  chief  work  was  a  "  Collection 
of  Councils,"  17  vols,  folio. 

LABE,  Louisa,  called  "La  belle  Cor- 
diere,"  was  bom  at  Lyons,  about  152(5.  Her 
early  education  having  been  directed  to 
riding  and  military  exercises,  as  well  as  to 
languages  and  music,  she  acquired  a  taste 
for  military  glory,  and  entered  the  army  in 
1543.  She  soon  displayed  her  strength  and 
courage  at  the  siege  of  Perpignan,  but  the 
French  being  obliged  to  abandon  it,  she 
renounced  the  military  service,  and  devoted 
herself  to  literature  and  poetry.  A  rich 
rope-maker,  named  Ennemond  Perrin,  be- 
came enamoured  of  her,  and  married  her, 
and  from  that  time  her  house  was  the  resort 
of  the  literati,  and  men  of  rank  and  fashion. 
She  was  much  admired  for  her  talents,  ac- 
complishments, and  beauty. 

LA  BEDOYERE,  Charles  Angeliqde 
Francois  Huchet,  Count  de,  a  noted  ge- 
neral, born  at  Paris  in  1786.    He  served  as 


lab] 


^  ^etD  ^ntba-j^al  33t00rffpf)y. 


[lae 


an  officer  in  the  imperial  guards  at  the 
battle  of  Eylau,  and  in  1808  and  1809  was 
aide-de-camp  to  Eugene  Beauharnois.  lie 
was  in  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  and  in 
1813  distinguished  himself  at  the  hattles  of 
Lutzen  and  Bautzen.  On  the  abdication  of 
Napoleon,  he  was,  in  1815,  appointed  to  a 
regiment  stationed  at  Grenoble  ;  but  imme- 
diately on  the  return  of  the  French  em- 
peror from  Elba,  La  Bedoyere  was  the  first 
to  bring  him  a  regiment.  He  was  rapidly 
promoted,  and  eventually  raised  to  the 
peerage  ;  but  being  found  in  Paris  after 
its  occupation  by  the  allied  army,  he  was 
tried  by  a  courtniartial,  and  suffered  death, 
August,  1815. 

LABERIUS,  Decimus  Jumrs,  a  Roman 
knight,  who  wrote  "  Mimes,  or  Short  Pieces 
for  the  Stage  ; "  one  of  which  Julius  Caesar 
compelled  him  to  perform,  much  against 
his  inclination,  and  for  which  reason  he 
delivered  at  the  same  time  a  prologue,  full 
of  satire,  against  that  great  man.  This 
piece  is  extant  in  Aulus  Gellius.  The  author 
died  B.  c.  4(!. 

LABOUREUE,  Joiix  le,  a  French  his- 
torical writer,  was  bom  in  1023,  at  Mont- 
morency. On  entering  into  orders  he  was 
made  almoner  to  the  king,  and  appointed 
commander  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael.  He 
died  in  1675.  His  chief  works  are,  "  The 
History  of  Charles  VI.  "  and  "  Genealogies 
of  Noble  Families." 

LABROUSE  SusANNE,  bom  in  1743  ;  one 
of  the  extraordinary  characters  produced 
by  the  French  revolution.  She  proclaimed 
herself  a  prophetess  at  that  period,  fancied 
herself  inspired,  and  persuaded  many  of  the 
Jacobin  party  to  credit  her  ravings,  after 
the  enthusiast,  Don  Serle,  had  declared  her 
prophecies  true  in  the  Constituent  Assembly. 
She  published  them  in  1799. 

LACARRY,  Giles,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  was  born  in  1605.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  history,  and  taught  pliilosophy 
and  theology.  He  died  in  1684.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are, "  Historia  Gal- 
liarum  sub  Praifectis  Prajtorii  Galliarum," 
4to.,  "Historia  Romana,"  "De  Regibus 
FrancijE  et  Lege  Sallca,"  &c. 

LA  CLOS,  Peteu  Ambrose  Francis 
Choderlos  de,  was  born  at  Amiens,  in 
1741.  Prior  to  the  French  revolution  he 
was  an  officer  of  artillery,  and  secretary  to 
the  Duke  of  Orleans,  whom  he  followed  to 
England.  On  his  return  in  1791,  La  Clos 
was  one  of  the  chief  conductors  of  the  noted 
Jacobin  Journal  des  Amis  de  la  Constitu- 
tion. He  was  the  autlior  of  that  licentious 
novel,  "Les  Liaisons  Dangereuses."  Died, 
1803. 

LACOMBE,  James,  a  French  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1724. 
He  published  several  useful  abridgments 
of  histories.  His  best  work,  however,  is 
"Histoire  de  Cliristine  Reine  ie  Suede." 

LACOMBE,  DE  Pkezel  Honore,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1725. 
He  published  a.  "  Dictiounaire  dc  Citoyen," 
"  Dictiounaire  de  Jurisprudence,"  and  other 
works. 

LACRETELLE,  Pierre  Louis,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Metz,  in  1751.  He  was 
a  counsellor  of  parliament,  one  of  the  editors 


of  the  Grand  Repertory  of  Jurisprudence 
and  of  the  Mercure  de  France  ;  and  in 
•1787  he  was  appointed  member  of  a  com- 
mittee charged  with  the  reformation  of  the 
penal  code.  When  the  revolution  took 
place,  Lacretelle  embraced  its  principles 
with  moderation,  and  sat  in  the  legislative 
assembly  ;  but  during  the  reign  of  Robes- 
pierre 'he  found  it  necessary  to  retire  from 
public  duty.  He  afterwards  appeared  for 
a  short  time,  but  held  no  official  situation, 
and  during  the  imperial  and  regal  govern- 
ments he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literary 
pursuits.  Among  his  writings  are,  "Elo- 
quence Judiciaire  et  Philosophic  Lt'gisla- 
tive,"  "  Roman  Th^atral,"  "  Portraits  et 
Tableaux,"  &c.    Died,  1824. 

LACRUZ  Y  CANO,  Don  Ramonde,  a 
famous  Spanish  dramatic  poet,  born  in  1728, 
and  died  in  1795.  Among  his  best  pieces  are, 
"El  Sueno,"  "El  dia  de  Noche  Buena," 
"  El  Temo,"  &c. 

LACTANTIUS,  Lrcius  Ccelius,  or  C(e- 
ciLiANUS  FiRMiANUS,  an  eminent  father  of 
the  church,  was  by  some  esteemed  an  Afri- 
can, and  by  others  a  native  of  Fermo,  in 
Aucona.  He  studied  rhetoric  under  Arno- 
bius,  and  by  his  production,  entitled  "  Sym- 
posium," or  the  "  Bouquet,"  he  obtained  sucli 
renown,  that  Diocletian  appointed  him  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  Nicomedia.  Subse- 
quently he  was  appointed  tutor  to  Crispus, 
the  son  of  Constantine,  who  dying  not  long 
after,  Lactantius  was  neglected.  He  wrote 
many  works  in  vindication  of  Christianity, 
from  the  beautiful  style  of  which  he  has 
been  honoured  with  the  name  of  the  Chris- 
tian Cicero.  His  principal  works  are,  "  In- 
stitutiones  Divina;,"  in  7  books  ;  and  a  trea- 
tise, "  De  Persecutione." 

LACY,  Joiix, ,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
born  at  Doncaster,  and  bred  a  dancing- 
master  ;  this  employment  he  quitted  for  the 
army,  but  subsequently  took  to  the  stage  ; 
in  which  line  he  acquired  such  celebrity  as 
a  comedian,  that  Charles  II.  had  his  por- 
trait painted  in  three  different  charac- 
ters. He  wrote  the  comedies  of  "  The 
Dumb  Lady,"  "  Sir  Hercules  Buffoon," 
"  Old  Troop,"  and  "  SawnCy  the  Scot."  Died, 
1681. 

LACYDES,  or  LACYDAS,  a  Greek  phi- 
losopher of  Cyrene,  was  the  discii)le  of 
Arcesilaus.  His  system  was  that  of  uni- 
versal scepticism,  and  he  died  of  excessive 
drinking,  e.  c.  212. 

LADVOCAT,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned 
French  Jesuit,  was  born  at  Champagne,  in 
1709.  He  was  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
theology  in  the  university  of  Paris,  and  after- 
wards became  librarian  to  the  Sorbonne. 
His  works  are,  "Dictiounaire  Historique 
Portatif,"  2  vols.  8vo.  ;  "  A  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar," "  Dissertation  on  the  Councils,"  and 
some  other  scriptural  writings.  He  died  in 
1765. 

LvELIUS,  Caius,  surnamed  Sapiexs,  was 
a  Roman  consul  and  orator,  who  distin- 
guished himself  in  Spain  in  the  war  against 
Viriathus.  He  acquired  great  reputation, 
especially  with  Cicero,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
assisted  Terence  in  his  comedies.  He  died 
about  126,  B.  c. 
LAENNEC,  R.  T.  H.,  an  eminent  French 


lae] 


^  Hit^  UnibtvinX  JStajprapfji?. 


[laf 


physician,  was  born  in  1781,  at  Qulmper  ; 
studied  at  Nantes  and  Paris  ;  and  acquired 
great  reputation  as  an  anatomist.  He  is 
principally  known  as  the  author  of  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Auscultation,"  whicli  develops  the 
method  of  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  the 
viscera  by  means  ot  a  stethoscope,  an  in- 
strument invented  by  him,  and  which  has 
since  obtained  great  notoriety  among  medi- 
cal practitioners.    Died,  182(;. 

LAER,  PisTKK  UE,  a  celebrated  painter, 
usually  called  Bamboccio.  He  was  born  in 
1613,  at  Laareu,  in  Holland.  After  studj;- 
ing  the  art  at  Rome,  and  increasing  his 
knowledge  of  it  by  an  acquaintance  with 
Poussin  and  Claude,  he  returned  to  Hol- 
land, in  l(>3t>,  where  he  enjoyed  unrivalled 
cclcl)rity,  till  he  was  compelled  to  share  it 
with  Wouvermans.  In  energy  of  touch,  in 
the  management  of  the  chiaroscuro,  and 
in  fertility  of  invention,  he  excelled  his 
rival,  but  not  in  neatness  and  delicacy  of 
pencil ;  yet  the  competition  so  much  atiected 
his  prosperity,  that  in  a  fit  of  despondency 
he  drowned  himself  in  a  well,  in  17Co,  when 
(JO  years  of  age. 

LAET,  Joux  DE,  a  writer  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and  well 
skilled  in  liistory  and  geography.  I^ittle  ia 
known  of  his  life,  except  that  lie  was  a 
director  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Comi)any, 
and  wrote  many  works,  among  which  are, 
"  Novus  Orbis,"  folio;  "Historia  Naturalis 
Brasilia,"  folio  ;  "  Respublica  Belgarum," 
and  other  works.    He  died  in  1(>49. 

L^EVIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  prior  to  the  time 
of  Cicero,  wrote  a  poem  entitle!  "  Eroto- 
paguia,"  or  "Love  Games,"  and  "  Petraram," 
or  "The  Centaurs  ;"  besides  these,  nothing 
farther  is  known  either  of  his  life  or  his 
writings. 

LAFAYETTE,  Gilbert  Mottiek,  Mar- 
quis de,  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  cha- 
racters in  France,  previous  to,  during,  and 
since  the  revolution,  was  born  in  1757,  at 
Chavagnac,  near  Brioude,  in  Auvergne.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  married  the  grand-daughter 
I  of  the  Duke  of  Noailles  ;  and,  although  he 
,  inherited  a  large  fortune,  was  of  high  rank, 
and  had  powerful  connections  at  court, 
he  went,  in  1777,  to  join  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence in  America.  He  there  raised  and 
equip^d  a  body  of  men  at  his  own  expense; 
fought  as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine,  in  1778  ;  at  that  of  Monmouth  in 
1778  ;  and  received  the  thanks  of  congress. 
He  then  proceeded  to  France,  in  order  to 
obtain  reinforcements  ;  returned  with  the 
armaments  under  General  Rochambcau ; 
and  commanded  Washington's  vanguard 
at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis,  in  1782.  The  capitulation  of  York 
Town  followed,  and,  on  the  peace  with  the 
mother  country,  the  general  returned  to 
France.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
notables  in  1787,  and,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution,  he  took  part  with  the 
friends  of  liberty,  though  with  wise  mode- 
ration. In  October,  178D,  he  was  made  com- 
mauder-in-cliief  of  the  national  guard,  and 
ordered  and  assisted  in  the  demolition  of 
th.e  Bastile.  On  the  0th,  he  marched  to  Ver- 
sailles, saved  the  royal  family  from  the  out- 
rages of  the  mob,  and  placed  them  under 


the  protection  of  the  National  Assembly. 
In  1790,  he  proclaimed  the  "  sacredness  of 
the  right  of  insurrection,"  and  established, 
in  conjunction  with  Bailly,  the  club  of 
Feuillans.  On  the  attenipted  escape  of 
Louis  XVI.,  Lafayette  lost  some  of  his 
popularity,  through  being  accused  of  con- 
niving at  it ;  but,  dissipating  these  calum- 
nies, he  fought  against  the  emigrants  and 
allies  in  Flanders  ;  and  mutual  accusations 
of  counter-revolution  passed  between  him 
and  Dumouriez  and  Collot  d'Herbois.  He 
returned  to  Paris  to  denounce  them,  and  to 
protest  against  the  violence  offered  to  the 
king.  But  the  Mountain  was  too  strong  for 
him  ;  he  was  burnt  in  effigy  on  the  oOth  of 
June,  1702;  and,  being  obliged  to  escape  from 
France,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Austrians, 
who  imprisoned  him  at  Olmutz.  There  he 
remained  five  years,  till  after  Bonaparte's 
first  triumphant  campaign  of  Italy,  when, 
on  the  special  demand  of  the  latter,  he  was 
set  at  liberty.  Lafayette,  however,  was  con- 
sistent :  when  Napoleon  became  an  apostate 
from  liberty,  he  voted  against  the  consulate 
for  life,  and  withdrew  from  public  affairs. 
But,  attcr  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he  re- 
appeared, to  protest  against  a  dictatorship  ; 
and,  having  subsequently  protested  against 
the  dissolution  of  the  legislative  body  by 
Prussian  bayonets,  again  withdrew  to  )us 
estates,  till  he  was  returned,  in  1818,  deputy 
for  the  department  De  la  Sarthe.  On  all 
occasions,  in  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and 
elsewhere,  he  proved  himself  the  friend  of  a 
real  but  discreet  liberty.  In  1821  he  made 
a  visit  to  America,  and  was  received  with 
distinction  and  popular  enthusiasm,  as  joint 
founder  of  American  liberty  with  Washing- 
ton and  Franklin.  No  event  of  moment, 
still  further  to  commemorate  the  splendid 
epochs  of  his  lite,  occurred,  till  the  un- 
constitutional violence  and  ordinances  of 
Charles  X.,  in  June,  1830,  caused  liis  own 
expulsion,  and  brought  Lafayette  on  the 
stage  again,  in  the  character  with  which  he 
commenced  his  career  —  that  of  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  national  guard  and  the 
advocate  and  supporter  of  a  citizen  king. 
He  soon  after  resigned  the  command  ;  and 
having  seen  I^ouis  Philippe  recognised  as 
king  of  the  French,  he  once  more  retired  to 
the  tranquil  scenes  of  domestic  life.  Died, 
1834. 

LA  FERTE  IMBAULT,  Maria  Theresa 
GEOFFla^f,  Marchioness  de,  daughter  of  the 
celebrated  Madame  Geoftriu,  was  bom  at 
Paris,  in  1715.  She  distinguished  herself  by 
her  opposition  to  the  French  pliilosophers  I 
of  the  last  century,  with  whom  her  mother  I 
had  been  connected,  and  by  her  literary 
talents  generally.  In  1771  she  was  appointed 
grand-mistress  of  the  burlesque  order  of  tlie 
Lauturelus,  while  its  founder,  her  friend, 
the  Marquis  de  Croisinare,  was  grand-master. 
This  whimsical  institution  obtained  so  much 
eclat,  that  it  was  esteemed  an  honour  by 
several  sovereign  princes  to  become  Lautu- 
relus. She  died  in  1791,  and  left  many  post- 
humous writuigs. 

LAFFON  DE  LADEBAT,  Andrew 
Daniel,  a  French  statesman  and  financier, 
born  at  Bourdeaux,  in  nu>.  Being  the  in- 
heritor of  a  good  property,  he  was  able  to 


u  u  2 


lap] 


^  ^t^  ^nibcrM  SSinsrapTjn. 


[lag 


derote  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  political 
economy  and  the  fine  arts.  lie  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  academy  of  painting 
at  Bourdeaux,  and  became  a  member  of 
the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences  in  that 
city,  and  also  of  the  agricultural  society  of 
Paris.  On  the  10th  of  August,  1792,  when 
Louis  XVI.  and  his  family  took  refuge  in 
the  hall  of  the  legislative  assembly,  M.  Laf- 
fon  was  president  of  that  body  ;  and  in  the 
horrid  massacre  in  September  following,  he 
saved  the  life  of  the  Abb«  Sicard.  He  was 
subsequently  himself  exposed  to  great  dan- 
ger ;  but  having  survived  the  proscriptions 
of  the  reign  of  terror,  he  was  chosen,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1795,  a  member  of  the  council  of 
ancients  for  the  department  of  the  Seine. 
In  1797  he  was  among  those  who  were  con- 
demned to  deportation,  and  sent  to  Cayenne; 
but  returned  from  exile  on  the  estal)lish- 
ment  of  the  consulate.  In  1815  he  visited 
England,  and  collected  much  information 
concerning  its  finances,  commerce,  and  pub- 
lic institutions  ;  and  on  his  return  he  pre- 
sented to  Louis  XVIII.  an  interesting  work 
on  the  finances  of  France. 

LAFITAU,  JosKi'n  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  born  at  Bourdeaux,  and  sent  as 
a  missionary  among  the  North  American 
Indians.  On  his  return  to  Europe  he  wrote 
a  work,  entitled  "Mojurs  des  Sauvages 
Am^ricains  compari'es  aux  Mocurs  des  pre- 
miers Temps,"  4  vols.  ;  and  another  on  the 
possessions  and  discoveries  of  the  Portu- 
guese in  the  New  World,  2  vols.  4to.    He 

died  in  1740 Peteu  Francis,  brother 

of  the  above,  and  a  Jesuit,  was  also  bom  at 
Bourdeaux.  He  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Home  to  arrange  the  disputes  of  France, 
respecting  the  bull  Unigenitus,  and  while 
there  he  obtained  favour  with  the  pope, 
Clement  IX.,  wlio  made  him  bishop  of  Sis- 
teron,  in  Provence.  He  left  the  society  of 
Jesus  to  preside  over  his  diocese,  and  died 
in  1764.  He  wrote  many  religious  works, 
among  which  were  the  "  History  of  the 
Constitution  Unigenitus,"  and  the  "Life  of 
Pope  Clement  IX."  In  the  latter  he  speaks 
much  against  Jansenism. 

LAFITTE,  Jacques,  a  celebrated  French 
banker  and  financier,  was  born  in  17C8. 
Having  obtained  employment  in  a  banking 
house,  he  rose  from  a  clerk  to  be  cashier, 
partner,  and,  at  length,  head  of  the  most 
eminent  bank  in  France.  Possessed  of  this 
conspicuous  position,  and  of  great  wealth, 
he  speedily  became  a  member  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies.  His  advocacy  of  extremely 
liberal  principles  (as  the  word  liberal  is 
understood  in  France)  rendered  him  so 
popular,  that  when  Charles  X.  was  driven 
from  the  throne,  and  the  great  majority  of 
the  public  men  of  the  day  were  for  estab- 
lishing a  republic,  M.  Lafttte,  by  his  single 
voice,  could  re-create  the  monarchy,  and 
establish  a  monarch.  "  Behold  the  best  of 
republics'.  "  said  Lafitte,  and  Louis  Philippe 
became  the  citizen  king  of  the  most  fickle 
population  in  Europe.  But  the  commercial 
calamities  which  followed  tlie  revolution 
fell  so  heavily  upon  great  houses  which  were 
indebted  to  Lafitte,  that  his  house,  too,  be- 
came insolvent.  Nearly  a  million  and  a 
half  of  francs  were  raised  for  him  by  a  public 


49G 


subscription ;  but  wnen  his  affairs  were 
finally  settled,  he  was  found  to  have  nearly 
seven  millions  after  paying  all  demands. 
Died,  1844  ;  aged  76. 

LA  FONTAINE.    See  Fontaine. 

LAI'ONTAINE,  Augustus  Henry  Ju- 
lius, a  celebrated  German  romance  writer, 
was  born  at  Brunswick,  in  1756.  Among 
his  numerous  works  of  fiction  are,  "  Blanche 
and  Minna,  or  the  Manners  of  the  Burghers," 
"  Moral  Systems,"  "  The  Country  Clergy- 
man, or  new  Family  Pictures,"  and  "Clara 
du  Plessis  and  Clairaut,  or  the  History  of 
two  Lovers."     Died,  1831. 

LAGARAYE,  Claude  Toussaint  Marot 
DE,  a  noted  French  philanthropist,  was  bom 
at  Rennes,  in  1675.  He  devoted  his  entire 
life  and  fortune  in  alleviating  the  wants  and 
miseries  of  his  fellow-creatures,  founding 
schools  for  the  young,  and  hospitals  for  the 
sick  and  aged.    Died,  1765. 

LAGERBRING,  Suen,  a  Swedish  histo- 
rian, was  bom  in  1707.  He  was  professor 
of  history  in  the  university  of  Lund,  in  Sca- 
nia. His  chief  works  are  a  history  of  Swe- 
den, in  1467,  and  an  abridgment  down  to 
modern  times.    Died,  1788. 

LAGERLOEF,  Peter,  historiographer  of 
Sweden,  in  the  17th  century,  and  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Upsal,  was  an  eminent  classic 
scholar.  He  wrote  an  historical  description 
to  accompany  a  collection  of  national  monu- 
ments, called  "  Suecia  Antiquaet  llodernia," 
at  the  desire  of  Charles  XL,  and  published 
numerous  historical  dissertations,  among 
which  was  "  Historla  Linguae  Graecae,"  "  De 
Magno  Sinarum  Imperio,"  &c.    Died,  1699. 

LAGERSTROEM,  Magnus  von,  a  philo- 
sopher of  Sweden,  and  director  of  the  Swedish 
East  India  Company,  was  bom  at  Stock- 
holm, in  1096.  His  youth  was  spent  in  Ger- 
many and  Denmark,  and  on  his  return  home 
he  applied  himself  to  trade,  which,  however, 
he  soon  relinquished.  He  wrote  a  disserta- 
tion on  political  economy,  and  translated 
many  French,  German,  and  Danish  works. 
Appointed  director  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany of  Gottenburg,  he  considerably  pro- 
moted scientific  researches,  especially  in 
natural  history,  many  novel  specimens  of 
which,  at  his  instance,  were  procured  from 
abroad.    Died,  1759. 

LAGNY,  Thomas  Fautet  de,  anenfinent 
French  mathematician,  was  born  at  Lyons, 
in  1060.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar  ;  but  a 
preference  for  mathematical  studies  weaned 
him  from  the  pursuit  of  the  law,  and  in  that 
science  he  became  particularly  eminent.  He 
wrote  many  works  on  mathematics,  and 
made  many  important  improvements  and 
discoveries.  He  died  in  1734.  Among  his 
works  may  be  mentioned  "  New  and  Concise 
Methods  for  the  Extraction  and  Approxi- 
mation of  Roots,"  "  The  Cubature  of  the 
Sphere,"  "A  general  Analysis,  or  Method  of 
Resolving  Problems,"  &c. 

LAGOMARSINI,  Jerome,  a  learned  Je- 
suit and  philologist,  was  born  at  Genoa,  in 
1698.  He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Flo- 
rence 20  years,  and  in  1750  he  was  appointed 
professor'of  Greek  in  the  college  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  in  1773.  He  published  many 
classical  works,  and  left  in  MS.  a  collection 
in  30  vols.,  having  for  its  object  the  justifi- 


lag] 


^  |lc&)  ^Uniljcr^al  SBiOffrapl)!?. 


[lai 


cation  of  liis  order  from  all  the  odious  im- 
putations tliat  liad  been  east  upon  it. 

LAGKAMGE,  Joskpu  Louis,  a  celebrated 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Turin,  in  173G. 
At  the  age  of  lU  he  became  a  professor  in  tlie 
royal  school  of  artillery,  where  he  formed 
an  association,  which  afterwards  rose  to  the 
rank  of  an  academy  of  sciences.  Here  lie 
made  many  important  discoveries,  particu- 
larly in  calculating  the  motion  of  fluids  and 
in  vibrations,  introducing  also  the  theory  of 
recurring  consequences  and  the  doctrine  of 
chances  to  the  ditterential  calculus,  &c.  lie 
communicated  to  the  society  a  number  of 
papers,  and  some  to  the  academy  of  Paris,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  a  foreign  member. 
VVliile  on  a  visit  at  Paris  he  wrote  his  cele- 
brated work,  "  M«chanique  Analy tique."  la 
17(J6  he  removed  to  Berlin,  where  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  academy  ;  and  in 
ITsr  he  settled  at  Paris,  and  became  succes- 
sively professor  of  the  Normal  School  and 
Polytechnic  School.  He  there  announced 
his  "Ponclions  Analytique,"  and  pursued 
other  literary  labours  till  his  health  giving 
way  under  this  fatigue,  he  died  in  1813. 

LAGUEIlllE,  Louis,  a  painter,  was  born 
in  J'rance,  in  IGOU.  Louis  XIV.,  who  was 
his  godfulher,  caused  him  to  be  brought  up 
under  Le  Brun,  and  in  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Paris.  In  10»3  lie  came  to  England,  and 
was  much  employed  in  painting  ceilings, 
halls,  &c.  He  was  first  engaged  by  Verrio 
on  the  large  work  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital ;  subsequently  he  had  lodgings  as- 
signed him  in  Hampton  Court  Palace,  where 
lie  painted  "  The  Labours  of  Hercules." 
Died,  1721. 

L  AHARPE,  Jkax  Fkancois  de,  a  French 
dramatic  poet,  was  bom  in  1703.  His  father 
was  an  olHcer  in  the  army,  and  dying  in 
indigence,  the  son  was  taken  into  the  college 
of  Harcourt  by  tlie  president,  M.  Asselin ; 
but  lost  the  favour  of  his  patron  by  a  satire, 
of  wluch  he  was  suspected  to  be  the  author. 
After  a  confinement  for  some  time  he  was 
set  at  liberty  ;  but  it  disgusted  him  with  liis 
situation,  and  he  resolved  to  trust  to  his 
talents  as  an  author  for  support.  In  17(53 
he  wrote  his  tragedy  of  "  Warwick,"  which 
met  with  great  succass.  This  was  followed 
by  "  Timoleou,"  "  Pharamond,"  and  some 
Others  not  equally  successful.  But  when 
iiis  series  of  E  logics  appeared,  they  gained 
him  great  credit,  particularly  one  on  Henri 
Quatre.  During  the  fury  of  the  revolution, 
though  he  embraced  the  principles  of  repub- 
licanism, tlie  moderation  of  his  views  ren- 
dered him  an.  object  of  suspicion,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  prison  in  17i)3.  Though  sen- 
tenced to  deportation,  he  regained  his  liberty, 
and  lived  in  retirement  till  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1»03.  Ills  principal  work  is  "  Ly- 
ceum, or  a  Complete  Couise  of  Literature," 
12  vols.  8vo. 

LAIXEZ,  Alkxandee,  a  native  of  France, 
remarkable  for  his  poetical  jcitx  cC esprit,  was 
born  at  Chimay,  in  1()50.  After  receiving 
his  education  at  Rheims,  he  visited  Paris, 
and  then  journeyed  through  Europe  and 
Asia.  On  his  return,  he  took  up  his  abode 
in  the  French  capital,  till  his  death  in  1710. 

LAINEZ,  James,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic, 
and  associate  of  the  famous  Ignatius  Loyola, 


was  born  in  1512.  At  the  death  of  Loyola 
he  became  general  of  the  Jesuits,  and  induced 
the  pope  to  grant  him  many  privileges.  He 
obtained  the  papal  decree  for  rendering  the 
generalship  perpetual  in  the  person  chosen 
to  fill  it,  and  giving  him  the  power  of  making 
any  and  every  compact  without  consulting 
the  brethren  ;  also,  for  giving  authenticity 
to  all  his  comments  and  explanations  of 
their  constitutions,  which  also  he  might 
change  or  alter  at  his  will ;  and,  likewise, 
for  having  prisons  independent  of  the  secular 
authority,  where  he  might  punish  the  refrac- 
tory brethren.  From  these  tenets  of  the 
order  arose  that  great  influence  possessed  by 
the  Jesuits,  both  in  church  and  state,  which 
has  produced  most  important  events  in  every 
part  of  the  world.    Lainez  died,  1,505. 

LAING,  Alexaniiek,  an  antiquarian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  in  Aberdeen, 
in  1778.  Of  his  early  lustory  but  little  is 
known.  He  latterly  followed  the  calling  of 
an  itinerant  vendor  of  old  books;  and  being  a 
man  of  much  humour  and  eccentricity,  ne 
gained  admission,  in  the  course  of  his  pere- 
grinations, to  the  archives  of  several  houses, 
which  have  since  been  found  shut  against 
more  pretending  investigators.  The  inform- 
ation thus  acquired,  he  turned  to  good  ac- 
count, in  the  "  Donean  Tourist,"  1  vol.  8vo., 
in  verse,  with  copious  notes,  giving  an  account 
of  the  battles,  castles,  families,  gentlemen's 
seats,  &c.,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Don;  and 
"  The  Caledonian  Itinerary,"  or  a  Tour  on 
the  Banks  of  the  Dee,  a  poem,  with  historical 
notes,  2  vols.  12mo.,  Aberdeen,  1819.  He  was 
also  the  compiler  of  the  "  Eccentric  Maga- 
zine," which  contains  many  curious  and 
whimsical  epitaphs  gleaned  from  various 
churchyards  in  Aberdeenshire,  1  vol.  12mo., 
1822.    Died,  18;J8. 

I-AING,  Alexander  Gordo pf,  a  traveller, 
was  born  in  Edinburgh,  in  1794.  He  served 
in  the  army  many  years,  both  in  the  West 
Indies  and  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa ; 
while  at  the  latter  place  he  made  many  fruit- 
less journeys  into  the  interior  to  establish 
a  commercial  intercourse  with  the  natives, 
and  to  learn  the  geography  of  the  country. 
He  was  compelled,  however,  to  leave  Tim- 
buctoo,  and  the  guard  he  hired  to  protect 
him  on  liis  route  by  Sego  to  the  coast,  trea- 
cherously murdered  him,  182(5. 

LAING,  Malcolm,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  born  at  Stryorey,  in  Orkney,  in  1762. 
He  finished  his  education  at  the  Edinburgh 
University,  and  was  subsequently  called  to 
the  bar.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Henry  he 
completed  the  unfinished  volume  of  that 
author's  History  of  England.  His  chief 
work,  however,  was  a  "  History  of  Scotland," 
4  vols.  8vo.  He  also  edited  a  new  edition  of 
the  poems  of  Ossian,  and  died  in  1819. 

LAIRE,  Francis  Xaviek,  a  French  bib- 
liographer, was  bom  in  Franche  Comptc,  in 
1739.  He  became  a  Minim  friar  at  an  early 
age,  and  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  was  librarian  to  Cardinal  Lomenie,  and 
wrote  numerous  works  ;  among  which  were 
a  "  Catalogue  of  printed  Books  from  the 
Invention  of  the  Art  to  the  Commencement 
of  the  Sixteenth  Century,"  &c.    Died,  1801. 

LAIRESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  histo- 
rical painter,  was  born  at  Liege,  in  11140. 


u  u  3 


LAl] 


^  ^clu  miiibn^Kl  38iosrnpTji.n 


[lal 


He  surpassed  his  father  under  whom  he 
studied,  and  obtained  such  renown,  as  to  be 
considered  the  Rai)hael  of  the  Dutch  school. 
He  also  well  understood  music  and  engrav- 
ing. He  lost  his  sight  some  time  before  his 
death,  and  died  at  Amsterdam  in  1711.  His 
chef-d'muvre  is  a  large  picture  of  the  child 
Moses  trampling  on  tiie  Egyptian  diadem. 

Ernest,  John,  and  James,  the  three 

brothers  of  tlie  above,  also  obtained  some 
eminence  in  the  art ;  the  two  former  excelled 
in  animal  painting,  and  the  latter  in  flowers. 

Two  sons  of  Gerard  also  practised  the 

art,  but  with  very  inferior  pretensions  to 
eminence. 

LAIS,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  was  born 
at  Hyccara,  in  Sicily.  She  possessed  great 
personal  charms,  and  at  Corinth  sold  her 
favours  at  a  most  extravagant  price.  She 
was  assassinated,  B.C.  350. 

LAKE,  Artuuk,  a  pious  bishop,  was  bom 
at  Southampton,  and  passed  his  youtli  at 
Winchester  School,  and  New  College,  Oxford. 
In  1603  he  was  master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital ; 
then  dean  of  Worcester  and  finally,  in  161G, 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He  died  in  162(5, 
leaving  many  works,  which  were  afterwards 
published. 

LAKE,  Gerard,  Viscount,  a  distinguished 
English  general,  was  born  in  1744.  He  early 
obtained  an  ensigncy  in  tlie  foot-guards,  and 
served  in  Germany  during  the  seven  years' 
war.  Under  Cornwallis,  in  America,  in  1781, 
he  greatly  signalised  himself,  and  on  his 
return  home  was  made  aide-de-camp  to  the 
king.  In  1793  and  1794  he  was  prominent 
in  many  engagements  iu  Holland,  and  in 
1800  he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief 
of  the  British  forces  in  India.  He  overthrew 
the  Mahratta  army  and  the  French  general 
Perron  in  1803,  and  captured  Delhi ;  he 
next  triumphed  over  Scindiah  and  Holkar  ; 
and  on  his  return  to  England,  in  1807,  he 
was  created  lord  Lake,  baron  of  Delhi  and 
Laswarri.  From  this  he  rose  to  be  a  vis- 
count, and  was  appointed  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth.    Died,  1808. 

LALANDE,  James  de,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  was  born  at  Orleans,  in  1022.  He 
rose  to  be  doctor  and  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence in  the  university  of  that  city,  and 
filled  other  important  municipal  offices.  He 
published  several  works  on  law  and  juridical 
antiquities,  and  died  in  1703. 

LALANDE,  Joseph  Jekome  le  Francais 
DE,  a  very  celebrated  astronomer,  was  born 
at  Bourg,  in  France,  in  1 732.  He  showed  an 
early  preference  for  mathematical  studies, 
but  he  was  educated  for  the  law.  His  inti- 
macy, however,  with  astronomers  and  other 
men  of  science  led  him  to  pursue  the  early 
bias  of  his  disposition,  and  it  was  not  long 
before  the  academy  of  sciences  deputed  him 
to  go  to  Berlin,  to  make  observations  for 
determining  the  parallax  of  the  moon,  and 
its  distance  from  the  earth.  On  his  return 
home,  he  was  nominated  astronomer,  ex- 
tended his  researches  in  the  science  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
gnomonics.  In  1760,  on  the  resignation  of 
Maraldi,  Lalande  undertook  the  editorship 
and  publication  of  tlie  "  Connaissance  des 
Temps."  Shortly  after,  he  succeeded  Delisle 
as  professor  of  astronomy  at  the  College  de 


France  ;  when  successive  treatises,  talented 
and  voluminous,  proceeded  from  his  pen, 
much  to  the  advancement  of  astronomical 
science.  Among  these  mention  must  be 
made  of  the  very  valuable  "  Traite  de  I'As- 
tronomie."     Died,  1807. 

LALAKDE,  Michael  Etchard  de,  a 
celebrated  Frencli  musician,  born  at  Paris, 
in  ir.57.  He  attained  to  great  perfection  on 
various  instruments,  particularly  on  the 
violin,  and  was  appointed  master  of  music 
in  tlie  chapel  royal,  by  I/Ouis  XIV.  He  died 
in  1726,  leaving  numerous  compositions, 
sacred  and  profane. 

LALLI,  Giovanni  Battista,  an  Italian 
lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  at  Norcia,  in 
1572.  He  was  governor  of  many  places 
belonging  to  Rome  and  Parma ;  and  died, 
much  esteemed,  iu  1637.  He  was  placed 
among  tlie  best  poets  of  his  time,  though  his 
talent  was  chiefly  employed  in  the  burlesque. 

LALLY,  Thomas  Arthur,  Count,  an 
Irisli  officer,  attached  to  the  house  of  Stuart, 
and  in  the  service  of  France.  His  bravery 
at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy  was  rewarded  by 
the  appointment  of  brigadier-general  ;  and 
in  1756  he  was  made  governor  of  Pondiclierry. 
Tliis  town  was  soon  after  besieged  by  the 
British ;  and  unable  to  withstand  their 
assaults,  he  surrendered,  and  with  the  garri- 
son was  made  prisoner.  He  was  conveyed 
to  England,  but  was  soon  liberated  and  per- 
mitted to  return  to  France.  On  arriving  in 
that  country,  public  clamour  ran  so  high 
against  him,  that  he  was  beheaded,  by  a 
most  unjust  sentence,  in  1706.  In  1783,  his 
son,  Lally  Tollendal,  obtained  possession  of 
his  father's  estates,  and  a  reversal  of  the 
proceedings. 

LALLY  TOLLENDAL,  Marquis  de, 
son  of  tlie  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1751,  and  was  educated  at  the  college  of 
Harcourt.  The  expenses  of  his  education 
were  defrayed  by  his  cousin  the  Countess 
Dillon  and  by  Louis  XV.,  who  thus  endea- 
voured to  make  some  atonement  for  the 
misfortune  wliich  he  incurred  through  the 
fate  of  his  father.  Prompted  by  filial  feel- 
ing, he  wrote,  when  only  15,  a  Latin  poem 
on  the  story  of  John  Calas,  who  had  been 
sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  a  mob  ;  and  when  he 
had  attained  a  more  mature  age,  he  warmly 
exerted  himself  to  retrieve  from  obloquy 
the  memory  of  his  father ;  and  in  1783  he 
regained  possession  of  his  paternal  estates. 
Previously  to  the  revolution,  he  was  captain 
in  the  regiment  of  cuirassiers  ;  and  in  1789 
he  was  nominated  deputy  from  the  nobility 
of  Paris  to  the  states-general.  He  soon  be- 
came one  of  the  most  popular  members  of 
the  constituent  assembly,  gave  his  support 
to  the  declaration  of  the  Rights  of  Man  pro- 
posed by  Lafayette,  and  subsequently  sug- 
gested as  an  amendment,  that  all  citizens 
should  be  eligible  to  public  employments, 
which  was  adopted  by  acclamation.  But 
though  a  democrat,  he  was  not  an  anarchist; 
he  proposed  the  British  constitution  as  a 
model  of  government ;  and  perceiving  that 
principles  prevailed  repugnant  to  his  sense 
of  justice,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  assem- 
bly, and  retired  into  Switzerland.  He  pub- 
lished a  work,  entitled  "  Quintus  Capitoli- 
nus,"  in  which  he  retraced  the  operations  of 


lal] 


^  ^cfit)  Bnibtritil  ISiourajpT)!?. 


[lam 


the  National  Assemblj-,  pointed  out  tlie 
faults  of  the  constitution,  and  condemned 
the  suppression  of  tlie  higlier  orders  of  the 
state.  Having  returned  to  France  in  17U2he 
was  arrested,  and  sent  to  the  Abbaye,  but 
liaving  fortunately  escaped  amidst  the  mas- 
sacres which  took  place  iu  the  prisons  in 
September,  he  ettectcd  his  retreat  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  obtained  a  pension  from  the 
government.  On  the  trial  of  Louis  XVI. 
he  wrote  to  the  Convention  to  offer  himself 
as  the  official  a<lvocate  of  iliat  prince,  and 
he  afterwards  published  the  speech  which  he 
had  composed  in  his  defence.  When  Buona- 
parte became  consul,  lie  returned  to  France, 
where  he  resided  till  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons  in  1814.  He  accompanied  Louis 
XVIII.  to  Ghent,  as  one  of  the  members  of 
his  privy  council,  and  he  is  supposed  to  have 
written  the  manifesto  of  tlie  king  of  tiie 
French  nation.  He  wrote  an  excellent 
work,  entitled  "  The  Defence  of  the  Emi- 
grants," published  in  17'M  ;  also  an  "  Essay 
on  the  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  the 
Minister  of  Charles  I. ;"  and  a  tragedy  on 
the  fall  of  that  nobleman.    Died,  1630. 

L ALUZERNE,  C.ksak  William  »e.  Car- 
dinal, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1738.  Having 
obtained  orders  in  17G2,  he  was  soon  after 
elected  agent-general  of  the  French  clergy. 
In  1770,  Louis  XV.  nominated  him  to  the  see 
of  Langres  ;  and,  in  1773,  he  pronounced  his 
majesty's  funeral  sermon.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  advocated  many 
patriotic  measures  for  the  relief  of  his  coun- 
try, but  was  soon  compelled  to  quit  it.  Un- 
der the  government  of  Napoleon,  he  returned 
home  ;  and,  in  1814,  he  was  invited  by  tlie 
king  to  re-assume  his  rank  of  duke  and 
peer.  Shortly  after  he  was  made  a  cardinal, 
and  in  1822  lie  died.  His  works,  theological 
and  political,  are  numerous  and  able. 

LAMANON,  IloriEUT  uk  Paul,  a  French 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Salon,  in  Provence, 
in  1752.  The  death  of  his  father  and  brother 
bringing  him  considerable  property,  he 
quilted  the  church  to  study  the  physical 
sciences  ;  in  which  pursuit  he  ascended  the 
Alps  and  Pyrenees,  and  explored  Switzer- 
land. He  embarked  with  La  Perouse  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  round  the  world,  pro- 
jected by  the  government,  in  1785,  but  on 
visiting  Maouna,  one  of  tlie  islands  of  the 
southern  Archipelago,  in  order  to  examine 
the  country,  he  was  murdered.  Many  of  his 
papers  are  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  ;  besides  which  lie  wrote  "  A  Tlieory 
of  the  Earth." 

LAJMARQITE,    ,     a    distinguished 

French  military  officer  and  statesman,  was 
born  at  St.  Sever,  in  1772.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a  private,  and  soon  became  captain 
of  grenadiers  in  a  famous  corps  commanded 
by  Latour  d'Auvergne,  first  grenadier  of 
France.  He  served  in  the  wars  of  the  re- 
public, and  in  the  campaigns  of  Austerlitz, 
the  Tyrol,  Naples,  and  Wagram  ;  rendered 
himself  eminently  conspicuous  in  Italy,  par- 
ticularly by  the  capture  of  Caprea  ;  and  was 
afterwards  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  most  arduous  services,  and 
added  greatly  to  his  military  reputation. 
On  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from  Elba,  he 
gave  Lamarque  the  command  of  Paris,  and 


afterwards  nominated  him  general-in-chief 
of  the  army  of  I^a  Vendt'e.  He  was  placed 
among  the  list  of  proscribed  in  1815  ;  but  re- 
turned to  France  in  1818,  and  furnished  nu- 
merous articles  for  the  opposition  journals, 
chiefly  relating  lo  foreign  politics.  In  1826 
he  was  elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
and  after  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe, 
he  became  one  of  the  most  prominent 
members  of  the  movement  party.  Died, 
1832. 

LAMB,  Lady  Carolixe,  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Besborough,  an<l  wife  of  the  Hon. 
William  Lamb,  afterwards  Lord  Melbourne, 
was  distinguished  for  her  literary  talents 
and  the  decided  part  she  took  in  political 
affairs,  particularly  at  the  time  her  brotlier- 
iii-law,  the  Hon.  Geo.  Lamb,  was  a  candidate 
for  Westminster,  when  she  personally  can- 
vassed the  electors,  and  made  herself  the 
subject  of  great  notoriety.  She  possessed  a 
masculine  mind,  and  was  on  terms  of  friend- 
ship with  several  literary  characters,  but 
more  especially  with  Lord  Byron,  for  whom 
she  entertained  an  attachment  fatal  to  her  | 
domestic  felicity.  Several  of  her  poetical 
pieces  appeared  in  the  newspapers  and 
periodical  journals  ;  and  she  wrote  the 
novels  of  "Gkiiarvon,"  "Gialiam  Hamil- 
ton," and  "  Ada  Reis."  Died,  aged  42,  in 
1828. 

LAMB,  Charles,  an  essayist,  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  in  London, 
in  177.5,  and  educated  at  Christ's  Hosi)ital. 
In  1792  he  obtained  a  situation  in  the  ac- 
countant's office  of  the  East  India  Company, 
where  he  remained  35  years,  till  his  salary 
had  graduallj'  risen  to  700/.  ;  when  he  was 
allowed  a  retiring  pension  of  450/.,  which  he 
continued  to  enjoy  till  his  death.  Being 
thus  in  easy  circumstances,  and  living  unos- 
tentatiously as  a  bachelor,  —  with  a  mind 
formed  for  wit  and  good-fellowship,  and  pos- 
sessing a  keen  relish  for  literature,  —  he  was 
able  not  only  to  gratify  his  intellectual  crav- 
ings, but  to  luxuriate  in  the  company  of  men 
of  genius,  who  might  be  truly  said  to  enjoy 
"  the  feast  of  reason  "  by  his  social  fireside. 
It  was  thus  that,  throughout  life,  he  could 
boast  of  the  friendship  of  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth, Southey,  Rogers,  Hazlitt,  and  a  host 
of  others,  whose  minds  were  stored  with 
knowledge,  and  whose  tastes  were  in  the 
main  congenial  with  his  own.  He  was  de- 
votedly attached  to  the  old  sterling  English 
authors  of  the  Elizabethan  age,  and  no  one 
ever  more  successfully  imitated  their  epi- 
grammatic wit  and  quaint  morality,  while 
lie  blended  with  them  touches  of  pathos  and 
fancy  peculiarly  his  own.  He  began  his 
literary  career  in  1797  as  a  poet,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  friends  Coleridge  and  liloyd, 
their  three  names  appearing  to  one  volume  ; 
and  subsequently  the  attention  of  the  pub- 
lic was  for  several  years  called  to  Jiis  occa- 
sional Essays,  signed  "  Elia,"  which  were 
published  in  various  periodicals,  and  after- 
wards collected  and  printed.  In  1808  he 
published  "  Specimens  of  English  Dramatic 
Poets  who  lived  about  the  time  of  Shak- 
speare  ;  with  Notes,"  &c.  Besides  these,  he 
wrote  "Rosamund  Gray,"  a  tale;  "John 
Woodvill,"  a  tragedy;  "Album  Verses," 
"Tales  from  Shakspeaie,"  "  The  Adventures 


LiVM] 


^  iSftD  Winihtv^al  23tograj3^g. 


[lam 


of  tJlj-sses,"  &c.,  in  some  of  which  he  was  as- 
sisted by  Mnry  Lamb,  his  sister,  with  whom 
he  lived.  His  writiugs  were  select  ratlicr 
than  numerous  ;  and  his  manner  of  treating 
the  subjects  which  his  fancy  suggested  was 
at  once  piquant,  terse,  and  playful.  He  died, 
Dec.  27.  ISot.  "  Final  Memorials  "  of  Charles 
Lamb  have  been  published  by  Mr.  Justice 
Talfourd. 

LAMB,  Sir  James  BlaxdBueges,D.C.L., 
bart.,  son  of  George  Burges,  esq.,  comp- 
troller-general of  the  customs  in  Scotland, 
was  born  at  Gibraltar,  in  1752.  On  finishing 
his  education  at  Oxford  University,  he  tra- 
velled through  many  of  the  countries  of 
Europe,  and,  on  his  return,  studied  for  the 
bar,  to  wliich  he  was  called  in  1777.  Ten 
years  afterwards  he  entered  the  arena  of 
politics,  and  took  his  eeat  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  as  member  for  Helston,  in  Corn- 
wall. In  1789  he  was  appointed  under- 
secretary of  state  in  the  foreign  department, 
and  shortly  afterwards  a  joint  commissioner 
of  the  privy  seal.  About  this  period  he  es- 
tablished, imder  the  sanction  of  the  premier, 
"  The  Sun,"  evening  newspaper,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  conducting  it,  giving  to 
his  contributions  the  signature  "  Alfred," 
which  in  1792  were  collected  into  a  volume. 
In  1795  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  ap- 
pointed for  life  knight  marshal  of  tlie  king's 
household.  Tlie  remainder  of  his  life  Sir 
James  devoted  to  literary  leisure,  and  in 
1821  obtained  permission  to  assume  the  name 
of  Lamb  only,  by  which  he  continued  to  be 
known  till  his  death  in  1825.  He  left  nume- 
rous works  connected  with  politics,  poetry, 
and  the  drama. 

LAMBALLE,  Marie  Ther^se  Louise  de 
Savoie  Carign an.  Princess  de,  was  bom  at 
Turin,  in  1749,  and  was  married  to  the  Duke 
of  Bourbon  Penthie^^:e,  whom  she  soon  lost 
by  death.  She  was  superintendant  of  the 
household  of  Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of 
France,  to  whom  she  was  remarkably  at- 
tached. After  the  flight  of  the  royal  family 
to  Varennes  she  departed  for  England  •,  but 
hearing  of  the  imprisonment  of  her  royal 
mistress,  she  hastily  returned,  and  shared 
with  the  queen  her  confinement  and  mis- 
fortunes. She  was,  however,  summoned 
before  an  iniquitous  tribunal,  and  cruelly 
murdered  in  1792. 

LAMBARDE,  William,  a  lawyer,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1536.  In  1597  he  was 
made  keeper  of  the  rolls,  and,  in  1600,  keeper 
of  the  records  in  the  Tower.  He  died  in 
1601 ;  and  from  having  considerable  pro- 
perty at  Greenwich,  in  Kent,  he  founded 
several  almshouses  in  that  parish.  He  wrote 
several  professional  works,  the  cliief  of  which 
are  a  treatise  on  the  ancient  law  of  England, 
entitled  "  Archaionomia  ; "  and  another  on 
the  office  and  duties  of  a  justice  of  the  peace, 
called  "  Eirenarcha." 

LAMBERT,  Anne  Therese,  Marquise 
de,  a  literary  lady  of  Paris,  was  born  in  1047. 
Upon  the  death  of  her  husband,  Henri  Lam- 
bert, marquis  de  St.  Bris,  in  1086,  she  em- 
ployed her  large  fortune  in  patronising 
literature,  and  learned  men.  At  her  decease, 
in  1733,  her  own  writings  were  collected,  and 
published  in  2  vols. 

LAMBEIIT,  Aylmeu  Boueke,  a  gentle- 


man distinguished  for  his  attainments  in 
botanical  science,  was  born  in  1761.  On  the 
foundation  of  the  Linnjean  Society,  in  1788, 
Mr.  Lambert  became  one  of  the  original 
members,  and  for  many  years  filled  the 
office  of  vice-president  ;  while  he  contri- 
buted many  excellent  articles  to  the  Lin- 
naean  Transactions.  His  own  Herbarium 
was  considered  one  of  the  finest  in  Ein-ope  ; 
and  the  high  estimation  in  which  he  was 
held  by  Ms  fellow-labourers  was  amply 
attested  by  the  numerous  discoveries  in  the 
science  which  they  marked  with  "Lam- 
berti,"  "  Lambertianai,"  &c.  Died,  Jan.  10. 
1842,  aged  80. 

LAMBERT,  George,  an  English  painter 
of  the  last  century,  imitating  the  style  of 
Poussin,  in  which  he  furnished  some  pictures 
of  acknowledged  merit.  He  decorated  the 
East  India  House,  in  Leadenhall  Street,  with 
several  pictures  of  the  settlements  in  India. 
He  died  in  1765,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
founded  the  celebrated  Beef  Steak  Club. 

LAMBERT,  John,  a  distinguished  general 
in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  was  a  student-at- 
law  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars. 
He,  however,  espoused  the  cause  of  the  par- 
liament, and  distinguished  himself  as  colonel 
at  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor ;  and  also 
acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  many  other  en- 
gagements. He  vigorously  opposed  the  ad- 
vancement of  Cromwell  to  the  title  of  king, 
upon  wliich  he  lost  his  commission ;  yet  a 
pension  was  granted  him  of  2000/.  a  year. 
Upon  the  death  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  Lam- 
bert compelled  his  son  Richard  to  relinqixish 
his  authority,  and  restored  the  members  of 
the  long  parliament  to  their  seats.  Subse- 
quently, however,  acting  in  opposition  to 
the  parliament.  General  Monk  marched  from 
Scotland  to  meet  him.  His  troops  deserting, 
he  was  compelled  to  submit,  and  was  con- 
fined a  prisoner  in  the  Tower.  Escaping 
thence,  he  again  quickly  appeared  in  arms, 
but  was  defeated,  and  retaken.  At  the  Re- 
storation, he  was  brought  to  trial ;  but  his 
submissive  demeanour  gained  him  a  reprieve, 
and  he  was  banislied  for  life  to  the  isle  of 
Guernsey.  He  here  lived  upwards  of  thirty 
years,  amusing  his  leisure  with  horticulture 
and  flower-painting,  and  is  said  to  have 
died  a  Roman  Catholic. 

LAMBERT,  John  Hexry,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  was  born  at 
Mulhausen,  in  1728.  Compelled  to  follow 
his  father's  employment  as  tailor,  for  his 
support,  night  was  the  only  time  his  poverty 
aftbrded  him  for  study,  till  1748,  when  he 
became  tutor  to  the  children  of  Baron  Sails, 
president  of  the  Swiss  convention.  He  now 
enlarged  the  sphere  of  liis  acquirements  in 
an  extraordinary  degree,  which  he  made 
manifest  by  various  scientific  compositions 
and  inventions.  In  1756  he  visited  Gottin- 
gen,  where  he  published  his  first  work  ;  and 
next  went  to  Paris.  Soon  after  he  published 
his  celebrated  work  "  On  Perspective,"  and 
in  the  following  year  appeared  his  "  Photo- 
metry." Other  important  and  valuable  scien- 
tific works  succeeded,  and  in  1764  he  visited 
Berlin,  where  he  was  introduced  to  Frederic 
the  Great,  who  admitted  him  a  member  of 
the  academy  of  that  capital.    Died,  1777. 

LAMBERT,  of  Schaffinaburg,  was  a  cele- 


lam] 


^  j^cfio  ^m'bcrjSal  3Bi0(riajpI)i), 


brated  Benedictine  ;  he  visited  Jerusalem  in 
1508,  and  at  his  return  lie  composed  a  chron- 
icle of  affairs  from  Adam  to  107"  ;  the  last 
twenty  years  of  which  is  a  history  of  Ger- 
many. A  continuation  down  to  tlie  year 
1472  was  written  by  a  monk  of  Erfurt. 

LAMBERTI,  Louis,  a  learned  Greek 
scholar,  was  bom  at  Keggio,  in  Lombardy, 
in  1758.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Mo- 
dena,  and  became  secretary  to  the  papal 
nuncio  at  Bologna.  Soon  after  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  French  revolution,  he  re- 
turned to  Reggio  aud  Milan  ;  and  in  1796 
aided  Buonaparte  in  establishing  a  national 
republic.  He  had  now  become  a  member 
of  the  Italian  Institute,  professor  of  the 
belles  lettres  at  Brera,  and  keeper  of  the 
public  library.  His  chief  work  was  an  edi- 
tion of  Homer,  a  copy  of  which,  printed  on 
vellum,  he  journeyed  to  Paris  to  present  to 
Buonaparte,  who  made  him  a  donation  of 
12,000  francs.     Died  in  1813. 

I.AMBIN,  DioNYSius  or  Dents,  a  French 
Protestant  critic  and  grammarian,  was  born 
at  Montreuil,  in  1516.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  scholars  of  his  time,  and  rose  to  be  pro- 
fessor royal  of  philology  and  the  belles  lettres 
in  the  University  of  Paris.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral valuable  works  on  the  study  of  the  Greek 
tongue,  and  some  translations  of  the  classic 
authors,  with  excellent  annotations.  Died 
in  1572. 

L AMBINET,  Peteb,  a  French  Jesuit  and 
bibliographer,  was  bom  in  Ardennes,  in 
1742.  He  studied  in  the  Jesuit  college  of 
Charleville,  and  at  the  suppression  of  the 
order  he  joined  the  Premonstratcnsian 
monks.  He  afterwards  became  a  secular. 
Among  his  numerous  works,  the  chief  is 
"  Recherches  Historiques,  &c.  dans  la  Bel- 
gique."     Died,  1813. 

LAMBTON,  William,  an  English  officer, 
was  for  twenty  years  a  lieutenant-colonel 
in  India,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by 
conducting  a  grand  trigonometrical  survey 
of  that  continent.  He  died  in  1823,  at  Ring, 
in  Ghaut,  having  much  enriched  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royat  and  Asiatic  Societies 
with  important  papers. 

LAMET,  Adkiajt  Augustine  de  Bussr 
DE,  a  learned  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  who, 
from  his  relationship  to  Cardinal  de  Retz, 
adliered  to  that  statesman  in  his  disgrace,  and 
accompanied  him  in  his  exile.  He  returned 
to  the  Sorbonne,  and  died  in  1691.  After 
his  death  was  published,  "  Resolutions  de 
plusieurs  Cas  de  Conscience." 

LAMEX,  AxDUEW,  a  learned  historian 
and  diplomatist,  was  born  at  Munster,  in 
Germany.  He  was  the  j)upil  of  Sclioeflin, 
and  afterwards  his  coadjutor,  lie  became 
keeper  of  the  Palatine  library  at  Manheim. 
He  published  some  historical  works,  and 
numerous  dissertations.     Died,  1802. 

LAMI,  BicRNAKD,  an  ecclesiastic,  was 
born  at  Mans,  in  1640.  He  died  in  1713,  at 
Rouen ;  and  left  numerous  writings,  of 
which    his  "Apparatus  Biblicus"  is  very 

valuable Fkancis,  a  Benedictine,  was 

bom  in  1636,  at  Montereau,  in  the  diocese  of 
Chartres.  After  serving  in  the  army,  he 
embraced  the  religious  life,  and  became  a 
Benedictine  monk,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
theologians  of  his  time.     He  distinguished 


himself  by  his  writings  against  Spinosa,  and 
died  in  1711.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
written  with  much  purity,  and  elegance  of 
style. Giovanni  Battista,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, was  born  at  Santa  Croce,  near  Florence, 
in  1697.  He  studied  at  Pisa,  of  which  uni- 
versity he  became  vice-rector.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Florence,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  the  Grand-duke  of  Tus- 
cany, professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in 
the  university,  and  public  librarian.  He 
died  in  1770.  He  published  a  valuable 
edition  of  the  works  of  Meursius,  in  12  folio 
volumes.    His  own  writings  are  numerous. 

LAMIA,  a  celebrated  Athenian  courtezan, 
noted  for  the  charms  of  her  person,  the 
brilliancy  of  her  wit,  and  her  prolicicncy  on 
the  flute.  She  visited  Egypt,  where  she  be- 
came the  mistress  of  Ptolemy  Soter.  On  the 
defeat  of  that  prince  by  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes,  her  chai-ms  gained  a  complete  ascend- 
ancy over  the  conqueror,  from  whom  she 
procured  great  concessions  in  favour  of  her 
countrymen,  the  Athenians.  The  time. of 
her  death  is  imcertain. 

LA  MOTHE  LE  VAYER,  Francis  de, 
a  French  pliilosopher  and  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1588  ;  relinquished  tlve 
law  for  literary  pursuits,  and  in  1639  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  French  academy. 
In  lt)47  he  was  appointed  preceptor  to  the 
Duke  of  Anjou,  and  he  also  obtained  the 
titles  of  historiographer  of  France  and 
counsellor  of  state.  He  died  in  1672.  His 
works,  in  which  there  is  much  ocutcness  and 
learning,  though  mingled  with  scepticism, 
form  14  volumes. 

LA  MOTTE,  A.vxnoxY  HoroAnx  de,  a 
French  poet,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1672. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  deserted  it  for 
dramatic  composition.  In  1710  he  obtained 
admission  into  the  academy,  at  which  time 
he  was  nearly  blind  ;  and  many  years  before 
his  death  he  lost  his  sight  entirely.  He  pro- 
duced several  tragedies  and  comedies,  some 
of  which  were  very  successful,  particularly 
that  entitled  "Inez  de  Castro."  In  1714  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  Iliad,  although 
entirely  ignorant  of  the  original  language. 
He  also  published  a  volume  of  "Fables," 
besides  some  pastoral  eclogues,  hymns,  &c.  ; 
but  his  prose  was  much  superior  to  his  verse. 
Died,  1731. 

LA  MOTTE  FOUQUE',  FKEDEniCK, 
Baron  de,  celebrated  as  a  poet,  historian, 
and  novelist,  was  born  at  Brandenburg,  1777. 
Entering  the  army,  he  served  in  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Rhine,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
numerous  engagements  that  were  fought  for 
tlie  liberty  of  Germany  in  the  beginning  of 
tills  century.  His  first  works  appeared  under 
the  name  of  "  Pellegrin  j "  and  the  numerous 
productions  of  his  pen  contributed,  not  a 
little,  to  fan  the  flame  of  patriotic  ardour 
which  led  his  coimtrymen  to  final  victory. 
On  quitting  the  army,  he  retired  to  Nenn- 
hausen,  the  property  of  his  second  wife, 
Caroline  (see  below)  ;  ond  on  her  death,  in 
1831,  he  removed  to  Halle,  where  he  'deli- 
vered lectures  upon  poetry  and  history.  His 
beautiful  fair3'  tale  "  Undine  "  has  gained 
him  a  European  reputation.  Died,  at  Ber- 
lin, 1842. 

LAMOTTE  FOUQUE',  Cauolinb,  Ba- 


lam] 


:^  ^aeU)  ^nihtvM  23iriffrapT)j). 


[lam 


roness  de,  a  popular  German  novelist,  was 
the  wife  of  the  author  of  "Undine,"  &e. 
Among  this  lady's  works  are,  "Lodoiska," 
2  vols.  ;  "  Frauenliebe,"  "Feodora,"  3  vols. 
&c.    DiedinlSai. 

LAMOTTE,  Valois,  Comtesse  de,  who 
became  generally  known  in  consequence  of 
her  intrigues  at  the  French  court,  which  led 
to  a  disgraceful  trial,  was  the  offspring  of 
poor  parents,  and  born  in  17o7.  Her  occu- 
pation of  carrying  faggots  (her  father  being 
a  woodman")  attracted  the  notice  of  the  lady 
of  the  manor,  who  took  the  girl  to  live  with 
her.  Hearing  lier  speak  of  valuable  papers 
wliich  were  in  her  fatlier's  possession,  the 
lady,  on  further  inquiry,  found  they  related 
to  the  royal  family  of  Valois  ;  and,  on  in- 
vestigation, it  was  proved  that  she  was  a 
descendant  of  that  noble  family.  The  girl 
married  a  private  in  the  guards  ;  and,  ob- 
taining an  introduction  to  Cardinal  de 
Rohan,  great  almoner  of  France,  he  advised 
her  to  make  herself  known  by  letter  to 
Marie  Antoinette,  the  reigning  queen  ;  at 
till  same  time  expressing  his  bitter  regret 
that  an  offence  he  had  been  (though  inno- 
cently) guilty  of  towards  that  illustrious 
lady,  prevented  him  from  requesting  an 
interview.  The  queen  granted  her  prayer, 
and  employed  her  about  her  person  ;  but 
Lamotte  rewarded  her  royal  benefactress 
by  the  grossest  treachery.  By  means  of  a 
person  named  Villette,  the  countess  kept  up 
a  fraudulent  correspoi\dence  between  the 
queen  and  the  cardinal.  Villette  forged  the 
queen's  handwriting,  while  the  cardinal 
fancied  himself  restored  to  the  royal  favour, 
and  even  honoured  by  the  queen's  confi- 
dence ;  for,  through  Villette's  villany,  he 
was  led  to  suppose  he  had  furnished  the 
queen  with  120,<K)0  francs,  but  whicli  were 
kept  by  the  countess.  Not  being  detected 
in  this,  she  carried  on  the  fraud  to  an  excess 
that  merited  her  subsequent  disgrace.  Bceh- 
mer  and  Bassange,  the  queen's  jewellers, 
had  collected,  at  an  enormous  expense,  dia- 
monds, which,  set  as  a  necklace,  they  in- 
tended to  sell  for  1,800,000  francs.  Lamotte 
persuaded  the  cardinal  that  the  queen  pas- 
sionately desired  to  possess  this  necklace, 
and  confided  to  him  the  commission  to  pur- 
chase it ;  and  that  she  would  give  a  note  in 
her  own  writing  for  the  sum,  which  she 
would  repay  from  her  private  purse  liy 
instalments,  luiknown  to  the  king.  The 
cardinal  fell  into  the  snare  :  he  bought  the 
desired  necklace,  wlxich  lie  committed  to 
tlie  care  of  tlie  countess,  who,  the  better  to 
prevent  suspicion,  told  the  cardinal  the 
queen  would  meet  him  in  the  garden,  as  she 
wished  to  tliank  him.  A  courtezan  of  the 
Palais  Royal,  Mademoiselle  Olivia,  person- 
ated the  queen ;  in  a  short  speech  she 
thanked  the  cardinal,  and  promised  him 
her  future  protection.  Ambition  silenced 
every  other  idea,  and  he  left  the  garden 
elated  to  excess.  Meantime  the  countess 
sent  lier  husband  to  London  with  the  neck- 
lace ;  but  the  period  of  the  first  payment 
being  allowed  to  pass  without  any  notice 
being  taken  of  it,  Bochmcr  made  his  com- 
plaint to  the  queen,  and  tlie  whole  plot  was 
discovered.  The  queen,  incensed  at  the 
affair,  required   public    satisfaction   to    be 


made.  The  minister,  Bretcuil,  was  a  sworn 
enemy  to  the  cardinal,  and,  by  his  advice, 
the  king  ordered  the  cardinal  to  be  arrested; 
he  was  taken  in  his  sacerdotal  habit  to  the 
Bastile,  and  proceedings  were  entered  into 
against  Mademoiselle  Olivia,  who  proved  to 
be  a  degraded  female  ;  Cagliostro,  a  mounte- 
bank, the  forger  Villette  ;  and  the  contriver 
of  all,  the  countess.  She  alone  was  punished; 
the  cardinal  was  acquitted,  because  he  was 
a  duped  agent  in  the  business  ;  and  the 
others  effected  their  escape  from  prison  ;  but 
Madame  la  Comtesse  was  whipped  and  burnt 
on  each  shoulder  with  the  letter  V,  and 
then  taken  to  the  hospital,  where  it  was 
intended  she  should  remain  for  life  ;  but 
she  made  her  escape  at  the  end  of  ten 
months,  and  proceeded  to  England,  where 
she  published  her  justification,  which  was 
read  with  curiosity,  but  excited  little  in- 
terest in  her  favour.  She  died,  in  London, 
1791. 

LAMOURETTE,  Adrian,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, was  a  conspicuous  character  in 
the  revolution.  He  became  a  Lazarist,  and 
in  1789  was  grand- vicar  of  ^Vrras.  He  much 
assisted  Mirabeau,  and  in  1791  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  legislative  assembly,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  moderation. 
After  the  massacres  in  179:i,  he  retired  to 
Lyons,  but  on  the  taking  of  the  city  by  the 
republicans,  he  was  captured,  and  sent  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

LAMOUROUX,  J.  V.  F.,  professor  of 
natural  history  in  the  university  of  Caen, 
was  born  at  Agen.  He  published  several 
valuable  and  important  works  on  natural 
history,  particularly  on  marine  botany.  His 
treatises  on  the  classification  of  submersed 
algae  and  his  work  on  the  corallines  are 
greatly  valued.    He  died  in  1825. 

LAMPE,  Fkederic  Adolimius,  a  Pro- 
testant divine,  was  born  at  Detmold,  in 
Westphalia,  in  1683.  He  became  minister 
of  the  church  of  Bremen,  and,  in  1720,  theo- 
logical professor  at  Utrecht,  to  which  was 
added,  in  1726,  the  cliair  of  ecclesiastical 
history.  These  distinctions  he  resigned,  on 
being  appointed  rector  of  the  university  of 
Bremen,  to  which  city  he  removed.  Died, 
1729.  His  principal  works  are,  "  JDe  Cj'm- 
balis  Veterum,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John,"  3  vols.  4to. 

LAMPILLAS,  Don  Francis  Xavier,  a 
Spanish  Jesuit,  was  born  at  Jaen,  in  1739. 
He  was  professor  of  the  belles  lettres  in  the 
college  of  Seville,  when  his  order  was  sup- 
pressed, in  1767.  He  thence  retired  to  Genoa, 
and  devoted  himself  to  Italian  literature. 
His  chief  work  was  a  vindication  of  the 
literary  character  of  his  countrymen  against 
the  criticisms  of  Bettinelli  and  Tiraboschi, 
in  6  vols.  8vo.    Died,  1798. 

LAMPRIDIUS,  JElius,  a  Latin  historian 
of  the  4th  century,  in  the  reigns  of  Diocle- 
tian and  Constantine  the  Great.  He  wrote 
the  Lives  of  Antoninus,  Commodus,  Diadu- 
menus,  and  Heliogabalus,  which  were  first 
printed  at  Milan.  He  is  supposed  also  to 
have  written  the  life  of  Alexander  Severus, 
attributed  to  Spartian. 

LAMPRIDIUS,  BEifEnicTus,  a  Latin 
poet  and  scholar  of  the  Iflth  century,  was 
born  at  Cremona.    lie  taught  the  classical 


I 


LAN] 


^  fit^  Bnihtv^aX  ^iasrKp\)^* 


[LAN 


languages  at  Rome  with  great  reputation, 
and  in  1521  removed  to  Padua.  At  the 
invitation  of  Frederic  Gonzaga,  duke  of 
Mantua,  he  settled  in  the  latter  city,  and 
superintended  the  education  of  the  duke's 
son.    He  died  in  1540. 

LANA,  Fkakcis  de,  an  Italian  mathema- 
tician, was  born  at  Brescia  in  1037.  lie  was 
a  Jesuit,  and  a  celebrated  teacher  of  phi- 
losophy and  mathematics,  lie  first  gave 
the  hint  of  the  principles  of  aerostatic  ma- 
chines, to  be  conducted  by  gas,  in  his  work 
entitled  "  Magisteriura  Naturre  et  Artis," 
printed  at  Brescia,  in  3  vols,  folio,  1684, 
which  was  a  collection  of  inventions.  lie 
died  about  1700. 

LANCASTER,  James,  an  English  navi- 
gator, sailed  to  the  coast  of  America  in 
l.Wl,  and  afterwards  doubled  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  on  a  voyage  to  the  East  Indies. 
He  subse(iuently,  in  ICOO,  efttcted  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  the  king  of  Achen,  and 
a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  state  of  Ban- 
tam ;  and  gave  such  information  relative  to 
a  N.W.  passage  to  the  East  Indies  as  led  to 
the  attempt  of  Baffin  and  others  to  discover 
it.    Died,  1(!20. 

LANCASTER,  Joseph,  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  the  author  and  successful 
pronmlgator  of  the  system  of  mutual  in- 
struction, known  under  the  title  of  "  the 
Lancasterian,"  to  which  so  large  a  majority 
of  the  poorer  classes  in  this  country  owe  the 
blessings  of  education.  He  was  for  many 
years  actively  engaged  in  delivering  lectures 
and  forming  schools  in  various  parts  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  rank,  wealth,  and  beauty  flocked 
to  hear  the  earnest  though  simple  eloquence 
of  the  enthusiastic  and  benevolent  Quaker. 
But  enthusiastic  as  were  the  applauses 
bestowed  upon  him,  patronage  and  support 
were  not  bestowed  in  like  proportion  ;  he 
became  so  much  embarrassed  in  consequence 
of  his  benevolent  exertions,  that  he  was  ob- 
liged to  seek  an  asylum  in  America.  There 
also  he  suftered  many  embarrassments,  and  a 
subscription  was  just  proposed  for  his  relief, 
when  he  was  run  over  in  New  York,  and  so 
severely  injured,  that  he  died  on  the  day 
following  the  accident.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  letters  and  lectures  on  the  subject 
of  his  favourite  system,  and  also  of  some 
elementary  books  of  instruction.  Born,  1771; 
died,  18.')9. 

LANCELOT,  Anthonv,  was  born  in  1675. 
He  was  educated  for  the  church,  but  took  to 
the  law  in  preference.  On  finishing  his 
studies,  he  M-as  made  sub-librarian  at  the 
Mazarin  College,  where  he  made  extracts 
from  the  most  curious  MSS.  He  assisted 
Valbonnais  in  his  history  of  Daupliiny,  con- 
tinuing in  the  province  5  years,  and  making 
inventories  of  its  principal  archives.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  king,  and,  in  1732, 
he  was  made  inspector  of  the  royal  college. 
He  died  in  1740. 

LANCELOT,  Claude,  a  learned  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  bom,  in  1619,  at  Paris. 
His  reputation  for  learning  procured  him 
the  tutorship  of  the  Prince  of  Conti.  He 
afterwards  lectured  on  belles  lettres  at  the 
monastery  of  Port  Royal,  and  subseciuently 
became  a  Benedictine  monk.  Upon  the 
suppression  of  Ids  order,  he  was  banished 


to  Quimperlay,  in  Brittany,  where  he  died 
in  1695.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Port 
Royal  grammars,  so  well  known  in  Eng- 
land ;  and  of  many  other  useful  i)hilological 
works. 

LANCISI,  GiAMAKiA,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Rome,  in  1654.  He 
studied  philosophy  and  divinity,  but  pre- 
ferred the  science  of  medicine  ;  and  he 
early  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
college  della  Sapienza.  To  three  successive 
popes  he  was  appointed  physician,  enjoying 
at  the  same  time  other  honours.  He  died 
in  1720,  leaving  a  library  of  upwards  of 
20,000  volumes  to  the  hospital  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  for  the  use  of  the  public.  His  own 
writings  are  esteemed,  and  have  been  col- 
lected into  2  vols.  4to. 

LANCRE,  Peter  ve,  a  native  of  Bonr- 
deaux,  was  a  counsellor  of  parliament,  and 
presided  over  the  trials  of  sorccreis  and 
witches  in  the  provinces  of  Labourd  and 
Gascony.  Greatly  infected  with  the  error 
of  his  time,  multitudes  were  condemned  to 
death,  who  now  would  be  looked  upon  as 
lunatics  or  impostors.  His  services  in  this 
capacity  were  rewarded  by  the  oppointment 
of  counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote  two  curious 
works  on  demonogrnphy.    Died,  1030. 

LANCRINCK,  Puom-eu  He.\i:v,  an  able 
painter,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1628.  He 
imitated  Titian  and  Salvator,  and  was  much 
encouraged  in  England,  where  lie  met  with 
employment  under  Sir  Peter  Leiy,  painting 
the  grounds,  landscape,  &c.  of  his  princii)al 
pictures.  His  own  works  are  much  admired 
for  their  originality,  colouring,  and  har- 
mony.    Died,  1692. 

LANDAI8  or  LANDOIS,  Petek,  was 
born  at  Vitre,  in  Champagne.  His  father 
was  tailor  to  Francis  II.,  duke  of  Brittany 
in  1475,  and  the  insinuating  address  and 
cunning  tact  of  young  Landais  procured 
him  the  situation  of  grand  treasurer  to  that 
prince.  He  iKJcame  a  very  adroit  politician, 
but  was  vindictive  and  cruel  to  such  as  of- 
fended him.  Tlie  virtuous  chancellor  Cha- 
noin  felt  the  effect  of  his  malice,  and  died 
in  prison.  This,  however,  brought  down 
general  indignation  against  the  unworthy 
favourite,  who  was  hastily  tried,  condemned, 
and  executed  in  1485.  The  execution  of 
his  sentence  was  not  allowed  to  wait  for 
the  sanction  of  the  duke,  lest  he  should  be 
reprieved. 

LANDEN,  JoHJf,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, was  bom  at  Peakirk,  Northampton- 
shire, in  1719.  In  1755  he  published  a  volume 
of  "Mathematical  Lucubrations."  Soon 
after,  he  became  agent  to  Earl  Fitzwilliam, 
and  in  1764  he  published  his  "  Residual 
Analysis,"  subsequently  a  *'  New  Theory  of 
the  Rotatory  Motion  of  Bodies  alfected 
by  Forces  disturbing  each  Motion,"  and 
afterwards  his  volume  of  "  Memoirs."  Died, 
1790. 

LANDER,  Richard  and  John,  two  bro- 
thers, whose  names  are  indissolubly  asso- 
ciated with  African  discovery,  were  natives 
of  Cornwall,  and  born,  the  former  in  1804, 
the  latter  in  1806.  They  were  both  appren- 
ticed to  a  printer  ;  but  the  elder  abandoned 
his  occupation  to  accompany  Clapperton  in 
his  expedition  to  the  Niger  in  1825 ;  and 


fi03 


LAN] 


^  |}plu  Bnihtx^^l  I3tff5raj|3lj». 


[LAN 


after  his  death,  in  1827,  he  returned  to 
England,  wliere  he  Bubinitted  to  govern- 
ment a  plan  for  exploring  the  termination 
of  the  Niger,  which  was  adopted.  Accom- 
panied by  his  younger  brother,  he  set  out 
for  Badaguay  in  1830,  where,  after  encoun- 
tering many  dangers,  they  reached  Kirree, 
but  were  taken  prisoners  at  Eboe,  and  only, 
after  the  promise  of  a  high  ransom,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  arrangements  made  for 
conveying  them  to  the  sea.  Tliis  they 
reached  by  the  channel  called  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, Nun,  and  by  the  English,  Brass 
River  ;  and  thus  was  solved  by  their  agency 
one  of  the  grandest  prol)lems  in  African 
geography.  This  important  discovery, 
opening  a  water  communication  into  the 
very  heart  of  the  African  continent,  made  a 
great  impression  on  the  mercantile  world  ; 
and  soon  after  the  brothers'  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, an  association,  of  which  Mr.  Macgregor 
Laird  was  the  head,  was  entered  into  for 
forming  a  settlement  on  the  Upper  Niger;  but 
the  expedition  that  was  fitted  out  for  this 
purpose  at  Liverpool,  in  1832,  unfortunately 
proved  a  failure  ;  and  the  Landers,  together 
with  nearly  all  that  joined  it,  fell  victims 
either  to  the  unhealthiness  of  the  climate, 
or  in  contests  with  the  natives,  in  1833. 

LANFRANC,  a  learned  prelate  of  the 
11th  century,  was  born  at  Paira,  in  1005. 
He  became  prior  of  the  abbey  of  Bee  in  1044, 
and  strongly  opposed  transuhstantiation, 
and  the  great  encroachments  of  the  see  of 
Rome.  In  a  short  time  he  removed  from 
Bee  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  at  Caen,  in 
Normandy,  and  came  over  to  England  with 
William  the  Conqueror.  Tlirough  the  in- 
terest of  that  prince,  he  obtained  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury,  vacant  by  the  de- 
position of  Stigand.  Becoming  involved  in 
a  controversy  with  the  Archbishop  of  York 
respecting  primacy,  and  also  with  the  pope 
himself,  he  so  far  showed  his  independence, 
by  refusing  to  appear  to  the  citation  of  the 
pope.  He  was  an  able  politician,  as  well  as 
a  munificent  prelate,  founding  two  hospitals 
near  Canterbury,  wliich  he  liberally  en- 
dowed.   Died,  1089. 

LANFRANC  or  LANFRANCO,  Gio- 
VANXi.  There  were  two  of  this  name  ;  one 
was  an  artist,  born  at  Parma  in  1681.  He 
was  originally  a  domestic  in  the  service  of 
Count  lioratio  Schotte,  who,  finding  him  to 
have  a  taste  for  design,  placed  him  under 
Caracci.  Under  this  great  master  he  im- 
proved so  rapidly  that  his  talent  was  soon 
in  requisition,  and  the  Famese  palace  and 
churches  of  St.  James  and  St.  Peter  at  Rome, 
bear  ample  testimony  of  his  capability.  The 
great  excellence  of  this  artist  consisted  in 
his  composition  and  foreshortening,  and  in 

fresco  painting.     He  died  in  1647 The 

other  Lanfranc  was  a  physician  of  Milan, 
where  he  practised  with  much  success,  but  at- 
tempting some  innovations  in  his  profession, 
he  was  compelled  to  take  refuge  in  France. 
He  died  in  1300,  and  left  a  valuable  treatise 
on  surgery,  entitled  "Chirurgia  Magna  et 
Parva." 

LANG,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  Swiss  na- 
turalist, was  born  at  Lucerne  in  1670.  After 
obtaining  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Rome,  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  became  a  corresponding 

504 


member  of  the  academ}^  of  sciences.  He 
settled  at  his  native  place  as  pliysician,  and 
died  in  1741.  He  left  many  writings,  some 
of  which  are  still  unpublished. 

LANGALLERIE,  Philip  de  Gentils, 
Marquis  de,  was  born  at  Saintonge,  and 
early  distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier. 
His  capriciousness  and  eccentricity,  how- 
ever, lost  him  many  friends,  and  he  at  last 
became  religious,  renounced  Roman  Catho- 
licism, and  wrote  a  book  on  the  occasion. 
He  subsequently  visited  the  Hague,  where, 
linking  himself  with  a  French  adventurer, 
in  negotiating  with  the  Turkish  ambassador 
for  raising  Christian  troops  for  the  Porte,  he 
was  arrested  in  1716,  sent  to  Vienna,  and  died 
the  next  year. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Bartonkirke,  in  Westmor- 
land, about  1608.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  in  1646.  He  was  also  keeper 
of  the  archives,  and  provost  of  his  college. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  laws  and 
antiquities  of  his  country,  and  corresponded 
with  Selden,  Usher,  and  other  learned  men. 
He  endowed  a  free-school  at  his  native 
place,  and  published  an  edition  of  Longinus, 
and  several  works  on  history,  theology,  and 
criticisms.     Died,  1658. 

LANGDALE,  Sir  Marmadt:ke,  was  a 
royalist  officer  in  the  civil  wars  of  Charles 
I.  He  gained  many  successes  over  the 
Scots  and  General  Fairfax,  but,  on  the  ruin 
of  the  king's  cause,  he  fled  to  Flanders. 
Charles  II.,  in  1658,  created  him  a  baron  in 
reward  of  his  services,  and  he  died  in  1661. 

LANGE,  Lawrence,  a  traveller,  was 
born  at  Stockholm.  He  served  under  Peter 
the  Great  in  Russia,  and  in  1715  super- 
intended the  erection  of  the  palace  of  Pe- 
terhof.  At  the  desire  of  Peter,  he  visited 
China  to  procure  some  curiosities,  and  re- 
turned in  1717.  He  subsequently  repaired 
to  China  two  or  three  times  as  ambassador  ; 
and  he  was  eventually  made  governor  of 
Iskutsk  in  Siberia,  in  1737.  Prior  to  his 
death  he  published  accounts  of  his  several 
journeys. 

LANGEBECK,  Jaiies,  a  learned  Danish 
writer,  was  born  in  1710.  He  studied  theo- 
logy, and  the  modern  languages,  with  much 
success.  Frederic  "V.  employed  him  to  travel 
in  Sweden,  to  collect  every  thing  he  could 
relative  to  Danish  history.  He  was  also 
made  keeper  to  the  archives  of  the  realm, 
counsellor  of  justice,  and,  lastly,  counsellor 
of  state.  He  died  in  1774.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  the  historical  collection,  en- 
titled "  Scriptores  Rerum  Danicarum,"  &c. 

LANGHAM,  Simon  de,  abbot  of  St. 
Peter's,  Westminster,  was  born  at  Lang- 
ham,  in  Rutlandshire,  in  the  earlj-^  part  of 
the  14th  century.  In  1360  he  was  made  lord 
high  treasurer  ;  in  the  following  year  he 
accepted  the  bishopric  of  Ely ;  in  1364  he 
became  chancellor,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
see  of  Canterbury  in  1366.  He  there  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  violence  of  his  oppo- 
sition to  Wickliffe,  and  was  made  a  cardinal ; 
but  this  so  offended  Edward  III.  that  he 
seized  the  temporalities  of  his  see.  He  ac- 
cordingly repaired  to  the  papal  court,  and 
was  amply  recompensed  for  its  loss.     He 


I 


LAN] 


^  ^tia  Bnibex&Kl  IStoijrapTjg. 


[LAN] 


died  in  1376,  and.  his  body  was  brought  to 
England,  and  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
to  wliicli  he  had  been  a  liberal  benefactor. 

LANGIIANS,  CifAULKS  Gothakd,  an 
eminent  architect,  was  born  at  Landshut, 
in  Silesia,  in  173.'}.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  tine  arts,  at  Berlin,  wliere  he  was  also 
principal  decorator  of  public  buildings.  Hia 
new  structures  were  the  Brandenburg  Gate 
and  tlie  Salle  de  Spectacle.  Ue  was  also  a 
member  of  the  arts  and  sciences  at  Bologna, 
ttud  died  in  1«(J8. 

LANGHOKNE,  Dakiel,  an  English  his- 
torian aud  antiquary,  was  born  in  London. 
He  procured  the  degree  of  M.  A.  and  B.  D. 
at  Cambridge  University,  ond  in  1070  he 
was  presented  to  the  living  of  Layston,  in 
Hertfordshire,  where  he  died  in  1081.  His 
works  are  on  the  ancient  liistory  of  England. 

LANGHORNE,  John,  an  English  divine, 
poet,  and  historian,  was  born  at  Kirkby 
Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  in  1735.  His 
father  dying  when  he  was  a  child,  his  mo- 
ther placed  him  in  Appleby  School,  and, 
shortly  after,  he  became  a  tutor  in  a  private 
family.  He  next  was  usher  in  a  school  at 
Waketield,  and  wliile  there  was  admitted 
into  orders.  In  1759  he  resided  witli  Mr. 
Cracroft,  of  Hackthom,  in  Lincolnshire,  as 
tutor  to  his  sons ;  and,  the  year  following, 
he  entered  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  lie 
published  several  popular  pieces,  particularly 
a  poem,  entitled  "Genius  aud  Valour,"  and 
having  therein  defended  Scotland  from  the 
scurrility  thrown  out  by  Churchill  in  Ids 
"Prophecy  of  Famine,"  he  was  complimen- 
ted with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  In  1770,  Dr.  Langhorne, 
in  conjunction  with  hia  brother,  published  a 
translation  of  Plutarch,  wliich  is  still  a  very 
popular  work  ;  in  1777  he  was  presented  to 
a  prebendal  stall  in  the  cathedral  of  Wells, 
and  died  in  1779.  Dr.  Langhorne  printed 
two  volumes  of  sermons,  and,  in  1804,  hia 
son  published  hia  several  poems Wil- 
liam, the  doctor's  brother,  born  in  1721,  was 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Hakinge,  aud 
the  perpetual  curacy  of  Folkestone,  where  he 
died  in  1772.  He  wrote  one  or  two  poems, 
and  had  a  share  in  the  translation  of 
Plutarch. 

LANGIUS,  John,  a  learned  physician, 
was  born  at  Loewenberg,  in  Silesia,  in  1485. 
After  studying  at  Bologna  and  VUa,  he  be- 
came an  M.  D.,  and  settled  at  Heidelberg. 
He  was  physician  to  four  electors  palatine. 
Died,  1565. 

LANGLANDE,  Robert,  a  secular  priest 
of  the  14th  century,  and  fellow  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  known  as  the  author  of 
some  satirical  poems  against  the  vices  of  the 
Romish  clergy. 

LANGLES,  Louis  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
oriental  scholar,  was  born  at  Peronne,  in 
France,  in  1763.  He  published  a  "Diction- 
naire  Mautchon-Fran(;ais,"  and  various 
works  translated  from  the  oriental  tongues, 
particularly  a  work  on  Hindoo  literature. 
In  17i>2  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  ori- 
ental MSS.  in  the  royal  library,  and,  in  the 
next  year,  he  was  attached  to  the  committee 
of  public  instruction.  He  died  in  1824, 
leaving  an  admirable  collection  of  books, 
MSB.,  &c. 


ao5 


LANGLEY,  Batty,  an  English  builder,  | 
known  by  his  attempt  to  re-model  the  Gothic  j 
style  of  arcliitecture,  by  inventing  different  i 
orders  of  tlie  Gothic,  from  an  intermixture  ' 
of  the  various  Grecian  orders.    Died,  1751.      j 

LANGTOFT,  Pktee,  an  historian    and  j 
Augustin  friar,  was  bom  in  Yorkshire,  in 
the  13th  century,  and  is  known  as  the  trans-  ' 
lator  of  "  Boscam's  Life  of  St.  Thomas  of  I 
Canterbury."  1 

LANGTON,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  time  of  king  John,  was  born 
in  Lincolnshire,  but  educated  in  France,  j 
He  rose  through  the  various  honours  of  the  ' 
university  of  Paris  till  he  became  its  chau- 
cellor ;  and  then,  on  visiting  Rome,  Inno- 
cent III.  so  admired  his  learning  and  abi- 
lities, as  to  promote  him  to  the  see  of  Can- 
terbury, a  power  of  disposal  then  disputed 
by  the  king  of  England.  John,  however, 
refused  to  confirm  the  nomination,  aud  the 
kingdom  waa  accordingly  under  excommu- 
nication. The  pusillanimous  monarch  at 
length  yielded,  and  Langton  entered  into 
quiet  possession  of  Ids  diocese  in  1213.  This 
prelate  was  not  so  subservient  to  the  Romish 
church  as  was  expected,  but  became  a  stre- 
nuous supporter  of  the  English  church,  and 
died  in  1228,  leaving  many  works,  which 
have  since  l>een  printed. 

LANGUET,  two  French  ecclesiastics, 
brothers.  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph,  the  elder, 
was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1675,  and  early  became 
a  doctor  in  the  Sorbonne.  For  10  years  he 
acte<l  as  curate  at  St.  Sulpice,  in  Paris,  and 
then  succeeded  to  the  benefice.  From  this 
moment  the  whole  life  of  this  pious  and 
good  churchman  was  devoted  to  acts  of 
charity  and  benevolence.  He  founded  a 
hospital,  the  "Maison  de  I'Eufant  Jesus," 
for  the  support  of  many  hundred  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  ;  and  applied  all  his  zeal, 
as  well  as  income,  in  aiding  his  more  indi- 

fent  brethren.  He  died  in  1753 Jean 
osEPH  possessed  great  benevolence,  became 
bishop  of  Soissous,  and  afterwards  archbishop 
of  Sens,  where  he  died  in  1753. 

LANGUET,  Hubekt,  a  scholar  and  di- 
plomatist, was  born  at  Viteaux,  in  Burgundy, 
in  1518.  He  studied  the  law,  and  took  the 
degree  of  D.D.  in  that  faculty  at  Padua; 
after  which  he  visited  Wittemberg,  where, 
at  the  instance  of  his  friend  Melanchthon,  he 
embraced  the  Protestant  religion.  Shortly 
after,  he  became  minister  of  state  to  the 
Elector  of  Saxony,  and  was  at  Paris  at  the 
time  of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
from  which  he  very  narrowly  escaped.  Sub- 
sequently being  suspected  of  Zuinglianism, 
he  retired  to  Antwerp,  where  he  entered 
into  the  service  of  the  Prince  of  Orange. 
He  died  at  Antwerp  in  l.'iSl,  and  left  many 
writings  to  bear  witness  to  his  learning. 

LANIER,  or  LANIEUE,  Nicholas,  an 
Italian  artist,  was  bom  about  1568.  He  was 
employed  by  Charles  I.  of  England,  but  the 
time  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

LANJUINAIS,  Jean  Denis,  Count  de, 
was  born  at  Rennes,  in  17.53.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  third  estate  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  ;  and,  when  the  re- 
public was  proclaimed,  he  waa  as  zealous  in 
defence  of  the  rights  of  his  prince  as  of  the 
rights  of  the  nation.    He  opposed  the  usurp- 


LAN] 


^  ^^U)  Winibtv^nX  33t0grap]^«. 


[lak 


ations  of  Buonaparte,  and  after  the  second 
restoration,  he  strenuously  resisted  the  ex- 
travagant pretensions  of  the  French  clergy, 
defended  the  liberty  of  the  press  and  indi- 
vidual freedom,  the  law  of  election,  and  the 
charter.     He  died  in  1827. 

LANJUIN ATS,  Joseph  r>E,an  ecclesiastic, 
was  born  in  Brittany.  After  entering  the 
order  of  St.  Benedict,  and  becoming  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  his  connection  with 
D'Alembert  and  Diderot  compelled  him  to 
retire  to  Lausanne,  where  he  embraced  the 
reformed  religion,  and  became  principal  of 
the  college  of  Moudon.  He  published  many 
works,  which  excited  some  attention,  and 
died  in  1808. 

LANNES,  JoHX,  duke  of  Montebello  and 
a  marshal  of  France,  was  born  in  1769,  at 
Lestoure.  He  was  appi-enticed  to  a  dyer, 
but  entering  the  army,  his  zeal  and  energy 
gained  him  promotion,  and,  in  1795,  he  was 
made  a  chief  of  brigade.  After  various  suc- 
cesses in  Italy,  and  under  Buonajmrte,  in 
Egypt  and  other  places,  particularly  at 
Marengo,  he  was  made  a  marshal  of  the 
empire,  and  afterwards  duke  of  Montebello. 
He  contributed  much  to  the  victory  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  and  was  very  prominent  in  the 
battles  of  Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Tudela, 
and  Saragossa.  At  the  battle  of  Essling  he 
received  a  mortal  wound,  of  which  he  died 
in  1809.  His  son  was  created  duke  of  Monte- 
bello in  1815. 

LANSBERGHE,  or  LANSBERGIUS, 
PuiLiP,  a  mathematician  and  divine,  was 
born  at  Ghent,  in  Flanders.  He  was  long  a 
Protestant  minister  at  Antwerp,  and  after- 
wards at  Ter-Goes,  in  Zealand  ;  thence  he 
removed  to  Middleburg,  wliere  he  died  in 
1632.  He  wrote  several  astronomical  works, 
and  one  on  sacred  clironology. 

L.ANTIER,  E.  F.  de,  a  poet,  dramatist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  at  Mar- 
seilles in  1736,  and  died  there  in  1826. 
From  his  great  age  he  had  obtained  the  ap- 
pellation of  the  Nestor  of  literary  France. 
His  principal  works  are,  "The  Travels  of 
Antenor  in  Greece"  (which  has  not  inaptly 
been  called  the  Anacharsis  of  the  boudoirs), 
"  Geotfrey  Rudel,  or  the  Troubadour," 
"  A  Joui-ney  in  Spain,"  besides  various 
other  poems  and  tales. 

IvANZI,  I-ouis,  an  Italian  antiquary, 
was  born  at  Monte  del  Celmo,  in  1732,  and 
became  a  Jesuit.  He  taught  rhetoric  with 
great  success,  and,  on  the  suppression  of 
his  order,  he  was  sub-director  of  the  Flo- 
rence gallery.  He  wrote  several  works, 
particularly  one  on  "The  Tuscan  Lan- 
guage," and  "  A  History  of  Painting,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1810. 

LAO-TSEE,  a  celebrated  Chinese  philo- 
sopher, was  born  about  COO  years  B.C.,  in 
the  service  of  Hou-Konang.  lie  was  con- 
temporary with  Pythagoras,  and  taught 
the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis.  He  fol- 
lowed the  sect  of  Tao-Tsee,  and  must  have 
lived  to  a  great  age,  having  been  visited  by 
Confucius  in  517  b.  c.  Little,  however,  is 
known  of  his  personal  history. 

LAPLACE,  or  PLATE  ANUS,  Peter  de, 
a  French  magistrate  and  writer,  was  born 
at  AngoulSme,  in  1526.  He  became  a  pleader 
in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  till  he  was  ap- 


pointed, by  the  Prince  of  Conde,  superin- 
tendant  of  his  household.  Unfortunately  he 
returned  to  Paris,  and  while  discharging  his 
duty  as  president  at  the  court  of  aids,  was 
murdered  in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew in  1572.  His  works  are,  "  Comment- 
aries on  the  State  of  Religion  and  the  Com- 
monwealth," "  A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of 
Moral  Philosophy,"  and  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Excellence  of  the  Christian  Religion." 

LAPLACE,  Pierre  Simos,  Marquis  de, 
a  celebrated  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  born  at  Beaumont-en-Auge,  in 
1749  i  where  he  became  professor  of  ma- 
thematics in  the  military  school.  From 
this  place  he  soon  removed  to  Paris,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  knowledge 
of  analysis  and  the  highest  branches  of  geo- 
metry, and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  one  of  the  forty  of 
the  French  academy,  and  member  of  the 
Bureau  des  Longitudes.  In  1796  appeared 
his  famous  work,  "  Exposition  du  Systfeme 
du  Monde."  After  the  revolution,  on  the 
18th  of  Brumaire,  in  1799,  he  was  made 
minister  of  the  interior  by  the  first  consul. 
But  from  this  he  was  removed,  to  make 
room  for  Lucien  Buonaparte,  and  was  then 
admitted  into  the  senate,  of  which,  in  1803, 
he  became  president.  Having,  in  1814, 
voted  for  tlie  deposition  of  Napoleon,  on 
the  re-organisation  of  peers,  he  was  made 
a  marquis.  He  died  in  1827,  leaving  nu- 
merous scientific  works,  evidences  of  his 
talent. 

LAPO,  James,  or  Jacopo,  an  Italian  ar- 
chitect living  at  Florence,  who  built  the 
church  of  the  Virgin  Marj'  at  Assisi,  founded 
by  Ilelias,  which  obtained  him  great  repu- 
tation.   Died,  1262 Arnoi-pho,  his  son, 

became  a  most  celebrated  architect  and 
sculptor,  displaying  great  genius  and  skill  in 
his  profession.     Died,  1300. 

LARCH  ER,  Peter  IIexrt,  an  eminent 
French  scholar,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1726. 
His  first  translation  was  the  Electra  of 
Euripides  ;  after  which  he  translated  Mar- 
tinus  Scriblerus,  from  Pope's  Miscellanies, 
and  furnished  notes  to  the  French  version  of 
Hudibras.  In  1767,  a  difference  took  place 
between  him  and  Voltaire,  on  whose  Phi- 
losophy of  History  he  published  remarks, 
under  the  title  of  a  "  Supplement ;"  to  which 
the  latter  replied  in  his  well  known  Defense 
de  mon  Oncle.  Larcher  rejoined  in  a  "  R^- 
ponse,"  with  which  the  controversy  ceased 
on  his  part ;  but  not  so  the  merciless  wit  of 
his  opponent.  He  afterwards  published  his 
"  Me'moire  sur  Venus,"  and  translated  Hero- 
dotus and  Xenophon.    Died,  1812. 

LARDNER,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  a  learned 
dissenting  divine,  was  born  at  Hawkhurst, 
Kent,  in  1684  ;  and  received  his  education 
at  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  important  theological  works,  viz. 
"  The  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  History," 
"  The  Testimonies  of  the  Ancient  Jews  and 
Pagans  in  favour  of  Christianity,"  "  The 
History  of  Heretics,"  sermons,  &c.  Died, 
1768. 

LARGILLIERE,  Nicholas  de,  a  portrait 
painter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1656.  He 
lived  several  years  in  England,  and  was 
much  employed  by  Charles  II.  and  James 


506 


lar] 


^  fitia  ^auibcri^al  ^Btograjpfjj?. 


[las 


II.  On  his  return  to  France  he  became 
liistorical  painter,  and  afterwards  director 
of  the  academy.    Died,  174C. 

LARIVEjM.,  a  celebrated  French  trage- 
dian, was  born  at  Rochelle,  in  1749  ;  ap- 
peared at  the  Tht'atrc  Frangais,  Paris,  in 
1771 ;  where,  by  his  fine  person,  and  his 
powers  of  declamation,  he  rose  to  eminence. 
He  quitted  the  stage  rather  earlier  in  life 
than  most  actors,  and  died  at  Montignon, 
in  1827,  aged  78.  He  wrote  a  drama,  en- 
titled "  Pjrrnmus  and  Thisbe,"  "  Reflections 
on  the  Histrionic  Art,"  and  other  works. 

LARIVEY,  Petkk  de,  an  old  French 
dramatic  writer,  and  one  of  the  first  who 
considered  comedy  as  the  representation  of 
real  life,  was  a  native  of  Troyes,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  died  about  1612. 

LA  ROCHEFOUCAULD,  or  ROCHE- 
FOUCAULT,  Francis,  Duke  de,  prince  of 
Marsilluc,  a  distinguished  courtier  and  man 
of  letters  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  was 
born  in  1C13,  and  died  in  1680.  He  acted  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  civil  war  of  the 
Fronde;  but  he  is  chiefly  remembered  as 
the  writer  of  "  Rrflexions  et  Maximes,"  a 
work  which  has  been  extolled  and  criti- 
cised in  no  ordinary  degree.  He  also  wrote 
"  Memoires  de  la  R^gne  d' Anne  d' Autriche  ;" 
and,  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  his 
house  was  the  resort  of  the  first-rate  wits 
and  literati  of  France. 

LA  ROCHEFOUCAUT.D-LIANCOUT, 
Francois  Alexander  Fiikuekic,  Duke  de, 
bom  in  1747,  was  grand-master  of  the  ward- 
robe to  Louis  XV.  and  XVI.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  constituent  assembly  in 
1789,  after  the  dissolution  of  which  he  took 
the  military  command  at  Rouen,  in  his 
capacity  of  lieutenant-general,  during  1792. 
On  the  downfall  of  the  monarchy  he  left 
France,  and  resided  for  eighteen  months  in 
England  :  he  then  travelled  through  the 
United  States,  wlience  he  returned  in  1798, 
and  was  allowed  to  revisit  his  native  land, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  promotion 
of  the  useful  arts  and  to  acts  of  benevo- 
lence. It  was  through  his  influence  that 
vaccination  was  introduced  into  France. 
After  the  restoration  he  was  created  a  peer, 
but,  on  account  of  the  liberality  of  his  sen- 
timents, he  was,  in  1823  and  1824,  excluded 
from  the  council  of  state,  and  removed 
from  the  several  boards  of  which  he  was 
a  member.  His  principal  work  is, "  Travels 
in  the  United  Sutes."    Died,  1827. 

LAROCHEJAQUELEIN,  Henri  DK,one 
of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Vendean 
royalists,  was  born  at  Chatillon,  in  Poitou, 
in  1772,  and  was  a  son  of  the  Marquis  de 
la  Rochejaquelein.  The  peasants  of  the 
neighbourliood  having  risen  in  the  royal 
cause  in  1792,  he  placed  himself  at  their 
head,  and  addressed  tliem  in  the  following 
pithy  harangue  :  "  I  am  young  and  inex- 
perienced, but  I  have  an  ardent  desire  to 
render  myself  worthy  of  heading  you.  Let 
us  march  to  meet  the  enemy  ;  if  I  give  way, 
kill  me  ;  if  I  advance,  follow  me  ;  if  I  fall, 
avenge  me."  He  was  subsequently  chosen 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Vendeans,  and 
displayed  great  talent  and  the  most  daring 
valour.  After  gaining  sixteen  victories  in 
ten  montlis,  he  fell,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 


two  years,  March  4.  1794,  in  a  single  com- 
bat with  one  of  the  republican  soldiers, 
while  defending  the  village  of  Nouaille. 

LARREY,  Isaac  de,  an  historian,  was 
born  in  1638,  at  Montvilliers.  He  went  to 
Holland,  where  he  was  made  historiographer 
to  the  states-general.  His  works  are,  "  The 
History  of  Augustus,"  "The  History  of 
Eleanor,  Wife  of  Henry  II.,"  "  History  of 
England,"  4  vols,  folio ;  "  History  of  the 
Seven  Sages  of  Greece,"  2  vols.  8vo.,  and 
"  The  History  of  France  under  Louis  XIV.," 
3  vols.  4to.     Died,  1719. 

LARRIVEE,  Henry,  a  distinguished 
French  actor  and  opera  singer,  was  origin- 
ally a  hairdresser,  but  having  acquired  the 
art  of  giving  to  recitative  all  the  energy 
and  expression  of  tragic  declamation,  he 
speedily  arrived  at  the  highest  eminence 
in  his  peculiar  department  of  the  art.  Died, 
1802, 

LARROQTJE,  Matthew  i>e,  a  Protestant 
divine,  was  born  near  Agen,  in  1(!19.  He 
was  minister  of  tlie  church  of  Vitry,  in 
Brittany,  where  he  officiated  twenty-seven 
years,  and  then  removed  to  Rouen.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Eu- 
charist, "  the  "  Conformity  of  the  Reforme<l 
Churches  of   France    with    the  Ancients," 

tc   Died,  1684 His  son  Daniel,  on  the 

revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  quitted 
France  ;  but  afterwards  returned,  and  ab- 
jured the  Protestant  religion.  In  1693  ho 
was  sent  to  prison  for  writing  a  satire  on 
the  king.  After  a  confinement  of  five  years 
he  obtained  his  release,  and  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  council.  He  published 
several  works,  the  principal  of  which  was 
a  satire,  entitled  "  Lea  vt^ritables  Motifs  de 
la  Conversion  de  M.  I'Abbe  de  la  Trappe." 

LA  SALLE,  Count  de,  a  brave  soldier, 
was  born  at  Metz,  in  177.5,  and  entered  the 
army,  with  tlie  rank  of  an  officer,  at  11 
years  of  age,  under  prince  Maximilian,  af- 
terwards king  of  Bavaria.  The  privilege 
of  birth  opened  to  him  a  line  of  promotion  ; 
but  he  resolved  that  merit  alone  should  dis- 
tinguish him.  He  accordingly  resigned  his 
commission,  became  a  private  soldier,  and 
at  length  rose,  through  long  and  dangerous 
services,  which  occupied  eight  years,  to  the 
post  which  lie  had  before  resigned.  By  his 
decisive  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Rivoli  he 
possessed  himself  of  the  colours  ;  upon  which 
the  commander-in-chief  addressed  him  in 
these  words :  "  Rest  yourself  upon  these 
flags,  you  have  deserved  them."  He  was 
equally  victorious  in  Egypt ;  conquered  the 
Prussians  on  the  walls  of  Konigsberg  ;  and 
finished  an  honourable  career,  in  the  arms  of 
victory,  on  the  field  of  Wagram. 

LASCARIS,  CoNSTANTiNK  and  John,  two 
noble  Greeks  of  the  15th  century,  who,  on 
the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks 

in  14,53,  took  refuge  in  Italy.. Constan- 

TiNE  went  to  Milan,  where  he  instructed 
the  daughter  of  the  grand-duke  in  the 
Greek  language.  From  thence  he  removed 
to  Rome,  and  next  to  Naples,  in  which 
city  he  opened  a  school  for  Greek  and  rhe- 
toric. Lastly,  he  settled  at  Messina,  where 
he  died  about  1.500.  His  Greek  grammar 
was  printed  at  Milan  in  1476  ;  and  again 
by    Aldus    in    1495. John,    surnamed 


las] 


^  ^ei»  ?SniberSal  iSiosrapl^g. 


[lat 


Rhyndacenus,  took  up  his  residence  at 
Padua,  and  was  patronised  by  Lorenzo  de 
Medici,  who  sent  him  to  Greece  to  pur- 
chase certain  valuable  manuscripts,  a  mis- 
sion which  he  accomplislied  mucli  to  the 
satisfaction  of  his  employer.  In  149-1:  he 
entered  the  service  of  Louis  XII.  of  France, 
who  made  him  liis  envoy  to  the  Venetian 
senate  ;  in  1513  he  went  to  Rome,  and  per- 
suaded Leo  X.  to  found  the  Greek  College, 
of  which  Lascaris  became  the  principal, 
and  also  the  superintendant  of  the  Greek 
press  ;  and  in  1518  he  returned  to  France, 
and  was  employed  by  Francis  I.  in  forming 
the  royal  library.  His  taste  for  literature  in- 
duced his  contemporaries  to  expect  that  he 
would  greatly  benefit  the  world  by  his  own 
productions  ;  his  natural  indolence,  how- 
ever, prevented  him  from  writing  much 
that  was  original,  though  he  published 
translations  of  several  classical  works,  with 
annotations,  &c.    Died,  1535. 

LAS  CASES,  Count  de,  celebrated  for  his 
fidelity  to  Buonaparte,  was  born  in  the  cha- 
teau of  Las  Cases,  in  the  department  of  the 
Haute-Garonne,  1706.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
French  revolution,  1789,  he  was  a  lieutenant 
in  the  navy.  He  then  emigrated,  joined  the 
army  of  Conde,  and  took  part  in  the  Quiberou 
expedition,  but  returned  to  France  afler  the 
18th  Brumaire.  Having  been  long  devoted 
to  literary  pursuits,  he  liow  published,  under 
the  name  of  Le  Sage,  an  "  Atlas  Historique, 
Chronologique,  et  Geographique,"  which 
went  through  several  editions.  In  1809  he 
enrolled  himself  as  a  volunteer  to  ward  off 
the  English  attack  upon  Flushing ;  and 
from  this  time  attracted  the  attention  of 
Buonaparte,  who  soon  afterwards  made  him 
his  chamberlain,  admitted  him  to  the  council 
of  state,  and  intrusted  him  with  various  con- 
fidential missions.  In  1814  he  refused  to 
vote  with  the  council  of  state  for  the  de- 
thronement of  the  emperor,  took  up  arms 
for  him  after  his  return  from  Elba  in  1815, 
and  was  one  of  the  four  attendants  that  ac- 
companied him  to  St.  Helena.  There  he 
remained  18  months  with  the  illustrious 
prisoner,  enjoying  his  intimacy,  and  noting 
down  all  that  he  said  in  a  journal,  whidi  he 
subsequently  published,  under  the  title  of 
"  Memorial  de  Sainte  Hulfene."  But  having 
become  an  object  of  suspicion  to  Sir  Hudson 
Lowe,  the  governor,  he  was  seized,  and 
conveyed  first  to  the  Cape,  and  thence  to 
England  as  a  prisoner,  and  was  not  allowed 
to  return  to  France  till  after  the  emperor's 
decease.  In  1830  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  and  took  his  seat  with 
the  opposition.    Died,  1842. 

LASCY,  Peter,  Count  de,  a  military 
officer,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1678.  After  the 
conquest  of  that  country  by  William  III.  he 
entered  the  French  service,  and  was  subse- 
quently an  officer  in  the  Austrian,  Polish, 
and  Russian  armies.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of 
a  Russian  field-marshal,  was  appointed 
governor  of  Lithuania,  and  died  in  1751. 

LASCY,  Joseph  Francis  Maurice,  Count 
de,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  at  St. 
Petersburgh,  in  1725  ;  entered  the  Austrian 
service,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  general, 
after  having  displayed  his  military  talents 
at  the  battles  of  Lowositz,   Breslau,  aud 


Hochkirchen.  In  1760  he  penetrated  to 
Berlin,  at  the  head  of  15,000  men  ;  for 
which  bold  exploit  he  was  made  a  com- 
mander of  the  order  of  Maria  Theresa, 
and  in  1762  received  the  baton  of  marshal. 
He  was  employed  against  the  Turks  in 
1788,  and  remained  in  active  employment 
under  the  emperor  Joseph  II.,  during  great 
part  of  the  remainder  of  his  life.    Died  1801. 

LASERNA-SANTANDER,  Charles 
Anthoxy,  distinguished  as  a  bibliographer 
in  the  last  century,  was  a  native  of  Biscay. 
He  went  to  reside  at  Brussels,  and  there 
collected  a  noble  library,  which  he  opened 
to  the  public  ;  but  having  been  obliged  to 
dispose  of  it,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of 
the  public  library.  He  published  a  "Dic- 
tionnaire  Bibliographique,"  &e. ;  and  died 
in  1813. 

LASSALA,  Mantel,  a  Spanish  Jesuit } 
author  of  an  "  Account  of  the  Poets  of  Cas- 
tile," an  "  Essay  on  General  History,"  &c. 
Bom,  172&;  died,  1798. 

LASSO,  Orlawik)  ni,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian, was  born  at  Mens,  in  Hainault,  in 
1530.  De  Thou  relates  that  he  was  for- 
cibly taken  from  his  parents  in  his  childhood 
by  Ferdinand  Gonzaga,  on  acconnt  of  his 
fine  voice,  and  carried  by  him  to  Milan, 
Naples,  and  Sicily.  He  subsequently  taught 
music  at  Rome,  Antwerp,  &c.,  and  finally 
settled  at  Munich,  as  chapel-master  to  Al- 
bert, dnke  of  Bavaria.  His  productions 
are  numerous,  but  now  rarely  to  be  met 

with.    Died,  1593 His  two  sons,  Rudolph 

and  Ferdinand,  were  also  good  musicians  ; 
and  besides  producing  many  compositions  of 
their  own,  published  their  father's  works, 
under  the  title  of  "Magnus  Opus  Musicum 
Orlandi  de  Lasso." 

LASSUS,  a  dithyrambic  poet,  bom  at 
Hermione,  in  Peloponnesus,  about  500  years 
B.  c.  He  is  particularly  known  by  the  an- 
swer he  gave  to  a  man  who  asked  him  — 
"  What  could  best  render  life  pleasant  and 
comfortable?"  "Experience." 

LATHAM,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  &e.,  an 
eminent  ornithologist  and  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Eltham,  in  Kent,  in  1740,  where  his 
father  practised  as  a  surgeon  and  apothe- 
cary. Dr.  Latham  for  many  years  followed 
similar  professional  pursuits  at  Dartford, 
but  he  subsequently  removed  to  Romsey, 
and  during  the  latter  period  of  his  life  he  re- 
sided at  Winchester.  Though  chiefly  known 
as  a  naturalist,  he  was  also  much  attached 
to  the  study  of  antiquities  ;  while  at  the 
same  time,  as  a  medical  practitioner,  he  en- 
joyed a  deservedly  high  reputation.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  professional  works,  be- 
sides treatises  on  subjects  relating  to  medi- 
cine, antiquities,  and  natural  history,  which 
appeared  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
&e.  Among  his  productions  are,  "A  General 
Synopsis  of  Birds,"  6  vols.  4to.  ;  "  Index  Or- 
nithologicus,"  3  vols.  4to.  ;  "  HeaWs  Phar- 
macopceia  Improved,"  and  others ;  but  his 
great  work,  which  he  commenced  in  his  82nd 
year,  was  "  A  General  History  of  Birds,"  in 
10  vols.  4to.  So  indefatigable  was  he,  and 
withal  so  capable  of  this  undertaking,  at 
such  an  advanced  period  of  life,  that,  with 
singular  fidelity  to  nature,  he  designed, 
etched,  and  coloured  the  whole  of  the  plates 


lat] 


a  ^efco  fflfm'tieriSal  38ioflra)J^l^ 


[lat 


himself.  This  venerable  man,  who  was  in 
his  97th  year,  was  active  and  cheerful,  and 
in  the  possession  of  all  his  faculties  up  to  tlie 
time  of  his  death,  in  Feb.  1837. 

LATUAM,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  and 
F.  L.  S.,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Kev.  John 
Latham,  and  was  bom  at  Gawsworth,  in 
the  county  of  Cliester.  After  going  through 
his  academical  course  with  great  credit  at 
Oxford,  he  commenced  practice  as  a  phy- 
rieian  in  Manchester,  where  he  met  with 
great  success,  as  lie  did  also  subsequently  at 
Oxford,  and  in  his  native  county,  lie  then 
removed  to  London,  where  for  many  years 
he  was  at  the  very  head  of  liis  important 
profession  ;  and  in  1814,  after  30  years  of 
most  industrious  and  successful  practice, 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  College  of 
Physicians.  His  only  separate  publication, 
we  believe,  is  his  volume  entitled  "Facts 
and  Opinions  concerning  Diabetes  ; "  but 
he  also  contributed  several  able  papers  to  the 
Medical  Transactions.  Died,  1W3,  aged  82. 
LATIMER,  Hugh,  bishop  of  Worcester, 
one  of  the  first  reformers  of  the  Church  of 
England,  was  bom  at  Thurcaston,  in  Leices- 
tershire, in  1470.  It  is  a  remarkable  cir- 
cumstance, thougli  not  altogether  without 
garallel,  that  from  being  a  zealous  papist, 
e  became  a  zealous  Protestant,  active  in 
supporting  the  reformed  doctrine,  and  as- 
siduous to  make  converts.  He  first  Itecame 
obnoxious  to  the  enemies  of  innovation  by 
a  series  of  discourses,  in  which  lie  dwelt  upon 
the  uncertainty  of  tradition,  the  vanity  of 
works  of  supererogation,  and  the  pride  and 
usurpation  of  the  Roman  hierarchy.  Latimer 
had  the  courage  to  write  a  letter  of  remon- 
strance to  Henry  VIII.,  on  the  evil  of  pro- 
hibiting the  use  of  the  Bible  in  English. 
Although  this  epistle  produced  no  effect, 
Henry  presented  the  writer  to  the  living  of 
West  Kinton,  in  Wiltshire.  The  ascendancy 
of  Anne  Boleyn  and  rise  of  Thomas  Crom  ■ 
well  proved  favourable  to  Latimer,  and  he 
was,  in  1535,  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester. 
But  the  fall  of  his  patrons  prepared  the 
way  for  reverses,  and  the  six  articles  being 
carried  in  parliament,  Latimer  resigned  his 
bishopric  rather  than  hold  any  office  in  a 
church  which  enforced  such  terms  of  com- 
munion, and  retired  into  the  country.  Du- 
ring tlie  short  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  again 
preached,  and  was  highly  popular  at  court, 
but  could  not  be  induced  to  resume  his  epis- 
copal functions.  Soon  after  Mary  ascended 
the  throne,  Latimer  was  cited  to  appear 
before  the  council,  in  doing  which  an  oppor- 
tunity was  afforded  him  to  quit  the  king- 
dom. He,  however,  prepared  with  alacrity 
to  obey  the  citation,  and  as  he  passed 
through  Smithfleld  exclaimed,  "  This  place 
has  long  groaned  for  me."  In  1555,  new  and 
more  sanguinary  laws  having  been  enacted, 
in  support  of  the  Romish  religion,  a  com- 
mission was  issued  by  Cardinal  Pole,  the 
pope's  legate,  to  try  Latimer  and  Ridley  for 
heresy,  who  were,  in  consequence,  delivered 
over  to  the  secular  arm,  and  condemned  to 
the  flames.  This  sentence  was  put  in  exe- 
cution at  Oxford,  Oct.  16. 1555.  At  the  place 
of  execution,  having  thrown  off  the  old  gown 
which  was  wrapped  about  him,  Latimer  ap- 
peared in  a  sliroud  prepared  for  the  purpose. 


and,  with  his  fellow-suflferer,  was  fastened 
to  the  stake  with  an  iron  chain.  A  faggot, 
ready  kindled,  was  then  placed  at  Ridley's 
feet,  to  whom  Latimer  exclaimed,  "  Be  of 
good  comfort,  master  Ridley,  and  play  the 
man.  We  shall  this  day  light  such  a  candle, 
by  God's  grace,  in  England,  as,  I  trust,  shall 
never  be  put  out."  He  then  recommended 
his  soul  to  God,  and,  with  firm  composure, 
expired  amid  the  flames. 

LATIMER,  William,  a  celebrated  scho- 
lar of  the  16th  century,  who  taught  Erasmus 
Greek,  and  was  tutor  to  Reginald,  afterwards 
Cardinal  Pole.  He  was  a  prebendary  at 
Salisbury,  and  held  two  livings  in  Glouces- 
tershire.    Died,  1.545. 

LATINI,  Bkunetto,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian of  Florence,  in  the  13th  century,  who 
had  the  honour  of  being  Dante's  tutor.  Died, 
1294. 

LATINUS,  Latinius,  a  learned  critic  of 
the  16th  century,  bom  at  Viterbo,  in  1513j 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Sacra  et  Profana,'* 
&c.     Died,  15lt3. 

LATOUR,  General  Count  Theodore,  an 
eminent  Austrian  oflScer,  was  born  at  Vi- 
enna, 1780.  Educated  at  the  Imperial  En- 
gineers' School,  he  soon  obtained  distinction 
in  the  field  by  his  zeal,  merit,  and  courage  ; 
and  during  the  long  peace  that  succeeded 
the  campaigns  of  1813 — 181.5,  his  great  ad- 
ministrative abilities  were  repeatedly  called 
into  action  by  his  native  government.  For 
many  years  he  was  president  of  the  military 
board  of  the  German  confederation.  Soon 
after  the  revolutionary  outbreaks  in  1848, 
he  was  nominated  minister  of  war,  the 
duties  of  which  oflice  he  discharged  with 
equal  firmness  and  moderation  ;  but  a  ru- 
mour having  l)een  spread  that  he  was  in- 
triguing for  the  re-establishment  of  the 
absolute  form  of  government  which  had 
been  overthrown  in  the  spring  of  1848,  the 
populace,  during  the  insurrection  that  burst 
forth  in  Vienna  in  October  of  the  same  year, 
broke  into  the  war  oflice,  and  having  seized 
the  minister  of  M'ar,  ruthlessly  murdered 
him,  and  suspended  his  corpse  upon  a  gibbet, 
where  it  was  exposed  to  the  most  igno- 
minious and  barbarous  insults. 

LATOUR  D'AUVERGNE  CORRET, 
Theopiiilus  Malo  de,  a  distinguished  sol- 
dier, citizen,  and  scholar  of  the  French  re- 
public, was  bom  in  1743,  at  Carhaix,  in  Lower 
Brittany.  He  first  served  in  the  army  during 
the  American  war ;  and  when  the  French 
revolution  broke  out,  he  was  living  in  retire- 
ment, on  his  halfpay.  This  called  him  again 
into  active  life,  and  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  command  of  8000  grenadiers,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  various  successful  enter- 
prises on  the  Spanish  frontier.  In  1795  he 
returned  to  his  studies  ;  but,  in  1799,  he  once 
more  took  the  field,  generally  serving  in  lieu 
of  a  friend's  only  son,  who  had  been  drawn 
as  a  conscript.  Buonaparte  rewarded  his 
bravery  by  bestowing  on  him  the  honour- 
able title  of  First  Grenadier  of  France  ;  but 
he  did  not  long  retain  it,  being  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Neuburg,  in  ]8(K).  He  was 
well  versed  in  history,  and  an  eminent  lin- 
guist ;  author  of  a  Franco-Celtic  Diction- 
ary, and  various  other  philological  works  of 
merit. 


lat] 


^  i^tfa  ^xxihttial  Mia^xK^l)^. 


[lau 


LiATTAIGNANT,  Gabriel  Charles, 
Abb6  de,  a  poet,  whose  songs  were  once  po- 
pular in  France.  He  was  canon  at  Rheims, 
and  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris  ; 
and,  after  having  lived  a  life  of  gaiety  and 
pleasure,  retired  to  a  monastery,  and  died 
in  1779 

LATUDE,  Henry  Mazebs  de,  who  was 
a  prisoner  in  the  Bastile  for  35  years,  was 
born  in  1724,  at  Montagnac,  in  Languedoc. 
In  order  to  gain  the  favour  of  Madame  de 
Pompadour,  he  persuaded  her  that  an  at- 
tempt was  to  be  made  on  her  life,  by  a  box 
containing  the  most  subtle  poison  ;  and  when 
the  box  arrived,  it  was  discovered  that  it 
had  been  sent  by  Latude  himself,  and  con- 
tained nothing  but  ashes.  This  offence, 
aggravated  by  repeated  endeavours  to  escape, 
was  the  cause  of  his  long  and  rigorous  in- 
carceration ;  but  when  his  sufferings  became 
known,  by  the  publication  of  his  memoirs, 
which  he  wrote  soon  after  his  liberation, 
they  became  a  formidable  weapon  in  tlie 
hands  of  the  revolutionists,  and  the  National 
Assembly  decreed  him  a  pension.  He  died 
in  1804,  aged  80. 

LAUD,  WiLLiAsi,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in 
1573,  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire  ;  was  educated 
at  the  free  school  of  his  native  place,  and  at 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  was  ordained  in 
1601 ;  became  president  of  his  college  in  1611 ; 
accompanied  James  I.  to  Scotland,  as  one 
of  liis  chaplains,  in  1617  ;  was  installed  a 
prebend  of  Westminster  in  1620 ;  and  ob- 
tained the  see  of  St.  David's  in  the  following 
year.  On  the  accession  of  Charles  I.  his 
influence  became  very  great ;  and  he  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and, 
in  1628,  to  that  of  London.  In  1630  he  was 
elected  chancellor  of  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford i  to  which  he  was  a  great  benefactor, 
and  which  he  enriched  with  an  invaluable 
collection  of  manuscripts,  in  a  great  number 
of  languages,  ancient,  modern,  and  oriental. 
In  1633  he  attended  Charles  into  Scotland, 
who  went  there  to  be  crowned  :  on  his  return, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury, 
and  during  the  same  year  he  was  chosen 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Dublin.  The 
zeal  which  he  displayed  for  conformity  to 
the  church,  and  his  endeavours  to  introduce 
the  liturgy  into  Scotland,  created  him  nu- 
merous enemies.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  long  parliament,  therefore,  he  was  im- 
peached by  the  Commons  and  sent  to  the 
Tower.  After  lying  there  three  years,  he 
was  brought  to  his  trial  before  the  Lords,  by 
whom  he  was  acquitted,  which  so  provoked 
the  faction  in  the  lower  house,  that  they 
passed  a  bill  of  attainder,  declaring  him 
guilty  of  treason,  which  they  compelled  the 
peers  to  pass  ;  and  the  archbishop  was  ac- 
cordingly beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  Jan.  10. 
1644-5.  He  was  in  the  72iid  yiear  of  his  age, 
and  met  his  fate  with  great  fortitude.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Annotations  on  the  Life  and 
Death  of  King  James,"  his  "Diary,"  edited 
by  Wharton,  and  published  with  his  "  Re- 
mains," "  Officium  Quotidianum,"  &c. 

LAUDER,  Sir  Thomas  Dick,  bart.,  whose 
versatile  pen  has  acquired  for  him  a  high 
place  in  Scottish  literature,  was  born  near 
Edinburgh,  1784.    He  was  one  of  the  first 


contributors  to  Blackwood's  Magazine.  His 
two  novels,  "  Lochindher  "  and  "  The  Wolf 
of  Badenoch,"  published  in  early  life,  are 
remarkable  for  freedom  and  felicity  of  style  ; 
and  these  were  followed  at  intervals  by 
various  other  works,  among  which  arc 
"  The  Floods  of  Moray  in  1829,"  "  Highland 
Rambles,"  "  Tour  round  the  Coasts  of  Scot- 
land," "  The  Queen's  Visit  to  Scotland  in 
1842,"  &c  Sir  Tlioraas  took  a  great  interest 
in  politics  ;  his  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  reform 
bill  was  conspicuous  even  at  that  period  of 
general  excitement ;  and  few  who  heard 
him  will  forget  his  amusing  and  humorous 
harangues.  His  last  contribution  to  lite- 
rature was  a  series  of  papers  on  the  rivers  of 
Scotland,  which  appeared  in  Tait's  Maga- 
zine.   Died,  1848. 

LAUDER,  William,  a  literary  impostor, 
who  acquired  an  unenviable  notoriety  by  en- 
deavouring to  hold  up  Milton  as  a  plagiarist, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland.  In  1747  he  began 
an  attack  upon  Milton  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  which  he  followed  up  by  a  pam- 
phlet, entitled  "  An  Essay  on  Milton's  Use 
and  Imitation  of  the  Moderns  in  his  Paradise 
Lost."  His  alleged  quotations  from  Grotius, 
Massenius,  and  others,  passed  as  genuine  for 
a  time,  until  they  were  exposed  by  Dr. 
Douglas,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  which  drew 
from  the  fabricator  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  guilt.  Yet  after  this  he  returned  to  the 
charge  in  a  tract,  with  this  title,  "  The 
Grand  Impostor  detected,  or  Milton  con- 
victed of  Forgery  against  Charles  I."  Lau- 
der died  at  Barbadoes,  in  1771. 

LAUDERDALE,  James  Maitlasd,  Earl 
of,  a  very  active  and  energetic  statesman, 
whose  opinions  were  at  one  time  deemed  to 
be  of  great  weight,  both  by  his  own  party 
and  by  his  opponents,  was  born  in  1759.  In 
1780  he  was  returned  to  parliament  for  New- 
port in  Cornwall,  and  subsequently  for 
Malmesbury.  As  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  he  joined  the  party  of  his  friend  Mr. 
Fox,  and  took  an  active  part  in  opposing  the 
North  administration,  supported  Mr.  Fox's 
India  Bill,  and  was  one  of  the  managers  of 
the  impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings.  In 
1789  he  succeeded  to  the  title,  and  was  in 
the  following  year  sent  to  the  House  of 
Lords  as  one  of  the  16  Scottish  representative 
peers.  In  1792  the  state  of  his  health  caused 
him  to  reside  for  some  time  in  France,  and 
he  witnessed  the  attack  on  the  Tuilleries, 
and  the  imprisonment  of  the  royal  family. 
In  1806,  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Pitt  ad- 
ministration, he  was  created  a  peer  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  sworn  a  privy  councillor, 
and  received  the  great  seal  of  Scotland.  In 
August  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  as 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  France,  with 
full  powers  to  conclude  a  peace.  Of  the 
termination  of  that  negotiation  this  is  not 
the  place  to  speak,  the  mere  fact  of  his 
being  intrusted  With  the  task  of  negotiating 
with  such  men  as  Buonaparte  and  Talley- 
rand is  sufl^cient  to  show  the  high  estimation 
in  which  his  judgment  was  then  held.  The 
short-lived  "  all  the  talents  "  administration 
being  broken  tip  in  1807,  the  Earl  of  Lau- 
derdale had  to  resign  the  great  seal  of  Scot- 
land to  its  former  keeper,  the  Duke  of 
Gordon.     He  subsequently  held  no  office. 


LAU] 


^  ijleto  BttiiitviaX  HiaQX^^U' 


[lav 


but  he  wa8,  to  a  very  late  period  of  his  life, 
punctual  and  active  in  his  parliamentary 
duties.    Bom,  1759  ;  died,  1840. 

LAUDOHN,  Gideon  Ernest,  a  celebra- 
ted Austrian  general,  was  bom  at  Totzen,  in 
Livonia,  in  1716.  He  displayed  great  talents 
in  the  seven  years'  war,  for  which  he  was 
made  a  major-general,  and  invested  with 
the  order  of  Maria  Theresa.  The  victories 
at  Ilochkirchen,  Kunnersdorff,  Landshut, 
and  Glatz  were  such  proofs  of  his  skill  and 
valour,  that  Frederic  the  Great  used  to  own 
there  was  nobody  lie  feared  so  much  as  Lau- 
dohn.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace  he  was 
created  n  baron  of  the  empire  ;  in  17C6,  no- 
minated an  aulic  councillor ;  and,  in  1778, 
made  field-marshal.  He  next  commanded 
against  the  Turks ;  and,  in  1789,  took  Bel- 
grade. 

LAUNEY,  Bernard  KfiNf  Jourdan  de, 
the  last  governor  of  the  Bastile  in  Paris, 
which  was  erected  in  138.S,  and  destroyed 
July  14.  1789.  He  was  a  son  of  the  former 
governor,  and  his  residence  in  that  abode  had 
given  to  his  character  a  bluntness  of  manner, 
and  inflexibility  of  temper,  which  proved 
the  cause  of  liis  own  destruction.  Fifteen 
days  before  the  prison  was  attacked,  three 
individuals,  disguised,  but  whose  manners 
and  address  showed  they  had  popular  in- 
terest, came  to  the  prison,  and  asked  the 
governor  how  he  purposed  to  act  in  case  of 
an  attack.  "  My  conduct  is  regulated  by 
my  duty  ;  I  sliall  defend  it,"  was  his  reply. 
In  fact,  he  resolved  to  do  so,  and  rather  to 
set  fire  to  the  magazine,  and  perish  in  the 
ruins,  than  yield  to  the  desire  of  the  people. 
He  executed  his  intention  as  long  as  he 
could,  but  was  at  length  brought  out  by  the 
populace,  and  murdered  in  a  most  cruel  and 
inliuman  manner. 

LAUNOI,  John  dk,  a  French  divine,  bom 
in  IWW,  who  defended  the  liberties  of  the 
Gallican  church,  and  reformed  the  calendar 
by  purging  it  of  fictitious  saints  and  legend- 
ary tales.    Died,  1678. 

LAUKENCE,  Dr.  Richard,  archbishop  of 
Cashel,  was  the  son  of  a  tradesman  at  Bath, 
and  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford.  As  a  theological  writer  and  ge- 
neral scholar  he  had  few  equals  in  his  day. 
His  industry  was  prodigious,  and  no  less 
conspicuous  was  his  zeal  for  upholding  not 
merely  tlie  rights  and  authority  of  the 
church,  but  its  purity  and  its  duties  also. 
His  "Doctrine  of  the  Church  of  England 
upon  the  Efficacy  of  Baptism,"  and  his 
sermon  "  On  Singularity  and  Excess  in 
Theological  Literature,  are  extremely 
valuable  to  theological  students.  Born, 
1761 ;  died,  1839. 

LAURENT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  mechanic, 
was  bom  in  Flanders,  in  1715.  He  is  said  to 
have  constructed  some  hydraulic  machines, 
when  he  was  not  more  than  ten  years  of  age ; 
and  at  twenty-one  he  was  made  superintend- 
ant  of  several  public  works  ;  among  which 
was  the  direction  of  the  canals  in  the  Ne- 
therlands. He  also  projected  the  junction 
of  the  Somme  and  the  Scheldt ;  for  which  he 
was  honoured  with  the  order  of  St.  Michael. 
Died,  1773. 

LAURENS,  Henry,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican statesman,  bom  at  Cliarlestown,  South 


Carolina,  in  1724.  He  was  chosen  president 
of  the  council  of  safety  in  1774  ;  elected  a 
delegate  to  congress,  and  soon  after  taking 
his  seat,  was  made  president  of  that  body. 
Having  resigned  In  1779,  he  received  the 
appointment  of  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Holland,  and  on  his  way  thither,  being 
captured  by  the  British,  was  carried  to 
London,  and  committed  to  the  Tower.  His 
confinement  lasted  for  more  than  fourteen 
months,  during  which,  various  eflforts  were 
made  to  shake  his  constancy,  but  without 
effect.  Soon  after  his  release,  he  received  a 
commission  from  congress  to  be  one  of  their 
ministers  for  negotiating  a  peace  with  Great 
Britain,  and,  having  repaired  to  Paris,  he 
signed  the  preliminaries  of  the  treaty.  Died, 
1792. 

LAURI,  FiLiPPO,  a  painter,  was  the  son 
of  a  Flemish  artist,  but  born  at  Rome,  In  1623. 
His  altar-pieces  and  other  scriptural  paint- 
ings are  held  in  much  esteem.    Died,  1694. 

LAURISTON,  James  Alexander  Ber- 
nard Law,  Count  de,  grandson  of  the  cele- 
brated projector  Law,  was  bom  in  1768. 
He  embraced  the  military  profession  at  an 
early  age,  and  served  in  the  artillery,  in 
which  he  obtained  a  rapid  promotion,  owing 
to  his  own  activity  and  to  the  friendship  of 
Buonaparte,  whose  aide-de-camp  he  was, 
and  who  employed  him  on  several  Import- 
ant missions.  He  brought  to  England  the 
ratification  of  the  preliminaries  of  the  peace 
of  Amiens ;  and  was  received  with  enthu- 
siasm by  the  populace  of  London,  who  took 
the  horses  from  his  carriage,  and  conducted 
him  In  triumph  to  Downing  Street.  He  was 
in  every  campaign  of  note  in  Spain,  Ger- 
many, and  Russia,  and  decided  the  victory 
in  favour  of  the  French  at  Wagram,  by 
bringing  up  to  the  charge,  at  full  trot,  100 
pieces  of  artillery.  After  the  conclusion  of 
the  general  peace,  Louis  XVIII.  created 
him  a  grand  cordon  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
and  he  subsequently  rose  to  the  rank  of 
marshal.    Died.  1828. 

LAV  ALETTE,  Marie  Chamans,  Count 
de,  was  born  at  Paris  In  1769.  He  was  at 
first  destined  for  the  clerical  profession ; 
but  while  pursuing  his  studies,  the  revolu- 
tion broke  out,  and  he  became  an  oflScer  of 
the  national  guards.  Though  he  concur- 
red with  the  revolutionary  feeling,  he  dis- 
played moderation,  voting,  by  petition, 
against  the  camp  under  the  walls  of  Paris, 
and  was  prosecuted  for  leading  his  detach- 
ment of  the  national  guards  to  the  defence 
of  the  Tuillerles.  He  sought  refuge  In  the 
army  of  the  Alps  as  a  volunteer,  and  ob- 
tained military  promotion  in  several  fields 
of  battle,  in  Italy  and  on  the  Rhine.  In 
179G,  after  the  battle  of  Areola,  Buonaparte 
appointed  him  his  aide-de-camp,  and  he  was 
frequently  charged  by  him  with  difficult 
missions.  In  1797  he  sent  him  to  Paris,  to 
judge  of  the  state  of  the  public  feeling  pre- 
vious to  the  memorable  crisis  of  September. 
After  the  revolution,  which  he  correctly 
appreciated,  he  returned  to  Napoleon,  with 
whom  he  arrived  at  the  capital  towards  the 
close  of  the  same  year,  and  whose  friend- 
ship procured  him  a  marrlage-unlon  with 
Emille  de  Beauhamais,  Josephine's  niece. 
Lavalette  next  accompanied  Buonaparte  to 


lav] 


^  i^tbi  Winihtr^Kl  28iOfirapIjM. 


[law 


Egypt,  and  there  improved  his  title  to  public     He  became  pastor  of  the  principal  church 

estimation.     On  his  return  to  France,  he  '  "*'   °*    ^"* *  '--  — '■' —  -' —    —  ' 

was    first    appointed    a    commissary,    and, 
finally,  director-general  of   tlie  post-otfice 
and  counsellor  of  state.      After  Napoleon 
became  emperor,  in  1803,  he  was  appointed 
a  count  of  the  empire.    In  1814  he  was  re- 
moved from  the  post-ofRce  ;  but  on  the  20th 
of  March,  1815,  by  virtue  of  orders  from  Na- 
poleon, who  entered  Paris  in  the  evening,  he 
resumed  his  former  duties,  and  gave  notice 
to  stop  the  departure  of  the  journals,  des- 
patches, and  travelling  post-horses  without 
signed  orders.    At  the  same  time,  he  des- 
patched a  courier  to  Napoleon,  to  describe 
the  actual  condition  of  the  capital.    On  the 
2nd  of  June  he  was  nominated  a  peer.    On 
the  second  restoration,  in  July  1815,  he  was 
deprived  of  his  functions,  arrested  by  the 
sub-prefect    of  police,    Decazes,    and    con- 
demned to  death  as  an  accomplice  in  Buo- 
naparte's treason  against  the  royal  autho- 
rity.   An  appeal  having  been  rejected,  and 
Madame   Lavalette's    application    for  par- 
don being  declined,  his  execution  was  fixed 
for  the    21st   December.      On  the   evening 
of  the  20th,  his  wife,  her  daughter,  twelve 
years    old,    and    her    governess,    presented 
themselves  at  the  prison  door,  and  were  ad- 
mitted by  the  gaolers  as   usual.     A  short 
time  after  the  daughter  and  governess  re- 
appeared,   supporting    Madame    Lavalette, 
apparently  in  great  affliction.    They  were 
scarcely  gone  when  the  turnkey  appeared 
in  his  cell,  and  Lavalette  was  not  to  be 
found  —  his  wife,   Madame  Lavalette,  had 
taken  his    place.      The   alarm    was  given, 
the  carriage  which  brought  the  visitors  was 
overtaken,  but  only  the  daughter  found  in 
it.    Orders  were  given  to  close  the  barriers, 
and  descriptions  of  the  person  of  the  fugitive 
were  despatched  in  all  directions.     Mean- 
while Lavalette  was  occupied  with  the  care 
of  quitting  Paris,  and  passing  the  frontiers. 
The  means  of  doing  so  were  supplied  by  Sir 
R.  Wilson  and  Messrs.  Bruce  and  Hutchin- 
son.   Dressed  as  an  English  officer,  lie  went 
to  their  quarters,  and  started  at  seven  in  the 
morning  with  Sir  R.  Wilson  in  a  cabriolet. 
He  passed  the  barriers  without  being  recog- 
nised, and   arrived  at  Mons,  where  he  ob- 
tained permission  to  settle  at  Munich.    Five 
years  after,  a  royal  ordinance  revoked  tlie 
sentence  of  death,  and  permitted  him  to  re- 
join his  family  in  France.    On  the  escape  of 
Lavalette  being  known,  his  wife  was  arrested, 
and  tried,  with  her  governess,  Sir  Robert 
Wilson,  and  Messrs.  Hutchinson  and  Bruce, 
by  the  Cour  RoyaU.    The  latter  were  con- 
demned to  a  short  imprisonment,  and  she 
and  the  governess  acquitted  ;  but  she  never 
recovered  the  shock  caused  to  her  nerves  and 
constitution  by  the  risks  to  which  her  noble 
fidelity  had  exposed  her.     A  fixed  mental 
alienation  succeeded. 

LAVALLEE,  Johx,  Marquis  de.  a  French 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  near  Dieppe,  in  1747.  He  became  a 
member  of  several  literary  societies,  wrote 
many  dramatic  pieces,  and  assisted  in  edit- 
ing various  periodical  works.  He  died  in 
1815. 

LAVATER,  Jonx  Caspar,  the  celebrated 
physiognomist,  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  1741. 

512 


of  St.  Peter  at  his  native  place,  and  was 
distinguished  by  his  unwearied  zeal  in  be- 
half of  practical  Christianity.  He  died  in 
1801,  in  consequence  of  a  wound  which  he 
received  in  1709,  when  the  French  troops 
under  Massena  took  Zurich  by  storm.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Physi- 
ognomy," the  "Journal  of  a  Self-Observer," 
"  Jesus  the  Messiah,"  in  4  vols.  ;  "  Spiritual 
Hymns,"  "Swiss  Lays,"  &c.  ;  but  the  work 
by  which  he  is  universally  known,  and  which 
once  was  highly  popular,  is  that  on  physi- 
ognomy. Lavater  was  pious,  but  credulous  ; 
enthusiastic,  but  sincere. 

LAVICOMTERIE  de  St.  SAMPSON, 
Louis,  a  violent  partisan  of  the  French  re- 
volution, who  rendered  himself  notorious  by 
the  publication  of  the  following  works : 
"  Crimes  des  Rois  de  France,"  "  Les  Crimes 
des  Empereurs,"  &  "Les  Crimes  des  Papes." 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Convention  in 
1792  ;  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king  ;  and, 
in  1794,  was  ordered  by  the  Jacobin  club 
to  draw  up  the  "  Act  of  Accusation  against 
Kings."  The  fall  of  the  terrorists  put  an 
end  to  liis  influence,  and  he  died  in  1809. 

LAVINGTON,  Geokoe,  bishop  of  Exeter, 
a  prelate  of  great  piety  and  learning,  was 
born  in  1C83,  and  died  in  1762.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  well-known  treatise,  entitled 
"The  Enthusiasm  of  the  Methodists  and 
Papists  compared,"  another  on  the  Mora- 
vians, and  also  some  single  sermons. 

LAVOISIER,  AifTuoxY  Laurence,  a 
celebrated  French  chemist,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1743  ;  was  educated  at  Mazarin 
College  ;  and,  on  quitting  it,  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  the  sciences,  but  more  parti- 
cularly to  chemistry.  The  discoveries  of 
Black,  Cavendish,  and  Priestley,  relative  to 
the  nature  of  elastic  fluids  or  gases,  having 
attracted  his  notice,  he  entered  on  the  same 
field  of  inquiry,  with  all  his  characteristic 
ardour,  in  the  cause  of  science  ;  and,  possess- 
ing the  advantage  of  a  considerable  fortune, 
he  conducted  his  experiments  on  a  large 
scale,  and  obtained  highly  interesting  re- 
sults. His  new  tlieory  of  chemistry  was  re- 
ceived with  applause  in  Germany  and 
France,  though  strenuouslj'  opposed  by  Dr. 
Priestley,  whose  phlogistic  hypothesis  it 
tended  to  overthrow.  In  1789  he  published 
his  "Elements  of  Chemistry,"  a  work  of 
merit  and  importance.  He  succeeded  BuflTon 
and  Tilet  as  treasurer  of  the  academy,  and 
became  also  farmer-general ;  but  notwith- 
standing his  talents  and  virtues,  he  was 
condemned  to  death  by  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  of  Paris,  on  the  frivolous  charge  of 
having  adulterated  the  tobacco  with  ingre- 
dients obnoxious  to  the  health  of  the  citi- 
zens, and  was  guillotined  in  1794.  Besides 
his  Elements,  he  wrote  "  Chemical  and  Phi- 
losophical Miscellanies,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Report 
of  the  Commissioners  charged  to  examine 
Animal  Magnetism,"  "  Instructions  for 
making  Nitre,"  &c. 

LAW,  Edmitkd,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
bom  at  Cartmel  in  Lancasliire,  in  1703  ;  re- 
ceived his  education  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  and,  after  obtaining  various 
church  preferments,  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Carlisle  in  1769.    He  was  the  author  of  many 


law] 


^  ^tfa  Winihtv^td  SStogrHp^^. 


[law 


able  theological  works ;  among  which  arc, 
"  Considerations  on  the  Theory  of  Religion," 
"  Reflections  on  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Christ,"  an  "  Enquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Space, 
Time,"  &c.    Died,  1787. 

LAW,  John,  a  celebrated  financial  pro- 
jector, was  born,  in  1681,  at  Edinburgh, 
where  his  father,  a  goldsmith,  resided.  He 
was  bred  to  no  profession,  but  studied  the 
mathematics,  and  particularly  excelled  as 
an  accountant.  For  the  purpose  of  remedy- 
ing the  deficiency  of  a  circulating  medium, 
he  projected  tlie  establishment  of  a  bank, 
with  paper  issues,  to  the  amount  of  the 
Talue  of  all  the  lands  in  the  kingdom  ;  but 
this  scheme  was  rejected.  Having  seduced 
a  young  lady  in  England,  he  killed  her 
brother  in  a  duel,  and  was  obliged  to  leave 
the  country.  He  went  first  to  Holland,  and 
afterwards  to  Venice  and  Genoa,  from 
which  cities  he  was  banished  as  a  design- 
ing adventurer ;  but,  at  length,  he  secured 
the  patronage  of  the  regent  Dnke  of  Orleans, 
and  established  his  bank  at  Taris,  1716,  by 
royal  authority.  To  this  was  joined  the 
company  of  the  Mississippi,  a  pretended 
■cheme  for  paying  oflF  the  national  debt,  and 
for  enriching  subscribers.  The  project  be- 
came extravagantly  popular,  and  every  one 
converted  his  gold  and  silver  into  paper. 
In  1720,  Law  whs  made  comptroller  of  the 
finances.  The  bubble,  liowever,  burst ;  and 
the  people,  enraged,  besieged  the  palace  of 
the  regent,  crying  out,  as  they  held  up  their 
hands  full  of  bills,  "  See  tlie  fruits  of  your 
system."  Law  was  exiled  to  Pontoise,  from 
whence  he  escaped  to  Italy,  and  died  at 
Venice  in  1729. 

LAW,  William,  a  pious  English  divine, 
was  born  at  King's  ClifFe,  Northampton- 
shire, in  1686  ;  was  educated  at  Emanuel 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  lived  for  the  most 
part  a  retired  life  at  the  house  of  Mrs. 
Hester  Gibbon,  aunt  of  the  celebrated  his- 
torian, to  whom  he  had  been  tutor.  He  wrote 
against  Bishop  Hoadly,  and  was  also  the 
author  of  some  valuable  practical  books,  as, 
"  A  Serious  Call  to  a  Devout  and  Holy  Life," 
"  A  Treatise  on  Christian  Perfection,"  &c. 
In  liis  latter  days  he  fell  into  the  mystic 
reveries  of  Jacob  Behmen,  whose  works  he 
published.    Died,  1761. 

LAWES,  Henry,  a  musician,  was  bom  at 
Salisbury,  in  1600,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  who  introduced  the  Italian  style  of 
music  into  England.  In  16")3  he  published 
his  "  Airs,  Dialogues,"  &c.  He  set  to  music 
the  Comus  of  Milton,  with  whom  he  was 
intimate.      He   also  set  most    of   Waller's 

songs,  and  died    in    1662 His    brother 

William,  who  was  an  excellent  performer, 
took  up  arms  in  the  royal  cause,  and  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Chester,  in  1645. 

LAWLESS,  John,  the  once  celebrated 
Irish  agitator,  was  a  native  of  Dublin,  and 
originally  designed  for  the  legal  profession. 
For  many  years  he  was  distinguished  as  a 
leading  political  character  with  the  Liberals 
of  Ireland  ;  and  from  his  straightforward 
and  fearless  conduct,  he  acquired  from  all 
parties  the  title  of  "  honest  Jack  Lawless." 
When  the  English  government  first  proposed 
to  grant  emancipation  to  the  Irish  Catholics, 
provided  their  clergy  were  paid  by  the  state, 


513 


and  the  forty-shilling  freeholders  were  dis- 
franchised, "  honest  Jack  "  vehemently  op- 
posed the  measure  in  the  Catholic  Associa- 
tion, and  thereby  acquired  a  degree  of  popu- 
larity, which  aroused  the  jealousy  of  his  great 
rival  co-agitator.  His  eloquence  was  ener- 
getic, forcible,  and  convincing  ;  and  it  is  ge- 
nerally understood,  that  whatever  might 
have  been  the  faults  of  the  head,  his  heart 
was  sound  at  the  core.  He  died  in  Loudon, 
aged  65,  in  August,  1837. 

LAWRENCE,  Dr.  Fkench,  a  native  of 
Bristol,  was  educated  at  Winchester,  and 
at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  became 
eminent  as  a  civilian  and  a  man  of  letters  ; 
and  died  in  1809.  Among  his  writings  are, 
"  Remarks  on  the  Apocalypse,"  and  several 
beautiful  poems.  He  edited  and  partly  com- 
posed "The  Rolliad"  and  "Probationary 
Odes  ; "  and  publislied  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Edmund  Burke,  of  whom  he  was 
tlic  bosom  friend  and  executor. 

LAWRENCE,  Strinoek,  an  eminent 
general,  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  He  was  bom  in  1697  ;  was  em- 
ployed during  a  period  of  20  years  on  the 
coast  of  Coromandel,  where  he  added  greatly 
to  the  British  possessions  ;  and  died  in  1775. 
The  company  erected  a  fine  monument  to 
his  memory  m  Westminster  Abbey. 

LAWRENCE,  Thomas,  was  an  eminent 
physician,  born  in  Westminster,  in  1711 ;  was 
chosen  anatomical  reader  at  the  university 
of  Oxford,  in  1740  ;  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
college  of  physicians  in  1744  ;  and  became 
president  in  1767,  and  was  re-elected  during 
the  ensuing  seven  years.  He  was  the  author 
of  "De  Hydrope,"  and  other  medical  pro- 
ductions, in  Latin  ;  and  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson.    Died,  1783. 

LAWRENCE,  Sir  Thomas,  the  most  cele- 
brated portrait  painter  of  the  age,  was  born 
in  1769,  at  Bristol,  where  his  father  kept  an 
inn.  He  early  exhibited  proofs  of  his  ta- 
lent for  the  art,  having,  it  is  said,  sketched 
portraits  in  his  fifth  year.  At  the  age  of 
six  he  was  sent  to  school,  where  he  remained 
two  years  ;  and  this,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  lessons  subsequently  in  Latin  and 
French,  constituted  his  whole  education. 
Young  Lawrence,  however,  had  access  to 
the  galleries  of  some  of  the  neighbouring 
gentry,  in  which  he  employed  himself  in 
copying  historical  and  other  pieces.  In 
1782  his  father,  who  had  been  unsuccessful 
in  business,  removed  to  Bath,  where  his  son 
was  much  employed  in  taking  portraits  in 
crayon ;  and  having  made  a  copy  of  the 
Transfiguration  by  Raphael,  the  society  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  bestowed  on  him 
their  prize  of  five  guineas  and  a  silver  palette. 
In  1787  the  family  removed  to  London,  and 
Lawrence  was  admitted  a  student  at  the 
Royal  Academy.  His  subsequent  career  was 
successful  and  brilliant.  He  was  elected 
royal  associate  in  1791,  and  on  the  death  of 
Sir  J.  Reynolds,  the  next  year,  was  made 
painter  to  the  king.  He  was  honoured  with 
the  personal  friendship  of  George  IV.,  who 
sat  to  him  for  several  portraits,  and  bestowed 
on  him  the  order  of  knighthood.  After  the 
peace  of  1814  he  painted  the  portraits  of  the 
allied  sovereigns,  and  the  generals  Blucher, 
Platoff,  and  Wellington  ;  also  Louis  XVIII. 


lax] 


^  ^tio  BiiiSitxStH  23tograp]bl'. 


[lec 


and  Charles  X.  of  France  ;  besides  numerous 
others,  consisting  of  the  principal  nobility  of 
England,  the  Pope,  Cardinal  Gonsalvi,  and 
many  other  distinguished  personages  on  the 
Continent.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  West,  in 
1820,  Sir  T.  Lawrence  was  elected  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  No  artist  ever  pos- 
sessed in  a  higher  degree  the  merit  of  pre- 
serving exquisite  likenesses,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  heightened  the  beauty  and 
characteristic  expression  of  his  originals  ; 
and  had  he  cultivated  the  higher  branches 
of  the  art,  it  is  probable  that  few  would  have 
excelled  him.  In  early  life  he  was  remark- 
ably handsome,  and  he  retained  much  of 
personal  beauty  to  the  last.  He  obtained 
high  prices  for  his  productions,  and  his  in- 
come has  been  estimated  at  from  lO.OOOZ.  to 
15,000Z.  a  year,  yet  so  profusely  liberal  was 
he,  particularly  in  the  purchase  of  scarce 
and  valuable  works  of  art,  that  he  died  in 
embarrassed  circumstances  ;  though  the  col- 
lection which  he  left  of  drawings,  etchings, 
&c.  was  valued  at  50,0(X)i.  He  died,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  1830. 

LAX,  Rev.  William,  F.R.S.,  an  eminent 
matliematician  and  astronomer,  Lowndes' 
professor  of  astronomy  and  geometry  in  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  and  the  author  of 
several  elaborate  tables  connected  with  the 
Nautical  Almanack.    Died,  1836. 

LEAKE,  Sir  John,  the  son  of  Mr.  Richard 
Leake,  who  was  master-gunner  of  England, 
and  one  of  the  bravest  men  that  ever  served 
in  the  British  navy,  was  a  gallant  and  suc- 
cessful English  admiral,  born  in  1656.  He 
was  distinguished  by  many  great  actions  ; 
but  chiefly  by  his  relief  and  preservation  of 
Gibraltar  from  the  French  and  Spaniards  in 
1705.  He  also  took  Carthagena  and  Mi- 
norca ;  and  afterwards,  as  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  fleet,  greatly  signalised  himself 
in  the  Mediterranean.    Died,  1720. 

LEAKE,  JoHjf,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician, was  the  founder  of  the  Westminster 
lying-in-hospital,  and  died  in  1792.  He  pub- 
lished several  valuable  books  on  midwifery 
and  female  diseases. 

LEAKE,  SxEriiEN  Martix,  a  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  ingenious  writer  on 
coins  and  heraldry.    Died,  1773. 

LE  BLANC,  Marcel,  one  of  the  fourteen 
Jesuits  sent  by  Louis  XVI.  to  Siam.  He  la- 
boured for  the  conversion  of  the  Talapoins, 
and  embarked  for  China,  but  the  vessel  was 
taken  by  the  English,  and  he  continued  a 
prisoner  till  1690.  He  died  at  Mozambique 
in  1693,  aged  40.  He  wrote  a  "History  of 
the  Revolution  of  Siam." 

LE  BLANC,  John  Bernard,  born  at 
Dijon,  in  1707  ;  author  of  *'  Letters  on  the 
English  Nation,"  3  vols.    Died,  1781. 

LEBBUN,  Charles,  a  celebrated  painter, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1618.  He  studied.under 
Vouet  and  Poussin  ;  and,  after  his  return 
from  Rome,  was  made  president  of  the  new 
royal  academy  of  painting  and  sculpture. 
From  1661  he  was  principally  employed  in 
embellishing  the  residences  of  Louis  XIV. 
and  his  nobles  with  works  of  art,  and  in 
superintending  the  brilliant  spectacles  of  the 
court.  He  died  in  1090.  Lebrun  possessed  a 
comprehensive  genius,  which  was  cultivated 
by  the  incessant  study  of  history  and  national 


614 


customs.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  passions, 
and  another  on  physiognomy. 

LEBRUN,  Charles  Francis,  Duke  of 
Placentia,  was  born  in  1739,  at  Coutances,  in 
Normandy  ;  came  at  an  early  age  to  Paris  ; 
and  being  nominated  deputy  to  the  states- 
general  in  1789,  he  occupied  himself,  during 
the  session,  with  affairs  of  police,  finance, 
and  domestic  administration.  In  1795  he 
was  elected  to  the  council  of  elders,  and  be- 
came president  in  1796.  He  was  appointed 
third  consul  in  December,  1799  ;  nominated 
arch-treasurer  of  the  empire  in  1804  ;  and,  in 
1805,  governor-general  of  Liguria  and  Duke 
of  Placentia.  Having  signed  the  constitution 
that  recalled  the  house  of  Bourbon  to  the 
tlirone,  he  was  created  a  peer  of  France  by 
the  king,  and,  in  the  beginning  of  July,  was 
appointed  president  of  the  first  bureau  of  the 
chamber  of  peers.  After  the  return  of  Na- 
poleon, he  accepted  the  peerage  from  him, 
and  likewise  the  place  of  grand-master  of 
the  university,  a  proceeding  which  rendered 
him  incapable  of  sitting  in  the  new  chamber 
of  peers,  formed  in  August,  1815.  In  the 
early  part  of  his  life  he  translated  the  Iliad 
and  Odj'ssey,  and  Tasso's  Jerusalem.  Died, 
1824. 

LEBRUN,  Pierre,  a  French  divine ; 
author  of  a  "  Critical  History  of  the  Super- 
stitious Practices  which  have  seduced  the 
Vulgar  and  embarrassed  the  Learned,"  &c. 
Born,  1661 ;  died,  1729. 

LEBRUN,  PiGAULT,  an  eminent  French 
novelist,  who  for  humour,  truth  to  nature, 
and  graphic  powers  of  description,  particu- 
larly in  scenes  of  low  life,  may  be  regarded 
as  the  Fielding  of  France,  was  born  in  1742, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1835. 

LEBRUN,  Ponce  Denis  Ecouchard,  a 
French  poet,  who  for  a  time  obtained  the 
appellation  of  the  French  Pindar,  was  born 
in  1729 ;  became  secretary  to  the  Prince  of 
Conti,  and  early  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer  of  elegant  lyrics.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  he  celebrated  the 
birth  of  freedom  in  odes,  epigrams,  and 
songs  ;  but,  like  many  others,  he  saw,  ere 
long,  suflScient  reason  to  deplore  the  fate  of 
his  unhappy  country,  crushed  beneath  the 
foot  of  anarchy.  When  the  academical 
establishments  were  re-organised,  Lebrun 
became  a  member  of  the  Institute ;  and 
he  received  from  Buonaparte,  when  first 
consul,  a  pension  of  6000  francs.  Died, 
1807. 

LECCHI,  Giovanni  Antonio,  an  Italian 
Jesuit,  born  in  1702,  was  an  excellent  ma- 
thematician, and  published  several  clever 
treatises  on  hydrostatics,  navigable  canals, 
geometry,  trigonometry,  conic  sections,  &c. 
He  went  to  Vienna,  and  was  employed  by  the 
emperor  in  the  arduous  task  of  measuring  the 
bed  of  the  Rhine,  in  which  he  displayed  great 
talent.    Died,  1776. 

LECLERC,  Daniel,  an  eminent  medical 
writer,  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  where  his 
father  was  professor  of  Greek.  His  chief 
writings  are,  "  Bibliotheca  Anatomica," 
"Histoire  de  la  Mt'decin,"  and  "Historia 
latorum  Lumbricorum."    Died,  1728. 

LECLERC,  John,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
at  Geneva,  in  1657.  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  works  ;  among  which  are,  "  Are 


LEC] 


^  ^eto  ?am'berj^al  23tosrajp]bS* 


[lee 


Critica,"  "  Harmonia  Evangelica,"  and  three 
voluminous  "  BibliotWques."  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  the  belles  lettres,  and 
Hebrew,  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died  in 
1736.  So  prone  was  he  to  dogmatise,  and  so 
impatient  of  contradiction,  that  he  has  been 
styled  the  self-constituted  inquisitor  of  the 
republic  of  literature. 

LECLERC,  Nicholas  Gabriet.,  a  physi- 
cian, was  bom  in  Tranche  Compt(5,  in  172(5. 
In  1757  he  was  appointed  first  physician  to 
the  forces  of  the  emjieror  of  Germany,  after- 
wards served  with  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and, 
in  17()9,  went  to  Russia,  with  the  title  of  first 
physician  to  the  grand-duke,  and  director  of 
the  schools  of  the  imperial  corps  of  cadets. 
In  1777  he  returned  to  France,  and  puljlished 
his  "  Ilistoire  Thysique,  Morale,  Civile,  et 
Politique  de  la  Russie,"  6  vols.  4to.  ;  for 
which  the  French  government  rewarded  him 
with  a  patent  of  nobility  and  a  pension  of 
60()0  livres ;  he  also  published  many  other 
works,  medical  and  historical.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  pension  by  the  Revolution,  and 
died  in  1798. 

LECLERC,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
French  designer  and  engraver.  The  patron- 
age of  Colber  procured  him  a  pension,  and 
the  professorship  of  perspective  and  geometry 
in  the  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture. 
Besides  his  numerous  engravings,  of  which 
there  are  said  to  be  no  fewer  than  3000,  he 
left  a  treatise  "  On  Architecture,"  and  some 
other  works  of  the  like  nature.    Died,  1714. 

LECLERC,  Victor  Eman'uei,,  a  French 
general,  was  born  at  Pontoise,  in  1772  ; 
entered  the  army  as  a  volunteer  in  1791 1 
and,  having  distinguished  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Toulon,  was  promoted  to  be  chief 
of  a  battalion.  He  was  attached  to  the  army 
of  Italy,  under  the  command  of  Buonaparte, 
in  179C  ;  was  made  a  general  of  briftade  in 
1797  ;  married  one  of  the  sisters  of  Buona- 
parte ;  and,  in  1799,  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  army  of  the  Rhine.  In  December, 
1801,  he  sailed  from  Brest,  on  an  expedition 
intended  for  the  conquest  of  St.  Domingo  ; 
and,  in  a  few  months  after  his  arrival,  he 
was  seized  with  the  yellow  fever,  and  died 
in  1802. 

LECOMTE,  Felix,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor.  Having  obtained  a  prize  for  a 
bas-relief  of  the  massacre  of  the  Innocents, 
while  he  was  a  pupil  of  Vasse,  he  was  sent 
to  Rome  as  a  pensionary  of  the  French 
school  of  arts.  His  statue  of  Phorbus  pre- 
serving CEdipus  procured  him  admission 
into  the  academy  ;  but  the  statue  of  Fene- 
lon,  which  ornaments  the  hall  of  the  Na- 
tional Institute,  is  considered  his  chef- 
cToetivre.  During  the  revolution  he  lived 
in  retirement ;  but,  at  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  nominated  professor  in 
the  academy  of  sculpture.  Died,  aged  80, 
in  1817. 

LE  CONTEUR,  John-,  lieutenant-gene- 
ral, was  born  in  Jersey,  in  1761 ;  entered  the 
army  when  a  boy  of  1.5  years  of  age,  and 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  defence  of  his 
native  island  in  1781  ;  for  which  he  was 
promoted  to  a  lieutenancy.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  joined  the  100th  foot  in  India, 
and  was  among  those  who,  under  General 
Mathews,  so  bravely  defended  the  town  and 


515 


fort  of  Nagur  against  Tippoo's  army  of 
2,000  French  and  100,000  Sepoys,  the  British 
force  consisting  of  only  .50<J  Europeans  and 
1,000  natives.  After  losing  500  men  in  killed 
and  wounded,  they  surrendered  ;  and,  with 
the  other  subaltern  officers,  he  was  marched, 
naked  and  (pttered,  150  miles  up  the  coun- 
try. The  general  and  all  his  captains  were 
poisoned  ;  the  lieutenants,  &c.  were  threat- 
ened with  a  similar  doom,  and  sustained  the 
greatest  privations  and  hardships  in  prison 
for  11  months  ;  when,  on  account  of  peace 
having  been  made  with  Tippoo,  the  pri- 
soners were  released.  He  was  during  a  long 
life  engaged  in  active  service  in  different 
parts  of  the  world,  and  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  major-general  in  1811.  Died, 
183.5. 

LEDWICH,  Edward,  a  learned  antiquary 
and  topographer,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  in 
1739  ;  received  his  education  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
sliip,  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  ;  and  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Aghadoe.  His 
principal  work  is  the  "  Antiquities  of  Ire- 
land," 3  vols.  4to.  ;  in  which  he  disproved  j 
many  of  the  legendary  tales  and  saintly 
miracles  currently  believed,  and  thereby 
brought  upon  himself  the  enmity  of  the 
credulous  and  bigoted.    Died,  1S23. 

LEDYARD,  Joiiy,  an  adventurous  Ame- 
rican traveller,  of  the  last  century,  was  bom 
at  Groton,  in  Connecticut,  in  17.51.  For  a 
short  time  he  resided  among  the  Six  Nations, 
with  whose  language  and  manners  he  Iwcame 
acquainted.  He  then  came  to  England, 
enlisted  as  a  marine,  and  sailed  with  Cap- 
tain Cook  on  his  second  voyage,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  He  next  determined 
to  make  the  tour  of  the  globe  from  London 
east,  on  foot,  and  proceeded  to  St.  Peters- 
burgh  in  the  prosecution  of  this  design, 
through  the  most  unfrequented  parts  of  Fin- 
land. After  waiting  there  nearly  3  months, 
he  obtained  his  passport  for  the  prosecution 
of  his  journey  to  Siberia.  On  his  arrival  at 
Yakutsk,  he  was  prevented  by  the  Russian 
commandant  of  the  place  from  proceeding 
any  farther  ;  and  was  conducted  to  the 
frontiers  of  Poland,  with  a  threat  of  being 
consigned  to  the  hands  of  the  executioner, 
should  he  again  be  found  in  the  Russian 
territories.  He  was  next  employed  by  the 
African  Association  to  explore  the  interior 
of  Africa  ;  but  he  had  proceeded  no  farther 
than  Grand  Cairo,  when  he  was  attacked 
with  a  fatal  disease,  and  died  in  1788. 

LEE,  Charles,  a  military  officer,  dis- 
tinguished during  the  American  war,  was  a 
native  of  North  Wales.  He  entered  into 
the  army  at  a  very  early  age,  and  served 
in  America,  and  under  Burgoyne  in  Portu- 
gal. In  the  contest  between  the  colonies 
and  England,  he  wrote  on  the  side  of  the 
former,  and  engaged  in  their  service.  In 
1775  he  received  a  commission  from  con- 
gress, and,  as  a  major-general,  accompanied 
Washington  to  the  camp  before  Boston.  He 
was  afterwards  invested  with  the  chief  com- 
mand in  the  southern  department,  where 
his  conduct  on  the  memorable  attack  of  the 
British  upon  Sullivan  Island  raised  his  mi- 
litary reputation.  While  marching  through 
the  Jerseys  to  join  Washington,  Lee  was  | 


lee] 


^  ^etu  ^nibtv^Kl  38t0grtijp]^«. 


[lep 


made  prisoner  by  the  English,  as  he  lay  care- 
lessly guarded,  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  main  body,  and  carried  to  New 
York.  Howe  affected  to  consider  him  as  a 
deserter  from  the  British  army,  and  he  was 
treated  in  a  manner  unworthy  of  a  generous 
enemy,  until  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  ; 
after  which  event  he  was  exchanged.  He 
was  brave  in  action,  and  possessed  military 
talents  of  a  high  order  ;  but  lie  was  jealous 
of  the  power  of  Washington  ;  and  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth,  in  1778,  he  disobeyed 
that  general's  orders.  For  this  he  was  tried 
by  a  courtmartial,  and  suspended  for  a  year. 
He  then  retired  from  the  service,  and  died 
in  1782. 

LEE,  Henry,  an  American  general,  was 
bom  in  the  state  of  Virginia,  in  1756.  He 
commenced  his  military  career  as  captain  of 
one  of  the  six  companies  of  cavalry  raised 
by  Virginia,  after  she  had  thrown  off  the 
authority  of  the  mother  country  ;  and  hav- 
ing shown  much  skill  and  energy  on  several 
'occasions,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major, 
and  intrusted  with  the  command  of  a  sepa- 
rate corps.  In  the  famous  retreat  of  Greene, 
before  Comwallis,  into  Virginia,  Lee's  legion 
formed  the  rear-guard  of  the  American 
army,  and  repelled  every  attempt  of  the 
enemy  to  impede  its  march.  From  that 
time  to  the  termination  of  the  war,  General 
Lee  was  constantly  engaged,  and  performed 
many  valuable  services  to  the  republic. 
When  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
was  ratified,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  house  of  delegates,  was  made  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1792,  chosen  a  member  of 
congress  in  1799,  and  retained  his  seat  till 
the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to  the  presi- 
dent's chair,  when  he  retired  into  private 
life.    Died,  1818. 

LEE,  Nathaniel,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  was  bom  at  Hatfield,  in  Hertford- 
shire ;  and  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
Being  disappointed  of  a  fellowship,  he  made 
an  attempt  as  an  actor,  but  without  success  ; 
on  which  he  turned  his  attention  to  dra- 
matic composition,  and  in  1675  produced 
the  tragedy  of  "  Nero."  He  afterwards  be- 
came insane,  and  was  confined  in  Bedlam 
for  2  years,  and  died  in  1692,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  injury  received  in  a  drunken 
frolic.  He  wrote  11  tragedies,  of  which 
"  The  Rival  Queens  "  and  "  Theodosius  " 
are  the  best ;  and  he  assisted  Dryden  in 
writing  "  GEdipus  "  and  "  The  Duke  of 
Guise."  Lee's  dramas  are  not  deficient  in 
poetic  genius,  but  a  degree  of  turgid  elo- 
quence too  often  destroys  the  effect  of  his 
most  pathetic  scenes. 

LEE,  Rachel  Fannt  Axtonina,  an 
eccentric  woman,  of  ample  fortune  and  of 
masculine  mind.  She  married,  in  1794, 
Matthew  Allen  Lee,  from  whom  she  sepa- 
rated the  following  year,  with  a  settlement 
of  lOOOZ.  annually.  In  1804  she  became  the 
subject  of  public  conversation  by  an  alleged 
abduction  from  her  house  in  Bolton  Row,  by 
two  brothers,  the  Rev.  Lockhart  and  Mr. 
Loudoun  Gordon,  cousins  to  the  Earl  of 
Aboyne  ;  for  which  they  were  tried  at  the 
Oxford  assizes,  and,  though  acquitted,  re- 
ceived a  severe  reprimand.    Mrs.  Lee  pub- 


lished a  vindication  of  her  conduct,  an 
"  Essay  on  Government,"  and  other  pam- 
phlets.   Died,  1829. 

LEE,  Sophia,  the  daughter  of  an  able 
actor,  was  born  in  London,  in  1750,  and  had 
the  advantage  of  an  excellent  education. 
In  1780  she  produced  the  comedy  of  "  The 
Cliapter  of  Accidents,"  which  was  so  suc- 
cessful that  the  profits  of  it  enabled  her  to 
establish  a  ladies'  school  at  Bath,  which  was 
conducted  by  herself  and  sisters  for  several 
years  with  reputation.  Her  next  literary 
performance  was  "  The  Recess,"  a  romance, 
which  became  very  popular,  and  established 
her  fame.  She  also  wrote  "  Almeyda,"  a 
tragedy  ;  "  The  Assignation,"  a  comedy  ; 
"A  Hermit's  Tale,"  a  poem  ;  "  The  Life  of 
a  Lover,"  and  three  of  the  stories  in  her 
sister's  Canterbury  Tales.  Died  at  Clifton, 
near  Bristol,  in  1824. 

LEECHMAN,  William,  a  learned  Scotch 
divine,  particularly  celebrated  as  a  lecturer 
on  theology,  was  bom  at  Dolphinston,  in 
Lanarkshire,  in  1706,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.  Elected  professor 
of  theology  at  Glasgow,  he  signalised  him- 
self by  ably  combating  the  reasonings  of 
Voltaire,  Bolingbroke,  and  Hume  ;  and  in 
1761  he  was  raised  to  the  oflice  of  principal 
of  the  university.    Died,  1783. 

LEEVES,  the  Rev.  William,  rector  of 
W^rington,  in  Somersetsliire  ;  author  of  the 
plaintive  air  of  "  Auld  Robin  Grey,"  which 
he  composed  in  1770,  but  was  not  known  to 
be  the  author  until  1812.  He  also  composed 
much  sacred  music,  in  whi«h  were  united 
considerable  taste  and  feeling.  He  died, 
aged  79,  in  1828. 

LEFEBVRE,  Francis  Joseph,  Duke  of 
Dantzic,  a  French  marshal,  was  born  at 
Rufack,  in  the  department  of  the  Upper 
Rhine,  in  1755.  He  entered,  when  young, 
into  the  French  guards  ;  was  a  sergeant  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  reached 
the  rank  of  adjutant-general  in  1793,  and 
in  1794  was  a  general  of  division.  In  June 
that  year  he  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Fleurus ;  and,  after  the  death  of 
Hoclie,  was  raised  to  the  command  of  the 
Meuse  and  Sambre.  Being  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Stockhet,  in  1799,  he  retired 
to  Paris,  where  he  assisted  Buonaparte  in 
seizing  the  supreme  power,  and  was  re- 
warded by  him  with  the  dignities  of  senator, 
marshal  of  the  empire,  and  grand  cross  of 
the  legion  of  honour.  At  the  battle  of 
Jena  he  commanded  the  imperial  guard  ; 
but  his  greatest  exploit  was  the  taking  of 
Dantzic,  May  24.  1807  ;  after  which  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  duke.  He  subse- 
quently commanded  in  Spain  and  Germany, 
and  he  contributed  greatly  to  the  success 
of  the  French  at  Eckmuhl  and  Wagram. 
After  the  restoration  of  royalty  he  was  made 
a  peer,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1820. 

LEFEVRE,  Robert,  an  eminent  French 
artist,  distinguished  chiefly  as  a  portrait 
painter.  He  also  produced  several  historical 
pieces  of  great  merit.    Died,  1831. 

LEFORT,  Francis  James,  noted  as  the 
favourite  of  Peter  the  Great,  was  the  son 
of  a  merchant  at  Geneva,  where  he  was 
born  in  1656.  Having  an  inclination  for  a 
military  life,  he  entered  the  French  army 


\ 


516 


leg] 


^  ^tU)  ©m'ljerj^al  2St0graji]^». 


[lei 


when  a  mere  boy,  and  afterwards  went  into 
that  of  Holland  ;  which  he  left  to  go  to 
Moscow,  by  the  way  of  Archangel,  in  1675. 
Here  he  became  secretary  to  the  Danish 
ambassador  ;  and  a  fortunate  accident  gave 
him  an  opportunity  to  gain  the  favour  of 
the  young  czar,  which  he  retained  till  his 
death.  Peter  felt  that  he  needed  an  instructor 
and  assistant,  and  Lefort  possessed  talents 
fitted  for  both  offices.  The  first  great  ser- 
vice which  he  rendered  the  czar  was  in  a 
rebellion  of  the  Strelitz  (1(588).  Lefort 
quelled  the  insurrection,  and  saved  the 
prince  from  the  danger  which  threatened 
his  life.  This  exploit  gained  for  him  the 
unbounded  confidence  of  the  czar,  who  was 
now  become  the  absolute  master  of  Russia. 
Lefort's  influence  increased  daily.  He  es- 
tablished the  military  system  of  Kussia,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  her  navy,  which 
Peter  afterwards  carried  to  such  a  degree 
of  perfection.  Lefort  had  a  comprehensive 
and  cultivated  mind,  a  penetrating  judg- 
ment, much  courage,  and  an  uncommon 
knowledge  of  the  resources  of  the  Russian 
empire.     He  died  in  1699. 

LEGALLOIS,  Julian  Jony  Cesar,  a 
French  physician,  waa  bom,  about  1775,  at 
Cherneix,  in  Brittany.  He  was  an  eminent 
physiological  writer,  and  became  physician 
to  the  Bicttre.    Died,  1814. 

LEGENDRE,  Adrie.v  Makie,  one  of  the 
first  mathematicians  of  the  age,  filled  the 
professor's  chair  at  the  military  school  at 
Paris,  was  a  member  of  the  French  academy 
of  sciences,  and  a  knight  of  the  legion  of 
honour.  In  1787  he  was  employed  by  the 
French  government  to  assist  Cassini  and 
others,  in  obtaining  accurate  estimates  of 
the  relative  meridional  situations  of  Paris 
and  Greenwich.  He  also  distinguished  him- 
self by  very  profound  researches  concerning 
the  attraction  of  elliptic  spheroids,  and  was 
the  first  who  demonstrated  that  the  ellipse 
is  the  only  figure  in  wliich  the  equilibrium 
of  a  homogeneous  fluid  mass  can  be  preserved 
under  the  influence  of  rotatory  motion,  and 
that  all  its  component  molecules  would  be 
mutually  attracted  in  the  inverse  ratio  of 
the  squares  of  their  distances.  On  the  form- 
ation of  the  Institute  he  became  a  member 
of  that  body  ;  and  under  the  imperial  go- 
vernment he  was  nominated  a  counsellor  for 
life  of  tiie  university  of  Paris.  In  1815  he 
was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  public  instruction  ;  and  in  1816,  con- 
jointly with  M.  Poisson,  examiner  of  can- 
didates for  tlie  Polytechnic  School.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Elemens  de  Geometric," 
"  MtJmoires  sur  les  Transcendantes  EUip- 
tiques,"  "  Nouvelle  Th^orie  des  Parallfeles," 
&c.    Died,  18^52. 

LEGENDRE,  Louis,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Rouen,  in  1659  ;  he  was  canon  of 
Notre  Dame,  and  abbot  of  Claire  Fontaine, 
in  the  diocese  of  Chartres.  His  principal 
work  (for  he  was  the  autlior  of  several)  is 
a  "  History  of  France,"  3  vols,  folio ;  re- 
printed in  8  vols.  12mo.    Died,  1733. 

LEGENDRE,  Louis,  one  of  the  leading 
French  revolutionists,  who  after  having 
made  himself  notorious  by  heading  street 
processions,  was  employed  by  Marat,  Dan- 
ton,  and  other  leaders  of  tlie  popular  party, 


617 


to  forward  their  schemes  ;  and  became  one 
of  the  chiefs  of  the  Jacobin  club.  In  1792, 
he  was  chosen  a  deputy  from  Paris  to  the 
National  Convention,  and  voted  for  the  death 
of  the  king.  For  a  long  time  he  figured 
as  one  of  the  most  violent  terrorists  under 
Robespierre  ;  but  he  afterwards  joined  Tal- 
lieu  and  his  party,  in  tlie  destruction  of  his 
former  master ;  and  signalised  himself  by 
driving  away  the  members  of  the  Jacobin 
club,  locking  up  their  hall,  and  delivering 
their  keys  to  the  Convention.  From  this 
time  he  pretended  to  be  the  friend  of  mo- 
derate measures,  continually  declaiming 
against  the  sanguinary  measures  in  which 
he  had  before  participated  ;  and  when  the 
Jacobins  revolted  against  the  Convention, 
he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  troops 
who  defended  the  legislative  body,  and 
contributed  much  to  the  defeat  of  his  old 
associates.  He  ultimately  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  ancients,  and  died  in 
1797. 

LEGER,  Francis  Bakrv  Boyle,  St., 
barrister-at-law  ;  author  of"  Gilbert  Earle," 
the  "  Blount  Manuscripts,"  and  "  Tales  of 
Passion."  He  was  also  editor  of  the  "  Al- 
bum," and  a  contributor  to  several  period- 
ical publications.  He  showed  early  indi- 
cations of  ability ;  and  died,  aged  thirty, 
in  1829. 

LEGGE,  George,  was  the  son  of  Colonel 
W.  Legge,  groom  of  the  bed-chamlH!r  to 
Charles  I.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
naval  commander,  and,  in  1682,  was  elevated 
to  the  peerage  ;  soon  after  which  he  was  sent 
out  to  Tangiers,  in  order  to  demolish  the 
fortifications,  and  bring  away  the  garrison. 
In  this  he  did  not  succeed  ;  and  though  he 
served  his  country  with  honour,  lie  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  and  died  there  in 
1691. 

LEGOUVE,  Gajjriel  Marie  Jean  Bap- 
TiSTE,  a  French  dramatist  and  poet,  was 
born,  in  1764,  at  Paris  ;  and  was  admitted 
as  a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1798.  He 
wrote  six  tragedies  and  several  poems.  Died, 
1813. 

LEGRAND  D'AUSSAY,  Pierre  Jean 
Baptiste,  a  French  Jesuit,  was  born  in 
1737,  at  Amiens ;  became  professor  of  rhe- 
toric at  Caen  ;  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1800. 
He  was  the  autlior  of  "  Fables  and  Tales 
of  the  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth  Centuries" 
and  a  "  Life  of  Apollonius  Tyaneus." 

LEGUANO,  Stephano  Maria,  a  painter, 
was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1660.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  Carlo  Maratti,  and  his  works  are 
held  in  much  estimation.    Died,  1715. 

LEIBNITZ,  Gottfried  Wilhelm,  Baron, 
a  man  of  splendid  abilities,  was  born  in 
1646,  at  Leipsic,  in  which  city  his  father  was 
a  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  moral  phi- 
losophy. After  studying  at  Jena  and  Nu- 
remberg, he  removed  to  the  court  of  Mentz, 
and  was  appointed  a  counsellor.  In  1672  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  applied  himself  to 
mathematics,  and  enjoyed  the  acquaintance 
of  the  celebrated  Huygens,  whose  expecta- 
tions he  answered  by  the  invention  of  an 
aritlimetical  machine.  Tlie  Elector  of  Bran- 
denburg (afterwards  Frederic  I.  king  of 
Prussia)  requested  his  advice  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  royal  academy  of  sciences  at 


lei] 


^  iSctD  ^nibtr^nl  2i3t0jjraj)Ijjj. 


[lel 


Berlin,  and,  when  completed,  made  him 
president  of  the  institution.  In  1711  he  was 
made  Aulic  councillor  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany  ;  and  the  emperor  of  Russia  ap- 
pointed liim  privy  councillor  of  justice,  with 
a  pension.  He  was,  after  this,  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Clarke,  on  the  suhject 
of  free  will,  aa  he  had  been  before  with 
Newton  on  the  invention  of  fluxions.  His 
philosophical  writings  are  very  numerous, 
and  he  crowned  his  literary  fame  by  an 
"Essai  sur  I'Entendement  Humain."  j^c- 
cording  to  the  Leibnitzian  system  of  opti- 
mism, an  infinite  number  of  worlds  are  pos- 
sible in  the  divine  understanding  ;  but,  of 
all  possible  ones,  God  has  chosen  and  formed 
the  best.  Each  being  is  intended  to  attain 
the  highest  degree  of  happiness  of  which  it 
is  capable,  and  is  to  contribute,  as  a  part,  to 
the  perfection  of  the  whole.    Died,  1716. 

LEICESTER.    See  Dldley. 

LEICESTER,  Thomas  William,  Earl 
of,  and  Viscount  COKE,  was  distinguished 
throughout  a  long  and  active  life  as  one  of 
the  most  princely  and  efficient  of  all  the 
improvers  of  English  agriculture.  When 
he  succeeded  to  his  extensive  estates  in  Nor- 
folk they  were  but  little  better  than  a  mere 
sheepwalk  and  rabbit  warren  ;  all  the  com 
used  in  the  neighbourhood  was  purchased 
from  more  favoured  districts  ;  and  in  his 
early  leases  he  let  land  as  low  as  one  shilling 
and  sixpence  per  acre.  That  same  land, 
once  so  sterile,  is  now  some  of  the  finest 
wheat  land  in  the  country,  and  forests  are 
waving  where  formerly  scarcely  a  blade  of 
grass  was  to  be  seen  ;  nay,  it  is  recorded,  that 
a  few  years  before  his  death  this  excellent 
landlord  and  sensible  man  actually  stood, 
with  his  wife  and  sons,  on  board  of  a  vessel, 
then  first  launched,  which  was  built  of  oak 
from  acorns  which  he  himself  had  planted  ! 
While  thus  transforming  the  whole  face  of 
his  estates,  and  benefiting  his  tenants,  and, 
by  their  example,  the  country  at  large,  Mr. 
Coke  wonderfully  increased  his  own  pro- 
perty ;  his  rental  being  only  2200Z.  when  he 
succeeded  to  the  estate,  and  upwards  of 
20,000Z.  in  later  years  ;  during  which,  indeed, 
timber  has  been  felled  to  more  than  the 
annual  amount  of  the  former  whole  rent. 
When  upwards  of  85  years  of  age  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried. By  his  first  marriage  he  had  three 
daughters  ;  and  by  the  second,  contracted 
when  he  was  70  years  of  age  and  the  bride 
not  19,  five  sons  and  one  daughter.  He  sat 
in  parliament  for  many  years  previous  to 
his  elevation  to  the  peerage,  and  always 
spoke  and  voted  on  the  Whig  side.  Died, 
June  1842,  aged  90. 

LEIGH,  Charles,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, who  published  the  "  Natural  History 
of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Derby,"  a 
"History  of  Virginia,"  and  "  Exercitationes 
de  Aquis  Mineralibus."  He  died  at  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century. 

LEIGH,  Sir  Edward,  a  learned  biblical 
critic  and  historian,  born  at  Shawell,  in 
Leicestersliire,  in  1602.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  studied  in  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
afterwards  devoted  several  years  to  profes- 
sional and  literary  researches.  He  was  M.P. 
for  Staflbrd,  and  a  colonel  in  the  parliament- 


618 


arian  army  ;  was  expelled  from  the  house 
in  1648,  along  with  other  presbyterian  mem- 
bers ;  and  occupied  himself,  after  the  Resto- 
ration, in  literary  pursuits.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  entitled  "  Critica  Sacra." 
Died,  1671. 

LEIGHTON,  Alexaxder,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine and  physician,  was  born  at  Edinburgh, 
in  1.568.  He  became  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  that  university,  but  afterwards 
went  to  Leyden,  and  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree. He  tlien  visited  London,  where  he 
had  a  lectureship,  till  he  was  prosecuted  in 
the  star  chamber  for  publishing  two  libels, 
one  entitled  "  Zion's  Plea,"  and  the  other 
"  The  Looking-glass  of  the  Holy  War." 
He  was  sentenced  to  stand  in  tlie  pillory,  to 
have  his  ears  cut  off,  his  nose  slit,  branded 
on  the  cheek,  publicly  whipped,  and  impri- 
soned in  the  Fleet,  where  he  remained  11 
years,  and  died  insane,  in  1644. 

LEIGHTON,  RoBEUT,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  bom  in  London,  in  1613  ;  he  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Edinburgh  ;  and  in 
1643  settled  as  minister  of  Newbottle,  near 
that  city.  He  then  quitted  the  presbyterian 
church  for  the  episcopal ;  was  successively 
principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  bishop 
of  Dumblane,  and  archbishop  of  Glasgow  ; 
and  died  in  1684.  He  was  a  good  theologian, 
an  eloquent  preacher,  and  a  pious  and  dis- 
interested man. 

LE  JAY,  Got  Michel,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  biblical 
critic,  and  who  rendered  himself  remark- 
able by  printing,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
Polyglot  Bible.  He  refused  to  suffer  it  to 
appear  under  the  name  of  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, though  he  had  neglected  his  profession, 
and  impoverished  himself  by  the  undertak- 
ing. He  afterwards  became  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  obtained  the  deanery  of  Vezelai,  and  the 
rank  of  a  counsellor  of  state.    Died,  167.5. 

LEKAIN,  Henry  Louis,  a  celebrated 
French  actor,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1728, 
and  brought  up  to  the  trade  of  a  goldsmith, 
but  renounced  it  at  16  years  old  for  the 
stage,  and  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
and  accomplished  tragedians  that  ever  ap- 
peared in  France.     Died,  1778. 

LELAND,  Jonx,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  born  in  London,  about  the  end  of  Henry 
the  Seventh's  reign  ;  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  All  Soul's,  Oxford  ;  and  was  made  chap- 
lain and  librarian  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  also 
appointed  him  his  antiquary,  with  a  commis- 
sion to  examine  all  the  libraries  of  the  cathe- 
drals, abbeys,  and  colleges  in  the  kingdom. 
He  spent  six  years  in  travelling  to  collect 
materials  for  the  history  and  antiquities  of 
England  and  Wales  ;  and  retired  to  his  house 
in  London,  to  arrange  and  methodise  the 
stores  of  intelligence  which  he  had  collected  ; 
but,  after  about  two  years,  he  died  insane  in 
15,52,  without  having  completed  his  under- 
taking. The  great  bulk  of  his  collections, 
after  passing  through  various  hands,  was 
placed  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  in  an  un- 
finished state.  Hearne  published  his  "  Itin- 
erary "  and  "  Collectanea,"  and  Hall  edited 
his  "Commentarii  de  Scriptoribus  Britan- 
nicis,"  2  vols. 

LELAND,  JonN,  a  dissenting  minister ; 


lel] 


^  i^tbi  Winihtx^Kl  JSiograjp^y. 


[lem 


author  of  "  A  View  of  the  Principal  Deist- 
ical  Writers  in  England,"  3  vols.  ;  "  The 
Advantage  and  Necessity  of  the  Christian 
Revelation,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Sermons,"  4 
vols.  Ue  also  wrote  against  Tindal,  Dod- 
well,  and  Bolingbroke.  Born,  1C91 ;  died, 
1766. 

LELAND,  Thomas,  a  divine  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  bom  in  1722,  at  Dublin, 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College.  In 
1768  the  lord  lieutenant  appointed  iiim  his 
chaplain,  and  subsequently  gave  him  the 
vicarage  of  Bray,  and  a  prebend  in  St. 
Patrick's  cathedral.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Ireland,"  3  vols.  ;  "  The  Life 
of  Philip  of  Macedon,"  "  A  Dissertation  on 
the  Principles  of  Human  Eloquence,"  &c. 
This  last  was  replied  to  anonymously  by 
Dr.  Hurd.    Died,  17»5. 

LELI.I,  HEKCUi,Ks,an  Italian  painter  and 
modeller;  cliiefly  noticeable  for  the  anatomi- 
cal  figures  which  he  made  for  the  institute 
of  Bologna.    Born,  1700  ;  died,  1766. 

LEL.Y,  Sir  Peter,  a  celebrated  painter, 
whose  family  name  was  Vander  Vaes,  was 
bom  at  Soest,  in  Westphalia,  in  1617,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  Grebber,  of  Haerlem.  In 
1641  he  came  to  England,  and  from  that 
period  he  gradually  rose  in  reputation.  He 
finished  portraits  both  of  Charles  I.  and 
Cromwell,  but  it  was  not  till  the  Restoration 
that  he  reached  the  height  of  fame  and  pro- 
sperity. Ue  fell  in  with  the  voluptuous  taste 
of  the  new  court,  in  his  representation  of 
the  beauties  who  adorned  it;  and,  by  the 
delicacy  and  grace  of  his  pencil,  became 
the  favourite  painter,  and  was  knighted  by 
Charles  II.,  who  highly  esteemed  him.  Died, 
1680. 

LEMAIRE,  James,  a  Dutch  navigator  of 
the  17th  century,  was  the  son  of  a  merchant 
of  Egmont,  in  North  Holland.  He  em- 
barked on  an  expedition  with  Cornelius 
Schouten,  and  in  1616  discovered  the  straits 
wliich  now  bear  his  name.  He  also  visited 
some  liitherto  unexplored  islands  in  the 
South  Sea,  and  died,  soon  after  his  retiurn, 
Dec.  31.  1616. 

LiEMAN,  Thomas,  F.S.A.,  a  clergyman  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  a  distinguished 
antiquary,  who  devoted  his  talents  to  the 
investigation  of  British  and  Roman  anti- 
quities remaining  in  this  country.  He  was 
a  most  valuable  contributor  to  several  works 
by  other  autliors,  but  he  does  not  appear  to 
have  published  any  distinct  treatises  himself. 
He  died  in  1827,  aged  76. 

LEMERY,  Nicholas,  a  French  chemist, 
was  born  in  1C45,  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy  ; 
studied  chemistry  at  Paris  and  Montpelier  ; 
and  gave  experimental  lectures  at  Paris, 
which  procured  him  the  patronage  of  the 
Prince  of  Conde.  In  1675  he  published  his 
"  Cours  de  Chymie,"  which  was  exceedingly 
popular  ;  he  was  also  the  author  of  a  "  Uni- 
versal Pharmacopoeia,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on 
Drugs."  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  he  abjured  the  Protestant  religion  to 
avoid  banishment,  and  died  in  1715. 

LEMIERRE,  Antuont  Marin,  a  French 
dramatist,  bom  in  1733,  at  Paris.  He  was 
assistant  sacristan  to  the  church  of  St.  Paul, 
and  at  his  leisure  composed  sermons,  which 
he  sold  in  manuscript.    He  afterwards  be- 

519 


came  rhetorical  teacher  at  Harcourt  College 
and  secretary  to  Dupin,  one  of  the  farmers- 
general,  who  settled  a  pension  on  him,  in 
order  that  he  might  give  liimself  up  to 
literature.  He  produced  several  poems 
and  nine  tragedies ;  among  the  latter  are 
"  William  Tell,"  "  IIyi»ermnestra,"  and  the 
"  Widow  of  Malabar."    Died  in  1792. 

LEMOINE,  Francis,  an  historical  pain- 
ter, born  at  Paris,  in  1688.  His  principal 
work  is  the  ceiling  in  the  Hall  of  Hercules, 
at  Versailles,  the  largest  painting  in  Europe, 
containing  142  ligures,  and  being  64  feet  long 
and  64  broad,  without  being  divided  by  any 
architectural  interruptions.  He  destroyed 
himself  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  in  1737. 

LEMOINE,  Peter,  a  French  poet,  bom 
in  1602  ;  of  whom  Boileau  remarked,  "  that 
he  was  too  wrong-headed  to  be  much  com- 
mended, and  too  much  of  a  poet  to  be 
strongly  condemned."  His  principal  work 
was  an  epic  poem  in  18  books,  entitled 
"  Saint  Louis,  on  la  Sainte  Couronne  rccon- 
quise  sur  les  Infldelles."    Died,  1672. 

LEMOINE,  Stephen,  a  Protestant  divine, 
was  born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1624  ; 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Leyden,  and 
died  in  1689.  His  works,  collected  in  two 
volumes,  are  entitled  "  Varia  Sacra." 

LEMON,  Robert,  F.  S.  A.,  deputy-keeper 
of  his  majesty's  state  jiajjers ;  born,  1774  ; 
died,  1835.  In  the  duties  of  his  olHce,  Mr. 
Lemon  evinced  the  most  praiseworthy  zeai  ; 
and  it  may  be  truly  said,  that  "nearly  every 
recently  published  historical  work  bears  a 
testimony  to  his  exertions." 

LEMONNIER,  Peter  Charles,  an  emi- 
nent French  astronomer,  was  born  at  Paris 
in  1715,  and  accompanied  Maupertuis  in  his 
tour  towards  the  north  pole  for  measuring 
a  degree  of  the  meridian.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  the  science,  and  had  the  honour  of 
numbering  among  his  pupils  the  celebrated 
Lalande.    Died,  1796. 

LEMONNIER,  Louis  William,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  first  physician  to  the 
king,  and  professor  of  botany  at  the  Jar- 
din  du  Roi.  After  narrowly  escaping  de- 
struction during  the  French  revolution, 
he  retired  to  Montreuil,  where  he  died  in 
1779.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Observations 
d'Histoire  Naturelle,"  &c.,  and  a  contribu- 
tor to  the  Encyclopedic  and  other  scientific 
works. 

LEMONTEY,  Peter  Edward,  a  FrencJi 
poet  and  jurist,  was  bora  at  Lyons,  in  1762. 
In  the  deliberations  on  the  fate  of  Louis 
XVI.,  and  in  the  other  wild  and  despotic 
measures  of  the  revolutionists,  he  advocated 
the  cause  of  humanity  and  justice  ;  but  he 
was  obliged  to  save  himself  from  the  fury 
of  the  terrorists  by  precipitately  quitting 
France  for  Switzerland,  where  he  resided 
till  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Mountain 
party.  Deeply  affected  with  the  calamity 
which  had  involved  Lyons,  his  native  citv, 
in  ruin,  he  published  his  beautiful  ode, 
"Les  Ruines  de  Lyons."  He  afterwards 
travelled  through  Italy,  and  wrote  various 
operas,  romances,  and  poems ;  in  1804  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  censors  of  the 
drama ;  and  at  the  restoration  he  was  in- 
vested with  the  order  of  the  legion  of  ho- 
nour, and  appointed  director-general  of  the 


lem] 


^  i^tbi  Wiixiiitv^al  2Sifl0rapI)e. 


[len 


book  trade.  Among  his  works,  the  most 
successful  are,  the  opera  of  "  Palma,  ou  le 
"Voyage  en  Grfece  ; "  his  "  Essai  sur  I'Eta- 
blissement  Monarchique  de  I^ouis  XIV.;" 
and  a  romance,  entitled  "  La  Famille  de 
Jura,  ou  Irons-nous  h  Paris  ?  "    Died,  1826. 

LEMOT,  Francis  Fiiederic,  a  French 
statuary,  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1773.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  obtained  a  prize 
for  a  bas-relief,  representing  "  The  Judg- 
ment of  Solomon  ;"  was  afterwards  taken 
as  a  conscript,  and  served  in  the  artillery 
under  General  Pichegru.  In  1795  he  was 
ordered  to  Paris,  to  assist  in  the  execution  of 
a  statue  of  Henry  IV.,  to  be  placed  on  the 
Pont  Neuf.  Many  of  his  productions  adorn 
the  principal  buildings  of  the  French  capital. 
Died  1827. 

LEMOYNE,  Jeatt  Baptiste,  a  French 
musician,  born  at  Eymet,  in  1751.  He  stu- 
died at  Berlin  under  Graun  and  Kirnber- 
ger,  and  had  the  honour  of  giving  lessons 
occasionally  to  Frederic  the  Great.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  Paris,  produced 
eleven  successful  operas,  and  was  the  first 
composer  ever  summoned  on  to  the  stage 
by  a  French  audience,  to  receive  their 
plaudits  at  the  conclusion  of  the  piece. 
Died,  1796. 

LEMPRIERE,  JoH.v,  D.D.,  an  eminent 
classical  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey  ; 
received  his  education  at  Reading,  Winches- 
ter, and  Pembroke,  College,  Oxford  j  gra- 
duated at  that  university  ;  was  head-master 
of  Abingdon  grammar-school,  and  after- 
wards of  the  school  at  Exeter ;  and,  on  re- 
signing the  latter,  was  presented  to  the 
livings  of  Meeth  and  Newton  Petrock,  in 
Devonshire,  which  he  held  till  his  decease, 
in  1824.  His  principal  works  are,  the  "  Bib- 
liotheca  Classica,  or  Classical  Dictionary," 
and  a  "  Universal  Biography." 

L'ENCLOS,  Anne,  or  Ninon  de,  a  cele- 
brated female,  distinguished  alike  by  her 
beauty,  wit,  and  accomplishments,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1616.  She  was  left  at  an  early 
age  the  mistress  of  a  good  fortune ;  and, 
being  possessed  of  the  highest  personal  as 
well  as  intellectual  charms,  and  giving  free 
scope  to  the  indulgence  of  her  passions,  it  is 
no  wonder  that  she  drew  around  her  a  circle 
of  lovers  and  suitors,  distinguished  either  for 
their  rank  or  gallantry  ;  but  her  love  of  in- 
dependence, or  a  more  unworthy  cause,  pre- 
vented her  from  forming  a  serious  connection. 
Without  making  a  traffic  of  her  charms,  she 
attached  herself  to  those  who  pleased  her ; 
and  having  extended  her  favours,  in  suc- 
cession, to  the  most  celebrated  men  of  her 
time,  she  proved  to  all  that,  while  she  held 
chastity  in  utter  contempt,  she  was  quite  as 
regardless  of  constancy  in  her  attachments. 
Strange  as  it  may  appear  to  those  who  have 
been  bred  up  in  the  paths  of  virtue,  this 
modern  Lais  was  countenanced,  compli- 
mented, and  consulted  by  some  of  the  most 
eminent  writers  of  the  day.  Scarron,  we 
are  told,  consulted  her  on  his  romances,  St. 
Evremont  on  his  poems,  Moliere  on  his  co- 
medies, Fontenelle  on  his  dialogues,  and 
Bochefoucault  on  his  maxims  !  Nay,  it  is 
also  seriously  asserted,  that  her  friendship 
was  sought  by  some  of  the  most  respectable 
of  her  own  sex  !  But  mark  the  sequel.  "  The 


power  of  her  natural  beauty,"  says  one  of 
her  biographers,  "  was  indeed  tragically 
illustrated  by  the  often  told  adventure  of 
one  of  her  own  sons,  who  being  brought  up 
in  ignorance  of  his  birth,  fell  desperately  in 
love  with  his  mother,  and  when  she  dis- 
covered to  him  the  fatal  secret,  he,  in  a  fit  of 
despair  and  desperation,  stabbed  himself  in 
her  presence  !  "  This  terrible  event  has 
been  introduced  by  Le  Sage  into  his  Gil 
Bias.  She  died  in  1705,  in  the  90th  year  of 
her  age. 

LENFANT,  James,  a  French  Protestant 
divine,  was  bom  in  1691,  and  died  in  1728. 
He  published  histories  of  the  councils  of 
Constance,  Basle,  and  Pisa,  very  faithfully 
written.  He  likewise  translated  the  New 
Testament  into  French,  with  notes,  in  con- 
junction with  Beausobre.  His  other  works 
are,  a  "  History  of  Pope  Joan,"  "  Sermons," 
a  "Preservative  against  Uniting  with  the 
Church  of  Rome,"  &c. 

LENGLET  DU  FRESNOY,  Nicholas,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Beauvais,  in 
1674.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic,  but  so  much 
given  to  satire  and  political  intrigues,  that 
he  was  frequently  sent  to  the  Bastile.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  falling  into  the 
fire,  in  1755.  Among  his  voluminous  works, 
the  best  are,  his  "  Method  for  Studying  His- 
tory "  and  "Chronological  Tablets  of  Uni- 
versal History,"  wliich  have  been  translated 
into  English. 

LENNOX,  Charlotte,  a  female  of  con- 
siderable literary  abilities,  was  born  in  1720. 
Her  father.  Colonel  Ramsay,  was  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  York  ;  by  whom  she  was 
sent  to  England,  where  she  married  early, 
and  was  left  a  widow  with  one  child.  In 
1747  she  published  a  volume  of  poems  ;  and 
in  1751  her  novel  of  "Harriet  Stuart ;"  which 
was  followed,  the  next  year,  by  "The  Fe- 
male Quixote  "  and  "  Shakspeare  Illus- 
trated." After  this  appeared,  in  quick  suc- 
cession, several  works  translated  from  the 
French,  and  the  novels  of"  Henrietta  "  and 
"  Euphemia."  She  was  also  the  author  of 
some  dramatic  pieces.  Her  character  was 
unimpeachable,  and  she  was  highly  respected 
by  Dr.  Johnson  and  Samuel  Richardson  ; 
but  in  her  declining  years  she  was  doomed 
to  penury  and  sickness  ;  and  had  it  not  been 
for  the  relief  afforded  her  by  the  Literary 
Fund  Society,  her  latter  days  must  have 
been  truly  miserable.    Died,  1804. 

LENOTRE,  Andrew,  a  French  architect 
and  ornamental  gardener,  was  bom  in  1613, 
and  studied  painting  under  Voi;et.  He  was 
a  great  favourite  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  his 
plans  for  the  decoration  of  the  park  of  Ver- 
sailles contributed  principally  to  establish 
his  reputation.  Delille  has  celebrated  the 
talents  of  Lenotre,  whose  style  of  ornamental 
planting  was  fashionable,  not  only  in 
Fiance  but  in  England,  till  it  was  super- 
seded by  the  more  natural  style  introduced 
by  Kent,  Brown,  &c.    Died,  1700. 

LENTHALL,  William,  an  English  states- 
man of  the  17th  century,  was  born  at  Hen- 
ley, in  Oxfordshire,  in  1591.  In  1639  he  was 
elected  into  parliament  for  Woodstock,  and 
in  1640  he  was  chosen  speaker,  but  was 
turned  out  by  Cromwell  in  1653.  The  year 
following  he  became  speaker  of  the  parlia- 


LEO] 


^  ^cbi  Bnibtr^aX  3Bi05rajif)M. 


[les 


ment  called  by  the  usurper,  as  he  did  also 
of  the  Rump.    Died,  1682. 

LEO  I.,  Burnamed  the  Great,  and  canon- 
ised as  a  eaint,  was  a  native  of  Tuscany,  and 
succeeded  Scxtus  III.  in  the  papal  chair  in 
440.  He  took  a  very  decided  part  against 
the  Manichaean  heresy  and  other  scliisma- 
tics,  persuaded  Atlila  to  withdraw  his  forces 
from  the  very  gates  of  Kome,  and  after- 
wards saved  the  city  from  being  burned  by 
Genseric.    Died,  401. 

L,EO  X.,  Giovanni  de  Medici,  pope,  son 
of  the  celebrated  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  was 
born  at  Florence  In  1475.  At  the  age  of  11 
he  was  made  an  arclibishop  by  Louis  XL, 
king  of  France  ;  at  14  Julius  IL  invested 
him  with  the  dignity  of  legate,  and  he 
served  as  such  in  the  army  which  was  de- 
feated by  the  French,  near  Ravenna,  in 
1512.  He  was  taken  prisoner  after  that  bat- 
tle ;  but  the  soldiers  showed  the  most  super- 
stitious veneration  for  his  person,  as  the 
representative  of  the  pope.  He  was  elected 
to  the  papacy  in  1513,  and  his  coronation 
was  celebrated  with  unusual  pomp.  He  ter- 
minated the  disputes  wliich  had  subsisted 
between  his  predecessor  and  Louis  XII.  of 
France  ;  concluded  the  council  of  Lateran  ; 
and  formed  a  splendid  library,  which  he 
enriched  with  inestimable  manuscripts. 
This  pontiff  formed  two  great  projects,  the 
one  to  effect  a  general  association  of  the 
Christian  powers  against  the  Turks,  and  the 
other  to  complete  the  church  of  St.  Peter. 
To  aid  these  schemes  he  issued  plenary  in- 
dulgences, by  which  the  purchasers  procured 
the  pardon  of  their  sins  ;  but  these  indul- 
gences being  carried  into  Germany,  aroused 
the  zeal  of  Luther,  and  ultimately  produced 
the  Reformation.  He  died  in  1521.  Leo  X. 
was  a  munificent  patron  of  learning  and  the 
arts,  and  his  short  pontificate  forms  one  of 
the  most  interesting  ijeriods  in  papal  history. 

LEO  XIL,  Annibale  della  Genoa,  was 
born  at  Genoa,  in  1760,  and  succeeded  Pius 
VII.  in  the  papal  chair,  in  1S23.  By  the 
remission  of  many  taxes,  as  well  as  by  his 
benevolence  and  personal  attention  to  tlie 
hospitals,  prisons,  and  public  institutions  for 
the  poor,  he  obtained  the  love  of  the  people  ; 
he  olso  endeavoured  to  free  the  states  of  the 
church  from  robbers  and  banditti,  as  well  as 
to  suppress  the  remains  of  Carbonarism. 
Leo  died  in  Feb.  1829,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Cardinal  Castiglione,  who  took  the  name  of 
Pius  VIII.  Pius  died  Dec.  1830,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Cardinal  Capellari  (Gregory 
XVI.). 

LEO  VI.,  emperor  of  the  East,  called  the 
Philosopher,  succeeded  his  father  Basil,  tlie 
Macedonian,  in  88C.  He  expelled  the  patri- 
arch Photius,  and  defeated  the  Hungarians  ; 
but  just  before  his  death,  which  happened  in 
911,  his  fleet  sustained  a  total  defeat  by  the 
Saracens. 

LEO,  John,  sumamed  African  us,  a  tra- 
veller and  geographer  of  the  16th  century, 
was  bom  of  Moorish  parents,  at  Grenada,  in 
Spain.  On  that  city  being  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  in  1492,  he  retired  to  Africa, 
through  various  parts  of  which  he  after- 
wards travelled.  Having  been  captured  by 
pirates,  he  was  taken  to  Italy,  and  presented 
to  pope  Leo  X.,  who  persuaided  him  to  em- 

621 


brace  Christianity,  and  gave  him  his  own 
name  on  being  baptized.  At  Rome,  he  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  Italian  language, 
into  which  he  translated  his  "  Description  of 
Africa,"  originally  written  in  Arabic.  This 
is  a  very  curious  and  interesting  work,  com- 
prising accounts  of  several  countries  rarely 
visited  by  Europeans.    Died  about  1520. 

LEO,  Leonakdo,  an  eminent  musician, 
was  born  in  1694,  at  Naples,  and  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Italian  masters. 
He  composed  nineteen  operas,  two  oratorios, 
and  numerous  sacred  pieces.  Brilliancy  and 
flexibility  are  the  chaxacteristics  of  his  style. 
Died,  174.5. 

LEO,  of  Modena,  a  learned  rabbi  of  Ve- 
nice, in  the  15th  century,  who  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Jewish  Rites  and  Ceremonies  i" 
also  a  dictionary,  Hebrew  and  Italian. 
Died,  1654. 

LEON,  Fray  Luis  de,  a  Spanish  poet  and 
ecclesiastic,  was  born  in  1527,  and  died  in 
1591.  His  ode,  entitled  "La  Profecia  del 
Tago,"  has  been  translated  into  English  by 
Mr.  Wifien,  and  published  at  the  end  of  his 
translation  of  the  poems  of  Garcilaso  de  la 
Vega. 

LEONIDAS,  the  Spartan  king  and  hero, 
was  the  son  of  king  Auaxandrides,  and 
succeeded  his  half  brother  Cleomenes,  b.  c. 
491.  \Vhen  Xerxes,  king  of  Persia,  in- 
vaded Greece,  with  on  immense  army, 
Leonidas  marched  to  Thermopylae,  and,  on 
arriving  there,  posted  his  army,  which,  in- 
cluding the  whole  of  the  allies,  amounted 
only  to  7000  men,  so  skilfully,  that  the  ene- 
my, on  coming  to  the  narrow  pass,  became 
aware  of  the  difficulty  of  carrying  it  by  force. 
Xerxes,  therefore,  attempted  to  bribe  Leoni- 
das, offering  him  the  dominion  of  all  Greece. 
This  proposal  being  rejected  with  scorn,  the 
despot  sent  a  herald  to  order  the  Greeks  to 
surrender  their  arms  :  — "  I^t  him  come  and 
take  them,"  was  the  hero's  reply.  Thrice 
did  the  Persians  advance  in  great  force,  and 
thrice  were  they  repelled,  with  enormous 
loss.  Meanwhile,  a  traitorous  Greek,  named 
Ephialtes,  led  10,000  of  the  enemy,  by  a 
secret  path,  over  the  mountain,  who  thus 
gained  the  rear  of  Leonidas.  He  now  saw 
that  all  was  lost,  but  resolved  to  show,  by  a 
memorable  example,  what  the  Greeks  could 
perform  in  the  cause  of  their  country. 
After  a  long  contest,  the  hero  fell,  sur- 
rounded by  countless  assailants.  The  gra- 
titude of  Greece  raised  a  splendid  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Leonidas  and  his 
brave  associates,  and  annually  celebrated 
the  great  event  by  warlike  games  and 
orations. 

LEPAUTRE,  or  LEPOTRE,  Anthony, 
first  architect  to  the  king  of  France,  erected 
the  palace  of  St.  Cloud.  His  chief  talent 
lay  in  the  decoration  of  edifices,  but  his 
fondness  for  excessive  ornament  in  a  mea- 
sure destroyed    the  simple    beauty  of   his 

designs.      Died,    1691 His  son,    Pkter 

Lepautue,  was  an  eminent  sculptor,  and 
became  royal  statuary  and  director  of  tlie 
academy  of  St.  Luke.    Died,  1744. 

LE  SAGE,  AI.AIN  Rfi.v^,  a  distinguislied 
French  novelist  and  dramatist,  was  born  in 
1C(!8,  at  Sarzeau,  in  Brittany  ;  and  studied 
at  tlie  Jesuits'  College,  at  Vannes.    In  1092 


Y  y  3 


LES] 


^  IScb)  Winibtv^nX  IStocrrajilbM. 


[les 


he  went  to  Paris,  where  his  talents  and 
manners  procured  him  admission  into  the 
best  society,  and  lie  soon  adopted  the  profes- 
sion of  an  author.  He  studied  the  Spanish 
language,  and  produced  a  multitude  of 
translations,  or  imitations,  of  Castilian  dra- 
mas and  romances.  His  comedy  of  "  Crispin 
the  Rival  of  his  Master"  first  attracted  the 
public  notice  ;  but  his  success  as  a  novelist 
has  most  contributed  to  make  him  known  to 
foreigners.  "Le  Diable  Boiteux,"  known 
in  England  by  the  title  of  "  The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks,"  became  extremely  popular ; 
the  comedy  of  "  Turcaret "  added  to  his 
fame  ;  and  that  fame  was  soon  rendered 
imperishable  by  his  admirable  "  Gil  Bias." 
Le  Sage  was  endowed  with  great  literary 
fertility  ;  he  composed  24  dramatic  pieces, 
and  had  a  share  in  the  composition  of  70 
others.  Among  his  novels  are,  "  The 
Adventures  of  Guzman  d'Alfaroche,"  "  The 
Bachelor  of  Salamanca,"  "  The  History  of 
Estovanille  Gonzales,"  &c.    Died,  1747. 

liE  SAGE,  GEonoE  Louis,  a  philosophi- 
cal writer,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1724, 
and  died  in  1803.  He  wrote  "Fragments 
on  Final  Causes,"  and  a  treatise  on  "Me- 
chanical Physics." 

LESCURE,  Louis  Marie,  Marquis  de,  a 
French  royalist  general,  who  distinguished 
himself,  in  1793,  as  the  commander  of  one 
of  the  Vendean  divisions,  and  displayed 
the  utmost  intrepidity  in  various  sangui- 
nary battles  with  the  troops  of  the  re- 
public. Born,  1766  j  died,  of  the  wounds  he 
received  at  the  action  of  La  Tremblaye,  in 
1793. 

LESLEY,  John-,  bishop  of  Ross,  in  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  1527.  He  accompanied 
queen  Mary  from  France  to  Scotland,  and 
soon  after  became  bishop  of  Ross  and  a  privy 
councillor.  He  zealously  defended  the 
Romish  religion  ;  and  when  queen  Elizabeth 
appointed  commissioners  to  meet  at  York, 
to  consider  the  complaints  made  against 
Mary,  Lesley  appeared  in  behalf  of  his 
mistress,  whose  cause  he  pleaded  with  great 
ability.  He  also  tried  many  experiments 
to  procure  her  liberty,  for  which  he  was 
committed  to  the  Tower ;  but  in  1573  he 
recovered  his  liberty,  and  after  residing 
some  years  in  France,  was  made  bishop  of 
Constance.    Died,  1596. 

LESLIE,  CiiAKLEs,  son  of  the  bishop  of 
Clogher  (who  died  at  the  age  of  100  years, 
50  of  which  he  had  been  a  bishop^,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  ;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  the  Temple  ;  quitted  the  law 
for  divinity,  and  obtained  preferment  in 
Ireland.  He  was  a  zealous  Protestant,  but 
refused  to  transfer  his  allegiance  to  the  new 
government,  by  taking  the  oaths  to  King 
William.  Both  by  his  personal  exertions 
and  his  writings,  he  endeavoured  to  promote 
the  interents  of  the  exiled  family  ;  and,  on 
the  termination  of  the  rebellion  in  1715,  he 
accompanied  the  Pretender  into  Italy.  He 
wrote  many  political  tracts,  against  the  doe- 
trine  of  resistance  and  in  defence  of  here- 
ditary right,  the  most  important  of  which 
were  in  a  weekly  paper,  called  tlie 
Rehearsal.  He  also  wrote  some  treatises 
against  deists  and  Sociniaus,  among  which 
are,  "  The  Snake  in  the  Grass  "  and  "  A 


Short  and  Easy  Method  with  the  Deists." 
Died.  1732. 

LESLIE,  Sir  John,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician and  natural  philosopher,  was  born 
at  Largo,  in  Fifeshire,  in  1766.  His  father, 
who  was  a  joiner  and  cabinet-maker,  in- 
tended to  bring  him  up  to  some  useful  trade; 
but  his  fondness  for  calculation  and  geo- 
metrical exercises  brought  him  at  an  early 
period  under  the  notice  of  professors  Robin- 
son, Playfair,  and  Dugald  Stewart ;  and, 
when  he  was  13,  his  parents  were  induced  to 
let  him  enter  as  a  student  at  the  university 
of  St.  Andrew's.  After  remaining  there 
some  time,  he  removed  to  that  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  was  engaged  by  Dr.  Adam  Smith  to 
assist  the  studies  of  his  nephew,  afterwards 
Lord  Reston.  In  1790  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, with  an  intention  of  delivering  lectures 
on  natural  philosophy ;  but  being  disap- 
pointed in  his  views,  he  found  it  expedient 
to  commence  writing  for  the  press  as  the 
readiest  means  of  obtaining  a  subsistence. 
His  first  undertaking  of  any  importance  was 
a  translation  of  Buffbn's  "  Xatural  History 
of  Birds,"  which  appeared  in  1793,  in  9  vols. 
8vo.  ;  and  the  sum  he  received  for  this  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  pecuniary  independ- 
ence, which  his  prudent  habits  fortunately 
enabled  him  to  attain.  In  1794,  Mr.  Leslie 
spent  a  short  time  in  Holland  ;  and  in  1796 
he  made  a  tour  of  Germany  and  Switzerland 
with  Mr.  Thomas  Wedgwood.  In  1800  he 
invented  that  admirable  and  delicate  instru- 
ment the  differential  thermometer  ;  and  in 
1804  appeared  his  celebrated  "Essay  on  the 
Nature  and  Propagation  of  Heat."  For  this 
performance  he  was  honoured  by  the  coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Society  with  the  Romford 
medals  ;  and  in  1805  he  was  elected  to  the 
mathematical  chair  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  which,  in  1819,  he  exchanged 
for  that  of  philosophy  on  the  death  of  Pro- 
fessor Playfair.  By  the  invention  of  his 
hygrometer  he  succeeded  in  making  the  dis- 
covery of  that  singularly  beautiful  process 
of  artificial  freezing,  or  consolidation  of 
fluids,  which  enabled  him  to  congeal  mer- 
cury, and  convert  water  into  ice  by  eva- 
poration. Early  in  the  year  1832  he  was 
invested  with  a  knighthood  of  the  Guelphic 
order,  an  honour  he  was  not  destined  long 
to  enjoy,  for  he  died  the  same  year.  The 
chief  works  of  Sir  John  Leslie  are,  "  An 
Account  of  Experiments  and  Instruments 
depending  on  the  Relation  of  Air  to  Heat 
and  Moisture,"  the  "  Philosophy  of  Arith- 
metic," "Elements  of  Geometry,"  "Ele- 
ments of  Natural  Philosophy,"  besides  many 
admirable  treatises  in  Nicholson's  Philo- 
sophical  Journal,  the  Encyclopedia  Bri- 
taunica,  &c.    Died,  Nov.  3.  1832. 

LESSING,  GoTTHOLD  Ephraim,  an  emi- 
nent German  author,  remarkable  for  the 
versatility  of  his  genius,  was  bom  in  1729, 
at  Kamentz,  in  Pomerania  ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Meissen  and  Leipsic.  In  the  early 
part  of  his  career  he  connected  himself  with 
theatricals,  and  led  an  erratic  life,  but  he 
afterwards  compensated  for  it  by  the  closest 
mental  application.  At  Berlin,  where  he 
sometimes  resided,  he  became  acquainted 
with  Voltaire,  the  Jewish  philosopher  Men- 
delssohn, Nicolai,  Ramlcr,  Sulzer,  and  other 


t 


LES] 


^  fim  mixibtt^al  2Si05rapi)jJ. 


[let 


literary  characters.  In  1770  the  hereditary 
Prince  of  Brunswick  appointed  him  librarian 
at  Wolfenbuttel,  and  one  of  the  fruits  of 
this  appointment  was  a  periodical  publica- 
tion, entitled  "  Contributions  to  Literary 
History."  Among  liis  dramatic  works  are, 
"  Nathan  the  Wise,"  "  Emilia  Galotti," 
"Minna  von  Bamhelm,"  "Tlie  Misogyn- 
ist," and  "The  Freethinker."  His  other 
principal  works  are,  "Laocoon,"  "Fables," 
"  Fragments  of  an  Unknown,"  •'  The  Ham- 
burgh Dramaturgy,"  and  a  "  Dissertation  on 
the  Education  of  Uic  Human  Kace."  Died, 
1781. 

LESSIUS,  LEOJfARn,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
was  bora  near  Antwerp,  in  1554,  and  died 
in  1623.  His  principal  works  are,  "De 
Justitia  et  Jure,"  "  De  Protestate  Summi 
Pontificis,"  &c.  His  books  on  the  "  Exist- 
ence of  a  Deity "  and  the  "  Immortality 
of  the  Soul "  have  been  translated  into 
English. 

I/ESTRANGE,  Sir  Roger,  a  political 
partisan  and  controversial  writer,  was  born 
in  1C16.  His  father.  Sir  Ilamond  I'Estrange, 
of  Hunstanton  Hall,  Norfolk,  was  a  zealous 
royalist ;  and  the  son,  following  his  example, 
was  concerned  in  raising  forces,  and  in 
some  unsuccessful  enterprises  in  favour  of 
Charles  I.  during  the  civil  wars,  for  which 
he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom.  Upon 
the  Restoration  he  returned,  and  established 
an  English  newspaper,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Public  Intelligencer,"  in  16(53  ;  which 
he  discontinued  upon  tlie  publication  of  the 
first  London  Gazette.  He  was  author  of 
many  violent  political  tracts  ;  translated 
Josephus,  Cicero's  Offices,  Seneca's  Morals, 
the  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  and  ^sop's 
Fables.    He  died  in  1704. 

LESUEUR,  EusTACHE,  a  distinguished 
French  painter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1017, 
and  obtained  from  his  countrymen  the  name 
of  "  The  French  Raphael."  His  conceptions 
are  noble  and  elevated  ;  his  composition  is 
simple,  careful,  and  well  arranged  ;  the 
drawing  is  correct,  in  good  taste,  and  proves 
his  diligent  study  of  the  antique  and  of  the 
great  Italian  masters  ;  but  his  colouring 
is  deficient  in  truth  and  vigour,  which  often 
renders  his  pictures  too  uniform.  Altogether 
he  may  be  considered  a  fair  representative 
of  the  French  school  of  painting.  He  died 
in  his  38th  year. 

LESUEUR,  Jeax  Baftiste,  a  musical 
composer,  born  in  1703.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  Amiens,  he  obtained  various 
appointments,  as  director  of  music  in  cathe- 
drals ;  but  having  an  inclination  for  theatri- 
cal compositions,  he  resigned  his  place  at 
Notre  Dame  in  1788,  and  produced  several 
operas.  "  Telemachus  "  was  his  first.  He 
afterwards  composed  "La  Caverne,"  which 
met  with  the  most  brilliant  applause  ;  and 
in  1793  he  produced  "Paul  et  Virginie,"  the 
"  Death  of  Adam,"  and  "  The  Bards." 

LESUEUR,  TuOiMAS,  a  mathematician 
and  ecclesiastic,  was  bom  at  Rethel,  in 
Champagne,  in  the  year  1703.  He  entered 
into  the  order  of  Minims,  and  liecame  a 
celebrated  professor  of  mathematics,  philo- 
sopliy,  and  theology,  in  the  college  of  Sa- 
pienza,  at  Rome  ;  where  he  died  in  1770. 
He  joiued  with  father  Jacquier  in  a  Com- 


mentary upon  Newton's  Principia,  and 
also  in  a  profound  work  on  the  "  Integral 
Calculus."  Lesueur  also  published  "  The 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy,"  4  vols. ; 
and  "  Institutiones  Philosophica;,"  5  vols. 

LETUIEULLER,  Smakt,  an  English 
antiquary  and  \irtuo80,  was  bom  in  Essex, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 
He  made  a  most  valuable  collection  of  an- 
tiquities, fossils,  and  other  curiosities,  and 
died  in  1700. 

LETI,  Gregory,  an  Italian  historian, 
was  bom  in  1630,  at  Milan  ;  and,  after  stu- 
dying at  Rome,  went  to  Geneva,  where  he 
abjured  the  Catholic  religion,  and  after- 
wards resided  in  England.  While  there  he 
was  known  to  be  collecting  materials  for  a 
Jiistory  of  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  and 
Charles  seeing  him  one  day  at  his  levee, 
told  him  to  take  care  that  his  history  did 
not  give  ofience.  To  which  Leti  replied, 
"  I  will  do  what  I  can  ;  but  if  a  man  were 
as  wise  as  Solomon,  he  would  hardly  be 
able  to  avoid  giving  some  ofl'ence."  "  Why 
then,"  retorted  Charles,  "  be  as  wise  as 
Solomon ;  write  proverbs,  and  let  history 
alone."  Leti,  however,  did  not  take  this 
advice.  The  history  appeared,  under  the 
title  of  "  Teatro  Britannico  ;  "  and  the  au- 
thor was  ordered  to  quit  the  kingdom.  He 
then  went  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  died  in 
1701.  Among  his  works  are.  Lives  of 
"  Sixtus  V."  3  vols. ;  "  Charles  V."  4  vols.  ; 
"  Queen  Elizabeth,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Oliver  Crom- 
well," 2  vols.;  the  "History  of  Geneva," 
6  vols.  J  and  a  "  History  of  the  Cardinals." 
But  the  whole  are  so  interspersed  with  error 
and  fiction,  that  they  may  be  regarded  rather 
as  romances  than  authentic  histories. 

I>ETTICE,  John,  a  clergyman,  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Rushden, 
in  Northamptonshire,  in  1737,  and  educated 
at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  of 
whicli  he  was  afterwards  a  fellow  and  public 
tutor.  In  1708  he  quitted  the  retirement  of 
college  life,  and  was  secretary  to  the  British 
embassy  at  Copenhagen.  He  subsequently 
engaged  as  private  tutor  in  some  families  of 
distinction  ;  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Peasemarsh,  in  Sussex,  in  1785  ;  and  he  was 
also  a  prebendary  in  Chichester  cathedral. 
His  works  consist  of  "  Fables  for  the  Fire- 
side," 2  vols. ;  "  Strictures  on  Elocution," 
"  A  Tour  through  various  Parts  of  Scotland," 
and  "Miscellaneous  Pieces  on  Sacred  Sub- 
jects," besides  sermons,  tracts*  and  poems  ; 
a  translation  of  Holberg's  "  Parallel  Lives  of 
famous  Ladies,"  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Professor  Martyr,  "  The  Antiquities  of  Her- 
culaneum."    Died,  1832. 

LETTSOM,  John  Coakley,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  born  in  1744,  in  the  island  of 
Little  Vandyke,  near  Tortola,  in  the  West 
Indies.  He  was  educated  in  England,  served 
his  time  to  an  apothecary,  and  became  a 
pupil  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  after  which 
he  practised  for  a  short  time  at  Tortola  ; 
then  returned  to  Europe,  took  his  degree  at 
Leyden,  and  settled  in  London,  where  he 
attained  considerable  celebrity,  not  merely 
as  a  medical  practitioner,  but  as  an  active 
philanthropist.  He  was  a  member  of  many 
literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  the 
author  of  "Hints  on  Beneficence,  Tempe- 


523 


leu] 


^  ^c&j  Unihtv^Kl  28t0jjraji]5j?» 


[lew 


ranee,  and  Medical  Science,"  and  other 
useful  works.     Died,  1815. 

LEUCIPPUS,  a  philosopher  of  Elea,  who 
lived  in  the  5th  century  before  the  Christian 
era.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Zeno,  and  the 
master  of  Democritus.  The  atomic  system 
originated  with  liim  ;  and  thus,  by  ascribing 
a  sensible  power  to  tlie  particles  of  matter, 
and  setting  them  in  motion,  Leucippus  and 
his  follower  accounted  at  once  for  the  origin 
of  the  universe,  without  the  interposition  of 
divine  agency.  From  him  Descartes  bor- 
rowed his  hypothesis  of  the  "  Vortices,"  and 
Kepler  was  also  much  indebted  to  tlie  theory 
of  Leucippus. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  a  celebrated  biblical 
critic  and  theologian,  was  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
where  he  distinguished  liimself  as  one  of  the 
most  erudite  scholars  and  able  divines  of  the 
age.  His  theological  works  are  numerous 
and  valuable.  He  was  bom  in  1624,  and 
died  about  the  close  of  tlie  17th  century. 

LEUWENHOEK,  Anthony,  a  celebrated 
natural  philosopher,  was  bom  at  Delft,  in 
1GS2,  and  was  celebrated  for  his  microsco- 
pical improvements  and  discoveries,  chiefly 
anatomical,  the  particulars  of  which  were 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
and  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences. 
A  selection  from  his  works  was  published  in 
English.    Died,  1723. 

LEVAILLANT,  Fe.^ncis,  a  traveller  and 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Paramaribo,  in 
Guiana,  and  from  childhood  showed  a  strong 
predilection  for  the  study  of  natural  histor}', 
particularly  of  ornithology.  In  furtherance 
of  this  desire,  he  undertook  to  penetrate  the 
interior  of  Africa,  which  he  twice  accom- 
plished, though  under  circumstances  of  great 
difficulty.  He  published  two  narratives  of 
his  "  Travels  into  the  Interior  of  Southern 
Africa,"  and  a  "  Natural  History  of  African 
Birds,"  of  "  Parrots,"  and  of  the  rare  "  Birds 
of  the  Indies."  Insurmountable  obstacles 
prevented  him  from  pursuing  his  researches 
so  far  as  he  wished  ;  but  his  travels  are  very 
amusing,  and  also  afford  much  information 
of  a  philosophical  nature.  He  died  at  Paris, 
in  1824,  aged  70. 

LEVER,  Sir  AsHxox,  an  English  gentle- 
man, memorable  as  the  collector  of  a  valu- 
able museum  of  natural  history  ;  the  expense 
of  which  having  impaired  his  fortune,  he 
was  authorised,  in  1785,  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment, to  dispose  of  it  by  lottery.  The 
winner,  Mr.  Parkinson,  removed  the  mu- 
seum from  Leicester  Fields  to  the  building 
now  called  the  Rotunda,  in  Blackfriars 
Road  ;  and  after  exhibiting  it  some  years, 
sold  the  whole  by  auction.  Sir  Ashton  died 
in  1788. 

LEVESQUE  DE  POUILLT,  Louis,  a 
member  of  tlie  French  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions. He  died,  governor  of  Rheims,  in 
1746.  He  established  schools  for  mathe- 
matics, and  wrote  an  ingenious  book, 
entitled  "The  Theory  pf  Agreeable  Sen- 
sations," which  has  been  translated  into 
English. 

LEVESQUE,  Peter  Charles,  a  French 
writer  on  history  and  general  literature,  was 
bom  in  1736,  at  Paris,  and  was  apprenticed 
to  an  engraver,  but  removed  and  sent  to 
Mazarin  College.     In  1773  he   visited  St. 


Petersburgh,  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  the  school  of  cadets.  After 
seven  years'  absence  he  returned  to  France, 
and  became  professor  at  the  royal  college. 
He  was  subsequently  made  a  member  of 
the  Institute,  and  died  in  1812.  Among 
his  writings  are,  "A  History  of  Russia," 
Histories  of  France,  of  Greece,  and  of  the 
Roman  Republic  ;  a  translation  of  Thucy- 
dides,  &c. 

LEVI,  David,  a  London  Jew,  of  con- 
siderable acquirements,  though  of  humble 
birtli  and  occupations.  He  was  first  a  shoe- 
maker, and  afterwards  a  hatter,  but  the 
works  he  published  evinced  much  study  and 
ability.  In  1787  he  entered  into  a  polemical 
controversy  with  Dr.  Priestley,  whose  "  Let- 
ters to  the  Jews  "  he  answered  in  two  series 
of  epistolary  essays.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  a  volume  on  the  rites  and  ceremonies  of 
the  Jews  ;  "  Lingua  Sacra,  or  a  Hebrew  and 
English  Dictionary,"  3  vols. ;  "The  Penta- 
teuch in  Hebrew  and  English,"  a  translation 
of  the  Hebrew  Liturgy,  in  6  vols. ;  "  Disser- 
tations on  the  Prophecies,"  and  some  other 
works.    Bora,  1740  ;  died,  1799. 

LEVINGSTON,  James,  earl  of  Callendar, 
a  famous  soldier  of  Scotland,  was  gentleman 
of  the  bed-chamber  to  Charles  I.,  who  created 
him  lord  Levingston  of  Almont,  in  1633,  and 
afterwards  earl  of  Callendar.  He  took  Car- 
lisle, and  endeavoured  to  rescue  Charles 
from  his  confinement  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Died,  1672. 

LEVIS,  Duke  de,  a  French  nobleman  of 
distinguished  talents,  who  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  was  chosen  as  a  deputy  to 
the  states-general  by  the  nobility  of  Dijon  ; 
but,  though  friendly  to  a  reform  of  abuses  in 
government,  lie  opposed  the  destruction  of 
the  monarchy,  and  in  1792  became  an  emi- 
grant, and  joined  the  royalist  army.  Being 
wounded  in  the  engagement  at  Quiberon 
Bay,  he  came  to  England,  where  he  resided 
till  the  establishment  of  the  consular  govern- 
ment, when  he  returned  to  France,  but 
passed  his  time  in  retirement  and  literary 
pursuits.  On  the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII. 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and  admitted  a 
member  of  the  academy.  His  works  consist 
of  "  Maxims  and  Reflections,"  "  The  Travels 
of  Kanghi,  or  new  Chinese  Letters,"  2  vols. ; 
"Recollections  and  Portraits,"  and  "Eng- 
land at  the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century."    Died,  1830. 

LEVIZAC,  John  Pons  Victor  Lacontz 
DE,  a  French  grammarian,  was  born  at  Alby, 
in  Languedoc,  emigrated  to  Holland  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  settled  in 
England  as  a  French  teacher.  He  com- 
menced his  literary  career  aa  a  poet ;  but  he 
is  best  known  by  his  grammars,  dictionaries, 
and  other  practical  works  on  the  French 
language.     Died,  1813. 

LEWIS,  John,  a  learned  divine  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Bristol  in  1675,  and  died 
at  Margate  in  1746.  He  published  "The 
Life  of  Wickliife,"  "  Wickliffe's  Translation 
of  the  New  Testament,"  "  The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,"  "The 
History  of  the  Abbey  and  Church  of  Fever- 
sham,"  "The  Life  of  William  Caxton,"  &c. 

LEWIS,  Matthew  Gregory  (familiarly 
styled  "Monk"  Lewis),  a  popular  romance 


I 


lew] 


^  0tbi  ^nihtr^al  3Bi0graj3]bi). 


[lic 


writer  and  dramatist,  was  bom  in  London, 
in  1773,  and  was  the  son  of  the  under-secre- 
tary  at  war.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School ;  after  which  he  travelled 
on  the  Continent,  and  imbibed  while  in 
Germany  that  taste  for  the  marvellous  and 
romantic  which  characterises  most  of  liis 
writings.  Ilia  first  production  was  "Tlie 
Monk,"'  a  romance,  admired  for  its  talent, 
but  justly  censured  for  its  licentiousness  ; 
he  also  wrote  "Feudal  Tyrants,"  4  vols.  ; 
"  Romantic  Tales,"  4  vols.  ;  "  Tales  of 
Terror  ; "  "  The  Castle  Spectre,"  a  drama, 
and  many  others.  He  was  a  member  of 
parliament,  but  undistinguished  by  any  ora- 
torical powers,  and  he  died  in  1818. 

LEWIS,  Mekiwetuek,  an  American 
officer,  born  in  1774,  and  employed  by  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  with 
Clarke,  to  make  discoveries  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  American  continent,  with  a 
view  to  the  extension  of  commerce  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  In  1805  they  undertook  a 
journey  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri ;  and  they  passed 
the  winter  in  an  icy  region,  500  leagues 
beyond  its  confluence.  Lewis  was  soon  after 
made  governor  of  Louisiana,  and  Clark  a 
general  of  its  militia,  and  agent  of  the  United 
States  for  Indian  aflfairs.  Lewis  died  in 
1809. 

LEY,  Sir  Jakes,  a  learned  English  judge, 
was  a  native  of  Wiltshire,  and  for  his  ex- 
traordinary merit  was  made  lord  chief  jus- 
tice, first  in  Ireland  and  afterwards  in  Eng- 
land. He  was  also  created  baron  Ley,  lord 
high  treasurer,  and  earl  of  Marlborough. 
Born,  1552  ;  died,  1C28. 

LEYBOURN,  William,  a  mathematical 
writer,  was  originally  a  printer  in  Loudon. 
He  became  a  schoolmaster,  and  published  a 
number  of  practical  works,  which  were  once 
popular  and  of  great  utility,  particularly 
"A  Treatise  on  Surveying,"  "A  Course  of 
Mathematics,"  and  the  "  Traders'  Sure 
Guide."    He  died  about  1G96. 

LEYDECKER,  Melchior,  professor  of 
divinity  at  Utrecht,  was  born  at  Middle- 
burgh,  in  1652,  and  died  in  1731.  He  was  a 
sound  theologian,  and  wrote  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  Republic  of  the  Hebrews,"  2  vols,  folio  ; 
"A  History  of  the  African  Church,"  and 
other  works. 

LEYDEN,  John,  a  physician,  but  more 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  oriental  scholar, 
was  born  in  1775,  at  Denholm,  Roxburgh- 
shire, and  was  the  son  of  a  small  farmer. 
Displaying  in  early  youth  an  eager  desire 
for  acquiring  knowledge,  his  parents  con- 
trived to  send  him  to  a  college  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  first  studied  theology,  but  relin- 
quished it  for  medicine,  and,  in  addition  to 
the  learned  languages,  he  acquired  French, 
Spanish,  Italian,  German,  Arabic,  and  Per- 
sian. In  1801  he  assisted  Sir  Walter  Scott 
in  procuring  materials  and  illustrations  for 
his  "Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border," 
and  republished  "  The  Complaynt  of  Scot- 
land," with  a  learned  preliminary  disserta- 
tion, notes,  and  a  glossary.  Having  obtained 
a  doctor's  degree,  lie  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  on  tlie  Madras  establishment ;  after 
wliich  he  was  made  professor  of  the  native 
dialects  in  the  Bengal  College  ;  from  which 

525 


situation,  however,  he  was  removed,  to  be 
judge  of  the  24  i?ergunnahs  of  Calcutta. 
His  power  of  acquiring  languages  was  truly 
wonderful,  and  during  his  residence  in  India 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  oriental 
literature  ;  but  he  did  not  long  survive  the 
influence  of  the  climate.  His  "  Poetical  Re- 
mains "  were  published  in  1821. 

LEZAY-MARNEZIA,  Claude  Francis 
Adrian,  Marquis  de,  was  bom  at  Metz,  in 
1735.  In  his  youth  he  entered  into  the 
French  army,  but  soon  quitted  it,  and  retired 
to  his  estate  of  St.  Julian,  near  Lons-le- 
Saunier,  where  he  employed  himself  in 
literature.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution  he  was  chosen  a  deputy 
from  the  states-general,  and  sat  in  the  con- 
stituent assembly  ;  but  alarmed  at  the  pro- 
gress of  Jocobinism,  he  emigrated  to  North 
America  in  1790,  taking  with  him  artists, 
labourers,  &c.  to  form  a  colony  on  a  large 
tract  of  land  he  had  purchased  of  the  Scioto 
company,  but  the  scheme  failed,  and  he  re- 
turned to  France  in  1792.  During  the  reign 
of  terror  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned, 
but  regained  his  liberty  on  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, and  died  in  1800. 

LEZAY-MARNESIA,  Adrian,  Count  de, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  engaged  on  several 
diplomatic  missions  under  the  consulate. 
In  180G  he  was  made  prefect  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  and  in  1810 
of  that  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  in  which  office 
he  was  continued  after  the  restoration.  He 
wrote  several  political  tracts,  which  at  the 
time  excited  considerable  attention ;  and 
died  in  1814. 

LHUYD,  Edward,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  naturalist,  bom  about  1G70,  was  a  native 
of  Wales  ;  studied  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford, 
in  which  university  he  succeeded  Dr.  Plot 
as  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum  ;  and 
was  the  author  of  a  learned  and  valuable 
work,  entitled  "  Archajologia  Britannica." 
He  also  published  "  Lithophylacii  Britan- 
nici  Iconographia  ;  "  and  left  in  manuscript 
an  "  Irish-English  Dictionary,"  and  other 
curious  papers  on  antiquarian  subjects. 
Died,  1709. 

LHUYD,  or  LHWYD,  Humphrey,  an 
antiquary,  born  at  Denbigh,  Wales  ;  author 
of  "  Commentarioli  Britannicse  Descriptionis 
Fragmentum,"  "  De  Mona  ruidum  Insula," 
"  De  Armamentario  Mano,"  and  "  The  His- 
tory of  Cambria."    Died,  1570. 

LIBANIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhetori- 
cian, born  at  Antioch  in  314.  He  studied  at 
Athens,  and  afterwards  became  famous  as  a 
teacher  of  eloquence  at  Constantinople,  till 
the  jealousy  of  the  other  professors  being 
excited  by  his  success,  he  was  accused  of 
magical  practices,  and  banished.  He  after- 
wards became  preceptor  to  Basil  and  John 
Chrysostom,  so  celebrated  in  the  Christian 
church  ;  and  on  the  accession  of  Julian,  he 
was  honoured  with  his  friendship,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  assisted  the  emperor  in 
some  of  his  compositions.  Many  of  his  ora- 
tions and  declamations  are  extant,  but  they 
are  verbose  and  pedantic. 

LICHTENBERG,  George  Christopher, 
an  eminent  natural  philosopher,  was  born 
near  Darmstadt,  in  1742  ;  studied  at  Gottin- 
gen,  where  he  lyas  appointed  professor  ex- 


Lie] 


^  dlieto  Bni^tx^ul  3St0g:rajp!ji). 


[lil 


traordinary  of  the  physical  sciences  ;  and 
succeeded  Erleben,  in  1777,  as  professor  of 
experimental  philosophy.  His  astronomical 
observations  were  original  and  important. 
He  also  indulged  much  in  satire  ;  and  among 
others,  possessing  much  wit  and  humour, 
was  an  effusion,  entitled  "  The  Physiognomy 
of  Tails,"  in  whicli  Lavater  and  his  system 
were  held  up  to  ridicule.    Died,  1799. 

LICHTENSTEIN,  Joseph  Wenceslaus, 
-Prince  of,  an  Austrian  general  and  diplo- 
matist, was  born  at  Vienna,  1696.  He  had 
the  cliief  command  of  the  Austrian  army 
in  Italy,  with  tlie  title  of  field-marshal,  in 
1746,  wlien  he  gained  the  victory  of  Placen- 
tia.  From  that  time  he  was  chiefly  employed 
in  diplomatic  affairs,  and  the  duties  of  his 
office,  as  director-general  of  the  artillery. 
He  was  a  patron  of  the  arts  and  artists,  and 
founder  of  the  Lichtenstein  Gallery  at 
Vienna.     Died,  1772. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  mathematician  and 
physician,  was  bom  in  1561  at  Aberdeen, 
where  he  received  his  education.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Frankfort,  and  tlien  removed 
to  Kostock,  and,  in  1591,  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  matliematics  at  Helmstadt,  where 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  physic.  In 
1607  he  returned  to  Scotland,  and  founded  a 
mathematical  professorship  and  six  scholar- 
ships at  Aberdeen.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  medical  subjects,  and  died  in  1613. 

LIEUT AUD,  Joseph,  a  physician,  was 
born  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  and  became  first 
physician  to  the  king  of  France,  and,  in  1752, 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences.  He 
wrote  "  Anatomical  Essays,"  "Elements  of 
Physiology,"  a  "  Synopsis  of  the  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  and  "Historic  Anatomico  Me- 
dico."   Died,  1780. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  a  learned  English 
divine,  was  born  at  Stoke-upon-Trent,  in 
Staffordshire,  in  1602,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  He  made  ex- 
traordinary advances  in  tlie  Greek  and  Latin 
languages,  and  applied  himself  to  Hebrew 
with  singular  assiduity  and  success.  In  1629 
he  printed  his  first  work,  entitled  "  Erubhim 
or  Miscellanies,  Cliristian  and  Judaical." 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  zealous  pro- 
moter of  the  Polyglot  Bible,  and,  at  the 
Restoration,  was  appointed  one  of  the  as- 
sistants at  the  Savoy  conference.  He  became 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  died  in 
1675.  The  works  of  Lightfoot,  who,  for 
biblical  learning,  has  had  few  equals,  were 
printed  in  1614,  2  vols,  folio,  and  his  "  Re- 
mains "  were  published  by  Strype,  in  1700. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  a  botanist,  born  at 
Newent,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1735,  was 
educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  and 
became,  successively,  rector  of  Shelden,  in 
Hampshire,  and  of  Gotham  and  Sutton,  in 
Nottinghamshire.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  Duchess  of  Portland,  and  drew  up  the 
catalogue  of  her  museum.  He  was  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  and  Liunsean  Societies,  and 
published  the  "  Flora  Scotica,"  2  vols.  He 
died  in  1788,  and  his  Herbarium  was  pur- 
chased by  George  III. 

LIGNE,  Charles  Joseph,  Prince  de,  was 
born  at  Brussels,  in  1735  ;  entered  the  Aus- 
trian army  at  the  age  of  17  ;  distinguished 
himself  in  the  seven  j'ears'  war  ;  was  invited 


52G 


to  the  French  court  by  the  Count  d'Artois, 
and  admitted  into  the  privacy  of  the  royal 
family ;  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Russia, 
where  his  talents  and  personal  accomplish- 
ments rendered  him  a  great  favourite  with 
Catharine,  who  made  him  a  field-marshal, 
and  gave  him  an  estate  in  the  Crimea  ;  and, 
after  enjoying  great  popularity,  he  died  in 
1814.  His  knowledge,  experience,  activity, 
and  acute  observation  appear  by  the  nume- 
rous writings  which  he  published  at  different 
periods  ;  and  the  information  he  gives  of 
the  leading  persons  and  events  of  his  time, 
is  detailed  in  an  amusing  and  instructive 
manner. 

LIGONIER,  John,  Earl  of,  field-marshal 
of  the  English  army.  He  served  in  all  the 
wars  of  queen  Anne,  under  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  with  distinguished  glory,  and 
was  employed  in  every  succeeding  war.  He 
died  in  1770,  aged  92. 

LIGORIO,  Peter,  a  painter  and  architect 
of  Naples,  who  died  in  1580.  His  "  Designs 
after  the  Antique  "  make  30  vols,  in  folio. 

LILBURNE,  John,  a  violent  and  enthu- 
siastic republican  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
was  bom  in  1618,  in  the  county  of  Durham. 
Having  gone  to  Holland  to  superintend  the 
printing  of  some  libels  on  the  government, 
he  was  sentenced  by  the  star  chamber  coun- 
cil to  receive  500  lashes  and  to  stand  in  the 
pillory,  for  which  the  long  parliament  voted 
him  reparation.  He  fought  at  the  battle  of 
Edge  Hill  as  a  captain  of  foot ;  but  at  Brent- 
ford he  was  made  prisoner,  and  carried  to 
Oxford,  where  he  would  have  been  hanged, 
had  not  the  parliament  threatened  retali- 
ation. He  then  obtained  his  liberty,  and 
was  made  first  a  major,  and  afterwards  a 
colonel  of  dragoons,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  at  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  where 
he  behaved  witli  great  gallantry.  Being 
committed  to  Newgate  for  contempt,  when 
brought  before  the  House  of  Lords  for  a 
libel  on  the  Earl  of  Manchester,  he  contrived, 
while  thus  immured,  to  publish  pamphlets 
in  rapid  succession,  in  which  he  virulently 
assailed  his  enemies,  and  even  charged  Crom- 
well and  Ireton  with  high  treason.  For  this 
piece  of  daring  he  was  again  tried,  but  he 
defended  himself  with  so  much  boldness  and 
ability,  that  he  was  acquitted.  He  possessed 
an  unconquerable  spirit,  and  was  of  so 
quarrelsome  a  disposition,  that  it  lias  been 
appositely  said  of  him,  "  that  if  there  were 
none  living  but  him,  John  would  be  against 
Lilburne,  and  Lilburne  against  John."  He 
died  in  1657. 

LILLO,  George,  a  tragic  writer  of  the 
last  century,  was  born  in  London,  in  1693. 
He  carried  on  the  business  of  a  jeweller 
many  years  in  a  style  of  great  respectability, 
and  contrived  to  devote  no  small  portion  of 
his  time  to  dramatic  productions.  He  well 
knew  how  to  touch  the  heart,  and  liis  pieces, 
which  are  subservient  to  the  cause  of  virtue, 
are,  "  George  Barnwell,"  "Fatal  Curiosity," 
and  "Ardeu  of  Feversham."    He  died  in 

LILLY,  John,  an  English  writer,  was 
born  in  Kent,  about  1553,  and  died  about 
1600.  He  wrote  "  Euphues,"  a  description 
of  different  characters  ;  also  some  plays,  as 
"  Endymion,"  "  Campaspe,"  "  Midas,"  acted 


lil] 


^  j^f&j  WinibtriKX  Biojp-apl^ii. 


[lin 


before  queen  Elizabeth  ;  "  The  Maid's  Meta- 
morphosis," "  The  Woman  in  the  Moon,"  &c. 

LILI^Y,  William,  an  English  aatrologer, 
was  born  in  Leicestersliire,  in  1002.  After 
receiving  a  common  education,  he  went  to 
London,  and  became  boolc-keeper  to  a  trades- 
man, at  whose  death  he  married  his  widow. 
In  1&'52  he  became  the  pupil  of  Evans  the 
astrologer,  and  soon  excelled  his  master.  He 
was  employed  by  both  parties  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  even  Charles  I.  is  said  to 
have  made  use  of  him.  Lilly  was  certainly 
consulted  respecting  the  king's  projected 
escape  from  Carlsbrook  Castle.  He,  however, 
gained  more  from  the  parliament  party;  and 
the  predictions  contained  in  his  almanacks 
had  a  wonderful  eflFcct  upon  the  soldiers 
I  and  common  people.  He  died  at  Horsham, 
in  1C81.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Christian 
Astrology,"  "A  Collection  of  Nativities," 
and  "  Observations  on  the  Life  and  Death  of 
Charles,  late  King  of  England." 

LILY,  William,  a  learned  grammarian, 
bom  at  Odiham,  in  Hampshire,  in  14fi8.  He 
was  appointed  first  master  of  St.  Paul's 
School  by  the  founder.  Dr.  Collet,  in  1.510, 
and  died  of  the  plague  in  Loudon,  in  1522. 
He  is  highly  praised  by  Erasmus,  for  his  un- 
common knowledge  in  the  languages,  and 
admirable  skill  in  the  instruction  of  youth. 
He  wrote  some  poems  and  tracts,  but  he  is 
chiefly  remembered  by  the  Latin  grammar 
which  bears  his  name. 

LIMBOKCH,  Philip,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
theologian,  of  the  sect  of  Remonstrants,  born 
at  Amsterdam,  in  163.S  ;  chosen  professor  of 
divinity  there  in  1(508  ;  and  died  in  1712. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  In- 
quisition," "  A  System  of  Christian  Theo- 
logy," and  other  works. 

LIMONADE,  Count  de,  an  emancipated 
Negro  slave  of  Hayti,  bom  about  1770  ;  dis- 
tinguished in  the  war  of  independence  waged 
by  Toussaint ;  and  was  secretary  of  foreign 
atfuirs  to  Christophe,  when  he  superseded 
Dessalines  as  emperor  of  Hayti.  He  survived 
the  suicidal  death  of  Christophe,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  imperial  government. 
His  sagacitj'  and  statesman-like  talents  were 
exhibited  in  frequent  diplomatic  corre- 
spondences with  Napoleon's  ministers. 

LINACRE,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  very  learned 
English  physician,  was  born  in  1400.  He 
projected  the  foundation  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  was  the  first  president  after  its 
erection,  and  held  that  office  for  the  seven 
years  he  lived  afterwards.  He  was  succes- 
sively physician  to  four  sovereigns  ;  but  at 
the  close  of  his  life  he  entered  into  orders, 
and  obtained  the  precentorship  of  York,  and 
a  prebend  of  Westminster.  Died,  1524. 
_  LIND,  James,  an  ingenious  English  phy- 
sician, who  wrote  treatises  on  the  scurvy, 
and  on  the  means  of  preserving  the  health 
of  seamen.     Died,  1794. 

LINDANUS,  William,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
who  exercised  the  oflSce  of  inquisitor,  in 
Holland  and  Friesland,  with  such  severity, 
that  Philip  II.  made  him  bishop  of  Rure- 
mende,  in  IM'>'2  ;  and  in  l.'iHS  he  was  removed 
to  Ghent,  where  he  died  the  same  year.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  theological  tracts 
in  Latin,  all  of  them  tinctured  with  intole- 
rance. 


LINDBLOM,  Axel,  a  Swedish  lexicogra- 
pher ;  professor  of  belles-lettres  and  politics 
at  Upsal,  of  which  place  he  was  afterwards 
arclibishop.  He  crowned  Bernadotte  in  1818, 
and  (lied  the  year  following. 

LINDSAY,  or  LYNDSAY,  Sir  Davip,  an 
ancient  Scottish  poet,  descended  from  a  noble 
family,  was  bom  atGarmylton,  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, in  1490,  and  became  page  6f  honour 
to  James  V.,  then  an  infant.  His  first 
poetical  effort  was  the  "  Dreme ;"  after 
which  he  wrote  the  "  Complaynt,"  and  pre- 
sented it  to  the  king.  In  15S0  he  was 
inaugurated  Lyon  king-at-arms,  knighted, 
and  sent  on  a  mission  to  Charles  V.  ;  on  his 
return  from  which  he  occupied  himself  on  a 
drama  of  a  singular  kind,  entitled  a  "  Satyre 
of  the  Three  Estatis,"  which  was  followed 
by  "  The  History  and  Testament  of  Squire 
Meldrum,"  and  other  poems.  During  the 
regency,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  re- 
formers, and  entered  with  great  zeal  into 
religious  disputes.  His  death  took  place 
alxjut  the  year  15.">7.  A  complete  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  in  180G. 

LINDSEY,  TiiEOPHiLUS,  an  eminent  di- 
vine of  the  Unitarian  persuasion,  was  born 
in  172.3,  at  Middlewich,  in  Cheshire,  and  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
He  entered  into  orders,  and  held  the  vicarage 
of  Catterick,  in  Yorkshire,  which  from  con- 
scientious scruples  he  resigned,  and  embraced 
the  principles  of  Unitarianism.  From  1774 
till  1793  he  was  minister  of  a  congregation  in 
Essex  Street,  in  the  Strand,  and  died  in  1803. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  the  subject  of  his 
faith  ;  among  which  are,  his  "  Apology,"  and 
a  "  Sequel  to  the  Apology,"  "Considerations 
on  the  Divine  Government,"  an  "  Historical 
View  of  the  Unitarian  Doctrine  and  Wor- 
ship," &c. 

LINGUET,  Simon  Nicholas  Hetry,  a 
political  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom 
at  Rheims,  in  1730.  Early  in  life  he  entered 
the  army,  and  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Prince  de  Beauvau,  in  Portugal ;  he  after- 
wards studied  the  law,  and  became  barrister; 
but  being  expelled  from  the  bar,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  dispute  with  his  professional 
brethren,  he  turned  political  writer,  and 
having  given  offence  to  the  ruling  powers, 
was  sent  to  the  Bastile.  On  obtaining  his 
liberty,  he  published  an  account  of  his  im- 
prisonment, a  work  which  produced  a  strong 
sensation,  and  is  said  to  have  prepared  the 
way  for  subsequent  events.  He  retired  to 
Bmssels  in  1787,  and  there  published  his 
"  Annales  Politiques,"  for  which  he  was  re- 
warded by  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  with  a 
present  of  1000  ducats.  He  then  returned  to 
France,  took  an  active  part  in  the  revolu- 
tion, and  closed  his  life  by  the  guillotine,  at 
Paris,  in  1794. 

.  LINIERS,  Don  Saxtiaoo,  a  Spanish  ad- 
miral, born  in  1700.  He  re-took  Buenos 
Ajrres  from  the  English  in  1808,  and  treated 
with  Napoleon  for  the  purpose  of  subjecting 
New  Spain  to  his  brother  Joseph's  autho- 
rity. Attending  an  ultra-royalist  plot  to 
suppress  the  revolution,  he  was  arrested,  con- 
demned, and  executed,  by  the  successful  in- 
surgents, at  Buenos  Ayres,  in  1809, 

LINLEY,  Thomas,  the  name  of  two  dis- 
tinguished English  musicians,   father  and 


lin] 


^  ^tiii  Unihtx^nl  ^iast!i}?ff\j» 


[lin 


son.  The  elder  received  his  musical  edu- 
cation under  Chillcott,  the  organist  at  Bath, 
and  for  many  years  conducted  the  oratorios 
and  concerts  in  that  city.  One  of  his 
daughters  became  the  object  of  a  most  ro- 
mantic attachment  to,  and  subsequently 
married,  the  celebrated  Richard  Brinsley 
Sheridan  ;  and  on  that  gentleman  com- 
pleting the  purchase  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
Linley  became  joint  patentee  with  him,  and 
conducted  the  musical  department.  In  con- 
junction with  his  son,  whose  professional 
abilities  were  of  a  high  order,  he  composed 
the  airs  to  numerous  operas,  many  of  which 
are  still  held  in  great  esteem.  A  melancholy 
fate  awaited  the  younger  Linley.  In  August, 
1788,  while  on  a  visit,  with  his  sisters,  at 
Grimsthorpe,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  An- 
caster,  he  went  on  board  a  pleasure-boat  in 
the  canal,  with  three  other  young  men, 
when,  through  some  mismanagement,  the 
boat  upset ;  his  companions  saved  themselves 
by  clinging  to  the  keel,  but  he  sank  in  his 
endeavours  to  reach  the  shore.  On  the  in- 
telligence being  conveyed  to  his  father,  he 
was  seived  with  a  brain  fever,  and  though  he 
lived  till  the  year  1795,  he  never  recovered 
the  shock  which  the  loss  of  his  favourite  and 
gifted  son  occasioned. 

LINN,  JoHX  Blair,  an  American  poet, 
born  in  1777,  at  Phippenburgli,  Pennsylva- 
nia. In  1799  he  became  a  preacher  among 
the  Presbyterians  at  Philadelphia  ;  but  con- 
tinued to  cultivate  his  poetical  talents.  He 
replied  with  zeal  and  indignation  to  Dr. 
Priestley,  respecting  the  comparison  drawn 
by  the  latter  between  the  merits  of  Jesus 
Christ  and  Socrates  ;  was  the  author  of  "  The 
Powers  of  Genius,"  and  other  poems  ;  and 
died  in  1804. 

LINN^US,  or,  more  properly,  LINNE', 
Charles  von,  the  most  celebrated  of 
modern  naturalists,  and  the  founder  of  the 
present  botanic  system,  was  born  in  1707,  at 
Roeshult,  in  Sweden.  From  his  infancy  he 
discovered  a  propensity  and  talent  for  the 
study  of  plants  ;  and  though  destined  for  the 
church,  his  predilection  for  natural  history 
withdrew  his  attention  from  theological 
studies,  and  his  destination  was  changed  for 
the  medical  profession.  While  at  the  uni- 
versities of  Lund  and  Upsal,  he  laboured 
under  great  disadvantages,  from  the  narrow- 
ness of  his  father's  circumstances  ;  but  the 
patronage  of  Celsius,  the  theological  pro- 
fessor, who  was  also  a  naturalist,  improved 
his  condition,  and  he  obtained  some  private 
pupils.  It  was  at  this  period  that  he  formed 
the  idea  of  that  botanical  system  which  lias 
immortalised  his  name.  In  1732  he  made  a 
tour  through  Lapland,  and,  visiting  the 
mining  district  round  Fahlun,  formed  a 
system  of  that  science,  whicli  he  afterwards 
published  in  his  "  Systema  Naturas."  He 
next  resided  for  three  years  in  Holland, 
where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  was 
superintendant  of  Clifford's  celebrated  gar- 
den at  Harte-camp,  near  Haerlem.  After 
visiting  England,  in  1738,  he  made  an  excur- 
sion to  Paris,  and,  towards  the  end  of  that 
year,  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Stockholm,  where 
the  establishment  of  a  royal  academy,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  first  members,  con- 


tributed to  the  advancement  of  his  reputa- 
tion, by  the  opportunities  which  it  afforded 
for  the  display  of  his  abilities.  In  1741  he 
succeeded  to  the  professorship  of  medicine  j 
at  Upsal,  to  which  was  added  the  super- 
intendence of  the  botanic  garden.  His  fame 
now  spread  through  the  civilised  world,  and 
scientific  bodies  eagerly  enrolled  him  among 
their  members  ;  in  1747  he  was  nominated 
royal  archiater  ;  in  1753  he  was  created  a 
knight  of  the  polar  star  —  an  honour  never 
before  bestowed  on  a  literary  man  ;  in  17G1 
he  was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  nobility,  and 
acquired  a  moderate  degree  of  opulence, 
sufficient  to  enable  him  to  purchase  an  estate 
and  mansion  at  Hammarby  near  Upsal, 
where  he  chiefly  resided  during  the  last 
years  of  his  life.  He  died  in  1778.  Besides 
his  works  on  natural  history,  he  published  a 
classified  "  Materia  Medica,"  &c.  ;  but  it  is 
as  the  founder  of  a  system  of  botanical  science 
that  he  ranks  as  an  original  genius,  and  will 
continue  to  be  remembered. 

LINSCHOTEN,  Johx  Hugh  vait,  a 
Dutch  voyager,  of  the  16th  century,  who 
wrote  narratives  of  his  voyages  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  a  description  of  the  coasts  of 
Guinea,  Congo,  and  Angola.  Born,  1553  ; 
died,  lfi.%3. 

LINT,  Peter  van,  an  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  of  Antwerp,  was  born  in  1609. 
He  painted  in  Italy  several  years,  and  re- 
turned to  his  own  country  increased  in  wealth 

and  reputation A  relation  of  his,  Hen- 

DRic  VAN  Lint,  was  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  and  executed  some  fine  views  about 
Rome. 

LINWOOD,  Miss,  whose  unique  and  ad- 
mirable "Exhibition,"  in  Leicester  Square, 
for  so  many  years  attracted  public  notice, 
and  obtained  universal  commendation,  was 
bom  in  Birmingham  in  the  year  1755  ;  but 
when  she  was  only  six  years  old  her  friends 
removed  to  Leicester,  and  in  that  town  she 
continued  to  reside  till  her  death.  We  know 
not  the  precise  time  that  Miss  Linwood  be-  I 
gan  to  collect  together  those  efforts  of  genius 
and  patient  skill  by  which  she  earned  her 
popularity  ;  but  the  "  Exhibition  "  was  first 
opened  at  the  Hanover  Square  Rooms  in 
1798  ;  it  was  subsequently  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  Dublin,  &c.,  and  was  finally 
located  in  Leicester  Square.  Her  produc- 
tions consist  of  copies  from  the  paintings  of 
the  best  masters,  wrought  in  worsted  in  a 
style  of  excellence  never  surpassed.  The 
entire  collection  comprises  nearly  100  pic- 
tures, the  largest  of  which,  "The  Judgment 
upon  Cain,"  was  completed  in  her  75th  year; 
the  gem  of  the  whole,  however,  is  probably 
the  "  Salvator  Mundi,"  from  the  original  by 
Carlo  Dolce  ;  for  which,  it  is  said,  she  refused 
the  offer  of  3000  guineas.  This  picture  she 
bequeathed  to  her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria. 
But  it  is  not  only  of  her  peculiar  talent  that 
we  ought  to  speak.  She  was  a  kind  and  en- 
couraging patroness  of  unassuming  merit ; 
and  her  name  will  long  be  remembered  with 
affectionate  regard  by  those  who  knew  her 
moral  worth,  and  witnessed  her  disinterested 
acts  of  benevolence.  Died  in  the  90th  year 
of  her  age,  March  2.  1845.  Her  celebrated 
collection  was  afterwards  sold  by  public  auc- 
tion, and  realised  but  a  very  trifling  sum. 


Lir] 


^  i^clD  ^ntljcr^iil  %iasra^f}v. 


[lit 


LIPPI,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  and  poet, 
was  bom  at  Florence  in  1C0(5,  and  died  in 
1(5()4.  He  executed  many  fine  pieces  for  the 
cliapels  and  convents  of  his  native  city.  As 
a  poet  he  is  known  by  a  burlesque  piece  en- 
titled "  Malmantile  Racquistaro,"  printed 
at  Florence  in  1088,  4to.,  under  the  name  of 

Perloni  Zipoli There  were  also  two  other 

Florentine  artists  of  the  name  of  Lim  ;  one, 
Francisco  Filippo,  who  died  in  1488  ;  and 
his  son  Filippo,  who  died  in  1.505  :  the  latter 
was  a  painter  of  considerable  talent  and 
reputation. 

LIPSIUS,  Justus,  an  eminent  critic  and 
scholar,  born  at  Overysche,  a  village  of 
Brabant,  in  l.'>47.  He  studied  at  Aeth,  Co- 
logne, and  Ix)uvain  ;  then  went  to  Rome, 
and  became  secretary  to  Cardinal  Granvella. 
On  his  return  to  the  Netherlands,  after  a 
short  time  spent  at  Louvain,  he  visited  the 
capital  of  the  German  empire,  and  then 
accepted  a  professorship  in  the  university  of 
Jena.  Many  tempting  and  honourable  offers 
were  made  him  by  various  potentates,  to  en- 
gage him  in  their  service ;  but  he  refused  them 
all  ;  and  at  length  died  at  Louvain,  in  IGOG. 
Lipsius  changed  his  religion  several  times  ; 
and  whether  as  a  Catholic,  a  Lutheran,  or  a 
Calvinist,  he  was  equally  zealous  for  the 
time,  and  equally  bigoted.  He  wrote  many 
learned  treatises,  but  his  principal  work  is 
the  "VariiB  Lectiones." 

LISLE,  Sir  Georoe,  a  gallant  royalist 
officer  during  the  civil  wars  in  England,  was 
a  native  of  London,  where  his  father  was  a 
bookseller.  He  distinguished  himself  so 
much  by  his  courage  at  the  battle  of  New- 
bury, that  Charles  I.  knighted  him  on  the 
field.  In  lfi48  he  defended  Colchester  with 
great  bravery;  but  being  at  length  compelled 
to  surrender  the  town,  he  was  basely  shot  by 
the  parliamentarian  leaders.  He  submitted 
to  his  fate  with  heroic  fortitude. 

LIST,  Fredeuic,  a  distinguished  political 
economist,  was  long  a  member  of  the  Wur- 
temberg  parliament,  whence  he  was  ex- 
pelled for  the  boldness  of  his  opinions.  In 
1819  he  conceived  the  idea  of  the  "  ZoUve- 
rein"  (the  Customs  Union  of  the  German 
states;  an  institution  which,  after  encounter- 
ing many  obstacles,  was  finally  adopted  by 
nearly  the  whole  of  Germany),  established  a 
journal  to  support  his  views,  and  published 
several  valuable  works  on  political  economy. 
But  a  series  of  disappointments  preyed  upon 
his  mind,  and  in  a  fit  of  insanity  lie  com- 
mitted suicide,  1846,  in  the  57th  year  of  his 
age. 

LISTER,  Thomas  Hexry,  a  novel  writer 
and  historian,  was  born  in  1801,  and  may  be 
said  to  have  inherited  literary  tastes  and 
capabilities,  the  poetical  talents  both  of  his 
father  and  grandfather  having  been  favour- 
ably mentioned  by  Miss  Seward.  He  was 
the  only  son  of  Thomas  Lister,  esq.,  of 
Armitage  Park,  and  was  related  to,  or  con- 
nected by  marriage  with,  some  of  the  first 
families ;  the  Lord  Ribblesdale  being  his 
nephew,  and  the  Earl  of  Clarendon  and  Lord 
John  Russell,  his  brothers-in-law.  He  held 
the  office  of  registrar-general  of  births,  &c. ; 
but  this  did  not  prevent  him  from  being  an 
industrious  and  productive  author.  Besides 
"  Oranby  "  and  "  Herbert  Lacy" —  two  novels 


which  are  among  the  best  of  that  not  very 
admirable  species  "the  fashionable"  —  he 
published  "Epicharis,"  a  tragedy;  and  the 
"  Life  and  Administration  of  Lord  Claren- 
don."   Died,  June  1842,  aged  41. 

LISTON,  JouN,  a  very  popular  actor  of 
low  comedy,  whose  natural  humour  and  pe- 
culiar drolleries  aflforded  many  a  rich  treat 
to  the  playgoers  of  London,  was  bom  in 
St.  Anne's  parish,  Soho,  and  in  the  early 
period  of  his  life  was  engaged  in  the  unin- 
viting employment  of  a  teacher  in  a  day- 
school.  Forsaking  the  thraldom  of  a  school- 
room, and  fancying  he  possessed  the  neces- 
sary requisites  for  the  stage,  he  formed  an 
acquaintance  with,  and  often  exhibited  as  an 
amateur  performer  on  the  same  boards  as  the 
late  C.  Matthews,  both  of  whom  at  first  mis- 
took their  forte,  and  strutted  forth  as  heroes 
in  tragedy.  Having  made  sundry  pro- 
vincial trips,  he  was  at  length  seen  at  New- 
castle by  Mr.  C.  Kemble,  who  recommended 
him  to  Mr.  Colman,  and  he  appeared  in  1805 
before  a  London  audience  at  the  Haymarket. 
He  also  obtained  an  engagement  at  Covent 
Garden,  where  he  remained,  increasing  in 
public  favour,  till  1823,  when  Elliston  hav- 
ing offered  him  40/.  a  week,  he  transferred 
his  services  to  Drury  Lane,  and  continued 
there  till  1831 ;  but  the  enormous  salary  of 
1007.  a  week  tempted  him  to  enlist  under  the 
banners  of  Madame  Vestris  at  the  Olympic 
Tlieatre,  where  he  performed  six  seasons,  and 
may  be  said  to  have  closed  his  theatrical 
career.  He  died  rich  :  how  could  he  do 
otherwise,  who  constantly  saved  money,  and 
never  engaged  in  a  questionable  speculation  ? 
Died,  March  22.  184«,  aged  09. 

LISTON,  Robert,  a  surgeon  of  great 
celebrity,  was  bom  at  Ecclesmachan  near 
Linlithgow,  of  which  parish  his  father  was 
tlie  minister,  in  1794.  At  the  termination  of 
his  professional  studies  he  fixed  his  resi- 
dence in  the  Scottisli  metropolis,  where  he 
speedily  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  both 
as  a  lecturer  and  operator.  In  1834  he 
was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  North  Lon- 
don Hospital  ;  and  he  subsequently  became 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  University 
College,  and  continued  until  his  death  one 
of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  that  important 
institution.  In  1840  hj  was  appointed  one  of 
the  examiners  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons. His  practice  had  become  very  ex- 
tensive, and  was  steadily  increasing ;  his 
name  was  familiar  in  every  medical  school 
throughout  the  world ;  a  rich  harvest  of 
honour  and  wealth  lay  before  him  ;  but,  in 
the  zenith  of  his  manhood  and  his  reputation, 
he  was  struck  down  by  sudden  death.  His 
chief  work  was  his  "  Principles  of  Surgery," 
the  fiist  edition  of  which  appeared  in  18.'53  ; 
but  his  fame,  like  that  of  Sir  Astley  •Cooper, 
rests  mainly  on  his  accurate  anatomical 
knowledge,  and  the  extraordinary  facility 
with  which  he  performed  the  most  difficult 
operations.     Died,  1847. 

LITHGOW,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth 
travelled  on  foot  through  numerous  countries 
in  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  over  a  dis- 
tance of  more  than  30,000  miles  ;  during 
which  he  encountered  many  hardships,  and 
was  at  length  thrown  into  the  prisons  of  the 


lit] 


^  ^ciM  Winibtx^Kl  3Stograp]bl'» 


[liv 


Inquisition  in  Spain,  and  so  cruelly  tortured 
as  to  be  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  limbs.  On 
regaining  his  liberty,  and  coming  to  Eng- 
land, he  published  an  account  of  his  adven- 
tures, which  he  presented  to  James  I.  He 
also  wrote  a  narrative  of  the  siege  of  Breda. 
Died,  1640. 

LITTLE,  William,  an  ancient  English 
historian,  known  also  by  the  name  of  Gu- 
lielmus  Naubrigensis,  was  bom  at  Bidling- 
ton,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1136,  and  educated  at 
the  abbey  of  Newborough,  in  the  same 
county.  In  his  advanced  years  he  composed 
a  History  of  England,  in  5  books,  from  the 
Norman  Conquest  to  1197,  which  for  veracity, 
regularity  of  disposition,  and  purity  of  lan- 
guage, is  one  of  the  most  valuable  produc- 
tions of  that  period. 

LITTLETON,  Adam,  a  learned  divine, 
was  born  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shropshire,  in 
1627,  and  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
from  whence  he  was  elected  student  of 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  but  was  ejected  hy 
the  parliamentary  visitors  in  1648.  He  then 
became  usher  to  Dr.  Busby,  and  in  le.^S  was 
appointed  under-master.  In  1674,  being 
D.D.,  he  obtained  the  living  of  Chelsea,  and 
a  prebend  of  Westminster.  He  was  the  au- 
I  thor  of  "  Elementa  Religionis,"  a  Latin  and 
English  Dictionary,  several  sermons,  and 
other  works.     Died,  1694. 

LITTLETON,  or  LYTTLETON,  Thomas, 
a  celebrated  English  judge,  and  law  autho- 
rity, was  born  at  Frankley,  in  Worcester- 
shire. He  studied  at  the  Temple,  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  judges  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  continued  to  enjoy  the  esteem  of 
his  sovereign,  Edward  IV.,  and  the  nation, 
until  his  death,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1481. 
The  memory  of  Judge  Littleton  is  preserved 
by  his  celebrated  treatise  on  "Tenures," 
which  is  esteemed  the  principal  authority 
for  the  law  of  real  property  in  England. 
This  work  has  been  commented  on  by  Coke, 
Sir  M.  Hale,  Lord  Cliancellor  Nottingham, 
and  other  eminent  legal  characters. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  an  able  English 
judge,  was  of  the  same  family  as  the  pre- 
ceding, and  born  at  Henley,  in  Shropshire, 
in  1589.  In  1639  he  M'as  made  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  and  the  year  following 
lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  at  which  time 
he  was  created  a  peer  by  the  title  of  Lord 
Littleton.    He  died  at  Oxford  in  1645. 

LIVERPOOL,  Chakles  Jenkinson,  Earl 
of,  eldest  son  of  Colonel  Jenkinson,  was  bom 
in  1727,  and  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house, and  at  University  College,  Oxford. 
He  entered  parliament  in  1761,  and  soon 
took  office  as  under-secretary  of  state ;  in 
1766  he  was  made  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  ; 
in  1772,  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland  ;  in  1778, 
secretary  at  war  ;  and,  in  1784,  president  of 
the  board  of  trade.  He  was  a  great  favourite 
of  George  III.,  and  was  often  accused  of  being 
one  of  his  secret  advisers.  In  1786  he  was 
created  baron  Hawkesbury  ;  in  1796,  earl  of 
Liverpool ;  and  he  died  in  1808. 

LIVERPOOL,  Robert  Banks  Jenkix- 
sox,  Farl  of,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1770,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
same  seminaries  of  learning  as  his  father. 
On  quitting  college,  he  spent  some  time  in 
foreign  travel ;  was  in  Paris  during  the  de- 


struction of  the  Bastile,  and  rendered  himself 
useful  at  that  period  to  the  English  govern- 
ment by  his  communications  to  Mr.  Pitt. 
At  the  general  election  in  1790,  Mr.  Jenkin- 
son was  returned  member  for  Rye  ;  and,  as 
he  wanted  twelve  months  of  the  age  required 
for  a  member  to  sit  in  parliament,  he  spent 
that  time  in  acquiring  further  information 
respecting  continental  affairs.  His  maiden 
speech  in  1792  indicated  his  future  eminence 
as  an  orator,  and  as  a  member  of  the  cabinet. 
In  1796  his  father  being  created  earl  of 
I<iverpool,  he  became  lord  Hawkesbury,  and 
was  made  a  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs. 
In  1801  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs  ;  which  office,  four  years 
after,  he  exchanged  for  that  of  the  home 
department.  This  he  resigned  on  the  dis- 
solution of  the  Addington  administration  ; 
and,  at  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  succeeded  him 
as  lord  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports.  In  1807 
he  was  again  minister  for  the  home  depart- 
ment ;  and  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  the 
year  following,  succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl 
of  Liverpool.  At  the  death  of  Mr.  Perceval, 
in  1812,  his  lordship  was  raised  to  the  pre- 
miership, and  he  held  that  elevated  station 
till  1827,  when  an  apoplectic  and  paralytic 
attack  rendered  him  incapable  of  public 
business.    He  died  in  1828. 

LIVINGSTON,  Robert,  an  eminent 
American  politician,  was  born  at  New  York, 
in  1746  ;  in  which  city  he  practised  the  law 
with  great  success.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee to  prepare  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence ;  was  appointed  secretary  of  fo- 
reign affairs  in  1780  ;  and,  throughout  tlie 
war  of  the  revolution,  signalised  himself  by 
his  zeal  and  efficiency  in  the  cause.  He  was 
afterwards  chancellor  of  the  state  of  New 
York  ;  and,  in  1801,  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Jefferson,  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
France,  where,  during  a  residence  of  seve- 
ral years,  he  was  treated  with  marked  atten- 
tion by  Buonaparte,  who,  on  his  quitting 
Paris,  presented  to  him  a  splendid  snuff- 
box, with  a  miniature  likeness  of  himself, 
painted  by  Isabev.     Died,  1813. 

LIVINGSTON,  William,  an  American 
author  and  statesman,  was  born  at  New 
York,  in  1723.  He  filled  several  important 
situations  at  New  York,  and,  after  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  constitution,  was  made 
governor  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  a  zealous 
advocate  of  American  independence  ;  wrote 
a  *'  A  Review  of  the  Military  Operations  in 
North  America,  from  1753  to  1758,"  "Phi- 
losophical Solitude,"  a  poem ;  and  several 
other  works.    Died,  1790. 

LIVINGSTON,  Brockholst,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  New  York,  in  1757  ; 
entered  the  army  in  1776  ;  and  being  after- 
wards attached  to  the  suite  of  General 
Arnold,  with  the  rank  of  major,  he  shared 
in  the  honour  of  the  conquest  of  Burgoyne. 
In  1779  he  accompanied  Mr.  Jay  to "  the 
court  of  Spain  as  his  private  secretary ; 
studied  the  law  on  his  return  ;  and  ulti- 
matelv  became  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  in  1802.  He  en- 
joyed the  reputation  of  being  an  upright 
judge,  an  able  pleader,  and  an  accomplished 
scliolar.     Died,  1823. 

LIVIUS,  or  LIVY,  TiTcs,  a  celebrated 


LLO] 


^  ^clT)  mutljfriSal  2St00ra4Jf)ii. 


[lob 


Roman  historian,  was  bom  in  the  territory 
of  Pataviura,  now  Padua.  In  the  reign  of 
Augustus  he  went  to  Rome,  and  was  held 
in  great  esteem  by  the  emperor  and  many 
other  distinguished  characters.  Ilis  reputa- 
tion is  principally  built  upon  his  "  History 
of  Rome,"  from  the  foundation  of  the  city 
to  the  death  of  Drusus,  in  142  books,  of  which 
only  35  have  been  preserved.  This  history 
is  highly  praised  by  Seneca,  Pliny  the  Elder, 
Quintilian,  &c. ;  and  may  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  valuable  literary  relics  of  anti- 
quity. 

LLORENTE,  Don  Juan  Antonio,  a 
modem  Spanish  historian  and  ecclesiastic, 
born  in  1756.  He  was  secretary-general  to 
the  Inquisition,  of  which  court  he  published 
a  "  Complete  History."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  Memoirs  relative  to  the  History 
of  the  Spanish  Revolution,"  "  Political 
Portraits  of  the  Popes,"  and  other  works. 
Having  accepted  a  situation  under  Joseph 
Buonaparte,  and  written  in  his  favour,  he 
was  compelled  to  quit  Spain  on  the  return  of 
Ferdinand.    Died,  1823. 

LLOYD,  David,  a  biographical  writer 
of  the  17th  century,  was  born  in  Merioneth- 
shire, in  1625  ;  was  educated  at  Oxford  ; 
became  reader  at  the  Charter-house  ;  sub- 
sequently obtained  a  prebend  at  St.  Asaph  ; 
and  died  in  1691.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Statesmen  and  Favourites 
of  England,"  "  Memoirs  of  Persons  who  suf- 
fered for  their  Loyalty,"  a  "  Life  of  General 
Monk,"  and  a  "  History  of  Plots  and  Con- 
spiracies." 

LLOYD,  HuMPUKY,  an  eminent  military 
officer  and  writer  on  tactics,  was  born  in 
Wales,  in  1729.  He  served  with  great  re- 
putation in  the  Austrian,  Prussian,  and 
Russian  armies,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
general.  On  his  return  to  England  he  sur- 
veyed the  coasts,  wrote  a  memoir  on  the 
"  Invasion  and  Defence  of  Great  Britain," 
"  The  History  of  the  Seven  Years'  War," 
and  other  military  treatises.    Died,  1783. 

LLOYD,  RoisEUT,  an  English  poet,  was 
born  in  1733,  and  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Lloyd,  second  master  of  Westminster 
School.  After  finishing  his  education  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  became  an 
usher  at  Westminster ;  but,  disliking  the 
restraints  which  the  situation  imposed  on 
him,  and  having  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Churcliill,  Bonnel  Thornton,  and  other 
gay  wits  of  that  age,  he  quitted  the  usher's 
desk,  and  commenced  author  by  profession. 
His  first  production,  "The  Actor,"  gave  rise, 
it  is  said,  to  the  famous  Rosciud  of  his  friend 
Churchill.  His  other  poems  possess  much 
merit ;  but  his  genius  could  not  shield  him 
from  the  assaults  of  poverty,  and  he  died  a 
prisoner  in  the  Fleet,  in  1764. 

LLOYD,  WiLMAM,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  was  born  in  lfi27,  at  Tilehurst,  in 
Berkshire ;  was  educated  at  Oxford ;  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  the  collegiate  church  of 
Ripon,  soon  after  the  Restoration  ;  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  king  in  1666  ;  and 
collated  to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  the  year 
following.  Other  church  preferments  fol- 
lowed ;  and,  in  1680,  he  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  St.  Asaph,  when  he  joined  Arch- 
bishop Sancroft  and  other  prelates  in  present- 


ing a  petition  to  James  II.  deprecating  his 
assumed  power  of  suspending  the  laws  against 
popery.  On  the  revolution  taking  place,  he 
was  made  almoner  to  king  William  ;  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Lichfield,  in  1692  ;  and 
died,  bishop  of  Worcester,  in  1717.  His 
writings,  which  relate  to  divinity  and  his- 
tory, display  much  learning  and  acuteness. 
Among  them  are,  "A  Dissertation  upon 
Daniel's  Prophecy  of  the  Seventy  Weeks," 
"  An  Account  of  the  Life  of  Pythagoras," 
"The  History  of  the  Govermnent  of  the 
Church,"  &c. 

LOBAU,  Count,  an  eminent  soldier,  whose 
name  was  Mo.vton,  was,  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution,  employed  as  a  jour- 
neyman baker  in  his  native  town,  Phals- 
burg  in  the  Meurthe.  But  on  entering  the 
army  he  speedilj'  signalised  himself  by  acts 
of  bravery,  which  were  rewarded  by  various 
steps  of  promotion,  until,  in  1804,  at  the 
camp  of  Boulogne,  Napoleon,  amid  the 
applause  of  the  whole  army,  made  him  his 
aide-de-camp,  and  gave  him  the  command 
of  the  third  regiment  of  the  line.  In  the 
campaign  of  1805  his  efficient  gallantry 
obtained  him  the  rank  of  general  of  bri- 
gade, and  in  1807  that  of  general  of  division. 
In  the  campaign  of  1809  he  defended  the 
little  island  of  Lobau  (from  which  he  took 
his  subsequent  title)  against  the  Austrians, 
completely  beat  them  off,  and  took  liis  troops, 
comparatively  unhurt,  across  the  Danube, 
In  1812  he  was  made  aid-major  of  the  im- 
perial guard  !  in  1813,  commander  of  the 
first  corps  of  the  grand  army  ;  and,  in  1814, 
a  chevalier  of  St.  I^ouis.  During  the  me- 
morable "  hundred  days"  he  gave  his  sup- 
port to  Napoleon,  and  was  made  command- 
ant of  the  first  military  division,  and  a 
member  of  the  chamber  of  peers.  In  the 
brief  but  easy  campaign  of  1815,  he  com- 
manded the  sixth  corps  of  tlie  army  of  the 
north.  He  gave  the  Prussians  a  severe  de- 
feat on  the  8th  of  June  in  that  year,  but 
was  wounded  and  sent  prisoner  to  England 
from  that  burial-place  of  Jiis  aspiring  mas- 
ter's hopes — Waterloo.  From  that  time 
until  1818  he  remained  in  England  ;  he 
was  then  permitted  to  return  home,  and  in 
1828  was  sent  as  a  deputy  for  the  Meurthe, 
and  took  his  seat  on  the  opposition  benches. 
In  the  revolution  of  1830  he  took  an  active 
part ;  and  when  Lafayette  resigned  the  com- 
mand of  the  national  guard.  Count  Lobau 
was  appointed  his  successor.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  received  his  marshal's  baton  from 
Louis  Philippe,  by  whom  he  was  greatly 
respected.     Born,  1770  ;  died  1839. 

LOBEIRA,  Vasco,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated romance  of  "  Amadis  de  Gaul,"  was 
a  native  of  Porta,  in  Portugal,  in  the  14th 
century.  In  1386  he  was  knighted  by  Joam 
I.  on  the  field  of  battle  at  Aljubarotta  ;  and 
he  died  at  Elvas,  in  1401.  Dr.  Southey  has 
translated  Lobeira's  work,  and  has  satis- 
factorily proved  it  to  be  an  original,  and  not 
a  translation  from  the  French,  as  many  had 
before  imagined. 

LOBO,  Jekome,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  was 
born  at  Lisbon,  in  1593.  He  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  Abyssinia,  and,  on  his  return  to 
Europe,  became  rector  of  the  college  of 
Coimbra,  where  he  died  in  1678.    He  wrote 


531 


z  z  2 


LOC] 


^  0m  WiwihtviKl  23i00rap^e, 


[lol 


"An  Account  of  Abyssinia,"  of  which  Dr. 
Johnson  published  an  abridged  transhition. 

LOCK,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English 
musician,  was  born  at  Exeter,  where  he 
became  a  chorister  in  the  cathedral.  lie 
publislied  some  musical  pieces  in  1657,  and, 
after  the  Restoration,  he  was  employed  as  a 
composer  of  operas.  He  was  also  appointed 
composer  to  the  chapel  royal,  and  has  ac- 
quired considerable  reputation  by  the  beau- 
tiful music  to  Shakspeare's  Macbeth. 

LOCKE,  JoHX,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
pliilosophers  and  writers  of  modern  times, 
was  bom  at  Wrington,  in  Somersetshire,  in 
1632.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  Christchurch  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  much  by  his 
general  proficiency  ;  and  finally  applied  to 
the  study  of  pliysic.  In  the  year  1666  he 
was  introduced  to  Lord  Asliley,  afterwards 
the  celebrated  Earl  of  Shaftesburj',  to  wlxom 
he  became  essentially  serviceable  in  his 
medical  capacity,  and  who  formed  a  high 
opinion  of  his  general  powers,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingliam,  the 
Earl  of  Halifax,  and  other  distinguished 
characters.  He  also  confided  to  him  the 
superintendence  of  his  son's  education  ;  and 
when,  in  1672,  Lord  Shaftesbury  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor,  he  made  ^Ir.  I/Ocke 
secretary  of  presentations,  and,  at  a  later 
period,  secretary  to  the  board  of  trade.  On 
his  patron  retiring  to  Holland,  to  avoid  a 
state  prosecution,  Locke  accompanied  him, 
and  remained  there  several  years.  So  ob- 
noxious was  he  to  James's  government,  that 
the  English  envoy  demanded  Mr.  Locke  of 
the  States,  on  suspicion  of  his  being  con- 
cerned in  Monmouth's  rebellion,  which  occa- 
sioned him  to  keep  private,  and  employ  him- 
self in  finishing  liis  "  Essay  on  the  Human 
Understanding."  At  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tion he  returned  to  England,  and  was  made 
a  commissioner  of  appeals,  and  in  1695  a 
commissioner  of  trade  and  plantations.  He 
died  at  Oates,  in  Essex,  in  1704.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  an  "Essay  on  Human  Un- 
derstanding," 2  vols.  ;  "  Letters  on  Tolera- 
tion," "A  Treatise  on  Civil  Government," 
and  "  Thoughts  concerning  Education." 

LOCKAIAN,  John,  an  English  writer, 
was  the  author  of  "  Rosalinda,"  a  musical 
drama  ;  and  "  David's  Lamentations,"  an 
oratorio.  He  was  also  one  of  the  compilers 
of  the  Great  Historical  Dictionary.  He  died 
in  1771. 

LODGE,  Edmuxd,  clarencieux-king-at- 
arms,  K.  H.,  and  F.  S.  A.  ;  author  of  the 
well-known  "Portraits  of  illustrious  Per- 
sonages of  Great  Britain,"  was  in  early  life 
a  cornet  of  dragoons.  He  also  published 
several  other  works,  "  Illustrations  of  British 
History,"  the  "  Life  of  Sir  Julius  Caesar," 
&c.  &c.,  besides  some  elaborate  and  erudite 
papers  in  the  Quarterly  Review.  Born,  1756; 
died,  1839. 

LODGE,  Thomas,  an  English  physician 
and  poet,  who  died  in  1625.  He  wrote 
"  Wounds  of  Civil  War,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Look- 
ing-glass for  London  and  England,"  a  tragi- 
comedy. He  also  assisted  Robert  Green  in 
writing  some  of  his  works. 

LOFFT,  Capel,  a  barrister,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  works  in  polite  literature, 


532 


was  born  in  London  in  1751.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1775.  On  succeeding  to 
the  €apel  estates,  in  1781,  he  removed  to 
Troston,  in  Suffolk,  and  became  an  active 
magistrate  of  the  county  till  1800 ;  when, 
for  having  too  zealously  exerted  liimself  as 
under-sheriff  to  delay  the  execution  of  a 
young  woman  who  had  received  sentence 
of  death,  he  was  removed  from  the  com- 
mission. Mr.  LofFt  was  a  very  considerable 
contributor  to  most  of  the  magazines  of  the 
day ;  and  it  was  to  his  active  patronage  of 
Robert  Bloomfield  that  the  public  was  in- 
debted for  the  "  Farmer's  Boy,"  and  other 
poems  by  that  author.    Died,  1824. 

LOFTUS,  Dudley,  an  oriental  scholar, 
was  bom,  in  1618,  at  Rathfarnham,  near 
Dublin  ;  studied  at  Trinity  College  and  at 
Oxford  ;  became  vicar-general  and  judge  of 
the  prerogative  court  in  Ireland  ;  and  died 
in  1695.  Among  his  writings  are,  "  A  His- 
tory of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches," 
"  The  History  of  Our  Saviour,  taken  from 
the  Greek,  Syriac,  and  other  Oriental  Au- 
thors," "  A  Translation  of  the  Ethiopic  New 
Testament  into  Latin,"  &c. 

LOGAN,  Feedekic,  Baron  de,  a  German 
poet,  was  born  in  1604,  and  died  in  1655. 
Lessing  and  Ramler  published  an  edition  of 
his  Epigrams,  which  are  much  esteemed. 

LOGAN,  JoHx,  a  Scottish  poet  and  prose 
writer  of  some  eminence,  was  born  in  1748. 
Having  studied  for  the  church,  his  eloquence 
and  ability  procured  for  him  the  living  of 
South    Leith,    in    1773.      But    his  conduct 
having  rendered   him  unpopular  with   his 
parishioners,  he  was  induced  to  resign  his 
charge  ;  and  he  then  proceeded  to  London, 
where  he  became  connected  with  the  press  ; 
and,  among  other  productions,  wrote  a  pam-  i 
phlet,  entitled  "  A  Review  of  the  principal  ! 
Charges     against    Mr.   Warren  Hastings,"  | 
which  led  to  the  prosecution  of  the  pub- 
lisher,   Mr.  Stockdale,  who,    however,   was  j 
acquitted.    His  poems,  usually  printed  with  j 
those  of  Michael  Bruce,  whose  merits  he  : 
was  the  first  to  make  known,  are  chiefly  lyri-  I 
cal ;  but  he  also  wrote  "Runnymcde,"  a  tra-  I 
gedy  ;  and  published  tlie  "  Elements  of  the  | 
Philosophy  of  History  "  (a  most  able  work),  | 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Rutherford  ;   be-  { 
sides  being  the  author  of  a  volume  of  ser-  j 
mons,  published  posthumously,  which  have 
enjoyed  great  popularity.    Died,  1788.  ! 

LOKMAM,  surnamed  Al-hakim,  or  the 
Wise,  an  eastern  philosopher  and  fabulist,  i 
who  by  some  is  supposed  to  have  been  an  ' 
Abyssinian,  and  by  others  an  Arabian,  is  j 
said  to  have  been  contemporary  with  David,  | 
and  that  he  embraced  the  Jewish  faith  ;  but 
neither  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  nor  the 
country  which    gave    him    birth,  are   cor- 
rectly known.    His  fables  were  published  at 
Leyden,  by  Erpenius,  in  Arabic  and  Latin, 
in  1636. 

LOLLARD,  Walter,  the  founder  of  a 
religious  sect  in  Germany,  about  1315.  He 
was  burnt,  at  Cologne,  in  1322. 

LOLLI,  or  LOLLY,  Antonio,  a  cele- 
brated performer  on  the  violin,  was  a  native 
of  Bergamo,  in  Italy,  and  born  in  1728.  In 
Germany,  Russia,  England,  Spain,  France, 
and  Naples,  he  excited  the  admiration  of 


lom] 


^  ^tfa  UnihtxSnl  JSiograjp]^!). 


[low 


the  musical  world  ;  but  tliough  for  many 
years  he  possessed  a  wonderful  command 
over  the  instrument,  yet  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  not  a  truce  was  left  of  that 
extraordinary  skill  which  had  established 
his  fame.    Died,  1802. 

LOM,  or  LOMMIUS,  JossE  van,  an  in- 
genious physician,  was  bom   at  Buren,  in 
Guelderland,  in  1500,  and  died  in  15«2.    His 
{  Latin  style  is  pure  and  elegant,    and  hia 
I  works  are  held  in  estimation. 
I      LOMBARD,   John    Louis,    an   eminent 
I  writer    on    military    tactics,    was    born    at 
'  Strasburg,  in    1723  ;    became   professor  of 
[  artillery  at  Metz  ;   and  died  in  1794.     He 
!  translated    into    French,    "  Kobins's    Prin- 
ciples   of    Gunnery,"     and    wrote     "  Aide 
Miinoire  a  I'Usage  desOlHciers  d'Artillerie 
de  France,"  2  vols. ;    "  Instruction   sur  la 
Manoeuvre  et  le   Tir  du  Cannon    de    Ba- 
taille,"    and   "Traitd    du  Mouvement  des 
I  Projectiles." 

I      LOMONOZOF,   Michael    Wasilowitz, 
I  A  Russian   poet  and  liistorian  of  the  last 
j  century,  was  born  in  1711.    He  was  the  son 
'  of  a  lislimonger,  and  having  fled  from  his 
father,  he  took  refuge  in  a  monastery,  where 
he  received  his  education,  which  he  after- 
1  wards  improved  at    a  German  university. 
In  1741  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
!  and  became    member  of  the    academy  of 
1  Petersburgh,  and  professor  of  chemistry.    In 
j  1764  he  was  made  a  counsellor  of  state,  and 
I  died  in  the  course  of  the  same  year.    His 
j  Odes  partake  much  of  the  fire  of  Pindar, 
I  and  he  has  been  justly  called  the  father 
!  of  Russian  poetry.     He  also  wrote  several 
I  works  in  prose,  particularly  a  "  History  of 
I  the  Empire  of  Russia." 
I      LONDONDERRY,    Robert    Stewart, 
I  Marquis  of,  who  for  many  years  was  known 
as  Lord  Castlereagh,  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
i  land,  and  born  in  17G9.    He  was  educated  at 
j  Armagh  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
i  and  having  made  the  tour  of  Europe,  was, 
i  on  his  return,  cltosen  a  member  of  the  Irish 
I  parliament.     He    joined  the  opposition  in 
I  the  first  place,  and  declared  himself  an  ad- 
!  vocate  for  parliamentary  reform ;    but,  on 
obtaining  a  seat  in  the  British  parliament, 
he  took  his  station  on  the  ministerial  benches. 
In   1797,  having  then  become  LordCastle- 
reagli,  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  privy  seal 
'  for  Ireland,  and  soon  after  appointed  one  of 
I  the  lords  of  the  treasury.    Tlie  next  year  he 
I  was  nominated  secretary  to  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant, and,  by  hia  strenuous  exertions  and 
abilities,  in  the  art  of  removing  opposition, 
the  union  with  Ireland  was  greatly  facili- 
tated.    In  1805  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  war  and  the  colonies  ;  but,  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  Pitt,  he  retired,  until  the  dissolution 
of  the  brief  administration  of  180«  restored 
him  to  the  same  situation  in  1807  ;  and  he 
held  his  office  until  the  ill-fated  expedition 
to  Walcheren,  and  his  duel  with  liis  col- 
league, Mr.  Canning,  produced  his  resigna- 
tion.    In   1812  he  succeeded  the   Marquis 
Wellesley  as  foreign  secretary  (which  office 
he  held  till  his  decease),  and  the  following 
year  proceeded  to  the  Continent,  to  assist 
the  coalesced  powers  in  negotiating  a  gene- 
ral peace.    In  1814  he  was  plenipotentiary 
extraordinary  to    the    allied  powers,  and, 


towards  the  close  of  the  same  year,  to  the 
Congress  of  Vienna.  For  these  services  he 
received  the  thanks  of  parliament,  and  was 
honoured  with  the  order  of  the  giirter.  On 
the  death  of  his  father,  in  1821,  he  succeeded 
to  the  title  of  marquis  of  I^ondonderry  ;  but 
he  did  not  long  enjoy  it,  for  in  a  fit  of  in- 
sanity, brought  on  by  excessive  mental  and 
bodily  exertion  in  attending  to  his  public 
duties,  he  put  an  end  to  his  existence  by 
severing  the  carotid  artery  with  a  penknife. 
This  event  took  place  on  the  12th  of  August, 
1822 ;  and,  on  the  20th,  his  remains  were 
interred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

L<^)NO,  Edwaru,  was  born  in  1734,  at 
St.  Blaize,  Cornwall.  He  was  brought  up 
to  the  law,  and  became  judge  of  the  vice- 
admiralty  court  in  Jamaica,  where  his  father 
possessed  estates,  and  of  which  island  his 
brother-in-law,  Sir  Henrj'  Moore,  was  lieu- 
tenant-govenior.  Being  obliged  to  return 
to  England  for  the  restoration  of  his  health, 
in  1769,  he  devoted  his  time  to  literary  pur- 
suits, and  wrote  an  admirable  "  History  of 
Jamaica,"  3  vols.  ;  a  collection  of  essays, 
entitled  "  The  Prater,"  "  The  Antigallican," 
a  novel ;  "  Letters  on  the  Colonies,"  &c. 
Died,  1813. 

LONG,  Roger,  an  English  divine,  emi- 
nent as  an  astronomer  and  a  mathematician, 
was  born  in  1C79,  in  Norfolk  ;  was  educated 
at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which 
college  he  became  master  in  1733  j  was 
chosen  Lowndes'  professor  of  astronomy  ; 
held  livings  in  Huntingdonshire  and  Essex, 
and  died  in  1770.  Dr.  Long  was  the  author 
of  a  valuable  "  Treatise  on  Astronomy,"  and 
constructed,  at  Pembroke  Hall,  a  hollow 
sphere,  18  feet  in  diameter,  on  the  interior 
surface  of  which  were  represented  the  stars, 
constellations,  &c.,  the  whole  being  moved 
by  means  of  machinery. 

LONG,  St.  Johx,  was  bom  at  Newcastle, 
in  Limerick,  in  1798.  The  name  of  his  fa- 
ther was  John  Long,  whose  vocations  were 
no  less  numerous  than  those  of  Caleb  Quo- 
tem  himself;  for  he  was  a  steward,  parish 
clerk,  harness-maker,  a  maker  of  mouse- 
traps, and  the  manufacturer  of  certain  inge- 
nious machinery  for  winnowing  wheat,  &c. 
John  inlierited  the  multipotent  genius  of  his 
sire,  and  was  considered  a  perfect  prodigy 
in  painting,  glazing,  and  basket-making  ; 
and  a  certain  lady,  having  been  much 
pleased  with  his  attempts  to  copy  some 
drawings,  laid  the  foundation  of  his  future 
fortune.  Through  her  notice  of  John,  a 
subscription  was  raised  for  him  at  Done- 
raile  ;  he  was  sent  to  Dublin,  and  there 
placed  with  a  furniture-painter,  of  the  name 
of  Richardson,  for  two  years  ;  during  which 
period  he  attended  the  school  of  painting 
attached  to  the  Dublin  Society.  Having 
made  some  little  progress  in  the  art,  he 
returned  to  Limerick,  started  as  drawing- 
master,  and,  taking  the  hint  of  a  friend, 
adopted  the  maiden  name  of  his  mother 
(St.  John)  in  preference  to  plain  John,  as  he 
had  received  it  at  the  font ;  he  then  set  out, 
in  1822,  to  seek  his  fortune  in  London,  at 
the  age  of  25,  with  some  of  his  own  pictures, 
a  light  purse,  and  a  good  share  of  confidence. 
His  genius  as  a  painter  was,  however,  not 
so  highly  appreciated  in  London  as  he  had 

z  z  3 


lon] 


^  i^m  mni&frSal  ^BiDfirajP^!?. 


[lon 


I  expected ;  and  he  resolved  to  turn  doctor. 
I  The  first  account  of  his  success  in  his  newly 
adopted  line  of  business  is  recorded  by  him- 
self in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  in  1826,  by  which 
it  appeared  he  had  cured  a  fellow-craftsman 
(a  carriage-painter)  of  a  decline.  He  now 
proclaimed  his  competency  to  cure  consump- 
tion, rheumatism,  and,  in  short,  all  other 
diseases,  how  incurable  soever  they  might 
be  deemed  by  the  faculty,  taking  fees  ac- 
cordingly. He  made  his  professional  debut 
in  Rowland  Street.  Here  business  increased 
so  rapidly,  that  in  the  following  year  he  was 
settled  in  Harley  Street,  Cavendish  Square, 
in  an  elegantly  furnished  house,  with  ser- 
vants in  attendance  to  usher  in  his  patients, 
who  were  not  only  numerous,  but  of  the 
highest  rank.  He  thus  floated  on  the  full 
tide  of  fortune  for  two  years,  when  a  tem- 
porary check  was  given  to  his  success,  in 
consequence  of  a  young  lady  having  died 
through  the  baleful  effects  of  his  nostrums, 
for  which  lie  was  tried,  and  found  guilty  of 
manslaughter.  In  the  following  year,  1831, 
another  lady  died  under  the  same  mode  of 
treatment,  and  he  was  again  tried,  but 
acquitted.  On  the  first  of  these  trials,  no 
less  than  63  of  his  patients,  who  were  all 
persons  of  rank  and  wealth,  appeared  in  his 
favoui- !  He  still  continued  to  practise,  and 
to  be  visited  by  many  patients  ;  when  a 
rapid  consumption,  the  very  disease  which 
he  boasted  of  eradicating  by  a  simple  re- 
medy, hurried  him  to  an  early  grave.  He 
died,  July  2.  1834,  leaving  the  bulk  of  his 
property  to  his  brother  William  ;  and  also 
the  celebrated  recipe,  which  he  desired 
should  be  sold  for  lO.OOOZ.  ;  or,  otherwise, 
that  his  brother  should  use  it,  after  having 
studied  anatomy. 

LONG,  Thomas,  an  English  nonjuring 
divine,  was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1621  ;  was 
educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and, 
after  the  Restoration,  was  made  prebendary 
of  Exeter,  but  lost  that  preferment  at  the 
revolution  for  refusing  the  oaths.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  Calvinus  Redivivus," 
"  History  of  the  Donatists,"  "  Vindication 
of  the  Primitive  Christians  in  point  of  Obe- 
dience," "  History  of  Popish  and  Fanatical 
Plots,"  and  "  A  Vindication  of  King 
Charles's  Claim  to  the  Eikon  Basilike." 
Died,  1700. 

LONGEPIERRE,  Hii.aet  Bernaed  de, 
a  French  critic,  bom  at  Dijon,  in  1659  ; 
author  of  several  tragedies  in  imitation  of 
the  Greek  poets  ;  but  only  two  of  them, 
the  "  Medea"  and  "  Electra,"  were  ever 
performed.    Died,  1721. 

liONGINUS,  DioNYsius,  a  celebrated 
Greek  critic  and  philosopher  of  the  third 
century  ;  but  whether  born  at  Athens,  or  in 
Syria,  is  uncertain.  In  his  youth  he  tra- 
velled for  improvement  to  Rome,  Athens, 
and  Alexandria,  and  attended  all  the  emi- 
nent masters  in  eloquence  and  philosophy. 
At  length  he  settled  at  Athens,  where  he 
taught  philosophy,  and  where  he  also  pub- 
lished his  inimitable  "  Treatise  on  the  Sub- 
lime." His  knowledge  was  so  extensive, 
that  he  was  called  "  the  living  library ;" 
and  his  fame  having  reached  the  ears  of  the 
celebrated  Zeuobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  she 
invited  him  to  the  court,  intrusted  to  him 


the  education  of  her  two  sons,  and  took  his 
advice  on  political  affairs.  But  this  distinc- 
tion proved  fatal  to  him  ;  for,  after  the  sur- 
render of  Palmyra,  Aurelian  basely  put  him 
to  death,  for  having  advised  Zenobia  to 
resist  the  Romans,  and  for  being  the  real 
author  of  the  spirited  letter  which  the  queen 
addressed  to  the  Roman  monarch.  His 
death  took  place  in  273.  He  met  his  fate 
with  calmness  and  fortitude,  exclaiming 
with  his  expiring  breath,  "  The  world  is  but 
a  prison  ;  happy  therefore  is  he  who  gets 
soonest  out  of  it,  and  gains  his  liberty." 

LONGLAND,  JoHX,  an  English  prelate, 
was  born  in  1473,  at  Henley-on-Thames  ; 
received  his  education  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  was  made  dean  of  Salisbury 
in  1514,  and  was  appointed  confessor  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  gave  him  the  bishopric 
of  Lincoln,  in  1521.  He  was  a  liberal 
benefactor  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  of 
which  he  was  chancellor. 

LONGLAND,  or  LANGELANDE,  Ro- 
bert, an  old  English  poet,  was  born  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  and  a  secular  priest,  but  espoused 
the  doctrines  of  Wickliffe.  He  is  believed 
to  have  been  the  author  of  the  "  Vision  of 
Pierce  Plowman"  and  "  Pierce  Plowman's 
Crede,"  two  curious  poems,  containing 
severe  reflections  on  the  Romish  clergy, 
and  exhibiting  a  curious  pictiure  of  the 
times. 

LONGMAN,  Thomas  NoRTOif,  known  for 
nearly  half  a  century  as  the  head  of  the  emi- 
nent and  long-established  publishing  firm 
of  Messrs.  Longman  and  Co.,  of  Paternoster 
Row,  was  born  in  the  year  1770.  In  liim 
were  united  strict  business  habits  with  that 
enterprising  spirit,  which  happily  combines 
prudence  and  foresight  with  honour  and 
liberality.  The  every-day  routine  of  regular 
trade,  although  requiring  the  patient  exer- 
cise of  the  intellect,  has  nothing  in  it  of 
startling  incident,  or  personal  adventure, 
wherewith  to  furnish  the  more  attractive 
materials  for  biography  ;  but  in  conducting 
important  commercial  pursuits  with  credit 
and  advantage,  tlie  union  of  several  valuable 
qualities  is  requisite,  and  these  Mr.  Long- 
man possessed  in  no  ordinary  degree.  In 
transacting  business  lie  was  prompt  and  de- 
cided ;  in  his  intercourse  with  friends,  cour- 
teous and  agreeable :  on  all  occasions  proving, 
that  in  a  well-regulated  mind  the  habits  of 
trade  tend  neither  to  circumscribe  the  sphere 
of  action,  nor  to  counteract  the  natural  ten- 
dencies of  a  benevolent  disposition.  Mr. 
Longman  had  for  many  years  been  accus- 
tomed to  ride  on  horseback  from  his  residence 
at  Hampstead  to  the  city  ;  and  on  the  28th  of 
August,  1842,  when  on  his  way  home,  his 
horse  having  stumbled,  he  was  thrown  on 
his  head,  and  received  such  severe  injury, 
that  he  expired  shortly  after  the  occurrence 
of  the  accident.  His  personal  friends  being 
desirous  "  to  record  their  deep  sense  of  the 
many  excellences  that  distinguished  his 
private  character,  and  of  the  advantages 
conferred  on  literature  by  his  ability,  inte- 
grity, and  enterprise,"  erected  a  monument 
to  his  memory  in  Hampstead  church. 

LONGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  a  ce- 
lebrated astronomer,  was  born  in  15C2,  at 


lon] 


^  ^eto  ©fnibertfal  3SCaflrfqpT)2). 


[lor 


Langsberg,  in  Jutland,  and  was  obliged  to 
earn  his  bread  by  hard  labour,  having  been 
left  an  orphan  in  his  eighth  year  ;  notwith- 
standing which  he  studied  hard,  and,  with 
the  assistance  of  the  minister  of  the  parish, 
acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  the  mathe- 
matics. At  last  he  became  a  servitor  in 
the  college  of  Wibourg  ;  the  professors  of 
which  university  recommended  him  to  Ty- 
cho  Brahe,  whom  he  assisted  in  his  astro- 
nomical researches,  and  with  whoin  he 
lived  II  years.  In  1605  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  where 
he  died  in  1647.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works,  of  which  the  principal  is  his 
"  Astronomia  Danica." 

LONGUERNE,  Louis  Di'four  i>e,  an 
eminent  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Charle- 
ville,  in  France,  and  bom  in  1()52.  He  was 
&  child  of  such  precocious  talent,  that  be- 
fore he  had  attained  his  lifth  year,  he 
attracted  the  notice  of  Louis  XIV.  As  he 
grew  up,  his  application  and  perseverance 
in  literary  pursuits  were  quite  in  charac- 
ter with  his  early  proficiency,  and  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  profound  orientalists 
of  the  age.  His  chief  works  are,  "The 
Annals  of  the  Arsacides,"  an  "Historical 
Description  of  the  History  of  Trance," 
"  Ilemarks  on  the  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey," 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Eucharist,"  and  "A  Dis- 
sertation on  Tatian,"  written  in  Latin. 
Died,  1732. 

LONGUEVAL,  Jacques,  a  French  Je- 
suit ;  author  of  an  elaborate  history  of  the 
French  church,  in  eight  folio  volumes,  and 
other  theological  works.  Born,  1680  ;  died, 
1735. 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  writer,  wliose 
work,  entitled  "Poimenica,"  or  "The  Loves 
of  Daphnis  and  Chloe,"  is  exceedingly 
curious,  for  the  incture  It  affords  of  rural 
manners  in  ancient  Greece,  but  is  at  the 
same  time  tainted  with  licentiousness.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  the  earliest  specimen  there 
is  of  a  prose  romance  ;  but  no  account  has 
been  transmitted  either  of  the  age  in 
which  Longus  lived,  or  the  place  of  his 
birth. 

LONICERUS,  Adam,  a  physician  and 
naturalist,  was  a  native  of  Marburg,  in 
Germany  ;  and  after  occupying  the  mathe- 
matical chair  there,  removed  to  Frankfort, 
where  he  held  the  office  of  stipendiary  phy- 
sician to  the  senate  during  32  years.  His 
name  has  been  preserved  in  the  Linnsean 
appellation  of  the  Lonicera,  a  beautiful 
genus  of  plants.    Died,  1586. 

LOOS,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
the  16th  century,  wlio  had  the  temerity  to 
write  a  treatise,  "De  vera  et  falsa  Magia," 
against  the  then  prevailing  notions  of  witch- 
craft. Such  was  the  ignorance  and  super- 
stition of  the  age,  that  Loos  was  more  than 
once  subjected  to  a  prosecution,  and  obliged 
to  make  a  recantation  of  his  supposed  error. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  other  learned 
works,  and  died  in  1595. 

L008JES,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  novelist, 
poet,  and  librarian,  born  at  Ha«rlem,  in 
1761.  Always  an  ardent  friend  of  liberty, 
he  opposed  Napoleon's  design  of  convert- 
ing Holland  into  a  monarchy,  with  honest 
but  abortive   zeal.    He  was  the  author  of 


"Gewarts  und  Gyzeslar,"  a  drama;  "Lu- 
cius Junius  Brutus,"  "  Marcus  Junius  Bru- 
tus," and  several  romances  ;  "  Life  of  a 
Dutch  Family  in  the  17  th  Century,"  "  Jeau 
de  Witt,"  "Conrad  and  Jacquelin,"  &c. 

LOPES,  Feknam,  a  Portuguese  historian, 
whose  "  Chronicle  of  Joam,"  describing  the 
great  struggle  between  Portugal  and  Castile, 
towards  tlie  close  of  the  14th  century,  ex- 
hibits, according  to  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Sou- 
they,  all  the  manners,  painting,  and  drama- 
tic reality  of  Froissart.  Lojjcs  is  the  oldest 
of  tlic  Portuguese  chroniclers. 

LOPEZ  DE  BUEDA,  a  Spanish  drama- 
tist and  actor,  who  in  the  16th  century 
composed  humorous  pieces,  and  with  his 
itinerant  band  of  performers  exhibited 
them  to  his  countrymen.    Died,  1.564. 

LORENZ,  John  Michael,  was  profes- 
sor of  history  and  rhetoric  in  the  university 
of  Strasburg  ;  where  he  was  born  in  1723, 
and  died  in  1801.  Among  his  writings  are, 
"  Elementa  Historiae  Universae,"  ♦'  Ele- 
menta  Historiae  Germanica,"  and  "Sum- 
ma  HistorisB  Gallo-Francicaj,  civilis  et 
sacraj." 

LORENZLNI,  or  LAURENTINI,  Fran- 
cesco Makia,  was  a  native  of  Rome,  and 
patronised  by  Cardinal  Borghese,  who  gave 
him  apartments  in  his  palace  and  a  pension. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  sacred 
dramas,  written  in  Latin  ;  and  at  the  time 
of  liis  death  filled  the  situation  of  president 
of  the  academy  of  the  Arcadi.  Born,  1680  ; 
died,  1743. 

LORENZfln:,  Lorenzo,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  who  for  some  offence,  while 
in  the  service  of  Ferdinand,  son  of  Cosmo 
III.,  was  confined  in  the  tower  of  Volterra, 
where  he  solaced  the  hours  of  a  wearisome 
imprisonment,  which  lasted  nearly  twenty 
ycai-9,  by  writing  a  work  on  conic  sections. 
Died,  1721 

LORGNA,  Antonio  Marie,  an  eminent 
mathematician  of  Verona,  in  which  city  he 
was  born,  about  1730.  He  became  colonel 
of  a  corps  of  engineers,  and  filled  the  ma- 
thematical chair  in  the  military  school  of 
Verona.  He  died  in  1796,  and  had  the  repu- 
tation of  being  one  of  the  best  geometricians 
in  Italy. 

LORIOT,  Anthony  Joseph,  an  excel- 
lent French  mechanician,  who,  in  1753, 
presented  to  the  academy  of  sciences  a 
machine,  by  means  of  wliioh  a  child  might 
raise  a  weight  of  several  thousand  pounds. 
He  afterwards  constructed  machines  for  the 
naval  service;  and  for  working  the  mines 
of  Pompeah  ;  claimed  the  merit  of  invent- 
ing a  kind  of  cement  used  in  building, 
called  "  mortier  Loriot,"  and  a  hydraulic 
machine  for  raising  water.  Born,  1716 : 
died,  1782. 

LORRAINE,  Robert  le,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  was  bom  at  Paris,  in  1665  ; 
studied  under  Girardon,  and  afterwards  in 
Italy  ;  and  on  his  return,  in  1701,  produced 
the  most  beautiful  of  his  works,  the  "  Ga- 
latea," which  at  once  procured  his  admis- 
sion into  the  society,  of  which  he  eventually 
became  the  president.    Died,  1743. 

LORRIS,  William  uk.  a  French  poet  of 
the  12th  century,  was  born  at  Lorris,  near 
Montargis  ;  and  was  the  first  author  of  the 


LOU] 


^  ^t\33  SJntbcrs'al  33i0flrffp!)t>. 


[lou 


"  Romance  of  the  Rose,"  a  comi)osition  in 
part  imitating  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  and 
which  during  the  middle  ages  had  a  great 
influence  on  the  literature  of  France  and 
England.  He  died  young,  and  left  his  work 
nnflni8l»ed ;  but  it  was  completed,  forty 
years  later,  by  Jolm  de  Mcung. 

LOUBERE,  Simon  de  la,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  who  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic 
mission  to  Siam,  and  whose  account  of  his 
"  Voyage"  to  that  kingdom  contains  many 
curious  and  interesting  particulars.  On 
one  occasion,  while  he  was  at  Madrid,  he 
was  arrested  as  a  spy,  and  confined  in  the 
state  prisons  of  that  capital  for  a  consider- 
able time,  but  was  ultimately  released,  and 
returned  to  Toulouse.    Died,  1729. 

LOUDON,  JoHX  Claudius,  long  known 
as  a  distinguished  writer  on  horticultural 
subjects,  was  born  at  Cambuslang,iu  Lanark- 
shire, in  1783,  and  brought  ui)  as  a  landscape 
gardener.  Coming  to  England  in  1803,  with 
numerous  letters  of  introduction  to  some  of 
the  first  landed  proprietors  in  the  kingdom, 
and  displaying  considerable  taste  as  well  as 
industry,  he  obtained  much  lucrative  em- 
ployment, and  afterwards  took  a  large  farm 
at  Tew,  in  Oxfordshire,  where  he  greatly 
improved  his  circumstances.  In  the  years 
1813, 1814, 1815,  he  made  the  tour  of  northern 
Europe,  traversing  Sweden,  Russia,  Poland, 
and  Austria  ;  and  as  it  was  undertaken  just 
after  the  close  of  the  French  disasters  in  their 
retreat  from  Moscow,  many  of  the  incidents 
he  met  with  created  no  common  interest  in 
the  mind  of  so  intelligent  and  observing  a 
traveller.  In  1819  he  travelled  through  Italy; 
and,  in  1828,  through  France  and  Germany. 
But  though  Mr.  Loudon  occasionally  grati- 
fied his  inclination  for  foreign  travel,  his 
literary  labours  were  during  nearly  40  years 
almost  unceasing.  "  No  man,"  says  one  of 
his  biographers,  "  has  ever  written  so  much, 
under  such  adverse  circumstances,  as  Mr. 
Loudon.  Many  years  ago,  when  he  first 
came  to  England  cin  1803),  he  had  a  severe 
attack  of  inflammatory  rheumatism,  wliich 
disabled  him  for  two  years,  and  ended  in  an 
anchyloscd  knee  and  a  contracted  left  arm. 
In  the  year  1820,  whilst  compiling  the  "  En- 
cyclopaidia  of  Gardening,"  he  had  another 
severe  attack  of  rheumatism ;  and  the  follow- 
ing year,  being  recommended  to  go  to  Brigh- 
ton to  get  shampooed  in  Mahomet's  baths, 
his  right  arm  was  there  broken  near  the 
shoulder,  and  it  never  properly  united.  Not- 
withstanding this,  he  continued  to  write  with 
his  right  hand  till  1825,  when  the  arm  was 
broken  a  second  time,  and  he  was  then 
obliged  to  have  it  amputated,  but  not  before 
a  general  breaking-up  of  the  frame  had  com- 
menced, and  the  thumb  and  two  fingers  of 
the  left  hand  had  been  rendered  useless. 
He  afterwards  suffered  frequently  from  ill- 
health,  till  his  constitution  was  finally  un- 
dermined by  the  anxiety  attending  on  that 
most  costly  and  laborious  of  all  his  works  — 
the  "  Arboretum  Britannicum."  His  works 
were  both  important  and  numerous  :  among 
the  principal  were  the  "  Arboretum  Britan- 
nicum," the  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture," 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Gardening,"  "  Hints 
on  the  Formation  of  Gardens,"  the  "  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Cottage,  Farm,  and  Villa  Archi- 


tecture," the  "  Suburban  Horticulturist," 
and  the  "  Encyclopaadia  of  Trees  and 
Shrubs,"  besides  which  he  latterly  edited 
the  Gardener's  and  Agricultural  Magazines, 
and  contributed  to  other  publications.  Died, 
Dec.  14. 1843. 

LOUIS  IX<,  king  of  France,  canonised 
in  the  Romish  calendar  as  St.  Louis,  was 
born  in  1214,  and  succeeded  his  father, 
Louis  VIII.,  in  1226.  Being  then  only  in 
his  12th  year,  he  was  placed  under  the 
guardiansliip  of  his  mother,  who  was  made 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  who  inculcated 
in  him  a  strong  attachment  to  religion. 
He  was  surrounded  by  churchmen,  and  was 
sincerely  devout ;  but  he  knew  the  limits 
between  secular  and  ecclesiastical  jurisdic- 
tion, and  displayed  a  well-founded  jealousy 
of  usurpation  in  the  latter.  Having  made 
a  vow,  in  the  event  of  recovering  from  a 
dangerous  disease,  to  march  against  the 
infidels,  he  made  preparations  for  so  doing, 
and,  in  1248,  he  accordingly  embarked  at 
Aigues-Mortes,  with  an  army  of  50/K)0  men, 
accompanied  by  his  queen,  his  brothers, 
and  almost  all  the  cliivalry  of  France.  The 
particulars  of  his  eventful  and  disastrous 
campaign,  which  ended  in  his  surrender, 
and  that  of  the  remains  of  his  army,  cannot 
be  recorded  here  ;  but  we  may  remark,  that 
a  greater  union  of  fortitude,  punctilious 
honour,  humanity,  and  personal  bravery, 
was  never  witnessed  in  the  conduct  of  a 
prince  than  was  displayed  by  Louis  through- 
out the  whole  of  this  ill-advised  and  un- 
fortunate expedition.  The  town  of  Dami- 
etta,  which  remained  in  the  possession  of 
the  French,  was  demanded  as  the  price  of 
the  monarch's  freedom,  and  a  vast  ransom 
was  also  claimed  for  his  followers.  These 
terms  being  punctually  fulfilled,  Louis  em- 
barked with  about  6000  men,  the  sole  re- 
mains of  liis  fine  army,  for  Acre,  and  spent 
four  years  more  in  fortifying  the  strong 
places  in  Palestine.  On  his  return  to  France, 
he  applied  to  the  government  of  his  king- 
dom with  exemplary  diligence,  and  ruled 
with  strict  impartiality  and  moderation. 
Notwithstanding  the  disasters  of  the  pre- 
vious crusade,  he  was  again  incited  to 
encounter  a  new  one,  the  ultimate  object 
of  which  was  the  conquest  both  of  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  Tunis,  however,  was  the 
first  point  of  attack  ;  but  while  engaged  at 
the  siege  of  that  place,  a  pestilence  broke 
out  among  the  French  troops  ;  and,  after 
seeing  one  of  his  sons  perish,  and  a  great 
part  of  his  army,  he  was  himself  doomed 
to  be  one  of  its  victims,  August  24.  1270. 
The  instructions  he  left  in  writing  for  his 
son,  show  the  noble  spirit  which  inspired 
this  king  ;  a  spirit  which,  if  it  had  not  been 
infected  with  the  false  zeal  and  bigotry  of 
the  times,  would  have  rendered  his  admi- 
nistration a  perfect  specimen  of  monarchical 
wisdom. 

LOUIS  XL,  king  of  France,  was  the  son 
of  Charles  VII.,  and  born  at  Bourges,  in 
1423.  Active,  bold,  and  cunning,  he  was 
the  reverse  of  his  well-disposed  but  imbe- 
cile father,  of  whose  minister  and  mistress, 
Agnes  Sorel,  he  soon  showed  himself  a  de- 
cided enemy.  In  1440  he  left  the  court, 
and  put  himself  at  the  head  of  an  insurrec- 


LOU] 


^  ^tb)  HuiberiSal  3fii0srnp]^». 


[lou 


tion.  Charles  defeated  the  rebels,  and  ex- 
ecuted some,  but  pardoned  his  son,  whom  lie 
even  trusted  with  a  command  against  the 
English  and  Swiss.  Louis  conducted  him- 
self with  valour  and  prudence,  and  hit  father 
became  entirely  reconciled  to  him  j  but  hav- 
ing soon  entered  into  new  conspiracies,  he 
was  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  Burgundy, 
and  lived  tliere  live  years  in  a  deiicndent 
condition.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  in 
1461,  he  dismissed  the  former  ministers,  and 
filled  their  places  with  men  taken  from  the 
lower  orders,  without  character  or  talents 
to  recommend  them.  Insurrections  broke 
«ut  in  various  parts  of  his  dominions ;  but 
they  were  soon  quelled,  and  followed  by 
many  executions.  Ih  every  tiling  he  did,  his 
crooked  policy  ajid  sinister  views  were  evi- 
dent. Whilst  he  pretended  to  reconcile  con- 
tending parties,  he  secretly  instigated  them 
Against  each  other  -,  and  whenever  he  had 
a  meeting  with  a  foreign  prince,  he  cor- 
rupted his  courtiers  by  brilws,  and  established 
secret  correspondences  with  them.  H«  be- 
fiame  iuvolve<l  in  a  war  with  Charles  the 
Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy ;  and  having  re- 
quested a  passport  from  the  duke,  he  went  to 
visit  him  at  Peronne,  though  he  had  just 
before  secretly  instigated  the  people  of  Liege 
to  rise,  and  promised  them  aid.  Charles 
having  discovered  this  act  of  treachery,  was 
furious  with  rage,  and  hesitated  three  days 
(during  which  he  kept  the  king  in  prison)  as 
to  what  course  he  should  adopt.  Nothing 
but  the  aversion  of  Charles  to  take  the  life 
of  a  king,  and  the  greatest  presence  of  mind 
on  the  part  of  the  latter,  who  asserted  his 
innocence  under  the  most  solemn  oaths, 
saved  him.  lie  was  obliged  to  accompany 
Charles  to  Liege,  and  to  witness  the  pillage 
and  slaughter  of  which  be  had  been  tlie 
cause.  A  peace  was  concluded  on  favour- 
able terms  for  Charles  and  his  allies ;  but, 
when  Louis  returned  to  Paris,  he  used  every 
artifice  to  evade  its  fulfilment.  He  died 
in  1483-  The  great  object  of  Louis  was 
the  establishment  of  the  royal  power,  and 
the  overthrow  of  the  feudal  aristocracy ; 
but  it  is  almost  impossible  to  convey  a  just 
idea  of  his  character,  so  contradictory 
were  its  qualities.  He  was  at  tlie  same 
time  confiding  and  suspicious,  avaricious 
and  lavish,  audacious  and  timid,  mild  and 
cruel ;  yet  he  was  the  first  French  mon- 
arch who  had  the  title  of  "most  Christian 
king." 

LOUIS  XII^  king  of  France,  was  the  son 
of  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  born  in 
14C2.  On  ascending  the  throne,  in  1408,  he 
pardoned  the  wrongs  he  had  suffered  before 
his  accession.  "  The  king  of  France,"  said 
he,  "  must  not  revenge  the  injuries  done  to 
the  Duke  of  Orleans."  His  reign  was  a  con- 
tinued scene  of  warfare  ;  he  conquered  the 
Milanese,  Genoa,  and  Naples;  but  after 
ravaging  Italy,  the  French  were  expelled  in 
1513.  The  emperor  Maximilian,  Henry  VIII. 
of  England,  and  the  Swiss,  attacked  Louis  in 
his  own  dominions ;  he  was  obliged  to  sue 
for  peace,  and  died  in  1515.  Louis  XII. 
possessed  many  of  the  qualities  of  a  good 
ruler  ;  he  was  oiien,  honest,  economical,  just, 
kind-hearted,  and  magnanimous ;  he  was 
also  a  friend  to  science  ;  and  France  enjoyed 


under  him  a  degree  of  prosperity  and  secu- 
rity which  it  had  never  possessed  before. 

LOUIS  XIII.,  king  of  France,  was  the 
son  of  Henry  IV..  and  born  in  U>()1.  Being 
only  nine  years  old  at  the  deaih  of  his  fa- 
ther, the  care  of  him  and  of  the  kingdom 
was  intrusted  to  his  mother,  Mary  de  Medi- 
cis.  During  the  early  part  of  his  reign, 
France  became  the  prey  of  civil  dissensions, 
which  Marshal  d'Ancre,  prime  minister  at 
that  time,  was  utterly  unable  to  suppress ; 
and  when  the  king,  in  1015,  married  a 
Spanish  princess,  the  disturbances  grew  still 
more  alarming.  At  length  the  Huguenots 
rose  in  arms,  with  Rohan  and  Soubise  at 
their  head  ;  and  a  great  part  of  the  kingdom 
rebelled  against  the  king,  who  now  delivered 
himself  up  to  the  guidance  of  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu. After  victory  had  inclined,  sometimes 
to  one  side  and  sometimes  to  the  other,  and 
both  parties  felt  deeply  the  necessity -of  re- 
pose, peace  was  concluded  in  1623.  But  it 
was  of  no  long  duration.  Rocbelle,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Huguenots,  revolted,  and 
was  supported  bv  England.  The  king  drove 
the  English  to  the  sea,  conquered  the  island 
of  Rh(5,  and  at  last  took  Rochelle,  which  had 
sustained  all  the  horrors  of  a  siege  for  twelve 
months,  and  cost  the  crown  40  million  livres. 
After  this  event,  so  fatal  to  the  Protestant 
interest  in  France,  Louis  assisted  the  Duke 
of  Mantua  against  the  emperor,  and  entered 
on  tlie  campaign  in  person,  in  which  he 
showed  skill  and  bravery.  In  1631  a  treaty 
was  concluded,  by  wliich  the  duke  was  con- 
firmed in  his  estates.  Tlie  year  following, 
Gaston  of  Orleans,  only  brother  of  the  king, 
revolted,  out  of  dislike  to  Richelieu,  and  was 
assisted  by  the  Duke  de  Montmorency,  who 
being  wounded  and  taktn  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Castlenaudari,  in  1632,  was  be- 
headed at  Toulouse.  Louis  and  the  cardinal 
were  attacked  with  a  mortal  disease  nearly 
together  ;  the  latter  died  in  December,  1642, 
and  the  king  in  May  following. 

LOUIS  XIV.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
only  five  years  old  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  the  regency  being  in  the  hands  of 
the  queen-mother,  Anne  of  Austria,  under 
whom  Mazarin  acted  as  prime  minister.  The 
nation  was  then  involved  in  a  war  with 
Spain  and  the  «mperor,  which  was  main- 
tained with  glory  to  the  French  arms  by 
the  Prince  of  Coiide  and  the  famous  Tu- 
renne  :  but  although  Louis  was  successful 
abroad,  his  kingdom  was  distracted  by  inter- 
nal divisions  ;  the  Parisians,  irritated  against 
Mazarin  and  the  queen,  took  up  arms  ;  and 
the  king,  his  mother  and  the  cardinal,  were 
obliged  to  fly.  The  Spaniards,  profiting  by 
these  troubles,  made  several  conquests  in 
Champagne,  Lorraine,  and  Italy.  In  1651 
the  king  assumed  the  government,  but 
Mazarin  returning  to  power  the  year  fol- 
lowing, the  civil  war  was  renewed.  On  the 
war  breaking  out  between  England  and 
Holland,  Louis  joined  with  the  latter ;  but, 
after  a  few  naval  actions,  the  peace  of  Breda 
was  concluded  in  1667.  In  1672  the  French 
king  made  an  attack  on  Holland,  and  re- 
duced some  of  the  provinces  in  a  few  weeks. 
This  invasion  produced  a  new  confederacy 
against  Louis,  between  the  emperor,  Spain, 
and  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  in  which  all 


LOU] 


^  i^tbi  Unittx^Kl  28i0graji]b2. 


[lou 


the  allies  vrere  unsuccessful,  and  which  ter- 
minated, in  1678,  by  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen. 
Amidst  all  his  glorj'.  Louis  committed  an  act 
of  impolitic  cruelty,  by  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nautes,  granted  by  Henry  IV.  in 
favour  of  tlie  Protestants  —  a  measure  which 
drove  from  France  a  vast  number  of  inge- 
nious mechanics  and  others,  who  settled  in 
England  and  Holland.  About  this  time 
another  league  was  formed  against  France 
by  the  Prince  of  Orange,  the  Duke  of  Savoy, 
and  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and  Branden- 
burg. To  this  league  were  afterwards  added 
the  emperor  of  Germany  and  the  king  of 
Spain.  The  dauphin  had  the  command  of 
the  French  army,  and  he  opened  the  t«im- 
paign  by  taking  Philipsburg  in  October  1G88, 
but  he  was  soon  forced  to  retreat  before  a  su- 
perior force.  In  1C90  the  French  were  more 
successful ;  Luxemburg  gained  the  battle  of 
Fleurus,  and  Catinat  took  Nice,  and  gained 
a  victory  over  the  troops  of  the  Duke  of 
Savoy ;  this  was  followed  by  the  taking  of 
Mons  in  Flanders,  Valence  in  Catalonia, 
Carmanole,  and  Montmelian  in  Savoy. 
These  successes  were  counterbalanced  by 
the  defeat  of  Tourville's  squadron  off  La 
Hogue,  by  Admiral  Russell,  June  2.  1G92. 
Louis  in  person  took  Namur,  and  Luxem- 
burg gained  the  battles  of  Steenkirk  and 
Nerwinde.  In  1(5%,  Savoy  made  a  separate 
peace  with  France,  which  was  followed  by  a 
general  one  at  Ryswick  in  1697.  Tlie  tran- 
quillity of  Europe,  however,  was  again 
broken  by  the  death  of  Cliarles  II.,  king  of 
Spain,  in  1700.  He  left  his  crowu  to  Philip 
of  France,  duke  of  Anjou,  who  assumed  the 
title  of  Philip  V.  In  opposition  to  him  the 
Arcliduke  Charles  laid  claim  to  the  throne  ; 
and  he  was  supported  by  the  emperor  of 
Germany,  Holland,  and  England.  Prince 
Eugene  had  the  command  of  the  imperial 
forces,  with  which  he  took  Cremona.  In  1704 
Eugene  and  Marlborough  gained  the  great 
battle  of  Hochstet ;  the  year  following,  Nice 
and  Ville-Franche  were  taken  by  the  Frencli, 
who  also  gained  a  dear  victory  at  Cassane 
over  Eugene  ;  on  the  other  hand,  Barcelona 
surrendeied  to  the  archduke,  and  Gironne 
declared  in  his  favour ;  the  battle  of  Ka- 
milies  was  gained  by  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough, and  Prince  Eugene  saved  Turin  by 
defeating  the  Duke  of  Orleans.  In  1708, 
Lisle  was  retaken  by  the  allies,  who  also 
gained  the  battle  of  Oudenarde,  and  the  im- 
perialists made  themselves  masters  of  Naples. 
The  year  following  the  French  lost  Tournay, 
and  suffered  a  defeat  at  Malplaquet.  In 
1713  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Utrecht 
by  France,  Spain,  England,  Savoy,  Portugal, 
Prussia,  and  Holland ;  and  the  next  year 
peace  was  concluded  with  the  emperor  at 
Radstadt.  Louis  died  in  1715,  aged  77  :  by 
his  first  wife  he  had  one  son,  Louis,  dauphin 
of  France,  who  died  in  1711,  leaving  three 
sons,  Louis,  Philip,  and  Gaston,  besides 
several  illegitimate  children  by  his  mis- 
At    the  close  of  life  he    became 


serious,  and  even  devout,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  whom  he 
secretly  married.  The  reign  of  Louis  XlV. 
was  adorned  by  great  statesman  and  gene- 
rals, ecclesiastics,  and  men  of  literature  and 
science,  who  made  the  national  glory  and 


the  splendour  of  the  king  the  object  of  their 
exertions.  At  his  court,  which  became  a 
model  for  all  the  others  of  Europe,  every 
thiug  had  reference  to  the  king,  and  tended 
to  augment  his  dignity  ;  while  no  man  pos- 
sessed in  a  higher  degree  than  Louis  the  re- 
quisite qualities  for  playing  well  the  part  of 
a  monarch.  He  was  20  jears  of  age,  and 
devoted  to  tlie  pleasures  of  the  court  and 
chase,  when  Mazarin  died.  "  To  whom 
shall  we  now  apply  ?"  asked  his  secretaries 
of  state  :  "  To  me,"  he  replied,  with  dignity  ; 
and  he  who  had  grown  up  in  perfect  igno- 
rance, with  his  heart  full  of  romantic  gal- 
lantry, devoted  himself  sedulously  to  busi- 
ness, and  the  acquisition  of  information. 
But  his  natural  pride  often  degenerated  into 
haughtiness,  his  love  of  splendour  into  useless 
extravagance,  his  firmness  into  despotism. 
Determined  no  longer  to  tolerate  Calvinism 
in  France,  which  had  now,  for  some  years, 
existed  in  peaceful  separation  from  the  na- 
tional church,  he  said,  "My  grandfather 
loved  the  Huguenots  without  fearing  them  ; 
my  father  feared,  without  loving  them  ;  I 
neither  fear  nor  love  them."  But  his  con- 
duct showed  that  a  stern  and  unfeeling  rigour 
towards  tliem  was  uppermost  in  his  mind ; 
their  privileges  were  gradually  infringed ; 
missionaries,  supported  by  dragoons,  were 
employed  for  their  conversion  ;  and  severi- 
ties were  practised  which  excited  the  horror 
and  indignation  of  every  breast  that  was  not 
hardened  by  bigotry  and  intolerance. 

LOUIS  XV.,  king  of  France,  great  grand- 
son and  successor  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1710  ;  and  Louis  XIV.  dying  when  he 
was  only  five  years  of  age,  the  kingdom  was 
placed  under  the  regency  of  Philip,  duke  of 
Orleans.  He  was  crowned  in  1772,  and  de- 
clared of  age  the  following  year.  The  be- 
ginning of  his  reign  was  rendered  very  dis- 
tressing by  the  Mississippi  sclieme  of  Law, 
the  famous  financier,  which  ruined  thousands 
of  people.  On  the  death  of  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  in  1723,  he  was  succeeded  as  prime 
minister  by  the  Duke  of  Bourbon,  who  was 
displaced  in  1725,  when  Cardinal  Fleury 
entered  upon  that  station.  The  same  year 
the  king  married  the  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Poland.  On  the  death  of  the  last  men- 
tioned monarch,  in  1733,  Louis  supported 
the  election  of  his  queen's  relation  Stanislaus, 
against  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  which  occa- 
sioned a  war  between  France  and  the  em- 
peror :  Stanislaus,  however,  was  forced  to 
abandon  the  throne ;  but  the  French  were 
successful  in  Italy,  on  which  a  peace  was 
concluded  in  1738.  The  death  of  the  emperor 
Charles  opened  a  new  scene.  The  succession 
of  the  house  of  Austria  was  disputed  by  four 
persons,  and  Louis  declared  himself  against 
Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  the  late  emperor, 
contrary  to  his  own  engagements.  He  sup- 
ported the  pretensions  of  the  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia, who  called  himself  Charles  VII. 
That  prince  took  Prague,  where  he  was 
crowned  king  of  Bohemia  ;  but  in  1742  that 
city  was  retaken,  and  the  allies,  with  the 
king  of  Great  Britain  at  their  head,  gained 
the  battle  of  Dettingen.  In  1744,  Louis  took 
tlie  field  in  person,  and  captured  Courtray, 
Menin,  and  Ypres  ;  he  was  also  present  at 
the  battles  of  Fontenoy  and  Lawfeld.   These 


LOU] 


^  ^eto  Bnihtx^Kl  ^iasrapf^n* 


[lou 


advantages  were  accompanied  by  the  taking 
of  Ghent,  Ostend,  Brussels,  Bcrgen-op-Zoom, 
and  other  places.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
troops  of  the  Duke  of  Saxony,  and  of  the 
queen  of  Hungary,  ravaged  Provence,  and 
the  English  completely  ruined  the  French 
commerce  at  sea,  which  effected  the  peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapcllc,  in  1748.  In  175.'i  a  new 
war  broke  out  between  France  and  England, 
in  which  the  latter  power  had  Prussia  for  an 
ally,  while  Austria  leagued  with  France. 
At  first  the  French  were  very  successful,  by 
taking  Port  Mahon,  defeating  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  at  Ilastinlieck,  and  forcing  the 
English  general  and  his  army  to  capitulate 
at  Closter  Seven.  The  electorate  of  Hanover 
was  conquered  ;  but  in  1757  the  French  and 
Austrians  were  defeated  at  Rosbach  ;  this 
was  followed  by  other  losses  both  by  land 
and  sea,  particularly  of  Canada,  and  Louis 
died  in  1774.  He  was  polite,  affable,  and 
naturally  humane  ;  but  want  of  strength  of 
character,  and  sensual  indulgences,  degraded 
him  equally  as  a  monarch  and  a  man.  The 
coming  storm,  which  burst  on  the  head  of  his 
devoted  successor,  was  fully  ex|iected  by 
him  ;  but  he  selfishly  congratulated  himself, 
that,  bad  as  things  were,  they  would  last  his 
time. 

LOUIS  XVI.,  the  son  of  I.ouis  the  dau- 
phin, and  of  Maria  Josephine,  daughter  of 
Frederic  Augustus,  king  of  Poland,  was  born 
in  1754,  and  immediately  created  duke  of 
Bern.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  170.5, 
he  beeame  the  heir  to  the  throne  ;  and  in 
1770  he  married  Maria  Antoinette,  an  Aus- 
trian princess,  of  great  beauty  and  accom- 
plishments. In  1774  he  succeeded  to  the 
crown  !  at  which  period  France  was  in  a 
deplorable  state  ;  her  finances  were  nearly 
exhausted,  her  trade  diminished,  her  navy 
destroyed,  and  the  nation  groaned  under  a 
weight  of  debt.  In  this  state  of  things  the 
people  looked  to  the  young  king  to  recover 
their  lost  greatness,  and  he  seconded  their 
hopes  by  calling  around  him  those  persons 
whom  he  thought  most  likely  to  redeem 
the  errors  of  the  late  administration.  His 
first  act  was  very  popular  ;  he  dispensed  with 
the  customary  tax  paid  by  the  people  at  the 
beginning  of  every  new  reign.  In  1774  the 
parliament  was  recalled,  and  affairs  began 
to  assume  a  favourable  aspect,  when,  un- 
fortunately, the  French  government,  always 
jealous  of  England,  took  part  with  the  re- 
volted Americans,  and  a  ruinous  war  ensued 
between  the  two  countries  ;  which,  though  it 
terminated  in  the  loss  of  the  colonies  to  the 
English,  brought  about  a  bloody  revolution 
in  France.  The  finances  of  the  latter  country 
were  completely  exhausted,  and  the  Cardinal 
de  Brienne,  who  succeeded  Colonne  as  minis- 
ter, framed  imposts,  which  laid  such  intoler- 
able burdens  upon  the  people,  that  the  par- 
liament refused  to  register  them.  For  this 
the  members  were  exiled  toTroyes,  but  were 
afterwards  recalled  by  Louis,  who,  at  their 
request,  convened  the  states-general  of  three 
orders.  This  assembly  met  in  May,  1789 ; 
the  public  mind  was  now  agitated,  and  art- 
ful demagogues  took  the  advantage  of  dif- 
fusing the  worst  of  principles.  Mirabeau 
was  the  leader  of  these  men  ;  a  violent  re- 
publican and  an  atheist.     At  his  voice  the 


people  of  Paris  arose,  and  on  the  14th  of  July, 
that  year,  stormed  the  Bastile.  Revolution 
now  marched  with  gigantic  steps,  and,  in 
October,  the  armed  mob,  with  a  prodigious 
number  of  women,  marched  to  Versailles, 
which  palace  they  forced,  murdered  the 
guards,  and  searched  in  vain  for  the  queen, 
who  would  have  shared  the  same  fate,  had 
she  not  escaped  from  her  bed,  which  the  mis- 
creants pierced  with  their  sabres.  The  result 
of  this  insurrection  was,  the  leading  of  the 
king  and  his  family  in  triumph  to  Paris, 
amidst  all  the  insults  of  a  lawless  rabble. 
In  February,  1790,  Louis  was  force<l  to  accept 
the  new  constitution  ;  but,  notwithstanding 
all  his  concessions,  finding  himself  a  mere 
prisoner  at  Paris,  and  exposed  daily  to  new 
injuries,  he  resolved  to  escape.  Accordingly, 
in  the  night  of  June  21.  1791,  he  and  his 
family  quitted  the  Tuilleries  ;  but  at  Va- 
rennes  his  person  was  recognised,  and  he 
was  conducted  back  to  Paris,  where  he  be- 
came a  prisoner  in  his  own  palace,  and 
Buflfered  the  vilest  indignities.  War  was  de- 
clared against  France  by  the  emperor  and 
the  king  of  Prussia  ;  and  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick marched  into  the  country,  but  was 
forced  to  retreat.  In  the  mean  time  the 
people  were  wrouglit  up  to  a  pitch  of  savage 
ferocity  by  the  factious  leaders,  and  assaulted 
the  Tuilleries,  in  storming  which  they  mur- 
dered the  brave  and  loyal  Swiss  guards. 
The  king  and  family  sought  refuge  in  the 
National  Assembly,  who  ordered  them  to  be 
sent  to  the  Temple.  The  legislative  assemblv 
gave  way  to  the  National  Convention,  which 
brought  Louis  to  a  mock  trial  ;  his  defence 
was  conducted  by  Malesherbes,  Tronchet, 
and  Desfcze,  and  his  own  deportment  was,  as 
it  had  uniformly  been  during  his  confine- 
ment, firm  and  modest,  dignified  and  re- 
signed. Jan.  17.  1793,  he  was  adjudged  to 
death  for  conspiring  against  the  public 
good  :  his  separation  from  his  family  was 
uncommonly  affecting,  yet  in  every  scene  he 
manifested  the  spirit  of  a  Christian,  and  em- 
ployed the  short  interval  allowed  him  in  the 
preparations  for  death  enjoined  him  by  his 
religion,  to  which  he  was  sincerely  devoted. 
On  the  21st  of  January  he  was  led  to  the 
scaffold,  where  his  behaviour  partook  of  the 
calm  fortitude  which  had  distinguished  him 
through  all  the  scenes  of  suffering  and  in- 
dignity to  which  he  had  been  exposed.  On 
ascending  it,  he  declared  his  innocence  to  the 
surrounding  crowd,  but  was  purposely  inter- 
rupted while  addressing  the  people,  by  the 
noise  of  drums  and  the  officious  interference 
of  his  executioners.  He  was  accompanied 
by  his  confessor,  the  Abb^  Edgeworth,  wJio, 
as  the  monarch  laid  his  head  on  the  fatal 
block,  exclaimed  with  energetic  force,  "  As- 
cend, O  son  of  St.  Louis,  ascend  to  heaven !  " 
His  body  was  thrown  into  a  pit  filled  with 
lime,  and  no  vestige  left  of  the  place  of  his 
interment.  Such  was  the  tragical  end  of 
Louis  XVI.,  one  of  the  most  moral  and  best- 
inteutioned  sovereigns  of  France  ;  and  who, 
in  spite  of  all  the  prejudices  to  which  the 
misrule  of  his  ancestors  had  subjected  him, 
was  allowed  to  possess  an  amiable  heart,  an 
upright  mind,  and  a  refined  and  enlarged 

understanding His  son,  Louis  Charles, 

the  daupliin,  regarded  by  tlie  mockery  of 


T.OU] 


^  ^c&)  Winibtx^Kl  ISicffirapTji). 


[lou 


etiquette  as  Lobis  XVII.,  was,  at  the  death 
of  his  father,  only  8  years  old.  The  inhaman 
murderers  caused  him  to  be  placed  with  a 
shoemaker  named  Simon,  who  treated  him 
with  savage  barbarity  ;  and  the  innocent 
victim  died  shortly  after,  as  was  generally 
believed,  of  poison.  The  daughter  of  Louis, 
after  the  murder  of  her  parents  and  brother, 
was  suffered  to  quit  France,  and  slie  married 
her  cousin,  the  Duke  of  Angouleme. 

LOUIS  XVIII.,  Stanislaus  Xavier,  sur- 
named  le  Desire,  second  son  of  the  daupliin 
(the  son  of  Louis  XV.),  was  born  in  1755, 
and  was  originally  known  as  the  Count  of 
Provence.  At  the  accession  of  his  brother, 
Louis  XVI.,  in  1774,  he  received  the  title  of 
Monsieur  ;  and  after  the  death  of  his  nephew, 
in  1795,  from  which  time  he  reckoned  his 
reign,  he  took  the  name  and  title  of  Louis 
XVIII.,  king  of  France  and  Navarre.  As  a 
boy  he  is  said  to  have  manifested  a  disposition 
tinctured  with  much  timidity  and  reserve, 
but  to  have  exhibited  a  far  more  decided 
turn  for  literary  pursuits  than  either  his 
elder  or  liis  yoimger  brother  (Charles  X.), 
with  whom  he  was  educated  ;  and  he  early 
acquired  the  character  of  a  good  classical 
sdiolar.  When  Louis  XVI.  attempted  to 
escape  to  tlie  frontiers  of  the  kingdom,  and 
took  theroadtoMontmedy,  and  was  arrested 
at  Varennes,  Monsieur  took  that  of  Mons, 
and  reached  Brussels  in  safety  :  and,  in  1792, 
he  and  the  Count  d'Artois  joined  the  Prussian 
army,  at  the  head  of  60(X)  cavalry.  The  pro- 
gress of  the  republican  arms,  however,  com- 
pelled them  to  make  a  retreat,  first  to  Turin, 
and  afterwards  to  Verona,  where  he  assumed 
the  name  of  the  Count  de  Lille,  a  title  which 
he  retained  till  his  accession  to  the  French 
throne.  He  now  led  a  wandering  life,  sup- 
ported by  foreign  courts,  especially  the 
British,  and  by  some  friends  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon.  In  179«3  he  joined  the  army  of  the 
Prince  of  Conde  on  the  Rhine.  After  this 
he  went  to  Blankenburg,  where  he  lived 
under  the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  carried  on  a  correspondence  with 
his  friends  in  France,  especially  with 
Pichegru.  Being  invited  to  Russia  by  the 
emperor  Paul,  he  took  up  his  residence  for 
a  while  in  the  ducal  castle  of  Mittau,  in 
Courland.  The  versatility  of  his  new  ally, 
however,  soon  put  an  end  to  his  continuance 
there,  and  he  received  peremptory  orders  to 
quit  Russia  in  a  week.  The  Prussian  govern- 
ment then  allowed  him  to  reside  at  Warsaw  ; 
and  while  there,  in  1803,  Buonaparte,  at 
that  time  first  consul,  attempted  to  induce 
him  to  renounce  his  claims  to  the  throne. 
To  which  he  replied,  "  I  do  not  confound 
M.  Buonaparte  with  his  predecessors  ;  I  es- 
teem his  valour  and  his  military  talents,  and 
thank  him  for  all  the  good  he  lias  done  my 
people.  But  faithful  to  the  rank  in  which  I 
was  born,  I  shall  never  give  up  any  rights. 
Though  in  chains,  I  shall  still  esteem  myself 
the  descendant  of  St.  Louis.  As  successor  of 
Francis  the  First,  I  will  at  least  say  like  him 
—  'We  have  lost  all  except  our  honour.'" 
In  1805,  Louis,  with  the  consent  of  the  em- 
peror Alexander,  returned  to  Mittau  ;  but 
the  peace  of  Tilsit  obliged  him  to  leave  the 
Continent,  and,  as  a  last  resource,  he  took  re- 
fuge iu  England.  Here  he  was  hospitably  re- 


ceived ;  and  Hartwell,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
a  seat  belonging  to  the  Marquis  of  Bucking- 
ham, assigned  as  his  residence,  where  he  re- 
mainefl  till  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1814,  drew 
him  from  his  retreat  to  reascend  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors.  On  the  3rd  of  May  he  made 
his  entry  into  Paris  ;  on  the  30th  he  caused 
a  constitution  to  be  drawn  up  ;  on  the  4th  of 
June  it  was  formally  accepted ;  and  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  which  was  established 
by  this  instrument,  requested  the  king  to  take 
the  surname  of  "Tlie  Desired,"  Louis  le 
Desire.  But  the  disgrace  which  the  French 
arms  had  received  was  too  deeply  felt  by  the 
soldiers  who  had  fought  under  Napoleon 
to  make  them  satisfied  with  the  Bourbons, 
and  the  prevalence  of  ultra-liberal  opinions 
rendered  a  great  portion  of  the  people  dis- 
affected to  the  monarchy  ;  and  when  Napo- 
leon made  his  appearance  in  France,  March 
1. 1815,  his  presence  roused  every  latent  feel- 
ing, and  inspired  his  former  followers  with 
tenfold  courage  and  enthusiasm.  Louis  was 
compelled  to  flee  from  Paris  on  the  20th,  and 
seek  refuge  in  Belgium.  The  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Orleans,  the  old  Prince  of  Conde, 
the  Count  d'Artois,  and  the  Duke  de  Berri, 
also  hastily  left  Paris  ;  and, proceeding  to  La 
Vendt'e  and  the  south  of  France,  they  en- 
deavoured to  awaken  popular  sympathy  in 
favour  of  the  royal  cause.  The  ministers, 
together  with  several  officers  of  distinction, 
followed  the  king  ;  and  Talleyrand,  in  par- 
ticular, was  actively  engaged  in  his  cause 
at  Vienna.  Great  events  now  followed 
in  rapid  succession.  The  battle  of  Water- 
loo, fought  on  the  18th  of  June,  broke  the 
power  of  Napoleon,  and  dissolved  the  charm 
of  his  supposed  invincibility  ;  Wellington 
and  Blucher  marched  to  Paris  ;  and  FoucIkS, 
who  had  already  induced  the  emperor  to 
leave  France,  put  a  stop  to  the  shedding  of 
blood  by  the  capitulation  of  Paris,  July  3. 
Thus  was  Louis  once  more  restored  to  the 
throne  of  France.  On  the  7th  of  July  the 
British  and  Prussians  occupied  Paris ;  on 
the  9th  the  king  entered  the  capital,  under 
the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ; 
and  he  immediately  appointed  his  new  mi- 
nistry, at  the  head  of  which  was  Talleyrand, 
and  in  which  Fouch^  was  minister  of  police. 
Among  the  most  decided  measures  by  which 
the  king  sought  to  support  his  throne,  was 
the  ordinance  of  July  16.,  disbanding  the 
army,  according  to  the  wishes  of  the  allies  ; 
and  another,  dated  July  24.,  excluding  from 
the  general  amnesty  those  who  were  there 
denominated  "rebels,"  and  whose  punish- 
ment, for  the  most  part,  consisted  in  exile, 
or  degradation  from  the  peerage.  All  the 
relations  of  Napoleon  were,  under  pain  of 
death,  banished  from  France  ;  as  were  also 
those  who  had  voted  for  tlie  death  of  Louis 
XVI.,  and  those  who  had  in  1815  received 
offices  or  honours  from  the  "  usurper."  Dur- 
ing the  last  few  years  of  his  reign,  he  was 
much  enfeebled  by  disease  ;  a  dry  erysipelas 
in  his  legs  had  deprived  him  of  the  power  of 
walking  ;  while  his  attachment  to  the  plea- 
sures of  the  table  increased  his  natural  ten- 
dency to  corpulence,  and  a  paralysis  of  the 
lower  limbs  taking  place,  he  died,  Sept.  16. 
1824,  having  survived  his  second  elevation 
nine  years. 


LOU] 


^  i^tbi  mniijexgaX  JJtfljjrnjpTjt). 


[lou 


LOUIS  PHILIPPE,  ex-king  of  the 
French,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, better  known  in  tlie  revolutionary 
times  as  Philiijpe  Egalite,  an<l  of  Marie,  only 
daughter  of  tlie  Duke  of  Penthievre,  was 
born  in  Paris,  October  6.  1773.  Conducted 
under  the  care  of  Madame  de  Genlie,  his 
education  was  based  on  enlightened  prin- 
ciples, and  was  dii-ectcd  equally  to  the  deve- 
lopment of  the  physical,  moral,  and  intel- 
lectual nature  of  the  pui)il.  While  being 
instructed  in  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
gujiges,  the  various  branches  of  learning  and 
science,  Louis  Philippe  and  his  brotliers 
were  inured  to  bodily  fatigue  ;  and  garden- 
ing, turnery,  basket-making,  and  carpentry 
ranked  among  the  number  of  their  accom- 
plishments. At  the  age  of  17,  liis  father 
introduced  him  to  the  Jacobin  Club  ;  in 
1791,  having  received  the  command  of  a 
regiment  of  dragoons,  he  set  out  to  join  it 
at  Valenciennes,  and  war  being  declared 
against  Austria,  he  made  his  first  campaign 
in  1792,  fighting  at  Valmy  at  the  head  of 
the  troops  confided  to  him  by  Kellermann, 
Sept.  20th,  and  afterwards,  Nov.  6th,  gain- 
ing great  distinction  at  Jemappes  under 
Dumourier.  Meanwhile  the  revolution  was 
hastening  to  its  crisis.  In  1793,  Louis  XVI. 
was  carried  to  the  scaffold,  and  a  few  months 
afterwards,  when  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  not- 
witlistanding  his  connection  witii  the  revo- 
lutionary cause,  shared  the  same  fate,  Louis 
Philippe,  duke  of  Cliartres,  had  all  his 
worst  apprehensions  of  a  reign  of  terror 
realised,  by  a  summons  to  himself  to  appear 
before  the  committee  of  public  safety.  He 
instantly  fled  to  the  French  frontier,  escaped 
into  the  Austrian  territories,  and  refusing 
an  invitation  to  enter  into  that  service,  pro- 
ceeded as  a  traveller  towards  Switzerland, 
where  he  met  with  his  sister  Adelaide  and 
Madame  de  Genlis,  who  had  also  fled  thither 
for  safety.  The  wanderings  of  Louis  Philippe 
in  Switzerland,  Hungarj^,  Denmark,  Nor- 
way, Sweden,  and  America  are  as  familiar 
to  the  public  as  any  nursery  talc,  and  will 
be  narrated  and  remembered  as  long  as 
romance  continues  to  exercise  its  sway  over 
the  human  mind.  While  he  remained  in 
Europe,  Louis  Philippe  refused  several  invi- 
tations to  take  up  arms  against  France  ;  and, 
on  the  24th  of  Sept.  179<!,  he  sailed  from 
the  Elbe  for  the  United  States,  wiiere  he 
arrived  in  safety,  and  was  soon  after  joined 
by  his  brothers,  Montpensier  and  Beaujolais. 
His  residence  and  travels  in  America  con- 
tinued until  1800,  in  the  beginning  of  which 
year  he  arrived  at  Falmouth,  and  took  up 
his  abode  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames  at 
Twickenliam.  His  brother,  the  Duke  of 
Montpensier,  died  in  England  in  1807,  and 
on  returning  in  the  following  j-ear  from  the 
burial  of  his  other  brother,  the  Count  Beau- 
jolais, in  Malta,  Louis  Pliilippe  received  an 
invitation  from  the  king  of  Naples  to  visit 
the  royal  family  at  Palermo.  During  his 
residence  at  the  Neapolitan  court,  he  gained 
the  atfcctions  of  the  Princess  Amelia,  the 
second  daughter  of  the  king,  to  whom  he 
was  married  in  Nov.  1809,  his  mother,  the 
Duchess  of  Orleans,  who  had  been  released 
from  her  thraldom  in  Spain,  being  present 
at  the  nuptials.    Palermo  now  became  the 


residence  of  Louis  Philippe,  and  the  scene 
of  a  domestic  tranquillity  to  which  he  had 
long  been  a  stranger.  The  abdication  of 
Napoleon  in  1814  introduced  a  new  change 
in  his  fortunes,  and  he  returned  to  Paiis 
after  an  absence  of  21  years.  The  return 
of  Napoleon  from  Elba  scattered  the  Bour- 
bons once  more,  and  Louis  Philiiipe  returned 
to  England,  till  the  expiry  of  the  hundred 
days,  when  he  repaired  to  France,  and  en- 
tered into  all  the  honours  due  to  his  rank. 
A  coldness  which  arose  between  him  and  the 
administration  led  to  his  temporary  retire- 
ment to  England  ;  but  in  1817  he  took  up 
his  permanent  abode  in  France,  and,  while 
abstaining  from  politics,  devoted  liimself  to 
the  education  of  his  family  and  the  patron- 
age of  literature  and  the  arts,  until  the  re- 
volution of  1880  placed  him  on  the  throne. 
The  events  of  that  period  and  his  subse- 
quent reign  belong  more  to  history  than 
biography.  Suffice  it  here  to  say,  the  first  few 
years  after  his  accession  were  spent  in  re- 
pressing the  republican  spirit  that  still  lin- 
gered among  the  descendants  of  the  /irsl 
French  revolutionists,  and  in  consolidating 
the  throne  upon  a  purely  constitutional 
basis.  The  various  conspiracies  that  were 
entered  into  for  overthrowing  his  govern- 
ment were  detected  and  suppressed  ;  re- 
peated attempts  to  assassinate  the  king  him- 
self had  proved  abortive  ;  and  the  specula- 
tor on  probabilities  might  have  justly  an- 
ticipated that  Louis  Philippe  would  have 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  peace, 
and  have  bequeathed  to  his  family  the  mag- 
nificent heritage  of  a  kingdom.  But  this 
was  not  to  be.  The  fclose  of  1847  and  the 
beginning  of  1848  had  been  signalised  in 
France  by  strenuous  elforts,  on  the  part  of 
the  opposition,  to  wrest  from  the  government 
a  measure  of  "  electoral  reform."  But  the 
Guizot  administration  turned  a  deaf  ear  to 
their  appeals,  and  went  so  far  as  to  Interdict 
a  banquet,  which  had  been  fixed  to  be  held 
in  Paris,  in  honour  of  this  movement,  on 
Feb.  21. 1848.  A  slight  riot  which  took  place 
on  that  day,  soon  swelled  into  a  formidable 
insurrection.  In  vain  the  king  now  offered 
to  change  his  ministry,  and  to  yield  to  the 
popular  demands.  Even  his  abdication  in 
favour  of  his  grandson,  on  February  23rd, 
came  too  late  :  he  saw  himself  compelled 
to  fiight.  Hastily  quitting  Paris  with  the 
queen,  who  had  shared  with  him  so  many 
dangers,  he  made  his  way  to  the  sea-shore, 
whence  he  escaped,  in  disguise,  for  England, 
and  landed  at  Newhaven,  in  Sussex,  March 
3.  1848.  He  then  took  up  his  residence  at 
Claremont,  with  an  occasional  sojourn  at 
Richmond  or  St.  Leonard's,  and  for  a  time 
appeared  to  bear  up  manfully  under  the  dis- 
asters which  had  befallen  him.  But,  in  the 
spring  of  1850,  a  change  suddenly  came  over 
him  ;  his  naturally  powerful  constitution 
gradually  gave  way  ;  and,  after  lingering  a 
few  months  in  great  physical  debility,  he 
expired  at  Claremont,  August  26th.  His 
remains  were  deposited  in  the  vault  of  a 
chapel  at  Weybridge,  which  he  had  been  in 
the  habit  of  attending  ;  there  to  repose, 
until,  according  to  the  inscription  on  his 
tomb,  "  in  patriam  avitos  inter  cineres  Deo 
adjuvante  tranaferantur." 


LOU] 


^  ^cin  Huiijcr^al  23i0sraj>TjM. 


[lov 


LOUISA,  ArousTA  Wilhelmin'a  Amelia, 
queen  of  Prussia,  daughter  of  Charles,  duke 
of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  was  born  at  Han- 
over, in  1776,  and  was  married  to  the  crown- 
prince  of  Prussia,  afterwards  king,  Dec.  24. 
1793.  In  1797  the  king  of  Prussia"  ascended 
the  throne,  and  his  consort  became  the 
model  of  a  wife,  a  mother,  and  a  queen, 
alleviating  misery  wherever  she  could,  and 
rewarding  merit.  When  Napoleon  was  in 
the  zenith  of  his  power,  and  Prussia  lay- 
prostrate  before  him,  her  popularity  rose  in 
proportion  to  her  sufferings  ;  while  her  pure 
and  benevolent  heart,  and  the  fortitude  with 
which  she  endured  the  indignities  of  the 
French  emperor,  rendered  her  an  object  al- 
most of  adoration.     She  died  in  1810. 

LOURIERO,  Jonx  de,  a  Portuguese  bo- 
tanist, who,  being  also  an  ecclesiastic,  visited 
Cochin  China  as  a  missionary.  To  his  re- 
ligious duties  he  joined  the  practice  of  me- 
dicine ;  and  not  being  sufficiently  pro\'ided 
with  European  remedies,  he  was  induced  to 
collect  and  examine  the  plants  of  China, 
Malabar,  and  other  parts,  whence  he  pro- 
cured a  large  and  valuable  store.  On  his 
return  to  Portugal,  after  30  years'  absence, 
he  published  the  result  of  his  botanical  re- 
searclies  in  a  work,  entitled  "  Flora  Cochin- 
chinensis,"  2  vols.    Bom,  1715  ;  died,  1796. 

I.OUTHERBOTTRG.  Puilip  James,  an 
eminent  landscape  painter,  was  born  at 
Strasburg,  in  1740  ;  studied  under  Tisclibein 
and  Casanova  ;  and  displayed  great  talents 
in  his  delineation  of  battles,  hunting  pieces, 
&c.  He  came  to  London  in  1771,  and  while 
there  contrived  an  exhibition,  called  the 
Eidophusikon,  somewhat  on  the  plan  of  the 
Diorama.  He  was  a  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  painting  at  Paris  and  a  royal  aca- 
demician of  England.    Died,  1812. 

LOUVEL,  Peter  Louis,  the  assassin  of 
the  Due  de  Berri,  was  bom  at  Versailles,  in 
1783.  He  was  by  trade  a  saddler,  and  worked 
in  the  stables  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  and 
tlie  French  king.  His  disposition  was  gloomy, 
and  his  mind  seemed  devoid  of  interest,  ex- 
cept on  political  subjects.  He  appeared  to 
dwell  intently  on  what  he  had  heard  re- 
specting the  causes  of  the  French  revolution, 
until  he  felt  a  rooted  hatred  towards  the 
Bourbons.  During  six  years  he  ruminated 
in  silence  on  their  destruction,  and  began 
with  the  youngest,  as  he  afterwards  acknow- 
ledged, from  a  wish  to  exterminate  their 
race  ;  having  resolved  to  omit  no  opportunity 
of  killing  the  others.  Louvel  perpetrated 
the  fatal  deed  on  the  13th  of  Febmary,  1820. 
He  conducted  himself  with  firmness  during 
his  long  examination,  and  appeared  calm 
throughout,  even  in  his  last  moments,  posi- 
tively declaring  that  he  had  no  accomplice. 

LOTJVET  DE  COUVRAY,  John  Bap- 
tist, a  distinguished  French  advocate  during 
the  revolution,  was,  in  1702,  chosen  a  deputy 
to  the  convention,  when  lie  attached  himself 
to  the  party  of  the  Girondists,  and  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis.  Denounced  by  the  ter- 
rorists, and  included  in  an  order  "of  arrest, 
issued  in  June  1794,  he  escaped  from  the 
capital,  retired  to  Caen  with  several  of  his 
colleagues,  and  employed  himself  in  writing 
against  the  Jacobins.  At  length  lie  returned 
to  Paris,  where  he  kept  himself  concealed 


till  after  the  fall  of" Robespierre,  recovered 
his  seat  in  the  convention,  and  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  council  of  five 
hundred.  He  died  at  Paris,  in  1797,  and  is 
chiefly  known  in  literature  as  the  author  of 
an  obscene  and  disgusting  novel. 

LOUVOIS,  Francois  Michel  Letellier, 
Marquis  of,  minister  of  war  to  Louis  XIV., 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1641.  After  liXG,  he 
had  the  whole  management  of  the  ministry 
of  war,  and  soon  exercised  a  despotic  con- 
troul  over  the  king  and  the  army.  His  ex- 
tensive knowledge,  his  decision,  activity, 
industry,  and  talents,  rendered  him  an  able 
minister ;  but  he  was  too  regardless  of  the 
rights  of  human  nature,  too  lavish  of  the 
blood  and  treasure  of  France,  and  too  much 
of  a  despot,  to  deserve  the  appellation  of  a 
great  statesman.  On  the  death  of  Colbert 
in  1683,  of  whom  he  had  been  the  enemy, 
his  influence  became  still  greater,  and  one  of 
its  most  fatal  eftects  was  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685,  and  the  conse- 
quent flight  of  so  many  peaceful  and  in- 
dustrious Calvinists.  His  atrocious  cruelties 
to  the  Protestants,  indeed,  have  branded  his 
name  with  infamy.    Died,  1091. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  eminent  Pres- 
byterian divine,  was  born  at  Cardiff",  in  1618. 
lie  studied  at  Oxford,  and  entered  into 
orders ;  but  refusing  to  subscribe  to  the 
canons  enjoined  by  Archbishop  Laud,  he 
was  expelled  the  congregation  of  masters, 
and  repaired  to  London.  He  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  the  parliament  at  the  | 
treaty  of  Uxbridge  ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  | 
assembly  of  divines,  and  chosen  minister  of 
St.  Lawrence  Jewry  ;  yet  he  signed  the  de- 
claration against  the  murder  of  the  king. 
After  this  he  was  concerned  in  a  plot  against 
Cromwell  and  the  Independents,  for  which 
he  was  tried  and  beheaded,  Aug.  22.  1651. 
Ashe,  Calamy,  and  Manton,  three  eminent 
Nonconformist  divines,  accompanied  him  to 
the  scaff'old,  and  he  was  deemed  a  martyr 
by  the  whole  of  the  Presbyterian  party. 

LOVE,  James,  a  dramatic  writer  and 
performer,  whose  real  name  was  Dance,  was, 
for  a  time,  a  partisan  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole, 
and  an  expectant  of  political  preferment ; 
but  being  disajipointed  in  his  hopes,  and 
involved  in  difliculties,  he  went  on  the 
stage,  and  excelled  in  the  part  of  Falstaff. 
"  Pamela,"  a  comedy  ;  "  The  Village  Wed- 
ding," a  pastoral  entertainment ;  and  "  The 
Lady's  Frolic,"  a  comic  opera,  were  the  pro- 
ductions of  his  pen.     Died,  1774. 

LO\TSLACE,  Richard,  an  English  poet 
of  the  17th  century,  was  a  son  of  Sir  William 
Lovelace,  of  Woolwich,  and  bom  in  1618. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Charter  House,  and 
at  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford  ;  became  a  colonel 
in  the  army  of  Charles  I.,  and  spent  the 
whole  of  his  fortime  in  support  of  the  royal 
cause  ;  was  imprisoned  by  the  parliament, 
and  died  in  indigence  in  16.58.  His  poems, 
published  under  the  title  of  "Lucasta,"  are 
light  and  elegant ;  he  also  wrote  two  plays, 
"  The  Scholar,"  a  comedy,  and  "  The  Sol- 
dier," a  tragedy.  For  spirit  and  gallantry. 
Colonel  Lovelace  has  sometimes  been  com- 
pared to  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

LOVIBOND,  Edward,  a  minor  English 
poet,  was  the  son  of  an  East  India  director. 


low] 


^  fiebi  Winliicv^al  JSiOflrapTjg. 


[lot 


who  left  him  a  considerable  estate  at  Hamp- 
ton, Middlesex.  He  was  the  author  of  Poems, 
in  2  vols.,  the  most  pleasing  of  which  is 
called  "The  Tears  of  Old  May  Day;"  he 
also  wrote  some  papers  in  the  World.  Died, 
1775. 

LOWE,  Lieut.-gen.  Sir  Hudson,  K.C.B., 
&c.,  entered  the  army  at  a  very  early  age, 
and  served  with  much  credit  in  various  parts 
of  the  world  ;  but  he  will  be  principally  re- 
membered in  liistory  as  having  been  goveriior 
of  ISt.  Helena,  while  that  inland  was  the 
place  of  detention  of  the  Eniperor  Napoleon. 
For  his  conduct  iu  this  truly  ditRcult  and 
delicate  trust.  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  has  been 
much  abused  by  French  writers,  and  we  are 
sorry  to  say  that  their  abuse  has  been  echoed 
in  England  by  men  who  ought  to  have 
known  better.  That  Sir  Hudson's  task  utw 
both  difficult  and  delicate  must  be  admitted  : 
and  when  to  the  stern  sense  of  duty  of  a 
veteran  soldier  we  add  the  vast  additional 
sense  of  responsibility  that  must  needs  arise 
from  the  fact  of  the  peace  of  Europe  —  nay, 
of  the  whole  civilised  world — being  dei>end- 
ent  upon  the  safe  custody  of  Napoleon,  it 
is  mere  drivelling,  to  say  no  worse,  to  con- 
tend against  the  strictest  fulfilment  of  the 
governor's  sworn  duty.  It  has  always  ap- 
peared to  us  that  most  of  Napoleon's  com- 
jilainls  were  unworthily  puerile,  and  that 
the  rest  were  such  as  Sir  Hudson  Lowe 
might  have  prevented  —  but  only  by  perjury 
as  a  man,  and  breach  of  faith  as  a  soldier  — 
by  conniving  at  the  escape  of  that  restless 
and  selfish  genius,  over  whom  he  had  the 
unpleasant  task  of  being  guard.  Died,  Jan. 
1844,  aged  78. 

LOWENDAL,  Uliuch  Frederic  Wol- 
DEMAU,  Count  of,  a  celebrated  military  officer 
and  engineer,  was  born  at  Hamburgh,  iu 
17U0.  He  began  his  military  career  in  Po- 
land, in  1713  ;  but  entered  the  Danish  service 
during  the  war  with  Sweden.  He  afterwards 
served  in  Hungary  witli  great  eclat,  and 
next  took  part  in  the  wars  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  He  returned  to  Poland  in  1721,  and 
was  made  colonel  of  infantry  and  com- 
mander of  the  royal  horse  guards.  During 
the  peace  he  studied  gunnery  and  engineer- 
ing, and  was  made  lield-marshal  and  in- 
spector-general of  the  Saxon  infantry  iu  the 
service  of  Augustus,  king  of  Poland.  In 
1734  and  1735  he  was  in  the  Austrian  service  ; 
and  he  subsequently  entered  into  that  of 
Russia.  He  accepted  the  commission  of 
lieutenant  general  in  the  French  army  in 
1743,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  sieges 
of  Menin,  Ypres,  Friburg,  &c.,  and  also  at 
the  battle  of  Fontenoy.  In  1747  he  took 
Bergen- op- Zoom  by  storm,  which,  till  then, 
had  been  deemed  impregnable  ;  for  which 
and  his  other  services  he  was  created  a 
marshal  of  France.  His  knowledge  of  en- 
gineering and  military  tactics  in  general 
was  of  the  first-rate  order  ;  he  spoke  all  the 
European  languages  with  fluency  ;  and  with 
these  accomplishments  he  combined  modesty 
and  amiable  manners.    Died,  1755. 

LOWEll,  Richard,  a  physician  and  ana- 
tomist of  some  eminence  in  the  17th  century, 
was  a  native  of  Cornwall ;  assisted  Dr.  Willis 
in  his  anatomical  researches,  and  in  his  pro- 
fessional practice  ;  and  obtained  considerable 


543 


reputation  as  a  man  of  science  by  his  ex- 
periments on  the  transfusion  of  blood  from 
one  animal  to  another.    Died,  1C91. 

LOWRY,  Wilson,  F.R.S.,  an  eminent 
English  engraver,  was  born  in  1702,  at 
Whitehaven,  where  his  father,  Mr.  Strick- 
land Lowry  was  a  portrait  painter.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  a  ruling-machine,  possessing 
the  property  of  ruling  successive  lines,  either 
equidistant  or  in  just  gradations,  from  the 
greatest  required  width  to  the  nearest  pos- 
sible approximation  ;  also  of  one  capable  of 
drawing  lines  to  a  point,  and  of  forming 
concentric  circles  :  he  likewise  introduced 
the  use  of  diamond  points  for  etching,  and 
many  other  useful  improvements  in  the  art ; 
and  was  the  first  who  succeeded  in  what  is 
technically  termed  "  biting  in "  well  upon 
steel.  For  30  years  before  his  death  he  was 
engaged  by  eminent  publishers  on  their  most 
extensively  illustrated  works  ;  and  having 
attained  to  the  highest  rank  in  his  peculiar 
branch  of  the  art,  his  services  were  thoroughly 
appreciated.    Died,  1820. 

LOWTH,  William,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  born  in  London,  in  ICCl,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford.  Being  recommended  by 
Ids  worth  and  learning,  he  became  chaplain 
to  Dr.  Mew,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  was 
provided  with  a  prebendal  stall  in  his  cathe- 
dral and  the  living  of  Buriton.  He  was  an 
excellent  classical  scholar  and  crilic,  and 
the  author  of  several  theological  works  of 
merit. 

I^OWTH,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  distinguished  English  prelate,  was 
born  at  Buriton,  in  1710;  received  his  edu- 
cation at  .Winchester,  and  at  New  College, 
Oxford  ;  iu  which  university  he  was  elected 
professor  of  poetry,  in  1741.  He  accom- 
panied Mr.  Legge  on  an  embassy  to  Berlin, 
and  was  subsequently  travelling  tutor  to  the 
sons  of  the  Duke  of  Devonsliire.  In  1753 
he  published  his  "  De  Sacra  Poesi  Ilebraeo- 
rum  Prselectiones  Acadeinicae  ;"  in  1758,  the 
"  Life  of  William  of  Wykeham  ;"  in  1702,  a 
"  Sliort  Introduction  to  English  Grammar  ;" 
and,  in  170:5,  he  replied,  in  a  masterly  and 
unanswerable  style,  to  some  acrimonious 
remarks  of  Warburton,  who  thought  Dr. 
Lowth  had  aimed  at  his  Divine  Legation  of 
Moses  in  the  "  PrsElectiones."  After  having 
enjoyed  some  valuable  preferments,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  St.  David's  in  1700  ;  was 
translated  to  Oxford  in  the  same  year  ;  and, 
in  1777,  succeeded  to  the  diocese  of  London. 
In  1778  he  published  his  "Translation  of 
Isaiah."  The  archbishopric  of  Canterbury 
was  offered  him,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Corn- 
wallis,  but  he  declined  the  primacy,  and 
died  in  1787,  aged  77. 

LOYOLA,  Ignatius,  founder  of  the  so- 
ciety of  Jesuits,  was  born  in  1491,  of  a  noble 
family,  in  the  Spanish  province  of  Guipus- 
coa.  He  was  at  first  in  the  army,  and  served 
with  distinguished  bravery  :  but  having  been 
severely  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna, 
he  beguiled  his  time  with  books,  and  on 
reading  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  his  imagina- 
tion became  highly  excited,  and  he  deter- 
mined to  devote  himself  from  that  time  to 
works  of  piety.  He  began  by  making  a 
pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  ;  not  from  a  mere 
wish  to  see  those  places,  which  had  been 


3a  2 


ldb] 


^  ^tin  Unihtr^iil  MiaQi'^j^\)v, 


[luc 


hallowed  by  the  presence  of  our  Lord,  but 
in  the  hope  of  converting  some  of  the  infidels, 
who  were  masters  of  the  Holy  Land,  or  of 
gaining  the  palm  of  martyrdom  in  the  at- 
tempt. Having  accomplished  this  painful 
and  perilous  journey,  he  returned  to  Spain, 
more  unprovided  even  than  he  had  left  it. 
In  1526  he  went  to  the  university  of  Alcala, 
where  he  found  sonic  adherents  ;  but  tJie 
Inquisition  imprisoned  him  for  his  conduct, 
which  appeared  strange,  and  rendered  him 
suspected  of  witchcraft.  He  was  not  de- 
livered from  the  prison  of  the  holy  office 
until  1528,  when  he  went  to  Paris  to  continue 
his  studies,  tlie  subjects  of  whicli,  indeed, 
were  only  works  of  an  ascetic  character. 
Here  he  became  acquainted  witii  several 
Spaniards  and  Frencliinen,  who  were  after- 
wards noted  as  his  followers.  They  con- 
ceived the  plan  of  an  order  for  the  couversion 
of  heathens  and  sinners,  and,  on  Ascension 
Day,  in  15.34,  they  united  for  this  great  work 
in  the  subterranean  cliapel  of  tlie  abbey  of 
Montmartre.  Thej'  then  met  again  in  1536, 
at  Venice,  whence  they  proceeded  to  Rome, 
and  received  the  confirmation  of  their  fra- 
ternity from  pope  Paul  III.,  as  "  The  So- 
ciety of  JesuB."  In  1541,  Ignatius  was  cho- 
sen general  of  the  society  ;  continued  his 
abstinence  and  penances  during  life  ;  and 
died  in  1566.  Loyola  was  in  person  of  a 
middle  stature,  of  an  olive  complexion,  with 
a  bald  head,  eyes  full  of  fire,  and  an  aquiline 
nose.  His  fanaticism  and  enthusiasm  were 
certainly  dignified  by  sincerity,  and  he 
doubtless  believed  as  lie  taught,  that  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  was  the  result  of  an  immedi- 
ate inspiration  from  heaven.  He  was  canon- 
ised in  1622,  by  Gregory  XV. 

LUBIENIETSKL  Stanislaus,  a  cele- 
brated Socinian  minister,  was  born  at  Cra- 
cow, in  Poland,  in  1623.  On  the  banishment 
of  his  sect,  he  went  to  Denmark,  where  he 
was  poisoned,  with  liis  two  daughters,  in  1675. 
His  principal  work  is  entitled  "  Theatrum 
Cometicum  ;"  but,  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
he  was  engaged  in  writing  an  account  of 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  Reformation  in 
Poland. 

LUBIN,  AUGUSTiN,  an  Augustine  friar, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1624.  He  beeame 
provincial-general  of  his  order  in  France ; 
and  afterwards  assistant-general  of  the 
French  monks  at  Rome  ;  but  he  returned 
to  Paris,  and  died  there  in  1695.  He  was 
made  geographer  royal ;  and  wrote  "  The 
Geographical  Mercury,"  "Notes  on  tlie 
Roman  Martyrology,"  "  History  of  the 
French  Abbeys,"  and  the  "  Geography  of  the 
Bible,"  &c. 

LUCAN,  Marcus  Axn^us,  a  celebrated 
Roman  poet,  was  born  at  Corduba,  in  Spain, 
A.  D.  37.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Seneca  ; 
and  being  taken  early  to  Rome,  he  studied 
there  under  the  best  masters.  Before  he 
was  of  the  legal  age  he  was  made  a  quaestor  ; 
and  he  was  also  admitted  into  the  college  of 
augurs.  He  excited  the  anger  of  Nero  for 
having  had  the  etfrontery  to  recite  one  of 
his  compositions,  in  a  public  assembly,  in 
competition  with  the  emperor,  and  was 
ordered  never  more  to  recite  in  public.  This 
induced  Lucan  to  join  Piso  and  others  in  a 
conspiracy  against  the  tyrant,  for  which  he 


suffered  death,  a.  d.  65.  His  "Pharsalia" 
contains  passages  of  great  beauty. 
.  LUCAS,  Charles,  a  noted  Irish  patriot, 
who  was  a  physician  at  Dublin,  was  born 
in  1713.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Irish 
house  of  commons,  and  obtained  immense 
popularity  by  his  opposition  to  the  court 
party.    Died,  1771. 

LUCAS,  Paul,  a  Frencli  traveller,  was 
born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  in  1664.  He 
made  trading  voyages  to  the  Levant,  Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  and  Africa;  and  having  brought 
home  medals  and  other  curiosities  for  the 
king's  cabinet,  he  was  made  one  of  the  roj'al 
antiquaries.  During  one  of  his  voyages  he 
entered  into  the  Venetian  army,  and  served 
at  the  siege  of  Negropont.  His  travels,  which 
are  romantic  and  improbable,  form  7  vols. 
He  died  in  1737. 

LUCAS,  Richard,  D.  D.,  a  native  of 
Presteign,  in  Radnorshire,  was  born  in  1648, 
and  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford.  He 
was  a  pious  and  learned  divine,  and  held  a 
prebend  in  Westminster ;  but  lost  his  sight 
many  years  before  his  death.  Among  his 
writings  are  "  Sermons,"  5  vols.  ;  "  An  En- 
quiry after  Happiness,"  2  vols.  ;  "  The  Mo- 
rality of  the  Gospel,"  and  "  Practical  Chris- 
tianity."   Died,  1715. 

LUCCHESINI,  GiROLAMO,  Marquis  of, 
was  born  at  Lucca,  of  a  noble  family,  in 
1752,  and  became  Prussian  minister  of  state. 
He  was  the  literary  friend  of  Frederic  II., 
and  first  received  a  diplomatic  appointment 
under  his  successor,  being  sent  to  the  council 
of  state  at  Warsaw,  in  1788,  and  ultimately 
brought  about  an  alliance  between  Prussia 
and  Poland.  From  that  time  he  was  am- 
bassador on  all  great  occasions,  at  Vienna, 
at  Paris,  and  Milan.  He  accompanied  the 
king  to  the  battle  of  Jena,  then  signed  an 
armistice  with  Napoleon  at  Cliarlottenburg, 
of  which,  however,  the  king  did  not  approve; 
in  consequence  of  which,  as  he  believed 
himself  to  have  lost  the  favour  of  the  king, 
he  took  his  dismissal.  He  was  afterwards 
chamberlain  to  Napoleon's  sister,  the  prin- 
cess of  Lucca,  and  accompanied  her  to  Paris 
on  the  occasion  of  her  brother's  second  mar- 
riage. He  was  active,  sagacious,  and  zealous; 
combining  the  qualities  of  an  experienced 
courtier  with  the  practical  knowledge  of  a 
statesman.    Died,  1825. 

LUCIAN,  a  celebrated  Creek  author,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  ingenuity  and  wit,  was 
born  at  Samosata,  the  capital  of  Comagene, 
during  the  reign  of  Trajan.  He  was  of 
humble  origin,  and  was  placed,  while  young, 
with  an  uncle,  to  study  statuary  ;  but  being 
unsuccessful  in  his  first  attempts,  he  went 
to  Antioch,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature 
and  forenic  rhetoric.  In  the  reign  of  Mar- 
cus Aurelius,  he  was  made  procurator  of  the 
province  of  Egypt,  and  died  when  80  or  90 
years  old.  The  works  of  Luciaii,  of  which 
many  have  come  down  to  us,  are  mostly 
in  the  form  of  dialogues  ;  but  none  are  so 
popular  as  those  in  which  he  ridicules  the 
pagan  mythology  and  philosophical  sects. 
Many  of  them,  however,  though  written 
in  an  elegant  style,  and  abounding  with 
witticisms,  are  tainted  with  profanity  and 
indecency. 

LUCILIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  satirist,  who 


i 


LTTC] 


^  ^cfio  mnttitri^ar  3Bt00rajpf)5. 


[lul 


served  under  Scipio  in  liis  expedition  against 
the  Numautians.  Only  a  few  of  his  verses 
remain,  wliieh  are  in  the  Corpus  Poetarum 
of  Maittaire.     He  died  at  Naples,  b.  c.  108. 

LUCKETIA,  a  Roman  matron,  was  the 
wife  of  CoUatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the 
revolution  of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to  a 
republic.  Sextus  Tarquinius,  who  contrived 
to  become  a  guest  in  the  absence  of  her  hus- 
band, whose  kinsman  he  was,  found  means 
to  reach  her  chamber  in  the  middle  of  the 
nigljt ;  and  finding  himself  repulsed,  he 
threatened  to  stab  her,  kill  a  slave,  and 
place  him  by  lier  side,  and  then  swear  he 
had  slain  them  both  in  the  act  of  adultery. 
The  dread  of  infamy  succeeded,  and  he  tri- 
umphed over  her  fears  ;  but  she  acquainted 
her  liusband,  father,  and  kindred  of  the 
transaction,  and,  in  spite  of  their  soothing 
remonstrances,  drew  a  dagger,  and  stabbed 
herself  to  the  heart.  The  bloody  poniard, 
with  her  dead  body  exposed  to  the  senate, 
was  the  signal  of  Roman  liberty.  The  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Tarquins,  and  the  abolition 
of  the  regal  dignity,  was  instantly  resolved 
on,  and  carried  into  execution. 

LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Cakvs,  on  ancient 
Roman  i)hilosopher  and  poet,  much  esteemed 
for  his  learning  and  eloquence.  His  cele- 
brated work,  "  De  Rerum  Natiu-a,"  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Creech. 
Born,  B.  c.  98  ;  died,  b.  C.  ."55. 

LUCUIiLUS,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman 
consul  and  commander,  celebrated  for  his 
military  talents  and  magnificence,  was  born 
B.  c.  115.  He  first  distinguished  himself  in 
the  social  war,  and  afterwords  defeated 
Ilamilcar  in  two  naval  battles.  lie  also 
conquered  various  cities  of  Pontus  ;  and,  al- 
though overcome  by  Mithridates  in- a  battle, 
soon  acquired  such  advantages  that  he 
finally  broke  up  the  hostile  army,  and  Mith- 
ridates himself  sought  protection  in  Ar- 
menia ;  where  Tigranes  refusing  to  surrender 
him  to  the  Romans,  LucuUus  attacked  that 
monarch,  and  completely  subdued  him.  By 
a  mutiny  of  his  soldiers,  who  accused  him  of 
avarice  and  covetousness,  he  was  deprived 
of  the  chief  command,  and  recalled.  From 
this  time,  Lucullus  remained  a  private  in- 
dividual, spending  in  luxurious  case  the 
immense  riches  which  he  had  brought 
with  him  from  Asia,  without,  liowever, 
abandoning  the  more  noble  and  serious 
occupations  of  a  cultivated  mind.  Died, 
B.  c.  49. 

LUDLOW,  Edmund,  an  eminent  repub- 
lican leader,  was  born  at  Maiden  Bradley, 
Wilts,  in  1020  ;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  and  at  the  Temple  ;  was  an  officer 
in  the  parliamentary  army,  and  fought  at 
Edgehill,  Newbury,  and  other  places;  but 
when  the  "  self-denying  ordinance  "  took 
place,  he  remained  out  of  any  ostensible 
situation,  until  chosen  member  for  Wiltshire 
in  the  place  of  his  father.  At  this  time  the 
niachiuations  of  Cromwell  becoming  visible, 
he  was  opposed  by  Ludlow  with  firmness 
and  openness.  To  establish  a  republic,  he 
joined  the  army  against  tiie  parliament,  and 
sat  also  as  one  of  Charles's  judges.  Nomi- 
nated general  of  horse  in  Ireland,  he  joined 
the  army  under  Iretou,  and  acted  with  great 
vigour  and  ability.     When  Cromwell  was 


declared  protector,  Ludlow  used  all  his  in- 
fluence with  the  army  against  him,  on  which 
account  he  was  recalled,  a>id  put  under 
arrest ;  but  he  avowed  his  republican  prin- 
ciples, and,  refusing  all  security  or  engage- 
ment for  submission,  retired  into  Essex, 
where  he  remained  until  the  death  of  the 
protector.  When  Richard  Cromwell  suc- 
ceeded, he  joined  the  army  party  at  Wal- 
llngford  House,  and  was  instrumental  in  the 
restoration  of  the  long  parliament,  in  which 
he  took  his  seat.  The  Restoration  was  now 
rapidly  approaching,  and  finding  the  repub- 
licans unable  to  resist  it,  he  quitted  the 
country,  and  proceeded  to  Geneva,  whence 
he  afterwards,  with  many  more  fugitives 
of  the  party,  took  refuge  at  Lausanne.  After 
the  revolution  he  ventured  to  appear  in 
London,  which  gave  such  offence,  that  an 
address  was  presented  to  king  William,  by 
the  House  of  Commons,  praying  his  majesty 
to  issue  a  proclamation  for  apprehending 
him.  On  this,  Ludlow  went  back  to  Vevay, 
in  Switzerland,  where  he  died  in  1C93.  He 
was  one  of  the  purest  and  most  honourable 
characters  on  the  republican  side,  free  from 
fanaticism  or  hypocrisy.  His  "  Memoirs " 
are  interesting,  and  written  in  a  manly  and 
unafltctcd  style. 

LUDOLPH,  Job,  a  learned  orientalist,  was 
born  at  Erfurt,  in  Thuiiugia,  in  1024;  studied 
at  Leyden  ;  and  became  a  travelling  tutor. 
In  1049  he  went  to  Rome  on  a  literary  com- 
mission, and  while  there  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  some  Abyssinians,  from  whom  he 
acquired  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  Etlii- 
opic  langxiage.  In  1(!52  he  was  made  aiilic 
counsellor  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe  Gotha,  and 
governor  to  the  young  princes.  Among  his 
works  are,  "A  History  of  Ethiopia"  and 
various  lexicons  and  grammars  of  the  Etlxi- 
opian  dialects.     Died,  17(>4. 

LUDOLPH,  IIenuy  William,  nephew  of 
the  above,  and  secretary  to  Prince  George  of 
Denmark,  who  espoused  Queen  Anne  of  Eng- 
land, settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in 
1710.  He  wrote  a  "  Grammar  of  the  Russian 
Language,"  and  published  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  modern  Greek. 

LUl^LI,  or  LULLY,  Jean  Baptiste,  a 
musical  composer,  was  born  of  obscure  pa- 
rents, at  Florence,  in  1634.  Having  dis- 
covered a  passionate  fondness  for  music  when 
quite  a  child,  he  was  sent  to  Paris  in  his 
tenth  year,  to  be  page  to  Mdlle.  Montijcnsier. 
He  now  rose  rapidly,  till  he  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  musician  to  the  court ;  and,  in 
1670,  was  made  joint  director  of  the  French 
opera,  which  situation  he  filled  till  his  de- 
cease, in  1687.  Lully  contributed  much  to 
the  improvement  of  French  music,  composed 
19  operas,  and  was  much  admired  by  his  co- 
temporaries.    Died,  1687. 

LULLY,  Raymond,  a  distinguished  phi- 
losopher and  scholar  of  the  13th  century, 
born  at  Palnia,  in  Majorca.  In  his  youth 
he  had  been  a  soldier  ;  but  he  became  a  reli- 
gious ascetic,  and  travelled  into  Africa  and 
the  East,  for  the  purpose  of  converting  the 
Mahometans  to  Christianity.  He  suffered 
tortures  and  imprisonment  at  Tunis  ;  but 
was  released  by  some  Genoese  merchants, 
and  died  on  his  voyage  home,  in  1315.  He 
wrote  on  divinity,  medicine,  chemistry,  me- 

8a3 


lum] 


^  ^m  Winiiiersal  3Si0srapTjg. 


[lux 


taphysics,  &c. ;  was  styled  "  Doctor  Illu- 
minatus  ;  "  and  liis  method,  wliioh  prevailed 
in  Europe  during  tlie  14th,  15th,  and  16th 
centuries,  was  dignilied  by  tlie  title  of  "  Ars 
LuUiana." 

LUMSDEN,  MATTiimv,  LL.D.,  professor 
of  Persian  and  Arabic  in  the  college  of  Fort 
William,  Calcutta  ;  author  of  two  grammars 
of  those  languages.  In  1825  he  resigned  the 
service  of  tlie  East  India  Company,  came 
to  England,  and  died  in  1835,  aged  58. 

LUPTON,  Da.mel,  an  English  author, 
who,  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century, 
published  various  works,  among  which  are, 
'•Modern  Protestant  Divines,  the  Glory  of 
their  Times,"  "  Emblems  of  Rarities,"  &c. 

LUSSAN,  Makoauet  de,  a  French  au- 
thoress of  considerable  talents,  born  in  1G82, 
was  the  daughter  of  one  of  Cardinal  Fleury's 
coachmen.  Among  her  most  esteemed  pro- 
ductions are,  "  La  Comtesse  de  Goudez,"  2 
vols.  J  "  Anecdotes  de  Philippe  Auguste,"  6 
vols.  ;  "  Anecdotes  of  Francis  I.,"  3  vols.  ; 
"La  "Vie  de  M.  Crillon,"  2  vols.  ;  and  "  His- 
toire  de  Charles  VI.,"  9  vols. 

LUTIIEK,  Mautix,  the  great  reformer  of 
the  church,  was  born  in  1483,  at  Eisleben,  in 
Lower  Saxony.  At  the  age  of  14  he  was  sent 
j  to  the  school  of  iMagdeburg,  from  which  lie 
removed  to  Eisenach,  and  thence  to  the 
university  of  Erfurt,  where,  in  1503,  he 
received  a  master's  degree,  and  delivered 
lectures  on  the  physics  and  ethics  of  Aris- 
totle. He  was  destined  by  liis  fatlicr  for  the 
legal  profession  ;  but  tlie  impression  pro- 
duced on  him  by  the  fate  of  his  friend  Alexis, 
who  was  struck  dead  by  lightning  while 
walking  by  his  side  on  their  road  from 
Mansfield  to  Erfurt,  uniting  with  the  effect 
of  his  early  religious  education,  induced 
him  to  devote  himself  to  the  monastic  life, 
and  he  entered  the  monastery  of  Augustines, 
in  1505,  submitting  patiently  to  all  the 
penances  and  humiliations  which  the  supe- 
rior of  the  order  imposed  upon  novices.  In 
1507  he  was  constituted  priest,  and  in  1508he 
was  made  professor  of  philosophy  in  the  new 
university  of  Wittenberg.  In  this  sphere  of 
action  his  powerful  mind  soon  showed  itself  ( 
he  tlirew  off  the  fetters  of  the  scholastic  phi- 
losophy, asserted  the  riglits  of  reason,  and 
soon  collected  a  large  number  of  disciples. 
In  1510  he  visited  the  court  of  pope  Leo  X., 
at  Rome;  a  journey  which  revealed  to  him 
the  irreligion  and  corruption  of  the  clergy, 
and  destroyed  his  reverence  for  the  sanctity 
of  the  pope.  After  his  return,  he  became  a 
preacher,  and  was  made  doctor  in  theology. 
His  profound  learning,  together  with  the 
fame  of  his  eloquence,  soon  made  Luther 
known  to  the  principal  scholars,  and  es- 
teemed as  a  powerful  advocate  of  the  new 
light  which  was  breaking  upon  the  world. 
Great,  therefore,  was  the  attention  excited 
by  his  95  propositions,  given  to  the  world, 
Oct.  31.  1517,  and  intended  to  put  an  end 
to  the  sale  of  indulgences  by  the  Domini- 
can Tetzel.  They  were  condemned  as  he- 
retical ;  but  neitJier  menaces  nor  persua- 
sions could  induce  him  to  recant,  and  he 
still  maintained  the  invalidity  of  indul- 
gences, and  of  the  papal  supremacy.  In  1520, 
Luther  and  his  friends  wore  excomiuuul 
cated,  and  his  writings  burnt  at  Rome,  Co- 


logne, and  Louvain.  Indignant  at  this  open 
act  of  hostility,  Luther  burned  the  bull  of 
excommunication  and  tlie  decretals  of  the 
papal  canon.  Being  called  upon  by  many 
of  the  German  nobility  to  defend  the  new 
doctrine,  lie  presented  himself  at  the  diet  of 
Worms,  April  1521,  before  the  emperor,  and 
a  vast  assemblage  of  the  princes  and  prelates 
of  Germany.  He  there  made  an  elaborate 
defence,  and  concluded  it  with  these  words  : 
"  Let  me  then  be  refuted  and  convinced  by 
the  testimony  of  the  Scriptures,  or  by  the 
clearest  arguments,  otherwise  I  cannot  and 
will  not  recant  ;  for  it  is  neither  safe  nor 
expedient  to  act  against  conscience.  Here  I 
take  my  stand  ;  I  can  do  no  otherwise,  so 
help  me  God  !  Amen."  He  left  Worms,  in 
fact,  a  conqueror  ;  but  it  was  so  manifest 
that  his  enemies  were  determined  upon  his 
destruction,  that  the  Elector  of  Saxony  con- 
veyed liim  to  the  castle  of  Wartburg,  to 
save  his  life.  In  this  Patmos,  as  he  called 
it,  Luther  remained  ten  moiuhs,  and  then 
returned  to  Wittenberg,  where  he  published 
a  sharp  reply  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  had 
written  a  book  against  him,  on  the  seven 
sacraments.  Luther  also  printed  a  transla- 
tion of  the  New  Testament,  which  greatly 
alarmed  the  Romanists,  and  severe  edicts 
were  issued  against  the  reading  of  it  by  the 
princes  of  that  communion.  In  1524  he 
married  Catherine  de  Bora,  who  had  been 
a  nun,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons.  In 
1529,  the  emperor  assembled  another  diet  at 
Spires,  to  check  the  progress  of  the  new 
opinions  ;  and  here  it  was  that  the  name  of 
Protestants  first  rose,  occasioned  by  the  pro- 
test made,  on  the  part  of  the  electoral  princes, 
who  were  for  the  Reformation,  against  the 
rigorous  impositions  brought  forward  in  this 
assembly.  After  this,  the  protesting  princes 
determined  to  have  a  common  confession  of 
faith  drawn  up  ;  which  was  accordingly  per- 
formed by  Melanchthon,  and  being  presented 
at  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  in  1530,  was  called 
"  The  Confession  of  Augsburg."  In  1534, 
Luther's  translation  of  the  whole  Bible  was 
published ;  and  the  same  year  he  printed  a 
book  against  the  service  of  the  mass.  At 
length,  worn  out,  more  by  labour  than  age, 
this  illustrious  man  died  at  his  native  place, 
Feb.  18.  1546  ;  having  lived  to  see  that  his 
doctrines  had  taken  such  deep  root,  that  no 
earthly  power  could  eradicate  them. 

LUTTI,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  on  whom  the  emperor  of  Germany 
conferred  the  honour  of  knighthood,  was 
born  at  Florence,  in  1606.  He  resided  at 
Rome,  where  he  was  president  of  the  aca- 
demy of  St.  Luke.  His  paintings  are  rare 
and  valuable.    Died,  1724. 

LUXEMBOURG,  Fkaxcis  Hekey  de 
MoNTMOKE2s'Ci,  Duke  of,  a  famous  general 
and  marshal  of  France,  born  in  1028,  was 
the  posthumous  son  of  the  Count  de  Boute- 
ville,  who  was  beheaded  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIII.  for  fighting  a  duel.  He  served 
when  young  under  the  Prince  of  Condi5 ; 
was  made  a  duke  and  peer  of  France,  in 
1602  ;  was  a  lieutenant-general  at  the  taking 
of  Franche-CompttJ,  in  1()68 ;  commanded 
during  the  invasion  of  Holland,  in  1672  ; 
and  having  gained  the  battle  of  Seref,  in 
1674,  was  created  a  marshal.     He  subse- 


LYC] 


^  ^tbi  Bnibtr^nl  UicgrapTjy. 


[lyn 


qiiently  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles 
of  Fleiinw,  Leuzc,  Steinkirk,  &c.  ;  and  died 
in  160">. 

LYCOPHRON,  a  Greek  poet,  waa  born 
at  Clialcis,  in  Euba-a.  lie  flouFished  in  the 
age  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  and  was  one 
of  the  seven  poets  termed  the  Pleiades.  He 
wrote  numerous  tragedies,  a  satirical  drama, 
and' other  works  ;  but  the  only  extant  pro- 
duction of  this  writer  is  a  poem  relating  to 
tlie  predictions  of  Cassandra,  the  daughter 
of  Priam,  King  of  Troy. 

LYCURGUS,  the  celebrated  Spartan  le- 
gislator, son  of  Eunomus,  king  of  Sparta,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  born  about  u.c.  898. 
Ilis  elder  brother,  Polydectes,  who  succeeded 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  soon 
after  died,  and  left  the  kingdom  to  him  ; 
but  Lycurgus  finding  that  the  widow  was 
pregnant,  forbore  to  assume  the  sceptre  ;  and 
the  issue  proving  to  be  a  boy,  he  faithfully 
fulfilled  the  office  of  guardian  to  it.  He 
made  tlie  study  of  legislation  his  principal 
object ;  and  having  travelled  for  the  purpose 
of  investigating  tiie  institutions  of  other 
lauds,  he  returned  to  his  own  country,  and 
established  those  laws  by  which  Sparta  was 
so  long  governed.  Having  bound  the  king, 
senate,  and  people,  by  a  solemn  oath,  not  to 
alter  any  of  the  laws  he  had.  made  until  Ills 
return,  he  left  Sparta  with  the  avowed  in- 
tention of  visiting  the  oracle  of  Delphi,  but 
he  secretly  determined  never  to  see  it  again. 
Plutarch  affirms,  that  he  put  himself  volun- 
tarily to  death  by  starvation,  wldle  Lucian 
asserts  that  he  died  naturally,  at  the  age  of 
85.  The  rigid  character  of  the  laws  of  Ly- 
curgus  was  intended  to  make  public  prin- 
ciple predominate  over  private  interests  and 
affections.  Children  were  not  allowed  to  l)e 
the  property  of  their  parents,  but  of  the 
state  ;  which  directed  their  education,  and 
even  determined  on  their  life  or  death.  The 
severest  penalties  against  debauchery  and 
intemperance  were  afflxe<l ;  and  it  was  en- 
joined that  the  people  should  all  take  their 
meals  in  public.  They  were  allowed  to 
possess  neither  gold  nor  silver ;  iron  was 
used  for  money  ;  the  theatres  were  abo- 
lished ;  and  nothing  but  the  most  indispen- 
sable knowledge  was  allowed  to  be  acquired  ; 
in  short,  all  that  tended  to  soften  and 
humanise  mankind  was  prohibited,  while 
every  thing  that  could  promote  a  liardy  life 
and  personal  bravery  was  encouraged.  The 
Spartans,  under  the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  con- 
sequently became  a  nation  of  warriors,  who, 
for  ages,  proved  the  bulwark  of  their  friends, 
the  dread  of  their  foes,  and  an  example  for 
future  ages  —  more,  however,  to  be  shunned 
than  imitated. 

LYDGATE,  John',  one  of  the  oldest  Eng- 
lish poets,  was  a  Benedictine  monk  of  Bury 
St.  Edmund's.  lie  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy,  opened  a 
school  on  his  return  for  the  tuition  of  the 
young  nobility,  and  died  about  1460.  His 
"  Siege  of  Troy  "  is  very  scarce. 

LYDIAT,  Thomas,  a  chronological  and 
mathematical  writer,  was  born  in  1572,  at 
Okerton,  in  Oxfordshire  ;  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Winchester  School,  and  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  and  became  rector  of  his  native 
place.    He  was  reduced  to  poverty  by  being 


security  for  a  friend,  and  afterwards  suffered 
greatly  for  his  loyalty  to  Cliarles  I.  This  in- 
dustrious aud  able  scholar  died  in  indigence 
and  obscurity,  in  1649. 

LYE,  KnWAKD,  a  learned  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Totuess,  in  Devonshire,  in  1"()4  ; 
and  he  died,  rector  of  Yardley,  in  North- 
amptonshire, in  1769.  He  was  well  versed 
in  the  Anglo-Saxon  language  and  history  ; 
and  was  the  author  of  an  "  j\j3glo-Saxou 
and  Gothic  Dictionary,"  2  vols.,  with  a 
grammar  of  the  two  languages.  He  was  also 
the  editor  of  "  Junius's  Etymologicon  Angli- 
canum." 

EYELTv,  Charles,  well  known  in  the 
scientific  and  literary  world,  was  born  iu 
Fifeshire,  1767.  Educated  partly  at  St.  An- 
drew's, and  partly  at  Cambridge,  he  returned 
to  his  paternal  estate  of  Kinnordy,  where 
he  passed  his  whole  time  in  those  pursuits 
which  have  gained  him  a  distinguislied 
place  among  men  of  science.  He  was  the 
discoverer  of  many  British  plants  previously 
uuknowni  ;  and  his  translation  of  the  lyrical 
poems  of  Dante,  with  liis  illustrative  notes, 
shows  a  profound  knowledge  of  mediajval 
Italian  liistory  and  literature.  Sir  Charles 
Eyell,  the  distinguished  geologist,  is  liis  son. 
Died.  1849. 

EYNAR,  Rocn  Fuederic,  Count  de ; 
author  of  "  Travels  in  Upper  Lusatia  ;" 
"  Political  Reflections  and  Negotiations," 
&c.,  waa  a  native  of  Lower  Lusatia,  and 
held  several  imiK>rtaut  situations.  Born, 
1708;  died,  1781. 

LYNDWODE,  or  LINDWOOD,  Wix.- 
r.iAJi,  an  eminent  ecclesiaatical  lawyer  of 
the  15th  century,  waa  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  was 
sent  repeatedly  on  embassies  to  Spain  and 
Portugal.  He  died,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  in 
1446. 

IjYNEDOCH,  Thomas  Graium,  Lord, 
an  illustrious  British  general,  was  born  at 
Balgowan,  in  Perthshire,  in  17.'50,  but  did 
not  enter  the  army  until  he  was  in  his  45th 
year,  nor  would  he  possibly  have  ever  had 
an  opportunity  of  displaying  his  skill  and 
courage  as  a  British  officer,  but  for  the  oc- 
currence of  a  domestic  calamity  —  the  loss 
of  a  beloved  wife.  .  This  change  in  his  con- 
dition and  prospects  imparted  almost  a 
romantic  character  to  the  tenor  of  his  life. 
To  alleviate  his  grief  and  restore  his  injured 
liealth,  he  was  recommended  to  travel  ;  and 
it  was  during  his  sojourn  at  Gibraltar  that 
he  fell  into  the  society  of  the  officers  of  the 
garrison,  and  thenceforth  determined  on 
devoting  himself  to  the  profession  of  arms. 
He  first  served  as  a  volunteer  at  the  siege  of  j 
Toulon,  under  Lord  Mulgrave,  and  on  his 
return  he  raised  from  among  his  country- 
men a  battalion  of  the  90th  regiment,  of  ' 
which  he  was  appointed  colonel-command-  j 
ant.  He  then  accompanied  his  regiment  I 
to  Gibraltar  ;  but  soon  growing  tired  of  the  \ 
idleness  inseparable  from  garrison  duty  in 
that  stronghold,  he  obtained  permission  to 
join  the  Austrian  army,  where  he  found 
ample  opportunities  of  perfecting  himself 
in  the  art  of  war,  while  he  was  enabled  to 
take  advantage  of  his  position  in  sending  to 
the  British  government  intelligence  of  the 
military  operations  and  diplomatic  measures 


LTO] 


^  f?c&)  HiubrrM  3Si0(jTap]^w. 


[lfs 


adopted  by  the  commanders  and  sovereigns 
of  the  Continent.  In  1797  he  returned  to 
England,  and  having  joined  his  regiment, 
he  was  appointed  to  act  with  Sir  Charles 
Stuart  in  the  reduction  of  the  island  of 
Minorca,  after  which  he  was  employed  two 
years  in  the  blockade  of  Malta.  In  1808  he 
proceeded  with  Sir  John  Moore  to  Sweden, 
and  afterwards  served  in  Spain  with  that 
gallant  officer  during  the  fatal  Peninsular 
campaign,  which  ended  in  the  debarkation 
at  Coriinna.  Next  year,  General  Graham 
commanded  a  division  at  the  siege  of  Flush- 
ing ;  in  1810  he  commanded  the  British 
troops  at  Cadiz  ;  and  in  1811  he  fought  and 
won  the  memorable  battle  of  Barossa.  After 
this  he  joined  Lord  Wellington,  and  was 
present  at  the  siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  ;  but 
ill-health  rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to 
revisit  England  for  a  short  period.    Early  in 

1813,  however,  he  returned  to  the  Peninsula, 
led  the  left  wing  at  the  battle  ofVittoria, 
reduced  the  town  and  citadel  of  St.  Sebas- 
tian, crossed  the  Bidassoa,  and,  after  a  severe 
contest,  established  the  British  army  on  the 

I  territory  of  France.    On  the  3rd  of  May, 

1814,  General  Sir  Thomas  Graham  was 
created  a  peer  of  the  empire,  by  the  title 
of  baron  Lynedoch,  of  Balgowan,  on  which 
occasion  he  nobly  refused  a  grant  of  2(X)0/. 
per  annum,  to  himself  and  heirs,  which  was 
intended  to  accompany  his  elevation.  In 
1826  he  was  appointed  to  the  governorsliip 
of  Dumbarton  Castle.  "  Never,"  said  Mr. 
Sheridan,  "  was  there  seated  a  loftier  spirit 
in  a  braver  heart."  This  gallant  officer  and 
excellent  man  died  Dcc.18. 1843,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  93. 

LYON,  George  Francis,  an  enterprising 
traveller,  and  a  captain  in  the  British  navy, 
was  born  at  Chichester  in  1795,  and  entered 
the  service  on  board  the  Milford,  of  74  guns, 
in  1809  ;  from  which  period  up  to  the  battle 
of  Algiers,  where  he  was  present,  he  was 
continually  engaged  in  the  active  duties  of 
his  profession.  It  is,  however,  in  the  capa- 
city of  a  traveller  and  navigator  that  we 
have  to  consider  him  ;  for  in  1818  he  was 
employed,  under  Mr.  Ritchie,  on  a  mission 
to  the  interior  of  Africa.  Of  this  expedition 
Mr.  Lyon  published  his  journal,  under  the 
title  of"  A  Narrative  of  Travels  in  Northern 
Africa,  accompanied  by  Geographical  No- 
tices of  Soudan,  and  of  the  Course  of  the 
Niger."  A  more  disastrous  undertaking 
has  been  seldom  known  ;  the  travellers 
suifered  every  kind  of  privation,  were  at- 
tacked with  the  most  alarming  disorders, 
and  Mr.  Ritchie  fell  a  martyr  to  extreme 
suifering  and  disappointment  while  at  ^Mour- 
zouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  from  which 
place  Mr.  Lyon  returned.  A  very  different 
scene  of  operations  next  awaited  him.  In 
1821  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Hecla,  one  of  the  slups  belonging  to  Captain 
Parry's  expedition  to  the  Polar  Seas  ;  of 
which  he  also  published  "  A  Private  Jour- 
nal." In  1823  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
post-captain,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Griper  gun-brig,  then  fitting  out  for 
another  voyage  of  discovery  in  the  icy  re- 
gions. Here  he  and  his  gallant  crew  en- 
countered the  most  frightful  perils,  but 
providentially  returned  to  England,  though 


without  effecting  any  part  of  their  object. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Mexico  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  Real  del  Monte  Mining 
Company,  and  was  wrecked  on  his  return, 
near  Holyhead,  in  1827,  losing  every  thing 
belonging  to  him.  He  again  visited  South 
America,  but  died  on  his  passage  home, 
October,  1832,  aged  37  ;  thus  terminating  a 
life  of  adventures  and  misfortunes  not  often 
paralleled. 

LYONNET, Peter,  an  eminentnaturalist, 
was  born  at  Maestricht,  in  1707.  Being  bred 
to  the  law,  he  became  one  of  the  secretaries 
to  the  states  of  Holland,  and  their  law  trans- 
lator from  the  Latin  and  French.  In  his 
latter  years  he  applied  to  thestudy  of  natural 
history,  particularly  insects  ;  on  which  sub- 
ject he  wrote  several  esteemed  books,  the  most 
important  of  which  is,  "  Traite  Anatomique 
de  la  Chenille  qui  rouge  le  Bois  de  Saule." 
Died,  1789. 

LYONS,  Israel,  an  astronomer,  botanist, 
and  mathematician,  bom  in  1739,  was  the  son 
of  a  Polish  Jew,  who  was  a  Hebrew  teacher 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  Sir  Joseph  Banks's 
instructor  in  botany,  and  accompanied 
Captain  Phipps,  afterwards  Lord  Mulgrave, 
as  astronomer,  in  his  voyage  towards  the 
North  Pole.  He  was  one  of  the  calculators 
of  the  "Nautical  Almanack,"  wrote  a 
"  Treatise  on  Fluxions,"  and  other  works, 
and  lectured  on  botany.    Died,  1775 

LYRA,  Nicholas  de,  a  converted  Jew  of 
the  14th  century,  was  born  at  Lyre,  in  Nor- 
mandy. He  assumed  the  tonsure,  and  was  so 
remarkable  for  his  intemperate  zeal  in  de- 
fence of  the  religion  he  had  embraced,  that 
many  Catholic  writers  assert,  that  he  contri- 
buted not  a  little  to  the  progress  of  the  Re- 
formation. Died,  1340. 
•  LYSANDER,  a  famous  Spartan  com- 
mander, tlie  splendour  of  whose  victories,  his 
extraordinary  liberality,  and  his  apparent 
disinterestedness,  seconded  his  ambitious 
views,  and  rendered  liim  in  fact,  though  not 
in  name,  the  master  of  all  Greece.  He  was 
slain  fighting  against  the  Thebans,  B.  c.  366. 

I^YSIAS,  an  Athenian  orator,  who  died 
B.  c.  378,  aged  81.  Only  34  of  Ms  orations 
are  extant. 

LYSIMxVCHUS,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  He  was  killed  in  battle 
by  Seleucus,  b.  c.  281. 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Grecian  sculp- 
tor, who  worked  with  such  extraordinary 
diligence,  that  he  is  said  to  have  left  belli nd 
him  fifteen  hundred  pieces,  every  one  of  which 
evinced  marks  of  superior  genius.  He  i-e- 
ceived  from  Alexander  the  Great  the  singular 
privilege  of  exclusively  making  his  effigy  in 
cast  metal  ;  and  he  accordingly  executed  a 
series  of  figures  of  that  prince,  from  childhood 
to  maturity.  He  greatly  improved  the  art 
of  statuary,  and  gave  to  the  human  figure  a 
degree  of  symmetry  and  beauty  unpractised 
by  his  predecessors. 

LYSONS,  Sajtoel,  an  eminent  antiquarian 
and  topographer,  was  born  in  1763,  at  Rod- 
merton,  in  Gloucestershire  ;  studied  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  ; 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  records  in  the 
Tower  of  London  ;  and  died  in  1819.  His 
works  relate  principally  to  the  Roman  an-  , 
tiquities  in  Britain. 


lyt] 


^  ^eljj  SIm'lJcrsJal  3SiflsrajpI)ti. 


[mac 


LYTE,  Henry,  an  English  botanist  of  the 
IGth  century,  was  a  native  of  Somersetshire. 
After  he  left  Oxford,  he  travelled  to  foreign 
countries  ;  and  having  collected  a  number  of 
rare  plants,  on  his  return,  he  formed  one  of 
the  first  botanical  gardens  in  England.  He 
is  known  as  the  translator  of  "Doedon's 
Herbal."    Born.  1.529  ;  died,  1607.  • 

LYTTLETON,  George,  Lord,  an  elegant 
poet  and  historian,  was  bom  at  Hagley,  in 
Worcestershire,  in  1709  ;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  ond  Christohurch,  Oxford  ;  and,  on 
entering  parliament,  became  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  opposition  while  Walpole  was 
minister.  When  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales, 
formed  a  separate  court,  he  was  appointed 
his  secretary  ;  and,  on  the  resignation  of 
Walpole,  he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  treasury  ;  he  was  subsequently  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  but  resigned  in  1757,  and 
was  raised  to  the  peerage,  after  which  he 
withdrew  from  public  affairs.  Though  in 
early  life  Lord  Lyttleton  had  imbibed  scep- 
tical opinions,  his  works  show  how  sincere  a 
believer  he  afterwards  was  in  the  truths  of 
Christianity.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul," 
"  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,"  a  "  History  of 
Henry  II.,"  and  "  Poems."  The  latter  are 
correct  in  versification  and  replete  with 
delicate  sentiments  ;  nor  are  his  miscellanies 
in  prose  devoid  of  good  taste  and  refinement. 
Died,  1773. 

LYTTLETON,  Thomas,  Ix)rd,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  young  nobleman  of  pro- 
mising talents,  but  of  dissipated  manners ; 


and  whose  death  is  said  to  have  been  pre- 
ceded by  a  very  extraordinary  circumstance- 
He  dreamt  that  a  young  female,  dressed  in 
white,  solemnly  warned  him  of  his  dissolution 
in  three  days  from  that  time.  On  the  third 
day,  his  lordship  had  a  party  to  sjMjnd  the 
evening  with  him,  and  about  the  time  pre- 
dicted he  observed  to  tlie  company  present, 
that  "  he  believed  he  should  jockey  the 
ghost ;"  but  in  a  few  minutes  afterwards  he 
was  seized  with  a  sudden  faintncss,  carried 
to  bed,  and  rose  no  more.  He  died  in  1779, 
aged  35. 

LYTTLETON,  Charles,  a  younger 
brother  of  Lord  George  Lyttleton,  was  born 
in  1714,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford. 
He  first  studied  the  law  ;  but  afterwards  en- 
tered into  orders,  and  rose  to  the  bishopric 
of  Carlisle  in  1748.  He  was  emnient  as  an 
antiquarian,  and,  in  17(j.'>,  was  chosen  pre- 
sident of  the  society,  in  which  station  he 
contributed  several  excellent  papers  to  the 
collection  entitled  Archaaologia.    Died,  17(>8. 

LYTTLETON,  William  Henuy,  Lord, 
was  born  in  1782,  and  educated  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  great  natural  abilities  and  acade- 
mical learning.  On  the  death  of  his  half- 
brother,  William  Fulke,  lord  Lyttleton,  in 
1828,  he  succeeded  to  the  peerage.  In  com- 
pany with  Lord  Lowther,  he  visited  Napo- 
leon on  board  the  Northumberland,  and 
printed  in  1836,  for  private  circulation,  an 
account  of  his  interview  and  conversation 
with  the  fallen  emperor.  He  died  in  May, 
1837. 


M. 


MABILLON,  a  learned  French  Benedic- 
tine, famous  as  a  writer  on  ecclesiastical 
antiquities  and  diplomatics,  was  born  in 
16;J2,  at  Pierre  Mont,  in  Champagne,  and 
studied  at  the  college  of  Rheims.  He  assisted 
D'Acheri  in  his  Spicilegium,  and  published 
several  laborious  works,  among  which  are, 
"De  Diplomatica,"  the  "  Musajuin  Italicum," 
2  vols.;  and  "The  Annals  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Benedict."    Died,  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  BoN!fET  de,  a  French 
abbe',  eminent  as  a  political  and  historical 
writer,  was  the  brother  of  Condillac,  and 
born  at  Grenoble,  in  1709.  He  was  educated 
by  the  Jesuits  at  Lyons,  but  soon  abandoned 
theological  studies  for  Thucydides,  Plutarch, 
and  Livy.  His  works  include  "  Parallele  dcs 
Koinains  et  des  Franpois,"  "  Le  Droit  public 
de  I'Europe,"  "  Observations  sur  les  Grecs," 
"  Observations  sur  les  Romains,"  "  Observa- 
tions sur  I'llistoire  de  la  France,"  "Sur  les 
Constitutions  des  Etat  unis  de  TAmurique," 
&c.,  forming  altogether  1.5  vols.  All  the  wi-it- 
ings  of  this  author  display  deep  thinking,  and 
a  regard  for  the  welfare  of  mankind,  but  his 
manner  is  dictatorial  and  severe.  He  died  in 
178.5. 

MABUSE,  or  MAUBEIJZE,  .Toii.v  ue,  an 
eminent  painter,  was  born  at  Maubeuze,  in 
Haiuault,  in  1499.    Having  obtained  con- 


siderable reputation,  he  visited  England, 
and  resided  sonHj  time  at  the  court  of  IIei\ry 
VIII.  Ue  painted  the  portraits  of  the  royal 
family,  as  well  as  of  the  nobility  ;  but  his 
best  works  arc  an  altar-piece  at  Middleburg, 
representing  the  descent  from  the  cross,  and 
another  of  the  Madonna  and  Child.  He  led 
a  very  intemperate  life  ;  and  having  once 
received  a  piece  of  brocade  for  a  tlress,  to  ap- 
pear before  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  he  sold 
tlie  stuff  at  a  tavern,  and  painted  a  paper 
dress  so  like  it,  that  the  difference  could 
hardly  be  distinguished.    Died,  1502. 

MACABER,  an  early  German  poet ; 
author  of  a  work,  entitled  "  The  Dance  of 
Death,"  consisting  of  a  series  of  dialogues 
between  Death  and  a  number  of  person- 
ages belonging  to  various  ranks  of  society. 
Latin,  English,  and  French  versions  of  it 
have  been  printed ;  and  Holbein's  cele- 
brated paintings  have  contributed  much  to 
this  author's  fame. 

MACADAM,  Jonx  Loudox,  known  as 
the  introducer  of  an  improved  system  of 
road-making,  which  bears  his  name,  was 
descended  from  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family  in  Kirkcudbright,  Scotland,  wliere 
he  was  born  in  1750.  He  was  a  man  of 
science  generally,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
active  services  as  a  magistrate  and  trustee 


mac] 


^  ^etu  Winibttsal  3St0firjqjT)t). 


[mac 


of  roads,  his  attention  was  first  attracted 
to  the  want  of  scientific  principles  in  the 
construction  of  roads.  At  that  time  he  was 
in  his  60th  year,  and  the  subject  continued 
to  occupy  his  leisure  till  he  finally  effected 
what  may  fairly  be  termed  a  national  good. 
Government  appreciating  the  vast  utility  of 
his  plans,  rewarded  him  by  two  grants, 
amounting  together  to  10,000/.,  and  he  was 
offered  tlie  honour  of  knighthood,  which, 
however,  he  declined,  in  consequence  of  liis 
advanced  age,  and  it  was  conferred  on  his 
son,  now  Sir  James  Nicoll  M'Adara.  He 
died  in  November,  1836,  aged  80. 

MACARIUS,  St.  (the  elder),  a  cele- 
brated anchoret  of  the  4th  century,  who 
passed  60  years  in  a  monastery  on  mount 

Sccta,  and  died  about  391 St.  Macarius 

(the  younger)  was  a  monlc  of  Alexandria, 
wiio  being  persecuted  by  the  Arians,  and 
banished  to  an  island,  converted  its  inhabit- 
ants to  Christianity.     Died,  395. 

MACAKTIIY,  Sir  Charles,  an  active 
but  unfortunate  Irish  officer,  who  com- 
manded at  Cape  Coast,  in  1821.  While 
making  preparations  to  repel  the  Ashantees, 
the  king  sent  his  compliments  to  him,  and 
said  he  hoped  to  have  his  head  as  an  orna- 
ment to  his  great  war-drum.  In  1823,  Sir 
Charles  marched  against  the  Ashantees, 
with  a  mixed  force  of  Europeans  and  blacks, 
the  latter  of  whom  ran  away,  and  tlie  whites 
being  defeated,  their  commander  was  cap- 
tured, and  the  victor's  menace  was  fero- 
ciously realised,  Jan.  21.  1824.  In  a  subse- 
quent battle,  the  Ashantees  were  defeated, 
and  this  barbarous  trophy  was  recovered  and 
conveyed  to  his  relations. 

MACARTNEY,  George,  Earl  of,  was 
born  at  Lismore,  near  Belfast,  in  1737  ;  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  and 
afterwards  travelled  on  the  Continent.  He 
was  employed  by  government  on  several 
missions,  particularly  as  ambassador  from 
Great  Britain  to  the  emperor  of  China  in 
1792,  with  a  view  to  extent  our  commerce 
there.  He  conducted  himself  with  great 
address  on  that  occasion  ;  and  an  account  of 
the  mission  was  published  by  Sir  George 
Staunton,  who  acted  as  his  secretary.  The 
embassy  returned  in  1794,  and  the  earl  was 
next  sent  to  Louis  XVIII.,  then  Monsieur, 
at  Verona  ;  after  that,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which 
he  was  compelled,  from  ill  health,  to  resign. 
During  his  retirement  in  Surrey,  he  wrote 
"  The  State  of  Russia  in  1767,"  and  "  The 
State  of  Ireland  in  1773."  As  a  writer  he  is 
candid  and  modest ;  the  Life  of  Earl  Ma- 
cartney has  been  published  in  2  vols. 

MACAULAY,  Catharine,  a  female  his- 
torian, was  the  daughter  of  John  Sawbridge, 
esq.,  of  011antigh,in  Kent,  and  born  in  1730. 
In  1760  she  married  Dr.  George  Macaulay, 
a  physician  in  London  ;  and  after  his  death 
she  married,  in  1778,  Mr.  Graham,  a  clergy- 
man, and  brother  to  the  noted  empiric  of 
that  name.  In  1785  she  went  to  Ameiica, 
for  the  purpose  of  visiting  General  Wash- 
ington, with  whom  slie  maintained  a  cor- 
respondence during  lier  life.  She  died  in 
1791.  Among  her  works  are,  "  The  History 
of  England  from  James  I.  to  the  Accession 
of  tlie  House  of  Hanover,"  8  vols  ;   "  The 


History  of  England  from  the  Revolution  to 
the  present  Time,"  "  Remarks  on  Hobbes's 
Rudiments  of  Government  and  Society," 
"  A  Treatise  on  Moral  Truth,"  "  Letters  on 
Education,"  &c.  The  spirit  in  which  her 
History  of  England  is  written  is  almost 
purely  republican,  which,  although  it  elicits 
a  noble  zeal  for  civil  liberty,  yet,  like  most 
party  productions,  it  frequently  misrepre- 
sents facts,  and  misjudges  motives. 

MACAULAY,  Zachary,F.R.S.,  a  zealous 
co-operator  with  Mr.  Wilberforce  and  other 
distinguished  philanthropists  in  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  British  colonies  ;  to  which 
end  he  liad  devoted  his  eminent  talents  and 
best  energies  for  upwards  of  forty  years.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  distinguished  historian, 
T.  Babington  Macaulay,  esq.  Died,  May  13. 
1838,  aged  70. 

MACAUI-EY,  Elizabeth  Wright,  a 
lady,  who,  in  the  varied  characters  of  an 
actress,  a  lecturer,  and  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel,  was  well  known  both  in  London 
and  the  provinces,  was  born  in  1785.  She 
left  the  stage  on  the  plea  of  ill  health,  and 
became  the  occupant  and  preacher  of  a 
chapel  in  the  metropolis  ;  she  also  occasion- 
ally entertained  audiences  with  dramatic 
recitations  ;  and,  for  the  twelvemonth  pre- 
ceding her  death,  she  was  occui)ied  in  deli- 
vering lectures  on  "  Domestic  Philosophy  " 
in  various  parts  of  England.  Died  at  York, 
1837. 

MACBRIDE,  David,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  bom  at  Ballymony,  in  the  county 
of  Antrim,  in  1727.  He  was  a  surgeon  in 
the  navy  until  1749,  when  he  settled  in 
Dublin,  where  his  industry  and  genius  were 
directed  to  medical  researches,  and  were 
productive  of  discoveries  which  will  trans- 
mit his  name  with  honour  to  posterity.  He 
published  his  "  Experimental  Essays "  in 
1764,  which  work  immediately  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  faculty,  and  procured  for 
the  author  a  doctor's  degree  from  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  ;  but  his  most  extensive 
publication  was  a  "  Methodical  Introduction 
to  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine," 
a  valuable  work,  which  afforded  a  concise 
and  connected  view  of  the  principles  and 
practices  of  the  healing  art,  as  best  estab- 
lished by  sound  reason,  and  confirmed  by 
accurate  observation.  This  work,  which  was 
higlily  appreciated  by  Dr.  Cullen,  was  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  and  published  at  Utrecht. 
He  died  in  1778. 

MAC  CORMICK,  Charles,  an  historian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  bom  in  1744.  He  entered  as 
a  student  in  the  Middle  Temple  ;  but  he 
employed  himself  in  writing  for  the  press. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  The  Secret  His- 
tory of  King  Charles  II.,"  "  The  Reign  of 
George  III.  to  the  Year  1783,"  a  "  Continu- 
ation of  Rapin's  History  of  England," 
"  Night  Reading  for  Leisure  Hours,"  and 
the  "Life  of  the  Right  Honourable  Edmund 
Burke."    Died,  1807. 

MAC  CRIE,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  a  native 
of  Scotland,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh.  In  18(K5  he 
separated  from  the  General  Associate  Synod, 
and  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Associate  Presbytery.      He  was 


mac] 


^  ^tto  ?n[utljcrjsal  ^iosvnp^^* 


[»IAC 


the  author  of  the  Lives  of  "Knox,"  "Mel- 
ville," &c.;  and  a  "  Ilistory  of  the  Progress 
and  Suppression  of  the  Reformation  in 
Italy,  iu  the  16th  Century."  Died,  aged  G3, 
in  1835. 

MAC  CUIXOCn,  John,  M.D.,  was  bom 
in  1773,  at  Guernsey,  aud  evinced  great  pre- 
cocity of  intellect,  lie  was  lirst  placed  at 
the  grammar  school  of  Lostwithiel,  in  Corn- 
wall ;  from  thence,  in  17y<),  he  was  sent  to 
Edinburgh  to  study  medicine  ;  and,  at  the 
very  early  age  of  18,  he  received  the  diploma 
of  a  physician,  being  the  youngest  student 
who  had  ever  passed  the  required  examina- 
tion, lie,  however,  thought  himself  too 
young  to  succeed  as  a  private  practitioner  ; 
and,  after  remaining  at  Edinburgh  5  years, 
he  entered  into  the  artillery  as  assistant- 
surgeon,  and  became  chemist  to  the  ord- 
nauce  in  180.3.  lie  was  afterwards  engaged 
by  government  in  the  surveys  of  Scotland  ; 
and  his  mineralogical  aud  geological  survey 
of  that  portion  of  the  kingdom  is  deemed 
his  most  important  public  work.  In  1832 
hid  able  map  of  it  was  completed,  and  he 
received  from  government  the  sum  of  7000Z. 
He  also  wrote  many  scientifle  works.  His 
studies,  or  pursuits,  were  innumerable  ;  and 
he  is  said  to  have  excelled  in  all,  however 
dissimilar.  He  held  the  situation  of  lecturer 
on  chemistry,  &c.  in  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's establishment  at  Addiscombe.  In 
1835,  when  in  the  C2nd  year  of  his  age,  he 
married  ;  and  while  on  a  visit  to  some  of 
his  old  friends  in  Cornwall,  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  thrown  out  of  a  chaise,  by 
which  he  so  much  injured  one  of  his  legs  as 
to  render  amputation  indispensable.  He 
bore  the  operation  with  firmness,  and  even 
deliberately  gave  directions  to  the  surgeon 
while  performing  it ;  but  all  attempts  to 
save  liim  proved  abortive.  He  died,  August, 
1835. 

MACDIARMID,  John,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  1779,  at  Weem,  in 
Perthshire  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  and  on 
coming  to  London,  became  editor  of  the 
St.  James's  Chronicle.  He  published  "  An 
Inquiry  into  the  System  of  Military  De- 
fence," 2  vols.  ;  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Na- 
ture of  Civil  and  Military  Subordination," 
and  "  Lives  of  British  Statesmen."  Died, 
1808. 

MACDONALD,Etienne  Jacques  Joseph 
Alkxamire,  duke  of  Tarentum,  and  a  distin- 
guished marshal  of  France,  was  born  at  Se- 
dan, in  France,  17G5.  Descended  from  a  Scotch 
family,  which  had  taken  refuge  in  France 
after  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  Scot- 
land in  1745,  he  entered  the  French  army  in 
1784,  and  embracing  the  revolutionary  cause, 
served  on  the  staff  of  Dumourier  at  Je- 
mappes,  and  greatly  distinguished  himself 
in  the  cami)aign  in  the  Low  Countries  under 
General  Pichegru.  In  1796,  as  general  of 
division,  he  took  the  command  of  the  army 
of  the  Rhine  ;  he  then  joined  the  army  of 
Italy,  where  he  became  governor  of  Rome  ; 
and  having  soon  afterwards  been  sent  against 
Naples,  his  skilful  retreat  saved  the  French 
army  from  the  utter  ruin  with  which  it  was 
menaced  by  Stiwarrow.  During  the  18th  Bru- 
maire,  he  commanded  at  Versailles.  In  1800 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 


army  in  Switzerland,  and  immortalised  his 
name  in  military  annals  by  his  celebrated 
passage  of  the  Splugen.  In  1802  he  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  the  court  of 
Copenhagen  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Paris, 
Napoleon  marked  his  displeasure  at  some 
expressions  he  had  made  use  of  in  reference  to 
his  treatment  of  Moreau,  by  withdrawing  him 
from  active  service.  But  in  1809  he  once  more 
took  part  in  the  Italian  campaign,  shared 
tlie  glories  of  the  victories  at  Laybach,  Raab, 
and  Wagram,  his  gallant  conduct  in  the  last 
earning  for  him  a  marshal's  baton  at  the 
emperor's  hands,  and  was  appointed  governor 
of  Griltz,  where  his  humanity  gained  him 
"  golden  opinions  from  all  ranks  of  people." 
In  1810  he  was  created  duke  of  Tarentum, 
and  appointed  to  command  in  Catalonia, 
where,  contrary  to  his  wont,  he  displayed 
great  inhumanity,  lie  subsequently  shared  | 
in  the  Russian  campaign,  aud  distinguished  I 
himself  in  the  battles  of  Bautzen  and  Lut- 
zcn  ;  but  met  with  a  severe  reverse  at  Katz- 
bach,  where  he  had  imprudently  engaged 
Marshal  Blucher  with  a  greatly  inferior 
force.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  he  was 
called  to  the  chamber  of  peers,  and  made 
chancellor  of  the  legion  of  honour ;  but  he 
took  little  or  no  part  in  politics,  and  his  lost 
years  were  spent  in  domestic  quiet.  Died, 
1840. 

MACDONALD,  John,  F.R.S.,  only  eon 
of  the  celebrated  Flora  Macdonald,  who  so 
materially  assisted  in  the  escape  of  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  in  1746,  was  born  in  1759. 
He  passed  many  years  in  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company,  and  attained  the  rank 
of  captain  in  the  corps  of  engineers  on  the 
Bengal  establishment.  On  his  return  home 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
royal  Clanalpine  regiment,  and  command- 
ant of  the  royal  Edinburgh  artillery.  But 
it  is  as  a  writer  on  military  tactics,  and  as  a 
man  of  science,  that  Colonel  Maclonald  is 
especially  er.titled  to  our  notice.  His  pro- 
ductions relative  to  the  art  of  war  are  chiefly 
translations  from  the  French,  and  consist  of 
"  The  Experienced  Officer,"  "  Rules  and 
Regulations  for  the  Field  Exercise  and  Man- 
oeuvres of  Infantry,"  "  Instructions  for  the 
Conduct  of  Infantry  on  Actual  Service," 
&c.  ;  besides  which  he  produced,  in  1808.  a 
"Treatise  on  Telegraphic  Communication, 
Naval,  Military,  and  Political ;"  and,  in  1816, 
a  "Telegraphic  Dictionary,"  extending  to 
150.000  words,  phrases,  and  sentences.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  liie  he  resided  at  Exeter, 
where  he  died,  aged  72,  in  1831. 

MACE',  Francis,  a  popular  French  eccle- 
siastic, born  at  Paris,  in  1640,  who  was  cele- 
brated both  for  his  preaching  and  his  theo- 
logical writings.  He  was  the  author  of  "  A 
Chronological  Abridgment,  Historical  and 
Moral,  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  2 
vols.  •,  "  History  of  the  Four  Ciceros,"  "  An 
Analysis  of  the  Works  of  Saint  Augustin," 
&c.     Died,  1721. 

MACE,  Thomas,  an  English  musician,  who 
was  an  excellent  performer  on  the  lute.  He 
published  a  work,  entitled  "Music's  Monu- 
ment, or  a  Remembrance  of  the  best  Practical 
Music,"  &c.     Died,  1670. 

MACEDONIUS,  a  prelate  of  Constanti- 
nople in  the  4th  century.    The  Arians  made 


mac] 


^  ^ctu  Hm'bcr^al  IJiatji-apT^ii. 


[mac 


him  bishop  of  that  see,  in  opposition  to  Panl, 
whom'  tlie  orthodox  party  liad  cho?en  ;  but 
lie  was  ultimately  deposed,  lie  maintained 
that  the  Holy  Ghost  was  not  a  person,  but 
a  divine  energy  diffused  tliroughout  the  uni- 
verse. 

MACFARLANE,  Hexry,  an  historical 
writer,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1734,  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  He  came  when 
young  to  I^ondon  ;  was  for  some  years  a 
reporter  of  speeches  in  parliament ;  and 
afterwards  kept  a  r.espectable  seminary  at 
Walthamstow.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"History  of  George  III.,"  an  "Essay  on 
the  Authenticity  of  Ossian,"  "An  Address 
to  the  People  of  Britain,"  &c.  Died,  from 
l)ruise3  received  at  the  Brentford  election,  in 
1804. 

MACHIAVEL,  or  MACCHIAVELLI, 
Nicholas,  a  celebrated  political  writer  and 
historian,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  14(59,  of 
a  noble  family,  whose  members  had  en- 
joyed the  highest  dignities  in  the  republic. 
On  account  of  his  distinguished  talents,  he 
was  very  early  appointed  chancellor  of  liis 
native  state,  and  not  long  afterwards  ad- 
vanced to  the  post  of  secretary;  When 
Florence  had  recovered  her  liberty,  by  the 
expulsion  of  tlie  Medici,  he  was  several 
times  charged  with  important  embassies, 
which  were  of  great  use  to  the  commonwealth. 
On  the  return  of  the  Medici  to  Florence, 
he  was  deprived  of  his  post ;  and  being  af- 
terwards accused  of  participating  in  a  con- 
spiracy, he  was  imprisoned,  put  to  the  tor- 
ture, and  banished  ;  all  which  he  endured 
with  a  firmness  approaching  to  indifference. 
Having  returned  to  his  native  country,  tlie 
favour  and  confidence  shown  him  by  the 
Medici  alienated  him  from  the  afiections 
of  tlie  Florentines  j  and  he  died  in  indigent 
circumstances,  in  1527.  His  chief  works 
are,  "The  History  of  Florence,"  "The 
Life  of  Castruecio  'Castracani,"  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Alilitary  Art,"  and  "  The  Prince." 
This  last  work,  if  taken  literally,  contains 
the  most  pernicious  maxims  of  government, 
founded  on  the  vilest  iJrinciples  :  hence  the 
word  Machiavellisin  is  used  to  denote  that 
system  of  policy  which  disregards  every  law, 
liuman  or  divine,  to  effect  its  purposes. 
There  are  many,  however,  who  regard  it 
rather  as  a  covert  satire  upon  tyrannj',  than 
as  a  manual  for  a  tyrant ;  while  others 
think  it  a  work  full  'of  valuable  counsel 
for  a  prince,  to  whom  all  eyes  in  Italy 
were  turned  for  deliverance  from  foreign 
thraldom. 

MACHIN,  John,  an  English  astronomer 
of  tlie  18th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
tiie  "  Laws  of  the  Moon's  Motions,"  pub- 
lished with  Newton's  Principia  ;  and  other 
works.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Gresham  College,  and  secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society. 

MACK,  CiiAELES,  Baron  von,  an  Aus- 
trian general,  notorious  for  his  ill- con- 
certed military  operations,  was  born  in 
1752,  at  Neuslingen,  in  Franconia.  He  en- 
tered the  army  as  a  private  in  a  regiment 
of  dragoons,  but  gradually  rose  till  he  be- 
came aide-de-camp  to  General  Laudhon,  who 
strongly  recommended  him  to  the  emperor, 
As  quarter-raaster-general  of  tlie   army  of 


the  Prince  of  Coburg,  he  directed  the  opera- 
tions of  the  campaign  of  1793  ;  and  was 
afterwards  employed  in  negotiating  with 
Dumourier.  At  that  time  the  plans  and 
proposals  of  Mack  were  so  much  extolled, 
that  he  was  sent  to  London  to  concert 
measures  with  the  English  ministers.  George 
III.  gave  him  a  sword  ornamented  with 
diamonds  ;  and  Mr.  Pitt  so  wholly  approved 
of  his  propositions,  that  he  hastened  his 
return,  in  order  that  tlie  allied  army  might 
benefit  by  his  plans.  In  1797  he  commanded 
the  Neapolitan  troops,  but  was  so  out-gene- 
ralled,  tliat  he  resigned  the  command,  and 
surrendered  himself  a  prisoner  of  war.  Buo- 
naparte, then  consul,  allowed  him  to  reside 
at  Paris,  on  his  parole  ;  upon  which  Mack  re- 
quested permission  to  go  to  Vienna,  tliat  he 
might  prevail  upon  the  emperor  to  exchange 
him  for  Generals  Perignon  and  Grouchy  ;  a 
request  which  the  court  of  Vienna  refused. 
Mack  then  secretly  formed  a  plan  of  es- 
cape, which  he  effected,  and  took  with  him 
as  companion  of  his  flight  from  Paris,  in 
April  1800,  Mdlle.  Louise,  a  courtezan  of 
some  celebrity.  Arrived  in  Austria,  he  per- 
suaded his  countrymen  that  his  ill  success 
had  arisen  solely  from  the  cowardice  and 
disorderly  conduct  of  the  Neapolitans.  The 
emperor  Francis  believed  his  assertion,  and 
confided  to  him,  in  1804,  the  command  of 
his  troops  in  the  Tyrol,  Dalmatia,  and 
Italy  ;  and  in  the  following  year  made  him 
president  of  the  council  of  war.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1805,  Marshal  Soult  defeated  Mack 
at  Menningen  ;  he  quailed  before  Napo- 
leon, who  forced  him  to  retreat  beyond  the 
Danube  ;  and  in  October  he  surrendered 
Ulm,  by  which  28,000  of  the  Austrians  be- 
came prisoners.  Mack  once  more  presented 
himself  at  Vienna  ;  but  he  was  subjected  to 
a  courtmartial,  and  was  sentenced  to  death, 
which  the  emperor  commuted  to  perpetual 
imprisonment,  and  even  from  that  he  was 
released  at  the  end  of  one  year.  Died  in 
1829. 

MACKAY,  Andrew,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
mathematician  ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on 
the  Longitude,"  2  vols.,  and  a  contributor 
to  Rees's  CyclopsEdia.    Died,  1809. 

MACKENZIE,  Geoiige  ;  author  of  "The 
Lives  and  Characters  of  the  most  Eminent 
Writers  of  the  Scottish  Nation,"  &c.,  a  work 
of  considerable  research  and  authority.  He 
practised  as  a  physician  at  Edinburgh,  in 
the  17th  century. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  GEonoE,  an  ingenious 
lawyer  and  writer,  was  born  at  Dundee,  in 
1636  ;  became  an  eminent  advocate  j  and 
gained  from  the  covenanters  the  appellation 
of  "blood-thirsty."  When  James  II.  ab- 
rogated the  papal  laws  he  resigned,  but  was 
afterwards  restored  by  that  prince.  Not 
approving  the  measures  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  he  again  retired  and  went  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  died  in  1G91.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral works  of  merit  on  the  laws  of  Scotland  ; 
"  A  Defence  of  the  Antiquity  of  the  Royal 
Line  of  Scotland,"  "  Essays  on  Moral 
Subjects,"  and  some  poetical  pieces. 

MACKENZIE,  George,  viscount  Tarhat 
and  earl  of  Cromarty,  was  born  of  a  noble 
family,  nearly  related  to  that  of  Sir  George 
Mackenzie.     He  distinguished  liimself  by 


mac] 


^  ifletD  CIm'lJfnJaT  JStajjraj)]^^' 


[mac 


his  loyalty,  for  which,  after  the  Restora- 
tion, he  was  made  a  senator  of  tlie  college 
of  justice,  clerk  of  the  jjiivy  council,  and 
justice-general.  James  II.  raised  hira  to 
the  peerage,  and  queen  Anne  made  him 
secretary  of  state  and  earl  of  Cromarty. 
Hedicd,  aged88,  in  1714. 

MACKENZIE,  IIekky,  an  essayist  and 
elegant  writer  of  works  of  fiction,  was  the 
son  of  an  eminent  pliysician  at  Edinburgh, 
and  boru  in  174.').  He  received  a  liberal 
education  ;  and,  in  1746,  became  an  attor- 
ney in  the  Scottish  court  of  exchequer.  His 
first  production  was  "  The  Man  of  Feel- 
ing," which  soon  acquired  unbounded  po- 
pularity :  this  was  followed  by  "  The  Man 
of  the  World,"  and  he  subsequently  pro- 
duced a  third,  "Julia  de  Koubignt'."  He 
next,  in  conjunction  with  other  literary 
characters,  published  a  series  of  Essays, 
under  the  title  of  '•  The  Mirror,"  and  after- 
wards "The  Lounger."  He  also  contri- 
buted many  excellent  papers  to  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 
and  of  the  Highland  Society,  of  both  of 
which  he  was  a  member.  His  dramatic 
works  were  by  no  means  so  successful : 
they  consist  of  two  tragedies,  "The  Prince 
of  Tunis  "  and  "  The  Shipwreck,"  and  of 
two  comediee,  "The  Force  of  Fashion" 
and  "The  White  Hypociite."  He  was  the 
author  of  a  political  tract,  entitled  "  An 
Account  of  the  Proceedings  of  tlie  Parlia- 
ment of  1784  ;  "  and  at  the  commencement 
of  tlie  French  revolution  he  published  se- 
veral others,  with  the  view  of  counteract- 
ing the  prevalence  of  democratic  princi- 
ples at  home,  w)\ich  introduced  him  to  the 
notice  of  Mr.  Pitt,  and  some  years  after 
he  was  appointed  comptroller  of  the  taxes 
for  Scotland,  an  office  which  he  held  till 
his  death.  For  highly  wrought  scenes  of 
pathos,  and  for  the  graces  of  style,  Mac- 
kenzie has  but  few  rivals  :  his  novels,  tales, 
and  essays  can  never  fail  to  please  ;  but 
his  dramatic  writings  are  deficient  in  strik- 
ing characters,  so  essential  to  scenic  repre- 
sentations. In  his  earliest  youth  he  had 
opportunities  of  becoming  acquainted  with 
Hume,  Smith,  Robertson,  Blair,  and  others, 
who  then  formed  the  literary  galaxy  of 
Edinburgh  ;  and  his  days  being  protracted 
to  a  healthy  old  age,  his  reminiscences  of 
tlie  great  men  whom  lie  had  so  long  sur- 
vived were  highly  interesting.  He  died  in 
1831,  aged  8.5. 

MACKEY,  Jons,  an  Englishman,  who 
basely  betrayed  James  II.  by  giving  inform- 
ation of  every  secret  with  which  he  was 
intrusted,  to  William.  He  wrote  a  "Pic- 
ture of  the  Court  of  St.  Germain"  and 
"Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  England,  in  the 
Reigns  of  William  and  Anne,"  both  of 
wliich  abound  with  many  curious  anec- 
dotes. 

MACKINNON,  Daniel,  Colonel ;  a  gal- 
lant British  soldier,  and  nephew  to  General 
Mackinnon,  who  was  killed  at  the  storming 
of  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  He  entered  the  army 
at  the  early  age  of  fourteen,  and  was  im- 
mediately sent  to  the  siege  of  Copenhagen, 
tlien  to  Bremen,  and  the  next  year  to  tlie 
Peninsula,  where  he  was  present  in  nearly 
all  the  great  battles ;  his  cool  daring,  ex- 


traordinary activity,  and  amiable  disposi- 
tion rendering  liim  an  e.ipecial  favourite. 
He  was  also  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
where  he  eminently  distinguished  himself. 
He  wrote  tlie  "History  of  the  Coldstream 
Guards,"  a  work  containing  much  inter- 
esting information.    Died,  183(5,  aged  40. 

MACKINTOSH,  Sir  James,  a  celebrated 
British  statesman,  was  born  in  Inverness,  in 
17C0.  His  fattier.  Captain  Mackintosh,  in- 
tended him  for  tlie  medical  profession,  and 
conferred  on  him  an  excellent  education. 
In  1787,  after  taking  his  degree  of  M.  D.,  ho 
repaired  to  the  Continent,  and  establislied 
himself  at  Leyden,  to  improve  his  knowledge 
of  the  medical  art.  He  preferred,  however, 
the  study  of  law  to  that  of  medicine  ;  and, 
after  tlie  deatli  of  his  father,  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  the  study  necessary  for  the  bar. 
The  French  revolution,  which  had  just  then 
commenced,  gave  a  new  impulse  to  his  mind, 
and  politics  and  legislation  became  the  para- 
mount objects  of  his  attention.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  other  partisans  of  reform,  he  pub- 
lished several  works  in  advocacy  of  this 
cause,  especially  his  *•  Vindicias  Gallicas," 
or  defence  of  the  French  revolution,  against 
the  strictures  and  accusations  of  Edmund 
Burke.  But  it  is  said  that  an  interview 
with  this  celebrated  statesman  changed  Sir 
James's  opinions  —  some  alleging  sincere 
conviction,  some  political  interest,  as  the 
cause.  However  this  may  be,  the  change 
produced  ministerial  favour,  and  he  was 
appointed,  by  Pitt  and  Loughborough,  a 
professor  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  where,  in  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  constitution  of 
England,  he  exhibited  himself  as  an  un- 
compromising censor  of  the  doctrines  he 
had  approved  in  the  "Vindiciaj  Gallicas." 
It  was  Sir  James  Mackintosh  who  under- 
took the  defence  of  the  emigrant,  M.  Peltier, 
for  a  libel  tfn  Buonaparte  in  the  Ambigu; 
and  his  address,  eloquence,  and  profound 
knowledge  of  the  law  contributed  greatly 
to  the  slight  penalty  which  was  awarded  to 
his  client,  and  to  the  frustrated  expectations 
of  the  first  consul.  Shortly  after  this,  in 
1803,  he  was  appointed  by  the  existing  mi- 
nistry recorder  of  Bombay  ;  and  his  admi- 
nistration there  rendered  him  highly  popular, 
especially  his  able  protection  of  the  rights  of 
native  and  British  subjects.  He  also  estab- 
lished a  literary  society  there,  and  became 
its  president.  On  returning  to  England,  he 
was  elected  member  of  parliament  for  Nairn  ; 
and,  from  this  time,  joined  and  co-operated 
Willi  the  popular  party.  In  181G-17,  he  op- 
posed the  green-bag  and  spy  system  —  con- 
curred with  Lord  Milton  in  a  motion  for 
reducing  tlie  army  —  voted  with  Lord  Al- 
thorp  against  the  severe  restrictions  of  the 
Alien  Bill,  and  against  Lord  Castlereagh's 
measures  generally.  In  1818  he  made  his 
first  celebrated  motion  for  amending  the 
criminal  laws.  During  the  Canning  admi- 
nistration of  1827,  Sir  James  acted  in  con- 
currence with  the  premier,  and  held  office 
for  a  short  time,  but  went  out  on  its  diasolu- 
tion  ;  and,  on  the  fall  of  the  Wellington 
ministry  in  1830,  joined  Lord  Grey's,  which 
succeeded  it,  as  president  of  the  India  board. 
Besides  the  "  Vindiciae  Gallicae,"  Sir  James 
Mackintosh  published  '•  The  Regency  Ques- 


mac] 


^  0t^  SHutljer^al  33t0tjnjpfjii. 


[mac 


tion,"  "  Discourse  on  the  Study  of  the  Law 
of  Nature  and  Nations,"  and  a  "History  of 
England,"  in  parts.  He  was  also  an  exten- 
sive contributor  to  the  Edinburgh  Review, 
and  his  essays  and  reviews  liave  been  pub- 
lislied  separately.    Died,  1832. 

MACKI.IN,  Charlks,  a  celebrated  vete- 
ran actor  and  dramatist,  whose  real  name 
was  Mac  Laughlin,  was  born  in  the  county 
of  Westmeath,  Ireland,  in  1G90.  He  came 
to  London,  and  appeared  as  a  performer  at 
the  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  in  172.5  ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1741  that  he  established 
his  reputation  as  an  actor,  by  his  admirable 
and  still  unrivalled  performance  of  Shylock. 
He  continued  on 'the  stage  until  1789;  but, 
during  the  last  years  of  his  life,  his  under- 
standing became  impaired,  and  he  died  in 
1797,  at  the  patriarchal  age  of  107.  His 
"Man  of  the  World,"  a  comedy,  exposes 
meanness,  sycophancy,  and  political  servility, 
with  considerable  skill ;  and  his  "  Love  k  la 
Mode,"  a  very  popular  farce,  also  attests 
the  talents  of  its  autlior.  During  his  long 
continuance  on  the  stage  he  experienced  the 
usual  vicissitudes  of  theatrical  life  ;  but  he 
was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  rights  of  his 
professional  brethren,  and,  though  dictatorial 
and  irascible,  a  most  entertaining  companion, 
and  a  steady  friend. 

MACKNIGUT,  Jamcs,  a  learned  Scottish 
divine,  was  born  in  1721,at  IrNine,  in  Argyle- 
shire;  and  was  ordained  minister  of  Maybole, 
where  he  composed  his  "  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels"  and  his  "New  Translation  of  the 
Epistles."  In  17G3,  he  became  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Eiinburgh,  and  was  employed 
nearly  30  years  in  the  execution  of  his  last  and 
greatest  work,  viz.  "  New  Translation  from 
the  Greek  of  all  the  Apostolical  Epistles," 
with  commentaries  and  notes.    Died,  1800. 

MACLAINE,  xVrciiibald,  a  learned  di- 
vine, born  at  Monaglian,  in  Ireland,  where 
his  father  was  a  dissenting  minister,  is  ad- 
vantageously known  by  his  "Letters  to 
Soame  Jenyns  on  h.is  View  of  the  In- 
terniil  Evidence  of  Christianity,"  a  trans- 
lation of  Mosheim's  Ecclesiastical  History, 
and  a  volume  of  miscellaneous  sermons. 
Died,  1804. 

MACLAURIN,  Colin,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, who  was  born  at  Kilmoddan, 
in  Scotland,  in  lt)98,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  Glasgow,  where  he  applied 
himself  assiduously  to  the  study  of  the  ma- 
thematics, lu  1717  he  obtained  the  mathe- 
matical professorship  in  the  Marisehal  Col- 
lege of  Aberdeen,  and  in  172.5  was  elected 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1734  he  entered  the  lists  against  Berkeley, 
which  produced  his  excellent  "Treatise  on 
Fluxions."  He  also  wrote  several  papers  in 
the  Pliilosophical  Transactions  ;  a  treatise, 
entitled  "  Geometria  Organica,"  another  on 
"Algebra,"  and  "An  Account  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton's  Philosophical  Discoveries."  In 
the  rebellion  of  174.5  he  took  so  active  a  part 
in  fortifying  Edinburgh,  that  when  the 
Pretender  approached  with  his  forces,  Mr. 
Maclaurin  deemed  it  prudent  to  retire  to 
York,  where  he  was  entertained  by  Arch- 
bishop Herring,  in  whose  palace  he  died,  in 
174«J. 

MACLAURIN,  JoiiN-,  Lord  Deeghorn, 


son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1734  ;  was  admitted  a  member  of 
the  faculty  of  advocates  ;  and  in  1787  was 
raised  to  the  bench  by  the  title  of  lord  Dreg- 
horn.  His  works  are,  "  An  Essay  on  Lite- 
rary Property,"  "  A  Collection  of  Criminal 
Cases,"  and  an  "  Essay  on  Patronage."  Died, 
1796. 

MACLEAN,  Lktitia  Elizabeth,  better 
known  as  Miss  Landon,  or  L.  E.  L.,  a  ce- 
lebrated English  poetess,  was  born  in  Hans 
Place,  Chelsea,  1802.  At  a  very  early  age, 
she  attracted  the  notice  of  the  reading  public 
by  her  spirited  short  poems,  published  in 
the  Literary  Gazette.  The  reputation  she 
thus  acquired  was  so  great,  that  rival  pub- 
lishers vied  with  each  other  in  endeavouring 
to  obtain  her  aid  ;  and,  at  one  time,  the 
Annuals  were  scarcely  thought  complete  if 
they  did  not  contain  a  contribution  from 
L.  E.  L.  The  temptation  thus  held  out  to 
hasty  composition,  however  profitable,  must 
of  necessity  have  detracted  from  the  power 
of  the  poetess,  and  accordingly  we  find  her 
poems  too  frequently  recurring  to  the  same 
theme.  If  L.  E.  L.,  however,  sometimes  fell 
into  the  too  common  error  of  those  yoimg 
writers  who  think  that  to  wail  and  be  poetical 
are  one  and  the  same  thing,  her  later  writings 
amply  atoned  for  it.  In  her  novels  more  es- 
pecially, there  was  a  vigour  and  cheerfulness, 
as  well  as  a  depth  and  clearness  of  thought, 
which  led  us  to  liope  that,  beautiful  as  much 
of  her  early  poetry  really  was,  we  should, 
during  many  long  years,  have  to  welcome 
writing  from  her  pen  which  would  not  merely 
far  surpass  them  in  value  and  beauty,  but 
make  them  appear  to  have  been  the  mere 
preparations  for  a  loftier  and  more  daring 
flight.  Her  shorter  compositions,  in  the 
shape  of  contributions  to  the  periodicals,  are 
almost  innumerable  ;  in  addition  to  those, 
she  published  "  The  Improvisatrice,"  "  The 
Troubadour,"  "The  Golden  Violet"  "The 
Golden  Bracelet,"  and  the  "  Vow  of  the 
Peacock,"  all  in  verse ;  and  three  prose 
novels, "  Romance  and  Reality,"  "  Francesca 
Carrara,"  and  "  Ethel  Churchill."  In  June, 
1838,  she  was  married  to  George  Maclean, 
esq.,  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  and 
proceeded  thither  with  him.  Being  much 
afflicted  with  spasms,  she  was  in  the  habit  of 
taking  a  powerful  medicine,  and  her  death  is 
attributed  to  her  having  incautiously  taken 
an  overdose.    Died,  Oct.  15.  1838. 

MACLEOD,  John,  M.D.,  a  medical  prac- 
titioner, born  about  1782,  at  Bunhill,  in 
Dumbartonshire,  Scotland.  He  made  several 
voyages  as  a  naval  surgeon,  and  accompanied 
the  embassy  to  China,  under  Lord  Amherst. 
On  his  return  he  published  "  The  Voyage  of 
the  Alceste  to  the  Island  of  Lewchew  ;"  and 
died  in  1820. 

MACNALLY,  Leoxard,  a  lawyer  and 
dramatist,  was  born  in  Dublin,  in  ]7i)2,  and, 
after  studying  at  the  Middle  Temple,  was 
called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1776.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  The  Rules  of  Evidence,"  2  vols.  ; 
and  "  The  Irish  Justice  of  the  Peace,"  2  vols. 
His  theatrical  productions  are, "  Fashionable 
Levities,"  a  comedy;  "Richard  Cueur  de 
Lion,"  an  opera  ;  "  Robinhood,  or  Sherwood 
Forest,"  a  comic  opera  ;  and  "Retaliation," 
a  farce.    Died,  1820, 


mac] 


^  JlftD  ?autl)««al  23i0arapl)B. 


[mad 


M'NICOL,  Rev.  Dr.  Doxald,  a  Celtic  an- 
tiquarian writer,  well  known  as  the  author 
of  "  Remarks  on  Johnson's  Journey  to  the 
Hebrides,"  1  vol.  8vo.  1773,  was  born  at  the 
farm  of  Sococh,  in  the  parish  of  Clacliandy- 
sart,  in  1735.  He  was  minister  of  Saddel 
and  Skipness,  previous  to  his  translation  to 
Lismore  and  Appin.to  whicli  united  parishes 
he  was  admitted  minister  on  the  15th  Jul^, 
176<5.  Dr.  M'Nichol  was  deeply  versed  in 
Gaelic  literature  and  antiquities,  as  his  "  Re- 
marks "  so  amply  testify.  Tlie  great  research 
and  thorough  knowledge  of  his  subject,  added 
to  tlie  keen  spirit  of  satire  wliich  pervades 
every  line,  rendered  him  more  than  a  match 
for  the  "  literary  Colossus,"  whose  otherwise 
vigorous  intellect  was  obscured  by  the  inista 
of  prejudice  and  a  total  ignorance  of  Scot- 
land and  the  Scotch.    Died,  1»02. 

MACNISII,  RoBKUT,  M.D.  and  LL.D., 
better  known  as  "  the  modern  Pythagorean  " 
(the  name  affixed  to  most  of  his  contributions 
to  different  magazines),  was  born  in  Glasgow, 
1802.  Thougli  enjoying  considerable  practice 
as  a  physician,  he  found  leisure  to  engage 
in  literary  pursuits  ;  and  his  "  Anatomy  of 
Drunkenness,"  "  Philosoplxy  of  Sleep,"  "  Ale- 
tempsychosis,"  and  "  Book  of  Aphorisms," 
have  gained  for  him  a  high  place  among  the 
most  thoughtful  writers  of  his  age.  Died, 
1837. 

MACPHERSON,  James,  a  writer  distin- 
guished for  his  translations  or  imitations  of 
ancient  Gaelic  poems,  was  born  at  Kiug- 
cusie,  in  Inverness,  in  1738.  Having,  m 
1760,  produced  "Fragments  of  Ancient 
Poetry,  translated  from  the  Gaelic  or  Erse 
Language,"  they  wer«  so  well  received,  that 
a  subscription  was  formed  to  enable  the 
author  to  collect  additional  specimens  of 
national  poetry.  The  result  of  his  researches 
waa  "  Fingal,  an  Antient  Epic  Poem,  in  six 
books,"  together  with  several  other  poems 
(professedly  translated  from  originals),  by 
C)3sian,.  the  son  of  Fingal,  a  Gaelic  prince 
of  the  3rd  century,  and  his  contemporaries. 
Dr.  Johnson  treated  him  as  an  impostor,  and 
a  violent  controversy  ensued  concerning  their 
authenticity.  From  the  evidence  of  the  con- 
tending parties,  it  may  be  concluded,  that 
Macpherson's  prose  epics  were  founded  on 
traditional  narratives  current  among  the 
Highlanders ;  but  the  date  of  the  oldest  of 
their  lays  is  comparatively  modern  ;  and  it 
is  now  impossible  to  ascertain  the  precise  ex- 
tent of  his  obligations  to  the  Gaelic  bards  of 
former  ages.  In  1764  he  accompanied  go- 
vernor Johnstone  to  Florida,  as  secretary. 
After  his  return  he  translated  the  Iliad  into 
Ossianic  prose  ;  wrote  a  "  History  of  Great 
Britain,  from  the  Restoration  to  the  Accession 
of  the  House  of  Hanover  ;"  and  also  employed 
his  pen  in  vindicating  the  measures  of  go- 
vernment during  the  American  war.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  agent  to  the  nabob  of 
Arcot,  became  a  member  of  Parliament,  and 
died  in  1790. 

MACQUER.  Pkteu  Joseph,  an  eminent 
chemist,  born  at  Paris,  in  1718.  He  wrote  in 
the  Journal  des  Savans,  from  1768  to  1776, 
the  articles  relating  to  natural  philosoi)hy, 
medicine,  chemistry,  anatomy,  &c.  ;  and  he 
published  "  Elemens  de  Chimie,"  &c.  Died, 
1784 liis  brother  PiiiLii-  was  the  author 


of  an  "Ecclesiastical  History,"  3  vols.,  and 
several  other  historical  works.    Died,  1770. 

MACROBIUS,  AuKELius  Ambkosius 
Theodosius,  a  Latin  author,  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  Theodosius.  He  held  the 
consular  dignity  ;  and  was  the  author  of  a 
miscellaneous  work,  entitled  "  Saturnalia," 
curious  for  its  criticisms,  and  valuable  for 
the  light  it  throws  upon  the  manners  and 
customs  of  antiquity.  He  wrote  other  works, 
and  died  about  the  year  420. 

MADAN,  Maktix,  an  Englisli  divine, 
was  born  in  1720,  and  was  educated  for  the 
bar,  but  took  orders,  and  became  a  popular 
preacher  at  the  Lock  chapel,  till,  by  publish- 
ing an  apology  for  polygamy,  in  a  work  en- 
titled "Thelyphthora,"  he  lost  his  popularity, 
and  retired  from  the  pulpit.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  A  Commentary  on  the  Articles  of 
the  Church  of  England,"  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Christian  Faith,"  and  the  translator  of  Juve- 
nal and  Persius His  brother.  Dr.  Si'EN- 

CEK  Madan,  became  successivelj^  bishop  of 
Bristol  and  Peterborough  ;  and  died  in  1813. 

MADDEN,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  Irish  clergy- 
man, born  in  1687,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  introduced  the 
scheme  for  promoting  learning  by  premiums 
at  the  quarterly  examinations.  In  1732  he 
published  the  first  volume  of  "Memoirs  of 
the  Twentieth  Century,  or  Original  Letters 
of  State  under  George  the  Sixth  ;"  which 
was  intended  to  form  0  vols.  This  work  had 
excited  considerable  notice,  and  been  brought 
out  with  extraordinary  dispatch,  but  the 
rapidity  with  which  it  was  bought  up,  was 
still  more  surprising,  900  out  of  the  1(K>0 
copies  that  were  printed  being  recalled  and 
destroyed  v.  ithin  a  week  of  its  publication. 
He  founded  a  society  at  Dublin  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  arts,  in  1740,  similar  to 
that  which  was  afterwards  established  in 
London.  In  1744  he  published  "  Boulter's 
Monument,"  a  poem  ;  and  a  play,  entitled 
"  Themistocles."    Died,  1765. 

MADDOX,  Isaac,  an  English  prelate, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1697.  Being  left  an 
orphan,  he  was  taken  under  the  care  of  a 
relation,  who  placed  him  with  a  pastry-cook ; 
but  he  soon  left  that  situation,  and  went  to 
Scotland  with  a  view  of  obtaining  at  St. 
Andrew's  a  cheap  but  solid  education,  and 
eventually  becoming  a  minister  of  the  kirk. 
The  tenets  and  discipline  of  Presbyterianism, 
however,  not  being  congenial  with  his  senti- 
ments, he  returned  to  England,  entered  at 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  was  episcopally 
ordained,  and  rose  so  rapidly,  that  in  1733 
he  was  made  dean  of  Wells.  In  1730  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  ;  whence, 
in  1743,  he  was  translated  to  Worcester, 
where  he  died  in  1759.  Bishop  Maddox 
published  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Church  of 
England,"  in  answer  to  Neal's  History  of 
the  Puritans  ;  and  14  occasional  sermons. 

MADERNO,  Caulo,  an  Italian  architect 
of  the  16th  century,  appointed  by  pope 
Paul  V.  to  complete  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome  ; 
in  the  execution  of  which  he  has  been 
charged  with  committing  some  important 
errors.  He  was,  however,  in  high  repute, 
and  built  the  Maffei  palace,  and  many  other 
public  edifices  at  Rome.  Bom,  1556  ;  died, 
1629. 


mad] 


^  ^rto  Mnibtv^nX  JJtogrnpTjj). 


[mag 


MADERNO,  Stei'HEX,  was  an  eminent 
sculptor ;  born  in  Lombardy,  157S  ;  died, 
1636. 

MADISON,  James,  ex-president  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  born  in  "Virginia, 
in  1758.  His  education  was  of  the  best  de- 
scription, and  for  a  time  he  devoted  liimself 
to  the  study  of  t)ie  law.  He  was  only  22 
when  he  was  first  invested  with  public  em- 
ployment, in  which  he  soon  distinguislied 
himself  by  his  zeal  and  ability  ;  and  as  a 
member  of  congress,  he  was  remarked  for 
his  fluency  and  eloquence.  Attaching  him- 
self to  Jefferson,  he  became  secretary  of  state 
under  tiiat  president ;  and,  on  the  death  of 
JetFerson  in  1809,  being  appointed  to  succeed 
him,  he  made  an  inaugural  address,  which 
inclined  against  the  federal  party.  A  few 
days  after,  he  published  an  order  in  council, 
forbidding  all  communication  with  Eng- 
land and  France,  until  those  powers  had 
revoked  their  orders  in  council  and  Berlin 
decrees.  At  the  same  time,  he  took  off  the 
embargo  laid  on  all  foreign  vessels  but 
those  of  England  and  France,  and  took 
measures  to  make  the  American  flag  re- 
spected. France  complied,  but  England 
did  not :  fruitless  negotiations  followed ; 
till,  in  1811,  a  Britisli  frigate  attacked  an 
American  frigate  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
States,  and  war  broke  out  between  the  con- 
tending parties  in  1812.  In  1813,  Congress 
re-appointed  Mr.  Madison  to  the  presidency, 
and  approved  his  measures  with  regard  to 
England.  Russia  offered  her  mediation 
between  the  belligerents  ;  but  the  right  of 
search,  the  abandonment  of  which  was 
claimed  by  America,  and  refused  by  Eng- 
land, was  a  constant  obstacle.  At  length, 
on  the  fall  of  Napoleon  in  1814,  Mr.  Madison, 
considering  tliat  England,  strengthened  by 
that  event,  would  be  less  likely  than  ever 
to  sacrifice  the  point,  declined  to  press  it 
as  a  sine  qua  non.  Negotiations  were  opened 
at  Ghent,  and  closed  again  in  consequence 
of  the  American  envoy  (Gallatin)  declar- 
ing the  conditions  demanded  by  England 
humiliating.  The  war  was  resumed  :  the 
British  fleet  scoured  the  American  coasts, 
made  descents  in  various  places,  and  took 
and  burned  Washington,  the  capital.  Not- 
withstanding these  misfortunes,  and  the 
alacrity  of  the  Federalists,  he  retained  the 
presidency  till  1817,  when  peace  was  for- 
merly concluded  and  ratified  with  England. 
He  then  retired  from  oflSce  with  a  high 
reputation  for  ability  and  integrity.  Died, 
June  183(5. 

MADOX,  Thomas,  a  legal  antiquary  and 
historiographer,  who  published,  in  1702, 
"  A  Collection  of  Charters  taken  from  the 
Originals,"  with  the  title  of  "  Formulare 
Anglicanum."  In  1711  appeared  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Exchequer," 
folio  ;  which  was  followed  by  his  "  Firma 
Burgi,  or  Historical  Essay  concerning  the 
Cities,  Towns,  and  Boroughs  of  England." 
After  his  death,  a  collectfon  of  his  manu- 
scripts, occupying  90  volumes,  was  presented 
by  his  widow  to  the  British  Museum. 

M^CENAS,  Caius  Cilnius,  the  friend 
and  minister  of  Augustus,  and  the  patron 
of  Virgil  and  Horace,  was  a  Roman  knight, 
and  traced  liis  genealogy  from  the  ancient 


656 


Etrurian  kings.  He  has  been  described  as 
a  pattern  of  every  political  virtue,  and  a 
most  generous  patron  of  the  sciences. 
Though  luxurious  and  effeminate  in  his 
hours  of  relaxation,  he  was  vigilant  and 
active  iu  business,  and  well  understood 
how  to  employ  the  favours  of  fortune. 
Many  pleasant  and  useful  qualities  gained 
him  the  confidence  of  Augustus,  which  he 
enjoyed  undiminished  until  his  death,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  745,  and  8  b.  c.  So  sig- 
nal were  his  good  offices  towards  literary 
genius,  that  the  name  of  Msecenas  has  since 
become  synonymous  with  that  of  a  liberal 
patron. 

M^STLINUS,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
German  astronomer,  was  born  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg,  about  1542.  He  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  became  intimate  with  Ga- 
lileo ;  and  on  his  return  to  Germany  he  Avas 
chosen  professor  of  mathematics,  at  Tubin- 
gen, where  he  had  Kepler  for  a  pupil.  He 
published  many  mathematical  and  astrono- 
mical works,  and  died  in  1500. 

MAFFEI,  or  MAFFiEUS,  Fraxcis 
SciPio,  Marquis,  an  eminent  Italian  writer, 
was  born  in  1675,  at  Verona  ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  of  nobles  at  Parma.  He 
entered  the  army,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Dona- 
wert,  in  17M ;  but,  at  the  end  of  the  cam- 
paign, quitted  the  service,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  Among  his  works 
are,  the  tragedy  of  "  Merope,"  a  "  Trea- 
tise against  Duelling,"  a  "History  of  Di- 
plomacy, "    "  Musaeum    Veronense,"    and 

"  Verona  Illustrata."  Died,  1755 There 

were  several  other  learned  Italians  of  the 
name  of  Maffei,  but  better  known  by  their 

Latin  denomination  of  Maff-Eus Vegio, 

a  native  of  Eodi ;  author  of  "  Epigrams," 
"Essays,"  and  a  "Supplement  to  Virgil," 
whichhe  called  the  13th  book  of  the  iEneid. 
Julius  Scaliger  and  Gerard  Vossius  have 
declared  him  a  great  poet.  Bom,  1407;  died, 

1459 Bernardin,  a   learned    cardinal, 

who  died  at  Rome  in  1553,  aged  40.  He 
wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  Cicero's  Epistles," 
and  a  "  Treatise  on  Medals  and  Inscriptions." 

John  Peter,  a   learned    Jesuit,    was 

born  at  Bergamo  in  1536,  and  died  at  Tivoli 
in  1603.  He  wrote  the  "Life  of  Ignatius 
Loyola,"  a  "  History  of  the  Indies,"  and 
other  works,  in  the  purest  Latin. 

MAGALOTTI,  Lorexzo,  Count,  an  ele- 
gant poet  and  learned  naturalist,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1637.  He  wrote  many  philo- 
sophical and  poetical  works,  of  which  latter 
the  most  valued  is  his  "Canzonette  Ana- 
creontiche,"  published  under  his  Arcadian 
name  Lindoro  Elateo.    He  died  in  1712. 

MAGEE,  William,  a  learned  Irish  pre- 
late and  a  theological  writer,  was  born  in 
humble  life,  and  admitted  as  sizer  at  Dublin 
university.  He  was  soon  distinguished  for 
his  scholastic  attainments  ;  and  in  1806  be- 
came a  senior  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and 
professor  of  mathematics.  In  1801  he  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  "  Discourses  on  the 
Scriptural  Doctrines  of  the  Atonement  and 
Sacrifice,"  2  vols.  ;  a  work  directed  against 
the  tenets  of  the  Unitarians,  and  written 
with  peculiar  force.  By  this  he  added 
much  to  his  former  reputation  ;  and  he  was. 


mag] 


^  J2e&j  Hiu'tj^r^nl  23t03rni)!;jt. 


[mag 


in  1818,  advanced  to  the  deanery  of  Cork  ; 
in  1819  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Ka- 
pl»oe  ;  and,  in  1822,  translated  to  the  see  of 
Dublin.    Died,  1831,  aged  06. 

MAGELLAN,  or  MAGALIIAENS,  Fer- 
dinand, a  celebrated  'Portuguese  naviga- 
tor, who,  in  1519,  discovered  and  passed 
♦he  straits  which  have  since  been  called  by 
his  name.  His  services  not  being  valued 
by  his  own  country,  he  offered  them  to 
Charles  V.  of  Spain,  who  intrusted  him 
with  a  fleet  destined  to  attempt  a  westward 
passage  to  the  Moluccas  :  hence  his  dis- 
covery. He  was  slain  in  1521,  in  a  skirmish 
with  the  natives  of  one  of  the  Flulippine 
islands. 

MAGEOGllEGAN,  Jamks,  an  Irish 
priest ;  author  of  an  "  Ancient  and  Mo- 
dern History  of  Ireland,"  3  vols.  Born, 
1702  ;  died,  17C4. 

MAGGI,  or  MAGIUS,  Jerome,  a  leanied 
Italian,  was  a  native  of  Tuscany.  The 
Venetians  appointed  him  judge  of  the  ad- 
miralty in  the  island  of  Cyprus,  where,  by 
his  skill,  the  capital  of  the  island  resisted 
for  a  long  time  the  attacks  of  the  Turks. 
When  it  was  taken  he  was  carried  in  chains 
to  Constantinople,  and  strangled  by  order 
of  the  vizir,  in  1573. 

MAGGI,  Carlo  Maria,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Milan,  in  1(330,  was  secretary  to  the 
senate  of  his  native  city,  and  died  there  in 
1090.  His  sonnets  are  much  admired,  and 
some  of  them  have  been  translated  into 
English. 

M  AGINI,  or  MAGINU8,  Jonx  ANTUOifY, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  was 
born  at  Padua,  in  1536.  He  was  the  author 
of  many  valuable  astronomical  and  mathe- 
matical works ;  and  is  said  to  have  accu- 
rately predicted  the  time  of  liis  own  death, 
which  took  place  in  1018. 

MAGINN,  William,  LL.D.,  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  versatile  writers  of  modern 
times,  was  born  at  Cork,  in  1793.  Under  the 
careful  and  anxious  tuition  of  his  father, 
young  Maginn  made  such  rapid  progress  that 
he  was  enabled  to  enter  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  when  only  10  years  of  age  1  Gifted 
with  a  fertile  fancy,  and  great  classical 
learning,  lie  made  literature  his  profes- 
sion, and  having  "imped  his  wings "  in 
contributing  various  papers  to  the  Literary 
Gazette,  and,  under  a  feigned  name,  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  he  settled  for  nearly 
three  years  in  Edinburgh  ;  and  Blackwood's 
Magazine  owed  much  of  its  wit,  eloquence, 
learning,  and  fun  to  "Sir  Morgan  O'Do- 
herty. "  He  visited  London  for  the  first  time 
in  1823,  and  settling  there,  wrote  so  much, 
and  for  such  a  variety  of  works,  that  the 
attempt  to  enumerate  all  of  them  would  be 
hopeless.  Besides  the  harassing  demands 
upon  him  as  a  periodical  contributor,  he  at 
this  time  wrote  tlie  singular  and  striking  ro- 
mance entitled  "  Whitehall."  About  the 
year  1828,  Dr.  Maginn  became  sub-editor  of 
tli«  Standard,  in  which  his  profound,  va- 
rious, and  ever-ready  learning  made  him  a 
most  formidable  opponent  to  the  liberals 
and  ultra-liberals,  and  gave  the  paper  a  pro- 
portionate degree  of  power  and  influence. 
While  thus  engaged,  and  while  writing  a 
multitude  of  light  papers  for  a  host  of  minor 


557 


publications,  he  also  contributed  immensely 
to  the  well  known  Eraser's  Magazine.  Here 
he  wrote  a  caustic  and  powerful  review 
of  a  "  fashionable  "  novel,  entitled  Berkely 
Castle.  The  author  took  oftence,  and,  in 
company  with  a  friend,  committed  a  most 
merciless  assault  upon  Mr.  Eraser.  Aroused 
by  this  ill-treatment  of  his  friend  and  pub- 
lisher. Dr.  Maginn  instantly  ottered  the 
ottended  author  satisfaction,  and  a  hostile 
meeting  accordingly  took  place.  The  duel 
fortunately  proved  a  bloodless  one,  but  it 
was  very  near  havTng  a  different  result,  the 
doctor  being  hit  on  the  heel  of  his  boot,  and 
his  opponent  on  the  collar  of  his  coat.  To 
vast  learning,  elocxuenee,  fancy,  and  wit, 
the  doctor  added  a  perl'cctly  boyish  good- 
liumour  and  joviality.  These  alone  would, 
by  causing  his  company  to  be  importunately 
an<l  irresistibly  sought  by  richer  und  less  oc- 
cupied men  than  himself,  have  proved  dan- 
gerous to  his  prospects.  But  though  his  sin- 
cerest  and  best  friends  had  to  regret  that  in 
his  case,  as  in  so  many  other  cases,  worldly 
common  sense  was  not  added  to  genius,  it  is 
but  right  to  say  that  the  principal  cause  of 
the  pecuniary  embarrassment  which  em- 
bittered the  last  years  of  his  life  arose,  not 
from  self-indulgence,  but  from  his  indis- 
criminate kindness  to  others.  Let  it  not  be 
supposed,  however,  that  we  arc  among  those 
who  think  that  the  possession  of  genius  ex- 
empts its  possessor  irom  the  ordinary  pru- 
dential rules  :  far  from  it ;  we  think  that  the 
imprudent  man  of  genius  is,  in  strict  justice, 
far  less  to  be  pitied  for  his  self-caused  sorrows 
and  sufferings,  than  the  imprudent  man  of 
a  meaner  grade  of  intellect.  But,  as  a  co- 
temporary  biographer  has  observed,  "  let 
charitable  allowance  be  made  for  consti- 
tutional peculiarities,  for  temptations  which 
other  men  cannot  estimate,  and  for  frail- 
ties on  which  no  fellow-mortal  should  now 
sit  in  judgment."  But  enough  of  his  gene- 
rous errors  —  enough  of  the  self-injury  by 
much  suffering  caused.  I^earned  among 
the  learned,  witty  among  the  witty,  gentle 
and  unassuming  as  a  child  among  men  of  less 
ability,  he  was  crushing  in  his  sarcastic 
scorn  against  all  whom  he  deemed  enemies 
of  the  altar  and  the  throne.  Died,  August 
1842,  aged  49. 

MAGISTRIS,  SiMEOx,  a  learned  Corsi- 
can  orientalist,  born  in  1749;  author  of 
"Gli  Atti  di  Cinque  Martiri  Nella  Corea, 
coir  Origiue  della  Fede  in  quel  Regno." 

MAGLIABECHI,  Antonio,  a  learned 
critic,  whose  eccentric  habits  were  almost 
as  extraordinary  as  his  varied  erudition, 
was  born  at  Florence,  in  1033.  He  was 
placed,  when  a  boy,  as  servant  to  a  dealer 
in  fruit,  or,  as  others  say,  with  a  gold- 
smith, in  which  situation  he  discovered 
such  a  propensity  to  letters,  that  a  book- 
seller took  him  into  his  employment,  where 
his  talents  and  memory  made  him  so  much 
talked  of,  that  the  grand  duke,  Cosmo  III., 
appointed  him  his  librarian.  His  attention 
was  wholly  absorbed  by  his  books  ;  among 
them  he  took  liis  rest  and  meals ;  nor 
could  he  be  persuaded  to  leave  his  old 
apartment  for  one  more  commodious  which 
the  duke  had  provided  for  him.  A  thread- 
bare cloak  served  him  for  a  garment  by 


8  B  3 


mag] 


^  ^c&j  ^nibtv^al  Mwqxr^I)^, 


[SIAH 


day,  and  a  covering  at  night  ;  he  had  one 
straw  chair  for  hia  table,  another  to  sleep 
on,  and  the  only  luxury  in  which  he  in- 
dulged was  smo'king.  He  left  no  literary 
work  deserving  of  particular  notice  ;  but  he 
freely  afforded  information  to  those  authors 
who  sought  his  advice  or  assistance.  Died, 
1714,  aged  81. 

MAGNAN,  D.,  an  accomplished  French 
antiquarian  and  numismatist  ;  born  in  1731, 
died  in  1800.  His  "  Ville  de  Rome,"  4  vols. 
folio,  with  425  plates,  is  a  superb  work. 

MAGNENTIUS,  a  German,  who  rose, 
from  being  a  private  soldier,  to  the  first 
employments  in  the  empire.  The  emperor 
Constans  had  a  great  esteem  for  him,  and 
in  a  mutiny  among  the  troops  delivered 
him  from  the  fury  of  tlie  soldiers  by  cover- 
ing him  with  his  robe.  Magnentius  mur- 
dered his  benefactor  in  3.50,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  emperor  ;  but  Constantius  II. 
avenged  the  death  of  his  brother,  and  after 
a  bloody  battle  took  Magnentius  prisoner, 
and  put  him  to  death  at  Lyons,  in  353. 

]^IAHMOUD  II.,  sultan  of  Turkey,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  imperial  throne  in  the  year 
1808,  on  the  murder,  by  the  janizaries,  of  his 
predecessor,  Mustapha  IV.  The  murder  of 
that  prince  impressed  Mahmoud  with  a  pain- 
ful sense  of  the  incompatibility  of  his  own 
safety  with  the  existence  of  the  janizaries  ; 
and  one  of  his  first  acts  was  to  put  his  own 
brother  to  death,  to  deprive  that  body,  and 
the  scarcely  less  formidable  priests,  from 
having  a  pretext  for  open  rebellion.  The 
janizaries  were  cut  .off  to  a  man,  Mahmoud 
himself  standing  within  the  railing  of  the 
mosque  of  Sultan  Achmet  on  the  hippodrome, 
directing  as  well  as  witnessing  that  most 
frightful  massacre.  Daring,  subtle,  allow- 
ing no  moral  considerations  to  weigh  against 
political  expediency,  he  subdued  his  rebel- 
lious pachas  by  force  or  fraud,  as  he  found 
most  convenient.  If  some  distant  and  secure 
fastness  rendered  it  next  to  impossible  to 
make  force  available,  honours  -were  henped 
upon  the  intended  victim  ;  and  it  was  only 
when  he  reached  Constantinople,  and  the 
fatal  bowstring  was  at  his  throat,  that  he 
learned  that  Mahmoud's  smile  could  be  as 
deadly  as  his  frown.  Though  successful  to 
an  extent  that  could  scarcely  have  been  an- 
ticipated, in  bringing  about  internal  changes 
in  his  empire,  he  was  externally  far  less  for- 
tunate. His  war  with  Russia,  from  1809  to 
1812,  cost  him  Bessarabia,  and  no  small  part 
of  Moldavia.  The  Grecian  revolution  still 
further  diminished  his  empire,  and  still 
further  increased  the  confidence  of  his  tur- 
bulent vassal  of  Egypt,  who,  if  European 
policy  had  not  brought  European  friends  to 
the  sultan's  side,  would  not  merely  liave 
converted  his  pachalic  into  an  independent 
monarchy,  but  Imve  been  in  a  condition  to 
dictate  farther  concessions  to  the  son  of 
Mahmoud  the  Reformer.    Died,  1839. 

MAHOMET,  or  MOHAMMED,  the 
founder  of  a  religion  which  has  spread  over 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  globe,  was 
born  in  o70,  at  Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia,  of 
the  noble  family  of  Koreish.  Losing  his 
father  in  his  infancy,  the  guardianship  of 
him  devolved  on  his  uncle  Abu  Taleb,  who 
employed  him  to  go  with  his  caravans  from 


Mecca  to  Damascus.  In  this  employment 
he  continued  till  he  was  28  years  of  age, 
when  he  married  Khadijah,  a  rich  widow, 
lie  continued  to  act  for  some  time  as  a 
merchant ;  but  a  disposition  to  religious 
contemplation  seems  to  have  attended  him 
from  his  early  youth  ;  and  having  remarked 
on  his  travels  the  infinite  variety  of  sects 
which  prevailed,  he  formed  the  des'ign  of 
founding  a  new  one.  He  accordingly  spent 
much  of  his  time  in  a  cave  near  Mecca, 
seemingly  alone,  and  employed  in  medita- 
tion and  prayer  ;  but  in  reality  he  called  to 
his  aid  a  Persian  Jew,  well  versed  in  the 
history  and  laws  of  his  persuasion,  and 
two  Christians,  one  of  the  Jacobite  and  the 
other  of  the  Nestorian  sect.  With  the  help 
of  these  men  he  framed  the  celebrated 
"  Koran,"  or  "  Book,"  which  he  pretended 
to  have  received  at  different  times  from 
heaven  by  the  hands  of  tlie  angel  Gabriel. 
At  the  age  of  40  he  publicly  assumed  the 
prophetical  character,  calling  himself  the 
apostle  of  God.  At  first  he  had  only  his 
wife  and  eight  other  followers  ;  but  in  three 
years  the  number  of  his  disciples  was  very 
considerably  augmented.  On  these  he  im- 
posed the  most  marvellous  tales,  and  pre- 
tended to  have  passed  into  the  highest 
heavens  in  one  night,  on  the  back  of  a 
beautiful  ass,  called  Al-borak,  and  accom- 
panied by  the  angel  Gabriel.  In  the  tenth 
year  of  his  mission,  he  lost  both  Abu  Taleb 
and  his  faithful  wife  Khadijah,  which  so 
exposed  him  to  the  enmity  of  the  Koreish- 
ites,  that  he  found  it  necessary  to  make  a 
temporary  retreat  to  the  city  of  Tayef.  The 
fundamental  doctrine  inculcated  in  the 
Koran  was,  "  There  is  but  one  God,  and 
Mahomet  is  liis  prophet."  His  proselytes 
rapidly  increased  ;  and  as  they  swore  fidelity 
to  him,  and  proffered  their  assistance,  he 
adopted  the  resolution  of  encountering  his 
enemies  with  force.  Being  the  more  exas- 
perated at  this,  they  formed  a  conspiracy  to 
murder  him :  warned  of  the  imminent 
danger,  he  left  Mecca,  accompanied  only  by 
Abubeker,  and  concealed  himself  in  a  neigh- 
bouring cave.  Here  he  spent  tliree  days  un- 
discovered, after  which  he  arrived  at  Medina. 
It  is  from  this  event,  called  the  Hegira  or 
Flight,  that  the  Mussulmans  compute  their 
time  :  it  corresponds  with  the  l(5th  of  June, 
622.  Mahomet  now  assumed  the  sacerdotal 
and  regal  dignity,  married  Ayesha,  daughter 
of  Abubeker,  and  declared  his  resolution  to 
propagat«  his  doctrines  by  the  sword.  The 
hopes  of  booty  were  thus  added  to  the  re- 
ligious zeal  of  his  partisans  ;  and  after  many 
minor  exploits  with  various  hostile  tribes  of 
the  Jewish  persuasion,  he  sent  a  summons  to 
the  principal  neighbouring  princes,  par- 
ticularly Chosrou  Parviz,  king  of  Persia, 
Heracliiis,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  Mo- 
kawkas,  ruler  of  Egypt,  the  king  of  Ethiopia, 
and  thf,  princes  of  various  districts  of  Arabia, 
to  embrace  his  new  revelation  of  the  divine 
law.  The  more  remote  and  powerful  parties 
gave  no  heed  to  him  ;  others,  however,  sub- 
mitted ;  and,  having  made  himself  master 
of  Mecca,  the  Arabs,  who  regarded  it  as  a 
holy  city,  embraced  the  proffered  creed.  In 
the  tenth  year  of  the  Hegira,  Mahomet  un- 
dertook his  farewell  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 


668 


MAl] 


^  iJciu  ^iitbeirfal  Matpc^f)}}, 


[mai 


On  tliis  occasion  he  was  surrounded  with  the 
utmost  splendour,  and  attended  by  00,(K)0,  or, 
as  some  say,  150,000  friends.  Tliis  was  the 
last  important  event  of  his  life.  lie  died 
soon  after  liis  return  to  Medina,  in  his  03rd 
year.  The  Mahometan  writers  undoul)tedly 
exaggerate  the  corporeal  and  mental  endow- 
ments of  their  prophet :  it  is,  however,  very 
credible,  tliat  tliere  was  a  preiwssessing 
majesty  in  his  ai)pearance,  and  that  he 
united  much  natural  eloquence  with  a  de- 
cisive and  enterprising  mind.  The  reverence 
which  the  faithful  Moslems  pay  to  the  pro- 
phet, and  all  that  is  connected  with  him  in 
tlie  remotest  degree,  proves  the  sincerity  with 
wiiich  tlicy  believe  in  his  divine  mission. 
But  the  wonder-loving  populace  alone  gives 
credence  to  the  fable  that  Mahomet's  coffin 
is  suspended  in  the  air  :  on  the  contrary,  he 
lies  buried  at  Medina,  where  he  died  ;  and 
an  urn,  enclosed  in  the  holy  chapel,  consti- 
tutes his  sepulchre,  which  is  surrounded  with 
iron  trellis-work,  and  is  accessible  to  noone. 
MAIGNAN,  Emani'kl,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician and  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Toulouse,  in  1001.  He  entered  into  the 
society  of  Minims,  and  acquired  such  cele- 
brity as  a  mathematician,  that  his  superiora 
called  him  to  Rome,  to  take  upon  him  a 
professorship,  in  1030.  He  returned,  in  IRW, 
to  Toulouse,  where  he  becanje  provincial  of 
his  order,  and  refused  all  higher  preferments, 
lie  wrote  "  De  Perspcctiva  Iloraria"  and 
"  A  Course  of  Philosoiihy,"  4  vols. 

MAILLA,  JosEru  Anna  Makia  de  Mov- 
RiAC  UE,  born  in  Savov,  in  1670  ;  was  brought 
up  in  the  Jesuit's  college,  and  sent  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where  he  was  greatly  es- 
teemed by  the  emperor,  who  employed  him 
in  constructing  a  map  of  the  empire  and 
Chinese  Tartary.  He  afterwards  executed 
some  other  geographical  surveys,  and  trans- 
lated the  "Great  Annals  of  China"  into 
French,  in  13  vols.  4to.  Ue  died,  at  Pekin, 
in  1748. 
MAILLARD,  Oliver,  was  an  eccentric 

I  French  ecclesiastic,  of  the  15th  century. 
His  sermons  were  distinguished  by  their 
gross  and  ridiculous  denunciations  against 

j  those  who  might    happen    to  offend    him. 

I  Having  glanced  in  one  of  them  at  some 
traits  in  the  character  of  Louis  XI.,  that 
king,  who  had  just  established  the  post  in 
France,  sent  him  word  that  he  would  have 
him  tlirown  into  the  Seine.  "The  king  is 
master,"  he  replied  ;  "  but  tell  him  that  I 
sliall  get  to  heaven  by  water  sooner  than  he 
will  by  his  post  horses."    Died,  1.502. 

MAILLE,  Duchess  of,  lady  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Marie  Antoinette,  who  twice 
escaped  the  guillotine  by  singular  contin- 
gencies. On  the  7th  of  July,  1794,  a  lady 
named  Maillet,  detained  in  St.  Lazare,  was 
executed  by  Robespierre's  revolutionary 
tribunal,  by  tnixtuke,  in  her  place  ;  on  the 
8th  she  was  summoned ;  but  having  re- 
marked to  the  huissier  that  there  was  a 
mistake  in  the  register  of  her  baptismal 
name,  a  delay  occurred,  in  order  to  see  her 
sister-in-law  on  the  subiect ;  but  the  latter 

1  being  seized  with  convulsions,  the  examina- 

I  tiou  was  delayed  till  the  10th,  during  which 
interval  Rot)espierre  was  himself  guillotined, 

>  and  the  duchess  escaped. 


650 


MAILI.ET,  Benedict  de,  a  whimsical 
but  ingenious  French  writer,  born  at  Lor- 
raine, in  1059.  He  successively  became  con- 
sul at  Egypt  and  Leghorn,  and  died  in  1738. 
11)8  principal  work,  "Tellianied  "(the  ana- 
gram of  his  name),  contains  a  singular  sys- 
tem of  cosmogony,  in  which  he  maintains 
that  all  the  land  of  the  globe  was  originally 
covered  with  water,  and  that  every  species 
of  animal,  man  included,  owes  its  origin  to 
the  sea. 

MAILLY,  John  Baptist,  a  French  his- 
torical writer,  born  in  1744,  at  Dijon  ;  of  the 
academy  of  which  place  he  became  a  mem- 
ber, and  where  he  died  in  175)4.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  L'Esprit  de  la  Fronde," 
5  vols.;  "l^'Esprit  des  Croisades,"  4  vols.; 
and  "  Fastea  Juifs,  Romaines,  ct  Fran^ais," 
2  vols. 

MAILLY,  Antoine,  bom  in  1775,  was  an 
enthusiastic  French  revolutionist,  though  a 
noble  ;  and  editor  of  the  famous  "  Bouche 
de  Fer."  He  and  his  brother  Minerve  were 
treacherously  seized  and  beheaded,  and  their 
l)odies  thrown  into  tlie  sea,  at  the  siege  of 
Acre,  by  Djezzar  Pacha. 

MAIMBOL'KO,  Loiis,  a  celebrated 
French  ecclesiastical  historian,  was  born  at 
Nancy,  in  Lorraine,  in  1010.  He  entered 
into  the  society  of  Jesuits  ;  but  having  writ- 
ten a  treatise  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  the 
Galilean  church  against  the  see  of  Rome,  he 
was  expelled  the  order.  Louis  XIV.,  how- 
ever, mode  him  ample  amends  by  giving  him 
a  pension.  His  chief  works  arc,  "  A  History 
of  Arianism,"  2  vols.;  "A  History  of  the 
Iconoclasts,"  "  A  History  of  the  Crusades," 
and  "  Histories  of  Calvinism  and  Lutheran- 
ism."    Died,  1(;80. 

MAIMONIDES,  or  BEN  MAIMON, 
Moses,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Jewish  rabbis,  called  by  the  Jews  the  "  eagle 
of  the  doctors  "  and  the  "  lamp  of  Israel," 
was  born  in  1131,  at  Cordova ;  was  pro- 
foundly versed  in  all  the  learning  of  the 
age,  became  chief  physician  to  the  sultan 
of  Egypt,  and  died  in  1204.  His  works  are, 
the  '•  Misehna  Tcrah,"  the  "  More  Nevo- 
chim,"  and  the  "  Peruschim."  Tlie  first  is 
a  code  of  the  Jewish  law  ;  the  second,  which 
was  originally  written  in  Arabic,  is  an  ex- 
planation of  obscure  places  in  scripture ; 
and  the  last  consists  of  commentaries  on  the 
Mishna. 

MAINTENON,  Frances  d'Auiuoxe', 
Marchioness  of,  who  rose  to  share  the  throne 
of  France,  was  bora  in  tlie  prison  of  Niort, 
where  her  father,  Constans  d'AubigniJ,  was 
confined  in  1035.  On  his  release  he  went 
with  his  family  to  Martinico,  and  died  there 
in  104<!,  leaving  his  widow  so  poor,  that  she 
returned  to  Europe  without  this  child,  who 
was  sent  after  her  to  France,  and  tiiere  taken 
under  the  protection  of  her  aunt,  Madame 
Villette,  who  brought  her  up  in  the  Protes- 
tant persuasion  ;  from  which,  owing  to  the 
interference  of  her  mother,  a  strict  Catholic, 
she  was  afterwards  converted.  Subsequently 
being  left  in  very  reduced  circumstances, 
she  married  the  celebrated  poet  and  novelist, 
Scarron.  On  liis  death,  in  16*30,  she  obtained 
the  continuance  of  his  pension,  through  the 
interest  of  Madame  de  Montespan,  who  also 
appointed  her'governess  of  the  children  which 


MAl] 


^  iieii^  Winibtr^al  ^Si'asrajpTji). 


[mai 


she  had  by  Louis  XIV.  Tliis  connection 
brought  lier  merits  under  the  observation  of 
the  monarch,  who  increased  her  pension  ; 
and  in  1679  changed  her  name  to  Maintenon, 
by  giving  her  an  estate  with  tliat  title.  Be- 
coming fond  of  her  society,  he  gradually 
passed  from  intimacy  to  love  ;  Montespan 
was  supplanted;  and  La  Chaise,  his  confessor, 
having  advised  him  to  sanction  his  wishes 
by  a  secret  but  formal  marriage,  it  was  so- 
lemnised in  1G85.  After  her  elevation,  she 
lived  in  a  sort  of  retirement  from  the  world. 
Louis  visited  her  several  times  a-day  ;  and 
transacted  business  with  his  ministers-iu  her 
apartments,  while  she  read  or  otherwise  em- 
ployed herself.  The  king,  who  sometimes 
teased  her  with  his  ill-humour,  endeavoured 
to  atone  for  this  by  proofs  of  his  esteem  such 
as  he  had  never  shown  to  any  other  woman. 
But  she  feared  to  attract  the  notice  of  the 
nation,  and  would  receive  nothing  more  than 
the  estate  of  Maintenon,  with  a  pension  of 
48,000  livres.  Having  founded  tlie  school  at 
St.  Cyr,  for  the  education  of  poor  girls  of 
good  family,  she  retired  to  it,  after  tlie  death 
of  the  king,  and  there  passed  the  remainder 
of  her  life.  The  life  of  penitential  piety 
after  her  marriage,  and  her  extensive  charity 
to  the  poor,  in  some  measure  atoned  for  her 
ingratitude  to  Madame  de  Montespan,  who 
had  raised  her  from  indigence  ;  and  she  died, 
generally  respected,  in  1719.  Her  Memoirs 
and  Correspondence  have  been  printed,  the 
former  in  three  volumes,  the  latter  in  nine. 

MAINVILLE,  PiEURE,  a  rich  silk  mer- 
chant of  Avignon,  born  in  1765,  who  perished 
by  the  guillotine  on  the  fatal  30th  of  October, 
1792,  with  the  Girondist  party  ;  not  for  the 
sanguinary  crimes  in  whicli  he  participated 
with  the  Jacobins  at  Avignon,  but  for  re- 
penting of  them,  and  deserting  the  "  Moun- 
tain," in  order  to  join  the  Girondists. 

M  AIR  AN,  JoHX  jAiiEs  d'Oktous  de,  an 
ingenious  Frenchman,  was  born  at  Beziers, 
in  1678  ;  succeeded  Fontenelle  as  secretary, 
in  1741,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1771.  His 
principal  works  are,  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Cause  of  the  Phosphoric  Light,"  an  "Ilis- 
torical  and  Philosophical  Treatise  on  the 
Aurora  Borealis,"  and  "  Letters  concerning 
China,"  &c. 

MAISTllE,  Joseph,  Count  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished supporter  of  absolutism  and  the 
papacy,  was  born  at  Chanibery  in  Savoy, 
1755.  Driven  by  the  invasion  of  the  French 
from  his  native  country,  he  took  up  his 
residence  at  St.  Petersburgh.  where  he  re- 
mained till  the  final  fall  of  Napoleon  per- 
mitted him  to  return  to  France,  and  thence 
to  Piedmont,  where  he  became  minister  of 
state,  in  1818.  His  literary  career  began  in 
1796,  with hisVork  entitled  '•  Considerations 
sur  la  France,"  in  which  he  combated  the 
revolutionary  doctrines  then  in  vogue.  In 
1810  appeared  his  "  Essai  sur  le  Principe 
Generateur  des  Institutions  Politiques;"  and 
ten  years  later  he  published  his  most  cele- 
brated work,  "  Du  Pape,"  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  best  defence  of  papal  infal- 
libility that  has  appeared  in  modern  times. 
Besides  these  he  wrote  "  Soirees  de  Saint 
Petersburg  "  and  "  Examen  Critique  de  la 
Philosophic  de  Bacon,"  both  posthumous 
publications.    Died  1821.— His  younger  bro- 


ther Xavier,  wlio  repaired  also  to  St.  Peters- 
burg during  the  revolutionary  jjeriod,  gained 
great  celebrity  by  his  "  Voyage  autour  de 
ma  Chambre,  "  Le  Lepreux  de  la  Cit<? 
d'Aoste,"  "  Le  Prisonnier  du  Caucase"  and 
"Prascovie,"  the  last  being  an  interesting 
narrative  of  filial  devotion  on  the  part  of  a 
young  Siberian  girl. 

MAISTRE,  Louis  Isaac  le.    See  Sacy. 

MAITLAND,  Sir  Richaud,  jm  early  Scot- 
tish poet,  distingidshed  also  as  a  lawyer  and 
a  statesman,  was  born  in  1496.  He  held  the 
office  of  a  lord  of  session,  and  in  that  capacity 
he  took  the  title  of  lord  Lethiugton,  from 
his  estate.  He  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
privy  seal,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Mary  ; 
wliich  office,  as  well  as  his  judicial  seat,  he 
resigned  a  few  years  after,  and  died  in  1586. 
He  wrote  several  poems,  some  of  which  are 

in  Allan  Ramsay's  Evergreen William 

Maitland,  of  Lethington,  the  eldest  son  of 
Sir  Richard,  was  secretary  of  state  to  Mary 

queen  of  Scots Joux  Maitlaxd,  second 

son  of  Sir  Richard,  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  office  of  lord  privy  seal,  and  lost  it 
tlirougli  his  attachment  to  the  interests  of 
the  queen.  He  was  afterwards  secretary  to 
James  VI.,  and  at  length  chancellor  of  Scot- 
land. In  1589  he  attended  the  king  on  his 
voyage  to  Norway,  where  his  bride,  the 
Princess  of  Denmark,  wa3  detained  by  con- 
trary winds.  The  marriage  was  immediately 
consummated ;  and  they  returned  with  the 
queen  to  Copenhagen,  where  tliey  spent  the 
ensuing  winter.  In  1590  he  was  created  lord 
Maitland,  of  Thirlstane.  Towards  the  end 
of  the  year  1592,  the  chancellor  incurred  the 
queen's  displeasure,  for  refusing  to  relinquish 
his  lordship  of  Musselburgh,  which  she 
claimed  as  being  a  part  of  tliat  of  Dunferm- 
line. He  absented  himself  for  some  time 
from  court ;  but  was  at  length  restored  to 
favour,  and  died  in  1595.  Besides  his  Scot- 
tish poetry  in  the  Maitland  collection,  he 
wrote  several  Latin  epigrams,  &c.,  to  be  found 
in  the  Deliciaj  Poetarum  Scotorum. 

MAITLAND,  Rear-admiral  Sir  Frede- 
KiCK  Lewis,  the  third  son  of  a  rear-admiral, 
was  born  in  1799,  and  commenced  his  naval 
career  at  a  very  early  age.  Leaving  the 
narration  of  his  first  exploits,  we  come  to  the 
period  of  our  expedition  to  Egypt  in  1801, 
when  we  find  Captain  Maitland  commanding 
the  armed  launches  employed  to  cover  the 
landing  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie's  army, 
for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
naval  and  military  commanders-in-chief. 
His  subsequent  successes  while  cruizing  in 
the  Mediterranean  as  captain  of  the  Loire, 
of  46  guns,  brought  him  into  general  notice, 
and  in  1813  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Goliath,  and  subsequently  to  the 
Bellerophon  of  74  guns,  in  whicli  ship  he  was 
sent  to  watch  that  part  of  the  French  coast 
off  Rochefort.  It  was  there  that  he  liappily 
frustrated  the  hopes  of  escape  which  Napo- 
leon, after  the  events  of  the  battle  of  Wa- 
terloo, had  indulged  in,  by  refusing  to  grant 
him  terms  of  any  sort ;  and  the  fugitive  at 
length  resolved  to  throw  himself  on  the  ge- 
nerosity of  "tlie  most  powerful,  the  most 
constant,  and  the  most  generous  of  his 
enemies."  He  accordingly  surrendered  un- 
conditionally to  Captain  Maitland  on  the 


MAl] 


^  ifJetu  WiniiitviKl  aBtograp^y 


[m.\l 


l")th  of  July.  Tlie  BoUeroplion  arrived  in 
nine  days  after  Buonaparte's  surrender,  and 
from  thence  proceeded  to  Plyinoutli,  off 
which  port  he  was  removed  to  the  North- 
umberland on  the  7th of  August,  having  pre- 
viously proposed  to  present  Captain  Maitland 
witli  his  portrait  set  with  diamonds,  of  the 
value  of  3(MX)  guineas,  which  offer  was  po- 
liteljr  declined.  He  was  afterwards  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Vengeur  of 
74  guns  ;  subsequently  attained  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral ;  and  on  tlie  .'JOth  of  December, 
IXJO,  died  in  tlie  East  Indies,  of  which  station 
he  ha<l  for  several  years  been  commander- 
in-chief. 

MAITLAND,  John,  duke  of  Lauderdale, 
was  born  at  Lcthington,  in  KUii.  He  was 
with  Charles  II.  at  the  unfortunate  battle  of 
Worcester,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  and 
committed  to  the  Tower.  At  the  Restoration 
he  obtained  his  liberty,  and  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  and  high  commissioner  of 
Scotlan<l.     Died,  1682. 

MAITLAND,  William,  an  historian  and 
topographer,  was  born  about  1693,  at  Bre- 
chin, in  Forfarshire.  He  was  originally  a 
travelling  hair-merchant,  but  turned  his 
talents  to  literature,  gained  a  competent 
fortune,  and  liecame  a  member  of  the  lioyal 
and  Antiquarian  Societies.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  London,"  a  "  History  of  Edin- 
burgh," and  "  The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  Scotland."    Died,  1757. 

MAITTAIRE,  Michael,  a  learned  critic 
and  bibliographer,  was  born  in  Fronce,  in 
161)8.  His  parents  having  fled  to  England,  to 
avoid  the  persecutions  in  his  native  country, 
he  was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
Christchurch  College,  Oxford  ;  of  the  former 
of  which  he  became  for  some  time  second 
master.  His  editions  of  Greek  and  Latin 
classics  are  numerous,  and  valuable  for  their 
accuracy  ;  but  his  chief  work  is  his  "  Annales 
Typographic!  ab  Artis  Inventione,"  5  vols. 
4to.    Died,  1747. 

MAIZEROI,  Paul  Gidkox  Jolt  de,  an 
eminent  writer  on  military  tactics,  and  a 
brave  officer,  was  born  at  Metz,  in  1719 ; 
entered  tlie  army  at  the  age  of  15,  became  a 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  died  in  1780.  Be- 
sides being  the  author  of  several  excellent 
works  on  tactics,  he  translated  the  "  Military 
Institutions  of  the  Emperor  Leo,"  and  was 
a  formidable  opponent  of  the  system  of 
Guibert. 

MAJO,  Francesco,  or  Ciccio  di,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  composer,  bom  at  Naples,  in 
1740;  author  of  "Montezuma,"  "Iperm- 
nestra,"  and  other  operas.    Died,  1773. 

MAJOR,  JoHx,  a  Scotch  divine  and  his- 
torian, was  born  near  North  Berwick,  in  1469. 
He  became  professor  of  divinity  at  St.  An- 
drew's, of  which  university  he  was  appointed 
provost.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  Scot- 
laud,"  the  "  Mirror  of  Examples, '  a  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Gospels."    &c.    Died,  1550. 

MaJORIAN,  Julius  Valerius,  emperor 
of  the  West,  was  raised  to  the  tlirone  in  457. 
He  made  war  against  the  Vandals  with 
success,  and  drove  Gcnseric  from  Italy.  He 
governed  with  C(iuity  and  prudence,  made 
excellent  laws,  and  would  in  all  probability 
have  much  longer  averted  the  fall  of  the 
western  empire,  had  he  not  been  deposed 


and  murdered  in  401,  after  a  reign  of  less 
than  four  years. 

MALACHY,  St.,  was  born  at  Armagh,  in 
Ireland,  in  1094.  He  was  successively  abbot 
of  Benetor,  bishop  of  Connor,  and  archbishop 
ofArmaah.    Died,  1148. 

MALACKOWSKI,  a  noble  Pole,  born  in 
1768.  He  was  a  friend  of  Kosciusko,  and 
one  of  the  victims  of  the  partitioners  of 
Poland.  He  was  president  of  the  diet  from 
1788  to  1792,  and  chief  author  of  the  consti- 
tution of  1791. 

MALAGRIDA,  Gabriel,  an  Julian  Je- 
suit, who  was  sent  by  his  superiors  to  Lisbon, 
where  he  was  regarded  as  a  saint,  till  he  in- 
volved himself  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  Duke 
d'Aveiro.  He  was  then  sent  to  the  prison  of 
the  Inquisition,  where  he  pretended  to  visions 
and  prophecy,  for  which  he  was  burnt  as  a 
heretic,  in  1761,  aged  75.  He  published  the 
"Life  of  St.  Anne,"  and  other  works,  and 
was  supposed  to  have  been  of  unsound  mind. 

MALAPERT,  Chakles,  a  poet  and  ma- 
tliematician,  was  born  at  Mons,  in  1581, 
became  a  Jesuit ;  and  died  in  Spain,  in  1630. 

MALCOLM,  James  Pellek,  an  artist  and 
antiquary,  was  a  native  of  America,  studied 
painting  in  England,  and  eventually  became 
an  engraver.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Lon- 
dlnium  Redivivum,"  "Anecdotes  of  the 
Manners  and  Customs  of  London,"  "  First 
Impressions,"  &c.    Died,  1815. 

MALCOLM,  Sir  John,  a  distinguished 
military  officer  and  diplomatist,  was  born 
near  Langholm,  Scotland,  in  1769.  At  the 
age  of  14  he  went  out  as  a  cadet  to  India  ; 
and,  being  placed  under  the  care  of  his  ma- 
ternal uncle.  Dr.  Pasley,  he  soon  acquired 
an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  manners 
of  the  natives,  and  with  the  Persian  language. 
The  first  service  of  any  importance  in  wliich 
he  wos  engaged,  was  the  siege  of  Seringa- 
patain,  in  1792,  where  he  attracted  the  notice 
of  Lord  Cornwallis.  In  1794,  the  state  of  his 
health  requiring  a  change  of  climate  and  a 
temporary  relaxation  from  the  active  duties 
of  his  profession,  he  revisited  his  native 
country  ;  but  he  returned  to  India  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  having  shown  great  skill  in 
minor  situations  of  responsibility,  he  was 
not  only  appointed  to  tlie  command  of  tlie 
regular  troops  belonging  to  the  Nizam,  but 
had  tiie  charge  of  all  the  supplies  from  the 
Deccan.  After  the  teimination  of  the  Mysore 
war,  Captain  Malcolm  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  Persia,  and  concluded  an  important  com- 
mercial and  political  treaty  with  that  court. 
In  1804  he  concluded  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  Dowlah  Rao  Scindia  ;  and  continued  to 
display  great  judgment  as  the  diplomatic 
agent  of  the  British  government  in  India  for 
several  subsequent  years.  In  1807,  intelli- 
gence having  been  received  that  the  French 
designed  to  invade  India  through  Persia, 
Malcolm  (then  a  lieutenant-colonel)  was 
vested  with  plenipotentiary  powers  in  Per&ia, 
the  Persian  Gulf,  and  Turkish  Arabia  ;  but 
he  was  at  that  time  unable  to  accomplish 
the  object  of  his  mission  ;  and  it  was  not  till 
1810  that  he  succeeded  in  establishing  the 
political  and  commercial  relations  which 
at  present  exist  between  this  country  and 
Persia.  He  had  now  attained  the  rank  of  bri- 
gadier-general, and  on  his  return  to  England, 


661 


mal] 


^  ilei3)  ^nihtr^nl  33i05rajpl;y. 


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in  1812,  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. In  1817  lie  again  went  out  to  India  ; 
and  in  the  war  that  followed  the  defection 
of  the  peishwa,  his  undaunted  gallantry  in 
the  field,  and  the  admirahletact  he  displayed 
in  the  subsequent  negociations,  obtained  the 
highest  praise  from  Lord  Hajstings,  and  was 
universally  acknowledged  at  home.  Many 
brilliant  exploits  and  important  services  con- 
tinued to  be  performed  by  this  able  officer, 
till  he  quitted  the  theatre  of  action  in  1822, 
with  a  determination  to  spend  the  evening 
of  his  life  in  his  native  country  ;  but  by  the 
earnest  solicitations  of  the  court  of  directors 
and  his  majesty's  ministers,  in  1827,  he  once 
more  resumed  his  duties,  accepting  the  high 
and  responsible  situation  of  governor  of  Bom- 
bay, which  post  he  continued  to  fill  till  1831, 
when  he  finally  returned  to  England,  and 
sat  in  parliament  for  the  borough  of  Laun- 
ceston.  As  an  author.  Sir  John  Malcolm 
also  attained  considerable  celebrity,  as  may 
be  seen  in  his  "  History  of  Persia,"  "  Sketches 
of  Persia,"  "  Memoii-s  of  Central  India," 
"  The  Administration  of  British  India,"  &c. 
He  died  in  183.3. 

MALEBRANCIIE,  Nicholas,  a  French 
priest  and  celebrated  philosopher,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1038  ;  and  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
two,  being  determined  to  embrace  the  monas- 
tic life,  was  admitted  into  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory.  His  attention  was  first 
directed  to  metaphysics  by  perusing  Des- 
cartes' Treatise  on  Man,  and  he  immediately 
became  a  devoted  partisan  of  the  Cartesian 
philosophy.  His  famous  treatise  "  On  the 
Searcli  after  Truth,"  was  first  printed  in 
1673,  and  is  principally  distinguished  by  the 
maintenance  of  a  mysterious  union  between 
God  and  the  soul  of  man,  and  the  doctrine 
that  the  human  mind  immediately  perceives 
God,  and  sees  all  tilings  in  him.  Male- 
branche  also  wrote  several  other  works, 
among  which  are,  a  "Treatise  on  Nature 
and  Grace,"  "Christian  Conversations,"  and 
"  Dialogues  on  Metaphysics  and  Religion." 
He  was  highly  venerated  for  his  elevated 
genius,  and  nothing  could  be  more  amiable 
and  simple  than  his  conversation  and  man- 
ners.    Died,  1715. 

MALESHERBES,  Christian-  William 
VE  Lamoignox  1)E,  an  eminent  French 
statesman,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1721.  He 
succeeded  his  father  as  president  of  the  court 
of  aids  ;  besides  which  he  had  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  press,  in  which  oflSce  he  acted 
with  great  lenity.  In  1771,  on  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  legal  constitution,  Malesherbes 
was  banished  to  his  country-seat ;  but  he  was 
recalled  three  years  afterwards,  and  made 
minister  of  state,  which  post  he  soon  resigned, 
and  then  went  to  Switzerland.  In  1786  he 
was  again  called  to  tlie  councils  of  his  sove- 
reign, Louis  XVI.,  when  he  drew  up  two 
memoirs,  "  On  the  Calamities  of  France,  and 
the  Means  of  repairing  them  ;"  but  his 
advice  was  rejected,  and  he  retired  to  his 
country  house,  where  he  employed  himself 
in  agricultural  jjursuits.  He  however  has- 
tened, of  his  own  accord,  to  plead  the  cause 
of  his  sovereign  in  1792  ;  and  he  was  one  of 
the  last  who  took  leave  of  him  befoi-e  his 
execution.  This  generous  attachment  to  a 
fallen  master  excited  the  jealousy  of  the 


French  rulers,  and  caused  his  destruction. 
Shortly  after  his  return  home,  his  daughter, 
JIadame  De  Rosambo,  and  her  husband 
were  arrested,  and  conducted  to  Paris  ;  and 
his  own  arrest,  with  that  of  his  grandchildren, 
soon  followed.  Almost  his  whole  family 
were  extirpated  by  the  merciless  proscription 
of  his  persecutors.  Malesherbes  was  be- 
headed, April  22.  1794,  and  bore  his  suffer- 
ings with  a  spirit  worthy  of  his  virtuous  and 
honourable  life. 

MALET,  General  C.  F.,  born  in  1754 ;  a 
decided  republican,  who,  opposing  Buona- 
parte's elevation  to  the  empire,  languished 
several  years,  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  in 
prison  ;  but  escaping  in  October,  1812,  during 
Buonaparte's  absence  at  Moscow,  nearly 
overthrew  the  imperial  government,  alleging 
Buonaparte's  death,  declaring  a  provisional 
government,  gaining  over  many  Parisian 
regiments,  and  taking  the  Hotel  de  Ville. 
The  plan  being  frustrated  by  the  incredulity 
of  HuUin,  the  governor  of  Paris,  Malet  was 
condemned  and  shot. 

MALEZIEU,  Nicholas  de,  a  learned 
Frenchman  ;  author  of  "Elements  of  Geo- 
metry "  and  "  Miscellanies  in  Verse."  Born, 
1C.W  ;  died,  1725. 

M^Vl^HERBE,  Francis  de,  a  French 
poet,  was  born  at  Caen,  about  1555 ;  bore 
arms  in  the  troops  of  the  League,  was  pen- 
sioned by  Henry  IV.,  and  died  in  1628.  His 
works  consist  of  paraphrases  on  the  psalms, 
sonnets,  odes,  and  epigrams.  He  also  trans- 
lated some  of  Seneca'c  letters  ;  and  may  be 
considered  as  one  of  the  first  who  gave  to 
French  poetry  its  polish  and  regularity  ; 
but  he  was  as  lax  in  morals  and  religion, "as 
he  was  rigid  in  his  zeal  for  the  purity  of  the 
French  language. 

MALIBRAN  DE  BERIOT,  Maria  Fem- 
CITAS,  a  celebrated  vocal  performer,  was  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Manuel  Garcia,  a  well- 
known  tenor  singer  of  the  Italian  Opera, 
and  was  born  in  Paris,  in  1808.  She  was 
brought  to  London  by  her  parents  when 
eight  years  old,  and  made  music  her  un- 
ceasing study.  Being  sustained  by  a  tem- 
perament of  singular  energy  and  vivacity, 
she  was  enabled,  at  the  early  age  of  10,  to 
make  her  debut  as  prima  donna  at  the  opera. 
This  was  in  1825.  During  the  following 
year  she  accompanied  her  father  to  America, 
where  her  union  with  M.  Malibran,  an  elderly 
French  merchant  at  New  York,  took  place. 
Shortly  after  their  marriage,  her  husband 
failed,  and  was  thrown  into  prison ;  and 
Madame  Malibran,  believing  she  had  been 
deceived,  separated  from  him,  and  volun- 
tarily giving  into  the  hands  of  his  creditors 
her  marriage  settlement,  returned  to  Europe. 
Intense  study,  the  love  of  her  art,  and  the 
motives  she  had  for  exertion,  had  already 
made  her  a  performer  of  unrivalled  excel- 
lence. The  Parisian  audiences  were  per- 
fectly enraptured,  and  every  night  she  con- 
cluded her  performances  amidst  a  thunder  of 
applause  and  a  shower  of  flowers.  From 
Paris  she  came  to  London,  where  she  shone 
with  increased  lustre,  through  the  brilliant 
season  of  1829,  in  the  characters  of  liosina, 
7'ancrcdi,  Desdemona,  Semiramide,  Zerlina, 
and  Ninctta.  Her  widely  extended  reputa- 
tion now  occupied  the  attention  of  musical 


mal] 


^  ^eto  UniiitY^aX  28tn0iap]^g. 


[mal 


society  throughout  Europe  ;  and  after  tra- 
vefBiiig  incredible  distances  to  fulKl  ditl'erent 
engagements,  and  receiving  vast  sums  for 
her  performances,  she  revisited  England  in 
I  ISAj.  Slie  made  her  first  appearance  at 
Covent  Garden,  in  an  English  version  of 
"  La  Somnambula,"  on  the  18th  of  May. 
Her  thorough  knowledge  of  the  English 
language,  her  full-toned  pronunciation, 
and  her  high  dramatic  talent,  combined 
with  her  wonderful  voice,  had  the  effect  of 
enchantment.  But  it  was  not  merely  at  the 
theatre  that  her  brilliant  talents  were  dis- 
played ;  her  nerve  and  spirit  appeared  to  be 
unconquerable  ;  her  magic  tones  were  heard 
at  the  numerous  royal  and  noble  entertain- 
I  ments  to  which  she  was  invited,  and  at  the 
I  concerts  of  professors ;  in  short,  such  was 
i  her  perseverance,  that,  after  her  astonishing 
:  exertions  in  tlie  evening,  she  often  rose  by 
five  o'clock  the  next  morning,  and  practised 
for  several  hours  those  miraculous  achromatic 
!  passages  by  which  audiences  were  again  to 
I  be  electrified.  In  March,  1»3(},  Madame 
(  Malibran,  then  in  Paris,  having  been  freed, 
I  by  the  French  courts,  from  the  bondage  of 
I  her  union  with  Monsieur  Malibran,  woa 
married  to  Monsieur  de  Beriot,  a  Belgian, 
whose  extraordinary  ability  as  a  violinist 
!  had  placed  him  in  the  highest  rank  of  his 
I  profession.  In  Miiy  following,  she  resumed 
!  her  English  performances  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  ;  and,  at  the  close  of  the  seasouj  she 
accompanied  her  husband  to  Brussels,  and 
other  cities  on  the  Continent.  But  the  end 
of  her  career  was  fast  approaching.  Having 
been  engaged  for  the  Manchester  grand 
musical  festival,  she  arrived  in  that  town  on 
the  nth  of  September,  and,  though  evidently 
indisposed,  commenced  her  arduous  task  the 
next  day.  Her  illness  rapidly  increased  ; 
and,  though  she  endeavoured  to  conceal  it, 
by  sustaining  her  part  with  the  apparent 
vigour  of  health  and  unusual  energy,  she 
sank  under  the  effort.  On  Wednesday,  the 
14th,  her  last  notes  in  public  were  heard,  in 
the  duet, "  Vanne  se  alberghi  in  petto,"  from 
Amlronico,  with  Madame  Caradori  Allan. 
It  was  a  desperate  struggle  with  expiring 
nature ;  and  many  who  were  present  de- 
clared, that  they  found  inMalibran's  pealing 
melody  a  pathos  superior  to  what  they  had 
ever  before  heard  from  her.  She  was  im- 
mediately bled,  and  removed  to  her  apart- 
ments ;  but  notwitlistanding  she  had  the 
best  medical  attendance  in  Manchester,  and 
that  of  her  own  physician,  Dr.  Bclluominl, 
the  homoeopathist,  "who  was  immediately 
sent  for  from  London,  she  breathed  her  last 
on  the  23rd  of  September,  1836,  aged  28. 
Tliere  were  many  noble  traits  in  the  cha- 
racter of  this  accomplished  vocalist.  Her 
generosity  was  unbounded  ;  so  that,  notwith- 
standing the  immense  sums  she  received, 
her  liberality  absorbed  all.  Of  her  genius, 
energy,  industry,  and  high  attainments,  it 
is  ditficult  to  speak  witliout  appearing  too 
eulogistic.  In  the  words  of  an  eminent 
critic,  "  she  had  all  the  endowment,  all  the 
acquisitions,  and,  above  both,  all  tlie  devotion 
and  concentration  of  mind,  common  to  those 
strong  and  gifted  individuals  who  rise  to 
pre-eminence,  whatever  the  nature  of  their 
pursuits." 


MALLET,  David,  whose  real  name  was 
Mai.locii,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  about  1700,  at  Crief,  in  Perthshire. 
He  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  Duke  of 
Montrose  ;  and,  having  made  the  tour  of 
Europe,  settled  in  London,  where  he  altered 
his  name  to  Mallet,  and  acquired  literary 
reputation.  His  first  publication  was  the 
ballad  of  "  William  and  Margaret ; "  which 
was  followed  by  "  The  Excursion,"  a  poem  ; 
and,  in  1731,  he  produced  the  tragedy  of 
"  Eurydice."  Soon  after  this,  he  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  Pope,  who  introduced 
him  to  Bolingbroke  ;  and  about  the  same 
time  he  was  appointed  under-secretary  to 
the  Prince  of  Wales.  In  1739  his  play  of 
"Mustaiiha"  was  performed  with  success; 
and  tlie  next  year  he  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  Thomson,  the  masque  of  "  Alfred." 
He  also  published  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Bacon  " 
and  the  works  of  Bolingbroke,  who  left 
them  to  him  as  a  legacy,  and  in  whose  scep- 
ticism he  participated.    He  died  in  17(i5. 

MALLET  DU  PAN,  Jamks,  a  political 
writer,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1741).  After 
filling  the  professorship  of  Ixilles  lettres  at 
Cassel  with  great  reputation,  he  engaged 
in  politics,  and  continued  the  "  Annals  of 
Linguet."  He  also  conducted  the  political 
part  of  the  "  Mercure  de  France."  When 
the  revolution  broke  out,  he  espoused  the 
royal  cause,  and  defended  it  at  the  risk  of 
his  life.  Being  driven  from  his  country  he 
came  to  London,  where  he  published  his 
"  Mercure  Britaunique,"  and  was  patronised 
by  government.  He  also  wrote  a  discourse 
on  the  "Influence  of  Philosophy  upon  Let- 
ters;" and  another  "On  Eloquence  and 
Political  Systems,"  "Considerations  upon 
the  Frcncli  Kevolution,"  "Correspondence 
for  a  History  of  French  Republicanism," 
and  other  works  of  a  similar  class.  Died, 
1800. 

MALLET,  Paul  Hexrt,  an  historian 
and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1730  ; 
was  successively  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Copenhagen  and  at  Geneva.  Being  deprived 
of  his  fortune  during  the  first  revolutionary 
war,  he  for  some  time  received  pensions 
from  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse  and  the  Duke 
of  Brunswick,  of  which  he  was  deprived  by 
the  late  war.  His  merit  as  an  antiquary 
was  very  great.  Among  his  works  are. 
Histories  of  Denmark,  llcsse,  the  Swiss,  the 
Hanseatic  League,  and  the  House  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  an  Introduction  to  the  History  of 
Denmark,  which  Dr.  Percy  translated,  umlei: 
the  title  of  "  Northern  Antiquities."  Died, 
1807. 

M ATiMESBUR Y,  William  of.  an  English 
historian,  who  flourished  in  the  12th  century, 
was  born  in  Somersetshire,  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, became  a  monk  of  Malmesbury,  and 
was  elected  librarian  of  the  monastery.  His 
"  De  Regibus  Anglorum  "  is  a  general  history 
of  England,  in  five  books,  from  the  arrival 
of  the  Saxons,  in  449,  to  the  20th  Henry  I., 
in  112i^.  He  also  wrote  a  "  History  of  his 
Own  Times,"  in  two  books,  from  that  year 
to  the  escape  of  the  empress  Maud  from  Ox- 
ford, in  1143  ;  an  "  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
England,"  in  four  books  ;  "  The  Antiquities 
of  Glastonbury,"  and  a  "  Life  of  St.  Aid- 
helm."    Died,  1143. 


MAL 


^  ^t^  mxihtvs^Kl  MiauvKplm, 


[man 


MALMESBIIRY,  James  IlARnis,  Earl  of, 
a  distinguished  diplomatist,  tlie  only  son  of 
the  author  of  "  Hermes,"  was  born  at  Salis- 
bury, 1746.  After  a  careful  education  at 
Winchester  •  and  Oxford,  he  passed  some 
time  at  Leyden,  and  in  a  continental  tour  ; 
and  commenced  liis  diplomatic  career  as 
secretary  of  embassy  at  Madrid,  in  17G7. 
Here  lie  displayed  such  talent  and  firmness 
in  conducting  the  management  of  the  trans- 
fer of  the  Falkland  Islands  to  Great  Britain, 
that  he  was  appointed  minister  at  the  court 
of  Berlin  ;  and  from  this  period,  with  few  in- 
terruptions, down  to  the  close  of  the  century, 
he  bore  a  large  share  in  all  the  great  diplo- 
matic transactions  of  the  time,  representing 
England  successively  at  Petersburgh,  the 
Hague,  and  Paris,  and  seeing  his  services 
rewarded  by  the  order  of  the  Bath»  ele- 
vation to  the  peerage,  and  various  other 
marks  of  respect.  Died,  1820.  His  "  Diaries 
and  Correspondence,"  published  in  1844, 
throw  much  light  on  many  of  the  transac- 
tions of  the  eventful  period  to  wliieh  they 
refer. 

MALONE,  Edmund,  a  dramatic  critic 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  son  of 
an  Irish  judge,  aiul  born  at  Dublin,  in  1741. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  College  and  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  in  17(57  was  called  to  the  bar  ; 
but  being  possessed  of  an  independent  for- 
time,  he  retired  from  the  profession,  and 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  In  1780  he 
published  two  supplementary  volumes  to 
Steevens's  Shakspeare,  and  a  detection  of 
Chatterton's  forgeries.  In  I'OO  appeared 
his  edition  of  Shakspeare  ;  and  in  1795  he 
exposed  the  imposture  of  the  Irelands.  He 
also  published  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds," prefixed  to  his  writings  ;  a  "Life  of 
Dryden,"  and  a  "  Biographical  Sketch  of 
the  Kight  Hon.  William  Wyndham."  Died, 
1812. 

AIALPIGHI,  MAiiCELi.ns,  an  eminent 
Italian  phj'sician  and  anatomist  ;  born, 
1628  ;  died,  1604.  His  discoveries  in  ana- 
tomy were  considerable,  particularly  re- 
specting the  liver  and  kidnej's ;  but  his 
merit  is  still  higher  as  a  vegetable  anatomist 
and  physiologist. 

MALTE-B'RUN,  Coxrad,  a  poet,  geo- 
grapher, and  political  writer,  was  born  in 
177.J,  at  Thye,  in  the  isle  of  Jutland.  Having 
given  offen'ee  by  his  writings  in  favour  of 
the  liberty  of  the  press,  and  the  enfranchise- 
ment of  the  peasants,  he  M'as  banished  to 
Sweden  in  1796.  After  having  resided  for  a 
time  at  Stockholm,  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  acquired  great  reputation,  particularly 
as  a  geographer.  He  edited  the  foreign 
political  department  of  the  Journal  des 
D(5bats,  was  a  contributor  to  the  Biographic 
Universelle,  and  produced  various  works  ; 
among  these  are  his  "  Precis  de  la  Geogra- 
phic Universelle,"  7  vols.  8vo.  ;  "  Tableau 
de  la  Pologne  Ancienne  et  Moderne," 
"  Poems,"  &c.  He  also  published,  in  con- 
junction with  Mentelle,  "  Geographie  Ma- 
th«matique.  Physique,  et  Politique,"  16  vols. 
8vo.    Died,  1826. 

MALTHUS,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Robert, 
F.  R.  S.  Few  writers  (whether  deservedly 
or  not,  it  is  not  for  us  to  decide)  have  been 
more  severely  attacked  than  has  the  subject 


of  this  brief  notice,  for  his  "  Essay  on  Popu- 
lation," a  work,  however,  which  cannot  be 
said  to  be  perfectly  original,  since  Town- 
shend  and  others  who  preceded  Malthus 
advocated  the  same  doctrines  in,  as  some 
think,  a  less  objectionable  form.  He  was 
born  in  Albury,  Surrey,  in  1766,-  and  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  history  and  political  economy 
in  tlie  college  of  the  East  India  Company 
at  Ilaileybury,  and  continued  to  hold  that 
situation  till  his  death,  "which  occurred  in 
his  70th  year,  at  Bath,  when  on  a  visit  to 
his  relatives.    By  his  friends  he  is  honoured 

as  a  real  philanthropist.     Died,  1835 The 

Malthusian,  or  anti-connubial,  system  is 
founded  on  the  hypothesis,  that  population 
increases  in  a  geometrical,  while  provisions 
only  increase  in  an  arithmetical,  ratio. 

MALUS,  Stephen  Louis,  a  French  ma- 
thematician and  experimental  philosopher, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1773  ;  became  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  Polytechnic  School  ;  and  sub- 
sequently served  as  an  officer  of  engineers, 
on  the  Rhine,  in  1797,  and  under  Buona- 
parte in  Egypt,  where  he  much  distin- 
guished liimself.  After  this  he  entered  on 
a  course  of  experiments  on  the  phenomena 
of  optics,  and  ultimately  discovered  the 
polarisation  of  light.  This  discovery,  the 
greatest  since  that  of  the  achromatic  tele- 
scope, gained  him  admission  into  the  In- 
stitute ;  he  also  received  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  honours  flowed  in 
upon  him  from  all  quarters.  He  died  in 
1812,  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  di- 
rector of  the  Polytechnic  School,  and  super- 
intendant  of  fortifications. 

MALVASIA,  Charles  Cesar,  an  Italian 
ecclesiastic  ;  author  of  "  A  History  of  the 
Painters  of  Bologna,"  2  vols.,  and  a  work 
entitled  "Marmora  Fulsinea." 

MALVEZZI,  ViRGiMO,  Marquis  of,  was 
born  at  Bologna,  in  1599.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  war  to  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain,  and  died  in  1654.  His  discourses 
upon  Tacitus  have  been  translated  into 
English. 

MAMBRUN,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit,  was 
horn  in  the  diocese  of  Clermont,  in  1581,  and 
died  in  1661.  He  is  celebrated  for  his  Latin 
"  Eclogues,"  and  "  Georgics." 

MAN,  Cornelius  de,  a  Dutch  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter.  Born,  1621  ;  died, 
1706. 

MANARA,  Prosper,  Marquis,  an  Italian 
poet,  bom  in  the  duchy  of  Parma,  in  1714. 
He  became  chamberlain  to  the  duke,  and 
was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the 
young  prince,  Ferdinand  ;  which  office  he 
discharged  with  such  satisfaction,  that  he 
was  advanced  to  several  places  of  distinc- 
tion.    His  works  form  4  vols.    Died,  18(X). 

MANCO  CAPAC,  the  founder  of  the 
Peruvian  empire,  and  the  first  of  its  incas, 
reigned,  as  is  supposed,  about  400  years 
before  the  Spanish  invasion  in  1532.  Ac- 
cording to  the  tradition  of  the  natives,  he 
first  appeared  with  Mama  Oella  his  wife, 
and  sister,  in  an  island  of  the  lake  Titicaca, 
and  declared  themselves  to  be  children  of  the 
sun,  sent  down  to  civilise  them.  _  He  is  said 
to  have  instructed  the  natives  in  religion, 
agriculture,  and  the  useful  arts  ;   to  have 


man] 


^  |3ctB  ^nibcrifaT  aBfoffrajpl^ii. 


[man 


founded  Cuzco  ;  and  to  have  ruled  long  and 
prosperously  over  a  grateful  people.  It  is 
possible  he  was  a  stranger  from  some  civil- 
1  ised  land,  who  suddenly  appeared  in  Peru, 
I  and  employed  religion  in  order  to  procure 
an  ascendancy,  which  enabled  him  to  form  a 
regular  government. 

MANDAB,  TiiEoriiiLE,  bom  in  1750,  was 
one  of  the  most  exnlu's  of  the  French  re- 
volutionists, and  as  remarkable  for  his 
sonorous  and  powerful  eloquence  as  for  his 
small  frame,  which  he  told  the  emperor 
Alexander  was  like  a  sjxirk.  lie  had  the 
courage  to  seek  Petion,  and  all  the  leading 
Jacobins,  at  Danton's  house,  during  the 
height  of  the  massacre  of  all  the  prisoners 
in  September,  1792,  and  state,  tliat  he  would 
propose  a  dictatorship  Jiext  day  to  the  Con- 
vention, to  prevent  the  furtlier  horrible 
effusion  of  blood.  He  produced  a  number 
of  able  works  :  "  Le  Gi'nie  des  Sifccles,"  "  La 
Cite  des  Sages,"  "Des  Insurrections,"  and 
numerous  political  brochures  and  transla- 
tions from  the  English.  His  "  Phare  des 
Hois  "  and  "  Chant  du  Crime  "  are  his  most 
eminent  poetical  pieces. 

MANDEVILLE,  Sir  JoiiN%  an  English 
traveller,  was  born  at  St.  Alban's  about  the 
beginning  of  the  14th  century  -,  left  his  na- 
tive country  in  1.3.'12,  to  i)rocced  on  his  pere- 
grinations ;  spent  34  years  in  visiting  various 
countries ;  and  on  his  return,  published  an 
account  of  his  travels  ;  but  the  wonders  he 
describes  have  thrown  such  an  air  of  im- 
probability over  his  narrative,  as  to  stagger 
the  belief  of  the  most  credulous.  lie  died 
at  Liege,  in  1372. 

MANDEVILI-E,  BEnxARD,  a  Dutch  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Dort,  about  1G70.  lie 
settled  in  London  at  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century,  and  published,  in  17()9,  a  li- 
centious book,  entitled  "  The  Virgin  Un- 
masked." In  1711  appeared  his  treatise 
on  "Hypochondria  and  Hysteric  Passions;" 
but  the  work  by  which  he  is  most  known 
is  his  "  Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private  Vices 
made  Public  Benefits."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of 
Honour,"  "Free  Thoughts  on  Religion,"  &c. 
Died,  17:W. 

MANES,  or  MANICH^ITS,  the  founder 
of  a  Christian  sect,  called,  after  him,  Mani- 
chaeans,  was  a  native  of  Persia,  and  born 
about  the  year  23t>.  He  obtained  the  tenets, 
which  made  his  name  famous,  from  the 
books  of  Scythianus,  an  Arabian,  who  main- 
tained two  co-eternal  principles,  one  good 
and  the  other  evil.  Upon  this  stock,  Manes 
set  up  as  an  heresiarch,  blending  with  the 
philosophy  of  Scythianus,  or  rather  of  Em- 
pcdocks,  some  notions,  partly  Christian,  and 
partly  heathen.  He  rejected  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, and  taught  that  Christ  had  come  to 
save  mankind,  and  that  he  himself  was  the 
Paraclete  announced  in  the  New  Testament. 
He  also  pretended  to  the  gift  of  healing  ; 
but  failing  to  cure  the  son  of  the  king  of 
Persia,  he  was  flayed  alive,  and  his  body 
given  to  the  dogs,  a.d.  278. 

MANETHO,  an  ancient  Egyptian  histo- 
rian, who  was  high  priest  of  Heliopolis,  in 
the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  about 
.304  B.C.  He  wrote  the  history  of  his  coun- 
try in  Oreek,  and  pretended  to  liave  taken 


565 


it  from  the  sacred  inscriptions  on  the  pillars 
of  Hermes  Trismegistus. 

MANFREDI,  Eustachio,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at  Bo- 
logna, in  1G74.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  mathematics,  in  1698  ;  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  college  of  Montalto,  in  17(>4  ;  and 
afterwards  nominated  astronomer  to  the 
Institute  of  Bologna.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  of  the 
Koyal  Society  of  London.    Died,  1739. 

MANILIUS,  MAiiCDS,  a  Koman  poet, 
who  flourished  in  the  Augustan  age.  He 
undertook  a  didactic  poem,  of  which  we 
have  but  !>  books,  entitled  "  Astronomica." 
It  is  valuable  chiefly  as  a  work  of  science, 
but  contains,  however,  a  few  beautiful  and 
splendid  passages,  particularly  in  the  intro- 
ductions. 

MANLEY,  De  la  Keviere,  was  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Manley,  governor  of 
Guernsey,  a  gentleman  who  suffered  much 
for  his  adherence  to  Charles  I.,  and  also 
distinguished  himself  as  a  writer.  She  was 
left  to  the  care  of  a  cousin,  who  seduced 
her  under  the  mask  of  a  pretended  mar- 
riage, and  then  abandoned  her.  Being  thus 
dei)endent  on  her  own  exertions  for  support, 
she  became  a  dramatic  and  political  writer. 
Her  flrst  effort  was  "  The  Royal  Mistress," 
a  tragedy,  which  was  successful.  She  then 
composed  "  The  New  Atalanles,"  4  vols.  ; 
in  which,  under  feigned  names,  and  with 
much  warmth  and  freedom,  she  relates  the 
amours  and  adventures,  real  and  supposed, 
of  many  distinguished  persons  of  the  day. 
For  the  libels  contained  in  this  work  she 
was  committed  to  the  custody  of  a  messen- 
ger, but  afterwards  admitted  to  bail  ;  and  a 
Tory  administration  succeeding,  she  lived 
in  high  reputation  and  gaiety.  She  was 
also  employed  in  writing  for  Queen  Anne's 
ministry  ;  and  when  Swift  relinquished  the 
Examiner,  she  continued  it  for  a  consider- 
able time  with  great  spirit.  Besides  the 
works  before-mentioned,  she  wrote  "Lu- 
cius," a  tragedy  ;  "  The  Lost  Lover,"  a  co- 
medy ;  "  Memoirs  of  Europe  towards  the 
Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,"  "  Court 
Intrigues,"  "  Adventures  of  Rivelle,"  &c. 
Died,  1724. 

MANLIUS,  Marcus,  a  brave,  ambitious 
warrior  of  Rome,  who  saved  the  capitol, 
B.  c.  390,  when  attacked  by  the  Gauls  under 
Brennus,  and  received  the  surname  of  Capi- 
TOLiNus,  for  his  services  on  that  occasion. 
The  people  looked  up  to  him  as  tlieir  great- 
est benefactor,  but  his  restless  spirit  led  him 
to  seditious  enterprises,  on  a  charge  of  which 
he  was  condemned  to  death,  and  thrown 
from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  b.  c.  383. 

MANLIUS,  Titus  Tokquatus,  a  famous 
Roman,  who,  in  a  war  against  the  Gauls, 
accepted  a  challenge  given  by  one  of  the 
enemy,  and  having  slain  him,tt)ok  his  collar 
from  his  neck,  on  which  account  he  assumed 
the  name  of  Torquatus.  But  he  tarnished 
his  glory  by  a  judicial  act  of  unparalleled 
severity.  Contrary  to  his  express  orders, 
that  no  Roman  should  engage  in  combat 
without  command,  out  of  the  ranks,  his  son, 
remembering  his  father's  victory,  accepted 
a  challenge  from  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
enemy.   He  came  off  victorious,  and  laid  his 


3  0 


man] 


^  i^m  Bnihn-^td  2StO(jraj)T;y» 


[man 


trophies  at  his  father's  feet.  He  turned  re- 
luctantly from  his  son,  gave  him  the  crown 
of  victory,  and  immediately  ordered  the  lie- 
tor  to  execute  upon  him  the  punishment  of 
his  disobedience.  This  gave  great  disgust 
to  the  Romans,  and,  on  account  of  his  seve- 
rity, all  edicts  of  extreme  rigour  were  called 
"Manliana  edicta."  He  held  the  consul- 
ship in  the  Latin  war,  B.C.  340. 

MANNERT,  Conrad,  a  distinguished 
historian  and  geographer,  was  born  at  Alt- 
dorf,  in  Bavaria,  1756,  discharged  various 
high  educational  offices  in  different  towns 
of  Germany,  and  was  at  length  appointed 
professor  in  Munich  University,  where  he 
died  in  1834.  His  chief  title  to  fame  rests 
upon  his  elaborate  "  Geography  of  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,"  which  has  gone  through 
several  editions. 

MANNI,  Dominic  Makia,  an  eminent 
Italian  historian,  was  bom  at  Florence,  in 
1G90  ;  and  died,  in  his  98th  year,  in  1788. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  A  Series  of  Flo- 
rentine Senators,"  2  vols,  folio  ;  "  De  Flo- 
rentinis  Inventis  Commentarium,"  "  Illus- 
trations of  the  Decameron  of  Boccaccio," 
"  Observations  on  the  Seals  of  the  Lower 
Age,"  30  vols.  4to.,  &c. 

MANNING,  Owen,  an  English  antiquary 
and  topographer,  was  a  native  of  North- 
amptonshire ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  entered  into  orders,  and 
became  a  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  vicar 
of  Godalming.  His  principal  literary  labours 
are,  "  Dictionarium  Saxonico  et  Gothico- 
Latinum,  auctore  Edvardo  Lye,  edidit  et 
ttuxit  O.M.,"  2  vols,  folio,  and  the  "  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Surry  ;"  published  post- 
humously, by  Mr.  Bray,  in  3  vols,  folio. 
He  died,  aged  80,  in  1801. 

MANSART,  Francis,  a  French  architect; 
born,  1J98;  died,  16G6.  He  built  several 
churches,  and  other    public    structures    at 

Paris His    nephew,    Jules-Hurdouin 

Mansart,  wus  also  an  excellent  architect, 
and  the  superiutendant  of  the  royal  edifices. 
He  built  the  palaces  of  Versailles,  Marly, 
and  the  Great  Trianon  ;  the  Hospital  of  the 
Invalides,  &c. 

MANSFELD,  Ernest  of,  a  distinguished 
military  officer  of  the  17th  century,  was  the 
natural  son  of  Count  Mansfeld,  and  was 
born  at  Mechlin,  in  1586.  He  was  intrepid, 
skilful,  patient,  and  persevering  ;  and  the 
fame  of  his  exploits  will  long  be  remembered 
in  Germany.    Died,  1626. 

MANSFIELD,  William  Murray,  Earl 
of,  the  fourtli  son  of  David,  lord  Stormont, 
was  born  at  Perth,  in  Scotland,  in  1705.  He 
became  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and,  after 
the  usual  term  of  probation,  was  called  to 
the  bar,  gradually  making  his  way  to 
eminence.  In  1742  he  was  made  solicitor- 
general;  two  years  afterwards  lie  was  created 
chief  justice  of  tlie  king's  bench  ;  and,  in 
1776,  he  was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  an 
earl  of  Great  Britain.  During  the  riots  in 
London,  June  1780,  his  house  was  attacked 
by  the  anti-Catholic  mob,  and  his  valuable 
collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  fell  a 
sacrifice  to  the  fury  of  the  multitude,  by 
whom  the  mansion  was  burnt  to  the  ground. 
He  continued  for  some  years  longer  to  exer- 
cise his  judicial  functions,  but  resigned  in 


1788,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
retirement.  At  tlie  commencement  of  the 
reign  of  George  III.  he  was  assailed  with 
the  utmost  virulence  by  the  self- called 
patriots  of  the  day,  particularly  in  the  affair 
of  Wilkes  ;  wliile  Junius  poured  upon  him  a 
torrent  of  malignant  slander,  which  he  bore 
with  dignified  silence.  As  a  politician, 
Lord  Mansfield  inclined  to  the  high  maxims 
of  Toryism,  but  as  a  judge  he  was  acute, 
liberal,  and  disinterested.  His  lordship  died 
in  1783  ;  leaving  behind  him  the  reputation 
of  a  great  lawyer,  an  upright  man,  an 
elegant  scholar,  and  a  sincere  Christian. 

MANSI,  JouN  Dominic,  a  learned  Italian 
prelate,  and  an  indefatigable  antiquary,  was 
born  at  I.,ucca,  in  1692.  He  was  several 
years  professor  of  divinity  at  Naples,  and  in 
1765  was  made  archbishop  of  Lucca,  where 
he  died  in  1769.  His  principal  works  are,  a 
Latin  translation  of  "Calmet's  History  of 
the  Bible,"  with  additions  ;  "  De  Veteri  et 
Nova  Ecclesiae  Disciplina,"  "  Commentaries 
on  the  Bible,"  17  vols. ;  an  edition  of  "  Ba- 
ronius's  Annals,"  30  vols,  folio  ;  another  of 
the  "  Councils,"  30  vols.  ;  an  edition  of 
"^neas  Sylvius's Orations,"  2  vols.;  and  one 
of  Fabricius's  "  Bibliotheca  Latina  mediae 
et  infimae  ^tatis,"  6  vols.  4to. 

MANSTEIN,  Chiustopher  Herman  de, 
a  Russian  officer,  was  born  at  Petersburg,  in 
1711.  At  the  death  of  the  czarina  Anne,  he 
was  employed  to  arrest  the  Birons,  for  wliich 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
and  tlic  grant  of  estates,  but  was  deprived  of 
all  by  the  czarina  Elizabeth.  He  then  went 
into  the  Prussian  service,  and  died  in  the 
war  of  1756.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Jlemoirs 
of  Russia,"  which  are  much  esteemed. 

MANT,  Riglit  Rev.  Richard,  bishop  of 
Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore,  was  born  at 
Southampton,  where  his  father  was  rector 
of  the  chiu-ch  of  All  Saints,  1776.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford,  where 
he  gained  the  chancellor's  prize  for  an  Eng- 
lish essay  "  On  Commerce,"  1799  ;  and,  after 
taking  his  degree  of  M.A.,  he  travelled  for 
some  time  on  the  Continent ;  on  his  return 
from  which  he  became  successively  curate  at 
Buriton  and  Sparsholt  in  Hampshire.  In 
1810  he  was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of 
Great  Coggleshall,  in  Essex  ;  and  the  ser- 
mons which  he  preached  at  the  Bampton 
Lecture,  in  1812,  liaving  attracted  general 
attention,  he  now  rose  rapidly  in  the  church. 
In  1815  he  became  rector  of  St.  Botolph's, 
Bishopsgnte  Street,  and,  three  years  later, 
vicar  of  East  Horsley,  Surrey.  In  1820  he 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Killaloe,  and 
translated  to  the  see  of  Down  and  Connor 
in  1823  ;  the  care  of  the  diocese  of  Dromore 
devolving  upon  him  in  1842,  on  the  death  of 
the  last  bishop.  Dr.  Laurie.  During  his  long 
life,  Dr.  Mant  was  constantly  engaged  in 
authorship,  chiefly  on  subjects  connected 
with  his  professional  duties.  A  mere  cata- 
logue of  his  various  sermons,  tracts,  and 
charges,  occupies  nearly  four  cohimns  of  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  for  January,  1849;  but 
perhaps  those  which  have  gained  him  great- 
est celebrity  are,  the  edition  of  the  Bible 
with  notes  and  commentaries,  which  he 
prepared  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  D'Oyley, 
and  several  tracts  printed  by  the  Society  for 


man] 


^  if?etu  ?tlm'l)fr)^al  3BiO0rajptn. 


[mar 


promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  such  as 
"A  Step  in  the  Temple,"  &c.,  "Romanism 
and  Holy  Scripture  compared,"  "The 
Churches  of  Rome  and  England  compared." 
Died,  1848. 

MANTEGNA,  Andrea,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Padua,  in  1431 ;  and 
studied  under  Squarcione.  His  chief  resi- 
dence was  at  Mantua,  where  he  was  much 
employed  in  oil  and  fresco  ;  but  he  worked 
a  great  deal  at  Rome,  and  produced  some 
admired  paintings  there.  He  had  great  in- 
fluence on  the  style  of  his  age,  and  distin- 
guished himself  highly  in  the  art  of  perspec- 
tive.    Died,  1.505. 

MANTOX,  Thomas,  a  Nonconformist  di- 
vine, was  bom  at  Lawrence  Lidiard,  in  So- 
mersetshire, in  1020  ;  received  his  university 
education  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  and 
obtained  the  living  of  Stoke  Newington, 
which  he  quitted  for  that  of  St.  Paul,  Covent 
Garden.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  made 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  offered  the  deanery 
of  Rochester,  but  declined  it,  and  was  de- 
l)rived  of  his  rectory  by  the  act  of  conformity. 
Died,  1077.  His  works  were  printed  in  5  vols, 
folio. 

MANTUAN,  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  born  at  Mantua,  in  144S ;  and  was  a 
natural  son  of  Peter  Spagnolo.  After  re- 
ceiving an  excellent  education,  he  entered 
among  the  Carmelites,  but  quitted  the  order 
to  devote  himself  to  letters.  He  wrote 
eclogues  and  other  poems  ;  and  so  much  was 
he  esteemed  by  his  countrymen  at  the  time 
he  lived,  tliat  they  placed  him  next  in  rank 
to  Virgil.  That  was,  howcTcr,  an  honour 
infinitely  greater  than  he  merited.  Died, 
151<i. 

MANUEL,  CoMNEXus,  emperor  of  the 
East,  was  the  son  of  John  Comnenus,  and 
born  in  1120.  He  was  crowned  in  114;?,  to 
the  prejudice  of  Isaac,  his  eldest  brother, 
whom  liis  father  had  disinherited.  Died, 
1180. 

JfANUEL,  Jacques  Antoixe,  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  and  intrepid  defenders  of 
French  liberty,  was  born  in  1775,  at  Barce- 
lonette,  in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Alps.  He  entered  as  a  volunteer  in  one  of 
the  battalions  of  the  requisition  in  1793,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  captain.  After  the  peace 
of  Campo  Formio,  he  quitted  the  army, 
studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Aix, 
and  soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  for 
talent.  In  1815  he  was  elected  to  the  cham- 
ber of  deputies,  which  was  convoked  by 
Napoleon,  and  after  the  abdication  of  that 
monarch,  strenuously  contended  for  the 
rights  of  his  son.  In  1818  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies  by  three 
departments,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
formidable  opponents  of  the  ministers.  He 
was  fervid  and  ardent  in  the  cause  of  the 
party  to  which  he  had  attached  himself  j 
but  having  used  some  violent  expressions  in 
his  first  speech,  in  the  session  of  1823,  on  the 
subject  of  the  Spanish  war,  his  expulsion 
was  loudly  demanded  ;  the  result  of  which 
was  that  a  body  of  the  gendarmerie  was 
introduced  to  arrest  him.  Manuel  was  again 
chosen  to  the  chamber  of  deputies  in  1824, 
and  died  in  1827. 

MANUEL,  Pal^oloous,  emperor  of  Con- 


stantinople, was  the  son  and  successor  of 
John  IV.  He  resigned  his  sceptre  to  John 
YIL,  his  son,  and  took  a  religious  habit. 
He  died  in  1425,  aged  75. 

MANUEL,  PiEUUE,  a  native  of  Mnntargis, 
in  France,  who  made  himself  conspicuous 
during  the  i)rogress  of  the  revolution.  In 
1789  he  had  an  office  under  the  municipality 
of  Paris,  and  was,  for  a  time,  one  of  the  most 
active  and  dangerous  enemies  of  royalty. 
He  was  deei)ly  implicated  in  the  massacres 
which  took  place  in  the  prisons  of  Paris  in 
Sept.  1792  ;  but,  on  the  king's  trial,  he  voted 
for  his  imprisonment  during  the  continuance 
of  the  war,  and  his  banishment  afterwards. 
Through  this  and  some  other  unpopular 
measures  which  he  advocated,  he  was  obliged 
to  resign  his  seat  as  a  deputy.  He  retired 
to  Montargis  ;  and,  in  a  few  months  after,  he 
was  arrested  by  his  former  associates,  and 
sent  to  the  guillotine,  Nov.  14.  1793. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  or  MANUZIO, 
Aldo,  a  celebrated  Italian  printer  and  au- 
thor, of  the  15th  and  IGth  centuries,  was  born 
at  Bassano,  in  1447  ;  became  tutor  to  Alljerto 
Pio,  prince  of  Carpi ;  and  in  1488  established 
a  printing  ofllce  at  Venice.  He  printed 
numerous  valuable  editions  of  Greek  and 
Latin  classics  ;  compiled  a  Greek  and  Latin 
Dictionary  and  Grammar  ;  and  was  the  in- 
ventor of  "the  Italic  character,  hence  called 
Aldiiic,  for  the  exclusive  use  of  which,  for  b 
term  of  years,  he  obtained  a  patent.  Died, 
1515. Paolo  Manuzio,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  as  a  classic  scholar,  no 
less  than  as  a  printer,  was  Iwrn  at  Venice, 

in  1512,  and  died  in  1574 Aldo  Makuzio, 

the  younger,  was  a  son  of  Paolo,  and  equally 
celebrated  as  his  father  and  grandfather. 
He  was  bom  in  1547,  and  died  in  1597  ;  and 
with  him  expired  the  glory  of  the  Aldine 
press. 

MANVEL,  Francis,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese lyric  poet,  bom  at  Lisbon,  in  17.'M. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  odes,  and  other 
poems;  was  compelled  to  fly  from  his  country 
to  avoid  the  Inquisition  ;  and  died  at  Ver- 
seilles,  in  1821. 

MAPLETOFT,  Dr.  Jonjf,  a  very  learned 
English  medical  and  theological  writer. 
Born,  1G31  ;  died,  1721. 

MARA,  Elizabeth,  a  celebrated  public 
singer,  whose  maidtn  name  was  Schmelling, 
was  born  in  1750,  at  Cassel,  in  Germany. 
She  commenced  her  musical  education  by 
playing  on  the  violin,  but  as  she  grew  up, 
she  cultivated  her  vocal  talents,  and  attained 
an  almost  unrivalled  degree  of  excellence. 
On  her  arrival  at  Berlin  she  sang  before 
Frederick  the  Great,  and  though  he  had 
previously  declared  that  he  should  as  soon 
expect  pleasure  from  the  neighing  of  a  horse 
as  from  a  German  singer,  yet  he  was  soon 
convinced  of  the  excellence  of  the  fair  vo- 
calist, whom  he  put  to  the  test,  by  selecting 
the  most  difficult  airs  in  his  collection,  which 
she  executed  at  sight,  with  ihe  utmost  fa- 
cility. She  afterwards  visited  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, England,  France,  and  Russia.  Ma- 
dame Mara  left  England  in  1802,  and  went 
to  reside  in  Russia  ;  and  when  that  country 
was  invaded  by  Napoleon  in  1812,  she  beciinie 
a  sufferer,  in  consequence  of  the  destruction 
of  her  property  at  the  conflagration  of  Mos- 

3  c  8 


marI 


^  ^tbi  Unibtr^Kl  3St0srajpI)j), 


[mar 


cow.  About  the  beginning  of  1820  she  re- 
visited England,  and  gave  a  concert  at  the 
opera  house  ;  but  age  had  weakened  her 
powers,  and  this  once  matchless  singer  ex- 
hibited only  the  relics  of  her  former  great- 
ness.   She  died  at  Revel,  in  183.3,  aged  82. 

MARACCI,  JoH.y,  an  historical  painter, 
was  born  at  Lucca,  in  1637.  His  figures 
were  elegantly  disposed,  and  his  colouring 
agreeable.    Died,  1704. 

MARACCI,  Tvouis,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
and  orientalist,  was  bom  at  Lucca,  in  1(512. 
He  acquired  a  great  reputation  by  his  edi- 
tion of  the  Koran,  printed  at  Padua,  in 
Arabic  and  Latin,  in  1698,  2  vols,  folio.  He 
also  assisted  in  publishing  the  Arabic  Bible, 
3  vols,  folio,  at  Rome.    Died,  1760. 

MARALDI,  James  Philip,  a  celebrated 
mathematician,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Nice,  in  1665.  He  was  employed  under 
Cassini,  in  constructing  the  great  meridian 
through  France,  and  died  in  1729,  leaving 
behind  him  a  valuable  catalogue  of  the  fixed 
stars. 

MAR  AN  A,  JoHX  Paul,  the  author  of  the 
"  Turkish  Spy,"  was  born  at  Genoa,  in  1C42  ; 
and  died  in  1693. 

MARAT,  JoUN  Paul,  one  of  those  mon- 
sters which  nature  rarely  produces,  was  bom 
in  1744,  at  Baudry,  in  the  province  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  in  Switzerland.  In  his  youth  he 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine  and 
anatomy  ;  and  settling  in  Paris,  attracted 
notice  as  an  empiric  and  vendor  of  medicines. 
But  his  ambition  led  him  to  desire  a  more 
extensive  popularity,  and  he  wrote  a  work, 
which  had  for  its  title,  "  Man,  or  Principles 
and  Laws,  sliowing  the  Iniluence  of  the 
Soul  and  the  Body  in  their  Relations  to  each 
other."  He  also  published  a  daib'  paper, 
called  "  L'Ami  du  Peuple,"  in  which  he 
disseminated  his  venomous  hatred  towards 
royalty,  while  he  insulted  the  nobility,  the 
members  of  the  legislative  body,  and  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  Natioiiial  Assem- 
bly. Having  by  every  means  that  a  diabolical 
intention  could  suggest,  corrupted  the  minds 
of  the  populace,  this  wretch  became  president 
of  the  assembly  of  deputies  in  Paris,  and  in 
that  capacity  satiated  his  thirst  for  human 
blood.  He  also  denounced  the  generals  of 
the  French  army  as  traitors  to  their  country, 
and  next  put  the  members  of  the  convention 
under  arrest.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Char- 
lotte Corday  resolved  to  rid  the  world  of  its 
greatest  monster,  and  he  was  stabbed  by  this 
enthusiastic  young  woman,  whom  Lamartine 
has  styled  the  "  angel  of  assassination," 
July,  1793.  —  See  Corday. 

MARATTI,  Carlo,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  born  in  162.5,  at  Camerino,  in  the  papal 
territory.  He  became  an  early  pupil  of 
Andrea  Sacchi ;  and  on  account  of  his  habit 
of  painting  female  saints,  was  nicknamed 
by  Salvator  Rosa,  Carluccio  della  Madonna. 
He  was  also  a  good  architect  and  an  en- 
graver ;  was  knighted  by  Clement  XI.,  who 

gave  him  a  pension.    Died  in  1713. His 

daughter  Makia,  who  married  J.  B.  Zappi, 
was  also  a  good  artist  and  a  poetess. 

MARBECK,  JoHx,  a  musician  of  the  16th 
century,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  com- 
poser of  the  cathedral  service  of  the  Church 
of  England.    He  was  organist  at  St.  George's 


Chapel,  Windsor  ;  and  author  of  a  "Con- 
cordance of  the  Bible,"  "  The  Lives  of  the 
Saints,  Prophets,  and  Patriarchs,"  &c. 

MARCEAir,  Francis  Severin  Desgra- 
viTDRs,  an  eminent  French  general,  distin- 
guished alike  for  his  military  talents  and 
his  virtues,  was  born  at  Chartres,  in  1769. 
His  skill,  courage,  and  humanity  were  at- 
tested in  La  Vendc^e,  at  Fleurus,  and  on  the 
Rhine  ;  and  befell  atHochsteinbach,inl796. 
He  was  buried  in  the  intrenched  camp  of 
Coblentz  ;  and  such  was  the  respect  paid 
to  hini  by  both  friends  and  enemies,  that 
the  Austrian  and  French  armies  joined 
in  honouring  the  ceremony  by  volleys  of 
artillery. 

MARCELLO,  Benedetto,  son  of  a  Vene- 
tian senator,  was  born  in  1686,  and  became  a 
great  proficient  in  the  science  of  music.  His 
"  Psalms,"  adapted,  in  English,  to  suitable 
words,  is  an  elaborate  work,  in  8  vols,  folio. 
Died  in  17;59. 

MARCELLUS,  M.  Claudius,  the  first 
Roman  general  who  successfully  encountered 
Hannibal  in  the  second  Punic  war.  Soon 
after  the  fatal  battle  of  Canna?,  he  was  sent 
against  that  distinguished  commander,  and 
forced  the  Carthaginians  to  retreat,  -with  a 
loss.  He  afterwards  went  to  Sicily,  where 
the  siege  ot  Syracuse  was  his  most  remark- 
able achievement.  Marcellus  fell  in  a  san- 
guinary battle  with  his  former  opponent, 
B.C.  209,  when  Hannibal  caused  the  body  to 
be  burnt  with  distinguished  honours,  and  sent 
tlie  ashes  to  his  son,  in  a  costly  urn. 

MARCET,  Alexander,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Geneva,  in  1770  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  and 
settled  in  London,  where  he  obtained  great 
reputation  as  a  medical  practitioner  and 
public  lecturer.  He  was  naturalised  in  Eng- 
land in  1802,  but  returned  to  his  own  country 
in  1814.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay 
on  the  Chemical  History  of  Calculi,"  and  of 
many  valuable  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  &c.    Died  in  London,  1822. 

MARCILIUS,  TuEODORE,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, was  born  at  Arnheim,  in  1.548,  and  died 
in  1617.  He  published  Pythagoras's  Golden 
Verses,  with  a  Latin  version  and  comment- 
aries, and  also  some  works  of  his  own,  as 
"  Historia  Strenarum,"  &c. 

MARCION,  a  heretic  of  the  2nd  century, 
was  a  native  of  S\'nope,  on  the  Euxine.  He 
espoused  the  notions  of  Cerdo,  to  which  he 
added  the  doctrine  of  Manes,  and  some  pecu- 
liarities of  his  own. 

MARDONIUS,  the  son-in-law  of  Darius, 
and  the  general  of  Xerxes.  He  was  slain  at 
the  battle  of  Platsea,  b.  c.  479. 

MARE,  Nicholas  de  la,  principal  magis- 
trate of  the  Chatelet  under  Louis  XIV.,  who 
employed  him  in  several  important  concerns, 
particularly  during  the  scarcity  of  corn  which 
prevailed  in  France.  He  was  the  author  of 
an  elaborate  work  on  the  police,  in  4  vols, 
folio  ;  and  died  in  1723. 

MARETS,  Samuel  de,  was  a  native  of  Pl- 
cardy,  and  surnamed  "  The  Little  Preacher," 
from  his  diminutive  stature.  He  was  an 
eminent  controversialist  of  the  reformed 
church  in  the  17th  century,  and  from  his 
erudition  and  ability  made  a  distinguished 
figure  among  the  polemics  of  the  day.    He 


mar] 


^  ^tio  mniiitr^til  aSiosrapIji?, 


[blvk 


wrote  a  variety  of  theological  works,  parti- 
cularly an  excellent  "  System  of  Divinity." 
Died,  10<i3. 

MARGARET  OF  ANJOU,  daughter  of 
116\\6  d'Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  and  wife  of 
Henry  VI.,  king  of  England,  was  an  ambi- 
tious, enterprising,  courageous  woman.  In- 
trepid in  the  field,  she  signalised  herself  by 
heading  her  troops  in  several  battles  against 
the  house  of  York  ;  and  if  she  had  not  been 
the  instrument  of  her  husband's  misfortunes, 
by  putting  to  death  the  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
his  uncle,  her  name  would  have  been  im- 
mortalised for  the  fortitude,  activity,  and 
policy  with  which  she  supported  tlie  rights  of 
her  husband  and  son.  The  fatal  defeat  at 
Tewkesbury,  however,  put  an  end  to  all  her 
enterprises  ;  the  king  being  taken  prisoner, 
and  Prince  Edward,  their  only  son,  basely 
murdered  by  Richard,  duke  of  York.  Mar- 
garet was  ransomed  b}'  her  father  for  50,000 
crowns,  and  died  in  Anjou,  14S2. 

MARGARET  OF  FRANCE,  queen  of 
Navarre,  daughter  of  Henry  II.,  was  born 
in  1552,  and  ranked  as  one  of  the  greatest 
beauties  of  her  age,  with  talents  and  accom- 
plishments corresponding  to  the  charms  of 
her  person.  She  married  Henry,  then  prince 
of  B'.'arn,  but  afterwards  king  of  France. 
On  his  accession  to  that  throne,  he  proposed 
to  dissolve  their  marriage  ;  to  which  she  con- 
sented, on  condition  of  receiving  a  suitable 
pension  ;  and,  having  returned  to  Paris,  lived 
in  great  splendour  and  dissipation  till  her 
death,  in  1615,  at  the  age  of  (53.  Some  very 
agreeable  poems  by  her  are  extant,  and  her 
'*  Alt'moires  "  are  extremely  curious. 

MARGARET  OF  VALOIS,  queen  of 
Naples,  and  sister  to  Francis  I.,  king  of 
France,  was  the  daughter  of  Charles  of 
Orleans,  duke  of  AngoulGme,  and  born  in 
1492.  In  irm  she  married  Charles,  duke  of 
Akncjon,  who  died  in  1,525.  Her  next  hus- 
band was  Henry  d'Albret.  king  of  Navarre, 
by  whom  she  had  Joan  d'Albret,  mother  of 
Henry  IV.  She  was  the  authoress  of  some 
poetical  pieces,  and  of  a  tract,  entitled  "  The 
Mirror  of  the  Sinful  Soul,"  which  was  con- 
demned as  heretical  by  the  Sorbonne.  A 
volume  of  tales,  entitled  "  Ileptameron,  ou 
Sept  Journees  de  la  Reyne  de  Navarre," 
which  were  written  by  her  during  the  gaiety 
of  youth,  are  as  free  in  their  tendency  as  those 
of  Boccaccio  ;  and  it  certainly,  at  the  present 
day,  appears  somewliat  extraordinary,  that 
a  princess  so  pious  and  contemplative  as 
Margaret  of  Valois  should  be  their  author. 
Died,  1549. 

M  ARGARITONE,  an  Italian  painter,  was 
born  at  Arezio,  in  U98.  He  invented  the  art 
of  gilding  with  leaf  gold  upon  Armenian  bole) 
and  painted  historical  subjects  in  fresco  and 
distemper.     Died,  1275. 

MARGON,  William  de.  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, who  died  in  17«0.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  Memoirs  of  Marshal  Villars,"  3 
vols.;  "Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of  Berwick," 
2  vols.  ;  and  "  Memoirs  of  Tourville,"  3 
vols. 

MARGRAAF,  Andrew  Sigismund,  an 
eminent  chemist,  and  director  of  the  academy 
of  Berlin,  was  born  in  that  city  in  1709.  He 
applied  assiduously  to  mineralogy,  which 
science  he  enriched  by  the  discovery  of  the 


semi-metal,  called  manganese.  He  also  made 
several  important  discoveries  in  chemistry, 
among  which  are  the  formic  acid  and  beet 
sugar.    Died,  1782. 

MARIA  LOUISA,  ex-empress  of  the 
French,  wife  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte,  Mas 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Francis  I.,empeior  of 
Austria,  and  of  his  second  wife,  Maria  Theresa 
of  Naples,  and  was  born  1791.  In  ISlOshe  was 
married  to  the  emperor,  then  in  the  zenith 
of  his  power  ;  in  1811  she  presented  her  hus- 
band with  a  son  —  afterwards  called  king  of 
Rome — to  the  great  joy  of  the  French  na- 
tion ;  and,  in  1813,  on  his  departure  to  the 
army,  she  was  nominated  regent.  In  1814 
she  refused  to  accompany  Napoleon  to  Elba 
on  the  plea  of  ill-health  ;  and  having  ob- 
tained, by  treaty  with  the  allied  powers,  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Placeutia,  &c.,  slie 
repaired  thither  with  her  chamberlain. 
Count  Neipperg,  for  whom  she  had  con- 
ceived an  attachment,  and  whom  she  sub- 
sequently married.  Maria  Louisa  was  en- 
dowed with  considerable  talents,  which  she 
had  cultivated  with  some  care.  Her  mar- 
riage with  Napoleon  being  purely  conven- 
tional, it  is  not  surprising  that,  with  his 
well-known  domestic  qualities,  he  failed  to 
elicit  either  her  aifcction  or  her  esteem  ;  but 
the  impartial  biographer  must  still  charge 
her  with  a  selfishness  of  character  and  cold- 
ness of  heart,  which  the  difficulties  of  her 
position  may  perhaps  extenuate,  but  cannot 
justify.    Died,  December  18.  1847. 

MARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  archduchess  of  Austria,  and 
empress  of  Germany,  daughter  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  VI.,  was  born  at  Vienna, 
1717,  and,  in  1730,  married  Duke  Francis 
Stephen  of  Lorraine,  who,  in  1737,  became 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany.  The  day  after  her 
father's  death,  she  ascended  the  throne  of 
Hungary,  Bolicmia,  and  Austria,  and  de- 
clared her  husband  joint  ruler.  The  elector, 
Charles  Albert  of  Bavaria,  supported  by 
France,  laid  claim  to  the  Austrian  hereditary 
territories,  and  the  electors  of  Cologne  and 
the  Palatine  would  likewise  not  acknowledge 
her  succession.  In  the  meanwhile,  Maria 
Theresa  threw  herself  upon  her  Hungarian 
subjects  ;  to  whom,  with  her  child  in  her 
arms,  she  made  this  pathetic  address ; 
"Abandoned  by  my  friends,  persecuted  by 
my  enemies,  attacked  by  my  nearest  re- 
lations, I  have  no  other  resource  than  in 
your  fidelity,  your  courage,  and  your  con- 
stancy ;  I  commit  to  your  hands  the  child  of 
your  king."  The  youth,  the  beauty,  and  the 
misfortunes  of  the  queen  made  a  deep  im- 
pression. The  magnates  drew  their  sabres, 
and  exclaimed,  "  Moriamur  pro  rege  nostro 
Maria  Theresa."  Till  then  she  had  preserved 
a  calm,  majestic  demeanour  ;  but  their  fide- 
lity and  courage  overcame  her  feelings,  and 
she  gave  way  to  them  in  tears.  The  troops 
furnished  by  Hungary,  by  their  mode  of 
warfare  and  their  ferocity,  spread  terror 
through  the  German  and  French  armies. 
In  the  meantime  the  allies  quarrelled  among 
themselves,  and  the  king  of  Prussia  made  a 
separate  peace  with  her.  The  general  opinion 
that  the  balance  of  Europe  depended  upon 
the  continuance  of  the  house  of  Austria,  in- 
duced England  to  arm  for  Maria  Theresa  ) 


5C9 


3  c  3 


mar] 


^  |2c&3  WinihtrSnl  33i0srapl)jj 


[mak 


Holland  paid  her  subsidiea  ;  and  after  the 
death  of  Cardinal  Fleury,  in  1743,  tlie  cause 
of  Austria  triumphed  throughout  Europe. 
Reverses,  however,  followed  ;  and  all  the 
belligerents  having  become  desirous  of  peace, 
tiiat  of  Aix-la-ChapcUe  was  at  length  con- 
cluded in  1748,  by  which  Maria  Theresa 
was  secured  in  her  rights.  In  1756  tliis  calm 
was  disturbed  by  tlie  king  of  Prussia,  who 
marched  into  Saxony  and  Bohemia.  Mar- 
shal Brown  opposed  him  under  the  walls  of 
Prague,  but  being  wounded,  he  was  obliged 
to  retire  into  that  city,  which  was  imme- 
diately bombarded.  Count  Daun,  however, 
forced  tlie  Prussians  to  raise  the  siege,  by 
gaining  the  victory  of  Chotzemitz.  In  17.55 
her  liusband,  the  emperor  Francis,  died, 
which  caused  her  deep  and  lasting  distress. 
In  1772  she  joined  the  king  of  Prussia  and 
the  empress  Catharine  in  the  dismemberment 
of  Poland.  By  the  death  of  Maximilian 
Josepli,  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1777,  war  was 
rekindled  between  Austria  and  Prussia,  but 
was  terminated  in  1779,  by  the  peace  of 
Teschen,  whicli  added  to  the  former  state  a 
small  portion  of  Bavaria.  Maria  Theresa 
founded  and  improved  schools,  universities, 
and  academies,  and  granted  prizes  to  the 
students.  Slie  rewarded,  also,  tliose  who 
made  any  important  improvements  in  tlic 
art,  and  turned  her  attention  particularly 
to  agriculture,  which  was  delineated  upon 
a  medal  that  she  caused  to  be  struck.  She 
also  reformed  many  abuses  in  the  church  ; 
suppressed  the  Inquisition  at  Milan  ;  abo- 
lished the  order  of  Jesuits,  and  proliibited 
tlie  admission  of  individuals  of  both  sexes  as 
members  of  convents  before  the  age  of  25 
years.  She  also  abolished  the  rack  in  all  her 
states,  and  died  in  1780,  aged  63,  with  a  just 
claim  to  the  reputation  of  many  royal  and 
domestic  virtues. 

MARIANA,  Juan  de,  a  celebrated  Spa- 
nish historian,  was  born  at  Talavera,  in 
1536,  entered  the  society  of  Jesuits,  and  was 
successively  professor  of  theology  in  their 
colleges  at  Rome  and  at  Paris.  His  chief 
work,  "Historia  de  Rebus  Ilispaniae,"  en- 
titles him  to  an  honourable  place  among 
historical  writers ;  but  his  treatise,  "  De 
Rege,"  in  whicli  he  maintains  the  justice  of 
killing  a  tyrant,  excited  great  clamour,  and 
was  publicly  burnt  by  order  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris.     Died,  1624. 

MARIGNAN,  JoHy  James  Medichino, 
Marquis  de,  a  celebrated  commander,  was 
born  at  Milan,  in  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century.  Francis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan, 
employed  him  and  another  officer  to  murder 
Visconti,  a  Milanese  nobleman  ;  after  which 
he  determined  to  sacrifice  the  two  instru- 
ments, lest  he  should  be  discovered  as  the 
author  of  the  assassination.  The  one  perished, 
but  Medichino  escaped,  and  obtained  the 
government  of  Musso.  In  1528  he  entered 
into  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  ex- 
clianged  Musso  for  Marignan.  in  1554  he 
defeated  the  French,  commanded  by  Marshal 
Strozzi,  in  Tuscany,  and  took  the  city  of 
Sienna,  where  he  committed  horrible  cruel- 
ties.   Died,  1556. 

MARINI,  JoHX  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  156!).  He  was  bred 
to  the  law,  which  he  abandoned  for  litera- 


ture ;  but  his  life  and  conduct  proved  very 
irregular.  AV'hile  at  Turin  he  had  a  quarrel 
with  Murtola,  a  rival  poet,  who  stabbed  liim, 
but  not  mortally.  On  his  recovery,  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  was  patronised  by  Mary 
de'  Medici  ;  and  in  1622  he  became  president 
of  the  Umoristi  at  Rome.  His  principal 
poem  is  an  heroic,  entitled  "  Adone,"  but  he 
wrote  many  others.    Died,  1625. 

MARINO,  St.,  a  native  of  Dalmatia,  in 
the  4th  century.  He  wa«  originally  a  work- 
man employed  in  building  the  bridge  of 
Rimini,  but  his  piety  having  been  noticed 
by  the  bishop  of  Brescia,  he  was  made  a 
deacon,  and  he  retired  to  an  hermitage  on 
Mount  Titano,  where  he  died.  The  miracles 
said  to  be  wrought  at  the  tomb  of  tliis  ci- 
devnnt  stonemason  brought  a  crowd  of  pil- 
grims to  the  spot ;  houses  were  built  to  re- 
ceive them  ;  an  independent  community  was 
formed  ;  and  thus  rose  into  existence  the  re- 
public of  San  Marino,  which  is  the  smallest 
state  in  Europe. 

MARIOTTE,  Edmund,  a  French  mathe- 
matician and  experimental  philosopher, 
born  at  Dijon  ;  became  a  member  of  tlie  aca- 
demy of  sciences  at  Paris,  in  1666  ;  and  died 
in  1684.  He  was  a  great  experimentalist  on 
the  motion  of  fluids,  the  nature  of  vision, 
and  the  constitution  of  the  air.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  An  Essay  on  Physics,"  treatises 
on  "  The  Pressure  and  Motion  of  Fluids," 
the  "  Movement  of  Pendulums,"  &c. 

MARIUS,  Caius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
general  and  demagogue,  who  was  seven  times 
consul.  He  first  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Numantia ;  afterwards  went  to 
Africa  as  lieutenant  to  the  consul  Met^Uus  ; 
superseded  his  commander,  and  obtained 
the  consulship  himself,  when  he  subdued 
Jugurtha,  king  of  Numidia,  whom  he  con- 
ducted in  triumph  to  Rome.  After  this  he 
served  against  the  Cimbri  and  other  barba- 
rous nations,  who  had  poured  their  myriads 
into  Italy.  With  a  very  inferior  force  he 
completely  routed  them,  for  which  a  pyramid 
was  erected  to  his  honour.  But  he  tarnished 
the  glory  of  liis  victories  by  the  basest  cruel- 
ties to  the  vanquished,  especially  the  women. 
In  his  sixth  consulate  he  liad  Sylla  for  his 
rival,  who  marched  to  Rome  witli  his  army, 
and  a  civil  war  commenced  to  decide  their 
superiority.  Defeated  by  his  rival,  Marina 
wandered  about  on  tlie  coasts  of  Italy,  and, 
after  escaping  several  times,  was  found  by 
some  horsemen  in  a  marsh.  He  was  con- 
ducted naked  to  Minturnas,  where  the  magis- 
trate, after  some  deliberation,  resolved  to 
obey  the  orders  of  the  senate  and  of  Sylla. 
But  the  Cimbrian  slave,  to  whom  the  execu- 
tion was  intrusted,  awed  by  the  look  and 
words  of  Marius,  dropped  Ms  sword,  and  the 
people  of  Minturna;,  moved  with  compassion, 
conducted  him  to  the  coast,  whence  a  vessel 
conveyed  him  to  Africa.  Here  he  remained 
till  his  party  had  once  more  triumphed  in 
Italy,  when  he  was  recalled  by  Cinna  and 
Sertorius,  who  making  themselves  masters 
of  Rome,  a  terrible  proscription  took  place. 
Marius  enjoyed  the  dignity  of  consul  for  the 
seventh  time,  86  B.  c,  and  died  shortly  after, 

aged  80 Makius,  the  Yocngek,  had  all 

the  ferocious  character  of  his  father.  He 
usurped  the  consular  dignity  B.C.  82,  but 


mar] 


^  lletD  ?auit)criSaI  38tojirap^n. 


[mar 


was  defeated  by  Sylla,  aud  slew  himself  at 
Priencste. 

MARIUS,  Marcus  Auuelius,  a  smith  and 
common  soldier  in  the  reign  of  Gallicnus, 
who  raised  liimself  to  a  supreme  command 
in  the  army,  and  on  the  death  of  Victorinus 
ascended  the  imperial  throne,  but  was  slain 
[  shortly  after  by  a  soldier. 

MARIVAUX,  Petku  Carlet  de  CftAM- 
I  BLAix  DE,  a  celebrated  dramatist  and  no- 
j  velist,  was    born    at  Paris,  in    1688.      His 
j  father,  wlio  was  director  of   the    mint  at 
Riom,  gave  him  an  excellent  education,  and 
!  liis  own  talents  and  social  merits  gained  him 
j  many  friends.     The  drama  first  attracted 
his  attention,  and  he  was  tlie  author  of  about 
30  pieces  ;  but  it  is  as  a  novelist  that  he  is 
chiefly  known  to  the  world  of  letters.    Of 
tliese,  "LePaysan  Parvenu,"  "Marianne," 
aud  "  Le  Philosophe  Indigente,"    are    ac- 
counted the  principal.    He  also  wrote  "I-e 
Spectateur  Fran(,'oi8,"  &c.    Died,  170;^. 

MARKHAM,  Gekvase,  an  English  au- 
thor, who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.,  and  who  served  as  a  captain  in 
the  royal  army  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  bom  at  Gotham,  in  Nottinghamshire, 
but  the  exact  time  of  his  birth  aud  death^is 
unknown,  lie  wrote  "Herod  and  Anti- 
pater,"  a  tragedy,  besides  several  poems  ; 
but  he  was  chiefly  noted  for  his  treatises  on 
hawking,  husbandry,  horsemanship,  the  dis- 
eases of  cattle,  &c. 

MARKLAND,  Abraham,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  in  London,  in  1(>4.5  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  obtained 
a  prebend  at  Winchester  in  1679  ;  was  after- 
wards master  of  the  hospital  of  St.  Cross, 
and  died  in  1720. 

MARKLAND,  Jeremiah,  an  eminent 
critic  and  classical  Rcholar,  was  born  at 
Childwall,  in  Lancashire,  in  1693  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital,  nnd  Peter  House, 
Cambridge  ;  and  died  at  Dorking,  Surrey, 
in  1776.  His  principal  works  are,  an  edition 
of  the  "  SylvoB  "  of  Statius,  and  "  Remarks 
on  the  Epistles  of  Cicero  to  Brutus,  and  of 
Brutus  to  Cicero." 

M^VRLBOROUGH,  JoHx  Churchill, 
Duke  of,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Winston  Chur- 
chill, of  Ashe,  in  Devonshire,  where  he  was 
bom,  in  1650.  At  the  age  of  12  years  he  was 
taken  from  school,  to  be  a  page  to  the  Duke 
of  York,  who,  in  1666,  gave  him  a  pair  of 
colours  in  the  guards.  His  first  service  was 
at  the  siege  of  Tangier ;  and,  at  his  return 
to  England,  he  became  the  favourite  of  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  who  gave  him  50001., 
with  which  he  purchased  an  annuity  for 
life.  He  served  afterwards  under  the  great 
Turenne,  and  distinguished  himself  so  gal- 
lantly at  the  siege  of  Maestricht,  tliat  the 
king  of  France  publicly  thanked  him  at  the 
head  of  the  regiment.  On  Ms  return  to 
England  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel, 
gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  and  master 
of  the  robes  to  the  Duke  of  York,  whom  he 
attended  to  Holland  and  Scotland ;  and 
about  tliis  time  he  married  Miss  Jennings, 
maid  of  honour  to  the  princess,  afterwards 
queen  Anne.  In  1682  he  was  shipwrecked 
with  the  Duke  of  York,  in  their  passage  to 
Scotland.  The  same  year  he  was  made  a 
pe«r,  by  the  title  of  baron  Eyemouth  ;  and 


Kl 


when  James  came  to  the  crown,  he  was  sent 
to  France  to  notify  the  event.  In  1685  he 
was  created  lord  Churchill,  of  Sandridge. 
The  same  year  he  suppressed  Monmouth's 
rebellion,  and  took  him  prisoner.  He  con- 
tinued to  serve  king  James  with  great  fidelity, 
till  the  arrival  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  wlio 
created  him  earl  of  Marlborough  in  1689, 
and  appointed  him  commander-in-chief  of 
the  English  army  in  the  Low  Countries. 
He  next  served  in  Ireland,  and  reduced  Cork, 
Kjnsale,  and  other  strong  places.  But  in 
1692  he  was  suddenly  dismissed  from  his 
employments,  and  committed  to  the  Tower, 
on  suspicion,  not  wholly  groundless,  of  plot- 
ting to  restore  the  exiled  monarch.  After 
the  death  of  queen  Mary  he  was  restored  to 
favour  ;  and  at  the  close  of  that  reign  he  had 
the  command  of  the  English  forces  in  Hol- 
land, and  was  appointed  ambassador  extra- 
ordinary to  the  States,  who  chose  him  cap- 
tain-general of  their  forces.  Yet  his  splendid 
course  of  glory  appeared  now  only  to  begin. 
On  the  commencement  of  queen  Anne's 
reign,  he  recommended  a  war  with  France 
and  Spain,  which  advice  was  adopted.  In 
the  campaign  of  1702,  he  took  a  number  of 
strong  towns,  particularly  Liege  ;  and,  re- 
turning to  England  the  following  winter, 
received  the  thanks  of  both  houses,  and  a 
dukedom.  In  1704  he  joined  Prince  Eugene, 
with  whom  he  encountered  the  French  and 
Bavarians  at  Hochstedt,  and  obtained  a 
complete  victory,  taking  Marshal  Tallard 
prisoner,  whom  he  afterwards  brought  to 
England,  with  26  other  officers  of  rank,  121 
standards,  and  179  colours.  He  again  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  parliament,  and  the 
grant  of  the  manor  of  Woodstock,  with  the 
hundred  of  Wotton.  On  the  12th  of  May, 
1706,  he  fought  the  famous  battle  of  Ramil- 
lics,  which  accelerated  the  fall  of  Louvain, 
Brussels,  and  other  important  places ;  and 
arriving  in  England  in  November,  received 
fresh  honours  and  grants  from  the  queen 
and  parliament.  A  bill  was  passed  to  settle 
tlie  titles  upon  the  male  and  female  issue  of 
his  daughters,  and  a  pension  of  5000?.  a  year 
granted  him  out  of  the  post  oflice.  In  1709 
he  defeated  Marshal  Villars,  at  Malplaquet ; 
for  which  victory  a  general  thanksgiving 
was  solemnised.  In  the  winter  of  1711  he 
returned  to  England,  and  soon  after,  through 
party  intrigues,  was  dismissed  from  all  his 
employments.  To  add  to  this  imjust  treat- 
ment, a  prosecution  was  commenced  against 
him  for  applying  the  public  money  to  his 
private  purposes.  Stung  at  this  ingratitude 
he  went  into  voluntary  banishment,  accom- 
panied by  his  duchess,  and  remained  abroad 
till  1714,  when  he  landed  at  Dover  amidst 
the  acclamations  of  the  people.  Queen  Anne 
was  just  dead,  and  her  successor  restored  the 
duke  to  his  military  appointments  ;  but  his 
infirmities  increasuig,  he  retired  from  public 
employment,  and  died  at  Windsor  Lodge,  in 
1722. 

MARLOE,  or  MARLOWE,  Christopher, 
an  eminent  poet  and  dramatist  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan age,  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
afterwards  settled  in  London,  and  became 
an  actor,  as  well  as  a  writer  for  the  stage. 
Besides  six  tragedies  of  his  own  composition, 
and  one  written  jointly  with  Nashc,  he  left 


mar] 


^  i^c\3i  Uniittv&al  maQtKpf)v, 


[aiAK 


translations  from  Ovid,  Lucan,  and  others. 
Ilis  powers  as  a  tragic  writer  were  of  a  high 
order,  and  some  passages  in  his  plays  are 
fraught  with  exquisite  beauty.  Died,  1593. 
MARMION,  Shakekley,  a  dramatic 
writer,  Mas  born  at  Aynhoe,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, about  1602  ;  was  educated  at  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford ;  entered  tl\e  army, 
and  died  in  1G39.  He  wrote  four  comedies, 
and  "  Cupid  and  Psyche,"  a  poem. 

MARMONTEL,  John  Francis,  a  distin- 
guished French  writer,  born  in  1723,  at  Bort, 
in  the  Limousin,  was  the  eldest  son  of  a 
large  family  in  humble  life  ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Mauriac.  He 
first  settled  at  Toulouse,  but  being  persuaded 
by  Voltaire  to  try  his  fortune  at  Paris,  he 
went  there  in  1745.  By  his  tragedies  of 
"  Dionysius  "  and  "  Aristomenes,"  and  other 
I  popular  works,  he  soon  gained  reputation  ; 
and  being  patronised  by  Madame  de  Pom- 
padour, he  received  the  appointment  of  sec- 
retary to  the  royal  buildings.  Soon  after, 
he  became  connected  with  U'Alembcrt  and 
Diderot  in  the  Encj'clopcdie.  He  also  had 
a  share  in  the,Mercure  Francois,  in  which 
liis  "  Tales "  first  appeared. ;  but  having 
written  a  satire  on  the  Duke  d'Aumont,  lie 
was  sent  to  the  Bastile  ;  from  wliich,  how- 
ever, he  was  liberated  in  a  few  days  ;  and  in 
1763  he  obtained  a  place  in  the  academy,  of 
which  he  after^vards  became  perpetual  sec- 
retary. In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he 
indulged  in  all  the  licentiousness  of  Parisian 
life  ;  but  he  at  length  married,  and  conducted 
himself  with  sense  and  propriety.  He  sur- 
vived the  horrors  of  the  revolution,  having, 
when  tlie  political  horizon  darkened,  retired 
to  a  cottage  in  Normandy,  where  he  passed 
his  time  in  the  education  of  his  children, 
and  the  composition  of  a  series  of  tales, 
j  together  witli  the  amusing  memoirs  of  his 
'  own  life.  In  1797  he  was  chosen  a  repre- 
sentative to  the  National  Assembly  for  the 
department  of  the  Eure  ;  but  his  election 
being  subsequently  declared  null,  he  again 
retired  to  his  cottage,  where  he  died  of  apo- 
plexy, in  1799,  aged  76.  His  "  Moral  Tales," 
" Belisarius,"  "  The  Incas,"  his  own  "Me- 
moirs," and  "Elements  of  Literature,"  are 
his  most  esteemed  works  ;  and  though  as  a 
poet  and  dramatist  he  has  of  late  been  some- 
what disparaged,  he  still  justly  holds  a  high 
place  among  modern  French  authors  ;  and 
there  are  few  wlio  have  more  successfully 
addressed  themselves  to  the  imagination, 
the  judgment,  or  tlie  lieart. 

MARNIX,  PuiLip  DE,  seigneur  du  Mont 
Saints  Aldegonde,  was  born  at  Brussels,  in 
1538.  He  was  a  zealous  disciple  of  Calvin, 
and  being  appointed  consul  at  Antwerp, 
bravely  defended  that  city  against  the  Duke 
of  Parma.  Among  otlier  works,  lie  wrote 
"The  Bee-Hive  of  tlie  Romish  Church," 
"  Controversial  Theses,"  &c.  ;  and  drew  up 
the  form  of  the  celebrated  confederacy,  by 
which  several  lords  of  the  Netlierlands  en- 
gaged to  oppose  the  Inquisition. 

MAROT,  Clement,  an  eminent  French 
poet,  was  born  at  Cahors,  in  1495.  Having 
accompanied  the  Duke  of  AleuQon  to  Italy, 
he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia  ;  was  afterwards  persecuted 
for  his  attachment  to  the  Protestant  religion; 


and  died  in  1544.  As  a  poet  he  was  superior 
to  any  of  his  countrymen  who  had  gone  be- 
fore him,  and  greatly  excelled  all  his  contem- 
poraries. 

MAROT,  FP.ANCI8,  a  painter,  was  the  pupil 
of  La  Fosse,  and  an  associate  and  professor 
of  the  French  academy  of  painting.  He 
died  at  Paris  in  1719,  aged  62. 

MARPURG,  Frederic  William,  an  emi- 
nent German  musician,  born  in  1718.  He 
was  the  autiior  of  many  valuable  works  con- 
nected with  musical  science.    Died,  1795. 

MARRY  AT,  Captain  Fredei!IC,  R.N.,  the 
most  popular  of  England's  naval  novelists, 
was  born  in  1786.  Entering  the  navy  at  an 
early  age,  he  served  in  the  Impdrieuse  under 
Lord  Cochrane,  took  part  in  the  attack  on 
the  French  fleet  in  Aix  Roads,  and  in  the 
Walcheren  expedition  in  1809  ;  and  in  1814, 
when  lieutenant  of  the  Newcastle,  gained 
great  distinction  by  cutting  out  four  vessels 
in  Boston  Bay.  For  his  services  during  the 
Burmese  war  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  captain,  and  lie  was  subsequently  made  a 
C.  B.,  with  a  good  service  pension  of  1501.  a 
year.  Captain  Marryat  commenced  his  lite- 
rary career  as  a  contributor  to  the  Metro- 
politan Magazine,  of  which  he  afterwards 
became  the  editor  ;  and  in  its  pages  several 
of  his  most  successful  stories  appeared.  His 
first  work,  in  three  volumes,  was  the  "  Naval 
Oflicer,"  published  in  1829.  This  was  fol- 
lowed in  1830  by  the  "  King's  Own  ;  "  and 
in  1832  appeared  "  Newton  Foster,"  a  great 
improvement  on  the  two  former  works,  and 
"Peter  Simple,"  which  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  be  the  best  and  most  amusing  of 
all  his  publications.  From  tliis  period  Cap- 
tain Marryat's  industry  kept  pace  with  his 
success  ;  and  among  the  numerous  works, 
which  flowed  from  his  pen  in  an  uninter- 
rupted stream,  may  be  enumerated,  "Jacob 
Faithful,"  "  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy,"  "  Mas- 
terman  Ready,"  "  The  Pacha  of  many 
Tales,"  "  Japhet  in  search  of  a  Father," 
"  Poor  Jack,"  "  The  Pirate  and  Three  Cut- 
ters," "  Snarleyow,"  "  Percival  Keene,"  &c. ; 
besides  the  "  Phantom  Ship,"  originally  con- 
tributed to  the  New  Montlily  Magazine, 
and  "Joseph  Rushbrook,"  which  first  ap- 
peared in  the  Era,  a  London  newspaper. 
In  1837  he  paid  a  visit  to  the  United  States, 
and  on  his  return  he  published  his  "  Diary 
in  America,"  which  reflected  somewhat  se- 
verely on  the  national  cliaracter  of  the  Ame- 
ricans. This  was  followed  by  three  addi- 
tional volumes,  and  by  his  "  Travels  of 
Monsieur  Violet,"  sui>posed  to  be  founded 
on  the  adventures  of  Cliateaubriand  in  the 
woods  of  the  new  world.  Few  men  have 
written  so  much  and  so  well  as  Captain 
Marryat.  To  the  last,  his  literary  powers 
remained  unabated ;  and  by  common  con- 
sent he  is  facile  princeps  among  tlie  de- 
lineators of  naval  character  and  naval  life. 
Died,  Aug.  9.  1848. 

MARS,  Mademoiselle,  a  great  French 
comedian,  was  born  in  1779.  She  made  her 
debut  at  the  early  age  of  13,  and  enjoyed 
tlie  rare  privilege  of  retaiuing  the  public 
favour  till  an  advanced  age,  having  kept 
the  boards  of  the  Thtatre  Fran^ais  at  Paris, 
where  she  had  gained  innumerable  triumphs, 
till  1841,  when  she  retired  in  her  63rd  year. 


mak] 


^  ^ctD  BJniliorjSal  23i0jjrnpTjp. 


[mar 


Her  representations   of  youthful   heroines 
were  inimitable.    Died,  1847. 

MARSAIS,  C^SAR  Chesneau  dv,  an  emi- 
nent French  writer  on  various  branches  of 
the  belles  lettres,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  in 
1G76.  Ilifl  works  are,  "  An  Explanation  of 
the  Doctrine  of  the  Galilean  Church," 
"Method  of  Learning  Latin,"  a  "Treatise 
on  Tropes  ; "  "  Logic,  or  Reflections  on  the 
Operations  of  the  Mind,"  &c.    Died,  175C. 

MARSDEN,  WiLi-iAM.  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
&c.,  an  orientalist  and  antiquary,  was  bom 
in  1754,  at  Verval,  in  the  county  of  Wicklow, 
and  went  to  India  at  an  early  age.  He  con- 
tributed many  interesting  papers,  printed 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  and  the 
Archaeologia,  upon  subjects  connected  with 
the  history  and  learning  of  Asiatic  natious  ; 
and  among  the  separate  works  he  published 
are,  a  "History  of  the  Island  of  Sumatra," 
a  "  Dictionary  and  Granunar  of  the  Malayan 
Language,"  "  Numismata  Oricutulia  Illus- 
trata,"  "The  Travels  of  Marco  Polo,"  &c. 
In  17".>5  he  was  appointed  second  secretary  to 
tlie  admiralty  ;  and,  some  years  before  his 
death,  he  voluntarily  resigned  a  pension  of 
1500/.  a  year,  which  hud  been  bestowed  on 
hira  as  a  reward  for  his  public  services.  He 
also  presented  his  valuable  collection  of 
oriental  coins  to  the  British  Museum,  and 
his  extensive  library  to  King's  College,  Lou> 
don.    lie  died,  aged  81,  in  October,  183(5. 

MARSH.  Right  Rev.  Hekbebt,  D.  D., 
bishop  of  Peterborough.  Eminent  both  as 
a  scholar  and  a  divine,  this  prelate  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  translator  of  the  profound  and 
elaborate  work  of  "  Michaelis  on  the  New 
Testament."  For  this  work  he  was,  perhaps, 
better  qualified  than  any  English  clergyman 
of  his  day  ;  for,  after  llnishnig  his  classical 
studies  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambri<lge,  he 
resided  for  very  many  years  at  Gottingen, 
where  he  acquired  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  German  language.  On  the  invasion 
of  Germany,  by  the  French,  he  returned  to 
Cambridge  and  took  his  B.  D.  degree,  and  in 
1807  he  was  elected  Lady  Margaret's  profes- 
sor of  divinity.  In  this  important  situation 
he  made  a  most  useful  change.  Up  to  his 
election  the  lectures  of  the  Lady  Margaret's 
prof(;s8or  had  always  been  delivered  in  Latin, 
but  he  delivered  his  in  English,  and  as  he 
did  BO  from  the  university  pulpits,  all  ranks 
flocked  to  hear  him.  Besides  several  im- 
portant translations  from  the  German,  and 
a  long  list  of  controversial  pamphlets,  he 
published  "  A  Course  of  Lectures,  containing 
a  Description  and  Systematic  Arrangement 
of  the  several  Branches  of  Divinity,"  &c., "  A 
History  of  the  Translations  which  have  been 
made  from  the  Scriptures."  and  "  Ilora;  Pe- 
lasgicae."  In  1806,  Mr.  Marsh  was  created 
D.D.  by  royal  mandate  ;  in  1816  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Llandaff ;  and,  three  years  later, 
translated  to  the  see  of  Peterborough.  Emi- 
nent as  were  his  talents,  and  unwearied  as 
was  his  zeal  as  a  divine,  he  probably  owed 
much  of  his  success  in  life  to  some  important 
information  on  public  aft'airs,  which  he  trans- 
mitted to  the  English  government  during 
Ids  residence  in  Germany,  and  which  Mr. 
Pitt  considered  to  be  so  important,  that  he 
rewarded  it  with  a  pension.  Born,  1758 ; 
died,  18;}8. 


MARSH,  Narcissus,  a  learned  prelate, 
who,  to  much  learning  and  piety,  added  the 
greatest  munificence  and  private  charity. 
He  was  bom  at  Hannington,  in  Wiltshire, 
in  1638  {  was  appointed  principal  of  Alban 
Hall,  in  1673  ;  but  in  1678  he  went  to  Ireland, 
and  was  made  provost  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  to  which  he  presented  a  valuable 
library.  He  was  successively  bishop  of  Leigh- 
lin  and  Ferns,  Cashel,  Dublin,  and  Armagh. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Manuductio  ad  Lo- 
gicam,"  "  Institutiones  Logicae,"  and  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Doctrine  of  Sounds."  Died, 
1703. 

MARSHAL,  Walter,  a  Nonconformist 
minister.  He  was  ejected  from  the  living  of 
Hursley,  in  Hampshire,  in  1662  ;  after  which 
he  ofliciated  to  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Gosport.  He  died  about  1690.  His  book, 
eutitled  "  The  Gospel  Mystery  of  Sanctifi- 
cation,"  printed  first  in  1602,  was  reprinted 
with  a  recommendatory  preface  by  Harvey, 
anthor  of"  The  Meditations." 

MARSHALL,  Natuaniel,  an  English 
divine  of  the  18th  century,  who  was  chaplain 
to  George  II.,  and  published  "  The  Works  of 
St.  Cyprian,"  "  A  Defence  of  our  Constitution 
in  Church  and  State,"  and  three  volumes  of 
"  Sermons." 

MARSHALL,  William,  a  distinguished 
modern  writer  on  agricultural  and  rural 
economy.  He  performed  a  series  of  journeys 
through  various  parts  of  the  kingdom,  to 
procure  intelligence  concerning  tlie  modes 
of  cukivation  and  management  among  the 
farmers  in  different  districts  and  counties. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Minutes  of  Agricul- 
ture," "Planting  and  Rural  Ornament," 
"  The  Rural  Economy  of  the  Midland,  South- 
ern, and  Western  Counties,"  and  "  Experi- 
ments and  Observations  concerning  Agri- 
culture and  the  Weather."  Born,  1745  ; 
died,  at  Pickering  in  Yorkshire,  1818. 

MARSHAM,  Sir  Joiix,  a  learned  writer 
on  ancient  history  and  chronology,  was  the 
son  of  a  London  alderman,  and  born  in  1602; 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford ;  and  was  made  one  of  the 
six  clerks  in  chancery,  which  place  he  lost 
for  his  attachment  to  the  cause  of  royalty 
during  the  civil  wars.  At  the  accession  of  j 
Charles  II.,  however,  he  recovered  his  oflSee, 
was  knighted,  became  M.  P.  for  Rochester, 
and  was  afterwards  created  a  baronet.  His 
principal  work,  "  Canon  Chronicus  ^gyp- 
tiacus,  Ebraicus,  Graecus,"  displays  much 
erudition  and  ingenuity.    Died,  1685. 

MARSHMAN,  Dr.  Jamks,  an  eminent 
Baptist  missionary  in  the  East  Indies,  was 
the  last  survivor  of  those  zealous  men  who 
were  engaged  in  the  Serampore  mission. 
He  arrived  in  India  in  1799,  and,  by  dint  of 
incessant  labour,  he  acqiured  a  complete 
mastery  over  the  Bengalee,  Sanscrit,  and 
Chinese  tongues,  into  the  latter  of  which 
he  translated  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
Scriptures.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  A 
Dissertation  on  the  Characters  and  Sounds 
of  the  Chinese  Language,"  "Clavis  Sinica," 
and  a  translation  of  the  works  of  Confucius. 
He  was  born  at  Westbury  Leigh,  in  Wilt- 
shire, in  1768,  and  died  at  Serampore,  Dec. 
1837. 
MARSIGLI,  Louis  Ferdinand,  on  Ita- 


mar] 


^  ^elu  Unibn^iil  23i03rapTjg. 


[mar 


lian  writer,  was  born  in  ICoS,  of  a  noble 
j  family,  at  Bologna.  lie  served  witb  great 
I  reputation  in  tlie  imperial  army,  but  was 
I  taken  prisoner  at  the  passage  of  the  Raab, 
I  and  sent  to  Bosnia.  The  year  following  lie 
I  was  ransomed,  obtained  a  colonel's  commis- 
j  Bion,  and  was  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  marshal;  but  when  the  Count  d'Arco 
1  was  condemned,  for  giving  uji  the  fortress  of 
i  Brisac  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  Marsigli, 
I  who  commanded  under  him,  was  dismissed 
;  the  service.  He  then  retired  to  Bologna, 
I  where  he  formed  a  museum,  and  founded 
the  Institute.  His  most  important  work  is 
i  entitled  "  Danubius  Pannonico-Mysicus," 
j  6  vols,  folio  ;  he  also  wrote  "  A  History  of 
:  the  Sea,"  and  "  Tlie  Military  State  of  the 
I  Ottoman  Empire."  Died,  IT.'JO. 
I  MARSTON,  Jonx,  an  English  dramatist, 
I  who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I.,  and  was  upon  terms  of  intimacy 
I  with  Ben  Johnson.  He  was  educated  at 
I  Oxford,  became  lecturer  at  the  Middle 
!  Temple,  and  died  subsequently  to  1G.'5;3.  He 
;  wrote  eight  plays,  and  three  books  of  satires, 
called  the  "  Scourge  of  Villany." 

MARSY,  Francis  Maria  de,  a  French 
writer,  was  expelled  the  society  of  Jesuits  on 
account  of  his  opinions  ;  and  he  was  also 
sent  to  the  Bastile  for  publishing  an  "  Ana- 
lysis of  Bayle,"  in  which  he  selected  the 
worst  part  of  that  author's  dictionary.  His 
other  works  are,  a  "  History  of  Mary  Stuart," 
3  vols.  ;  "  Dictionary  of  Painting  and  Archi- 
tecture," 2  vols.  ;  "  Le  Rabelais  Moderne," 
8  vols. ;  "  The  Modern  History,"  intended  as 
a  continuation  to  Rollin's  Ancient  History, 
26  vols.    Died,  17fi3. 

MARTELLI,  Petur  James,  an  eminent 
Italian  poet,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1G<)5  ; 
was  at  first  a  professor  of  belles  lettres  in  the 
university  there,  and  afterwards  secretary 
to  Cardinal  Aldrovandi.  His  works  consist 
of  several  discourses  on  the  art  of  poetry, 
"Dialogues  on  Ancient  and  Modern  Tra- 
gedy," and  "  Tragedies,"  in  3  vols.  Died, 
1727. 

MARTENS,  William  Frederick  vox,  a 
distinguished  diplomatist,  was  born  at  Ham- 
burgh, 1756.  He  was  professor  of  public 
law  at  Gottingen  ;  and,  among  various  high 
offices  which  he  held  in  succession,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  congress  of 
Vienna  in  1814,  and  representative  of  Han- 
over in  the  German  Diet  in  1816.  His 
"  Precis  du  Droit  des  Gens  de  I'Europe,"  his 
"  Cours  de  Diplomatie,"  and  his  "  Recueil 
des  Principaux  Traites  de  Paix,"  &c.  (with 
its  various  supplements"),  are  quoted  as 
authorities  by  all  who  make  diplomacy  their 
study.     Died,  1821. 

MARTHA,  Sister — Axxe  Bioet,  known 
as  Sister  Martha,  had,  previous  to  1792,  spent 
many  years  in  a  convent  at  Besancon,  as 
porteress,  and  at  that  time  retired  on  a 
pension  of  133  francs,  and  a  small  dwelling- 
house,  where  she  resided  witli  another  female, 
devoting  their  time  to  the  wants  of  the  ne- 
cessitous. They  sought  the  wounded  after 
an  engagement,  and,  by  their  humane  exer- 
tions, saved  numerous  lives.  The  Spanish 
prisoners  partook  largely  of  their  charity  ; 
and  when  they  quitted  Besaugon  the  English 
troops  succeeded  them  in  the  care  and  atten- 


574 


tions  of  the  good  sister  Martha,  who  declared, 
the  unhappy  of  all  coimtries  were  her  friends. 
In  the  campaign  of  1814,  though  Martha  was 
nearly  70  years  of  age,  3'ct  her  energy  and 
activity  seemed  to  receive  a  new  impulse  ; 
and  the  powerful  assistance  she  rendered  the 
wounded  French  and  allied  soldiers  caused 
the  Duke  of  Reggio  to  say  to  her, "  Sister 
Martha,  I  was  made  acquainted  with  your 
character  on  the  field  of  battle,  for  there  I 
continually  heard  the  wounded  exclaim, '  If 
the  good  Sister  Martha  were  here,  our  suffer- 
ings would  be  relieved,'  while  blessings 
followed  the  name."  When  the  allied  sove- 
reigns met  in  Paris,  each  was'  desirous  to  see 
this  extraordinary  woman  ;  nor  did  they 
forget  to  reward  her  virtues.  The  emperor 
of  Russia  gave  lier  a  valuable  gold  medal, 
and  a  sum  of  money  ;  the  emperor  of  Austria 
gave  her  the  cross  with  the  order  of  Merit, 
and  2000  francs  ;  and  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain  also  sent  her  medals,  and  each  added 
a  present  of  money.  Martha  had  no  othei 
ambition  than  that  of  doing  good  ;  but  she 
rejoiced  in  her  fortune,  as  it  gave  her  more 
ample  means  to  exercise  her  charitable  dis- 
position ;  and  she  died,  regretted  and  es- 
teemed, at  Besancon.  in  1824. 

MARTIAL  or  MARCUS  VALERIUS 
MARTIALIS,  a  Latin  poet,  and  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  epigrammatists,  was  a  native 
I  of  Spain,  but  went  to  Rome  in  his  20th  year, 
and  obtained  the  favour  of  Domiiian,  who 
conferred  on  him  many  favours,  and  raised 
him  to  the  office  of  tribune.  On  the  death 
of  that  emperor  he  returned  to  his  native 
country,  where  he  died,  a.  d.  104. 

MARTIGNAG,  Stei'hex  Algat,  Sienr 
de,  a  French  writer,  who  translated  Terence, 
Horace,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Virgil,  and  Ovid 
into  prose,  and  v.Tote  the  "  Lives  of  the 
Bishops  of  Paris,"  of  the  17th  century.  Born, 
1628  ;  died,  lODt). 

M  ARTIGNAC,  M.,  a  distinguished  French 
ad^•ocate  and  minister  of  state,  who  was  dis- 
missed from  office  by  Charles  X.,  to  make 
room  for  Polignac,  to  whom  he  was  politi- 
cally opposed  ;  yet  when  that  minister  was 
on  his  trial,  before  the  chamber  of  peers,  he 
was  his  eloquent  and  zealous  defender. 
Died,  1832. 

MARTILIERE,  Count  de  la,  a  French 
general  of  artillery,  was  a  sub-lieutenant 
in  1757  ;  and  after  serving  with  distinction 
in  Germany,  during  the  seven  years'  war,  he 
was  employed  in  the  island  of  Guadaloupe. 
lie  acquired  mucli  reputation  by  his  tracts 
on  artillery,  and  by  his  subsequent  successes 
during  the  revolutionary  wars  ;  his  services 
in  which  were  rewarded  with  the  rank  of 
general  of  division  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
and  Moselle.  In  1802  he  was  called  to  the 
senate,  and  in  1814  the  king  made  him  a 
peer  of  France.    Died,  1819. 

MARTIN,  AiMf ,  a  distinguished  French 
writer  and  critic,  was  born  at  Lyons,  1786. 
At  an  early  age  he  repaired  to  Paris,  where 
he  soon  gained  a  liveliliood  by  his  pen,  at 
one  time  writing  in  the  columns  of  the 
Journal  des  Dt'bats  ;  at  another,  editing  the 
works  of  La  Rochefoucauld,  Racine,  and 
Fenelon  ;  and  he  at  last  became  professor 
of  belles  lettres  at  the  Polytechnic  School, 
and  librarian  at  Saintc  Guntvifeve.    At  once 


mar] 


^  ^cti)  CJni&er^Kl  23tfliiraplbl?« 


[mab 


the  pupil  and  friend  of  Bernard  St.  Pierre, 
l»e  coUccted  and  published  his  works,  de- 
fended his  memory  from  hostile  attacks, 
I  married  his  widow,  and  adopted  liis 
daughter  "Virginia.  His  "  LiCttres  &  Sopliie 
sur  la  rhysique,  la  Cliimie,  et  I'Histoire  Na- 
turelle,"  were  liighly  popular  ;  and  his  work 
on  the  "Education  des  Meres  de  Famille  " 
was  crowned  by  the  Institute.    Died,  1847. 

M.\RTIN,  Bkxj.\mi.v,  one  of  the  most 
i;elcl)rated  matlicmaticians  and  opticians  of 
liis  time,  was  born  at  Worplesdon,  in  Surrey, 
in  1704.    After  publishing  a  variety  of  in- 
genious   treatises    on    various    branches  of 
mathematical  science   and    natural    philo- 
sophy, particularly  a  scientific  "  Magazine," 
i  uuder  his  own  name,  and  carrying  on  for 
]  many  years  a  very  extensive   trade  as  an 
optician  and  globe- maker  in  Fleet  Street,  he 
died  in  1782. 
!      MARTIN,  D.K.VID,  a  French  Protestant 
!  divine,  was  born  at  Revel,  in  the  diocese 
I  of  Lavaur,  in  1U39.    On  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  became  pastor  of  a 
[  church  at  Utrecht,  where  he  died  in  1721. 
He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Old  and  New 
j  Testament,"  2  vols.  fol.  ;  and  a  "  Treatise 
on  Revealed  Religion,"  2  vols.  8vo. 
MARTIN,  Raymond,  a  Spanish  monk  of 
I  the  Dominican  order,  who  wrote  an  excel- 
lent treatise  against  the  Jews,  printed  at 
Paris  in  l(i.>l,  with  the  title  of  "  Pugio  fldei 
Christiana;."     Died,  128(5. 

MARTIN,  Sakau,  whose  pious  and  phi- 
lanthropic labours  have  iiulissolubly  linked 
her  name  with  those  of  Howard,  Buxton, 
and  Fry,  was  born  near  Yarmouth,  in  1791. 
Deprived  of  her  parents  when  very  young, 
her  education  was  merely  such  as  could  be 
obtained  at  a  village  school.  At  14  she 
passed  a  year  in  learning  the  business  of 
dress-making ;  and  she  had  pursued  her 
humble  avocations  for  about  14  years  with 
various  families  in  Yarmouth,  when  having 
long  felt  a  strong  desire  to  obtain  admission 
to  the  jail  to  read  the  Scriptures  to  the 
prisoners,  her  wishes  were  at  length  gra- 
tified ;  and  her  visits  were  again  and  again 
repeated,  during  such  short  intervals  of 
leisure  as  she  could  spare  from  her  daily 
labours.  At  first  she  contented  herself 
with  merely  reading  to  the  prisoners ;  but 
familiarity  with  their  wants  and  with  her 
own  powers  soon  enlarged  the  sphere  of 
her  tuition,  and  she  began  to  instruct  them 
in  reading  and  writing.  This  extension  of 
her  labour  necessarily  interfered  with  her  or- 
dinary occupations,  and  it  became  necessary 
to  sacrifice  a  portion  of  her  time,  and  con- 
sequently of  her  means,  to  these  new  duties. 
After  three  years'  perseverance  in  this  course, 
she  began  to  introduce  employment,  first  for 
the  female  prisoners  and  then  for  the  male  ; 
and  after  another  interval  she  proceeded  to 
the  formation  of  a  fund  for  the  furnishing  of 
work  for  prisoners  upon  their  discharge. 
She  had  thus,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years, 
during  which  her  mind  had  gradually  ex- 
panded to  the  requirements  of  the  subject 
before  her,  provided  for  all  tlie  most  impor- 
tant objects  of  prison  discipline,  moral  and 
intellectual  tuition,  occupation  during  im- 
prisonment, and  employment  after  discharge. 
But  she  now  claims  our  attention  in  another 


capacity  as  a  moral  teacher.  For  many 
years  she  had  read  printed  sermons  on  Sun- 
days to  the  prisoners  ;  but  about  18;W  she 
began  to  write  her  own  sermons,  and  after 
continuing  this  course  for  five  years  she 
was  enabled,  she  says,  "  by  the  help  of  God, 
to  address  the  prisoners  without  writing 
beforehand,  simply  from  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures." Her  addresses  were  formed  upon  a 
regular  system,  admirably  suited  to  the  cir- 
cumstances and  comprehension  of  her  au- 
dience; and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  her 
appeals,  urged  with  kindly,  warm-hearted 
sincerity,  were  eminently  successful.  Mean- 
while she  went  on  devoting  every  available 
moment  of  her  life  to  her  great  purpose  ; 
but  her  customers  began  to  fall  off,  and  she 
now  saw  herself  on  the  verge  of  utter  desti- 
tution. Still  she  never  paused  in  her  course, 
and  not  only  did  she  continue  her  prison 
instructions,  but  she  organised  and  super-' 
intended  a  large  school  at  the  workhouse, 
and  devoted  her  spare  time  to  visiting  the 
sick  and  other  works  of  charity.  But  such 
unremitting  labours  of  love  proved  too 
severe  for  a  constitution  naturally  delicate, 
and,  after  a  few  weeks  of  poignant  suffering, 
her  pure  spirit  passed  to  its  reward,  October 
12.  1843.  She  was  buried  in  the  churchyard 
of  Caistre,  where  a  simple  monument  records 
her  name.  Her  small  volume  of  posthumous 
poems,  many  of  which  breathe  the  true 
poetic  spirit,  will  always  be  perused  with 
interest. 

MARTIN,  St.,  was  born  of  heathen 
parents,  in  316,  at  Sabaria,  in  Pannonia, 
now  Hungary.  lie  sei-ved  in  the  army  some 
years  ;  but  being  converted  to  Christianity, 
he  embraced  a  religious  life,  and  appeared 
as  the  model  of  all  virtue.  In  374  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Tours,  but  still  retained  the 
simplicity  and  austerity  of  the  recluse.  He 
erected  the  monastery  of  Marmontier,  and 
is  considered  as  the  apostle  of  the  Uauls. 
Died,  307. 

Martin,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  bom  at  Thetford,  in  Suffolk,  in  l(i97. 
He  wrote  "  Monumenta  Anglicana,  a  His- 
tory of  Thetford,"  and  was  familiarly  called 
"  Honest  Tom  Martin,  of  Palgrave,"  where 
he  long  resided.    Died,  1771. 

martin,  William,  a  naturalist,  was 
born  in  1707,  at  Marsfield,  in  Nottingham- 
shire. Being  deserted  by  his  father,  and 
left  unprovided  for,  he  took  to  the  stage  as 
a  profession  ;  but  having  married,  he  estab- 
lished himself  at  Burton-on-Trent,  and, 
subsequently,  at  Macclesfield,  as  a  drawing- 
master  ;  where,  devoting  much  of  his  time 
to  researches  in  natural  history,  he  pub- 
lished "  Outlines  of  an  Attempt  to  establish 
a  Knowledge  of  Extraneous  Fossils  on  Sci- 
entific Principles,"  "  Petrificata  Derbiensia," 
&c.     Died,  IHIO. 

MARTINE,  Geokoe,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1702  ;  took  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Leyden,  after  which  he  com- 
menced practice  at  St.  Andrew's  ;  but,  in 
1740,  he  accompanied  Lord  Cathcart  to 
America,  where  he  died  in  1743.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Tractatus  de  Similibus  Ani- 
malibus,  et  Animalium  Colore,"  "Essays, 
Medical  and  Philosophical,"  &c, 

MARTINI,  JoHX  Baptist,  a  skilful  mu- 


mar] 


^  ileU)  Wiwi^et^nl  Btnsrapi^i). 


[mar 


]  sical  composer,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in 
I  1706,  and  died  in  1784.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
I  of  Music,"  3  vols,  folio  ;  also,  an  "  Essay  on 
I  Counterpoint,"  &c.  He  was  chapel-master 
I  to  a  convent  of  Friars  Minim  ;  and  from  the 
I  school  of  Martini  issued  some  of  the  finest 
I  composers  in  Italy. 

MARTINI,  MAKTiy,  a  Jesuit  and  mis- 
sionary of  the  17th  century,  was  a  native  of 
Trent.  He  went  as  a  missionary  to  China, 
where  he  remained  many  years,  and  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  16.51.  The  result  of  his 
observations  are  contained  in  his  "  Sinicae 
ITistoriaj  Decas  prima  h  Gentis  Origine  ad 
Christum  natum,"  ♦' China  lUustrata,"  and 
"De  Belle  inter  Tartaros  et  Sinenses." 

MARTINIERE,  Anthony  Augustix 
Bruoex  de  la,  a  celebrated  French  author, 
was  bom  at  Dieppe,  in  1084 ;  studied  at 
Paris ;  and  was  successively  patronised  by 
the  Duke  of  Parma,  the  King  of  Naples,  to 
whom  he  was  secretary,  and  the  King  of 
Spain,  to  whom  he  was  geographer.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  Dictionnaire 
Gk'ographique,  Historifjue,  et  Critique,"  in 
10  vols,  folio,  a  work  of  great  value  and 
importance.    Died,  1749. 

MARTOS,  Ivan  Petrovitch,  an  emi- 
nent Russian  sculptor,  who  was  for  many 
years  director  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts, 
St.  Petersburgh,  died,  April  17. 1835,  aged  82. 
He  liad  attained  the  highest  excellence  in 
his  art,  rivalling  Canova  in  his  draperies, 
and  in  subjects  of  bas-relief  being  superior 
to  any  of  his  contemporaries.  Among  his 
best  works  may  be  reckoned  the  colossal 
group  in  bronze  of  Minin  and  Pozharsky,  at 
Moscow  ;  the  Emperor  Alexander,  at  Tagan- 
rog ;  the  Duke  of  Richelieu,  at  Odessa,  &c. 

MARTYN,  John,  F.R.S.,  a  skilful  bota- 
nist and  learned  writer,  was  born  in  1699, 
at  London.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he  was 
professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  wrote 
many  works,  and  died  in  1768.  Besides  his 
botanical  productions,  he  published  "The 
Grub  Street  Journal,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Virgil's 
Georgics,"  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  JEneid" 
and  assisted  in  the  abridgment  of  the  Plxi- 
losophical  Transactions. 

MARTYN,  Thomas,  F.R.S.,  an  eminent 
antiquarian  and  natural  philosopher,  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Chelsea, 
in  173/) ;  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and, 
on  his  father's  resignation  in  1761,  succeeded 
to  the  botanical  professorship,  which  he 
held  for  64  years,  during  which  time  he 
obtained  valuable  church  preferment,  and 
died  in  1825.  His  philosophical  writings, 
and  those  by  whicli  he  is  most  advantage- 
ously known,  are, "  Planta;  Cantabriffienses," 
"  Herbationes  Cantabrigienses,"  "  The  Eng- 
lish Connoisseur,"  "The  Antiquities  of  Her- 
culaneum,"  "  Elements  of  Natural  History," 
"Flora  Rustica,"  and  an  enlarged  edition  of 
"  M'Uer's  Gardener's  Dictionary." 

MARTYN,  Henry,  an  able  missionary, 
was  born  in  Cornwall,  in  1781  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  and 
in  1805  went  to  India  as  a  chaplain  to  the 
East  India  Company.  When  arrived  in  the 
East  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  rapid 
acquirement  of  the  native  languages,  being 
soon  able  to  translate  the  Common  Prayer 
into  Hindoostanec,  and  perform  divine  ser- 


vice in  that  language.  From  India  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Persia,  and  there  translated  the 
New  Testament  into  the  Persian  tongue, 
held  several  conferences  with  the  learned 
Mohammedans,  and  converted  some  to 
Christianity.     Died,  1812. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  celebrated  reformer, 
whose  family  name  was  Vermigli,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1500.  He  was  originally  an 
Augustine  monk,  and  became  an  eminent 
preacher,  and  prior  of  St.  Fridian's  at 
Lucca ;  but  having  read  the  writings  of  , 
Luther,  Zuinglius,  and  other  reformers,  he  ' 
renounced  the  Romish  faith,  and  found  it 
necessary  to  quit  his  native  country.  He 
then,  on  the  invitation  of  Edward  VI.,  came 
to  England,  and  was  made  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford,  and  canon  of  Christ- 
church.  But  in  the  succeeding  reign  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom  ;  on 
which  he  went  to  Switzerland,  and  died  at 
Zurich,  in  1562.  His  wife,  who  had  been  a 
converted  nun,  died  at  Oxford,  and  in  the 
reign  of  Mary,  her  remains  were  taken  up 
and  buried  beneath  a  dunghill ;  but  when 
queen  Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne,  they 
were  re-interred  in  consecrated  ground. 
Peter  Martyr  was  the  author  of  many  works 
on  divinity,  including  commentaries  on 
some  parts  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
His  personal  character  has  also  been  repre- 
sented as  extremely  amiable. 

MARVELL,  Andrew,  distinguished  by 
his  integrity  as  a  senator,  and  by  his  wit  as 
a  political  writer,  was  born  at  Kingston- 
upon-IIull,  in  1620,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  spent  several  years  in  fo- 
reign travel ;  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
British  legation  at  Constantinople  ;  and  on 
his  return,  in  1657,  he  became  assistant  to 
Milton,  as  Latin  secretary.  At  the  Restor- 
ation he  was  elected  into  parliament  for  his 
native  place,  with  a  salary  from  his  con- 
stituents ;  and  he  obtained  a  high  character 
for  diligence,  ability,  and  integrity.  He 
had  the  character  of  being  the  wittiest  man  j 
of  his  time,  and  wrote  a  number  of  poetical  I 
effusions,  both  humorous  and  satirical,  which 
were  highly  effective  as  party  pieces.  Among 
his  prose  tracts  was  one,  entitled  "  An  Ac- 
count of  tlie  Growth  of  Popery  and  arbi- 
trary Government  in  England,"  on  which 
a  reward  was  offered  for  a  discovery  of  the 
writer  and  printer.  But  though  Marvell 
was  obnoxious  to  the  ministry,  he  was  some- 
what of  a  favourite  with  the  king,  who  took 
great  delight  in  his  conversation.  One  day 
the  lord  treasurer  Danby  was  sent  to  find 
out  his  lodgings,  which  were  up  two  pair  of 
stairs  in  a  court  in  the  Strand  ;  and  when 
his  lordship  opened  the  door,  the  patriot, 
evidently  much  surprised,  told  him,  "he 
believed  he  had  mistaken  his  way  ; "  but 
was  told  by  the  earl,  that  he  came  from  the 
king,  "  to  know  what  his  majesty  could  do  to 
serve  him  ?  "_  to  which  Marvell  replied,  that 
"  it  was  not  in  his  majesty's  power  to  serve 
him."  Lord  Danby,  finding  that  no  argu- 
ment could  prevail  upon  him  to  accept  a 
place,  concluded  by  saying,  tliat  "the  king 
had  sgnt  him  a  thousand  pounds,  as  a  mark 
of  his  private  esteem."  This  also  he  refused 
without  hesitation  j  though  he  was  obliged, 


mar] 


^  i^ftQ  BnibtrSKl  23insraj>T)w. 


[mas 


on  the  departure  of  the  courtier,  to  send  to 
a  friend  for  the  loan  of  a  guinea.  He  died 
in  1678.  Marvell  wrote  some  pieces  against 
Parker,  bisiiop  of  Oxford,  besides  several 
miscellaneous  poems  and  tracts,  which  toge- 
ther were  published  in  3  vols.  4to. 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  daughter  of 
nenry  VIII.  by  Catharine  of  Arragon,  was 
bom  in  1517.  During  the  life  of  her  father 
she  experienced  many  marks  of  his  brutal 
temper,  and  her  inflexible  opposition  to  his 
will  made  him  sometimes  form  a  resolution 
of  putting  her  to  death,  from  which  he  was 
diverted  by  Archbishop  Cranmer.  During 
the  reign  of  Edward  she  could  not  be  pre- 
vailed with  to  join  in  communion  with  tlie 
Protestant  divines.  On  this  account  that 
amiable  prince  declared  lady  Jane  Grey  his 
heir.  At  his  death  in  1553  that  lady  was 
proclaimed  queen  ;  but  her  reign  lasted  only 
a  few  days.  The  partisans  of  Mary  became 
numerous,  and  she  entered  London  without 
opposition.  In  1554  she  married  Philip  of 
Spain,  eldest  son  of  Charles  V. ;  but  her 
union  with  him  was  equally  unpropitious  to 
herself  and  the  nation.  The  sanguinary 
laws  against  heretics  were  revived,  and  those 
shocking  scenes  of  cruelty  followed,  which 
have  fixed  upon  this  princess  the  epithet  of 
"bloody."  The  loss  of  Calais,  which  had 
been  in  the  hands  of  the  English  200  years, 
sank  deep  into  the  heart  of  Mary,  her  health 
rapidly  declined,  and  she  died  in  1558.  With 
her  ended  the  domination  of  the  papal  power 
in  England. 

MARY  II.,  queen  of  England,  the  wife  of 
William  III.,  was  the  daughter  of  James  II. 
by  Anne  Hyde,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Cla- 
rendon. At  the  age  of  15  she  was  married 
to  William,  prince  of  Orange,  whom  she 
followed  to  England  in  l«8a.  The  same 
year  parliament  having  declared  the  crown 
vacant  by  tlie  abdication  of  James,  conferred 
ii  upon  William  and  Mary.  She  died  of 
the  small-pox,  in  1695,  aged  32. 

MARY  STUART,  queen  of  Scots,  famous 
for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  her  learning,  and 
her  misfortunes,  was  daughter  of  James  V., 
king  of  Scotland,  and  succeeded  her  father 
in  1542,  eight  days  after  her  birth.  In  15.58 
she  married  Francois,  dauphin,  and  after- 
wards king  of  France,  by  which  means  she 
became  queen  of  France.  This  monarch 
dying  in  1560,  she  returned  into  Scotland, 
and  married  her  cousin,  Henry  Stuart,  lord 
Darnley,  in  1565.  Being  excluded  from 
any  share  of  the  government  (as  he  sus- 
pected) by  the  advice  of  Rizzio,  an  Italian 
musician,  her  favourite  and  secretary,  the 
king,  by  the  counsel  and  assistance  of  some 
of  the  principal  nobility,  suddenly  surprised 
them  together,  and  Rizzio  was  slain,  in  the 
queen's  presence,  in  1566.  An  apparent  re- 
conciliation afterwards  took  place,  where 
Darnley,  who  had  continued  to  reside  sepa- 
rately from  the  queen,  was  assassinated, 
and  the  house  he  had  inhabited  was  blown 
up  with  gunpowder,  in  Feb.  1.567.  Tliis  bar- 
barous transaction  was  but  very  imperfectly 
investigated  ;  and  in  the  month  of  May  fol- 
lowing, she  wedded  the  Earl  ofBotliwell, 
who  was  openly  accused  as  the  murderer  of 
the  late  king.  Scotland  soon  became  a  scene 
of  confusion  and  civil  discord.    Bothwell,  a 


fugitive  and  an  outlaw,  took  refuge  in  Den- 
mark ;  and  Mary,  made  a  captive,  was 
treated  with  insult  and  contempt,  and  com- 
mitted to  custody  in  the  castle  of  Loch  Le- 
ven.  After  some  months-'  confinement  she 
eflfected  her  escape,  and,  assisted  by  the  few 
friends  who  still  remained  attached  to  her, 
made  an  effort  for  the  recovery  of  her  power. 
She  was  opposed  by  the  Earl  ol"  Murray,  the 
natural  son  of  James  V.,  who  had  obtained 
the  regency  in  the  minority  of  her  son.  The 
battle  of  Langside  insured  the  triumph  of 
her  enemies ;  and,  to  avoid  falling  again 
into  their  power,  she  fled  to  England,  and 
sought  the  protection  of  queen  Elizabeth  ; 
but  that  princess  treated  her  as  a  personal 
and  political  rival,  and  kept  her  in  safe  cus- 
tody. For  a  period  of  18  years  was  the  un- 
happy queen  of  Scotland  a  state  prisoner  ; 
and,  during  the  whole  of  that  long  term,  she 
was  considered  as  the  head  of  the  Popish 
party,  who  wished  to  see  a  princess  of  their 
persuasion  on  the  throne  of  England.  Mary, 
despairing  of  recovering  that  of  Scotland, 
most  assuredly  became  a  dupe  to  this  party, 
and  countenanced,  if  she  was  not  directly 
concerned  in,  their  plots.  She  was  accord- 
ingly tried  for  a  conspiracy  against  the  life 
of  the  queen  of  England,  condemned,  and 
suffered  decapitation,  Feb.  8.  1587,  in  the 
castle  of  Fotheringay,  where  she  had  been 
long  confined.  Her  body  was  interred,  with 
great  pomp,  in  Peterborough  Cathedral,  but 
subsequently  removed  by  her  son,  James  I., 
to  Henry  the  Seventh's  Chapel,  W^estmin- 
ster  Abbey,  where  a  magnificent  monument 
was  erected  to  her  memory.  The  character 
and  conduct  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots  have 
been  made  the  subject  of  much  controversy  ; 
but  the  fact  of  her  marrying  Bothwell, 
"  stained  as  he  was  by  universal  suspicion 
of  Damley's  murder,  is  a  spot  upon  her 
character    for  which  we    iu  vain  seek  an 


MASACCIO,  or  TOMMASO  DAS  GIO- 
VANNI DI  VALDARNO,  an  eminent 
painter,  bom-at  Valdarno,  in  1402  ;  who  was 
admirably  skilled  in  the  art  of  perspective, 
and  of  whom  it  has  been  said,  that  while 
Buonarotti  taught  all  other  painters,  he 
learnt  from  Masaccio  alone. 

MASCAGNI,  Paul,  a  celebrated  Italian 
anatomist,  was  born  in  Tuscany,  in  1752  ; 
and  became  professor  of  anatomy,  physio- 
logy, and  chemistry,  at  Florence.  He  made 
several  important  discoveries  in  human 
anatomy ;  and  published,  among  other 
works,  "  Historia  et  Scenographia  Vasorum 
Lymphaticorum  Corporis  humani."  Died, 
1815. 

MASCARDI,  AtTGUSTiir,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian, was  born  in  the  republic  of  Genoa,  in 
1591.  Pope  Urban  VIII.  founded  for  him 
a  professorship  of  rhetoric  in  the  College 
of  Sapienza.  He  wrote  Latin  and  Italian 
poems  ;  a  "  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of 
the  Count  Fiesco,"  and  a  curious  work, 
entitled  "  Dell'Arte  Istoriea." 

MASCARON,  Julius,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  in  1634  ; 
entered  among  the  priests  of  the  Oratory  ; 
and  soon  became  so  popular  a  preacher, 
that  multitudes  thronged  from  all  quarters 
to  hear  him.    In  1666  he  was  called  to  court. 


8d 


mas] 


^  ipettJ  Mnitjor^al  23tosrapf)n. 


[mas 


to  preach  before  I^ouis  XIV.  ;  and  he  suc- 
cessively became  bishop  of  Tulle  and  Agen. 
At  the  latter  place  he  founded  an  hospital, 
and  died  in  1703.  A  collection  of  his  "  Fu- 
neral Orations"  was  published,  among  which 
the  most  admired  are  those  on  Marshal 
Turenne,  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  and  the 
Chancellor  Seguier. 

MASCHERONI,  Laurest,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Bergamo,  in 
the  Venetian  States,  in  1750.  He  published 
notes  on  the  "  Integral  Calculus"  of  Euler, 
and  had  a  share  in  the  experiments  per- 
formed by  the  Institute  of  Bologna,  with  a 
view  of  i)roving  the  figure  of  the  earth  by 
the  descent  of  bodies.  The  invention,  how- 
ever, which  has  rendered  his  name  conspi- 
cuous, was  his  celebrated  "  Geometry  of  the 
Compass."    He  died,  at  Paris,  in  1800. 

MASCLEF,  Fkaxcis,  a  French  theolo- 
gian and  orientalist,  who  was  a  canon  of 
Amiens,  and  died  in  1728.  His  works  are, 
"A  Hebrew  Grammar,"  2  vols.;  "Eccle- 
siastical Conferences  of  the  Diocese  of 
Amiens,"  and  "  The  Catechism  of  Amiens." 

MASCOV,  or  MASCOU,  Joiix  James,  a 
German  publicist,  was  a  native  of  Dantzic, 
studied  at  Leipsic,  became  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and  wrote  the 
"Principles  of  the  Public  Law  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  "  and  "  A  History  of  the  Ger- 
mans."    Born,  1089  ;  died,  1762. 

MASCRIER,  John  Baptist  de,  a  French 
abbt',  was  born  in  1(597,  at  Caen  ;  and  died 
pt  Paris  in  1760.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  A  Description  of  Egypt,"  "  A  Trans- 
lation of  Cajsar's  Commentaries,"  "  Re- 
flections on  the  Truths  of  Faith,"  and  a 
"  History  of  the  Revolution  in  the  East 
Indies." 

MASDEN,  Don  Juax  Fraxcesco,  a  na- 
tive of  Barcelona,  and  member  of  the  order 
of  the  Jesuits  ;  author  of  "  Historia  Critica 
de  Espana,  y  de  la  Cultnra  Espanola  en 
todo  genero,"  20  vols.     Died,  1817. 

MASENIUS,  or  MASEN,  James,  a  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Dalen,  in  the  duchy  of  Ju- 
liers,  in  1600  ;  and  died  at  Cologne  in  1681. 
He  wrote  a  Ivatin  poem,  called  "  Sarcothea, 
or  the  Fall  of  Man  ;"  which  Lauder  brought 
into  notice  by  pretending  that  Milton  was 
indebted  to  it  for  part  of  his  Paradise  Lost. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "TI>e  Art  of 
Poetry,"  4  vols.  ;  "  Palajstra  Styli  Romani," 
"The  Lives  of  Charles  V.  and  Ferdinand," 
"Notes  on  the  Annals  of  Treves,"  &c. 

MASERES,  Francis,  a  sound  lawyer  and 
a  good  mathematician,  was  bom  in  1731  ; 
was  educated  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge, 
and  afterwards  studied  at  the  Temple. 
Being  called  to  the  bar,  he  obtained  the 
situation  of  attorney  general  of  Quebec, 
and  on  his  return  to  England,  was  made 
cursitor  baron  of  the  exchequer.  He  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  the  "Scriptores  Lo- 
garithmici,"  in  6  vols.  4to.  ;  a  "  Treatise  on 
Life  Annuities,"  "  Elements  of  Plane  Trigo- 
nometry," &c.    Died,  1824,  aged  93. 

MASKELYNE,  Nevil,  a  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1732  ;  received  his  education  at  Westminster 
and  Cambridge  ;  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  and  took  the  degree  ofD.  D.  in 
1777.    Being  chosen  a  fellow  of  tlie  Royal 


Society,  he  was  appointed,  in  1761,  to  go 
to  St.  Helena  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus  ;  and  during  the  voyage  he  deter- 
mined the  method  of  finding  the  longitude 
at  sea  by  lunar  observations.  In  1763  he 
undertook  another  voyage  to  Barbadoes, 
to  ascertain  the  longitude  of  that  island,  as 
well  as  to  prove  the  accuracy  of  Harrison's 
time-keeper,  with  other  objects  of  practical 
science.  On  his  return  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Bliss  as  royal  astronomer ;  and  in  1767 
commenced  the  publication  of  "  The  Nau- 
tical Almanack."  Dr.  Maskelyne  was  also 
tlie  author  of  "  The  British  Mariner's 
Guide"  and  Astronomical  Observations," 
besides  many  valuable  papers  in  the  Philo- 
sopliical  Transactions.    Died,  1811. 

MASON,  Charles,  an  English  astrono- 
mer, was  an  assistant  of  Dr.  Bradley  at 
the  royal  observatory  at  Greenwich.  He 
was  employed  to  examine  the  lunar  tables 
of  Mayer,  which,  with  his  improvements, 
were  published  by  order  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude.  Mr.  Mason  died  at  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1787. 

MASON,  Francis,  a  learned  divine,  was 
borii  in  the  county  of  Durham,  about  1566, 
and  died  at  Oxford,  in  1621.  His  learned 
work,  entitled  "Vindicise  Ecclesife  An- 
glicanae,"  has  been  translated  into  Englisli 
with  a  preface  and  notes  by  Lindsay. 

MASON,  Sir  Johx,  an  eminent  states- 
man, who  was  employed  by  Henry  VIII. 
in  several  embassies,  and  made  a  member 
of  the  privy  council.  He  afterwards  served 
Edward  VI.,  and  contrived  to  hold  his 
places  under  Mary.  Queen  Elizabeth  made 
him  treasurer  of  her  chamber,  and  he  was 
chosen  chancellor  of  tlie  university  of  Ox- 
ford. He  died  in  1566.  His  favourite  maxim 
was,  "  Do  ;  and  say  nothing." 

MASON,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  was 
born  at  Dunmow,  Essex,  in  1706.  He  was 
the  author  of  an  excellent  little  volume 
of  ethics,  entitled  "  Self-knowledge,"  of 
which  there  have  been  numerous  editions  ; 
he  also  wrote  "  Practical  Discourses  for  the 
use  of  Families,"  2  vols.  ;  "  An  Essay  on 
Elocution,"  two  "  Essays  on  the  Power  of 
Poetical  and  Prosaic  Numbers,"  "  Christian 
Morals,"  2  vols.  &c.    Died,  1763. 

MASON,  William,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in  York- 
shire, where  he  was  born  in  1725.  He  studied 
at  Cambridge,  and  obtained  a  fellowship  in 
Pembroke  Hall.  His  first  appearance  as  a 
poet  was  bj'  the  publication  of  "  Isis,"  iu 
which  he  satirised  the  Jncobitism  and  high- 
church  principles  prevalent  at  Oxford.  This 
was  replied  to  by  Thomas  Warton  in  his 
"  Triumph  of  Isis."  In  1752  Mason  pro- 
duced his  "  Elfrida,"  a  dramatic  poem,  with 
choral  odes  on  the  ancient  Greek  model, 
which  was  well  received,  though  the  attempt 
to  establish  it  on  the  stage  proved  abortive. 
On  entering  into  orders  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Aston,  and  appointed  one  of 
the  king's  chaplains  ;  and  in  1762  he  ob- 
tained the  precentorship  of  York,  with  a 
canonry  annexed.  On  the  commencement 
of  the  American  war,  he  became  so  active 
an  advocate  for  freedom  as  to  give  offence 
at  court,  and  was  consequently  dismissed 
from  the    chaplainship ;    but,    like    many 


KAS] 


<B.  iS^tio  ^m'faevjfaT  3Si00rap]^», 


[mas 


other  eager  devotees  at  the  shrine  of  liberty, 
when  the  French  revolution  broke  out,  he 
became  alarmed,  and  Jiis  zeal  considerably 
abated.  Besides  the  tragedies  of  "  Eifrida" 
and  " Caractacus,"  he  wrote  "The  English 
Garden,"  a  poem ;  "  Ode  to  the  Naval 
Officers  of  Great  Britain,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Gray,"  the  poet,  &c.  Died,  1797.  Besides 
his  acknowledged  works,  it  is  not  known 
that  the  poet  Mason  was  the  author  of  the 
"  Heroic  Epistle  to  Sir  W.  Chamljcrs,"  and 
other  satirical  pieces,  published  under  the 
signature  of  Mac  Gregor. 

MASQUE  UE  FER,  or  the  «  Tron  Masl-r 
the  name  of  an  unknown  person  in  France, 
who  was  conveyed  in  the  most  secret  man- 
ner to  the  castle  of  Pignerol,  from  whence 
he  was  transferred  to  the  isle  of  St.  Mar- 
guerite. He  was  a  man  taller  than  ordi- 
nary, extremely  well  made,  and  was  very 
attentive  to  his  whole  personal  appearance. 
His  education  appeared  to  have  been  care- 
fully attended  to  ;  and  he  arrtusod  himself 
by  reading,  and  playing  upon  the  guitar. 
He  always  wore  a  mask  with  steel  springs, 
which  was  so  constructed  as  to  allow  him 
free  liberty  to  eat  and  drink.  His  keepers 
treated  him  with  the  greatest  respect.  At 
Pignerol  he  was  intrusted  to  the  charge  of 
an  officer  named  St.  Mars,  on  whose  ap- 
pointment as  lieutenant  of  the  isles,  this 
unknown  |)ersonage  accompanied  him,  as 
he  finally  did  to  the  Bastile,  wliere  he  died 
in  1703,  and  was  buried  under  the  name  of 
Marchiali.  Conjecture  has  exhausted  itself 
to  discover  who  this  mysterious  personage 
might  be.  Voltaire  observes,  that  at  the 
period  when  the  prisoner  was  confined,  no 
person  of  importance  disappeared  from  Eu- 
rope ;  and  yet  it  cannot  be  doubted  that 
he  must  have  been  one.  Laborde,  first  valfet 
de  chambre  of  Louis  XV.,  and  wlio  had  re- 
ceived from  this  prince  many  proofs  of  con- 
fidence, showed  a  desire  to  discover  him. 
The  king  replied,  "  I  pity  him,  but  his 
detention  injures  only  himself,  and  has  pre- 
vented great  misfortunes  ;  you  cannot  know 
him."  The  author  of  "  Secret  Memoirs," 
published  in  1745,  pretends  that  it  was  the 
Count  of  Veiinandois,  who  was  arrested,  it 
was  said,  for  having  given  a  blow  to  the 
dauphin.  Lagrange  Chancel,  in  a  letter  to 
Freron,  attempts  to  prove  that  the  prisoner 
is  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  and  that  he  was 
falsely  reported  to  have  been  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Candia.  St.  Foix,  in  1768,  wished 
to  prove  that  he  was  the  Duke  of  Monmouth, 
who  was  said  to  have  been  beheaded  in 
London,  but  who  had  been  withdrawn  from 
punishment.  In  a  dissertation  which  pre- 
cedes the  romance  of  "  The  Man  with  the 
Iron  Mask,"  by  RegnauU  Warin,  the  author 
endeavours  to  prove  that  this  mysterious 
personage  was  the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham and  Anne  of  Austria,  and  goes  so 
far  as  to  give  the  portrait  of  the  prisoner. 
But  still  no  satisfactory  evidence  has  yet 
been  given  to  establish  any  one  of  the  hy- 
potheses, and  the  secret  history  of  "  Masque 
de  Fer  "  is,  perhaps  for  ever,  hidden  beneath 
an  impenetrable  veil. 

MASSANIELLO,  or  ANELLO,  Thomas, 
a  fisherman  of  Naples,  born  1693,  when  that 
kingdom  was  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria, 


and  governed  by  a  viceroy.  The  people  had 
borne  the  yoke  with  great  patience  until 
1()4(>,  in  which  year  a  new  and  oppressive 
tax  upon  all  kinds  of  fruit  being  impose<l, 
!  occasioned  general  discontent.  At  this  time, 
I  Massaniello,  then  in  his  24th  year,  earned 
j  his  livelihood  by  fishing  ;  and  observing  the 
murmurings  that  prevailed,  he  began  to  en- 
tertain an  idea  of  redresssiiig  the  grievance. 
I  He  accordingly  imparted  his  design  to  some 
I  companions,  wlio  laughed  at  him  ;  but,  when 
he  assured  them  he  was  in  earnest,  they 
readily  promised  him  their  assistance.  A 
riot  soon  ensued,  in  consequence  of  the  shop- 
keejiers  refusing  to  trade  with  the  country 
people  ;  and  an  officer  was  sent  by  the  regent 
to  quell  the  tumult.  The  multitude,  how- 
ever, grew  more  incensed  at  his  appearance  ; 
and  Massaniello,  by  his  harangues,  inflamed 
them  to  acts  of  more  daring  violence.  After 
burning  the  toll-houses,  they  marched  to  the 
palace  of  the  viceroy,  which  they  entered 
and  rifled  ;  the  governor  himself  escaped 
with  difficulty  ;  and  the  Prince  of  Bisignano, 
to  whom  the  people  were  much  attacljed, 
quitted  the  city.  Thus  left  without  a  head, 
the  multitude  chose  Massaniello  for  their 
leader ;  a  stage  was  erected  in  the  market- 
pliwe,  on  which  this  new  ruler  sat  to  give 
audience  and  toadminister  justice,  which  he 
did  with  equal  gravity  and  impartiality. 
150,000  men  obeyed  his  orders  ;  and  an  in- 
credible number  of  women,  armed  like 
Amazons,  were  enrolled  in  the  same  cause. 
In  this  state  of  things,  the  viceroy  applied 
to  the  archbishop,  whose  mild  persuasions 
had  nearly  succeeded  in  restoring  order, 
when  an  attempt  being  made  to  assassinate 
the  new  chief,  the  negotiation  was  broken 
oflf,  and  the  rage  of  the  people  burst  forth 
with  redoubled  fury.  Massaniello,  however, 
was  prevailed  upon  to  renew  the  treaty,  and 
to  visit  the  palace,  which  he  did  with  un- 
common pomp,  mounted  on  horseback, 
dressed  in  cloth  of  silver,  a  plume  of  feathers 
in  his  hat,  and  a  drawn  sword  in  his  hand, 
attended  by  50,000  armed  followers.  On  the 
Sunday  following  the  terms  were  ratified  at 
the  cathedral  church,  and  every  thing  had 
now  an  auspicious  appearance  ;  when,  un- 
fortunately for  Massaniello,  ambition  in- 
duced him  to  violate  his  engagement,  and  to 
hold  a  power  he  knew  not  how  to  direct. 
He  became  so  capricious  and  tyrannical, 
that  a  scheme  was  laid  to  assassinate  him  ; 
and,  as  he  fell,  his  last  words  were,  "  Un- 
grateful traitors  I " 

MASSENA,  Akdre,  a  victorious  general, 
created  prince  of  Essling,  duke  of  Rivoli, 
and  marshal  of  France,  was  born  at  Nice,  in 
1758.  He  went  through  the  regular  grada- 
tions in  an  Italian  regiment,  commencing 
his  military  career  at  the  age  of  17.  After 
14  years'  service  he  obtained  his  discharge  ; 
but,  in  1792,  the  revolution  presented  an  en- 
viable field  for  the  display  of  military  talents; 
and  his  natural  sentiments  in  favour  of 
liberty  caused  him  to  enter  the  service  of  the 
French  republic,  where  he  obtained  rapid 
promotion.  Napoleon,  who  was  quick  to 
discover  genius,  formed  an  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Massena.;  and,  after  the  successful 
battle  of  Loveredo,  in  1796,  against  Beaulieu, 
called  him  "the  favoured  child  of  victory." 


mas] 


^  ^cto  UnihtxsAl  Mia^xn^'i)}}. 


[mat 


He  had  the  chief  command  in  Switzerland 
in  1799,  when  he  finished  the  campaign,  by 
completely  routing  the  Austro-Russian  army 
under  tlie  Archduke  Charles  and  General 
Korsakoff.  In  1800  he  commanded  in  Italy, 
but  with  less  success  than  in  his  former  cam- 
paigns. He  was,  however,  again  successful 
in  the  campaigns  of  1805  and  180G,  taking 
possession  of  Naples,  and  signalising  him- 
self in  the  campaign  of  Poland,  which  ter- 
minated by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit.  He  was 
afrerwards  employed  in  Germany,  and  emi- 
nently distinguished  himself  in  the  memo- 
rable engagements  of  Essling  and  Wagram. 
His  subsequent  conduct  in  Spain,  when  ad- 
vancing against  Wellington,  was  equally 
skilful ;  but  the  prudence  and  superior  tactics 
of  his  adversary  prevented  him  from  gaining 
fresh  laurels  ;  and  the  British  general  having 
taken  up  a  strong  position  at  Torres  Vedras, 
Massena  was  at  length  compelled  to  retire. 
At  the  landing  of  Napoleon,  in  1815,  he  swore 
allegiance  to  him,  was  made  peer,  and  com- 
mander of  the  national  guard  at  Paris,  and 
contributed  much  to  the  preservation  of 
tranquillity  in  that  city  during  the  turbu- 
lent period  which  preceded  the  return  of  the 
king.  He  lived  afterwards  in  retirement, 
and  died  in  1817. 

MASSILLON,  JoniT  Baptist,  an  eminent 
French  preacher,  was  bom  in  16(53,  at  Hieres, 
in  Provence.  He  entered  into  the  congrega- 
tion of  the  Oratory,  and  became  so  celebrated 
for  his  eloquence,  that  the  general  of  his 
order  called  liim  to  Paris,  where  he  drew 
crowds  of  hearers.  Louis  XIV.,  who  knew 
the  value  of  a  kingly  compliment,  and 
seldom  passed  a  bad  one,  observed  to  him, 
"  When  I  hear  other  preachers,  I  go  away 
much  pleased  with  them  ;  but  when  I  hear 
you,  I  go  away  displeased  with  myself."  In 
1717  he  was  made  bishop  of  Clermont,  and 
he  died  in  1742.  His  discourses  were  pub- 
lished in  14  vols.  8vo.,  and  are  distinguislied 
for  simplicity,  an  artless  flow  of  eloquence,  a 
knowledge  of  the  human  heart,  and  a  rich- 
ness of  ideas. 

MASSINGER,  Philip,  a  distinguished 
English  dramatist,  was  born  at  Salisbury,  in 
1585.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  but  (juitted  the 
university  without  taking  a  degree,  in  con- 
sequence, it  is  supposed,  of  having  become  a 
Roman  Catholic.  Little  is  known  of  his 
personal  history,  yet  he  appears  to  have  been 
intimately  connected  with  the  wits  and  poets 
of  his  time,  and  died  in  1639.  Some  critics 
rank  him  next  to  Shakspeare.  In  tragedy, 
however,  he  is  rather  eloquent  and  forcible 
than  pathetic  ;  and,  in  riclmess  and  variety 
of  humour,  his  comedy  can  by  no  means  vie 
with  tliat  of  hia  great  master. 

MASSON,  John  Papykus,  a  French  his- 
torical writer,  bom  in  1554,  and  died  in  1611. 
His  principal  work  is  entitled  "Eulogia 
Virorum  Clarissimorum ; "  he  also  wrote 
"  Annals  of  France,"  an  "  Account  of  Bishops' 
Sees,"  &c. 

MASSON,  JoHy  and  Samuel,  brothers, 
were  ministers  of  the  reformed  chiircli  in 
France John  settled  in  Holland,  and  as- 
sisted in  the  publication  of  a  critical  journal, 
entitled  "  Histoire  Critique  de  la  Republique 
des  Lettres,"  from  1712  to  1721.  He  also 
wrote  the  lives  of  Horace,  Ovid,  and  Pliny 


the  younger,  in  Latin  ;  and  "  Histoire  de 
Pierre  Bayle,  et  de  ses  Ouvrages."  He  died 
in  England,  about  1750 Samuel  offici- 
ated as  pastor  of  the  English  church  at  Dor- 
drecht, and  was  the  conducter  of  the  "  His- 
toire Critique  "  above  mentioned. 

MASSUET,  Ren^,  a  learned  French  Be- 
nedictine, born  in  1665  ;  author  of  the  "Lives 
of  the  Saints  "  and  "  Annals  of  the  Bene- 
dictine Order."    Died,  1716. 

MASTERS,  Thomas,  a  poet,  was  bom  at 
Cotes,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  educated  at 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  Greek  poems  and 
orations  ;  assisted  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury 
in  his  "Life  of  Henry  VIII.;"  and  had  a 
share  in  translating  his  "De  Veritate." 
Died,  1643. 

MATHER,  Increask,  D.D.,  one  of  the 
early  presidents  of  Harvard  College,  was 
bom  at  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  in  1639. 
His  learning,  zeal,  and  general  abilities  were 
of  great  serviae  to  the  institution  over  which 
he  presided,  and  he  was  a  skilful  and  efficient 
servant  of  the  commonwealth.  In  1688  he 
was  deputed  to  England  as  agent  of  the 
province,  to  procure  redress  of  grievances. 
When  James  II.  published  his  declaration 
for  liberty  of  conscience.  Dr.  Mather  was 
again  sent  to  England  with  an  address  of 
thanks  to  the  king  ;  but,  before  his  return, 
the  Revolution  occurred,  and  he  obtained 
from  William  a  new  charter  for  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts.  He  was  the  autlior  of  "  A 
History  of  the  War  with  the  Indians,"  "  An 
Essay  on  remarkable  Providences,"  and 
some  other  works.    Died,  1723. 

MATHER,  Cotton,  D.D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  bom  at  Boston,  in  1663,  and 
died  in  1728.  His  principal  works  are,  "  An 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  New  England," 
"  The  Christian  Philosopher,"  "  Psalterium 
Americanum,"  and  "  Tlie  Wonders  of  the 
Invisible  World,  or  the  Trials  of  Witches." 

MATHEWS,  Charles,  a  comedian  of 
transcendant  ability,  and  one  who  was  long 
regarded  as  the  master-mind  of  the  mimic 
art,  was  born  in  1776.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
bookseller  in  the  Strand,  attached  to  the 
Wesley  an  connection,  and  who  had  placed 
him  in  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  ap- 
prenticed him  to  learn  his  own  business. 
The  stage,  liowever,  proving  more  attractive 
to  young  Mathews  than  the  shop  of  his 
father,  the  latter  gave  him  twenty  guineas 
and  his  indentures,  with  a  permission  to 
follow  the  bent  of  his  inclinations  ;  and  a 
promise  of  twenty  guineas  more  if  he  would 
abandon  histrionics,  and  "  turn  to  an  honest 
calling."  Like  most  other  actors  while  in 
their  novitiate,  he  rambled  about  with  pro- 
vincial companies  for  a  time  ;  but  the  great 
versatility  of  talent  he  possessed  soon  placed 
him  at  the  top  of  his  profession,  and  rendered 
him  a  general  favourite  with  the  public.  He 
was,  however,  no  stranger  to  the  despotic 
rule  of  managers,  or  the  envious  rivalry  of 
fellow  actors  ;  his  metropolitan  engagement 
grew  irksome,  and  he  was  determined  to 
"  set  up  for  himself,"  and  to  depend  solely  on 
his  own  exertions.  For  sixteen  years  pre- 
vious to  his  death,  he  was  accustomed  to  en- 
tertain whole  audiences  by  his  single  efforts^ 
in  a  species  of  entertainment  entitled  "  Ma- 


mat] 


^  ^eitt  BnibevM  ^iaQVupf)^, 


[mat 


thews  at  Home  ; "  and  never  were  admiring 
crowds  more  highly  delighted  than  in  wit- 
nessing the  vivid  portraits  wliich  he  so  accu- 
rately drew.  The  "  At  Homes "  of  MathcMS 
were  not  only  well  received  throughout 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  but  also  in  Ame- 
rica, where  some  of  his  most  felicitous  por- 
traitures were  sketched.  While  on  his  pas- 
sage from  that  country  he  was  taken  ill,  and 
on  arriving  at  Liverpool  his  malady  rapidly 
increased.  He  expired  on  his  birthday, 
June  28th,  1835.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
had  one  child  only,  the  present  Charles 
Mathews. 

M ATHIAS,  Thomas  James,  the  presumed 
author  of  that  powerful  satire,  "  The  Pur- 
suits of  Literature,"  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  During  a 
long  life,  spent  in  literary  avocations,  he 
naturally  produced  much  that  bore  the  mark 
of  his  superior  talent^  ;  but  though  he  wrote 
numerous  satires,  and  displayed  an  extra- 
ordinary knowledge  of  Italian  in  the  va- 
rious poems  he  composed  in  that  harmonious 
language,  it  was  to  the  erudite  and  caustic 
notes  which  are  scattered  witli  an  unsparing 
hand  throughout  "  The  Pursuits  of  Litera- 
ture," that  he  attained  his  chief  celebrity  ; 
but  for  obvious  reasons  of  a  personal  nature 
he  never  o^vned  the  authorship.  Died,  at 
Naples,  1835. 

MATHILDA,  wife  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, was  the  daughter  of  Buudouin  V., 
count  of  Flanders,  and  of  Adela.  princess  of 
France.  She  was  married  to  William,  the 
duke  of  Normandy,  in  10.54,  crowned  queen 
of  England  in  1(X«J,  and  died  in  1083.  Of 
her  eleven  children,  the  best  known  are 
Kobert,  William  Rufus,  and  Henry  Beau- 
clerc.  She  had  great  influence  with  lier 
husband,  and  brought  about  a  reconciliation 
between  him  and  his  son  Robert,  who  had 
taken  up  arms  against  him.  To  her  is 
attributed  the  celebrated  tapestry,  preserved 
at  Bayeux,  representing  the  chief  incidents 
in  the' conquest  of  England. 

MATILDA  or  MAUD,  the  daughter  of 
Henry  I.,  king  of  England,  and  wife  of 
Henry  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  was  no- 
minated in  1135  successor  to  the  English 
throne  by  her  father ;  but  in  her  absence 
Stephen  usurped  the  title.  Arriving  in 
England,  with  a  large  army  in  1139,  she 
defeated  Stephen,  and  was  acknowledged 
queen  in  a  parliament  held  in  1141.  Stephen 
afterwards  defeated  the  empress,  on  which 
tlie  national  synod  declared  for  him,  and 
Matilda  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom. 
On  the  death  of  the  emperor,  she  married 
Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  earl  of  Anjou,  by 
whom  she  had  a  son,  afterwards  Henry  II., 
king  of  England.  Matilda  died  in  11C7, 
aged  67. 

MATSYS,  QuiNTiN,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  bom  at  Antwerp,  in  14C0.  He  was  ori- 
ginally a  blacksmith,  but  quitted  that  busi- 
ness, and  by  diligent  application  became 
such  an  excellent  artist,  that,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  some 
of  his  heads  are  not  inferior  to  those  of 
Raphael.  One  of  his  best  pictures  is  that 
of  the  Two  Misers,  at  Windsor.     He  died 

in  1529 His  son,  John  Matsys,  was  also 

a  painter  of  very  considerable  merit. 


MATTHESON,  Johx,  an  eminent  musi- 
cal composer  and  performer,  was  born  at 
Hamburgh,  in  1681  ;  and  gave  such  early 
indications  of  talent,  tliat  at  nine  years  of 
age  he  was  able  to  perform  co)npositions  of 
his  own  at  the  organ.  He  composed  music 
for  the  church  and  for  the  theatre,  and  was 
always  present  at  the  performance  of  it. 
Notwithstanding  he  gave  iij)  so  much  time 
in  the  pursuit  of  his  favourite  science,  pro- 
ducing operas,  anthems,  and  treatises  on 
music,  he  held  the  office  of  secretary  to  the 
English  resident  in  Hamburgh  for  several 
years,  and  was  intrusted  with  the  conduct  of 
various  important  negotiations.    Died,  1764. 

MATTHEW  of  Westminster,  an  English 
historian  of  the  14th  century.  He  was  a 
Benedictine  monk  of  the  abbey  of  West- 
minster, and  is  highly  esteemed  for  his 
veracity,  acuteness,  and  diligence. 

MATTHEWS,  Thomas,  an  English  ad- 
miral, who  commanded  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  1744,  and  fought  an  obstinate  but 
indecisive  battle  off  Toulon,  with  the  com- 
bined fleets.  Owing  to  his  not  being  sup- 
ported by  l/cstock,  his  second  in  command. 
Admiral  Matthews  failed  in  gaining  a  com- 
plete victory ;  and  yet  for  this  he  was  dis- 
missed the  service,  and  Lestock  was  ac- 
quitted.    Died,  1751. 

MATTHISSON,  Frederick  VON,  a  cele- 
brated lyric  and  elegiac  poet,  was  born  near 
Magdeburg  in  1761  ;  accompanied  the  Prin- 
cess of  Dessau  in  various  tours  tl>rough  the 
south  of  Europe  ;  and  in  1812  was  appointed 
librarian  at  Stuttgard.  Among  his  poems 
is  to  be  found  the  celebrated  "Adelaide," 
which,  83  set  to  music  by  Beethoven,  is  still 
listened  to  with  delight.     Died,  1831. 

MATTHIEU,  Pktkr,  a  French  historian, 
was  born  in  the  diocese  of  Basle,  in  1583, 
and  died  in  1621.  He  became  an  advocate 
at  Lyons,  and  was  made  historiographer  of 
France.  He  wrote  "Histories  of  Henry 
IV.,"  "Louis  XL,"  and  "St.  Louis;"  also 
the  "  History  of  France,"  2  vols,  folio  ;  and 
"  La  Guisiade,"  a  tragedy. 

MATTOCKS,  Isabella,  an  eminent  ac- 
tress, born  in  1746,  was  the  wife  of  Mr.  Mat- 
tocks, of  Covent  Garden,  and  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Hallam,  manager  of  the  theatres  of 
New  York,  Charlestown,  and  Philadelphia. 
Her  forte  lay  in  such  characters  as  Abigails, 
citizens'  wives,  &c.,  and  she  was  an  excellent 
comic  singer.  She  retired  from  t)ie  stage 
about  20  years  before  her  death,  which  took 
place  in  1826. 

MATURIN,  Rev.  Henrt,  rector  of 
Clondewaddock,  in  the  county  of  Donnegal, 
was  distinguislied  as  the  author  of  "  Bertram, 
or  the  Castle  of  St.  Aldebrand,"  a  tragedy, 
which  was  received  with  high  approbation. 
He  afterward  published  "Manuel,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  "  Women,  or  Pour  et  Contre,"  a  tale, 
3  vols.  ;  "  Melmoth,  the  Wanderer,'  4  vols.  ; 
"  The  Universe,"  a  poem  ;  "  Sermons." 
Died,  Jan.  1842,  aged  70. 

MATURIN,  Robert  Chari.es,  an  Irish 
clergyman  of  the  established  church,  was 
born  at  Dublin,  and  educated  in  Trinity 
College,  of  that  city  ;  and,  on  entering  into 
orders,  obtained  the  curacy  of  St.  Peter's 
church.  "Bertram,"  a  wild  but  powerful 
tragedy,  was  the  first  production  which,  by 


3d  3 


mat] 


^  ^t^  BnibtviKl  33i0srap]bl'. 


[mau 


its  singular  success,  brought  him  into  notice 
as  an  author.  Having  anticipated  liis  re- 
sources, without  contemplating  the  possi- 
bility of  a  failure,  he  contracted  embarrass- 
ments, from  which  he  was  seldom  entirely 
free.  He  was  the  author  of  several  popular 
novels,  the  first  three  of  which,  "  The  Fatal 
Revenge,"  "  The  Wild  Irish  Boy,"  and  "  The 
Milesian  Chief,"  were  published  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Dennis  Jasper  Murphy. 
He  also  wrote  the  novels  of  "  Melmoth  "  and 
"Woman ;"  "The  Universe,"  a  poem ;  and  the 
tragedies  of  "Manuel"  and  "Fredolpho." 
He  published,  in  1824,  six  "  Controversial 
Sermons,"  which  exhibit  him  as  a  well-read 
scholar  and  an  acute  reasoner.    Died,  1825. 

MATY,  Matthew,  an  eminent  physician, 
critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in 
Holland  in  the  year  1718,  but  settled  in 
England,  where  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Koyal  Society,  and  principal  librarian  of 
the  British  Museum.    Died,  1776. 

MATY,  Paul  Henuv,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1743.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  librarians  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum, and,  in  1778,  a  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  but,  in  1784,  when  there  were  great 
divisions  in  the  society,  occasioned  by  the 
dismissal  of  Dr.  Ilutton  from  the  post  of  fo- 
reign secretary,  Mr.  Maty  resigned  his  place. 
Died,  1787. 

MAUPERTUIS,  Petek  I.ouis  Moekau 
DES,  an  eminent  mathematician  and  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  St.  Male,  in  1698.  He 
studied  in  the  college  of  La  Marche,  at 
Paris  ;  and  in  1723  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  memoirs  of 
which  institution  abound  with  lus  commu- 
nications. In  1736  he  was  sent  on  an  expe- 
dition to  tlie  polar  circle,  to  ascertain  the 
figure  of  the  earth.  In  1740  he  was  invited 
to  Berlin  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  whom  he 
followed  to  the  field,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Mohvitz,  where  he  was  made 
prisoner,  and  carried  to  Vienna.  On  regain- 
ing his  liberty,  he  married  and  settled  at 
Berlin,  and  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences.  In  this  situ- 
ation, however,  he  became  involved  in  a 
quarrel  with  Voltaire,  which  embittered  his 
latter  days,  from  the  sarcasm  with  which 
the  latter  continued  to  assail  him.  The 
works  of  Maupertuis  form  4  vols. 

MAUREPAS,  John  Fkedekic  Phili- 
PEAUx,  Count  de,  a  French  statesman,  bom 
in  1701.  He  was  made  minister  of  marine 
at  the  age  of  24,  and  was  afterwards  at  the 
head  of  the  foreign  department.  He  was 
hasty  in  his  decisions,  amiable  in  manners, 
quick  in  conception,  artful,  and  penetrating; 
but  being  accused  of  writing  an  epigram  on 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  it  led  to  his  banish- 
ment from  court.  After  a  lapse  of  30  years, 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  ministry 
by  Louis  XIV.,  but  he  was  found  incapable 
of  performing  its  duties,  and  quite  destitute 
of  the  vigour  necessary  to  aVert  the  troubles 
which  then  threatened  the  kingdom.  Died, 
1781. 

MAURICE  OF  NASSAU,  prince  of 
Orange,  youngest  son,  by  a  second  marriage, 
of  William  I.,  prince  of  Orange,  born  at 
Dilleuburg,  1567,  was  studying  at  Leyden,  in 
1584,  when  his  father  was  assassinated.    The 


582 


provinces  of  Holland  and  Zealand,  and, 
soon  after,  Utrecht,  immediately  elected  the 
young  prince  stadtholder ;  and  his  talents, 
as  a  general,  surpassed  all  expectations. 
Previous  to  the  truce  of  12  years,  concluded 
in  1609,  about  40  towns  and  several  for- 
tresses had  fallen  into  his  hands.  His  life 
was  an  almost  unbroken  scries  of  battles, 
sieges,  and  victories.  War  he  understood  as 
a  master,  and  couducted  like  a  hero.  Like 
Montecuculi,  he  possessed  the  rare  art  of 
conducting  a  march  and  pitching  a  camp  ; 
like  Vauban,  the  genius  of  fortification  and 
defence  ;  like  Eugene,  the  skill  to  support 
the  most  numerous  armies  in  the  most  un- 
productive and  exhausted  coimtry ;  like 
Conde,  that  unerring  coup  d'ceil  which  de- 
termines the  issue  of  a  battle  ;  like  Charles 
XII.,  the  power  of  rendering  the  troops  in- 
sensible to  cold,  hunger,  and  sufferings  ;  like 
Turenne,  that  of  sparing  human  life.  In 
the  opinion  of  Folard,  Maurice  was  the 
greatest  infantry  general  that  had  existed 
since  the  time  of  the  Romans.  He  died  in 
1625,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Fre- 
deric Henry. 

MAURICE,  Thomas,  a  learned  oriental 
scholar  and  historian,  was  born  at  Hertford, 
in  1753 ;  was  educated  by  Dr.  Parr,  and  at 
St.  John's  and  University  Colleges,  Oxford  ; 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  writer.  In 
1791,  he  published  the  first  two  volumes  of 
his  "  Indian  Antiquities  ;"  which  were  suc- 
ceeded, at  intervals,  by  five  more.  lu  1795, 
appeared  the  first  volume  of  the  "  History  of 
Hindostan,"  which  was  completed  in  a  third 
volume,  in  1799.  In  1802,  he  produced  the 
first  volume  of  the  "  Modern  History  of 
Hindostan  ;"  and  in  1804  the  second  volume. 
Besides  the  works  above  mentioned,  Mr. 
Maurice  wrote  "  Poems,"  "  Sermons,"  his 
own  "  Memoirs,"  &c.,  in  all  of  which  are  dis- 
covered spirit,  elegance,  and  perspicuity. 
Died,  1824. 

MAURUS,  Tekentiajs'us,  a  Latin  poet 
and  grammarian,  who  flourished  under  Tra- 
jan. He  wrote  a  poem,  "De  Literis,  Syl- 
labis,  Pedibus,  et  Metris,"  which  is  in  the 
Corpus  Poetarum  of  Maittaire,  under  the 
title  of  "  De  Arte  Metrica." 

MAURY,  Jean  Siffrein,  a  French  car- 
dinal, was  born  in  1746,  at  Valeras  ;  studied  j 
at  Lyons  ;  and,  on  entering  into  orders,  be- 
came a  celebrated  preacher  at  Paris,  where 
he  obtained  a  place  in  the  academy,  and 
obtained  an  abbey.  When  the  revolution 
broke  out,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  tlie  clergy  in  the  states-general, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence in  behalf  of  his  order,  and  also  in 
defence  of  royalty.  On  the  dissolution  of 
the  constituent  assembly,  he  went  to  Italy, 
was  nominated  bishop  of  Nicaea,  and  made 
a  cardinal ;  and  in  1808  Napoleon  gave  him 
the  archbishopric  of  Paris,  but  in  1814  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  archiepiscopal  palace, 
and  retire  to  Rome.  He  was  not  only  a 
great  orator,  but  a  man  of  ready  wit.  On 
one  occasion,  when  a  furious  mob  was  fol- 
lowing him  with  cries  of  "  Hang  him  on  a 
lamp  post,"  he  turned  round,  and  coolly 
said,  "  Do  you  think  you  should  see  clearer 
if  I  were  tliere  ?"  which  well-timed  joke 
saved  his  life.    He  was  the  author  of  several 


MAV] 


^  fitia  WinibtviaX  SStOjjrap^I?' 


[may 


works,  the  best  of  which  is  an  "  Essay  on 
Eloquence."    Died,  1817. 

MAYOR,  Rev.  William,  LL.D.,  was  a 
native  of  Aberdeenshire,  and  born  in  1758. 
He  came  to  England  early  in  life,  and  after 
due  probationary  exercise  as  an  assistant  in 
a  school  at  Burford,  established  himself  as 
the  master  of  an  academy  at  Woodstock, 
where  he  gained  the  favour  and  patronage  of 
the  Duke  of  Maflborough,  entered  into  holy 
orders,  and  was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of 
Hurley  in  Berkshire.  But  it  is  as  a  well- 
known  author  and  compiler  of  useful  books 
that  Dr.  Mavor  will  be  chiefly  remembered. 
Few  writers  can  boast  of  works  so  numerous 
and  popular  ;  fewer  still  who  can  truly  say 
with  him,  "  that  he  never,  by  a  single  senti- 
ment, pandered  to  vice  or  injured  the  cause 
of  virtue."  Among  his  literary  labours  are  a 
"  Universal  History,"  in  25  small  volumes  ; 
a  collection  of  "  Voyages  and  Travels,"  also 
in  25  volumes  ;  "  The  British  Tourist,"  6 
vols. ;  "  The  Modem  Traveller,"  4  vols. ; 
Histories  of  Greece,  Rome,  and  England  ; 
Spelling  and  Class  Books  ;  Miscellanies  in 
Prose  and  Verse  ;  and  many  others,  whose 
merits  are  in  general  commensurate  with 
their  repute.    Died,  December  29.  1837. 

MAWE,  JosKPH,  an  eminent  mineralogist 
and  conchologist,  was  born  about  175.5,  tra- 
velled in  various  parts  of  South  America, 
and  published  numerous  works  on  the  sub- 
ject of  his  researches.  Among  them  are, 
"  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Brazil,"  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Diamonds  and  Precious  Stones,"  "  Fa- 
miliar I^essons  on  Mineralogy  and  Geologj*," 
"The  Linna:an  System  of  Conchology,"  and 
"The  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire."  He  died 
•in  1829. 

MAXENTIUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Va- 
lerius, a  Roman  emperor,  was  the  son  of 
Maximianus  Hercules,  and  declared  himself 
emperor  in  30G.  He  was  opposed  by  Galerius 
Maximianus,  who  was  defeated,  and  slew 
himself.  Maxentius  then  marched  into 
Africa,  where  he  becams  odious  by  his  cruel- 
ties. Constantine  afterwards  defeated  him 
in  Italy,  and  he  was  drowned  in  crossing  the 
Tiber,  in  312. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Galerius  Valerius, 
emperor  of  the  East,  was  originally  a  shep- 
herd in  Dacia,  afterwards  a  soldier,  and 
raised  to  the  imperial  dignity  by  Diocletian, 
who  also  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage. 
In  305  he  compelled  Diocletian  to  abdicate 
the  throne  ;  but  his  cruelty  soon  rendered 
him  odious  to  the  Romans,  who  raised  Max- 
entius to  the  throne.    Died,  311. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Va- 
lerius Hekculius,  a  Roman  emperor,  who, 
from  being  a  common  soldier,  was  associated 
in  the  government  by  Diocletian.  Wlien 
that  emperor  abdicated  the  crown  in  304, 
he  compelled  Maximianus,  much  against 
his  will,  to  do  the  same  ;  but  about  a  year 
afterwards  he  resumed  the  dignity,  and  op  • 
posed  his  son  Maxentius.  The  troops,  how- 
ever, mutinied  against  Maximianus,  who  fled 
into  Gaul,  where  he  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  Constantine,  in  310,  aged  60. 

MAXIMINUS,  Caius  Julius  Vkrus,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant  in 
Thrace.  He  was  a  great  persecutor,  and 
put  to  death  about  4000  persons,  on  suspicion 


of  their  being  concerned  in  a  conspiracy 
against  him  ;  but  he  was  at  last  assassinated 
by  his  own  troops,  near  Aquileia,  in  256. 
Forty  pounds  of  meat  and  eighteen  bottles 
of  wine  were  his  ordinary  allowance  for  a 
day,  and  his  strength  was  such  that  he  is  said 
to  have  stopped  a  chariot  in  full  speed  with 
one  of  his  fingers. 

MAXIMUS,  Maonus,  a  Spaniard,  was 
general  of  the  Roman  army  in  Britain,  when 
he  proclaimed  himself  emperor,  in  383. 
Gratian  marched  against  him,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  assassinated.  Maximus  having 
made  himself  master  of  Gaul,  Britain,  and 
Spain,  fixed  the  seat  of  his  empire  at  Treves. 
He  next  marched  into  Italy,  where  he  com- 
mitted dreadful  cruelties,  but  was  at  last 
besieged  in  Aquileia,  by  the  Emperor  Theo- 
dosius.  His  soldiers  delivered  him  up  to 
Theodosius,  who  caused  him  to  be  beheaded, 
in  388. 

MAXIMUS  TYRIUS,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher of  the  2nd  century,  was  a  native 
of  Tyre,  in  Phcenicia,  whence  he  took  his 
name.  It  is  generally  supposed  that  he 
flourished  under  Antonmus.  He  appears  to 
have  adopted  the  principles  of  the  Platonic 
school,  with  an  inclination  to  scepticism. 
He  left  41  dissertations  on  various  philoso- 
phical topics,  which  are  still  extant. 

MAY,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  historian,  was 
born  in  Sussex,  in  1594,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  entered  of  Gray's 
Inn,  where  he  wrote  some  plays  and  trans- 
lated several  authors,  particularly  Lucan. 
Charles  I.  employed  him  in  writing  two  his- 
torical poems  ;  one  on  the  life  of  Henry  II., 
and  the  other  on  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
But  in  the  civil  war  May  joined  the  par- 
liament, and  was  appointed  their  secretary 
and  historiographer.  He  published  the 
"  History  of  the  Parliament,  which  began 
in  1640,"  and  a  "  Breviary  of  the  History  of 
the  Parliament  of  England,"  a  work  which 
was  extremely  obnoxious  to  the  royal  party. 
Died,  16.50. 

M AYENNE,  Charles  of  Lorraixe,  Duke 
of,  second  son  of  Francis  of  Lorraine,  duke 
of  Guise,  was  bom  in  1554.  He  displayed 
great  courage  at  the  sieges  of  Poictiers  and 
Rochelle,  and  at  the  battle  of  Montcontour. 
He  also  defeated  the  Protestants  at  Guienne, 
Dauphiny,  and  Saintonge.    Died,  1611. 

MAYER,  JoHS  Frederic,  a  learned  Ger- 
man Lutheran  divine,  was  born  at  Leipsic, 
in  1650.  He  became  superintendant  of  the 
churches  of  Pomerania,  and  professor  at 
Stettin.  He  died  in  1710.  He  wrote  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Method  of  Studying  the 
Holy  Scriptures,"  "  Dissertations  "  on  par- 
ticular parts  of  the  Bible,  and  otlier  treatises  ; 
but  his  principal  work  is  the  "Bibliothsca 
Biblica." 

MAYER,  Tobias,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
was  born  at  Marbaeh,  in  the  duchy  of  Wur- 
temberg,  in  1723.  He  tauglit  himself  mathe- 
matics, and  at  the  age  of  14  designed  ma- 
chines and  instruments  with  the  greatest 
dexterity  and  accuracy.  His  various  merits 
procured  him  an  invitation  to  Gottingen,  as 
professor  of  mathematics,  in  1750,  and  the 
royal  society  of  sciences  in  that  place  chose 
him  a  member.  About  this  time  astronomers 
were  employed  iu  endeavours  to  find  the 


may] 


^  ^efit)  ^SntlicrjSaX  23t0jjrajP^2. 


[maz 


longitude  at  sea.  Mayer  overcame  all  diffi- 
culties, and  his  theory  of  tlie  moon,  and  as- 
tronomical tables  and  precepts,  were  re- 
warded by  the  English  board  of  longitude, 
\¥-ith  300()/.,  which  sum  was  paid  to  his  widow; 
for,  exhausted  by  liis  incessant  labours,  this 
astronomer  died,  in  17(32,  at  the  early  age  of 
39.     Among  his  works  are,  a  "Treatise  on 

Curves"  and  a  "Mathematical  Atlas." 

His  son,  JoHANN  Tobias,  born  1752,  was 
also  professor  at  Gottingen,  and  gained  great 
distinction  by  his  astronomical  writings. 
Died,  1830. 

MAYERNE,  Theodore  Turquet  de, 
baron  d'Aubonne,  an  eminent  physician  and 
chemist,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  lfl73.  He  was 
pliysician  to  Henry  IV.;  but,  on  the  death  of 
that  monarch,  lie  came  to  England,  and  M'as 
appointed  physician  to  James  I.,  who  con- 
ferred on  him  the  order  of  knighthood.  He 
continued  in  tlie  same  favour  with  Cliarles  I., 
to  whom  lie  adhered  faithfully  in  the  rebel- 
lion.    Died,  10">5. 

MAYNARD,  Sir  John,  an  English  states- 
man and  lawyer,  was  born  at  Tavistock, 
in  Devonshire,  about  1602.  After  having 
studied  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  he  en- 
tered at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was  in  due 
course  called  to  the  bar.  In  the  long  par- 
liament he  distinguished  himself  as  one  of 
the  prosecutors  of  Strafford  and  Laud ;  but 
afterwards  he  opposed  the  violent  proceed- 
ings of  the  army,  and  the  usurpation  of 
Cromwell,  for  which  he  was  twice  sent  to 
the  Tower,  After  the  Restoration  he  was 
knighted,  but  refused  the  lionour  of  oeing  a 
judge.  At  the  revolution  he  displayed  great 
talents  in  the  conference  between  the  lords 
and  commons,  on  the  question  of  the  abdi- 
cation of  the  throne  by  James  II.,  and  warmly 
advocated  that  measvire.  When  William 
III.,  in  allusion  to  Serjeant  Maynard's  great 
age,  remarked  that  he  must  liave  outlived  all 
the  lawyers  of  his  time.  Sir  John  liappily  re- 
plied, "  Yes  ;  and  if  your  highness  had  not 
come  over  to  our  assistance,  I  should  have 
outlived  the  law  too."  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  great  seal,  in 
1089  ;  and  died  in  1690. 

MAYNE,  Jasper,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
the  17th  century,  was  born  at  Ilatherleigh, 
in  Devonshire,  and  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  Scliool,  and  Christchurch,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and 
entered  into  holy  orders.  His  attachment 
to  the  royal  cause  exposed  him  to  suifering 
during  the  civil  war  ;  but,  after  the  Restora- 
tion, he  rose  to  be  archdeacon  of  Chichester. 
His  theatrical  productions  display  a  con- 
siderable deal  of  broad  humour  ;  and,  in 
truth,  he  gave  a  remarkable  instance  of  his 
fondness  for  a  joke  even  in  his  will,  by  leav- 
ing an  old  trunk  to  his  man  serv-ant,  saying, 
that  he  would  find  in  it  something  to  make 
him  drink.  When  the  funeral  was  over,  the 
poor  fellow  Jiastened  to  enjoy  his  treasure, 
and,  on  opening  the  trunk,  found  a  red 
herring  !     Died,  1672. 

MAZARIJt,  Julius,  a  cardinal  and  first 
minister  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  born  of  a  noble 
family,  at  Piscini,  in  Italy,  in  1602.  He 
studied  at  Alcala,  in  Spain,  after  which  he 
went  to  Rome,  and  became  »tt:ached  to  the 
service  of  Cardinal  Sachetti,  whom  he  ac- 


companied on  his  mission  into  Lombardy. 
While  in  that  country  Mazarin  effected  a 
peace  between  the  French  and  Spaniards, 
which  procured  him  the  esteem  of  the  Car- 
dinals Richelieu  and  Barbarini,by  the  latter 
of  whom  he  was  recommended  to  the  pope, 
who  sent  liim  as  nuncio-extraordinary  to  the 
court  of  France.  In  1641  he  was  made  a 
cardinal,  and  on  the  death  of  Richelieu  suc- 
ceeded him  as  prime  minister.  At  first  he 
was  rather  popular,  but  in  a  short  time  cabals 
were  formed  against  him  with  such  effect, 
that  he  was  dismissed  from  the  royal  pre- 
sence, and  compelled  to  leave  the  kingdom. 
But  though  a  price  was  set  upon  his  head, 
Mazarin  contrived  to  dispel  the  storm  ;  and 
he  even  returned  to  court  with  increased 
eclat,  and  held  the  reins  of  power  till  his 
decease,  in  1661.  As  a  politician  he  dis- 
played great  talents  ;  as  a  man  he  possessed 
few  virtues  ;  his  policy  was  characterised 
rather  by  finesse  and  forbearance,  than  by 
force.  The  most  praiseworthy  act  of  his  life 
was  done  on  his  death'-bed,  and  that  was  the 
endowing  of  the  college  which  bears  his 
name. 

MAZEPPA,  JoHx,  hettman  of  the  Cos- 
sacks, whom  Lord  Byron  has  made  the  hero 
of  a  poem,  was  born  about  the  middle  of  the 
17tli  century,  in  Podolia,  of  a  poor  but  noble 
Polish  family,  and  became  page  to  John 
Casimir,  king  of  Poland.  In  this  situation, 
Mazepi^a  had  an  opportunity  of  acquiring 
various  useful  accomplishments  ;  but  an  in- 
trigue was  the  foundation  of  his  future  ele- 
vation. A  Polish  nobleman,  having  surprised 
Mazeppa  with  his  wife,  ordered  him  to  be 
tied  naked  upon  a  wild  horse,  and  committed 
to  his  fate.  The  animal  had  been  bred  in 
the  Ukraine,  and  directed  his  course  thither  ; 
where  some  poor  peasants  found  him  half 
dead,  and  took  care  of  him.  Their  warlike 
roving  life  suited  his  disposition  ;  he  made 
himself  conspicuous  and  beloved  by  his  dex- 
terity, bodily  strength,  and  courage  ;  his 
knowledge  and  sagacity  procured  him  the 
post  of  secretary  and  adjutant  to  the  hettman 
Samoilowitz  ;  and,  in  1687,  he  was  elected  in 
his  place.  He  gained  the  confidence  of  Peter 
the  Great,  wlio  loaded  him  with  honours, 
and  he  was  finally  made  prince  of  the  Uk- 
raine. But  though  a  prince,  he  was  still  a 
vassal  ;  and  his  restless  spirit  made  him  re- 
solve to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  subordination. 
He  joined  with  Charles  XII.,  who  had  just 
given  a  king  to  Poland,  and  aimed,  by  his 
assistance,  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  subordi- 
nation. For  a  long  time  the  intrigues  of 
Mazeppa  against  Peter  were  disbelieved  by 
the  latter  ;  but  at  length  he  openly  joined 
the  Swedish  monarch,  who  by  his  advice 
fought  the  fatal  battle  of  Pultowa.  He  then 
sought  refuge  at  Bender,  where  he  died  in 
1709. 

MAZZA,  Angelo,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Parma,  in  1740  ;  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which  city  he  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  literature.  He  translated  the 
odes  of  Pindar,  and  Akenside's  Pleasures  of 
Imagination  ;  and,  having  attained  a  high 
degree  of  literary  reputation,  was  admitted 
into  the  Arcadian  academy  at  Rome.  Died, 
1817. 

MAZZHINGI,  Joseph,  Count,  a  distin- 


I 


MAZ] 


^  fitfsi  Bnibtx^al  38iOflra|jl)u. 


[med 


guished  composer,  was  the  descendant  of  an 
eminent  Tuscan  family,  but  was  bom  in 
England,  and  of  an  English  mother.  He 
was  very  early  noted  for  his  musical  ability, 
and  so  incessantly  were  his  studies  pursued, 
and  so  ably  directed  by  his  preceptors,  that 
he  was  considered  qualified  for  the  dilficult 
post  of  director  of  the  opera  house  when  he 
was  but  little  more  than  18  years  of  age. 
Tiie  theatre  being  destroyed  by  fire  in  1789, 
among  the  valuable  property  that  was  lost 
was  the  whole  of  the  music  of  Paesiello's 
opera,  "  La  Locauda,"  and  Mazzhingi  re- 
wrote the  orchestral  parts  from  memory. 
"The  Blind  Girl,"  the  "Turnpike  Gate," 
"  Paul  and  Virginia,"  and  a  long  list  of 
other  once  popular  pieces,  were  from  his 
fertile  pen,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott  warmly 
thanked  him  for  the  manner  in  which  he 
adapted  some  of  that  great  author's  poetry. 
Died,  1844.  aged  80. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Giammabia,  Count,  a 
Venetian  nobleman,  was  born  in  1707,  and 
died  in  17C5.  He  was  the  author  of  "  La 
Vita  di  Pietro  Aretino  "  and  "  Gli  Scrittori 
d'ltalia ; "  but  the  works  on  which  his 
fame  chiefly  rests  is,  "Notizie  Historiche  e 
Critiche." 

MAZZUOLI,  Francis,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, known  by  the  name  of  Pakmeoiano, 
was  bom  at  Parma,  in  1503.  He  became 
acquainted  with  Correggio,  but  owed  his 
eminence  to  his  studying  the  works  of  Ra- 
phael. His  reputation  as  a  painter  was  very 
great,  but  he  wasted  his  energies  in  the  de- 
lusive labours  of  alchemy.     Died,  1540. 

MEAD,  RicUARD,  an  eminent  physicRin, 
was  born  at  Stepney,  in  1673  ;  studied  at 
Utrecht,  Leyden,  and  Padua,  where  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree  ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
England,  was  appointed  physician  to  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  He  became  very  dis- 
tinguished in  his  profession  ;  was  vice-pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Society,  censor  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  and  physician  to 
George  II.  He  interested  himself  much  in 
the  introduction  of  inoculation  for  the  small- 
pox, and  assisted  in  the  preliminary  experi- 
ments made  on  criminals.  His  works  con- 
sist of  "  A  Mechanical  Account  of  Poisons," 
a  "  Discourse  concerning  Pestilential  Con- 
tagion," "  De  Imperiis  Solis  ac  Lunse,  in 
Corpora  humana  et  Morbis  inde  oriundis," 
"  De  Morbis  Biblicis,"  and  "  MonitaMedica." 
Died.  1754. 

MECHAM,  Pierre  Fransois  Andre,  a 
French  astronomer  and  geometrician,  was 
born  at  Laon,  in  1774.  On  settling  at  Paris 
in  1772,  he  was  favourably  received  by  La- 
laude,  who  procured  for  him  an  appointment 
in  the  national  depository  of  marine  charts. 
He  calculated  the  orbit  of  the  comet  of  1774, 
and  discovered  that  of  1781.  He  edited  the 
Connoissance  des  Temps  from  1786  to  1794. 
Died,  1805. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  a  learned  divine,  bom  in 
1586,  at  Berden,  in  Essex  ;  author  of  the 
"  Clavis  Apocalyptica,"  which  is  considered 
by  biblical  critics  as  the  ablest  exposition  of 
the  obscure  prophecies  to  which  it  refers. 
Died,  1638. 

MEDICI,  Cosmo  de,  an  illustrious  Floren- 
tine, born  in  1389,  was  the  son  of  John  de 
Medici,  a  rich  and  influential  merchant,  who 


died  in  1428.  The  vast  wealth  which  Cosmo 
thus  inherited,  afforded  him  the  means  of 
displaying  his  liberality,  and  of  acquiring 
great  influence  in  the  republic.  But  the 
splendour  and  magnificence  in  which  he 
lived,  excited  the  jealousy  and  enmity  of 
many  of  the  nobles.  The  Strozzi,  the  Albizzi, 
and  many  of  the  first  Tuscan  families  com- 
bined against  him  j  but,  by  the  most  con- 
summate art  and  prudent  management,  he 
extricated  himself  from  the  toils  of  his  ene- 
mies, and  eventually  reigned  without  a  rival. 
His  superfluous  wealth  he  expended  upon 
public  buildings,  and  in  the  encouragement 
of  literature.  He  was  a  friend  to  science,  an 
active  merchant,  and  a  sagacious  statesman  ; 
and,  when  he  died,  in  1464,  such  was  the 
general  estimation  in  which  he  was  held, 
that  the  Florentines  inscribed  on  his  tomb 
the  title  of  "Father  of  his  country." 

MEDICI,  Lorenzo  de,  surnamed  the 
Magnificent,  was  bom  in  1448,  and  was  the 
grandson  of  the  preceding.  He  surpassed  in 
wisdom  and  moderation,  in  magnanimity  and 
splendour,  all  of  his  family  who  had  gone 
before  him,  while  in  active  zeal  for  the  arts 
and  sciences  he  also  greatly  excelled  them. 
In  his  political  capacity  he  acquired  the 
respect  of  foreign  potentates,  and  placed  the 
balance  of  power  in  Italy  on  a  footing, 
which,  until  his  death,  insured  to  her  full 
security  and  ample  scope,  to  extend  and 
confirm  her  prosperity.  Great  losses  induced 
him  to  give  up  commerce,  which  the  Medici 
had  always  carried  on  ;  yet,  when  he  with- 
drew his  property  from  trade,  he  was  suffi- 
ciently wealthy  to  purchase  prin<H:ly  do- 
mains, and  not  only  to  adorn  them  with 
palaces  of  regal  splendour,  but  also  to  orna- 
ment Florence  with  elegant  edifices.  He 
revived  the  academy  of  Pisa,  established 
another  at  Florence,  collected  a  vast  treasure 
of  literature,  and  founded  a  gallery  of  art, 
where  Michael  Angelo,  under  his  patronage, 
pursued  his  youthful  studies,  and  improved 
his  taste  and  skill.  Nothing,  in  fact,  could 
exceed  the  exertions  he  made  for  the  im- 
provement of  literature  ;  and  he  died  in  the 
zenith  of  his  renown,  in  1492,  honoured  b^ 
all  the  princes  of  Europe,  beloved  by  his 
fellow-citizens,  and  almost  worshipped  by 
the  votaries  of  learning  and  the  arts  at  home 
and  abroad.  His  works,  entitled  "  Opere 
di  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  detto  il  Magnifico," 
were  published  at  Florence,  in  1826,  in 
a  splendid  edition,  4  vols.  4to.,  at  the  expense 
of  the  Grand-duke  Leopold  II.,  and  contain 
the  first  complete  collection  of  his  poems. 

MEDICI,  LuiGi,  Don,  descended  from  the 
ducal  house  of  Ottojann,  was  duke  of  Sarto, 
high  steward  of  the  king  of  Naples,  and,  for 
some  time,  president  of  the  ministry.  During 
the  reign  of  Joseph  Buonaparte  aud  Joachim 
Murat,  he  resided  in  England,  and  returned 
with  the  Bourbons  to  Naples,  where  he  was 
minister  of  the  police,  when  Murat,  rushing 
on  his  own  destruction,  invaded  the  Nea- 
politan territory,  was  taken  and  shot.  Some 
of  his  measures  proving  highly  unpopular,  he 
gavt  in  his  resignation,  and  retired  to  Rome; 
but  he  was  afterwards  appointed  president  of 
the  council.    Died,  1830. 

MEDINA,  Sir  John,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  at  Brussels,  in  1659  ;  came  to  Eng- 


Q 


^  ij^flM  UnihtvSal  23tflsraji]^g. 


[meh 


land  in  1686  ;  and  after  painting  a  great 
number  of  pictures,  went  to  Scotland,  where 
he  was  knighted.    Died,  1711. 

MEHEGAN,  William  Alexander,  a 
French  historian,  but  of  Irisli  extraction, 
was  born  at  Salle,  in  the  Cevennes,  in  1721. 
He  wrote  "The  Origin  of  the  Guebres," 
"Considerations  on  the  Revolutions  of  Arts," 
"  The  Origin  and  Progress  of  Idolatry," 
and  "  A  Picture  of  Modern  History,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  English.  Died, 
1760. 

MEHEMET  ALT,  pacha  of  Egypt,  and, 
it  may  he  safely  said,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  men  of  the  age,  was  born  at 
Cavalla  in  Roumelia,  in  1709;  the  same  year 
that  witnessed  the  birtii  of  Napoleon  Buo- 
naparte and  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  He 
commenced  life  in  the  humble  career  of 
a  tobacconist  ;  but  afterwards  volunteered 
into  the  army,  to  which  his  taste  was  more 
congenial.  In  his  new  career  he  soon  ob- 
tained high  favour  with  the  governor  of 
Cavalla.  In  1799,  the  period  of  the  French 
invasion  of  Egypt,  he  raised  a  large  body 
of  men  for  the  service  of  the  sultan  ;  and 
although  the  general  issue  of  that  struggle, 
as  between  the  sultan  and  Napoleon,  was 
unfavourable  to  the  arms  of  the  former,  the 
future  viceroy  of  Egypt  had  given  such 
proofs  of  his  military  capacity,  as  to  lead  to 
his  elevation  to  a  higher  command.  By 
intrigue  combined  with  the  attachment  of 
his  followers,  whom,  like'  a  prudent  leader, 
he  had  contrived  to  bind  to  his  interests,  he 
was  enabled  to  seize  the  pachalic  of  Egypt, 
and  was  then  prepared  to  set  the  sultan  at 
defiance,  had  the  latter  attempted  to  over- 
throw him.  But  the  sultan  saw  that  his 
vassal  was  too  firmly  seated  to  be  easily 
displaced,  and  resolved  to  compromise  by 
exacting  an  annual  tribute  from  Mehemet 
Ali  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  subjection. 
In  this  arrangement,  which  virtually  con- 
stituted Mehemet  Ali  the  independent  ruler 
of  Egypt,  he  had  the  prudence  to  acquiesce, 
and  he  directed  himself  steadily  to  the  con- 
solidation of  his  newly  acquired  power, — 
no  easy  task  in  a  country  which  had  been 
distracted  by  invasion,  and  at  best  loosely 
governed.  One  great  obstacle  to  his  becom- 
ing the  sole  ruler  and  regenerator  of  the 
country,  lay  in  the  presence  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, a  privileged  body-guard,  jealous  of 
their  power,  and  ever  ready  for  revolution 
when  it  was  threatened.  He  was  resolved 
that,  cost  what  it  might,  this  barrier  to  his 
complete  ascendancy  should  be  removed. 
We  are  told  that  he  first  tried  moderate 
measures,  by  otfering  the  Mamelukes  an 
asylum  in  a  remote  part  of  his  dominion, 
but  they  spurned  at  the  idea  of  quitting 
their  hold  in  the  seat  of  government.  Thus 
foiled,  he  adopted  the  daring  and  sanguinary 
expedient  of  decoying  these  soldiers  into  a 
toil,  and  then  commencing  the  work  of  indis- 
criminate slaughter.  So  stern  were  his  mea- 
sures, that  this  section  of  the  Mamelukes  were 
completely  extirpated.  This  took  place  in 
1811.  It  was  a  deed  which,  according  to  our 
ideas  of  morality,  can  only  be  viewed  with 
horror ;  but,  apart  from  its  wholesale  bar- 
barity, there  is  no  doubt  that  it  answered  the 
aim  of  its    author,  and   he    continued   to 


rule  in  comparative  security,  extending  his 
authority  over  Nubia,  Dongola,  and  Koor- 
dossan,  and  defeating  the  Wahabees  in  an 
arduous  and  sanguinary  campaign.  He 
assisted  the  sultan  in  the  war  of  the  Greek 
revolution,  and  his  ships  sustained  the  shock 
of  the  allied  navy  in  the  "  untoward  affair  " 
of  Navarino  in  1827,  which  well-nigh  anni- 
hilated the  naval  power  of  Mehemet  Ali,  at 
least  for  a  long  season.  Notwithstanding 
this  adversity,  his  power  as  a  ruler  of  Egypt 
no  way  declined,  for  he  long  ere  this  pos- 
sessed an  army  disciplined  after  the  Euro- 
pean fashion  :  Colonel  Selves,  a  French 
oflficer  (now  Suleyman  Pacha),  having  ad- 
dressed himself  to  this  task  in  1815,  and  at 
length  succeeded,  after  a  persevering  contest 
with  tlie  prejudices  of  the  people,  during 
which  he  more  tlian  once  narrowly  escaped 
assassination.  In  1831,  Mehemet  Ali  entered 
into  a  contest  with  the  sultan  for  the  pos- 
session of  Syria,  when  the  superiority  of  his 
army  thus  disciplined  became  very  manifest. 
His  stepson  Ibrahim  Pasha,  who  in  1819 
had  signalised  himself  by  his  conquest  of 
the  AVahabees,  commanded  the  army  sent 
against  Syria  ;  and  such  was  the  vigour  with 
which  he  assailed  the  forces  of  the  sultan, 
that,  in  autumn  1832,  he  had  carried  his 
victorious  arms  within  a  few  days'  march  of 
Constantinople.  For  seven  years  subse- 
quently, Mehemet  Ali  remained  undisturbed 
by  war,  during  which  his  active  mind  was 
steadily  directed  to  the  internal  improvement 
of  his  kingdom.  But  in  1839,  the  sultan 
re^glved  to  have  another  trial  of  strength 
wim  his  rebellious  vassal,  and  despatched 
an  army  into  Syria.  Again  was  Ibrahim 
victorious  on  land,  and  the  sultan  found 
himself  deprived  of  his  navy,  which  was 
delivered  into  the  hands  of  Mehemet  Ali 
by  a  treacherous  admiral.  Had  Mehemet 
Ali  and  the  sultan  been  left  to  settle  their 
own  differences,  the  probability  is  that  the 
former  would  in  the  end  have  made  himself 
master  of  Constantinople,  so  superior  was 
he  to  the  Turks  in  all  the  appliances  of 
war  ;  but  England  and  the  allies  (excepting 
France)  resolved  a  second  time  to  throw 
their  shield  over  the  sultan,  and  the  English 
fleet,  under  Admiral  Stopford  and  Sir  Charles 
Napier,  having  battered  down  and  wrenched 
Beyrout,  Acre,  and  Sidon  from  his  grasp, 
Mehemet  Ali  was  compelled  to  resign  Syria 
to  the  power  of  the  sultan  in  1840.  During 
the  progress  of  this  war,  Mehemet  Ali  exhi- 
bited an  instance  of  magnanimity  that  is 
scarcely  to  be  found  in  the  annals  of  war. 
At  that  period  tlie  overland  mail  was  as  now 
carried  across  his  dominions,  when,  instead 
of  suspending  its  transit,  in  retaliation  for 
what  he  must  have  deemed  an  aggression 
against  himself,  he  commanded  that  every 
facility  and  protection  should  be  given  to 
those  engaged  in  the  duty.  The  character 
of  Mehemet  Ali  of  course  cannot  be  tried  by 
the  standard  that  would  be  applied  to  one 
reared  and  educated  amidst  the  advantages 
of  civilisation.  To  raise  Egypt,  not  only  in 
her  armaments  but  internal  resources,  to  the 
scale  of  civilised  Europe,  was  his  ruling  pas- 
sion ;  and  in  this  pursuit  he  shunned  no 
means  likely  to  prove  successful.  Alto- 
gether, he  may  be  pronounced  one  of  the 


meh] 


^  ^eU)  Bnibn^al  38tflsra|jt)n. 


[]tfEL 


most  remarkable  men  of  his  time— the  Na- 
poleon of  the  East,  with  this  difference,  that, 
unlike  the  Gallic  conqueror,  he  knew  wlien 
to  stop,  and  thus  maintained  to  the  last  the 
ground  he  had  gained,  lie  had  wars  with 
the  semi-barbarous  tribes  on  his  own  fron- 
tiers, who  had  little  chance  with  his  disci- 
plined and  well-armed  troops,  and  these 
conquests  sen'ed  to  establish  his  power  ;  but 
he  had  also  to  measure  his  strength  with 
very  different  foes,  and  whom  he  could  never 
dream  of  conquering  :  yet  even  those  colli- 
sions with  the  powers  of  Europe  did  not 
shake  his  government,  so  broad  was  the 
basis  on  which  he  had  placed  it,  and  so 
enlightened  the  views  which  constantly  di- 
rected his  policy.  He  found  Egypt  a  pacha- 
lie  of  the  Porte,  abandoned  to  a  rude  and 
careless  sway,  the  eflfect  of  which  was  seen 
in  the  neglected  state  of  cultivation,  and  the 
prevailing  poverty  of  the  inhabitants.  He 
has  handed  it  down  to  his  successors  a 
powerful  kingdom,  with  ample  resources, 
and,  above  all,  with  order  and  security  pre- 
vailing ;  80  mucli  so,  that  foreigners  can 
travel  as  safely  within  its  limits  as  in  the 
most  civilised  country.  Considering  the 
country  in  which  he  lived,  and  the  slender 
opportunities  he  Imd  in  earlv  life  of  cul- 
tivating those  qualities  which  afterwards 
sustained  him  in  his  elevated  position,  we 
may  say,  that  centuries  might  have  rolled 
on  ere  one  had  arisen  who  could  have  worked 
changes  as  extensive  as  we  hope  they  will 
be  permanently  beneficial  to  the  country. 
Mehemet  Ali  enjoyed  robust  health  till 
nearly  the  close  of  his  life.  But,  about  two 
years  before  his  death,  his  intellect  became 
clouded,  and  in  September,  1848,  his  sceptre  I 
passed  to  tlie  hands  of  his  stepson,  Ibrahim 
Pasha,  on  whose  death,  ten  months  after- 
wards, it  devolved  on  his  grandson.  Abbas 
Pasha,  the  present  ruler  of  Egypt.  Died  at 
Alexandria,  August  2.  1849. 

MEHUL,  Stki'uen  Henry,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  born  at  Givet,  in 
France,  in  17(i3 ;  and  was  an  excellent  or- 
ganist when  only  10  years  old.  He  settled 
at  Paris  in  1779,  where  he  studied  with  great 
advantage  under  Gluck  ;  became  inspector 
at  the  Conservatory  of  Music ;  professor  of 
composition  at  the  Royal  School,  a  member 
of  tlie  Academy  and  Institute,  and  a  knight 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  produced  the 
operas  of  "  Stratonice,"  "Irato,"  "Joseph," 
"  Cora  et  Alonzo,"  &c.,  besides  the  ballets  of 
"  The  Judgment  of  Paris,"  "  Perseus  and 
Andromeda,"  &c.     Died,  1817. 

MEIBOMIUS,  John  Henry,  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Helmstadt,  in  1590.  He  became 
a  professor  at  his  native  place,  and  afterwards 
physician  at  Lubeck,  where  he  died  in  1655. 
He  wrote  some  works  on  medical   subjects, 

and   a  "  Life   of  Ma;cenas,"   in   Latin. 

Henuy  Meibomius,  his  son,  w^as  born  at 
Lubeck,  in  1C38.  After  travelling  for  im- 
provement, he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.,  and 
became  professor  of  medicine,  to  which  were 
added  the  chairs  of  history  and  poetry,  at 
Helmstadt.  where  lie  died  in  1700.  He  pub- 
lished "  Scriptores  Rerum  Germanicarum,"  3 
vols,  folio. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Maucus,  a  learned  philo- 
logist, was  born  at  Tonningen,  in  the  duchy 


of  Ilolstein,  in  1611.  He  published  several 
works,  the  principal  of  which  is  an  edition  of 
the  seven  Greek  musical  writers,  Aristoxenus, 
Euclid,  Nicomachus,  Alypius.  Gaudentius, 
Bacchius,  and  Aristides  Quintilianus.  Died, 
at  Amsterdam,  1711. 

MEINERS,  Chkistopher,  a  German  his- 
torian and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born 
in  1747,  at  Warstade,  Hanover  ;  studied  at 
Gottingen,  where  he  became  professor  of  phi- 
losophy ;  and  died  in  1810,  pro-rectorof  that 
university.  Among  Ins  numerous  works  are, 
"  A  History  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
Philosophy  among  the  Greeks,"  "  On  the 
Origin  and  Decline  of  the  Sciences  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,"  and  others  ou  kindred 
subjects. 

MEISSNER,  ArousTus  Tiieopiiilus,  a 
German  romance  writer  and  dramatist,  was 
bom  at  Bautzen,  in  Lusatia,  in  1757  ;  studied 
at  Leipsic  and  Wittemberg  ;  and  was  suc- 
cessively keeper  of  the  archives  at  Dresden, 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Prague,  and 
director  of  the  superior  schools  at  Fulda. 
Besides  writing  a  number  of  historical  ro- 
mances and  other  works,  he  translated 
Hume's  History  of  England  into  German. 
Died,  1807. 

MELA,  PoMPONius,  a  Latin  geograplier, 
who  lived  in  the  1st  century  of  the  Christian 
era.  His  treatise,  in  three  books,  "  De  Situ 
Orbis,"  contains  a  concise  state  of  the  world 
as  far  as  it  was  known  tiAthe  Romans.  By 
some  authors  he  is  supposed  to  have  been  re- 
lated to  Seneca  and  Lucan. 

MELANCHTIION,  Puiup.  a  celebrated 
German  divine,  coadjutor  with  Luther  in 
the  Reformation,  and  one  of  the  wisest  and 
greatest  men  of  his  age,  was  born  at  Bretten, 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  in  1497.  He 
studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Tubingen  ;  and, 
in  1518,  was  appointed  <jrreek  professor  at 
Wittemberg,  where  he  l)ecame  the  friend  of 
Luther, and  a  convert  to  his  doctrines.  Their 
personal  characters,  however,  were  widely 
different ;  Melauchthon  being  as  remarkable 
for  suavity  of  manners  as  Luther  was  for 
coarse  impetuosity  and  unbending  firmness. 
His  judgment,  ripened  by  classical  study, 
his  acumen  as  a  philosopher  and  critic,  the 
uncommon  distinctness  and  order  of  his 
ideas,  which  spread  light  and  grace  over 
whatever  he  discussed,  the  caution  with 
which  he  advanced  from  doubt  to  certainty, 
and  the  stedfast  zeal  with  wliicli  he  held  and 
defended  the  truth  when  found, —  this  com- 
bination of  great  qualities  and  merits,  at  all 
times  rare,  contributed  greatly  to  the  pro- 
gress and  success  of  the  Reformation.  The 
Augsburg  Confession  was  his  work  ;  and,  un- 
der the  sanction  of  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  ne 
aided  in  framing  a  code  of  ecclesiastical  con- 
stitutions. Even  his  theological  opponents 
respected  the  virtues,  the  talents,  the  learn- 
ing, and  the  mild  temper  of  Melanchthon, 
though  some  zealots  naturally  branded  him 
with  opprobrious  terms  for  his  tolerant  spirit. 
He  wrote  numerous  theological  treatises, 
Latin  poems,  works  on  history,  philosophy, 
&c.,  and  died  at  Wittemberg,  in  1560. 

MELBOURNE,  William  Lamb,  Vis- 
count, one  of  the  most  prominent,  if  not  one 
of  the  greatest,  statesmen  of  our  times,  wds 
the  second  son  of  the  first  Lord  Melbourne, 


mel] 


^  i^etu  BnibtY^al  MioQtKpfi^. 


[mel 


and  born,  March  IStli,  1779.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  Cambridge,  and  Glasgow, 
wliere  his  great  natural  abilities  were  care- 
fully matured  ;  and,  on  the  completion  of 
his  academical  course,  he  studied  for  the  bar, 
and  became  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  with 
a  view  to  a  professional  career.  But  in  1805 
having,  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother, 
become  the  representative  of  his  family,  he 
was  brought  into  the  House  of  Commons, 
where  he  joined  the  Whig  party,  and  gra- 
dually rose  to  great  distinction  for  his  libe- 
rality, talent,  and  independence.  His  mar- 
riage with  Lady  Caroline  Ponsonby  and  its 
results  have  been  noticed  elsewhere.  (See 
Lamb,  Lady  Caroline.)  In  1827  he  became 
secretary  for  Ireland  ;  but  in  1828  he  resigned 
oflBce,  and  the  same  year  he  was  called  up  to 
the  House  of  Lords  by  the  death  of  his  father. 
On  the  formation  of  Lord  Grey's  adminis- 
tration in  1830,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  home  department ;  and  the  latent  en- 
ergy of  his  character  was  then  revealed  by 
the  able  administration  of  his  duties  during 
a  period  of  violence  and  lawlessness,  such  as 
has  been  rarely  witnessed  in  the  English 
annals.  In  March,  1834,  on  the  retirement  of 
Lord  Grey,  Lord  Melbourne  succeeded  to 
the  premiership  ;  but  in  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year,  Lord  Althorpe's  removal  from 
the  leadership  of  the  House  of  Commons  was 
thought  to  have  so  weakened  the  govern- 
ment, that  William  IV.  somewhat  sum- 
marily dismissed  it,  and  called  to  his  coun- 
cils the  Duke  of  Wellington  and  Sir  Robert 
Peel.  The  administration  then  formed, 
however,  only  served  to  show  the  great 
temper,  extraordinary  skill,  and  indefati- 
gable industry  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  as  a  par- 
liamentary leader  ;  for  in  the  spring  of  1835 
he  resigned  oflBce,  and  Lord  Melbourne, 
who,  on  quitting  power,  had  refused  the 
garter  and  a  higher  place  in  the  peerage, 
was  now  become  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
In  1837,  Lord  Melbourne's  government, 
which  had  become  gradually  weakened  by 
the  attacks  of  a  powerful  majority  in  the 
upper  house,  and  the  hostility  of  a  growing 
and  powerful  minority  in  the  lower,  gained 
new  strength  from  the  accession  of  queen 
Victoria,  whose  personal  sympathies,  it  was 
alleged,  were  enlisted  in  favour  of  the  party 
then  in  power.  From  this  period  to  the 
close  of  his  official  career,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  task  of  instructing  his  royal 
mistress  in  the  exercise  of  her  important 
functions ;  and  in  this  sphere  of  duty  his 
various  qualities,  talents,  and  acquirements 
were  so  eminently  displayed,  as  not  only 
to  merit  the  gratitude  of  his  royal  pupil, 
but  to  elicit  expressions  of  approbation  even 
from  his  political  opponents.  In  1839,  the  go- 
vernment having  had  only  a  majority  of  four 
on  an  important  question.  Lord  Melbourne 
resigned  ;  but  a  misunderstanding  respecting 
the  appointments  of  the  ladies  of  the  bed- 
chamber prevented  the  formation  of  a  new 
ministry  under  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  he  once 
more  returned  to  office.  In  1841,  after  a  stre- 
nuous but  vain  effort  to  effect  some  modifi- 
cation in  the  corn  laws,  he  finally  retired  from 
his  high  post,  and  (though  he  for  some  time 
afterwards  went  down  to  the  House  of  Lords), 
it  may  be  said,  from  public  life.    Under  the 


veil  of  good-humoured  indifference  and 
careless  ease.  Lord  Melbourne  concealed 
many  of  the  best  qualities  of  a  statesman  :  a 
cool  and  courageous  temperament,  a  dispas- 
sionate and  unprejudiced  mind,  and  a  clear 
and  manly  intellect,  which  had  been  im- 
proved by  incessant,  though  not  forced,  cul- 
tivation. In  society  he  was  perhaps  the  most 
graceful  and  agreeable  gentleman  that  the 
present  generation  can  remember.  In  some 
parts  of  his  character  he  resembled  the  jovial, 
good-humoured,  practical  Sir  R.  Walpole ; 
in  others,  the  studious,  the  speculative,  and 
refining  Bolingbroke  ;  and  we  have  some- 
times thought,  that  if  the  sect  of  the  Cy- 
renians  still  existed  among  us,  he  would 
have  been  one  of  its  most  distinguished  ad- 
herents ;  for  the  couplet  in  which  Horace 
thus  happily  describes  its  founder,  might 
justly  have  been  applied  to  him  : 

"Omnis  Aristippum  decuit  color  et  status 
et  res, 

Tentantem    majora,    fere      praesentibus 
sequum." 
Died,  at  his  family  seat.  Brocket  Hall,  Hert- 
fordshire, Nov.  24.  1848. 

MELCHTHAL,  Akitold  of  (so  called 
from  the  place  of  his  residence  in  the  canton 
of  Underwalden^,  was  the  son  of  a  rich 
farmer,  who  having  been  cruelly  treated  by 
the  governor  of  the  district,  under  Albert  of 
Austria,  Arnold  conspired  with  two  friends, 
Furst  and  Stauffarcher,  to  effect  the  de- 
liverance of  their  country  ;  and  to  the  plan 
which  they  formed,  in  1307,  was  Switzerland 
indebted  for  the  restoration  of  its  ancient 
freedom. 

MELDOLA,  Dr.  Raphael,  the  learned 
Jewish  high  rabbi  of  the  ancient  and  chief 
synagogue  in  England,  was  eminent  as  a 
profound  theologian  and  philosopher.  At  an 
earlj-  age  he  published  an  interesting  work, 
called  "Korban  Minha,"  a  literary  comment 
on  the  service  of  the  high  priest,  which  is 
read  in  every  synagogue  on  the  fast-day  of 
Kipoor  ;  and  in  1796  a  work  of  great  import- 
ance, entitled  "Hupat  Hatanira.  He  died 
in  1828. 

MELEADEZ,  Don  Juan,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  born  in  1754,  at  Riberia. 
He  wrote  three  volumes  of  poems,  which  are 
distinguished  for  their  graceful  harmony, 
elegant  diction,  and  rich  imagery.  He  filled 
some  public  situations  during  the  rule  of 
Joseph  Buonaparte,  and  left  Spain  on  the 
retreat  of  the  I'rench.  He  died  at  Montpelier,- 
1817. 

MELEAGER,  a  Greek  poet,  in  the  1st 
century  before  the  Christian  era,  was  the 
author  of  epigrams  and  other  short  pieces, 
which  are  among  the  most  beautiful  relics 
preserved  in  the  Grecian  Anthology. 

MELETIUS,  a  modem  Greek  geographer, 
born  at  Jannina,  in  Epirus,  in  1C61.  He 
filled,  successively,  the  archiepiscopal  sees  of 
Naupactus,  Arta,  and  Alliens;  was  the  author 
of  an  "Antient  and  Modern  Geography," 
and  an  "  Ecclesiastical  History  ; "  and  died 
in  1714. 

MELISSUS,  a  philosopher  of  Samos,  who 
flourished  about  434  B.C.,  and  who  is  dis- 
tinguished not  only  as  a  teacher  of  the 
Eleatic  doctrines,  but,  in  the  history  of  his 


mel] 


^  ^clM  Hniber^al  33t0g:raplbl'» 


[mel 


country,  as  a  statesman  and  naval  com- 
mander. 

MELITUS,  a  Greek  orator  and  poet,  and 
the  principal  accuser  of  Socrates.  The 
Athenians,  out  of  compunction  for  their  un- 
just treatment  of  that  great  man,  put  Melitus 
to  death,  b.  c.  4<X). 

MELLI,  John,  a  poet,  denominated  the 
Sicilian  Anacreon,  was  born  at  Palermo,  iu 
1740,  and  destined  for  the  medical  profession. 
At  the  age  of  15  he  published  a  poem,  en- 
titled "  The  Gallant  Fairy,"  and  among  his 
works  are  idylls,  eclogues,  and  canzonl.  Died, 
181.5. 

MELLON,  Harriet,  duchess  of  St.  Al- 
ban's,  was  born  about  the  year  1775,  and 
was  the  poelliumous  daugliter  of  a  Mr. 
Matthew  Mellon,  who  held  a  commission  in 
tlie  East  India  Company's  service,  and  whose 
widow  married  a  Mr.  Entwistle,  a  musician. 
Mrs.  Entwistle,  who  was  an  accomplished 
woman,  went  on  the  stage  ;  her  husband  be- 
came leader  of  the  band  in  various  provincial 
tlieatres  ;  and  the  services  of  the  child,  wlio 
was  destined  at  a  future  day  to  become  the 
duchess  of  St.  Alban's,  were  put  in  requisition 
at  a  very  tender  age,  in  order  to  augment  a 
scanty  and  precarious  income.  She  passed 
her  childliood  in  performing  such  characters 
as  Prince  Artliur  in  King  John,  the  Duke  of 
York  in  Riciiard  the  Third,  &c. ;  and  wlien 
advancing  towards  maturity,  slie  personated 
the  walking  ladies,  and  occasionally  charac- 
ters of  higlier  pretension.  At  length,  while 
playing  at  Strafford,  iu  Stanton's  company, 
she  was  introduced  to  Richard  Brinsley 
Sheridan,  who  had  gone  tliither  on  an  elec- 
tioneering expedition  ;  and  as  some  of  her 
friends  there  had  both  "  votes  and  influence," 
he  thought  it  wortli  his  while  to  be  no  niggard 
in  liis  promises  of  future  patronage  to  the 
lady,  whom  they  regarded  as  a  highly  de- 
serving candidate  for  histrionic  fame.  She 
accordingly  made  her  debut  at  Drury  Lane, 
in  January,  1795,  as  Lydia  Languish,  in  the 
Rivals  ;  and  although  she  attracted  but  little 
notice  at  first,  she  gradually  rose  in  public 
estimation,  and  ultimately  arrived  at  a  degree 
of  professional  celebrity,  particularly  in  cha- 
racters of  a  vivacious  or  hoydenish  cast.  For 
several  years,  Thomas  Coutts,  esq.,  the 
wealthy  banker,  had  evinced  for  her  a  strong 
degree  of  friendship  ;  and  as  he  made  her  his 
wife  almost  immediately  after  the  death  of  his 
former  one,  which  happened  in  1814,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  of  the  sincerity  of  his  attachment. 
In  1822  the  venerable  banker  died,  appointing 
his  widow  universal  legatee,  and  bequeathing 
to  her  his  share  in  the  banking  house  and 
business  in  the  Strand,  and  all  benefit  and 
interests  to  arise  therefrom.  After  her  mar- 
riage she  had  to  endure  every  species  of  abuse 
which  slander  and  detraction  could  invent  j 
but  she  wisely  bore  it  all  in  silence  ;  and 
now  that  she  was  regarded  as  a  female 
Croesus,  she  was  assailed  by  a  host  of  un- 
principled scribblers,  who  thought  that  by 
concocting  and  threatening  her  with  the 
publication  of  a  mass  of  prurient  anecdotes, 
&c.,  some  of  the  widow's  loose  cash  might 
find  its  way  into  their  pockets.  She  was  not, 
however,  to  be  thus  intimidated  ;  for,  tfiough 
by  nature  benevolent  in  a  high  degree,  and 
practising  true  charity  without  ostentation. 


she  had  firmness  and  spirit  enougli  to  resist 
the  attacks  of  these  mercenary  marauders. 
Rumour  was  soon  busy  in  naming  the  for- 
tunate suitor  of  the  banker's  widow  ;  till  at 
length,  in  June  1827,  the  question  was  put 
to  rest  by  her  marriage  with  William,  duke 
of  St.  Alban's,  tlien  in  the  27th  year  of  his 
age.  She  died,  Aug.  6.  1837.  The  bulk  of 
lier  immense  property,  including  the  half 
profits  of  the  banking  house,  the  mansion  in 
Stratton  Street,  and  all  her  moveables,  plate, 
diamonds,  &c.,she  bequeathed  to  Miss  Angela 
Burdett,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  Francis 
Burdett,  and  grand-daughter  of  Mr.  Coutts, 
who  has  in  consequence  taken  the  name  of 
Coutts. 

MELMOTII,  William,  an  eminent  ad- 
vocate and  an  excellent  writer,  was  born  in 
106(5.  He  was  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  in  conjunction  with  Peere  Williams, 
edited  Vernon's  Reports  ;  but  he  is  chiefly 
remembered  now  as  the  author  of  "The 
Great  Importance  of  a  Religious  Life  ; "  a 
valuable  little  book,  which  has  gone  tlirough 
numerous  editions.    Died,  1743. 

MELMOTH,  William,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1710.  He  published  ex- 
cellent translations  of  Pliny's  and  Cicero's 
Epistles.  He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
"  Letters,"  which  bear  the  name  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fitzosborne  ;  some  poems  in  Dods- 
ley's  collection,  and  memoirs  of  his  fatlier. 
He  was  brought  up  to  the  law,  became  a 
commissioner  of  bankrupts,  and  died  in  1799. 

MELYIL,  Sir  James,  a  statesman  and 
historian,  was  the  son  of  Lord  Keith,  and 
born  in  1530.  He  became  page  to  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  whom  he  attended  in  her 
last  moments  ;  afterwards  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Montmorency. 
On  his  return  to  Scotland,  in  15C1,  he  was 
appointed  privy-councillor,  and  gentleman  I 
of  the  bedchamber,  and  continued  her  con-  i 
fidential  servant  until  her  confinement  in 
Lochleven  Castle.  He  died  in  1C06  ;  but  his 
"  Memoirs,  containing  the  most  remarkable 
Affairs  of  State,"  lay  long  unknown  in  the 
castle  of  Edinburgh,  and  were  not  published 
till  1683. 

MELVILLE,  Henry  Dundas,  Viscount, 
the  son  of  Lord  Arnistone,  a  Scotch  judge, 
was  born  in  1740  ;  received  his  education  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh  ;  in  1773  became 
solicitor-general ;  and  soon  after  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  offices  of  lord  advocate,  and 
joint  keeper  of  the  signet  for  Scotland.  In 
1782  he  was  made  privy-councillor  and  trea- 
surer of  the  navy  ;  and  from  that  time  he 
took  a  leading  part  in  all  the  measures  of 
the  Pitt  administration.  He  was  appointed 
president  of  the  board  of  control,  at  its 
formation ;  in  1791,  made  secretary  for  the 
home  department;  and,  in  1794,  secretary 
of  war,  which  latter  post  he  held  till  Mr. 
Pitt's  retirement  from  office.  He  was  then 
created  a  viscount ;  and  when  Mr.  Pitt  again 
became  premier,  he  was  made  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty.  But  a  variety  of  charges 
had  been  got  up  against  him  by  the  oppo- 
sition, and  in  1805  he  was  impeached  by  the 
Commons  ;  though  he  was  acquitted  of  the 
alleged  malversations,  and  only  proved  to 
have  been  negligent  of  his  duty  with  respect 
to  his  agents,  he  took  no  further  part  in 


men] 


^  ^ctD  ^nifen-s'aX  23i0srajj]^g. 


[men 


public  aflFairs,  and  died  in  1811.  For  many 
years  his  influence  in  Scotland  was  supreme  ; 
and  his  countrymen,  to  mark  their  gratitude 
for  the  favours  he  had  conferred  on  them, 
erected  a  monument  to  his  memory  in  the 
Scotch  metropolis. 

MENAGE,  GiLLES,  a  distinguished  man 
of  letters,  was  born  in  1613,  at  Angers,  where 
his  father  was  king's  adrocate.  He  dedicated 
himself  solely  to  literary  pursuits ;  and, 
being  received  into  the  house  of  Cardinal  de 
Retz,  soon  made  himself  known  by  his  wit 
and  erudition.  He  died  in  1()92,  at  the  age 
of  79,  leaving  behind  him  some  very  able 
works,  of  a  critical  and  philological  nature. 
After  his  death,  a  "Menagiana"  was  com- 
piled from  notes  of  his  conversation,  anec- 
dotes, remarks,  &c.,  forming  a  most  lively 
and  interesting  work. 

MENANDER,  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Greek  writers  of  comedy,  was  born  at  Athens, 
342  B.C.,  and  is  said  to  have  drowned  himself, 
on  account  of  the  success  of  his  rival  Phile- 
mon, though  some  accounts  attribute  his 
death  to  accident,  B.C.  299,  in  the  harbour 
of  the  Piraeus.  He  composed  108  comedies  ; 
but  there  are  oiijy  a  few  fragments  remaining 
of  the  numerous  dramas  of  Menander  ;  from 
whom,  however,  Terence  is  supposed  to  have 
copied  the  whole  of  his  pieces,  except  the 
"  Phormio  "  and  "  Hecyra."  Quintilian  ex- 
presses great  admiration  for  this  dramatist, 
eulogising  him  for  copiousness  of  invention, 
elegance  of  expression,  and  a  general  fine 
feeling  of  nature. 

MENDELSSOHN,  Moses,  a  celebrated 
Jewish  philosopher,  commonly  called  the 
"  Socrates  of  the  Jews,"  was  born  of  an 
lionest  but  poor  family,  at  Dessau,  in  1729. 
He  was  bred  to  merchandise,  but  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  in  which  he  acquired 
a  distinguished  reputation.  In  1755  he  pub- 
lislied  his  first  piece,  entitled  "Jerusalem  ;" 
in  which  he  pretended  that  the  principle  of 
the  Jewish  religion  is  deism.  His  next  work 
was  "  Phasdon,  or  a  Discourse  on  the  Spiritu- 
ality and  Immateriality  of  the  Soul."  He 
also  vrrote  "  Philosophical  Dialogues,"  2 
vols.  ;  "  Letter  to  Lavater,"  a  "  Dissertation 
on  the  Sensation  of  the  Beautiful,"  "  Morning 
Hours,  or  Discourses  on  the  Existence  of 
God,"  &o.  At  one  time  he  was  associated 
with  Lessing,  Ramler,  Abbot,  and  Nicolai, 
in  conducting  a  periodical  work,  entitled 
"  The  Library  of  Belles  Lettres,"  which  ac- 
quired great  distinction  in  German  litera- 
ture. He  was  remarkable  for  the  philoso- 
phical mildness  of  his  disposition,  and  for 
the  excellence  of  his  character  ;  and  he  was 
accordingly  esteemed  by  persons  of  the  most 
opposite  opinions. 

MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY,  Felix, 
the  greatest  musical  composer  that  this  cen- 
tury has  produced,  was  born  at  Berlin,  Feb- 
ruary 3.  1809.  His  grandfather  was  the 
celebrated  philosopher,  Moses  Mendelssohn 
above  noticed.  His  father  was  a  wealthy 
banker,  more  favoured  with  the  gifts  of 
fortune  than  of  genius  ;  and  it  is  related 
of  him  that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  saying, 
"When  I  was  a  boy  people  used  to  call 
me  the  son,  and  now  they  call  me  the 
father,  of  the  great  Mendelssohn."  The 
precocity  of  his  son's  musical  talent  sur- 


passed even  that  of  Mozart.  Before  he  was 
eight  years  of  age,  the  accuracy  of  his  ear, 
the  strength  of  his  memory,  and,  above 
all,  his  incredible  facility  in  playing  music 
at  sight,  excited  the  wonder  of  his  teachers 
—  Zelter  and  Berger  —  and  gave  room  to 
hope  that  a  successor  of  Mozart  was  at  hand. 
In  his  9th  year  he  performed  at  a  public 
concert  in  Berlin,  to  the  admiration  of  his 
audience  :  tlie  following  year  the  boy-artist 
accompanied  his  parents  to  Paris  ;  and  when 
he  was  12  years  old,  he  composed  his  piano- 
forte quartett  in  C  minor,  which  is  still 
found  to  be  full  of  interest  and  originality. 
His  first  compositions  were  published  in  1824. 
These  were  soon  followed  by  many  otliers, 
among  which  was  an  opera,  called  "The 
Marriage  of  Gamacho  ;"  which,  though  be- 
traying inexperience,  lias  much  character 
and  many  beauties.  Three  years  afterwards 
he  made  a  musical  tour  through  Italy, 
France,  and  England  ;  and  it  was  upon  this 
occasion  that  he  conducted,  at  the  Philhar- 
monic Concert,  in  London,  his  first  sym- 
phony, and  his  overture  to  the  "Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  which  produced  an  elec- 
trical effect.  Having  now  resolved  to  devote 
himself  exclusively  to  the  artist  life,  he  was 
appointed,  in  1833,  to  the  directorship  of  the 
concerts  and  theatre  of  DUsseldorf,  where, 
in  1835,  he  produced  his  great  oratorio  of 
"  Paulus ;"  and  ten  years  afterwards  he 
accepted  of  the  same  office  at  Leipsic, 
whither  young  men  of  talent  flocked  from 
all  parts  of  Europe,  as  well  to  seek  the  ac- 
quaintance of  the  leading  professor  of  the 
day,  as  to  submit  their  own  productions  to 
his  judgment.  He  afterwards  accepted  the 
musical  directorship  at  Berlin,  at  the  earnest 
entreaty  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  but  resigned 
it  after  a  short  lime,  and  returned  to  his 
favourite  Leipsic,  where  he  resided  till  his 
death,  acting  as  conductor  of  the  concerts, 
and,  along  with  his  friend  Moscheles,  di- 
rector of  the  Conservatory  of  Music.  During 
these  labours  he  repeatedly  visited  England. 
He  conducted  the  performance  at  three  dif- 
ferent Birmingham  Festivals  ;  and  in  the 
season  of  1844  he  conducted  the  Philhar- 
monic Concerts.  His  last  visit  was  in  1847  ; 
and  on  tliat  occasion  he  conducted  the  per- 
formance of  his  "Elijah"  at  Exeter  Hall, 
amidst  an  enthusiasm  of  admiration  which 
will  be  long  remembered.  But  about  this 
time  his  health  began  to  fail,  his  strength 
being  exhausted  by  fatigue  and  excitement ; 
and  the  sudden  death  of  a  favourite  sister 
at  this  period  inflicted  upon  his  nervous  sys- 
tem a  blow  from  which  it  never  fully  reco- 
vered. After  trying  to  recruit  his  health 
and  spirits  amidst  the  scenery  of  the  Alps, 
he  returned  to  his  home  apparently  in  better 
health,  but  it  again  gave  way,  and  on  the 
8th  November,  1847,  the  great  master,  and 
noble  artist,  ceased  to  breathe.  As  a  com- 
poser, Mendelssohn  travelled  over  a  wide 
field  of  art.  But  his  genius  as  it  reached 
maturity  became  more  and  more  profound 
and  lofty  ;  and  his  two  oratorios,  "  Pauli 
and  "Elijah,"  will  form  his  most  enduring 
monuments.  His  symphonies  are  ranked 
only  second  to  those  of  Haydn,  Mozart,  and 
Beethoven.  The  dramatic  character  of  his 
genius  is  evinced,  not  only  by  his  youthful 


men] 


^  ^c&j  ^gfm'brrjSal  2iSiOflrap!)i). 


[men 


opera  above  mentioned,  but  by  his  delicious 
music  to  the  "  Midsummer  Niglit's  Dream," 
by  liis  "First  Walpurgis  Night,"  and  tlie 
powerful  choruses  for  "  Antigone,"  "  Atlia- 
lia,"  and  "  (Edipus."  The  few  songs  he 
wrote,  and  more  especially  the  "Lieder 
ohne  Worte,"  show  that  as  a  graceful  and 
expressive  melodist  he  has  no  superior. 
Mendelssohn  was  singularly  happy  in  every 
character  and  relation  of  life.  Bom  to  alBu- 
encc  and  ease,  he  pursued  art  with  an  ardour 
and  activity  scarcely  ever  paralleled  ;  and 
his  artist  life  was  an  unbroken  career  of 
triumph.  As  a  man,  he  enjoyed  the  love 
and  esteem  of  every  one  who  knew  him ; 
and  it  would  scarcely  be  too  much  to  say, 
that  he  had  not  an  enemy  in  the  world. 

MENDEZ,  MosKS,  an  English  poet,  bom 
in  London  of  Jewish  parentage  ;  received  a 
liberal  education  at  Oxford,  and  was  created 
M.  A.  in  1750.  He  wrote  some  very  popular 
musical  entertainments,  and  several  poems, 
which  were  published  in  one  volume.  He 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Thomson.  Died 
in  ]7")8. 

MENDEZ-PINTO,  Ferdixand,  a  cele- 
brated traveller,  was  bom  in  Portugal,  of  a 
respectable  family.  He  departed  for  the 
Indies  in  1.5;37,  and,  on  the  voyage,  the  ship 
was  taken  by  the  Moors,  who  carried  her  to 
Mocha,  wliere  he  was  sold  for  a  slave  ;  but 
after  some  adventures  he  arrived  at  Ormns, 
and  afterwards  pursued  his  original  object. 
In  15.58  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
and  published  a  very  curious,  but  romantic, 
relation  of  his  voyages,  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  English.  From 
his  excessive  credulity,  Mendez-Pinto  has 
been  classed  with  Sir  John  Mandeville  ;  and 
for  extravagant  fictions  his  name  has  become 
a  byword. 

MENDOZA,  Joiix  Gonzales,  a  Spanish 
divine,  who  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  em- 
peror of  China,  in  1584  ;  and,  on  his  return, 
became  successively  bishop  of  Lipari,  in 
Italy  ;  of  Chiapi,  in  New  Spain  ;  and  of 
Popnyan,  in  the  West  Indies.  He  wrote 
"A  History  of  China,"  in  Spanish. 

MENEDEMUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
was  a  native  of  the  island  of  Euboea.  He 
became  a  disciple  of  Plato  and  Xenocrates  ; 
but  afterwards  joined  the  Cyrenaic  sect. 
Died,  B.  c.  284. 

MENGS,  A^fT^o^^r  Rapiiael,  who  has 
been  called  the  Raphael  of  Germany,  was 
born  at  Aussig,  in  Bohemia,  in  172G.  He 
studied  under  his  father,  who  was  painter  to 
Augustus  III.,  king  of  Poland,  after  which 
he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  was  patronised 
by  Charles  III.,  king  of  Spain,  for  whom  he 
executed  a  number  of  pictures.  The  best  of 
his  pieces  in  England  is  an  altar-piece  at 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford.  Mengs  wrote 
some  works  on  his  art,  wliich  have  been 
translated  into  English,  in  2  vols.,  and  died, 
at  Rome,  in  1779. 

MENINSKI,  or  MENIN,  Fraxcis  a 
Mesionex,  a  learned  orientalist,  was  born,  in 
1(523,  in  Lorraine  ;  studied  at  Rome  ;  accom- 
panied the  Polish  ambassador  to  Constanti- 
nople, in  1652,  and  acquired  the  Turkish 
language  ;  became  principal  interpreter  of 
the  oriental  languages  at  Vienna,  and  was 
intrusted  with  several  important  commis- 


591 


sions.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  Turkish, 
Arabic,  and  Persian  Dictiouary."  Died, 
1C98. 

MENIPPUS,  styled  by  Lucian  "  the  most 
snarling  of  the  cynics,"  was  a  native  of  Ga- 
dara,  in  Palestine.  He  had  been  originally 
a  slave,  but  purchased  his  freedom,  and  was 
made  a  citizen  of  Thebes.  It  is  said  that  he 
hanged  himself.  His  works  were  of  a  satiric 
kind,  and  written  iu  prose,  but  none  of  them 
are  now  extant. 

MENNES,  Sir  Joiix,  an  English  poet  and 
wit  of  the  17th  century.  He  was  a  native  of 
Sandwich,  in  Kent,  and  by  profession  a 
naval  officer ;  was  knighted  by  Charles  I., 
and  obtained  the  post  of  comptroller  of  the 
navy,  but  was  removed  from  his  station 
during  the  civil  war.  At  the  Restoration, 
however,  he  regained  his  appointment,  and 
attained  to  the  rank  of  admiral.  His  poetical 
productions  are  comprised  in  a  small  volume, 
entitled  "  Musarum  Delicise."    Died,  1(571. 

MENNO,  SiMONis,  or  Simon's  son,  was 
the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Mcnnonites,  or 
Dutch  anabaptists.  He  was  born  in  14!t6, 
and  was  originally  a  Catliolic  priest.  He 
maintained  the  necessity  of  rebaptism  in 
adults;  and  denied  that  Jesus Clirist  received 
a  human  body  from  the  Virgin.  A  price 
was  set  upon  his  head  by  Charles  V.,  but  he 
was  fortunate  enough  to  escape.  He  died 
at  Oldcslo,  near  Hamburgh,  in  l.".(S."). 

MENOCHIUS,  Jamks,  an  eminent  ci- 
vilian of  Pavia,  who  was  called  the  Jiaklut 
and  BarthoUua  of  his  age.  After  being  pro- 
fessor in  several  universities,  he  became 
president  of  the  council  at  Milan,  where  he 
died  in  1G07,  aged  75.  His  works  are,  "  De 
Recuperanda  Possessione,  de  Adipiscenda 
Possessione,"  "  De  Presumptionibus,"  2  vols.; 
"  De  Arbitrariis  Judicum  Qujestionibus,  et 
Causis  Conciliorum." His  son.  John  Ste- 
phen, became  a  Jesuit,  and  died  in  1(55(5, 
aged  80.  He  wrote  "  Political  and  Economi- 
cal Institutions,"  a  learned  "  Treatise  on  tlie 
Hebrew  Republic,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on 
the  Holy  Scripture,"  2  vols,  folio. 

MENSCHIKOFF,  Alexander,  a  cele- 
brated Russian  statesman  and  general,  was 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  born  near  Moscow, 
in  1(574.  Having  attracted  the  notice  of 
Lefort,  he  took  him  into  his  service,  and, 
discerning  his  great  powers,  determined  to 
educate  him  for  public  affairs.  On  the 
death  of  his  patron,  Menschikoff  succeeded 
him  in  the  favour  of  the  czar.  He  was  the 
companion  of  Peter  in  his  travels  ;  and  on 
several  occasions  he  personated  the  czar, 
who  appeared  as  a  private  person  in  his 
train.  In  the  war  with  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden,  Menschikoff  was  the  conqueror  of 
Meyerfeldt,  a  general  of  that  monarch  ;  he 
also  distinguished  himself  at  l/csnau,  in 
1708,  and  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa.  He 
became  first  minister  and  general  field- 
marshal,  baron  and  prince  of  the  German 
empire,  and  received  the  title  of  duke  of 
Ingria.  On  the  death  of  Peter,  it  was  cliiefly 
through  the  influence  of  Menschikoff  that 
Catharine  was  raised  to  the  throne,  and  that 
affairs  were  conducted  during  her  reign. 
When  Peter  II.  succeeded  her  on  the  throne, 
Menschikoff  grasped,  with  a  bold  hand,  the 
reins  of  government ;  but  when  his  power 


3  B  2 


men] 


^  jp^iu  Bniiitv^aX  SSinsraplbl?* 


[mer 


was  raised  to  its  highest  pitch,  he  was  sud- 
denly hurled  from  his  elevation.  Having 
embezzled  a  sum  of  money  which  the  em- 
peror intended  for  his  sister,  he  was  Con- 
demned to  perpetual  exile  to  Siberia,  and 
his  immense  estate  was  confiscated.  He 
died  in  1729,  two  years  after  his  banishment, 
having  supported  the  hardships  of  his  situ- 
ation with  great  courage,  and  lived  with 
Buch  frugality,  that  out  of  his  daily  allow- 
ance of  10  roubles,  he  saved  enough  to  erect 
a  small  wooden  church.  His  children  were 
recalled  by  the  empress  Anne,  and  restored 
to  an  honourable  rank  in  society. 

MENTZEL,  Christian,  a  physician  and 
botanist,  was  born  at  Furstenwald,  in  Ger- 
many. His  zeal  in  the  cause  of  science  in- 
duced him  to  travel  to  many  parts  of  the 
globe  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Germany  he 
diligently  recorded  his  observations.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Index  nomina  Plantarum," 
"  A  Chronology  of  China,"  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  Brazil,"  4  vols.  ;  "  On  the  Flowers 
and  riants  of  Japan,"  2  vols.  He  died  in 
1701,  aged  79. 

MENZEL,  Frederic  William,  private 
secretary  in  the  royal  cabinet  at  Dresden, 
whose  treachery  hastened  the  breaking  out 
of  the  seven  years'  war.  His  dissipated 
habits  had  plunged  him  into  embarrass- 
ments ;  and,  in  consideration  of  a  large  sura 
of  money,  he  delivered  to  the  Prussian  am- 
bassador at  the  court  of  Saxony,  copies  of 
the  secret  correspondence  between  Saxony, 
Russia,  and  Austria  relating  to  Prussia. 
He  was  at  length  suspected,  and  though  he 
attempted  to  save  himself  by  flight,  he  was 
arrested  at  Prague,  on  the  demand  of  the 
court  of  Saxony,  and  confined  in  the  castle 
of  Konigstein,  where  he  lived  33  years  in 
the  strictest  custody.  Towards  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  his  condition  was  somewhat 
alleviated,  by  receiving  better  food,  and  per- 
mission to  take  the  air  occasionally  ;  he  was 
also  relieved  of  the  heavy  chains  which  he 
had  worn  many  years.  He  died  in  1796, 
aged  70  years. 

MENZINI,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  bom  at  Florence,  in  1646.  He  was 
patronised,  at  Rome,  by  Christina  of  Sweden ; 
and  at  her  death  found  another  protector  in 
Cardinal  Albani.  He  died  in  1704.  Few  of 
his  countrymen  excel  him  in  Anacreontic 
odes,  sonnets,  elegies,  or  hymns  ;  and  his 
"  Art  of  Poetry  "  has  always  had  many 
admirers. 

MERCADO,  Michael  de,  a  learned  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Tuscany,  and  became 
first  physician  to  Clement  VIII.  and  other 
popes  ;  also  keeper  of  the  botanical  garden 
of  tlie  Vatican,  where  he  formed  a  fine 
cabinet  of  metals  and  fossils.  He  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  nobility  by  Ferdinand,  grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany.  He  wrote  a  treatise, 
"  Degli  Obelischi  di  Roma,"  and  other 
works.    Died,\l593. 

MERCATOR,  Gf;RARD,  a  mathematician 
and  geographer,  born  in  1612,  at  Rupel- 
monde,  in  the  Netherlands.  He  published 
a  great  number  of  maps  and  charts,  which 
he  engraved  and  coloured  himself;  and  is 
known  as  the  inventor  of  a  method  of  pro- 
jection called  by  his  name,  in  which  the 
meridians  and  parallels  of  latitude  cut  each 


other  at  right  angles,  and  are  both  repre- 
sented by  straight  lines,  which  has  the  eflfect 
of  enlarging  the  degrees  of  latitude  as  they 
recede  from  the  equator.    Died,  1594. 

MERCATOR,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  bom  at  Holstein,  about 
1640.  He  settled  in  England,  where  he  be- 
came fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  died 
about  1690.  His  works  are,  "  Cosmogra- 
phia,"  "Rationes  Mathematicae,"  "Hypo- 
thesis Astronomica,"  "  Logarithmotechnia," 
"  Institutionum  Astronomicarum,"  &c. 

MERCIER,  Bartholomew,  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Abbe  de  St.  Leger,  was 
born  at  Lyons,  in  1784.  He  entered  into  the 
religious  society  of  St.  Gen^vifeve,  of  which 
he  became  librarian.  Louis  XV.  gave  him 
the  abbey  of  St.  Leger  of  Soissons,  of  which 
he  was  deprived  and  reduced  to  indigence 
in  the  revolution.  He  was  an  ingenious 
writer  on  bibliography  and  literary  history, 
and  died  in  1799. 

MERCIER,  John,  a  learned  Hebrew 
critic  of  the  16th  century,  was  born  at  L^sez, 
in  Languedoc,  and  was  destined  for  the  pro- 
fession of  jurisprudence  ;  but  he  relinquished 
that  for  the  study  of  divinity  and  the  oriental 
languages,  and  succeeded  Vatabulus  in  the 
Hebrew  professorship  at  the  Royal  College, 
in  Paris.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on  the 
Old  Testament "  and  a  "  Chaldee  Gram- 
mar."   Died,  1572. 

MERCIER,  Louis  Sebastian,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1740.  He  com- 
menced his  literary  career  aa  a  poet,  but 
soon  renounced  poetry  for  criticism.  He 
attacked  the  reputation  of  Comeille,  Racine, 
and  Voltaire,  in  his  "  Essai  sur  I'Art  Dra- 
matique,"  and  published  a  violent  philippic 
against  the  comedians  for  paying  no  atten- 
tion to  his  remarks.  In  1781  he  published, 
anonymously,  the  first  volume  of  his  "  Ta- 
bleau de  Paris  ;"  after  which  he  removed  to 
Switzerland,  and  printed  at  Neufchatel  ten 
more  volumes  of  that  work.  Returning 
home  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he 
declared  himself  a  friend  to  liberty,  and  in 
concert  with  Carra  he  published  "  Les  An- 
nales  Politiques  "  and  "  Chronique  du  Mois," 
two  journals,  displaying  both  moderation 
and  spirit.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
vention, and  voted  for  the  detention,  instead 
of  the  death,  of  the  king.    Died,  1814. 

MERIAN,  John  Bernard,  perpetual 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Berlin,  was  a  native  of  Leichstal,  near 
Basle,  and  was  invited  from  Holland  to 
Berlin,  in  1750,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Maupertuis.  He  enriched  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Berlin  Academy  with  several  papers  on 
mathematical  and  philosophical  subjects, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  which  is  a 
parallel  between  the  philosophy  of  Leibnitz 
and  tliat  of  Kant.    Died,  1807. 

MERIAN,  Maria  Sibylla,  an  ingenious 
female  artist,  was  the  daughter  of  Matthew 
Merian,  an  eminent  engraver,  and  born  at 
Frankfort,  in  1647.  She  undertook  a  voyage 
to  Surinam  to  draw  the  insects  and  reptiles 
peculiar  to  that  country,  of  which,  on  her 
return,  she  published  a  description  with 
beautiful  coloured  plates,  in  2  vols.  4to.  Her 
daugliter,  who  accompanied  her  to  Surinam, 
added  a  third  volume  to  this  work.    The 


592 


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mother  published  another  valuable  per- 
formance "  On  the  Generation  and  Trans- 
formations of  the  Insects  of  Surinam."  Died, 
1717. 

MERLIN,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer,  who' 
flourished  about  the  latter  end  of  the  5th 
century.  He  was  supposed  to  be  an  en- 
chanter and  a  prophet ;  but  the  accounts 
we  have  of  him  are  so  mixed  up  with  fic- 
tion, that  to  disentangle  his  real  life  from 
the  mass  would  be  impossible.  He  was  the 
greatest  sage  and  mathematician  of  his  time, 
the  counsellor  and  friend  of  four  English 
kings,  Vortigern,  Ambrosius,  Uther  Pen- 
dragon,  and  Arthur.  The  miracles  ascribed 
to  him  are  numerous  ;  and,  instead  of  dying, 
it  was  supposed  that  he  fell  into  a  magic 
sleep,  from  wliich,  ufter  a  long  period,  he 
would  awake.  In  the  Britisli  Museum  is 
"  Le  Compte  de  la  Vie  de  Merlin  et  de  ses 
Faiz  et  Compte  de  ses  Propln'cies,"  2  vols, 
folio,  on  vellum,  without  date  or  place.  We 
have  also  the  "  Life  of  Merlin,  sumamed 
Ambrosius,"  by  T.  Heywood. 

MERRET,  CiiKisTOPHEK,  a  physician 
and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Winchcombe, 
in  Gloucestersliire,  in  1014.  Having  taken 
his  degree  of  M.  D.,  at  Oxford,  he  settled 
in  London,  where  he  became  a  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  of  tlie  Royal 
Society.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  View 
of  the  Frauds  and  Abuses  committed  by 
Apothecaries"  and  "Pinax  Rerum  Natu- 
ralium  Britannicarum." 

MERRICK,  James,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born  at  Reading  in  17:iO  ;  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  and  died  in 
17C9.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Poems  on 
Sacred  Subjects,"  "Annotations  on  the 
Psalms,"  and  on  the  "  Gosi)el  of  St.  John," 
"A  metrical  Version  of  the  Psalms,"  and 
a  translation  of  Tryphiodorus. 

MERRY,  RoBEKT,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  born  in 
London,  in  1755.  He  received  his  education 
at  Harrow,  and  next  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  after  which  he  entered  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn  ;  but  instead  of  being  called  to 
the  bar,  he  bought  a  commission  in  the 
guards,  which  service  he  also  quitted,  and 
went  abroad.  Wliile  at  Florence  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Delia  Cruscan  academy, 
and  affixed  that  signature  to  a  number  of 
poems,  which  being  publislied  in  the  English 
newspapers,  at  length  became  the  object 
of  the  caustic  satire  of  Gilford,  in  his  well- 
known  "Baviad  and  Majviad."  In  1791 
he  married  Miss  Brunton,  an  actress,  with 
whom  he  went  to  America,  where  he  died 
in  1798.  His  dramatic  compositions  are, 
"Lorenzo,"  a  tragedy;  "The  Magician  no 
Conjuror,"  "Fenelon,"  and  "Ambitious 
Vengeance." 

MERSCII,  Van  der,  leader  of  the  Bra- 
bant patriots  in  1789,  was  born  at  Menim, 
and  entered  the  French  service,  in  which 
he  acquired  the  title  of  "  The  Brave  Flem- 
ing." He  afterwards  served  in  the  Austrian 
army,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  By  a  series  of  successful  opera- 
tions against  the  imperial  troops  in  the 
Netherlands,  Ghent  and  Brussels  fell  into 
his  Jiands,  and  the  chief  command  of  tlie 
Belgian     troops    was     intrusted     to    him. 


5€3 


Through  party  intrigue,  however,  he  was 
removed  from  his  command,  and  thrown 
into  prison,  where  lie  remained  till  the  Aus- 
trians  recovered  possession  of  the  country. 
Died.  1792. 

MERSENNE,  Marin,  usually  called 
Mersennus,  a  French  philosopher,  was  born 
at  Oyse,  in  the  province  of  Maine,  in  1588. 
After  studying  at  the  college  of  La  FlGche, 
he  took  the  habit  in  the  society  of  Minims, 
and  became  an  eminent  teacher  of  pliiloso- 
phy  and  tlieology  in  the  convent  of  Nevers. 
He  was  warmly  attached  to  Descartes,  and 
corresponded  with  most  of  the  scientific 
characters  •of  his  time.  He  vrrote  a  variety 
of  scientific  works,  and  died  in  1048. 

MERTON,  Walter  de,  a  learned  and 
munificent  prelate  of  the  13th  century,  and 
founder  of  tlie  college  which  bears  liis  name 
at  Oxford,  was  born  at  Merton,  in  Surrey, 
and  educated  at  the  convent  of  that  place. 
After  obtaining  several  preferments,  he  be- 
came lord  cliaucellor  in  1258  ;  was  deprived 
of  the  seal  tlie  same  year  by  the  barons,  but 
restored  to  it  in  1201,  aud  in  1274  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Rochester.    Died,  1277. 

MESMER,  Frederic  Anxuonv,  a  Ger- 
man physician,  autlior  of  the  famous  doc- 
trine of  animal  magnetism,  which  is  also 
called  Mesmerism,  was  born  in  1734,  at 
Mersburg,  in  Suabia.  He  first  made  his 
doctrines  known  to  the  world  in  1700,  by  a 
thesis  on  planetary  influence,  in  which  he 
contended  that  tlie  heavenly  bodies  diffuse 
througli  the  universe  a  subtle  fluid,  which 
acts  on  tlie  nervous  system  of  animated 
beings.  He  qutited  Vienna  for  Paris,  in 
1778  ;  gained  a  number  of  proselytes,  and 
received  a  subscription  of  340,000  livres. 
Government  at  length  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  physicians  and  members  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  among  whom  was 
Franklin,  to  investigate  his  iiretensions ; 
and  the  result  of  their  inquiries  appeared 
in  an  admirable  memoir,  drawn  up  by 
Bailly,  which  comi)letely  exposed  the  futi- 
lity of  animal  magnetism,  and  the  quackery 
of  its  author,  who  died  in  1815.  His  theory, 
however,  has  of  late  years  again  excited 
considerable  attention  on  the  Continent, 
aud  has  its  advocates  even  in  Great  Britain. 

MESSIER,  Charles,  a  French  astrono- 
mer, was  bom  in  1730,  at  Badonviller,  in 
Lorraine.  For  a  considerable  period  he 
was  an  assistant  to  Delisle,  but  afterwards 
became  astronomer  to  the  navy.  His  at- 
tention was  particularly  directed  to  the 
discovery  of  comets ;  and  in  that  he  was 
eminently  successful. 

MESTON,  William,  a  burlesque  poet, 
was  born  in  1088,  and  educated  at  Aber- 
deen ;  after  which  he  became  tutor  to  the 
young  earl  marshal  and  his  brother,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  in 
the  Marischal  College,  which  situation  he 
lost  in  1715,  by  joining  the  Pretender.  He 
was  an  excellent  classical  scholar  and  ma- 
thematician ;  but  he  is  remembered  chiefly 
by  the  burlesque  poems,  entitled  "  Mother 
Grim's  Tales."    Died,  1745. 

METASTASIO,  Pjktro  Antonio  Dome- 
Nico  Bl'onaventura,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  bom  at  Assisi,  1098,  was  the  son  of  a 
common  soldier,  named  Trapassi.     When 


met] 


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[meu 


he  was  only  10  years  of  age,  his  talent  of 
extemporising  in  verse  attracted  the  notice 
of  the  celebrated  Gravina,  wlio  took  him 
under  his  protection,  called  him  (by  a  trans- 
lation of  his  name  into  Greek)  Metastasio, 
paid  great  attention  to  his  education,  and 
on  his  death,  in  1717,  left  him  his  whole 
estate.  The  young  poet,  being  thus  placed 
in  an  easy  condition,  devoted  himself  to  his 
favourite  study,  and,  under  tlie  guidance 
of  the  celebrated  singer,  Maria  Romanina, 
(afterwards  Bulgarelli),  created  the  modem 
Italian  opera.  Charles  VI.  invited  him  to 
Vienna  in  1729,  and  appointed  him  poet 
laureate,  with  a  iiension  of  4000  guilders. 
Thenceforward  no  gala  took  place  at  court 
which  was  not  graced  by  his  verses.  The 
empress  Maria  Theresa  bestowed  upon  him 
magnificent  presents,  as  also  did  Ferdinand 
VI.,  king  of  Spain.  Tlius  honoured  and 
beloved,  his  life  presented  a  calm  uniformity 
for  half  a  century,  during  which  period  he 
retained  the  favour  of  the  imperial  family 
undiminished,  his  extraordinary  talents 
being  admirably  seconded  by  the  calm  tenor 
of  his  private  character,  and  his  constant 
observance  of  the  conventional  proprieties 
of  high  life.  He  composed  no  less  than  26 
operas  and  8  saered  dramas,  besides  innu- 
merable minor  pieces.  Tlie  poetical  cha- 
racteristics of  Metastasio  are  sweetness,  cor- 
rectness, purity,  gentle  pathos,  and  elevated 
sentiment.    He  died  in  1782. 

METCALFE,  Right  Hon.  Charles  Thko- 
PHiLUS,  Lord,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the 
civil  service  of  his  country,  was  born  at 
Fern  Hill,  Berks,  in  178.5.  At  the  age  of  15 
he  was  sent  out  as  a  cadet  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service.  In  the  first  7  years  we 
find  him  holding  various  important  ofllces  ; 
and  in  1808  he  was  selected  by  Lord  Minto 
to  take  charge  of  a  difficult  mission  to  the 
court  of  Lahore,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
secure  the  Sikh  states,  between  the  Sutlej 
and  Jumna  rivers,  from  the  grasp  of  Runjeet 
Singh.  In  this  he  fully  succeeded,  the 
treaty  being  concluded  in  1809.  He  sub- 
sequently filled  several  other  higli  offices  of 
trust :  advancing  from  honour  to  honour,  lie 
was  at  length,  in  1835,  upon  Lord  W.  Ben- 
tick's  resignation,  provisionally  appointed 
governor-general,  which  office  he  held  until 
Lord  Auckland's  arrival,  in  the  year  follow- 
ing. During  this  short  period  he  effected 
many  bold  and  popular  measures,  not  tlie 
least  of  which  was  the  liberation  of  the  press 
of  India  from  all  restrictions.  This,  how- 
ever, gave  umbrage  to  the  directors,  and 
caused  his  resignation,  and  return  to  Europe. 
A  new  sphere  was  now  selected  for  the  ex- 
ercise of  his  abilities ;  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Jamaica— a  situation  of  peculiar 
difficulty  at  that  jieriod  (the  Negro  Eman- 
cipation Act  having  so  recently  been  passed), 
but  wliicli  he  discharged  greatly  to  the 
satisfaction  both  of  the  government  and  the 
colonists.  After  a  two  years'  residence,  the 
climate  proved  so  unfavourable  to  his  health, 
that  he  was  compelled  to  resign.  It  was 
not  long,  however,  before  he  was  selected 
to  undertake  the  government  of  Canada.  In 
this  truly  important  and  difficult  post,  his 
judgment,  firmness,  and  general  statesman- 
like  qtualities   were   most   advantageously 


exerted  ;  but  he  had  by  this  time  become  a 
martyr  to  a  most  distressuigly  painful  and 
dangerous  disease  ;  and  in  1845  he  once 
more  returned  to  liis  native  country.  He 
had  previously  been  raised  to  the  peerage  by 
the  title  of  baron  Metcalfe.  Died,  Sept.  12. 
1840,  aged  61. 

METELLI,  AuGUsTiN,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1609.  He  ex- 
celled in  painting  perspective  and  archi- 
tecture ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Michael 
Angelo,  produced  several  great  works.  Me- 
telli  died  at  Madrid  in  1660. 

METELLUS,  Q.  C.*:cilius,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  who  distinguished  himself  against 
Jugurtha,  king  of  Numidia,  and  thence 
acquired  the  name  of  Numidicus. 

METIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Alkmaar, 
in  Holland,  who  invented  telescopes  about 

1609. His  brother,  Adrian,  was  professor 

of  mathematics  and  medicine  at  Franeker, 
where  he  died  in  1636.  He  wrote  "Doc- 
trina  Sphaericae,"  "AstronomiaB  Universae 
Institutio,"  "  Arithmeticae  et  Geometricae 
Practice,"  "Geometrices  per  Usum  Cercini 
nova  Praxis,"  &c. 

METKERKE,  Sir  Adolphus,  a  distin- 
guished classical  scholar,  was  born  at 
Bruges,  in  1.528.  He  was  sent  on  an  embassy 
by  the  United  States  to  queen  Elizabeth, 
and  died  in  London,  in  1591.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  De  veteri  et  recta  Pronuncia- 
tione  Linguae  Graecae  Commentarius  ;"  and 
he  edited  the  works  of  Bion  and  Moschus, 
and  translated  Theocritus  into  Latin. 

METO,  or  METON,  an  Athenian  mathe- 
matician, who  flourished  432  years  b.  c. 
In  the  first  year  of  the  87th  Olympiad,  he 
observed  the  solstice  at  Athens,  and  in- 
vented the  cycle  of  19  years,  to  make  the 
solar  and  luiiar  years  begin  at  the  same 
time.  This  is  now  called  the  Golden  Num- 
ber, from  its  great  use  in  the  calendar. 

METTRIE,  JuLiEN  Offrie  de  la,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
1709.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  French 
guards,  and  in  that  situation  wrote  an  in- 
famous book,  called  "  The  Natural  History 
of  the  Soul,"  for  which  he  narrowly  escaped 
prosecution.  His  next  work  was  a  satire 
against  the  faculty,  under  the  title  of  "  Pe- 
nelope ;  or,  the  Machiavel  in  Medicine,"  for 
which  he  was  obliged  to  remove  to  Holland, 
where  he  created  new  enemies  by  a  still 
more  atrocious  book,  entitled  "L'Homme 
Machine,"  which  being  ordered  to  be  burnt, 
he  retired  to  Berlin,  and  was  patronised  by 
Frederic  the  Great,  whose  opinions  were  so 
congenial  to  the  author's,  that  he  composed 
his  funeral  eulogy  witli  his  own  pen.  Died, 
1751. 

METZU,  Gabriel,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Leyden,  in  1615,  who  took  Gerard 
Douw,  Terbury,  and  Mieris  for  his  models, 
but  adopted  a  more  finished  style.  A  lady 
tuning  her  lute,  and  another  washing  her 
hands  in  a  silver  basin  held  by  her  woman, 
are  among  his  best  pieces.  He  usually  re- 
sided at  Amsterdam,  and  died  there  in  1658. 

MEULEN,  Antoky  Francis  vax  der, 
was  born  at  Brussels,  in  1634.  By  his  ta- 
lents as  a  painter  of  battle-pieces  he  was 
recommended  to  Louis  XIV.,  who  always 
took   hira  on   his    expeditions,    and    often 


MEU] 


^  ^ctD  mm'tjcrj^al  JSiograpl^e. 


[mic 


pointed  out  the  subjects  which  he  desired 
him  to  represent.  The  painter  had  thus 
an  opportunity  of  perfecting  himself  in 
this  department  of  his  art,  but  he  had  fre- 
quently to  represent  scenes  which  afforded 
but  little  scope  for  the  display  of  genius. 
Died,  1690. 

MEUNG,  or  MEUK,  a  French  poet,  sur- 
named,  on  account  of  his  lameness,  Clopinel, 
was  born  at  Meuug  sur  Loire,  about  1250.  By 
his  poetical  talents  and  vivacity,  he  rendered 
himself  a  favourite  at  the  court  of  Philip  le 
Bel.  Having  exercised  his  satiric  powers 
upon  the  ladles  of  the  court,  they  were  so 
irritated  against  him,  that  a  party  of  them 
seized  him,  and  resblved  to  give  him  a  severe 
flogging  ;  but  his  wit  came  to  his  assistance, 
and  he  escai)ed  castigation,  by  desiring  the 
most  unchaste  to  give  him  the  first  blow. 
He  died  about  l'S2'2,  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works,  but  his  principal  one  was  his 
continuation  of  the  "Koman  de  la  Hose," 
begun  by  William  de  Lorris,  which  com- 
prises more  than  three  parts  of  the  whole. 

MEURSIUS,  John,  a  learned  Dutch 
critic,  historian,  and  antiquary,  was  bom  in 
1579,  at  Losdun,  near  the  Hague  ;  studied 
at  Leyden  ;  travelled  over  great  part  of  the 
Continent  as  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  cele- 
brated Barneveldt ;  and  on  his  return,  after 
a  ten  years'  absence,  was  elected  professor 
of  history  and  Greek  at  Leyden,  with  the 
title  of  historiographer  to  the  states-gene- 
ral. In  1025  he  removed  to  the  professor- 
ship of  history  and  politics  at  Sora,  in  Den- 
mark, where,  also,  he  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer royal.  His  works,  which  are 
chiefly  on  Athenian  history  and  manners, 
form  12  vols.  His  "  Eleusinia,  sive  de  Ceteris 
Eleusinae  Sacro  et  Festo,"  to  which  all  who 
have  since  written  upon  that  subject  have 
been  greatly  indebted,  is  a  very  valuable 

work.    Meursius  died  in  1639 His  son 

John,  who  died  at  an  early  age,  in  105:3,  was 
the  author  of  several  valuable  antiquarian 
treatises. 

MEUSEL,  Joiijf  George,  a  famous  Ger- 
man bibliographer,  was  bom  in  1743,  at 
Eyrichshof,  in  Francouia.  After  completing 
liis  studies  at  the  universities  of  Gottingen 
and  Halle,  he  was  appointed,  in  1709,  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  university  of  Er- 
furt ;  and  he  afterwards  held  a  similar 
station  at  Erlangen,  where  he  remained  till 
his  death,  in  1820.  He  wrote  statistical  and 
historical  works,  and  compiled  several  col- 
lections relating  to  the  history  of  literature 
and  literary  men  ;  but  his  principal  works 
are  "Bibliotheca  Historica,"  in  22  vols.; 
and  a  "  Gelehrte  Teutschland,"  bibliographi- 
cal dictionary  of  German  living  authors,  in 
16  vols. 

MEXIA,  Pedro,  a  chronicler  to  Charles 
v.,  was  bom  at  Seville.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Csesars,  including  the 
German  Emperors,"  "  Silvia  de  Varia  Lec- 
cion,"  &c.    Died,  1552. 

MEYER,  Felix,  a  German  painter,  was 
bom  in  1653.  He  painted  some  fine  views 
after  nature  in  Italy  and  Switzerland,  and 
died  in  1713. 

MEYER,  James,  a  Flemish  historian,  was 
bom  near  Bailleul,  in  Flanders,  in  1491,  and 
died  in  1552. 


MEYER,  Jeremiah,  a  miniature  painter, 
was  born  at  Tubingen,  in  1735.  He  came 
to  England  in  1749,  with  his  father,  a  por- 
trait painter,  who  placed  him  under  Zinck, 
the  eminent  painter  in  enamel,  but  he  soon 
surpassed  him.  In  1761,  the  Society  of  Arts 
having  offered  a  premium  for  the  best  draw- 
ing of  a  profile  of  the  king ;  the  prize  was 
gained  by  Meyer  ;  and  he  was  afterwards 
appointed  painter  in  enamel  to  their  majes- 
ties. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  died  in  1789. 

MEYRICK,  Sir  Samuel  Rush,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary,  was  born  at  London,  1783. 
After  taking  his  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford, 
he  became  an  advocate  in  the  ecclesiastical 
and  admiralty  courts ;  and  soon  began  to 
vary  his  professional  avocations  with  those 
ardiaological  studies  which  formed  the 
chief  boast  and  occupation  of  his  life.  He 
contributed  innumerable  papers  to  the  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine;  on  all  questions  relating 
to  arms  and  armour  his  authority  was  un- 
assailed ;  and  his  "  Critical  Inquiry  into 
Ancient  Armour,"  &c.  has  procured  him  a 
high  place  among  the  most  eminent  anti- 
quaries of  his  time.  In  1832  he  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  Guelphic  order,  and  soon 
afterwards  dubbed  a  knight  bachelor.  Died, 
1848. 

MEZERAI,  Francis  Eudes  de,  a  French 
historian,  was  born  in  Lower  Normandy, 
in  1010,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Caen  ;  on  leaving  which  he  obtained  a  mi- 
litary employment,  and  served  two  or  three 
campaigns  in  Flanders.  Having  left  the 
army,  he  projected  "  The  History  of  France," 
in  writing  which  he  was  liberally  encouraged 
by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  after  its  com- 
pletion, in  1651,  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
the  king.  In  1608  he  published  an  "  Abridg- 
ment "  of  his  History  ;  and  by  the  freedom 
of  some  of  his  animadversions  in  it  he  dis- 
pleased Colbert,  and  was  deprived  of  his 
pension.  He  died  in  1083.  Besides  his 
"  History  of  France,"  he  wrote  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Origin  of  the  French,"  and  a  "  Con- 
tinuation of  the  History  of  the  Turks."  As 
an  liistorian,  he  is  considered  more  bold  than 
accurate,  with  a  style  harsh  and  incorrect, 
but  clear,  energetic,  and  occasionally  ex- 
hibiting a  vigorous  conciseness. 

MICIIAELIS,  Joux  David,  a  learned 
orientalist  and  biblical  critic,  was  born  at 
Halle,  in  Saxony,  in  1717,  and  there  edu- 
cated. He  visited  England,  and  for  a  time 
was  preacher  at  the  German  chapel,  St. 
James's  palace  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Ger- 
many was  made  professor  of  theology  at 
Gottingen  ;  was  honoured  with  the  order  of 
the  polar  star,  conferred  on  him  by  the  king 
of  Sweden  ;  and  was  made  an  aulic  coun- 
cillor of  Hanover.  Among  the  most  valu- 
able and  best  known  of  his  works  are  his 
"  Introduction  to  the  New  Testament," 
translated  into  English  by  Bishop  Marsh, 
and  his  "  Commeutaries  on  the  Law  of 
Moses."    Died,  1791. 

MICIIAELIS,  JpHX  Henry,  a  German 
divine,  was  born  at  Kettenburg,  in  Hohen- 
stein,  in  1608.  He  was  educated  at  Leipsic, 
and  next  at  Halle,  where  he  taught  Greek 
and  Hebrew.  In  1099  he  succeeded  Francke 
in  the  Greek  professorship ;  and,  in  1707, 


MIc] 


^  |?el3)  ^nitjcrj^al  2Siatj:rajp]^g. 


[mig 


was  made  librarian  of  the  university.  He 
afterwards  became  professor  of  divinity  and 
the  oriental  languages.    Died  in  1738. 

MICHAUX,  Andre,  a  French  traveller 
and  botanist ;  author  of  a  "  History  of 
North  American  Oaks  "  and  an  "  American 
Flora."  He  was  born,  in  1746,  at  Satory, 
near  Versailles  ;  spent  many  years  in  jour- 
neying through  the  United  States ;  and 
died,  in  1802,  at  Madagascar. 

MICHELI,  James  Baktiiolomew,  an 
astronomer  and  mathematician,  was  born 
at  Geneva,  in  1C92.  He  entered  into  the 
military  service  of  France,  and  became  a 
captain  ;  but  on  the  peace  of  Utrecht  he 
retired  to  Switzerland,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  sciences.  He  constructed  a  number 
of  charts,  aud  invented  a  new  thermometer. 
Several  of  his  papers  on  astronomy,  meteor- 
ology, and  mathematics  are  in  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Helvetic  Society  of  Basle. 
Died,  1760. 

MICHELI,  Peter  Antiionv,  a  botanist, 
■was  born  at  Florence,  in  1679,  and  died  there 
in  1737.  He  superintended  the  botanical 
garden  founded  by  Cosmo  de  Medici,  and 
was  the  institutor  of  a  society  of  natural 
history  at  Florence.  He  published  "  Nova 
Plantarum  Genera." 

MICKLE,  William  Julius,  a  poet,  -was 
born,  in  1734,  at  Langholm,  in  Dumfries- 
ehire.  At  first  he  engaged  in  business  as  a 
brewer,  but  not  succeeding,  he  went  to 
London,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
In  1765  he  was  employed  as  corrector  of  the 
press  in  the  Clarendon  printing-office  at 
Oxford,  where  he  published  a  poem,  called 
"The  Concubine,"  in  imitation  of  Spenser, 
which  he  afterwards  re-published  under  the 
title  of  "Sir  Martyn."  Hia  principal  pro- 
duction, a  translation  of  "  The  Lusiad  "  of 
Camoens,  appeared  in  1775 ;  prefixed  to 
which  is  a  historical  and  critical  Introduc- 
tion, with  a  life  of  Camoens  ;  and  the  work 
is  executed  in  a  highly  creditable  manner. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  many  of  the  finest 
pieces  in  Evans's  Old  Ballads.  In  1778  he 
accompanied  his  friend  Commodore  John- 
stone on  a  mission  to  Lisbon  as  secretary  ; 
and  died  in  1788. 

MIDDLETON,  Coin'ERS,  a  celebrated 
divine  and  critic,  was  born  at  York,  in 
168;3,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  In 
1717  he  was  created  D.D.  by  mandamus, 
on  which  occasion  he  resisted  the  claim  of 
Dr.  Bentley,  regius  professor,  to  exorbi- 
tant fees.  This  occasioned  a  lawsuit,  in 
which  Middleton  triumtihed.  A  personal 
enmity  was  the  consequence  of  tliis  atfair  ; 
aud  when  Bentley  printed  his  proposals  for 
a  new  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  Mid- 
dleton attacked  them  with  such  force  that 
the  design  was  abandoned.  In  1724  he 
visited  Italy,  and  having  a  near  observation 
of  the  ecclesiastical  pomp  and  ceremonies, 
he  wrote  his  famous  "  Letter  from  Rome," 
to  show  that  tlie  religious  rites  of  popery 
were  very  similar  to  those  of  paganism.  He 
was  subsequently  Woodwardian  professor  of 
mineralogy,  and  librarian,  at  Cambridge. 
His  greatest  literary  undertaking  was  "The 
History  of  the  Life  of  M.  T.  Cicero,"  2  vols. 
4to.,  which  ranks  among  the  classical  pro- 


ductions of  our  literature  ;  but  his  "  Free 
Inquiry  into  the  Miraculous  Powers  of  the 
Church  "  brought  on  the  author  the  impu- 
tation of  infidelity,  and  gave  rise  to  much 
vehement  censure  from  a  host  of  opponents. 
He  died  in  1750. 

MIDDLETON,  Sir  Hugh,  was  the  son  of 
Richard  Middleton,  esq.,  governor  of  Den- 
bigh castle,  under  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and 
Elizabeth.  He  entered  into  business  in 
London  as  a  goldsmith ;  and  rendered  the 
most  imijortant  service  in  supplying  the 
city  with  water  by  uniting  two  streams  in 
Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex,  and  convey- 
ing the  same  through  various  soils  for  a 
course  of  sixty  miles.  This  junction,  called 
the  New  River,  was  begun  in  1608,  and  com- 
pleted in  1613.    Died,  1631. 

MIDDLETON,  Thomas  Fansiiaw,  first 
bishop  of  Calcutta,  was  born  at  Kedleston, 
in  Derbyshire,  in  1769 ;  was  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital,  and  at  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge  ;  and,  after  having  held  various 
small  livings,  was,  in  1809,  collated  to  a 
stall  in  the  cathedral  of  Lincoln,  which  was 
sliortly  after  followed  by  the  rectory  of  Put- 
tenham,  Herts,  and  the  archdeaconry  of 
Huntingdon.  The  government  having  de- 
termined on  providing  for  the  spiritual  wants 
of  British  subjects  in  the  east.  Dr.  Middleton 
was  selected  as  the  fittest  person  to  take  the 
important  charge  of  bishop  in  that  part  of 
the  world  ;  he  was  accordingly  consecrated 
at  Lambeth,  and  in  November,  1814,  he 
arrived  at  Calcutta.  In  1820  he  laid  the 
foundation  stone  of  a  church  at  Calcutta, 
near  to  which  a  school  was  erected  for  the 
Christian  poor  ;  and  soon  after  arose,  on  the 
bank  of  the  river,  a  college  for  the  liberal 
education  of  youth.  But  in  the  midst  of  his 
unwearied  efforts  for  the  propagation  of 
true  religion,  he  was  seized  with  a  fever, 
and  died  in  1822.  Among  his  writings  are, 
"  Sermons  ; "  an  erudite  work  on  the  "  Greek 
Article  ; "  and  "  The  Country  Spectator." 
He  also  for  some  time  edited  the  new  series  of 
"  The  British  Critic." 

MIDDLETON,  William,  a  Welsh  poet, 
was  born  at  Gwenynog,  in  Denbighshire, 
and  died  about  1600.  He  served  in  the 
armies  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and  afterwards 
commanded  a  ship  of  war.  He  wrote  a 
paraphrase  of  the  Book  of  Psalms  in  Welsh 
verse,  and  was  also  the  author  of  the  "  Art 
of  Poetry."    Died,  1595. 

MIERIS,  Fkancis,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Leyden,  in  1635,  and  died  in  1681. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Gerard  Douw,  whose 
delicate  finish  he  rivalled,  and  whose  co- 
louring he  was  thought  to  excel.  He  had 
two  sons,  John  and  William,  both  of  whom 
possessed  considerable  talent,  and  adopted 
their  father's  style. 

MIGNARD,  Petek,  sumamed  the  Ro- 
man, an  historical  and  portrait  painter,  was 
born  at  Troyes,  in  Champagne,  in  1610.  He 
studied  at  Rome  ;  and,  during  his  residence 
there  of  22  years,  enjoyed  great  favour  from 
the  popes.  At  length  Louis  XIV.  sent  for 
him  to  Paris ;  appointed  him  his  principal 
painter,  and  director  of  the  manufactories 
of  Seve  and  the  Gobelins  ;  and  ennobled 
him.  Mignard  was  on  habits  of  intimacy 
with  the  principal  French  wits,  and  was 


mig] 


^  fitbi  Bnihtv^&l  3Si0grajp]^y. 


[mil 


beloved  by  them  for  his  social  disposition. 
Died,  1695. 

MIGNON,  Abraham,  a  painter  of  Frank- 
fort, was  born  in  1639,  and  died  in  1679.  He 
excelled  in  the  representation  of  flowers, 
insects,  and  still  life,  which  he  painted  with 
exquisite  delicacy. 

MIGNOT,  STEPHEif,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1698.  He  received  his 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1722  ;  was  afterwards  ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions ;  and  died  in  1771.  His  works  con- 
sist of  various  histories  relative  to  ecclesias- 
tical disputes  and  church  govenunent,  and 
an  elaborate  treatise  in  5  vols.,  entitled 
"  Des  Pr6t8  de  Commerce." 

MIGNOT,  ViNCEXT,  the  nephew  of  "Vol- 
taire, was  born  at  Paris  about  1730.  With- 
out being  a  priest,  he  obtained  several  be- 
nefices, among  which  was  the  abbey  of 
Sellieres,  in  Champagne.  He  wrote  "  His- 
toire  de  1' Empire  Ottoman,  depuis  son  Ori- 
gine  jusqu'k  la  Paix  de  Belgrade,  en  1740," 
4  vols.  &c.    Died,  1790. 

MILDMAY,  Sir  Walter,  a  statesman  of 
great  integrity,  who  filled  several  situations 
under  the  Tudors.  Under  Henry  VIII.  he 
was  employed  in  the  court  of  augmentation  ; 
under  Edward  VI.  he  liad  an  oflSce  in  the 
mint ;  in  queen  Mary's  reign  he  sat  in  par- 
liament as  member  for  Cumlierland  ;  and  in 
Elizabeth's,  he  was  appointed  cliancellor  of 
the  exchequer ;  an  office  which  he  held  for 
23  years,  and  dischargetl  with  zeal  and  im- 
partiality. He  was  the  founder  of  Emanuel 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  died  in  1589. 

MILHOUSE,  RoBEKT,  a  weaver,  whose 
name  we  have  to  add  to  the  many  of  those 
who,  born  in  humble  station,  and  passing 
through  life  in  humble  occupation,  yet  have 
proved  to  be  gifted  in  no  ordinary  degree 
with  the  poet  s  power  as  well  as  witli  the 
poet's  feeling.  His  "  Vicissitude  "  and 
"  Sherwood  Forest "  contain  passages  of 
which  any  poet  might  be  proud ;  but  they, 
and,  indeed,  all  his  productions,  are  greatly 
marred  by  a  melancholy  and  querulous  tone, 
scarcely  justifiable  in  any  one,  but  least  of 
all  in  the  poet,  whose  very  art  should  make 
it  impossible  to  look  forth  upon  the  world 
and  exclaim  "all  is  barren."  His  produc- 
tions made  him  many  generous  friends;  and 
if  he  was  not  rich,  yet  he  escaped  from  the 
worst  sufferings  too  commonly  attendant 
upon  the  poet,  who  has  only  poetry  upon 
which  to  depend.  Just  previous  to  his  death 
he  published  "  The  Destinies  of  Man,"  a 
poem  in  two  parts,  whicli  contain  some 
splendid  passages.    Died,  1839. 

MILL,  James,  an  able  writer  and  poli- 
tical economist,  was  a  native  of  Kincar- 
dineshire, and  born  in  1774.  •  He  first  came 
to  London  as  a  tutor  in  the  family  of  Sir 
John  Stuart,  but  gave  up  that  employment, 
and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary 
pursuits.  In  1818  he  published  his  admi- 
rable "  History  of  British  India  ;"  a  work 
of  great  research  and  powerful  reasoning. 
He  also  produced  other  works  connected 
with  legislation  and  morals,  viz.  his  "  Ele- 
ments of  Political  Economy,"  an  "  Analysis 
of  the  Human  Mind  ;"  and  another,  en- 
titled "Prison  and  Prison  Discii)line,  Co- 
lonies, Laws  of  Nations,  and  Education." 


He  was  also  the  contributor  of  many  ex- 
cellent articles  in  the  Encycloptedia  Bri- 
tannica,  and  in  the  Edinburgh,  Westmin- 
ster, and  London  Reviews.  In  morals  and 
legislation  he  was  the  powerful  auxiliary 
of  Jeremy  Bentham  ;  in  political  economy, 
the  ally  of  Adam  Smith  and  Kicardo  ;  and 
in  metaphysics  lie  laboured  to  extend  the 
philosophy  of  Bacon,  Locke,  &c.,  and  the 
promoters  of  inductive  science.  He  held 
the  office  of  chief  examiner  to  the  East 
India  Company.    Died,  1836. 

MILL,  John,  a  learned  divine  and  bibli- 
cal critic,  was  born  at  Shapp,  in  Westmor- 
land, in  1645 ;  received  his  education  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  became  rector  of 
Bletchingdon,  in  Oxfordshire,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  II.  He  was  employed  30  years  in 
preparing  tins  valuable  edition  of  the  Greek 
Testament,  with  various  readings,  for  which 
lie  is  said  to  have  consulted  upwards  of 
30,000  MSS.    Died  in  1707. 

MUjLAR,  John,  a  learned  writer,  was 
born  at  Shotts,  in  Lanarkshire,  in  1735,  and 
educated  at  Glasgow,  where,  by  the  inte- 
rest of  Lord  Kaimes,  in  whose  family  he 
had  been  a  tutor,  he  obtained,  in  1761,  the 
professorship  of  law,  which  he  held  for 
nearly  40  years.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  The  Origin  of  the  Distinction  of  Ranks  in 
Society  "  and  *'  An  Historical  View  of  the 
English  Government." 

MILLER,  Edward,  Mub.  Doc,  was  the 
son  of  a  pavior  at  Norwich,  and  bred  to 
the  same  business  ;  but  having  a  dislike  to 
it,  he  absconded,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Burney,  who  was  then  resident  at  Lynn. 
In  1756  he  became  organist  of  the  church  of 
Doncaster,  where  he  remained  till  liis  death, 
in  1807.  Dr.  Miller  published  "  Institutes 
of  Music,"  "The  Elements  of  Thorough 
Bass  and  Composition,"  "  The  Psalms  of 
David,  set  to  Music,  and  arranged  for  every 
Sunday  in  the  Year,"  and  "  The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Doncaster." 

MILLER,  Jam£:s,  a  political  and  dra- 
matic writer,  was  bom  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
1703.  He  received  his  education  at  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford ;  and  while  at  the 
university,  he  wrote  a  satiric  piece,  called 
"  The  Humours  of  Oxford,"  which  created 
him  many  enemies,  and  hindered  his  pre- 
ferment. He  also  published  several  poli- 
tical pamphlets  against  Sir  Robert  Wal- 
pole  ;  and  also  some  plays,  the  principal  of 
which  is  the  tragedy  of  "  Mahomet."  Died, 
1744. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  a  witty  actor,  was 
born  in  1684,  and  was  a  favourite  low  co- 
median about  the  time  that  Congreve's 
plays  were  fashionable,  to  the  success  of 
which,  it  is  said,  his  humour  greatly  con- 
tributed. He  died  in  1738.  The  compilation 
called  "Joe  Miller's  Jests"  was  the  work  of 
John  Motley.  The  name  has,  however,  not 
only  been  used  to  pass  off  the  original  stock, 
but  thousands  of  other  jokes  and  witticisms, 
manufactured  long  since  the  bones  of  Joe 
were  deposited  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Clements,  in  the  Strand  ;  where  a  stone  still 
exists,  with  an  epitaph  written  by  his  friend, 
Stephen  Duck. 

MILLER,  Philip,  a  gardener  and  bota- 


mil] 


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[mil 


nist,  was  born  in  1691.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  gardener  to  the  company  of  apo- 
thecaries at  Chelsea  ;  and  soon  distinguished 
liimself  by  his  knowledge  of  plants.  He 
communicated  some  papers  to  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  he  became  a  member  ; 
and  in  1730  he  published  "  A  Catalogue  of 
Trees,  Shrubs,  Plants,  and  Flowers  in  the 
Gardens  near  London."  This  was  followed 
by  his  "  Gardener's  Dictionary ; "  a  work 
which  is  highly  eulogised  by  Linnajus,  and 
through  which  its  author  obtained  from 
foreigners  the  appellation  of  llortulnnorum 
Princeps.  In  17.55  appeared  "Figures  of 
Plants,"  adapted  to  the  dictionary,  in  2 
vols,  folio.  His  other  works  are,  the  "  Gar- 
dener's Kalendar  "  and  "  The  Gardener's 
and  Florist's  Dictionary." 

MILLES,  Dr.  Jeremiah,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  antiquary  ;  born,  1713  ; 
died,  1784.  He  was  ardently  engaged  in  tlie 
Chattertonian  controversy,  and  publislied 
the  whole  of  the  supposed  Rowley's  poems, 
with  a  glossary. 

MILLEVOYE,  Charles  Hubekt,  a 
French  poet,  was  born  at  Abbeville,  in  1782, 
and  displayed  poetical  talents  at  a  very 
early  age.  Many  of  his  pieces,  particularly  his 
elegiac  compositions,  are  expressed  by  great 
feeling,  elegance,  and  animation.  Died,  181(5. 

MILLIN,  AuBiN  Louis,  an  eminent  ar- 
chaeologist and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Paris 
in  1759.  In  the  reign  of  Napoleon  he  made 
two  antiquarian  researches  through  France 
and  Italy,  where  he  discovered  several  re- 
mains which  had  been  previously  overlooked. 
He  edited  the  "Magazin  Encyclopedique  " 
nearly  twenty  years,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the" LinnaBan  Society  in  Paris. 
His  works  are  very  numerous  :  among  them 
the  principal  are,  "  Dictionnaire  des  Beaux 
Arts  "  and  "  Gallerie  Mythologique."  His 
lectures,  which  were  fashionably  attended 
contributed,  with  his  works,  to  diffuse  a 
taste  for  the  study  of  antiquities  in  France. 
Died,  1818. 

MILLOT,  Claude  Franoois  Xavier,  a 
French  historian,  was  born  at  Besangon  in 
1726.  He  entered  into  the  society  of  Jesuits, 
but  quitted  it  in  consequence  of  being  illi- 
berally treated,  and  officiated  as  a  preacher 
at  Versailles  and  Luneville.  For  some  time 
he  held  the  professorship  of  history  at  Parma; 
but  relinquished  it  to  become  preceptor  to  the 
Duke  d'Enghien.  His  principal  works  are, 
"Elements  of  the  History  of  France,"  3  vols.  ; 
"Elements  of  the  History  of  England,"  3 
vols.  ;  Elements  of  Universal  History,"  9 
vols.  ;  "  History  of  the  Troubadors,"  3  vols., 
and  "  Political  and  Military  Memoirs  to- 
wards the  History  of  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis 
XV.,"  6  vols. 

MILLS,  Charles,  an  historian,  was  bom 
at  Greenwich,  in  1788.  He  served  his  time 
as  clerk  to  a  solicitor,  but  relinquislied  his 
legal  pursuits  for  otliers  more  congenial  to 
his  tastes.  In  1817,  he  published  his  "  His- 
tory of  Mohammedanism,"  which  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  "  History  of  the  Crusades,"  the 
"Travels  of  Theodore  Ducas,"  and  the 
"  History  of  Chivalry." 

MILM.^N,  Sir  Francis,  M.D.,  F.RS.,  an 
eminent  physician,  was  the  son  of  a  clergy- 
man in  Devonshire,  and  born  in  1740.    He 


was  designed  for  the  church,  but  after  taking 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  Oxford,  he  directed 
his  attention  to  physic,  graduated  as  M.  D., 
travelled  on  Dr.  Radcliffe's  foundation,  and 
at  Rome  attended  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
This  circumstance  fixed  his  professional 
pursuits,  and  on  his  return  to  England,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He 
was  afterwards  nominated  physician  to  the 
royal  household,  which  procured  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  baronetage.  Sir  Francis  was  the 
author  of  "  Animadversiones  de  Natura  Hy- 
dropis  ejusque  Curatione  "  and  "  A  Treatise 
on  the  Source  of  the  Scurvy,  and  Putrid 
Fever."    Died,  1821. 

MILNE,  Colin,  a  divine  and  naturalist, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  and  educated  at  the 
Marischal  College.  Having  been  tutor  to 
Lord  Algernon  Percy,  he  obtained,  through 
the  interest  of  the  Northumberland  family, 
the  rectory  of  North  Chapel,  in  Essex.  His 
"  Botanical  Dictionary,"  "  Indigenous  Bo- 
tany," and  "  Institutions  of  Botany,"  are  all 
in  high  repute  with  those  who  are  versed  in 
the  science.    Died,  1815. 

MILNE,  Joshua,  author  of  the  celebrated 
"  Treatise  on  Annuities  and  Assurances,"  was 
formerly  a  clerk  in  the  banking  house  of  the 
Messrs.  Currie  previous  to  his  becoming  con- 
nected with  the  Sun  Assurance  Company,  to 
wliich  he  performed  the  duties  of  actuary  for 
upwards  of  30  years.  He  contributed  various 
memoirs  of  great  practical  value  in  connec- 
tion with  the  subject  of  mortality  and  its  ap- 
plications, to  theLEncyclop»dia  Britannica ; 
but  his  chief  work,  and  that  by  which  he  will 
be  long  and  honourably  remembered,  is  the 
one  to  which  we  have  already  adverted. 
This,  although  published  so  long  ago  as  the 
year  1815,  and  notwithstanding  the  disad- 
vantage of  an  involved  and  awkward  nota- 
tion, still  maintains  its  place  as  the  most  satis- 
factory and  complete  treatise  on  the  subject 
in  this,  or  probably  in  any  other,  language. 
To  Mr.  Milne  the  community  is  indebted 
for  the  construction  of  the  tables  founded  on 
the  data  of  tlie  mortality  collected  at  Car- 
lisle by  Dr.  Heysham,  which  are  now  gene- 
rally adopted  as  the  basis  of  calculation  in 
life-assurance  offices,  and  which  have  ex- 
ercised a  most  important  influence  on  the 
growth  of  life-assurance  in  Great  Britain. 
He  left  behind  him  the  most  complete  col- 
lection extant  on  subjects  connected  with 
the  statistics  of  vitality.    Died,  1851,  aged  78. 

MILNER,  John,  a  celebrated  Catholic 
divine  and  writer  on  ecclesiastical  antiqui- 
ties and  theology,  was  born  in  London  in 
1752.  His  education  commenced  at  the 
schools  of  Sedgley  Park,  near  Wolverhamp- 
ton, and  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham,  and 
he  finished  his  studies  at  Douay.  In  1777 
he  was  ordained  a  priest,  and  commenced 
his  pastoral  duties,  in  1779,  at  the  Catholic 
chapel,  Winchester,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
administer  spiritual  aid  to  the  French  pri- 
soners confined  there.  In  1782  he  published 
a  funeral  discourse  for  Bishop  Challoner, 
which  was  his  first  production.  This  was 
followed,  in  1785,  by  "  A  Letter  to  the  Author 
of  a  Book,  called  a  Candid  and  Impartial 
Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Government  of  Pope 
Clement  XIV."     Dr.   Milner's  attachment 


mil] 


<xi  Jleiu  SInilJcriSal  38i0flrHp]^n. 


[mil 


to  the  study  of  ancient  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tecture led  him  to  an  attentive  observation 
of  the  remains  of  Catholic  antiquity  with 
which  Winchester  abounds  ;  and  the  learn- 
ing and  skill  which  he  displayed  procured 
for  him  the  honour  of  admission  into  the 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries,  in  1790.  He 
contributed  many  valuable  communications 
to  the  Archteologia  ;  and,  in  179H,  he  evinced 
his  zeal  for  the  preservation  of  the  relics  of 
former  ages  by  the  publication  of  a"  Disser- 
tation on  the  modern  Style  of  altering  Ca- 
thedrals, as  exemplified  in  the  Cathedral  of 
Salisbury."  The  same  year  he  published 
his  "  History,  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical,  and 
Survey  of  the  Antiquities  of  Winchester," 
2  vols.  4to. ;  and,  subsequently,  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Eng- 
land during  the  Middle  Ages."  Some  observ- 
ations on  the  character  of  Bishop  Uoadley, 
and  other  subjects  in  the  "  History  of  Win- 
chester," gave  offence  to  Dr.  Sturges,  a  pre- 
bendary of  the  cathedral,  who  animadverted 
on  them  in  a  tract  entitled  "  Reflections  on 
Popery."  Dr.  Milner  replied  to  this  attack 
in  his  "Letters  to  a  Prebendary,"  which, 
like  his  writings  in  general,  display  great 
learning,  ability,  and  acuteness,  with  an 
unflinching  zeal  for  the  doctrines  of  the  papal 
church.  In  1803  he  was  appointed  vicar- 
apostolic  in  the  midland  district,  with  the 
title  of  "  bishop  of  Castabala."  In  1814  lie 
visited  Rome,  where  he  remained  about 
twelve  months.  In  1818  he  published  a 
treatise,  entitled  "  The  End  of  Religious 
Controversy,"  containing  a  defence  of  those 
articles  of  the  Catholic  faith  usually  regarded 
as  most  objectionable  by  Protestants ;  and 
he  continued  not  onlj^  in  the  active  exercise 
of  his  prelatical  duties,  but  occasionally  to 
publish  theological  and  controversial  trea- 
tises till  a  short  time  previous  to  his  death, 
which  took  place  in  1826. 

MILNER,  Joseph,  a  Calvinistic  divine, 
was  born  at  Leeds  in  1744 ;  received  his  edu- 
cation there,  and  at  Catherine  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  successively  master  of  Hull 
Grammar  School,  evening  lecturer  and 
vicar  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  "History  of  the  Church  of 
Christ,"  and  "  Sermons."    Died,  1797. 

MILNER,  Isaac,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
an  episcopal  divine,  a  mathematician,  and 
natural  philosopher,  was  born  at  Leeds  in 
1751.  In  his  youth  he  was  a  weaver ;  but 
availing  himself  of  his  leisure  hours  in  ac- 
quiring a  knowledge  of  the  classics  and  ma- 
thematics, he  made  such  progress  as  to  be- 
come usher  to  his  brother  at  Hull.  He 
afterwards  entered  as  a  sizer  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  became  senior  wrangler 
in  1774,  and  gained  the  first  mathematical 
prize.  In  1783  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
natural  philosophy,  president  of  his  college 
in  1788,  and  about  the  same  time  he  obtained 
the  deanery  of  Carlisle.  He  was  subse- 
quently vice-chancellor  of  the  university, 
and  Lucasian  professor  of  mathematics.  Dr. 
Milner  wrote  against  Marsh,  in  favour  of  the 
Bible  Society  ;  and  contributed  many  ex- 
cellent papers  on  chemistry  and  natural  phi- 
losoiihy  to  tlie  Philosophical  Transactions. 

MILO,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  Grecian 
athletes,  was  a  native  of  Crotona,  in  Italy, 


and  a  scholar  of  Pythagoras.  Many  instances 
of  liis  prodigious  strength  are  cited,  of  which 
one  will  be  sufficient  to  notice  here,  viz. 
that  he  once  carried  a  bull  to  the  sacrifice 
on  his  shoulders,  and  killed  it  with  a  blow 
of  his  fist. 

MILORADOWITCH,  Michael  Andre- 
wiTCU,  Count  of,  a  distinguished  Russian 
officer,  was  born  in  1770.  He  entered  the 
service  at  au  early  age,  and  rose  rapidly  ; 
in  k799  he  commanded  the  vanguard  of  Su- 
warrow's  army  in  Italy:  acted  as  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  battle  of  Austerlitz  ;  fought 
victoriously  against  the  Turks,  in  1808  ;  and 
was  of  Ihe  greatest  service  in  the  campaigns 
of  1812.  1813,  and  1814.  After  the  peace,  he 
was  appointed  military  commandant  of  St. 
Petersburgh  ;  and,  iu  1825,  at  the  accession 
of  the  emperor  Nicholas,  he  was  killed  by  a 
pistol-shot. 

MILTIADES,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
lived  about  B.C.  500,  and  has  been  immor- 
talised by  defeating  the  Persians  at  Mara- 
thon. This  hero,  who  had  saved  his  country, 
failed  in  an  attack  on  Paros,  was  compelled 
to  refwnd  the  expenses  of  the  expedition, 
and  died  of  his  wounds  in  prison. 

MILTON,  Joiix,  the  most  illustrious  of 
English  poets,  was  the  son  of  a  scrivener  in 
liOndon,  and  born  in  Bread  Street,  in  1608. 
From  St.  Paul's  School  he  went  to  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  arts,  being  designed  for  the  church  ; 
but  not  having  an  inclination  to  that  calling, 
he  returned  to  his  father,  who  had  retired 
from  business  with  a  good  fortune,  and  set- 
tled at  Horton,  in  Buckinghamshire.  Here 
our  poet  wrote  his  "  Comus,"  "L' Allegro," 
"  11  Penseroso,"  and  "  Lycidas,"  poems  of 
such  merit  as  would  have  alone  immortalised 
his  name.  In  1638  he  travelled  into  France 
and  Italy,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
settled  in  London.  The  troubles  breaking 
out  between  the  king  and  parliament,  Milton 
engaged  as  a  political  writer  on  the  popular 
side  ;  and  having  a  great  animosity  to  the 
hierarchy,  he  published  some  virulent  pam- 
phlets against  the  bishops.  In  1643  he  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Richard  Powell,  esq.,  a 
magistrate  iu  Oxfordshire.  The  father  of 
the  lady  being  a  jovial  country  gentleman 
and  a  royalist,  the  residence  of  her  husband 
so  disgusted  the  bride,  that  in  less  than  a 
month,  under  the  pretence  of  a  visit,  she  left 
him,  and  remained  for  the  rest  of  the  summer 
with  her  parents.  Milton  became  incensed, 
and  regarding  her  conduct  as  a  desertion  of 
the  marriage  contract,  he  sought  to  punish 
it  by  repudiation  ;  and  to  this  is  to  be  at- 
tributed his  treatises  on  the  subject  of  "  Di- 
vorce." His  wife's  friends,  however,  brought 
about  a  reconciliation.  He  continued  an 
ardent  champion  for  the  rebellious  party, 
even  after  the  murder  of  Charles  I.,  which 
sanguinary  deed  he  vindicated  in  his  "Tenure 
of  Kings  and  Magistrates  ;  "  but  he  was  not 
disinterested  in  this,  for  the  parliament  re- 
warded him  with  lOOOZ.,  and  soon  afterwards 
nominated  him  Latin  secretary  to  the  new 
council  of  state.  He  also  wrote  with  great 
asperity  against  the  king's  book  of  prayers 
and  meditations,  entitled  "  Icon  Basilike." 
The  treatise  of  Milton  was  called  "  Icono- 
clastes,  or  the  Image  Breaker ; "  in  which 


he  calumniated  the  king  for  having  made 
use  of  a  prayer  taken  from  "Sidney's  Ar- 
cadia." He  was  next  employed  to  answer 
the  treatise  of  Salmasius,  entitled  "  Defensio 
Regia,  or  a  Defence  of  the  late  King."  The 
reply  of  Milton  had  for  its  title  "Defensio 
pro  Populo  Anglicano  ; "  and  it  was  observed 
by  Hobbes,  in  regard  to  the  two  disputants, 
that  he  did  not  know  whose  style  was  best, 
or  whose  arguments  were  worst.  About  this 
time  he  was  wholly  deprived  of  his  sight, 
owing  to  a  natural  weakness,  and  intense 
application  to  his  studies.  In  1652  he  lost 
his  wife,  and  soon  afterwards  took  another. 
Though  he  was  a  determined  republican, 
and  wrote  with  energy  and  intemperance 
against  monarchial  government,  "  the  very 
trappings  of  which,"  he  said,  "  would  sup- 
port a  commonwealth,"  yet  he  readily  sub- 
mitted to  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell,  to 
whom  he  became  Latin  secretary.  Milton 
endeavoured  to  prevent  the  Restoration ; 
which  event  he  had  undoubted  cause  to 
dread,  considering  the  active  part  taken  by 
him  in  the  rebellion.  And  when  the  ancient 
constitution  was  re-established,  he  was  ex- 
cepted out  of  the  act  of  indemnity,  on  which 
he  kept  himself  concealed  for  some  time. 
By  the  kindness,  however,  of  Sir  William 
Davenant  and  others,  he  obtained  liis  par- 
don ;  soon  after  which  he  lost  his  second 
wife,  and  was  hot  long  without  another.  In 
the  time  of  the  plague  he  removed  with  his 
family  to  Chalfont,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
where  he  completed  his  "Paradise  Lost," 
which  was  printed  first  in  1667.  For  this 
immortal  work  he  had  only  151.,  and  that 
by  instalments.  For  the  idea  of  it  he  is  said 
to  have  been  indebted  to  an  Italian  drama 
on  the  Fall  of  Man  ;  and  it  is  certain  that 
he  had  himself  an  intention  at  first  of  writing 
only  a  tragedy  on  the  same  subject.  As  the 
work  grew  under  his  hand,  his  soaring  genius 
gave  it  the  form  and  consistence,  the  variety 
and  elegance,  of  an  epic  poem.  After  this  he 
engaged  in  another,  called  "Paradise  Re- 
gained ; "  the  occasion  of  which  was  as  fol- 
lows :  John  Elwood,  the  Quaker,  who  was 
his  amanuensis,  calling  upon  him  at  Chalfont, 
and  the  conversation  turning  upon  Milton's 
great  work,  Elwood  observed,  "Tliou  hast 
said  much  upon  Paradise  Lost,  but  what 
hast  thou  to  say  upon  Paradise  Found ! " 
Milton  paused,  and  the  next  time  they  met, 
he  showed  Elwood  the  latter  poem,  saying, 
"  This  is  owing  to  you."  The  "  Paradise 
Regained,"  though  possessing  many  beauties, 
is  in  all  respects  inferior  to  the  "  Paradise 
Lost ; "  yet  it  is  remarkable  that  the  author 
gave  it  the  preference.  Milton  died  at  his 
house  in  Bunhill  Row,  in  1674,  and  lies  in- 
terred in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Giles, 
Cripplegate,  wliere  there  is  a  monument  to 
his  memory,  and  another  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  erected  by  William  Benson.  Besides 
the  poems  mentioned  above,  Milton  wrote  a 
drama  on  the  Greek  model,  entitled  "  Sam- 
son Agonistes,"  which  possesses  uncommon 
beauties,  though  not  adapted  to  theatrical 
representation.  He  alse  wrote  a  "  History 
of  England  to  the  Conquest,"  and  several 
tracts.  In  his  youth,  Milton  was  distin- 
guished for  personal  beauty  ;  his  habits  of 
life  were  those  of  a  student  and  philosopher, 


being  strictly  sober  and  temperate  ;  and  his 
chief  relaxation  consisted  of  music  and  con- 
versation. Though  warm  and  acrimonious 
in  controversy,  and  possessing  lordly  notions 
of  his  rights  as  the  head  of  a  family,  he  is 
said  to  have  been  of  a  serene  and  cheerful 
temper,  and  particularly  urbane  in  his  in- 
tercourse with  society.  But  whatever  may 
be  thouglit  of  his  domestic  virtues,  there  can 
be  but  one  opinion  with  regard  to  the  sub- 
limity of  liis  genius,  and  the  extent  of  his 
erudition. 

MIMNERMUS,  a  Greek  amatory  poet  of 
the  6th  century  b.  c,  who  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented the  pentameter  measure  ;  but  only  a 
few  fragments  of  his  poems  are  in  existence. 

MINA,  Don  Francisco  Esroz  y,  a  dis- 
tinguished Spanish  general,  who,  for  a  long 
time,  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Cata- 
lonian  army,  was  a  native  of  Navarre,  and 
bom  in  1782,  at  Ydocin,  near  Pampeluna. 
He  first  distinguished  himself  in  guerilla 
warfare,  and  the  incessant  activity  and  ad- 
mirable presence  of  mind  he  displayed. 
Having  co-operated  in  the  blockade  of  Pam- 
peluna, and  recovered  Saragossa  and  several 
otlier  places,  he  had  the  mortification  to 
find  that,  at  the  general  peace  in  1814,  he 
had  been  labouring  only  to  re-establish  the 
despotic  policy  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  he 
made  an  ineffectual  effort  in  the  cause  of 
freedom  to  gain  over  the  garrison  of  Pampe- 
luna. He  then  sought  an  asylum  in  France  ; 
but  whilst  resident  in  the  French  capital,  he 
was  arrested  by  a  commissary  of  police,  em- 
ployed by  the  Spanish  ambassador.  On  this 
occasion  the  conduct  of  Louis  XVIII.  was 
most  honourable  ;  he  dismissed  the  com- 
missary, insisted  upon  the  ambassador  being 
recalled,  and  not  only  released  Mina,  but 
granted  him  a  pension  of  1000  francs.  When 
the  army  of  Cadiz,  in  1822,  unfurled  the 
standard  of  freedom,  by  proclaiming  the 
constitution  of  1812,  Mina  hastened  to  Na- 
varre, and  was  advancing  against  Pampe- 
luna at  the  head  of  a  few  hundreds  of  fol- 
lowers, when  he  was  informed  that  the  king 
had  accepted  the  constitution.  He  was  sub- 
sequently appointed  captain-general  of  the 
tliree  armies  of  Navarre,  Catalonia,  and  Ar- 
ragon  ;  but  when,  by  the  intervention  of 
France,  Ferdinand  was  again  .enabled  to 
discard  his  professed  adherence  to  the  con- 
stitution, Mina  left  Spain  for  England,  and 
arrived  at  Plymouth,  Nov.  30. 1823.  After 
the  accession  of  Christina,  he  took  an  active 
part  against  Don  Carlos  ;  but  many  of  his 
measures  partook  of  the  general  sanguinary 
character  of  this  unnatural  warfare,  and 
tended  to  tarnish  the  laurels  he  had  formerly 
so  nobly  won.    Died,  1836. 

MINOT,  Laitbence,  an  English  poet,  who 
flourished  in  the  14th  century,  whose  works 
lay  in  obscurity,  as  well  as  his  name,  till 
accident  discovered  them  to  Mr.  Tyrwhitt, 
wliile  he  was  preparing  his  edition  of  Chaucer. 
A  complete  edition  of  them  was  published 
by  Ritson,  in  1794. 

MINUCIUS  FELIX,  Marcus,  a  rhetori- 
cian and  writer  of  the  3rd  century,  who  is 
said  to  have  been  a  native  of  Africa,  and  a 
lawyer  by  profession.  He  lived  at  Rome, 
where  he  wrote  a  dialogue  in  defence  of 
Christianity,    entitled    "  Octavius,"    which 


I 


mir] 


^  iSetu  muibn-M  28i0firap]bl?» 


[mib 


possesses  very  considerable  merit,  and  was 
long  ascribed  to  Amobius,  till  Baudouin 
discovered  the  real  author  in  1.560.    Another 

i  treatise,  "  De  Fato,"  has  also  been  ascribed 

I  to  him. 

i  MIRABAUD,  Jean  Baptiste  de,  per- 
petual secretary  to  the  French  academy, 
was  at  first  a  member  of  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory,  and  afterwards  served  in  the 
army.  His  works  are,  translations  of"  Tasso's 
Jerusalem,"  and  "  Ariosto's  Orlando,"  into 
French  ;  "  Alphabet  de  la  Fee  Gracieuse," 
"  Le  Monde,  son  Origine,  son  Antiquity," 
"  Sentimens  des  Philosophes  sur  la  Nature 
de  I'Anie."  In  1770  was  published  under 
his  name,  but  falsely,  an  atheistical  book, 
entitled  the  "System  of  Nature,"  in  2 
vols.,  the  real  authors  being  Diderot  and 
D'Holbach. 

MIRABEAU,  Victor  Riquetti,  Marquis 
de,  descended  from  an  ancient  family  in 
Provence,  but  originally  of  Naples.  He  was 
one  of  the  principal  propagators  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  French  political  econo- 
mists, and  wrote  several  books  in  support 
of  them.  His  chief  work  is  entitled  "Ami 
des  Hommes."    Born,  171.5  ;  died,  1789. 

MIRABEAU,  HoNOEB  Gabriel  Ri- 
QDETTi,  Count  de,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated characters  of  the  French  revolution, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  born  at 
Bignon,  in  Provence,  in  174'J.  On  leaving 
school,  he  entered  the  military  service  ;  and 
his  intercourse  with  young  and  dissipated 
officers  familiatised  liim  to  all  their  vices. 
His  active  mind,  however,  could  not  remain 
idle,  and  he  read  all  the  books  which  he 
could  on  the  military  art.  He  also  fell  in 
love,  and  his  passion  was  marked  by  all  the 
impetuosity  of  a  strong  and  wild  character. 
His  fatlier,  who  systematically  thwarted 
his  inclinations,  now  procured  his  confine- 
ment in  a  fortress  on  the  island  of  Rh^. 
After  his  liberation,  he  went,  as  a  volunteer, 
to  Corsica,  distinguished  himself,  and  ob- 
tained a  commission  as  captain  of  dragoons  ; 
but  his  father  refusing  to  purchase  him  a 
regiment,  he  abandoned,  though  unwillingly, 
the  military  profession.  In  1772  he  espoused 
a  rich  heiress  of  Aix,  but  he  soon  squandered 
away  the  fortune  he  received  with  her,  and 
plunged  himself  in  debt.  He  was  confined 
in  different  prisons,  and  on  obtaining  his 
liberty,  eloped  to  Holland  with  the  wife  of 
the  president  Mounnier.  For  this  he  was 
afterwards  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
cennes,  and  remained  there  three  years  and 
a  half.  He  then  instituted  an  ineffectual 
lawsuit  against  his  wife,  who  obtained  a 
separation  from  him.  In  1784  he  visited 
London,  and  afterwards  Berlin  ;  and  he  was 
variously  employed  in  literary  quarrels  and 
occupations  till  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution.  This  offered  Mirabeau 
an  ample  element  for  his  activity.  Imbibing 
the  delusive  doctrine  of  equality,  and  being 
disappointed  in  his  attempts  to  become  a 
deputy  to  the  states-general  from  the  no- 
blesse of  Provence,  he  opened  a  shop,  over 
the  door  of  which  was  inscribed,  "  Mirabeau, 
dealer  in  drapery."  He  was  now  elected 
deputy  to  the  third  estate  of  Aix,  and  by 
the  courtiers  he  was  termed  the  plebeian 
count.    In  this  new  capacity,  his  extraor- 


COl 


dinary  eloquence,  his  talent,  and  his  bold- 
ness, soon  gave  him  irresistible  weight  in 
the  assembly,  and  rendered  him  the  idol  of 
the  people.  At  length  he  entered  into  a 
treaty  with  the  court,  to  use  his  influence 
in  stopping  the  progress  of  republicanism. 
He  required  a  pension  of  40,000  francs  a 
week,  and  the  promise  of  such  a  diplomatic 
or  ministerial  post  as  he  should  select,  after 
tlie  re-establishment  of  the  royal  authority. 
These  demands  were  conceded,  and  he  re- 
ceived the  pension  for  several  weeks.  It 
was  agreed  that  the  dissolution  of  the  as- 
sembly should  be  effected  by  an  expression 
of  the  will  of  the  nation,  and  that  a  new 
assembly  should  be  convoked,  composed  of 
men  of  more  moderate  opinions.  Before, 
however,  he  could  carry  his  intentions  into 
effect,  a  sudden  illness  terminated  his  exist- 
ence in  1791.  His  remains  were  honoured 
with  a  public  funeral,  and  deposited  in  the 
Pantheon.  His  principal  works  are,  "A 
Comparison  between  the  Great  Conde  and 
Scipio  Africanus,"  "  History  of  Prussia  under 
Frederic  tlie  Great,"  8  vols.  ;  "  Original 
Letters  containing  an  Account  of  his  Life 
and  Amours,"  4  vols. ;  "  Secret  History  of 
the  Court  of  Berlin,"  2  vols.,  which  book 
was  burnt  by  the  common  executioner ; 
"  On  Lettres  de  Cachet,"  and  an  "  Essay  on 
Despotism."  Mirabeau  was  the  creature  of 
his  passions  ;  yet  he  possessed  an  energy  and 
decision  whicli  yielded  to  no  opposition,  and 
an  audacity  of  purpose  which  shrank  before 
no  difficulties. 

MIRABEAU,  Boniface  Riquetti,  Vis- 
count, younger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1754  ;  served  in  the  French  army 
against  the  English  in  America,  but  did  not 
imbibe  revolutionary  principTfes  therefrom. 
Being  chosen  a  deputy  to  the  states-general 
from  the  nobility  of  Limousin,  he  constantly 
resisted  the  re-union  of  the  three  orders, 
defended  the  rights  of  the  clergy,  and  op- 
posed the  progress  of  the  revolution.  In 
1790  he  emigrated  to  Germany,  and  raising 
a  legion  of  loyalists,  he  joined  the  Prince  of 
Conde,  and  served  under  him  with  great 
reputation ;  but  he  was  unequal  to  the 
fatigues  to  which  he  was  exposed,  and  died 
in  1792. 

MIRANDA,  Don  Francesco,  a  general 
in  tlie  service  of  the  French  republic,  and 
the  earliest  martyr  in  the  cause  of  freedom 
in  South  America,  was  born  at  Caraccas,  of 
an  ancient  Spanish  family.  He  presented  to 
different  courts  plans  for  the  emancipation 
of  the  Spanish  American  colonies,  and  with 
this  view  went  to  Paris  in  1792,  where  he 
connected  himself  with  Petion  and  the  Gi- 
rondists. While  waiting  for  an  opportunity 
to  commence  operations  in  America,  Miranda 
was  appointed  general  of  division  under 
Dumouriez.  Some  time  after  he  was  im- 
prisoned in  consequence  of  his  political  in- 
trigues. In  1794  he  was  liberated  ;  but  a 
few  months  only  had  elapsed  before  he  re- 
ceived orders  to  quit  France  for  renewed 
machinations.  This  order  he  evaded  ;  but 
a  second  sentence  of  deportation,  in  1797, 
obliged  him  to  take  refuge  in  England.  In 
1803  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  again 
banished,  for  taking  part  in  an  opposition 
to  the  first  consul.    Miranda  now  devoted 


mir] 


^  jpeiu  2anibn;SaI  ^Ktograplbi). 


[mit 


himself,  with  all  the  energy  of  his  character, 
to  the  accomplishment  of  a  long  cherished 
scheme,  for  overthrowing  tlie  Spanish  do- 
minion in  America.  Having  procured  some 
secret  assistance,  he  sailed  from  New  York 
in  1806,  with  one  ship  and  a  number  of  vo- 
lunteers, and  landed  in  Venezuela  ;  but  his 
attempts  to  rouse  the  inhabitants  were  al- 
together unsuccessful,  and  he  found  himself 
compelled  to  re-embark.  In  1810  he  re- 
newed his  attempt  with  more  success,  but 
was  finally  obliged  to  capitulate  to  the 
Spanish  general  Monteverde.  who,  in  viola- 
tion of  the  articles  of  surrender,  treated  him 
as  a  prisoner.  Miranda  was  sent  to  Spain, 
and  confined  in  the  dungeons  of  the  Inqui- 
sition at  Cadiz,  where,  in  1816,  he  died,  after 
an  imprisonment  of  four  years. 

MIRANDOLA,  Giovanni  Pico  dklla, 
count  and  prince  of  Concordia,  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  literature  in  the  15th 
century,  was  born  in  1463.  In  his  youth  he 
gave  astonishing  proofs  of  his  genius  ;  and, 
when  little  more  than  20,  he  set  up  in  all 
the  universities  of  Italy  a  number  of  difficult 
problems  in  the  sciences,  which  lie  engaged 
publicly  to  defend.  This  extraordinary 
young  man  died  in  1494  at  Florence,  where 
he  had  resided  some  time,  on  terms  of  in- 
timacy with  the  most  learned  and  distin- 
guished men  of  the  age,  particularly  Lorenzo 
de  Medici  and  Politian. 

MISSON,  Maximilian,  was  an  eminent 
French  lawyer,  who  distinguished  himself 
b}'  his  pleadings  before  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  in  behalf  of  the  Protestants.  He  re- 
tired to  England  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  afterwards  travelled 
as  tutor  to  an  English  nobleman.  He  pub- 
lished "  A  Voyage  to  Italy,"  3  vols.  ;  "  A 
Tour  in  England,"  and  "  Le  Theatre  sacr*? 
des  Cevennes,"  in  which  the  author  betrayed 
his  credulity  and  fanaticism  by  espousing 
tlie  cause  of  the  French  prophets.  He  died 
in  London,  in  1701. 

MITAN,  James,  an  liistorical  engraver 
of  some  celebrity.  Born  in  London,  1776  ; 
died,  1822. 

MITCHELL,  Andrew,  a  British  admiral, 
born  in  Scotland  about  17.57.  In  1776  he 
accompanied  Sir  Edward  Vernon  to  India, 
as  a  midshipman  ;  and  while  there  his  ser- 
vices were  such  that  he  was  rapidly  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  post-captain.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  with  the  French 
republic,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Asia,  of  64  guns,  and  next  to  the  Im- 
pregnable, of  90.  In  1795  he  was  made  rear- 
admiral  ;  and,  in  1799,  soon  after  his  promo- 
tion as  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  he  joined 
Lord  Duncan  off  the  coast  of  Holland,  and 
entering  the  Texel,  the  Dutch  fleet  surren- 
dered to  him  without  firing  a  shot.  He  was 
now  created  a  knight  of  the  Bath  ;  in  1802 
he  was  appointed  commander-in-cliief  off 
the  coast  of  America  ;  and  he  died,  at  Ber- 
muda, in  1806. 

MITCHELL,  Sir  David,  an  eminent 
naval  commander  in  the  reign  of  William 
III.,  was  descended  from  a  respectable  fa- 
mily in  Scotland.  He  commanded  tlie  Eli- 
zabeth of  70  guns  at  the  battle  off  Beachy 
Head,  where  he  behaved  with  great  gal- 
lantry.   In  1693  he  was  made  rear-admiral 


of  the  blue,  and  in  1694  had  the  honour  of 
knightliood  conferred  upon  him.  He  was 
employed  in  bringing  over  to  England  and 
carrying  back  Peter  the  Great,  czar  of  Mus- 
covy, and  was  also  sent  on  a  diplomatic 
mission  to  Holland.    He  died  in  1719. 

MITCHELL,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1684.  He  was 
patronised  by  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  but  died 
poor,  owing  to  his  extravagance  and  dissi- 
pated liabits,  in  1738.  He  wrote  "  The  Fatal 
Extravagance,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  The  High- 
land Fair,"  a  ballad  opera;  and  "Poems," 
in  2  vols. 

MITCHELL,  Thomas,  a  distinguished 
philologist,  was  born  in  London,  in  1783,  and 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  subsequently  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  private  tuition  and  writing  for  the 
press.  He  contributed  several  excellent 
papers  to  the  Quarterly,  upon  subjects  con- 
nected with  Greek  manners  and  literature  ; 
and  occasionally  superintended  the  classical 
works  that  emanated  from  the  Clarendon 
press  ;  but  his  chief  title  to  fame  rests  upon 
his  admirable  translation  of  the  Plays  of 
Aristophanes  into  English  verse.   Died,  1845. 

MITFORD,  George,  M.  D.,  a  descendant 
of  the  ancient  house  of  Mitford,  of  Mitford 
Castle,  near  Morpeth,  was  born  at  Hexham, 
in  1760,  and  married  the  only  daughter  of 
Dr.  Russell,  rector  of  Ashe,  Hants.  Though 
he  practised  as  a  physician  for  a  few  years 
in  Reading,  his  strong  preference  for  country 
sports  and  occupations  induced  him  to  retire 
from  tlie  profession,  and  he  became  distin- 
guislied  for  his  benevolence  and  hospitality 
as  a  country  gentleman,  and  for  his  intelli- 
gence and  activity  as  a  magistrate.  He  was 
for  a  long  period  chairman  of  the  Reading 
bench  of  magistrates,  performing  the  duties 
of  that  station  in  a  manner  so  able,  ingenious, 
and  independent,  as  to  obtain  for  him  a  well- 
earned  popularity.  He  had  one  daughter, 
the  celebrated  Mary  Russell  Mitford,  the  au- 
thoress of  "Our  Village,"  whose  truthful 
and  artless  delineations  of  country  life  and 
manners  have  secured  for  her  an  enduring 
fame.   Dr.  Mitford  died  Dec.  10. 1842,  aged  82. 

MITFORD,  John,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
better  known  by  the  familiar  appellation  of 
"  Jack  Mitford."  At  an  early  age  he  entered 
the  royal  navy,  where  lie  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  fought  under  Hood  and  Nel- 
son, and  at  the  end  of  the  war  retired  on 
half-pay.  But  having,  during  the  early 
investigation  into  the  conduct  of  queen 
Caroline,  been  detected  as  the  fabricator  of 
some  letters,  and  thereby  lost  not  only  his 
rank  and  emoluments,  but  also  his  station 
in  society,  he  had  to  depend  for  support  on 
his  literary  talents.  It  appears  that  his 
versatility  was  such,  that  it  was  a  matter  of 
little  consequence  to  him,  whether  his  theme 
were  grave  or  gay,  while  the  facility  with 
which  he  wrote  verse  was  really  extra- 
ordinary.: tlius  we  find  him  editing  the 
Scourge'  and  Bon  Ton  Magazines,  and  other 
works  of  a  similar  cast,  wliile  he  edified 
the  world  by  his  contributions  to  religious 
periodicals,  or  charmed  it  by  those  lyric 
eflTusions,  which  were  graced  by  the  classic 
typography  of  a  St.  Giles's  press,  and  ren- 
dered popular  by  the  sweet  voices  of  itinerant 


mit] 


^  iSitfsy  Winibtr^nX  Miatira^f)v, 


[mol 


vocalists.  His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"Johnny  Newcome  in  the  Navy,"  a  poem 
descriptive  of  sea  life.  He  died  in  St.  Giles's 
workliouse,  Dec.  1831. 

MITFOKD,  JouN  Fkeeman.  See  Redes- 
dale. 

MITFORD,  William,  an  eminent  his- 
torical and  philological  writer,  was  bom  at 
London,  in  1734  ;  studied  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  and  then  at  the  Middle  Temple  ;  but 
he  early  quitted  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  obtained  a  commission  in  the  Hampshire 
militia,  of  which  he  rose  to  be  colonel.  He 
was,  successively,  M.P.  for  Newport,  in 
Cornwall,  Beeralston,  and  New  Romney. 
I[e  was  professor  of  ancient  history  at  the 
Royal  Academy  ;  and,  besides  his  principal 
work,  "  The  History  of  Greece,"  he  published 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Harmony  of  Language," 
"  A  Treatise  on  the  Military  Force,  and 
particularly  the  Militia  of  this  Kingdom," 
"  Observations  on  the  History  of  Cliristi- 
anity,"  &c.    Died,  1827. 

MITHRIDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  sur- 
named  the  Great,  ascended  the  throne  at  the 
a^e  of  13  years,  d.  c.  124  ;  and  when  he  became 
ot  age,  travelled  through  Asia,  partly  to 
learn  the  customs,  laws,  manners,  and  lan- 
guages of  the  inhabitants,  and  partly  to 
examine  the  territories  of  his  neighbours  of 
which  he  meditated  the  conquest.  After  an 
absence  of  three  years,  he  returned,  attacked 
Paphlagouia,  and  divided  it  with  his  ally, 
the  king  of  Bithynia.  The  Romans,  who 
had  declared  the  country  free,  threatened 
him  with  a  war ;  but  Mithridates  was  so 
little  alarmed  at  this  menace,  that  he  even 
possessed  himself  of  Galatia,  which  had 
placed  itself  under  the  protection  of  Rome. 
After  various  acts  of  perfidy  and  aggression, 
Mithridates  declared  himself  against  the 
Romans,  suddenly  fell  upon  Cappadocia  and 
Bithynia  at  the  same  time,  and  was  success- 
ful at  the  opening  of  the  war.  Sylla  and 
Lucullus,  however,  prevailed  against  him, 
and  he  acceded  to  a  very  humiliating  peace, 
but  soon  renewed  the  war  against  Mureua, 
and,  though  defeated  by  that  general,  ob- 
tained some  ultimate  advantages.  The  war 
continued  to  rage  with  alternate  success,  till 
at  length  Pompey  obtained  a  great  victory 
over  him,  near  the  Euphrates,  b.  c.  66.  Mith- 
ridates fled  to  Tigranes,  who  had  before  been 
one  of  his  most  efficient  allies,  but  that  mo- 
narch now  refused  him  an  asylum.  He  then 
took  refuge  in  the  dominions  of  a  Scythian 
prince,  and  sent  ambassadors  to  Pompey  to 
sue  for  peace,  but  the  Romans  insisted  upon 
having  his  person.  Meanwhile,  an  insurrec- 
tion broke  out  in  his  army,  and  his  son 
Pharnazes  was  proclaimed  king.  Unable  to 
reduce  the  rebels  to  their  duty,  and  seeing 
no  hope  of  retrieving  his  fortunes,  he  threw 
himself  on  his  sword,  B.  c.  64,  having  ruled 
Pontus  59  years. 

MITZLER,  Laurence  Charles  de  Ko- 
LOF,  an  eminent  German  musical  composer, 
was  bom  at  Vettlesliiem,  in  1711  ;  received 
his  education  at  Anspach  ;  and,  in  1731,  re- 
moved to  the  university  of  Leipsic,  where  he 
not  only  perfected  himself  in  musical  science, 
but  made  a  considerable  proficiency  in  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy.  He  after- 
wards settled  at  Warsaw,  where  he  became 


So  great  a  favourite  at  the  court,  as  to  obtain 
from  the  king  a  patent  of  nobility.  His 
principal  works  arc,  "  A  Musical  1-ibrary," 
3  vols.,  and  "  The  Elements  of  Thorough 
Bass."     Died,  1778. 

MOEHSEN,  Jonw  Charles  William, 
physician  to  Frederic  the  Great,  was  born  at 
Berlin,  in  1722,  studied  at  Jena  and  Halle, 
and  was  a  member  of  various  learned  insti- 
tutions. He  wrote  several  works  relating  to 
the  history  of  medicine  and  its  professors  ; 
and  died  in  179.5. 

MOELLENDORF,  Richard  Joachim 
Henry,  Count  de,  a  Prussian  general,  born 
in  1724.  His  behaviour  at  the  battles  of 
Molwitz  and  Kotowitz,  in  the  first  Silesian 
war,  having  attracted  the  notice  of  Frederic 
II.,  whom  he  accompanied  thither  as  a  page, 
he  was  promoted  to  a  company  in  the  guards  ; 
became  a  colonel  in  1761,  afterwards  lieuten- 
ant-general, and  in  1783  governor  of  Berlin. 
During  the  disgraceful  dismemberment  of 
Poland,  in  1793,  he  commanded  the  Prussian 
troops,  and  did  everything  in  his  power  to 
alleviate  the  misfortunes  of  the  Poles.  On 
his  return  home  he  was  created  a  field-mar- 
shal and  governor  of  South  Prussia;  and  suc- 
ceeded the  Duke  of  Brunswick  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Prussian  army  on  the  Rhine,  in 
1794,  when  he  gained  the  victory  of  Kaiser- 
slautern.  He  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Jena  and  Auerstadt,  where  he  was  wounded; 
and  he  liied  in  1816. 

MOESEll,  Ji-STUS,  an  eminent  German 
advocate  and  author,  was  born  atOsnaburgh, 
in  1720  ;  was  educated  at  Jena  and  Gottingen; 
acquired  great  popularity  on  his  return  to 
his  native  place  as  an  advocate  and  coun- 
sellor of  justice  ;  and  died  in  1794. 

MOLA,  Peter  Francis,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, bom  in  1609,  at  Coldra,  in  the  Milanese. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Albani,  and  is  distin- 
guished both  as  a  landscape  and  historical 
painter.     Died,  1665. 

ilOLAI,  James  de,  the  last  grand-master 
of  the  knights  Templars,  was  a  native  of 
Burgundy.  He  was  admitted  into  the  order 
about  1265,  and  having  signalised  himself 
by  his  valour  in  Palestine,  was  unanimously 
elected  grand-master  on  the  deatli  of  William 
de  Bcaujeu.  The  great  wealth  and  power  of 
the  Templars,  their  pride  and  their  dissolute 
manners,  created  them  a  multitude  of  ene- 
mies, and  led  to  their  destruction.  At  length, 
Philippe  le  Bel,  king  of  France,  and  pope 
Clement  V.  formed  a  plan  for  their  exter- 
mination. They  were  accused  of  heresy, 
impiety,  and  various  crimes  revolting  to 
human  nature.  In  1307,  all  the  Templars 
throughout  France  were  arrested  at  the  same 
hour,  and  they  were  tried  and  convicted, 
some  on  their  own  confessions,  and  others  on 
such  evidence  as  could  be  procured.  Fifty- 
seven  were  committed  to  tlie  flames  in 
1311 ;  and  after  an  imprisonment  of  seven 
years,  De  Molai  shared  their  fate  at  Paris, 
in  1314,  declaring  his  innocence  to  the  last. 

MOLE',  Francis  R^ni?,  an  eminent 
French  comedian,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1734. 
During  the  progress  of  the  revolution  he 
became  an  associate  of  the  Jacobins,  and 
impiously  oflSciated  in  the  church  of  St. 
Roch,  as  the  priest  of  the  goddess  of  Reason. 
Died,  1802. 


mol] 


^  ^cbi  HuibariSat  23i0flrffjp^w. 


[mol 


MOLE',  Mattukw,  a  French  magistrate, 
remarkable  for  his  probity  and  courage  in 
the  most  troublesome  times,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1584  ;  became  president  of  the  par- 
liament, and  keeper  of  the  seals  ;  and  died 
in  1656. 

MOLE,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  was 
eminent  for  his  skill  and  knowledge  in  the 
science  of  algebra.  Bom  of  poor  but  respect- 
able parents,  Mr.  Mole  was  indebted  to  a 
fortuitous  circumstance  for  the  discovery 
of  his  talent.  Having,  when  a  farmer's 
servant,  been  sent  to  a  carpenter's  shop  for 
a  load  of  timber,  a  workman  asked  him 
whether  he  could  tell  how  many  cubical 
quarters  of  inches  could  be  cut  out  of  a  solid 
j  foot  of  wood  ;  upon  which  Mole  replied,  he 
could  tell  how  many  could  be  cut  out  of  ten 
thousand  solid  feet.  He  then  answered  the 
question, — How  many  farthings  there  were 
in  a  million  of  moidores,  of  the  value  of 
twenty -seven  shillings  each.  Hitherto  Mole 
had  set  down  his  figures  in  chalk,  and  asked 
his  fellow-servants  to  decipher  them  ;  but 
from  that  period  he  applied  diligently  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  figures.  He  died  in 
1827. 

MOLESWORTH,  Robert,  Viscount,  an 
Irish  statesman,  born  at  Dublin  in  1656,  and 
educated  in  Trinity  College.  When  James 
II.  landed  in  Ireland,  he  caused  his  estate  to 
be  confiscated ;  but,  on  the  settlement  of 
affairs  under  William  III.,  he  was  made  a 
privy-councillor,  and  sent  ambassador  to 
Copenhagen,  where  he  had  a  dispute  with 
the  king,  which  induced  him  to  return  home 
abruptly.  He  then  published  "  An  Account 
of  Denmark,"  which  was  considered  as  a 
libel  on  the  country,  and  complained  of  as 
such  by  the  Danish  ambassador  in  London. 
In  1714  he  was  made  a  commissioner  of  trade 
and  plantations  ;  and  two  years  afterwards 
raised  to  tlie  Irish  peerage.    He  died  in  1725. 

MOLEVILLE,  Anthony  Feancis  Bkr- 
TRAND  DE,  a  French  statesman,  was  born  at 
Toulouse,  in  1744.  He  was  minister  of  the 
marine  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  and 
when  the  revolution  broke  out,  he  sought  an 
asylum  in  England,  where  he  resided  twenty- 
two  years,  and  published  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Revolution,"  and  several  other  works  on  that 
subject.  During  his  residence  in  London  he 
acquired  such  a  command  of  the  English 
language  as  to  write  in  it  "  A  History  of 
England."    Died,  at  Paris,  1819. 

MOLIERE,  John  Baptist  Poqitelin  de, 
the  most  celebrated  among  the  French  writers 
of  comedy,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1622.  His 
father  was  valet-de-chambre  and  upholsterer 
to  the  king  ;  and  when  he  became  infirm, 
Moliere  was  obliged  to  oflSciate  for  him  in 
the  royal  household  ;  in  wliich  capacity  he 
attended  Louis  XIII.  to  Narbonne,  in  1641. 
On  his  return  to  Paris  his  passion  for  the 
stage  was  unconquerable  ;  he  became  a  pro- 
vincial actor,  and  began  also  to  display  his 
dramatic  powers  as  an  author.  In  1662  he 
produced  his  "Etourdi;"  and  having  the 
patronage  of  the  Prince  de  Conti,  he  finally 
established  himself  at  Paris.  His  reputation 
was  carried  to  its  higliest  summit  when  the 
"TartuflFe"  appeared;  and  tlie  piece  was 
played  and  applauded  after  it  had  been  kept 
I  back  for  years  by  the  clamour  of  false  devo- 


tees. In  this,  hypocrisy  is  fully  unveiled, 
the  characters  are  equally  various  and  true, 
and  the  dialogue  is  elegant  and  natural. 
For  twenty  years,  Moliere  wrote  for  the 
stage  ;  and  being  all  the  time  an  actor  also, 
and  interrupted  by  various  avocations,  his 
fertility  was  most  extraordinary.  His  last 
piece  was  the  celebrated  "  Le  Malade  Imagi- 
naire,"  to  the  fourth  representation  of  which 
he  fell  a  sacrifice.  He  himself  acted  the 
imaginary  sick  man  in  the  piece  ;  but  labour- 
ing at  the  time  under  a  pulmonary  complaint, 
and  exerting  himself  with  unusual  spirit,  his 
efforts  brought  on  the  rupture  of  a  blood- 
vessel, by  which  he  was  suffocated.  Moliere 
may  be  regarded  as  the  true  father  of  French 
comedy  ;  and  Voltaire  styles  him  "  the  best 
comic  writer  of  any  nation."  He  chased 
away  a  great  share  of  the  coxcombry,  false 
wit,  and  pedantry  of  the  day  ;  and  his  works 
may  be  considered  as  a  history  of  the  man- 
ners, fashions,  and  tastes  of  the  times.  In 
private  life  he  was  humane  and  benevolent 
in  a  high  degree  ;  and  no  one  had  more 
friends  of  rank  and  talent,  or  was  more 
lamented  by  them  ;  but  his  matrimonial 
connection  with  a  young  actress,  whose  con- 
duct subjected  him  to  great  annoyances, 
embittered  his  domestic  enjoyments.  He 
died  in  1673. 

MOLIERES,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a  phi- 
losophical writer,  was  born  at  Tarascon,  in 
1677  ;  became  a  member  of  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory  ;  and  was  a  pupil  of  Male- 
branclie,  on  whose  death  he  quitted  the  so- 
ciety, and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  physics 
and  mathematics.  He  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  the  royal  college, 
and  died  in  1742.  His  works  are,  "Philo- 
sophical Lectures,"  4  vols. ;  "  Mathematical 
Lectures,"  and  "  La  Premier  Partie  des  E16- 
mcns  de  G<iometrie." 

MOLIN,  James,  usually  called  Dumoulin, 
a  celebrated  French  physician,  was  born  in 
1666  ;  became  chief  physician  to  the  army  in 
Catalonia,  at  the  age  of  26  ;  and  on  his  return 
to  Paris,  in  1706,  added  to  his  reputation  by 
his  cure  of  the  Prince  of  Cond^.  In  his 
medical  practice  he  was  so  partial  to  vene- 
section, that  it  is  supposed  Le  Sage  intended 
to  satirise  him  under  the  character  of  Dr. 
Sangrado.    Died,  1755. 

MOLINA,  LoTjis  DE,  a  Spanish  Jesuit  and 
theologian,  was  born  at  Cuenza,  in  1535  ;  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Evora  for  20  years  ; 
and  died  in  1601.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
treatise  on  free  will,  entitled  "  De  Concordia 
Gratiae  et  liberi  Arbitrii,"  which  gave  rise 
to  such  a  furious  contest  between  the  Do- 
minicans and  the  Jesuits,  that  the  pope  found 
it  advisable  to  issue  a  bull,  in  order  to  sup- 
press it. 

MOLINET,  Claitde  du,  canon  regular 
and  procurator  general  of  the  congregation 
of  St.  G^n(5vi&ve,  was  born  at  Chalous-sur- 
Marne,  in  1620,  and  died  in  1687.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  The  Epistles  of  Stephen,  Bishop 
of  Tournay,  with  Notes,"  "History  of  the 
Popes  by  Medals,"  and  other  works  illus- 
trative of  ecclesiastical  antiquities.  He 
collected  a  large  cabinet  of  curiosities,  and 
placed  the  library  of  St.  Genevifeve  in  the 
state  for  which  it  is  so  celebrated. 

MOLINET,  John,  a  French  poet  of  the 


604 


f  UNP 


UNIVERSITY  ) 

or 


mol] 


^  ^etu  Hm'berM  3St0srapIjs. 


[mon 


ISth  century  ;  author  of  "  Faites  et  Dits,"  &c. 
He  was  almoner  and  librarian  to  Margaret  of 
Austria,  and  historiographer  to  the  house  of 
Burgundy.     Died,  1507. 

MOHNIER,  William,  a  celebrated  trou- 
badour of  the  14th  century,  whose  "  Lays 
d'Ainors,"  is  a  curious  monument  of  the  state 
of  literature  in  the  south  of  France  at  that 
period. 

MOLINOS,  Michael,  a  Spanish  theo- 
logian, and  founder  of  the  sect  called  Quiet- 
ists,  was  born  iu  1027,  at  Saragossa,  but 
passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Rome, 
where,  in  1()75,  he  published  his  celebrated 
"Spiritual  Guide,"  which  was  condemned 
by  the  Inquisition  10  years  after  its  flrst 
appearance,  and  the  author  sentenced  to 
perpetual  imprisonment.  He  died  a  cap- 
tive, in  16»).  The  followers  of  Molinos,  of 
whom  Madame  Guyon  was  the  principal, 
were  called  Quietists,  because  tliey  main- 
tained that  religion  consists  in  an  abstrac- 
tion of  the  mind  from  external  and  finite 
objects. 

MOLLOY,  Charles,  a  political  writer  and 
dramatist,  was  born  in  Dublin,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College.  He  afterwards  became  a 
student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  was  the 
editor  of  a  political  paper,  called  Common 
Sense."  He  died  in  1767.  His  plays  are, 
"The  Perplexed  Couple,"  "The  Coquet," 
and  "  Half-pay  OiBcers." 

MOLYNEUX.  Sir  William,  a  gallant 
knight  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  who 
displayed  great  bravery  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden  Field.  Ou  his  death-bed  he  gave 
this  advice  to  his  son  :  "  Let  the  under- 
wood grow ;  the  tenants  are  the  support 
of  a  family,  and  the  commonalty  are  the 
strength  of  a  kingdom.  Improve  this  fairly; 
but  force  not  violently,  either  your  bounds, 
or  your  rents,  above  your  forefathers." 

MOLYNEUX,  William,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1656. 
The  philosophical  society,  established  at 
Dublin  in  1683,  owed  its  origin  to  his  en- 
deavours, and  he  became  the  first  secretary. 
Soon  after,  he  was  appointed  surveyor-gene- 
ral of  the  works,  and  chief  engineer.  In 
1685  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  1689  he  settled  with  his 
family  at  Chester,  where  he  employed  him- 
self in  finishing  his  "  Treatise  on  Dioptrics," 
which  was  published  in  1692.  In  this  year 
he  returned  to  Dublin,  and  was  chosen  one 
of  the  representatives  for  that  city.  Besides 
the  above,  he  wrote  "  Sciothericum  Teles- 
copium  ;"  also,  "The  Case  of  Ireland  stated, 
in  relation  to  its  being  bound  by  Acts  of 
Parliament  in  England  ;"  and  some  papers 

in    the    Philosophical    Transactions 

Samuel  Molyneux,  his  son,  was  born  at 
Chester,  in  1689  ;  became  secretary  to  George 
II.,  when  prince  of  Wales  ;  and  was  distin- 
guished by  his  skill  in  astronomy. 

MOLZA,  Francis  Maki A,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  born  at  Modena,  in  1489.  He  excelled 
in  various  kinds  of  poetry,  combining  ele- 
gance of  style  with  striking  imagery  and  ele- 
vated ideas  ;  but  he  was  a  man  of  dissipated 
manners,  and  died  a  victim  to  his  vices 
and  licentiousness,  in  1544. —His  grand- 
daughter, Tarquinia  Molza,  who  married 
Paul  Porrino,  was  bom  in  1542,  and  died  in 


1617.  Her  works  consist  of  translations  from 
Plato,  and  other  classical  writers,  with  Latin 
and  Italian  poems,  for  which  her  family  was 
honoured  by  the  Roman  senate  with  a  patent 
of  citizenship. 

MONARDES,  Nicholas,  a  Spanish  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Seville,  and  educated  at 
Alcala ;  after  which  he  settled  in  his  native 
place,  and  died  there  in  1578.  His  works  are, 
"  De  secanda  Vena  in  Pleuritide  inter  Gnecos 
et  Arabes  Concordia,"  "  De  Rosa,  ct  Partibus 
ejus,"  and  "Dos  Libros  de  las  cosas  que  so 
traen  de  las  Indias  Occidentales,  que  sirven 
al  uso  de  Medicina."  This  last  work  has 
been  translated  into  Latin,  French,  Italian, 
and  English  ;  and  the  name  of  Monardes  is 
perpetuated  by  the  botanical  genus  Monaida, 
in  the  class  Diandria  of  Linnaeus. 

MONBEILLARD,  Puilibert  Gceneau, 
a  distinguished  French  naturalist,  born  at 
Semur,  in  1720.  He  obtained  great  repu- 
tation in  the  scientific  world,  by  his  con- 
tinuation of  the  "  Collection  Acadi5mique," 
a  work  consisting  of  every  interesting  cir- 
cumstance in  the  memoirs  of  the  learned 
societies  of  Europe  ;  afterwards  became  the 
associate  of  Buffon,  in  his  great  work  on 
natural  history  ;  nor  was  any  difference  of  I 
style  in  their  writings  observed,  until  Buffon  ' 
himself  announced  him  in  liis  preface.  Died, 
1785. 

MONCEY,  Adrien,  duke  of  Conegliano 
and  marshal  of  France,  was  bom  at  Besau- 
5on,  in  1754.    Though  lie  entered  the  army 
at  15  years  of  age,  he  did   not  become  a 
captain  till  1791,  and  in  1793  having  been 
sent  to    the  Pyrenees  at  the  head  of  the 
"  chasseurs  Cantabres,"  he  so  distinguished 
himself  by  his  gallantry,  that  in  a  short 
time  he  became  successively  general  of  bri- 
gade and  general  of  division.     In  1795  and 
1796  he  made  a  most  successful  campaign  in 
Spain  and  Italy  ;  anil,  after  the  peace  of  j 
Luneville,  he  was  appouited  inspector  gene- 
ral of  the  gendarmerie  ;  in  which  capacity  i 
he  rendered  such  important  services  to  Na- 
poleon, that  he  was  made  one  of  his  flrst  i 
marshals    in   1804,     and    soon     afterwards  : 
created  duke  of  Conegliano.      In  1808  he  ; 
once  more  took  part  in  the  war  with  Spain, 
and  contributed  to  the  capture  of  Saragossa 
in   1809  ;  but,  during   the  last   years  of  the 
empire,  he  ceased  to  take  part  in  military  ^ 
operations  which  he  disapproved,  and  did  ' 
not  reappear  till  1814,  when  he  tried,   as  ; 
major-general    of    the  national   guard,  to 
defend  the  walls  of  Paris,  laying  down  his 
arms  only  after  the  capitulation  was  signed.  I 
After  the  "  hundred  days,"  he  refused  to  i 
preside  at  the  council  of  war  appointed  to  I 
try  Marshal  Ney  ;  and  for  this  generous  act  j 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  fortress  of  Ham 
for  three  months,  deprived  of  all  his  fuiic-  ] 
tions,  and  expelled  from  the  chamber  of  ! 
peers,  to  which,  however,  he  was  readmitted 
in  1819.    In  1823  he  joined  the  Duke  d'An- 
goiileme    in    his    invasion    of    Spain,  and 
finished  his  military  career  with  a  success 
worthy  of  his  first  exploits.    He  was  after- 
wards nominated  governor  of  the  Hotel  des 
Invalides,  and  in  this  capacity  received  the 
ashes  of  Napoleon  in  1840.    Died,  1842. 

MONCONYS,  Balthasar  de,  a  traveller, 
was  bom  at  Lyons.   After  receiving  a  liberal 


mon] 


^  ^etD  Hiiibrr^al  2St0srapTjj|. 


[mon 


education  at  the  university  of  Salamanca,  he 
visited  the  East,  for  the  purpose  of  tracing 
the  remains  of  the  philosophy  of  Trismegis- 
tus  and  Zoroaster  ;  but  returned  without  ac- 
complishing the  object  of  his  mission,  and 
died  in  1665.  His  travels  were  printed  in  3 
vols. 

MONCRIF,  Francis  Augustin  Paradis 
DE,  a  member  of  the  French  academy,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1687  ;  became  the  favourite 
of  fashionable  society  by  his  musical,  the- 
atrical, and  poetical  talents  ;  and  died  in  1770. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Art  of  Pleasing,"  and  a  romance,  entitled 
"  Les  Ames  Rivales." 

MONGAULT,  Nicholas  Hubert,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1674. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  congregation  of 
tlie  Oratory  ;  but  after  teaching  with  reputa- 
tion in  the  college  at  Mons,  he  quitted  the 
society,  and  went  to  live  with  the  Archbishop 
of  Toulouse,  who  procured  him  a  priory. 
He  was  afterwards  tutor  to  the  Duke  de 
Chartres,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  ;  was 
made  secretary-general  to  the  French  in- 
fantry, and  obtained  other  places  through  the 
interest  of  his  pupil.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  that  of  Inscrip- 
tions.   Died,  1746. 

MONGE,  Gaspar,  a  celebrated  French 
mathematician  and  natural  pliilosopher,  was 
born  at  Beaune,  in  1746 ;  taught  physics 
and  mathematics  at  the  military  school  of 
Mezieres  ;  became  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences,  in  1780 ;  was  made  minister  of 
the  marine,  in  1792  ;  and  was  ore  of  the 
founders  of  the  Polytechnic  School.  In  1796 
he  was  commissioned  to  go  to  Italy,  and 
collect  the  treasures  of  art  and  science  from 
the  countries  conquered  by  the  French  ;  and, 
in  1798,  he  accompanied  Bouonaparte  to 
Egypt,  where  he  was  cliosen  president  of  the 
institute  of  Cairo.  Napoleon  when  emperor 
made  him  a  senator,  created  him  count  of 
Pelusium,  and  gave  him  an  estate  in  West- 
phalia, accompanied  by  a  present  of  200*000 
francs.  On  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  he 
was  deprived  of  all  his  offices  and  emolu- 
ments, and  he  died  in  1818.  His  principal 
works  are,  "Descriptive  Geometry,"  "The 
Application  of  Analysis  to  the  Geometry  of 
Surfaces,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Statics." 

MONGE,  Lieutenant-colonel,  a  French 
officer  employed  by  Napoleon,  after  his 
return  from  Elba,  to  go  secretly  to  Vienna, 
to  bring  off  Maria  Louisa  and  her  son  to 
France.  He  succeeded,  by  various  disguises, 
to  reach  Vienna,  and  was  very  near  accom- 
plishing his  purpose,  when  tlie  Austrian 
police  got  information  of  the  plan,  and 
Monge  was  compelled  to  fly.  He  got  back  to 
France,  and  fought  bravely  in  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  ;  but  was  eventually  reduced  to 
such  distress  as  to  work  as  a  common  la- 
bourer and  died  in  the  hospital  of  St.  Louis, 
in  1829. 

MONK,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle,  a 
distingiushed  military  commander,  and  a 
great  promoter  of  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  v>'as  the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Monk,  of 
Potheridge,  near  Torrington  in  Devonshire, 
and  born  in  1608.  Being  a  younger  son,  he 
entered  the  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  served 
under  his  relation  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  in 


an  expedition  to  Spain  and  in  the  Nether- 
lands. On  the  breaking  out  of  tlie  war 
between  Charles  I.  and  the  Scotch  in  1639, 
he  obtained  a  colonel's  commission,  and  at- 
tended his  majesty  in  both  his  expeditions  to 
the  north.  When  the  Irish  rebellion  began 
in  1641,  his  services  there  were  so  important, 
that  the  lords  justices  thought  proper  to  ap- 
point him  governor  of  Dublin.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  was  sent  to  relieve  Nantwich, 
where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  army 
belonging  to  the  parliament,  and  sent  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  remained  till  1646.  The 
royal  cause  being  now  ruined,  he  obtained 
liis  liberty  on  condition  of  taking  a  command 
in  Ireland,  where  he  concluded  a  peace  with 
the  rebels,  which  displeased  the  parliament, 
who  passed  a  vote  of  censure  upon  him  for  it. 
Cromwell,  however,  who  thought  highly  of 
his  military  talents,  made  him  lieutenant- 
general,  and  gave  him  the  chief  command  in 
Scotland.  But  the  sagacious  usurper  had 
strong  suspicions  of  Monk's  sincerity  ;  and 
not  long  before  his  death  wrote  him  a  letter, 
to  which  he  added  this  postscript  :  "  There 
be  tliat  tell  me  that  there  is  a  certain  cunning 
fellow  in  Scotland,  called  George  Monk,  who 
is  said  to  lie  in  wait  there  to  introduce  Charles 
Stuart :  I  pray  you  use  your  diligence  to 
apprehend  him  and  send  him  up  to  me."  On 
the  decease  of  the  protector,  the  resignation 
of  power  by  his  son,  and  the  contest  of  parties 
which  subsequently  took  place,  he  availed 
himself  of  the  commanding  situation  which 
he  occupied,  to  crush  the  republicans,  and 
promote  the  recall  and  restoration  of  the 
Stuart  family  to  the  throne,  in  the  person  of 
Charles  II.  As  the  reward  of  his  loyalty,  he 
was  created  duke  of  Albemarle,  with  a 
pension  of  7000Z.  a  year,  made  a  privy-coun- 
cillor, and  invested  with  the  order  of  the 
garter.  In  1664  he  was  appointed  admiral 
of  the  fleet  in  conjunction  with  Prince 
Rupert,  and  in  1666  obtained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Dutch,  in  a  tremendous  battle,  which 
lasted  three  days.  He  died  in  1670,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

MONK,  Mauv,  daughter  of  Lord  Moles- 
worth,  and  wife  of  George  Monk,  esq.,  was 
celebrated  for  her  poetical  genius.  She  was 
well  acquainted  with  the  Latin,  French, 
Italian,  and  Spanish  languages.    Died,  1715. 

MONMOUTH,  James,  Duke  of,  a  natural 
son  of  Charles  II.,  was  born  at  Rotterdam, 
in  1619.  He  was  distinguished  by  his  per- 
sonal attractions,  his  affable  address,  and 
thoughtless  generosity ;  hence  he  became 
very  popular.  But  he  was  weak-minded 
and  pliant ;  and  had  he  not  resigned  himself 
to  the  guidance  of  the  restless  and  ambitious 
Shaftesbury,  who  flattered  him  with  the 
hopes  of  succeeding  to  the  crown,  his  popu- 
larity would  never  have  become  dangerous. 
He  was  concerned  in  various  plots,  which 
had  for  their  object  the  exclusion  of  the  Duke 
of  York  from  the  crown  ;  and  he  was,  in 
consequence,  ordered  by  Charles  to  quit  the 
kingdom.  On  the  accession  of  James  II., 
being  urged  to  the  act  by  some  of  his  par- 
tisans, he  landed  at  Lyme,  with  scarcely  a 
hundred  followers  (June,  1685);  but  his  num- 
bers were  soon  increased,  and  he  assumed 
the  title  of  king,  and  asserted  the  legitimacy 
of  his  birth.    His  forces  were  defeated,  and 


J 


mon] 


^  ^efa  BnihtxiKl  JStograpIjy. 


[mon 


the  duke  himself  was  made  prisoner,  having 
been  found  in  tlie  disguise  of  a  i)easant, 
lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  ditch,  overcome 
with  hunger,  fatigue,  and  anxiety.  He  nobly 
refused  to  betray  his  accomplices,  and  con- 
ducted liimself  with  much  firmness  on  the 
scaffold,  where  his  head  was  severed  from 
his  body,  after  four  unsuccessful  blows.  The 
people,  of  whom  he  was  still  tlie  favourite, 
believed  that  the  person  executed  was  not 
Monmouth  ;  and  it  was  probably  this  belief 
which  has  led  some  to  conjecture  that  the 
famous  "  Iron  Mask "  was  the  Duke  of 
Monmouth. 

MONNETT,  Anthony  Gkimoald,  an 
eminent  French  chemist  and  inspector- 
general  of  the  mines,  was  born  in  Auvergne, 
in  1734.  He  was  one  of  the  verjr  few  who 
cultivated  the  science,  that  rejected  the 
great  discoveries  and  theories  of  Lavoisier, 
and  it  consequently  lessened  his  reputation. 
He  wrote  a  variety  of  works,  besides  analyses 
and  memoirs  in  the  Journal  de  Physique  ; 
and  died  in  1817. 

MONNOYE,  Bernard  de  la,  a  French 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born,  at 
Dijon,  1641  ;  died,  at  Paris,  1727. 

MONRO,  Alexander,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  of  Scottish  descent, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1697.  After  study- 
ing  under  Cheselden,  and  travelling  on  the 
Continent  for  improvement,  he  wa«,  in  1719, 
appointed  professor  and  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  to  the  company  of  surgeons  at 
Edinburgh  ;  where,  soon  after,  he  instituted 
that  course  of  instruction  for  which  its  me- 
dical school  is  so  highly  celebrated.  This 
was  followed  by  the  foundation  of  an  hos- 
pital, where  he  delivered  courses  of  clinical 
lectures  ;  and  also  formed  a  society  for  col- 
lecting and  publishing  professional  papers  ; 
the  result  of  wiiich  appeared  in  six  volumes 
of  "  Medical  Essays,"  and  two  more  on 
"  Physical  and  Literary  Subjects."  Besides 
the  papers  contained  in  these  volumes,  the 
doctor  published  a  work,  entitled  "  Osteo- 
logy, or  a  Treatise  on  the  Anatomy  of  the 
Bones  ;"  and  an  "  Account  of  the  Success  of 

Inoculation  in  Scotland."    Died,  1767 

His  eldest  son.  Dr.  Alexander  Monro, 
succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  to  the 
anatomical  professorship ;  and  published 
numerous  works,  among  which  are,  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Nervous  System,"  "The 
Structure  and  Physiology  of  Fishes,"  "  A 
Description  of  the  Bursse  Mucosae,"  "  Three 
Treatises  on  the  Brain,  Eye,  and  Ear," 
"  Observations  on  the  Crural  Hernia,"  "  Out- 
lines of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body," 

4  vols His    second    son,    Dr.   Donald 

Monro,  became  a  physician  in  the  army ; 
and  wrote  "  Observations  on  the  Means  of 
preserving  the  Health  of  Soldiers,"  2  vols. ; 
and  a  "Treatise  on  Medical  and  Pharma- 
ceutical Chemistry,"  4  vols.    Died,  1802. 

MONROE,  James,  a  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  bom,  in  1758,  in  West- 
moreland county,  Virginia.  He  entered  the 
revolutionary  army  as  a  cadet,  and,  being 
soon  after  appointed  a  lieutenantj  marched 
to  New  York,  where  he  joined  the  army 
under  Washington.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
battle  of  Harlem  Heights,  in  that  of  White 
Plains,  in  the  retreat  through  the  Jerseys, 


and  in  the  attack  on  Trenton.  In  the  last 
he  was  in  the  vanguard,  and  received  a  ball 
through  his  left  shoulder.  For  his  conduct 
in  this  action  he  was  promoted  to  a  cap- 
taincy. Subsequently  he  was  attached  to 
the  staff  of  general  Lord  Stirling,  with  the 
rank  of  major,  and  he  fought  by  the  side  of 
Lafayette,  when  that  officer  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine.  He  was  after- 
wards promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel ;  and 
at  the  end  of  the  contest,  in  1783,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  In  May, 
1794,  he  was  appointed  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  France,  but  recalled  from  this  mis- 
sion in  1796,  by  president  Washington,  with 
strong  marks  of  dissatisfaction,  for  having 
succumbed  too  much  to  the  over-bearing 
policy  of  the  French  directory.  He  went, 
however,  to  London  in  the  same  capacity, 
at  a  juncture  of  great  importance  ;  and,  in 
1811,  was  appointed  secretary  of  state.  Six 
years  afterwards,  the  war  department  being 
in  a  very  embarrassed  state,  he  was  chosen 
president,  in  1817,  as  the  successor  of  Mr. 
Madison  ;  and,  in  1821,  re-elected  by  a  vote 
unanimous,  with  a  single  exception.  He 
died  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831,  the  anniver- 
sary of  American  independence. 

MONSON,  Sir  WiLLiAii,  an  English  naval 
officer,  was  born  at  South  Carlton,  in  Lin- 
colnshire, in  1569  ;  was  educated  at  Baliol 
College,  Oxford  ;  entered  the  naval  service  ; 
served  in  several  expeditions  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth  ;  and  was  knighted  by  the  Earl  of 
Essex,  for  his  conduct  in  the  expedition  to 
Cadiz.  In  the  reign  of  James  I.  he  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Dutch,  and  died 
in  1643. 

MONSTRELET,  Enouerrand  de,  a 
French  chronicler  of  the  15th  century,  born 
about  1390,  and  died  in  1453.  He  was  pro- 
vost of  Cambray,  and  bailiff  of  Walincourt ; 
and  wrote  a  chronicle  of  events,  from  the 
year  1400  to  1453,  the  year  in  which  he  died. 

MONTAGU,  George,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, was  a  native  of  Wiltshire.  He  de- 
voted his  particular  attention  to  the  study 
of  ornithology  and  conchology  ;  and  was  the 
author  of  "  An  Ornithological  Dictionary  " 
and  "  Testacea  Britannica,  or  Natural  His- 
tory of  British  Shells."  Died  at  Knowle, 
near  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  1815. 

MONTAGU,  Lady  Mary  Wortley,  a 
lady  distinguished  for  her  literary  attam- 
ments,  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Evelyn, 
duke  of  Kingston,  and  born,  about  1690,  at 
Thoresby,  in  Nottinghamshire.  She  made 
a  great  proficiency  in  the  Latin  and  Greek 
languages,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Bishop  Burnet.  In  1712  she  married  Mr. 
Edward  Wortley  Montagu,  whom  she  ac- 
companied in  his  embassy  to  Constantinople, 
from  which  place  she  wrote  "  Letters,"  to 
Mr.  Pope,  Mr.  Addison,  and  other  eminent 
literati  of  the  time,  which  are  very  interest- 
ing, and  contain  many  curious  facts  respect- 
ing the  manners  of  the  Turks.  She  is  also 
memorable  for  having  first  introduced  the 
practice  of  inoculation  into  this  country,  for 
which  millions  have  had  cause  to  bless  her 
memory.  She  closed  a  life  marked  by  a 
great  variety  of  adventures,  in  1762.  Her 
collected  works  have  been  published  in  six 
volumes  ;  and  her  "  Letters  "  certainly  place 


mon] 


^  0m  mnibtv^Kl  23t0flrajp]^g. 


[mon 


her  at  the  head  of  female  epistolary  writers 
in  Great  Britain. 

MONTAGU,  Edwakb  Woktley,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Warncliffe  Lodge, 
in  Yorkshire,  about  1714.  He  received  his 
education  at  Westminster  School,  whence 
he  eloped,  and  became  a  chimney-sweep. 
His  family  had  given  him  up  for  lost,  when 
a  gentleman  recognised  him  in  the  street, 
and  took  him  home  to  his  father.  He  es- 
caped a  second  tijne,  and  engaged  with  a 
master  of  a  fishing  smack  ;  after  which  he 
shipped  himself  on  board  a  vessel  bound  to 
Spain,  where  he  served  a  muleteer.  In  this 
situation  he  was  discovered,  and  conveyed 
home  to  his  friends,  who  placed  him  under 
a  tutor,  with  whom  he  travelled  abroad. 
His  father  being  rather  scanty  in  his  remit- 
tances, owing  probably  to  the  son's  extra- 
vagance, the  tutor  is  said  to  have  committed 
a  curious  fraud  to  obtain  a  supply.  This 
was  the  printing  a  book,  entitled  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  Ancient  Re- 
publics, by  Edward  Wortley  Montagu,  esq." 
This  work,  whether  the  production  of  the 
son  or  not,  gave  great  pleasure  to  the  old 
gentleman,  who  acknowledged  it  in  a  hand- 
some manner.  On  his  return  to  England, 
he  obtained  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
where  he  sat  in  two  successive  parliaments. 
His  future  conduct  was  marked  by  eccen- 
tricities not  less  extraordinary  than  those 
by  which  he  had  been  distinguished  in  the 
early  part  of  his  life.  He  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  professed  the  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion, and  from  that  he  apostatised  to  Ma- 
hometanism.  After  passing  many  years  in 
Egypt,  and  other  countries  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean coasts,  he  died  as  he  was  about  to 
return  to  England,  at  Padua,  in  1776. 

MONTAGUE,  Elizabeth,  an  eminent 
female  writer,  was  the  daughter  of  Matthew 
Robinson,  esq.,  of  Yorkshire,  and  was  born 
in  1720.  She  had  an  opportunity  of  prose- 
cuting her  studies  under  the  direction  of 
Conyers  Middleton,  to  whom  she  was  pro- 
bably indebted  for  the  tincture  of  learning 
which  so  remarkably  influenced  her  cha- 
racter and  manners.  About  1742  she  mar- 
ried Edward  Montague,  a  descendant  of  the 
first  Earl  of  Sandwich.  Mrs.  Montague  pub- 
lished "  An  Essay  on  the  Writings  and 
Genius  of  Shakspeare,"  which  obtained  a 
great  and  deserved  reputation.  She  formed 
a  literary  society  known  by  the  name  of  the 
"  Blue  Stocking  Club,"  from  the  circum- 
j  stance  that  Mr.  Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  a 
!  gentleman  belonging  to  it,  wore  stockings  of 
that  colour.  Mrs.  Montague  was  noticed 
for  another  peculiarity,  that  of  giving  an 
annual  dinner  on  May-day  to  the  chimney- 
sweepers of  the  metropolis.  She  died  in 
1800,  and  her  epistolary  correspondence  in 
4  vols,  was  afterwards  published. 

MONTAIGNE,  Michael  de,  a  celebrated 
French  essayist,  was  born  in  1533,  at  the 
castle  belonging  to  his  family,  in  Perigord. 
His  father,  Pierre  Eyquem,  seigneur  de 
Montaigne,  bestowed  the  greatest  care  on 
the  cultivation  of  his  son's  promising  talents; 
and  after  a  course  of  suitable  instruction 
Montaigne  became  a  parliamentary  coun- 
sellor, but  his  aversion  to  the  duties  of  the 
station  led  him  to  retire  from  it.    The  study 


of  man  was  his  favourite  occupation,  and  he 
therefore  devoted  himself  entirely  to  philo- 
sophical subjects.  His  quiet,  however,  was 
disturbed  by  the  troubles  which  distracted 
France  in  consequence  of  the  cruel  persecu- 
tions of  the  Huguenots  ;  his  castle  was  plun- 
dered by  the  leaguers,  and  he  himself  was 
ill-treated  by  their  adversaries.  To  these 
causes  of  distress  was  added  the  plague, 
which  broke  out  in  Guienne,  in  1586,  and 
compelled  him  to  leave  his  estate,  with  his 
family,  and  wander  through  the  country, 
which  was  then  the  theatre  of  all  kinds  of 
atrocities.  He  then  resided  some  time  in 
Paris,  but  finally  returned  home,  and  died 
in  1592.  His  celebrated  "  Essays  "  contain 
a  treasure  of  wisdom,  and  may  still  be 
deemed  one  of  the  most  popular  books  in 
the  French  language.  Their  style,  without 
being  pure  or  correct,  is  simple,  bold,  lively, 
and  energetic.  Cardinal  du  Perron  em- 
phatically called  them  the  breviary  of  honest 
men  ;  and  La  Harpe  observes,  "  It  is  not  a 
book  we  are  rtading,  but  a  conversation  to 
which  we  are  listening  ;  and  he  persuades, 
because  he  does  not  teacli." 

MONTALVAN,  Don  Luis  Perez  de,  an 
eminent  Spanish  dramatist  in  the  reign  of 
Philip  IV.,  whose  writings  are  distinguished 
by  good  taste  and  sound  judgment.  Died, 
16;!9. 

MONTALEMBERT,  Mark  Rene,  Mar- 
quis de,  a  French  general,  was  born  in  1714, 
at  Angouleme  ;  entered  the  army  early  in 
life  ;  and  in  the  seven  years'  war  was  at- 
tached to  the  staff  of  the  armies  of  Russia 
and  Sweden,  to  give  an  account  of  military 
operations  to  the  French  ministry.  He  pub- 
lished a  work  on  fortification,  besides  three 
volumes  of  correspondence  on  military  sub- 
jects ;  and  papers  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
academy  of  sciences. 

MONTANUS,  the  founder  of  a  new  sect, 
in  the  2nd  century,  was  a  native  of  Phrygia. 
He  affected  to  be  a  prophet ;  and,  having 
deceived  two  rich  ladies,  named  Priscilla 
and  Maximilla,  by  Jiis  pretended  sanctity, 
and  exalted  them  into  prophetesses,  he  as- 
serted it  as  an  article  of  faith,  that  the  ful- 
ness of  the  Spirit  was  imparted  to  these 
three  chosen  vessels  to  complete  the  mystery 
of  eternal  redemption.  Among  others  who 
fell  into  this  delusion  were  TertuUian  and 
Theodotus. 

MONTANUS,  Benedict  Arias,  a  Spanish 
Benedictine,  was  born  at  Frexenel,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  in  1527,  and  educated  at  Alcala. 
He  was  at  the  council  of  Trent,  and,  on  his 
return  to  Spain,  was  employed  in  editing  a 
polyglot  Bible,  in  8  vols.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  learned  divines  of  the  16th  century, 
and  died  at  Seville,  in  1598. 

MONTANUS,  or  DA  MONTE,  Johx 
Baptist,  an  Italian  physician,  was  born  at 
Verona,  in  1488.  He  was  sent  to  study  the 
law  at  Padua,  instead  of  which  he  applied 
to  physic,  and  became  professor  of  medi- 
cine. He  died  in  1551.  He  translated  into 
Latin  tlie  works  of  -SStius ;  the  poem  of 
MussEus,  the  Argonantics  of  Orpheus,  and 
tlie  Tragopodagra  of  Lucian. 

MONTAUSIER,  Charles  de  St.  Maure, 
Duke  of,  was  born  in  Touraine,  in  1610,  and 
died  in  1690.    He  was  governor  to  the  dau- 


I 


mon] 


^  jJclxj  Bni\itxiaX  3$i0grapT)jJ. 


[mon 


phin,  to  which  office  he  was  appointed  in 
16(58  ;  and  such  was  liis  character  lor  inte- 
grity, and  tlie  upright  manner  in  wliich  he 
always  conducted  himself,  that  he  was  called 
by  the  people  "  the  virtuous  man  who  always 
tells  the  truth."    Died.  1(590. 

MONTECUCULI,  Raymokd  de,  a  cele- 
brated general,  was  born  in  1608,  of  a  dis- 
tinguished family  in  tlie  Modenese,  and 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  emj)cror  of 
Germany.  In  1(534,  at  the  head  of  2,000 
horse,  he  surprised  10,000  Swedes,  and  took 
their  baggage  and  artillery  ;  but  he  was 
soon  after  defeated,  and  taken  prisoner.  In 
1637  he  defeated  Kazolzi,  prince  of  Transyl- 
vania ;  in  1664  he  gained  a  splendid  victory 
over  the  Turks  at  St.  Gothard  ;  and,  in  1675 
and  1676,  he  «omnianded  on  the  Rhine,  and 
foiled  all  the  efforts  of  Turenne  and  the 
Prince  of  Condt?  by  his  masterly  manoeuvres. 
He  died  in  1(580,  Moutecuculi  wrote  some 
excellent  "  Memoires  "  on  the  military  art, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  "  Art  of  Reigning." 

MONTEMAYOR,  Geouoe  de,  a  Castilian 
poet,  was  born  in  1520,  and  took  his  name 
from  the  place  of  his  birth.  After  serving 
in  the  army,  he  was  employed  at  the  court 
of  Philip  II.,  where  he  died  in  1562.  He 
wrote  "  Diana,"  a  pastoral  romance,  which 
was  continued  by  Caspar  Polo. 

MONTEREUIL,  Beknaudik,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  born  at  Paris,  in  1569,  and  died  in 
1646.  His  chief  works  are,  "A  History  of 
the  early  State  of  the  Church  "  and  "  A  Life 
of  Jesus  Christ,"  whicli  is  highly  esteemed. 

MONTESQUIEU,  Chakles  de  Secon- 
DAT,  Baron  de,  was  bom  at  the  castle  of 
Brede,  near  Bourd'Caux,  in  16^ ;  and  in 
1716  became  president  of  tlie  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux.  His  first  appearance  as  an 
author  was  in  the  publication  of  the  "  Per- 
sian Letters,"  a  work  whicli  gave  proofs  of 
a  fine  genius  and  a  solid  judgment.  In  1728 
he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  academy, 
on  which  occasion  he  delivered  an  eloquent 
discourse.  Having  given  up  his  civil  em- 
ployments, he  went  on  his  travels,  ajid  re- 
mained in  England  three  years.  After  his 
return  he  retired  to  his  estate,  and  there 
completed  his  work  *'  On  the  Causes  of  the 
Grandeur  and  Declension  of  the  Romans," 
which  was  published  in  1734.  His  greatest 
performance,  however,  is  the  "  Spirit  of 
Laws,"  which  came  out  in  1748,  and,  though 
attacked  by  some  writers,  secured  its  ground 
in  the  estimation  of  the  literary  world.  His 
other  works  are,  "  The  Temple  of  Cnidus," 
a  piece  called  "  Lysimachus,"  and  an  "  Essay 
on  Taste."  Burke  characterises  him  as  "  a 
genius  not  born  in  every  country,  or  every 
time, — with  a  Herculean  robustness  of  mind, 
and  nerves  not  to  be  broken  with  labour." 
He  died  in  1755. 

MONTEZUMA,  emperor  of  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  invasion.  Having,  by 
his  despotic  government,  made  himself  many 
enemies,  they  willingly  joined  Cortez,  and 
assisted  him  in  his  progress.  Seized  in  the 
heart  of  his  capital,  and  kept  as  a  hostage  at 
the  Spanish  quarters,  he  was  at  first  treated 
with  respect,  which  was  soon  changed  into 
insult,  and  fetters  were  put  on  his  legs.  He 
was  at  length  obliged  to  acknowledge  his 
vassalage  to  the  king  of  Spain,  but  he  could 


not  be  brought  to  change  his  religion.  He 
died  in  1520,  from  being  struck  on  the  temple 
with  a  stone,  while  persuading  his  tumultu- 
ous subjects  to  receive  the  Spanish  yoke. 
Charles  V.  gave  a  grant  of  lauds,  and  the 
title  of  count  of  Montezuma,  to  one  of  the 
sons,  who  was  the  founder  of  a  uoble  family 
in  Spain. 

MONTFAUCON,  Bernard  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  critic  and  antiquary,  was 
l)Orn  at  the  castle  of  Sontage,  in  Languedoc, 
in  1655  ;  became  a  Benedictine  monk,  after 
having  engaged  in  the  military  service  ;  and 
died  in  1741.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer  ; 
but  the  most  important  of  his  works  is  that 
treasure  of  classical  archajology,  entitled 
*•  L'Antiquite  explique  et  representee  en 
Figures." 

M(JNTFORT,  Simon  de,  earl  of  Lei- 
cester, son  of  the  Simon  de  Montfort  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  and  seve- 
rity in  the  crusade  against  the  Albigenses, 
was  born  in  France,  and  retired  to  England 
in  1231,  on  account  of  some  dispute  with 
queen  Blanche.  Henry  III.  received  him 
very  kindly,  bestowed  upon  him  tlie  earldom 
of  Leicester,  which  had  formerly  belonged 
to  his  ancestors,  and  gave  him  his  sister,  the 
countess  dowager  of  Pembroke,  in  marriage. 
After  this,  Henry  appointed  him  seneschal  of 
Gascony  ;  but  he  ruled  so  despotically  there, 
that  he  was  recalled,  and  a  violent  alter- 
cation took  place  between  them,  in  which 
the  king  applied  the  opprobrious  epithet  cf 
"  traitor  "  to  his  subject,  and  the  latter  gave 
his  sovereign  the  lie.  A  reconciliation  was, 
however,  effected,  and  De  Montfort  waa 
employed  on  several  occasions,  in  a  diplo- 
matic and  military  capacity.  In  1528  he 
appeared  in  parliament  at  the  head  of  the 
discontented  barons,  who  were  all  armed, 
and  demanded  that  the  administration 
should  be  put  in  the  hands  of  24  barons,  who 
were  empowered  to  redress  grievances,  and 
to  reform  the  state.  This  was  conceded, 
and  for  a  time  submitted  to  ;  till  at  length 
hostilities  commenced  between  the  barons 
and  the  royal  party,  which  ended  in  the 
triumph  of  the  former  at  the  battle  of 
Lewes.  From  what  precise  cause  it  does 
not  appear,  but  probably  it  was  owing  to 
his  arrogance  and  rapacity,  that  a  powerful 
party  was  raised  up  against  him  among  the 
barons  ;  and,  according  to  some,  this  was 
the  motive  which  induced  him  to  summon 
knights  of  shires  and  burgesses  to  the  par- 
liament in  1265.  Whatever  may  have  been 
his  motives,  however,  he  thus  became  the 
founder  of  the  English  House  of  Commons. 
In  the  same  year  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Evesham,  in  which  the  royal  forces  were  led 
by  prince  Edward  ;  and  there,  in  attempt- 
ing to  rally  his  troops,  by  rushing  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy,  he  was  surrounded  and 
slain. 

MONTGOLFIER,  Jacques  Etienne,  the 
inventor  of  air-balloons,  was  born  in  1745, 
at  Vidalon-les-Annonai.  In  conjunction 
with  an  elder  brother,  he  devoted  himself 
to  scientific  pursuits,  and  was  the  first  who 
manufactured  the  vellum  paper,  still  so 
much  admired  for  its  beauty.  One  day 
while  boiling  water  in  a  coffee-pot,  the  top 
of  which  was  covered  with  paper  folded  in 


monI 


^  ^tbi  WinibtrSaX  ^ia^K^})^, 


[mow 


a  spherical  form,  he  saw  tlie  paper  swell 
and  rise  —  a  circumstance  that  furnished 
him  with  the  idea  of  a  light  machine,  made 
buoyant  by  inflation,  and  traversing  the  air. 
After  various  preliminary  trials,  it  being  as- 
certained that  a  balloon,  with  a  car  attached 
to  it,  could  be  kept  suspended  by  a  supply 
of  heated  air,  the  experiment  was  repeated 
on  a  large  scale  at  "Versailles,  wlien  the  Mar- 
quis d'  Orlandes  ascended  in  the  presence 
of  the  royal  family,  and  a  vast  concourse  of 
spectators.  He  died  in  1799.  His  brother, 
before  mentioned,  who  was  tlie  inventor  of 
a  hydraulic  machine,  called  the  water-ram, 
died  in  1810. 

MONTI,  VixcENZo,  one  of  the  most 
celebrateil  poets  of  modern  Italy,  was  born 
at  Fusignano,  near  Ferrara,  in  175.3  ;  and 
became  as  notorious  for  the  versatility  of 
his  political  principles  as  for  his  poetic  ta- 
lents. He  commenced  his  career  as  secre- 
tary to  Luigi  Braschi,  nephew  of  pope  Pius 
"VI.,  and  was  then  a  violent  enemy  of  the 
French  ;  he  afterwards  became  a  republi- 
can ;  next  a  panegyrist  of  Napoleon  ;  and 
ended  by  eulogising  the  emperor  of  Aus- 
tria. His  "  Basvilliana,"  written  on  the 
murder  of  Hugo  Basseville,  the  French 
ambassador  at  Rome,  is  a  close  imitation  of 
Dante,  and  gained  him  a  high  reputation. 
His  other  chief  works  were,  "  Bardo  della 
Selva  nera,"  and  a  translation  of  Homer's 
Iliad  ;  and  liis  dramatic  writings  are  the 
tragedies  of  "  Galeotti  Manfredi,"  "  Aristo- 
demo,"  and  "  Caius  Gracchus."  He  was 
successively  appointed  professor  of  the  belles 
lettres  and  of  rhetoric  in  the  university  of 
Padua,  and  historiographer  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  ;  and,  after  the  destruction  of  that 
state,  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  preserve 
his  place  and  pension  under  the  new  govern- 
ment. He  was  also  a  knight  of  the  legion 
of  honour,  and  a  member  of  many  learned 
societies.     Died,  1828. 

MONTMORENCY,  Anne  de,  peer,  mar- 
shal, and  constable  of  France,  born  in  1493, 
was  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  the  I6th 
century.  He  distinguislied  himself  under 
Francis  I.,  in  the  wars  against  Charles  "V., 
and  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia,  which  was  fought  against  his  advice. 
Owing  to  the  hatred  of  Catharine  de  IMedici 
he  lost  his  influence  during  the  reign  of 
Francis  II.;  but  the  rising  of  the  Hucuenots 
occasioned  his  recall  to  the  court  of  Charles 
IX.,  and  he  joined  the  Duke  of  Guise,  in 
opposition  to  Cond«5,  who  was  at  the  head  of 
the  Protestants.  In  the  battle  of  Dreux, 
Montmorency  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
Huguenots,  and  Cond^  was  captured  by  the 
royal  troops.  The  former  was  liberated  the 
next  year,  and  in  the  second  civil  war 
gained  a  decisive  victory  over  his  old  ene- 
mies, at  the  battle  of  St.  Denis  ;  but  died  of 
the  wounds  received  in  the  action,  in  1567, 
aged  74. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry  II.,  Duke  de, 
was  born  in  1595,  and  in  his  18th  year  was 
created  admiral  of  France.  He  defeated  the 
Protestants  in  Languedoc  ;  and,  in  162&,  he 
gained  decided  advantages  over  the  Duke  de 
Rohan,  leader  of  the  Huguenots.  In  1C30 
he  held  the  chief  command  in  Piedmont, 
and  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  Doria. 


His  serWces  were  at  length  rewarded  with  a 
marshal's  baton  ;  and  being  jealous  of  the 
influence  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  he,  with 
Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  raised  the  standard 
of  rebellion  in  Languedoc,  where,  being 
opposed  by  Le  Force  and  Schomberg,  lie  was 
wounded  and  made  prisoner.  All  France, 
mindful  of  his  services,  his  virtues,  and  his 
victories,  desired  that  the  rigour  of  the  laws 
might  be  softened  in  his  favour  ;  but  Riche- 
lieu was  resolved  to  make  an  example  of  so 
powerful  an  enemy,  and  the  marshal  was 
condemned  to  death  by  the  parliament  of 
Toulouse,  and  executed,  in  16.'i2. 

MONTPENSIER,  Anne  Maria  Lothsa, 
of  Orleans,  better  known  as  Mademoiselle 
de  Montpensier,  born  at  Paris,  in  1627,  was 
the  daughter  of  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  the  niece  of  Louis  XIII.  In  the  civil 
contests  which  distinguished  the  minority  of 
Louis  XI"V.,  she  was  a  zealous  partisan  of 
Cond^  ;  and,  in  fact,  her  whole  life  was  a 
scene  of  restless  ambition  and  intrigue.  She 
was  privately  married  to  Count  Lauzun,  and 
brought  him  a  fortune  of  20,000,000  francs, 
four  duchies,  the  seigneury  of  Dombes,  and 
the  palace  of  Luxembourg  ;  but  being  treated 
by  him  with  a  degree  of  hauteur  which  she 
could  not  brook,  she  at  length  forbade  him 
ever  to  appear  again  in  her  presence.  From 
tliat  time  she  lived  in  retirement,  and  died 
in  1693.  Her  "  Memoirs,"  which  form  eight 
volumes,  are  interesting. 

MONTROSE,  James  Graham,  Marquis 
of,  a  distinguished  royalist  under  Charles  I., 
was  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Montrose,  who 
gave  him  an  excellent  education,  which  was 
improved  by  a  residence  in  France,  where 
he  held  a  commission  in  tlie  Scotch  guards. 
On  his  return  home  he  experienced  such 
neglect  through  the  jealousy  of  the  Marquis 
of  Hamilton,  as  induced  him  to  join  the 
Covenanters  ;  but  he  afterwards  took  a  very 
active  part  on  the  side  of  the  king  ;  and  in  a 
few  months  gained  the  battles  of  Perth, 
Al>erdeen,  and  Inverlochy  ;  for  which  ser- 
vices he  was  created  a  maiquis.  In  1645  his 
fortune  changed  ;  and  after  suffering  a  defeat 
from  Lesley,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  when  he  landed  in  Orkney  with 
a  few  followers,  but  was  soon  overpowered, 
conveyed  to  Edinburgh,  and  there  hung  and 
quartered. 

MONTUCCI,  Antonio,  a  learned  philo- 
logist, particularly  excelling  as  a  Chinese 
scholar,  was  born  at  Sienna,  in  1762,  and 
studied  at  the  university  there,  devoting 
himself  to  the  living  languages  with  almost 
incredible  application.  In  1785  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  English  in  the  Tolomei 
college ;  and,  in  1789,  accompanied  Mr. 
Wedgwood  to  England  as  Italian  teacher  in 
his  family.  Being  in  London  in  1792,  when 
preparations  were  making  for  Lord  Macart- 
ney's embassy  to  China,  Montucci  took  the 
opportunity  of  obtaining  assistance  from 
some  Chinese  youths  attached  to  the  em- 
bassy, in  acquiring  their  language,  with 
which  he  was  before  only  imperfectly  ac- 
quainted. The  result  was,  that  he  projected 
a  Chinese  dictionary,  the  prospectus  of  which 
he  forwarded  to  several  princes  and  aca- 
demies in  Eiorope.  In  1806  lie  went  to  Ber- 
lin, on  the  invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia  ; 


mon] 


^  i^cJu  Bnihtv^Kl  23t0flTai)^M. 


[mor 


but  the  invasion  of  the  country  by  Buona- 
parte for  Bome  time  interrupted  his  plans ; 
and,  returning  to  Italy,  he  died  at  Sienna, 
in  1829.  lie  is  the  author  of  a  "  Chinese 
Dictionary,"  an  "Italian  Pocket  Diction- 
ary," and  several  elementary  works  in  that 
language  ;  and  he  edited  tlie  "  Poesie  inedite 
of  Ivorenzo  de'  Medici,"  published  at  the 
expense  of  Mr.  Roscoe. 

MONTUCLA,  John  Stephen,  an  eminent 
French  mathematician,  was  bom  at  Lyons, 
in  1725 ;  studied  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  and 
acquired  legal  knowledge  at  Toulouse,  but 
relinquished  the  law  for  the  cultivation  of 
mathematical  science  ;  was  sent  to  Cayenne, 
in  1764,  as  royal  astronomer ;  and  died  in 
1709.  His  chief  work  is  his  "  llistoire  des 
Mathi'matiques,"  4  vols. 

MOOR,  Kakel  dk,  a  portrait  painter,  was 
born  at  Leyden,  in  1G5(;.  He  studied  under 
Gerard  Douw  and  Francis  Mieris.  His 
works  were  greatly  admired,  and  the  empe- 
ror of  Germany  conferred  on  him  the  honour 
of  knighthood.    Died,  1737. 

MOORE,  EnwAnn,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  was  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
minister  at  Abuigdon,  in  Berkshire,  and  born 
there  in  1712.  lie  was  brought  up  as  a  linen- 
draper  in  London,  but  quitted  business  for 
literary  pursuits.  In  1744  he  published  his 
'*  Fables  for  the  Female  Sex,"  which  became 
deservedly  popular,  and  procured  him  friends 
among  the  great,  particularly  Lord  Lyttle- 
ton,  whom  he  afterwards  complimented  in  a 
piece,  entitled  "  The  Trial  of  Selim."  After 
two  ineflfectual  attempts  at  dramatic  com- 
position, in  the  comedies  of  the  "  Foundling  " 
and  "  Gil  Bias,"  he  succeeded  completely  in 
the  tragedy  of  "  The  Gamester."  lie  next 
became  the  editor  of  a  periodical  paper, 
called  "  The  World,"  in  which  he  was  as- 
sisted by  lords  Lyttleton,  Chesterfield,  and 
many  other  men  of  rank  and  talent.  Died, 
1757. 

MOORE,  John,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  the  son  of  a  grazier  at  Gloucester,  and 
educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  that  city, 
after  which  he  went  to  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford.  Becoming  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  and  tutor  to  one  of  his  sons,  he 
obtained  by  that  interest  a  prebendal  stall 
in  the  cathedral  of  Durham  ;  in  1771,  the 
deanery  of  Canterbury  ;  in  1776,  the  bishopric 
of  Bangor  ;  and,  in  1783,  he  was  raised  to  the 
metropolitan  see.     Died,  1804. 

MOORE,  Joux,  a  physician,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  of  great  repute,  was  born  in 
1730,  at  Stirling  ;  studied  medicine  and  sur- 
gery at  Glasgow  ;  and  was  successively  a 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  Netherlands,  and  sur- 
geon to  the  English  ambassador  at  Paris. 
In  1772  he  took  his  degree  as  physician,  and 
became  the  partner  of  Dr.  Gordon,  an  emi- 
nent practitioner  at  Glasgow.  After  this  he 
spent  five  years  in  travelling  upon  the  Con- 
tinent with  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  ;  and  on 
his  return  he  settled  in  London.  In  1799  he 
published  the  fruits  of  his  travels  in  "  A 
View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany,"  2  vols.  This 
work  was  so  well  received,  that,  in  1781,  he 
added  two  volumes  more,  entitled  "  A  View 
of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy."  After 
this,  he  published  his  "  Medical  Sketches." 


eii 


His  next  performance  was  a  novel  of  a  very 
superior  character,  entitled  "  Zeluco,"  2 
vols.,  which  abounds  with  incident,  and 
affords  a  striking  illustration  of  Italian  cha- 
racter and  manners.  In  1795  he  published 
"  A  View  of  the  Causes  and  Progress  of  the 
French  Revolution,"  2  vols. ;  describing 
scenes  which  he  had  witnessed  during  his 
residence  at  Paris.  He  subsequently  pub- 
lished a  novel,  entitled  "  Edward,  or  various 
Views  of  Human  Nature,"  and  "  Mordaunt, 
or  Sketches  of  Life,  Character,  and  Manners 
in  various  Countries."    Died,  1802. 

MOORE,  Sir  John,  a  distinguished  mili- 
tary commander,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
John  Moore,  and  born  at  Glasgow,  in  1761. 
Being  destined  for  the  military  profession, 
he  was  educated  chiefly  on  the  Continent ; 
and  whilst  his  father  was  abroad  with  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton  he  entered  the  army,  at 
the  age  of  fifteen,  as  ensign  in  the  61st  regi- 
ment of  foot ;  of  which,  in  1790,  he  became 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  served  with  his  corps 
in  Corsica,  where  lie  was  wounded  in  storm- 
ing the  Mozello  fort  at  the  siege  of  Calvi. 
In  179C  he  went  out  as  brigadier-general  to 
the  West  Indies,  under  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
cromby,  who  appointed  him  to  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Lucie,  in  the  capture  of  which 
he  had  a  principal  share.  On  his  return 
home,  in  1797,  he  was  employed  in  Ireland 
during  the  rebellion,  and  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  major-general.  In  1799  he  went  on 
the  expedition  to  Holland,  where  he  did  all 
that  military  prudence  could  accomplish  to 
repair  the  mistakes  of  an  incompetent  com- 
mander, and  where  he  was  again  wounded 
severely.  He  soon  afterwards  went  to  Egypt, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Alexandria  received  two 
more  wounds.  For  his  skill  and  valour  in 
that  campaign  he  received  the  order  of  the 
Bath.  He  was  then  dispatched  on  a  mission, 
both  military  and  diplomatic,  to  the  court  of 
Sweden,  in  which  he  conducted  himself  with 
equal  firmness  and  dexterity.  In  1808  he 
was  appointed  to  command  an  army  in  Spain, 
where,  after  a  skilful  and  arduous  retreat 
before  a  very  superior  force,  he  fell  by  a 
cannon  ball,  under  the  walls  of  Corunna, 
January  16th,  1809.  His  death  excited  a 
great  sensation  throughout  the  country. 
The  House  of  Commons  ordered  a  monument 
to  be  erected  for  him  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral  ; 
and  Glasgow,  hrs  native  city,  also  erected 
one  to  his  memory. 

MOORE,  Sir  Jonas,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born  about  1620,  at  Whitby, 
in  Lancashire.  His  skill  in  mathematical 
learning  recommended  him  to  Charles  II.,  by 
whom  he  was  employed  in  several  works, 
and  made  surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  governors  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  and  was  the  principal  means  of  the 
above  monarch's  endowing  a  mathematical 
school  in  that  seminary.  Sir  Jonas  compiled, 
for  the  use  of  that  institution,  a  "General 
System  of  Mathematics,"  in  2  vols.  4to., 
which  was  published  after  his  death,  in  1681. 

MORALES,  Ambkose,  a  learned  Spanish 
Dominican,  was  born  at  Cordova,  in  1513  ; 
became  historiographer  to  Philip  II.,  king 
of  Spain  ;  and  died  in  1590.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works  on  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  Spain  ;  but  his  extreme  ere- 


moe] 


^  ^ch)  Bnihtv^Kl  33t0g:tajil^|). 


[mob 


dulity  greatly  deteriorates  the  value  of  his 
writings. 

MORAND,  Peter  de,  a  poet  and  dra- 
matist ;  born  at  Aries,  1701  ;  died,  1757. 

MORANT,  Philip,  an  antiquary  and  di- 
vine, was  born  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  and 
educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  He 
edited  several  works,  and  wrote  a  "History 
of  Colchester."  "  The  History  of  Essex,"  &c. 
Born,  1700  ;  died,  1770. 

MORATIN,  Nicholas  Fernandez  de,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  dramatic  poet ;  born  at 
Madrid,  in  1737  ;  died,  1780.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  old  Castilian  chroni- 
clers, and  made  excellent  use  of  them  in  his 
lyric  poems  and  plays.  He  wrote  three  tra- 
gedies, a  comedy,  a  didactic  poem,  entitled 
"  Diana,  or  the  Art  of  Hunting,"  and  various 
other  works. 

MORATIN,  Leandro  Fernandez  de,  a 
Bon'  of  the  preceding,  was  born  about  1760, 
and  is  considered  superior  to  his  father  as  a 
dramatic  poet.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
minister  Godoy,  who  enabled  him  to  visit 
the  principal  theatres  of  England,  France, 
and  Italy,  at  the  royal  expense  ;  and  on  his 
return  liome,  appointed  him  to  the  situation 
of  principal  secretary  interpreter.  Under 
the  government  of  Joseph  Buonaparte  he 
was  made  royal  librarian  ;  but  he  was  sub- 
sequently obliged  to  quit  Spain,  and  died  at 
Paris,  in  1828.  He  took  Moliere  for  his 
model ;  and  among  his  dramatic  eflForts  are 
the  comedies  of"  El  Cafe,"  "  El  Baron,"  &c. 

MORDAUNT,  Charles,  earl  of  Peter- 
borough, was  born  about  1658,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  John,  lord  Mordaunt,  in  1675. 
He  entered  into  the  navy,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  Tangier  when  it  was  besieged  by 
the  Moors.  In  1697,  on  the  deatli  of  his 
uncle,  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Peter- 
borough ;  was  employed  as  commander  of 
the  English  army  in  Spain  ;  and,  having 
greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  courage 
and  activity,  was  subsequently  appointed  ge- 
neralissimo of  the  imperial  forces.  Died,  1735. 

MORE,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  portrait 
painter,  born  at  Utrecht,  in  1519.  He  was 
very  successful  in  his  portraits,  of  which  he 
painted  several  in  England,  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Mary,  on  whose  death  he  accompanied 
Philip  II.  to  Spain,  where  he  lived  in  terms 
of  great  intimacy  with  that  monarch  for 
some  time  ;  but  presuming  too  much  on  his 
familiarity,  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
the  king,  and  quitted  the  country.  He  then 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Alva, 
by  whom  he  was  made  receiver-general  of 
the  revenues  of  West  Flanders.  Thus  pa- 
tronised, lie  was  enabled  to  live  in  a  style  of 
magnificence  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.    Died,  1575. 

MORE,  Hannah,  an  eminent  moral  writer, 
was  born  at  Stapleton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1744.  She  was  one  of  the  five  daughters  of  a 
village  schoolmaster,  whose  means  were  not 
sufficient  to  give  his  children  many  of  the 
advantages  of  education  ;  but  this  deficiency 
was  supplied  by  their  own  talents  and  perse- 
verance. The  literary  abilities  of  Hannah 
early  attracted  notice,  and  a  subscription 
was  formed  for  establishing  her  and  her 
sisters  in  a  school  of  their  own.  Her  first 
literary  production, "  The  Search  after  Hap- 


piness," a  pastoral  drama,  was  written  when 
slie  was  only  18  years  of  age,  though  not 
published  till  1773.  By  the  encouragement 
of  Garrick,  she  tried  her  strength  in  tragic 
composition,  and  wrote  "  Tlie  Inflexible 
Captive,"  a  tragedy,  which  was  printed  in 
1764.  Her  tragedy  of  "  Percy,"  the  most 
popular  of  her  dramatic  compositions,  was 
brought  out  in  1778,  and  ran  14  nights  suc- 
cessively ;  and  her  last  tragedy,  "  The  Fatal 
Falsehood,"  was  produced  in  1779.  Shortly 
after,  her  opinions  of  public  theatres  under- 
went a  change,  and  she  has  stated  that  she 
did  not  consider  the  stage,  in  its  present  state, 
as  "  becoming  the  appearance  or  countenance 
of  a  Christian."  Early  in  life  she  attracted 
general  notice  by  a  brilliant  display  of  lite- 
rary talent,  and  was  honoured  by  the  in- 
timate acquaintance  of  Johnson  and  Burke, 
of  Reynolds  and  Garrick,  and  of  many  other 
eminent  individuals,  who  equally  appreci- 
ated her  amiable  qualities  and  her  superior 
intellect.  But  she  quitted,  in  the  prime  of 
her  days,  the  bright  circle  of  fashion  and 
literature,  and,  retiring  into  tlie  neighbour- 
hood of  Bristol,  devoted  herself  to  a  life  of 
active  Christian  benevolence,  and  to  the 
composition  of  various  works,  having  for 
their  object  the  religious  improvement  of 
mankind.  Her  first  prose  publication  was 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Manners  of  the  Great ; " 
this  was  followed  by  lier  "  Estimate  of  the 
Religion  of  the  Fashionable  World."  In 
1795  she  commenced,  at  Bath,  in  monthly 
numbers,  "  The  Cheap  Repository,"  a  series 
of  admirable  tales  for  the  common  people, 
one  of  which  is  tlie  well-known  "  Shepherd 
of  Salisbury  Plain."  The  success  of  this 
seasonable  publication  was  extraordinary ; 
and  it  is  said  that  the  sale  reached  the  num- 
ber of  1,000,000  copies.  She  subsequently 
produced  her  "  Strictures  on  the  Modern 
Sj'stem  of  Female  Education,"  "  Hints  to- 
wards Forming  the  Character  of  a  Young 
Princess,"  "Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife," 
"Practical  Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Character  and  Writings  of 
St.  Paul,"  and  "Moral  Sketches  of  the  Pre- 
vailing Opinions  and  Manners,  Foreign  and 
Domestic,  with  Reflections  on  Prayer."  The 
collection  of  her  works  comprises  11  volumes, 
8vo.  She  died  at  Clifton,  in  September,  1833, 
aged  89,  having  realised  upwards  of  80,000?. 
by  her  writings,  and  leaving  in  charitable 
bequests  about  10,0OOZ. 

MORE,  Henrv,  an  eminent  divine  of  the 
Churcli  of  England,  was  born  at  Grantham, 
in  Lincolnsliire,  in  1614  ;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  Clirist's  College,  Cambridge  ;  and, 
while  at  the  latter,  profoundly  studied  the 
most  celebrated  systems  of  philosophy,  and 
finally  settled  into  a  decided  preference  for 
that  of  Plato.  In  1640  he  published  "  Psyeho- 
Zoia,  or  the  Life  of  the  Soul :"  a  philosophical 
poem,  which  he  republished,  with  other 
pieces,  in  1647.  He  refused  the  highest 
ecclesiastical  preferments,  and  died,  univer- 
sally beloved,  in  1687.  That  he  was  a  man 
of  great  genius  and  vast  erudition  there  can 
be  no  doubt ;  but  his  opinions  were  singular, 
and  deeply  tinctured  with  enthusiasm.  The 
most  admired  of  his  works  are  his  "  Enchiri- 
dium  Ethicum  "  and  "  Divine  Dialogues." 

MORE,  Sir  Thomas,  chancellor  of  Eng- 


I 


mor] 


^  fit^  Bixiiitx^nl  3Si0g:rHp!)ii. 


[mor 


land,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Joliii  More,  judge 
of  the  king's  bench,  and  born  in  London,  in 
14«0.  lie  was  educated  at  Christcliurch, 
then  Canterbury  College,  Oxford ;  and,  in 
1499,  became  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 
At  the  age  of  21  he  obtained  a  seat  in  par- 
liament, where  he  opposed  a  subsidy  de- 
manded by  Henry  "VII.  with  such  force,  that 
it  was  refused  by  the  liouse.  At  the  accession 
of  Henry  "VIII.  he  was  called  to  the  bar, 
and  in  1;>08  he  was  made  judge  of  the  sherift"8 
court,  and  a  justice  of  peace.  In  1518  he 
published  his  "  Utopia,"  a  political  romance  ; 
and  about  this  time  the  friendship  began 
between  him  and  Erasmus,  which  lasted 
through  life.  By  the  interest  of  Wolsey  he 
obtained  the  honour  of  knighthood,  und  a 
place  in  the  privy  council.  In  1520  he  was 
made  treasurer  of  the  exchequer ;  and  in 
1523  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, where  he  resisted  a  motion  for  an  op- 
pressive subsidy,  which  gave  great  offence  to 
his  former  friend,  the  cardinal.  In  1530  he 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  lord  chancellor ;  and 
by  his  indefatigable  application  in  that 
office,  there  was  in  a  short  time  not  a  cause 
left  undetermined.  He  resigned  the  seals, 
because  he  could  not  conscientiously  lend 
his  support  to  the  measures  of  Henry  re- 
specting his  divorce  of  queen  Catharine  ;  and 
he  was  eventually  committed  to  the  Tower 
for  refusing  the  oath  of  supremacy.  After 
an  imprisonment  of  12  months,  he  was 
brougiit  to  his  trial  in  the  court  of  king's 
bench,  where,  notwithstanding  his  eloquent 
defence,  he  was  found  guilty  of  treason,  and 
sentenced  to  be  beheaded.  His  behaviour, 
in  the  interval,  con-esi)onded  with  the  uni- 
form tenor  of  his  life  ;  and,  on  July  6.  15:(5, 
he  ascended  the  scaffold,  with  his  character- 
istic pleasantry,  saying  to  the  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower,  "  I  pray  you,  see  me  safe  up  ; 
and  as  for  my  coming  down,  let  me  shift  for 
myself."  In  the  same  spirit,  when  he  laid 
his  head  on  the  block,  lie  told  tiie  execu- 
tioner to  wait  till  he  had  removed  his  beard, 
"  For  that,"  said  he,  "  hath  committed  no 
treason."  Thus  fell  this  illustrious  Eng- 
lishman, whose  integrity  and  disinterested- 
ness were  on  a  par  wiih  his  learning,  and 
who  wanted  only  a  more  tolerant  spirit  to 
make  liim  a  perfect  character.' 

MOKEAU,  James  Nicholas,  a  French 
advocate,  and  historiograplier  of  France,  was 
born  at  St.  Florentine,  in  1717.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  collecting  and  arranging  all  the 
charters,  edicts,  &c.,  of  the  French  legis- 
lature ;  and  was  the  author  of  "  Memoires 
pour  servir  t>,  I'llistoire  de  notre  Temps,"  2 
vols.  ;  "  Devoirs  d'un  Prince,"  and  "  Prin- 
cipes  de  Morale  politi<iue  et  du  Droit  pub- 
lique,  ou  Discours  sur  I'llistoire  de  France," 
21  vols.  8vo.  It  was  the  maxim  of  Moreau, 
that  every  thing  should  be  done  for  the 
people,  nothing  by  them. 

MOREAU,  Jean'  Michel,  an  eminent  de- 
signer and  engraver,  was  bom  at  Paris,  1741. 
He  was  a  man  of  extensive  information  on 
works  of  art,  and  his  industry  was  truly 
surprising.  In  1700  he  was  commissioned  to 
prepare  all  the  drawings  required  for  the 
l)id)lic  festivities  and  those  of  the  court ;  and 
he  commenced  his  duties  with  the  sketches 
for  the  celebration  of  the  nuptials  of  the 


dauphin  and  the  other  royal  princess.  In 
1775  he  published  engravings,  executed  by 
himself,  of  his  drawings  for  the  coronation 
of  Louis  XVI.,  and  was  made  member  of 
the  academy  of  painting,  and  draughtsman 
of  the  royal  cabinet.  Besides  what  he 
completed  as  royal  draughtsman,  the  num- 
ber of  drawings  which  he  executed  for 
engravings  amounts  to  24(X) ;  while,  as  an 
engraver  also,  his  labour  was  prodigious. 
He  prepared  1(50  plates  of  the  History  of 
France,  80  for  the  New  Testament,  60  for 
Gesner's  works,  upwards  of  100  for  editions 
of  "Voltaire  and  Moliere,  and  an  immense 
number  more  for  the  illustration  of  tlie 
standard  works  of  ancient  and  modem  au- 
thors.   Died,  1814. 

MOREAU.  Jkax  Victor,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  generals  of  the  French  republic, 
was  born  at  Morlaix,  in  17C.'}.  Though  des- 
tined for  the  law,  he  abruptly  left  his  studies, 
and  enlisted  in  a  regiment,  before  he  had 
attained  his  18th  year  ;  bnt  his  father  would 
not  allow  him  to  indulge  liis  passion  for  a 
military  life,  and  procured  his  discharge. 
The  revolution,  liowever,  enabled  him  to 
gratify  his  wishes ;  and  he  became  com- 
mander of  the  first  battalion  of  volunteers 
raised  in  the  department  of  Morbihan,  at 
tlie  head  of  which  he  joined  the  army  of  the 
north.  Having  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  head  of  his  battalion,  Pichegru, 
under  whom  he  served,  did  all  he  could  to 
befriend  him  ;  and,  in  1794,  being  made  ge- 
neral of  division,  he  was  intrusted  with  a 
separate  force,  to  act  in  Flanders,  where  he 
took  many  towns.  He  was  soon  after  named 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the 
Rhine,  and  began  that  course  of  arduous 
operations  which  terminated  in  the  cele- 
brated retreat,  from  the  extremity  of  Ger- 
many to  the  French  frontier,  in  the  face  of  a 
superior  force,  by  which  his  skill  as  a  con- 
summate tactician  was  so  much  exalted. 
Meantime,  the  republic  being  torn  with  in- 
testine dissensions,  he,  for  a  time,  retired 
from  active  service  ;  but  his  talents  as  a 
general  again  brought  him  forward  ;  and 
Buonaparte  having  returned  from  Egypt, 
and  being  now  first  consul,  intrusted  him 
with  the  command  of  the  armies  of  the 
Daimbe  and  the  Rhine,  which,  in  1800,  was 
productive  of  the  decisive  victory  of  Hohen- 
linden.  Having,  some  time  subsequent  to 
this  brilliant  campaign,  been  implicated 
with  Pichegru,  Georges,  and  other  royalists, 
in  a  plot  against  the  consular  government,  he 
was  brought  to  trial  with  54  other  persons, 
declared  guilty  upon  slight  evidence,  and 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment.  This 
was,  however,  commuted  to  a  sort  of  volun- 
tary banishment ;  and  he  accordingly  retired 
to  North  America,  where  he  bought  an  estate 
near  Morrisville,  on  the  Delaware.  He  there 
resided  some  years  in  the  enjoyment  of  ease 
and  tranqnillity,  until  listening  to  the  in- 
vitation of  the  allies,  and  more  especially  of 
Russia,  he  embarkeil  for  Europe  in  July, 
1813.  At  Prague  he  found  the  emperors  of 
Austna  and  Russia,  with  the  king  of  Prussia, 
all  of  whom  received  him  with  great  cor- 
diality ;  and  he  was  induced  to  aid  in  the 
direction  of  the  allied  armies  against  his 
countrymen.    Soon  after  his  arrival,  wliile 


3a 


MOR 


9[  flcto  Winihcr^aX  MiOQtu^'i)}}* 


[mor 


conversing  with  the  emperor  Alexander  on 
horseback,  in  the  battle  before  Dresden,  a 
cannon  ball  fractured  his  right  knee  and 
leg.  Amputation  was  immediately  per- 
formed ;  but  the  wound  proved  mortal ;  and 
he  died  on  the  1st  of  September,  1813.  Moreau 
was  brave,  generous,  and  humane  ;  possess- 
ing rare  merits  as  a  soldier,  and  highly  es- 
teemed by  those  who  served  under  him,  for 
the  affability  and  simplicity  of  his  manners. 
It  was  thought,  and  probably  with  truth, 
that  he  was  looked  upon  with  a  jealous  eye 
by  Buonaparte,  whose  fear  of  finding  iu 
Moreau  a  successful  rival,  led  to  his  expa- 
triation. 

MORELL,  Thoma?,  an  eminent  critic  and 
lexicographer,  was  born  at  Eton,  in  1703. 
He  published  valuable  editions  of  Ains- 
worth's  Latin  Dictionary,  and  Hedericus'a 
Greek  Lexicon,  and  was  the  author  of  "  An- 
notations on  Locke's  Essay  on  the  Human 
Understanding."  He  edited  the  plays  of 
Euripides  and  ^schylus,  translated  the 
Epistles  of  Seneca  ;  assisted  Hogarth  in  writ- 
ing his  Analysis  of  Beauty  ;  and  selected  the 
passages  of  Scripture  for  Handel's  Oratorios. 
Died,  1784. 

MORELLET,  Andre,  a  celebrated  abb4, 
born  at  Lyons,  iu  1727.  He  wrote  some 
works  on  political  economy  and  statistics  ; 
lived  in  habits  of  friendsliip  with  the  most 
eminent  of  his  countrymen  ;  wrote  many 
political  brocliures  during  the  revolution  ; 
and  died  in  1819.  He  publislied  "Literary 
and  Philosophical  Miscellanies  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,"  and  his  "  Memoirs  on  the 
Eighteenth  Century "  appeared  after  his 
death. 

MORERI,  Louis,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
and  the  first  author  of  the  "Biographical 
Dictionary  "  which  bears  his  name,  was  born 
in  Provence,  in  1(j43  ;  was  educated  among 
the  Jesuits  at  Aix  ;  became  almoner  to  the 
bishop  of  Apt ;  and  died  in  1G80.  The  volu- 
minous compilation  which  Moreri  com- 
menced owed  its  origin  to  the  prelate  before 
mentioned  :  when  it  was  first  published  by 
Moreri,  it  consisted  of  one  folio  volume  ;  but 
the  additions  made  to  it  by  subsequent  writers 
have  extended  it  to  ten. 

MORES,  Edward  Rowe,  an  English  an- 
tiquary, was  born,  in  1730,  at  Tunstall,  in 
Kent.  He  published  an  ancient  fragment, 
entitled  "  Nomina  et  Insignia  Gentilitia 
Nobilium  Equitumque  sub  Edvardo  primo 
Rege  Militantium,"  4to.  In  1752  he  was 
chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ; 
and  he  projected  the  equitable  society  for 
insurance  on  lives  and  survivorship  by  an- 
nuities. He  was  the  author  of  the  "  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Tunstall,  in  Kent."  &c, 
Died,  1778. 

MORETO  Y  CABANA,  Dox  Augustin, 
an  eminent  Spanish  dramatic  poet  of  the 
17th  century,  who,  after  writing  200  plays, 
became  an  ecclesiastic.  He  was  contem- 
porary with  Calderon,  and  was  patronised 
by  Philip  IV.  He  may  fairly  be  called  the 
Spanish  Moliere,  many  of  his  comedies 
still  keeping  possession  of  the  stage,  from 
their  racy  humour,  striking  incidents,  and 
cliaracteristic  language  of  the  dramatis 
personce. 

MORGAGNI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 


physician  and  anatomist,  was  born  at  Forli, 
in  Romagna,  iu  1682  ;  studied  imder  Val- 
salva, at  Bologna ;  and,  in  1711,  became 
professor  of  medicine  at  Padua.  In  1713 
he  was  appointed  to  the  first  anatomical 
professorship,  in  which  situation  he  con- 
tinued till  liis  death,  in  1771.  His  works 
form  5  volumes  folio,  and  are  held  iu  high 
estimation. 

MORGAN,  Sir  Henry,  a  celebrated  com- 
mander of  buccaneers  in  the  17th  century, 
was  the  son  of  a  Welsh  farmer.  He  took 
Porto  Bello  and  Panama  from  the  Spaniards, 
and  for  several  years  continued  to  enrich 
himself  and  his  followers  by  the  success  of 
his  marauding  expeditions  against  that 
nation.  Having  amassed  a  large  fortune, 
he  settled  at  Jamaica,  of  whicli  island  he 
was  appointed  governor  by  Charles  II.,  and 
knighted. 

MORGAN,  William,  an  eminent  Welsh 
prelate,  who  had  a  principal  concern  in  the 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Welsh,  printed 
first  in  1.588.    He  died  in  1004. 

MORGAN,  William,  a  distinguished  ma- 
thematician, was  a  native  of  Glamorganshire. 
He  was  actuary  to  the  Equitable  Assurance 
Company,  I^ondon  ;  and  remained  connected 
with  that  institution  56  years.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  The  Doctrine  of  Annuities  and 
Assurances  of  Lives,"  "  A  Review  of  Dr. 
Crawford's  Theory  of  Heat,"  together  with 
various  treatises  connected  with  the  financial 
prosperity  of  Great  Britain.    Died,  1833. 

MORGIIEN,  Raphael,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver, born  at  Naples,  in  1758.  He  was 
invited  to  Florence  in  1782,  to  engrave  tlie 
master-pieces  of  the  Florentine  gallery  ;  and 
the  reputation  he  acquired  by  his  labours 
there,  induced  the  grandduke  to  employ 
him  in  engraving  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  noble 
composition  of  the  Last  Supper,  which  is 
painted  on  the  wall  of  tlie  refectory  in  the 
Dominicans'  convent,  at  Milan.  In  1803  he 
was  chosen  an  associate  of  the  French  In- 
stitute ;  and,  in  1812,  lie  was  invited  to  Paris 
by  Napoleon,  who  treated  him  with  the  most 
flattering  kindness.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  include  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
productions  of  the  great  masters. 

MORHOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  learned 
German  author,  boru  at  Wismar,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, in  1639  ;  was  educated  at  Stettin 
and  Rostock  ;  came  to  England,  and  resided  j 
for  a  time  at  Oxford.  His  principal  work 
is  entitled  "  Polyhistor,  sive  de  Notitia  Auc-  | 
torum  et  Rerum  Commentarii."    Died,  1691.  | 

MORICE,  Sir  William,  an  English  gen-  i 
tleman,  memorable  for  the  share  which  he  ' 
had  in  bringing  about  the  restoration  of  1 
Charles  II.  lie  was  the  kinsman  of  General  ' 
Monk,  who  procm-ed  liim  the  place  of  secre- 
tary of  state,  which  he  resigned  in  16G8,  and 
died  in  1676. 

MORIER,  James,  whose  novels  descriptive 
of  Eastern  life  and  manners  enjoyed  at  one 
time  great  popularity  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  was  born  in  1780.  When  still  very 
young,  he  made  an  extensive  tour  through 
the  East,  the  main  incidents  of  which  he 
described  in  his  "Travels  through  Persia, 
Armenia,  Asia  Minor,  to  Constantinople." 
In  1810  he  was  appointed  British  envoy  to 
the  court  of  Persia,  where  he  remained  till 


mok] 


^  ^cH  mnihexiHl  ISCosraiJlbi). 


[moh 


181G,  and  soon  after  his  return  he  published 
"  A  Second  Journey  through  Persiii,"  &c. 
During  his  stay  in  the  East,  he  made  great 
use  of  his  opportunity  of  studying  the  cha- 
racter of  the  people  ;  and  the  knowledge 
thus  acquired  was  turned  to  excellent  ac- 
count in  his  "  Adventures  of  Hajji  Baba  of 
Ispahan  "  (a  species  of  Gil  Bias,  like  Hope's 
"  Anastasius  "),  whose  "  adventures  in  Eng- 
land "  he  described  in  a  second  series ; 
"  Zohrab,  or  the  Hostage,"  "  Ayesha.  or  the 
Maid  of  Kars."  "Abel  Alnutt,"  "The  Ba- 
nished," &c.  ;  in  all  of  wluch,  but  especially 
in  the  first  three,  the  manners,  customs,  and 
modes  of  thought  prevalent  in  the  East  are 
pourtrayed  with  a  liveliness,  skill,  and 
truthfulness  to  nature  attained  by  few. 
Died,  1848. 

MORIN,  Jonx  Baptist,  a  French  phy- 
sician, born  at  Villefranche,  in  1583  ;  became 
regius  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris  ;  and  died  in  1(5.56.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Astrologia  Gallica,"  a  work 
which  cost  him  30  years  laUour,  and  was 
published  after  his  death  at  the  Hague. 

MORIN,  Stkimien,  a  French  Protestant 
divine,  born  in  l(i2,5,  at  Caen,  in  which  city 
he  settled  as  pastor  of  a  congregation,  and 
remained  there  till  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  when  he  retired  to  Leyden.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  professor  of  oriental 
languages  at  Amsterdam  ;  and  died  in  1700. 
His  works  are  chiefly  of  a  philological  cha- 
racter, explanatory  of  the  origin,  &c.,  of  the 
l)rimitive  languages. 

MORISON,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  and  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1<)20.  He  studied 
at  the  university  of  his  native  place  till  in- 
terrupted by  the  civil  wars,  in  which  he  dis- 
played great  zeal  and  courage  in  behalf  of 
the  royal  cause.  After  this  he  went  to  France, 
where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  was 
appointed  director  of  the  royal  garden  at 
Blois.  In  loco  he  returned  to  England,  and 
was  nominated  physician  to  Charles  II.,  and 
regius  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  In 
16t)9  he  published  his  "  Prseludium  Bota- 
nicum  ; "  in  1G80,  a  portion  of  his  "  Historia 
Plantarum "  appeared  ;  but  his  death,  in 
1683,  prevented  him  from  finishing  it,  and 
the  second  vohune  was  published  by  Bobart. 

MORITZ,  Chakles  Philip,  a  German 
writer,  was  born  at  Hameln,  in  17.57.  He 
travelled  in  England,  Switzerland,  and  Italy; 
wrote  many  works,  the  chief  of  which  are  his 
"  Travels,"  "  The  Antiquities  of  Rome,"  the 
novels  of  "  Anthony  Reiser  and  Andrew 
Hartknopf,"  and  various  grammatical  trea- 
tises.    Died,  1793. 

MORLAND,  Geouge,  an  eminent  painter 
of  rustic  scenery  and  low  life,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1764.  He  was  instructed  by  his 
father,  who  employed  him  constantly  in 
making  drawings  for  sale.  By  this  means 
he  acquired  a  wonderful  facility  of  invention, 
and  rapidity  of  execution.  He  had  also 
great  skill  as  a  faithful  copier  of  nature,  and 
in  the  early  part  of  his  caretr  confined  him- 
self to  the  delineation  of  picturesque  land- 
scapes ;  but  having  contracted  irregular 
habits,  and  a  partiality  for  the  bottle  and 
low  company,  he  forsook  the  woods  and 
fields  for  the  ale-house  ;  and  stage  coachmen, 

out 


postilions,  and  drovers  drinking,  became  the 
favourite  subjects  of  his  pencil.  Some  of  his 
best  pieces  exhibit  farmyards  and  stables, 
with  dogs,  horses,  pigs,  and  cattle  ;  or  scenes 
at  the  door  of  the  village  ale-house,  designed 
with  all  the  truth  and  feeling  which  com- 
municate a  charm  to  the  meanest  objects, 
and  proclaim  the  genius  of  the  artist.  Many 
were  painted  in  spunging- houses  to  clear 
him  from  arrest,  or  in  public-houses  to  dis- 
charge his  reckoning.  In  one  of  the  former 
descri{>tion  he  died,  in  18U4,  aged  40,  a 
melancholy  example  of  irregular  and  debas- 
ing habits.  Uis  wife  survived  him  only  two 
days. 

MORLAND,  Sir  Samuel,  a  statesman  and 
an  able  mechanist,  was  a  native  of  Berk- 
shire, and  born  in  162.5.  He  was  employed  in 
some  diplomatic  missions  by  Cromwell  ;  and 
afterwards  rendered  considerable  service  to 
Charles  II.,  for  which,  at  the  Restoration,  he 
was  made  a  baronet.  Among  his  inventions 
are  reckoned  the  speaking-trumpet,  the  fire- 
engine,  the  capstan,  and  the  steam  engine  ; 
but  of  some  of  these,  it  is  presumed,  he 
was  rather  the  improver  than  the  original 
discoverer.  Me  expended  a  considerable 
fortune  in  the  prosecution  of  his  favourite 
speculations,  and,  like  many  other  projectors, 
was  a  benefactor  to  the  public  to  the  detri- 
ment of  his  private  concerns.  Died,  about 
1696. 

MORLEY,  George,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  bom  in  London,  in  1597.  Charles 
I.  gave  him  a  canonry  of  Christchurch  ;  but, 
being  deprived  of  it  by  the  parliament,  he 
left  England,  and  remained  abroad  till  the 
Restoration,  when  he  was  made  dean  of 
Christchurch,  and,  in  1066,  consecrated  bishop 
of  Worcester.  He  was  next  appointed  dean 
of  the  chapel-royal,  and,  in  1662,  trans- 
lated to  Winchester,  to  which  see  he  was 
a  great  benefactor.  He  also  founded  five 
scholarships  in  Pembroke  College,  and 
gave  large  sums  to  various  charitable  uses. 
Died,  1084. 

MORLEY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
musician  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  He  was 
distinguished  both  as  a  performer  and  a  com- 
poser ;  and  among  his  works  are  canzonets, 
madrigals,  ballets,  and  church  music.  His 
chief  work  is  entitled,  "  A  plaine  and  easie 
Introduction  to  Practical  Musicke."  Died, 
about  1604. 

MORNAY,  Philip  de,  sieur  du  Plessis 
Morlay,  a  celebrated  French  statesman  and 
writer,  was  born  at  Buhl,  Normandy,  in 
1549.  Hp  was  a  Protestant,  and  after  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  he  left  the 
country,  and  travelled  in  many  parts  of  the 
Continent,  visiting  England  also  where  he 
was  received  by  Elizabeth  with  distinguished 
marks  of  favour.  In  1575  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  king  of  Navarre,  after- 
wards Henry  IV.,  whom  for  30  years  he 
served  in  the  cabinet  and  the  field  with  the 
utmost  zeal  and  activity.  After  Henry  had 
reconciled  himself  to  the  church  of  Rome, 
De  Mornay  sent  in  his  resignation,  and,  re- 
tiring from  a  public  sphere,  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  literary  pursuits,  ad- 
vocating with  his  pen  the  cause  which  he 
had  defended  with  his  sword.  His  first 
work,  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Church,"  appeared 

8  o2 


mok] 


^  :5Scto  Hnibn-^nl  SStasr^qpl^i?. 


[mor 


in  1578,  and  was  followed  the  succeeding 
year  by  another,  entitled  "The  Truth  of 
Cliristianity."  But  his  most  celebrated  one 
was  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper,"  in  which  lie  opposed  the 
doctrine  of  transubslantiation.  So  great  was 
his  learning,  and  sucli  was  his  influence 
over  the  Huguenots,  tliat  he  acquired  from 
them  the  appellation  of  the  Protestant  pope  ; 
while  his  constancy  and  unblemished  cha- 
racter obtained  the  respect  even  of  his  oppo- 
nents.    Died,  1«23. 

MOROSINT,  AxnnEA,  a  senator  of  Tenice; 
born,  15.58  ;  died,  1618.  He  rose  to  be  one  of 
the  council  of  ten,  and,  in  ]r>98,  was  ap- 
pointed historian  to  the  republic,  on  which 
he  undertook  a  continuation  of  Paruta's 
History  of  Venice. 

MOKOSINI,  Fkaxcesco,  a  gallant  sol- 
dier, who,  as  governor  of  Candia,  about 
the  middle  of  the  17tli  century,  defended 
that  island,  witli  .30,000  men,  against  a 
Turkish  force  of  four  times  that  amount  ; 
but  was  ultimately  compelled  to  surrender. 
He  subsequently,  as  commander  of  the 
Venetian  fleet,  attacked  that  of  the  Turks, 
near  the  Dardanelles,  and  totally  defeated 
it.  In  1688  he  was  elected  doge  of  Venice  ; 
and  died  in  1694. 

MORRIS,  Charles,  a  celebrated  English 
bard,  whose  convivial  songs  were  once  in 
high  repute.  Though  many  of  them  might 
well  be  spared,  some  are  chaste  in  senti- 
ment and  felicitous  in  expression,  while 
others  possess,  in  an  eminent  degree,  those 
qualities  which  are  supposed  to  give  a  zest 
to  bacchanalian  orgies.  Captain  Morris  died 
at  Brock  ham  Lodge,  Dorking,  in  his  OCrd 
year,  July  11.  1832. 

MORRISON,  the  Rev.  Robert,  D.  D. 
His  ancestors  were  Scottish  husbandmen  ; 
but  his  father,  quitting  Pertlishire  and  the 
plough,  became  a  mechanic  and  a  man  of 
substance  in  Northumberland,  where  Ro- 
bert, tlie  youngest  of  seven  children,  was 
born  in  1782.  He  was  bred  to  last-making 
by  his  father,  who  was  also  an  elder  of  tiie 
Scotch  church.  But  Robert  had  a  propen- 
sity for  high  classical  attainments.  He  ob- 
tained the  rudiments  of  the  Latin,  Greek 
and  Hebrew  languages  from  tlie  local 
preacher  he  attended ;  and  was,  at  length, 
sent  by  the  London  Missionary  Society  to 
China  (having  previously  studied  the  lan- 
guage of  that  country),  where  he  arrived  in 
1807.  In  the  course  of  a  year  or  two  he  had 
prepared  a  grammar  and'  dictionary  of  tlie 
Chinese  language  for  the  press,  besides  a 
Chinese  version  of  the  New  Testament, 
which  were  afterwards  printed.  He  was 
appointed  by  the  East  India  Company  as 
their  correspondent  and  interpreter ;  but 
never  lost  siglit  of  the  chief  object  of  his 
toil,  namely,  to  extend  and  establish  tlie 
tenets  of  the  Christian  doctrine.  In  1817, 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  university  of  Glasgow  ;  and  in  the 
same  year  he  accompanied  Lord  Amherst  in 
his  embassy  to  Pckin.  He  afterwards  pro- 
jected an  Anglo-Chinese  college  at  Malacca, 
of  whicli  he  was  a  liberal  patron  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Macao,  in  1834. 
In  him  was  lost  to  the  world  the  great- 
est Chinese  scholar  Europe  ever  produced, 


Q16 


and  one  of  the  most  zealous  of  Christian 
labourers. 

MORTIER,  Marshal,  Duke  of  Treviso, 
born  in  1708,  was  the  son  of  a  mercliant, 
who  represented  the  tiers  etctf  of  Cambresis 
at  the  states-general  in  1789.  Quitting  tlie 
mercantile  profession,  for  which  he  had 
been  designed,  lie  entered  the  army  in  1791 
with  the  rank  of  captain  ;  and  having  dis- 
tinguished liimself  on  various  occasions,  he 
was  rapidly  promoted,  and  intrusted  with 
tlie  command  of  the  advance-guard,  in 
which  situation  he  was  eminently  successful, 
and  gained  the  favour  of  his  superiors. 
Buonaparte  had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his 
skill  and  enterprise,  that  he  appointed  him 
to  the  command  of  the  first  army  sent 
against  Hanover  in  1803,  which  soon  ended 
in  its  occupation  by  the  French.  In  1804  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  marshal,  and 
decorated  with  the  grand  cross  of  the  le- 
gion of  honour.  In  t!ie  campaigns  of  1805 
and  180(),  General  Mortier  headed  one  of 
the  divisions  of  the  grand  army,  commanded 
in  chief  by  Napoleon  in  person  ;  and  during 
this  period  he  displayed  feats  of  military 
enterprise  and  intrejndity  which  rendered 
him  dear  to  the  troops  of  the  nation.  On 
one  occasion,  wlien  at  the  head  of  only  4000 
men,  he  fell  in  with  tlie  main  body  of  the 
Russian  army  under  Kutusoflf,  and  being 
compelled  to  figlit  or  surrender,  by  his 
superior  tactics  and  valour  he  resisted  them 
till  tlie  arrival  of  sufficient  reinforcements 
came  to  his  relief.  In  1808  he  was  raised  to 
the  imperial  dukedom  of  Treviso,  receiving 
4000/.  per  annum  out  of  the  crown  domains 
of  Hanover  ;  and,  soon  after  the  invasion  of 
Spain,  he  took  the  command  of  the  French 
armies  there.  He  subsequently  accompanied 
Na[)oleon  in  his  expedition  to  Russia  ;  and 
to  him  was  intrusted  the  liazardous  under- 
taking of  blowing  up  the  Kremlin  at  Mos- 
cow. On  the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII. 
he  gave  in  his  adhesion,  and  lived  as  a 
private  individual  in  Paris  till  1816,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
15th  military  division,  situated  at  Rouen. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  in  wliich  he  sat  till 
1819,  when  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  In 
1834,  Louis  Pliilipfie  prevailed  on  hiin  to 
accept  office  on  the  resignation  of  Marshal 
Soult,  but  having  neither  taste  nor  the  re- 
quisite ability  for  the  arena  of  politics,  he 
soon  after  resigned.  Being  among  the  staff 
that  accompanied  the  king  and  princes  to 
the  review  at  Paris,  on  the  28th  of  July.  1835, 
it  was  the  fate  of  tliis  brave  officer  to  be  one  1 
of  the  victims  of  the  assassin,  Fieschi,  whose 
"  infernal  machine,"  sparing  the  king  and 
princes,  for  whom  it  was  especially  designed, 
took  deadly  effect  on  Marshal  Mortier, 
while  it  also  killed  and  wounded  "several 
who  were  near  him. 

MORTIMER,  JOHX  Hamii.tox,  an  Eng- 
lish painter,  was  born  at  Eastbourne,  in 
Sussex,  in  1739.  In  1779  he  was  appointed 
by  his  majesty  a  royal  academician,  with- 
out any  solicitation ;  and  died  the  same 
year.  He  excelled  in  sketches  of  banditti 
and  terrific  subjects. 

MORTIMER,  TuoMAS,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  1730,  iu  Loudon.    He 


mor] 


^  ^t^  WiniiittiaX  JSiOflrapl^y, 


[mot 


received  a  liberal  education,  and  was  for 
some  time  vice- consul  in  the  Netherlands; 
His  principal  works  are,  "  The  British  Plu- 
tarch," 6  vols.  ;  a  "  Dictionary  of  Trade  and 
Commerce,"  *'  The  Elements  of  Commerce, 
Politics,  and  Finances,"  a  "History  of  Eng- 
land," and  "  The  Student's  Pocket  Dic- 
tionary."   Died,  1809. 

l^IOHTON.    See  Douglas. 

MOKTOX,  Jamks,  Earl  of,  regent  of 
Scotland,  was  horn  at  Dalkeith,  in  1530, 
and  educated  under  the  famous  Buchanan, 
at  Paris.  He  returned  to  Scotland  in  l.'i.54, 
and  greatly  promoted  the  Reformation ; 
but  being  accused  of  participating  in  the 
murder  of  Lord  Darnley,  he  fled  to  Eng- 
land. He  was  afterwards  made  chancellor 
of  Scotland,  and,  in  1574,  succeeded  the  Earl 
of  Mar  as  regent,  which  office  he  resigued  in 
1579.  He  was  condemned  for  high  treason 
in  1.581,  and  beheaded  by  a  machine  called 
the  Maiden,  greatly  resembling  the  guillo- 
tine.    Died,  1581. 

MORTON,  Joiiy,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury and  a  cardinal,  was  born  in  1410,  at 
Berc,  in  Dorsetshire.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Baliol  College,  Oxford ;  after 
which  he  became  principal  of  Peckwater 
Inn,  now  merged  in  Christchurch.  In  1473 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  rolls,  in 
wliich  situation  he  adhered  faitlifuUy  to 
Henry  VI.;  notwithstanding  which,  Edward 
IV.  made  him  bishop  of  Ely,  and  lord 
chancellor,  in  1478.  Richard  III.,  however, 
committed  him  to  the  custody  of  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  who  confined  him  in  his 
castle  of  Brecknock  ;  from  which  fortress  he 
escaped  to  Ely,  and  next  to  the  Continent, 
where  he  joined  the  Earl  of  Richmond.  In 
148<)  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
and  the  next  year  lord  chancellor  ;  in  1493, 
he  was  created  a  cardinal ;  in  1494,  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  and 
he  died,  ased  90,  in  1500. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  was  born  at  York,  in  l.')G4.  He  was 
successively  dean  of  Gloucester  and  Win- 
chester ;  and  bishop  of  Chester,  liichfleld, 
and  Durham.  He  suffered  many  hardships 
in  the  great  rebellion  from  the  republican 
party,  notwithstanding  his  great  moderation 
and  piety,  which  were  acknowledged  by  all. 
Died,  16.59. 

MORTON,  Thomas  an  eminent  and  suc- 
cessful dramatist,  was  born  at  Durham,  in 
1704.  He  entered  as  a  student  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  but  his  taste  for  theatricals  caused  him 
to  abandon  his  profession,  and  he  soon  gave 
proofs  of  his  talents  as  a  dramatic  writer. 
It  is  remarkable,  indeed,  that  nearly  all  his 
pieces  still  keep  possession  of  the  stage. 
They  consist  of  "  The  Way  to  get  Married," 
"  Columbus,"  "  Town  and  Country,"  "  Zo- 
rinski,"  "A  Cure  for  the  Heart-ache," 
"  Speed  the  Plough,"  "  Secrets  Worth  Know- 
ing," "The  Blind  Girl,"  "The  Children  in 
the  Wood,"  The  School  of  Reform,"  "  The 
School  for  Grown  Gentlemen,"  "  A  Rowland 
for  an  Oliver,"  and  "  The  Inviucibles." 
Died,  18.38. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  a  na- 
tive of  Syracuse,  who  flourished,  with  his 
friend  Bion,  about  200  years,  b.  c. 

MOSELEY,  Benjamin,  a  physician,  was 

C17 


a  native  of  Essex,  and  born  about  1739.  For 
several  years  he  practised  as  a  surgeon  and 
apothecary  at  Kingston,  in  Jamaica  ;  took 
his  degree  at  Leyden  ;  settled  in  London,  aa 
a  pliysician,  in  1785  ;  was  appointed  phy- 
sician of  Chelsea  Hospital ;  and  died  in  1819. 
He  wrote  "  Observations  on  the  Dysentery  of 
the  West  Indies ;  two  treatises  "  On  Cotfee 
and  Sugar,"  &c.;  and  made  himself  very 
conspicuous  by  his  violent  opposition  to 
vaccine  inoculation. 

MOSHEIM,  John  Laurence,  a  learned 
German  theologian,  was  boru  at  Lulwck,  in 
1(!94  ;  became  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
philosophy  at  Kiel ;  and  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Gottingen, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death  in  17.55, 
lecturing  daily  on  ecclesiastical  history  and 
most  other  departments  of  theology.  His 
principal  work  on  this  subject  is  the  "  In- 
stitutiones  Historias  EcclesiasticsB,"  which 
was  afterwards  published  under  various 
other  forms,  and  translated  into  German, 
with  additions  ;  also  into  English  by  Dr. 
Maclaine.  Ainong  his  other  numerous 
writings  are,  "De  Rebus  Christianorum  ante 
Constantinum  Magnum  Commentarii,"  a 
"  Life  of  Scrvetus,"  "  The  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  the  Tartars,"  "  Observationes 
SacriB,  and  "Sermons,"  which  were  much 
admired  for  their  pure  and  elegant  style. 

MOSS,  RoBKUT,  an  J]nglisli  divine,  was 
born  at  Gillingliam,  in  Norfolk,  about  Hi'M. 
In  1098  he  was  chosen  i)reacher  to  the 
society  of  Gray's  Inn,  and  the  following 
year  appointed  assistant  at  St.  James's, 
Westminster.  In  1708  he  became  lecturer 
of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry;  in  1712,  dean  of 
Ely ;  and  he  died  in  1729.  His  sermons 
were  published  in  8vols.  8vo.;  besides  which 
he  wrote  some  Latin  and  English  poems. 

MOSS,  Chakles,  an  English  prelate,  was 
the  nephew  of  the  [ireceding.  He  became 
successively  archdeacon  of  Colchester,  pre- 
bendary of  Salisbury,  rector  of  St.  Andrew 
Undershaft,  and  of  St.  George,  Hanover 
Square.  In  176(5  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  St.  David's,  whence  lie  was  translated  to 

Bath  and  Wells  ;  and  died  in  1802 His 

son.  Dr.  CHaulks  Moss,  was  bishop  of  Ox- 
ford, and  died  in  1811. 

MOSSOM,  Robert,  a  learned  Irish  pre- 
late, who  suffered  much  in  the  civil  wars, 
but  on  the  Restoration  he  was  made  dean 
of  Christchurch,  Dublin ;  with  which  he 
held  the  bishopric  of  Londonderry,  where 
he  died  in  1679,  His  works  are,  "The 
Preacher's  Tripartite,"  "  Varioe  colloquendi 
Formulae,"  "  Narrative  of  George  Wild, 
Bishop  of  Derry,"  and  "  Zion'a  Prospect  in 
its  first  View." 

MOSSOP,  Henry,  an  eminent  tragic 
actor,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1729,  was  the  son 
of  a  clergyman,  and  was  educated  at  Tri- 
nity College,  Dublin.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  on  the  Dublin  stage  as  "  Zanga," 
in  the  Revenge  ;  but  soon  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where,  next  to  Garrick  and  Henderson, 
he  was  esteemed  the  first  tragedian  of  his 
time.  In  1761  he  became  manager  of  one  of 
the  Dublin  theatres ;  but  the  speculation 
proved  his  ruin,  and  he  died  in  absolute 
penury  at  Chelsea,  in  1773. 

MOTHERWELL,  William,  a  poet,  was 


mot] 


^  ]j9clo  mnibfr^al  3!5i09;ra}jl)tt. 


[mou 


bom  at  Glasgow  in  1798  ;  and  when  a  youth 
lie  obtained  a  situation  in  the  sheriflF  clerk's 
office  at  Paisley,  where  he  continued  till 
within  a  few  years  of  his  death.  In  1827  he 
published  a  very  interesting  and  valuable 
collection  of  ballads,  entitled  "Minstrelsy, 
Ancient  and  Modern  ;"  and  he  was  after- 
wards successively  editor  of  the  Paisley 
Magazine,  Paisley  Advertiser,  and  tlie  Glas- 
gow Courier.  In  1833  was  published  a  col- 
lected edition  of  his  own  poems,  some  of 
wliich  possess  a  pathos  and  an  intensity  of 
feeling  not  often  surpassed.    Died,  18;W. 

MOTTEUX.  PiEKUE  Antoise,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  born  at  Kouen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1060 ;  settled  in  England  after 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  ;  and 
embarking  his  property  in  trade,  opened  an 
East  India  warehouse  in  Leadenhall  Street, 
London,  and  also  obtained  a  situation  in  the 
post  otfice.  He  wrote  nearly  twenty  dra- 
matic pieces,  and  translated  "  Don  Quixote  " 
and  "  Rabelais."    Died,  1718. 

MOTTLE  Y,  Joux,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
the  son  of  Colonel  Mottley,  wl-.o  followed 
James  II.  to  France,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Turin,  in  170(5.  His  son  was  born 
in  1692,  and  received  his  education  at  St. 
Martin's  library  school ;  after  which  he  ob- 
tained a  place  in  the  excise  oflice,  but  was 
obliged  to  resign  it  in  1720.  He  then  had 
recourse  to  his  pen  for  support,  and  wrote 
live  dramatic  pieces  ;  also  the  "  Life  of  the 
Czar  Peter  the  Great,"  3  vols.,  and  the  "  His- 
tory of  Catharine  of  Russia,"  2  vols.  ;  but 
the  work  of  his  which  obtained  by  far  the 
greatest  popularity,  is  the  well  known  col- 
lection of  facetise,  called  "Joe  Miller's  Jests," 
of  which  we  have  spoken  inider  the  notice  of 
its  assumed  author.     Died,  1750. 

MOUFET,  or  MUFFET,  Thomas,  a  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  was  born  in  London, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge,  after  which  he 
travelled  through  several  parts  of  Europe  ; 
took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  while  abroad  ;  and, 
on  his  return,  settled  in  London,  where  he 
practised  with  great  reputation.  He  accom- 
panied Lord  Willoughby  on  an  embassy 
to  Denmark,  was  wiUi  the  Earl  of  Essex 
when  he  encamped  in  Normandy  ;  and  died 
about  1604.  His  works  are,  "  De  Jure  et 
Praestantia  Chemicorum  Medicamentorum," 
"EpistolaJ  quinque  Medicinales,"  "  Noso- 
mantica  Hippocratica,"  "  Health's  Improve- 
ment, or  Rules  for  preparing  Food,"  "  In- 
sectorum,  sive  miuimorum  Animalium  The- 
atrum." 

MOULIN,  Charles  du,  an  eminent  jurist, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  15(«).  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  legal  profession,  and  admitted 
an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris  ;  but 
owing  to  an  impediment  in  his  speech,  he 
gave  up  pleading  for  chamber  practice,  and 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  composition 
of  legal  works.  He  embraced  the  Protestant 
religion,  and  in  1552  attacked  the  authority 
of  the  pope,  which  compelled  him  to  seek 
an  asylum  in  Germany.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  suffered  imprisonment  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  Jesuits,  and  could  not  recover 
his  liberty  without  pledging  himself  to  print 
nothing  till  he  had  obtained  the  royal  per- 
mission. He  afterwards  reconciled  himself 
to  the  Catholic  faith,  and  died  in  15(?6. 


618 


MOULIN,  Pkter  du,  a  Protestant  divine, 
was  born  at  Bechny,  in  the  Vexin,  in  l.ces. 
He  studied  first  at  Sedan,  and  next  at  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  university  he  removed 
to  a  professorship  of  philosophy  at  Lcyden, 
where  he  also  taught  Greek  ,-  but  in  1599  he 
returned  to  France,  and  became  minister  at 
Charenton.  On  the  assassination  of  Henry 
IV.,  Du  Moulin  charged  the  guilt  of  that 
detestable  deed  upon  the  Jesuits,  which  pro- 
duced a  violent  controversy  between  him 
and  some  of  that  society  ;  and,  in  1615,  he 
visited  England  on  the  invitation  of  James 
I.,  who  gave  him  a  prebend  in  Canterbury 
Cathedral.  He  did  not  continue  long  in 
England  ;  but  after  refusing  the  divinity 
professorship  at  Leyden,  he  finally  settled  at 
Sedan,  of  which  place  he  became  the  pastor, 
filling  at  the  same  time  the  theological  chair 
there.  Among  his  writings  are,  "  A  History 
of  Slonachisin,"   a  treatise  "  On  the  recent 

Origin  of  Popery,"  &c.  Died,  1658 Petek 

DU  Moulin,  his  son,  was  bom  in  1600  at 
Paris,  and  graduated  at  Leyden  ;  but  coming 
afterwards  to  England,  obtained,  like  his 
father,  a  prebend  at  Canterbury,  and  was 
one  of  the  chaplains  to  king  Charles  II. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Peace  of  the 
Soul,"  "Clamor  Regit  Sanguinis,"  which, 
being  anonymous,  was  attributed,  by  Milton, 
to  Alexander  More,  and  "A  Defence  of  tlie 

Protestant  Church." Louis  nu  Moulin, 

his  brother,  became  a  violent  Independent, 
and  wrote  "  Para^nesis  ad  iEdificatores  Im- 
perii," dedicated  to  Oliver  Cromwell ;  and 
"Patronus  Bonse  Fidei,"  a  fierce  invective 
against  the  Church  of  England.    Died,  1683. 

MOUNIER,  JouN  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  states-general  in  1789,  was 
born  at  Grenoble,  in  1758  ;  was  brouglit  up 
to  the  legal  profession  ;  and  was  successively 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Grenoble  and 
judge-royal.  While  he  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  he  exerted  all  his 
talents  and  influence  to  promote  the  estab- 
lishment in  France  of  a  limited  monarchy  ; 
but  finding  his  efforts  vain,  he  retired  first  to 
his  native  place,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Geneva,  where  he  published  "  Recherches  sur 
les  Causes  qui  ont  empeche  les  Fran^iiis  de 
devenir  Libres."  He  subsequently  visited  j 
England,  but  resided  chiefly  in  Switzerland, -j 
Italy,  or  Germany,  till  1801,  when  he  re- 
turned to  France.  In  1804  he  was  nominated 
a  counsellor  of  state,  and  died  in  1806. 

MOUNTFORT,    William,    an    English 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in  Staf- 
fordshire, in  1659.      He  was    an  excellent 
comic  performer  ;  and  being  in  the  flower  of 
his  age,  and  one  of  the  handsomest  men  on 
the  boards,  the  parts  of  the  lovers  were  usu- 
ally allotted  to  him.    In  one  of  these  he  had 
captivated  the  affections  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle, 
an  actress   much   admired  for  her  personal 
charms.   This  lady  had  rejected  the  addresses 
of  a  Captain  Hill,  who,  in  company  with 
Lord  Mohun  waylaid  Mountfort  one  night,  j 
in  the  winter  of  1692,  as  he  was  returning  | 
from  the   theatre   to  his  lodgings,  in   Nor-  | 
folk  Street,  Strand  ;   and,   before   he  could  j 
draw  his  sword,  ran  him  through  the  body,  1 
and  killed   him  on    the  spot.    Hill    made  I 
his  escape  to  the  Continent,  and  Lord  Mo-  | 
hun  was  tried  by  his  peers  for  the  murder,  j 


MOTJ] 


^  ^elxj  dm'tjcvs'al  JJioflrapl^i). 


[moz 


but,  for  the  want  of  sufficient  evidence,  wns 
acquitted.  Tliis  noblemiin  was  himself 
eventually  killed  by  the  Duke  of  Hamilton, 
iu  a  duel  fought  in  Ilyde  Park.  Mountfort 
was  tlic  author  of  five  plays,  and  was  in  tlie 
zenith  of  his  reputation  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

MOURAD  BEY,  a  famous  Mameluke 
chief,  was  a  native  of  Circassia.  After  the 
destruction  of  AH  Bey,  in  177;!,  he  obtained 
the  government  of  Cairo  in  conjunction  witli 
Ibrahim  Bey,  whicli,  notwitlistanditg  some 
severe  contests  with  Ismael  Bey  and  tlie 
Turkish  government,  who  tried  to  dispossess 
them,  they  contrived  to  keep.  When  Buo- 
naparte invaded  Egypt,  Mourad  opposed  the 
French  with  great  vigour;  but  he  was  at 
length  obliged  to  retreat  to  Upper  Egypt. 
He  subsequently  entered  into  a  treaty  with 
General  Kleber,  and  accepted  the  title  of 
prince  of  Assouan  and  Jirgeh,  under  the 
I)rotection  of  France.  He  died  of  the  plague, 
iu  LSOl. 

MOURADGEA  D'OIISSON,  Ioxatics, 
an  Armenian  by  descent,  was  born  at  Con- 
stantinople, iu  1740.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
four  he  understood  most  of  tlie  Oriental  lan- 
guages ;  and,  from  having  been  secretary  and 
first  interpreter  to  the  Swedish  embassy,  was 
eventually  appointed  minister  of  Sweden  to 
the  Porte.  Died,  1807.  He  was  the  author 
of  two  valuable  works,  "  A  General  View  of 
the  Ottoman  Empire"  and  aa  "Historical 
View  of  the  East." 

MOURGUES,  MiCH-VEL,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  a  man  of  profound  erudition,  was  born 
at  Auvergne,  in  1CI3 ;  became  professor 
royal  of  mathematics  and  rhetoric  in  the 
academy  of  Toulouse  ;  nnd  died  there  in  1713. 
Among  his  beat  works  are,  "A  Parallel 
between  Christian  Morality  and  that  of  the 
Ancient  Philosophers,"  "  An  Explanation 
of  the  Theology  of  the  Pythagoreans,"  "  New 
Elements  of  Geometry,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on 
French  Poetry." 

MOXON,  Joseph,  hydrographcr  to  Charles 
II.  and  a  mathematical  writer,  was  born  at 
Wakefield  in  Yorkshire,  in  1(527,  and  died  in 
London,  about  1700.  He  published  several 
scientific  books,  taught  the  mathematics, 
and  carried  on  the  trade  of  a  globe  and  map- 
manufacturer. 

MO YLE,  Walter,  a  miscellsineous  writer, 
was  born  a,t  Cornwall,  in  1072  ;  studied  at 
Oxford  and  the  Temple  ;  and  died  at  his 
seat  in  Cornwall,  in  1721.  His  works,  con- 
sisting of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Miracle  of  the 
Thundering  Legion,"  an  "Essay  on  the 
Lacedaemonian  Government,"  another  on 
the  "  Roman  Constitution,"  and  "Letters," 
were  printed  after  his  death,  with  a  biogra- 
phical memoir,  in  3  vols. 

MOZART,  John  Ciikysostom  Wolfgaxo 
Amadeu?,  one  of  tlie  most  eminent  musical 
composers  that  ever  lived,  was  the  son  of 
Leopold  Mozart,  sub-chapelmaster  of  Salz- 
burg, and  himself  a  respectable  musician. 
He  was  born  in  17r)6  ;  and  the  precocity  of 
his  musical  talent  was  so  extraordinary,  that 
it  must  be  our  apology  for  entering  at  more 
length  than  usual  into  the  history  of  his 
early  years.  His  father  could  not  fail  to 
observe  his  genius  and  love  for  the  science, 
and  he  took  every  advantage  of  it,  80  that, 


before  the  child  was  four  years  old,  he  could 
play  small  pieces  on  the  harpsichord  witli 
correctness  and  taste.  In  his  fifth  year  he 
wrote  a  concerto  for  the  harpsichord,  per- 
fectly according  to  the  rules  of  the  art,  but 
which  was  so  difficult  that  only  the  most 
practised  performer  could  have  played  it. 
In  his  sixth  year,  young  Mozart  had  made 
such  progress,  that  his  father  M'as  induced 
to  take  him  and  his  sister  Maria  Anna,  who 
was  also  a  musical  genius,  to  Munich  and 
Vienna,  where  the  little  artists  were  intro- 
duced to  the  emperor's  court,  and  the  un- 
equalled execution  of  the  boy  excited  uni- 
versal surprise,  particularly  as  he  seemed 
anxious  only  to  please  connoisseurs.  In 
17tK},  when  young  Mozart  was  seven  years 
old,  the  family  made  a  journey  beyond  the 
borders  of  Germany,  which  spread  his  fame 
universally.  In  November  of  the  same  year 
they  arrived  in  Paris,  where  they  remained 
six  months,  and  were  overwhelmed  with 
attention  and  applause.  Here  he  published 
his  first  sonatas  for  the  harj)sichord.  In 
17G4,  the  family  proceeded  to  England,  and 
performed  at  court,  the  son  playing  on  the 
king's  organ  with  great  success.  At  a  pub- 
lic concert,  symphonies  of  his  composition 
only  were  performed.  Here,  as  well  as  in 
Paris,  compositions  of  Bach,  Handel,  &c. 
were  laid  before  him,  all  of  which,  though 
exceedingly  difficult,  he  executed  with  the 
greatest  truth  at  first  sight.  During  his  stay 
in  England,  he  composed  six  sonatas,  which 
were  published  in  Loudon,  and  which  he 
dedicated  to  the  queen.  After  this  he  re- 
turned to  Holland,  and  assisted  at  the  in- 
stallation of  the  stadtholder.  The  family 
next  visited  Paris,  and  after  having  been 
twice  at  Versailles,  proceeded,  by  way  of 
Lyons,  through  Switzerland  to  Municli, 
where  the  elector  gave  young  Mozart  a 
theme,  on  which  he  composed  in  his  pre- 
sence, without  piano  or  violin,  wrote  down 
the  music,  and,  to  the  astonishment  of  all 
present,  executed,  after  having  finished  it. 
In  1706  they  returned  to  Salzburg,  where 
they  remained  till  1708,  and  then  made  a 
second  journey  to  Vienna.  In  1709,  Mozart, 
who  had  been  made  master  of  the  concerts 
at  the  court  at  Salzburg,  commenced  a  jour- 
ney to  Italy,  in  company  with  his  father. 
In  1770  he  composed,  in  his  14th  year,  his 
serious  opera  of  "  Mithridate,"  which  had  a 
run  of  upwards  of  20  nigh's  in  succession. 
When  Mozart  returned  to  Salzburg,  in  1771, 
he  found  a  letter,  in  which  he  was  com- 
missioned, in  the  name  of  the  empress  Maria 
Theresa,  to  compose  the  grand  theatrical 
serenata,  "Ascauio  in  Alba,"  for  tlie  cele- 
bration of  the  nuptials  of  the  Archduke 
Ferdinand.  He  undertook  this  commission, 
and  in  August  returned  to  Milan  for  some 
mouths,  where,  during  the  festivities  of  the 
marriage,  Mozart's  serenata  and  an  opera 
composed  by  Hasse  were  performed  alter- 
nately. In  177.5  he  went  again  to  Vienna, 
and,  engaging  in  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
he  satisfied  the  great  expectations  which 
were  raised  by  his  early  genius,  and  became 
the  Raphael  of  musicians.  Among  the  works 
of  his  which  have  remained  on  the  German 
stage,  and  will  always  be  the  delight  of  every 
tasteful  nation,  are  "  Idomeneo,"  the  "  Nozze 


ni9 


mud] 


<M  0m  Wiixibtv^nl  JStngrapl^ii. 


[mul 


di  Figaro,"  the  "  Zaiiberfldte,"  the  "  Cle- 
menza  di  Tito,"  anl,  above  all,  the  splendid 
"  Don  Giovanni."  The  music  of  this  opera 
was  the  triumph  of  dramatic  composition  ; 
and  though  its  great  merits  were  not  appre- 
ciated on  its  first  performance,  lie  lived  to 
see  justice  done  to  it.  He  was  now  in  his 
36th  year,  and  in  a  state  of  great  physical 
debility.  Tlie  composition  of  his  sublime 
"Requiem,"  in  the  decline  of  his  bodily 
powers,  and  under  great  mental  excitement, 
hastened  his  dissolution  :  he  was  seized  with 
repeated  fainting  fits,  brought  on  by  his  ex- 
treme assiduity  in  writing,  in  one  of  wliich 
he  expired,  Dec.  5.  1792. 

MUDGE,  Joiix,  an  English  physician 
and  an  excellent  mechanic,  was  the  eon  of 
Mr.  Zachary  Mudge,  vicar  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Plymouth,  and  well  known  by  a  volume  of 
excellent  sermons  and  an  ingenious  essay 
for  a  new  version  of  the  Psalms.  Dr.  John 
Mudg'3  settled  as  a  physician  at  Plymouth, 
wliere  he  wrote  a  treatise  "  On  the  Catarrh- 
ous  Cough."  He  improved  the  construc- 
tion of  reflecting  telescopes,  and  died  in  1793. 

His  brother  Tuojias,  born  in  1715,  was 

j  an  excellent  watclimaker,  and  made  great 

1  improvements  in  chronometers,  for  which  he 

received  a  parliamentary  reward.   Died,  1794. 

William  MuDOE,  a  nephew  of  the  last 

mentioned,  was  born  in  1702,  at  Plymouth; 
rose  to  tlie  rank  of  major-general  in  the 
army  ;  and  died  in  1820.  He  superintended 
the  execution  of  the  grand  trigonometrical 
survey  of  England  and  Wales,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  the  operations. 

MUDIE,  Robert,  author  of  numerous 
works  in  natural  history,  and  others  of  an 
entertaining  and  instructive  character,  was 
born  in  Forfarshire,  in  1777.  In  1802  he 
was  appointed  Gaelic  professor  and  teacher 
of  drawing  in  the  Inverness  academy.  He 
subsequently  filled  otlier  situations  of  a  like 
nature  ;  but  at  length  turned  Iiis  attention 
exclusively  to  authorship,  and  commenced 
his  career  with  a  novel,  entitled  "  Glenfur- 
gus,"  in  3  vols.  He  then  for  a  while  sought 
employment  as  a  reporter  for  the  London 
newspapers,  and  his  literary  efforts  were 
henceforth  unceasing.  Independently  of 
his  contributions  to  periodicals,  upwards 
of  80  volumes  from  his  fertile  pen  were  in 
rapid  succession  brought  before  the  pub- 
lic. Of  these  we  can  only  afford  room  for 
the  titles  of  the  most  prominent  :  "  Modern 
Athens"  (a  description  of  Edinburgh)  j 
"  Babylon  the  Great"  (a  description  of  Lon- 
don), 4  vols.  ;  "  The  Biitisli  Naturalist,"  2 
vols. ;  "  Tlic  Feathered  Tribes  of  the  British 
Islands,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Conversations  in  ]\Ioral 
Pliilosoi)hy,"  2  vols.  ;  "The  Elements  :  the 
Heavens,  the  Earth,  the  Air,  the  Sea,"  4 
vols.  ;  "Popular  Mathematics,"  "Man,  in 
his  Physical  Structure,  Intellectual  Facul- 
ties," &c.  4  vols.  ;  "  The  Seasons,"  4  vols  ; 
"  History  of  Hampshire  and  the  Channel 
Islands,"  3  vols.  ;  "  Domesticated  Animals," 
"  Gleanings  of  Nature,"  "  China  and  its  Re- 
sources," &c.  So  much  industry  and  per- 
severance one  might  fairly  have  expected 
to  see  rewarded  by  a  happy  independence 
in  the  decline  of  life.  That  it  was  not  so  — 
that  the  very  reverse,  indeed,  was  the  fact  — 
we  lament  to  hear ;  and,  apart  from  any 


j  morbid  feeling  on  the  subject,  we  are  com- 
pelled to  admit,  that  although  in  tlie  common 
routine  of  mechanical  or  commercial  pur- 
suits, industrj'  and  perseverance  are  gene- 
rally attended  with  a  fortunate  issue,  yet, 
as  regards  the  higher  operations  of  the  intel- 
lect, the  rule  wliich  holds  good  in  other 
cases  can  no  longer  be  depended  upon. 
Died,  May  1842,  aged  G4. 

MULLER,  Carl  Ottfkied,  an  eminent 
modern  scholar  and  historian,  was  born  in 
1797,  at  Brieg,  in  Silesia.  He  was  a  profes- 
sor of  archasology  in  the  university  of  Got- 
tiugen,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  re- 
searches into  mythologic  lore,  analysing  it, 
and  disentangling  the  allegorical  parts  from 
the  historical.  But  his  knowledge  was  by 
no  means  confined  to  that  department  of 
literature.  His  work  on  the  Eumenides  of 
iEschylus,  and  many  others,  fully  prove  his 
classic  erudition  ;  and  his  histories  of  tlie 
Dorians  and  the  Etruscans  have  become 
naturalised  in  England  as  standard  works. 
While  travelling  in  Greece,  with  a  view 
to  the  commencement  of  an  elaborate  work 
on  the  history  of  that  country,  he  was  taken 
ill,  and  died  at  Athens,  Aug.  1.  1840. 

MULLER,  Gerard  Fkederic,  a  German 
traveller,  was  born  in  1700,  at  Herforden,  in 
Westphalia  ;  was  educated  at  Leipsic  ;  and 
went  to  reside  at  St.  Petersburg!!,  where  he 
taught  Latin,  geography,  and  history.  His 
principal  work  is,  "  A  Collection  of  Russian 
Histories,"  in  9  vols.     Died,  178:5. 

MULLER,  JoHX,  called  Regiomontanus, 
from  Mons  Regius,  or  Konigsberg,  where  he 
was  born  in  liiiC,.  After  studying  at  Leipsic, 
he  removed  to  Vienna,  where  he  studied  the 
mathematics  under  Purbach,  whom  he  as- 
sisted in  his  observations.  At  the  desire  of 
Cardinal  Bessarion,  Regiomontanus  and  his 
master  went  to  Rome,  to  complete  the  Latin 
version  of  Ptolemy's  Almagest ;  but  while 
there,  Purbach  died,  and  the  whole  task  de- 
volved upon  his  associate.  After  a  long  stay 
in  Italy,  he  went  to  Buda  ;  but  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  with  the  Turks  he  re- 
moved to  Nuremberg,  where  he  built  an 
observatory,  and  fi)unded  a  printing-office. 
He  died  in  1470,  at  Rome,  whither  he  had 
been  called  by  Sixtus  IV.,  to  assist  in  reform- 
ing the  calendar,  having  been  previously 
raised,  for  his  services,  to  the  archbishopric 
of  Ratisbon.  He  wrote  various  astronomi- 
cal works,  and  constructed  some  curious 
automata. 

MULLER,  JoH.vvox,  an  eminent  Swiss 
historian,  was  born  in  1752  at  Schaffhausen, 
and  studied  at  Gottingcn.  In  1780  he  pub- 
lished the  first  part  of  his  "  History  of  the 
Swiss  Confederation  ;  "  and  shortly  after  he 
went  to  Berlin,  v/here  he  printed  "  Historical 
Essays."  His  other  principal  work  was  a 
"  Course  of  Universal  History,"  but  he  was 
also  the  author  of  several  others,  which  were 
published  collectively  at  Tubingen,  in  27 
vols.  Muller  was  successively  professor  of 
Greek  at  Schaffhausen,  and  of  liistory  at 
Cassel,  councillor  of  the  imperial  chancery, 
secretary  of  state  for  the  ephemeral  kingdom 
of  Westphalia,  and  director-general  of  public 
instruction.     Died,  1809. 

MULLER,  Loi'is,  a  celebrated  Prussian 
engineer.     He  served  in    the    seven  j'cars 


mtjm] 


^  '^tiii  Bnihtvinl  JJi'ojrrajpTjw. 


[mun 


war  under  Frederic  ;  rose  to  the  rank  of 
major  ;  and  died  in  1804,  aged  70.  lie  was 
the  autlior  of  a  "  View  of  the  Wars  of  Fre- 
deric tlie  Great,"  and  other  works  relating 
to  the  military  art. 

MlfMMIUS,  Lucics,  a  Roman  consul, 
who,  for  liis  victoriea  over  the  Acha;an8,  was 
called  Achaicus.  He  was  afterwards  dis- 
graced, and  exiled  to  Delos,  where  he  died. 

MUNCEK,  or  MUNTZEK,  a  fanatic,  who, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  Kith  century,  ren- 
dered himself  for  aw^liiie  extremely  formid- 
able in  Germany,  where  lie  preached  equality 
and  the  community  of  projierty,  and  col- 
lected 40,000  followers,  who  committed  many 
enormities.  He  was  at  length  defeated  by  the 
Landgrave  of  Hesse,  with  the  loss  of  7000  of 
I  his  deluded  followers,  and  being  chased  to 
'  Franchausen,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  exe- 
cuted at  Mulhausen,  in  l,V2H. 

MUNCilllAUSEN,  Jerome  Charles 
Fkeiiekic  vox,  was  a  German  officer  in  the 
i  Russian  service,  who  served  in  several  cam- 
paigns againt  the  Turks.  He  was  a  pass^ion- 
ate  lover  of  liorses  and  hounds  ;  of  wliich, 
and  of  his  adventures  among  the  Turks,  he 
told  the  most  extravagant  stories,  till  his 
fancy  so  completely  got  tlie  better  of  his 
memory,  that  he  really  believed  his  most 
extravagant  fictions,  and  felt  very  much  of- 
fended if  any  doubt  was  expressed  on  the 
subject.  Having  become  aciiuainted  with 
Burger  at  Pyrmont,  and  related  these  waking 
dreams  to  him,  the  poet  published  them  in 
1787,  with  iiis  own  improvements,  under  the 
title  of"  Wunderbare  Abentheuer  uud  Reisen 
des  Ilerrn  von  Munchhausen."  The  wit 
and  humour  of  the  work  gave  it  great  success, 
and  it  was  translated  iulo  several  foieign 
languages.     Died,  1797. 

MUNDAY,  Anthony,  a  dramatic  poet  of 
the  iCth  century.  He  was  tiie  author  of  the 
"  City  Pageants,"  enlarged  Stowe's  Survey ,of 
London,  and  died  in  1G.'J.3. 

MUN  DEN,  Joseph  Sni.ruEnn,  a  celebrated 
comic  actor,  who,  from  17!»0  to  18ia,  delighted 
the  laughter-loving  audiences  of  Coveut 
Garden  with  his  inimitable  representations  ; 
but  from  1813  to  1824,  when  he  retired  from 
tlie  stage,  his  services  were  transferred  to 
Drury  Lane.  His  humour  was  exuberant 
and  racy  ;  and  though  often  verging  on  cari- 
cature, he  could  melt  the  heart  by  touches 
of  true  pathos,  as  readily  as  he  could  stir 
it  into  mirth  by  the  exquisite  drollery  of 
his  ever-varying  countenance.  Born,  1758  ; 
died,  18.32. 

MUNNICH,  BuncHARD  CnRiSTornER, 
Count,  a  military  officer,  was  born  in  Olden- 
burgh,  in  1683.'  After  distinguishing  liimself 
in  the  German  wars,  he  entered  into  the 
Russian  service,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
marshal ;  but  in  1741  the  empress  Elizabeth 
condemned  him  to  perpetual  exile  in  Siberia. 
He  was,  however,  recalled  from  banishment 
on  the  accession  of  Peter  III.,  and,  on  his 
arrival  at  court,  made  his  appearance  before 
the  emperor  in  the  sheepskin  dress  which  lie 
had  worn  during  his  captivity.    Died,  1707. 

MUNOZ,  Joiix  Baptist,  a  Spanish  his- 
torian, was  born  in  174.'),  at  Museros,  near 
Valentia.  He  was  appointed  cosmographer 
of  the  Indies,  and  undertook,  by  order  of  the 
king,  a  history  of  America,  of  which  lie  lived 


to  publish  only  one  volume.  His  other  works 
are.  '•  De  recto  Philosophiae  recentis  in  Thco- 
logia  Usu,  Dissertatio,"  "  De  Scriptorum 
Gentilium  Lectlone,"  "  Institutiones  Pliilo- 
Bophicre,"  &c. 

MUNSTER,  George  Fitzci.arenck, 
Earl  of,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  (afterwards  ^Villiam  IV.)  and  the 
celebrated  Mrs.  Jordan.  He  was  born  Jan. 
29.  1794,  and  after  receiving  the  elements 
of  instruction  at  Sunbury,  under  Dr.  Moore, 
was  at  twelve  years  of  age  received  into 
the  Royal  Military  College  at  Marlow  ;  and 
when  scarcely  fifteen  he  commenced  actual 
service  in  the  Peninsula  as  comet  in  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  hussars,  and  became 
aide-de-camp  to  General  Slade.  On  the  dis- 
astrous termination  of  Sir  John  Moore's 
expedition  he  returned  to  England  for  a 
few  weeks,  and  then  started  to  join  the 
army  in  Portugal  as  aide-de-camp  to  Lord 
Londonderry,  then  Sir  Charles  Stewart, 
with  whom  the  young  soldier  (now  a  cap- 
tain") joined  the  army  under  Sir  Arthur 
Wellesley,  when  that  gallant  chief  took 
the  field  in  1809.  From  this  period  to  the 
conclusion  of  the  war,  he  served  on  the 
staff  at  head-quarters,  and  was  present  at 
twelve  general  engagements  ;  and  on  some 
of  those  occasions,  but  more  especially  at 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Fuentes  d'Onoro, 
his  conduct  was  marked  by  extraordinary 
skill  and  presence  of  mind  ;  so  much  so, 
indeed,  that  although  he  was  only  17,  a  troop 
was  given  him  in  the  prince  regent's  own 
regiment  as  a  reward  for  his  valour  and 
discretion.  At  Toulouse  he  was  also  se- 
verely wounded  in  leading  a  charge  against 
cavalry.  A  new  8i)here  of  action  now 
awaited  him.  He  exchanged  into  the  20th 
dragoons,  and  in  January,  1815,  Captain 
Fitzclarence  sailed  for  India  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Lord  Hastings,  and  while  there  he 
closely  studied  the  Oriental  languages  and 
literature.  During  the  Mahratta  war  of 
1817,  he  had  several  opportunities  of  dis- 
tinguishing himself,  by  which  liis  military 
reputation  was  considerably  enhanced.  On 
the  conclusion  of  peace  with  Scindiah,  he 
was  intrusted  with  vhat  was  at  that  time  a 
hazardous  duty,  namely,  the  carrying  home 
the  overland  despatches  from  India ;  and 
in  1819  he  published  his  "  Overland  Tour." 
At  the  recommendation  of  his  friend  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  he  received  the  brevet 
of  lieutenant-colonel  ;  soon  after  whicli  he 
married  Miss  Mary  Wyndham,  a  natural 
daughter  of  the  late  Earl  of  Egrcmont,  and 
had  seven  children.  Ere  his  royal  father 
had  been  a  year  on  the  throne,  he  deter- 
mined to  confer  such  defined  rank  upon 
his  offspring  as  should  at  once  be  consistent 
with  their  birth,  and  agreeable  to  the  feel- 
ings of  the  people  ;  and  in  pursuance  of  such 
determination  he  created  his  eldest  son 
earl  of  Munster,  viscount  Fitzclarence,  and 
baron  Tewkesbury.  "  No  person,"  saj's 
Mr.  Dodd  in  his  Annual  Obituary,  "  who 
has  observed  the  career  of  Lord  Munster, 
can  overlook  the  fact,  that  he  felt  himself 
continually  urged,  by  his  peculiar  position, 
to  both  mental  and  physical  exertions, 
which  were  perhaps  beyond  his  strength. 
He  was  the  acknowledged  son  of  a  monarch, 


mdn] 


^  ^clM  Bnihtv^nl  33i05rapl)|)» 


[mur 


ruling  over  one  of  the  most  powerful  na- 
tions of  the  earth  ;  he  was  within  view,  but 
excluded  from  the  possession,  of  dominion  ; 
his  whole  life  was  an  object  of  attention  to 
thousands  of  his  father's  subjects  )  he  was 
exposed  to  all  the  prominence  of  a  great 
man  without  having  attained  that  position 
by  his  own  actions  ;  and  he  dared  not  live 
in  retirement  lest  he  should  be  thought  a 
fool.  The  ill  consequences  of  every  tempo- 
rary indisposition  were  aggravated  by  his 
mental  sensibility,  and  in  the  month  of 
March,  3842,  a  considerable  change  was 
observed  in  his  manner.  Not  having  given 
any  very  decided  indications  of  insanity,  he 
was  accidentally  left  alone  on  the  evening 
of  the  20th  of  March.  lie  took  that  oppor- 
tunity of  using  one  of  his  pistols,  and 
having  wounded  himself  in  the  right  hand, 
lie  rung  the  bell,  and  despatched  his  servant 
for  medical  assistance.  Immediately  after- 
wards he  put  an  end  to  his  existence  by 
firing  a  second  pistol  into  his  mouth."  Died, 
1812. 

MUNSTER,  Count,  a  Hanoverian  states- 
man. In  1806,  Hanover  being  invaded  by 
the  Prussians,  he  entered  a  spirited  protest 
and  retired  to  England,  where,  on  account 
chiefly  of  that  protest,  he  was  so  great  a 
court  favourite,  that  when  the  mental 
malady  of  George  III.  was  past  all  doubt, 
the  count  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  to  protect  and  administer  his 
private  property.  But  he  is  chiefly  known 
for  the  part  he  took  in  the  cougress  of 
Vienna,  1814,  and  the  declaration  of  1815, 
by  which  Napoleon  was  put  out  of  the  pale 
of  the  law.    Died,  183(5. 

MUNSTER,  Sebastian",  a  German  divine 
was  born  at  Ingelheim,  in  1489,  entered  into 
the  order  of  Cordeliers,  but  left  them  to  join 
Luther.  He  then  settled  at  Basle,  where  he 
succeeded  Pelicanus  in  the  Hebrew  professor- 
ship. He  published  a  Latin  version  of  the 
Bible,  from  the  Hebrew,  with  notes  ;  "  Uni- 
versal Cosmograpliy,"  a  Treatise  on  Dial- 
ling, a  Latin  Translation  of  Josephus,  and 
several  mathematical  works.     Died,  1552, 


and,  in  1804,  he  was  made  marshal,  grand 
admiral,  and  prince  of  the  French  empire. 
His  services  in  the  campaign  of  1805  against 
Austria,  during  which  he  entered  Vienna  at 
the  head  of  the  army,  were  rewarded  with 
the  grand  duchy  of  Berg.  He  continued  to 
follow  up  the  victories  of  his  master  with 
such  distinction,  that,  in  1808,  Napoleon 
placed  him  on  the  throne  of  Naples,  with 
the  title  of  king  Joachim.  After  reigning 
peaceably  four  years,  he  was  called  to  accom- 
pany Napoleon  to  Russia,  as  commander  of 
all  his  cavalry;  and,  after  the  defeat  of  Smo- 
lensko,  he  imitated  the  example  of  his  leader, 
and  left  the  army  for  Naples.  Once  more 
he  fought  with  Napoleon,  in  the  fatal  cam- 
paign of  Germany  ;  but,  after  the  battle  of 
Leipsic,  he  withdrew,  and,  finding  that  the 
throne  of  his  patron  began  to  totter,  actually 
concluded  an  alliance  against  him.  In  1815, 
however,  he  again  took  up  arms,  and  formed 
a  plan  to  make  himself  master  of  Italy  as 
far  as  the  Po,  at  the  very  time  that  Austria 
and  the  allies,  upon  his  repeated  assurances 
that  he  would  remain  true  to  them,  had  de- 
termined to  recognise  him  as  king  of  Naples. 
It  was  too  late.  Austria,  therefore,  took  the 
field  against  him,  and  he  was  soon  driven  as 
a  fugitive  into  France.  After  the  overthrow 
of  Napoleon  he  escaped,  in  the  midst  of  con- 
tinual dangers,  to  Corsica,  from  which  he 
sailed  with  a  few  adherents,  to  recover  his 
lost  throne.  A  gale,  oflF  tlie  coast  of  Calabria, 
dispersed  his  vessels,  but  Murat  determined 
to  go  on  shore.  He  was  seized,  and  carried 
in  chains  to  Pizzo,  brought  before  a  court- 
martial,  and  condemned  to  be  shot.  This 
sentence  was  executed,  Oct.  13th,  1815,  when 
Murat  met  his  fate  with  undaunted  courage. 
He  was  remarkable  for  elegance  of  person, 
but,  though  spirited  and  active,  had  few 
mental  qualifications,  and  fell  a  victim  to 
the  most  unpardonable  rashness. 

MURATORI,  Louis  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  historian  and  antiquary,  was 
bom  in  1G72  at  Vignola,  in  the  Modenese 
territories  ;  was  made  keeper  of  the  Am- 
brosian  library  at  Milan,  and,  subsequently 


MURAT,  Joachim,  one  of  the  most  in-     librarian  and  archivist  to  the  Duke  of  Mo- 


trepid  of  the  French  marslials,  and  who  was 
placed  on  the  throne  of  Naples  by  Buona- 
parte, was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper  at  Cahors, 
where  he  was  born  in  1771.  He  was  intended 
for  the  church,  but  escaping  from  the  college 
of  Toulouse,  he  enlisted  as  a  chasseur  but 
was  shortly  after  dismissed  for  insubordi- 
nation. On  the  formation  of  the  national 
guard  he  entered  that  corps,  and  displaying 
an  active  zeal  for  revolutionary  principles, 
he  was  soon  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. The  overthrow  of  the  ter- 
rorists checked  his  progress  for  a  time,  but 
the  executive  directory  made  him  a  chief  of 
brigade,  and  in  1796  he  accompanied  Buona- 
parte to  Italy  as  his  aide-de-camp.  Here 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  cavalry  oflBcer, 
by  his  impetuous  courage,  and  M-as  employed 
by  his  chief  as  a  diplomatist  at  Turin  and  at 
Genoa.  He  followed  the  same  general  to 
Egypt,  where  he  decided  the  victory  over 
the  Turks  at  Aboukir,  and  returned  with 
Buonaparte  as  general  of  division.  In  1800 
he  married  Marie  Caroline,  the  younger  sis- 
ter of  his  patron,  who  was  then  first  consul; 


dena.  His  literary  productions  are  nume- 
rous and  valuable,  but  his  fame  chiefly  de- 
pends on  the  vast  erudition  he  has  shown  in 
editing  the  works  of  others.  His  great  his- 
torical collection,  entitled  "  Rerum  Itali- 
carum  Scriptores,  ab  anno  iErce  Christianae," 
29  vols,  folio  ;  "  Antiquitates  Italicae,  Medii 
^vi,"  G  vols,  folio  ;  "  Anecdota  Latina," 
4  vols.  4to.  ;  "  Anecdota  Graeca,"  4  vols.  4to.; 
"  Annali  d'ltalia,"  18  vols.  8vo. ;  with  many 
others,  attest  the  magnitude  of  his  literary 
labours.     Died,  17.50. 

MURILLO,  Bartolomeo  Esteven,  one 
of  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish  painters,  was 
bom,  in  1618,  near  Seville.  He  acquired 
the  rudiments  of  art  from  his  uncle,  Juan 
del  Castillo  ;  and  being  encouraged  to  visit 
Madrid,  he  acquired  the  countenance  and 
patronage  of  the  celebrated  painter  Velas- 
quez, tlien  in  the  height  of  his  reputation. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Seville,  and 
earned  by  his  labours  an  imperishable  fame. 
While  painting  the  admired  picture  of  St. 
Catherine,  in  the  church  of  the  Capuchins 
at  Cadiz,  he  fell  from  the  scaffold,  and  died 


in  consetiuence  of  tlie  injuries  he  received, 
in  108.5. 

MURPITY,  ARTnuK,  a  dramatic  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  at  Cork  in  1727, 
and  educated  at  St.  Omer's.  At  the  age  of 
18  he  returned  to  Ireland,  and  was  placed 
under  a  merchant,  who  was  his  relation. 
But  not  liking  that  profession  he  came  to 
London,  and  tried  his  dramatic  powers  in 
the  farce  of  "  The  Apprentice,"  which  was 
soon  followed  by  tlmt  of  "  Tlie  Upholsterer;" 
and,  having  a  great  inclination  to  the  stage, 
he  made  an  eftort  in  the  character  of  Othello, 
but  without  success,  lie  then  produced  the 
"  Orphan  of  China,"  a  tragedy,  which  was 
well  received.  He  also  wrote  a  weekly 
paper,  called  the  "  Gray's  Inn  Journal  ;"  and 
two  others,  in  defence  of  government,  en- 
titled the  "Test"  and  the  "Auditor."  In 
these,  however,  he  failed  ;  and  some  ludicrous 
mistakes,  into  which  he  was  insidiously  led 
by  his  antagonists,  exposed  him  to  ridicule. 
Having  studied  the  law,  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  by  the  society  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  but 
never  had  much  practice.  His  plays  of  the 
"  Grecian  Daugliter,"  "  All  in  tlie  Wrong," 
"The  Way  to  Keep  Him,"  and  the  "Citi- 
zen," had  great  success,  and  produced  the 
author  wealth  and  fame.  Mr.  Murphy  also 
acquired  considerable  reputation  by  his 
"  Lssay  on  the  Life  and  Genius  of  Dr.  John- 
eon,"  published  in  1792  ;  as  well  as  by  his 
translation  of  Tacitus  and  Sallust,  and  the 
"Life  of  Garrick."  He  was  zealous  in  de- 
fence of  the  government  measures ;  and 
during  his  latter  years  he  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts, 
and  a  pension  of  200/.  per  annum.  He  died 
in  1805,  aged  77. 

MURPHY,  James  Cavanau,  an  eminent 
architect,  antiquary,  and  traveller,  was  a 
native  of  Ireland.  He  published  his  "  Tra- 
vels in  Portugal,  in  1789  and  1790,"  "  An- 
tiquities of  the  Arabians  in  Spain,"  and 
"  Plans,  Elevations,  Sections,  and  Views  of 
Batalha,  in  Portugal."     Died,  181«. 

MURR,  CiiRisioPiiER  Theopiiilus  vojr 
the  author  of  various  works  on  bibliography, 
literary  history,  and  antiquities  ;  was  born 
at  Nuremberg,  in  17.3o  ;  and  died  in  1811. 

MURRAY,  Alexander,  a  self-taught 
linguist,  was  born  in  1775,  at  Kitterick,  in 
Galloway  ;  and  his  father  being  a  shepherd, 
he  also  was  employed,  at  the  age  of  10,  to 
assist  as  a  shepherd's  boy.  By  extraordinary 
application  he  made  himself  master  of  the 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  French  lan- 
guages ;  and  when,  in  1794,  the  fame  of  his 
acquirements  gained  him  admission  to  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  he  made  a  rapid 
progress  also  in  the  Eastern  dialects.  In 
180(5  he  became  assistant  to  Dr.  Muirhead, 
the  minister  of  the  parish  of  Urr,  and  soon 
afterwards  he  succeeded  him  in  his  pastoral, 
charge ;  but  in  1812  he  was  called  from 
thence  to  fill  the  chair  of  Oriental  languages 
at  Edinburgh,  and  at  the  same  time  received 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  left  a  "History 
of  the  European  Languages,"  which  was 
printed,  with  his  life  prefixed,  iu  2  vols. 
Died,  1813. 

MURRAY,  Charles,  a  theatrical  per- 
former and  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in 
1754,  at  Cheshunt,    in  llerlfordshire.     He 


was  the  son  of  Sir  John  Murray  of  Brough- 
ton,  who  acted  as  secretary  to  the  Pre- 
tender in  1745  ;  was  brought  up  as  a  surgeon 
in  the  naval  service,  which  he  (juitted  for 
the  stage  ;  performed  at  the  chief  provincial 
towns  in  England  :  made  his  debut  at  Coveut 
Garden  in  179(5,  as  Shylock  ;  and  ultimately 
became  manager  of  tlie  theatre  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
life.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  New  Maid 
of  the  Oaks "  and  "  The  Experiment." 
Died,  1821. 

MURRAY,  Right  Hon.  Sir  Georoe,  a 
gallant  British  general,  governor  of  the 
Royal  Military  College  at  Woolwich,  &c., 
was  born  at  the  family  seat,  in  Perthshire, 
in  1772,  was  educated  at  the  high  school 
and  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  entered 
the  army  in  1789,  and  gained  great  distinc- 
tion in  almost  every  quarter  of  the  globe  for 
his  military  achievements,  and  more  espe- 
cially for  the  skill  and  ability  with  which 
he  discharged  on  some  occasions  the  difficult 
office  of  quarter-master-general.  In  1812  he 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of  the 
Canadas  ;  but  on  hearing  that  Napoleon 
had  escaped  from  Elba,  he  obtained  his 
release  from  the  governorship  of  Canada, 
and  joined  the  English  army  in  France.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle  ;  and  in  1819 
the  governorship  of  the  Royal  Military 
College  was  given  him.  In  1823  he  became 
lieutenant-general  of  the  ordnance,  was 
soon  after  elected  M.  P.  for  Perthshire,  and 
in  1828  took  office  as  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies.  In  Sir  R.  Peel's  atlministra- 
tion  of  l8;i4-5  he  filled  the  office  of  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance  ;  but  lost  his  seat 
for  Perthshire.  At  the  Westminster  elec- 
tioYi  in  ISS?  he  apposed  and  was  defeated 
by  Sir  Lacy  de  Evans  and  Mr.  Leader. 
When  the  Whigs  resigned  in  1841,  Sir 
George  again  received  the  appointment  of 
master-general  of  the  ordnance.  Sir  George 
Murray  came  before  the  public  as  the  editor 
of  "  Marlborough's  Dispatches,"  5  vols.  ;  but 
it  is  not  necessary  to  speak  of  him  in  any 
other  capacity  than  that  of  a  gallant  and 
successful  soldier  and  an  able  minister.  He 
died,  July  28.  1840,  aged  74. 

MURRAY,  Hugh,  a  most  voluminous  and 
successful  writer  on  geography  and  kindred 
subjects,  was  born  at  the  manse  of  North  Ber- 
wick, 1779,  the  living  of  which  his  ancestors 
had  held  uninterruptedly  from  the  period  of 
the  revolution  till  the  death  of  the  last 
incumbent,  his  elder  brother,  in  1824.  At 
an  early  age  he  became  a  clerk  in  the  excise 
office  in  Edinburgh,  where  his  official  duties 
leaving  him  considerable  leisure,  he  culti- 
vated a  taste  for  literature  with  rare  and 
indefatigable  ardour.  In  the  early  part  of 
his  career  he  edited  the  Scots'  Magazine, 
then  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Constable,  and 
contributed  to  the  Edinburgh  Gazetteer ; 
and  published  successively  discoveries  and 
travels  in  Africa,  Asia,  and  America,  all  of 
which  acquired  for  their  author  a  liberal 
share  of  popularity.  At  a  later  period  of 
his  life  he  contributed  no  fewer  than  15 
volumes  to  the  Edinburgh  Cabinet  Library, 
on  subjects  connected  with  his  favourite 
study  ;  but  the   work  on  which    his  fame 


mdr] 


^  iim  min^tv^aX  3Bi0(irHJpf)i?. 


[mus 


will  chiefly  rest  is  liis  "  Encyclop£Edia  of 
Geography,"  a  stupendous  monument  of 
reading,  'industry,  aud  research.  Died, 
184f;. 

MURRAY,  James,  an  American  by  birtli, 
whose  real  name  was  lallibridge,  was  a  par- 
tisan officer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  He  entered  the  service  of  IIol- 
kar,  the  famous  Mahratta  cliief,  about  the 
year  1790,  and  soon  became  noted  for  his 
bravery,  military  skill,  and  the  good  offices 
he  performed  to  certain  British  officers,  who 
had  been  taken  prisoners,  and  who,  but  for 
his  humane  interference,  would  have  been 
put  to  the  sword.  When  the  war  broke  out 
between  the  British  government  and  Scindia, 
in  wliich  Holkar  assisted  the  latter,  Murray 
joined  the  British  general,  Lord  Lake,  with 
a  body  of  7000  cavalry.  The  Marquis  of 
VVellesley  at  that  period  had  issued  a  pro- 
clamation recalling  all  British  subjects  from 
the  service  of  the  native  princes,  but  this 
order  could  not  extend  to  Murray,  as  being 
an  American.  He  was  treated  by  the  Britisifi 
commander  with  great  consideration,  aud 
was  employed  in  many  dangerous  and  im- 
portant services,  still  retaining  the  command 
of  the  cavalry  which  he  had  brought  with 
him.  At  the  siege  of  Bhurtpore,  where  the 
British  army  lost  nearly  10,000  men,  in  four 
attempts  to  take  the  fort  by  storm,  he  was 
in  continual  action,  and  attained  the  charac- 
ter of  being  the  best  partisan  officer  in  the 
army.     Died,  1807. 

MURRAY,  John,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  rose  to  eminence  as 
a  lecturer  in  natural  philosophy,  cliemistry, 
the  materia  medica,  and  pliarmacy.  lie 
was  the  author  of  "Elements  of  Cliemis- 
try," 2  vols.  ;  "  Elements  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Pharmacy,"  2  vols.  ;  "  A  System  of 
Chemistr.v,"  4  vols. ;  and  "  A  System  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  and  Pharmacy,"  2  vols.  Died, 
1820. 

MURRAY,  Joiix,  F.  S.  A.,  an  eminent 
publisher,  known  wherever  the  English  lan- 
guage is  known,  by  liis  connection  with  the 
works  of  I^ord  Byron,  was  born  in  1778. 
Mr.  Murray  was  himself  a  man  of  consider- 
able literary  acquirements  ;  aud  while  his 
singular  acuteness  and  judgment  ensured 
his  success  as  a  man  of  business,  his  fluency, 
his  store  of  anecdote,  and  a  certain  dry 
quiet  humour,  closely  allied  to  wit,  ren- 
dered him  an  agreeable  companion  for  sucli 
men  as  Scott,  Byron,  Moore,  Southey,  Lock- 
hart,  and  a  number  of  other  celebrated 
writers,  who  were  at  various  times  liis  guests, 
and  at  all  times,  from  their  first  acquaintance 
with  him,  his  fast  friends.  In  their  dealings 
with  him,  literary  men  were  soon  convinced 
that  no  paltry  attempts  would  be  made  to 
depreciate  real  merit,  or  to  depress  below  a 
fair  remunerating  standard  the  wages  due 
to  intellectual  labour :  nay,  so  generous 
were  his  impulses,  that  if  he  found  a  work 
profitable  to  him  beyond  what  he  had  cal- 
culated upon,  he  frequently  added  to  the 
stipulated  price  of  copyright  —  sometimes 
even  doubling  it !  Of  this  we  might  adduce 
several  instances,  did  our  space  permit :  we 
shall  conclude  by  observing,  that  as  he  was 
one  of  the  most  successful  publishers,  so  he 


highly  deserved  success,  were  it  only  for  his  ' 
wise  and  consistent  liberality.    Died,  June 
27.  184.'!,  aged  (;.">. 

MURRAY,  LixDLEV,  a  grammarian,  and 
moral  v/riter,  was  born  in  1745,  of  Quaker 
parents,  at  Swatara,  near  Lancaster,  in 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  originally  destined 
for  the  mercantile  profession  ;  but  having 
been  severely  chastised  for  a  breach  of  do- 
mestic discipline,  he  privately  left  his  father, 
who  was  then  residing  at  New  York,  and, 
taking  up  his  abode  in  a  seminary  at  Bur- 
lington, New  Jersey,  he  there  contracted  a 
love  of  books  and  study.  He  afterwards 
studied  the  law,  and  practised  as  a  barrister  ; 
but  in  course  of  time  he  quitted  the  bar  for 
the  counting-house,  and  by  mercantile  pur- 
suits having  realised  a  competcncv,  he  even- 
tually settled  at  Holdgate,  near  York.  His 
works  consist  of  an  "English  Grammar," 
"English Exercises"  and  "Key;"  the  "Eng- 
lish Reader,"  with  an  "Introduction"  and 
"Sequel"  to  the  same;  two  French  selec- 
tions, "  Le  Lecteur  Francois,"  and  "  Intro- 
duction an  Lecteur Francois,"  "The English 
Spelling  Book,"  "  Tlie  Power  of  Religion  on 
the  Mind,"  and  "  The  Duty  and  Benefit  of 
Reading  the  Scriptures."  These  publica- 
tions were  all  lucrative,  and  deservedly  so  ; 
and  it  is  no  small  satisfaction  to  know,  that 
his  private  life  was  as  amiable  as  his  labours 
in  the  cause  of  education  and  morals  were 
successful.     He  died  in  1826,  aged  85. 

MURRAY,  William  Vaus,  a  distin- 
guished American  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
Maryland,  about  17(52.  He  studied  the  law 
in  England,  practised  it  in  his  native  coun- 
try, and  became  a  senator  of  the  United 
States.  As  minister  at  the  Hague  he  suc- 
ceeded in  preserving  harmony  between  the 
American  and  Batavian  republics  ;  and  the 
reconciliation  befween  the  United  States 
and  France  was  effected  chiefly  through  his 
agency  as  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  French 
republic.    Died,  180.3. 

MUSA,  Antoxius,  physician  to  the  em- 
peror Augustus,  said  to  have  been  tlie  first 
who  prescribed  the  use  of  the  cold  bath  ; 
and  lived  about  20  B.C. 

MUS^US,  a  philosopher  and  poet  of 
antiquity,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  son 
of  Orpheus,  and  president  of  the  Eleusinian 
mysteries  at  Athens.  He  versified  the 
oracles,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  the  sphere.  A 
hill  near  Athens  was  called  by  his  name. 
He  is  to  be  distinguished  from  Musa:us  the 
grammarian,  who  wrote  a  poem,  called 
"  Tlie  Loves  of  Hero  and  Leander." 

MUS.1EUS,  John  Chaules  Augustits,  an 
eminent  German  writer,  born  at  Jena,  in 
1735,  was  professor  at  the  gymnasium  of 
Weimar,  and  author  of  "Physiognomical 
Travels,"  "Popular  Tales  of  the  Ger- 
mans," &c.    Died,  1787. 

MUSCULUS,  Wolfgang,  one  of  the 
early  reformers,  born  at  Dieuze,  in  Lorraine, 
in  1497.  He  was  originally  a  Benedictine 
monk ;  and  on  embracing  the  doctrines  of 
Luther,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Strasburg, 
from  which  city  he  removed  to  Augsburg  ; 
and  afterwards  went  to  Berne,  where  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  divinity.  His  com- 
mentaries on  the  Scriptures  are  valuable  ; 
besides  wliich  he  published  several  transla- 


MUS] 


^  fit^  Bnihtr^Kl  ^iatpctq?f)v» 


[mtl 


tions  from  the  Greek,  particularly  of  the 
ecclesiastical  historians.    Died,  l.'iCS. 

MUSGRAVE,  Sir  Riciiakd,  bart.,  an 
Irisii  historian,  was  born  about  1758.  He 
was  a  member  of  parliament,  and  collector 
of  the  excise  for  Dublin.  In  1801  he  pub- 
lished "  Memoirs  of  the  Rebellions  in  Ire- 
land," 4to.,  a  work  which  gave  great  oflFtnce 
to  the  Roman  Catholics,  on  account  of  the 
glowing  picture  exhibited  in  it  of  the  atro- 
cities committed  by  the  insurgents  in  1798. 
Sir  Richard  died  in  1H18. 

MUSGRAVE,  William,  a  physician  and 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Charlton,  in  Somer- 
setshire, m  l(J57,and  educated  at  Winchester 
School,  and  New  College,  Oxford.  He  be- 
came a  fellow  of  the  royal  college  of  physi- 
cians, and  also  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  to 
which  last  learned  body  he  acted  as  secre- 
tary. In  1691  he  settled  at  Exeter,  and  there 
died  in  1721.  Besides  some  Latin  tracts  on 
the  gout,  he  published  four  volumes  of  dis- 
sertations on  Roman  and  British  Antiqui- 
ties  His  grandson,  Dr.  Samuel  Mis- 
grave,  was  also  a  physician  at  Exeter, 
where  he  died  in  1782.  He  rendered  him- 
self notorious  in  17G3,  by  charging  the  mi- 
nisters with  having  been  bribed  to  settle  a 
peace  advantageous  to  France.  As  a  scholar 
he  is  known  by  an  edition  of  Euripides, 
4  vols.  8vo. ;  and  two  dissertations  on  the 
Grecian  mythology  and  the  Olympiads. 

MUSS,  Chaklks,  an  ingenious  painter  in 
enamel,  whose  "Holy  Family,"  after  Tar- 
megiano,  is  said  to  be  the  largest  piece  of 
enamel  ever  painted.    Died,  1824. 

MUSSATO,  Albehtix,  an  historian  and 
poet,  was  born  in  Tadua,  in  12f!l.  He  rose 
from  a  state  of  indigence  to  public  employ- 
ments in  his  native  city  ;  but  notwithstand- 
ing his  services,  he  became  an  object  of 
popular  fury ;  and  in  1314  an  attempt  was 
made  to  murder  him.  The  ringleaders  in 
this  conspiracy  were  put  to  death  :  but 
Mussato  was  afterwards  banished  to  Chiozzo, 
where  he  died  in  1330.  In  his  exile  he  wrote 
"  Historia  Augusta  Henrici  VII.  Im})." 

MUSSCHENBROEK,  Peter  vax,  a  cele- 
brated Dutch  natural  philosopher  and  ma- 
thematician, was  born  at  Leyden,  in  1092. 
He  applied  himself  chiefly  to  natural  philo- 
sophy ;  held  professorships  at  various  places, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences.  His 
"  Course  of  Natural  and  Experimental  Phi- 
losophy "  is  a  valuable  work,  and  has  been 
translated  into  Englisli  by  Colson,  in  2  vols. 
Musschenbroek  was  also  the  author  of  "  Ten- 
tamina  Experimentorum,"  "  Institutiones 
Pliysica;,"  and  "  Compendium  Physicie  Ex- 
perimentalis."    Died,  1761. 

MUTIANOjGiuolamo,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Brescia.  He  was  a  great  favourite 
with  Pope  Gregory  Xlll.,  who  employed 
him  to  paint  a  picture  of  St.  Paul  the  her- 
mit, and  another  of  St.  Anthony,  for  the 
church  of  St.  Peter.  Sixtus  V.  also  held 
him  in  esteem,  and  intrusted  to  him  the 
designs  for  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  column  of 
Trajun.  At  the  instance  of  this  artist,  pope 
Gregory  founded  the  academy  of  St.  Luke, 
wiiich  Sixtus  confirmed  by  a  brief;  and 
Mutiano  gave  two  houses  to  the  institution. 
Died,  1590. 


MUTIS,  JosErii  Celestixo,  a  celebrated 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Cadiz,  in  1731.  In 
1700  he  accompanied  the  Marquis  della 
Verga  to  New  Granada,  and  spent  nearly 
half  a  century  in  South  America,  contribut- 
ing greatly  to  the  spreading  of  science  and 
the  arts  of  civilisation  in  that  country.  On 
his  return  to  Europe  he  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  royal  garden  at  Madrid.  He  was  the 
first  botanist  that  distinguished  the  various 
species  of  cinchona.    Died,  1808. 

MUTIUS,  Celius,  first  named  Codrus, 
and  afterwards  Scisvola,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, who  distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
against  Porsenna.  When  that  prince  be- 
sieged Rome,  Mutius  entered  his  camp  to 
assassinate  him,  and,  by  mistake,  stubbed 
one  of  his  attendants.  Being  seized  and 
brought  before  Porsenna,  he  said  that  he 
was  one  of  three  hundred  who  had  engaged, 
by  oath,  to  slay  him,  and  added,  "  This  hand, 
which  has  missed  its  purpose,  ought  to 
suffer."  On  saying  this  he  thrust  it  into  the 
coals  which  were  burning  upon  the  altar, 
and  suffered  it  to  be  consumed.  Porsenna, 
struck  with  his  intrepidity,  made  peace  with 
the  Romans.  The  name  of  Scaevola,  '>r  left- 
handed,  was  given  as  a  mark  of  distinction 
to  Mutius  and  liis  family. 

MYCONIUS,  Fkedekic,  a  German  di- 
vine, originally  a  Franciscan  monk,  was 
born  at  Lichtenfelt,  in  Fraijeonia,  in  1491. 
When  Luther  declared  against  indulgences, 
Myconius  opposed  him,  but  soon  changed 
his  Bentiments,  and  became  a  missionary  for 
the  proi)agation  of  the  principles  of  the 
Reformation.  In  1538  he  accompanied  the 
chancellor  of  Weimar  in  an  emba-ssy  to 
England;  and,  while  here,  held  a  disputation 
with  some  bishops  and  other  divines.  On 
his  return,  he  was  employed  to  reform  the 
churches  of  Thuringia ;  but  he  protested 
strongly  ogainst  the  alienation  of  the  eccle- 
siastical and  monastic  revenues  to  secular 
purposes.    Died,  1.M6. 

MYCONIUS,  Oswald,  or  Geisshaitskr, 
a  reformer,  born  at  Lucerne,  in  Switzerland, 
in  1488.  He  studied  at  Basle,  under  Eras- 
mus and  Glareanus,  after  which  he  became 
successively  master  of  the  schools  of  St. 
Theodore  and  St.  Peter.  He  next  removed 
to  Zurich,  where  he  held  the  office  of  regent 
of  the  college  three  years ;  after  whicli  he 
returned  to  Basle,  obtained  the  head  pastor- 
ship of  the  church,  and  was  chosen  professor 
of  theology.  He  wrote  several  commentaries 
on  the  Scripture,  a  l^atin  version  of  the 
Catechism  of  OScolampadius,  and  a  "  Narra- 
tive of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Zuinglius." 
Died,  1552. 

MYLNE,  Robert,  an  architect  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  was  born  at  Edinburgh, 
in  1734.  While  studying  at  Rome,  he  gained 
the  chief  architectural  prize  at  the  academy 
of  St.  Luke  ;  of  which  academy,  as  well  as 
those  of  Florence  and  Bologna,  he  was  a 
member.  Mr.  Mylne  was  the  builder  of 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  which  was  commenced 
in  1760,  and  completed  in  1770.  It  was  the 
first  work  of  the  kind  executed  in  England, 
in  which  arches  approacliing  to  the  form  of 
an  ellipsis  were  substituted  for  semicircles. 
He  also  obtained  the  appointment  of  sur- 
veyor of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  was  em- 


myr] 


^  ^ttu  WinihexSid  2St05rapIj|). 


[nap 


ployed  to  erect  many  private  edifices  iu 
various  parts  of  the  kingdom.    Died,  1811. 

MYRON,  a  celebrated  Greek  sculptor, 
whose  works  are  highly  praised  by  the 
Greek  and  Latin  poets,  was  a  native  of 
Eleutheris,  and  is  supposed  to  have  flourished 
about  430  b.  c. 

MYSON,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece.  Anacharsis  the  Scj'thiau  having 
inquired  of  Apollo,  who  was  tlie  wisest  man 


in  Greece,  was  answered.  "  lie  who  is  now 
ploughing  his  fields."     This  was  Myson. 

MYTENS,  Arnold,  a  painter,  was  born 
at  Brussels,  in  ]a41.  lie  painted  several 
capital  pictures  for  churches  in  Italy  ;  and 
died  in  yV)2. 

MYTENS,  Martix,  a  Swedish  painter,  was 
born  at  Stockholm,  in  1(595.  He  fixed  his  re- 
sidence at  Vienna,  and  was  greatly  esteemed 
by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.    Died,  17do, 


N. 


NABIS,  a  tyrant  of  Sparta,  who  com- 
menced his  reign  about  the  year  20.5  B.C.  lie 
was  surrounded  by  an  armed  guard,  had  a 
number  of  secret  spies  in  his  service,  put  to 
death  or  banished  every  suspected  person, 
and  indulged  in  the  exercise  of  every  species 
of  cruelty.  He  contrived  an  instrument  of 
torture  iu  the  form  of  a  beautiful  woman, 
whose  rich  dress  concealed  a  number  of  iron 
spikes  in  lier  bosom  and  arms.  When  any 
one,  therefore,  opposed  his  demands,  he 
would  say,  "  If  I  have  not  talents  enough  to 
prevail  with  you,  perhaps  my  Apega  may 
persuade  you."  Tlie  automaton  statue  then 
apiieared  ;  which  Nabis  taking  by  the  hand, 
led  up  to  the  person,  who,  being  embraced 
by  it,  was  thus  tortured  into  compliance. 
He  plundered  Messina  and  Argos,  and  would 
have  continued  to  extend  his  dominion  still 
wider  over  Peloponnesus,  had  not  the  Bo- 
mans,  iu  alliance  with  the  Achasans,  de- 
clared war  against  him.  lie  pursued  the 
war  with  inveterate  enmity,  and  was  for  a 
time  successful ;  but  he  was  at  length  de- 
feated by  Philopa;men,  at  tlie  head  of  the 
army  of  the  Acha;an  league,  and  was  killed 
while  attempting  to  escape,  b.  c.  194. 

NABONASSAR,  the  first  king  of  the  Chal- 
deans or  Babylonians.  He  is  celebrated  by 
the  famous  epoch  which  bears  his  name,  and 
which  commenced  in  the  year  747  b.  c. 

NABOPOLASSAR,  king  of  Babylon.  He 
united  with  Ast.yages  against  Syria,  which 
country  they  conquered,  and  having  divided 
it  between  them,  founded  two  kingdoms, 
that  of  the  Medes  under  Astyages,  and  that 
of  the  Chaldeans  under  Nabopolassar,  b.  c. 
G2(5. 

N^VIUS,  Cneius,  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet,  who  wrote  several  comedies,  one  of 
which  was  so  displeasing  to  Metellus  the 
consul,  that  he  exiielled  him  from  Rome. 
He  was  born  in  Campania,  and  died  at 
Utica,  B.  c.  203. 

NiEVmS,  a  famous  augur  in  the  reign 
of  Tarquin,  of  whom  it  is  related,  that,  in 
order  to  convince  the  king  and  the  Romans 
of  his  supernatural  power,  he  cut  a  flint  with 
a  razor,  and  thus  turned  the  ridicule  of  the 
populace  into  admiration.  Cicero,  how- 
ever, who  had  himself  been  an  augur,  treats 
this  miraculous  event  as  a  mere  fiction. 

NAHL,  JoHANff  August,  an  eminent 
Prussian  sculptor,  born  at  Berlin,  in  1710. 
He  executed  the  admirable  colossal  statue 


of  the  landgrave  Frederic,  which  stands  in 
Frederic's  Square.  In  1755  he  was  created 
professor  in  the  academy  of  arts  at  Cassel, 
and  died  there  in  1781. 

NALDI,  Sebasti  A  NO,  a  celebrated  Italian 
buffo  singer,  who  came  to  London  early  in 
the  present  century,  and  obtained  great 
eclat.  He  was  accidentally  killed  at  Paris, 
in  1819,  by  the  explosion  of  an  apparatus 
which  had  been  invented  for  cooking  by 
steam. 

NALSON,  Jonx,  an  English  divine,  was 
born  in  1G38,  and  after  having  gone  through 
the  usual  course  of  a  university  education 
at  Cambridge,  obtained  the  living  of  Dod- 
dington,  and  a  prebend  in  Ely  cathedral. 
He'  was  the  author  of  "  An  Impartial  Col- 
lection of  the  Affairs  of  State,  from  the 
Scotch  Rebellion  to  the  Murder  of  Charles 
the  First."  He  also  wrote  an  account  of  the 
trial  of  that  monarch,  and  died  in  1680. 

NANGIS,  William  de,  a  French  histo- 
rian of  the  14th  century,  was  a  Benedictine 
monk  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis.  He  wrote 
the  "  Lives  of  St.  Philip  and  Louis  le  Hardi," 
together  with  two  chronicles  of  France. 

NANI,  GiovAXXi  Battista,  a  Venetian 
historian,  was  born  in  1016.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  ambassador  to  the  French 
court,  where  he  obtained  succours  for  the 
republic  to  carry  on  the  war  against  Turkey. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  in  other  mis- 
sions of  importance,  for  whicli  he  was  made 
proctor  of  St.  Mark  and  captain-general  of 
the  marine.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Istoria 
della  Republica  Veneta,"  and  was  liisto- 
riograj)her  and  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the 
repubU:;.    Died,  1678. 

NANEK,  or  NANUK,  was  a  native  of 
Hindostan,  and  the  founder  of  the  sect  of 
Sikhs  in  India,  which  has  now  grown  into 
a  powerful  nation.  He  was  born  at  Tal- 
wendy,  in  Lahore,  in  1409  ;  propagated  his 
doctrines  with  great  success  ;  and  died  in 
1539. 

NANNINI,  Agnolo,  a  celebrated  author, 
born  at  Florence,  in  1493.  He  entered  the 
order  of  Valombrosa,  became  abbot  of  S. 
Salvador  di  Vajano,  and  wrote  several  works 
of  a  lively  and  satirical  character,  which  are 
admired  for  their  purity  of  stvle. 

NAPIER,  or  NEPER,  Joiry,  lord  of 
Mercliiston,  in  Scotland,  a  celebrated  ma- 
thematician, was  bom  in  1550,  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  St.  Andrew's.    After 


I 


KAP] 


^  |!eto  Hm'tjcrj^al  3Bt0grai3l)||. 


[nar 


having  travelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many, lie  returned  to  his  native  country, 
where  lie  wholJy  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  mathematics  and  theology.  Being 
mucli  attached  to  astronomy  and  spherical 
geometry,  he  wished  to  find  out  a  short 
method  of  calculating  triansjles,  sines,  tan- 
gents, &c. ;  and  to  the  exertions  arising  out 
of  this  desire  is  to  be  attributed  liis  admir- 
able invention  of  logarithms,  first  made 
public  in  1614,  and  which  alone  has  immor- 
talised his  name.  The  Napier  "bones,  or 
rods,"  for  multiplying  and  dividing,  were 
invented  by  him.  lie  also  made  several 
improvements  in  spherical  trigonometry, 
and  was  regarded  by  the  celebrated  Kepler 
as  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age.  Died, 
1617. 

NAPIER,  Macvet,  whose  name  will  long 
be  memorable  in  connection  with  the  Edin- 
burgh Review  and  the  Encjxdopacdia  Bri- 
tannica,  was  professor  of  conveyancing  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the 
principal  clerks  of  the  court  of  session.  He 
passed  as  a  writer  to  the  signet  in  1799  ;  but 
he  soon  discovered  a  decided  bias  for  literary 
pursuits  i  and  his  various  acquirements,  lite- 
rary and  legal,  his  profound  erudition,  and 
his  sound  judgment,  found  ample  scope  for 
their  development  in  tho  last  edition  of  the 
Eneyclopajdia  Britannica,  of  which  he  l>e- 
came  the  editor.  In  1829  he  succeeded  Mr. 
(afterwards  Lord)  JeflVey  in  the  editorship  of 
the  Edinburgh  Review  ;  and  it  is  no  light 
praise  to  say  that,  under  his  management, 
wliich  embraced  a  period  of  17  years,  that 
leading  organ  of  constitutional  and  liberal 
doctrines,  and  of  manly  and  enlightened 
criticism,  suffered  no  decay.    Died,  1847. 

NAPIER,  William  Joux,  Lord,  a  British 
naval  officer,  w^as  born  at  Kinsale,  In  1787. 
He  entered  the  service  at  the  age  of  10,  and 
was  a  midshipman  on  board  the  Deiiance 
at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar.  In  18.33  he  was 
ai)i)ointed  superintendent  of  the  trade  and 
interests  of  the  British  nation  in  China,  and 
he  arrived  at  Macao,  in  July,  1834.  Here, 
however,  the  object  of  his  voyage  was  frus- 
trated by  the  governor  of  Canton,  who  ap- 
peared anxious  that  his  lordship  should  not 
reach  that  place  until  notice  should  have 
been  sent  to  the  court  of  Pekiu,  and  the 
answer  of  the  emperor  be  made  known  upon 
the  subject.  Lord  Napier  was  not  inclined 
to  delay  the  superintendence  of  those  in- 
terests which  he  had  been  appointed  to  pro- 
tect, and,  getting  into  his  boat  on  the  24th 
of  July,  sailed  up  the  Canton  river,  and 
arrived  at  the  factory  (Canton)  on  the  next 
morning.  The  orders  and  edicts  of  the  go- 
vernor, that  he  should  return  to  Macao,  were 
replied  to  by  the  latter  in  terms  of  positive 
refusal ;  commercial  transactions  between 
the  British  and  Chinese  merchants  were 
prohibited  by  the  governor  ;  and  he  sent  the 
Imogeue  and  Andromache  frigates  up  the 
Boyne  river,  which  were  fired  at  by  the 
forts,  and  which,  in  return,  battered  the 
forts  about  the  ears  of  the  Chinese  soldiers. 
This  occurred  on  the  7  th  of  September  ;  but, 
owing  to  calms,  the  ships  were  obliged  to 
come  to  an  anchor  for  several  days.  On  the 
14th  of  the  same  mouth,  Lord  Napier  became 
seriously  indisposed  ;  and  that  the  interests 


of  the  British  merchants  might  not  be  in- 
jured by  a  farther  suspension  of  their  ar- 
rangements, the  men-of-war  were  ordered 
to  "  move  out  of  the  river,"  and  he  returned 
to  Macao,  where,  ou  the  11th  of  October, 
1834,  he  expired. 

N ANTEUIL,  Robert,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  was  born  at  Rlieims,  in  l&iO.  His 
merit  obtained  him  the  place  of  designer 
and  cabinet  engraver  to  Lotus  XIV.,  with  a 
pension.     Died,  1078. 

NANTIGNI,  Loris  Chazot  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  genealogist,  whose  genealo- 
gical and  chronological  tables  are  regarded 
as  valuable  productions.  Born,  1692  ;  died, 
1755. 

NARBONNE  LARA,  Loris,  Count,  bom 
at  Parma,  in  17.55.  He  was  minister  of  war 
under  Louis  XVI.  ;  lieutenant-general  of 
France  in  the  third  year  of  the  revolution  ; 
and,  finally,  one  of  Napoleon's  aides-de- 
camp during  the  imperial  government.  He 
attempted  to  defend  the  constitutional  mon- 
archy ;  and,  after  the  10th  of  August,  1792, 
which  decided  the  king's  fate,  was  outlawed 
by  the  triumphant  party  of  the  "  Mountain." 
He  was  saved,  partly  by  the  exertions  of 
Madame  de  Stal'l  and  partly  of  Dr.  Boll- 
man  (who  subsequently  withdrew  Lafayette 
from  a  similar  search  of  the  ultra  Jacobins), 
and  retired  to  England  first,  and  afterwards 
to  Switzerland.  Invested  with  military 
rank  by  Napoleon,  who  greatly  esteemed 
him,  he  accompanied  him  in  most  of  his 
wars  with  Austria,  and  was  in  the  fatal 
Russian  campaign,  in  1812.  In  1813  he  was 
ambassador  to  Vienna,  and  died  at  the  end 
of  that  year. 

NARDI,  Jacopo,  an  eminent  Italian  his- 
torian, was  born  of  an  ancient  and  noble 
family  at  Florence,  in  147C.  Having  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  opposition ^to  tlie 
Medici,  he  was  imprisoned  and  exile'd  ;  and 
he  retired  to  Venice,  where  he  passed  the 
rest  of  his  life  in  the  cultivation  of  litera- 
ture. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  Florence," 
tlie  "  Life  of  Malcspini,"  &c. ;  and  acquired 
much  reputation  by  an  elegant  translation 
of  Livy.     Died,  about  1555. 

NARDINI,  PiETKO,  one  of  the  first  vio- 
linists of  his  time,  was  bom  at  Leghorn,  in 
1725  ;  studied  under  Tartini ;  and,  in  1770, 
went  to  Florence,  as  first  violinist  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Grand-duke  of  Tuscany.  Died, 
1796. 

NARES,  James,  Mus.  Doc,  was  bom  at 
Stanwell,  in  Middlesex,  in  1715.  He  was 
one  of  the  children  in  the  royal  chapel,  and 
studied  under  Dr.  Pepusch,  after  wliich  he 
became  organist  of  York  cathedral.  In  1755 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Green  as  organist  and  com- 
poser to  the  king  ;  and  was  created  doctor 
of  music  at  Cambridge.  In  17.")7  he  was 
appointed  master  of  the  choristers  of  his 
majesty's  chapel.  Dr.  Nares  published,  be- 
sides his  compositions  of  sacred  music,  which 
are  marked  by  great  genius  and  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  science,  several  books  of 
instructions,  and  a  royal  pastoral  on  his 
majesty's  nuptials-     Died,  1783. 

NARES,  Robert,  a  learned  critic  and 
theologian,  was  the  son  of  tlie  preceding, 
and  received  his  education  at  Westminster 
School,  and  Christchurch  College,  Oxford. 


nar] 


^  ^etu  Bmbtv^al  SStosrajjl^tt. 


[nas 


After  entering  into  holy  orders  lie  was  pre- 
sented to  the  rectory  of  Sliamford,  in  Leices- 
tershire ;  he  was  also  chosen  preacher  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  obtained  the  office  of 
assistant  librarian  at  the  British  Museum. 
He  was  afterwards  a  prebendary  of  Lincoln  ; 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1829,  he  was 
archdeacon  of  Stafford,  canon  of  Lichfield, 
and  rector  of  All  hallows,  London.  Dr. 
Nares,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Beloe,  es- 
tablished and  conducted  tiie  British  Critic, 
a  high  church  literary  review  ;  and  among 
his  separate  works  are,  "  Elements  of  Or- 
thoepy," "  A  Glossary  of  Words,  Phrases, 
&c.,  in  the  Works  of  English  Authors  of  the 
Age  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  "  A  Chronological 
View  of  the  Prophecies  relating  to  the 
Christian  Church,"  &c. 

NAllSES,  a  celebrated  Persian  eunuch, 
who  entered  into  the  service  of  the  emperor 
Justinian  at  the  court  of  Constantinoi>le, 
rose  by  his  merit  to  the  highest  dignities 
of  the  state,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
military  exploits.  After  vanquishing  Totila 
the  Goth,  he  captured  Rome  ;  rescued  Italy 
from  the  Ostrogoths  and  other  barbarians  ; 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  country,  and 
ruled  it  15  years  ;  but  was  at  length  deposed, 
and  died  in  .IC?. 

NARVAEZ,  Pampiiila  de,  a  native  of 
Valladolid,  in  Spain,  who  went  to  America 
soon  after  its  discovery,  and  was  appointed 
commander  of  the  expedition  against  Cortez 
by  Diego  de  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba. 
He  sailed,  in  lo28,  with  40()  men,  intending 
to  cstablicih  a  colony  in  Florida  ;  discovered 
the  bay  of  Peusacola  ;  and,  having  marched 
into  the  country,  was  never  heard  of  more. 

NARUSZEWICZ,  Adam  Stanislaus,  an 
eminent  historian  and  poet  of  Poland,  who, 
from  having  made  an  excellent  translation 
of  the  works  of  the  great  Roman  historian, 
obtained  the  appellation  of  the  Polish 
Tacitus  ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  on  his 
elaborate  "  History  of  Poland,"  which  he 
left  unfinished  at  his  death,  in  1706. 

NASH,  Joux,  a  celebrated  architect,  was 
one  of  the  architects  of  the  board  of  works, 
and  amassed  a  large  fortime  by  tlie  extensive 
speculations  in  which  he  engaged  for  the 
improvement  of  tlie  metropolis.  Regent 
Street,  Waterloo  Place,  the  Regent's  and 
St.  James's  Parks,  and  nearly  all  the  impor- 
tant changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the 
architecture  of  London  (westward),  the 
aggregate  effect  of  which  is  really  grand  and 
imposing,  are  due  to  the  mental  exertion 
and  indefatigable  labour  of  Mr.  Nash.  He 
also  built  the  royal  palace  at  Pimlico,  the 
Haymarket  Theatre,  All  Souls  Church,  &c. 
Died,  aged  82,  1825. 

NASH,  RicnAUD,  commonly  called  Beau 
Nash,  the  once  celebrated  arbiter  of  fasliion 
at  Bath,  was  born  in  1764,  at  Swansea,  in 
Glamorgansliire.  He  was  originally  in- 
tended for  the  law,  but  entered  the  army, 
which,  however,  he  soon  quitted,  and  took 
chambers  in  the  Temple.  Here  he  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  pleasure  and  fashion  ;  and 
when  king  William  visited  the  inn,  he  was 
cliosen  muster  of  the  pageant  with  which  it 
was  customary  to  welcome  tlie  monarch.  So 
pleased  was  William  with  the  entertainment, 
that  he  offered  him  the  honour  of  knighthood, 


wliich  Nash,  on  account  of  his  narrow  cir- 
cumstances, refused.  In  1704  he  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath, 
an  office  for  which  he  was  admirably  quali- 
fied by  an  elegant  taste  and  uncommon 
vivacity.  He  immediately  instituted  a  set 
of  regulations  as  remarkable  for  their  strict- 
ness as  for  their  judicious  adaptation  to  the 
wants  and  society  of  the  place  ;  and  as  he 
drew  the  whole  beau  monde  to  Bath,  he  was 
justly  regarded  as  a  public  benefactor  there. 
While  in  the  plenitude  of  his  power  and 
popularity,  Nash  lived  in  the  most  splendid 
style,  supporting  his  expenses  by  a  long  run 
of  success  at  the  gaming  table.  His  dress 
was  covered  with  expensive  lace,  and  he  wore 
a  large  white  cocked  hat.  The  chariot  in 
which  he  rode  was  drawn  by  six  gray  horses, 
and  attended  by  a  long  retinue  of  servants, 
some  on  horses,  others  on  foot,  while  his  pro- 
gress through  the  streets  was  made  known  by 
a  band  of  French  horns  and  other  instru- 
ments. His  common  title  was  the  king  of 
Bath;  and  his  reign  continued,  with  undi- 
minished splendour,  for  more  than  fifty 
years.  His  health  then  began  to  decline,  and 
his  resources  grew  less  plentiful.  As  the 
change  in  his  spirits  and  circumstances  be- 
came more  evident,  his  former  acquaintances 
gradually  forsook  him,  and  he  died,  in  com- 
parative indigence  and  solitude,  in  1761. 
His  remains,  however,  were  honoured  with  a 
splendid  funeral,  at  the  expense  of  the  city  ; 
and  an  appropriate  epitaph,  written  by  Dr. 
Harrington,  is  placed  over  his  tomb  in  the 
abbey  church. 

NASH,  Thomas,  a  satirist  and  dramatic 
writer,  was  born  at  Lowestoffe,  in  Suffolk, 
about  1504  ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  and  settled  in  London,  where 
he  died  in  1001.  He  wrote  three  dramatic 
pieces  ;  but  was  chiefly  distinguished  by  the 
virulence  and  scurrility  of  his  pamphlets 
against  Gabriel  Harvey  and  the  puritan 
Penry,  who  assumed  the  title  of  Martin 
Marprelate.  His  principal  performance  is 
"  Pierce  Penniless,"  published  in  1589. 

NASH,  Treadway  Russel,  an  English 
divine  and  antiquary,  was  educated  at  Wor- 
cester College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1758.  He  was  a  man  of 
fortune,  and  died  at  his  seat  in  Worcester- 
shire, in  1811,  aged  87.  Dr.  Nash  published 
"  Collections  for  a  History  of  Worcester- 
shire," 2  vols,  folio  ;  a  splendid  edition  of 
Hudibras,  3  vols.  4to. ;  and  some  papers  in 
the  Archaeologia. 

NASMITH,  James,  a  divine,  was  bom  at 
Norwich,  in  1740,  and  educated  at  Bene't 
College,  Cambridge.  He  took  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  in  1797  ;  and  his  last  preferment  was 
the  rectory  of  Leverington,  in  the  Isle  of 
Ely,  where  he  died  in  1808.  Dr.  Nasmith 
published  "  A  Catalogue  of  Bene't  College 
Library  ; "  an  edition  of  the  "  Itineraries  of 
Simon  and  William  of  Worcester,"  8vo ;  a 
new  edition  of  Tanner's  "Notitia  Monas- 
tica,"  &c. 

NASMYTH,  Alexander,  a  celebrated 
painter,  whose  talents  gave  so  strong  and 
strikingly  obvious  an  impetus  to  the  art  in 
Scotland,  that  he  is  not  undeservedly  called 
the  father  of  the  Scottish  school  of  landscape 
painting.     Those  who  patronised  Nasmytli 


I 


KAS] 


^  fit^  ^nibtrSal  Miazmpf)}}* 


[NAT 


as  a  portrait  painter  were  for  tlie  most  part 
persons  of  rank  and  wealth  ;  and  liis  visits  to 
various  country  seats  aftbided  him  excellent 
opportunities  of  giving  liis  advice  in  land- 
scape gardening.  To  that  advice  it  is,  at 
first  generally  as  an  amateur  and  in  mere 
fricudstiip,  but  subsequently  as  a  part  of  his 
profession,  that  the  Scottish  nobility  and 
gentry  owe  some  of  the  finest  of  tiieir  park 
scenery.  It  may  likewise  be  added,  that  to 
his  suggestions  his  native  city,  Edinburgli, 
owes  not  a  few  of  the  judicious  changes  mude 
in  lier  streets  and  buildings.  Born,  1757  ; 
died,  1840. 

N  ASMYTII,  Petkk,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  was  bom  at  Edinburgh,  in  178C. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  he  removed  to  London, 
where  his  talents  soon  attracted  notice,  and 
procured  him  the  appellation  of  the  English 
Hobbima.  His  works  are  deservedly  in  high 
repute,  and  there  are  few  collections  of  im- 
portance in  England,  but  what  contain  some 
of  them.    Died,  1831. 

NATHAN,  Isaac,  orMoRDECAi,  a  learned 
Jewish  rabbi,  who,  about  the  middle  of  the 
loth  century,  published  the  first  concordance 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  original  tongue. 
This  work,  with  considerable  additions,  has 
been  several  times  reprinted  ;  but  little  or 
nothing  is  known  of  the  personal  history  of 
its  orignial  author. 

NATTIER,  Jou.v  Mark,  a  French  artist, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  HiH't,  and  died  in  17GG. 
Louis  XIV.  ai)pointed  him  to  a  professorship 

in   the  academy    of  painting Another 

artist  of  this  name  went  to  Petersburgh,  where 
he  died  in  1703.  He  was  an  engraver  of 
intaglios,  and  published  a  treatise  on  gems. 

NAUDE'  or  NAUD^US,  Gaukiel,  a 
French  physician  and  man  of  letters,  was 
bom  at  Paris,  in  UW ;  studied  medicine  at 
Padua ;  and,  after  a  considerable  stay  in 
Italy,  returned  to  Paris  and  became  librarian 
to  Cardinal  Richelieu,  on  whose  death  he 
entered  iuto  the  service  of  Mazarin  ;  but 
when  that  minister  was  banished,  Naud^ 
went  to  Sweden  as  librarian  to  queen  Chris- 
tina, lie  was  the  aiithor  of  "  Bibliographia 
Politica,"  "An  Apology  for  the  Great  Men 
who  have  been  accused  of  Magic,"  "On 
Liberal  Studies,"  &c.    Died,  16.53. 

NAUDE',  PuiLiP,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Metz,  in  1G54.  Being  a  Protestant 
he  retired  to  Berlin  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  there  became  mathema- 
tical tutor  to  the  court,  lie  was  also  chosen 
a  member  of  the  academy  in  that  city,  where 
he  died  in  1729.    He  published  a  work  on 

geometry,  and  some  religious  ineces His 

son,  who  succeeded  him  in  his  professorship, 
was  a  member  of  the  royal  societies  of  Berlin 
and  London,  and  died  in  174j. 

NAUDET,  Thomas  Charles,  a  French 
landscape  painter,  born,  at  Paris,  in  1774  ; 
died,  1810.  lie  left  a  collection  of  near  three 
thousand  designs,  comprehending  the  most 
beautiful  views,  and  the  finest  monuments  of 
ancient  and  modern  times  on  the  Continent. 

NAUMaNN,  John  Gottlieb,  or  Aaia- 
DEUs,  an  eminent  German  musical  composer, 
was  born  in  1741,  of  veiy  poor  parents,  at  a 
small  village  near  Dresden ;  but  his  talents 
for  music  being  soon  apparent,  he  was  taken 
to  Italy  by  a  Swedish  amateur,  and  finally 


029 


obtained  admission  into  the  number  of  Tar- 
tini's  pupils  at  Padua.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Naiiles,  where  his  taste  for  theatrical  music 
was  awakened ;  and  having  remained  in 
Italy  eight  years,  returned  to  Dresden,  and 
was  appointed  composer  of  sacred  music  to 
the  Elector  of  Saxony.  He  subsequently 
made  two  journeys  to  Italy,  where  he  com- 
posed several  operas,  which  were  performed 
witli  brilliant  success  ;  and  he  was  eventually 
made  chapel-master.  For  some  time  before 
his  death  he  devoted  himself  almost  entirely 
to  the  composition  of  sucred  music,  some 
very  valuable  pieces  of  which  are  preserved 
in  the  archives  of  the  chapel  at  Dresden. 
Among  his  operas  are,  "  I>a  Clemenza  di 
Tito,"  "  Tutto  per  Amore,"  "  Armida," 
"  Amphion,"  "  Gustavus  Vasa,"  "  Orpheus," 
and  "  Acis  and  Galatea."  Besides  these  are 
several  oratorios,  sonatas,  songs,  &c.  Died, 
1801. 

NAUNTON,  Sir  Robert,  an  English 
statesman,  was  born  at  Sufiblk,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge.  After  having  been  employed 
on  some  diplomatic  concerns  in  Scotland  and 
France,  he  returned  to  the  university,  and 
in  1601  was  elected  public  orator,  in  which 
capacity  he  attracted  tlie  notice  of  James  I., 
who  made  him  master  of  the  requests,  sur- 
veyor of  the  court  of  wards,  and  secretary  of 
state.  His  "Fragmenta  Regalia"  contains 
many  curious  particulars  of  the  court  of 
queen  Elizabeth. 

NAVAGERO  or  NAUGERIU8,  A>di;ea, 
an  Italian  poet,  orator,  and  statesman,  M-as 
born  at  Venice,  in  1483.  He  embraced  the 
military  life,  after  which  he  was  employed 
as  an  ambassador,  and  in  that  situation  died 
at  Blois,  in  1529.  His  Latin  poems  were 
remarkable  for  their  purity,  and  have  been 
several  times  printed. 

NAV ARETE,  Juan  Fekkandez,  a  Spa- 
nish painter,  surnamed  El  Mudo,  from  his 
being  deaf  and  dumb,  was  born  in  1562.  He 
was  appointed  painter  to  the  king,  and  his 
best  pieces  are  preserved  in  the  Escurial. 
From  his  fine  style  of  colouring,  he  obtained 
the  name  of  the  Spanish  Titian  ;  but  he  was 
so  fond  of  introducing  into  his  pictures  a  dog, 
a  cat,  or  a  partridge,  that  scarcely  any  of  his 
sacred  subjects  even  are  without  tliem.  Died, 
1579. 

NAVARETTA,  FEKNAKrEZ,  a  Spanish 
missionary,  who  went  to  China  in  1646,  and 
was  expelled  at  the  time  when  the  persecu- 
tion there  took  place.  He  was  afterwards 
consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Domingo,  and  died 
in  1689.  He  was  the  author  of  an  excellent 
account  of  the  political  and  religious  condi- 
tion of  the  Chinese. 

NAYLOR,  James,  an  enthusiast  of  the 
17th  centur3-,  was  born  in  1616,  at  Ardesley, 
in  Yorkshire.  He  served  eight  years  in  the 
parliamentary  army,  and  on  his  return  home, 
in  1651,  became  converted  to  Quakerism  by 
the  preaching  of  George  Fox  ;  thougli  at  a 
future  period,  in  consequence  of  his  extra- 
vagant conduct,  the  more  formal  body  of 
Quakers  were  led  to  disown  him.  Misled  by 
imaginary  inspiration,  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  among  those  of  kindred  sentiments, 
both  in  London  and  other  places,  until,  in 
1656,  he  was  committed  to  Exeter  gaol,  for 
propagating   his   opinions.    On  his  release 


3u3 


nea] 


^  ^m  HnibfrjSal  28i0(rrajp!)s. 


[NEC 


from  imprisonment,  he  repaired  to  Bristol, 
wiiere  hia  followers  formed  a  procession,  and 
led  him  into  that  city  in  a  manner  which 
they  intended  to  resemble  the  entrance  of 
Christ  into  Jerusalem.  He  was  declared 
guilty  of  blasphemy  by  parliament,  and  bar- 
barously sentenced  to  a  double  whipping  at 
diflerent  times,  branding,  boring  of  the 
tongue  with  a  liot  iron,  and  imprisonment 
and  hard  labour  during  pleasure.  This  sen- 
tence, though  illegal,  was  fully  inflicted  upon 
the  unhappy  man,  who,  when  the  delirium  of 
fanaticism  was  over,  humbly  acknowledged 
and  lamented  the  delusion  under  which  lie 
had  laboured  ;  and  died  in  J6C0. 

NEAL,  Danikl,  an  eminent  dissenting 
divine,  was  bom  in  London,  in  1(578,  and 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Utrecht. 
On  his  return  he  began  to  oflficiate  as  a 
preacher,  and,  in  17(K5,  succeeded  Dr.  Single- 
ton as  minister  of  a  congregation  in  Alders- 
gate  Street,  in  which  connection  he  continued 
for  30  years.  Although  assiduous  as  a  mi- 
nister, lie  found  leisure  for  literary  labours, 
and  published,  among  other  works,  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Puritans,"  4  vols. ;  and  a  "  History 
of  New  England,"  2  vols.     Died,  1743. 

NEANDER,  Johanx  August  Wilhelm, 
one  of  the  distinguished  ecclesiastical  his- 
torians of  moderu  times,  was  bom  at  Got- 
tingen,  1789.  His  parents  were  Jews.  They 
removed  to  Hamburgh  when  their  sou  was 
very  young  ;  and  to  the  excellent  institu- 
tions of  that  city  he  was  indebted  for  great 
part  of  his  education.  In  his  16th  year  he 
was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  proceeded 
to  study  first  at  Halle  and  then  at  Giittin- 
gen,  where  he  gained  the  reputation  of  great 
learning  and  piety,  though  struggling  with 
an  extremity  of  poverty  which  would  have 
crushed  a  less  ardent  and  heroic  soul.  After 
a  short  sojourn  in  Hamburgh,  he  removed 
to  Heidelberg  in  1811,  and  occupied  himself 
in  writing  his  first  work,  "  The  Emperor 
Julian  and  his  Age,"  which  led  to  his  ap- 
pointment to  a  chair  of  theology,  in  that 
university,  in  1812.  A  few  months  after- 
wards he  was  nominated  to  the  same  chair 
in  the  then  infant  university  of  Berlin,  where 
he  had  Marheinecke  and  Sclileiermachcr  for 
his  colleagues  ;  and  here  he  laboured  as- 
siduously for  38  years,  with  what  results 
will  be  seen  if  we  look  at  his  works  on  many 
periods  of  church  history,  —  his  pamphlets 
and  monographs  of  every  variety  of  subjects, 
—  his  daily  lectures  on  every  conceivable 
theological  topic,  philosophy,  doctrine,  his- 
tory, biblical  criticism,  or  the  numberless 
pupils  in  Germany,  England,  and  America, 
whom  he  inspired  with  a  portion  of  his  own 
noble  enthusiasm,  and  sent  out  as  labourers 
in  the  same  sacred  field.  With  Neander, 
theology  was  not  as  it  is  with  too  many  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  a  mere  profession.  The 
purity  of  his  daily  life  —  his  devotion  to 
Christian  labour — the  self  denial  which  was 
his  soul's  habit  — prove  how  sincerely  he  be- 
lieved the  truth  of  his  favourite  motto,  that 
it  is  neither  the  profoundest  learning,  nor 
most  vigorous  intellect,  nor  most  fervid  elo- 
quence, but  "  pectus  est  quod  facit  theolo- 
gum," — "it  is  the  heart  wliich  makes  the 
theologian."    Died,  1850. 

NEAKCHUS,  one  of  the  generals  of  Alex- 


ander the  Great,  who  was  employed  in  con- 
ducting his  fleet  from  India  by  the  ocean  to 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Fragments  of  a  narrative 
by  this  early  voyager  are  extant,  and  form 
a  curious  and  valuable  record. 

NECHAM,  or  NEQUAM,  Alexakdek,  an 
English  monk,  of  Die  order  of  St.  Augustine, 
who  was  educated  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's. 
He  completed  his  studies  at  Paris,  and  died 
abbot  of  Cirencester,  in  1217.  His  principal 
work  is  a  Latin  poem,  "  De  Laude  Sapientiae 
Divina;." 

NECKER,  James,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
noted  as  the  minister  of  finance  to  Louis 
XVI.,  was  tlie  son  of  Charles  Frederic 
Necker,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Geneva,  and 
born  there  in  1732.  At  the  age  of  15,  he  was 
placed  in  a  banking-house  at  Paris,  after 
which  he  became  partner  with  Thellusson, 
on  whose  death  he  established  a  house  of  his 
own,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother  and  two 
others.  Having  distinguished  himself  by 
his  treatise,  entitled  "  Sur  la  Lt'gislation  et 
le  Commerce  des  Grains,"  and  acquired  great 
reputation  as  a  financier  ;  he  was,  in  177(5, 
appointed  director,  and,  soon  after,  comp- 
troller-general of  the  royal  treasury.  Being 
refused  admission  into  the  council  on  the 
score  of  his  religion,  as  he  was  a  Calvinist, 
he  threatened  to  resign  his  official  situation. 
He  was  in  consequence  removed,  and  ordered 
to  retire  to  his  country-seat.  After  this  he 
went  to  Switzerland,  where  he  purchased  the 
barony  of  Copet,  and  published  his  work, 
"  Administration  des  Finances  de  la  France," 
3  vols.  8vo.,  of  which  80,(XK}  copies  were  sold 
in  a  few  daj's.  He  was  recalled  in  1788,  as 
comptroller-general,  when  his  convictions  led 
liim  to  support  the  convocation  of  the  states- 
general,  which  was  the  wish  of  the  nation. 
He  was  also  in  favour  of  the  double  repre- 
sentation of  the  third  estate,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  spark  which  kindled  the  pile 
of  democratic  feeling.  When  the  govern- 
ment determined  to  take  measures  against 
the  increasing  troubles.  Necker,  who  op- 
posed the  adoption  of  those  measures,  was 
dismissed,  and  ordered  to  leave  the  kingdom 
within  24  hours.  No  sooner  was  his  removal 
known,  than  all  Paris  was  in  a  ferment. 
The  storming  of  the  Bastile  followed,  and 
the  Symplons  of  popular  violence  became 
so  alarming,  that  the  king  found  himself 
compelled  to  recal  the  banished  minister. 
Necker's  return  to  Paris  resembled  a  tri- 
umphal procession  ;  yet  such  is  the  uncertain 
tenure  of  i)opularity,  that  he  soon  became  as 
much  an  object  of  antipathy  to  the  people 
as  he  had  been  of  their  idolatry,  and  in  1790 
he  left  France  for  ever.  He  died  at  Copet, 
in  Switzerland,  in  1804. 

NECKER,  Susanna,  wife  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  whose  maiden  name  was  Curchod, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  clergyman  in  the 
canton  of  Berne,  and  in  her  youth  was  the 
object  of  the  attachment  of  Gibbon  the  his- 
torian. She  received  an  excellent  education  ; 
nor  was  her  heart  less  carefully  cultivated 
than  her  mind  ;  and,  on  her  husband's  ele- 
vation, she  made  use  of  his  influence  and 
fortune  only  for  purposes  of  benevolence. 
She  erected  an  hospital  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Paris,  at  her  own  expense,  and  devoted 
to  it  her  personal  care.    She  wrote  "  Keflec- 


NEC] 


^  i2c&)  ?HnibcttfaI  3Bi0ffrap!)2i. 


[nel 


I  tions  on  Divorce,"  and  other  works,    Died,  ! 
1  1794.  I 

NECKER,  Noel  Joseph,  a  native  of  the 
I  Netherlands,  who  became  botanist  and  his- 
toriographer to  the  elector  palatine.  He 
wrote  "  Elcmenta  Botanica,"  and  otlier 
worlcs  relating  to  his  favourite  science.  Died, 
1793. 

NEEDHAM,  Jonx  Tubkrville,  a  Roman 
Catholic  divine,  was  born  in  London,  in  1713, 
and  educated  at  Douay,  where  he  entered 
into  orders.  He  died  rector  of  the  academy 
of  sciences  at  Brussels,  in  1781.  Mr.  Nccdham 
wrote  observations  inserted  in  Burton's  Na- 
tural History  ;  also  "  New  Enquiries  upon 
Microscopical  Discoveries,  and  the  Genera- 
tion of  Organised  Bodies."  "  Enquiries  con- 
cerning Nature  and  Religion,"  &c. 

NEEDIIAM,  Mauchmont,  an  active  par- 
tisan and  political  writer,  was  born  at  Bur- 
ford,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  ](>2(),  and  educated 
at  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford.  During  the 
civil  war  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
political  writings  first  against  the  parliament, 
and  afterwards  against  the  king,  so  that  at 
the  Restoration  he  obtained  his  pardon  with 
difficulty.  He  conducted  periodical  journals, 
somewhat  in  the  manner  of  newspapers,  the 
titles  of  which  were,  Mcrcurius  Britannicus, 
Mtrcurius  Pragmaticus,  and  Mcrcurius  Po- 
liticus  ;  and  when  politics  no  longer  afforded 
him  employment,  he  practised  as  a  physician. 
Died.  1678. 

NEEl'S,  Peter,  the  elder,  a  painter  of 
architectural  subject-^,  was  born  at  An- 
twerp, in  l.'>70,  and  died  in  IfSfd.  He  studied 
under  Henry  Stenwyck,  and  his  favourite 
subjects    were    views    of    the    interior    of 

churches,  convents,  palaces,  &c His  son, 

known  as  young  Neefs,  followed  the  same 
branch  of  art  as  his  father,  but  was  inferior 
to  him. 

NEELE,  Henuy,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  in  1708,  was  tlie  son  of  an 
engraver  in  the  Strand,  and  was  educated 
for  the  profession  of  an  attorney,  which  he 
practised  with  reputation  in  the  metropolis 
till  his  death.  He  was  a  young  man  of 
amiable  disposition  and  inoffensive  manners, 
and  had  a  decided  taste  for  literary  pursuits; 
but  his  intense  application  to  study  produced 
a  fit  of  insanity,  and  he  put  a  period  to  his 
existence,  February  7.  1828.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Poems,"  "  Dramatic  Scenes," 
the  "Romance  of  History."  3  vols.  ;  and 
"  Jyiterary  Remains,"  published  after  his 
decease. 

NEER,  Arxold  Vander,  an  eminent 
artist,  was  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1619.  He 
excelled  in  painting  coast  scenery,  fisher- 
men's huts,  and  in  his  beautiful  delineation 

of  moonlight.    Died,  1683 His  son,  Eo- 

LON  llENDRiCK,  was  an  historical  and  portrait 
painter.     Born,  1643  ;  died,  1703. 

NELSON,  HoKATio,  Viscount,  Duke  of 
Bronte,  &c.,  England's  greatest  naval  hero, 
was  the  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  Edmund 
Nelson,  rector  of  Burnham  Tliorpe,  in 
Norfolk,  and  born  there,  Sept.  29.  1758. 
He  was  educated  first  at  Norwich,  and  next 
at  North  Walsham  ;  but  in  his  twelfth  year 
he  became  a  midshipman  under  his  uncle. 
Captain  Suckling,  of  the  Raisonahie.  Soon 
after  this  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies  in  a 


merchant  ship,  and  on  his  return  was  ad- 
mitted on  board  tlie  Carcass,  one  of  the 
vessels  sent  on  an  expedition  to  the  North 
Pole,  under  the  orders  of  Captain  Phipps. 
He  went  next  to  the  East  Indies.  In  1777 
he  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  and  in 
1779  that  of  post-captain,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Hichin- 
broke,  in  which  ship  he  sailed  to  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  distinguished  himself  in 
an  enterprise  on  the  Spanish  main.  After 
the  jieace  of  1783,  lie  commanded  the 
Boreas  frigate,  stationed  for  the  protection 
of  trade  at  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  while 
there  he  married  Mrs.  Nesbit,  the  widow 
of  a  physician.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  war  with  France  he  was  nomhiated  to 
the  Agamemnon  of  04  guns,  on  board  of 
which  he  sailed  to  the  Mediterranean,  and 
was  at  the  taking  of  Toulon.  He  was  also 
present  at  the  siege  of  Bastia,  where  he  served 
at  the  batteries  with  a  body  of  seamen,  as 
he  afterwards  did  at  Calvi ;  and  while  em- 
ployed before  that  place  he  lost  an  eye. 
While  on  that  station  his  daring  intrepidity 
and  unceasing  activity  were  such,  that  his 
name  was  dreaded  throughout  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean.  He  was  with  Ad- 
miral Hotham  in  the  action  with  the  French 
fleet,  March  15.  1795  ;  and  the  same  year 
he  took  the  island  of  Elba.  In  KiXi  he  was 
appointed  commodore  on  board  I-a  Mi- 
nerve,  ill  wliich  frigate  lie  captured  I^a  Sa- 
bine, a  forty  gun  ship.  Soon  after  this  he 
descried  the  Spanish  fleet,  and  steered  with 
the  intelligence  to  Sir  John  Jcrvis,  off"  St. 
Vincent.  He  had  scarcely  communicated 
the  news,  and  shifted  his  flag  on  board  tiie 
Captain  of  74  guns,  wlien  the  enemy  hove 
in  sight.  A  close  action  ensued,  which 
terminated  in  a  complete  victory  on  the 
side  of  tlie  British,  who  were  inferior  in 
numbers.  On  this  occasion  Commodore 
Nelson  attacked  the  Santissima  Trinidada 
of  13(>  guns  i  he  afterwards  boarded  and 
took  the  San  Nicholas  of  80  guns,  from 
whence  he  proceeded  in  the  same  manner 
to  the  San  Joseph  of  112  guns;  both  of 
which  surrendered  to  liim.  For  his  share 
in  this  glorious  victory,  the  commodore 
was  honoured  with  the  order  of  the  Bath  ; 
and  having  soon  afterwards  hoisted  his  flag 
as  rear  admiral  of  the  blue,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  inner  squadron 
at  the  blockade  of  Cadiz.  He  there  made 
a  bold  but  unsuccessful  attempt  to  bombard  1 
the  city,  heading  his  men  himself.  The  i 
next  exploit  in  which  he  was  engaged  was  ' 
an  attempt  to  take  possession  of  Tcneriffc, 
which  design  also  failed,  and  Nelson  lost 
his  right  arm  by  a  cannon-shot,  and  es- 
caped with  life  by  the  devotion  of  his  step- 
son, Captain  Nesbit,  who  carried  him  off  on 
his  back  to  a  boat,  after  lying  senseless  and 
exhausted  for  several  hours  upon  the  ground. 
In  1798,  he  rejoined  Earl  St.  Vincent,  who 
sent  him  up  the  Mediterranean,  to  watch 
the  progress  of  the  armament  at  Toulon, 
destined  for  the  conveyance  of  Buonaparte 
and  his  army  to  Egyi)t.  Notwithstanding 
the  strictest  vigilance,  this  fleet  found  means 
to  escape,  but  was  followed  by  Nelson,  and, 
after  various  disappointments,  traced  to  the  I 
bay  of  Aboukir.    Here  he  commenced  an  I 


nel] 


^  iSe&j  mm'&crjgal  33iO0rajp|)w. 


[nel 


immediate  attack,  and  by  a  manoeuvre  of 
equal  boldness  and  ability,  sailed  between 
the  enemy  and  the  land,  though  exposed  to 
a  double  fire.  The  result  was  a  victory  so 
glorious  and  decisive,  that  all  the  French 
vessels,  with  the  exception  of  two  men  of 
war  and  two  frigates,  were  taken  or  de- 
stroyed. This  achievement  was  rewarded 
witli  the  title  of  baron  Nelson  of  the  Nile, 
and  an  additional  pension  of  2,000^.,  besides 
the  estate  and  dukedom  of  Bronte  in  Sicily, 
and  higli  honours  conferred  by  the  Turkish 
sultan.  Soon  after  this  he  sailed  for  Sicily, 
and  from  thence  to  Naples,  where  he  quelled 
j  a  rebellion  and  restored  the  king.  Having 
performed  these  and  other  important  ser- 
vices. Lord  Nelson  returned  to  England,  and 
was  received  with  enthusiastic  joy — And 
here  we  are  reluctantly  compelled  to  record 
the  fact,  that,  during  the  admiral's  stay  at 
Naples,  he  permitted  Lady  Hamilton,  the 
j  wife  of  the  English  ambassador,  to  exercise  a 
I  most  pernicious  influence  over  him  ;  that  he 
i  lived  publicly  with  her  after  the  death  of 
:  her  husband  ;  and,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
!  that  it  produced  a  separation  between  him 
I  and  Lady  Nelson  on  his  return — But  to  re- 
sume our  narrative  of  his  naval  glories.  A 
confederacy  of  the  northern  powers  having 
alarmed  the  government,  he  was  employed 
to  dissolve  it.  A  fleet  was  fitted  out  in  1801, 
the  command  of  which  was  given  to  Admiral 
Sir  Hyde  Tarker,  assisted  by  Lord  Nelson. 
On  their  arrival  off  the  Cattegat,  and  being 
refused  a  passage.  Lord  Nelson  oftered  his 
services  for  conducting  the  attack  on  the 
Danish  force,  which  was  stationed  to  oppose 
j  an  entrance.  This  being  accepted,  he  shifted 
his  flag  to  the  Elephant,  and  passed  the 
Sound  with  little  loss.  On  the  2nd  of  April 
the  action  commenced  at  ten  o'clock,  and 
after  a  sharp  conflict  seventeen  sail  of  the 
Danes  were  sunk,  burnt,  or  taken.  A  nego- 
tiation was  then  entered  into  between  his 
lordship  and  the  crown  prince  ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  admiral  went  ashore, 
and  an  armistice  was  settled.  He  next  ob- 
tained from  the  Swedish  government  an 
order  for  taking  oflf  the  embargo  on  English 
ships  in  the  Baltic.  Having  accomplished 
these  great  objects,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  created  a  viscount.  In  August, 
1801,  he  bombarded  the  enemy's  flotilla  of 
guu  boats  at  Boulogne,  but  without  any 
material  effect.  A  treaty  suddenly  taking 
place,  his  lordship  retired  to  his  seat  at  Mer- 
ton,  in  Surrey  ;  but  hostilities  recommen- 
cing, he  sailed  lor  the  Mediterranean,  and  in 
March,  1803,  took  the  command  of  that 
station  on  board  the  Victory.  Notwithstand- 
ing all  his  vigihince,  the  French  fleet  escaped 
from  Toulon,  and  was  joined  by  that  of 
Cadiz  ;  of  which  being  apprised,  he  pursued 
them  to  the  West  Indies  with  a  far  inferior 
force.  The  combined  squadrons,  however, 
struck  with  terror,  returned  without  effect- 
ing anything  ;  and  after  a  partial  action 
with  Sir  Robert  Calder,  off  Ferrol,  re-en- 
tered Cadiz.  Admiral  Nelson  returned  to 
England,  but  soon  set  sail  to  join  his  fleet 
off  Cadiz.  The  French  under  Admiral  Vil- 
leneuve,  and  the  Spaniards  under  Gravina, 
ventured  out  with  a  number  of  troops  on 
board,  Oct.  19.  1805,  and  on  the  21st,  about 


noon,  the  action  began  off  Cape  Trafalgar. 
Lord  Nelson  ordered  liis  ship,  the  Victory, 
to  be  carried  alongside  his  old  antagonist, 
the  Santissima  Triuidada,  where  he  was  ex- 
posed to  a  severe  fire  of  musketry  ;  and  not 
taking  the  precaution  to  cover  his  coat, 
which  was  decorated  with  his  star  and  other 
badges  of  distinction,  he  became  an  object 
for  the  riflemen  placed  purposely  in  the  tops 
of  tlie  Bucentaur,  which  lay  on  his  quarter. 
In  the  middle  of  the  engagement,  a  musket- 
ball  struck  him  on  the  left  shoulder,  and 
passing  through  the  spine,  lodged  in  the 
muscles  of  his  back.  He  lived  just  long 
enough  to  be  acquainted  with  the  number 
of  ships  that  had  been  captured,  and  his  last 
words  were,  "  I  have  done  my  duty,  I  praise 
God  for  it !  "  The  mighty  spirit  of  Nelson 
was  epitomised  in  the  signal  which  he 
hoisted  on  commencing  this  action  —  "  Eng- 
land expects  that  every  man  will  do  his 
duty  1  "  —  a  sentence  that  not  only  testified 
the  pure  Spartan  love  of  country  which  ani- 
mated liis  own  breast,  but  proved  the  philo- 
sophical act  which  inspired  him  to  strike 
upon  the  strongest  chord  that  could  vibrate 
in  every  surrounding  bosom.  His  remains 
were  brought  to  this  country,  and  buried 
with  unprecedented  honours  in  St.  Paul's 
cathedral,  where  a  suitable  monument  has 

been  erected  to  his  memory. His  brother, 

the  Rev.  William,  D.  D.,  &c.,  succeeded  to 
the  titles  and  honours  enjoyed  by  the  Hero 
of  Trafalgar.  His  death  occurred  on  the 
28th  of  Feb.  1835,  in  the  78th  year  of  his 
age.  The  titles,  &c.  descended  to  Thomas 
Bolton,  of  Wells,  Norfolk,  who  was  the  son 
of  Thomas  Bolton,  and  Susannah  (eldest 
child  of  the  Rev.  Edmund  Nelson,  father  of 
the  admiral) ;  but  he  dying,  in  his  50th  year, 
in  tlie  November  following,  they  descended 
to  his  son  Horatio,  born  in  1823,  and  grand- 
nephew  in  the  female  line  to  the  naval 
hero. 

NELSON,  Robert,  a  pious  and  learned 
writer,  was  born  in  London,  in  165G  ;  and 
received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was 
strongly  attached  to  James  II.,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  communicate  with  the  nonjurors 
till  the  death  of  Bishop  Lloyd,  when  he  re- 
turned to  the  established  church.  He  lived 
on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Archbishop  Til- 
lotscn,  and  was  the  zealous  promoter  of  all 
works  of  charity,  having  the  ability  as  well 
as  the  disposition  to  give  what  true  bene- 
volence prompted,  lie  was  the  author  of 
many  popular  works ;  among  which  are, 
"  The  Practice  of  True  Devotion,"  "  A  Com- 
panion to  the  Festivals  and  Fasts  of  the 
Church  of  England,"  "The  Whole  Duty  of 
aChristian,"  "The  Great  Duty  of  Frequent- 
ing the  Christian  Sacrifice,  '  &c.  Died, 
1714. 

NELSON,  Sami'el,  born  in  1759,  was  one 
of  the  most  ardent  of  the  "  Irish  patriots  " 
in  1790;  and  edited  the  Northern  Star, 
which  produced  great  effects.  On  the  re- 
bellion being  put  down  in  1796,  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  where  he  remained,  till 
set  at  liberty  by  French  interference,  at  the 
treaty  of  Amiens,  in  1802.  He  then  retired 
to  America,  where  it  is  understood  he  died  j 
of  the  plague. 


kem] 


^  ^eiD  ©fm'bcriSal  23t05rajp]bl»» 


[nev 


NEMESIUS,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
4lli  century,  who  embraced  tlie  Christian 
religion,  and  was  nriade  bisliop  of  Einesa,  in 
Phu;nicia,  of  which  place  he  was  a  native. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  entitled  "De  Natura 
Hominis,"  in  which  he  asserts  the  doctrine 
of  pre-existence. 

NENNIUS,  a  British  historian,  and  abbot 
of  Uangor  in  the  7th  century,  who,  when  the 
n)Ouk3~of  liis  house  were  massacred,  fled  for 
refuge  to  Chester.  His  work  is  entitled 
"  Ilistoria  Britonura,"  and  is  among  the 
Cottonian  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum. 

NEPOS,  Cdhnelius,  a  Latin  historian  in 
the  reign  of  Julius  Cicsar  and  Augustus, 
whose  patronage  he  enjoyed.  Of  all  his 
works,  M'e  have  only  his  lives  of  illustrious 
Greek  and  Koman  generals. 

NERI,  St.  Piiii.ir  r>K,  founder  of  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory  in  Italy,  was  born 
in  l.ilS,  of  a  noble  family  at  Florence,  and 
died  at  Rome  in  159-5.  llis  order  obtained 
its  name  from  the  place  of  its  original  es- 
tablisliment,  which  was  an  oratory  of  St. 
Jerome's  church  at  Rome. 

NERO,  Ll'cu's  DoMiTirs,  called  after  his 
adoption  Claudius  Dkusus,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, was  the  son  of  Caius  Domitius,  and  of 
Agrippina,  daughter  of  Germanicua.  lie 
was  adopted  by  Claudius,  a.  d.  .50,  and  four 
years  after  succeeded  him  on  tlie  throne.  At 
the  commencement  of  his  reign  his  conduct 
excited  great  hopes  in  the  Romans  ;  he  ap- 
peared just,  liberal,  affiible,  polished,  com- 
plaiaant,  and  kind  ;  but  this  was  a  mask 
which  hid  the  most  depraved  mind  that 
ever  disgraced  a  human  being.  He  caused 
his  mother  to  be  assassinated,  and  vindicated 
tlie  unnatural  act  to  the  senate  on  a  pretence 
that  Agrippina  had  plotted  against  him. 
He  also  commenced  a  dreadful  persecution 
of  the  Christians ;  and  he  is  even  charged 
with  haviug  caused  Rome  to  be  set  on  fire  in 
several  places,  and  during  the  conflagration 
to  have  beheld  the  scene  from  a  high  tower, 
where  he  amused  himself  by  singing  to  his 
lyre.  This  atrocity  has,  however,  been 
denied  ;  and  it  is  needless  to  swell  the  cata- 
logue of  his  crimes  by  inserting  any  one  of 
doubtful  authority.  His  cruelties,  extrava- 
gance, and  debauchery  at  length  roused  the 
public  resentment.  Piso  formed  a  conspiracy 
against  the  tyrant,  but  it  was  discovered  and 
defeated.  That  of  Galba,  however,  proved 
more  successful ;  and  Nero  being  abandoned 
by  his  flatterers,  put  an  end  to  his  existence, 
A.  D.  08. 

NERVA,  Marcus  Cocceius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  who  succeeded  Domitian,  a.w.  96, 
at  the  age  of  70  ;  and  died  after  a  reign  of 
two  years,  during  which  his  virtues  did 
honour  to  the  throne. 

NESTORIUS,  a  celebrated  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  from  whom  originated  the 
sect  of  Nestorians,  was  born  in  Syria,  in  the 
the  5th  century.  On  entering  into  the  priest- 
hood he  became  so  popular  for  his  eloquence, 
that  Theodosius  nominated  him,  in  429,  to 
the  archbishopric  of  Constantinople;  in'which 
station  he  displayed  great  zeal  against  the 
Arians  and  Novatians.  lie  at  length  fell 
under  censure  himself  for  affirming  that  the 
Virgin  Mary  is  not  the  motlier  of  God  ;  for 
which  he  was  condemned  in  the  council  of 


EphesHs,  deprived  of  his  see,  and  banished. 
He  died  in  439  ;  but  his  followers  continue 
to  be  numerous  in  the  East,  and  are  or- 
ganised under  a  patriarch. 

NETSCHER,  Gaspar,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, was  boin  at  Heidelberg,  in  1639.  Being 
left  destitute  by  his  father,  he  was  taken 
under  the  protection  of  a  physician  at  Arn- 
heim,  who,  perceiving  his  genius,  placed  him 
with  an  artist  named  Terberg.  His  subjects 
are  conversation  pieces  and  portraits  ;  the 
velvet  and  satin  draperies  are  exquisitely 
managed,  and  the  whole  finished  with  neat- 
ness and  brilliancy.    H?  died  in  1684. 

His  sons,  TiiEODOitE  and  Constantine,  were 
both  good  j)ortrait  painters.  The  first  died 
in  17.32.  and  his  brother  in  1722. 

NETTLEBLADT,  Christian,  Baron  de, 
an  eminent  Swedish  lawyer,  and  author  of 
several  works,  chiefly  relating  to  the  state  of 
science  and  literature  in  liis  native  country. 
Bom,  1696  ;  died,  1776. 

NETTLEBLADT,  Daniel,  a  celebrated 
German  jurist,  born  nt  Rostock,  1719.  He 
was  professor  of  the  law  of  nature  at  Halle  ; 
became  a  member  of  the  privy  council  in 
1765,  and  subsequently  director  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  was  the  author  of  many  learned 
and  valuable  works  ;  among  which  are 
"  Systema  elementare  tliiiverstc  Jurispru- 
dentite  naturalis,"  and  "  Initia  HistoriiB 
littcrariiB  juridicu;  universalis."     Died,  1791. 

KEUHOFF,  Thkouork  Stefiikx,  Baron, 
the  son  of  a  Westjdialian  noble,  was  born 
at  Metz,  about  16'.K).  While  a  student  at 
Cologne,  he  unfortunately  killed  a  young 
man  of  rank  in  a  duel,  and  fled  to  the  Hague. 
But  through  the  mediation  of  the  Spanish 
mini.'^ter  he  received  a  lieutenancy  in  the 
Spanish  regiment  of  cavalry  destined  to 
march  against  the  Moors  in  Africa,  and,  on 
account  of  his  good  behaviour,  was  promoted 
to  a  captaincy.  When  the  Corsicans,  after 
several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  free  them- 
selves from  tlie  oppressions  of  Genoa,  re- 
solved, in  1735,  to  form  a  government  of  their 
own,  Neuhoff  was  crowned  king,  had  silver 
and  copper  coins  struck,  and  established  an 
order  of  knighthood,  under  the  name  of  the 
order  of  deliverance.  Theodore,  however, 
could  not  maintain  himself  against  the 
Genoese  and  a  Corsican  opposition.  He  fled 
to  England.  Here  his  Dutch  creditors 
pursued  him,  and  being  arrested,  he  became 
a  prisoner  in  the  king's  bench  for  some  years. 
His  liberation  was  at  length,  however, 
eff'ected,  through  the  instrumentality  of 
Horace  Walpole  ;  but  he  died  soon  after,  in 
17.55. 

NEUMANN,  Ca.spar,  an  eminent  German 
chemist  of  the  ISthcenturj-.  After  pursuing 
his  studies  with  ardour,  and  travelling  for 
improvement  through  England,  France,  and 
Italy,  he  was  nominated  professor  of  che- 
mistry at  the  royal  college  of  Berlin,  and 
afterwards  honoured  by  the  king  of  Prussia 
with  the  title  of  aulic  counsellor.  His  works, 
which  at  the  time  were  important,  have  been 
translated  into  Englisli.     Died,  1737. 

NEVILE  or  NEVYLE,  Alexander,  an 
English  writer,  was  bom  in  Kent,  in  1544. 
He  took  his  degree  ol  master  of  arts  at 
Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  became  secretary 
to  Archbishop    Parker    and    his    successor, 


NEV] 


<^  |Ic£d  BnibtY^al  ISiograp]^}). 


[new 


Griiidal.  He  died  in  1C14.  He  paraphrased 
the  CEdipus  of  Seneca,  and  wrote  in  Latin,  a 
narrative  of  tlie  insurrection  under  Kett,  to 
which  he  added  an  account  of  Norwich.  He 
published  the  Cambridge  verses  on  the  death 

of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  &c His  brother, 

Thomas  Nevile,  became  dean  of  Canterbury, 
and  died  in  1015. 

NEVILE  or  NEVILLE,  HExnY,  a  re- 
publican  writer,  was  born  in  Berksliire,  in 
1620,  and  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford. 
In  the  rebellion  he  took  tlie  side  of  parlia- 
ment, and  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
council  of  state  ;  but,  on  the  usurpation  of 
Cromwell,  he  gave  up  his  seat.  He  died  in 
1694.  He  published  Machiavel's  works,  and 
a  piece  entitled  "  Plato  Redivivus,  or  a  Dia- 
logue concerning  Government." 

NEWCASTLE.    See  Cavexdish. 

NEWCOME,  William,  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  a  learned  and  exemplary  prelate, 
was  born,  in  1792,  at  Barton-le-Clay,  in 
Bedfordshire.  He  completed  his  studies  at 
Peml)roke  College,  Oxford  ;  was  successively 
bishop  of  Dromore,  Ossory,  and  Waterford  ; 
was  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Armagh, 
in  1795  ;  and  died  in  1800.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  A  Harmony  of  the  Gospels," 
"  An  Historical  View  of  the  English  Biblical 
Translations,"  and  "  Attempts  towards  an 
improved  Version  of  Ezekicl  and  tlie  Minor 
Prophets." 

NEWCOJrEN,  Thomas,  a  locksmith  at 
Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire,  who,  towards 
the  close  of  tlie  17th  century,  engaged  in 
scientific  researches,  and  to  whom  belongs 
the  merit  of  the  first  great  improvement  in 
Bteam-en^iines,  by  forming  a  vacuum  under 
the  piston,  after  it  had  been  raised  by  the 
expansive  force  of  the  elastic  vapour,  and 
thus  bringing  into  action  the  atmospheric 
pressure. 

NEWCOMEN,  Matthew,  an  eminent 
Nonconformist  divine  of  the  17th  century, 
noted  as  having  been  one  of  the  authors  of 
the  attack  on  episcopacy,  entitled  "  Smec- 
tymnuus,"  from  the  initials  of  the  names  of 
its  contributors.     Died,  1766. 

NEWDIGATE,  SirRooEE,  bart.,  a  mu- 
nificent patron  of  learning,  was  bom  at 
Arbury,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1719.  He  was 
first  placed  in  Westminster  School,  whence 
he  removed  to  Oxford,  as  a  gentleman  com- 
moner of  University  College.  He  represented 
the  university  in  parliament  for  many  years, 
was  a  liberal  benefactor  to  it,  and  bequeathed 
the  sum  of  lOOOi.  to  furnish  an  annual  prize 
for  the  best  copy  of  English  verses  connected 
with  the  fine  arts,  to  be  written  by  an  under- 
graduate.   Died,  1780. 

NEWLAND,  JoHX,  abbot  of  tlie  mo- 
nastery of  St.  Augustine,  at  Bristol,  in  the 
15th  century,  was  a  man  of  distinguished 
abilities,  and  was  frequently  employed  in  a 
diplomatic  character  by  Henry  VIII.  Died, 
1515. 

NEWLAND,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch 
mathematician,  born  in  1764.  lie  was  suc- 
cessively professor  of  mathematics  and  phi- 
losophy at  Utrecht  and  Amsterdam,  and  was 
appointed  by  the  Batavian  government  one 
of  the  commissioners  of  longitude.  He  wrote 
several  works  on  astronomy,  matliematics, 
and  political  economy;  and  died  in  1794. 

634 


NE  WT(>N,  Gilbert  SirARX,  a  painter  of 
considerable  merit,  was  born  at  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1791 ;  visited  Italy,  about 
1820  ;  and  on  his  return  to  England,  entered 
himself  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
He  confined  himself  chiefly  to  small  pictures, 
and  illustrated  many  subjects  in  the  "  An- 
nuals" and  other  elegant  publications,  in  a 
highly  creditable  manner.  His  female  figures 
are  strikingly  expressive  of  innocence  as  well 
as  beautv.    Died,  1835. 

NEWTON,  Sir  Isaac,  the  most  distin- 
guished philosopher,  mathematician,  and 
astronomer  of  modern  times,  was  bom  at 
Woolsthorpe,  in  Lincolnshire,  on  Christmas- 
day,  1642.  Losing  his  father  in  his  child- 
hood, the  care  of  him  devolved  on  his  mother, 
who  gave  him  an  excellent  education.  In 
1054  he  was  sent  to  Grantham  School,  and  at 
the  age  of  18  removed  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  had  the  learned  Mr. 
(afterwards  Dr.)  Isaac  Barrow  for  his  tutor. 
After  going  through  Euclid's  Elements,  he 
proceeded  to  the  study  of  Descartes'  Geo- 
metry, with  Oughtred's  Clavis  and  Kepler's 
Oiitics,  in  all  of  which  he  made  marginal 
notes  as  he  went  along.  It  was  in  this  early 
course  that  he  invented  the  method  of  series 
and  fluxions,  which  he  afterwards  brought  to 
perfection,  though  his  claim  to  the  discovery 
was  unjustly  contested  by  Leibnitz.  At  the 
age  of  22,  Mr.  Newton  took  his  degree  of 
bachelor  of  arts,  and  about  the  same  time 
he  applied  to  the  grinding  of  optic  glasses 
for  telescopes  ;  and  having  procured  a  glass 
prism  in  order  to  try  the  phenomena  of 
colours  lately  discovered  by  Grimaldi,  the 
result  of  his  observations  was  his  new  theory 
of  light  and  colours.  It  was  not  long  after 
this,  that  he  made  his  grand  discovery  of  the 
laws  of  gravitation,  to  which  his  attention 
was  first  turned  by  his  seeing  an  apple  fall 
from  a  tree  ;  but  it  was  not  till  1687  that  the 
important  principle  which  forms  the  foun- 
dation of  the  Newtonian  philosophy  was  first 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Philosophiaj 
Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica."  On  his 
return  to  the  university,  in  1667,  he  was 
chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  took  his 
degree  of  master  of  arts.  Two  years  after- 
wards he  succeeded  Dr.  Barrow  in  the  ma- 
thematical professorship,  on  which  occasion 
he  read  a  course  of  optical  lectures  in  Latin. 
He  had  not  finished  them  in  1671,  when  he 
was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  to 
which  learned  body  he  communicated  liis 
theory  of  light  and  colours,  which  was 
followed  by  his  account  of  a  new  telescope 
invented  by  him,  and  other  interesting 
papers.  When  the  privileges  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  were  attacked  by  James 
II.,  Mr.  Newton  was  appointed  to  appear  as 
one  of  her  delegates  in  the  high  commission 
court,  where  he  pleaded  with  so  much 
strength,  that  the  king  thought  proper  to 
stop  his  proceedings.  He  was  next  chosen  a 
member  of  the  convention  parliament,  in 
which  he  sat  till  it  was  dissolved.  In  1696 
he  was  made  warden  of  the  mint,  and  after- 
wards master  of  that  office  ;  which  place  he 
discharged  with  the  greatest  honour  till  his 
death.  On  his  last  promotion  he  nominated 
Mr.  Whiston  to  fill  his  chair  at  Cambridge, 
with  all  the  profits  of  the  place,  and  resigned 


new] 


^  i9cb)  SlnitJcr^nl  JSiograpl)!). 


[nky 


it  entirely  to  him  in  1703.  During  tlie  same 
year  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, iu  which  station  he  continued  25  years. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  at  Paris,  having  been  chosen  in  Jf>99. 
In  1704  he  published  his  treatise  on  "The 
Reflections,  Refractions,  Inflections,  and 
Colours  of  Light  ;"  but  the  whole  merit  of 
this  extraardinary  work  has  not  been  fully 
appreciated  till  lately.  In  1705  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  from  Queen  Anne; 
and  lie  died,  March  20. 1727.  On  the  28th  his 
body  lay  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  chamber, 
from  whence  it  was  conveyed  to  Westminster 
Abbey,  the  pall  being  borne  by  the  lord 
chancellor,  two  dukes,  and  three  earls.  A 
monument  was  afterwards  erected  to  his 
memory  ;  and  liis  statue,  by  Rouhiliac,  has 
been  placed  iu  Trinity  College.  lie  enjoyed 
his  faculties  to  the  close  of  his  long  life. 
His  temper,  also,  was  remarkably  even,  and 
he  might  almost  be  said  to  have  carried 
patience  too  far,  particularly  in  suffering 
other  men  to  run  away  with  the  merit  of  his 
discoveries.  This  would  have  beea  tlie  case 
iu  regard  to  theinveutionof  fluxions,  if  some 
of  his  friends  had  not  interposed,  and  asserted 
the  claim  of  their  illustrious  countryman. 
Sir  Isuac  was  not  only  a  philosopher,  but 
a  Christian,  and  spent  much  of  his  time  in 
elucidating  the  sacred  Scriptures  ;  nor  could 
any  thing  discompose  his  mind  so  much  as 
light  ond  irreverent  expressions  on  the 
subject  of  religion.  AVhen  his  friends  ex- 
pressed their  admiration  of  his  discoveries,  he 
said.  "  To  myself  I  seem  to  have  been  as  a 
child  playing  on  the  seashore,  while  the 
immense  ocean  of  truth  lay  unexplored 
before  me."  The  following  is  Pope's  well- 
known  epitaph  on  this  prince  of  philoso- 
phers :  — 

"  Isaacus  Newton  hie  jacet. 

Quern  immortalem  coeli,  natura, 

Tcmpus  ostendunt. 

Mortalem  hoc  marinor  fatctur. 

Nature  and  all  her  works  lay  hid  in  night ; 
God  said.  Let  Newton  be, —  and  all  was 
light." 

NEWTON,  JoHX,  an  episcopal  clergyman 
of  Calvinistic  principles,  was  born  iu  London, 
in  1725.  He  did  not  enjoy  the  advantages 
of  a  regular  education,  having  been  bred  to 
the  sea  under  his  fatlier,  who  was  master  of 
a  merchant  vessel.  Afterwards  he  sailed  in 
the  Guinea  trade,  and  led  a  very  irregular 
life  for  some  years  ;  but  at  last  he  grew  both 
serious  and  studious.  By  indefatigable  dili- 
gence he  attained  a  knowledge  of  the  Latin 
and  Greek  languages  ;  and  in  1 7(54  was  or- 
dained to  the  curacy  of  Olneji",  in  Bucking- 
hamshire, where  he  became  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  Cowper  the  poet,  conjointly 
with  whom  he  produced  the  "  Olney  Hymns." 
In  1779,  Mr.  Newton  obtained  the  rectory  of 
St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London,  which  lie  held 
till  his  death,  in  1807.  He  was  tlie  author 
of  several  works,  among  which  may  be  num- 
bered a  "  Review  of  Ecclesiastical  History," 
"  Cardiphonia,  or  the  Utterance  of  the 
Heart,"  "  The  Messiah,  a  Series  of  Dis- 
courses," &c.,  forming  altogether  6  vols.  8vo, 

Nf^WTON,  Richard,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  born  in  Buckinghamshire,  about  167(5. 


635 


He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  Christchurch,  Oxford  ;  became  principal 
of  Hart  Hall,  in  1710,  and  took  his  degree  of 
D.  D.  ;  obtained  a  canoury  of  Christchurch, 
in  1752,  and  died  the  year  following.  Dr. 
Newton,  at  a  great  expense,  erected  Hart 
Hall  into  a  college  in  1740.  His  works  are, 
"University  Education,"  "Pluralities  Inde- 
fensible," "  Sermons,"  &c. 

NEWTON,  THO.MAS,  an  eminent  English 
prelaty,  was  born  at  lyichfield,  in  1704.  After 
flriidliing  his  education  at  Westminster,  he 
was  elected  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship  ;  and  in  1744 
he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary- 
le-Bow,  Clieapside.  In  1749  he  published 
an  edition  of  "  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with 
Notes,  and  the  Life  of  the  Author  ; "  which 
was  followed  by  the  "Paradise  Regained," 
in  a  similar  form.  But  his  literary  reputa- 
tion rests  chiefly  on  his  "Dissertations  on 
the  Prophccic3,""which  he  completed  in  1758. 
He  was  made  a  prebendary  of  Westminster 
in  17.57,  and  soon  after  precentor  of  York  ; 
both  which  preferments  he  resigned  in  1761, 
on  his  promotion  to  the  see  of  Bristol.  In 
17r)8  he  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
died  in  1782. 

NEWTON,  Thomas,  a  schoolmaster  and 
physician,  was  born  at  Butley,  in  Cheshire  ; 
studied  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge  ;  became  master 
of  Macclesfield  School,  where  he  also  prac- 
tised physic  ;  but,  liaving  entered  into  orders, 
in  I.VjS,  he  obtained  the  living  of  Little  Ilford, 
in  Essex.  His  principal  works  are,  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Saracens,"  "An  Elegiac  Poem 
on  the  Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  and 
"  The  Herbal  to  the  Bible,  translated  form 
Lemnius." 

NEY,  Michael,  duke  of  Elchingen  and 
prince  of  Moskwa,  a  peer  and  marshal  of 
France,  and  one  of  its  greatest  military  he- 
roes, was  born  at  Sarre-Louis,  in  1769.  His 
early  years  were  devoted  to  the  study  of  the 
law,  but  disliking  the  confinement,  he  en- 
tered the  army,  as  a  private  hussar,  in  1787. 
His  intrepid  courage  rendered  him  a  distin- 
guished object  in  the  first  years  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  when  serving  with  the  army 
of  the  Rhine,  and  in  1796  he  rose  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier- general.  On  his  marriage 
with  Mile.  AnguitS  the  friend  of  Ilortense  de 
Beauharnois,  Napoleon  presented  him  with 
a  magnificent  Egyptian  sabre,  and  named 
him  his  envoy  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  Helvetian  republic ;  but  iu  1803  he 
was  recalled  to  take  the  command  of  the 
army  intended  to  make  a  descent  upon  Eng- 
land. In  the  following  year,  when  Napoleon 
received  the  title  of  emperor,  he  saw  the 
necessity  of  restoring  titles  and  decorations. 
Ney  was  then  created  a  marshal,  and  also 
received  other  distinctions  of  merit,  whilst 
he  was  with  one  accord  denominated  by  the 
army,  "the  bravest  of  the  brave."  After  a 
succession  of  victories,  during  which  Ney 
never  relaxed  in  his  course  of  unceasing  ex- 
ertion and  personal  fatigue,  he  obtained  the 
additional  title  of  prince  of  Moskwa  ;  and  in 
June,  1814,  he  was  invested  with  the  dignity 
of  a  peer  of  France.  He  retired  to  liis  seat 
ill  the  country,  from  which  he  was  recalled 
in  March,  1815,  by  information  that  Napo- 


NIC] 


^  ^efiD  Bnibtr^al  Mia^tH^l)^, 


[NIC 


leon  had  quitted  Elba.  Uitherto  one  motive 
alone,  the  love  of  country,  impelled  his  every 
action  ;  personal  or  family  interest  had  never 
appeared  throughout  liis  conduct ;  he  would 
have  considered  a  bare  attempt  at  deception 
degrading.  He  thought  the  return  of  Napo- 
leon would  prove  injurious  to  France,  and 
maintained  that  the  mischief  ought  to  be 
prevented.  On  taking  leave  of  Louis  XVIII. 
he  therefore  made  many  protestations  of  his 
zeal  and  fidelity  to  the  king,  and  expressed 
his  determination  to  stay  the  progress  of  the 
invader.  Arrived  at  Besangon,  the  marshal 
found  the  whole  country  hastening  to  meet 
the  returning  emiieror  ;  at  Lyons  the  Dukes 
d'Artois  and  d'Orleans  acknowledged  the 
fruitlessness  of  resistance  ;  the  troops  winch 
he  commanded  shared  the  delirium ;  and 
Ney  himself  yielded  his  opinion,  and  went 
over  with  his  army  to  his  former  friend  and 
master.  He  again  fought  under  his  banner 
at  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  where  he  had  five 
horses  killed  under  him,  and  his  cloak  was 
perforated  with  balls.  After  the  conclusion 
of  that  eventful  day,  and  the  second  abdica- 
tion of  Napoleon,  Ney  was  advised  to  quit 
France  ;  for  wliich  money  and  every  facility 
of  escape  were  all'orded  him.  He  refused 
them  all,  and  retired  to  the  residence  of  a 
near  relative ;  but  he  was  soon  arrested, 
brought  to  trial,  and  his  colleagues  and 
companions  in  arms  having  declared  them- 
selves incompetent  to  form  a  courtmartial 
whereby  to  judge  him,  the  affair  was  carried 
to  the  court  of  peers,  by  whom  lie  was  con- 
demned, though  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
nobly  affirmed  that  it  was  in  defiance  of  the 
true  construction  of  the  article  of  amnesty 
made  at  the  capitulation  of  Paris.  Every 
avenue  to  the  royal  presence  was  purposely 
closed  against  his  unhappy  wife,  who 
anxiously  sought  his  pardon  ;  and  Ney  suf- 
fered with  firmness,  declaring  with  his  last 
breath  that  he  never  had  acted  treacherously 
to  his  countrv.    He  was  shot,  Dec.  7.  1815. 

NICEPHORUS,  Callistus,  a  native  of 
Constantinople,  was  an  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian of  the  14th  century ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  Church,"  and  other  works 
of  a  similar  description. 

NICEPHORUS,  Gregorias,  a  Byzantine 
historian,  who  flourished  in  the  14th  century. 
He  was  a  great  favourite  of  Andronicus 
Palaiologus  the  elder,  who  made  him  libra- 
rian of  the  Constantinopolitan  church,  and 
employed  him  as  his  ambassador  to  the 
Prince  of  Servia. 

NICERON,  John  Petek,  an  eminent  bio- 
grapher, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1685.  He 
entered  into  the  religious  order  of  the  Bar- 
nabites,  and  became  a  celebrated  preacher. 
lie  was  also  successively  professor  of  phi- 
losophy and  theology,  and  librarian  to  his 
society.  Died,  1738.  His  principal  work  is 
entitled  "  Memoirs  of  Men  illustrious  in  the 
Republic  of  Letters,  with  an  Account  of  their 
Works,"  44  vols. 

NICETAS,  David,  a  Greek  historian  of 
the  9th  century,  who  wrote  the  life  of  St. 
Ignatius Achominates  Nicetas,  an- 
other Greek  historian,  died  at  Nice,  in  1206. 

He  wrote  "  Annals  from  1118  to  1205.". A 

third,  sumamed  Seuron,  was  bishop  of  He- 
raclea,  iu  the  11th  century ;  and  was  the 


author  of  "  Panegyrics  on  St.  Gregory  Na- 
zianzen,"  "  Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures," 
and  otlier  works. 

NICHOLLS,  William,  an  English  divine 
of  great  learning  and  piety,  was  born  at  Dou- 
nington,  Bucks,  in  1604,  and  educated  at 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  after  which  he  be- 
came fellow  of  Merton  College,  and  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1695  ;  at  which  time  he 
was  rector  of  Selsey,  in  Sussex.  He  died 
about  1712.  Dr.  NichoUs  published  several 
valuable  works :  the  principal  of  which 
were,  "A  Conference  with  a  Theist,"  "  A  De- 
fence of  the  Church  of  England,"  and  "  A 
Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Common 
Praver." 

NICHOLLS,  Frask,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  an 
eminent  English  physician,  was  born,  in 
London,  in  1699.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  whence  he  removed  to 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  and  became  reader  of  anatomj'.  On 
leaving  the  university  he  settled  in  London, 
and  in  1743  he  married  a  daughter  of  Dr. 
Mead.  He  succeeded  Sir  Hans  Sloane  as 
physician  to  George  II.,  an  account  of 
whose  death  he  published  in  the  Philoso- 
pliical  Transactions.  Died,  1779.  His  works 
are, "  De  Anima  Medica,"  "  De  Mortu  Cordis 
et  Sanguinis,"  &c.;  and  a  tract  against  man- 
midwifery. 

NICHOLS,  Joiix,  an  antiquary  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  who  for  nearly  half  a 
century  conducted  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, was  bom  at  Islington,  in  1744.  Having 
received  a  liberal  education,  he  became  ap- 
prentice, at  an  early  age,  to  Bowyer,  the 
learned  printer,  and  was  subsequently  ad- 
mitted into  partnership  with  his  master,  on 
whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  manage- 
ment of  one  of  the  first  typographical  estab- 
lishments in  London.  Among  his  numerous 
publications  are,  "  The  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  Leicestershire,"  "  Anecdotes  of 
Bowyer,"  "  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,"  9  vols.;  "Illustrations  of 
the  Literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Century," 
6  vols.  His  personal  exertions  as  well  as  his 
pen  were  frequently  used  to  promote  chari- 
table purposes,  and  he  had  sometimes  the 
gratification  of  being  able  to  assist  the  indi- 
gent sons  of  genius  in  his  office  of  registrar 
of  the  Literary  Fund.    Died,  1828. 

NICHOLSON,  William,  au  eminent 
writer  on  chemistry  and  natural  philosopliy, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1758,  and  went  to 
India  at  an  early  age,  in  the  maritime 
service.  In  1776  he  became  agent,  on  the 
Continent,  for  Mr.  Wedgwood  ;  and  after- 
wards setted  in  the  metropolis  as  a  mathe- 
matical teacher.  He  published  an  "  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  Pliilosophy,"  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Chemistry,"  a  "Journal  of  Natu- 
ral Pliilosophy,  Chemistry,  and  the  Arts," 
which  was  continued  for  several  years  ;  and 
various  valuable  compilations.  He  also  took 
out  patents,  for  several  inventions  ;  but  he 
was  singularly  unfortunate  in  his  specula- 
tions, and  died  in  indigent  circumstances,  in 
1815. 

NICIAS,  an  Athenian  commander,  who 
by  his  merit  rose  to  the  highest  offices  in  his 
country.  He  was  put  to  death  by  tlie  Syra- 
cusans,  b.  c.  413. 


I 


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^  ^tto  WinibcxiHl  2St0gmpf)i). 


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NICOLAI,  CHRisToniEB  Fkederic,  a 
German  author  and  bookseller,  of  some  note 
In  the  history  of  German  literature,  was 
born  at  Berlin,  in  1733,  and  died  there  in 
1811.  After  studying  at  the  university  of 
Frankfort,  to  which  city  he  was  first  sent,  in 
order  to  learn  the  book  trade,  he  returned  to 
Berlin,  and  wrote  his  "  Letters  on  the  Pre- 
sent State  of  Belles  Lettrea,"  in  ll'Ai.  With 
the  aid  of  other  literati,  he  produced  his 
'*  Letters  on  Modern  Ijiterature,"  and  in 
1765  executed  his  plan  of  the  "General  Ger- 
man Library,"  a  work  which  was  continued 
40  years,  though  he  ceased  to  edit  it  at  the 
end  of  the  107th  volume,  in  171(2.  Among 
his  other  numerous  works  are,  "'Die  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Sebaldus  Nothanker,"  a 
"Tour  in  Germany  and  Switzerland," 
"  Characteristic  Anecdotes  of  Frederic  II.," 
Sec.  His  criticisms  were  often  severe,  and 
not  always  just ;  hence  he  was  frequently  in- 
volved in  disputes  with  his  literary  brethren, 
by  some  of  w^hom  he  was  treated  very  unce- 
remoniously.   Died,  1811. 

NICOLAS,  Sir  Nicholas  IIahris,  an 
eminent  antiquary,  was  born  in  Cornwall, 
1799.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  navy, 
and  received  liis  commission  as  licutenunt  in 
181.5,  after  an  active  and  adventurous  service 
on  the  coast  of  Calabria.  But  he  appears  to 
have  been  now  tired  of  the  sea,  and  to  have 
taken  steps  to  exchange  the  "jacket"  for  the 
"  gown,"  for  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1825. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  and  he  thence- 
I  forward  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to 
antiquarian  literature,  particularly  in  the 
departments  of  genealogy  and  history  j  and 
the  works  which  he  produced  in  rapid  suc- 
cession bore  witness  at  once  to  his  critical 
acumen  and  liis  almost  unparalleled  in- 
dustry. Almost  all  his  works  have  a  sub- 
stantial historical  value  ;  such  for  instance 
as  his  "  History  of  the  Battle  of  Agincourt," 
the  memoirs  in  "  The  Siege  of  Carlaverock," 
and  the  "  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  KoU,"  the 
"Proceedings  of  the  Privy  Council,"  his 
"  Life  of  Ilatton,"  and  his  "  Despatches  of 
Lord  Nelson  ;  "  but  the  most  useful  in  aid  of 
other  literary  men  were  his  "  Chronology  of 
History,"  his  "  Synopsis  of  the  Peerage,"  and 
his  "Testamenta  Vetusta."  Besides  pro- 
ducing these  substantial  works,  he  was  a 
frequent  correspondent  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  ;  in  182(5  he  became  co-editor  of 
the  Ketrospective  Review  ;  and  he  subse- 
quently contributed  occasionally  to  the 
Atlicnocum,  Spectator,  and  Quarterly  Re- 
view. In  1831  he  received  tlie  honour  of 
knighthood  ;  a  year  later  he  was  nominated 
chancellor  ;  and,  in  1840,  grand  cross  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George.  Sir 
Harris  prosecuted  his  favourite  studies  almost 
to  his  latest  hour.  The  last  works  on  which 
he  was  engaged  were  a  "  History  of  the 
Navy,"  and  the  editing  of  the  papers  of  Sir 
Hudson  Lowe.     Died,  J  848. 

NICOLAUS,  DAMASCEifus,  a  native  of 
Damascus,  in  Syria,  who  lived  in  the  time 
of  Augustus.  He  wrote  "  A  Universal  His- 
tory," "  Memoirs  of  Augustus,"  &c. 

NICOLE,  FiiANCis,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1683.  He  distinguished 
himself  l)y  detecting  the  falsehood  of  a  pre- 


tended quadrature  of  the  circle,  and  thereby 
gained  a  prize  of  3,000  livres,  which  he  gave 
to  the  hospital  of  Lyons.    Died,  1758. 

NICOLE,  Pktkk,  an  eminent  French 
divine  and  moralist,  waa  born  at  Chartres, 
in  1625.  He  became  a  member  of  the  society 
of  Port  Royal,  where  he  taught  youth  with 
great  reputation,  and  assisted  Arnauld  in 
many  of  his  works.  In  his  latter  years  he 
espoused  the  cause  of  Bossuet  against  the 
Quietists,  and  was  engaged  in  other  contro- 
versies. His  principal  works  are,  "  Moral 
Essays,"  23  vols.  ;  "  The  Perpetuity  of  the 
Faith,"  and  a  "Treatise  on  the  Unity  of 
the  Church."    Died,  1095. 

NICOLO,  DEL  Abbate,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  bom  at  Modeua,  in  1512.  He  ob- 
tained his  surname  Irom  being  patronised 
by  Primatice,  abbot  of  St.  Martin,  who 
took  him  to  France  in  1.".52,  and  employed 
him  in  several  works.  The  style  of  Nicolo 
approached  to  that  of  Julio  Romano  and  of 
Parmesan. 

NICOLO,  properly  NICOLO  ISOUARD, 
one  of  the  most  favourite  theatrical  com- 
posers of  France,  was  born  at  Alalia,  in 
1777.  At  Naples  he  completed  his  study  of 
compoi-ition,  under  the  famous  Guglielmi. 
When  the  French  evacuated  Italy,  General 
Vaubois  took  him  to  Paris  as  his  private 
secretary.  Here  he  formed  himself  on  the 
compositions  of  Monsigny  and  Gn'try,  and 
produced  the  popular  opera  of  "  Cendril- 
lon,"  in  1810.  In  light  dramatical  compo- 
sition, he  is  distinguished  for  the  ea.se  and 
sweetness  of  his  melodies,  the  fertility  of 
his  imagination,  and  the  happy  combina- 
tion of  the  modern  Italian  school  with  the 
French.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1818. 

NICOLSON,  William,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  was  born  at  Orton,  in  Cumberland, 
in  1655  i  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  became,  successively,  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  Derry,  and  archbishop  of  Cashel ; 
but  died  suddenly  a  lew  days  after  he  was 
raised  to  the  archiepiscopal  dignity  in  1727. 
He  published  "  The  English,  Scotch,  and 
Irish  Historical  Library,"  the  "  Leges  Mar- 
chiarum,  or  Border  Laws,"  and  several  other 
works.  He  also  distinguished  himself  by 
the  zeal  and  ability  with  which  he  entered 
into  the  Bangorian  controversy. 

NICOT,  John,  a  French  statesman,  who 
being  sent  by  Francis  I.  ambassador  to 
Portugal,  brought  from  thence  the  tobacco 
plant,  which  out  of  compliment  to  him  re- 
ceived its  Latin  name  of  Nicotiana.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "French  and  Latin 
Dictionary,"  "  Traits  de  la  Marine,"  &c. 
Born,  1.5;50;  died,  1600. 

NIEBUHR,  Caksten,  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller, was  born  at  Ludengworth,  in  Han- 
over, in  1733.  At  the  age  of  22  he  went  to 
Hamburgh  for  the  purpose  of  studj'ing  geo- 
metry, after  whicli  he  devoted  several  years 
to  the  study  of  the  mathematics  at  Gottin- 
gen.  Count  Bernstorft',  the  Danish  minister, 
having  determined  to  send  a  scientiftc  ex- 
pedition for  the  purpose  of  exploring  Arabia, 
Niebuhr  went  as  geographer  to  it,  in  March, 
1761,  and,  after  touching  at  Constantinople, 
proceeded  to  Egypt.  Here  they  remained 
a  year,  and  reached  Yemen,  their  point  of 
destination,  iu  1762.     In  September,  1763, 


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[nip 


he  sailed  for  Bombay,  and  in  December, 
1704,  set  out  on  his  return  overland,  through 
Persia  and  Turkey.  He  arrived  at  Copen- 
hagen in  November,  1767,  and  laid  the  fruits 
of'^his  researches  before  the  world  in  his 
"Description  of  Arabia"  and  his  "Travels 
in  Arabia,"  both  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English  and  other  languages.  He 
was  the  only  one  that  returned  from  the 
mission,  was  liberally  rewarded  by  the 
Danish  monarch,  and  died  in  1815. 

NIEBUHR,  Beuthold  Geokge,  the  ce- 
lebrated liistorian  of  Home,  was  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Copenhagen, 
in  177(5.  When  10  years  old,  he  went  to  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  in  order  to  study 
the  natural  sciences,  remained  there  one 
year  and  a  half,  and  then  travelled  over 
England  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  its  in- 
stitutions. In  180(5  he  entered  the  Prussian 
service  ;  was  made  privy-councillor  of  state, 
and  a  temporary  officer  in  the  department 
of  finances.  In  1810,  when  the  university 
of  Berlin  was  established,  his  friends  per- 
suaded him  to  deliver  his  first  lectures  on 
Roman  history,  which  were  received  with 
snch  interest  by  the  hearers,  and  so  much 
commended  by  eminent  men,  that  he  pub- 
lished, in  1811  and  1812.  two  volumes  of  his 
"  Roman  History."  This  lie  afterwards  re- 
modelled and  enlarged  ;  and  though  it  tends 
to  inculcate  a  great  degree  of  scepticism 
with  regard  to  many  hitherto  received  facts, 
throws  more  light  on  the  genuine  annals  of 
Rome  than  any  of  his  predecessors.  Died, 
1831. 

NIELD,  James,  a  man  who,  like  the  phi- 
lanthropist Howard,  devoted  a  great  part 
of  his  life  to  the  amelioration  of  human 
wretchedness,  was  born  at  Knutsfovd,  in 
Cheshire,  in  1744 ;  and,  coming  to  London 
as  an  apprentice  to  a  goldsmith,  afterwards 
realised  a  good  fortune  in  that  business. 
In  1773,  by  his  exertions,  a  society  was 
formed  in  the  metropolis,  having  for  its 
object  the  relief  and  discharge  of  persons 
confined  for  small  debts.  Of  this  benevo- 
lent institution  Mr.  Nield  was  unanimously 
chosen  treasurer,  and  he  continued  to  dis- 
charge that  office  through  life,  much  to 
the  advantage  of  the  charity,  and  with 
great  trouble  to  himself.  He  travelled  not 
as  most  do,  for  pleasure  or  profit,  but  to 
gaixge  the  depths  of  human  niiser3',  and  to 
alleviate  the  sufferings  of  his  fellow-men. 
It  was  his  constant  practice  in  his  prison 
excursions,  as  he  called  them,  during  thirty 
years,  to  wait  upon  the  magistrates  in  cities 
and  boroughs,  and  respectfully  to  represent 
what  he  saw  amiss  in  their  gaols.  By  these 
means  he  was  the  instrument  of  producing 
many  substantial  improvements,  and  of 
diffusing  a  kindred  spirit  of  beneficence  far 
and  wide,  so  that  it  would  be  difficult  to 
estimate  the  extent  of  his  services  in  the 
humane  cause  to  which  lie  cheerfully  and 
perseveringly  devoted  his  time  and  forttme. 
He  died,  universally  lamented,  in  1814. 

NIEMEYER,  Augustus  Hermanx,  a 
German  theologian  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Halle,  in  1754,  and  died 
there  in  1828.  He  first  began  to  give  in- 
structions in  the  university  of  Ilalle  in  1777, 
was  appointed  professor  of  theology  in  1780, 


and  continued  to  receive  various  appoint- 
ments till  1808,  when  he  was  made  a  member 
of  the  estates  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia, 
chancellor,  and  rector  of  the  university.  lu 
1813  the  university  was  abolished  by  Napo- 
leon ;  but  when  the  Prussian  government 
restored  it,  he  was  re-appointed.  He  pro- 
duced a  great  number  of  works,  particularly 
on  the  subject  of  education,  the  bare  titles 
of  which  would  occupy  a  very  considerable 
space,  besides  others  on  theology,  ethics, 
history,  &c.     Died,  1828. 

NIEREMBERG,  Jonx  Eusebius,  a  cele- 
brated Spanish  Jesuit,  and  a  distinguished 
writer.  He  was  born  at  Madrid,  in  1590, 
took  the  habit  of  St.  Ignatius,  paid  great 
attention  to  the  study  of  natural  history, 
and  was  appointed  professor  at  Madrid, 
where  he  remained  14  years.  His  works  are 
both  numerous  and  important.     Died,  1G58. 

NIEUHOFF,  Joiix  de,  a  Dutch  voyager 
of  the  17th  century,  who  wrote  a  curious 
account  of  his  embassy  from  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company  to  the  emperor  of  China. 

NIEUPORT,  C.  F.  A.  F.  le  Pkud'homme 
d'Hailly,  Viscount  de,  a  French  diplo- 
matist, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1746.  He  was 
early  in  life  admitted  into  the  order  of 
Malta  ;  and  after  having  served  in  the  Aus- 
trian army,  and  in  the  Maltese  expeditions, 
became  charcj^-d' affaires  at  the  court  of  the 
Netherlands  ;  and  eventually  received  from 
the  Prince  of  Orange  the  title  of  chamber- 
lain, and  the  decoration  of  the  Belgic  legion. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Melanges  des  Mathe- 
matiques,"  &c.    Died,  1827. 

NIEUWENTYT,  Bernard,  an  eminent 
Dutcli  philosopher  and  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Westraadyck,  in  North  Holland,  in 
1654,  and  died  in  1730. 

NIGHTINGALE,  Joseph,  a  dissenting 
minister  of  very  considerable  talent,  was 
born,  in  1775,  at  Chowbent,  in  Lancashire  ; 
settled  in  London,  and  became  an  author  ; 
left  the  Methodist  connection  for  Unitarian- 
ism,  and  died  in  1824.  Among  his  writings 
are,  "  A  Portraiture  of  Catholicism,"  "  A 
Portraiture  of  Alethodism,"  several  volumes 
of  the  "  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales," 
"  English  Topography,"  and  "  Sermons." 

NIGHTINGALE,  Sir  Miles,  K.C.B.,  &c., 
began  his  military  career  in  1787,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  India,  where  he  was  employed 
under  Sir  W.  Meadows,  and  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1791  and  1792.  In  1798  he  sailed 
for  St.  Domingo ;  and  having  executed  a 
commission  to  Toussaiut,  the  black  chief, 
he  returned  to  England,  and  afterwards 
bore  a  principal  part  in  the  continental  war. 
In  1812  he  once  more  visited  Bengal ;  but 
in  1820  he  fixed  his  residence  in  England, 
and  was  several  years  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  the  borough  of  Eye,  in  Suffolk. 
He  died  in  1829. 

NIGIDIUS  FIGULUS,  Publius,  a  Ro- 
man author  and  senator,  and  friend  of 
Cicero,  whom  he  assisted  in  defeating  the 
conspiracy  of  Catiline.  He  revived  the 
Pythagorean  philosophy,  was  banished  for 
his  attachment  to  Pompey,  and  died  b.  c.  45. 

NIPHUS,  Augustine,  a  learned  Italian, 
was  born  at  Sessa,  in  Naples,  in  1473.  He 
became  professor  of  philosophy,  first  at 
Padua,  and  afterwards  at  Pisa,  where  his 


NIV] 


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[nol 


reputation  was  so  great,  that  Leo  X.  made 
him  count  palatine.  lie  wrote  "Comment- 
aries on  Aristotle  and  Averroes,"  14  vols. 
fol.  ;  "De  Intcllectu  ct  Dcmonibus,"  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul," 
and  other  works.    Died.  IK?. 

NIVELLE  DE  LA  CIIAUSSEE,  Peter 
Claude,  a  French  dramatist,  was  bom  at 
Paris  in  lGy2,  and  died  in  175-t.  lie  was 
the  first  who  introduced  sentimental  comedy 
on  the  French  stage. 

NIVERNOIS,  Lotus  Jui-ms  Maxcixi 
Mazaki.m,  Duke  de,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1716.  lie  was,  successivelj',  ambassador  at 
Rome,  Berlin,  and  Londou,  in  wliich  latter 
city  he  negotiated  the  peace  of  1703.  On  his 
return  to  France  he  produced  several  poet- 
ical imitations  of  Virgil,  Horace,  TibuUus, 
Ovid,  Ariosto,  and  Milton.  He  also  wrote 
"Letters  on  the  Use  of  the  Mind,"  "Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,"  "  Reflections  on  the 
Genius  of  Horace,  Boileau,  aiul  Kousscau  ;  " 
"  Fables  in  Verse,"  "  Dramas,"  &c.  lie  was 
imprisoned  by  the  republicans  in  1793,  and 
died  in  1798. 

NIZAM  AL  MULK,  an  enlightened  Per- 
sian, who,  in  the  11th  century,  rose  from 
obscurity  to  be  vizier  to  tlie  sultan  Alp 
Arslan.  He  was  an  able  statesman  and  a 
consummate  general  ;  but,  above  all,  a 
zealous  patron  of  learning,  having  founded 
and  endowed  the  once  famous  college  of 
Bagdad,  and  numerous  other  seminaries  of 
education,  while  his  palace  was  always 
open  to  men  of  genius,  many  of  whom  he 
I>ensioncd.  He  was  also  distinguished  as 
the  historian  of  his  own  times.  At  the  age 
of  90  he  met  his  death  from  the  hand  of  an 
assassin,  while  reading  a  petition  which 
his  treacherous  foe  had  just  presented  to 
him. 

NIZAML  or  NIDIIAMI,  a  celebrated 
Persian  poet ;  author  of  some  esteemed 
poems,  among  which  is  "  The  Loves  of  Leila 
and  Mejnoun."    Died,  1180. 

NOAILLES,  liOuis  Anjoine  de,  a  car- 
dinal and  archbishop  of  Paris,  was  the  son 
of  the  Duke  of  Noailles,  and  born  in  KJol. 
He  studied  at  the  Sorbonne  ;  and  in  1095 
obtained  the  archbishopric  of  Paris,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  against 
the  Quietists  and  Jansenists,  for  which,  in 
1700,  he  was  created  a  cardinal.  In  1715 
he  opposed  the  bull  Unigenitus,  but  after- 
wards made  his  submission  to  the  pope. 
Died,  1729. 

NOAILLES,  Adrian  Mauhice,  Duke  of, 
was  president  of  the  council  of  France  during 
the  minority  of  Louis  XV.,  but  was  exiled 
through  the  influence  of  Cardinal  Dubois, 
whose  elevation  he  had  opposed.  On  the 
death  of  that  inti-iguing  priest,  however,  he 
was  reinstated  in  his  former  offices,  ob- 
tained a  marshal's  statl",  and  displayed  great 
skill  as  a  commander  during  the  Austrian 
war  of  succession.  In  1743,  by  the  unrea- 
sonable impetuosity  of  his  nephew,  the  Count 
of  Grammont,  he  lost  the  battle  of  Dettingen, 
and,  by  this  means,  the  fruits  of  the  wise 
measures  by  which  he  brought  the  British 
army  to  the  verge  of  ruin.  When  his  age 
no  longer  permitted  him  to  fight  at  the  head 
of  armies,  he  entered  the  ministry,  and 
gave   proof  of  his   statesmanlike    talents, 

630 


though  he  was  by  no  means  free  from  the 
faults  which  stained  the  characters  of  the 
generality  of  courtiers  in  that  age.  His  two 
sons  were,  in  1775,  made  marshals  of  France. 

NOAILLES,  Louis,  Viscount,  bom  in 
17.53,  was  one  of  the  noblesse  who,  on  the 
13th  of  July  1789,  resolved  to  divest  them-  ! 
selves  of  their  exclusive  privileges,  and  sit  ' 
with  the  tiers  etat.  After  the  dissolution  of  | 
the  constituent  assembly,  he  went  into  the  , 
army,  and  was  killed  in  1798,  while  with-  j 
drawing  from  St.  Domingo,  in  an  action  with  : 

an  English  frigate  oiF  Cuba His    son,  I 

Alexis,  count  of  Noailles,  has  figured  both  ! 
in  the  army  and  the  cabinet.    The  princes  | 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon  sent  him  on  im- 
portant missions  to  the  different  continental 
courts,  after  which  he  repaired  to  the  resi- 
dence of  Louis,  at  Hartwell,  in  England,  j 
He  accompanied  the  allied  army  to  France,  ! 
was  afterwards  the  plenipotentiary  of  Louis  I 
XVIII.  to  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  has  . 
since  held  office  as  a  minister. 

NOBLE,  Makk,  an  industrious  writer  on  ! 
history  and  biography,  was  a  clergyman  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  presented  to  the  ; 
rectorv  of  Barming,  in  Kent,  in  1784,  at  which  1 
place  he  died  in  1827.    He  was  the  author  of  i 
"Memoirs   of    the    Protectorate    House    of 
Cromwell,"  2  vols.  ;  "Memoirs  of  the  Illus- 
trious House  of  Medici,  with  Genealogical 
Tables,"  "The  Lives  of  the  English  Regi- 
cides," 2  vols. ;  a  "  History  of  the  College  of 
Arms,"  and  a  supplementary  continuation 
of"  Granger's  Biographical  History  of  Eng- 
land," 3  vols.    He  also  wrote  several  papers 
in  the  Archaeologia,  and  was  F.  S.  A.  Loud, 
ct  Edin. 

NOEHDEN,  Georob  Henry,  a  learned 
German  writer,  who  for  many  years  resided 
in  England,  was  born  in  1770,  at  Gottingen, 
where  he  received  his  education.  Being 
introduced  to  the  late  Sir  William  Milner, 
in  1793,  he  attended  his  son  to  Eton  in  the 
capacity  of  private  tutor.  Here  he  obtained 
the  friendship  of  Jacob  Bryant,  Ilerschell, 
&c.,  till  the  education  of  his  young  pupil 
being  completed,  he  accompanied  a  younger 
son  of  the  same  family  to  Gottingen,  where 
he  wrote  a  dissertation,  "  De  Porphyrii  Scho- 
liis  in  Homerum."  After  visiting  the  courts 
of  Brunswick  and  Berlin,  they  returned  to 
Eton,  and  in  1800  Noehden  published  hia 
admirable  "German  and  English  Gram- 
mar." He  was  an  excellent  numismato- 
logist,  and  some  years  before  his  death  ob- 
tained the  chief  situation  in  that  department 
of  tlie  British  Museum.  He  died  in  182G, 
leaving  unfinished  his  "  Essay  on  the  North- 
wick  Coins,"  an  "  Introduction  to  Numis- 
matology," &c. 

NOLAN,  Michael,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
a  native  of  Ireland,  who,  after  distinguish- 
ing himself  at  the  English  bar,  obtained  the 
office  of  chief  justice  of  the  Brecon  circuit, 
in  Wales.  He  published  "  Reports  of  Cases 
relating  to  the  Duty  and  Office  of  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace,"  and  other  practical  law  books ; 
and  was  particularly  conversant  with  the  , 
poor  laws,  tithe  laws,  &c.    Died,  1827. 

NOLLEKENS,  Joseph  Fkancis,  was  a  j 
native  of  Antwerp,  who  settled  in  London, 
where  he  obtained  considerable  reputation  ' 
as  a  painter,  and  died  in  1748.     His  stile 

81  2 


nol] 


^  ^ei»  Sllm'bcr^al  ^Stotjritjpljy. 


[nor 


regembled  that  of  Watteau,  whom  lie  closely 
imitated. 

NOLLEKENS,  Joseph,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  a  celebrated  sculptor,  and  born  in 
London,  in  1737.  He  was  placed  xmder 
Scheemakers,  the  sculptor,  on  leaving  whom 
he  went  to  Italy,  and  studied  there  some 
time  under  Ciavetti.  While  at  Home,  he 
gained  a  gold  medal  from  the  academy  of 
painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture  ;  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  in  1770,  he  became 
a  royal  academician,  executed  many  works 
of  great  beauty,  and  was  so  extensively  em- 
ployed, particularly  on  busts,  that  he  realised 
a  fortune  of  200,000/.  Nollekens  was  chiefly 
distinguished  by  his  careful  and  accurate 
imitation  of  nature,  and  by  the  absence  of  a 
peculiarity  of  manner.  He  was  a  great 
favourite  with  George  III.,  and  possessed 
I  many  peculiarities  of  character,  of  which 
I  his  inordinate  love  of  money  was  not  the 
j  least.    Died,  1823. 

I      NOLI-ET,  Jon>r  Axtoine,  a  French  na- 
tural   philosopher,    was    bom    in    1770,    at 
:  Pimbre,  near  Noyon.     He  was  lecturer  on 
experimental    philosophy  to  the    Duke  of 
Savoy,  and  afterwards  to  the  royal  family 
in  his  native  country  ;  he  also  held  the  pro- 
fessorship of  physics  in  the  college  of  Navarre 
at  Paris,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  and  other  learned  bodies.    He  wrote 
;  "  Ee^ons  du    Physique    Experimentale,"  6 
j  voLs. ;  besides  some  works  on  electricity,  and 
.  other  scientific  subjects.    Died,  1770. 
I      NOODT,  Gekahd,  a  famous  civilian,  was 
I  born  in  1()47,  at  Nimeguen,  where  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  law  in  1671.    He  after- 
wards settled  at  Eeyden,  of  which  university 
he  became  rector,  and  died  in  172.5.      He 
published  a  collection  of  his  works  in  1713, 
which  are  wholly   on  subjects  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  are  esteemed  of  high  authority. 

NORDEN,  Fheuerick  Louis,  an  eminent 
Danish  traveller,  was  bom  at  Gluckstadt,  in 
Ilolstein,  in  1708.  He  was  a  volunteer  in  the 
English  fleet  under  Sir  John  Norris  in  the 
Mediterranean,  and  was  subsequently  sent 
by  the  king  of  Denmark  to  Egypt,  to  make 
drawings  and  observations  of  the  ancient 
monuments  of  that  country.  These  he  ex- 
ecuted with  great  fidelity,  and  his  "  Travels 
in  Egypt  and  Nubia,"  with  plates,  were 
splendidly  printed  in  2  vols,  folio.*  Being 
elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  he  presented  to  that  learned  body 
his  drawings  of  ruins  and  colossal  statues  at 
Thebes,  of  which  he  also  published  a  memoir. 
Died,  1742. 

NORDEN,  Joiix,  an  old  English  writer, 
who  is  conjectured  by  Wood  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Wilts.  He  received  his  education 
at  Oxford,  and  wrote  some  strange  books  in 
divinity,  with  very  whimsical  titles,  as  "  The 
Sinful  Man's  Solace,"  "  Antithesis,  or  Con- 
trariety between  the  Wicked  and  Godly  set 
forth  in  a  Pair  of  Gloves  fit  for  every  Man 
to  wear,"  &c.  He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
"  Surveyor's  Dialogue,"  "  Labyrinth  of  Man's 
Life,"  a  poem,  "England,  or  a  Guide  for 
Travellers,"  and  "  Topographical  Descrip- 
tions of  Middlesex,  Hertfordshire,  and  Corn- 
wall." He  was  surveyor  of  the  king's  lands, 
'  and  died  about  1025. 

NORDENFLEICHT,    Chederio    Chae- 


i.OTTE  DE,  a  Swedish  lady,  who  wrote  an  es- 
teemed and  elegant  poem  "  On  the  Passage 
of  the  Belts,"  two  straits  in  the  Baltic,  and 
"  An  Apology  for  Women."    Died  1703. 

NORGATE,  Edwaed,  an  English  artist, 
was  born  at  Cambridge,  where  his  father  was 
master  of  Bene't  College.  He  was  employed 
by  the  Earl  of  Arundel  to  purchase  pictures 
in  Italy ;  but  not  being  supplied  with  re- 
mittances, he  was  compelled  to  return  with- 
out executing  his  commissions ;  and  was 
afterwards  made  one  of  tlie  clerks  of  the 
signet,  and  Windsor  herald.  He  died  in 
1G50,  and  was  considered  one  of  the  finest 
illuminators  of  his  age. 

NORIS,  Henry,  a  cardinal,  was  born  at 
Verona,  in  1(531,  quitted  the  Jesuits  for  the 
order  of  Augustines,  and  published  the 
"  History  of  Pelagianism."  In  1700  he  was 
appointed  chief  librarian  of  the  Vatican, 
and  died  in  1704. 

NORMANN  EHRENFELS,  Charles 
Fkepeuic  Lebrecht,  Count  de,  a  distin- 
guished military  officer,  born  at  Stuttgard, 
in  1784.  He  entered  the  Austrian  service  at 
the  age  of  18,  in  1809  he  became  a  colonel, 
and  in  1813  commanded  the  light  cavalry  of 
the  guard  of  Napoleon  during  the  campaign 
of  Russia.  After  the  battle  of  Leipsic  he 
refused  to  serve  against  the  French,  and 
sought  refuge  in  Saxony.  On  the  insur- 
rection taking  place  in  Greece,  in  1822,  he 
embarked  at  Marseilles,  with  a  number  of 
German  officers,  and,  on  arriving  at  Greece, 
he  was  appointed  by  tlie  government  com- 
mandant of  the  fort  of  Navarino.  After 
organising  a  battalion  of  Philhellenes  at 
Corinth,  he  joined  Mavrocordato,  had  a 
share  in  the  brilliant  victory  of  Combotti, 
was  severely  wounded  at  Peta,  and  died 
during  the  same  year,  at  Missolonghi. 

NORRIS,  James  (of  Nonesuch  House, 
Devizes),  an  eccentric  miser,  who,  though 
possessing  great  wealth,  lived  the  life  of  a 
secluded  pauper,  and  died,  without  a  friend 
to  solace  him  in  his  last  moments,  January, 
183.5. 

NORRIS,  Sir  Johx,  a  brave  naval  officer, 
who  served  his  country  nearly  sixty  years, 
commencing  in  1689,  and  terminating,  with 
his  life,  in  1749.  The  frequent  accidents 
and  misfortunes  which  befel  the  ships  and 
squadrons  under  his  command,  and  which 
could  not  be  warded  off"  by  any  human  pru- 
dence or  sagacity,  procured  him  the  appel- 
lation of  "  Foul- weather  Jack  ;"  yet  in  the 
duties  of  his  profession  no  man  could  be  more 
assiduous  ;  and  so  well  did  he  second  the  ex- 
ertions of  his  friend  Sir  Cloudesly  Shovel  in 
the  Mediterranean,  that  the  queen  knighted 
him,  and  otherwise  handsomely  rewarded 
him. 

NORRIS,  Johx,  an  eminent  divine  and 
Platonist,wa8  born  in  16.57,  at  Collingbourne 
Kingston,  in  Wiltshire  ;  was  educated  'at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  became  rector  of  Bemerton, 
near  Salisbury,  where  he  died  in  1711.  He 
ranks  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the 
English  Platonists,  and  v/as  a  good  man, 
though  a  visionary.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  The  Theory  and  Regulation  of  Love," 
"Reflections  upon  the  Conduct  of  Human 
Life,"     "Practical     Discourses,"     4     vols.. 


kor] 


^  ^efiD  ^nibcrjSal  SBtograpl^w. 


[nor 


"  An  Essay  towards  the  Theory  of  the  Ideal 
or  Intelligible  World,"  and  "Philosophical 
Discourse  concerning  the  Natural  Immor- 
tality of  the  Soul." 

NORRI8,  JouN,  bom  in  1734,  Was  a  native 
of  Norfolk  ;  and  having  been  educated  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  bequeatlicd  to 
the  university  of  which  he  had  been  a  mem- 
ber property  to  the  value  of  190?.  per  annum, 
for  the  endowment  of  a  divinity  professor- 
ship and  a  theological  priee  essay,  both  of 
which  bear  his  name.  lie  was  a  gentleman 
of  good  fortune,  and  the  intimate  friend  of 
Porson.    Died,  1777. 

NORTH,  Sir  Edward,  an  eminent  lawyer 
in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Queen 
Mary,  by  the  latter  of  whom  he  was  created 
baron  North,  of  Catlidge,  in  Cambridgeshire. 

NORTH,  Dudley,  Lord,  great  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1581,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  in  ICOO.  In  the  civil  war 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and 

died  in  IGOG His  son,  of  the  same  name, 

wrote  a  "History  of  the  Life  of  Edward 
Lord  North,"  &c.,  and  is  classed  by  Walpole 
among  the  "Royal  and  Noble  Authors." 
He  left  four  sons,  all  of  whom  attained  poli- 
tical or  literary  eminence.    (See  below.) 

NORTH,  Fkawcis,  baron  Guildlord,  lord- 
keeper  of  tne  great  seal  under  Charles  II. 
and  James  II.,  was  the  eJdest  son  of  the  last- 
mentioned  Lord  Dudley  North.  After  study- 
ing at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  being  regularly 
called  to  the  bar,  he  became  solicitor-general 
in  1(571,  when  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  ;  in  1G73  he  was  made  attorney- 
general  i  the  next  year,  chief-justice  of  tlie 
common-pleas  ;  and,  in  1C83,  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord-keeper,  and  raised  to  the  peer- 
age. He  was  tlie  author  of  "  A  Philosophical 
Essay  on  Music,"  which  has  been  highly 
praised  as  a  scientific  performance,  and  was 

the  first  of  its  kind.     He  died  in  1685 

Sir  Dudley  Nouth,  brother  of  the  lord- 
keeper,  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits, 
and  became  an  eminent  Turkey  mercliant. 
He  was  afterwards  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
treasury  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  ;  wrote 
"  Observations  on"  the  Manners,  Customs, 
and  Jurisprudence  of  the  Turks  ; "  and  died 

in  1691. Dr.  John  Noktu,  was  born  in 

1645,  and  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  obtained  a  professorship  of 
the  Greek  language,  and  was  created  D.  D. 
He  was  a  man  of  considerable  erudition,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  a  great  admirer  of  the 
writings  of  Plato,  a  selection  from  which  he 
published  in  Greek  and  Latin.  Died,  1683. 
RoGEK  North,  a  lawyer  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  the  youngest  brother  of  the 
preceding,  became  attorney-general  under 
James  II.,  and  died  in  1733.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  his  three  brothers  ;  also  "  Examen, 
or  Inquiry  into  the  Credit  and  "Veracity  of 
Kennet's  History  of  England,"  a  work, 
which  though  obviously  written  in  defence 
of  the  Stuarts,  abounds  with  curious  inform- 
ation and  anecdote. 

NORTH,  FREDKnic,  earl  of  Guildford, 
better  known  as  Lord  North,  was  of  the  same 
family  as  the  foregoing,  and  was  bom  in 
1732.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  After  having  held 
several   less   important  offices,  he  was,  in 

641 


1767,  appointed  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and,  in  1770,  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  His 
administration  continued  through  the  whole 
of  the  American  war,  a  period  of  peculiar 
difficulty  and  danger,  during  which  he  was 
incessantly  assailed  by  the  opposition,  and 
was  often  threatened  with  impeachment. 
On  his  resignation  of  office  however,  in  1782, 
instead  of  instituting  against  him  that  im- 
peachment which  they  had  so  long  threat- 
ened, a  coalition  was  formed  between  him 
and  the  Whigs ;  but  this  heterogeneous 
administration  lasted  only  a  few  months, 
after  which  Lord  Nortli  held  no  responsible 
station  in  the  state.  He  was  distinguished 
for  urbanity  of  manners  and  a  turn  for  re- 
partee. For  several  years  previous  to  his 
death  he  was  afflicted  with  blindness.  Died, 
1792. 

NORTH,  George,  an  English  antiquary 
and  writer  on  numismatics,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1710;  received  his  education  at 
St.  Paul's  School,  and  Bene't  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  became  rector  of  Codicote,  in  Hert- 
fordshire ;  and  died  in  1772. 

NORTHAMPTON,  Si-ExcER  Joshua 
Alwyxe  CoMiTOX,  Marquis  of,  was  born 
Jan.  2.  1790.  Educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  he  there  acquired  and  cultivated 
the  taste  which  distinguished  him  in  after 
life.  For  a  short  period  he  sat  in  the  House 
of  Commons  for  his  native  county,  but  being 
defeated  at  one  election,  he  was  never  in- 
duced again  to  enter  on  the  field  of  politics. 
He  rarely  spoke  in  the  House  of  Lords  since 
he  succeeded  his  father  in  the  marquisate  in 
May,  1828,  but  he  was  invariably  present  at 
all  important  divisions  in  that  assembly, 
voting  for  Catholic  emancipation,  reform, 
the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  &c.  In  1838, 
when  the  Duke  of  Sussex  resigned  the  pre- 
sidency of  the  Royal  Society,  the  fellows 
immediately  solicited  the  noble  marquis  to 
become  the  successor  to  the  royal  duke.  His 
attention  at  the  general  meetings,  and  his 
brilliant  re-unions  of  all  the  distinguished 
men  in  science,  literature,  and  art,  at  his 
mansion  in  Piccadilly,  are  well  known  ;  and 
when  he  retired  in  1849  it  may  be  safely  said, 
it  was  with  the  unanimous  regret  of  not  only 
the  fellows  of  the  Royal  Society,  but  a  large 
circle  of  literary  and  scientific  friends.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature.    Died,  1851. 

NORTHCOTE,  James,  an  eminent  por- 
trait and  historical  painter,  was  born  in 
1746,  at  Plymouth,  where  his  father  was  a 
watchmaker.  Having  a  taste  for  the  fine 
arts,  and  being  flattered  by  praises  bestowed 
on  his  early  productions,  he  pursued  the 
practice  of  drawing  and  painting  with  so 
much  assiduity,  that  Dr.  Mudge,  a  physician 
of  Plymouth,  recommended  him  as  a  scholar 
to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained five  years  ;  and  on  leaving  that  great 
artist  he  commenced  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, with  great  success,  as  a  portrait  painter. 
Aspiring,  however,  to  the  loftier,  tliough  less 
lucrative  department  of  historical  painting, 
he  visited  Italy  in  1777,  and  remaining  there 
three  years,  he  returned  to  London  with  a 
vastly  increased  reputation.  In  1787  he  be- 
came a  royal  academician  ;  and  for  a  period 
of  30  years  his  productions  formed  a  con- 


nob] 


^  ^cfio  entbcriSaT  23tflcjrap]^i). 


[kou 


spiciiouB  part  of  tlie  exhibitions  at  Somerset 
i  House.      He  studied  deeply,  was  an  acute 
I  obserrer  of  human  nature,  and  possessed  a 
:  Bound  judgment,  a  quick   perception,   and 
j  great  conversational  powers.    He  wrote  "  The 
I  Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  also  "  Fables," 
"Conversations,"  and  "Tlie  Life  of  Titian," 
in  all  of  which  he  was  assisted  by  Mr.  Haz- 
I  litt.     He  amassed  a  large  fortune  by  his 
!  profession,  and  Jiis  habits  were  too  penurious 
to  dissipate  it.     He  died,  aged  85,  in  1831. 
NORTHUMBERLAND.    See  DuDLEr. 
NORTON,  John,  a  writer  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  who  published  a  curious  book, 
called    "  The    Scholar's   Vade-mecum,"    in 
which  he  endeavoured  to  alter  the  ortho- 
graphy of  the  English  language. 

NORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  of 
the  l(5th  century,  was  a  native  of  Bedford- 
shire. He  was  a  zealous  Calvinist,  and 
wrote  an  "  Epistle  to  the  Queen's  poor  de- 
ceived Subjects  of  the  North  Country,"  a 
"  Warning  against  the  dangerous  Practices 
of  the  Papists,"  and  other  tracts  against 
Popery.  He  was  also  the  author  of  27  of  the 
Psalms  of  David,  in  the  version  of  Sternhold 
and  Hopkins  ;  and  he  assisted  Thomas  Sack- 
ville  in  liis  tragedy  of"  Ferrex  and  Porrex." 
Died,  1584. 

NORWOOD,  RicHAKD,  an  English  geo- 
metrician of  the  17th  century,  was  the  first 
person  who  measured  a  degree  of  the  me- 
ridian in  England.  This  was  executed  in 
lG3o,  the  operations  being  carried  on  be- 
tween London  and  York.  He  wrote  trea- 
tises on  navigation,  trigonometry,  and  for- 
tification ;  but  no  particulars  of  his  life  are 
recorded. 

NOSTRADAMUS,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
astrologer  and  empiric  of  the  16th  century, 
was  born  in  1503,  at  St.  Rcmy,  in  Provence. 
After  graduating  in  physic  at  Montpelier, 
in  1529,  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  a 
skilful  physician  by  successfully  arresting 
the  progress  of  a  pestilential  disease.  But 
he  aimed  at  the  higher  character  of  an 
astrologer  and  adept  in  the  occult  sciences, 
and  published  a  volume  of  obscure  metrical 
rhapsodies  in  1555,  under  the  title  of  "  Pro- 
phetical Centuries."  Though  some  persons 
regarded  these  with  contempt,  and  the  au- 
thor as  an  impostor,  there  were  not  wanting 
persons  of  distinction  who  had  faith  in  these 
prognostics  ;  oneof  which  bore  so  remarkable 
an  allusion  to  the  death  of  Henry  II.,  that 
Nostradamus  received  m.any  presents,  and 
was  appointed  first  physician  to  CliarlesIX., 
who  came  himself  in  person  to  Salon,  where 
Nostradamus  then  resided,  for  the  purpose  of 
visiting  him.    Died,  1566. 

NOTT,  John,  M.D.,  an  elegant  poet  and 
oriental  scholar,  was  born  at  Worcester,  in 
1751.  After  studying  surgery  at  Birmingham, 
he  visited  Paris  for  further  instruction,  and 
eubsequently  went  out  to  Ciiina,  as  surgeon 
in  an  East  Indiaman.  In  1788  he  graduated 
in  medicine,  and  soon  after  attended  the 
Duchess  of  Devonshire  to  the  Continent,  in 
quality  of  family  physician  ;  in  1793  he 
returned  to  England,  and  settled  at  Clifton, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  till  his  death, 
in  182(5.  Among  his  numerous  writings  are, 
I  "  Alonzo,  a  poetic  Tale,"  "  Poems  from  the 
Italian    of   Petrarch,"    the    "  Cynthia "    of 


Propertius  ;  some  elegant  translations  of  the 
odes  of  Haflz  ;  an  edition  of  "  Catullus," 
with  the  Latin  text  rendered  into  English 
verse,  and  classical  notes,  2  vols.  ;  "  The 
Odes  of  Horace,"  2  vols.  ;  a  translation  of 
the  "  Basia"  of  Johannes  Secundus, "  Sappho, 
after  a  Greek  Romance,"  &c.  He  also  pub- 
lished some  professional  works,  viz.  "  A 
Chemical  Dissertation  on  the  Springs  of  Pisa 
and  Asciano,"  "  A  Nosological  Companion 
to  the  London  Pharmacopoeia,"  &o. 

NOTT,  Major-general  Sir  William,  one 
of  the  successful  heroes  in  the  late  Affghan 
war,  was  the  son  of  an  extensive  mail-con- 
tractor and  proprietor  of  the  Ivy-bush  hotel 
at  Carmarthen,  where  the  distinguished 
soldier  was  born  in  1782.  From  his  earliest 
youth  he  had  shown  a  strong  predilection 
for  the  profession  of  arms,  and  he  went  out 
to  India  as  a  cadet  in  1800  ;  but  although  his 
talents  and  gallantry  were  well  known,  he 
was  unpatronised,  and  no  striking  event 
occurring  to  accelerate  his  progress,  we  find 
him  only  arriving  at  a  majority  after  a  ser- 
vitude of  2(j  years.  His  health  at  that  time 
being  seriously  affected,  he  returned  on  leave 
of  absence  to  England,  visited  his  native 
place,  and  there  purchased  an  interesting 
seat  called  "  Job's  Well,"  where  he  resided  a 
few  years.  The  failure  of  the  Calcutta  bank 
in  which  he  had  invested  the  greater  part  of 
his  savings,  having  rendered  it  necessary  for 
him  to  resume  his  active  duties  as  a  soldier  ; 
he,  at  60  years  of  age,  returned  to  India  to 
engage  in  a  fresh  career.  "  To  relate  '  the 
moving  accidents  by  flood  and  field'  through 
which  this  gallant  officer  led  the  troops  under 
his  command,  would  be  to  write  a  volume, 
for  which  the  materials  are  alike  interesting 
and  abundant.  By  an  exercise  of  skill, 
judgment,  and  valour,  not  often  equalled, 
and  probably  never  surpassed,  he  extricated 
our  army  from  difficulties  by  which  they 
were  surrounded  in  Affghanistan,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  conveying  them,  and  several  cap- 
tives, whom  he  released,  across  the  frontier, 
bringing  them  with  perfect  safety,  and  with- 
out any  loss  of  honour,  within  the  limits  of 
her  majesty's  dominions.  The  victories  which 
he  achieved  in  Candahar  closed  the  Affghan 
war,  and  drew  forth  the  gratitude  and  ap- 
plause of  the  whole  British  empire;  even  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  departed  from  that  pe- 
culiar severity  of  taste  which  marks  his  gene- 
rally sparing  eulogium,  and  with  a  fervour 
unusual  to  him,  he  —  the  best  possible  judge 
of  Indian  warfare — pronounced  in  a  manner 
the  most  emphatic  his  unqualified  admiration 
of  General  Nott.  The  crown,  of  course,  lost 
no  time  in  conferring  on  him,  the  highest 
military  distinction— that  of  a  knight  grand 
cross  of  the  Bath  ;  neither  was  parliament 
slow  to  give  expression  to  the  national  sen- 
timent." The  Aifghan  war  concluded.  Sir 
William  hastened  to  return  to  England,  the 
hardships  of  a  military  life  and  the  insa- 
lubrity of  an  Indian  climate  seeming  to 
render  repose  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
restoration  of  his  shattered  health  ;  but  lie 
had  not  long  revisited  his  native  town  when 
the  unfavourable  symptoms  increased,  and 
he  died  on  the  1st  of  January,  1845. 

NOTTINGHAM.    See  Finch. 

NOUE,  FitANCis  DE  LA,  sumamed  Bras  de 


NOV] 


^  ^fixj  UnibCY^nl  JSiogrnpl^i). 


[nuq 


Fer,  or  the  Arm  of  Iron,  a  French  soldier 
and  a  zealous  Calvinist,  was  born  in  Brit- 
tany, in  1531.  He  took  Orleans  in  15(!7,  and 
had  a  principal  share  in  the  battle  of  Jarnac 
in  15C9.  His  left  arm  being  amputated  in 
consequence  of  a  wound  he  received  at  the 
capture  of  Fontenoy,  he  had  anotlier  con- 
structed of  iron,  whence  he  derived  hia 
surname.  In  1571  he  surprised  Valenciennes, 
and  on  his  return  the  king  gave  him  the 
command  of  the  troops  against  Rochelle  j 
but  his  indignation  at  tlie  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew  overcoming  his  fidelity,  he 
used  the  forces  for  its  defence.  In  l.">78  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  states-general 
in  the  T^ow  Countries,  where  he  took  the 
Count  Egmont  prisoner ;  but  he  was  taken 
himself  in  1.580,  and  did  not  gain  liis  liberty 
till  five  years  after.  In  the  time  of  the  league 
he  rendered  signal  service  to  Henry  IV.,  and 
wits  killed  by  a  musket  shot  at  the  siege  of 
Lamballe,  in  1.591. 

NOV  ATI  AN,  or  NOVATIANUS,aGreek 
philosoplicr,  who  embraced  Christianity, 
and  was  admitted  a  meml>er  of  the  priest- 
hood. He  started  the  doctrine,  that  it  was 
sinful  to  admit  persons  who  had  once  lapsed 
to  idolatry  to  communion  ;  a  practice  then 
universal  in  the  church.  This  produced  a 
schism,  in  which  Novatian  had  many  par- 
tisans, who  called  themselves  Catharitcs 
(puritans),  or  Novatians,  from  their  founder. 
This  sect,  after  tlie  council  of  Nice,  fell  into 
disrepute  in  the  Western  empire,  though 
they  continued  to  prevail  for  a  much  longer 
period  in  the  East. 

NOVERRE,  Joiix  George,  a  great  master 
of  the  art  of  dancing,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1727.  He  was  destined  by  his  father,  who 
was  an  adjutant  in  the  army  of  Charles 
XII.,  for  the  military  profession  ;  but  his 
taste  led  him  to  prefer  the  graceful  move- 
ments of  Terpsichore.  In  174(i  he  composed 
for  the  comic  opera  his  noted  Chinese  ballet, 
which  made  an  extraordinary  sensation  ;  and 
he  acquired  so  much  celebrity,  that  Garrick 
invited  him  to  England,  where  his  talents 
attracted  great  admiration.  After  adding 
to  his  fame,  and  receiving  honours  and  re- 
wards from  several  princes  on  the  Continent, 
he  entered  into  the  service  of  Marie  An- 
toinette, queen  of  France,  who  appointed  him 
chief  ballet  master  of  the  royal  academy 
of  music  ;  but  he  suffered  greatly  at  the 
revolution,  and  passed  tlie  latter  years  of 
his  life  in  indifferent  circumstances.  In  his 
"  Lcttres  sur  la  Danse  "  he  proposed  a  radical 
reformation  of  his  art ;  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  engaged  on  a  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Art  of  Dancing,"  intending  to  rectify  the 
errors  of  the  Encyclopedic  on  the  subject. 
Died.  ISIO. 

NOVES,  Laura  de.  immortalised  by  the 
pen  of  Petrarch,  was  born  near  Avignon,  in 
1307  ;  married  Hugh  de  Sade  in  1325  ;  and 
died,  1348. 

NO  WELL,  Alexander,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Rcadhall,  in  I>ancashire,  about 
1,507.  In  1551  he  was  installed  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  and  in  the  first  parliament  of 
queen  Mary  he  was  returned  for  Loo  in 
Coniw.all ;  but  the  election  was  declared 
void  on  account  of  his  being  a  dignitary  of 
the  church.     Soon  after   this  he  went  to 


Strasburg,  where  he  remained  till  the  ac- 
cession of  Elizabeth,  when  he  returned  ;  and 
in  1560  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul's.  He 
was  prolocutor  of  the  convocation  in  which 
the  articles  of  religion  were  settled  ;  and  he 
published  his  "  Greater "  and  "  Lesser " 
Catechisms,  in  Latin,  the  latter  being  an 
abridgment  of  the  former.  He  is  also 
supposed  to  have  written  the  chief  part  of 
the  Church  Catechism.  Besides  founding 
a  free  grammar  school  at  Middleton,  he 
endowed  thirteen  fellowships  in  Brazennose 
College.  Died,  1602 His  brother.  Lau- 
rence NowELL,  became  dean  of  Lichfield, 
and  died  in  1576.  He  was  particularly  skilled 
in  the  Saxon  language,  of  which  he  com- 
piled a  dictionary,  still  extant  in  the  Bodleian 
library. 

NOY,  William,  a  celebrated  lawyer  of 
the  17th  century,  who  may  Ik;  considered  as 
one  of  the  main  authors  of  the  civil  war  be- 
tween Charles  and  his  subjects,  inasmuch  as 
the  fatal  i)roject  of  attempting  to  raise  sup- 
plies, by  what  was  called  ship-money,  is  said 
to  have  been  advised  by  him.  He  had  ori- 
ginally laboured  to  abridge  the  royal  prero- 
gative ;  but  being  made  attorney-general,  he 
suddenly  veered  about,  and  became  its  most  ! 
strenuous  supiwrter.  Died,  l(i.34.  Among  j 
his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Grounds 
and  Maxims  of  the  Law  of  England,"  "  The 
Perfect  Conveyancer,"  and  "The  Complete 
Lawyer." 

NirCK,  Anthony,  a  skilful  Dutch  ana- 
tomist, who  was  professor  of  anatomy,  and 
president  of  the  college  of  surgeons^  at  Ley- 
den,  where  he  died  in  1692.     He  was  the  I 
discoverer  of  a  new  salival  duct,  of  the  com- 
munication between  the  red  veins  and  the 
lymjihatics,  and  of  a  mode  of  making  pre-  | 
parations  of  the   lungs  by  inflation.      His  j 
principal    works    are,    "  De    Vasis    aquosis  ' 
Oculi,"    "De   Ductu    Salivali    novo,"    and  I 
"  Operationes  et  Experimenta  Chirurgica." 

NUGENT,    George    Gkenville,    Lord, 
second  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Buckingham, 
and  brother  of  the  late  duke,  was  born.  1789. 
In  his  younger  days  he  was  known  as  Lord  i 
George   Grenville ;    under  which    name  he  j 
published  a  long  poem  on  that  portion  of  the  \ 
Peninsular  war  of  which  Portugal  was  the 
scene.     In   1812  he  succeeded  to  an  Irish  I 
barony  on  the  death  of  his  mother,  who  had 
been  created  a  baroness   in   1800,  with  re- 
mainder to  her  second  son.    During    four 
parliaments  previous  to  the  reform  bill,  he 
sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  for  Aylesbury, 
displaying  great  ardour  as  a  politician,  and 
taking  an  active  part  in  promoting  parlia-  ; 
mentary  reform,  and  all  the  liberal  measures 
of  the  day.    On  the  accession  of  the  Whigs  i 
to  office  in  the  year  1830,  he  was  appointed  a  ' 
junior    lord    of   the   treasury,   and  in    that  ! 
capacity  he  iirtroduced  the  only  legislative  I 
measure  with  which  his  name  was  ever  mixed  ] 
up  ;  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  certain  oaths, 
which  it  was  formerly  necessary  to  take  for 
the  most  ordinary  objects  connected  with  the  i 
revenue  laws,  and  the  substitution  of  simple  [ 
declarations    in    their    place.     In    1832    he 
vacated  his  scat  in  parliament  on  being  ap- 
pointed lord  high  commissioner  of  tlie  Ionian  | 
Islands,  which  office  he  held  until  1835.     He  i 
was  recalled  during  the  short  administration 


nug] 


^  iJ9fiu  WinihtvUaX  SSiOflrajp^y. 


[oat 


of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  Aylesbury  at  the  general 
elections  of  1837  and  18:5!),  but  succeeded  in 
being  returned  in  1847.  Besides  the  poem 
above  mentioned.  Lord  Nugent  was  the 
author  of  several  other  works.  His  "  Memo- 
rials of  Hampden  and  liis  Times,"  published 
in  1831,  was  favourably  noticed  in  the  Edin- 
burgh Review  by  Mr.  JIacaulay  ;  and  his 
"Lands,  Classical  and  Sacred,"  possesses 
mucli  mei-it.    Died,  IS-W. 

NUGENT,  Robert  CnAOo.s,  Earl,  a  native 
of  Westmeatli,  in  Ireland,  w^as  bred  in  tlie 
Roman  Catliolic  faith,  but  quitted  it  for 
that  of  the  established  church,  and  then 
became  a  member  of  the  Englisli  parliament. 
He  was  tliree  times  returned  for  Bristol.  In 
j  1767  he  was  created  viscount  Clare,  and.  in 
1776,  earl  Nugent,  lie  was  the  autljor  of  a 
volume  of  poems,  some  of  wliich  possess  con- 
siderable merit. 

NUGENT,  Thomas,  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, but  settled  in  London,  where  he  pro- 
duced numerous  works.     He  was  an  LL.D. 
and  F.S.A.;   and  occupied  himself  in  wri- 
ting and  compiling  a  variety  of  publications, 
several  of  wliich  possess  much  merit.  Among 
them    are,   "  A  French    and  English  Dic- 
i  tionary,"  which  has  been  often  reprinted ; 
j  "  Travels  through  Germany,"  2  vols. ;  "  Ob- 
I  servations  on   Italy  and   its    Inhabitants," 
i  2  vols.;    "The  Tour  of  Europe,"  4  vols.; 
*'  Condillac's  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Human 
Knowledge,"  "  Henault's  History  of  France,"  i 
&c.     Died,  1772. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS.  the  second  king  of 
Rome,  was  chosen   by  the  people  after  the  j 
death  of  Romulus,  and,  during   a  reign  of  | 
43  years,  introduced  mtiuy  salutary  refor-  | 
mations  among  tliem.    He  was  not,  like  Ro-  j 
mulus,  a  warrior,  but  possessed  all  the  quali-  j 
ties  of  a  lawgiver,  and  a  just  and  wise  ruler  ;  j 
and  he  greatly  strengthened  the  institutions  j 
of  Rome,  by  uniting   them   with  religious 
ceremonies.    He  was  the  fourth  son  of  Pom- 
pilius  Pompo,  a  distinguished  Sabine,  and  | 
the  husband  of  Tatia,  the  daughter  of  the 
j  Tatius,  who  for  a   long  period  shared  the 
\  kingdom  with  Romulus.    He  reigned  from 
'  714  to  7o7  B.  c,  and  left  an  onlydaughter, 
!  wlio  married  Numa  Martins,  and  became 
;  the  mother  of  Ancus    Martius  the  fourth  ; 
j  king  of  Rome.  i 

I      NU^IERIiVN,  Makcus  Aureuus,  a  Ro- 
:  man  emperor,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  Carus,  his  fatlier,  a.  n.  282  ; 
but  was  murdered  by  his  fathel-in-law,  after 


a  reign  of  8  months.  He  displayed  consi- 
derable talent  both  as  a  writer  and  an  orator. 

NUNEZ,  Feknan  de  Guzma.v,  a  knight 
and  commander  of  the  order  of  Santiago,  in 
the  _16th  century,  was  born  at  Valladolid, 
studied  at  Bologna,  and  on  his  return  home 
was  appointed  Greek  professor  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Alcala,  by  its  founder,  Cardinal 
Ximenes,  who  also  employed  him  on  his 
celebrated  Polyglott.  He  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Salamanca,  where  he  was  also  ap- 
pointed Greek  professor ;  and  died  in  ITt-Vi. 
His  writings  chiefly  consist  of  annotations 
on  the  works  of  Seneca,  Pliny,  aud  other 
classic  authors. 

NUVOLONE,  Chari.es  Francis,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  born  in  1608,  at  Milan, 
where  his  father  was  an  eminent  artist,  and 
directed  his  studies  with  great  success.  He 
adopted  Guido's  style,  and  his  Madonnas 
are  highly  valued.  Died,  lO'A His  bro- 
ther, Joseph  Nuvoloke,  also  executed  se- 
veral fine  pictures,  particularly  one  of  St. 
Dominic  raising  a  dead  man  to  life.  He 
died,  aged  84,  in  1703. 

NUZZI,  Mario,  commonly  called  Mario 
d^  Fiori,  a  celebrated  flower  painter,  was 
born  in  1603,  at  Penna,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  His  pictures  were  highly  esteemed, 
and  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  St.  Luke.    Died,  1673. 

nITE,  Philip,  an  eminent  Nonconform- 
ist divine,  was  bom  in  Sussex,  in  1596,  and 
took  his  degrees  in  arts  at  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford.  He  became  minister  of  St.  Mi- 
chael's church,  Cornhill ;  but  in  1633  he 
went  to  Holland,  and  remained  there  till 
the  rebellion,  wlien  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Kimbolton,  in  Huntingdonshire.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  and 
rector  of  St.  Bartholomew  behind  the  Ex- 
change. In  1647  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  chaplains  who  attended  the  commis.sion- 
ers  empowered  to  treat  with  Charles  I.  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight :  and  he  lost  no  oppor- 
tunity of  showing  his  enmity  to  the  cause  of 
royalty.  His  conduct,  in  fact,  had  been  so 
violent,  that  he  was  not  only  deprived  of  his 
living  at  the  Restoration,  but  an  act  was 
passed,  restraining  him  from  holding  auy 
office  in  future.    Died,  1672. 

NYSTEN,  Peter  Hubert,  an  eminent 
physiologist  and  physician  to  the  Foundling 
Hospital  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Liege,  in  1771. 
He  was  the  autlior  of  "  Rechcrches  de  Phy- 
siologic et  de  Chimie  Pathologique,"  aud 
other  medical  works.    Died,  1818. 


o. 


GATES,  TiTi-s,  an  infamous  character, 
born  about  1619,  was  the  son  of  an  Anabap- 
tist preacher ;  received  his  education  at 
Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  afterwards  entered  into  holy 
orders.  In  1677  he  pretended  to  be  a  con- 
vert to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and 
was  admitted  into  the  society  of  Jesuits  i  but 
subsequently  declared  himself  a  Protestant, 


and,  in  conjunction  with  one  Dr.  Tongue, 
gave  information  of  a  pretended  popish  plot 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Protestant  faith  ; 
falsely  accused  several  Catholic  lords,  and 
other  persons  of  quality,  of  being  concerned 
in  it ;  and  having  excited  a  popular  ferment, 
brought  Lord  Stafford,  among  other  inno- 
cent individuals,  to  the  scaffold.  Such  was 
the  credulity  of  the  times,  that  he  m  as  re- 


obe] 


^  ^cin  HnibcrjSal  UtograiJijM. 


[OCK 


warded  with  a  pension  of  \200l.  per  annum, 
I  and  lodged  for  safety  at  the  palace  of  White- 
hall.   On  the  accession  of  James  II.,  how- 
I  ever,  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  and  in- 
dicted for  perjury  ;  and,  being  convicted,  was 
I  sentenced  to  stand  in  the  pillory  five  times 
a  year  during  liis  life,  and  to  be  whipped 
I  from   Aldgate  to   Newgate,   and  thence   to 
j  Tyburn.    Though  the  wliippiiig  was  very 
i  severely    inflicted,    he    recovered    from    its 
;  effects  ;  and,  in  the  reign  of  William  III., 
1  this  execrable  tool  of  faction  obtained  his 
:  liberty  and  a  pension  of  -iOOl.  a  year.    He 
I  died  in  1705. 

I     O'BEIRXE,  TnoMAS  Lewis,  a  learned 
!  Iilsh  prelate,  was  born  in  1748,  in  the  county 
of  Longford,  in  Ireland  ;  was  educated  at 
St.  Omer's  for  the  priesthood,  but  renounced 
the  creed  in  which  he  had  been  brought  up, 
'  and  at  tlie  commencement  of  the  American 
I  war  sailed  witli  Lord  Howe  as  chaplain  to 
the  fleet.    In  1782  lie  accompanied  the  Duke 
of  Portland  to  Ireland  as  private  secretary, 
obtained  two  valuable   livings    in    North- 
umberland jind  Cumberland,  was  promoted 
to  the  see  of  Tipper  Ossorj',  and  translated 
to  that  of  Meath.    He  wrote  several  political 
pamphlets,  sermons,  and  cliargcs  on  various 
occasions ;    "  Tli<?    Generous    Impostor,"    a 
I  comedy  ;  and  "  The  Crueillxion,"  a  poem. 

Died,  1823. 
I      OBERKAMPF,  C.  P.,  bom  in  1738  ;  died 
;  in  1815  ;  founder  of  the  great  French  manu- 
1  facture  of  printed  cottons  at  Jouy,  and  of 
I  cotton  thread  at  Essonc. 

OBEKLIN,  Jkkemiaii  James,  a  German 
'  antiquary  and  philologist,  was  born  at 
Strasburg,  in  1735.  He  began  his  career  as 
teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of  liis  native 
place,  aud  after  he  had  extended  his  know- 
ledge and  reputation  by  his  travels,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  university  ;  in  1782  he 
obtained  the  cliair  of  logic  and  metaphysics  ; 
to  wliich,  in  1787,  was  added  the  office  of 
director  of  the  gymnasium.  Tlie  French 
revolution  interrupted  his  learned  labours ; 
and  in  1793  he  was  imprisoned  at  Metz,  and 
treated  with  great  cruelty  ;  but  at  the  ter- 
mination of  Robespierre's  tyranny  he  was 
liberated,  and  resumed  his  literary  occu- 
pations. He  publislied  valuable  editions  of 
.Tacitus,  Coesar,  Ovid,  aud  Horace  ;  and  pro- 
duced a  number  of  works  on  archaeology, 
statistics,  &c.     Died,  18{X3. 

OBSEQUENS,  Julius,  a  Latin  writer, 
who  flourislied  about  A.n.  305.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Prodigiis." 

OCARIZ,  or  OCARITZ,  Don  Joseph, 
Chevalier  d',  a  Spanish  diplomatist,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  attempts  to  pre- 
vent the  execution  of  Louis  XVI.  In  1788 
he  was  sent  to  Paris  as  consul-general ;  and 
in  1792  he  held  the  post  of  diarye-<V affaires. 
He  addressed  two  letters  to  the  National 
Convention,  offering  the  mediation  of  his 
sovereign  to  engage  Prussia  and  Austria  to 
terminate  the  war  with  France,  on  condition 
of  the  suspension  of  judgment  against  the 
king.  He  afterwards  occui)ied  otlier  diplo- 
matic situations,  and  died  on  his  way  to 
Constantinople,  in  1805. 

OCCAM,  or  OCKHAM,  William,  an 
English  scholastic  divine  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury, was  a  native  of  Ockham,  in  Surrey  ; 


studied  at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  under 
the  celebrated  Duns  Scot  us  ;  and  obtained 
the  name  of  "  the  invincible  doctor."  He 
wrote  against  pope  John  XXII.,  whom  he 
treated  as  a  heretic,  and  joined  the  anti- 
pope,  Nicholas  V.,  set  up  by  the  emperor  of 
Bavaria.  For  this  he  was  excommunicated, 
and  he  died  in  1.347. 

OCELLUS  LUCANUS.  so  called  from 
being  a  native  of  Lucania,  was  a  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher,  and  flourished  u.  c.  500. 
liis  treatise  "  On  the  Universe "  is  still 
extant. 

OCHINUS,  or  OCHIN,  Berxakpix,  an 
Italian  monk,  was  born  at  Sienna,  in  1487. 
His  eloquence  was  so  mucli  admired,  that 
pope  Paul  III.  made  him  his  confessor. 
Ochin  however,  on  meeting  witli  the  works 
of  Luther,  turned  Protestant,  and  went  first 
to  Geneva,  and  next  to  England,  where  he 
obtained  a  prebend  in  Canterbury  catliedral ; 
but  on  the  accession  of  Mary  lie  retired  to 
Strasburg,  whence  he  removed  to  Zurich, 
and  became  minister  of  the  Italian  church  ; 
but  was  banished  in  15(!3,  for  writing  his 
dialogues  in  defence  of  jwlygamy.  He  tlien 
went  to  Moravia,  where  he  joined  the  So- 
cinians,  but  died  of  the  plague  the  year  fol- 
lowing. His  "Sermons,"  in  Italian,  5  vols. 
8vo.,  are  scarce.  He  also  wrote  several  con- 
troversial books. 

OCHS,  PKTEI5,  a  chevalier  and  grand  tri- 
bune of  the  state  of  Basle,  was  born  in  1749  ; 
and  liaving  finished  his  academical  studies, 
was  soon  distinguished  for  his  legal  and 
political  knowledge.  In  1795  he  was  chosen 
by  his  fellow-citizens  to  negotiate  with  M. 
Barthelcmj'.  agent  of  the  French  directory  ; 
and  he  at  length  became  president  of  the 
assembly  convened  to  organise  a  constitution 
for  the  state  of  Basic,  under  the  influence 
of  France.  Being  snbsequeritly  displaced, 
he  went  to  Paris,  and,  after  remaining  there 
some  years,  was  appointed  by  Buonaparte 
a  member  of  the  council  of  slate,  under  the 
new  Helvetic  government,  which  subsisted 
till  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  in  1814.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Ilistoire  de  la  Ville  et 
du  Pays  du  Bale,"  5  vols.  ;  "  Projet  de  Con- 
stitution Helvi'tique,"  and  some  dramatic 
pieces.     Died,  1821. 

OCIITERLONY,  Sir  David,  bart.,  of  the 
East  India  Company's  service,  was  bom  at 
Boston,  in  New  England,  in  1758.  At  the 
age  of  18  he  went  to  India  as  a  cadet,  and 
rose,  by  regular  gradation,  to  the  rank  of 
major-general,  in  1814.  In  the  Nepaulese 
war  he  distinguished  himself  by  a  series  of 
skilful  operations  and  brilliant  successes, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  order  of  the 
Bath,  the  dignity  of  baronet,  and  a  pension 
of  KKW.  per  annum.    Died,  1825. 

OCKLEY,  SiMox,  a  learned  divine  and 
eminent  orientalist,  was  born  at  Exeter,  in 
1078,  and  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1705  he  was  presented  to 
the  vicarage  of  Swavesey,  in  Cambridge- 
shire ;  in  1711  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
Arabic  ;  and  died  in  indigence,  in  1720. 
His  principal  works  are,  "Introductio  ad 
Linguas  Orieutales,"  "The  History  of  the 
preent  Jews  throughout  the  World,"  "The 
Iini)rovement  of  Human  Reason,  or  the  Life 
of  Hai  Ebn  Yok'dhan,"  translated  from  the 


oco] 


^  ^e&)  Hm'ber^al  23i0Q;rajp]^g. 


[oco 


Arabic;  "Sermons,"  a  "  Life  of  Mahomet," 
2  vols. ;  and  "  The  History  of  the  Saracens," 
2  vols.  8vo.  ;  which  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  his  works. 

O'CONNELL,  Daxiel,  of  Darrynane  Ab- 
bey, the  great  Irish  "  Agitator,"  or  "  Libe- 
rator," as  he  delighted  to  6t3'le  himself,  was 
the  son  of  a  small  landed  proprietor  in  the 
coimty  of  Kerry,  where  he  was  bom,  Aug.  6. 
1775.  Educated  at  the  Catliolic  College  of 
St.  Omer,and  at  the  Irish  seminary  at  Donay, 
he  at  first  intended  to  enter  the  church,  but 
after  the  repeal  of  the  act  which  prohibited 
Roman  Catholics  from  practising  at  the  bar, 
he  became  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1794, 
was  admitted  a  barrister  in  1798.  and  soon 
acquired  a  large  practice,  which  yielded  him 
a  handsome  income.  In  1809  he  became 
connected  witli  the  associations  which  had 
the  emancipation  of  the  Catholics  for  tlieir 
object,  and  the  powers  of  eloquence,  together 
with  tlie  boundless  zeal  which  he  displayed  in 
this  cause,  soon  made  him  the  idol  of  his 
Catholic,  and  the  dread  of  his  Protestant, 
countrymen.  The  vehemence  with  which 
he  denounced  the  wrongs  of  his  country  and 
its  so-called  "oppressors"  frequently  in- 
volved him  iu  personal  rencontres  with  his 
political  opponents.  In  1815,  having  applied 
the  epithet  "  beggarly  "  to  the  Dublin  cor- 
poration, he  was  challenged  by  Alderman 
d'Esterre,  who  resented  it  as  a  personal  in- 
sult. The  cliallenge  was  accepted,  but  the 
alderman  fell.  The  same  year  Mr.  O'Con- 
nell  received  a  hostile  message  from  Mr. 
Peel,  then  secretary  for  Ireland  ;  but  their 
meeting  was  prevented  by  the  police,  who 
had  obtained  knowledge  of  the  affair  ;  and 
Mr.  O'Connell  soon  afterwards  resolved  that 
he  would  thenceforward  neither  send  nor 
accept  a  challenge  for  any  injury  that  he 
might  inflict  or  receive  ;  a  resolution  to 
which  he  stedfastly  adhered.  Several  years 
elapsed  before  Mr.  O'Connell's  continued 
efforts  for  the  enfranchisement  of  the  Irish 
Catholics  were  followed  by  any  adequate 
result.  But  in  1823,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Sheil,  he  founded  a  new  Catholic  asso- 
ciation, which  soon  extended  over  the  whole 
of  Ireland,  and  from  that  period  down  to 
his  decease,  his  personal  history  is  identified 
with  that  of  Ireland.  In  1828,  stimulated 
by  his  friends,  and  "  encouraged  by  tlie 
strongest  assurances  of  support,  Mr.  O'Con- 
nell resolved,  notwithstanding  the  existing 
disabilities  precluded  all  hopes  of  legal  suc- 
cess, to  become  a  candidate  for  a  seat  in 
parliament ;  and  a  vacancy  having  occurred 
in  the  representation  of  the  county  of  Clare, 
he  was  nominated  in  opposition  to  Mr. 
(afterwards  Lord)  Fitzgerald,  who  had  re- 
presented that  county  for  many  j'ears.  A 
most  violent  contest  ensued,  at  that  period, 
and  perhaps  since,  unparalleled  in  the  his- 
tory of  electioneering.  But  Mr.  Fitzgerald's 
own  connections,  the  intluence  of  the  go- 
vernment, and  the  power  of  the  gentry, 
were  unavailing  against  the  ardour  and 
determination  of  Mr.  O'Connell's  friends  ; 
and  on  the  5th  of  July,  1828,  he  was  returned 
to  parliament  by  a  large  majority  of  the 
Clare  electors.  He  lost  no  time  in  pre- 
senting himself  at  the  table  of  the  House 
of   Commons,  and   expressed    his    willing- 


ness to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  ;  but, 
refusing  the  other  oaths,  he  was  ordered  to 
withdraw.  Discussions  in  the  house  and 
arguments  at  the  bar  ensued  ;  the  speedy 
close  of  the  session,  however,  precluded  any 
practical  result.  Agitation  throughout  every 
part  of  Ireland  now  assumed  so  formidable 
a  character,  that  ministers  apprehended  a 
civil  war,  and  early  in  the  next  session 
the  Roman  Catholic  relief  bill  was  intro- 
duced and  carried.  Mr.  O'Connell  was  there- 
fore, in  tlie  month  of  April,  1829,  enabled 
to  sit  for  Clare  without  taking  the  objec- 
tiojiable  oaths  ;  but  it  was  necessary  that  a 
new  writ  should  issue,  under  which  he  was 
immediately  re-elected.  At  the  death  of 
George  IV.,  Mr.  O'Connell  withdrew  from 
the  representation  of  Clare,  and  was  re- 
turned to  the  new  parliament  for  the  county 
of  Waterford.  In  the  House  of  Commons, 
elected  iu  ]8;31,  he  sat  for  his  'native  county 
(Kerry).  Dublin,  the  city  in  which  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent,  enjoyed 
his  services  as  its  representative  from  1832 
till  1836,  when  he  was  petitioned  against 
and  unseated,  after  a  long  contest,  before  a 
committee  of  the  House  of  Commons.  lie 
tlien  for  some  time  represented  Kilkenny  ; 
but,  at  the  general  election  in  1837,  he  was 
once  more  returned  for  the  city  of  Dublin, 
and  in  1841  for  the  county  of  Cork.  Mr. 
O'Connell  had  thus  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  for  18  years,  in  7  several  parlia- 
ments, and  for  6  different  constituencies. 
In  1841  he  was  elected  lord  mayor  of  Dublin. 
The  return  of  the  conservatives  to  power  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year  was  the  signal  for 
renewed  agitation  in  Ireland.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  a  repeal  of  the  union  was  demanded 
by  every  parish  and  hamlet  in  Ireland  ; 
and  in  1843  '  monster  meetings '  were  lield 
on  the  royal  hill  of  Tara,  on  the  Curragh 
of  Kildare,  the  rath  of  Mullaghmast,  and 
other  renowned  localities.  A  meeting  for 
Clontarf  was  fixed  for  the  8th  of  Oct.,  when 
the  government  interfered,  and  the  prosecu- 
tions commenced  which  will  be  fresh  in  the 
reader's  recollection.  Mr.  O'Connell  was 
sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  2000/.  and  to  be 
imprisoned  for  a  year.  This  judgment  was 
afterwards  reversed  by  the  House  of  Lords  ; 
but  the  prosecution  had  answered  its  pur- 
pose, O'Connell's  credit  as  a  politician  was 
impaired,  and  the  costs  of  his  defence  had 
nearly  exhausted  the  funds  of  the  Repeal 
Association.  The  return  of  the  Whigs  to 
power  in  184(5,  and  Mr.  O'Connell's  avowed 
adherence  to  them,  introduced  dissension 
among  those  with  whom,  for  50  j'cars,  he 
had  possessed  '  a  voice  potential.'  The 
opposition  which  aforetime  he  could  put  I 
down  with  a  jest,  or  awe  into  silence  with  a  | 
frown,  now  irritated  and  subdued  him.  He  i 
retired  from  the  arena  of  strife,  and  com-  j 
menced  a  pilgrimage  in  1847,  more  for  devo-  I 
tion  than  for  health,  towards  Rome  ;  but  he  j 
had  proceeded  no  further  than  Genoa,  when,  | 
with  comparatively  little  suffering,  he  ex-  I 
pired,  in  his  72nd  year.  His  heart  was  em-  [ 
balmed,  and  carried  forward  to  Rome  ;  and  ' 
Ins  body  was  brought  to  Ireland  for  inter-  [ 
ment."  The  time  has  not  yet  arrived  to 
judge  Mr.  O'Connell  with  impartiality.  To 
great    abilities,    marvellous     activity    and  i 


oco] 


^  ^m  BnibniKl  38t00rajpTji». 


[<ECO 


I  energy,  and  an  extraordinary  gift  of  popular 
eloquence,  he  united  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  and  identification  with,  the  Irish  cha- 
racter. By  these  qualities,  and  by  long 
service  on  behalf  of  the  rights  of  his  Roman 
Catholic  iellow-citizens,  he  obtained,  and 
nearly  to  tlic  last  retained,  an  almost  super- 
human power  over  the  great  body  of  the 
Irish  people.  But  even  if  we  should  admit 
that  he  was  a  patriot  at  heart,  and  that  he 
had  noble  desires  for  his  country's  welfare, 
it  is  but  too  manifest  that  he  was  altogether 
careless  as  to  the  means  for  accomplisiiing  his 
ends.  His  political  lite  was  tinged  throughout 
with  the  policy  that  distinguished  that  dan- 
gerous order  in  which  his  religion  has  found 
at  times  her  ablest  but  most  unscrupulous 
champions.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were 
frittered  away  in  the  pursuit  of  an  imprac- 
ticable object ;  and  his  last  moments  were 
embittered  by  the  spectacle  of  his  unhappy 
country  torn  by  political  dissensions  which 
he  had  mainly  fostered,  and  groaning  under 
a  load  of  pestilence  and  famine.  The  onlv 
substantial  literary  achievement  with  which 
his  name  was  connected  are  his  "Memoirs 
of  Ireland."    Died,  1847. 

O'CONNOR,  Charles,  a  learned  Catholic 
clergyman,  w  ho  for  many  years  was  a  resi- 
dent in  the  family  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, at  Stowe,  as  librarian  to  that  noble- 
man. He  was  the  author  of"  Colnmbanus's 
Letters,"  2  vols.  ;  a  "  Narrative  of  the  most 
interesting  Events  in  Modern  Irish  History," 
and  a  collection  of  the  ancient  Irish  chro- 
nicles ;  his  studies  having  been  chiefly  di- 
rected to  the  elucidation  of  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  Ireland.  He  died  in  182ti, 
at  Balinagar,  the  seat  of  his  brother,  the 
O'Connor  Don. 

ODENATUS,  Septimius,  an  Arabian 
prince,  the  husband  of  queen  Zenobia,  and 
who  reigned  ill  Palmyra.  He  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  Romans  in  their  contests  with 
Persia  ;  defeated  Sapor,  and  was  admitted 
by  Gallienus  to  participate  in  the  imperial 
authority.    He  was  assassinated  a.d.  2ii7 . 

ODERICO,  Gaspak  Louis,  a  learned 
antiquary  and  medalist,  was  boni  at  Genoa, 
in  1725,  and  entered  into  the  society  of  the 
Jesuits.  His  love,  however,  for  coins, 
medals,  and  other  relics  of  antiquity,  pre- 
vailed over  theological  studies,  and  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  tlie  Etruscan  academy 
of  Cortona,  under  the  name  of  Theodemio 
Ostracinio.  On  the  suppression  of  the  order, 
he  was  made  conservator  of  the  library  of 
Genoa,  and  was  subsequently  clioseu  a 
member  of  the  Institute.  He  published 
some  valuable  works  on  numismatics  and 
ancient  inscriptions,  and  died  in  ISOo. 

ODESCALCHI,  Makc  Antonio,  an  Ita- 
lian of  high  rank,  who  devoted  Jsis  time 
and  fortune  to  acts  of  philanthroi)y.  He 
was  cousin  to  pope  Innocent  XL,  who  offered 
him  many  high  dignities  in  the  church. 
Observing  that  though  Rome  contained  se- 
veral hospitals  for  the  relief  of  the  poor  of 
different  nations,  there  were  many  strangers 
who  could  find  no  asylum  in  any  of  them, 
but  were  obliged  to  take  shelter  in  the 
porches  of  churches,  the  porticos  of  palaces, 
or  the  ancient  ruins  of  the  city,  he  converted 
his  house  into  an  hospital  for  the  reception 


of  these  outcasts,  without  distinction.  Here 
he  fitted  up  1000  beds,  and  employed  a  num- 
ber of  tailors  constantly  in  making  clothes 
for  the  objects  of  his  bounty.  If  in  his  rides 
he  chanced  to  observe  a  forlorn  wanderer, 
he  would  stop,  take  him  into  his  carriage, 
and  convey  him  to  his  mansion.  At  his 
death,  in  1()70,  he  left  all  his  property  to  the 
support  of  the  hospital. 

ODESCALCHI,  Thomas,  another  mem- 
ber of  the  same  family,  who  was  almoner 
to  pope  Innocent  XI.  In  imitation  of  the 
preceding,  he  gave  himself  up  to  works  of 
charity.  Perceiving  that  in  the  hospital  of 
St.  Gale  there  were  a  number  of  children 
destitute  of  education,  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  erecting  an  asylum  for  their  reception  ; 
which  he  carried  into  execution,  beginning 
with  38  children,  who  were  instructed,  and 
brought  up  to  industry.  The  number  soou 
increased,  through  the  liberality  of  pope  In- 
nocent, to  70  i  and,  in  1G8G,  Thomas  Odes- 
calclii  laid  the  foundation  of  a  large  hos- 
pital for  the  education  and  employment  of 
poor  children  in  weaving  cloth.  This  pious 
prelate  died  in  1692,  and  left  considerable 
funds  for  the  support  of  his  institution,  to 
wliich  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Michael  de 
Riptgrande. 

ODIER,  Louis,  an  eminent  Gencvese 
physician,  was  born  in  1748 ;  studied  at 
Edinburgh,  Leyden,  and  Paris  ;  and,  re- 
turning to  Geneva,  commenced  a  course  of 
lectures  on  chemistry.  He  practised  medi- 
cine with  great  reputation  in  his  native  city, 
filled  several  public  offices,  distinguished 
himself  by  his  successful  endeavours  to  in- 
troduce vaccine  inoculation  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  was  the  author  of  a  "  Manual  of 
Practical  Medicine."    Died,  1817. 

ODINGTON,  VValtkk,  called  Walter  of 
Evesham,  was  a  monk  of  that  monastery  in 
Worcestersliire,  and  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  was  an  astronomer,  ma- 
thematician, and  musician  ;  on  each  of 
which  subjects  he  wrote  treatises.  "  De 
Motibus  Planetarum  et  de  Mutatione  Aeris" 
is  attributed  to  him  ;  and  Dr.  Burney  ob- 
serves of  his  treatise,  entitled  "  Of  the  Spe- 
culation of  Music,"  which  is  preserved  in 
the  library  of  Bene't  College,  Cambridge, 
"  that  if  all  other  musical  tracts,  from  the 
time  of  Boethius  to  Franco  and  John  Cotton 
were  lost,  with  this  MS.  our  knowledge 
would  not  be  much  diminished." 

ODO,  St.,  a  celebrated  abbot  of  Clngni,  in 
France,  was  born  at  Tours,  in  879,  and  died 
about  y4o.  He  introduced  the  most  rigorous 
discipline  into  his  order,  obtained  a  high 
reputation  for  sanctity  and  wisdom,  and 
wrote    several    books  full    of  superstitious 

notions    and    legendary  tales Another 

of  this  name,  called  Odo  ok  Kent,  was  a 
Benedictine  monk,  who  became  abbot  of 
Battle,  and  died  in  1800. 

GECOLAMPADIUS,  John,  an  eminent 
reformer,  was  born  in  Franconia,  in  1482. 
He  studied  at  Heidelberg,  after  which  he 
became  tutor  to  the  son  of  the  elector  pala- 
tine, and  was  presented  to  a  benefice.  In 
1520  he  entered  into  a  monastery,  but  on 
reading  the  books  of  Luther,  he  quitted  his 
cell,  and  went  to  Basle,  where  he  was  made 
professor  of  divinity.      He    embraced    the 


OEC] 


^  ^t^  SUni'liersal  3Si0QrapTjp. 


[OGI 


doctrine  of  Zuinglius  on  the  sacrament,  but 
conducted  himself  with  great  moderation. 
In  1528  he  married  tlie  widow  of  Cellarius. 
His  works  evince  considerable  learning,  and 
he  appears  to  have  been  held  in  great  esti- 
mation even  by  his  opponents.  He  died  of 
the  plague  in  f531. 

OECUMENIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  com- 
mentator upon  the  Scriptures,  was  bishop  of 
Trica,  in  Thessaly,  in  tlie  10th  century. 

OEDER,  Geouge  Chuistian,  an  eminent 
physician  and  botanist,  was  born  at  Ans- 
pach,  in  1728.  He  studied  at  Gottingen, 
under  Haller,  by  whose  interest  he  became 
professor  of  botany  at  Copenhagen  ;  but,  on 
account  of  liis  intimacy  with  the  unfortu- 
nate Struensee,  he  was  obliged  to  retire  to 
Oldcnburgh,  where  he  died  in  1791.  His 
works  are,  "  Flora  Danica,"  3  vols.  fol.  ; 
"  Elementa  Botanica,"  "  Nomenclator  Bo- 
tanicus, "  and  "  Enumeratio  Plautarum 
Flora:  Danicae." 

OEIILENSCHLOEGER,  Adam,  the  most 
celebrated  dramatic  poet  of  Scandinavia, 
was  born,  at  Copenhagen,  1777.  When 
still  a  child  he  evinced  great  skill  in  writing 
verses  ;  and  even  in  his  9th  year  he  wrote 
short  comedies  for  private  theatricals,  in 
which  the  chief  performers  were  liiinself, 
his  sister,  and  a  friend.  These  and  other 
similar  attempts  created  the  wish  to  go 
upon  the  stage  ;  and  when  he  was  in  his 
17th  year  he  put  his  design  in  execution. 
But  he  soon  found  that  tlie  stage  was  not  in 
unison  with  his  inclinations  ;  and  he  aban- 
doned it  first  for  the  study  of  law,  and  after- 
wards for  general  literature.  In  1805  he 
left  Copenhagen  with  a  stipend  from  the 
Danish  government,  on  a  lengthened  tour 
through  Germany  and  Italy  ;  and  on  his 
return,  in  1810,  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  literature  in  the  university  of  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  laboured  assiduously  till 
his  death.  His  earliest  works  were  com- 
posed in  Danish,  but  he  rewrote  most  of 
them  in  German,  and  Germany  has  given 
them  a  prominent  place  in  her  own  litera- 
ture. His  most  important  works  are, 
"HakonJarl,"  "  Correggio,"  "  Palnatoke," 
"Aladdin,"  "  Der  Hirten-knabe,"  &c.  His 
"  Autobiography "  is  a  beautiful  perform- 
ance, fully  displaying  the  qualities  for 
which  he  was  distinguished  through  life  — 
strong  feelings  and  earnestness  of  purpose 
—  and  which  gained  liim  urdversal  respect 
while  he  lived,  and  more  than  regal  honours 
at  his  death.     Died,  Jan.  28.  ISoO. 

OELRICIIS,  Joiis  Chaules  Conead, 
a  German  historian  and  bibliographer,  was 
born  at  Berlin,  in  1722  ;  became  professor 
of  history  and  civil  law  at  the  academy  of 
Stettin  ;  published  many  valuable  works  in 
Latin  and  German  ;  obtained  the  post  of 
counsellor  of  legation,  and  resident  of  the 
duke  of  Deux  Fonts,  at  the  court  of  Berlin, 
in  1784  i  and  died  in  1793. 

OFFA,  king  of  Mercia,  succeeded  Ethel- 
bald  in  755.  He  murdered  Ethelbert,  king 
of  the  East  Angles,  and  took  possession  of 
his  kingdom.    Died,  794. 

OGDEN,  Samuel,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  born  at  Manchester,  in  1716,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar  school  there,  from 
which  he  was  removed  to  King's  College, 


Cambridge,  and  next  to  St.  John's,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship.  In  1744  he  became 
master  of  the  school  at  Halifax,  but  resigned 
that  situation  in  1753,  and,  returning  to 
Cambridge,  took  his  degree  of  D.D.,  and  was 
presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Dumerham,  in 
Wiltshire.  In  1764  he  was  appointed  Wood- 
wardian  professor,  and  in  1766  obtained  the 
rectories  of  Lawford,  in  Essex,  and  Stans- 
field,  in  Suffolk.  He  published  two  volumes 
of  sermons,  which,  from  their  pithy  and 
animated  character,  obtained  considerable 


I 


'  celebrity.     Died,  1778. 

!  OGE,  a  Creole  of  St.  Domingo,  who,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  French  revolution, 
having  occasion  to  visit  Paris  on  mercantile 
affairs,  was  there  admitted  into  the  society 
of  Amis  des  Noirs,  or  Friends  of  the  Negroes, 
and  warmly  solicited,  though  ineflfectually, 
the  National  Assembly  to  grant  to  men  of 
colour  the  rights  of  equality.  Returning  to 
his  native  island  in  1790,  with  a  determina- 
tion to  effect  by  force  wliat  was  denied  to 
his  solicitations,  he  issued  a  proclamation, 
inviting  all  the  people  of  colour,  as  well  as 
the  negro  slaves,  to  join  him.  At  first  the 
insurgents  demanded  nothing  but  what  was 

j  just  —  freedom  and  political  equality  ;   but 

I  their  cause  was  soon  disgraced  by  crimes  of 
the  most  atrocious  description.  These,  how- 
ever, were  not  attributable  so  much  to  Ogt, 
as  to  his  lieutenant,  Chavannes,  a  san- 
guinary wretch,  who  delighted  in  deeds  of 
violence.  At  length  they  were  overpowered 
by  the  regular  troops  sent  against  them, 
and  Oge  and  Chavannes  were  condemned  to 
be  broken  on  the  wheel.  When  the  former 
heard  his  doom,  he  took  a  quantity  of  black 
seeds  in  the  hollow  of  his  hand,  and  covered 
tliem  with  a  small  quantity  which  were 
white  ;  he  then  shook  them  together,  and 
the  former  remaining  uppermost,  he  ex- 
claimed to  his  judges,  "Where  are  the 
whites  ?  "  —  an  impressive  allegory,  which 
was  fatallj'  verified  in  the  subsequent  revo- 
lution in  that  colony. 

OGILBY,  John,  a  multifarious  writer, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1600.  He  be- 
came a  teacher  of  dancing,  in  the  practice 
of  which  he  contracted  a  lameness,  but  still 
continued  to  give  instruction  in  families. 
On  going  to  Ireland  with  the  Earl  of  Straf- 
ford, he  was  made  deputy  master  of  the 
revels  in  that  kingdom,  and  he  also  built  a 
theatre  at  Dublin  ;  but  in  the  rebellion  he 
lost  all  his  i)roperty.  After  suffering  great 
vicissitudes,  lie  returned  to  England,  and 
settled  at  Cambridge,  where  he  published  a 
translation  of  Virgil.  At  the  age  of  54  he 
learnt  Greek,  and  gave  a  specimen  of  his 
proficiency  in  the  translation  of  the  Iliad, 
published  in  16C0,  which  was  followed  by  the 
Odyssey  in  1055.  While  at  Cambridge,  he 
edited  a  superb  impression  of  the  Bible,  for 
which  he  was  remunerated  by  the  House  of 
Lords  ;  and,  in  1061,  he  was  appointed  to 
conduct  the  poetical  part  of  the  coronation 
pageantry.  He  was  also  restored  to  his  place 
of  master  of  the  revels  in  Ireland,  where  he 
again  built  a  theatre.  In  London,  after  the 
great  fire,  he  erected  a  printing-office,  and 
was  appointed  king's  cosmographer  ;  in 
which  capacity  he  published  several  volumes 
of  a  large  atlas,  and  an  account  of  the  great 


OGl] 


^  iScU)  Bnibtr^Hl  ISiOflrapl^i). 


[old 


and  cro88-road8  of  the  kingdom,  from  his 
own  actual  survey.    Died,  1676. 

OGILVIK,  JoHX,  an  able  and  pious  Scotch 
divine  and  poet,  was  bom  in  1733  ;  received 
his  education  at  the  university  of  Aberdeen  ; 
was  for  more  than  half  a  century  minister 
of  Midmar,  in  Aberdeenshire  ;  and  died  in 
1814.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Britannia," 
an  epic  poem  ;  "  Philosophical  and  Critical 
Observations  on  Composition,"  "  An  Exami- 
nation of  the  Evidence  of  Prophecy,"  and 
"  Sermons." 

OGLETHORPE,  Jamks  Edward,  an 
English  general,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Theophi- 
lus  Oglethorpe,  of  Godalming,  Surrey,  and 
bom  in  London,  in  1698.  He  served  under 
Prince  Eugene,  and,  in  1733,  distinguished 
himself  by  his  exertions  to  found  the  colony 
of  Georgia,  for  whicli  he  obtained  the  royal 
charter.  In  1745  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major-general,  and  was  sent  against 
the  rebels,  but  did  not  overtake  them,  for 
wliich  he  was  brought  to  a  courtmartial,  and 
honourably  acquitted.  He  died  in  1785,  at 
the  ajlvanced  age  of  i)7,  being  the  oldest  ge- 
neral in  the  service.  The  private  cliaracter 
of  Oglethorpe  was  extremely  amiable,  and 
he  has  been  eulogised  by  Thomson,  Pope, 
and  Johnson. 

O'UALLORAN,  Svlvester,  an  Irish  an- 
tiquary. He  was  born  in  1728,  was  brought 
up  and  practised  as  a  surgeon,  and  wrote 
several  medical  treatises.  But  it  is  as  an 
antiquary  and  historian  that  he  is  now  prin- 
cipally known.  In  1772  he  published  an 
"Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Ireland,"  4to.,  which  was 
followed  by  a  "  General  History  of  Ireland," 
2  vols.  4to.     Died,  1807. 

O'HAKA,  Kane,  an  Irish  dramatist,  who 
had  much  nmsical  taste,  fhid  a  happy  talent 
of  adapting  verses  to  oTd  airs.  His  chief 
productions  are,  "  Midas,"  which  was  ex- 
tremely well  received,  and  is  still  a  favourite; 
"  The  Golden  Pippin,"  "  The  Two  Misers," 
"  April  Day,"  and  "  Tom  Thumb."  Died, 
1782. 

O'KEEFE,  JoHX,  a  celebrated  dramatist, 
was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1748,  and  was  origin- 
ally intended  for  the  profession  of  a  painter; 
but  his  taste  for  theatrical  amusements  in- 
terfered with  his  studies,  and  he  soon  forsook 
the  easel  for  the  sock  and  buskin.  Having 
been  introduced  to  Mr.  Mossop,  he  obtained 
an  engagement  at  the  Dublin  Theatre  ;  and 
he  continued  to  perform  in  that  city,  and  in 
the  towns  to  which  the  company  made  sum- 
mer excursions,  for  12  years,  as  a  comedian, 
with  considerable  success.  His  ambition  to 
figure  as  an  author  was  coeval  with  his  thea- 
trical taste  ;  fur,  at  the  age  of  15,  he  at- 
tempted a  comedy  in  five  acts.  Among  his 
early  productions  whicli  attracted  notice, 
was  a  kind  of  histrionic  monologue,  called 
"Tony  Lumpkin's  Rambles  tiirough  Dub- 
lin," which  atforded  him  abundant  scope  for 
the  exhibition  of  broad  humour,  and  was 
received  with  applause,  not  only  in  Dublin 
but  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  London. 
He  at  length  left  Ireland,  about  1780,  with 
the  view  of  obtaining  an  engagement  in 
London ;  but,  as  he  did  not  succeed  in  his 
endeavour,  he  applied  himself  with  great  as- 
siduity to  dramatic  composition;  and  between 


1781  and  1798  he  produced  nearly  50  comedies, 
comic  operas,  and  farces.  Many  of  these  ac- 
quired a  flattering  popularity,  and  some  still 
keep  possession  of  the  stage ;  among  which  are, 
"  WildKJats,"  the  "  Castle  of  Andalusia,"  the 
"Agreeable  Surprise,"  the  "Poor  Soldier," 
"  Peeping  Tom,'  the  "  Young  Quaker,"  &c. 
In  1800, 0'Keefe,  who  was  then  blind,  and  had 
been  reduced  by  misfortunes  to  a  state  of  great 
embarrassment,  had  a  benefit  at  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre,  when  between  the  acts  of  his 
comedy  of  the  "Lie  of  the  Day,"  which  was 
performed  on  that  occasion,  he  was  led  on  the 
stage  to  deliver  a  poetical  address  of  his  own 
composition,  in  which  humour  and  pathos 
were  very  happily  blended.  He  subsequently 
published  his  "  Recollections,  or  Biographical 
Memoirs  ; "  and  died,  at  Southampton,  in  his 
8«th  year,  in  18;«. 

OLAFSEN,  Eggert,  a  learned  Icelander, 
who  studied  at  Copenhagen,  after  which  he 
returned  to  his  native  island,  which  he  tra- 
velled over  repeatedly  in  company  with  his 
fellow-student  Biarne  Paulsen.  The  result 
of  their  observations  was  printed  at  Copen- 
hagen in  2  vols.  4to.  1772.  Olafsen  was  then 
appointed  a  magistrate  in  Iceland,  where  he 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  natural  liistory 
and  poetry  ;  but,  about  four  years  before  his 
death,  he  applied  almost  wholly  to  the  study 
of  the  Scriptures.  He  was  <lrowncd  with  his 
wife  in  crossing  the  Breidafiord  in  1776. 

OLAHUS,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  Stri- 
gonia,  in  Hungary,  and  chancellor  of  that 
kingdom,  was  born  at  Hermenstadt,  in  14{>3, 
and  died  in  15fj8.  He  was  a  liberal  prelate, 
and  published  a  "Chronicle  of  his  own 
Times,"  a  "  History  of  Attila,"  and  a  "De- 
scription of  Hungary." 

OLAVIDES,  Paul  Anthony  Joseph, 
Count  de,  was  bom  in  1725,  at  Lima,  in  Peru, 
but  was  educated  at  Madrid.  Charles  III. 
created  him  a  count,  and  appointed  him  in- 
tendant  of  the  province  of  Andalusia.  He 
undertook  the  great  work  of  fertilising  the 
Sierra  Morena,  or  the  Black  Mountain  ;  and 
by  his  perseverance,  and  the  colonies  of  Ger- 
mans he  brought  thither,  it  became  the  seat 
of  agricultural  and  commercial  industry. 
Notwithstanding  tlie  benefits  which  this 
worthy  man  had  thus  rendered  his  country, 
he  fell  into  disgrace,  was  charged  with  he- 
resy, tried  by  the  merciless  tribunal  of  the 
Inquisition,  and  condemned  to  eight  years' 
imprisonment  in  a  monastery,  and  to  be 
incapable  of  all  public  employment  ever 
after.  He  contrived  to  escape  from  the  con- 
vent, and  took  refuge  in  France,  whither 
monastic  hate  pursued  him,  and  he  was 
forced  to  seek  an  asylum  at  Geneva.  After 
the  death  of  Charles  III.  he  was  permitted 
to  return  to  France.  He  resided  there  at 
the  revolution;  and,  under  the  reign  of  terror, 
he  was  imprisoned  at  Orleans,  but  was  re- 
leased after  the  fall  of  Robespierre.  He  em- 
ployed the  period  of  his  confinement,  and 
his  subsequent  leisure,  in  writing  an  excel- 
lent work,  entitled  "The  Triumph  of  the 
Gospel ; "  and  the  zealots  who  had  persecuted 
the  author  assuming  the  merit  of  having 
converted  him,  obtained  his  recal  to  Spain, 
and  he  retired  to  his  estates  in  Andalusia, 
where  he  died  in  1803. 

OLDCASTLE,  Sir  John,  lord  Cobham, 


old] 


^  ^clD  Bnihtt^nX  SSiosrapl^p. 


[OLI 


the  first  martyr  among  our  nobility,  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  He  was 
an  adherent  of  Wicklifle,  wliose  doctrines  he 
propagated  with  such  zeal,  that  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  V.  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower, 
whence  he  made  his  escape  into  Wales,  A 
report  was  then  circulated  by  the  clergy, 
and  sent  to  the  king,  that  2t),()00  Lollards 
were  assembled  in  St.  Giles's  for  his  destruc- 
tion, with  Lord  Cobham  at  their  head  ;  upon 
which  a  bill  of  attainder  was  passed  against 
him,  and  he  was  burnt  alive  in  St.  Giles's 
Fields,  in  1417.  He  was  a  man  of  high  spirit 
and  extensive  acquirements,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Twelve  Conclusions,  addressed  to 
the  Parliament  of  England." 

OLDFIELD,  AXN,  a  celebrated  English 
actress,  was  bom  in  London,  in  1683.  Sir 
John  Vanbrugh  recommended  her  to  Mr. 
Rich,  patentee  of  the  king's  theatre,  by 
whom  slie  was  engaged.  Her  great  ex- 
cellence lay  iu  comedy,  though  she  often 
appeared  with  great  eclat  in  tragic  parts; 
and  having  the  advantages  of  a  good  figure 
and  a  fine  voice,  she  soon  became  a  general 
favourite.  She  was  at  first  the  mistress  of 
Mr.  Artliur  Maynwaring,  and  after  his  death 
of  General  Churchill ;  yet  she  was  much  es- 
teemed in  private  life.  She  died  in  1730, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

OLDHAM,  JoHX,  an  English  poet,  was 
born  at  Shipton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1653. 
He  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  grandsons  of 
Sir  Edmund  Thurland,  and  afterwards  to  a 
son  of  Sir  William  Hicks.  He  next  resided 
with  the  Earl  of  Kingston,  and  died  of  the 
small  pox  in  1683.  His  poems  were  pub- 
lished in  4  vols.,  and  there  is  much  force 
and  spirit  in  many  of  them,  though  they 
partake  largely  of  the  licentious  sentiments 
which  disgraced  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 

OLDSWORTH,  William,  an  English 
writer,  who  was  one  of  the  original  authors 
of  a  periodical  paper  called  the  Examiner. 
He  also  published  a  volume,  called  "  State 
Tracts  ; "  and  another,  entitled  "  State  and 
Miscellaneous  Poems,"  &c.    Died,  1734. 

OLDYS,  William,  an  antiquary  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  the  natural  son  of  Dr. 
Oldys,  a  civilian,  was  bom  in  1606  ;  became 
librarian  to  Lord  Oxford,  and  was  employed 
in  the  selection  of  the  "Harleian  Miscel- 
lany ;"  was  appointed  Norroy  king-at-arms, 
and  died  in  1761.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  works,  of  which  the  following  are  the 
principal :  "  The  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh," 
"  The  British  Librarian,"  "  The  Scarborough 
Miscellany,"  "  The  Universal  Spectator  ;  " 
besides  several  lives  in  the  Biographia  Bri- 
tannica,  General  Dictionary,  &c. 

OLE  ARIUS,  or  CELSCHL  AEGER,  Adam, 
an  eminent  traveller,  was  born  iu  1599,  at 
Aschersleben,  in  Anhalt.  He  received  his 
education  at  Leipsic  ;  after  wliich  he  became 
secretary  to  an  embassy  sent  to  Russia  and 
Persia,  by  the  Duke  of  Holstein.  On  his 
return  the  prince  made  him  his  librarian 
and  keeper  of  his  museum.  He  was  an  able 
mathematician ;  wrote  an  account  of  his 
"Travels,"  a  "Chronicle  of  Holstein,"  and 
other  works.    Died,  1671. 

OLE  ARIUS,  Godfrey,  a  learned  divine, 
was  born  at  Leipsic,  in  1672.  After  studying 
in  his  own  country  and  Holland,  he  visited 


Oxford  ;  and  on  his  return  home  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Greek.  In  1708  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  chair  of  divinity,  and  died  in 
1715.  He  wrote  several  works,  historical 
and  theological. 

O'LEARY,  Aktiidr,  a  Roman  Catholic 
divine,  was  bom  at  Cork,  and  educated  at 
St.  Maloes,  where  he  became  a  Franciscan. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  place  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  persuading  his  brethren 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  ;  for  which, 
and  his  other  exertions  in  the  cause  of 
loyalty,  he  obtained  a  pension,  and  won  the 
esteem  of  moderate  men  of  all  parties.  He 
afterwards  settled  in  London,  and  officiated 
as  principal  minister  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
chapel  in  Soho  Square.  He  died  in  1802. 
His  addresses  to  the  Catholics  of  Ireland^ 
and  other  tracts,  were  collected  into  one 
volume,  8vo. ;  besides  which  he  published 
"A  Defence  of  his  Conduct  and  Writings," 
in  reply  to  the  Bishop  of  Cloyne.  O'Leary 
was  an  acute  and  spirited  writer,  and  was  re- 
markable for  his  powers  of  wit  and  humour. 

OLIVA,  Joux,  an  eminent  antiquary,  was 
born  in  1689,  at  Rovigo,  in  the  state  of 
Venice.  He  became,  successively,  professor 
of  ethics  at  Azzolo,  secretary  to  the  con- 
clave at  Rome,  and  librarian  to  Cardinal 
de  Rohan,  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1757. 
He  published  a  treatise  "  On  the  Study  of 
Medals,"  and  another  "On  the  Progress 
and  Decay  of  Learning  among  the  Romans;" 
besides  a  dissertation,  entitled  "  De  Antiqua 
in  Romanis  Scholis  Grammaticorum  Disci- 
plina,"  &c. 

OLIVAREZ,  Gaspak  Guzmas-,  Count 
Duke  d',  an  eminent  Spanish  statesman, 
was  born  at  Rome,  where  his  father  had 
been  sent  on  an  embassy  to  pope  Sixtus  "V. 
When  Philip  IV.  succeeded  to  the  crown, 
the  management  of  public  affairs  was  in- 
trusted wholly  to  Olivarez,  and  he  enjoyed, 
during  a  period  of  22  years,  almost  unbounded 
authority.  The  domestic  regulations  of  the 
kingdom  he  conducted  with  much  success ; 
but  in  foreign  affairs  he  was  constantly 
thwarted  by  the  bolder  genius  of  the  French 
minister  Richelieu,  and  had  the  mortification 
to  witness  the  dismemberment  of  Portugal 
from  the  crown  of  Spain,  and  the  loss  of 
Brazil  and  other  foreign  colonies,  which  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Dutch.  In  consequence 
of  these  misfortunes  the  king  was  reluc- 
tantly forced  to  dismiss  him  in  1643,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Don  Louis 
de  Haro. 

OLIVER  OF  MAIJVIESBURY,  a  Bene- 
dictine monk  of  the  11th  century,  chiefly 
memorable  as  the  first  Englishman  who  at- 
tempted to  travel  through  the  aerial  regions. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  well  skilled  in  me- 
chanics ;  but  in  attempting  to  fly  from  a 
lofty  tower,  with  wings  of  his  own  construc- 
tion fastened  to  his  hands  and  feet,  he  fell, 
and  broke  both  his  legs. 

OLIVER,  Isaac,  an  English  painter,  was 
bom  in  15.56.  His  miniatures  were  painted 
in  a  style  of  exquisite  beauty,  and  he  also 
executed  some  good  historical  pictures.  Died, 

1617 His  son,  Peter  Oliver,  who  died 

about  1654,  was  also  an  admirable  artist 
in  the  same  line,  and  much  employed  by 
Charles  I. 


OLi] 


^  ^m  ^nibtxial  JStnjjrapi^B. 


[OMB 


OLIVET,  Joseph  Thoulier  d',  a  learned 
critic,  was  bom  at  Salins,  in  France,  in  1682. 
He  entered  into  the  society  of  Jesuits,  but  • 
left  them  to  lead  a  retired  life  at  Paris,  where 
he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  academy, 
whose  history  he  continued  in  2  vols.  His 
greatest  work,  however,  is  his  edition  of 
Cicero,  in  9  vols.  4to.,  or  10  vols.  8vo.  The 
Abbe  Olivet  also  published  translations  from 
Cicero  and  Demosthenes,  executed  in  a 
spirited  and  elegant  manner.    Died,  1768. 

OLIVETAN,  Robert,  a  French  reformer, 
who  was  the  first  that  translated  the  Scrip- 
tures into  French  immediately  from  the 
Hebrew  and  Greek.  Some  writers,  however, 
allege,  that  he  made  his  version  irom  that  of 
St.  Jerome  ;  while  others  assert  that  Calvin, 
who  was  related  to  Olivetan,  polished  and 
revised  the  whole  work,  which  was  printed 
atNeufchatel  in  1535,  but  is  now  exceedingly 
rai-e.  It  is  called  the  Bible  of  the  Sword,  on 
account  of  that  emblem  being  adopted  by 
the  printer.  Olivetan  being  banislied  from 
Geneva,  went  to  Rome,  where  he  died,  as  is 
supposed  of  poison,  in  1539. 

OLIVE  YRA,FKAJf CIS  Xavier  de,  a  Por- 
tuguese knight,  and  gentleman  of  the  house- 
hold to  the  king,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1702. 
On  going  to  Vienna,  as  secretary  to  the  em- 
bassy, he  became  a  convert  to  the  Protestant 
faith  ;  to  profess  which  he  came  to  England 
in  1746.  He  published  "Memoirs  of  his 
Travels,"  "Familiar  Letters,"  "  A  Pathetic 
Discourse  to  his  Countrymen,  on  the  Earth- 
quake at  Lisbon  in  1756,"  "  Tlie  Chevalier 
d'Oliveyra  burnt  in  Effigy  as  an  Heretic, 
why  and  wherefore  T'  &c.  ;  and  he  left  at  his 
death,  which  happened  at  Hackney,  in  1783, 
a  great  number  of  MSS.,  including  "  Olivey- 
riana,  or  Memoirs,  historical  and  literary," 
27  vols.  4to. 

OLIVIER,  GciLLAUME  Antoise,  an  emi- 
nent French  naturalist  and  traveller,  was 
born  in  1756,  at  Frejus.  He  made  botany 
and  entomolo^  his  especial  study,  went  on 
a  scienUflc  mission  to  Persia  in  1792,  re- 
turned with  a  valuable  collection  after  an 
absence  of  six  years,  and  died  in  1814.  He 
published  the  result  of  his  researches  in  the 
East,  under  the  title  of  "  Voyage  dans 
I'Empire  Ottoman,  I'Egypt,  et  la  Perse," 
3  vols.  4to.,  with  an  atlas  and  plates ;  also, 
a  "  Natural  History  of  Coleopterous  In- 
sects," &c. 

OLIVIERI,  Annibal,  a  learned  Italian 
antiquary,  bom  at  Pesaro,  in  1708  ;  author  of 
"  Marmora  Pesauriensi  a  Notis  illustrata,"  2 
vols. ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  ancient  Port  of 
Pesaro,"  and  "Memoirs  of  the  Chevalier 
Passeri."  He  was  honorary  cliamberlain 
to  pope  Clement  XIII.,  and  perpetual  secre- 
tary of  the  academy  of  Pesaro. 

OLYMPIAS,  wife  of  Philip,  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, and  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
was  the  daughter  of  Neoptolemus,  king  of 
Epirus.  Her  haughtiness,  and,  more  pro- 
bably, her  infidelity,  iuduced  Philip  to  re- 
pudiate her  ;  and  as  Philip's  murder  soon 
followed  this  disgrace,  some  have  attributed 
it  to  her  intrigues.  Antipater,  the  successor 
of  Alexander  on  the  Macedonian  throne, 
left  the  administration  of  the  country  to 
Polyperchon,  who,  to  confirm  his  power,  re- 
called Olympias  from  Epirus,  whither  she 


651 


had  fled,  and  confided  to  her  the  guardian- 
ship of  the  young  son  of  Alexander.  She 
now  cruelly  put  to  death  Aridseus,  son  of 
Philip,  with  his  wife  Eurydice,  as  also 
Nicanor,  the  brother  of  Cassander,  with  100 
leading  men  of  Macedon,  who  were  inimical 
to  her  interest.  But  such  barbarities  did 
not  long  remain  unpunished.  Cassander  be- 
sieged her  in  Pydna,  where  she  had  retired 
with  her  family  ;  and  being  obliged  to  sur- 
render, after  an  obstinate  siege,  she  was  put 
to  death. 

OLYMPIODORUS,  an  Alexandrian  phi- 
losopher of  the  5th  century,  celebrated  for 
his  knowledge  of  the  Aristotelian  doctrine. 

Another    Olympiodouus    was    a    Pla- 

tonist,  who  wrote  a  "  Life  "  of,  and  "  Com- 
mentary "    on,    Plato. A    third,    who 

flourished  in  a  later  age,  was  a  peripatetic, 
who  wrote  "  A  Commentary  ou  the  Meteor- 
ology of  Aristotle." 

OMAR  I.,  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  was  the 
successor  of  Abubeker,  and  father-in-law  of 
Mahomet.  He  began  his  reign  a.d.  634,  and 
is  conspicuous  among  the  conquerors  who 
have  desolated  the  face  of  the  earth.  His 
generals,  Kaled  and  Abu  Obeidah,  drove  tlie 
Greeks  out  of  Syria  and  Phoenicia,  and  the 
caliph  himself  took  possession  of  Jerusalem 
in  638,  which  city  remained  in  the  hands  of 
the  infidels  till  it  was  reconquered  by  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon,  at  the  end  of  the  Uth  century. 
Amru,  one  of  his  generals,  defeated  the 
troops  of  Heraclius,  near  Antioch,  in  681 ; 
Memphis  and  Alexandria  surrendered  ;  all 
Egypt,  and  a  part  of  Libya,  were  conquered 
from  the  Romans  ;  and  the  famous  library, 
which  had  been  founded  at  Alexandria  by 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  was  burnt  by  the 
express  orders  of  Omar.  Having  flxed-his 
residence  at  Jerusalem,  he  was  there  assassin- 
ated by  a  Persian  slave,  in  the  lOtli  year  of  his 
government,  A.D.  643.  He  refused  to  appoint 
a  successor,  and  thus  the  caliphate  became 
elective. 

O'MEARA,  Barry  Edward,  the  confi- 
dential medical  attendant  of  the  emperor 
Napoleon  in  his  last  days,  and  author  of"  A 
Voice  from  St.  Helena,"  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, and  bom  about  1778.  He  was  originally 
a  surgeon  in  the  British  navy,  and  was  ou 
board  the  Bellerophon  in  tliat  capacity,  ou 
the  7th  of  August,  1815,  when  Napoleon  went 
on  board.  Napoleon  having  observed  Dr. 
O'Meara's  skill  in  attending  to  some  of  tlie 
crew,  and  his  knowledge  of  Italian,  made 
overtures  to  him,  on  being  transferred  to  the 
Northumberland,  to  accompany  liim  to  St. 
Helena  as  his  surgeon,  his  own  not  being 
able  to  go  with  lum.  Having  obtained  Ad- 
miral Keith's  permission.  Dr.  O'Meara  as- 
sented, and  remained  with  the  ex-eniperor 
till  July,  1818,  when  he  was  recalled  and 
deprived  of  his  rank.  He  was  latterly  an 
active  partisan  of  O'Connell's,  at  one  of  whose 
agitation  meetings  he  is  said  to  have  cauglit 
the  illness  which  terminated  fatally,  June 3. 
1836.  In  the  following  month  a  sale  of  his 
eflfects  took  place  ;  and  it  is  surprising  what 
competition  there  was  for  such  articles  as  had 
been  the  property  of  the  French  emperor, 
A  few  lines  in  his  handwriting  sold  for  11 
guineas  ;  a  lock  of  his  hair,  21.  10s.  ;  one  of 
his  teeth,  7  guineas  and  a  half ;  and  the  in- 


8k3 


ome] 


a  ^cto  mnihtr^al  38t05rapf)g. 


[OKI 


strument  used  by  O'Meara  in  extracting  it,  3 
guineas  ! 

O'MEARA,  Theodosia  Beauchamp,  wife 
of  the  preceding  Barry  O'Meara,  but  who 
styled  herself  Lady  Leigh,  died  in  1830.  She 
was  the  widow  of  Captain  John  Donellan, 
who  was  hung  at  Warwick,  in  1781,  for 
poisoning  Sir  Theodosius  Boughton ;  she 
next  married  Sir  Egerton  Leigh,  bart.;  and 
at  liis  death,  in  1818,  slie  gave  her  liand  to 
the  author  of"  A  Voice  from  St.  Helena." 

OPIE.  John,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 
was  born,  in  17C1,  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro, 
in  Cornwall.  At  the  age  of  12  he  was  con- 
sidered a  phenomenon  of  learning  ;  he  had 
mastered  Euclid,  and  commenced  teacher  to 
the  peasants  in  that  immediate  neighbour- 
hood. His  father,  who  was  a  carpenter,  saw 
his  dwelling-house  hung  with  likenesses  and 
sketches  of  landscapes  with  anger,  at  what 
he  thought  a  mere  idle  propensity  ;  but  his 
uncle  witnessed  these  efforts  of  early  genius 
with  pleasure.  His  talents  at  length  attracted 
the  notice  of  Dr.  Wolcot,  the  satirist,  whose 
instructions  greatly  served  him.  He  com- 
menced as  a  portrait  painter,  and  visited  the 
neighbouring  towns  in  quest  of  employment; 
and  on  one  of  these  occasions  he  returned 
home  well  dressed,  with  20  guineas  in  his 
pocket.  Tliis  money  he  gave  to  his  mother, 
of  whom  he  was  excessively  fond,  and  told 
her  that  in  future  he  should  maintain  him- 
self. He  accordingly  removed  to  London, 
and  was  introduced  to  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 
Wolcot  was  impatient  to  see  his  progress  ; 
and  as  his  fame  had  preceded  him,  the  Lon- 
don connoisseurs  were  all  eager  to  behold  the 
Cornish  wonder.  He  was  then  20  years 
of  age,  people  of  distinction  crowded  his 
door,  and  it  became  the  fashion  to  sit  to 
him  ;  but  as  the  novelty  wore  off,  so  did  the 
fashion  ;  and,  by  the  time  he  was  40,  though 
he  gradually  improved,  he  was  comparatively 
deserted.  The  first  specimen  he  gave  of  his 
literary  ability  was  in  a  life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  in  Dr.  Wolcot's  edition  of  Pil- 
kington's  Dictionary.  He  then  published 
"  An  Enquiry  into  the  requisite  Cultivation 
of  the  Arts  of  Design  in  England  ;"  and  he 
delivered  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution. 
On  Fuseli's  death,  he  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him  as  professor  of  painting  to  the 
Royal  Academy.  He  died  in  1807,  and  was 
interred  near  bir  Joshua  Reynolds,  in  St. 

Paul's  cathedral His  wife  Amelia  Opie, 

born  in  1771,  at  Harwich,  was  highly  distin- 
guished for  her  literary  abilities,  and  was  the 
author  of"  A  Life  of  Opie,"  "  Adeline  Mow- 
bray," "Simple  Tales,"  "The  Eve  of  St. 
Valentine,"  &c. 

OPITZ,  or  OPITIUS,  Martin,  a  German 
poet,  was  born  at  Bunzlau,  in  Silesia,  in  1597. 
He  became  schoolmaster  at  V/eissenberg, 
and  afterwards  secretary  to  a  nobleman,  at 
whose  expense  he  travelled  to  Paris,  where 
he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Grotius.  He 
is  called  the  father  of  German  poetry.  Died, 
1689. 

OPPIAN,  a  Greek  poet,  who  lived  under 
Caracalla,  in  the  beginning  of  the  3d  century, 
wrote  poems  distinguished  for  elegance  and 
sublimity,  two  only  of  which  are  now  extant, 
his  "  Halieuticon,"  or  five  books  on  fishing, 
and  four  books  on  hunting,  entitled  "Cy- 


nsegeticon."  He  died  in  his  30th  year,  a.d. 
213. 

O'REILLY,  ALEXANDEn,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, who  entered  into  the  Spanish  army, 
where  he  obtained  the  favour  of  Charles  III., 
and  was  raised  to  the  highest  militarj'  rank 
for  his  eminent  services.  Born,  1735  ;  died, 
1794. 

O'REILLY,  Andrew,  Count,  a  general 
of  cavalry  in  the  Austrian  service,  was  a 
native  of  Ireland.  He  was  a  brave  and 
skilful  officer,  and  had  filled  in  succession 
all  the  military  grades  in  the  Austrian 
army,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  field- 
marshal.  At  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  so 
fatal  to  their  cause,  the  remnant  of  the  army 
was  preserved  from  destruction  by  his  courage 
and  skill ;  and  when,  in  1809,  he  held  the  post 
of  governor  of  Vienna,  the  difficult  task  of 
making  an  honourable  capitulation  with  the 
French  emperor  devolved  on  him.  He  died 
in  the  91st  year  of  his  age. 

ORELLANA,  Francis,  a  Spanish  officer, 
who  is  regarded  as  the  discoverer  of  the  river 
Amazons,  in  South  America.  At  least,  he 
was  the  first  European  that  navigated  that 
mighty  stream,  and  it  still  bears  his  name. 
Died,  1549. 

ORFORD.    See  Russell  and  AValpolk. 

ORGAGNA,  Andrew,  an  Italian  painter, 
was  born  at  Florence,  in  1329.  He  was 
also  a  sculptor  and  architect.  In  a  picture 
of  the  Last  Day,  he  represented  his  friends 
in  paradise,  and  his  enemies  in  hell.  Died, 
1389. 

ORIGEN,  a  father  of  the  church,  and  one 
of  the  most  learned  ecclesiastical  writers, 
was  born  at  Alexandria,  a.  d.  185,  of  Chris- 
tian parents,  who  early  instructed  him  in 
religious  knowledge  and  in  the  sciences.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  lost  his  father,  who  was  be- 
headed for  his  profession  of  Christianity. 
Origen  had  now  recourse  to  the  teaching  of 
grammar  for  the  support  of  himself,  his 
mother,  and  brethren  ;  but  this  occupation 
he  relinquished,  on  being  appointed  professor 
of  sacred  learning  in  the  church  of  Alexan- 
dria. In  this  si  tuation  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  austerity  of  his  life  ;  and  taking 
the  Scripture  in  the  most  rigid  sense,  he 
carried  it  so  far  as  to  put  in  practice  the 
passage  of  the  gospel,  "  There  be  some  who 
have  made  themselves  eunuchs  for  the  king- 
dom of  heaven."  From  Alexandria  he  went 
to  Rome,  where  he  began  his  famous  "  Hex- 
apla,"  or  the  Bible  in  different  languages. 
At  the  command  of  his  bishop  he  returned 
to  Alexandria,  and  was  ordained.  Soon 
after  this  he  began  his  "  Commentaries  on 
the  Scriptures  ;  "  but  Demetrius,  who  en- 
vied his  reputation,  persecuted  him  with 
violence,  and  in  a  council  assembled  in  231, 
it  was  decreed  that  Origen  should  desist 
from  preaching,  and  quit  the  city.  On  this 
he  went  to  Caesarea,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived by  the  bishop,  and  permitted  to 
preach.  He  was  consulted  in  several  epis- 
copal synods  j  but  in  the  persecution  under 
Decius  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  and  put 
to  the  torture.  On  his  release  he  applied 
himself  to  his  ministerial  labours,  and  to 
writing.  He  died  in  254.  In  his  Commen- 
taries he  indulged  too  much  the  fancy  for 
allegory  ;    and  in  his  other  works  he  ad-  | 


orl] 


^  ^m  Bnihtt^Ki  ^BtOjarapljn. 


[OBL 


vanced  notions  more  agreeable  to  the  Pla- 
tonic philosophy  than  the  Scriptures.  The 
most  offensive  of  his  doctrines  related  to  tlie 
pre-existence  of  souls,  and  the  finite  dura- 
tion of  future  punishment. 

OllLANDI,  Pekegkijje  Anthonv,  a 
learned  bibliographer  and  writer  on  the 
history  of  the  arts,  was  pr<3fessor  of  theology 
at  Bologua,  where  he  died  in  1730. 

ORLEANS,  Chaui.es,  Duke  of,  was  made 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  in  1415. 
He  remained  in  England  25  years  ;  and  on 
his  return  to  France  he  undertook  the  con- 
quest of  the  duchy  of  Milan,  to  which  he 
conceived  himself  entitled  in  right  of  his 
mother.  He  was  not,  however,  successful  in 
this  enterprise  ;  and  died  in  14(55. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  Duke  of,  was  the  son 
of  Philip  the  regent  of  France,  and  born  at 
Versailles,  in  1703.  In  study,  devotion,  and 
acts  of  charity  he  spent  his  life.  In  1733  he 
saved  numbers  from  perishing  by  famine  in 
the  Orleannois  ;  as  he  again  did  throughout 
France,  in  the  dearth  of  1740.  He  also  ex- 
tended his  benevolence  to  distant  countries  ; 
while  in  his  own  he  founded  schools,  profes- 
sorships, hospitals,  and  colleges.  But  his 
charitable  occupations  did  not  draw  him 
aside  from  his  studies,  which  he  pursued 
with  such  diligence  as  to  become  master  of 
the  oriental  languages,  and  most  of  the 
sciences.  He  died  in  1752,  leaving  many 
works  in  manuscript,  the  chief  of  which 
were  "  Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures." 

ORLEANS,  Louis  Joseph  Philip,  Duke 
of  (better  known  by  his  republican  appella- 
tion of  EgaiM),  was  the  cousin  of  Louis  XVI., 
and  father  of  Louis  Philippe,  the  late  king 
of  the  French.  He  was  born  at  St.  Cloud,  in 
1747  i  married  the  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Penthievre,  grand  admiral  of  France,  in 
17C9  ;  was  from  his  youth  guilty  of  the  most 
unbridled  licentiousness ;  and  acquired  a 
base  notoriety  by  his  conduct  during  the 
French  revolution.  After  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1787,  he  became  possessed  of  the 
hereditary  title  and  estates ;  and,  having 
indulged  to  satiety  in  all  sensual  pleasures, 
he  found  a  new  kind  of  excitement  for  his 
palled  appetites  in  the  storms  of  the  revolu- 
tion, and  a  new  source  of  pleasure  in  the 
gratifications  of  revenge.  He  had  entered 
the  navy,  and  was  entitled  by  his  birth  to 
the  place  of  grand-admiral ;  but  having 
been  accused  of  cowardice  while  in  com- 
mand of  a  division  of  the  fleet  against  Kep- 
pel,  in  the  action  ofi'Ushant,  in  1778,  instead 
of  receiving  promotion  in  the  navy,  the  post 
of  colonel-general  of  the  hussars  was  created 
and  bestowed  on  him.  From  this  time  may 
be  dated  his  hatred  of  Louis  XVI.;  and  he 
subsequently  adopted  every  method  to  ob- 
tain popularity,  with  a  view  to  political 
power.  In  the  disputes  between  the  court 
and  the  parliament,  he  constantly  opposed 
the  royal  authority.  His  object  evidently 
was  to  reduce  the  king  to  a  state  of  tutelage, 
and  procure  for  himself  the  formidable 
office  of  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom. 
He  caused  scandalous  libels  against  the 
queen,  whom  he  pursued  with  the  most 
hitter  hatred,  to  be  distributed  ;  and  his  bust 
was  carried  in  triumph  through  the  streets 
by  the  populace.    He  was  chosen  a  member 


653 


of  the  National  Convention,  with  Marat, 
Danton.and  Robespierre,  in  September,  1792, 
at  which  time  the  commune  of  Paris  autho- 
rised hira  to  adopt  for  himself  and  his  de- 
scendants the  api^ellation  of  E^alit^,  in- 
stead of  the  name  and  titles  of  his  family  ; 
and  he  not  only  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
king,  but  was  present  at  his  execution.  But 
he  was  not  qualified  to  profit  by  the  commo- 
tions he  had  promoted  ;  he  was  as  weak  as 
he  was  wicked,  as  indecisive  as  he  was  am- 
bitious. The  Jacobins  had  no  longer  any 
occasion  for  him  ;  he  was  struck  from  their 
rolls,  and  included  in  the  general  proscrip- 
tion of  the  Bourbons  ;  and  was  committed 
to  prison  at  Marseilles,  with  other  members 
of  the  family.  Being  brought  before  the 
criminal  tribunal  of  the  department,  he  was 
declared  innocent  of  the  charges  of  conspi- 
racy that  were  preferred  against  him  ;  but 
the  committee  of  public  safety  forbade  liis 
liberation  ;  and,  after  six  months'  detention, 
he  was  transferred  to  Paris,  tried,  and  con- 
demned to  sulfer  by  the  guillotine  ;  to  which 
he  submitted  with  firmness  and  courage,  on 
the  same  day,  Nov.  6.  1793.  His  widow  re- 
turned to  Paris  after  the  restoration,  and 
died  there  in  1821. 

ORLEANS,  Ferdinand  Philippe  Loins, 
Duke  of,  prince-royal  of  France,  was  born 
at  Palermo  in  1810,  and  was  the  eldest  child 
of  Louis  Philippe,  then  duke  of  Orleans,  and 
afterwards  king  of  the  French,  by  Maria 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Ferdiuand,  king  of  the 
Two  Sicilies.  The  prince  served  with  great 
distinction  with  the  French  army  at  the 
siege  of  Antwerp,  and  in  the  African  war ; 
and  his  horse  was  wounded  at  the  time  of 
the  murderous  attempt  upon  tlie  life  of  his 
royal  father  in  1835.  Young,  popular,  a 
patron  of  the  arts  and  literature,  and  de- 
votedly attached  to  his  profession,  every 
thing  seemed  to  promise  to  this  prince  a 
career  glorious  to  himself  and  useful  to  his 
country,  when  he  was  unfortunately  thrown 
from  his  carriage,  and  he  died  on  the  spot, 
July  13.  1842,  aged  32,  leaving  a  widow 
and  two  sons. 

ORLEANS,  Marie,  Princess  of,  daughter 
of  Louis  Philippe,  ex-king  of  the  Frencli, 
was  born  at  Palermo,  1813.  From  her  earliest 
years  she  evinced  a  remarkable  love  of  the 
fine  arts,  and  more  especially  of  sculjiture, 
which  she  cultivated  with  a  zeal  and  as- 
siduity that  soon  gave  her  a  prominent 
place  among  the  most  distinguished  artists 
of  her  time.  Her  marvellous  statue  of  Joan 
of  Arc,  in  the  museum  of  Versailles,  was 
finished  before  she  had  reached  her  20th 
year ;  and  besides  this  she  produced  nu- 
merous has  reliefs,  busts,  and  statuettes,  of 
rare  beauty  and  excellence.  In  1837,  she 
married  Alexander,  duke  of  Wtlrtemberg  ; 
a  union  rich  in  promises  of  earthly  happi- 
ness ;  but  she  was  prematurely  cut  off  by 
consumption  in  1839,  to  the  inexpressible 
grief  of  her  family  and  the  friends  of  art. 

ORLOFF,  Gregory,  a  favourite  of  Ca- 
tharine II.  of  Russia.  He  had  a  principal 
share  in  the  revolution  that  placed  his  mis- 
tress on  the  throne  of  Russia ;  after  which 
he  was  made  grand-master  of  the  artillery, 
and  raised  to  the  first  dignities  in  the  state, 
and  was  allowed  to  wear  the  picture  of  the 


3k  8 


orl] 


^  ^ztxi  Unibtx^al  SSifltjrap^^. 


[OSM 


empresa  in  his  button-hole.  His  ambition 
prompted  hira  to  aim  at  sharing  the  throne 
with  the  empress,  wlio  would  have  submitted 
to  a  private  marriage.  This  he  imprudently 
refused  to  accept,  and  he  was  supplanted  by 
a  new  favourite.  He  was  tlien  ordered  to 
travel,  but  was  gratified  with  magnificent 
presents,  and  received  the  title  of  prince  of 
the  German  empire,  which  Catharine  pro- 
cured for  him.     Died,  1783. 

ORLOFF,  Alexis,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  remarkable  for  his  gigantic 
stature  and  Herculean  strength.  He  was 
one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  effecting  the 
revolution  that  ended  in  the  murder  of 
Peter  III.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
person  who  strangled  him  in  prison.  He 
rose  to  high  dignities  in  the  army  ;  and,  in 
1768,  was  made  admiral  of  the  Russian  fleet 
in  the  Archipelago,  with  unlimited  power, 
against  the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated  off 
Tschesme  ;  for  which  exploit  he  was  called 
Tsdiesmengkoi.  On  the  accession  of  Paul  I. 
he  was  disgraced,  and  banished  from  Russia; 
but,  after  the  death  of  that  emperor,  he  re- 
turned to  Moscow,  and  died  there  in  1808. 

ORLOFF,  Gregory  Vlauimiromitz,  a 
Russian  nobleman,  distinguished  by  his  at- 
tachment to  literature  and  the  sciences,  was 
born  in  1777,  and  died  in  182(5.  His  chief 
works  are,  "Mt'moires  Historiques,  Politi- 
ques,  et  Litteraires  sur  le  Royaume  de 
Naples,"  5  vols.;  and  "  Histoire  des  Arts  en 
Italic." 

ORME,  Robert,  an  historian,  was  born  in 
1728,  at  Anjengo,  in  the  East  Indies,  where 
his  father  was  a  physician  in  the  company's 
service.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  ob- 
tained a  civil  appointment  in  India,  became 
a  member  of  the  council  at  Fort  St.  George, 
and  was  a  commissary  and  accomptant-ge- 
neral.  In  1758  he  returned  to  England,  and 
employed  himself  in  writing  "  The  History 
of  the  Military  Transactions  of  the  British 
Nation  in  Indostan,"  the  first  volume  of 
which  was  published  in  1763,  and  the  second 
in  1778.  The  author  compiled  also  a  work, 
entitled  "  Historical  Fragments  of  the  Mogul 
Empire  of  tlie  Malirattas,"  &c.    Died,  1801. 

ORMOND;  James  Butler,  Duke  of,  an 
eminent  statesman,  was  born  in  1610,  in 
London,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of 
Ormond  in  1632.  During  tlie  wars  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  parliament  he  strenu- 
ously laboured,  though  with  very  inade- 
quate force,  to  uphold  the  king's  authority 
in  Ireland ;  and  on  the  ruin  of  the  royal 
cause,  he  retired  to  the  Continent,  and  ex- 
erted himself  to  promote  the  re-establish- 
ment of  monarchy  in  England.  After  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  he  was  created  a 
duke,  and  was  twice  appointed  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland.  In  1670  he  narrowly 
escaped  with  his  life  from  a  plot  formed 
against  him  by  the  desperado  Colonel  Blood. 
Died,  1688. 

OROBIO,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Jew, 
who  became  professor  of  metaphysics  at 
Salamanca,  and  afterwartls  a  physician  at 
Seville,  where  his  family  were  nominally 
Cliristians.  Orobio  at  last  fell  under  tlie 
suspicion  of  the  holy  office,  and  was  tor- 
tured and  imprisoned.  At  the  expiration  of 
three  years  he  obtained  his  release,  and  then 


went  to  Toulouse  ;  from  which  place  he  re- 
moved to  Amsterdam,  where  he  made  an 
open  profession  of  Judaism,  submitted  to  the 
rite  of  circumcision,  took  the  name  of  Isaac, 
and  practised  as  a  physician.  He  wrote  a 
book  against  Spinoza,  entitled  "  Certamen 
Philosophicum."  Limborch  had  a  confer- 
ence with  him  on  the  subject  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  of  which  he  published  a  cele- 
brated book,  entitled  "  Arnica  Collatio  cum 
erudito  Judajo." 

ORTE,  Viscount  d',  whose  name  de- 
serA-es  to  be  recorded  as  an  instance  of  manly 
integrity  and  true  honour,  was  governor  of 
Bayonne  at  the  time  of  the  infamous  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew.  Having  received 
an  order  from  Charles  IX.  to  put  to  death 
all  the  Protestants  in  his  government,  he 
replied  in  the  following  words,  "  Sire,  I  have 
communicated  your  majesty's  letter  to  the 
garrison  and  inhabitants  of  tliis  city.  I  have 
found  only  brave  soldiers  and  good  citizens, 
and  not  a  single  executioner." 

ORTELL,  or  ORTELIUS,  Abraham,  a 
learned  geographer,  born  at  'Antwerp,  in 
1527.  After  travelling  on  the  Continent  and 
in  Great  Britain,  he  published  an  Atlas, 
which  gained  for  him  the  appointment  of 
geographer  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain.  His 
principal  works  are,  "Thesaurus  Geogra- 
phicus "  and  "  Theatri  Orbis  Terrarum." 
Died,  1598. 

ORTON,  Joe,  an  eminent  dissenting  mi- 
nister, was  born  at  Shrewsburj-,  in  1717.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  Doddridge," 
''  Sacramental  Meditations,"  "  Discourses  on 
Christian  Worship,"  "  Discourses  on  Practi- 
cal Subjects,"  &c.  After  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1783,  was  printed  his  "  Practical 
Exposition  of  theOld  Testament,"  6  vols.  8vo. 

ORVILLE,  James  Philip  d',  an  eminent 
writer  on  classical  literature,  was  born  at 
Amsterdam,  in  1696.  He  travelled  in  Eng- 
land, Italy,  France,  and  Germany,  visiting 
every  where  the  public  libraries,  and  form- 
ing an  acquaintance  with  the  most  celebrated 
classical  scholars  of  the  age.  He  occupied 
the  ciiair  of  history,  rhetoric,  and  Greek 
literature  at  Amsterdam,  from  1730  to  1742, 
published  several  critical  works,  and  died, 
in  1751. 

OSBORNE,  Fraxcis,  an  English  gentle- 
man, was  born  in  Bedfordshire,  about  1588. 
He  became  master  of  the  horse  to  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  and  in  the  civil  wars  he  joined 
the  parliament.  Mr.  Osborne  wrote,  "  Ad- 
vice to  a  Son,"  and  "  Letters  aud  Poems,"  2 
vols.;  "  Historical  Memoirs  on  the  Reigns  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  King  James,"  "  Plea 
for  a  Free  State  compared  with  Monarchy," 
&c.    Died,  1658. 

OSIANDER,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  was  bom  at 
Guntzenhausen,  in  Franconia,  in  1498.  He 
early  adopted  the  opinions  of  Luther,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  forming  the  Confession 
of  Augsburg  ;  became  minister  and  professor 
at  Konigsberg,  in  Prussia  ;  and  died  in  1552. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  HarmoniaB  Evan- 
gelicae."  —  There  were  several  others  of  this 
family,  all  Protestant  divines,  and  similarly 
distinguished. 

OSMAN  BEY,  Nemsey,  a  colonel  in  the 
Austrian  service,  who  having  been  accused 


of  robbing  the  regimental  chest,  and  received 
for  it  a  year's  iitiprisonment,  determined  to 


go  to  Constantinople,  and  turn  Mahometan. 
He  accordingly  arrived  there  in  1779,  made 
proi'ession  of  the  Moslem  faith,  and  received 


from  the  grand  seignor  a  handsome  pension, 
with  an  estate  in  Magneiiia,  in  Asia  Minor. 
He  possessed  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  for 
the  study  of  archaeology  and  numismatics ; 
and  he  amused  himself  in  adding  to  his 
collection  all  the  scarce  coins  and  medals  he 
could  collect.  He  had  continued  thus  to 
employ  himself  for  some  years,  when  he  was 
murdered  by  two  of  his  servants,  who  were 
tempted  to  the  deed  by  the  hope  of  obtaining 
a  large  booty,  a  considerable  sum  of  money 
being  in  his  possession  at  the  time.  This 
hap|)ened  in  178.5. 

OSMOND.  St.,  bishop  of  Salisbury  in 
the  11th  century,  accompanied  William  the 
Norman  to  England,  and  was  not  less  dis- 
tinguished for  military  reuovm  in  the  early 
part  of  his  life,  than  for  his  learning  and 
piety  at  a  subsequent  period.  He  erected  a 
cathedral  at  Old  Sarum,  in  which  he  was  in- 
terred, but  his  ashes  were  afterwards  taken 
up  and  enshrined.  He  wrote  a  "  Missal,"  or 
service  book,  which  became  the  most  popular 
manual  of  public  devotion  among  the  Eng- 
lish clergy,  and  has  principally  contributed 
to  hand  down  his  name  to  posterity. 

OSSIAN,  an  ancient  Gaelic  bard,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  in  the  3rd  century,  and 
to  have  been  the  son  of  Fingal,  a  Caledonian 
hero,  whom  he  accompanied  in  various 
military  expeditions.  His  name  has  derived 
its  celebrity  from  the  publications  of  Mac- 
pherson,  which  comprise  a  remarkable  series 
of  ballads,  on  the  deliverance  of  Erin  from 
the  haughty  Swaran,  king  of  Lochlin,  by 
Fingal.  They  have  been  translated  into  all 
the  European  languages,  and  please  by  their 
successful  delineation  of  t!ie  passions,  pic- 
turesque expressions,  bold  but  lovely  images 
and  comparisons,  deep  pathos,  and  tender 
melancholy  tone. 

OSTADE,  Adriax  van,  a  painter  of  the 
Flemish  school,  was  bom  at  Lubeck,  in  1010, 
and  studied  under  Francis  Hals.  His  pic- 
tures are  characterised  by  an  exact  imitation 
of  nature,  and  usually  consist  of  alehouse 
interiors,  with  Dutch  peasants  smoking, 
quarrelling,  or  drinking.  His  colouring  is 
rich  and  clear,  his  touch  spirited  and  free, 
and  all  his  works  are  highly  finished.  Died, 
IdSr,. 

OSTERVALD,  John'  Fuedekic,  a  Swiss 
Protestant  di\'ine,  was  born  at  Neufchatel, 
in  16C3  ;  became  pastor  of  the  church  in  that 
place  in  1699  ;  and  died  in  1747.  His  chief 
works  are,  "  A  Catechism  of  the  Christian 
Religion,"  "  Arguments  and  Reflections  on 
all  the  Books  of  the  Bible,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Trea- 
tise against  Uncleanness,"  "Treatise  on  the 
Sources  of  Corruption,"  and  "  Sermons." 

OSTER  WICK,  Maria  van,  who  is  ranked 
among  the  most  celebrated  flower  painters, 
was  born  at  Nootdorp,  near  Delft,  in  1030, 
and  died  in  1693.  She  was  patronised  by 
the  emperor  Leopold,  William  III.,  and 
Louis  XIV. ;  and  her  pictures  were  eagerly 
sought  after,  and  admitted  into  the  choicest 
collections. 
OSWALD,  king  of  Northumberland,  was 


obliged,  after  the  death  of  Ethelred  his 
father,  to  take  refuge  in  Ireland  ;  his  uncle, 
Edwin,  having  usurped  the  throne.  He  be- 
came a  Christian  in  his  retreat ;  and  return- 
ing to  his  own  country,  defeated  Cerdowalla, 
king  of  the  Britons,  who  lost  his  life.  Os- 
wald reunited  the  two  kingdoms  of  North- 
umberland ;  but  was  slain  in  a  battle  with 
Penda,  king  of  Mercia,  in  043. 

OSYMANDYAS,  an  ancient  king  of 
Egypt,  who  flourished  about  1500  years  b.  c, 
or,  as  some  authors  conjecture,  2.*100  years. 
He  erected  the  gigantic  works  of  Thebes, 
built  the  Memnonium  in  the  city  of  the 
hundred  gates,  and,  according  to  Diodorus, 
inscritted  on  his  colossus,  "I  am  Osyman- 
dyas,  king  of  kings  ;  if  any  man  will  know 
my  greatness  and  my  resting-place,  let  him 
destroy  one  of  my  works." 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, was  born  at  Rome,  a.d.  32,  of  a  family 
which  descended  from  the  ancient  kings  of 
Tuscany.  After  Nero's  death  he  attached 
himself  to  Galba,  but  that  emperor  having 
adopted  Piso  as  his  heir,  Otho  excited  an 
insurrection,  murdered  Galba  and  Piso,  and 
ascended  the  throne  in  69.  He  was  opposed 
by  Vitellius,  who  was  supported  by  the  Ger- 
man army,  and,  in  a  battle  between  the  two 
rivals  near  Cremona,  Otho  was  defeated,  on 
which  he  slew  himself,  after  reigning  three 
months. 

OTHO  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  called 
the  Great,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Henry  the 
Fowler,  and  crowned  in  9.36,  at  the  age  of  14. 
Berenger  having  usurped  the  title  of  emperor 
in  Itair,  Otho  entered  Rome,  where  he  was 
crowned  by  John  XII.  That  pontiff  after- 
wards leagued  with  Berenger,  on  which 
Otho  caused  him  to  be  deposed,  and  put 
Leo  XIII.  in  his  place  in  963.  On  the  em- 
peror's return  to  Germany,  the  Romans  re- 
volted, and  imprisoned  Leo  ;  for  which  Otho 
again  visited  Rome,  wliere  he  severely  exer- 
cised his  vengeance  on  the  senate.  He  next 
turned  his  arms  against  Nicephorus,  emperor 
of  the  East,  whose  army  he  defeated,  and, 
after  cutting  off  their  noses,  sent  the  pri- 
soners to  Constantinople.  John  Zimisces, 
the  successor  of  Nicephorus,  made  peace  witli 
Otho,  who  died  in  973. 

OTHO,  Venius,  a  painter  and  the  in- 
structor of  Rubens,  was  born  at  Leyden,  in 
1556.  After  residing  at  Rome  several  yeais, 
he  went  to  Germany,  where  he  was  employed 
by  tlie  emperor.    Died,  1634. 

OTTLEY,  AVm.  Youxg,  F.R.  S.,  F.  S.  A., 
and  keeper  of  the  prints  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. During  the  whole  of  his  life,  Mr. 
Ottley  devoted  himself  to  the  fine  arts,  and 
was  known  as  an  artist,  a  collector,  and  an 
author.  When  scarcely  20  years  of  age  he 
proceeded  to  Italy  ;  where,  wrapt  in  admi- 
ration of  the  endless  treasures  of  art,  he  not 
only  employed  his  own  talents,  but  the 
talents  of  others,  in  taking  copies  of  the 
most  esteemed  paintings,  and  in  collecting 
whatever  appeared  most  interesting  and 
valuable.  There  he  remained  about  10  years; 
and  on  his  return  to  England  he  produced  a 
series  of  facsimiles  of  the  original  drawings 
of  the  best  masters,  under  the  title  of  the 
"  Italian  School  of  Design,"  a  magnificent 
work,  consisting  of  84  plates.  His  other  prin- 


ott] 


^  fitbi  UniiitY^id  BCosrapl^i?. 


[OUD 


cipal  works  are,  "  The  Florentine  School," 
the  "  Origin  and  Early  History  of  Engrav- 
ing," 2  vols,  i  "  The  Stafford  Gallery ."^  and 
"  The  Critical  Catalogue  of  the  National 
Gallery."    Born,  1772  ;  died,  1836. 

OTTO,  Lonis  William,  count  de  Mosloy, 
an  eminent  French  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
Baden,  in  17.54,  and  educated  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Strasburg.  lie  was  employed  in  1779, 
secretary  and  ckargi  d'affaires  to  the  United 
States  in  America,  where  he  remained  till 
1792.  He  was  then  employed  by  the  com- 
mittee of  public  safety  in  the  foreign  de- 
partment of  the  state  ;  but,  on  the  fall  of  the 
Girondists,  shortly  after,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Luxembourg  prison,  where  he  remained  till 
the  revolution  of  the  9th  Thermidor.  In 
1800  he  was  sent  to  England,  and  he  re- 
mained there,  as  minister-plenipotentiary, 
till  the  peace  of  Amiens,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  General  Andreossy.  In  1809  he 
was  sent  ambassador  to  Vienna,  where  he 
negotiated  the  marriage  of  Buonaparte  with 
Maria  Louisa,  the  archduchess ;  and  re- 
mained there  till  1813,  when,  on  his  return  to 
Paris,  he  became  minister  of  state.  At  the 
restoration,  in  1814,  he  was  unemployed;  and 
in  181o,  during  the  hundred  days,  was  made 
secretary  for  foreign  affairs.  He  was,  after 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  employed  by  Napo- 
leon to  negotiate  for  his  personal  security 
with  the  English  government ;  but  the  object 
failed,  through  not  receiving  passports. 

OTWAY,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  was  born  in  1651,  at  Trotting,  in 
Sussex ;  was  educated  at  Winchester,  and 
Christchurch  College,  Oxford ;  and  after 
having  made  some  attempts  as  an  actor,  lie 
became  a  writer  for  the  stage.  In  1675  he 
produced  his  first  tragedy  of  "  Alcibiades," 
and  the  following  year  appeared  his  "  Don 
Carlos,"  which  proved  extremely  successful. 
His  theatrical  reputation  introduced  him  to 
the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Plymouth,  a 
natural  son  of  Charles  II.,  who  procured 
him  a  cornetcy  in  a  regiment  of  cavalry, 
destined  for  Flanders,  in  which  country  he 
served  for  a  short  time,  and  then  returned, 
pursued  by  habitual  poverty.  He  continued 
to  write  for  the  stage,  but  found  it  a  very 
scanty  means  of  subsistence,  and  died, 
during  1685,  in  his  34th  year,  at  a  public- 
house  on  Tower  Hill,  where  he  had  secreted 
himself  from  his  creditors,  in  a  state  of  great 
destitution.  As  a  tragic  writer  he  stands 
high,  and  no  one  has  touched  scenes  of 
domestic  distress  with  more  force  and  feeling. 

OUDET,  James  Joseph,  a  French  repub- 
lican officer,  of  distinguished  merit,  who 
was  supposed  to  have  been  concerned  in  the 
formation  of  a  secret  society,  directed  against 
the  imperial  power  of  Napoleon.  His  move- 
ments were  accordingly  watched  by  the  go- 
vernment with  great  suspicion ;  and,  after 
having  been  alternately  employed  and  ex- 
iled, he  had  the  command  of  a  division  at 
the  battle  of  Wagram,  where  he  highly  sig- 
nalised himself,  and  soon  after  died  of  the 
wounds  he  received  on  that  occasion. 

OUDIN,  Casimiu,  a  French  monk,  was 
born  at  Mezieres,  in  1638.  He  entered  among 
the  Premontres,  and,  while  in  the  abbey  of 
Bucilly,  in  Champagne,  attracted  the  notice 
of  Louis  XIV.  so  much  by  his  talents  and 


genius,  that  his  superiors  employed  him  to 
make  collections  for  a  history  of  their  order. 
He  afterwards  embraced  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion at  Leyden,  and  was  made  librarian  of 
the  university.  His  works  are,  "  History  of 
Ecclesiastical  Writers,"  "  Commentarius  de 
Scriptoribus  Ecclesiae  Antinuis,  illorumque 
scriptis,"  &c.,  3  vols.  ;  "  Veterum  aliquot 
Gal  lias  et  Belgiae  Scriptorum  Opuscula 
Sacra." 

OIJDINET,  Marc  Awthony,  a  learned 
French  Jesuit ;  professor  of  law  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Rheims,  and  author  of  several 
esteemed  works  on  medallic  history  and  an- 
tiquities.   Bom,  1643  ;  died,  1712. 

OUDINOT,  Charles  Nicholas,  Duke  of 
Reogio,  marshal  of  France,  was  the  son  of 
a  merchant,  and  bom  in  1767.  He  entered 
the  army  early,  and  in  1791  was  captain  of 
the  3rd  battalion  of  volunteers  who  served 
in  the  department  of  the  Meuse.  Distin- 
guishing himself  by  his  courage  and  mili- 
tary skill,  he  attained  the  rank  of  general 
of  division,  and  was  placed  on  the  staff  in 
Massena's  army,  whom  he  accompanied  into 
Italy  in  1799,  and  by  his  courageous  conduct 
during  the  siege  of  Genoa,  in  going  twice 
through  the  English  fleet  to  communicate 
with  General  Suchet,  saved  the  French  troops 
from  becoming  the  victims  of  famine.  In 
1800  he  joined  General  Brune's  army  in 
Italy,  where  he  gained  fresh  laurels  in  forcing 
the  Austrians  to  repass  the  Adige  ;  and  when 
war  again  broke  out  between  France  and 
Austria,  in  1805,  Napoleon  confided  an  ho- 
nourable station  to  General  Oudinot,  who 
appeared  covered  with  glory  in  the  field  of 
Austerlitz.  In  1806  he  was  sent  to  take  pos- 
session of  Neufchatel,  where  Oudinot  con- 
ducted himself  with  so  much  disinterested- 
ness, as  to  gain  the  esteem  of  its  inhabitants, 
who,  in  token  thereof,  presented  him  with 
the  freedom  of  their  city.  He  assisted  at  the 
siege  of  Dantzic  ;  and  after  the  battle  of 
Wagram,  Napoleon  made  him  marshal  of 
the  empire,  and  created  him  duke  of  Reggio. 
In  1810  he  went  to  Holland  to  take  possession 
of  the  throne,  which  Louis  Buonaparte  had 
quitted  in  disgust.  He  afterwards  shared  in 
the  disastrous  invasion  of  Russia,  and  was 
there  seriously  wounded.  In  1814  he  was 
again  called  into  action,  and  again  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  courage,  his  great  military 
talents,  and  a  conduct  that  was  never  tar- 
nished by  the  slightest  accusation  of  in- 
humanity. On  the  capitulation  of  Paris, 
March  31.  1814,  the  duke  agreed  to  the  de- 
termination of  the  provisional  government, 
and  did  not  see  Napoleon  after  that  day. 
On  the  return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers ; 
but  finding  it  impossible  to  secure  their  fide- 
lity to  the  cause  of  Louis  XVIIL,  he  retired 
to  his  seat  at  Montmorenci.  He  subsequently 
received  the  command  of  the  national  guard 
at  Paris  ;  was  made  a  peer  of  France  and  a 
minister  of  state ;  and  during  the  war  with 
Spain,  in  1823,  he  entered  Madrid,  of  which 
he  retained  the  situation  of  governor  a  few 
months,  and  then  returned  to  Pai-is.  In  1830 
he  adhered  to  the  new  dynasty  ;  and  in  1842 
succeeded  Marshal  Moncev  as  governor  of 
the  "  Invalides."  Died,  1847. 
OUDBY,  Jeax  Baptiste,  a  French  pain- 


ouo] 


^  ^eto  ^ui&cr^al  SSinsrapI^g. 


[ovi 


ter  of  portraits  and  liistorical  subjects.  His 
skill  in  animals,  particularly  dogs,  was  such, 
that  Louis  XV.  is  said  to  hav6  recognised 
his  favourite  ones  whenever  he  saw  them  in 
the  groups  of  Oudry,  who  was  pensioned  by 
that  monarch,  and  had  apartments  in  the 
Tuilleries.  Born,  1(>85,  became  a  member 
of  the  academy  in  1717,  and  died  in  175."). 

OUOHTRED,  Wiii.iAM,  an  English  di- 
vine and  mathematician,  was  born  in  1574, 
at  Eton  ;  was  educated  there,  and  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  obtained  the  living  of 
Shalford,  in  Surrey,  whioh  he  exchanged 
for  that  of  Albury  ;  and  died  in  WM),  as  it 
is  said,  of  joy,  at  hearing  of  Charles's  re- 
storation. Though  a  profound  mathema- 
tician, his  method  of  treating  his  subjects 
was  both  dry  and  obscure.  lie  wrote  trea- 
tises on  trigonometry,  aritlimetic,  conic 
sections,  &c. 

OUVLLLE,  Anthony  le  Metel  d'  the 
brother  of  Boisrobert,  the  favourite  of  Car- 
dinal Richelieu.  He  was  the  author  of  some 
dramas  and  tales,  the  latter  of  which  rivalled 
those  of  La  Fontaine  in  licentiousness,  but 
were  far  inferior  to  them  ia  wit  and  humour. 
Died,  16.')7. 

OUVRARD,  Julian,  was  bom  at  Nantes, 
in  1772,  and  was  a  grocer  at  the  era  of  tlie 
revolution.  Being  an  excellent  calculator, 
and  of  great  address  and  boldness,  he  soon 
made  a  rai)id  fortune.  He  was  a  contractor 
under  the  republican,  the  imiHjrial,  and  the 
restored  Bourbon  regime  ;  he  had  the  pro- 
visioning of  the  foreign  armies  during  their 
occupation  of  France  by  the  allied  troops  in 
1816,  and  of  tlie  French  army  in  Spain  during 
the  war  in  182a.  He  was  often  <Ienounced 
for  his  contracts  during  the  revolution,  and 
escaped  the  guillotine  in  1794,  by  General 
Boivin  concealing  him  in  his  house  at 
Nantes.  Under  the  successive  regimes,  he 
owed  many  an  escape  to  the  influence  of  his 
friend  Fou<:he.  In  1810  he  was  sent  on  a 
secret  mission  by  the  latter  to  England,  while 
Napoleon  also  sent  a  mission  to  negotiate  a 
peace.  The  two  ambassadors  counteracted 
each  other  —  the  British  government  evaded 
what  it  considered  as  a  trap  —  they  were 
dismissed  ;  and,  on  their  return,  Fouch6  was 
disgraced,  and  Ouvrard  imprisoned  by  Na- 
poleon. He  subsequently  became  bankrupt, 
but  he  lived  in  such  extraordinary  luxury 
in  prison,  that  his  creditors  held  him  con- 
fined there  for  a  long  time.  Great  complaints 
were  made  in  the  chamber  of  deputies  in 
1824,  of  the  intrigues,  extravagance,  and  ma- 
terial deficiencies  of  his  contract  for  supply- 
ing the  French  army  in  Spain  ;  but  it  was 
supposed  he  was  protected  by  the  strong  arm 
of  authority,  as  no  inquiry  into  these  financial 
operations  was  made.  He  subsequently  re- 
sided in  England,  where  he  died,  1847. 

OUVRARD,  RENg, a  French  divine,  poet, 
musician,  and  mathematician,  was  born  at 
Chinon  in  Torraine.  He  published  several 
works  in  each  capacity,  became  music-  master 
of  the  Holy  Chapel  at  Paris,  and  afterwards 
canon  of  Tours,  where  he  died  in  1694. 

OVERALL,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
was  born  in  1550  ;  and,  after  taking  his  de- 
grees, became  master  of  Catherine  Hall. 
Through  the  patronage  of  queen  Elizabeth 
he  was  made  dean  of  St.  Fuul's,  afterwards 


657 


bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  and,  in 
1618,  he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Norwich. 
He  compiled  a  work,  called  "  The  Convoca- 
tion Book,"  in  which  he  maintained  the 
divine  origin  of  government.  He  had  also 
some  concern  in  the  present  translation  of 
the  Bible,  and  wrote  the  sacramental  part  of 
the  Church  Catechism. 

OVERBURY,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
gentleman,  principally  known  by  the  tragic 
circumstance  of  his  death,  was  born  at  II- 
mingtou,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1581,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  after 
which  he  became  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple.  Tlie  intimacy  which  he  formed 
with  Robert  Carr,  the  worthless  favourite 
brought  from  Scotland  by  James  I.,  and  who 
was  afterwards  earl  of  Somerset,  proved  his 
ruin.  In  16U8  he  was  knighted,  and  his 
father  was  made  one  of  the  judges  for  Wales  ; 
but  at  length  Overbury,  by  venturing  to 
dissuade  his  friend  from  marrying  the  di- 
vorced Countess  of  Essex,  provoked  the 
anger  of  both,  and  through  their  contrivance 
he  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he  was 
poisoned,  Sept.  15.  1613.  This  iniquitous 
deed  was  not  discovered  until  two  years 
afterwards,  when  Sir  Gervase  Elways,  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Tower,  and  some  others,  were 
tried  and  executed  ;  but  the  principals,  to 
the  eternal  disgrace  of  the  king,  were  par- 
doned, from  no  assignable  cause  that  will 
not  add  to  the  ignominy  of  the  proceeding. 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury  wrote  a  poem,  entitled 
"  The  Wife,"  which,  with  his  piece  called 
"  Characters,"  went  through  many  editions. 

His  nephew.  Sir  Thomas   Ovekbuuy, 

published  "  An  Account  of  the  Trial  of  Joan 
Perry  and  her  two  Sons  for  the  Murder  of 
William  Harrison  ;"  a  most  remarkable  case, 
the  parties  who  were  executed  having  con- 
fessed themselves  guilty  of  the  murder, 
altliough  innocent ;  "  Queries  on  Persecution 
in  Religion,"  &c. 

OVID  or  OVIDIUS,  PuBLius  Naso,  a  ce- 
lebrated Latin  poet  of  the  Augustan  age, 
was  of  the  equestrian  order,  and  born  at 
Sulmo,  now  called  Abruzzo,  b.  c.  43.  He 
studied  the  law,  and  pleaded  with  eloquence 
in  the  court  of  the  centumviri ;  he  was  also 
constituted  one  of  the  triumviri,  whose  au- 
thority extended  to  the  trial  of  capital 
causes  i  but  his  decided  predilection  for 
polite  literature,  and  particularly  poetry, 
led  him  to  neglect  severer  studies ;  and  on 
succeeding  to  the  paternal  estate,  he  quitted 
the  bar  for  poetry  and  pleasure.  His  wri- 
tings and  his  morals,  however,  appear  to 
have  coincided,  for  he  indulged  in  a  prurient 
fancy,  and  repudiated  two  of  his  wives  soon 
after  marriage.  Virgil,  Horace,  TibuUus, 
and  Propertius  were  his  friends,  and  Au- 
gustus was  a  liberal  patron  to  him  ;  but  he 
at  length  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  the 
epiperor,  wiio,  for  some  cause  never  ex- 
plained, banished  him  from  Rome,  and  sent 
him  to  live  among  the  Getse,  or  Goths,  on 
the  Euxine.  It  is  probable  that  the  political 
intrigues  of  the  empress  Livia  and  her  son 
Tiberius  contributed  to  the  removal  of  the 
poet ;  while  the  licentiousness  of  his  wri- 
tings, and  the  irregularities  of  his  life,  af- 
forded plausible  pretexts  for  the  infliction  of 
this  punishment.    His  chief  works  consist  of 


ovi] 


^  ^efco  ^anibcrM  23t0srrtp!)t.n 


[OZA 


"De  Arte  Amandi,"  "  Heroic  Epistles,"  the 
"  Fasti,"  and  "  Metamorphoses."  He  in  vain 
Bolicited  his  recal  to  Rome,  and  died  at 
Tomi,  A.  D.  17. 

OVIEDO,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was  bom  at 
Illescas.  In  1554  lie  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Heliopolis,  and  went  to  Abyssinia,  where 
he  obtained  the  title  of  patriarch  ;  translated 
several  works  into  Etliiopic,  and  died  there 
in  1557. 

OVIEDO,  Jonx  Goxzales,  a  Spaniard, 
who  soon  .after  the  discovery  of  America 
visited  the  West  Indies,  to  examine  the  na- 
tural productions  of  that  part  of  the  world. 
He  published  the  result  of  his  researches ; 
and,  according  to  Fallopius,  was  the  first 
who  discovered  the  virtues  of  guaiacum  in 
the  cure  of  syphilis.    Died,  1540. 

OVIEDO  Y  VALDES,  Goxzalvo  Hbr- 
iTANDEZ  d',  a  Spanish  military  officer,  who 
was  intendant  or  inspector  general  of  com- 
merce in  America,  in  the  reign  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  He  wrote  a  complete 
"  History  of  the  Indies  ; "  from  which  suc- 
ceeding writers  have  drawn  much  of  their 
information  relative  to  the  intercourse  of 
the  Spaniards  with  America. 

OWEN,  Henry,  a  learned  divine  of  the 
Church  of  England,  was  bom  in  Monmouth- 
shire, and  educated  first  at  Ruthin  School, 
and  next  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.  D.,  but  afterwards  en- 
tered into  orders,  and  obtained  the  vicarage 
of  Edmonton,  in  Middlesex,  and  St.  Olave, 
Hart  Street.  He  died  in  1795,  aged  80.  His 
chief  works  are,  "  Observations  on  the  Scrip- 
ture Miracles,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Four  Gos- 
pels," "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Septuagint 
Version,"  "  Sermons  preaclied  at  Boyle's 
T^ecture,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  An  Introduction  to 
Hebrew  Criticism." 

OWEN,  John,  an  epigrammatist,  was 
bom  in  Caernarvonshire ;  was  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  after 
which  he  became  master  of  Warwick  School, 
and  died  in  1622.  His  Latin  epigrams  pos- 
sess great  point,  and  several  of  them  are  in- 
ferior only  to  those  of  Martial. 

OWEN,  John,  D.  D.,  a  learned  independ- 
ent divine,  was  born  at  Stadham,  in  Ox- 
fordshire, in  1616,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
College.  In  the  civil  wars  he  was  a  zealous 
advocate  for  the  parliament  against  the 
king  ;  and  the  very  day  after  the  murder  of 
Charles  I.  he  preached  a  sermon  before  the 
House  of  Commons,  making  himself  so  ac- 
ceptable to  those  in  power,  that  Cromwell 
made  him  his  cliaplain,  and  gave  him  the 
deanery  of  Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he 
served  the  office  of  vice-chancellor  in  1652. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  deprived  of  his 
deanery ;  on  which  he  retired  to  his  estate 
in  Essex.  He  died  in  1683.  Dr.  Owen  was 
a  very  voluminous  writer.  His  princi- 
pal works  are,  "  An  Exposition  of  the  He- 
brews," 4  vols. ;  a  "  Discourse  concerning 
the  Holy  Spirit,"  a  "Treatise  on  Original 
Sin,"  "  VindiciBB  Evangelicse,"  "  Tracts  and 
Sermons,"  &c. 

OWEN,  John,  a  divine  of  the  Church  of 
England,  was  born  in  London,  about  1765, 
and  received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's 
School,  and  at  Cambridge.  Having  taken 
orders,  he  became   a  popular   preacher  at 


Fulham,  and  obtained  from  Bishop  Porteus 
the  living  of  Paglesham,  in  Essex.  Dr.  Ran- 
dolph, the  successor  of  the  bishop  in  the  see 
of  London,  insisting  upon  Mr.  Owen's  re- 
sidence at  his  rectory,  he  was  obliged  to 
relinquish  the  curacy  of  Fulham,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  parish  presented  him 
with  a  purse  of  near  700?.  He  was  one  of 
the  earliest  members  of  the  Bible  Society, 
of  which  institution  he  continued  to  be  the 
principal  secretary  till  his  death  in  1822. 
Besides  various  tracts  and  sermons,  he  was 
the  author  of  "The  Retrospect,  or  Reflec- 
tions on  the  State  of  Religion  and  Politics 
in  France  and  Great  Britain,"  "  The  Chris- 
tian Monitor  for  the  Last  Days,"  "  A''indica- 
tion  of  the  Bible  Society,"  its  "  History,"  &c. 

OWEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  judge,  was 
bom  at  Condover,  in  Shropshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford ;  from  whence  he  removed 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  became  Lent 
reader  to  the  Society,  in  1583.  In  1590  he 
was  made  serjeant-at-law,  and  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  common  pleas.    Died,  1598. 

OWEN,  William,  an  eminent  English 
artist,  was  a  native  of  Shropshire.  After 
studying  under  Charles  Catton,  and  receiving 
considerable  attention  from  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, he  made  great  progress  in  the  art, 
and  in  1813  was  appointed  principal  portrait 
painter  to  the  prince  regent,  who  offered  to 
knight  him,  but  he  modestly  declined  the 
honour.  He  executed  some  admirable  por- 
traits of  distinguished  statesmen,  &c.,  and 
also  employed  himself  occasionally  on  his- 
torical subjects,  some  of  which  were  of  a  first- 
rate  character.    Born,  1769  ;  died,  1824. 

OWTRAM,  William,  a  learned  English 
divine.  He  was  prebendary  of  Westminster 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  wrote  an  ex- 
cellent treatise  "De  Sacrificiis."  He  died 
in  1679. 

OXENSTIERN,  Axel,  an  eminent  Swe- 
dish statesman,  distinguished  for  profound 
sagacity,  patriotism,  and  political  honesty, 
was  born  in  1583.  He  was  the  favourite  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  after  whose  death  lie 
conducted  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  with 

equal  ability  and  integrity.    Died,  1654 

His  sons  John  and  Eiuc  both  distinguished 
themselves  as  diplomatists. 

OZANAM,  James,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  was  bom  at  Boligneux,  in 
Brescia,  in  1640.  He  was  educated  for  the 
church  i  but  on  the  death  of  his  father  he 
relinquished  that  pursuit,  and  applying  to 
the  study  of  the  sciences,  was  for  many 
years  in  high  repute  as  a  mathematical 
teacher.  Died,  1717.  He  wrote  a  great  num- 
ber of  useful  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  "  Dictionnaire  des  Mathematiques," 
"  Cours  des  Mathematiques,"  5  vols. ;  "  Re- 
criJations  MathtJmatiques  et  Physiques,"  4 
vols. ;  "  La  Perspective  Theoretique  et 
Pratique,"  &c. 

OZAROUSKI,  Peter,  bom  in  1769,  het- 
man  of  the  crown  of  Poland  ;  was  one  of  the 
most  zealous  of  the  partisans  of  Russia  in 
destroying  the  new  constitution  of  1792.  In 
the  insurrection  at  Warsaw  in  1794,  his  hotel 
was  plundered,  and  himself  hung  before  his 
door  by  the  people.  His  two  sons  remained 
faithful  to  the  patriot  cause,  and  served  in 
the  Polish  army. 


oze] 


^  licUj  ^nihexiaX  38i05rap]bl?' 


[I'AD 


OZELL,  John,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
waa  bom  in  England,  of  a  French  family, 
and  was  intended  for  the  church,  which  pro- 
fession he  declined,  and  obtained  the  ofticea 
of  auditor-general  of  the  city  and  bridge 
accounta,  of  the  accounts  of  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral, and  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  His 
principal  works  are  translations  from  the 
French,  Italian,  and  Spanish,  among  which 
arc  Kabelais,  Don  Quixote,  and  Moliere. 
He  is  described  by  Pope,  in  his  Dunciad,  as 
a  man  of  consummate  vanity  ;  which  he  re- 
sented by  an  extraordinary  advertisement, 
signed  with  his  name,  in  a  paper,  called 
"The  Weekly  Medley,"  wherein  he  drew  a 
comparison  between  Pope  and  himself,  of 
course  very  unfavourable  to  the  former,  with 
regard  to  their  general  learuing  and  poetical 
genius.    Died,  1743. 


OZERETZKOFFSKY,  Nicholas  Yakov- 
LEVicH,  one  of  the  earliest  members  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  St.  Petersburgh  ;  au- 
thor of  "Memoirs  of  the  Progress  of  the 
Sciences  in  Russia,  from  1803  to  1810,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Natural  History,"  and  various 
other  publications  serviceable  to  the  ad- 
Tancement  of  science  and  literature.  Born, 
1751  ;  died,  1827. 

OZEROFF,  Vladislas  Alexandro- 
viTscu,  a  celebrated  Russian  tragic  poet, 
was  born  in  1707 ;  entered  the  army,  in  which 
he  attained  the  rank  of  major-general,  and 
afterwards  obtained  a  civil  appointment.  He 
wrote  the  tragedies  of  "Fingal,"  "Deme- 
trius Donskol,"  "  (Edipus,"  and  "  Polyx- 
ena,"  which  exhibit  beauties  of  a  high  or- 
der :  he  also  wrote  some  lyric  poems.  Died, 
1816. 


PA  AW,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch  phy- 
sician and  botanist,  bom  at  Amsterdam,  in  ! 
1564.    He  was  appointed  professor  of  medi-  j 
cine  at  Leyden,  where  he  founded  the  bo-  ! 
tanical  garden,  and  published  several  works 
on  anatomical  and  botanical  subjects,  which, 
though  surpassed  by  subsequent  productions, 
are  still  esteemed.    Died,  1(517. 

PACATIANUS,  Titus  Julius  Marinus, 
an  usurper,  who  excited  the  Gauls  to  revolt 
in  his  favour  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor 
Philip ;  but  he  was  defeated  and  put  to 
death  by  the  troops  which  raised  Decius  to 
the  throne,  a.d.  249. 

PACATUS,  Latijtus  Drepanius,  a  Latin 
poet  and  orator  of  the  4th  century,  who  was 
sent  from  Gaul  to  offer  congratulations  to 
Theodosius  the  Great  after  the  defeat  of 
Maximus,  for  which  he  was  rewarded  with 
a  proconsulship  in  Africa,  and  in  393  with 
the  oiBce  of  superintendant  of  the  imperial 
lands.  His  poems  are  lost,  but  his  pane- 
gyric on  Theodosius  was  printed  at  Amster- 
dam, in  1753. 

PACCA,  Cardinal,  was  bom  at  Bene- 
vento,  1756.  After  rising  through  the  usual 
ecclesiastical  degrees,  and  discharging  the 
office  of  nuncio  at  various  courts,  he  received 
from  pope  Pius  VII.  the  cardinal's  hat  in 
1801,  drew  up  the  famous  bull  which  ex- 
communicated Napoleon  in  1809,  and  was  in 
consequence  imprisoned  at  Fenestrella.  In 
1813  he  rejoined  Pius  VII.  atFontainebleau, 
where  he  induced  him  to  withdraw  the  con- 
cessions a  short  time  previously  established 
with  Napoleon  by  a  concordat,  returned  to 
Rome  with  the  pope  in  1814,  and  finally 
retired  from  office  in  1816,  after  having  re- 
established the  order  of  the  Jesuits.  Died, 
1844.  His  interesting  "  Memoirs  "  have  been 
translated  into  English  by  Sir  G.  Head. 

PACE,  Richard,  a  learned  and  eloquent 
divine  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Ilamp-  ] 
shire,  in  1482,  studied  at  Padua,  and  on  his  \ 
return  became  a  member  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  but  soon  afterwards  accompanied 
Cardinal  Bambridge  to  Rome.    In  1515  he 


was  sent  to  the  court  of  Vienna,  and  in  1522 
was  made  dean  of  Exeter.  He  was  also  dean 
of  St.  Paul's  ;  but,  falling  under  the  displea- 
sure of  Wolsey,  he  lost  his  preferments,  and 
retired  to  Stepney,  where  he  died  in  1532. 
He  wrote  a  book  on  the  lawfulness  of  Henry's 
marriage  with  Catharine  of  Arragon,  "  De 
Fructu  Scientiarum,"  &c.  ;  and  he  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  Erasmus,  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  Cardinal  Pole. 

PACIIYMERA,  Georoe,  a  Greek  histo- 
rian of  the  14lli  century,  was  born  at  Nice, 
of  a  noble  family,  and  rose  to  high  offices  in 
church  and  state.  He  died  in  1310.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Michael  Palajologus 
and  Andronicus,''  published  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  at  Rome,  in  1666,  in  2  vols,  folio  ; 
and  a  compendium  of  Aristotelic  philosophy 
was  published  from  his  MSS.  at  Oxford  in 
1666. 

PACIANDI,  Paul  Maria,  an  Italian 
ecclesiastic,  antiquary,  and  historian,  was 
bom  at  Turin,  in  1710.  He  studied  at  Bo- 
logna, became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Genoa,  and  in  1761  he  settled  at  Parma  as 
librarian  to  the  grand-duke,  who  also  ap- 
pointed him  his  antiquary  and  director  of 
some  public  works  ;  besides  which  he  was 
historiographer  of  tlie  order  of  Malta.  He 
died  in  1785.  His  principal  works  are,  "  A 
Series  of  Medals  representing  the  most  re- 
markable Events  of  the  Government  of 
Malta,"  "  Monumenta  Peloponnesia,"  2  vols. 
4to.  ;  and  "  Memoirs  of  the  Grand  Masters 
of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,"  3 
vols.  4to. 

PACU  VIUS,  Marcus,  a  tragic  Latin  poet, 
was  a  native  of  Brundusium,  and  flourished 
at  Rome  about  154  b.c.  He  obtained  great 
reputation  by  his  tragedies,  and  was  much 
esteemed  by  Laelius  and  Cicero,  who  placed 
him  above  Sophocles  ;  but  we  have  nothing 
of  his  left  by  which  to  judge  of  his  merits, 
except  a  few  fragments  in  the  "Corpus 
Poetarum."    He  died,  aged  89,  at  Tarentum. 

PADILLA,  Dos  Johx  dk,  a  noble  Spa- 
niard, who  espoused  the  cause  of  the  people 


PAO] 


^  iJ^rto  Hm'bcrsal  ISioarajil^w. 


[PAI 


during  their  arduous  struggle  for  liberty, 
from  1420  to  1422.  Being  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Villalar,  he  was 
put  to  death  on  the  following  day,  and  met 
his  fate  with  the  heroism  of  a  true  patriot. 
Donna  Maria,  his  heroic  wife,  partici- 
pated in  all  his  labours,  and  after  his  death 
gained  several  advantages  at  the  head  of 
her  troops,  and  defended  Toledo  for  several 
months.  She  was  at  length  deserted  by  the 
citizens,  and  retired  to  Portugal,  where  she 
died. 

PAGAN,  Blaise  Feansois,  Count  de,  an 
eminent  French  military  engineer,  was  born 
at  Avignon,  in  1604.  He  entered  into  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  and  lost  an  eye,  in 
1621,  at  the  siege  of  Montauban.  After  this 
he  distinguished  himself  on  several  occa- 
'  sions,  particularly  at  the  passage  of  the 
Alps  and  the  barricade  of  Suza,  where  lie 
was  the  first  to  lead  the  way  over  a  dan- 
gerous height.  In  1642  he  lost  his  sight  en- 
tirely; notwithstanding  which  he  pursued 
l^is  military  studies,  and  in  1645  published 
an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  Traits  de 
Fortification."    Died,  1665. 

PAGANACCI,  Jea.v,  bom  at  Lyons,  in 
1729  ;  died  in  1797.  His  great  work,  the 
"  Manuel  des  Ni^gocians,"  a  commercial  en- 
cyclopaadia,  is  justly  esteemed  in  France. 

PAGANEL,  Petek,  a  member  of  the 
French  Legislative  Assembly  and  Conven- 
tion, was  born  in  1745.  He  was  chosen  a 
deputy  in  1791  ;  and  when,  on  the  10th  of 
August,  1792,  tlie  unfortunate  Louis  XVI. 
sought  an  asylum  in  the  hall  of  the  represent- 
atives, he  was  one  of  the  first  to  join  in  a 
deputation  to  the  people,  in  order  to  restrain 
their  violence  ;  yet  he  afterwards  voted  for 
the  king's  death.  He  was  consequently 
obliged  to  quit  France  in  1816,  and  he  died 
at  Brussels  in  1826.  Paganel  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Essai  Historique  et  Critique  sur 
la  Revolution  Fran?aise,"  3  vols.,  and  some 
other  works  of  minor  importance. 

PAGANINI,  NicoLO,  the  inimitable  vio- 
linist, was  born  at  Genoa,  1784.  His  father, 
who  was  a  commission-broker  by  trade,  but 
a  great  musical  amateur,  initiated  him  in 
the  principles  of  music  from  his  earliest 
years ;  and  the  progress  thus  made  under 
parental  care  was  still  further  increased  by 
subsequent  instructions  from  Costa,  RoUa, 
and  Paer.  His  first  public  engagement  was 
at  Lucca.  Here  he  found  a  zealous  patroness 
in  the  Princess  Bacchiochi,  sister  of  Napo- 
leon ;  but  in  1813  he  left  Lucca  for  Milan, 
and  three  years  later  his  reputation  had  so 
spread  abroad,  that  the  Leipsic  Musical  Ga- 
zette, no  mean  authority  at  that  time,  pro- 
nounced him  the  first  violinist  in  the  world. 
From  this  epoch  dates  his  wondrous  per- 
formance on  a  single  string,  which  at  a  later 
period  called  forth  such  bursts  of  applause 
from  innumerable  audiences  in  Germany, 
France,  and  England.  In  1828  he  visited 
Vienna,  where  he  met  with  an  enthusiastic 
reception.  Thence  he  visited  the  chief 
cities  of  Germany  ;  and  in  1831  he  made 
a  musical  tour  through  France  and  Eng- 
land, where  he  realised  enormous  sums, 
which,  however,  the  gambling  table  swal- 
lowed up,  frequently  even  with  greater  ra- 
pidity than  he  gained  them.    His  last  years 


were  spent  at  his  villa  Gajona  near  Parma  ; 
and  he  died  at  Nice,  1840.  Tlie  most  ab- 
surd stories  were  circulated  regarding  Paga- 
nini  during  his  lifetime  ;  nor  did  they  cease 
even  with  his  death.  Crimes  of  the  deepest 
dye  were  imputed  to  him  without  a  vestige 
of  foundation  ;  though  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  singular  cast  of  his  countenance, 
his  reserved  character,  his  sudden  bursts 
of  passion,  and  tlie  mysterious  veil  which 
he  was  fond  of  throwing  around  all  his 
proceedings,  were  well  fitted  to  awaken 
public  curiosity,  with  its  usual  adjunct,  ex- 
cessive credulity. 

PAGES,  Francis  Xavier,  an  indefati- 
gable French  romance  writer,  &c.,  was  born 
at  Aurillac  in  1745,  and  died  at  Paris  in 
1802.  Among  his  numerous  works  are, 
"Histoire  secrfete  de  la  Revolution  Fran- 
?aise,"  6  vols.  8vo.,  and  "Nouveau  Voyage 
autour  du  Monde,  en  Asie,  en  Amerique,  et 
en  Afrique,  pr^ced^  d'un  Voyage  en  Italic." 

PAGES,  Pierre  Marie  Fransois,  Vis- 
count de,  a  celebrated  French  navigator,  was 
bom  at  Toulouse,  in  1748.  He  sailed  from 
Cape  Francois,  in  St.  Domingo,  in  1797,  with 
a  view  to  explore  the  Indian  Seas,  and  travel 
through  China  and  Tartary  to  the  Northern 
Ocean  ;  but  on  arriving  at  the  Philippine 
Islands  in  October,  1768,  and  finding  it  im- 
possible to  penetrate  China,  he  went  by  sea 
to  Bassora,  and  travelling  through  the  desert 
to  Syria,  he  reached  France  in  December, 
1771.  He  afterwards  sailed  in  Kerguelen's 
expedition  to  the  south  pole,  and  on  his  re- 
turn proceeded  as  far  as  81  degrees  and  a 
half  of  north  latitude.  He  served  in  the 
American  war,  after  which  he  retired  to  his 
estate  in  St.  Domingo,  where  he  was  mur- 
dered during  a  revolt  of  the  negroes  in  1793. 

PAGI,  Anthony,  a  famous  Cordelier, 
who  was  four  times  provincial  of  his  order. 
Born,  1624  ;  died,  1699.  He  was  tlie  author 
of  a  "  Critique  on  Baronius's  Annals,"  4 
vols,  folio,  and  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Con- 
sulates."  His  nephew,    Francis    Pagi, 

also  a  Cordelier,  assisted  his  uncle  in  his 
great  work  on  Baronius,  and  was  the  author 
of"  Breviarium  Historicochronologico-criti- 
cum,"  4  vols.    Died,  1721. 

PAGNINUS,  S ANTES,  a  Dominican  friar, 
born  at  Lucca,  in  1466.  He  was  an  able 
classic  and  oriental  scholar,  and  was  em- 
ployed 25  years  in  translating  the  Scriptures, 
Leo  X.  furnishing  him  with  all  necessary 
expenses.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
"  Hebrew  Lexicon  and  Grammar." 

PAHLEN,  Peter,  Count,  descended  from 
a  noble  Livonian  family,  was  born,  1744. 
He  was  appointed  military  governor  of  Pe- 
tersburgh  by  the  emperor  Paul ;  but  fearing 
to  fall  a  victim  to  the  capricious  disposition 
of  that  despot,  he  formed  a  conspiracy  against 
him,  caused  him  to  be  strangled  in  1801,  and 
proclaimed  his  son  Alexander  emperor.  Soon 
afterwards  he  withdiew  from  public  life. 
Died,  1826. 

PAINE,  Thomas,  a  deistical  and  political 
writer,  was  born  in  1737,  at  Thetford,  in 
Norfolk,  where  his  father,  who  was  a  Quaker, 
carried  on  the  business  of  a  staymaker,  and 
brought  up  his  son  to  it.  He,  however,  sub- 
sequently became  an  exciseman,  and  wa« 
living  at  Lewes,  in  Sussex,  when  he  lost  his 


PAl] 


^  ^m  Hntbcrtfal  3S(0sra}j^ij. 


[PAJ 


situatioa  in  consequence  of  keeping  a  to- 
bacconist's shop,  wliich  was  considered  in- 
compatible -witli  his  duties.  His  literary 
abilities  having  appeared  in  a  pamphlet  com- 
posed by  him  in  order  to  show  the  necessity 
of  advancing  the  salaries  of  excisemen,  he 
was  introduced  to  Dr.  Franklin,  who  urged 
him  to  go  to  America,  and  use  liis  pen  in  be- 
half of  the  colonies.  lie  accordingly  went 
there,  and  reached  Philadelphia  in  1774.  At 
first  he  conducted  the  PennsylvaniaGazette, 
which  from  the  boldness  of  its  arguments 
attracted  considerable  notice.  He  then  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Common  Sense,"  which  being  written  witli 
great  vigour,  and  addressed  to  a  highly  ex- 
cited population,  had  a  prodigious  sale,  and 
undoubtedly  accelerated  the  famous  De- 
claration of  Independence.  For  this  pro- 
duction the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania 
voted  him  5007.  He  was  afterwards  also  re- 
warded with  a  grant  of  500  acres  of  well  cul- 
tivated land  from  the  state  of  New  York, 
and  made  clerk  to  the  committee  for  foreign 
affairs.  While  in  this  office  he  published  a 
series  of  political  pamphlets  on  what  he 
termed  the  "  Crisis."  In  1787  he  embarked 
for  France,  and,  after  visiting  Paris,  went  to 
England,  with  a  view  to  the  prosecution  of  a 
project  relative  to  the  construction  of  an  iron 
bridge,  of  liis  own  invention,  at  Rotherham, 
in  Yorkshire.  This  scheme  involved  him  in 
considerable  difficulties  ;  but  his  writings,  in 
which  he  foretold,  or  rather  recommended, 
the  change  that  was  approaching  in  France, 
brought  him  a  supply  of  money.  On  tlie  ap- 
pearance of  Burke's  Keflections  on  the  French 
Revolution,  he  wrote  the  first  part  of  his 
celebrated  "  Rights  of  Man,"  in  answer  to 
that  work.  The  second  part  was  published 
early  in  1792  ;  and.  May  the  21st,  in  that 
year,  a  proclamation  was  issued  against 
wicked  and  seditious  publications,  evidently 
alluding  to,  though  it  did  not  name,  the 
"  Rights  of  Man.  On  the  same  day,  the 
attorney-general  commenced  a  prosecution 
against  Paine  as  the  author  of  that  work. 
While  the  trial  was  pending,  he  was  chosen 
member  of  the  National  Convention  for  the 
department  of  Calais  ;  and,  making  his  es- 
cape, he  set  off  for  France,  and  arrived  there 
in  September,  1792.  The  garrison  at  Calais 
were  under  arms  to  receive  this  "  friend  of 
liberty,"  the  tri-coloured  cockade  was  pre- 
sented to  him  by  the  mayor,  and  the  hand- 
somest woman  in  the  town  was  selected  to 
place  it  in  his  hat.  Meantime  Paine  had 
been  declared  in  Paris  worthy  of  the  honours 
of  citizenship,  and  he  proceeded  thither, 
wliere  he  was  received  with  every  demonstra- 
tion of  extravagant  joy.  On  the  trial  of 
Louis  XVI.,  he  voted  against  the  sentence  of 
death,  proposing  his  imprisonment  during 
the  war,  and  his  banishment  afterwards. 
This  conduct  offended  the  Jacobins,  and, 
towards  the  close  of  1793,  he  was  excluded 
from  the  convention,  on  the  ground  of  his 
being  a  foreigner  (.though  naturalised) ;  and, 
immediately  after,  he  was  arrested,  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Luxembourg.  Just  before  his 
confinement,  he  had  finished  the  first  part 
of  his  work,  entitled  the  "  Age  of  Rea- 
son ;"  and,  having  confided  it  to  the  care 
of  Ilia  friend  Joel  Barlow,  it  was  published. 


661 


On  the  fall  of  Robespierre  he  was  released  ; 
in  1795  he  published  the  second  part  of  his 
"  Age  of  Reason  ;"  and,  in  May  1796,  he  ad- 
dressed to  the  council  of  five  linndred  a 
work,  entitled  the  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
System  of  Finance  in  England,"  and  also 
published  liis  pamphlet,  entitled  "Agrarian 
Justice."  Fearful  of  being  captured  by 
English  cruisers,  he  remained  in  France  till 
August,  1802v  when  he  embarked  for  America, 
and  reached  Baltimore  the  following  Octo- 
ber. His  subsequent  life  was  by  no  means 
happy  ;  for,  although  occupied  in  various 
mechanical  speculations,  and  other  engross- 
ing pursuits,  and  possessed  of  decent  com- 
petence, his  attacks  upon  religion  had  ex- 
ceedingly narrowed  his  circle  of  acquaint- 
ance ;  and  his  habitual  intemperance  tended 
to  the  injury  of  his  health,  and  the  bltimate 
production  of  a  complication  of  disorders,  to 
which  he  fell  a  victim  in  1809.  The  Quakers 
refused  to  admit  his  remains  among  their 
dead,  and  he  waa  buried  on  his  own  farm. 
Cobbett  boasted  of  having  disinterred  him  in 
1817,  and  brought  his  body  to  England  ; 
many,  however,  assert  that  Cobbett  did  not 
talu  that  trouble,  but  brought  over  from 
A^trica  the  remains  of  a  criminal,  wlio  had 
been  executed. 

PAISIELLO,  Giovanni,  a  celebrated 
singer  and  composer,  was  the  son  of  a  vete- 
rinary surgeon  of  Tarento,  in  Italy,  and 
born  in  1741.  He  was  put  under  the  care  of 
the  celebrated  Durante,  and,  in  1763,  pro- 
duced his  first  opera,  "  La  Papilla,"  with 
great  applause,  at  the  Marsigli  Theatre,  in 
Bologna.  From  this  period  commenced  a 
long  career  of  success ;  and  his  works  were 
not  only  applauded  in  Italy,  but  extended 
his  fame  over  the  whole  Continent.  In  1796 
he  was  induced  to  enter  the  service  of 
Catharine  II.  of  Russia,  who  settled  upon 
him  a  pension  of  4000  roubles,  and  he  re- 
mained there  nine  years.  He  next  settled 
at  Naples  ;  and,  on  the  French  revolu- 
tion extending  to  that  country,  he  received 
from  the  republican  government  the  appoint- 
ment of  composer  to  the  nation.  In  1801 
he  went  to  Paris  at  the  request  of  Buona- 
parte ;  but,  after  having  been  there  three 
years,  he  returned  to  Naples,  where  he 
died  in  1816.  His  operas,  serious  and  comic, 
exceed  70,  besides  a  great  variety  of  ballets, 
cantatas,  &c.  Simplicity,  elegance,  and  I 
correctness  are  the  characteristics  of  his 
style. 

PAJOL,  Pierre,  a  distinguished  soldier, 
was  bom  at  Besan(;on,  1772.  Entering  the 
army  in  1791,  he  served  in  all  the  campaigns 
of  the  Republic,  and  gradually  rose  to  the 
highest  military  honours.  Nominated  ge- 
neral of  division  in  1812,  he  commanded  the 
vanguard  in  the  Russian  campaign,  when 
he  took  Minsk  and  some  other  towns  ;  was 
left  for  dead  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic  in  1813, 
recaptured  Montereau  from  the  allies  in 
1814,  and  had  gained  possession  of  Namur, 
at  the  moment  when  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo decided  the  fate  of  France.  He  then 
retired  from  the  service  of  his  country, 
but  re-entered  it  in  1830,  when  the  revo- 
lution of  July  broke  out,  and  directed  the 
attack  of  the  Parisians  upon  Rambouillet, 
which  led  to  the  flight  of  Charles  X.    For 


81. 


PAJ] 


91  ^elt)  Winibtx^al  3St0srap]^ii, 


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these  services  he  was  made  a  peer  of  France. 
Died.  1844. 

PAJOU,  AuGUSTiN,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  was  boru  at  Paris,  in  1730  ;  gained 
the  prize  at  the  academy  when  18  years 
of  age  ;  studied  at  Rome,  where  he  re- 
mained for  12  years  ;  and  obtained  on  his  re- 
turn a  first- rate  reputation  from  his  country- 
men, who  called  him  the  restorer  of  the  art. 
Died,  1809. 

PALyEMON,  Quintus  Rhemmius,  a  gram- 
marian, who  lived  at  Rome  in  the  reign 
of  Tiberius.  He  was  the  son  of  a  slave  at 
Vicenza,  and  acquired  his  learning  by  at- 
tending on  the  son  of  his  master  at  school, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  rewarded 
with  his  freedom,  and  became  a  teacher  at 
Rome.  There  are  extant,  under  liis  name, 
"  Ars  Grammatica  "  and  "  De  Ponderibua  et 
Mensuris." 

PALAFOX,  Don  Joseph,  immortalised 
by  his  lieroic  defence  of  Saragossa  in  1808-9, 
was  sprung  from  an  old  Arragonese  family, 
and  liaving  entered  the  military  service  of 
Spain  at  an  early  age,  accompanied  Fer- 
dinand to  Bayonne  ;  but,  on  tlie  resignation 
of  that  monarch,  he  returned  to  Arragon, 
and  lived  in  retirement  at  a  short  disWnce 
from  Saragossa.  Proclaimed  governor  of 
Saragossa  by  the  people  who  saw  themselves 
menaced  on  all  sides  by  the  armies  of  France, 
he  took  instant  measures  to  sustain  a  siege  ; 
and  such  was  the  effect  of  liis  combined  in- 
telligence and  determination,  that  with  a 
comparative  handful  of  men,  the  city  man- 
fully resisted  an  overwlielming  force,  and  at 
length  compelled  the  French  general  to  re- 
treat after  a  siege  of  61  days  and  the  loss  of 
thousands  of  his  men.  But  the  reduction  of 
Saragossa  was  of  too  great  importance  to  the 
French  for  them  not  to  strain  every  nerve  to 
accomplish  it ;  and  Marshals  Mortier  and 
Moncey  marched  in  November  of  the  same 
year,  at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  to  recom- 
mence the  siege.  After  suffering  two  defeats 
before  Saragossa,  Palafox  once,  more  retired 
within  its  walls,  and  commenced  the  same 
vigorous  course  of  action  whicli  had  been 
already  crowned  with  success ;  but  on  this 
occasion  all  his  efforts  were  in  vain  ;  the 
besiegers  were  backed  by  a  force  more  terrible 
than  themselves  :  an  epidemic  fever  was 
raging  in  the  garrison  ;  and  Palafox  who 
was  attacked  by  it,  was  obliged  to  resign  the 
command  on  tlie  20th  February,  to  General 
St.  Marc,  who  signed  the  capitulation  on  the 
following  day.  Palafox  was  now  sent  into 
France,  and  remained  a  close  prisoner  at 
Vincennes,  till  the  restoration  of  Ferdinand, 
by  whom  he  was  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to 
Madrid.  In  June,  1814,  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain general  of  Arragon  ;  but,  for  nearly  30 
years  before  his  death,  he  took  no  part  in  pub- 
lic affairs.   Born.  1780.    Died  at  Madrid,  1847. 

PALAFOX  Y  MENDOZA,  Juax  de, 
bishop  of  Angelopolis,  in  New  Spain,  where 
he  became  viceroy  in  the  absence  of  the 
Duke  de  Escalona.  His  principal  work  is  a 
"  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Cliina  by  the 
Tartars."    Died,  1659. 

PALAPRAT,  John  de  Bigot,  a  French 
dramatist,  was  born  in  1650,  at  Toulouse  ;  of 
which  city  he  became  chief  magistrate,  and 
head  of  the  consistory.    Died,  1721.    Many 


of  his  comedies  were  written  in  conjunction 
with  the  Abbe  Brueys. 

PALESTRINA,  Giovanni  Pietro  Aloi- 
sio,  the  most  celebrated  master  of  the  old 
Roman  school  of  music,  was  born  at  Pales- 
trina,  the  ancient  Preneste,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  16th  century.  He  died  iu  1594. 
Some  of  his  pieces  are  still  performed  in  the 
Sistine  chapel  at  Rome. 

PALEY,  William,  an  eminent  divine  of 
the  English  church,  was  born  at  Peter- 
borough, in  1743  ;  and  was  educated  as  a 
sizar  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1766.  For  ten 
subsequent  years  he  resided  at  the  university; 
but  in  1776  he  obtained  the  vicarages  of 
Dalston,  in  Cumberland,  and  Appleby,  in 
Westmoreland.  In  1780  he  was  collated  to 
a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Carlisle,  of 
which  diocese  he  became  archdeacon  in 
1782,  and  in  1785  he  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor. In  that  year  he  published  his  great 
work,  "  The  Elements  of  Moral  and  Political 
Philosophy,"  in  1  vol.  4to.  His  next  pub- 
lication was  entitled  "  Horas  Paulinae."  In 
1793  he  vacated  Dalston,  on  being  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Stanwix,  near  Carlisle  ; 
and  the  year  following  he  printed  "A  View 
of  the  Evidences  of  Christianity,"  2  vols.  8vo. 
The  same  year  he  was  instituted  to  the  pre- 
bend of  St.  Pancras  in  the  diocese  of  London, 
and  soon  afterwards  was  promoted  to  the 
sub-deanery  of  Lincoln.  In  1795  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree  on  being  presented  to  the 
living  of  Bishops  Wearmouth,  where  he 
wrote  his  last  work,  entitled  "  Natural  Theo- 
logy, or  Evidences  of  the  Existence  and 
Attributes  of  the  Deity."  Besides  the  above 
excellent  productions.  Dr.  Paley  published 
BOine  smaller  works;  and  a  volume  of  sermons 
appeared  after  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
1805. 

PALISSY,  Bernard  de,  a  celebrated 
French  potter  and  chemist,  was  bom  at  Agen, 
and  for  his  ingenuity  in  painting  on  glass 
and  other  works  was  patronised  by  Henry 
III.  He  made  considerable  discoveries  in 
natural  history,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  who  gave  a  true  theory  of  fountains. 
Palissy  was  a  zealous  Calvinist  ;  and,  during 
the  fury  of  the  league  under  Henry  III.  in 
1584,  he  was  committed  to  the  Bastile.  Died, 
1590. 

PALISSOT  DE  BEAUVOIS,  Ambroise 
Marie  Francois  Joseph,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, was  born  at  Arras,  in  the  French 
Netherlands,  in  1752.  After  studying  at  the 
college  of  Harcourt,  at  Paris,  he  was,  in 
1772,  admitted  a  counsel  of  the  parliament 
of  that  city  ;  and  subsequently  became  re- 
ceiver-general of  territorial  imposts,  till  the 
suppression  of  that  office  in  1777.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history,  and  he  undertook  a  voyage  to  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  with  an  intention  to  travel 
across  the  African  continent  to  Egypt ;  but 
being  unable  to  execute  that  design,  he 
sailed  for  St.  Domingo,  in  1788,  and  there 
occupied  some  official  situations.  Having 
opposed  the  revolutionary  attempts  of  the 
negroes,  he  with  difficulty  effected  his  escape 
to  America,  purposing  to  return  to  France, 
when  he  learnt  that  he  had  been  proscribed 
as  an  emigrant.    He  occupied  himself  while 


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in  America  as  a  teacher  of  languages  and  as 
I  a  musician,  but  he  did  not  neglect  his 
favourite  pursuits  ;  and  on  hearing  that  his 
name  had  been  erased  from  the  proscribed 
list,  he  returned  to  his  native  country,  tak- 
ing with  liim  the  rich  collection  of  natural 
curiosities  which  he  had  formed.  He  died  in 
1820. 

PALISSOT  DE  MONTENOY,  Chari.es, 
a  French  dramatist,  born  at  Nancy,  in  1730. 
Having  given  great  oflFence  to  the  philoso- 
phical party  of  the  French  literati,  by  ridi- 
culing Rousseau,  lie  was  engaged  in  a  series 
of  controversies,  and  in  17i;4  he  published  his 
"Dunciade,"  in  imitation  of  tlie  satire  of  Pope. 
He  wrote  "  Le  Cercle,"  "  Les  Philosophes," 
and  some  other  comedies;  besides  "  Memoires 
Bur  la  Litt^rature  Fran^aise,"  &c. ,  and  died  in 
1814. 

PALLADINO,  James,  an  Italian  prelate, 
who  was  also  called  James  de  Tcramo,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth.  He  became  succes- 
sively archbishop  of  Tarento,  Florence,  and 
Spoleto  ;  and  in  1417  was  sent  legate  to 
Poland,  where  he  died  the  same  year.  He 
wrote  a  religious  romance,  entitled  "  Conso- 
latio  Peccatorum." 

PALLADIO,  Andrea,  one  of  the  greatest 
classical  architects  of  modem  Italy,  was 
born  at  Vicenza,  in  1,518,  and  learnt  the 
principles  of  his  art  from  Trissino.  He  went 
to  Rome,  where  he  acquired  a  maturity  of 
skill  and  science  from  an  examination  or  the 
productions  of  ancient  and  modern  art  which 
that  capital  afforded.  Returning  to  his  native 
country,  he  establislied  his  fame  by  his  de- 
signs for  many  noble  edifices  both  there  and 
in  other  parts  of  Italy,  which  have  afforded 
models  for  many  beautiful  structures  in  most 
parts  of  Europe.  He  wrote  a  "  Treatise  on 
Architecture,"  which  has  been  many  times 
reprinted,  lie  was  likewise  the  author  of  a 
work,  entitled  "  Le  Antichita  di  Roma,"  and 
an  illustration  of  Caesar's  Commentaries. 
Died,  1580. 

PALLAS,  the  freedman  of  the  emperor 
Claudius,  over  whom  he  had  so  great  an 
ascendancy  as  to  persuade  him  to  espouse 
Agrippina  his  niece,  and  to  adopt  Nero  for 
his  successor.  Nero  caused  him  to  be  put 
to  death  secretly,  but  erected  a  superb 
monument  to  his  memory.  Pallas  was 
brother  to  the  Felix  before  whom  St.  Paul 
pleaded. 

PALLAS,  Peter  Simon,  a  celebrated 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  bom  at  Berlin, 
in  1741 ;  and  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingen,  and 
Leydcn.  Tlie  empress  Catharine,  seeking 
for  a  naturalist  to  explore  her  immense  em- 
pire, invited  Pallas  to  Petersburgh,  and,  in 
1777,  he  became  a  member  of  the  committee 
for  the  measurement  and  topography  of 
Russia.  As  it  was  his  desire  to  reside  in 
the  Crimea,  the  empress  gave  him  several 
estates  in  the  most  fertile  part  of  it.  There 
he  remained  15  years  ;  but  at  length  he 
quitted  Ilussia,  and  settled  at  Berlin,  where 
he  died  in  1811.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  his  "Travels,"  which  Saussure 
denominated  an  inexhaustible  mine  for  the 
naturalist  and  statesman  -,  "  Historical  Do- 
cuments on  the  Monguls,"  and  a  "  Physi- 
cal and  Topographical  Description  of  the 
Taurida." 


PALLAVICINO,  Sfokza,  a  learned  and 
pious  cardinal,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1647. 
He  was  employed  by  pope  Innocent  X.  in 
various  important  affairs,  and  obtained  a 
cardinal's  hat  in  1657.  He  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent,"  2  vols. ;  and 
died,  1667. 

PALLISER,  Sir  Huon,  an  English  ad- 
miral, was  bom  in  1721.  He  entered  into 
the  navy  early  in  life,  and  distinguished 
himself  on  many  occasions,  particularly  at 
the  taking  of  Quebec.  In  1773  he  was  made 
a  baronet ;  but  being  second  in  command 
to  Admiral  Keppel,  in  the  memorable  battle 
off  Ushant,  July  27.  1778,  some  misunder- 
standing took  place,  and  these  two  officers 
preferred  charges  against  each  other.  Kep- 
pel was  acquitted,  and  Palliser  censured. 
This  sentence,  however,  was  considered  as 
more  the  effect  of  party  than  of  justice  ;  and 
he  was  made  governor  of  Greenwich  Hospi- 
tal, where  he  died  in  179C. 

PALM,  James  Philip,  a  citizen  and 
bookseller  of  Nureml)erg,  who,  in  180(5,  being 
accused  of  having  distributed  a  pamphlet 
against  Buonaparte,  entitled  "  Germany  in 
her  deepest  Humiliation,"  was  arbitrarily 
arrested,  by  virtue  of  an  order  sent  from 
Paris,  and  conducted  to  Brennau,  where  he 
was  arraigned  before  a  military  commission, 
pronounced  guilty,  and  shot.  This  act  of 
tyranny  was  everywhere  regarded  with 
horror.  Palm  was  considered  throughout 
Germany  as  a  martyr,  and  public  subscrip- 
tions were  entered  into  for  his  widow  and 
children. 

PALMA,  Jacob,  a  painter,  was  a  native 
of  Serinalto,  in  the  territory  of  Bergamo, 
and  the  disciple  of  Titian,  to  whose  style  he 
also  added  that  of  Giorgione.    His  pictures 

are  very  fine  and  rare.    Died,  1588 His 

great  nephew,  Jacob  Palma,  who  resided 
at  Venice,  and  whose  paintings  are  also 
much  admired,  was  bom  in  1544,  and  died 
in  1C28. 

PALMEI<LA,  Duke  of,  a  distinguislied 
Portuguese  statesman,  was  bom  in  1781.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  all  the  political  trou- 
bles of  his  country  during  the  last  30  or  40 
years  ;  and  it  was  owing  to  his  aid  and  coun- 
sels that  the  queen  of  Portugal  was  indebted, 
in  a  great  measure,  for  her  establishment  on 
the  throne  of  her  ancestors.  A  very  consider- 
able part  of  his  life  was  dedicated  to  the 
diplomatic  service  of  his  country,  which  he 
represented  at  the  congress  of  Vienna  and  in 
liOndon.  In  1820  he  made  a  fmitless  voyage 
to  Brazil,  to  pacify  the  revolution  which  had 
burst  forth.  He  was  also  selected  to  attend 
at  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria ;  and 
his  great  wealth  enabled  him  to  vie  on  that 
occasion  with  the  representatives  of  the  other 
courts  of  Europe.  He  was  several  times 
called  on  to  offer  advice  to  his  sovereign,  but 
only  held  office  for  a  limited  period.  Died, 
18-.0. 

PALMER,  JoHx,  an  eminent  English 
actor,  was  born  in  London,  about  1742,  and 
made  his  first  appearance  in  the  metropolis 
at  the  Haymarket  Theatre.  He  was  after- 
wards engaged  by  Garrick  at  Drury  Lane, 
and  gradually  rose  to  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession, both  in  comedy  and  tragedy.  He 
unfortunately    involved   himself    in    great 


3  L  2 


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pecuniary  difficulties,  by  engaging  in  the 
building  of  a  new  theatre  near  Wellclose 
Square,  for  which  a  licence  could  not  be 
obtained ;  and  his  career  was  dosed  by  a 
truly  tragic  catastrophe.  While  performing 
the  principal  character  in  "  The  Stranger," 
at  Liverpool,  Aug.  2.  1798,  he  i'ell  on  the 
stage  in  a  state  of  exhaustion,  and  almost 
immediately  expired,  having  just  exclaimed, 
in  the  words  of  the  drama,  "  There  is  an- 
other and  a  better  world  1 " 

PALMER,  John,  the  first  projector  of 
mail-coaches,  was  a  native  of  Bath,  where 
he  was  brought  up  as  a  brewer,  but  subse- 
quently solicited  and  obtained  a  patent  for 
a  theatre  in  his  native  city,  which  concern 
proved  eminently  successful  under  his  ma- 
nagement. Being  much  in  the  habit  of 
travelling  from  place  to  place,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  rising  performers,  the  idea 
occurred  to  him  that  a  better  mode  of  con- 
veying the  mails  was  most  desirable,  and  he 
accordingly  matured  the  plan  of  transmit- 
ting letters  by  coaclies  with  guards,  now  su- 
perseded by  tlie  railway.  He  succeeded  in 
his  object,  though  not  without  great  opposi- 
tion ;  but  the  utility  of  the  plan  soon  became 
manifest,  and  he  was  made  comptroller- 
general  of  the  iK)st-office,  with  a  salary  of 
1500/.  a  year.  Some  disputes,  however,  occur- 
ring, he  lost  his  situation  in  1702  ;  and  though 
he  afterwards,  through  petitions,  was  re- 
imbursed by  parliament,  the  compensation 
was  very  inadequate  to  the  per  ceutage  he 
was  to  have  received,  in  case  his  plan  suc- 
ceeded.    Died.  1818. 

PALMER,  Samuel,  an  English  printer  of 
considerable  eminence  ;  author  of  a  "  Gene- 
ral History  of  Printing  "  and  a  "  Printer's 
Grammar."    Died,  1732. 

PALOMINO  DE  VELASCO,  Aciscles 
Antonio,  an  eminent  Spanish  painter,  was 
bom  near  Cordova,  in  1053,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  Valdes.  He  was  apiK)inted  royal  painter, 
with  a  pension  ;  and  he  distinguished  him- 
self also  as  an  author,  having  written  a  work 
on'the  theory  and  practice  of  painting,  with 
the  lives  of  the  most  celebrated  artists,  &c. 
Died,  1726. 

PAMPHIIJUS,  an  ancient  painter,  who 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon.  He  was  the  first  who  taught  the 
art  on  mathematical  principles,  in  his 
school  at  Sicyon  ;  and  Apelles  was  one  of 
his  scholars, 

PANARD,  Charles  Francis,  a  French 
poet  and  dramatist,  born  at  Courville,  near 
Chartres,  in  1001  ;  died,  at  Paris,  in  1764. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  comedies, 
operas,  and  songs. 

PANCIROLIJS,  Gi-r,  an  eminent  Italian 
civilian,  was  born,  at  Reggio,  in  1523.  He 
became  professor  of  the  Institutes  at  Padua  ; 
and,  after  filling  that  chair  seven  years,  was 
appointed  to  that  of  the  Roman  law,  but 
resigned  it  in  1571,  to  go  to  Turin,  where 
lie  obtained  the  professorship  of  civil  law. 
In  1582  he  returned  to  Padua,  where  he 
died,  in  1500  ;  having  given  to  the  world 
several  excellent  works  on  jurisprudence, 
besides  a  curious  treatise  on  the  aucient 
inventions  which  are  lost,  and  on  those  in- 
ventions which  belong  to  the  moderns. 

PANCOUCKE,     Charles    Joseph,    an 


eminent  bookseller,  and  also  a  man  of  lite- 
rary talent,  was  born,  in  1736,  at  Lisle, 
where  his  father  had  carried  on  a  highly 
respectable  business,  and  likewise  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  author.  He  settled 
at  Paris,  became  connected  with  the  most 
able  writers,  and  published  many  magni- 
ficent works.  He  established  the  Moniteur, 
projected  the  Encyclopedic  Methodique,  and 
was  himself  the  author  of  "  De  I'Homme  et 
de  la  Reproduction  des  Diff>5rents  Individus," 
and  other  works.    Died,  1798. 

PANETIUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  was  a 
native  of  Rhodes,  and  flourished  l.W  b.  c. 
He  studied  at  Athens  with  such  credit  as  to 
be  offered  the  rights  of  citizenship,  which  he 
refused,  saying,  "  a  modest  man  is  content 
with  one  country." 

PANIN,  Nakita  Ivanowitz,  Count  de, 
a  Russian  statesman,  was  bom  in  1718.  His 
father,  who  was  a  lieutenant-general  in  the 
service  of  Peter  I.,  was  originally  of  Lucca, 
in  Italy.  Young  Panin,  by  his  artful 
address,  gained  the  favour  of  his  sovereign, 
who  sent  him,  in  1747,  to  Copenhagen,  and 
afterwards  to  Stockholm,  with  the  title  of 
minister  plenipotentiary.  On  his  return 
he  was  made  governor  of  the  grand-duke, 
and,  lastly,  prime  minister  to  Catharine  II. 
Died,  1783. 

PANT^NUS,  a  Christian  philosopher  of 
the  stoic  sect,  in  the  2nd  century.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
and  to  have  taught  philosophy  there  about 
A.D.  180.  He  went  on  a  mission  to  Ethiopia, 
from  whence  he  is  said  to  have  brought  the 
gospel  of  St.  Matthew,  written  in  Hebrew. 
Died,  213. 

PAOLI,  Hyacinth,  a  native  of  Corsica, 
who  was  elected  one  of  the  chief  magistrates 
of  the  island  in  1735.  On  account  of  the 
revolutions  which  distracted  his  country, 
and  the  oppressions  of  the  Genoese,  he  re- 
tired to  Naples,  where  he  died. 

PAOLI,  Pascal,  a  Corsican  patriot  and 
general,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  in 
1720,  at  Stretta,  in  Corsica  ;  followed  his 
father  into  exile  ;  and  was  educated  at  the 
Jesuits'  College,  at  Naples.  In  1775,  his 
countrymen  having  elected  him  their  gene- 
ralissimo, he  returned  to  Corsica,  where  he 
acted  with  such  vigour  against  the  Genoese, 
that  he  confined  their  dominion  within  the 
narrow  limits  of  the  fortified  seaports,  while 
he  exerted  himself  in  promoting  such  objects 
as  were  best  calculated  to  secure  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  republic.  The  Genoese, 
however,  having  made  a  transfer  of  the 
island  to  France,  that  power  sent  such  an 
overwhelming  force  into  it  as  compelled 
Paoli  again  to  be  an  exile  ;  and,  embarking 
on  board  an  English  vessel,  went  to  England, 
where  he  obtained  from  the  government  a 
pension  of  1200Z.  a  year.  In  1789  the  island 
was  recognised,  by  a  decree  of  the  National 
Assembly,  as  a  department  of  France  ;  and 
Paoli,  being  invited  to  resume  his  station 
at  the  head  of  affairs,  resigned  his  pension, 
took  his  departure  from  England,  and,  in 
1700,  attended  by  deputies  from  Corsica, 
presented  himself  at  the  bar  of  the  National 
Assembly  at  Paris,  where  he  was  received 
with  enthusiasm,  and  took  the  oath  of 
fidelity  to  the  French  government.     The 


pap] 


^  ^ctD  Bin^tx^nl  JJiOflraplbS' 


[par 


progress  of  the  revolution  disappointed  the 
hopes  which  he  had  conceived  ;  but  he  con- 
tinued the  connection  with  France  till  after 
the  execution  of  Louis  XVI.,  when  he  aban- 
doned his  allegiance,  and  was  invested  with 
his  original  dignities  of  the  president  of  the 
national  council,  and  commander-in-chief 
of  the  island.  lie  was  encouraged  to  adopt 
these  measures  by  tlie  promise  of  assistance 
from  Great  Britain  ;  and  in  February,  1794, 
an  English  army  landed  in  Corsica.  On  the 
14th  ot  June  following,  a  meeting  took  place 
of  deputies  from  the  different  parts  of  the 
island,  when,  through  the  influence  of  Paoli, 
a  decree  was  made  declaring  the  separation 
of  Corsica  from  France,  and  its  union  to 
the  British  empire.  Shortly  after,  Paoli 
revisited  London  ;  and,  being  in  embar- 
rassed circumstances,  owing  to  a  commer- 
cial failure  at  Leghorn,  the  English  govern- 
ment restored  lus  pension  ;  ajid  he  continued 
to  reside  in  the  metropolis  till  liis  death,  in 
1807. 

PAPIN,  Den'YS,  an  eminent  natural  phi- 
losopher and  physician,  was  l)orn  at  Blois, 
in  France.  After  taking  the  degree  of  M.D., 
he  visited  England  ;  and,  in  1G80,  became  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  While  here 
he  made  many  attempts  to  bring  the  steam- 
engine  to  perfection,  and  i>ublished  an  ac- 
count of  an  invention,  which  still  bears  his 
name.  His  work  is  entitled  "The  New 
Digester,  or  Engine  for  the  Softening  of 
Bones,"  4to.  Papin  assisted  Mr.  Boyle  in 
his  pneumatic  experiments  ;  and,  on  leaving 
England,  he  went  to  Marpurg,  where  he  was 
made  mathematical  professor  in  1687,  and 
died  in  1710. 

PAPINIAN,  JEmilius,  a  celebrated 
Roman  lawyer,  was  bom  in  the  year  175  ; 
and  became  advocate  of  the  treasury,  and 
afterwards  praetorian  prefect  under  the  em- 
peror Severus,  who  recommended  his  sons, 
Caracalla  and  Geta,  to  his  care.  When  the 
former  murdered  his  brother,  he  ordered 
Papinian  to  justify  the  deed,  which  he  not 
only  refused,  but  nobly  observed,  that  it  was 
easier  to  commit  a  parricide  than  to  excuse 
it,  and  that  slander  of  innocence  was  a 
second  parricide.  He  was  accordingly  soon 
after  put  to  death,  a.  d.  212. 

PAPON,  John  Petei:,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  in  Puget,  near  Nice,  in  1736.  He 
was  a  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the  Ora- 
tory, but  he  quitted  that  society  to  become 
keeper  of  the  library  at  Marseilles.  During 
the  stormy  era  of  the  revolution,  he  removed 
to  the  Puy  de  Dome  ;  and,  after  remaining 
there  some  years,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where 
he  died  in  1803.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Histoire  g^ntSrale  de  Provence,"  4  vols. ;  for 
which  he  obtained  a  pension  ;  and  "  Histoire 
de  la  Revolution  de  France,"  6  vols.,  a  post- 
humous publication. 

PARACELSUS,  Philipfus  Aureolus 
TuEOPHHASTUs,  tt  Celebrated  Swiss  empiric 
and  alchemist,  was  born  at  Einsiedelm,  near 
Zurich,  in  1493.  He  travelled  through 
France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Germany,  with  a 
view  to  improvement  in  medicine,  and  the 
arts  and  sciences  connected  with  it,  especially 
chemistry.  In  the  course  of  his  travels  he 
became  acquainted  with  some  remedies  not 
in  common  use  among  the  faculty,  by  means 


665 


of  which  he  performed  extraordinary  cures, 
and  obtained  great  reputation.  Yet  it  is 
evident  that  he  was  an  impudent  charlatan  ; 
for,  not  contented  with  the  fame  he  had 
acquired  by  the  boldness  of  his  practice,  he 
boasted  of  an  intercourse  with  spirits,  the 
possession  of  the  philosopher's  stone,  the 
elixir  of  life,  &c.  He  died,  at  Salzburg,  in 
1541. 

PARADISI,  Count  JoHX,  bom  in  Modena, 
in  17liO.  He  was  a  director  of  the  Cisalpine 
republic,  and  president  of  the  senate  of  Na- 
poleon's kingdom  of  Italy.  Author  of  "  Re- 
cherche suUa  Vibrazione  delle  Lamine  Elas- 
tiche,"  "  II  Vitalizzio,  Commedia,"  &c. 

PARE',  Ambrose,  called  the  father  of 
French  surgery,  was  born  at  Laval,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  ICth  century.  He  was 
a  bold  and  successful  operator,  particularly 
in  the  practice  of  tying  divided  arteries,  and 
in  liis  treatment  of  gun-shot  wounds.  He 
was  successively  surgeon  to  Henry  II.,  Fran- 
cis II.,  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III.  ;  and 
died  in  1590. 

PAREJA,  JuAK  DE,  a  painter, was  bom  in 
the  West  Indies,  in  1610,  and  became  the 
slave  of  Diego  Velasquez.  In  the  absence  of 
his  master,  Pareja  amused  himself  in  draw- 
ing and  copying  his  works,  but  secretly,  for 
fear  of  giving  offence.  Philip  IV.,  king  of 
Spain,  coming  one  day  to  visit  Velasquez, 
Pareja  contrived  to  place  one  of  his  own  i)ic- 
tures  in  his  way,  with  which  his  majesty  was 
extremely  pleased.  The  slave  then  fell  on 
his  knees,  and  besought  the  king  to  ask  his 
master  to  forgive  him.  Philip  not  only  did 
this,  but  obtained  him  his  liberty  ;  but  the 
faithful  Pareja  would  not  quit  Velasquez  till 
his  death.  His  portraits  are  very  fine.  He 
died  in  1670. 

PARINI,  Joseph,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  was  bora  in  1729,  at  Bosizio,  in  the 
Milanese.  He  raised  himself  to  eminence 
by  his  talents,  which  he  employed  in  sati- 
rising the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age.  He 
first  exerted  his  poetical  abilities  to  procure 
the  means  of  support  for  himself  and  his 
widowed  mother  ;  but  he  was  obliged  to 
struggle  through  nearly  20  years  of  obscurity 
and  indigence,  ere  he  emerged  into  reputa- 
tion and  competence.  He  was  professor  of 
belles  lettres,  eloquence,  and  the  fine  arts,  at 
Milan  ;  and  died  in  1799.  His  works  form  6 
vols.  8vo. 

PARIS,  Felix,  bom  in  1769  ;  notary  to 
the  revolutionary  tribunal.  When  La  Pel- 
letier  was  assassinated  by  Paris,  he  took  the 
name  of  Fabricius,  and  attached  himself  to 
Danton.  When  Robespierre  wanted  to  de- 
stroy the  latter,  Paris  exerted  every  effort 
to  save  him,  by  giving  timely  warning  to  tlie 
latter's  naturally  bold  insouciance.  He  told 
him  that  he  would  be  arrested  in  the  night, 
and  even  went  to  meet  him  at  the  opera,  to 
prevent  his  going  home  ;  but  Danton's  fate 
prevailed.  Paris  was  directly  after  sentenced 
to  the  guillotine,  but  escaped. 

PARIS,  Francis,  commonly  called  the 
Abh6  Paris,  was  born  in  the  French  capital, 
where  his  father  was  counsellor  to  the  par- 
liament !  but  the  son  embraced  the  ecclesias- 
tical life,  and  devoted  himself  to  devotion  and 
charity.  He  died  in  1727,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cemetery  of  St.  Medard,  where  the  Jan- 


pae] 


^  ^c&i  Winibtv^Kl  Btflsray^g. 


[par 


senists  pretend<id  that  miracles  were  wrought 
at  his  tomb  ;  in  consequence  of  which  such 
crowds  resorted  to  the  place,  that  the  govern* 
ment  caused  the  churchyard  to  be  walled  up 
in  1732. 

PARIS,  Matthew,  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  St.  Alban's.  He  was  a  mathematician, 
poet,  divine,  and  historian  ;  and  is  said  to 
have  been  a  man  of  great  accomplishments 
and  of  rare  integrity.  His  principal  work  is 
"A  History  of  the  World,  from  tlie  Creation 
to  the  Conquest ;"  which  lie  afterwards  con- 
tinued to  12,59,  the  year  in  whicli  he  died. 

PARISEAU,  N.  DE,  born  in  1753  ;  a  cele- 
brated victim  of  the  "  mistakes  "  of  the  guil- 
lotine. Pariseau  was  director  of  the  opera 
ballets  at  Paris,  and  ardently  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  revolution  in  "La  Feuille  du 
Jour."  He  was  arrested  by  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  in  1793,  and  beheaded  by  mistake, 
instead  of  Parisot,  a  captain  of  the  king's 
guard. 

PARISOT,  or  NORBERT,  Petek,  a  Ca- 
puchin, was  born  at  Bar-le-Duc,  iulG97.  In 
173(5  he  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  East 
Indies ;  but  having  quarrelled  with  the 
Jesuits,  they  had  him  removed  to  America. 
He  returned  to  Europe  in  1744  ;  and  soon 
after  published  a  work,  entitled  "  Historical 
Memoirs  relative  to  t)ie  Missions  in  the 
Indies,"  which  giving  offence  to  his  own 
order,  as  well  as  the  Jesuits,  he  withdrew  to 
England,  where  he  established  two  manu- 
factories of  tapestry.  After  visiting  part  of 
Germany  and  the  Peninsula,  he  at  length 
returned  to  his  native  country,  became  re- 
conciled to  his  order,  and  again  abjured  it. 
His  most  important  work  is  a  "  History  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  from  its  first  foimdation  by 
Ignatius  Loyola."    Died,  1770. 

PARK,  Sir  James  Allan,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  was  bom  at  Newington, 
Surrey,  and  was  educated  at  the  free  gram- 
mar school  at  Northampton.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1784,  and  speedily  brought  him- 
self into  notice  by  tlie  profound  knowledge 
he  displayed  in  mercantile  law  and  marine 
insurance.  A  work  which  he  published  on 
this  latter  subject  rapidly  became  the  com- 
plete text  book  of  the  profession,  and  con- 
tinues so  to  this  day.  At  the  bar  he  was  an 
admirable  speaker  ;  and  when  raised  to  the 
bench  in  1816,  as  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  he  proved  himself 
a  no  less  admirable  judge.  In  addition  to 
the  legal  work  of  which  we  have  made  men- 
tion, he  published,  in  1801,  "  An  Earnest 
Exhortation  to  a  Frequent  Reception  of  the 
Holy  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  ad- 
dressed to  Young  Persons,  by  a  Layman." 
Died,  1839. 

PARK,  MuNoo,  the  celebrated  Afiican 
traveller,  was  born  in  1771,  at  Fowlshiels, 
near  Selkirk,  Scotland,  and  brought  up  to 
the  medical  profession.  After  having  made 
a  voyage  to  the  East  Indies,  as  a  ship's 
surgeon,  he  was  engaged,  in  1795,  by  the 
African  Society,  to  penetrate  into  the  interior 
of  Africa,  and  explore  the  course  of  the 
Niger.  He  arrived  on  the  coasts  of  Senegal 
in  June,  1795,  and  in  December  proceeded 
from  Pisania  on  Ms  adventurous  journey. 
On  the  20th  of  July  following,  he  came  in 
sight  of  the  long  sought  river;  but  after 

605 


tracing  it  for  a  considerable  distance,  he  was 
under  the  necessity  of  desisting  from  his 
enterprise,  owing  to  the  state  of  destitution 
to  which  he  had  been  reduced.  He  accord- 
ingly returned  towards  the  coast,  and  arrived 
in  England  at  the  end  of  the  year  1797.  Of 
his  interesting  discoveries  he  published  an 
account  in  his  "  Travels  in  the  Interior  of 
Africa."  He  then  returned  to  Scotland, 
married,  and  entered  upon  tlie  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Peebles  ;  nor  would  he  in  all 
probability  have  again  exposed  himself  to 
fresh  perils,  but  for  the  extraordinary  in- 
ducement held  out  to  him  by  government  to 
take  tlie  command  of  a  second  expedition. 
He  took  with  him  30  Europeans,  of  whom  30 
were  soldiers,  and  the  rest  mechanics  ;  and 
he  was  liberally  provided  with  presents  and 
merchandise.  Some  time  having  elapsed 
without  any  intelligence  being  received  of 
him,  Isaaco  his  interpreter  (who  had  been 
sent  back  with  communications  from  the 
Niger)  was  despatched  to  procure  informa- 
tion. He  succeeded  in  finding  the  person  who 
had  taken  his  place  as  interpreter,  and  from 
him  received  a  journal,  containing  an  account 
of  the  voyage,  from  which  it  appeared  that 
the  party  was  attacked  by  the  natives  at 
Boussa,  and  all  killed  with  the  exception  of 
one  slave.  This  account  has  been  subse- 
quently confirmed  by  Clapperton  and  the 
Landers.  The  journal  of  Park's  second  ex- 
pedition was  published  in  1815. 

PARK,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  biblio- 
grapher, who,  after  having  published  many 
works,  and  been  admitted  a  fellow  of  the 
society  of  antiquaries,  withdrew  his  name 
from  its  roll,  and  retired  to  Hampstead  ; 
where  he  devoted  his  latter  days  to  aflfairs  of  I 
a  purely  local  nature.  He  died  in  1834,  aged 
75. 

PARKE,  John,  a  celebrated  musician, 
born  in  1745,  was  the  best  hautboy  player  of 
his  time,  and  succeeded  Fischer  at  "Vauxhall, 
in  1770.  About  the  same  time  Garrick  en- 
gaged him,  on  very  liberal  terms,  to  play  at 
Drury  Lane,  and  in  1783  he  was  attached 
to  the  Carlton  House  band  at  a  yearly 
salary  of  KM.  He  was  now  in  the  highest 
reputation ;  he  performed  at  the  concert 
of  ancient  music,  at  the  best  private  con- 
certs, and  was  also  regularly  engaged  at  the 
great  provincial  music  meetings.  Died, 
1829. 

PARKER,  He.vry,  lord  Morley,  a  noble- 
man of  the  lethcentury,  wasoneof  the  barons 
who  signed  the  declaration  to  pope  Clement 
VII.,  threatening  him  with  the  loss  of  his 
supremacy  if  he  refused  his  consent  to  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  He  wrote  "A  Decla- 
ration of  the  94th  Psalm,"  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  author  of  several  tragedies  and 
comedies,  but  not  even  the  names  of  them  are 
on  record.  1 

PARKER,  Matthew,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Norwich,  in  1504,  and  j 
received  his  education  at  Corpus  Cliristi  ! 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  prelate  of  i 
great  learning  and  accomplishments,  and  ! 
was  zealous  in  promoting  the  Reformation,  j 
and  in  restraining  the  encroachments  of  the  ! 
puritans.  During  the  reign  of  Mary  he  j 
narrowly  escaped  being  burnt ;  but  when  ! 
Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne  he  was  con- 


par] 


<M  ^c&)  ^uibertfal  3BtosrapT)2f. 


[par 


secrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  in  which 
high  station  he  conducted  himself  with  great 
prudence  and  firmness.  lie  died  May  17. 
1573,  and  was  buried  in  the  eliapel  at  Lam- 
beth ;  but  during  the  Cromwellian  usurpa- 
tion his  tomb  was  demolislied,  and  his  bones 
lay  scattered  about,  till  Dugdale  deposited 
them  in  the  midst  of  the  chapel.  The 
archbishop  published  a  sermon  preached  at 
the  funeral  of  Bucer  ;  and  besides  his  share 
in  the  reformed  liturgy,  l>e  was  principally 
concerned  in  the  Bisliops'  Bible.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  antiquary,  as  appears  in 
his  editions  of  the  old  English  historians, 
and  his  work,  **De  Antiquitate  BritaunicsB 
Ecclesiae." 

PARKER,  Richard,  an  English  sailor, 
notorious  as  the  ringleader  of  the  mutineers 
on  board  Admiral  Bridport's  squadron, 
lying  at  the  Nore,  in  1797.  IJe  was  born  at 
Exeter  about  17t>0,  received  a  decent  educa- 
tion, and  entered  into  the  navy.  Being  on 
board  the  fleet  at  the  Nore  at  the  time  of  the 
mutiny,  he  took  a  very  active  part  in  it, 
was  made  principal  of  the  delegates,  and  so 
far  acquired  the  confidence  of  the  men  by 
his  boldness  and  talent,  that  they  appointed 
him  admiral  of  the  fleet,  lie  ruled  with 
great  authority  for  some  time  ;  but  the  revolt 
having  at  length  been  suppressed,  through 
tlie  prudent  management  and  firmness  of 
Lord  Howe,  Parker  was  tried  at  Sheerness, 
condemned,  and  hanged  on  board  the  Sand- 
wich, to  wliich  ship  he  had  belonged,  June 
30. 1797. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  bishop  of  Oxford  in 
the  reign  of  James  II.,  was  born  at  North- 
ampton, in  1640.  lie  was  educated  at  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  from  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Trinity  College.  In  1(505  he  became 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  published 
a  work  in  Latin,  entitled  "  i"entamina  Phy- 
sico-Theologica  de  Deo ;"  for  which  Arch- 
bishop Sheldon  made  him  one  of  his  chap- 
lains, and  gave  him  the  archdeaconry  of 
Canterbury.  He  also  obtained  a  prebend  in 
that  church,  and  other  preferments  :  in  re- 
turn for  which  he  displayed  his  zeal  by 
writing  against  the  Nonconformists,  in  a 
"  Discourse  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity."  At  the 
commencement  of  the  next  reign  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Oxford,  and  constituted  by  manda- 
mus president  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
He  wrote  many  works,  among  others  a  "  De- 
monstration of  the  Divine  Authority  of  the 
Law  of  Nature  and  the  Christian  Religion  ;" 
but  though  he  was  a  prelate  of  considerable 
learning,  he  was  contemptible  from  his  ver- 
satility and  time-serving  disposition.  Died, 
1687. 

PARKES,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  and 
scientific  chemist,  was  bom  in  1759,  at  Stour- 
bridge, in  Worcestershire  ;  and  was  educated 
at  Market  Harborough,  under  Dr.  Addington. 
He  was  an  eminent  experimental  chemist, 
belonged  to  several  literary  and  philosophical 
institutions,  and  was  the  author  of  some 
very  useful  works,  viz.  a  "  Chemical  Cate- 
chism," "Rudiments  of  Chemistry,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Utility  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Arts  and  Manufactures,"  and  "  Chemical 
Essays,"    He  died  in  1825. 

PARKHURST,  John,  a  learned  divine, 
was  bom  at  Catesby,  in  Northamptonshire, 


and  educated  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge. 
He  published  a  "  Greek  and  English  Lexi- 
con," also  a  "  Hebrew  and  English  Lexicon," 
and  a  tract  in  defence  of  the  divinity  of  Je- 
sus Christ.  Though  he  was  in  holy  orders, 
he  held  no  preferment ;  and  being  possessed 
of  an  independent  fortune,  he  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  literary  pursuits.  He  died 
at  Epsom,  in  Surrey,  in  1797. 

PARKINSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  bom  at  Kirkham,  in  Lan- 
cashire, in  1745,  and  educated  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  became  rector  of 
Kegworth,  archdeacon  of  Leicester,  chan- 
cellor of  Chester,  and  a  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  London.  In  1789  he  published  "  A 
System  of  Mechanics  and  Hvdrostatics,"  a 
work  of  great  value  ;  and,  while  at  college, 
he  was  employed  by  the  board  of  longitude 
in  the  laborious  calculation  of  tables  of  the 
series  of  parallax  and  refraction.    Died,  1830. 

PARMENIDES,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
the  Eleatic  school,  in  the  5th  century  b.  c. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients, 
not  merely  as  a  speculative  pliilosopher,  but 
as  the  wise  lawgiver  of  Elea. 

PARNELL,  TuoMAS,  a  poet  and  divine, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  in  1079 ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College ;  and,  in  1705,  presented  to 
the  archdeaconry  of  Clogher.  He  was  con- 
nected with  Addison,  Congreve,  Steele,  and 
other  Whigs  in  power ;  but  later  in  life  he 
was  the  friend  of  Swift  and  Pope,  the  latter 
of  whom  gave  the  works  of  Parnell  to  the 
press.  His  poems  are  pleasing,  sprightly, 
and  harmonious  ;  while  in  sentiment  they 
are  elegant  and  pure  in  morals.  He  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  Dublin  cathedral  and 
the  vicarage  of  Finglass.    Died,  1717. 

PARR,  Thomas,  an  extraordinary  in- 
stance of  longevity,  was  born  in  Shropshire 
in  1483.  He  was  bred  to  husbandry,  in  which 
he  laboured  after  he  was  130  years  old.  Ten 
years  before  this  he  married  a  widow  ;  and 
he  exhibited  every  sign  of  health,  when,  in 
1635,  the  Earl  of  Arundel  took  him  to  the 
court  of  Charles  I.,  where  he  died  through 
the  change  of  air  and  mode  of  living,  at 
the  age  of  152  years  and  9  months.  His 
body  was  opened  by  Dr.  Harvey,  who  dis- 
covered no  internal  marks  of  decay A 

grandson  of  Parr  died  in  Shropshire,  at  the 
age  of  120. 

PARK,  Catharine,  the  sixth  and  last 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  In  1547  she  married 
Sir  Thomas  Seymour,  lord  admiral  of  Eng- 
land, who  is  said  to  have  treated  her  so  ill 
that  she  died  of  it  the  year  following.  She 
wrote  "Prayers,"  "Meditations,"  and  other 
religious  pieces.  ' 

PARR,  Samuel,  a  learned  divine  and  a 
profound  scholar,  was  horn  in  174(5,  at  Har- 
row-on-the-Hill,  Middlesex,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar  school  of  that  place, 
and  at  Emanuel  College,  Cambridge.  He 
accepted  the  situation  of  usher  at  Harrow, 
under  Dr.  Sumner ;  at  whose  death  he  of- 
fered himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  master- 
ship, but  without  success.  He  first  opened 
an  academy  at  Stanmore,  which  commenced 
under  very  promising  appearances,  but 
which,  ultimately  failing,  he  gave  up  in 
1776,  and  then  became  masterof  the  grammar 
school  at  Colchester ;  whence,  in   1778,  he 


par] 


^  i^tta  Uniiitr^nl  Miastn^f)^. 


[pas 


removed  to  that  of  Norwich.  In  1783  he 
obtained  the  perpetual  curacy  of  Hatton,  in 
Warwickshire,  and  a  prebend  in  St.  Paul's 
cathedral.  In  1790  he  exchanged  Hatton 
for  the  rector^'  of  Wadeuhoe,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, though  he  still  continued  to  live 
at  the  former  place,  to  which  he  was  much 
attached,  and  the  parish  church  of  which  he 
greatly  ornamented.  In  1802,  Sir  I'rancis 
Burdett  gave  him  the  rectory  of  Graflfham, 
in  the  county  of  Huntingdon,  and  this  com- 
pleted the  course  of  his  church  preferment. 
As  an  elegant  classical  scholar  Dr.  Parr 
stood  pre-eminent  among  his  cotemporaries ; 
his  prodigious  memory  and  extent  of  re- 
search rendered  him  astonishingly  powerful 
in  conversation  ;  and  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  the  greater  part  of  his  labours  as  an 
author  had  reference  to  topics  which  were 
of  a  temporary  nature,  and  tlierefore,  though 
written  with  vigour,  are  fast  sinking  into 
oblivion.     He  died  in  1825. 

PARBHASIUS,  a  painter  of  antiquity, 
who  was  a  native  of  Ephesus,  though  others 
say  he  was  an  Athenian,  where  he  flourished 
in  the  time  of  Socrates,  and  was  the  rival  of 
Zeuxis.  He  was  so  excessively  vain  as  to 
wear  a  crown  of  gold,  and  to  carry  a  staff 
studded  with  gold  nails,  to  indicate  that  he 
was  the  prince  of  painters. 

PARRY,  Caleb  Hillier,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
a  physician  and  naturalist,  was  born  in  1756, 
and  after  graduating  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  settled  for  some  time  at  Norwich, 
and  there  married  a  sister  of  Dr.  Rigby. 
From  thence  he  removed  to  Bath,  and  resided 
there  above  40  years,  with  great  reputation, 
as  one  of  the  physicians  of  the  hospital.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Angina 
Pectoris,"  another  upon  "  Wool,"  and  a 
work  on  "  Hydrophobia ;"  but  his  greatest 
performance  is  entitled  "  The  Elements  of 
Pathology,"  published  in  1816.  He  died  in 
1822,  leaving  two  sons ;  the  eldest,  a  phy- 
sician at  Bath,  and  tlie  other,  Sir  Edward 
Parry,  the  distinguished  commander  of  the 
arctic  expedition. 

PARSONS,  J.AJUES,  an  eminent  English 
physician  and  medical  writer,  was  born  at 
Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire,  in  1705.  Physic, 
anatomy,  natural  history,  antiquities,  &c., 
are  indebted  to  his  skill  and  industry  for 
many  important  discoveries.  His  most  re- 
markable production  is  his  "  Remains  of 
Japhet,"  being  historical  inquiries  into  the 
affinities  and  origin  of  the  European  lan- 
guages.   Died,  1770. 

PARSONS,  William,  an  eminent  English 
comic  actor,  was  bom  in  1736,  and  made  his 
first  appearance  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  soon 
established  a  high  reputation  as  a  represent- 
ative of  old  men.  In  1763  he  made  his  debut 
at  Drury  Lane,  and  was  a  great  favourite 
with  the  public,  particularly  in  low  comedy. 
To  his  theatrical  talents  he  added  consider- 
able skill  as  a  painter.    Died,  1795. 

PAS,  Anthony  de,  marquis  de  Feu- 
quieres,  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  his 
age.  He  was  so  severe  a  disciplinarian,  that 
it  was  usually  said,  "  He  must  be  the  bravest 
man  living,  since  he  slept  every  night  in  the 
midst  of  100,000  enemies.    He  died  in  1711. 

PASCAL,  Blaise,  one  of  the  most  pro- 
found tliinkers    and   accomplished  writers 


that  ever  lived,  was  bom  at  Clermont,  in 
Auvergne,  June  19th,  1623.  His  family  was 
one  of  considerable  distinction,  his  grand- 
father having  been  a  treasurer  of  France  at 
Riom,  and  his  father  president  of  the  court 
of  aids,  in  Auvergne.  From  his  earliest 
childhood  he  exhibited  the  most  precocious 
proofs  of  inventive  genius,  especially  in  the 
department  of  mathematics.  Having  been 
purposely  kept  in  ignorance  of  geometry, 
lest  his  propensity  in  that  direction  should 
interfere  with  the  prosecution  of  other 
branches  of  knowledge,  his  self-prompted 
genius  discovered  for  itself  the  elementary 
truths  of  the  forbidden  science.  At  12  years 
of  age  he  was  surprised  by  his  father,  in  the 
act  ot  demonstrating,  on  the  pavement  of  an 
old  hall  where  he  used  to  play,  and  by 
means  of  a  rude  diagram  traced  by  a  piece 
of  coal,  a  proposition  which  corresponded 
to  the  32nd  of  the  first  book  of  Euclid.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  composed  a  little  tractate 
on  conic  sections,  which  excited  the  mingled 
incredulity  and  admiration  of  Descartes. 
At  19  he  invented  his  celebrated  arithmetical 
machine,  and  at  the  age  of  26  he  had  com- 
posed the  greater  part  of  his  mathematical 
works,  and  made  those  brilliant  experi- 
ments in  hydrostatics  and  pneumatics,  which 
have  associated  liis  name  with  those  of  Tor- 
ricelli  and  Boyle,  and  ranked  him  amongst 
the  first  philosophers  of  his  age.  But  a 
strong  religious  impulse  having  been  im- 
parted to  his  mind  at  this  period,  deepened  no 
doubt  by  the  attacks  of  disease,  wliich  he  had 
suffered  uninterruptedly  from  his  18th  year, 
he  suddenly  renounced  the  career  to  which 
his  genius  so  unequivocally  invited  him,  and 
thenceforward  devoted  himself  to  theology 
and  polemics,  and  to  the  promotion  of  the 
spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  his  fellow 
man.  After  a  short  interval  spent  at  Paris, 
he  retired  to  Port  Royal  in  1654,  where 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the 
practice  of  every  Christian  duty,  accom- 
panied, however,  by  ascetic  observances,  for 
wliich  many  sincere  believers  find  no  war- 
rant, either  in  the  doctrines  or  the  precepts 
of  Christianity.  The  two  works  for  which 
he  is  best  known  in  England  are,  his  "  Pro- 
vincial Letters,"  a  caustic  satire  upon  the 
Jesuits,  published  in  1056,  under  the  name 
Louis  de  Montalte ;  and  his  posthumous 
"  Penst'es,"  which  have  always  been  regarded 
as  among  the  richest  repositories  of  eloquent 
thought  and  profound  theology.  Died,  1662. 
An  excellent  translation  of  nearly  the  whole 
of  Pascal's  works  (exclusive  of  those  strictly 
scientific)  has  recently  been  published  by 
Mr.  Pearce. 

PASCHAL,  Charles,  an  eminent  writer 
on  ethics,  antiquities,  and  jurisprudence,  in 
the  17th  century,  was  a  native  of  France. 
He  was  tlie  author  of  an  elaborate  work,  in 
10  books,  entitled  "  De  Corona,"  and  another, 
called  "  Virtutum  et  Vitiorum  Characteres." 
Died,  1625. 

PASQUIER,  Stephen,  an  eminent  French 
civilian,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1529,  who  first  rose 
into  reputation,  as  an  advocate,  by  pleading 
against  the  Jesuits  before  the  parliament. 
In  his  writings  also  he  proved  himself  a 
formidable  adversary  of  that  dangerous  and 
encroaching  order.    Died,  1615. 


i 


pab] 


^  j^ctD  Jam'bcr^al  3StafirapT)j). 


[pat 


PASSEMANT,  Claltpe  Simeox,  a  ma- 
thematician, was  boru  in  Paris  in  1702.  He 
publislied  an  account  of  a  large  reflecting 
telescope  made  by  him  in  1738.  He  also 
constructed  an  astronomical  pendulum  sur- 
mounted on  a  celestial  sphere,  which  he 
presented  to  Louis  XV.     Died,  1769. 

PASSERI,  JoH.v  Baptist,  a  painter  and 
poet,  was  the  disciple  of  Domenichino.  He 
wrote  "  Lives  of  the  Painters,  Sculptors,  and 
Architects  "  of  his  time.    Died,  1679. 

PASSIONEI,  Dojnxic,  a  cardinal,  was 
born  at  Fossombrone,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino, 
in  1682;  and  studied  in  the  Clementine 
College  at  Rome.  In  1706  he  went  with 
Gualterio,  the  nuncio,  to  Paris  ;  and  in  1708, 
he  became  a  secret  agent  for  the  pope  in 
Holland.  He  was  also  employed  on  several 
other  missions,  particularly  in  Switzerland, 
of  which  he  published  an  account,  entitled 
"  Acta  Legationis  Helveticae,"  folio.  Inno- 
cent XIII.  made  him  archbishop  of  Ephesus, 
Clement  XII  raised  him  to  the  purple,  and 
Benedict  XIV.  appointed  him  librarian  of 
the  Vatican  ;  in  which  situation  he  promoted 
Dr.  Kennicott's  great  undertaking,  by  caus- 
ing the  Hebrew  manuscripts  to  be  collated 
for  his  use.    Died,  1761. 

PASSWAN  OGLOU,  Osman,  a  celebrated 
Turkish  rebel,  was  born  in  1758,  at  Widdin, 
in  Bulgaria.  His  father  having  been  put  to 
death  by  the  Porte,  Passwan  took  refuge 
in  the  mountains,  and  gathered  round  him 
a  considerable  body  of  partisans  ;  and  having 
seized  upon  Widdin,  he  held  the  fortress  for 
several  years,  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  which 
were  made  to  dispossess  him,  so  that  the 
sultan  at  length  felt  it  necessary  to  confirm 
him  in  the  government.    Died,  1807. 

PATERCULU8,  Caii'S  Velleius,  an 
ancient  historian,  was  born  in  the  year  of 
Rome,  735 ;  served  under  Tiberius  in  Ger- 
many, as  commander  of  the  cavalry  ;  and, 
in  the  first  year  of  that  emperor's  reign, 
was  nominated  praetor.  He  died  in  his  50th 
year,  leaving  an  abridgment  of  Roman  his- 
tory in  10  books,  of  which  the  greater  part 
is  lost. 

PATERSON,  Samuel,  a  bibliographer, 
was  bom  in  London,  in  1728.  He  became 
an  orphan  at  the  age  of  12  years,  and  was 
sent,  by  a  dishonest  guardian,  to  France, 
where  he  acquired  such  a  knowledge  of 
books  as  induced  him  to  open  a  shop  in  the 
Strand,  but  without  success.  He  next 
turned  auctioneer ;  and,  in  1757,  sold  the 
manuscript  collections  of  Sir  Julius  Coesar, 
which  circumstance  brought  his  talents  into 
notice,  and  he  was  employed  in  the  forma- 
tion of  catalogues  and  the  sale  of  libraries. 
His  principal  performance  in  this  line  is  the 
"  Bibliotheca  Universalis  Selecta."  He  also 
wrote  "Cursory  Remarks  on  a  Journey 
through  the  Netherlands,  by  Coriat,  junior," 
3  vols.    Died,  1802. 

PATIN,  Guv,  a  French  physician,  memor- 
able for  the  inveterate  hatred  he  professed 
for  all  autimonial  preparations,  was  bom 
near  Beanvois,  in  1601 ;  chosen  dean  of  the 
faculty  of  medicine  at  Paris,  in  1650 ;  and 
died  in  1672.  His  works,  which  form  seven 
volumes,  chiefly  consist  of  "Letters,"  and 

are  remarkable  for  their  caustic  satire 

His  son  Chakles,  who  was  also  a  physician, 


669 


I  wrote  some  clever  treatises  on  medals,  and 
died  in  1693. 

PATKUL,  John  RiixnoLD,  Count,  a 
Livonian  who  endeavoured  to  shake  off  the 
Swedish  yoke  ;  but,  being  unsuccessful,  went 
to  Saxony,  where  he  resided  as  agent  for 
Peter  the  Great.  On  being  delivered  up  to 
Charles  XII.,  he  was  executed  on  tl>e  charge 
of  treason,  in  1706. 

PATRICK,  St.,  the  apostle  or  patron 
saint  of  Ireland,  is  supposed  by  some  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Cornwall,  whose  zeal 
prompted  him  to  cross  the  Channel  for  the 
conversion  of  the  pagan  Irish.  By  others, 
however,  he  is  said  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Kirkpatrick,  on  the  Clyde  ;  and  that  his 
name  was  Saccuthus,  until  changed  by  pope 
Celestinc.  Others  again  assert,  that  he  was 
born  in  Brittany,  and  carried  by  some  free- 
booters to  Ireland,  where  he  was  at  first 
employed  in  keeping  sheep.  Be  this  as  it 
may,  it  is  allowed  by  all  that  his  endeavours 
were  crowned  with  great  success,  and  that 
he  established  there  a  number  of  schools 
and  monasteries.  Nennius  states  that  his 
missions  continued  40  years,  and  various 
miracles  are  attributed  to  him,  particularly 
the  often-repeated  assertion  of  the  absence 
of  ail  venomous  creatures  from  Ireland, 
ascribed  by  the  superstitious  to  his  holy 
benediction.  We  can  no  more  reconcile  the 
conflicting  testimonies  relative  to  the  place 
of- his  birth,  than  we  could  determine  the 
validity  of  his  miraculous  powers ;  and 
perhaps,  for  the  sake  of  truth,  the  least  that 
is  said  of  cither  the  better.  It  would  seem 
that  the  latter  years  of  his  life  were  devoted 
to  acts  of  piety  and  religious  meditatisn  ; 
and  that  he  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  about 
the  year  493.  His  works,  or  at  least  those 
ascribed  to  him,  were  published,  with  re- 
marks, by  Sir  James  Ware,  in  1658. 

PATRICK,  Samuel,  a  learned  critic, 
editor  of  a  number  of  useful  works  relating 
to  classical  literature,  viz.  "  Planti  Co- 
mediae  Quatuor,  eum  Notis  Operarii,"  "  He- 
derici  Lexicon  Manuale  Grascum,"  "  Clavis 
Homerica,"  &c.    Died,  1748. 

PATRICK,  SiMOX,  an  English  prelate, 
born  in  1626,  at  Gainsborough,  in  Lincoln- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  became  vicar  of  Battersea,  in 
1658 ;  obtained  the  living  of  St.  Paul's, 
Covent  Garden,  in  1662  ;  and  endeared  him- 
self much  to  his  parishioners  by  remaining 
with  them  during  the  plague.  He  was  af- 
terwards, successively,  a  prel)endary  of  West- 
minster, dean  of  Peterborough,  bishop  of 
Chichester,  and,  lastly,  bishop  of  Ely,  where 
he  died,  in  1707,  in  high  reputation  for  learn- 
ing, talent,  and  piety.  During  the  reign  of 
James  II.  he  was  one  of  the  ablest  defenders 
of  the  Protestant  religion  ;  and  among  his 
works  are  "  Christian  Sacrifice,"  "  The  De- 
vout Christian,"  "Jesus  and  the  Resurrec- 
tion Justified,"  a  "  History  of  the  Church  of 
Peterborough,"  "  Commentaries  "  and  "  Pa- 
raphrases "  on  the  principal  books  of  the 
Old  Testament ;  and  some  others  of  less 
note. 

PATRIN,  Eugene  Louis  Melchior,  a 
celebrated  French  geologist,  was  bom  at 
Lyons,  in  1742.  After  ten  years'  travelling 
through  the  north  of  Europe,  for  the  purpose 


pat] 


^  0ci\3  Hui&cr^al  28t0jaTajpl)w. 


[PAU 


of  forming  a  collection  of  mineral  speci- 
mens, he  revisited  France,  and  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  National  Convention  for  his 
native  city.  Having  voted  for  the  banish- 
ment of  Louis  XVI.,  he  was  proscribed,  and 
obliged  to  conceal  himself  during  the  reign 
of  terror.  On  the  creation  of  the  School  of 
Mines,  he  presented  his  museum  of  minerals 
to  that  institution,  of  which  he  was  made 
librarian.  His  principal  work,  "  Histoire 
Naturelle  dee  Mineraux,"  in  5  vols.,  forms  a 
sequel  to  the  works  of  Buflfon.    Died,  1815. 

PATTISON,  James,  a  member  of  a  family 
that  has  for  generations  held  a  high  com- 
mercial rank  in  the  city  of  London,  was 
born,  178<j.  In  1835  he  was  chosen  one  of 
the  members  of  parliament  for  London.  In 
1841  he  again  contested  the  city,  though  un- 
successfully, on  the  "  liberal "  interest,  but 
was  returned  in  1843,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  Sir  M.  Wood,  and 
was  again  chosen  at  the  general  election  of 
1847.  He  had  been  governor  of  the  Bank  of 
England.    Died,  184'J. 

PATTISON,  William,  bom  at  Pease- 
marsh,  in  Sussex,  in  1700,  was  an  English 
poet  of  great  genius,  but  whose  imprudence 
made  his  life  miserable  and  his  death  pre- 
mature. Having  quarrelled  with  his  tutor 
at  Sydney  College,  Cambridge,  and  fearing 
an  expulsion,  he  came  to  London,  where  he 
plunged  into  all  the  pleasures  of  the  metro- 
polis, was  soon  reduced  to  indigence,  and 
died  of  the  small-pox  in  his  21st  year. 

PAUL  OF  BURGOS,  a  converted  Jew, 
who  became  patriarch  of  Aquileia,  and 
died  in  1435.    He  wrote  "  Scrutinium  Scrip- 

turarum"  and  other  works. His  son  Al- 

PHOjfso  was  bishop  of  Burgos,  and  wrote  an 
abridgment  of  the  Spanish  history. 

PAUL  THE  DEACON,  or  PAULUS 
DIACONUS,  was  a  native  of  Friuli,  and  a 
monk  in  the  abbey  of  Monte  Cassino,  where 
he  wrote  a  "History  of  the  Lombards," 
Died,  743. 

PAUL  OF  SAMOSATA,  so  named  from 
the  place  of  his  birth,  flourished  in  the  third 
century.  In  260  he  was  chosen  bishop  of 
Antioch  ;  but  having  preached  against  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  he  was  deposed  in  270. 
The  queen  Zenobia  took  his  part,  but  the 
emperor  Aurelian  expelled  him  from  An- 
tioch in  273,  and  what  became  of  him  after- 
wards is  unknown.  His  followers  were 
called  Paulinists  for  a  long  time  after  liis 
death. 

PAUL,  St.  Vincent  de,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  Church  of  Rome,  was  bom  in  1576.  In 
a  voyage  which  he  made  from  Marseilles,  his 
ship  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  and  he  re- 
mained in  slavery  some  years  ;  but  having 
made  a  convert  of  his  master,  he  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  returned  to  France.  Louis 
XIII.  made  hira  abbot  of  St.  Leonard  de 
Chalme,  and  he  also  had  the  living  of  Clichy, 
where  he  built  a  church  at  his  own  expense. 
He  was  next  placed  at  the  head  of  the  coun- 
cil of  conscience,  and  chief  of  the  house  of  St. 
Lazare,  in  which  situations  his  zeal  and  cha- 
rity knew  no  bounds.  He  projected  missions 
into  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  instituted  a 
number  of  benevolent  establishments.  He 
died  in  1660,  and  was  afterwards  canonised. 

PAULIAN,  AiME  IlE.vKi,  a  French  Je- 


suit, was  bora,  in  1722,  at  Nismes,  and  was 
distinguished  as  the  author  of  several  works 
on  natural  philosophy.     Died,  1802. 

PAULIN  PR  St.  BARTHELEMI,  or 
JOHN  PHILIP  WERDIN,  was  a  monk  of 
the  Carmelite  order,  born  in  Austria,  in  1748, 
and  having  studied  the  oriental  languages, 
went  as  a  missionary  to  the  East  Indies,  where 
he  passed  14  years,  and  was  honoured  with 
the  title  of  apostolic  visitor.  He  was  then  re- 
called to  Rome,  to  give  an  account  of  the 
eastern  missions,  and  to  correct  the  cate- 
chisms, &c.,  then  printing  for  the  use  of  the 
missionaries.  When  the  French  invaded 
Italy  in  1798,  he  removed  to  Vienna  ;  but  he 
returned  to  Rome  in  1800 ;  was  patronised 
by  Pius  VII.  ;  wrote  an  account  of  his 
travels,  and  the  state  of  Christianity  in 
India  ;  and  died  in  1806. 

PAULINUS,  patriarch  of  Aquileia,  in  the 
8th  century,  was  bora  near  Friuli,  in  726. 
He  was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  doctrine  of 

the  Trinity,  and  died  in  804 Another 

Paulinus,  born  at  Bordeaux,  in  3,53,  having 
married  a  Spanish  lady,  who  converted  him, 
settled  at  Nola,  of  which  he  became  bishop, 
and  died  in  439.  He  was  a  learned  and 
liberal  prelate,  much  esteemed  by  his  cotem- 
poraries. 

PAULLI,  Simon,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, was  born  at  Rostock,  in  1603,  and  died 
at  Copenhagen,  in  1680.  He  wrote  "  Qua- 
dripartitum  Botanicum,"  "  Flora  Danica," 
"A  Treatise  against  Tobacco  and  Tea," 
translated  into  English  by  Dr.  James. 

PAULISIY,  Mark  Antoky  Rexe  pk 
VoYEK,  Marquis  de,  minister  of  state,  and  a 
member  of  the  French  academy,  was  bom  at 
Valenciennes,  in  1722.  He  collected  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  libraries  in  Europe, 
which  was  sold  to  the  Count  d'Artois,  brother 
to  Louis  XVI.  M.  de  Paulmy  published 
"Melanges  d'une  grande  Bibliotheque,"  69 
vols.  8to.,  and  a  work  entitled  "  Essays  in 
the  Style  of  those  of  Montaigne,"  9  vols.  8vo. 
Died,  1787. 

PAULUS,  Julius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
lawyer,  of  the  3d  century,  who,  being  made 
an  imperial  counsellor  under  Severus  and 
Caracalla,  distinguished  himself  by  the  bold- 
ness with  which  he  delivered  his  opinions. 
Under  Heliogabalus  he  was  banished ;  but 
the  emperor  Alexander  Severus  recalled 
him,  raised  him  to  the  consular  dignity,  and 
appointed  him  praitorian  prefect,  after  the 
death  of  Ul  pi  an. 

PAULUS,  Peter,  grand  pensionary  of 
Holland,  was  born  in  1754.  As  a  minister  of 
the  marine  department  he  displayed  great 
activity  and  intelligence  ;  but  having  of- 
fended the  stadtholder's  government,  he  was 
removed  from  his  situation  in  1787,  and  re- 
tired into  France.  He  afterwards  returned, 
and  held  very  important  offices  in  the  state. 
Died,  1796.  Paulus  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Commentary  on  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,"  3 
vols.,  a  "  Memoir  on  the  Equality  of  Man- 
kind," and  other  works. 

PAUSANIAS,  the  son  of  Cleombrotus, 
king  of  Sparta,  governed  the  kingdom  for 
his  nephew  during  his  minority.  Being  dis- 
contented with  his  country,  he  entered  into 
a  secret  treaty  with  the  king  of  Persia  ;  but  I 
this  being  discovered  by  the  ephori,  to  avoid  I 


PAU] 


^  ^eb)  ^ni^trinl  Utoffrajil^ii. 


[PED 


the  punishment  due  to  his  treason,  he  fled 
into  the  temple  of  Minerva,  which  being 
held  sacred,  the  Lacedaemonians  blocked  it 
up  with  stones,  tlie  first  of  which  was  placed 
by  Fausanias's  mother.  Ue  was  there  starved 
to  death,  B.C.  474. 

PAU8ANIAS,  a  Greek  topographical 
writer,  who  flourished  during  the  reigns  of 
Adrian  and  the  Antonines.  He  taught  at 
Athens,  and  afterwards  at  Rome,  wliere  he 
died.  His  "  Descriptio  Grmciae,"  a  kind  of 
journal  of  his  travels,  in  which  he  describes 
every  thing  remarkable  in  Greece,  is  still 
extant,  and  is  a  valuable  work  for  the  anti- 
quarian. 

PAUSIAS,  a  painter  of  Sicyon,  and  the 
disciple  of  Pamphilius,  flourished  about  352 
B.  c.  He  was  the  first  who  applied  colours 
to  wood  and  ivory  by  fire,  now  called  en- 
caustic painting. 

PAUVV,  CoKNELius  PK,  a  Dutch  writer, 
was  bom  at  Amsterdam,  in  1739.  He  was 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  had  a  canonry  in  Ger- 
many, where  he  died  in  1799.  He  was 
uncle  to  Anacharsis  Cloots,  who  figured  at 
the  French  revolution,  and  his  opinions 
were  in  some  respects  as  singular.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  Recherches  Phi- 
losophiques,  sur  les  Grecs,  les  Am^ricains, 
les  Egyptiens,  et  les  Chinois,"  7  vols.  8vo.,  a 
work  of  talent,  but  full  of  paradoxes  and 
free  opinions. 

PEACHAil,  Henry,  an  ingenious  writer 
of  the  17th  century,  was  born  at  North 
Mims,  in  Hertfordshire,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Italy,  and  while  in  that  country 
studied  painting,  music,  and  the  fine  arts 
generally.  His  principal  work,  entitled 
"  The  Complete  Gentleman,"  was  once  ex- 
tremely popular.  Besides  this,  he  published 
"  Minerva  Britannica,"  "  Thalia's  Banquet," 
"  The  Valley  of  Variety,"  "  The  Worth  of  a 
Penny,"  and  the  "  Gentleman's  Exercise." 
Died,  about  1C40. 

PEACOCK,  Reginald,  a  learned  and 
worthy  prelate,  was  successively  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  and  Chichester,  by  the  favour  of 
Humphry,  the  good  duke  of  Gloucester. 
But  he  was  deposed  for  resisting  the  papal 
authority  and  denying  transubstantiation, 
with  other  articles  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith.  He  was  obliged  to  recant  liis  notions, 
and  his  books  were  publicly  burnt ;  after 
which  he  was  confined  in  Thorney  Abbey, 
where  he  died,  in  1400. 

PEARCE,  Nathaniel,  a  sailor,  was  bom 
in  1780,  at  Acton,  near  London.  In  1805  he 
accompanied  Lord  Valentia  to  Abyssinia ; 
and  being,  by  his  own  desire,  left  there, 
married,  and  enjoyed  for  many  years  the 
favour  of  the  king.  He  died,  on  his  journey 
to  England,  in  1820,  at  Alexandria.  Though 
an  uneducated  man,  Pearce  was  a  shrewd 
observer,  and  has  contributed  much  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  present  state  of  the  country 
in  which  he  was  domiciled. 

PEARCE,  Zachaey,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
a  prelate  of  great  learning  and  piety,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1690 ;  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  became,  successively,  vicar  of 
St.  Martiu's-in-the-Fields,  dean  of  Win- 
chester, bishop  of   Bangor    and   bishop  of 


Rochester.  His  principal  works  are,  erudite 
editions  of  Longinus  and  Cicero,  a  "  Review 
of  Paradise  Lost,"  a  "  Commentary  on  the 
Four  Evangelists,"  &c.,  2  vols.;  and  "Ser- 
mons," 4  vols.  He  left,  among  other  chari- 
table bequests,  50001.  to  the  college  for 
clergymen's  widows  at  Bromley. 

PEARSON,  Geouue,  M.D.,  F.R.  S.,  was 
a  native  of  Rotherham,  in  Yorkshire.  He 
studied  medicine  in  London,  Edinburgh, 
and  Leyden  ;  was  one  of  the  physicians  of 
St.  George's  Hospital ;  and  rendered  essen- 
tial benefit  to  the  lovers  of  chemistry  by  his 
experimental  knowledge  of  the  science.  The 
component  parts  of  Dr.  James's  febrifuge 
powders  having  been  kept  a  profound  secret. 
Dr.  Pearson  analysed  the  composition,  and 
proved  them  to  be  composed  solely  of  anti- 
mony and  phosphate  of  lime.    Died,  1828. 

PEARSON,  John,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  born  at  Snoring,  in  Norfolk,  in 
1612,  and  died  bishop  of  Chester,  in  1686.  He 
is  principally  known  by  his  valuable  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Creed."  He  also  wrote  "  Vin- 
diciaj  Ignatii,  or  a  Defence  of  the  Epistles  of 
St.  Ignatius,"  and  other  learned  works. 

PEARSON,  Margaret  Eglinotok,  a 
lady  distinguished  for  her  skill  in  the  art  of 
enamelling,  or  painting  on  glass,  was  the 
daughter  of  Samuel  Paterson,  the  bibliogra- 
pher, and  married  an  artist  named  Pearson, 
with  whom  she  established  a  manufactory 
of  stained  glass  at  Hampstead.  Some  of  her 
productions  have  scarcely  ever  been  equalled, 
particularly  her  copies  of  Raphael's  car- 
loons.    Died,  1823. 

PECK,  Francis,  a  learned  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Stamford,  in  1692.  He  took  his 
several  degrees  in  arts  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  became  rector  of  Godeby,  in 
Lincolnshire  ;  obtained  a  prebend  in  the 
cathedral  of  Lincoln,  and  died  in  1743.  His 
principal  publications  are, "  The  Antiquarian 
Annals  of  Stamford,"  "  Desiderata  Curiosa," 
"Memoirs  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  and  "Me- 
moirs of  John  Milton." 

PECQUET,  John,  a  celebrated  anatomist 
and  physician,  was  born  at  Dieppe,  and  died 
at  Paris  in  1674.  He  discovered  the  thoracic 
duct  and  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle,  and 
traced  the  progress  of  the  chyle  into  the  left 
subclavian  vein.  He  wrote  "Experimenta 
Nova  Anatomica  "  and  other  works. 

PEDRO  I.,  Antonio  Jose  d' Alcantara, 
Don,  ex-emperor  of  Brazil,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  John  VI.  king  of  Portugal,  elder  bro- 
ther of  Don  Miguel,  and  nephew  to  Fer- 
dinand VII.  king  of  Spain,  lie  was  born  in 
1798,  and  was  taken  in  1808,  with  the  rest  of 
the  royal  family,  to  Brazil.  In  1817  he 
married  Leopoldine,  archduchess  of  Austria, 
daughter  of  the  emperor  Francis  I.,  by  whom 
he  had  five  children,  among  whom  was  the 
present  queen.  Donna  Maria.  Leopoldine 
died  in  1826  ;  and  in  1829  he  married  Amelia, 
princess  of  Leuchtenberg,  the  daughter  of 
Eugene  Beauhamois.  On  account  of  the 
events  which  led  to  Pedro's  abdication  of 
the  crown  of  Brazil,  in  favour  of  his  son, 
Pedro  II.,  he  embarked  on  board  an  English 
ship  of  war  for  Europe,  in  the  spring  of  1831, 
and  arrived  in  London  in  July,  as  a  private 
gentleman,  bearing  the  title  of  the  Duke  of 
Braganza.     Operations  immediately   com- 


pee] 


^  ^ebi  WinibtvSiil  SStOffrapl^M. 


[pee 


menced  for  displacing  his  brother,  Don 
Miguel,  from  the  throne  of  Portugal,  and 
many  severe  conflicts  took  place  ;  at  length, 
in  July  1832,  the  fleet  of  Pedro,  under  the 
command  of  Admiral  Napier,  signally  de- 
feated that  of  Miguel  ;  which  event,  with 
other  successes  of  the  Pedroite  party,  led  to 
his  brother's  abandonment  of  the  throne, 
and  the  accession  of  Donna  Maria.  Don 
Pedro  died  in  1834. 

PEEL,  Sir  Robert,  bart,  third  son  of 
Mr.  Peel,  of  Peel  Cross,  Lancashire,  and 
father  of  the  celebrated  statesman  who  in- 
herited his  name  and  title,  was  born  in  17.50. 
This  gentleman  evinced,  at  a  very  early 
age,  a  quickness  of  perception  and  a  spirit 
of  enterprise  wliich  led  to  distinguished  acts 
in  the  course  of  his  useful  life.  In  1770  he 
devoted  a  great  portion  of  his  time  to  the 
improvement  of  machinery,  and  succeeded 
in  the  application  of  mechanical  power  to 
an  extent  which  caused  the  abridgment  of 
human  labour,  and  added  greatly  to  the 
facilities  of  commerce.  He  embarked  in 
the  cotton  trade  in  1773,  and  carried  on  a 
manufactory  at  Bury  with  great  success. 
From  his  earliest  years  he  had  encouraged 
a  belief  that  a  person  had  it  in  his  power  to 
attain  eminence  by  industry  and  persever- 
ance, and  he  spent  many  of  his  youthful 
nights  in  reading  and  study,  so  that  he  ac- 
quired a  thorough  knowledge  of  commercial 
and  manufacturing  subjects.  In  politics  he 
adopted  the  sentiments  of  Mr.  Pitt,  and  was 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  every  measure  which 
had  for  its  object  the  commercial  prosperity, 
or  the  internal  peace,  of  the  country.  He 
was  created  a  baronet  in  1801.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  brought  a  bill  into  parlia- 
ment for  ameliorating  the  condition  of  ap- 
prentices employed  in  the  cotton  and  woollen 
trades.  Sir  Robert  filled  the  oflSce  of  vice- 
president  of  the  Literary  Fund,  and  was  a 
governor  of  Christ's  Hospital.  He  died  at  his 
seat,  Drayton  Manor,  Stafl:brdshire,  in  1830. 

PEEL,  Sir  Robert,  bart.,  the  eldest  son 
of  tlie  preceding,  and  the  most  distinguished 
English  statesman  of  his  age,  was  born, 
Feb.  5.  1788.  Destined  by  his  father  for  a 
political  life,  he  was  educated  first  at  Har- 
row, and  afterwards  at  Oxford,  at  both  of 
which  places  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  patient  diligence,  his  correct  taste,  and 
his  scholarly  acliievements.  At  Oxford  he 
took  a  first  class  degree  both  in  classics  and 
mathematics.  No  sooner  was  this  accom- 
plished, than  his  father,  in  1809,  had  him 
brought  into  parliament  as  member  for 
Cashel,  whilst  he  was  little  more  than  21 
years  of  age ;  and  the  House  of  Commons 
became  thenceforward  the  arena  of  his  life. 
He  had  not  sat  long  in  it  until  he  proved 
himself  an  able  speaker,  and  a  laborious 
and  sagacious  worker.  This  led  to  his 
speedily  finding  his  way  to  office.  In  1811 
he  was  appointed  under-secretary  of  state 
for  the  colonies,  under  the  Percival  ad- 
ministration. In  1812  he  was  made  chief 
secretary  for  Ireland  —  an  office  which  he 
held  with  much  advantage  to  the  country 
till  1818.  In  1817  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
members  for  the  university  of  Oxford.  After 
remaining  oiit  of  office  for  nearly  4  years, 
which,   however,   were    signalised   by   his 


carrying  through  his  famous  currency  mea- 
sure, and  many  other  useful  acts,  he  in  1822 
became  secretary  of  state  for  the  home  de- 
partment. Among  many  other  useful  mea- 
sures identified  with  his  name,  during  this 
period  of  his  career,  may  be  mentioned  his 
admirable  plan  for  the  reform  of  the  cri- 
minal code,  which  he  brought  forward  and 
carried  in  1826.  On  the  accession  of  Can- 
ning to  the  premiership  in  1827,  he  refused  to 
take  office  under  that  distinguished  states- 
man ;  but  he  returned  in  1828  to  the  office 
of  home  secretary  under  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, and  held  that  post  during  the  diffi- 
cult times  which  preceded  the  dissolution 
of  the  Tory  government  in  1830.  Hitherto, 
his  political  career  had  borne  the  aspect  of 
devoted  adherence  to  Toryism  ;  but,  on  ac- 
cepting office  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
he  entered  upon  a  course  in  which  the  in- 
fluence of  a  different  set  of  principles  came 
to  be  apparent ;  for  he  but  feebly  opposed 
the  bill  of  Lord  John  Russell  for  the  repeal 
of  the  test  and  corporation  acts,  and  himself 
introduced,  and  carried  tlirough,  in  1829,  the 
bill  for  tlie  removal  of  the  Catholic  disabili- 
ties, to  which  he  had  previously  been  op- 
posed. The  change  in  his  opinions  upon 
Catholic  emancipation  having  excited  great 
dissatisfaction  among  his  constituents,  he 
resolved  to  give  them  an  opportunity  of 
recording  their  sentiments,  by  resigning  his 
seat ;  but  he  was  opposed  and  beaten  by  Sir 
Robert  II.  Inglis,  finding  his  way  back  to 
parliament  for  the  small  borough  of  West- 
bury.  On  May  3.  1830,  he  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  baronetcy,  and  also  as  member 
for  Tamworth,  which  he  continued  to  repre- 
sent till  his  death.  The  accession  of  Wil- 
liam IV.,  who  was  known  to  be  attached  to 
"  liberal "  opinions,  together  with  the  almost 
simultaneous  outbreak  of  the  French  revo- 
lution, having  given  an  irresistible  impulse 
to  the  cause  of  reform  in  England,  the  Wel- 
lington administration  resigned  in  Novem- 
ber 1830,  after  its  defeat  on  the  civil  list ; 
and  Sir  Robert  Peel  offered  to  the  reform 
bill  of  the  Grey  administration  a  persevering 
and  able,  though  not  factious,  opposition. 
On  the  passing  of  that  bill,  however,  he  im- 
mediately accepted  it  as  irrevocable,  and 
set  himself  to  reconstruct  his  party  on  the 
basis  of  the  altered  constitution  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  The  death  of  Earl  Spencer, 
in  1834,  having  afforded  the  king  a  pretext 
for  dismissing  his  Whig  ministers.  Sir  Robert 
Peel  was  summoned  from  Rome,  whither  he 
had  gone  with  his  family,  in  the  course  of 
a  continental  tour,  and  requested  to  form 
an  administration.  He  had  now  reached 
the  summit  of  political  power,  and  the 
same  abilities  which  had  displayed  them- 
selves whilst  he  was  in  subordinate  offices, 
shone  forth  with  increasing  brilliancy  now 
that  he  had  the  chief  control  of  affairs. 
But  his  position  in  tlie  house  was  not  yet 
sufficiently  strong  to  enable  him  to  retain 
his  place,  and  the  government  being  beaten 
on  more  than  one  question,  on  the  8th  of 
April,  1835,  they  resigned,  and  the  Whigs 
once  more  returned  to  office.  In  1839  he 
was  again  prime  minister  for  a  still  shorter 
period,  the  famous  "  Bedchamber  plot,"  as  it 
was  called,  having  compelled  him  to  relin- 


I 


pee] 


^  i^cto  ^m'&cri^al  23i0flrapl)5. 


[PEB 


quish  the  reins  almost  as  soon  as  he  had 
grasped  them.  In  the  meantime,  however, 
circumstances  were  gradually  ripening  to 
render  his  accession  to  power  inevitable. 
Justly  or  unjustly,  a  general  impression  had 
gone  abroad  unfavourable  to  the  Whig  admi- 
nistration ;  it  was  accused  of  administrative 
incapacity  ;  and,  in  the  summer  of  1841,  Sir 
Robert  Peel  led  on  an  attack  which  ended 
in  the  resignation  of  Lord  Melbourne,  and 
placed  him  once  more  at  the  head  of  affairs. 
Meaii while,  too,  the  conservative  party  had 
been  busy  in  the  registration  courts  ;  and, 
on  the  dissolution  of  parliament  in  the 
autumn  of  that  j  ear,  a  new  election  returned 
to  tlie  house  a  large  majority  prepared  to 
support  the  Peel  administration.  Sir  Ro- 
bert's power  was  now  as  real  as  his  position 
was  diguitied.  lu  1842  he  proposed  one  of 
the  most  extensive  alterations  in  the  tariff 
of  the  country  that  had  ever  been  effected. 
Hundreds  of  imposts  —  many  of  them  insig- 
nificant, but  all  of  them  vexatious  —  were 
swept  away.  The  confidence  of  the  protec- 
tionist party  in  their  leader  was  grievously 
shaken,  and  their  complaints  of  being  duped 
by  him  were  loud  and  clamorous.  But  in 
losing  their  confidence,  he  gained  that  of  the 
opposite  party,  who  began  to  look  upon  him  as 
the  man  destined  to  realise  all  their  hoi>cs.  In 
the  autumn  of  1845,  the  famine  wlUch  then 
threatened  to  sweep  over  the  country  roused  a 
universal  agitation,  free  from  all  party  strife; 
and  meetings  were  held  in  all  the  large 
towns,  praying  for  the  immediate  opening 
of  the  ports,  to  relieve  the  people  from  their 
sufferings.  The  Peel  cabinet  split  upon  this 
question — Lord  Stanley  leading  the  opposi- 
tion—and resigned  in  December.  Lord  John 
Russell  attempted  to  form  a  government, 
but  was  prevented  by  personal  disputes,  and 
after  some  vain  efforts,  he  abandoned  the 
task,  and  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  again  rein- 
stated. Shortly  after  the  opening  of  the 
session  of  1846,  he  formally  announced,  to 
the  surprise  of  all,  the  hope  of  thousands, 
and  the  rage  and  dismay  of  his  party,  his 
intention,  not  of  modifying,  but  of  entirely 
repealing,  the  corn  laws.  Instantly  he  be- 
came the  object  of  the  most  unsparing  in- 
vective, unceasing  attack,  and  bitter  reproach 
from  those  who  accused  him  of  having  de- 
ceived them.  All  this  he  bore  with  firmness 
and  equanimity.  He  was  convinced  that 
no  other  plan  would  meet  the  wants  of  the 
country,  and  he  persevered  against  an  oppo- 
sition strong,  bitter,  and  powerful,  but  ulti- 
mately unavailing,  his  policy  triumphing 
in  both  houses  of  parliament.  The  corn 
laws  were  abolished  in  June  1846,  and  free 
trade  proclaimed  as  the  commercial  policy 
of  the  country.  Simultaneously  with  the 
passing  of  this  measure.  Sir  Robert  Peel 
resigned  office,  a  coalition  of  Whigs  and 
Protectionists  having  defeated  him  on  the 
Irish  coercion  bill.  From  that  period  he 
gave  a  general  support  to  the  Whigs,  de- 
claring that  he  had  no  wish  to  resume 
otfiee.  But  though  destitute  of  office,  he 
was  not  destitute  of  power  ;  for  never,  per- 
haps, was  his  influence  over  the  destinies  of 
this  country  more  felt  than  during  the  four 
years  which  followed  his  retirement.  The 
last  time  he  spoke  iu  the  house  was    on 


(573 


Friday  the  28th  of  June,  1850,  on  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  foreign  policy  of  the  govern- 
ment. On  the  afternoon  of  the  following 
day,  wliile  riding  up  Constitution  Hill,  his 
horse  started  and  threw  him  over  its  head, 
falling  heavily  upon  him.  He  was  conveyed 
home,  and  medical  attendance  was  instantly 
with  him,  but  he  grew  gradually  worse,  and 
expired  July  2.,  to  the  great  regret  of  all 
classes  of  the  community,  who  mourned  his 
loss  as  that  of  a  statesman  of  the  highest 
order,  a  great  financier,  an  excellent  admi- 
nistrator, and  an  upright  and  truth-loving 
man.  A  national  monument  was  decreed 
to  his  memory.  Her  Majesty  herself  has- 
tened to  evince  her  sympathy  in  the  loss 
which  the  nation  had  sustained,  by  offering 
to  confer  on  his  family  the  honours  of  the 
peerage  ;  and  the  popular  feeling  in  regard 
to  him  was  still  further  increased,  when  it 
became  known  that  the  great  statesman  had 
interdicted  his  family  from  accepting  any 
honours  for  any  services  which  he  might 
have  been  supposed  to  have  rendered  to  his 
country.  The  time  has  not  arrived  to  judge 
Sir  Robert  Peel  with  impartiality.  But  even 
at  this  short  interval  since  his  death,  we 
believe  that  in  avowing  the  conviction,  that 
this  country  owes  to  him  as  deep  a  debt  of 
gratitude  as  to  any  statesman  that  has  ever 
presided  over  her  destinies,  we  are  only 
giving  utterance  to  an  opinion  which  pos- 
terity, a  tribunal  to  which  Sir  Robert  Peel 
was  fond  of  appealing,  will  amply  con- 
firm. The  reformer  of  the  criminal  code, 
the  introducer  of  an  effective  system  of 
police,  the  founder  of  a  system  of  mone- 
tary affairs,  which  has  been  lauded  by  the 
most  eminent  financiers,  the  restorer  of 
civil  equality  to  Christians  of  all  denomi- 
nations, to  say  nothing  of  his  establishment 
of  the  principles  of  free  trade,  on  which 
opinions  still  differ,  might  well  be  entitled 
to  the  highest  honours  that  can  be  rendered 
to  his  memory.  But  besides  his  devotion 
to  politics.  Sir  Robert  Peel  foimd  leisure  to 
attend  to  the  pursuits  of  literature,  and 
the  promotion  of  science  and  art.  His  own 
literary  attainments  were  extensive ;  and 
his  taste  in  the  fine  arts  was  attested  by 
the  magnificent  gallery  which  he  had  col- 
lected, and  of  which  all  the  world  has 
heard.  From  the  resources  of  his  own 
wealth  he  munificently  encouraged  the  exer- 
tions of  all  those  engaged  in  Jhe  pursuits  of 
literature  and  art ;  as  the  dispenser  of  tlie 
public  bounty,  he  caused  it  to  flow  liberally 
in  their  direction ;  and  not  a  few  of  the 
families  of  men  of  genius  were  rescued  from 
poverty  by  his  prompt  and  judicious  aid. 
In  private  life  his  character  was  "  without  a 
flaw  ;  "  and  the  reserve  whicli  perhaps  not 
unnaturally  marked  his  intercourse  with 
strangers,  is  said  to  have  had  no  existence 
within  the  domestic  and  social  circle. 

PEELE,  George,  a  dramatist  and  poet  of 
the  Elizabethan  age,  was  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
completed  his  degrees  in  arts  in  1579.  On 
coming  to  London  he  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Shakspcare,  Jonson,  and  other  dra- 
matic writers,  and  wrote  for  the  stage.  He 
wrote  five  plays,  which  were  well  received  ; 
also,  some  pastoral  and  other  poems.    There 


S  u 


peg] 


^  0tio  ^iittjcr^al  38tOffrajpl)n. 


[PEM 


is  a  scarce  book  still  extant,  entitled  "  The 
Merry  conceited  Jests  of  George  Peele,"  &c. 
He  died  about  1598. 

PEGGE,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  an  eminent  di- 
vine and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Chesterfield, 
in  1704,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  Besides  other  church  prefer- 
ment, he  obtained  two  prebends,  one  in 
Lichfield  cathedral  and  the  other  in  Lin- 
coln. His  principal  works  are,  "  Dissertations 
on  Anglo-Saxon  Remains,"  "The  Life  of 
Robert  Grossetete,  Bishop  of  Lincoln," 
"  Anonymiana  ;  or  Ten  Centuries  of  Observ- 
ations." He  also  contributed  numerous 
papers  to  the  Archaeologia  and  tlie  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.     Died,  179(! His  son 

Samuel,  a  barrister,  was  born  in  1731,  and 
died  in  1800,  groom  of  the  king's  bedchamber. 
He  was  the  author  of"  Curialia  "  and  "  Anec- 
dotes   of   the    English   Language." Sir 

Chkistopher  Peooe,  the  son  of  the  last- 
mentioned,  practised  with  great  success  as  a 
physician  at  Oxford,  where  he  held  the  re- 
gius  professorship  in  medicine.    Died,  1825. 

PEIRESC,  Nicholas  Claude  Fabri,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  was  born  at  Beaugen- 
sier,  in  1580,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  application  to  the  study  of  antiquities, 
and  by  his  extraordinary  abilities,  while  at 
the  Jesuit's  college,  at  Avignon.  He  after- 
wards fixed  his  residence  at  Padua,  and 
made  himself  master  of  the  mathematics, 
and  of  the  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Syriac,  and 
Arabic  languages.  In  1005  he  visited  Eng- 
land, and  became  acquainted  with  Camden 
and  other  English  literati.  In  1607  he  was 
admitted  a  senator  at  Aix,  and  in  1618  he 
obtained  the  abbey  of  Guistres,  in  Guienne, 
where  he  employed  himself  in  literary  and 
scientific  pursuits  till  his  death,  in  1637. 

PELAGIUS,  a  British  ecclesiastic  of  the 
5th  century,  whose  real  name  was  Morgak, 
which  he  changed  for  the  corresponding 
Greek  term,  signifying  "  born  of  the  sea." 
He  is  said  to  have  been  abbot  of  Bangor ; 
and,  about  the  year  400,  he  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  opposed  the  doctrines  of  St.  Au- 
gustine respecting  original  sin,  irresistible 
grace,  and  eternal  election,  asserting  the 
possibility  of  man's  being  saved  by  his  own 
merits.  Accompanied  by  his  countryman 
Celestius,  he  went  to  Palestine,  and  met 
with  a  kind  reception  from  the  bishop  of 
Jerusalem.  In  the  meantime,  Augustine 
and  Jerome  attacked  his  tenets  with  great 
severity,  and  the  council  of  Carthage  con- 
demned his  opinions  as  heretical.  At  the 
accession  of  pope  Zosimus  he  took  Pelagius 
and  Celestius  under  his  protection,  but  he 
afterwards  turned  against  them,  and  insti- 
gated the  emperor  to  persecute  their  fol- 
lowers. The  time  and  place  of  his  death 
are  alike  uncertain. 

PELL,  John,  an  English  divine  and  very 
eminent  mathematician  ;  born,  1610 ;  died, 
1685;  leaving  very  numerous  and  valuable 
treatises  on  the  mathematics. 

PELLEGRIN,  Simon  Joseph,  a  French 
poet  and  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Marseilles, 
in  1663,  and  died  in  1745.  He  wrote  several 
pieces  for  the  stage,  and  some  poems. 

PELLERIN,  Joseph,  a  French  antiquary, 
who  was  commissary-general  and  clerk  of 
the  marine,  at  Paris,  where  he  died  at  the 


age  of  99,  in  1782.  He  published  10  volumes 
in  quarto  on  the  subject  of  medals  ;  and  his 
cabinet,  which  was  one  of  the  richest  in 
Europe,  was  purchased  by  the  king  of  France. 

PELLETIER,  Bernard,  an  ingenious 
French  chemist,  was  born  at  Bayonne,  in 
1761,  and  died  of  a  consumption,  brought  on 
by  inhaling  oxymuriatie  acid  gas,  in  1797. 
He  made  a  number  of  discoveries,  the  parti- 
culars of  which  were  communicated  to  the 
public  in  the  Journal  of  Natural  History,  of 
which  he  was  the  principal  conductor. 

PELLETIER,  Claude  le.  a  French 
financier,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1680.  He 
succeeded  Colbert  as  comptroller  of  the 
finances  in  1683.  Six  years  afterwards  he 
resigned  his  place,  and  in  1697  he  retired 
from  court  to  lead  a  life  of  study  and  devo- 
tion. The  quay  at  Paris  which  bears  his 
name  was  built  by  him.    Died,  1711. 

PELLISSON-FONTANIER,  Paul,  an 
eminent  French  writer,  was  born  at  Beziers, 
in  1624.  He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and,  at  the 
age  of  21,  published  "  A  Commentary  on  the 
Institutes  of  Justinian."  In  1652  he  became 
secretary  to  the  king,  and  in  the  same  year 
he  published  the  "  History  of  the  French 
Academy,"  which  procured  him  the  extra- 
ordinary honour  of  being  admitted  a  member 
of  that  learned  body,  though  at  tlie  time 
there  was  no  vacancy.  The  minister  Fouquet 
appointed  him  master  of  the  accounts  at 
Montpelier  ;  but  when  that  statesman  was 
disgraced,  Pellisson  was  sent  to  the  Bastile, 
where  he  remained  four  years.  On  recovering 
his  liberty,  he  attended  the  king  as  histo- 
riographer, in  his  expedition  againt  Hol- 
land. After  this  he  abjured  the  Protestant 
religion,  entered  into  orders,  and  obtained 
several  benefices.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  R«5flexions  sur  les  differends  en  Mati&re  de 
Religion,"  and  other  works.    Died,  1693. 

PELLOUTIER,  Simon,  an  historian,  was 
born  at  Leipsic,  in  1694.  He  became  pastor 
of  the  French  church  at  Berlin,  counsellor 
to  the  consistory,  and  librarian  of  the  aca- 
demy. He  wrote  a  work  replete  with  re- 
search, entitled  "  Histoire  des  Celtes." 

PELOPIDAS,  a  valiant  and  patriotic 
Theban  general,  was  the  friend  of  Epami- 
nondas  and  the  associate  of  his  victories. 
When  the  Spartans  conquered  Thebes,  Pe- 
lopidas  went  to  Athens,  where  he  assembled 
his  exiled  countrymen  ;  with  whom  he  re- 
turned, seized  apon  Thebes,  and  expelled 
the  invaders.  Afterwards  he  defeated  the 
LacedjEmonians  at  Tegyra,  and  shared  with 
Epaminondas  the  victory  of  Leuctra.  Pelo- 
pidas  being  sent  ambassador  to  Alexander, 
the  tyrant  of  Pheraea,  was  thrown  into 
prison  ;  but  on  the  appearance  of  Epami- 
nondas he  obtained  his  release.  He  went 
next  to  the  court  of  Persia ;  and,  after  his 
return,  commanded  the  forces  sent  to  the 
relief  of  Thessaly,  where  he  fell,  b.  c.  364. 

PEMBERTON,  Henry,  a  learned  phy- 
sician and  mathematician,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1694 ;  studied  under  Boerhaave,  at 
Leyden  ;  became  intimately  acquainted  with 
Sir  Isaac  Newton  and  other  eminent  men, 
and  was  himself  much  distinguished  for  his 
scientific  acquirements.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  in  Gresham  College,  and 
an  active    member  of   the  Royal  Society. 


pen] 


^  ^tlii  Bnihu'^nX  3Bt00rap]by. 


[per 


His  principal  works  are,  "  A  View  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  Philosophy,"  "  Lectures  on 
Chemistry,"  and  "  Observations  on  Poetry." 
Died,  1771. 

PENN,  AViLUAM,  an  English  admiral, 
was  born  at  Bristol,  in  1621.  He  commanded 
the  fleet,  and  Venablcs  the  land  forces,  at  tiie 
taking  of  Jamaica  in  1055.  After  the  Restora- 
tion he  served  under  the  Duke  of  York,  in 
the  successful  battle  with  the  Dutch  fleet  in 
16ti4,  for  wliicli  he  was  knighted.  lie  died 
at  Wanstead,  in  Essex,  in  1670. 

PENN,  William,  the  founder  and  legis- 
lator of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  born  in  London,  in  1644.  He 
was  educated  at  Christchurch  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  there  imbibed  the  principles  of 
Quakerism,  which  he  afterwards  publicly 
professed.  This  was  considered  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam as  a  heinous  oflence  ;  and  finding  his 
son  inflexibly  adhered  to  that  plainness  of 
speech  and  deportment  which  are  the  dis- 
tinguisliing  characteristics  of  the  sect,  he  on 
two  occasions  drove  him  from  his  family  ; 
yet,  after  awhile,  becoming  convinced  of  his 
integrity,  he  permitted  him  to  return,  though 
he  never  openly  countenanced  lum,  neither 
would  he  use  his  interest  to  get  him  released 
when  imprisoned  for  his  attendance  at  re- 
ligious meetings.  In  the  24th  year  of  liis 
age,  Penu  first  appeared  as  a  minister  and 
au  author  ;  and  it  was  on  account  of  his 
second  essay,  entitled  the  "  Sandy  Founda- 
tion Shaken,"  that  he  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower,  where  he  remained  7  months,  during 
which  time  he  wrote  his  most  celebrated 
work,  "  No  Cross,  no  Crown,"  and  finally 
obtained  his  release  from  confinement  by  an 
exculpatory  vindication,  under  the  title  of 
"  Innocency  with  lier  open  Face."  In  1070 
Sir  William  died,  fully  reconciled  to  his  son, 
and  leaving  him  a  plentiful  estate.  Penn 
now  devoted  himself  to  a  steady  perseverance 
in  the  propagation  of  his  opinions  ;  and  from 
that  time  published  a  great  variety  of  tracts, 
and  travelled  much  in  Holland  and  Germany 
to  support  the  cause  of  Quakerism.  In  1081 
Charles  II.,  in  consideration  of  the  services 
of  his  father,  and  sundry  debts  due  to  him 
from  the  crown  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
granted  Mr.  Penn  and  his  heirs,  by  letters 
patent,  the  province  lying  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river  Delaware,  in  North  America, 
and  made  them  absolute  proprietors  and 
governors  of  that  country.  The  name,  too, 
was  changed  in  honour  of  Penn,  from  the 
New  Netherlands  to  Pennsylvania.  Upon 
this  he  published  "  A  Brief  Account  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,"  proposing  an 
easy  purchase  of  lands,  and  good  terms  of  set- 
tlement to  such  as  were  inclined  to  remove 
thither.  In  1082  he  embarked  for  his  new 
colony  ;  in  the  following  year  he  founded 
Pliiladelphia ;  nor  did  he  cease  to  watch 
over  its  interests  with  a  paternal  eye  till  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1718. 

PENNANT,  Thomas,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Downing, 
the  family  seat  in  Flintshire,  in  1726.  After 
travelling  over  England,  he  went  abroad, 
and  was  introduced  to  Voltaire,  Butfon, 
Linnaeus,  and  other  eminent  men.  In  17jO 
he  published  the  "British  Zoology,"  a  work 
j  of  considerable  merit.    In  1771  appeared  his 


"  Tour  in  Scotland,"  which  was  followed,  at 
different  periods,  by  a  great  number  of  in- 
genious performances,  as,  "  Arctic  Zoology," 
"  A  View  of  Hindostan,"  "  An  Account  of 
London,"  various  Tours,  &c.  He  also  pub- 
lished his  "  Literary  Memoirs  ;  "  and,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  1798,  was  engaged  on  a 
description  of  India,  of  which  one  volume 
was  printed. 

PENRY,  or  AP  HENRY,  John,  a  violent 
Puritan,  better  known  by  his  assumed  name, 
Martin  Marprelate,  was  born  in  Wales  in 
15.'>S),  and  educated  at  Peter  House,  Cam- 
bridge, from  whence  he  removed  to  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  master  of  arts, 
and  entered  into  orders.  In  the  controversy 
between  the  Puritans  and  the  hierarchy,  he 
wrote  some  scandalous  libels  against  the 
church,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Martin 
Marprelate,  for  which  he  was  tried,  con- 
demned, and  executed,  in  1593. 

PEPUSCH,  JoHN^  CiiKisTOi'HEE,  B  mu- 
sician, was  bom  at  Berlin,  in  1G67,  and  gave 
early  proofs  of  his  genius  for  the  science. 
After  obtaining  considerable  reputation  in 
his  native  place,  he  came  to  England,  took 
his  doctor's  degree  in  music  at  Oxford,  and 
was  very  successful  as  a  composer  for  the 
stage.  Though  he  had  the  good  fortune  to 
acquire  a  handsome  competency  by  marry- 
ing Signora  de  I'Epine,  an  opera  singer,  he 
continued  to  follow  music  as  a  profession  till 
his  death,  in  1752.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
very  valuable  treatise  "  On  Harmony." 

PEPYS,  Samuel,  secretary  to  the  admi- 
ralty in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James 
II.,  was  bom  at  Bampton,  in  Huntingdon- 
shire ;  received  his  education  at  St.  Paul's 
School,  and  at  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge; 
and  being  patronised  by  Alontagu,  after- 
wards the  Earl  of  Sandwich,  accompanied 
him  as  secretary,  in  the  fleet  that  was  sent 
to  bring  back  Charles  II.  He  was  in  high 
favour  with  the  monarch,  and  introduced 
many  important  improvements  into  the 
navy.  On  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary  he  resigned,  and  published  his  "Me- 
moirs "  relating  to  the  navy,  which  is  a  very 
valuable  work.  But,  independent  of  his 
great  skill  and  experience  in  naval  affairs, 
he  was  well  informed  in  history,  painting, 
sculpture,  architecture,  &c.  ;  such  indeed 
was  his  reputation,  that  in  1084  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society.  But 
that  which  has  most  contributed  to  give 
an  interest  to  the  name  of  Pepys  of  late 
years,  is  the  publication  of  his  very  amusing 
and  instructive  "  Diary,"  which,  besides 
illustrating  his  own  prudent  and  wary  cha- 
racter with  extreme  fidelity  and  naivete, 
affords  a  most  curious  and  instructive  picture 
of  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  and  the  habits, 
manners,  and  conduct  of  the  people  at  large. 
He  died  in  1703. 

I'ERCEVAL,  JoHX,  first  earl  of  Egmont, 
was  bom  at  Barton,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1683. 
At  the  accession  of  George  I.  he  was  created 
baron  Perceval,  and  in  1733  was  made  earl 
of  Egmont.  He  was  a  principal  promoter  of 
the  settlement  of  Georgia  in  America,  and 

died  in  1748 His  son,  John,  second  Earl 

of  Egmont,  was  bom  at  Westminster,  in 
1711  ;  filled  a  situation  in  the  household  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  that  of  joint  post- 

3  M  2 


per] 


^  ^£&)  Winibtr^Kl  JJiflffrap^ij. 


[per 


master-general ;  was  in  17(52  created  an 
English  peer  by  the  title  of  Lord  Lovel  and 
Holland  ;  was  made  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty in  1703  ;  and  died  in  1770. 

PERCEVAL,  the  Right  Hon.  Spexcer, 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1762,  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cam- 
bridge, practised  as  a  chancery  barrister, 
and  attached  himself  at  his  onset  in  political 
life  to  the  system  of  Mr.  Pitt,  who  brought 
him  into  parliament  for  Northampton.  Mr. 
Perceval's  knowledge  of  finance  opened  to 
him  a  field  for  promotion  ;  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  counsellors  for  the  crown,  and 
soon  became  solicitor-general,  and,  in  1802, 
attorney-general.  He  advocate!  the  union 
of  England  with  Ireland,  but  was  against 
concession  to  the  Catholics ;  in  short,  lie 
was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  measures  of 
ministers  during  the  life  of  Pitt,  and  sat  on 
the  opposition  side  during  the  administration 
of  Fox  ;  at  whose  decease,  in  1807,  he  ob- 
tained a  place  in  the  cabinet  as  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  also  that  of  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  He  was  supposed 
to  have  the  lead  in  the  cabinet,  although  he 
did  not  then  liold  the  ofiice  of  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  but  to  this  he  succeeded  at  the 
death  of  the  Duke  of  Portland  in  1809.  It 
was  very  generally  considered  that  he  held 
the  office  pro  tempore,  until  the  Marquis 
Wellesley  should  return  from  his  embassy 
to  Spain  ;  but  when  the  latter  did  return, 
Mr.  Perceval  still  managed  to  retain  his 
place.  When  the  prince  regent  took  the 
reins  of  government  into  his  own  hands,  he 
confirmed  Mr.  Perceval  in  his  ofiice,  and  the 
Marquis  Wellesley  resigned  that  of  minister 
for  foreign  aff'airs,  telling  the  prince  he  would 
willingly  act  with  Perceval,  but  not  under 
him.  Mr.  Perceval  kept  his  exalted  station 
only  a  short  period,  for  on  the  11th  of  May, 
1812,  he  was  shot  on  entering  the  lobby  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  by  a  person  named 
Bellingham,  wlio  avowed  that  he  had  been 
waiting  with  the  view  of  destroying  Lord 
Leveson  Gower,  late  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  St.  Petersburgh.  Thus  the  unfortunate 
minister  fell  a  victim  to  the  misdirected 
vengeance  of  a  man  who  conceived  himself 
injured  by  the  conduct  of  another  member 
of  the  government,  for  whom  he  had  mis- 
taken him.  The  assassin  was  found  guilty, 
and  executed  on  the  18th  of  the  same  month. 

PERCIVAL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at 
Warrington,  in  Lancashire,  in  1740.  After 
studying  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  he 
settled  at  Manchester,  and  there  founded  a 
literary  and  pliilosophical  society,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  president.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  Medical  Ethics,"  "  Moral  and  Literary 
Dissertations,"  and  "  A  Father's  Instructions 
to  his  Children."    Died,  1804. 

PERCY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  prelate, 
related  to  the  Northumberland  family,  was 
born  in  1728,  at  Bridgenorth,  in  Shropshire  ; 
was  educated  at  Christchurch  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  became  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
king  ;  was  next  promoted  to  the  deanery  of 
Carlisle ;  and,  in  1782,  advanced  to  the 
bishopric  of  Dromore,  in  Ireland,  where  he 
died  in  1811.  His  principal  works  are,  "  The 
Hermit  of  Warkworth,"  a  poem  ;  "  The  Re- 


liques  of  English  Poetry,"  some  translations 
from  the  Chinese,  a  translation  of  Mallet's 
Northern  Antiquities,  &c. 

PERDICCAS,  one  of  the  generals  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  after  whose  death  he  aspired 
to  the  crown  of  Macedon  ;  to  accomplish 
which  design  he  divorced  his  wife,  and  es- 
poused Cleopatra,  sister  of  Alexander.  His 
project  being  discovered  by  Antigonus,  he 
entered  into  a  league  with  Craterus  and 
Ptolemy,  governor  of  Egypt,  against  Per- 
diccas,  who  marched  to  Memphis,  but  was 
slain  in  his  tent  by  some  of  his  soldiers,  b.  c. 
322. 

PEREFIXE,  HARDOum  de  Beaumont,  a 
French  historian  and  divine,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1G05  ;  studied  at  Poictiers  and  his 
native  city  ;  acquired  great  popularity  as  a 
preacher  j  and  was  appointed  preceptor  to 
Louis  XIV.  In  1G48  he  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Rhodes,  in  1CG2  he  was  made  archbishop 
of  Paris,  and  he  died  in  1670.  His  "  Life  of 
Henry  IV."  is  a  work  of  great  merit. 

PEREIRE,  Jacob  Rodriguez,  a  native 
of  Estremadura,  in  Spain,  was  the  first  who 
practised  in  France  the  art  of  teaching  the 
deaf  and  dumb.  His  method  of  instruction 
was  quite  different  to  that  of  the  abbe  I'Epi^e; 
but  it  was  considered  so  good,  that  Louis  XV. 
bestowed  on  him  a  pension  of  500  francs. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  on  the  subject, 
and  died  in  1780. 

PERGOLESI,  Giovanni  Battista.e  dis- 
tinguished musician,  was  bom  at  Casoria,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  1704,  and  died  in 
1737.  He  is  called  the  Domenichino  of 
music,  and,  according  to  the  opinion  of  his 
countrymen,  no  one  ever  excelled  him  in 
musical  expression.  Among  his  most  cele- 
brated works  are,  the  "  Stabat  Mater,"  "  Olim- 
piade,"  an  opera  ;  "  Orfeo  e  Euridice,"  and 
"  Salva  Regina." 

PERICLES,  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
statesmen  of  Greece,  was  a  native  of  Athens, 
who  flourished  about  five  centuries  before 
Christ.  Having  gained  the  confidence  of 
the  people,  he  effected  a  revolution  in  the 
state,  by  reducing  the  authority  of  the  Are- 
opagus, and  banishing  Cimon,  with  some 
other  powerful  men  of  the  republic.  He 
then  led  the  Athenians  against  the  Sicy- 
onians,  the  Samians,  and  Lacedaemonians  ; 
but  at  last  the  people,  forgetful  of  their 
obligations  to  Pericles,  condemned  him  to 
pay  an  exorbitant  fine,  for  having  advised 
the  war  in  which  they  had  gained  so  much 
glory.  He  was,  however,  soon  reinstated, 
and  maintained  himself  at  the  head  of  public 
aff'airs  till  his  death,  b.  c.  429. 

PERIER,  Casimik,  a  celebrated  French 
banker,  and  subsequently  a  statesman,  was 
bom  at  Grenoble  in  1777.  He  at  first  en- 
tered the  army,  and  served  with  reputation 
in  the  campaigns  of  Italy  (1799  and  1800), 
but  on  the  death  of  his  father,  a  respectable 
merchant,  abandoned  the  profession  of  arms 
for  commercial  business.  In  1802  he  estab- 
lished a  banking-house  in  company  with  his 
brother,  Scipio  Perier,  in  the  management 
of  which  he  acquired  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  the  most  difficult  and  important 
questions  of  public  credit  and  finance.  At 
the  revolution  of  1830  he  took  a  decided 
part  in  favour  of  the  national  liberties,  was 


676 


per] 


^  ^ftD  HnibcriSal  28i0flrajpl)j». 


[per 


subsequently  chosen  president  of  the  cham- 
bers, aud  finally  formed  one  of  the  first 
cabinet  of  the  new  king,  without  holding 
the  portfolio  of  any  department.  In  March, 
1831,  he  succeeded  Laffltte  as  president  of 
the  council ;  and  died,  of  cholera,  in  May, 
1832. 

PERIER,  James  Constantixe  and 
CuAKLES,  brothers,  two  eminent  French 
meclianics.  They  were  natives  of  Paris  ; 
and  being  engaged  in  hydraulic  inventions, 
the  former  made  repeated  visits  to  England 
to  examine  tlie  steam  engines,  and  other 
important  machines  invented  or  improved 
in  this  country.  During  the  revolutionary 
war,  1200  pieces  of  cannon  were  cast  at  their 
establishment  at  Chaillot,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  MongtS :  they  also  erected  a  foundry 
of  cannon  for  the  navy,  at  Liege  ;  and  at 
one  period  no  less  than  93  establishments 
were  owned  by  them.  They  were,  in  fact, 
the  greatest  manufacturers  in  France,  par- 
ticularly of  steam-engines  ;  and  J.  C.  Perier, 
who  was  a  member  of  the  academy,  wrote 
an  "Essay  on  Steam  Engines."  Ue  died 
in  1818. 

PERIGNON,  Dominique  Catiielike  de, 
a  peer  and  marshal  of  France,  was  born 
at  Grenoble,  in  1754.     He  succeeded  Du- 

foramier  as  commander  of  the  army  of  the 
lastern  Pyrennees  ;  and,  on  the  conclusion 
of  the  iieace  with  Spain,  he  was  nominated 
ambassador  at  Madrid,  where  lie  signed  an 
offensive  aud  defensive  treaty  of  alliance 
l)etween  France  and  Spain  in  I'iHJ.  He  sub- 
seqnenlly  distinguished  himself  in  the  army 
of  Italy,  and  in  1808  he  replaced  Jourdan 
as  commander  of  the  French  at  Naples. 
After  the  second  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII. 
he  was  appointed  to  the  first  military  divi- 
sion, and  was  made  a  peer  of  France.  Died, 
1819. 

PERON,  FuAXCis,  a  French  voyager  and 
naturalist,  was  bom  in  1775,  at  Cerilly  ; 
entered  the  army  in  1792,  but  having  lost 
an  eye  in  the  service,  quitted  it  in  1795  ; 
studied  natural  history  after  his  discharge  ; 
was  appointed,  in  1800,  zoologist  to  tlie 
expedition  which  was  sent  to  the  Austra- 
lian ocean  ;  and  died  in  1810.  He  was  the 
auilior  of  "  Observations  sur  I'Anthropo- 
logie "  and  "  Voyage  de  Decouvertes  aux 
Terres  Australes." 

PEllOUSE,  John  Francis  Galaup  pe 
la,  a  French  circumnavigator,  was  bom  in 
1741,  at  Albi,  in  Languedoc,  aud  entered  at 
an  early  age  into  the  naval  service  of  his 
country.  In  1782  he  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  British  settlements  in 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  destroyed  the  trading 
establishments  there.  The  French  govern- 
ment having  resolved  on  the  prosecution  of  a 
voyage  of  discovery,  fitted  out  two  vessels  for 
that  purpose,  and,  in  1785,  M.  de  la  Perouse 
proceeded  with  thera  to  the  South  Sea  ;  and 
in  March,  1788,  he  sent  home  an  account 
of  his  progress.  From  that  period,  however, 
nothing  more  was  heard  of  him,  though  every 
pains  was  taken  to  gain  some  clue  relative 
to  tlie  course  they  had  taken,  and,  if  possible, 
what  catastrophe  had  befallen  the  ships  and 
their  crews.  Till  within  these  few  years 
the  whole  was  a  perfect  mystery  ;  but  it  is 
now  known  that  both  vessels  were  lost  on 


different  islands  of  the  New  Hebrides,  and 
that  every  soul  on  board  perished. 

PERRAUIiT,  Claude,  a  celebrated 
French  architect,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1(513. 
He  forsook  the  practice  of  physic  to  study 
the  fine  arts,  particularly  architecture,  in 
which  he  rose  to  great  eminence,  and  con- 
structed many  noble  works,  tlie  principal 
of  which  is  the  facade  of  the  Louvre.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Vitruvius,  with 
notes  ;  a  work  "On  tlie  five  Orders  of  Archi- 
tecture," "  Medical  Essays,"  and  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Natiu-al  History  of  Animals."  Died, 
1688. 

PERRAULT,  Charles,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1628.  He  for  some 
time  practised  as  a  barrister,  but  afterwards 
became  comptroUei-general  of  tlie  royal 
buildings,  in  which  situation  he  contributed 
to  the  foundation  of  the  Academy  of  Paint- 
ing, Sculpture,  and  Architecture.  He  was 
admitted  into  the  French  academy  in  1671  { 
soon  after  which  he  had  a  famous  contro- 
versy with  Boileau,  respecting  the  compa- 
rative merits  of  the  ancients  and  moderns  ; 
Perrault  maintaining  the  superiority  of  the 
latter,  and  Boileau  as  vigorously  asserting 
that  of  the  former.  This  dispute  was  car- 
ried on  with  great  asperity  and  personal 
rudeness  on  both  sides.  The  work  by  which 
Perrault  is  best  known,  is  entitled  "  The 
History  of  Illustrious  Men  of  the  Age  of 
Louis  XIV."    Died,  1703. 

PERRIER,  Francis,  a  French  painter 
and  engraver,  celebrated  for  his  antique 
statues  and  bas-reliefs.    Died,  1660. 

PERRIN,  P.  N.,  an  eminent  merchant 
of  Troyes,  born  in  1751.  In  1789  he  was 
member  for  De  I'Aube  to  the  National  Con- 
vention, where  he  exhibited  a  true  but 
moderated  love  of  liberty.  He  contracted 
to  supply  the  republic  with  five  millions  of 
francs'  worth  of  cotton  cloth.  Being  accused, 
in  1793,  of  jobbing,  he  was  condemned  to  be 
exposed  publicly  for  six  hours,  and  finally 
to  the  galleys  for  12  years.  This  unjust  sen- 
tence (reversed  with  reparation  to  his  sur- 
viving family,  after  the  fall  of  Robespierre) 
caused  him  to  die  with  grief. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodolphus,  director 
of  the  bridges  and  roads  of  France,  was  born 
in  1708,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1794.  To  him 
France  is  indebted  for  the  construction  of 
many  noble  bridges,  particularly  those  of 
Neuilly,  Nemours,  Pont  St.  Mayence,  and 
Louis  XVI.  at  Paris  ;  and,  while  under  his 
management,  the  roads  and  canals  of  France 
were  also  greatly  improved. 

PERROT,  Nicholas,  sieur  d'  Ablancourt, 
celebrated  for  his  excellent  translations  into 
French  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics. 
Born,  1606  ;  died,  1664. 

PERRY,  James,  an  able  political  writer, 
known  for  many  years  as  the  editor  ond 
proprietor  of  the  Morning  Chronicle,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1756,  and  educated  at 
the  high-school  and  university  of  that  city. 
He  came  to  London  in  1777,  and  was  en- 
gaged as  a  writer  in  the  General  Advertiser 
and  London  Evening  Post.  In  1782  he  pro- 
jected, and  for  a  time  edited,  the  European 
Magazine  ;  but  this  he  quitted  for  the  Ga- 
zetteer, with  an  express  stipulation  that  he 
was  to  be  left  to  the  free  exercise  of  his  own 


err 


peb] 


^  ^tby  Winibtx^al  aSiograpi^y. 


[pet 


judgment  and  political  opinions  in  the  con- 
ducting of  it.  Up  to  this  period  it  had  been 
the  custom  for  a  single  person  to  furnish  au 
abstract  of  the  nightly  parliamentary  de- 
bates ;  but  Mr.  Perry  employed  a  succession 
of  reporters  for  that  purpose,  and  thus  in- 
troduced the  practice  which  is  at  present 
adopted.  He  subsequently  became  sole  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Morning  Chronicle, 
whicli  he  conducted  in  such  a  manner,  that 
Mr.  Pitt  and  Lord  Shelburne,  iu  order  to 
make  use  of  his  influence,  offered  him  a  seat 
in  parliament.  This,  however,  he  refused  ; 
and  continued  to  edit  his  paper  (which  was 
regarded  as  a  sort  of  official  organ  of  the 
Wliig  opposition)  till  the  illness  which  pre- 
ceded liis  death,  in  1821. 

PERRY,  John-,  an  English  engineer,  who, 
after  having  been  in  the  navy,  went  to  Rus- 
sia on  the  invitation  of  Peter  the  Great,  but 
in  1712  returned  to  England,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  stopping  the  Dagenham  Breach  in 
Essex  ;  of  which  he  published  an  account. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  the  "  Present 
State  of  Russia."    Died,  1733. 

PERSEUS  or  PERSES,  son  of  Philip, 
king  of  Macedon.  He  declared  war  against 
the  Romans,  but  was  defeated,  near  Padua, 
by  Paulus  .^milius,  in  168  b.  c.  From 
thence  he  fled  to  Samothracia,  where  he 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  brought  to  Rome  in 
triumph. 

PERSIUS,  Flaccus  Aulus,  a  Roman 
satirical  poet,  was  bom  a.  d.  34,  at  Volterra, 
in  Etruria,  and  died  iu  62,  aged  28.  His  six 
"Satires,"  which  present  a  picture  of  pre- 
vailing corruption,  are  distinguished  for 
vigour,  conciseness,  and  austerity  of  tone. 
They  have  been  frequently  translated  into 
English. 

PERUGINO,  PiETRO  Vanucci,  founder 
of  the  Roman  school  of  painting,  was  born 
in  1446,  and  received  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship in  Perugia,  whence  his  surname.  He 
was  the  pupil  of  Andrea  Verocchio,  and  the 
master  of  Raphael.  His  pictures  have  much 
grace,  and  are  particularly  successful  in 
female  and  youthful  figures,  but  his  outlines 
are  often  incorrect.    Died,  1524. 

PERUZZI,  Balthasae,  an  eminent 
painter  and  architect,  born  in  1481,  at  Ac- 
cajano.  He  went  to  Rome,  was  patronised 
by  Alexander  VI.,  and  particularly  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  able  management  of 
the  chiaroscuro,  and  liis  imitations  of  basso- 
relievo,  iu  his  architectural  views.  He  died, 
by  poison,  in  1536. 

PESCENNIUS  NIGER,  Caius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  was  a  native  of  Aquino.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  Syria,  and  commander 
of  the  legions  in  Asia,  by  Commodus  ;  and 
on  the  death  of  Pertinax,  in  193,  the  troops 
of  Pescennius  appointed  him  emperor.  He 
was  defeated  at  Issus,  in  195,  and  was  killed 
by  some  soldiers,  while  on  his  flight  to  the 
Parthian  dominions. 

PESSELIER,  Charles  Stephen,  a 
Frencli  writer,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1712. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  became  assist- 
ant to  a  farmer-general ;  notwithstanding 
which  he  found  time  to  compose  some  pieces 
of  poetry,  particularly  fables,  and  comedies. 
He  was  also  the  autlior  of  "  Letters  on  Edu- 
cation," &c.    Died,  1763. 


PESTALOZZI,  Henry,  a  practical  phi- 
losopher, celebrated  for  having  introduced 
a  new  method  of  education,  was  born  at 
Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  in  1745.  After 
having  studied  theology  and  jurisprudence, 
he  relinquished  his  views  with  respect  to 
the  church  and  the  bar,  and  adopted  from 
inclination  the  employment  of  a  teacher. 
Having  become  acquainted  with  the  moral 
wretchedness  of  the  lowest  classes,  he  began 
a  career  of  instruction  by  the  admission  of 
the  children  of  paupers  into  his  house  ;  and, 
in  1798,  the  directory  of  Switzerland  invited 
him  to  establish  a  house  of  education  at 
Stanz,  where  he  became  the  kind  and  atten- 
tive instructor  of  80  poor  children.  War 
destroyed  this  establishment,  and  Pestalozzi 
then  took  charge  of  a  school  at  Burgdorf, 
where  he  also  received  pupils,  who  paid  for 
their  instruction,  so  that  he  was  enabled  to 
employ  able  assistants.  This  institution 
flourished,  and,  in  1804,  he  removed  it  to 
Yverdun,  where  he  occupied  the  castle  given 
to  him  by  government.  Pestalozzi's  method 
turns  on  the  idea  of  communicating  all  in- 
struction by  immediate  address  to  the  sen- 
sations or  conceptions,  and  effecting  the 
formation  of  the  child  by  constantly  calling 
all  his  powers  into  exercise.  He  composed 
several  works  illustrative  of  his  plans,  and 
closed  a  long  life  of  labours  for  the  benefit 
of  societv,  in  1827. 

PETAVIUS,  DiONYSius,  or  Denis  Petau, 
a  French  Jesuit  of  great  erudition,  born  at 
Orleans,  in  1583  ;  died,  16.52.  He  published 
"  The  Works  of  Synesius  "  and  of  "  Chrysos- 
tom  ; "  but  is  most  highly  celebrated,  even 
at  the  present  day,  for  an  excellent  work, 
entitled  "  Rationarium  Temporum,"  which 
is  an  abridgment  of  universal  history,  from 
the  earliest  times  down  to  1632,  digested  in  a 
chronological  order,  and  supported  through- 
out by  reference  to  proper  authorities. 

PETER  III.,  king  of  Arragon,  succeeded 
his  father,  James  I.,  in  1276.  Having  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Mainfroy,  king  of  Sicily, 
he  resolved  to  make  himself  master  of  that 
island,  and,  to  eff'ect  his  purpose,  contrived 
the  horrid  massacre  of  the  "  Sicilian  vespers," 
or  the  murder  of  all  the  French  in  the  island 
at  the  hour  of  vespers,  on  Easter-day,  in 
1282.  For  this  crime,  pope  Martin  IV.  ex- 
communicated Peter  and  the  Sicilians,  and 
laid  Arragon  under  an  interdict.  He  died 
in  1285. 

PETER  THE  CRUEL,  king  of  Castile, 
succeeded  his  father  Alphonsus  XL,  in  1350, 
at  the  age  of  16.    He  commenced  his  reign 
by  several  wanton  acts  of  barbarity.   Having 
married  the    daughter    of  Philip,  duke    of  i 
Bourbon,  lie  repudiated  her  three  days  after,  | 
and  sent  lier  to  prison,  that  he  might  renew  I 
his  connection  with  Maria  de  Padilla  his  i 
former  mistress.    His  cruelties  provoked  his  j 
subjects  to  take  up  arms  against  him  in  1366, 
and  they  placed  at  their  head  Henry   of 
Transtamare,  his  natural  brother,  who  slew 
Philip  in  battle,  in  1369. 

PETER  ALEXIE  VITSCH,  usually  styled 
Petee  the  Great,  czar  of  Russia,  was  bom 
in  1672  ;  and  in  1696  he  obtained  the  sole 
authority,  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Ivan, 
with  whom  he  had  been  before  associated  in 
the  government  of  the  empire.   After  having 


pet] 


^  |5cto  Slniljcr^al  3Si05vap]^i?. 


[pet 


suppressed  a  conspiracy  of  the  Strelitzes 
against  his  life,  in  wliich  he  displayed  much 
personal  courage,  he  travelled  in  foreign 
countries,  setting  out  on  this  celebrated 
journey,  not  in  the  character  of  czar,  but  as 
a  member  of  an  embassy,  wliich  was  to  visit 
foreign  courts,  according  to  the  old  Russian 
custom.  At  Amsterdam  he  worked,  incognito, 
in  a  Dutch  shipyard,  went  to  the  village  of 
Saardam,  where  he  appeared  in  the  dress  of 
his  own  country,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
enrolled  among  the  workmen,  under  the 
name  of  Peter  Michaeloff.  Here  he  lived  in 
a  little  hut  for  7  weeks,  made  his  own  bed, 
and  prepared  his  own  food,  corresponded 
with  his  ministers  at  home,  and  laboured  at 
the  same  time  in  ship-building.  Induced, 
by  his  love  for  the  sea,  to  accept  the  invita- 
tion of  king  William  III.  to  visit  London, 
he  resided  there  in  the  royal  shipyard,  and 
often  declared  that,  if  he  were  not  czar  of 
Russia,  he  would  be  an  English  admiral. 
Having  proceeded  to  Vienna,  he  there  re- 
ceived intelligence  of  a  new  rebellion  of 
the  Strelitzes,  on  which  he  returned  home, 
crushed  the  insurrection,  and  visited  the 
rebels  with  all  the  severity  that  a  despotic 
tribunal  could  suggest.  In  1700  he  entered 
upon  a  war  with  Sweden,  which  lasted  till 
1721.  At  the  commencement  of  it  he  was 
repeatedly  defeated,  at  Narva  and  other 
places ;  but  he  at  length  acquired  the  as- 
cendancy, gained  a  decisive  victory  at  Pul- 
towa,  and  wrested  several  provinces  from  the 
Swedes.  The  history  of  his  life  and  reign, 
however,  is  so  eventful  as  to  defy  abridg- 
ment into  any  reasonable  limits.  The  most 
striking  passages  of  it  are  his  travels,  stu- 
dies, and  personal  fatigues,  for  the  attaining 
of  knowledge  in  civil  and  military  affairs, 
and  the  improvement  of  his  subjects  ;  his 
introduction  of  arts  and  sciences,  a  naval 
force  and  commerce  with  foreign  nations  ; 
his  many  reformations  in  church  and  state, 
the  army,  and  the  customs  and  manners  of 
his  people  ;  his  wars  with  the  Swedes,  Turks, 
Tartars,  and  Persians  ;  victories  by  sea  and 
land,  acquisitions  of  territory,  and  increase 
of  power ;  his  regard  to  genius  and  merit, 
and  his  severe  justice  on  offenders  against 
the  laws.  All  these  very  justly  entitle  him 
to  the  appellation  he  obtained  of  "  Father 
of  his  Country,"  which  he  left  to  lament  his 
death,  Jan.  28.  1725.  It  has  been  truly  re- 
marked, that  Peter  was  a  man  of  powerful 
and  original  genius,  who  did  everything 
himself,  and  was  never  the  instrument  of 
others.  His  ardour  was  joined  with  pru- 
dence, resolution,  and  a  generous  humanity; 
and  if  he  suffered  himself  to  be  swayed,  as  he 
often  did,  by  passion  and  prejudice,  it  may 
fairly  be  attributed  to  his  defective  education, 
and  the  position  in  which  he  was  placed. 

PETER  OF  BLOIS,  so  named  from  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  the  12th  century,  who,  settling  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  obtained  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Bath,  and  afterwards  that  of 
London.  He  wrote  "  De  Officio  Episcopi," 
"  De  Studio  Sapientite,"  &c.    Died,  1200. 

PETER  DE  CLUGNY,  sometimes  styled 
Petkk  the  Veneeaele,  from  the  gravity 
of  his  deportment,  was  a  French  monk,  who 
in  1123  became  abbot  of  Clugny.    In  1140  he 


679 


afforded  shelter  to  the  imfortnnate  Abelard, 
and  by  his  interposition  at  Rome  he  pre- 
vented the  execution  of  the  unjust  sentence 
which  had  been  pronounced  against  him. 
Died,  1156. 

PETER  THE  HERMIT,  a  French  officer, 
of  Amiens,  who,  quitting  the  military  pro- 
fession, made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land 
about  1093.  Being  instigated  by  the  diffi- 
culties and  dangers  he  had  undergone  in  his 
progress,  and  witnessing  the  deplorable  situa- 
tion of  the  few  Christians  residing  in  that 
country,  he  preached  up  that  crusade  for  the 
recovery  of  Palestine  from  the  infidels,  which 
precipitated  the  whole  strength  of  Christen- 
dom into  the  plains  of  Syria,  there  to  fall  by 
the  sword  of  the  Saracen,  or  to  perish  with 
hunger  and  disease.  Peter  himself  led  the 
first  irregular  band  of  crusaders,  amounting 
to  about  300,<JOO  men,  and  displayed  great 
personal  courage  at  the  storming  of  Jeru- 
salem ;  and  having  so  far  witnessed  the  ac- 
complishment of  his  undertaking,  returned 
to  his  native  country,  where  he  founded  the 
abbej'  of  Noir-moutier,  and  died  in  1115. 

PETERKIN,  Alkxandek,  an  able  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Macduff, 
Banffshire,  of  which  parish  liis  father  was 
minister,  in  1781.  By  profession  a  soli- 
citor, he  acted,  from  1814  to  1823,  as  sheritt'- 
substitute  of  Orkney.  In  the  ecclesiastical 
struggles,  which  terminated  in  the  "  disrup- 
tion of  the  Scottish  National  Church  in 
1843,  he  took  an  active  part  as  agent  for  the 
seven  Strathbogie  clergymen.  He  was  long 
connected  with  the  public  press  in  Scotland, 
advocating  the  views  of  a  "  Whig  of  1088  ;" 
and  his  clear-sightedness,  rectitude,  and 
kindliness  of  heart  gave  him  great  weight 
with  his  contemporaries.  The  works  which 
bear  his  name  as  author  in  some  cases,  and 
as  editor  in  others,  are,  "  A  Review  of  the 
Life  of  Burns,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Burns  ;  "  Notes  on  Orkney."  "  Ren- 
tals of  Orkney,"  "  Compendium  of  the  Laws 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,"  "  Records  of  the 
Kirk,"  "  Constitution  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land," and  the  "  Universall  Booke  of  the 
Kirke."    Died,  1846. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  an  English  fanatic,  was 
born  at  Fowey,  in  Cornwall,  in  1599,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
from  whence  he  was  expelled  for  irregular 
behaviour.  lie  afterwards  went  on  the 
stage,  where  he  acquired  that  buffoonery 
which  subsequently  distinguished  him  in  the 
pulpit.  He  was  for  some  time  lecturer  of  St. 
Sepulchre's,  London  ;  but  afterwards  joined 
the  Independents,  and  went  to  America. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion  he  returned 
to  London,  wliere  he  became  a  zealous 
preacher  in  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and 
an  active  promoter  of  the  king's  death.  For 
this  lie  Xvas  tried  and  executed,  with  the 
regicides,  in  1660.  Some  of  his  Discourses, 
and  his  "Last  Legacy  to  his  Daughter,"  have 
been  printed. 

PETHION,  DE  Vn.LENEUTE,  Je- 
rome, a  French  revolutionary  statesman, 
originally  an  advocate  at  Chartres,  was 
chosen  deputy,  by  the  tiers  6tat  of  that  city, 
to  the  states-general,  and,  December  1790, 
was  elected  president  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly.   In  June  following  he  became  president 


pet] 


^  ^eto  2ttm'l)£r^al  2Siofirap!)g. 


[pet 


of  the  criminal  tribunal  of  Paris,  and  was 
made  maj'or,  November,  1791.  He  became 
tlie  first  president  of  the  National  Conven- 
tion, but  excited  the  jealousy  of  Robespierre, 
and  was  included  in  the  proscription  of  the 
Girondists,  May,  1793.  Ue  escaped  to  the 
department  of  Calvados,  but,  some  time 
after,  his  body  was  found  in  a  field,  half  de- 
voured by  wolves,  and  it  was  supposed  that 
he  had  perished  from  hunger. 

PETION,  Alex.\ndke,  president  of  the 
southern  parts  of  the  island  of  Hayti,  was  a 
mulatto,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
military  school  of  Paris.  Being  a  man  of 
cultivated  understanding  and  attractive 
manners,  and,  moreover,  well  instructed  in 
the  art  of  war,  he  served  in  the  French,  and 
afterwards  in  the  Hay  tian,  armies,  witli  suc- 
cess and  reputation.  He  was  in  high  credit 
as  a  skilful  engineer,  in  whicli  capacity  he 
rendered  the  most  essential  services  to 
Toussaint  and  Dessalines  j  and,  assisted  by 
the  English,  they  at  length,  in  1804,  ex- 
pelled the  French  from  the  island.  After  a 
variety  of  struggles  for  superiority  between 
Christophe,  the  lieutenant  and  successor  of 
Dessnlines,  Petion  was  elected  president  in 
1807,  and  retained  his  office,  in  spite  of  all 
opposition,  till  his  death  in  1818,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  General  Boyer. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  a 
French  scholar,  was  born  in  1654.  He  be- 
came secretary,  and  interpreter  of  the  ori- 
ental languages,  to  the  king  of  France,  in 
which  offices  he  succeeded  his  father.  He 
also  undertook  several  voyages  into  the  East, 
and  in  1692  was  made  Arabic  professor  in 
the  royal  college.  He  died  in  1713.  His 
"Persian  Tales"  were  first  published  in 
1722,  in  5  vols.  His  other  works  are,  "The 
History  of  Timur  Bee,"  4  vols.  12mo.;  "  The 
State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  3  vols.  12mo.; 
and  "  The  History  of  Genghis  Khan." 

PETIT,  Lotus  Hayes,  F.R.S.,  descended 
from  one  of  the  French  families  who  came 
to  England  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  was  born  in  London,  1774.  His 
actual  achievements  in  the  field  of  litera- 
ture or  science  were  not  considerable  ;  but  his 
extensive  patronage  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
and  the  zeal  with  which  lie  contributed  to 
carry  out  any  benevolent  or  literary  scheme, 
will  make  his  name  long  remembered.  He 
sat  in  parliament  for  Ripon,  from  1827  to 
1832.     Died,  1849. 

PETIT,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  ma- 
thematician, was  born  at  Montlucon,  in 
1598,  and  died  in  1677.  He  wrote  treatises 
"  On  the  Compass  of  Proportion,"  "  On  the 
Construction  and  Use  of  the  Calibre  of 
Artillery,"  "  On  Sight,"  "  On  Comets,"  &c. 

PETIT-THOUARS,  Albert  du,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  botanist,  who  was  for 
more  than  20  years  director  of  the  royal 
nursery  of  Roule,  and  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, &c.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Melanges 
des  Botanique,"  "  Dialogues  sur  I'Histoire 
Natnrellc,"  &c.    Died,  1831. 

PETITOT,  Claude  Bernard,  director- 
general  of  the  university  of  Paris,  was  born 
at  Dijon,  in  1772.  He  was  appointed  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  public  iustruction  of  the 
prefecture  of  the  Seine,  iu  1800 ;  became  a 
member  of  the  royal  council  of  the  univer- 


sity in  1821,  and  died  in  1825.  He  was  the 
author  of  three  tragedies,  and  the  transla- 
tor of  the  tragedies  of  Alfleri,  the  novels  of 
Cervantes,  &c. 

PETITOT,  Jonx,  an  unrivalled  painter 
in  enamel,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1607. 
He  visited  England,  where  he  was  greatly 
patronised  by  Charles  I.  ;  after  whose  death 
he  went  to  France,  and  was  employed  by 
Louis  XIV.  He  painted  the  face  and  hands, 
and  his  brother-in-law,  Bordier,  added  the 
drapery.    Died,  1C91. 

PETIVER,  James,  an  English  botanist, 
who  was  apothecary  to  the  Charter  House, 
and  died  in  1718.  He  was  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  made  so  great  a  collection 
of  rare  and  curious  plants,  animals,  and  in- 
sects, that  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  who  afterwards 
purchased  it,  oft'ered  him  in  his  lifetime  4000?. 
for  his  collection.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  botanical  works. 

PETRARCH,  or  PETRARCA,  Fran- 
cesco, one  of  the  most  celebrated  Italian 
poets,  was  born  at  Arezzo,  in  1304.  On  ac- 
count of  the  dissensions  which  raged  in  his 
native  country,  his  father  removed  with  him 
to  Avignon,  and  afterwards  to  Carpentras, 
where  Petrarch  received  his  education,  which 
was  completed  at  Montpelier  and  Bologna. 
He  was  intended  for  the  law,  but  Cicero  and 
Virgil  liad  more  charms  for  him  than  Justi- 
nian. On  the  death  of  his  parents  he  en- 
rolled himself  in  the  clerical  order,  but  not 
being  much  confined  by  the  duties  of  his 
several  benefices,  he  followed  the  impulse  of 
his  genius,  which  led  him  to  literary  pursuits. 
Having  brought  to  light  Cicero's  "Epistolae 
Familiares,"  and  formed  a  collection  of 
manuscripts  with  great  labour,  one  of  the 
first  places  is  due  to  him  among  the  restorers 
of  ancient  literature.  Having  settled  at 
Avignon,  he  became  inspired  with  a  lasting 
passion  for  the  beautiful  Laura  de  Noves  ; 
but  though  he  poured  forth  his  tributary  odes 
and  sonnets  to  her  charms,  he  failed  to  gain 
the  object  of  his  affections.  After  having 
travelled  in  the  vain  hope  of  moderating  his 
love,  he  settled  at  Vaucluse,  a  romantic 
spot,  where  he  wrote  some  of  his  finest  works. 
His  literary  reputation  attracted  the  regard 
of  princes  ;  he  was  invited  to  Paris,  to  Naples, 
and  to  Rome  ;  and  received  the  laureate 
crown  in  the  latter  city,  wherein  the  title 
and  prerogatives  of  poet-laureate  were  re- 
vived, after  a  lapse  of  1300  years.  In  1348 
his  feelings  were  deeply  wounded  by  the 
death  of  Laura,  who  appears  to  have  fallen 
a  sacrifice  to  the  pestilence,  then  racing 
throughout  Europe,  and  which  also  deprived 
him  of  his  great  patron.  Cardinal  Colonna. 
He  survived  the  idol  of  his  soul,  however, 
nearly  30  years  ;  during  all  which  period  he 
was  admired  and  honoured  by  his  country-  i 
men.  Petrarch  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
most  memorable  characters  of  his  age  and  \ 
nation  ;  and  altliough  his  countrymen  may  j 
have  estimated  his  genius  at  too  high  a  rate,  , 
he  merits  the  applause  and  admiration  of  j 
posterity.    He  died,  near  Padua,  in  1374.        I 

PETRE,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  De-  I 
vonshire,  was  educated  at  Exeter  College,  ' 
Oxford  ;  elected  fellow  of  All  Souls  in  1523, 
and  became  principal  of   Peckwater  Inn.  ; 
He  was  employed  by  Thomas,  lord  Crom-  j 


pet] 


^  ^efco  Hm'ber^al  38i0ffrajil^g. 


[PFK 


well,  in  a  visitation  of  the  monasteries  ;  be- 
came master  of  the  requests,  was  knighted, 
made  one  of  the  secretaries  of  state,  and  was 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  court  of  first-fruits. 
lie  was  a  liberal  benefactor  to  Exeter  and 
All  Souls'  Colleges,  and  died  in  1572. 

PETROF,  Basil  Petrovitsch,  a  Russian 
poet  and  philologist,  was  born  in  173G,  at 
Moscow  ;  became  reader  to  the  empress  Ca- 
tharine, and  held  a  place  under  government ; 
but  he  resigned  his  offices  in  1780,  and  de- 
voted the  remainder  of  his  life  to  literary 
pursuits.     Died,  1799. 

PETRONIUS,  Titus,  sumamed  Arbiter, 
a  Roman  author,  notorious  for  his  licentious- 
ness and  Obscenity,  was  born  at  Marseilles, 
and  lived  in  the  court  of  Nero.  He  was,  for 
a  time,  the  favourite  of  the  emperor,  who 
made  liim  master  of  his  voluptuous  banquets 
and  revelries.  But  he  finally  fell  a  victim 
to  the  suspicions  of  the  tyrant,  and  was 
condemned  to  death,  but  he  avoided  the 
ignominy  of  a  public  execution  by  opening 
his  veins,  a.  d.  6(1. 

PETTY,  Sir  William,  the  founder  of  the 
Lansdowne  family,  was  born  in  1C23,  at 
Romsey,  in  Hampshire,  where,  and  at  Caen, 
in  Normandy,  he  was  educated.  Having 
studied  medicine  and  anatomy  at  Leyden 
and  Paris,  he  took  his  degree,  and  was  sub- 
sequently made  professor  of  anatomy,  and 
Greshara  professor  of  music.  In  1652  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  in 
Ireland,  and  secretary  to  Henry  Cromwell, 
by  whom  he  was  employed  in  surveying  the 
forfeited  lands ;  for  which  charges  were 
alleged  against  him  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  he  was  dismissed  from  his  places. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  knighted,  and 
made  surveyor-general  of  Ireland.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  fellows  of  the  Royal  Society  ; 
to  which  he  presented  the  model  of  a  double- 
bottomed  ship,  to  sail  against  wind  and  tide. 
He  suflEered  much  by  the  fire  of  London ; 
but  by  marriage,  and  various  speculations, 
he  recovered  his  loss,  and  died  very  rich,  in 
1687.  Of  his  works,  the  "  Political  Arith- 
metic "  is  the  most  important. 

PETTY,  William,  the  first  marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  was  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  bom  in  1737.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  earl  of  Shelburne  in  1761,  and  in 
1763  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  board  of 
trade,  which  he  soon  quitt«d  to  join  Lord 
Chatham,  with  whom  he  came  into  power, 
in  1766  ;  but  on  the  change  of  ministry,  in 
1768,  he  became  a  zealous  oppositionist,  and 
so  continued  till  1782,  wlien  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  for  the  foreign  department. 
When  the  Marquis  of  Rockingliam  died,  his 
lordship  became  the  head  of  the  ministry, 
but  was  forced  to  yield  to  the  coalition  of 
Lord  North  and  Mr.  Fox  ;  after  whicii  he 
was  created  marquis  of  Lansdowne.  He  died 
in  180.'). 

PEUTINGER,  Conrad,  a  celebrated 
scholar,  was  born  in  1465,  at  Augsburg.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  Germans  that  employed 
himself  in  collecting  antiquities,  and  he 
was  the  author  of  several  erudite  works. 
Died,  1547. 

PEYRE,  Antoine  Francois,  a  French 
painter  and  architect,  born  in  1739.  He  be- 
came a  pensionary  student  at  Rome  in  1763, 


and  executed  some  very  beautiful  designs. 
After  liis  return  he  was  made  comptroller  of 
the  royal  buildings  at  Fontaiuebleau,  and 
then  at  St.  Germains.  During  the  reign  of 
terror  he  was  imprisoned  ;  but  being  libe- 
rated on  the  death  of  Robespierre,  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Institute,  of  the 
council  of  civil  architecture,  &c.  Died,  1823. 
PEYRERE,  Isaac  de  la,  was  born  in 
1592,  at  Bourdeaux  ;  was  for  many  years  in 
the  service  of  the  Prince  of  Condi?,  and  ob- 
tained considerable  notoriety  by  a  work 
which  he  wrote  to  support  a  favourite  theory 
he  entertained  respecting  the  existence  of  a 
race  of  men  previous  to  Adam.  Died,  1676. 
PEYRON,  Jean  Fkansois  Pierre,  a 
French  historical  painter,  was  born  at  Aix, 
in  1744.  He  was  a  member  of  the  royal 
academy,  and  director  of  the  royal  manu- 
facture of  the  Gobelins,  of  which  situation 
he  was  deprived  by  the  revolution.  Died, 
1820. 

PEYSONNEL,  Charles  de,  an  ingenious 
antiquary,  was  born  in  1700,  at  Marseilles. 
He  was  secretary  to  the  French  embassy  at 
Constantinople,  and  afterwards  consul'  at 
Smyrna.  He  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  collecting  rare  coins  and 
medals  ;  and  published  the  result  of  his  ob- 
servations on  the  topography  and  antiquities 

of  the  countries  he  visited.     Died.  1757 

His  son  (born  At  Marseilles,  in  1727,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  consul,  and  died  in  1790)  was 
a  sensible  writer,  and  published,  among  other 
works,  an  "  Historical  Account  of  the  An- 
cient Inhabitants  of  the  Banks  of  the  Danube 
and  the  Borders  of  the  Black  Sea,"  "  On  the 
Commerce  of  the  Euxine,"  2  vols. ;  "  Les 
Numeros,"  "  Political  Situation  of  France," 
2  vols.,  &c. 

PEZAY,  M^SSON,  Marquis  of,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  was  a  captain  in  the  dragoons. 
He  instructed  Louis  XVI.  in  military  tac- 
tics, for  which  he  was  appointed  inspector- 
general  of  the  coasts  ;  but  complaints  being 
preferred  against  him,  he  was  exiled  to  his 
estate,  where  he  died,  in  1778.  He  wrote 
some  elegant  poems,  and  translated  Catullus 
and  TibuUus  into  French.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  the  "  Campaigns  of  Maillebois,"  3 
vols.  4to.  ;  "Les  Soir^s  Helv^tiennes,"  and 
other  works. 

PEZRON,  Paul,  a  Bernardin,  and  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at  Hennebon,  in  1639. 
For  a  time  he  held  the  abbey  of  Charmoy, 
which  he  resigned  to  pursue  his  studies,  and 
died  in  1708.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
able  works  on  theological  and  antiquarian 
subjects,  in  one  of  which  he  endeavours  to 
support  the  chronology  of  the  Septuagiut 
against  that  of  the  Hebrew  Bible. 

PFEFFEL,  Christian  Frkijeric,  a  juris- 
consult and  diplomatist,  was  born  at  Colmar, 
in  1726.  Becoming  the  friend  of  the  Count 
deBruhl,  he  was  employed  on  various  diplo- 
matic missions,  and  was  made  jurisconsult 
to  the  king ;  but  during  the  revolution  his 
property  was  confiscated,  and  he  was  placed 
on  the  list  of  emigrants.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  excellent  works,  among  which  is 
"  Abr^g^  Chronologique  de  I'Histoire,  et  du 
Droit  publique  d'Allemagne."    Died,  1807. 

PFEFFERCORN,  John,  a  converted  Jew, 
who  endeavoured  to  persuade  the  emperor 
. 


pfe] 


^  ^eiu  Uxxibtr^al  ISiosrajpl^tt. 


[phi 


Maximilian  to  burn  all  the  Hebrew  books 
except  the  Bible,  as  blasphemous ;  but  this 
was  prevented  by  Reuchlin.  He  wrote 
"  Narratio  de  Batione  celebrandi  Paschte 
apud  Judaeos "  and  "  De  abolendis  Judse- 
orum  scriptis." 

PFEIFFER,  Augustus,  a  learned  orien- 
talist, was  born  at  Lauenbourg,  in  1040.  He 
professed  the  eastern  languages  at  Leipsic, 
and  was  superintendant  of  the  churches  in 
Lubeck,  where  he  died  in  1698.  Among  his 
works  are,  "Pansophia  Mosaica,"  "Critica 
Sacra,"  "Sciagraphia  Systematica  Antiqui- 
tatum  Hebraeorum,"  &c. 

PFEIFFER,  Fraxcis  Louis,  a  Swiss  ge- 
neral in  the  French  service,  was  born  at 
Lucerne,  in  1716.  After  being  .W  years  in 
the  army,  he  retired  to  his  native  country, 
and  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  con- 
struction of  a  model  of  the  cantons  of  Un- 
derwalden,  Schwitz,  and  Uri,  22  feet  by  12, 
in  which  every  object  was  laid  down  with 
the  greatest  precision.    Died,  1802. 

PlI^DON,  a  Greek  philosopher  of  Elis, 
who  flourished  about  400  B.C.,  was  originally 
a  slave,  but  obtained  his  freedom  by  the  in- 
terest of  Socrates,  whose  disciple  he  became, 
and  remained  with  him  till  his  death.  After 
tills  he  settled  at  his  native  place,  where  he 
founded  a  school  called  the  Eleatic. 

PH^DRUS,  Lucius,  an  elegant  Latin 
poet,  was  a  native  of  Thrace,  and  appears  to 
have  been  the  freed-man  of  Augustus.  Under 
Tiberius  he  was  persecuted  by  Sejanus ;  to 
which  circumstance  he  has  alluded  in  his 
fables,  which  are  written  with  great  purity 
of  style. 

PHALARIS,  a  native  of  Crete,  whose 
cruelty,  and  the  horrid  instrument  with 
whicli  he  wreaked  his  vengeance  on  those 
who  fell  under  his  displeasure,  have  become 
proverbial.  In  571  B.C.  he  made  himself 
master  of  Agrigentum,  in  Sicily,  where  he 
was  guilty  of  horrible  cruelties.  Among 
other  instruments  of  destruction,  he  caused 
a  hollow  brazen  bull  to  be  made,  so  con- 
trived, that  when  a  fire  was  kindled  under 
the  body,  the  cries  of  the  unhappy  victim 
within  resembled  the  roarings  of  the  animal 
it  represented.  Phalaris,  after  commending 
the  work,  ordered  Perillus,  the  artist,  to  be 
the  first  to  make  trial  of  it.  After  a  san- 
guinary reign  of  eight  years,  the  citizens  at 
length  seized  the  tyrant,  and  with  a  severe 
but  just  retaliation  consumed  him  by  a  slow 
fire  in  his  own  bull,  B.  c.  ,563. 

PIIARAMOND,  according  to  many  his- 
torians, was  the  name  of  the  first  king  of 
France,  who  reigned  at  Treves  about  a.d. 
420.  To  him  is  attributed  the  celebrated 
Salique  law,  by  which  females  were  ex- 
cluded from  the  succession  to  the  throne. 

PHELIPPEAUX,  A.  le  Picard  de,  a 
French  otficer  of  artillery,  the  fellow-pupil 
and  rival  of  Buonaparte,  was  born  in  1768. 
Having  quitted  France  in  1791,  he  made  a 
campaign  the  following  year  with  the  corps 
of  emigrants  under  the  French  princes.  In 
1793  he  re-entered  France  to  organise  a 
royalist  insurrection  in  the  central  pro- 
viiices,  when  he  took  Sancerre,  and  for  some 
time  maintained  his  position  in  Berri.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Paris,  where  he  efi"ected 
the  liberation  of  Sir  Sidney  Smith  from  the 


C62 


prison  of  the  Temple,  and,  accompanying 
him  to  England,  obtained  the  rank  of  colo- 
nel in  the  English  service.  He  assisted  Sir 
Sidney  in  the  defence  of  Acre  against  Buo- 
naparte ;  but  died  of  fatigue  shortly  after 
the  raising  of  the  siege,  in  May,  1799. 

PHERECRATES,  a  Greek  comic  poet, 
the  contemporary  of  Plato  and  Aristophanes, 
some  fragments  of  whose  plays  only  have 
been  preserved  by  Ilertelius  and  Grotius. 

PHERECYDES,  a  philasopher  of  the  isle 
of  Scyrus,  who  flourished  about  600  b.  c.  He 
was  the  disciple  of  Pittacus,  and  the  master 
of  Pythagoras,  who  regarded  him  as  a  father, 
and  derived  from  him  the  doctrine  of  the 
metempsychosis. 

PHIDIAS,  a  celebrated  Athenian  sculp- 
tor, supposed  to  have  been  born  about  498 
B.  c,  and  to  have  died  432  b.  c.  His  Olym- 
pian Jupiter  represented  the  serene  majesty 
of  the  king  of  heaven,  and  was  ranked,  for 
its  beauty,  among  the  wonders  of  the  world. 
Phidias  received  great  honours  from  the 
Athenians,  while  Pericles  had  the  sovereign 
power  ;  but  he  was  subjected  to  a  change  of 
fortune  when  the  popularity  of  liis  patron 
declined,  and  died  in  prison. 

PHILIDOR,  Andrew,  a  musician  of  some 
reputation,  and  celebrated  as  the  best  chess- 
player of  his  age,  was  born  at  Dreux  in 
France,  in  1726  ;  became  a  page  in  the  king's 
band  ;  and,  before  his  12th  year,  made  much 
proficiency  in  music.  As  he  grew  up  his 
fondness  for  the  game  of  chess  increased  into 
a  passion,  in  order  to  indulge  which  he  tra- 
velled over  great  part  of  Europe,  engaging 
every  where  with  the  best  players.  He  con- 
tinued in  England  some  time,  during  which 
he  printed  his  "Analysis  of  Chess."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  chess-club  30  years  ; 
and  of  his  skill  in  that  game,  a  stronger 
proof  could  not  be  given  than  that  of  his 
defeating  blindfold  two  of  the  best  players  a 
short  time  before  his  death,  in  1795. 

PHILIP  II.,  king  of  Macedon  and  father 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  equally  renowned 
as  a  legislator,  politician,  and  warrior.  After 
having  conquered  Greece,  he  meditated  the 
conquest  of  Persia ;  but  while  he  was  pre- 
paring for  this  expedition,  he  was  assassinated 
at  a  banquet  by  Pausanias,  a  captain  of  his 
guards,  336  b.  c. 

PHILIP,  Marcus  Julius,  called  the  Arab, 
was  born  of  an  obscure  family,  and  became 
a  common  soldier  in  the  Roman  army  ;  but 
by  his  merit  lie  rose  to  the  rauk  of  captain  [ 
of  the  imperial  guard.   In  244  he  assassinated  j 
the  emperor  Gordian  the  younger,  and  seized 
upon  the  throne.    He  gained  great  popularity  | 
at  Rome  by  his  generosity,  and  by  making  a  | 
canal  for  supplying  the  city  with    water. 
He  celebrated  the  secular  games  with  great 
pomp,  and  gave  toleration  to  the  Christians. 
Philip  was  slain  by  his  soldiers,  near  Verona, 
in  249,  after  having  been  defeated  by  Decius. 
His  son  Philip,  aged  12  years,  was  assassin- 
ated in  the  arms  of  his  mother. 

PHILIP  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  his 
father  Henry  I.  in  1060,  under  the  regency 
of  Baldwin  V.,  count  of  Flanders,  and  died  in 
1108. 

PHILIP  II.,  surnamed  the  Augitst,  was 
born  in  1165,  and  succeeded  his  father  Louis 
VII.  in  1180,  at  the  age  of  15.    Died,  1223. 


phi] 


^  fit^  Unihex^al  3Bta0rapI;u. 


[phi 


PHILIP  m.  surnamed  the  Hardy,  was 
proclaimed  king  of  France  on  the  death  of  St. 
Louis,  his  father,  in  1270.  Peter  of  Arragon 
having  occabioned  the  horrible  massacre  of 
the  French  iii  Sicily,  called  the  "  Sicilian 
Vespers,"  Philip  marched  against  him,  and 
took  Gironne  ;  but  died  on  his  return,  at  Fer- 
pignan,  in  1285. 

PHILIP  IV.,  called  the  Fair,  succeeded  his 
father,  the  preceding  monarch,  at  the  age  of 
17,  and  died  in  1314. 

PHILIP  v.,  surnamed  the  Long,  was  the 
younger  eon  of  the  last  mentioned,  and 
succeeded  his  younger  brother  Louis  Uutin, 
by  virtue  of  the  Salique  lawr,  in  1316.  Died, 
1321. 

PHn.IP  DE  VALOIS,  the  first  king  of 
France  of  the  collateral  branch  of  Valois, 
was  the  son  of  Charles,  count  of  Valois, 
brother  of  Philip  the  Fair.  In  1329,  Edward 
III.,  king  of  England,  did  homage  for  the 
duchy  of  Guienne,  but  not  long  after  he  as- 
sumed the  title  of  king  of  France  on  the  pre- 
tence of  l>eing  a  grandson  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
by  his  mother.  This  produced  a  disastrous 
war,  which  lasted,  with  a  few  intervals,  many 
years.  In  1346,  Edward  gained  the  great 
battle  of  Crecy,  in  which  the  French  lost  near 
30,000  men,  and  the  flower  of  the  nobility. 
This  was  followed  by  the  loss  of  Calais  and 
other  important  places.  Edward  sent  a 
challenge  to  Philip  to  decide  their  pretensions 
by  single  combat,  which  the  latter  refused. 
Philip  died  in  1*50. 

PHILIP  II.,  king  of  Spain,  was  the  son  of 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  In  1554  he  became 
king  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  and  the  same 
year  married  Mary,  queen  of  England.  In 
1556  his  father  resigned  to  him  the  crown  of 
Spain.  He  declared  war  against  France, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quentin, 
where  it  is  said  he  made  two  vows,  the 
one  never  again  to  hazard  his  person  in  any 
engagement,  the  other  to  build  a  monastery 
by  the  name  of  St.  Laurence.  This  last  he 
executed  at  Escurial,  near  Madrid.  In  1559 
he  made  peace  with  France,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  his  own  country  he  caused  an  auto  da 
fi  to  be  celebrated.  In  1588,  Philip  fitted  out 
his  famous  expedition  called  the  "  Invincible 
Armada,"  for  the  invasion  of  England. 
This  fleet  was  nearly  all  destroyed  by  tlie 
storm  or  the  English  ships.  Wlien  Philip 
heard  of  the  disaster,  he  said,  "  I  sent  my 
fleet  to  combat  the  Euglish,  not  the  elements ; 
God's  will  be  done."  He  died  ia  1598,  aged 
72. 

PHILIP  III.,  the  son  of  Philip  IL  and 
of  Anne  of  Austria,  succeeded  his  father  at 
the  age  of  20.  This  prince  was  the  victim  of 
etiquette.  Being  at  a  council,  he  complained 
of  the  fume  arising  from  a  pan  of  charcoal 
which  was  burning  in  the  room.  The  proper 
person  who  had  the  charge  of  the  fire  was 
not  present,  and  no  one  would  undertake  the 
office  of  removing  it  ;  which  piece  of  ridi- 
culous etiquette  cost  the  monarch  his  life,  in 
1621. 

Plin^IP  v.,  duke  of  Anjou,  the  second 
son  of  Louis,  dauphin  of  France,  and  of 
Mary  Anne  of  Bavaria,  assumed  the  title  of 
king  of  Spain  in  1700,  by  virtue  of  the  will  of 
Charles  II.  His  claim,  however,  was  con- 
tested by  the  house  of  Austria,  in  favour  of 


tlie  Archduke  Charles.  This  produced  the 
grand  alliance,  in  which  Austria  was  sup- 
ported against  France  and  Spain,  by  Eng- 
land, Holland,  Savoy,  Portugal,  and  Prussia. 
The  beginning  of  this  war  was  very  disastrous 
to  Philip,  who  lost  Arragon,  Gibraltar,  and 
the  islands  of  Minorca  and  Majorca,  also 
Sardinia  and  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The 
victories  of  the  Duke  de  Vendome,  and  those 
of  Marshal  Villars  in  Flanders,  confirmed 
Philip  on  the  throne,  and  restored  peace  to 
Europe  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  in  1713. 
Died,  1746. 

PHILIPPON,  Baron,  a  French  lieutenant- 
general,  distinguished  for  his  defence  of  Ba- 
dajoz,  in  1811.  He  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
in  1812  made  his  escape  from  Oswestry.  Died, 
aged  76,  in  1836. 

PHILIPS,  Ambrose,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  a  native  of  Leicestershire.  He  received 
his  education  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; and,  on  coming  to  I^ondon,  associated 
with  Steele,  Addison,  and  the  literary  wits  of 
the  day.  He  was  the  author  of  the  tragedies 
of  the  "  Distrest  Mother,"  "  The  Briton,"  and 
"  Humphrey,  Duke  of  Gloucester,"  some 
pastoral  poems ;  a  "  Life  of  Archbishop 
Williams  ;  "  and  was  also  a  contributor  to  a 
periodical  paper  called  the  Freethinker, 
through  his  connection  with  which  he  was 
made  registrar  of  the  Irish  prerogative  court. 
Died.  1749. 

PHILIPS,  Fabi  AX,  an  English  lawyer,  was 
bom  at  Prestbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1601. 
He  was  a  zealous  partizan  of  Charles  I.,  and 
wrote  several  political  pamphlets  ia  his 
favour.     Died,  1690. 

PHILIPS,  John,  a  poet,  was  bom  at 
Bampton,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1676  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  School,  and  Christ- 
church,  Oxford  ;  and  was  the  author  of  "  The 
Splendid  Shilling,"  "  Blenheim,"  a  poem  in 
praise  of  Marlborough's  victory  ;  and  one  on 
*  Cyder,"  formed  on  the  Georgics  of  Virgil. 
Died,  1708. 

PHILIPS,  TnoMAS,  a  Roman  Catholic 
divine,  was  born  at  lekford,  in  Buckingham- 
shire, and  received  his  education  at  St. 
Omer's.  He  entered  into  orders,  and  became 
a  Jesuit,  but  quitted  that  society,  and  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  the  collegiate  church  of 
Tongres.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Study 
of  Sacred  Literature,  stated  and  considered,'' 
and  "  The  Life  of  Cardinal  Pole,"  2  vols. 
Died,  1774. 

PHILLIPS,  Edwahd,  one  of  the  nephews 
of  Milton,  was  born  in  London,  in  1630,  and 
was  educated  by  his  celebrated  uncle.  He 
was  the  author  and  compiler  of  several 
works  ;  but  that  by  which  he  is  best  known 
is  the  "  Theatrum  Poetarum,  or  a  complete 

Collection  of  the  Poets." Jou.v  Phillips, 

the  brother  of  Edward,  was  also  educated 
under  his  uncle,  whose  political  opinions  he 
espoused  and  defended  till  the  Restoration, 
and  then  he  became  a  writer  on  the  side  of 
royalty. 

PHILLIPS,  Thomas,  R.  A.,  a  portrait 
painter  of  considerable  merit,  was  born  at 
Dudley,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1770.  Having 
had  some  initiatory  practice  in  the  country, 
he  came  to  London  when  he  was  about  20, 
and  found  employment  at  Windsor,  under 
Benjamin  West,  who  was  at  that  time  ea- 


gaged  in   decorating    St.   George's   chapel, 
lie  was  devotedly  attached  to  his  profession, 
but  for  many  years  lie  had  to  contend  with 
the    superior    talents    of   West,  I/awrence, 
I  Iloppner,  &c.,  who  were  in  their  zenith  ;  but 
i  by  unceasing  application,  and  a  laudable 
I  emulation   which    never   forsook    him,    he 
I  gained  so   much  celebrity,    aa    to    number 
j  among  his  sitters  some  of  the  most  eminent 
men  in  the  kingdom.     He  also  wrote  many 
I  occasional  essays  on  the  fine  arts  ;  and,  in 
I  co-operation   with    Turner,   Chantrey,   Ro- 
j  bertson,  and  others,  he  planned  and  success- 
fully matured   the   Artists'  General   Bene- 
'  volent  Institution.    He  died,  April  20.  1845, 
;  aged  74. 

j  PHILO,  Jdd.eus,  a  learned  Jewish  writer 
j  of  Alexandria,  who  was  one  of  the  depu- 
I  tation  sent  by  the  Jews  to  lay  their  com- 
plaints against  the  Greeks  of  Alexandria 
j  before  the  emperor  Caligula,  a.  d.  40.  lie 
wrote  several  works  in  Greek,  the  principal 
of  which  is  entitled,  "  Of  the  Contemplative 
Life." 

PHILO,  of  Byzantium,  an  architect,  who 
flourished  300  B.C.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  machines  used  in  war  ;  and  there  is  also 
attributed  to  him  a  piece,  entitled  "  De  Sep- 
tem  Orbis  Spectaculis." 

PHII-OLAUS,  of  Crotona,  a  celebrated 
Pythagorean  philosopher,  who  flourished  B.C. 
375.  He  belonged  to  the  Pythagorean  school, 
and  by  some  is  supposed  to  have  written  the 
"  Golden  Verses  of  Pythagoras."  He  is  also 
said  to  have  first  taught  the  true  system  of 
the  universe,  revived  by  Copernicus,  but  this 
supposition  is  erroneous. 

PHILOPCEMEN,  a  celebrated  general, 
and  the  last  great  commander  among  the 
ancient  Greeks,  was  born  at  Megalopolis, 
in  Arcadia,  b.  c.  253  ;  became  generalissimo 
of  the  Achaean  League  ;  reduced  the  Spar- 
tans to  a  tributary  state,  dismantled  Sparta, 
and  abolished  the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  which 
had  lasted  700  years.  He  was  at  length, 
however,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Messenians, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  poison,  b.c.  183. 
The  unworthy  fate  of  this  great  man  ex- 
cited general  resentment  throughout  the 
League ;  and  when  the  Achaeans  took 
Mcssene,  the  perpetrators  of  his  death  were 
immolated  on  his  tomb,  and  a  yearly  sacri- 
fice was  instituted  to  commemorate  his 
heroism. 

PHILPOT,  Jonx,  an  English  divine,  who 
in  the  reign  of  Mary  was  brought  before 
Bishop  Gardiner,  convicted  of  heresy,  and 
burnt  in  Smithfield,  in  1555. 

PHOCION,  a  renowned  Athenian  general 
and  philosopher,  the  disciple  of  Plato.  After 
having  resisted  all  the  oifers  of  Alexander 
the  Great  and  Antipater,  his  successor,  to 
desert  the  Athenian  service,  he  was  at  last 
condemned  on  a  false  accusation  of  treason, 
by  his  ungrateful  fellow-citizens,  and  put  to 
death,  b.c.  318. 

PHOTIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in 
the  9th  century,  was  a  native  of  that  city. 
He  rose  to  the  highest  offices  of  the  state, 
before  he  entered  into  orders,  wliich  took 
place  on  the  deposition  of  Ignatius  in  858. 
Photius  was  deprived  in  his  turn  by  Basilius 
in  867,  but  after  living  in  exile  11  years,  he 
forcibly  regained  his  seat,  which  he  kept  till 


and  was  then  deprived  by  the  emperor 
Leo,  who  sent  him  into  Armenia,  where  he 
died.  His  "  Bibliotheca  "  contains  the  sub- 
stance of  near  300  ancient  authors.  He  had 
great  talents,  but  was  intriguing,  and  it  was 
principally  through  his  conduct  that  the  se- 
paration of  the  eastern  and  western  churches 
took  place. 

PHRYNICUS,  a  tragic  poet  of  Athens,  who 
first  introduced  female  parts  into  the  drama, 
and  the  wearing  of  masks  by  the  actors.  He 
wrote  nine  tragedies,  and  gained  the  prize, 
B.C.  511. 

PIAZETTA,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  Venice,  was  born  in  1682,  and  died 
in  1754.  His  figures  are  well  designed  and 
executed,  and  are  much  in  the  style  of 
Michael  Angelo  Buonarotti. 

PIAZZA,  Jerome  Bartholomew,  a  na- 
tive of  Alexandria,  in  Italy,  who  had  been 
a  judge  in  the  Inquisition,  but  on  embracing 
the  Protestant  religion  he  quitted  Italy  and 
settled  in  England.  He  taught  the  Italian 
and  French  at  Cambridge,  where  he  died 
about  1745.  He  wrote  a  curious  account  of 
the  Inquisition. 

PIAZZI,  a  celebrated  Italian  astronomer, 
was  born  in  1746,  at  Ponte,  in  the  Valteline  ; 
entered  into  the  order  of  the  Theatines  ; 
and,  after  having  been  a  professor  at  Genoa, 
Malta,  Ravenna,  and  Palermo,  was  in  1787 
made  director  of  the  observatory  founded  in 
the  latter  city.  About  this  time  he  visited 
Paris  and  London,  and  entered  into  a  corre- 
spondence with  the  most  celebrated  European 
astronomers.  In  1801  he  discovered  a  new 
planet,  which  he  named  Ceres  Ferdinandea, 
and  in  1805  he  made  a  new  catalogue  of  7646 
fixed  stars.  This  distinguished  astronomer 
produced  various  treatises  and  memoirs  of 
great  importance  to  the  science,  and  was  a 
member  of  many  learned  institutions.  Died, 
1826. 

PICARD,  John,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician and  prior  of  Rille  in  Anjou,  was  a 
native  of  La  Fleche.  He  was  engaged  in 
measuring  a  degree  of  the  meridian,  and  in 
determining  the  meridian  of  France  ;  was 
the  first  who  applied  the  telescope  to  quad- 
rants, and  the  first  who  observed  the  mer- 
curial phosphorus  in  the  barometer.  Died, 
1683. 

PICART,  Bernard,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, was  born  at  Paris  in  1673,  and  died 
in  1733. 

PICCINI,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sician, was  born  at  Bari,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  From  Italj'  he  went  to  Paris,  but 
in  the  revolution  Piccini  returned  to  Naples, 
where  he  was  described  as  being  a  Jacobin  ; 
on  which  he  went  again  to  France,  and  died 
at  Passy,  in  1800,  aged  72.  His  principal 
operas  are,  "Roland,"  "Atys,"  "  Iphigenia 
in  Tauris,"  and  "  Dido."  Piccini  was  a  most 
industrious  and  original  composer  ;  more 
than  300  operas,  besides  numerous  oratorios, 
cantatas,  &c.  having  been  produced  by  him. 
When  Gluck  was  in  the  zenith  of  his  reputa- 
tion, a  spirited  contest  was  maintained  be- 
tween Piccini  and  him  respecting  the  com- 
parative excellencies  of  the  German  and 
Italian  schools,  and  all  Paris  was  for  a  time 
interested  in  the  question. 

PICHEGRU,  Charles,  a  celebrated  ge 


^  ^eto  mntbertfal  38f02[rajiTji?. 


[pic 


I  neral  of  the  French  republic,  was  bom,  1761, 
I  of  poor  parents,  at  Aibois,  iii  Franche- 
Comte  ;  was  educated  in  a  monastery,  and 
!  afterwards  studied  at  the  college  of  Brienne, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  pro- 
gress in  mathematical  science.  At  an  early 
age,  he  enlisted  as  «  private  soldier,  and 
went  with  his  regiment  to  America.  After 
his  return,  he  was  made  serjeant-major ; 
and  soon  after  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution,  he  attained  the  rank  of  general 
of  division.  In  1794  he  took  tlie  command 
of  the  army  of  the  North,  where  he  was 
embarrassed  by  many  difficulties  arising 
from  the  flight  of  generals  Dumouriee  and 
I>afayette.  He,  however,  restored  order  and 
discipline ;  and  undertook  the  conquest  of 
Holland,  the  moat  brilliant  of  all  his  ex- 
ploits. The  Convention  now  conferred  on 
him  the  chief  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle  ;  but  he  retained  at  the 
same  time  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
North,  under  Moreau,  and  of  the  army  of 
the  Meuse,  under  Jourdan.  In  April,  1795, 
he  was  recalled,  to  take  command  of  the 
capital,  where  the  terrorists  were  making 
eflForts  to  recover  their  power.  Having  sup- 
pressed the  insurrection  of  the  faubourgs, 
for  which  he  was  called  in  the  Convention 
"  the  saviour  of  the  country,"  he  retunied  to 
the  army  of  the  Rhine,  where,  however,  his 
career,  hitherto  so  brilliant,  now  took  another 
turn.  He  entered  into  negotiations  with 
the  Prince  of  Condi?,  to  co-operate  in  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons ;  but  the  secret 
was  soon  revealed  to  the  French  government, 
who,  however,  being  too  weak  at  the  mo- 
ment to  bring  him  to  an  account,  he  was  re- 
called, in  179G,  under  pretence  of  going  am- 
bassador to  Sweden.  Pichegru  declined  the 
post,  but  was  blind  enough  not  to  perceive 
the  storm  which  threatened  him  ;  and,  in- 
stead of  saving  himself  while  it  was  still 
time,  retired  to  an  estate  near  Arbois.  In 
March,  1797,  he  was  chosen  deputy  from  the 
department  of  Jura  to  the  council  of  five 
hundred.  He  only  retained  his  office  till 
the  4th  of  September,  when  a  new  revolution 
taking  place,  he  was  one  of  the  sixty-five 
deputies,  who,  together  with  Carnot  and 
Barthelemy,  two  of  the  directors,  were  de- 
clared by  their  coadjutors  guilty  of  a  royalist 
conspiracy,  and  condemned  to  deportation. 
Pichegru  with  others  was  sent  to  Cayenne, 
whence  he  made  his  escape  to  England  ;  and 
while  there  he  became  acquainted  with 
Georges  Cadoudal,  the  Chouan  chief,  and 
readily  entered  into  the  plans  of  the  emi- 
grants to  effect  the  overthrow  of  Buona- 
parte's government.  Having  been  landed 
on  the  Frencli  coast  by  Captain  Wriglit,  in 
January,  1804,  with  several  of  the  old  Ven- 
dean  leaders,  they  repaired  in  disguise  to 
Paris,  hoping  to  find  a  party  favourable  to 
their  views  ;  but  the  police  (under  Fouch^) 
discovered  the  plot,  and  botli  Georges  and 
Pichegru  were  arrested.  The  latter  was 
confined  in  the  Temple,  and  a  process  com- 
menced against  him  ;  but  he  was  found  one 
morning  strangled  in  prison,  April  the  Gth, 
1804.  In  this  country  it  was  believed  that 
his  death  proceeded  from  the  direct  com- 
mand of  Buonaparte  ;  but  there  is  no  posi- 
tive evidence  to  support  the  accusation. 


PICULER,  Caeolixe,  one  of  the  most 
prolific  writers  that  Germany  has  produced, 
was  born  at  Vienna,  1769.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Greiner.  Her  father  held  a  high 
position  at  the  court  of  Vienna  ;  and  his 
house  was  long  celebrated  for  its  reunions  of 
all  that  was  most  distinguished  in  that  me- 
tropolis for  rank,  fashion,  and  genius.  She 
received  a  first-rate  education,  and  showed 
an  early  predilection  for  literary  pursuits  ; 
but  it  was  not  till  after  she  had  attained  her 
30th  year  that  she  appeared  as  an  authoress, 
her  first  work,  called  the  "  Gleichnisse," 
being  published  in  1799.  This  was  followed 
from  time  to  time  by  various  other  works  of 
considerable  merit;  but  these  were  all  thrown 
into  the  shade  by  her  "  Agathocles,"  which 
appeared  in  1808,  and  was  written  with  the 
view  of  counteracting  Gibbon's  attacks  upon 
the  Christian  faith.  Her  works  amount  to 
more  than  60  volumes,  consisting  chiefly  of 
dramas  and  historical  romances ;  of  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  "  Grafen  von  Hohen- 
berg,"  "Die  Belagerung  Wien's  von  1683," 
*'  Die  Schweden  in  Prag,"  "  Die  Wiederero- 
berung  von  Ofen,"  "  Ilenriette  von  England," 
"Die  FrauenwUrde,'"  and  the  "Nebenbuh- 
ler,"  &c.    Died,  1843. 

PICKEN,  Andrew,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  bom  at  Paisley,  in  Scotland,  in  1788. 
After  some  unsuccessful  attempts  of  a  com- 
mercial nature,  he  entered  on  a  literary 
career,  by  publishing  a  volume,  entitled 
"  Tales  and  Sketches  of  the  West  of  Scot- 
land." This  was  followed  by  "  The  Sec- 
tarian "  and  "  The  Dominie's  Legacy  ;  "  the 
latter  of  which  established  his  fame  as  the 
delineator  of  Scottish  humble  life.  He  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  writing  tales,  &c.  for 
the  periodical  press  ;  and  a  short  time  pre- 
vious to  his  death  appeared  his  "  Tradition- 
ary StQries  of  Old  Families,"  in  2  vols.,  de- 
signed as  the  first  part  of  a  series,  which  was 
intended  to  embrace  the  legendary  history 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  His  death 
took  place  in  November,  1833  ;  and  a  novel, 
entitled  "  The  Black  Watch,"  which  he  had 
just  completed,  was  afterwards  published. 

PICTET,  Benedict,  a  divine  and  histo- 
rian, was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1655.  He  be- 
came professor  of  theology  in  his  native 
city,  and  died  there  in  1724.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  Theologia  Christiana,"  3  vols. 
4to.;  "Christian  Morality,"  8  vols.  12mo.; 
and  a  "  History  of  the  12th  and  13th  Cen- 
turies," 2  vols.  4to. 

PICTET,  Mark  Augustus,  a  natural 
philosopher,  was  born  in  1752,  at  Geneva, 
where  he  succeeded  Saussure  as  professor. 
Among  his  works  is  a  "  Three  Months' 
Journey  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland." 
Died,  1825. 

PICTET  DE  RICIIEMONT,  Charles,  a 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Geneva 
in  1755.  After  several  years  spent  in  the 
military  service,  he  retired  to  his  estate;  and 
occupied  himself  in  agricultural  and  literary 
pursuits,  but  was  subsequently  called  on  to 
fill  a  public  situation,  and  in  1815  he  ap- 
peared as  negotiator  for  Switzerland  at  Paris, 
Vienna,  and  Berlin.  He  translated  various 
works  from  the  English  ;  conducted,  in  con- 
junction with  his  brother  and  M.  Maurice, 
the    Britannic    Library  ;    and    wrote    "  A 

Sw 


pic] 


^  ^m  Wini^tx^Kl  I8t0flrajp^w. 


[pin 


Course  of  Agriculture,"  and  other  works  on 
the  same  subject.    Died,  1824. 

PICTON,  Sir  Thomas,  K.C.B.,  &c.,  a 
gallant  British  oflRcer,  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  of  Pembrokeshire,  and 
commenced  his  military  career  as  an  ensign 
in  the  12th  regiment  of  foot  in  1771.  He 
served  on  the  Gibraltar  station  till  1778, 
after  which  he  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy 
in  the  75th.  In  1794  he  embarked  for  the 
West  Indies  ;  and,  after  the  reduction  of  St, 
Lucia  and  Trinidad  in  1797,  he  rose  to  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  latter  island.  AVhilst  holding  that 
situation  he  was  applied  to  by  a  Spanish 
magistrate  to  sign  an  order  for  inflicting  the 
torture  ou  a  female  slave,  named  Louisa 
Calderon  ;  and  on  being  told  it  was  a  cus- 
tomary practice,  he  signed  it  without  in- 
quiry. The  girl,  who  was  only  14  years  of 
age,  was  accordingly  picketed,  with  a  view  to 
extort  from  her  the  discovery  of  a  theft  com- 
mitted by  her  paramour.  For  this  act  of 
cruelty  the  governor  was,  in  1807,  indicted, 
and  found  guilty  by  an  English  jury.  As 
many  exaggerated  rumours  had  preceded 
the  colonel  to  England,  a  new  trial  was 
granted,  and  though  he  was  acquitted  of 
moral  guilt,  the  deed  was  one  which  threw  a 
shade  over  his  bright  career.  However,  in 
1809,  he  was  again  employed  for  his  country. 
He  was  at  the  siege  of  Flushing,  and  on  its 
capture  was  appointed  governor.  From 
Flushing  he  returned  to  England  an  invalid, 
but  was  soon  again  in  the  field.  His  courage 
and  intrepidity  shone  on  every  occasion  ; 
ever  foremost  in  the  fight,  he  was  a  victorious 
leader  at  Badajoz,  at  Vittoria,  at  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  &c.  At  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
General  Picton  commanded  the  5th  division 
of  the  army,  and  fell  in  a  moment  of  glory, 
having  just  repulsed  one  of  the  most  serious 
attacks  made  by  the  enemy.  A  monument 
to  his  memory  was  voted  by  the  parliament, 
and  erected  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

PICUS,  John,  of  Mirandola,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  John  Francis  Picus,  prince 
of  Mirandola,  and  born  in  1463.  He  is  said 
to  have  been*  acquainted  with  22  languages 
when  he  was  but  18,  and  was  accounted  a 
prodigy  of  erudition  and  accomplishment. 
In  1486  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  published 
a  challenge,  offering  to  dispute  on  90<)  pro- 
positions on  difierent  subjects.  Instead, 
liowever,  of  being  answered  as  he  expected, 
a  cliarge  of  heresy  was  brought  against  him ; 
he  was  accordingly  compelled  to  leave  Rome  ; 
and  settling  at  Florence,  on  an  estate  given 
to  him  by  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  he  gave  up 
his  latter  years  to  the  study  of  theology  ; 
and  died  in  1496. 

PICUS,  JoHx  Francis,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  about  1469.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works,  poems,  &c.  ;  and 
was  assassinated  in  his  castle,  together  with 
his  son.  by  his  nephew,  in  1533. 

PIERCE,  Edwaud,  an  English  painter  in 
the  reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  II.  He  was 
eminent  in  history  and  landscapes  ;  but  as 
his  works  chiefly  consisted  of  altar-pieces 
and  ceilings  of  churches,  there  are  few  of  his 
pictures  in  existence,  most  of  them  liaving 

been  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  London. One 

of  his  sons  was  an  excellent  sculptor,  and 


executed  the  statues  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham 
and  Edward  III.,  which  ornamented  the 
Royal  Exchange  before  it  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  Jan.  10. 1838. 

PIGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1714.  He 
studied  in  Italy,  and  on  his  return  to  France 
became  sculptor  to  the  king,  chancellor  of 
the  academy  of  painting,  and  a  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael.    Died,  1785. 

PIGNOTTI,  Laukence,  an  Italian  poet 
and  historian,  was  born  at  Figliena,  in  Tus- 
cany, in  1739  ;  was  educated  at  Arezzo  and 
Pisa  ;  practised  as  a  physician  at  Florence  ; 
was  created  historiographer  of  the  court, 
and  became  rector  of  the  university  of  Pisa. 
His  "Fables"  have  acquired  an  extensive 
popularity,  but  his  great  fame  was  ac- 
quired by  his  "  History  of  Tuscan j."  Died, 
1812. 

PILATUS,  Leontius,  a  monk  of  Cala- 
bria in  the  14th  century.  He  was  the  master 
of  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio  ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn from  Greece,  where  he  had  been  in 
search  of  MSS.,  he  was  killed  by  lightning. 

PITyES,  Roger  de,  a  French  painter  and 
a  writer  ou  painting,  was  born  in  1635,  at 
Clameci.  In  1692  he  was  sent  by  the 
French  ministry  into  Holland  as  a  secret  ne- 
gotiator, or  spy,  but  being  discovered  by  the 
Dutch,  they  imprisoned  him  for  five  years, 
during  which  period  he  wrote  his  "  Lives  of 
the  Painters."  He  was  also  the  author  of 
"  Dialogues  on  the  Knowledge  of  Painting," 
"A  Dissertation  on  the  Works  of  famous 
Painters,"  "  Elements  of  practical  Painting," 
&c.    Died,  1709. 

PILKINGTON,  James,  an  English  bishop, 
was  born  at  Rivington,  in  Lancashire,  in 
1520,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  master,  i 
During  the  persecution  under  JIary,  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom,  but  on  the 
accession  of  Elizabeth  he  was  made  bisliop 
of  Durham,  and  died  in  1575.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  "  Commentaries  on  the  Scrip- 
tures." 

PILKINGTON,  Letitia,  the  daughter  of 
Dr.  Van  Lewen,  a  physician  of  Dublin,  was 
born  in  1712.  She  became  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Matthew  Pilkington,  from  whom  she 
was  separated  on  account  of  the  irregularity 
of  her  conduct.  After  this  she  settled  in 
London,  where  she  subsisted  partly  by  writ- 
ing, and  partly  by  the  bounty  of  her  friends. 
She  wrote  "  Tlie  Roman  Father,"  a  tragedy  ; 
and  "  The  Turkish  Count,  or  London  Ap- 
prentice," a  comedy;  "  Memoirs  of  her  Life  ; " 
and  various  poems,  &c.    Died,  1750. 

PILPAY,  an  oriental  fabulist,  was  a 
Brahmin  of  Hindoostan,  and  counsellor  to 
one  of  the  rajahs.  He  is  said  to  Jiave 
flourished  2000  years  before  the  Christian 
era.  His  fables  were  translated  from  the 
Persian  into  French,  by  Galland,  in  1714. 

PINDAR,  the  most  famous  lyric  poet  of 
ancient  Greece,  was  born  at  Thebes,  in 
Boeotia,  about  540  b.  c.  He  quitted  his  na- 
tive country,  which  was  proverbial  for  the 
stupidity  of  its  inhabitants,  and  went  to 
Athens,  where  the  greatest  honours  were 
bestowed  upon  him.  But  his  principal  pa- 
tron was  lliero,  king  of  Syracuse,  at  whose 
court  he  is  supposed  to  have  resided  the 


pin] 


^  0tio  Bluibfr^al  23i0sm|)!)i). 


[PIO 


latter  part  of  his  life.  He  expired  in  the 
public  theatre,  in  his  55th  year.  Such  was 
the  respect  paid  to  liis  memory,  that  when 
the  Lacedaemonians  took  Tliebes,  they 
spared  liis  house,  as  also  did  Alexander  the 
Great.  Of  his  works,  which  were  numerous, 
and  in  various  kinds  of  composition,  there 
are  now  extant  only  four  books  of  Odes ; 
but  they  are  amply  sufficient  to  vindicate 
his  claim  to  be  ranked  among  the  most 
illustrious  of  the  ancient  bards. 

PINDEMOSTE,  IIippolito,  Count,  an 
eminent  Italian  poet,  was  born  at  Verona, 
in  1753,  and  distinguished  himself  at  a  very 
early  age  by  the  beauty  of  his  lyrical  com- 
positions. He  travelled  in  England,  France, 
Holland,  Germany,  ftc-,  forming  acquaint- 
ance with  men  of  worth  and  ability,  and 
obtaining  tt)e  esteem  of  all  who  knew  him. 
Died,  18228. 

PINE,  John,  an  eminent  engraver,  was 
bom  in  1600,  and  died  in  175(!.  He  executed 
some  large  plates  of  the  tapestry  hangings 
in  the  House  of  Lords,  which  were  so  ap- 
proved, that  the  parliament  passed  an  act  to 
secure  to  him  the  emolument  arising  from 
them.  He  also  engraved  the  text  of  Horace, 
and  the  Bucolics  and  Georgics  of  Virgil, 
illustrated  with  gems  and  baa-reliefs. 

PINEAU,  Gabhiei,  ixj,  a  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Angers,  in  16TX  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  pleadings,  and  was  appointed 
counsellor  to  the  presidial  of  Angers,  where 
his  reputation  was  such  as  to  procure  him 
the  appellation  of  "  Father  of  the  People." 
Died,  1644. 

PINEL,  Philip,  an  eminent  French  phy- 
sician, particularly  distinguished  for  the 
important  improvements  he  introduced  in 
the  treatment  of  patients  labouring  under 
insanity.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Medi- 
co-philosophical Treatise  on  Mental  Alien- 
ation," "Philosophical  Nosography,"  and 
"Clinical  Medicine."  He  practised  with 
great  success  at  Paris,  where  he  also  acquired 
much  popularity  by  liis  lectures.  Born, 
1742 ;  died,  1826. 

PINGERON,  Jean  Claude,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Lyons,  in  1730.  He  was  a 
captain  of  artillery  in  the  Polish  service, 
and  afterwards  travelled  a  great  deaL 
I  When  lie  settled,  he  devoted  his  attention 
to  literature,  and  published  a  number  of 
works,  chiefly  translations  from  the  Italian. 
Died,  1795. 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Gut,  a  French 
astronomer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1711.  He 
was  originally  an  ecclesiastic  ;  and  though 
he  began  the  study  of  astronomy  at  a  late 
period,  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  zeal 
and  success  with  which  he  followed  it.  In 
1760  lie  made  a  voyage  to  the  island  of  Diego 
Rodriguez,  to  observe  tlie  transit  of  Venus  ; 
and  undertook  three  subsequent  voyages, 
to  try  tlie  chronometers  of  Berthoud  and 
Le  Roy.  .The  most  important  of  his  works 
is  his  "  Cometographie,"  2  vols.  4to.  Died, 
1796. 

PINKERTON,  John,  a  prolific  but  eccen- 
tric author,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1758. 
He  was  educated  at  Lanark  grammar  school, 
and  served  5  years  with  a  writer  of  the  sig- 
net ;  after  which  he  settled  in  London,  and 
devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  litera- 


C87 


ture.  He  began  his  career  by  a  volume  of 
jniscellaneous  poetry,  unassumingly  entitled 
"Rhymes."  This  work  was  followed  by 
two  others,  one  contiiining  "Dithyrombic 
Odes,"  Sec,  the  other  entitled  "Tales  in 
Verse."  He  also  produced  two  volumes  of 
pretended  "  Ancient  Scottish  Poems,"  a 
forgery  after  the  manner  of  Chatterton  j  and 
"  Letters  on  Literature,"  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Robert  Heron,  in  which  he  dis- 
played a  degree  of  impudent  pedantry 
almost  unparalleled.  It,  however,  obtained 
him  tlie  patronage  of  Horace  Walpole  ;  of 
whose  witticisms,  &c.  he  published  a  col- 
lection after  his  decease,  under  the  title  of 
"  Walpoliana."  A  bare  catalogue  of  the 
works  of  this  indefatigable  writer  would  fill 
a  considerable  space.  Among  them  are,  an 
excellent  "  Essay  on  Medals,"  "  Modern 
Geography,"  3  vols. ;  "  The  Treasury  of 
Wit,"  2  vols. ;  "  General  Collection  of  Voy- 
ages and  Travels,"  19  vols.  ;  "  Iconographia 
Scotica,"  2  vols.  ;  "Recollections  of  Paris," 
2  vols.  ;  and  "  Petrology,  or  a  Treatise  on 
Rocka,"  2  vols.  For  many  j'cars  Mr.  Pin- 
kerton  resided  at  Paris,  and  there  died  in 
182G. 

PINSON,  Richard,  printer  to  Henry  VIL 
and  VIII.,  was  a  native  of  Normandy,  and 
became  servant  to  William  Caxton.  He 
printed  Magna  Charta,  and  several  books 
which  are  now  scarce  and  valuable.  He 
died  about  1530. 

PIOMBO,  Sebastiano  del,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  Venice,  in  1485.  He  re- 
nounced music,  of  which  he  was  very  fond, 
for  painting,  and  studied  under  Bellini,  but 
afterwards  took  the  fine  colouring  of  Gior- 
gione  as  a  model.  The  delicacy  of  his  pencil 
was  much  admired,  and  Michael  Angelo 
encouraged  him  to  enter  into  competition 
with  Raphael,  and  even  supplied  him  with 
designs,  which  Piombo  often  executed  very 
happily,  although  by  no  means  capable  of 
lofty  conceptions  or  sublime  inventions. 
His  greatest  work  is  his  "  Resurrection  of 
Lazarus,"  now  in  our  National  Gallery. 
Died,  1.547. 

PIOZZI,  Hester  Lynch,  born  in  1739, 
was  the  daughter  of  John  Salisbury,  esq.,  a 
gentleman  of  Carnarvonshire.  Early  in  life 
she  was  distinguished  by  lier  beauty  and 
accomplishments,  and,  in  1763,  married 
Mr.  Thrale,  a  brewer  of  great  opulence  in 
Southwark,  which  borough  he  then  repre- 
sented in  parliament.  Soon  after  com- 
menced her  acquaintance  with  Doctor  John- 
son, of  whom,  in  1786,  she  published  "  Anec- 
dotes," in  one  8vo.  volume.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Thrale,  in  1781,  she  retired  to  Bath, 
where  she  married  Piozzi,  an  Italian  music- 
master,  with  whom  she  went  abroad.  At 
Florence  she  formed  one  of  the  nssociateil 
English,  who  conducted  a  kind  of  poetical 
magazine  there,  in  which  the  eflfusions  of 
Mrs.  Piozzi  figured  conspicuously.  Her 
subsequent  publications  are,  "Observations 
and  Reflections  made  in  a  Journey  through 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany,"  2  vols.  8vo. ; 
"  The  Florence  Miscellany,"  8vo. ;  "  British 
Synonymy,"  2  vols.  8vo.  ;  and  "  The  Retro- 
spect," 2  vols.  4to.  But  she  is  now  chiefly 
remembered  as  an  authoress  by  her  inge- 
nious tale  of  "  The  Three  Warnings."    On 


3  N  2 


pip] 


0t\xi  Winibsx^nl  23tosrap^j). 


[pit 


the  death  of  her  second' husband,  Mrs.  Piozzi 
returned  to  England,  and  died  at  Clifton 
in  1821. 

PIPER,  CUARLES,  Count,  chief  minister 
of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  He  was  born 
of  obscure  parents,  and  by  liis  talents  raised 
himself  to  the  eminent  station  he  occupied. 
He  accompanied  Charles  in  all  his  cam- 
paigns, was  taken  by  the  Russians  at  the 
battle  of  Pultowa,  and  died  a  prisoner  in 
the  fortress  of  Schlusselburg,  in  1716. 

PIPER,  Francis  le,  an  English  comic 
painter,  was  born  in  Kent,  where  he  inhe- 
rited a  handsome  estate.  He  painted  only 
for  amusement,  and  chiefly  such  subjects  as 
afforded  him  an  opportunity  for  indulging 
in  caricature  ;  his  talent  for  drawing  faces 
remarkable  for  singularity  of  expression, 
or  wliimsical  combination  of  feature,  being 
unrivalled.    Died,  1740. 

PIRANESI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
engraver,  architect,  and  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Venice,  about  1711,  but  lived  prin- 
cipally at  Rome,  of  which  city,  with  its 
models  of  ancient  and  modern  art,  he  was 
an  enthusiastic  admirer.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  indefatigable  of  artists,  and  liis 
talents  were  equal  to  his  industry  ;  his 
works  form  16  atlas  fol.  vols.,  and  delineate, 
in  the  most  spirited  manner,  most  of  the 
remarkable  ancient  ediiices  and  objects  of 
antiquity  in  the  papal  states,  together  with 
numerous  views  and  modern  buildings. 
Died,  1778. 

PIRANESI,  Feancis,  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and,  like  him,  an  artist  of  great 
talent,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1748.  He 
completed  many  of  the  magnificent  works 
begun  by  his  father,  and  executed  many 
others  of  equal  magnitude  ;  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  his  brother  Peter  and  his 
sister  Eaura.  Having  taken  an  active  part 
in  the  revolution,  he  ultimately  found  it 
necessary  to  quit  his  native  country  ;  and 
he  continued  to  reside  at  Paris  from  that 
time  till  his  death,  in  1810. 

PIRON,  Alexis,  a  French  poet  and  dra- 
matist, was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1689.  Having 
for  a  while  earned  a  scanty  subsistence  at 
Paris  as  a  copyist,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to 
dramatic  composition,  and  produced  a  piece 
for  the  comic  opera,  entitled  "  Arleqnin 
Deucalion."  This  succeeding,  he  was  en- 
couraged to  persevere,  and  "L'Ecole  des 
P&res,"  a  comedy  ;  and  the  tragedies  of 
"Callisth&ne"  and  "  Gustave  Vasa"  fol- 
lowed. It  was  not,  however,  till  1738  that 
he  gained  a  place  among  the  highest  class 
of  dramatists,  by  his  admirable  comedy  of 
"  Metromanie,"  which  Laharpe  characterises 
as  excelling  in  plot,  style,  humour,  and  vi- 
vacity almost  every  other  composition  of 
the  kind.  His  "  Bon  Mots,"  "  Poesies  Di- 
verses,"  and  "Plays,"  form  7  vols.  Died, 
1773. 

PISISTRATUS,  an  Athenian  citizen,  who 
usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his  country,  was 
a  descendant  of  Codrus,  and  inherited  from 
his  father,  Hippocrates,  a  large  fortune.  He 
was  ambitious,  eloquent,  and  courageous  ; 
and,  pursuing  the  policy  which  has  so  often 
succeeded  in  democracies,  he  gained  over  the 
lower  classes  of  the  citizens  by  his  affability 
and   unbounded  liberality.      He  made  no 


attempt  to  abolish  the  wise  laws  of  Solon, 
but  confirmed  and  extended  their  authority; 
and  though  he  was  twice  expelled,  he  re- 
gained the  sovereignty,  and  continued  to 
exercise  it,  not  as  the  oppressor,  but  as  the 
father  of  his  country.  He  died  527  b.  c, 
leaving  his  two  sons,  Hippias  and  Hippar- 
chus,  to  iuherit  his  power.  He  established 
a  public  library  at  Athens,  and  collected 
and  arranged  the  poems  of  Homer. 

PISTORIUS,  a  polemic  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  born  at  Nidda,  in  1346.  He  was 
at  first  a  physician,  then  a  lawyer,  and  rose 
to  be  one  of  the  counsellors  of  state  in  the 
court  of  Baden  Dourlach  ;  but  his  religious 
opinions  undergoing  a  change,  he  took 
orders,  and,  as  a  Romish  priest,  wrote  vio- 
lently against  Lutheranism  and  its  profes- 
sors. He  finally  became  prelate  of  the  abbey 
of  Fulda,  and  provost  of  the  cathedral  of 
Breslau,  with  the  rank  of  imperial  counsel- 
lor.   Died,  1008. 

PITCAIRNE,  Archibald,  an  eminent 
physician,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1652. 
After  receiving  his  education  in  his  native 
city  and  at  Paris,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
professor  of  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  even- 
tually settled  at  Edinburgh.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  Solutio  Problematis  de  Inven- 
toribus,"  "Disputationes  MedicaB,"  "Ele- 
menta  Medicinae  Physico-mathematica," 
and  "  Dissertatio  de  Legibus  Naturse."  Died, 
1713. 

PITHOU,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
writer  on  jurisprudence  and  philology,  was 
born  at  Troves,  in  1539.  Being  a  Calvinist, 
and  at  Paris  during  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Day,  he  narrowly  escaped 
becoming  one  of  the  victims.  He  after- 
wards conformed  to  the  Catholic  church, 
was  employed  in  many  public  affairs,  and 
used  all  his  influence  to  promote  the  sub- 
mission of  the  city  of  Paris  to  the  authority 
of  Henry  FV.     Died,  1596. 

PITISCUS,  Bartholomew,  a  divine  and 
mathematician,  was  bom  in  Silesia,  in  1561, 
and  died  at  Heidelberg,  where  he  was  first 
preacher  to  the  court,  in  1613.  He  wrote 
"Synopsis  Theologicae  Methodicse,"  "The- 
saurus Mathematicus,"  "  Liber  pro  Reform- 
atione  Ecclesiarum  Anhaltinatus." 

PITOT,  Henry,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  in  Languedoc,  in  1695  ;  and  in  1740 
was  appointed  engineer  to  his  native  pro- 
vince, and  inspector-general  of  the  canal 
which  forms  a  junction  between  the  Medi- 
terranean and  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  One  of 
his  principal  works  was  that  of  supplying 
Montpelier  with  water,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  order  of  St.  Michael.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  Died, 
1771. 

PITT,  Christopher,  an  English  clergy- 
man and  an  elegant  poet,  was  born  in  1699, 
at  Blandford,  in  Dorsetshire  ;  was  educated 
at  Winchester  and  at  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
and  having  obtained  the  family  living  of 
Pimperne,  he  there  passed  his  life,  in  the 
performance  of  his  clerical  duties  and  the 
cultivation  of  literature,  beloved  and  re- 
spected for  his  suavity  of  manners  and  ge- 
neral benevolence.  His  poems  have  con- 
siderable merit,  and  his  translations  of  the 


I 


pit] 


%  ^m  mnihtviKl  3B{0ffrapl)fi, 


[pit 


"  ^neid  "  and  "  Vida's  Art  of  Poetry  "  are 
both  tasteful  and  harmonious.  Ue  died  in 
1748. 

PITT,  Thomas,  the  founder  of  an  illus- 
trious family,  was  bom  at  St.  Mary's,  Bland- 
ford,  in  liioi'>.  Towards  the  end  of  that  cen- 
tury he  went  to  the  East  Indies,  as  governor 
of  Fort  St.  George,  where  he  resided  many 
years,  and  realised  a  large  fortune  ;  par- 
ticularly by  a  diamond  (called  after  him 
the  Pitt  diamond)  which  he  purchased  for 
2(),400/.,  and  sold  to  the  king  of  France  for 
somewhat  more  than  five  times  that  sum. 
A  rumour  having  prevailed  in  England,  that 
the  governor  gained  this  jewel  unfairly,  and 
Poi)e  having  most  unwarrantably  given  the 
slander  currency,  by  a  sort  of  poetical  adop- 
tion of  it  in  the  following  couplet  — 

"  Asleep  and  naked  as  an  Indian  lay. 
An  honest  factor  stole  a  gem  away," 

he  published  a  narrative  containing  a  fair 
statement  of  the  transaction,  which  com- 
pletely refuted  the  calumny.  In  171G,  Mr. 
Pitt  was  made  governor  of  Jamaica,  but  did 
not  hold  that  situation  above  a  year.  lie 
eat  in  four  parliaments,  for  Old  Sarum  and 
Thirsk  ;  died  in  1726 ;  and  was  buried  in 
Blandford  church,  where  a  monument  was 

erected  to  his  memory Ilis  eldest  son, 

BoBKUT  Pitt,  of  Boconnoc,  who  died  in 
1727,  was  the  father  of  the  great  Lord 
Chatham. 

PITT,  William,  an  illustrious  English 
statesman,  was  the  second  sou  of  the  Earl 
of  Chatham,  and  born  May  28.  175'J,  at 
Hayes,  in  Kent.  After  receiving  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  at  home,  under  the 
watchful  superintendence  of  his  father,  he 
was  sent  to  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
where  his  tutor  was  Dr.  Prettyman  ;  and 
on  leaving  the  university  he  was  entered  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  three  years  was  called 
to  the  bar.  But  he  was  destined  shortly  to 
move  in  a  higher  sphere.  In  1780  he  stood 
candidate  for  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
but  was  unsuccessful.  By  means,  however, 
of  Sir  James  Lowther,  he  was  returned  for 
the  borough  of  Appleby,  and  he  immediately 
became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  oppo- 
nents of  the  ministry.  In  1782  he  brought 
forward  a  motion  for  an  inquiry  into  the 
state  of  the  representation  in  parliament, 
which  was  rejected  by  a  small  majority. 
On  the  death  of  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham, 
Lord  Shelburne  obtained  the  office  of  first 
lord  of  the  treasury  ;  and  Mr.  Pitt,  then 
only  23  years  of  age,  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  A  general  peace 
soon  followed,  which  being  made  the  ground 
of  censure  by  a  strong  opposition,  the  cabinet 
was  dissolved,  and  the  Fox  and  North  co- 
alition took  its  place.  On  his  retirement 
from  office,  Mr.  Pitt  resumed  his  efforts  for 
a  reform  in  parliament,  and  submitted  three 
specific  motions  on  the  subject,  which,  al- 
though supported  by  Mr.  Fox,  then  secretary 
of  state,  were  rejected.  On  the  failure  of 
the  India  bill  of  the  latter,  wliich  produced 
the  dismissal  of  the  coalition,  Mr.  Pitt,  al- 
though at  that  time  only  in  his  24th  year, 
assumed  the  station  of  prime  minister,  by 
accepting  the  united  posts  of  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 


Although  strongly  supported  by  the  sove- 
reign, he  stood  opposed  to  a  large  majority 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  a  dissolution 
took  place  in  March,  178G.  At  the  general 
election  which  followed,  the  voice  of  the 
nation  appeared  decidedly  in  his  favour, 
and  some  of  the  strongest  aristocratical  in- 
terests in  the  country  were  defeated,  Mr. 
Pitt  himself  being  returned  by  the  university 
of  Cambridge.  His  first  measure  was  the 
passing  of  his  India  bill,  establishing  the 
board  of  control,  which  was  followed  by 
much  of  that  fiscal  and  financial  regulation, 
which  gave  ^clal  to  the  early  period  of  his 
administration.  One  of  the  most  momentous 
periods  in  modem  history  had  now  arrived. 
The  French  revolution  broke  out,  and  pro- 
duced a  vibration  in  every  neighbouring 
state.  War  against  free  principles  was  de- 
clared on  the  one  side,  by  which  all  amelio- 
ration was  opposed  ;  while,  on  the  other,  the 
friends  of  rational  reformation  found  them- 
selves confounded  with  ignorant  and  heated 
men,  who  espoused  some  of  the  wildest  and 
most  visionary  innovations.  Under  this 
state  of  things  a  vigilant  eye  and  a  steady 
hand  were  obviously  necessary  to  steer  the 
vessel  of  state  ;  and  whatever  opinions  may 
be  formed  by  different  parties,  in  respect  to 
the  necessity  of  our  interference,  or  the 
measures  adopted  by  the  minister  —  whether 
he  deserved  the  censures  which  were  so 
lavishly  heaped  upon  him,  or  whether  he 
was  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  his  country, 
as  "  the  pilot  that  weathered  the  storm,"  — 
certain  it  is,  that  he  displayed  talents,  energy, 
and  perseverance,  almost  unparalleled  m 
the  world's  history.  At  length  he  acceded 
to  the  wish  that  an  experiment  for  peace 
should  be  tried,  which  took  place  in  1801, 
under  Mr.  Addington  ;  but  the  event  proved 
how  fallacious  were  the  hopes  of  the  people  ; 
and,  in  1804,  Mr.  Pitt  once  more  resumed  his 
post  at  the  treasury.  Returning  to  power  as 
a  war  minister,  he  exerted  all  the  energy 
of  his  character  to  render  the  contest  suc- 
cessful, and  found  means  to  engage  the  two 
great  military  powers  of  Russia  and  Austria 
in  a  new  coalition,  which  was  dissolved  by 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz.  But  his  health  was 
now  in  a  very  precarious  state,  and  an  heri- 
ditary  gout,  aggravated  by  public  cares,  and 
a  too  liberal  use  of  wine,  by  way  of  stimulant, 
completely  undermined  his  constitution ; 
and  he  died  Jan.  23.  180C.  Mr.  Pitt  was  a 
minister  of  commanding  powers,  both  as  a 
financier  and  an  orator ;  his  eloquence, 
though  not  so  imaginative  as  that  of  Burke, 
or  so  captivating  as  that  of  his  father,  was 
more  uniformly  just  and  impressive  than 
either ;  while  the  indignant  severity  and 
keenness  of  his  sarcasm  were  unequalled. 
A  public  funeral  was  decreed  to  his  honour 
by  parliament,  as  also  a  grant  of  40,000<.  to 
pay  his  debts ;  for  although  his  whole  life 
was  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country, 
such  was  his  disinterestedness  in  pecuniary 
matters,  that  he  never  received  one  shilling 
of  the  public  money  beyond  his  fair  emolu- 
ments of  office,  to  supply  the  o'X'asional  great 
expenses  to  which  he  was  put  as  prime 
minister. 

PITTACUS,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  was  born  at  Mitylene,  in  the  island 


PIU] 


91  ^eto  Unibtv^al  ajiasiajpTjn. 


[PLA 


of  Lesbos,  about  650  b.  c.  He  was  a  warrior 
as  well  as  a  philosopher  ;  expelled  the  tyrant 
Melancthus  from  Lesbos  ;  and  on  becoming 
its  sovereign,  he  discharged  the  duties  of  his 
station  in  the  most  exemplary  manner  ;  and 
died,  after  a  reign  of  10  years,  b.  c.  570. 

PIUS  VI.,  whose  secular  name  was  John 
AifOELO  Bkaschi,  was  bom  at  Cesena,  in 
1717,  and  succeeded  pope  Clement  XIV.  in 
1775.  His  first  act  was  to  make  a  reform  in 
the  public  treasury  ;  he  then  completed  the 
museum  in  the  Vatican  ;  but  the  greatest 
work  of  his  pontificate  was  the  draining  of 
the  Pontine  marshes,  —  a  project  whicli 
baffled  several  of  the  emperors,  and  many  of 
the  popes.  Wlien  the  emperor  Joseph  II. 
decreed  that  all  the  religious  orders  in  his 
dominions  were  free  from  papal  jurisdiction, 
Pius,  apprehensive  of  the  consequences  of 
sucli  a  measure,  went  in  person  to  Vienna 
in  1782  ;  but  though  he  was  honourably  re- 
ceived, his  remonstrances  were  ineflfectual. 
The  French  revolution,  however,  was  of 
more  serious  consequence  to  tlie  papal  see. 
The  pope  having  favoured  the  allies,  Buona- 
parte entered  the  ecclesiastical  territory,  and 
compelled  him  to  purchase  a  peace  by  the 
contribution  of  several  millions,  and  de- 
livering up  the  finest  works  of  painting  and 
sculpture.  Basseville  was  then  sent  as  envoy 
from  the  republic  to  Rome,  wliere  he  behaved 
with  so  much  Insolence,  that  the  people 
assassinated  him  in  1793.  General  Dui^hot 
entered  the  city  with  his  troops  to  restore 
order,  but  the  papal  soldiers  routed  them, 
and  Duphot  was  slain.  On  this,  Buonaparte 
again  entered  Italy,  and  made  the  pope 
prisoner  in  the  capital,  which  was  plun- 
dered. The  venerable  pontiff  was  carried 
away  by  the  victors,  and  hurried  over  tlie 
Alps  to  Valence,  where  he  died  of  excessive 
fatigue  and  ill-usage,  Aug.  29.  1799. 

PIUS  VII.,  or  Gregokv  Bakjtabas  Chia- 
RAMONTi,  the  successor  of  the  preceding 
pontiff,  was  born  at  Cesena,  in  1740.  He 
was  raised  to  tlie  cardinalate  in  1785  ;  and 
when  Buonaparte  entered  Imola,  in  179(5, 
the  cardinal,  who  was  also  bishop  of  that  see, 
found  means  to  conciliate  the  favour  of  the 
French  general,  and  thereby  paved  the  way 
for  his  elevation  to  the  papacy  in  1800.  In 
July,  1801,  he  signed  the  concordat ;  and  in 
1804  he  crowned  Napoleon  at  Paris,  but 
refused  to  perform  the  same  oflSce  for  Louis 
I  XVIII.  Notwithstanding  the  courtesy 
'  whicli  he  showed  to  Buonaparte,  the  latter 
seized  the  pope  in  1809,  and  imprisoned  him 
at  Foutainebleau,  where  he  remained  till 
the  downfal  of  his  oppressor  in  1814,  when 
he  returned  to  Rome  to  resume  his  autho- 
rity. He  died  in  1823,  and  was  succeeded 
in  the  pontificate  by  Cardinal  Sella  Genga, 
who  assumed  the  appellation  of  Leo  XII. 

PIUS  VIII.,  by  name  FEArrcis  Xaviero 
Castigliojn'i,  was  born  at  Cingolia  in  1761, 
was  made  bishop  of  Montalto  in  1800, 
created  cardinal  in  1816,  was  elected  pope 
on  the  death  of  Leo  XII.  in  1829,  and  died 
in  the  following  year.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  industry,  talents,  and  learning ; 
spared  no  expense  to  preserve  the  remains  of 
ancient  architecture  in  Rome,  and  was  a 
sincere  patron  of  the  fine  arts.  Gregory 
XVI.  was  his  successor. 


PIZARRO,  Francisco,  the  conqueror  of 
Peru,  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  a  gentleman 
in  Truxillo,  and  being  left  entirely  depend- 
ent on  his  mother,  a  peasant  girl,  he  re- 
ceived no  education,  and  was,  in  his  early 
years,  employed  as  a  swineherd.  Quitting 
tliis  inglorious  occupation,  he  embarked, 
with  some  otlier  adventurers,  for  America  ; 
and,  in  1524,  associated  at  Panama  with 
Diego  de  Almagro  and  Hernandez  Lucque, 
a  priest,  in  an  enterprise  to  make  discoveries. 
In  this  voyage  they  fell  in  with  the  coast  of 
Peru,  but  being  too  few  to  make  any  at- 
tempt at  a  settlement,  Pizarro  returned  to 
Spain,  where  all  that  he  gained  was  a  power 
from  the  court  to  prosecute  his  object.  How- 
ever, having  raised  some  money,  he  wa» 
enabled  again,  in  1531,  to  visit  Peru,  where 
a  civil  war  was  then  raging  between  Huas- 
car,  the  legitimate  monarch,  and  his  half- 
brother,  Atahualpa,  or  Atabalipa,  as  he  is 
variously  called,  the  reigning  inca.  Pizarro, 
by  pretending  to  take  the  part  of  the  latter, 
was  permitted  to  march  into  the  interior, 
where  he  made  the  unsuspecting  chief  his 
prisoner,  while  partaking  of  a  friendly  ban- 
quet to  which  he  had  invited  him  and  his 
whole  court ;  then  extorting  from  him,  as 
it  is  said,  a  house  full  of  the  precious  metals 
by  way  of  ransom,  he  had  him  tried  for  a 
pretended  conspiracy,  and  condemned  him 
to  be  burnt,  allowing  him  first  to  be  stran- 
gled, as  a  reward  for  becoming  a  Christian. 
In  1535  the  conqueror  laid  the  foundation  of 
Lima  ;  but,  in  1537,  a  contest  arose  between 
him  and  A.ln>agro,  who  was  defeated  and 
executed.  Tlie  son  and  friends  of  Almagro, 
however,  avenged  liis  death,  and  on  June  26. 
1541,  after  ruling  despotically  for  six  years, 
Pizarro  met  with  the  fate  he  so  richly  de- 
served, being  assassinated  in  his  palace  at 
Lima. 

PLACE,  FiJANCrs,  a  native  of  Dinsdale, 
in  the  county  of  Durham.  He  was  bred  to 
the  law,  and  afterwards  expended  consi- 
derable sums  in  an  attempt  to  make  porce- 
lain. He  was  an  excellent  painter  as  well 
as  engraver,  but  executed  all  his  works  for 
amusement ;  and  he  refused  a  pension  of  i 
5001.  to  draw  the  royal  navy.  His  etchings 
of  landscapes  and  birds  are  admirable  ;  and 
his  portraits  in  mez^otinto  also  prove  that 
he  possessed  great  abilities.    Died,  1728. 

PLATINA,  Baetolojieo,  an  historian, 
whose  real  name  was  Sacchi,  was  born  in 
1421.  Having  fallen  under  the  displeasure 
of  pope  Pius  II.,  he  was  imprisoned  and  put 
to  the  rack,  on  a  charge  of  being  implicated 
in  a  conspiracy  against  him.  His  sufferings, 
however,  were  aiterwards  recompensed  by 
Sixtus  IV.,  who,  in  1745,  made  him  keeper 
of  the  Vatican  library.  His  principal  work, 
composed  in  elegant  Latin,  is  a  history  of 
the  "Lives  of  the  Roman  Pontiffs."  He 
also  wrote,  in  Latin,  a  "  History  of  Mantua." 
Died,  1481. 

PLATO,  one  of  the  most  illustrious  phi- 
losophers of  antiquity,  and  the  founder  of 
the  academic  sect,  was  born  in  the  island  of 
-(Egina,  in  the  88th  Olympiad,  or  b.  c.  430. 
In  his  youth  he  applied  to  poetry  and 
painting,  both  which  pursuits  he  relin- 
quished to  become  a  disciple  of  Socrates. 
During  the  imprisonment  of  his  master,  Plato 


pla] 


^  fim  Uni^mal  StOjarap^B* 


[PLI 


attended  him  and  committed  to  writing  his 
last  discourses  upon  the  Immortality  of  the 
Soul.  He  then  retired  to  Megara;  after 
wliich  he  extended  his  travels  to  Magna 
GrsEcia  and  Kgypt.  On  his  return  to  Athens, 
he  formed  his  scliool  in  a  grove,  called  the 
Academy,  over  the  door  of  which  seminary 
was  this  inscription,  "I^t  no  one  ignorant 
of  geometry  enter  here."  He  was  soon  at- 
tended by  a  crowd  of  hearers  of  every  de- 
scription j  and  among  other  illustrious  names 
to  be  ranked  among  his  disciples,  are  those 
of  Dion,  Aristotle,  Hyperides,  I.ycurgus, 
Demosthenes,  and  Isocrates.  The  ancients 
thought  more  higlily  of  him  than  of  all  their 
pliilobophers,  ond  always  called  him  the 
Divine  Plato.  TuUy,  whose  regard  and  ve- 
neration for  him  were  boundless,  observes 
that  he  was  justly  called  by  Pausetius,  tlie 
divine,  the  most  wise,  the  most  sacred,  the 
Homer  of  philosophers ;  and  made  him  so 
implicitly  his  guide  in  wisdom  and  philo- 
sopiiy  as  to  declare,  that  he  had  rather  err 
with  Plato,  than  be  right  with  any  one  else. 
He  thrice  visited  the  court  of  Sicily  ;  once 
invited  by  the  elder  Dionysius,  and  twice 
by  tlie  younger.  The  former  he  so  much 
offendeci,  that  the  tyrant  caused  him  to  be 
seized  on  his  passage  home,  and  sold  for  a 
slave  ;  and  the  philosopher  was  indebted  for 
his  liberation  to  Aniceris  of  Cyrene.  On 
his  return  to  Athens,  Plato  resumed  his 
school,  and  no  persuasion  could  afterwards 
induce  him  to  quit  his  peaceful  retirement. 
At  his  death,  which  hajipened  in  his  TDlh 
year,  b.  c.  348,  statues  and  altars  were  erected 
to  his  memory  ;  and  the  dav  of  his  birth  was 
long  celebrated  as  a  festival. 

Pl.ATOFF,  Count,  a  celebrated  hetraan 
of  the  Cossacks,  was  born  in  the  southern 
part  of  Russia,  about  1703.  He  entered 
young  into  the  military  service,  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Turks  in  Moldavia,  and 
was  made  a  general  of  cavalry.  When  the 
Prencii  invaded  Russia  in  1812,  Platoff, 
with  twenty  regiments  of  Cossacks,  harassed 
them  in  their  flight,  and  contributed  greatly 
to  the  advantages  gaineti  over  them.  He 
came  with  the  emperor  Alexander  to  Eng- 
land, and,  at  London,  was  the  object  of 
popular  admiration.  lie  retired  to  the  river 
Don,  and  died  in  1818. 

PLAUTUS,  Makcus  Accius,  a  comic 
writer  of  ancient  Rome,  who  acquired  the 
surname  of  Plautus  from  the  ill  shape  of 
his  feet.  He  died  b.  c.  184. 
.  PLAYFAIR,  Jony,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  natural  pliilosopher,  was  born 
at  Bervie,  near  Dundee,  of  whicii  parish  his 
father  was  minister,  in  1749.  He  received 
his  education  at  St.  Andrew's  ;  and,  in  1772, 
succeeded  to  his  father's  living  ;  but  resigned 
it  some  years  atlerwards,  and  went  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics. In  his  latter  years  he  applied  to  the 
study  of  geology,  which  he  pursued  with  in- 
defatigable ardour  ;  and,  in  1816,  undertook 
a  journey  to  the  Alps,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  observations  on  those  mountains. 
Among  his  works  are,  "Elements  of  Geome- 
try," "  Illustrations  of  the  Huttonian  Theory 
of  tlie  Earth,"  "System  of  Geography,"  5 
vols.  4to.  5  and  Outlines  of  Philosophy." 
Died,  1819. 


PLAYFAIR,  Wii-LiAM,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  born  in  1759,  was  an  ingenious 
projector  and  author.  After  serving  an  ap- 
prenticeship to  a'millwright,  he  was  engaged 
as  a  draughtsman  at  Boulton  and  Watt's  es- 
tablishment, Soho,  Birmingham.  Oncoming 
to  London,  he  obtained  patents  for  various 
inventions,  and  engaged  in  many  specula- 
tions, became  a  fertile  writer  on  politics 
and  other  subjects,  and  died  in  1823.  His 
most  important  publications  are,  "  A  Com- 
mercial and  Political  Atlas,"  "  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  Nations,'' 
"  France  as  it  is,"  "  History  of  Jacobinism," 
and  "British  Family  Antiquity." 

PLAYl'ORD,  Joux,  a  wTiter  on  music, 
was  born  in  1013,  and  published  "An  In- 
troduction to  the  Skill  of  Music,"  often  re- 
printed ;  "  Court  Ayres,"  and  "  Psalms  and 

Hymns    in    solemn    Music." His    son, 

Henky  Playfokd,  was  the  publisher  of 
"  Orpheus  Britannicus." 

PLINIUS,  Skcujjdi-s  Caius,  or Plinv  the 
Eldek,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  writers  of 
ancient  Rome,  was  born  a.  d.  23,  at  Verona, 
or,  as  some  say,  at  Como,  served  in  the 
army  in  Germany,  afterwards  became  an 
advocate,  and  was  ultimatelj^  procurator 
in  Spain  and  Africa.  As  an  inquirer  into 
the  works  of  nature  he  was  indefatigable, 
and  he  lost  his  life  by  his  thirst  for  know- 
ledge. Being  at  Miseuum  with  a  fleet  which 
he  commanded,  on  the  24th  of  August,  A.  d. 
7S),  his  sister  desired  him  to  observe  a  re- 
markable cloud  that  had  just  appeared. 
Pliny,  discovering  that  it  proceeded  from 
Mount  Vesuvius,  ordered  his  galleys  to  sea, 
to  assist  the  inhabitants  on  the  coast,  while 
he  himself  steered  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
foot  of  the  mountain,  which  now  sent  forth 
vast  quantities  of  burning  rock  and  lava. 
Pliny  and  his  companions  landed  at  Stabias, 
but  were  soon  obliged  to  leave  the  town  for 
the  fields,  where  the  danger  was  equally 
great,  from  the  shower  of  fire  which  fell 
upon  them.  In  this  state  they  made  the  best 
of  their  way  to  the  shore,  but  Pliny,  who 
was  very  corpulent,  fell  down  dead,  suffo- 
cated by  th?  noxious  vapours.  The  eruption 
which  caused  his  death  appears  to  have  been 
that  in  which  tlie  cities  of  Ilerculaneum 
and  Pompeii  were  destroyed,  in  the  first  year 
of  the  emperor  Titus.  He  wrote  the  "  His- 
tory of  his  own  Time,"  in  31  books,  which  is 
lost,  and  his  "  Natural  History,"  in  .37  books, 
one  of  the  most  precious  monuments  of  an- 
tiquity extant. 

PLINIUS,  C^ciLius  Secundus  Cars,  or 
Plkvythe  Youxgeu,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  a.  d.  62,  at  Como.  He  studied 
under  Virginius  and  Quintilian,  and  in  his 
eighteenth  year  began  to  plead  in  the  forum. 
Soon  after  this  he  went  as  tribune  to  Syria  ; 
from  whence  he  returned,  when  he  had  made 
one  or  two  campaigns,  and  settled  at  Rome. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  consular  dignity  by 
Trajan,  in  praise  of  whom  he  pronounced  a 
famous  oration,  which  is  extant.  He  was 
next  chosen  augur,  and  afterwards  made 
proconsul  of  Bithynia,  from  whence  he 
wrote  to  Trajan  a  curious  account  of  the 
Christians,  and  their  manner  of  worship. 
The  "  Epistles  of  Pliny  "  are  elegant  speci- 
mens of  letter- writing,  and  very  instructive  ; 


PLO] 


^  ^cto  eJniticrjSal  3Si00rapl)jj. 


[POC 


they  have  been  translated  into  English  by 
Lord  Orrery  and  Mr.  Mehnoth. 

PLOT,  RoBEUT,  a  naturalist,  was  bom  in 
1640,  at  Borden,  in  Kent ;  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gra- 
duated as  LL.D.  ;  became  one  of  the  secre- 
taries of  the  Royal  Society,  royal  historio- 
grapher, archivist  of  the  herald's  office,  &c.  ; 
and  died  in  1690.  llis  chief  works  are, "  The 
Natural  Histories  of  Oxfordshire  and  Staf- 
fordshire." 

PLOTINTJS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  was 
born  in  20;!,  at  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt ;  and 
accompanied  the  emperor  Gordian  in  his 
expedition  against  the  Parthians,  in  order 
to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  Indian  and  Persian 
philosophy.  He  afterwards  resided  at  Rome, 
and  died  in  270. 

PLOWDEN,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  born  in 
England,  in  1743,  but  educated  at  Rome, 
where  he  entered  into  the  society  in  1579. 
On  his  return  to  his  own  country  after  the 
suppression  of  his  order  in  1773,  he  was  one 
of  the  most  zealous  advocates  for  their  re- 
uniting in  England.  He  afterwards  became 
president  of  the  Catholic  College  of  Stony- 
hurst,  in  Lancashire,  and  died  in  1821. 

PLOWDEN,Edmlind,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Shropshire,  in  1.517,  and  died  in 
1584.  His  "  Commentaries  and  Reports"  are 
greatly  esteemed. 

PLOWDEN,  Francis,  an  historian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  by  profession  a  barrister  and  convey- 
ancer. He  was  the  author  of  "Jura  An- 
glorum,"  "  Church  and  State,"  "A  Treatise 
upon  the  Law  of  Usury  and  Annuities,"  and 
"The  History  of  Ireland."  In  consequence 
of  a  verdict  obtained  against  him  for  a  libel 
in  the  latter  work,  with  5000^  damages,  he 
retired  to  France,  where  he  afterwards  re- 
sided ;  and  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in 
1829. 

PLUCHE,  Noel  Antoine,  a  learned 
French  writer,  born  at  Rheims,  in  1688,  in 
the  college  of  which  city  he  was  professor  of 
rhetoric.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  pre- 
sident of  the  college  of  Laou,  but  was  re- 
moved from  his  office  in  consequence  of  his 
opposition  to  the  bull  Unigenitus,  and  died 
in  1761.  His  "  Histoire  du  Ciel  "  and  "  Spec- 
tacle de  la  Nature,"  both  of  which  were 
translated  into  English,  were  at  one  time 
very  popular. 

PLUKENET,  Leoxard,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish botanist,  was  born  in  1642.  He  practised 
as  an  apothecary  in  Westminster,  and  raised 
a  botanic  garden  there.  After  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  passed  in  struggling  against 
adversity,  he  was  appointed  superintendant 
of  the  gardens  at  Hampton  Court,  and  royal 
professor  of  botanj'.  He  died  about  1708. 
His  "  Phy tographia  "  is  an  honourable  proof 
of  his  abilities.  He  also  published  "  Alma- 
gestum  Botanicum,"  "  Almagesti  Botaiuci 
Mantissa,"  and  "  Amaltheum  Botanicum." 

PLUMPTBE,  James,  a  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  sou  of  Dr. 
Plumptre,  president  of  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  entered  as  a  student 
in  1787.  At  the  commencement  of  his  career 
he  wrote  several  dramatic  pieces,  viz.  "  The 
Coventry  Act,"  a  comedy ;  "  Osway,"  a  tra- 
gedy ;  and  several  others  ;  besides  "  Obser- 


vations on  Hamlet,"  "  The  English  Drama 
Purified,"  and  "  Four  Discourses  on  Subjects 
relating  to  the  Amusements  of  the  Stage." 
His  other  works  consist  principally  of 
"  Sermons  "  preached  on  particular  occasions, 
several  of  which  are  of  a  very  popular  cha- 
racter. He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Letters 
to  Dr.  Aikin  on  his  Volume  of  Vocal  Poetry." 
Died,  1832. 

PLUTARCH,  a  celebrated  Greek  philo- 
sopher and  historian,  was  a  native  of  Che- 
ronea,  in  Bceotia.  On  visiting  Rome,  he  was 
received  with  flattering  marks  of  distinction 
by  Trajan,  who  raised  him  to  the  consular 
dignity,  and  appointed  him  governor  of 
Illyria.  After  the  death  of  his  patron,  Plu- 
tarch returned  to  Cheronea,  where  he  died  at 
an  advanced  age,  a.  n.  120.  The  most  cele- 
brated of  his  works  are,  his  "  Lives  of  Illus- 
trious Men  "  and  his  "  Morals." 

PLUVINEL,  AXTHOXY,  a  native  of  Dau- 
phin3',  who  was  master  of  the  horse  to  Henry 
IV.,  by  whom  he  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Holland.  He  was  the  first  in  France  that 
opened  a  school  for  riding,  on  which  subject 
he  wrote  a  work,  called  "  L'Art  de  monter  h 
Cheval."    Died,  1620. 

POCOCK,  Dr.  Edward,  a  most  learned 
English  critic  and  commentator,  and  famous 
particularly  for  his  great  skill  in  oriental 
languages,  was  born  at  Oxford,  in  1604  ;  re- 
ceived llis  education  at  Magdalen  and  Corpus 
Christi  Colleges ;  twice  visited  the  liCvant, 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  ancient  manu- 
scripts and  coins ;  was  afterwards  Hebrew 
professor  at  Oxford,  rector  of  Childrey,  and 
canon  of  Christchurch  -,  and  died  in  1691. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Specimen  Historia3 
Arabum,"  "  Albufaragius  Historia  Dynastia- 
rum,"  "  Commentaries  ou  the  Minor  Pro- 
pliets,"  &c.    Died,  1691. 

POCOCK,  Isaac,  an  artist  and  dramatist, 
was  born  at  Bristol,  in  1782.  His  father  had 
distinguished  himself  as  a  marine  painter ; 
and  Isaac  appearing  to  have  the  same  genius 
for  the  art,  was  placed  first  with  Romney, 
and  afterwards  studied  under  Sir  William 
Beechy.  He  gained  the  first  prize  given  by 
tlie  British  Institution,  by  the  production  of 
his  historical  picture  of  the  murder  of  Thomas 
a.  Becket.  He  afterwards  painted  other  pic- 
tures, but  becoming  independent,  he  gra- 
dually relaxed  in  the  prosecution  of  that 
profession,  and  retired  to  Maidenhead,  where 
he  occasionally  used  both  his  pencil  and  pen, 
and  produced  mauy  dramatic  pieces,  the 
greater  part  of  which  were  successful.  Here 
he  was  nominated  to  the  commission  of  the 
peace  and  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  county 
of  Berks.  He  died  after  the  illness  of  a  few 
hours  only,  August  23.  1835.  He  was  tlie 
autlior  of  about  40  melodramas,  farces, 
and  operatic  pieces ;  among  which  were, 
"  The  Miller  and  his  Men,"  "  Hit  or  Miss," 
"  John  of  Paris,"  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  "  Alon- 
trose,"  &c. 

POCOCKE,  Richard,  a  learned  prelate 
and  traveller,  was  born  at  Southampton,  in 
1704  ;  received  his  education  at  the  free- 
school  there,  of  which  his  father  was  master, 
and  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  tra- 
elled  in  the  East  from  1737  to  1742  ;  was, 
sivccessively,  precentor  of  Waterford,  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Patrick's,  bishop  of  Ossory,  and 


C92 


pog] 


^  i^fUj  ^Snibrrsal  3Si05rap!)t). 


[POL 


of  Meath  ;  and  died  in  1765.  His  "  Travels  " 
are  rich  in  description,  particularly  of  the 
"  Curiosities  of  Egypt  and  Palestine." 

POGGIO  BRACCIOI>INI,  an  Italian 
writer  of  the  loth  century,  who  contributed 
greatly  to  the  revival  of  classical  literature 
in  Europe,  was  born  at  Terranova,  in  Tus- 
cany, was  educated  at  Florence,  and  lield 
the  office  of  ai)08tolical  Bccrctary  to  no  less 
than  eight  popes.  He  devoted  much  of  his 
time  in  the  search  after  manuscripts  ;  and  to 
him  the  world  is  indebted  for  Quintilian.the 
orations  of  Cicero,  Lucretius,  part  of  Plautus, 
and  other  remains  of  antiquity.  lie  was  a 
man  of  eminent  talent,  but  his  morals  and 
disposition  were  most  reprehensible.  His 
chief  works  are,  a  "  History  of  Florence," 
"Dialogiies  on  Nobility,"  and  "Funeral 
Oriiti(.ns."    Died,  1459. 

POISSON,  Raimond,  a  French  actor  and 
dramatist  of  the  17th  century,  who  obtained 
great  celebrity  in  low  comedy.  He  wrote  a 
uuml)er  of  theatrical  pieces,  and  died  in  1G90. 

His  son  Paul  Poisson,  was  eminent  as 

a  comic  actor.    Died,  173.5 The  two  sous 

of  Paul,  Pjiii-ir  and  Aknollt  pe  Roin- 
viLLE,  were  also  distinguished  for  their 
theatrical  talents  :  the  former  wast  lie  author 
of  10  comedies,  and  was  a  good  tragic  per- 
former ;  while  the  latter  fully  supported  the 
reputation  of  his  family  as  a  comic  actor. 
He  died  in  17.53. 

POISSONNIER,  Petek  Isaac,  an  emi- 
nent pliysician,  was  bom  at  Dijon,  in  1720. 
He  became  professor  of  medicine  in  tlie 
college  de  France,  and  was  the  first  who 
gave  chemical  lectures  at  Paris.  In  1758, 
being  first  physician  to  the  French  army,  he 
went  to  Russia,  to  attend  the  empress  Eli- 
zal)eth  in  her  illness.  In  17C4  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspector-general  of  physic  in  the 
ports  and  colonies,  and  died  in  1798.  M. 
Poissonnier  wrote  several  practical  works, 
but  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  method  of 
procuring  fresh  water  from  that  of  the  sea, 
for  which  he  received  a  pension  of  12,000 
livres. 

POIVRE,  N.,  a  French  naturalist,  was 
born  at  Lyons,  in  1719.  He  was  appointed 
intendant  of  the  isles  of  France  and  Bourbon, 
where  he  introduced  the  bread-fruit  tree 
and  other  valuable  plants.    Died,  178C. 

POLE,  Reoimalu,  Cardinal,  an  eminent 
statesman,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Mary,  was  descended  from 
the  blood-royal  of  England,  and  born  at 
Stourton  Castle,  in  Staffordshire,  in  1500. 
He  was  educated  at  Sheen  monastery,  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  and  after  obtain- 
ing preferment  in  the  church,  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  long  resided.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  opposed  the  divorce  of  Henry 
Vm.  from  Catharine  of  Arragon  in  sucli 
terms,  that  the  king  drove  him  from  his  pre- 
sence, and  never  saw  him  more.  He  again 
left  England,  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  very 
nearly  obtained  the  popedom  on  the  death 
of  Paul  III.  When  Mary  ascended  the 
throne,  Pole  returned  to  England  as  legate, 
in  wliich  capacity  he  absolved  the  parlia- 
ment from  the  sin  of  heresy,  and  reconciled 
the  nation  to  the  holy  sec.  The  very  day 
after  the  burning  of  Crannier,  the  cardinal 
was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 


soon  after  which  he  was  elected  chancellor 
of  both  universities,  and  he  survived  the 
queen  but  one  day,  Nov.  15.  1558. 

POLEMBERG,  Coknelius,  a  painter,  was 
born  at  Utrecht,  in  1586.  He  was  a  disciple 
of  Abraham  Bloemart,  and  completed  his 
studies  at  Rome.  On  his  return  he  received 
much  encouragement  from  Rubens ;  and 
Charles  I.  invited  him  to  England,  where  he 
painted  a  number  of  beautiful  landscapes, 
principally  of  a  small  size,  and  which  ore 
now  rare. 

POLEMON,  a  Greek  philosopher,  was 
born  at  OSta.  In  his  youth  he  led  a  very 
dissipated  life,  but  by  hearing  Xenocrates 
discourse  on  the  miseries  of  intemperance, 
he  became    reformed,    and  succeeded    that 

philosopher  in  his  school There  was  also 

a  rhetorician  of  this  name,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Trajan. 

POLI,  G.  Saverio,  an  eminent  naturalist, 
was  born  at  Molfetta,  in  Italy,  in  1746,  and 
studied  in  the  university  of  Padua.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Morgagni,  Fracciolati,  Poleni, 
and  Valsecchi  ;  and  became  director  of  the 
military  academy  at  Naples,  where  he  died 
in  1825.  He  was  the  author  of  a  very  popu- 
lar "  System  of  Natural  Philosophy  "  and 
also  of  a  work  on  "  Testacea." 

POLIGNAC,  Jules,  Prince  de,  prime  mi- 
nister of  Charles  X.  of  France,  whose  admi- 
nistration produced  the  revolution  of  1830, 
was  sprung  from  an  ancient  family,  whose 
vicissitudes  of  fortune  were  remarkable  even 
in  revolutionary  France,  and  which  num- 
bered among  its  members  the  famous  Abbi5  de 
Polignacwho  died,  1741.  Driven  from  Paris 
by  tlie  clamour  of  the  mob,  his  parents  re- 
paired to  Vienna ;  but  scarcely  had  they 
reached  that  capital,  before  the  fate  of  her  be- 
loved mistress  and  friend,  Maria  Antoinette, 
was  communicated  to  his  mother,  and  within 
a  few  days  she  fell  a  victim  to  her  grief  and 
affection.  Deprived  of  a  mother's  care,  young 
Polignac  and  his  two  brothers  were  educated 
in  devoted  attachment  to  their  religion  and 
their  exiled  sovereign  ;  and,  before  reaching 
manhood,  Jules  de  Polignac  proceeded  to 
Russia,  then  a  refuge  for  the  royalists,  and 
shortly  afterwards  repaired  to  Edinburgh, 
where  the  Count  d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles 
X.,  resided.  Under  the  mingled  influences 
of  religion  and  loyalty,  he  embarked  with 
his  brother  Armand  in  Georges'  conspiracy 
in  1804  against  Napoleon.  The  conspiracy 
was  detected ;  the  brothers  were  arrested, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  death  ;  but,  at  the 
intercession  of  Josephine  and  Madame  Murat, 
the  emperor's  sister,  the  sentence  of  death 
was  commuted  to  imprisonment,  and  the 
two  young  men  were  sent  to  Vincennes, 
where  they  remained  six  years.  On  the  re- 
storation of  Louis  XVIII.,  Jules  de  Polignac 
devoted  himself  heart  and  soul  to  the  so- 
called  party  of  the  Congregation,  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  Pope,  the  Church,  and  the  Count 
d'Artois  ;  and  his  services  were  rewarded  by 
the  Pope  conferring  on  liim  the  title  of  a 
Roman  prince,  by  which  he  has  since  been 
known.  In  1823,  Prince  Polignac  was  sent 
as  ambassador  to  London,  where  he  remained 
six  years ;  and  the  intrigues  of  the  priest  party 
being  finally  crowned  with  success,  he  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1829,  to  assume  the  premier- 


603 


/      ^       or  THF     *^    \ 


pol] 


^  ^tia  Bniiitr^aX  28iosrap!)g. 


[pol 


ahip  of  the  new  ministry ;  but  the  nation 
was  loud  in  its  expression  of  distrust,  till  at 
length  the  unconstitutional  course  that  he 
adopted  towards  the  chambers  was  suddenly 
arrested  by  the  "  three  glorious  days,"  which 
led  to  his  own  overthrow,  and  the  dethrone- 
ment of  his  sovereign.  Pursued  and  taken  at 
Granville,  he  was  tried  before  the  chamber 
of  peers,  and  condemned  ;  but  his  life  was 
spared;  and,  after  undergoing  a  short  im- 
prisonment at  Ham,  he  was  allowed  to  go 
into  exile.  His  remaining  years  were  spent 
chiefly  at  Munich.  At  length  he  was  allowed 
to  return  to  France,  though  not  to  Paris  ; 
but  the  death  of  Charles  X.  and  the  Duke 
d'Angouleme  gave  the  last  blow  to  a  consti- 
tution already  broken  down  by  many  re- 
verses,and  he  sank  into  a  state  of  melancholy , 
from  which  he  never  recovered.  Born,  1783; 
died,  1847.  His  brother  Armand  died  about 
a  month  before  him. 

POLIGNAC,  Mki.chior  de,  a  French 
cardinal  and  statesman,  was  born  in  16C1, 
at  Puy  en  Velay  in  Languedoc.  He  was 
employed  aa  a  negotiator  at  Rome,  in 
Poland,  and  in  Holland,  and  acquitted  him- 
self so  well  that  he  was  rewarded  with  the 
purple.  During  the  regency  he  was  ba- 
nished to  his  abbey  of  Anchin,  but  after- 
wards he  was  recalled,  and  appointed  agent 
for  French  affairs  at  Rome.  In  1726  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Auch,  and  died  in  1741. 
He  wrote  a  Latin  poem,  entitled  "  Anti- 
Lucretius  ;  "  which  has  often  been  reprinted, 
and  was  translated  into  English  by  the 
father  of  the  late  Mr.  Canning. 

POLITIAN,  Anoelus,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian scholar,  was  born  in  1454,  at  Monte 
Pulciano,  in  the  Florentine  territories, 
whence  he  derived  the  appellation  by  which 
he  is  more  usually  known  than  by  that  of 
Ciiiis,  his  family  name.  He  assumed  the 
ecclesiastical  habit,  and  acquired  by  his  ac- 
complishments the  favour  of  Lorenzo  the 
Magnificent,  who  made  him  tutor  to  his 
children,  and  presented  him  with  a  canonry 
in  the  cathedral  of  Florence,  which  he  held 
with  the  professorship  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages.  Among  the  most  esteemed 
of  his  writings  are,  "  A  Collection  of  Greek 
Epigrams,"  the  "  History  of  the  Conspiracy 
of  the  Pazzi,"  the  drama  of  "  Orpheus,"  and 
a  Latin  version  of  Herodian.    Died,  1494. 

POLK,  James  Kxox,  ex-president  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  was  bom  in 
North  Carolina,  1795.  After  an  honourable 
university  course,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Tennessee  bar  in  1820,  and  pursued  his 
professional  career  with  such  success,  that  he 
was  soon  marked  out  by  his  countrymen  for 
the  highest  services  at  their  command.  In 
1825  he  was  elected  to  congress,  where  he  be- 
came conspicuous  for  firmness,  regularity, 
and  assiduity  ;  and  after  sitting  in  congress  14 
years,  two  or  three  of  which  he  was  speaker, 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  federal  re- 
public in  1844.  His  administration  was  dis- 
tinguished by  various  important  events,  bear- 
ing on  the  fortunes  of  the  United  States.  By 
the  annexation  of  Texas  and  California,  he 
extended  the  boundaries  of  his  country  ;  he 
laboured  to  organise  the  national  treasury 
on  the  principles  of  the  constitution,  and  in- 
troduced into  the  government  many  finan- 


cial and  commercial  improvements.    Died, 
1849. 

POLLEXFEN,  Sir  IlENRr,  an  eminent 
English  judge,  who  in  1688  was  one  of  the 
counsel  for  the  seven  bishops.  After  the 
revolution  he  was  knighted,  and  made  cliief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas.    Died,  1692. 

POLLIO,  Caius  Asinius,  a  celebrated 
Roman,  who  was  much  esteemed  by  Au- 
gustus, and  gained  a  great  reputation  by 
his  military  exploits,  but  more  by  his  lite- 
rary connections.  He  filled  the  oflSce  of 
consul  B.  c.  40,  and  was  the  intimate  friend 
of  Horace  and  Virgil.  He  was  the  author 
of  tragedies,  orations,  and  a  liistory,  which 
are  lost.    Died,  aged  80,  b.  c.  4. 

POLLOK,  RoBEKT,  a  Scotch  clergyman 
and  writer  of  sacred  poetry,  was  born  in 
1799,  at  Eagle8ham,in  Renfrewshire.  Being 
intended  for  the  church,  he  was  sent  to  the 
university  of  Glasgow  to  study  theology ; 
but  his  health  became  so  much  impaired  by 
study,  that  he  had  scarcely  entered  on  his 
ministry  before  he  found  it  necessary  to 
quit  the  north  with  a  view  to  a  residence 
in  Italy,  in  order  to  try  the  effect  of  change 
of  climate.  He  left  Scotland  in  August, 
1827,  but  he  had  only  proceeded  to  South- 
ampton, when  his  malady  increased  to  such 
a  degree  as  precluded  all  hope  of  recovery, 
and  he  died  there  in  the  following  month. - 
His  principal  production  is  entitled  "  The 
Course  of  Time,"  a  poem  in  10  books.  He 
also  wrote  "  The  Persecuted  Family,"  a  nar- 
rative of  the  sufferings  of  the  Presbyterians 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. ;  and  "  Ralph 
Gemmel,"  a  tale  for  youth. 

POLLUX,  Julius,  was  bom  in  Egypt  in 
180;  he  taught  rhetoric  at  Athens,  and  was 
appointed  preceptor  to  the  emperor  Com- 
modus,  for  whose  use  he  drew  up  an  "  Ono- 
masticon,  or  Greek  Vocabulary."    Died,  238. 

POLO,  Marco,  a  celebrated  traveller  of 
the  13th  century,  was  the  son  of  a  Venetian 
merchant,  who  had  penetrated  to  the  court 
of  Kublai,  the  great  khan  of  the  Tartars. 
This  prince  being  highly  entertained  with 
their  account  of  Europe,  made  them  his 
ambassadors  to  the  pope  ;  on  which  they 
travelled  back  to  Rome,  and,  with  two  mis- 
sionaries, once  more  visited  Tartary,  accom- 
panied by  the  young  Marco,  who  became  a 
great  favourite  with  the  khan.  Having  ac- 
quired the  different  dialects  of  Tartary,  he 
was  employed  on  various  embassies  ;  and, 
after  a  residence  of  17  years,  all  the  three 
Venetians  returned  to  their  own  country  in 
1295,  with  immense  wealth.  Marco  after- 
wards served  his  country  at  sea  against  the 
Genoese,  and,  being  taken  prisoner,  remained 
many  years  in  confinement,  the  tedium  of 
which  he  beguiled  by  composing  the  history 
of  his  "  Travels."  Marco  Polo  relates  many 
things  which  appear  highly  incredible,  but 
the  greater  part  of  his  narrative  has  been 
verified  by  succeeding  travellers. 

POLWHELE,  Rev.  Richard,  an  anti- 
quarian, historian,  poet,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  whose  works  are  exceedingly  volu- 
minous, was  born  at  Truro,  in  17G0,  where 
he  was  also  educated,  and  where,  when  a 
boy,  with  the  assistance  of  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Wolcot,  then  a  physician  in  that  town,  he 
first  essayed  as  a  poet.    His  principal  works 


pol] 


^  ^eto  Winibtvial  28t0srapT)|?. 


[PON 


are  "  The  History  of  Cornwall,"  7  vols.  4to., 
The  History  of  Devonshire,"  3  vols.,  "Tra- 
ditions and  Recollections,"  2 vols., "The Ru- 
ral Rector,"  3  vols.,  "  Biographical  Sketches 
in  Cornwall,"  3  vols.,  "Anecdotes  of  Me- 
thodism," "  Illustrations  of  Scriptural  Cha- 
racters," several  volumes  of  sermons  ;  with 
numberless  poems,  and  other  writings  of  a 
miscellaneous  character.  Died  at  Truro, 
aaed  78,  March,  18;J8. 

"POLYii:NUS,  a  Greek  author  in  the  2nd 
century,  who  wrote  8  books  of  the  "  Strata- 
gems of  illustrious  Generals."  He  appears 
to  have  been  a  Macedonian,  and,  after  serv- 
ing in  the  army,  he  became  a  statesman 
under  Antoninus  and  Varus. 

POLYBIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian, 
son  of  Lycortus,  general  of  the  Achaeans, 
was  born  in  Arcadia,  B.C.  203.  He  was 
formed  for  public  business  by  the  precepts 
and  example  of  Philopoemen,  and  at  the 
funeral  of  that  general  he  bore  the  urn  which 
contained  his  ashes.  Being  sent  to  Rome  us 
one  of  the  hostages  demanded  of  the  Achxans, 
his  residence  at  the  capital  of  the  world  was 
of  great  importance  to  Polybius,  who,  on  his 
return  to  Greece,  was  employed  in  public 
affairs  by  several  states.  He  wrote  a  "  Uni- 
versal History,"  in  40  books,  of  which  we 
have  only  5  complete,  and  an  abridgment  of 
12  others. 

POLYCARP,  St.,  a  Christian  father  and 
martyr,  who,  according  to  tradition,  was  a 
disciple  of  the  apostle  John,  and  by  him  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Smyrna.  He  made  many 
converts,  and  violently  opposed  the  heresies 
of  Marcion  and  Valentinus  ;  but  during  tlie 
persecution  of  the  Christians  under  Marcus 
Aurelius,  he  suffered  martyrdom  with  the 
most  heroic  fortitude,  a.i>.  1G9.  His  "  Epistle 
to  the  Philippians "  is  the  only  one  of  his 
pieces  that  has  been  preserved. 

POLYCLETUS,  a  famous  sculptor,  was 
born  at  Sicyon,  and  flourished  about  the 
year  B.C.  430.  He  is  considered  to  have 
attained  perfection  in  single  figures  ;  and 
a  statue  of  a  boy,  executed  by  him,  was 
sold  for  190  talents,  equivalent  to  20,000/. 

POLYGNOTUS,  a  painter  of  Thasos, 
about  422  B.  c.  He  gained  celebrity  by  a  se- 
ries of  pictures  on  the  war  of  Troy,  for  which 
he  refused  the  presents  offered  him  by  the 
states  of  Greece  ;  he  also  painted  the  temple 
of  Delphi,  and  part  of  the  Poccile  at  Athens 
gratuitously,  for  which  it  was  decreed  that  he 
should  be  supported  at  the  public  expense. 

POMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Carvalho 
Mei.iio,  Marquis  of,  a  Portuguese  statesman, 
was  born  at  Soura,  in  1C99.  After  having 
been  ambassador  to  I-ondon  and  Vienna,  he 
was,  in  I'.W,  appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs,  and,  in  17.5fi,  prime  minister. 
He  introduced  many  reforms  and  changes 
in  the  government ;  but  as  his  measures 
were  frequently  severe  and  arbitrary,  he 
raised  up  many  enemies,  and  on  the  death 
of  the  king,  in  1777,  he  was  disgraced,  and 
exiled  to  his  estates,  where  he  died  in  1782. 

POMFRET,  John,  an  English  poet,  was 
born  at  Luton,  in  Bedfordshire,  in  1(567;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge ; 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Maiden.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  The  Choice,"  a  poem  which 
has  ever  been  popular ;    but  owing  to  an 


equivocal  expression  therein,  Dr.  Compton, 
bishop  of  London,  thought  him  unfit  for  the 
clerical  office,  and  refused  to  induct  him  to 
another  and  more  considerable  benefice. 
The  prelate  was,  however,  soon  after  con- 
vinced of  his  mistake  ;  but  in  the  meantime 
Pomfret,  who  had  been  detained  in  London, 
caught  the  small-pox,  and  died  of  it  in  1703. 

POMPADOUR,  Jea.n'nk  Antoinkttk 
PoissoN,  Marchioness  de,  the  mistress  of 
Louis  XV.,  in  whose  affections  she  suc- 
ceeded Madame  de  Chateauroux,  was  the 
daughter  of  a  financier,  and  born  in  1720. 
At  the  age  of  21  she  was  married  to  M. 
d'Etioles  ;  first  attracted  the  king's  notice 
while  he  was  hunting  in  the  forest  of  Senart; 
appeared  at  court  in  174.5,  under  the  title  of 
marchioness  of  Pompadour ;  and  died  in 
17(;4,  aged  44  years.  She  certainly  used  her 
influence  with  the  king  in  promoting  tlie 
progress  of  the  fine  arts,  but  her  cupidity 
and  extravagance  were  unbounded ;  and 
many  of  the  evils  which  oppressed  France  in 
the  succeeding  reign  have  been  attributed  to 
the  power  she  possessed  of  filling  the. most 
important  oflSces  of  the  state  witli  her  fa- 
vourites, wliose  measures  were  generally  in- 
glorious, both  at  home  and  abroad. 

POMPEY,  surnamed  the  Great,  or  Cneius 
PoMPEius  Magnus,  was  of  a  noble  family, 
and  born  b.  c.  105.  He  studied  the  art  of 
war  under  his  father,  and,  when  he  was 
only  23,  raised  three  legions,  with  which  he 
joined  Sylla,  whose  opponents  he  drove  out 
of  Sicily  and  Africa.  That  commander  re- 
called him  to  Rome,  and  gave  him  the  name 
of  Magnus.  Pompey  also  obtained  the 
honours  of  a  triumph,  and  was  chosen  con- 
sul i  in  which  office  he  restored  the  tribunes, 
and  extended  the  Roman  empire  beyond 
Asia  Minor.  For  these  services  he  received 
another  triumph,  soon  after  which  he  formed 
the  first  triumvirate  with  Csesar  and  Crassus; 
but  though  he  married  the  daughter  of  Cassar, 
a  civil  war  broke  out  between  them,  in  which 
Pompey  was  utterly  defeated,  at  Pharsalia. 
He  then  fied  to  Egypt,  and  was  there  assassin- 
ated, by  order  of  the  ministers  of  Ptolemy, 
king  of  that  country,  b.  c.  48. 

POMPIGNAN,  JouN  James  le  Fkance, 
Marquis  of,  was  born  at  Montauban,  in  1709. 
He  gained  a  great  reputation  by  his  tragedy 
of"  Dido,"  acted  in  1734.  His  works,  which 
have  been  published  in  6  vols.  8vo.,  consist 
of  dramatic  pieces,  sacred  odes,  moral  dis- 
courses, a  translation  of  the  Georgics,  &c. 
Died,  1784. 

POMPONIUS  L^TUS,  JuliTjs,  some- 
times styled  Peter  of  Calabria,  a  learned  an- 
tiquary of  the  15th  century,  was  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Rome,  and  the  founder  of  an 
academy,  which  was  oppressed  by  Paul  II., 
and  many  of  the  members  imprisoned  and 
put  to  the  torture  ;  but  Sixtus  IV.  released 
tliem,  and  restored  Pomponius  to  his  pro- 
fessorship.   Died,  1498. 

POND,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent  English 
astronomer,  who  for  a  period  of  25  years 
held  the  important  office  of  astronomer- 
royal,  died  at  his  house,  in  Greenwich,  in 
September,  1836  ;  and  his  remains  were  in- 
terred in  the  same  tomb,  at  Lee,  that  for  93 
years  had  given  shelter  to  the  ashes  of  his 
celebrated  predecessor.  Dr.  Edmund  Halley. 


According  to  the  testimony  of  Sir  Ilumphry 
Davy,  "  the  enthusiasm  with  which  he  pur- 
sued his  favourite  science,  and  the  sacrifices 
of  time,  health,  and  money  that  he  made 
in  consequence,  were  great  indeed.  As  a 
practical  astronomer,  he  had  scarcely  any 
equal ;  his  talent  for  taking  observations 
was  quite  unique  ;  and  to  his  zeal  our  na- 
tional observatory  is  indebted  for  many  of 
the  new  instruments  which  have,  confessedly, 
rendered  it  so  pre-eminent  and  complete. 

PONIATOWSKI,  Stanislaus  Augustus, 
the  last  king  of  Poland,  was  the  son  of  a 
private  gentleman  of  Lithuania,  and  was 
born  in  1732.  Having  been  fortunate  enough 
to  please  the  grand  duchess,  afterwards  Ca- 
tharine II.,  he  was  elected  king  in  1764.  At 
the  commencement  of  his  reign  he  gave 
many  proofs  of  his  moderation  and  love  of 
justice  ;  but  his  attempts  to  introduce  some 
modifications  into  the  Polish  constitution, 
rallied  a  powerful  party  against  him.  The 
Protestants,  who  were  excluded  from  a  place 
in  the  diet  and  from  the  right  of  votes,  claimed 
the  restoration  of  the  treaty  of  Olivia,  made 
in  1660.  The  ministers  of  Russia,  England, 
and  Prussia  favoured  their  claim,  and  Sta- 
nislaus was  also  inclined  to  grant  their 
request ;  but  the  Catholic  bishops  protested 
against  the  measure,  as  favouring  the  ene- 
mies of  the  state.  Russian  troops  soon  after 
appeared  at  the  gates  of  Warsaw,  when  the 
Catholics  formed  themselves  into  an  army, 
to  wliich  they  gave  the  name  of  "  confede- 
rates." Pulaski,  one  of  their  chiefs,  proposed 
carrying  ofiF  the  king  ;  for  which  purpose  he, 
with  two  other  chiefs  and  40  dragoons,  dis- 
guised as  peasants,  laid  wait  for  him  near 
the  town.  When  the  royal  carriage  ap- 
proached, they  seized  the  king,  and  then 
placed  him  on  one  of  their  horses.  The 
night  was  dark,  but  they  forced  the  animals 
forward  until  they  were  exhausted ;  they 
then  walked,  dragging  Stanislaus  with  them, 
but  at  dawn  of  day,  finding  they  had  missed 
the  way,  and  that  tliey  were  only  a  short 
distance  from  the  city,  all,  except  Kosinski, 
fled.  Struck  with  remorse,  he  implored  the 
king's  pardon,  which  the  monarch  readily 
granted,  and,  on  his  return  to  his  palace, 
settled  a  pension  on  the  penitent  chief.  But 
Stanislaus  still  continued  to  be  afflicted  by 
the  divisions  of  his  people.  In  1787  the 
empress  Catharine  visited  the  Crimea,  and 
the  king  obtained  from  her  a  promise  of 
security  for  his  kingdom  ;  the  emperor  Jo- 
seph II.  also  made  him  a  like  solemn  pro- 
mise. Nevertheless,  in  1792  the  Russians 
and  the  Prussians  invaded  Poland,  and,  in 
defiance  of  tlie  efforts  of  tlie  brave  Kosciusko, 
divided  the  unhappy  kingdom  between  them, 
and  Stanislaus  was  compelled  to  sign  his 
abdication.  He  then  retired  to  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  and  lived  as  a  private  individual 
until  his  death,  in  1798. 

PONIATOWSKI,  Prince  Joseph,  an  il- 
lustrious Polish  general,  was  the  nepliew  of 
the  preceding,  and  born  at  Warsaw,  in  1763. 
At  the  age  of  16  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  Joseph  II.'  of  Austria,  but  quitted  it  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  Ids  country,  the  mo- 
ment that  he  saw  there  were  hopes  enter- 
tained of  her  throwing  off  a  foreign  yoke. 
He  served  with  courage  against  the  Russians, 


under  Kosciusko,  who  gave  him  the  com- 
mand of  a  division,  at  the  head  of  which  he 
distinguished  himself  at  the  two  sieges  of 
Warsaw.  After  the  surrender  of  the  city, 
he  went  to  Vienna,  and,  rejecting  the  offers 
of  Catharine  and  Paul,  lived  in  retirement, 
on  his  return  to  Poland,  at  his  estates  near 
Warsaw.  The  creation  of  the  duchy  of 
Warsaw  rekindled  the  hopes  of  the  Polish 
patriots,  and  Poniatowski  accepted  the  place 
of  minister  of  war  in  the  new  state.  In  1809 
he  commanded  the  Polish  army  against  the 
superior  Austrian  force,  which  was  sent  to 
occupy  the  duchy ;  compelled  it  to  retire, 
rather  by  skilful  manceuvres  than  by  force 
of  arms,  and  penetrated  into  Galicia.  In 
the  war  of  1812,  against  Russia,  he  was 
again  at  the  head  of  the  Polish  forces,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  all  the  principal 
affairs  of  this  chequered  campaign.  After 
the  battle  of  Leipsic,  during  which  Napoleon 
created  him  marshal  of  France,  he  was  or- 
dered to  cover  tlie  retreat  of  the  French 
army.  The  enemy  were  already  in  posses- 
sion of  the  suburbs  of  Leipsic,  and  had 
thrown  liglit  troops  over  the  Elster,  when 
the  prince  arrived,  with  a  few  followers,  at 
the  river,  the  bridge  over  which  had  been 
blown  up  by  the  French.  The  brave  Po- 
lander,  already  wounded,  plunged  with  his 
horse  into  the  stream,  and  was  drowned, 
Oct.  19.  1814.  His  body  was  found  on  the 
24th,  and,  having  been  embalmed,  was  buried 
at  Warsaw,  with  all  tlie  honours  of  his 
rank,  by  order  of  the  emperor  Alexander. 

PONSONBY,  Sir  Fkederic  Cavendish, 
K.C.  B.,  a  distinguished  cavalry  officer  and 
major-general  in  the  British  army,  was 
the  second  son  of  the  Earl  of  Besborough, 
and  born  in  1783.  He  was  appointed  to  a  cor- 
netcy  in  the  10th  dragoons  in  1800,  and  after 
passing  through  the  intermediate  grades  of 
rank,  obtained  a  majority  in  the  23rd  light 
dragoons  in  1807.  During  the  Peninsular 
war  this  gallant  soldier  had  frequent  oppor- 
tunities of  distinguishing  himself,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  beau  ideal  of  a  cavalry  officer. 
At  Talavera,  Barrosa,  Vimiera,  Salamanca, 
and  Vittoria,  he  performed  some  of  the  most 
brilliant  exploits  recorded  in  that  fierce  and 
enterprising  era  of  the  war  ;  and  during  the 
whole  of  the  retrograde  movement  of  the 
army  from  the  Douro,  a  day  seldom  passed 
without  his  being  more  or  less  engaged  with 
the  enemy's  advance.  But  we  must  omit 
the  details  of  his  valuable  operations  in  the 
Peninsula,  to  describe  the  termination  of  his 
splendid  career  on  the  field  of  Waterloo. 
In  the  absence  of  his  commanding  officer, 
General  Vandeleur,  who  had  a  few  minutes 
before  led  forward  the  16th  light  dragoons, 
he  observed  a  French  column  rapidly  ad- 
vancing into  the  small  valley  which  lay 
between  the  two  armies.  There  was  not  a 
moment  to  lose  :  Col.  Ponsonby,  calculating 
the  column  at  about  1000,  exclaimed,  "  They 
must  not  be  allowed  to  come  further,"  and 
with  his  well-known  "  Come  on,  12th ! " 
dashed  down  the  field,  followed  by  his  men. 
At  the  very  moment  when  they  had  driven 
their  opponents  back  into  the  enemy's  lines, 
and.  the  colonel  was  anxious  to  draw  off  his 
comrades,  who  were  now  fighting  at  fearfUl 
odds,  he  received  a  cut  on  his  right  arm. 


pon] 


^  ^ch)  Bnihtr^nX  38t0flrapl)tn 


[pop 


which  caused  his  sword  to  drop,  and  imme- 
diately afterwards  he  received  another  on 
his  left,  which  he  raised  to  protect  hia  head. 
By  the  latter  he  lost  the  command  of  his 
horse,  which  gallopped  forward,  and  Col. 
Ponsonby,  unable  to  defend  himself,  received 
a  blow  from  a  sword  on  his  head,  which 
brought  him  senseless  to  the  ground.  There 
he  lay,  exposed  on  the  field,  during  the 
whole  of  the  ensuing  night.  After  being 
wantonly  pierced  through  the  back  by  a 
lancer,  plundered  by  a  French  tirailleur, 
rode  over  by  two  squadrons  of  Prussian  ca- 
valry, and  encumbered  for  some  hours  by  a 
dying  soldier  lying  across  his  legs,  he  was  at 
length  accosted  by  an  English  soldier,  whom 
he  persuaded  to  stay  by  him  until  morning, 
when  a  cart  conveyed  him  to  the  village  of 
Waterloo.  He  had  received  seven  wounds, 
but  by  constant  attention  he  at  length  re- 
covered. Colonel  Ponsonby  was  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  the  army,  and  a  uni- 
versal favourite.  To  the  most  chivalrous 
bravery  he  united  military  talents  of  no  or- 
dinary cast,  which  were  guided  by  a  remark- 
able calmness  of  judgment  and  coolness  of 
decision.  No  lesson  of  experience  was  ever 
lost  upon  him  ;  and  his  authority  in  matters 
of  his  profession,  particularly  the  cavalry 
service,  was  regarded  with  general  respect. 
Ue  died  Jan.  11.  1837  ;  being  at  the  time  a 
major-general  in  the  army,  K.  C.  B.,  and 
colonel  of  the  royal  dragoons,  besides  en- 
joying the  honour  of  four  foreign  orders  of 
knighthood. 

PONTOPPIDAN,  Eric,  a  Danish  prelate, 
distinguished  as  a  theological  and  historical 
writer,  was  born  at  Aarhuys,  in  1698  ;  be- 
came bishop  of  Bergen  in  1746  ;  and  died  in 
17(54.  Ills  principal  works  are,  "Annals  of 
the  Danish  Church  "  and  the  "Natural  Ilis- 
tory  of  Norway." 

POOL,  Matthew,  a  Nonconformist  mi- 
nister, was  born  at  York,  in  1C24.  He  dis- 
played so  much  zeal  against  popery,  that, 
according  to  the  deposition  of  Titus  Gates, 
his  name  was  among  those  intended  to  be 
taken  off  in  the  popish  plot.  On  this  he 
went  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  died  in  1679. 
Besides  "Sermons,"  he  wrote  "Annotations 
on  the  Bible  ; "  but  his  greatest  work  was 
the  "  Synopsis  Criticorum,"  in  6  vols. 

POPE,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  poet, 
was  born  in  1688,  in  Lombard  Street,  Lon- 
don, where  his  father  had  carried  on  an 
extensive  business  as  a  linen-draper,  and 
amassed  a  considerable  fortune.  His  parents 
being  of  the  Romish  persuasion,  he  was 
placed  at  8  years  of  age  under  one  Taverner, 
a  priest,  who  taught  him  the  rudiments  of 
liatin  and  Greek.  At  the  age  of  12  he  re- 
tired with  his  parents  to  Binfield,  in  Wind- 
sor Forest,  where  his  father  had  purchased 
a  small  estate.  Here  he  wrote  his  "  Ode  on 
Solitude,"  which  appears  as  the  first-fruits 
of  his  poetic  genius.  It  was  here  also  that 
he  first  met  with  the  works  of  Waller,  Spen- 
ser, and  Dryden  ;  but  on  perusing  Dryden 
he  abandoned  the  rest,  and  studied  him  as 
his  model.  At  the  age  of  16  he  wrote  his 
"  Pastorals,"  which  procured  him  the  friend- 
ship of  the  principal  wits  of  the  time.  His 
next  performance  was  the  "  Essay  on  Criti- 
cism," published  in  1711.    The  "  Messiah  " 

697 


appeared  first  in  the  Spectator,  and  this  was 
followed  by  his  "  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day." 
About  this  period  also  he  produced  the 
"  Rape  of  the  l-ock,"  occasioned  by  Lord 
Petre's  cutting  off  a  ringlet  of  Mrs.  Arabella 
Fermor's  hair.  He  next  brought  out  his 
"Epistle  from  Eloisa  to  Abelard,"  "The 
Temple  of  Fame,"  and  "  Windsor  Forest." 
Pope  now  undertook  his  translation  of  the 
"Iliad,"  which  he  published  by  subscrip- 
tion, and  cleared  by  it  above  5000/.,  part  of 
which  he  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  a  house 
at  Twickenham,  whither  he  removed  in 
171.5.  After  completing  the  "Iliad,"  he 
undertook  the  "Odyssey,"  for  which  also 
he  experienced  a  liberal  subscription.  He 
was,  however,  materially  assisted  in  these 
works  by  the  learning  and  abilities  of  others, 
particularly  Broome,  Fenton,  and  Parnell. 
The  reputation  he  had  acquired  by  the  suc- 
cess as  well  as  the  merit  of  his  works,  pro- 
cured him  numerous  enemies  among  writers 
of  the  minor  class,  from  whom  he  expe- 
rienced frequent  splenetic  attacks.  Perhaps 
it  would  have  been  more  to  his  honour  had 
he  taken  no  notice  of  them  ;  but  in  1727  he 
vented  his  resentment  in  a  mock  heroic, 
entitled  "  The  Dunciad,"  in  which  he  took 
more  than  warrantable  revenge,  and,  what 
was  worse,  exposed  to  ridicule  many  ingeni- 
ous and  respectable  persons  who  had  given 
him  no  offence.  In  1729,  by  the  advice  of 
Lord  Bolingbroke,  he  turned  his  pen  to  a 
moral  and  philosophical  subject  ;  the  result 
was  his  "  Essay  on  Man,"  an  ethical  poem, 
addressed  to  that  statesman,  which  attracted 
universal  admiration.  It  was  followed  by 
"  Imitations  of  Horace,"  accompanied  by  a 
"Prologue  and  Epilogue  to  the  Satires," 
and  by  "  Moral  Epistles,"  which  exhibit 
him  as  a  satirist  of  the  school  of  Boileau. 
In  173",  Pope  printed  his  "Letters"  by  sub- 
scription, for  which  he  alleged  as  his  excuse, 
that  some  of  his  epistles  had  been  surrep- 
titiously published  by  Edmund  Curll.  In 
1742,  at  the  suggestion  of  Warburton,  he 
added  a  fourth  book  to  his  "  Dunciad,"  in- 
tended to  ridicule  useless  and  frivolous 
studies,  in  which  he  attacked  Colly  Cibber, 
then  poet  laureate.  Cibber  retaliated  by  a 
pamphlet  which  told  some  ludicrous  stories 
of  his  antagonist,  and  so  irritated  the  latter, 
that,  in  a  new  edition  of  the  "  Dunciad,"  he 
deposed  Theobald,  its  original  hero,  and 
promoted  Cibber  in  his  place,  who,  although 
a  great  coxcomb,  could  scarcely  be  deemed 
a  dunce.  An  oppressive  asthma  began  now 
to  indicate  a  commencing  decline  ;  and 
while  he  was  engaged  in  preparing  a  com- 
plete edition  of  his  works,  he  expired.  May 
30.  1744,  aged  .56. 

POPE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman  and  a 
patron  of  learning,  was  born  at  Dedington, 
in  Oxfordshire,  in  1508  ;  was  educated  at 
Eton;  and,  after  studying  at  Gray's  Inn, 
was  called  to  the  bar.  He  was  knighted 
in  1540,  and  held  various  important  offices 
under  Henry  VIII.  and  Mary.  He  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  to 
whom,  by  order  of  the  king,  he  communi- 
cated the  sad  tidings  of  his  intended  exe- 
cution. In  1554  he  founded  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  :  and  died  in  1558. 

POPHAM,  Sir  Home  Riogs,  a  naval  com- 


pop] 


^  i^ebi  Winibtr^Kl  33taflrajp]^g. 


[POR 


mander,  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  17C2.  lie 
served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  American  war  ; 
and  rose  to  tlie  rank  of  post- captain  soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  war  with 
France,  having  rendered  essential  service 
to  the  Duke  of  York  in  Holland.  He  was 
next  employed  in  the  Baltic,  and,  in  1800, 
appointed  to  a  command  in  the  East  Indies. 
In  1803  he  entered  the  Red  Sea,  and  settled 
advantageous  terms  of  commerce  for  the 
Englisli  merchants.  He  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  an  expedition  against  Buenos 
Ayres,  for  which,  as  he  was  charged  with 
acting  without  sufficient  authority,  he  was 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  reprimanded. 
He  finally  obtained  the  situation  of  com- 
mander-in-chief on  the  Jamaica  station  ; 
and  had  but  just  returned  to  England  in 
1820,  when  he  died. 

POPHAM,  Sir  Jojin,  an  eminent  judge, 
was  born  in  Somersetshire,  in  1531.  After 
serving  the  offices  of  attorney  and  solicitor- 
general,  he  was  appointed,  in  1581,  chief 
justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  died  in  1G07. 
Ilis  "  Reports  and  Cases,"  in  folio,  show  his 
abilities  to  great  advantage. 

PORDENONE,  (so  called  from  his  birth- 
place, his  true  name  being  Giovanni  Antonio 
Licinio,)  a  painter  of  the  Venetian  school, 
ond  rival  of  Titian,  was  bom  in  1484,  He 
executed  many  great  works  for  Mantua, 
Genoa,  and  Venice ;  and  died  at  Ferrara, 
in  1.540. 

PORLIER,  Juan  Diaz,  surnamed  El 
Marquesito,  a  Spanish  patriot  and  general, 
was  born,  about  1775.  at  Carthagena,  in 
South  America,  where  his  father  held  a  high 
public  situation.  He  first  entered  the  navy, 
and  served  as  a  midshipman  at  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar  ;  but  when  the  cry  of  independence 
spread  through  the  Peninsula  in  1808,  he 
raised  a  guerilla  corps,  of  which  he  became 
the  leader,  and  distinguished  himself  in  a 
series  of  brilliant  actions,  and  effected  the 
celebrated  retreat  from  Santander,  closely 
pursued  by  a  corps  four  times  more  nume- 
rous than  his  own.  The  regency  then  ap- 
pointed him  captain-general  of  Asturias, 
in  which  station  he  remained  till  the  resto- 
ration of  Ferdinand  VII.  Having  unsuc- 
cessfully attempted  to  restore  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  Cortes  in  1815,  he  was  delivered 
over  to  the  military  authorities  at  Corunna, 
condemned,  and  executed. 

PORPHYRY,  or  PORPHYRIUS,  a  phi- 
losopher, whose  original  name  was  ^Malclius, 
was  born  at  Tyre,  in  233  ;  studied  under 
Origen  and  Longinus ;  afterwards  became 
a  disciple  of  Plotinus,  whose  life  he  wrote  ; 
and  died  in  304.  His  works  against  the 
Christians,  to  the  number  of  15,  are  all  lost  ; 
but  his  "  Life  of  Pythagoras,"  "  A  Treatise 
on  Abstinence  and  Animal  Food,"  and 
"Questions  on  Homer,"  are  extant. 

PORPORATE,  CuARLES,  a  celebrated 
Italian  engraver,  bom  in  1741,  died  in  1816. 
Among  his  chef-d'cetivres  are  the  "Little 
Girl  and  the  Dog,"  "  Leda  at  the  Bath," 
"  Susannah,"  and  "  ODnone  and  Paris."  He 
was  also  a  porirait-painter,  and  his  por- 
traits are  admired  for  their  colouring  and 
truth. 

PORSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic, 
and  professor  of  Greek  in  the  university  of 


Cambridge,  was  bom  in  1759,  at  East  Ruston, 
in  Norfolk,  where  he  was  first  instmcted  by 
his  father,  who  was  the  parish  clerk,  and 
afterwards  by  Mr.  Norris,  the  vicar.  His 
proficiency  in  the  classics  was  so  great,  that 
Mr.  Norris  sent  him  to  Eton  in  1774,  and  in 
1777  he  went  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1781,  he  was  elected  to  a  fellow- 
ship. In  1785  he  took  his  master's  degree, 
but  having  an  objection  to  the  church,  he 
was  under  the  necessity  of  resigning  his  fel- 
lowship, and,  in  1793,  was  elected  Greek  pro- 
fessor. In  1797  he  published  the  "  Hecuba" 
of  Euripides,  which  was  followed  by  the 
"Orestes,"  the  " Phoenissae,"  and  "Medea." 
His  last  literary  work  was  an  edition  of 
"^schylus,"  2  vols.  He  enjoyed  the  repu- 
tation of  being  one  of  the  best  Greek  scholars 
and  critics  of  the  age  in  England,  notwith- 
standing which,  he  experienced  little  patron- 
age—  a  circumstance  partly  attributable  to 
his  intemperate  habits.  Towards  the  latter 
part  of  his  life,  he  was  appointed  librarian 
to  the  London  Institution,  with  a  salary  of 
200?.  a-year ;  and  it  was  there  he  died,  in 
1808.  After  his  death  were  published  his 
"Adversaria,  or  Notes  and  Emendations  of 
the  Greek  Poets,"  and  his  "  Tracts  and  Mis- 
cellanies." 

PORTA,  Baccio  della,  a  painter  of 
Florence,  who  belonged  to  the  order  of 
Dominicans,  and  is  sometimes  called  Fra 
Bartolomeo,  or  II  Frate.  He  was  intimate 
witli  Raphael,  and,  it  is  said,  the  two  artists 
benefited  by  reciprocal  instruction.  Died, 
1517. 

PORTA,  Giovanni  Battista  della,  a 
natural  philosopher  and  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Naples,  in  1540.  He  devoted  a  great 
part  of  his  life  to  the  sciences,  established 
two  academies  for  its  promotion,  and  was 
the  inventor  of  the  camera  obscura.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  natural  history,  optics, 
hydraulics,  physiognomy,  and  agriculture  ; 
and  also  produced  nearly  twenty  dramatic 
pieces. 

PORTALIS,  Jean  Etienne  Marie,  a 
French  statesman,  was  born  at  Beausset,  in 
Provence,  in  1746  ;  and  was  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  advocates  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Aix.  During  the  tyranny  of  Robes- 
pierre he  was  imprisoned,  but  subsequently 
became  president  of  the  Council  of  Ancients. 
He  was  proscribed  by  the  directory,  in  1807, 
for  the  moderation  of  his  principles,  and 
fled  to  Holstein  ;  but  when  Buonaparte 
became  first  consul,  Portalis  was  recalled, 
and  nominated  minister  for  religious  affairs, 
and  grand  cordon  of  the  legion  of  honour. 
Died,  1807. 

PORTER,  Sir  Robert  Ker,  born  at  Dur- 
ham, in  1780  —  a  gentleman  alike  distin- 
guislied  in  the  arts,  in  diplomacy,  in  war, 
and  in  literature  —  was  the  son  of  a  military 
officer,  and  brother  to  the  well  known  novel- 
ists, Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter.  Having 
a  taste  for  drawing,  he  became  a  student  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  soon  showed  his 
skill  by  the  production  of  several  altar- 
pieces,  of  considerable  merit,  besides  his 
large  pictures  of  the  "  Storming  of  Seringa- 
patam,"  the  "  Siege  of  Acre,"  and  the 
"  Battle  of  Agincourt,"  which   latter  was 


pob] 


^  lictD  dutberiSal  3Jtflsraqp!;n, 


[POS 


presented  to  the  city  of  London.  In  1804  he 
was  appointed  historical  painter  to  the  em- 
peror of  Russia,  and  during  his  stay  at  St. 
Petersburgh  he  gained  the  affections  of  the 
Princess  Mary,  daughter  of  Prince  Theodore 
von  Scherbatoff,  to  whom  he  was  afterwards 
married.  Though  he  had  cultivated  his 
talents  as  an  artist,  he  had  always  shown  a 
decided  preference  for  the  military  profes- 
sion ;  and  on  leaving  Russia  he  accompanied 
Sir  Jolm  Moore  to  Spain,  in  the  hardships 
and  perils  of  which  unfortunate  expedition 
he  shared  till  its  final  embarkation  at  Co- 
tunna.  From  1817  to  1820,  Sir  Rol)crt  was 
engaged  in  travelling  throughout  the  East. 
In  1826  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Vene- 
zuela, in  South  America,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  till  1841,  wlien  he  left  his  mission 
on  leave  of  absence,  and  visited  his  old 
friends  in  Russia,  with  an  intention  of  pro- 
ceeding thence  to  England ;  but  as  he  was 
on  the  eve  of  preparing  for  the  voyage,  he 
was  seized  witli  an  apoplectic  attack,  and 
expired.  May  3.  1842.  His  works  consist  of 
"Travelling  Sketclies  in  Russia  and  Swe- 
den," 2  vols.  4to.,  "  Letters  from  Portugal 
and  Spain,"  "  A  Narrative  of  the  late  Cam- 
paign in  Russia,"  "Travels  in  Georgia^- 
Fersia,  Armenia,"  &c. 

PORTER,  Anxa  Maria,  younger  sister 
of  Miss  Jane  Porter,  the  authoress  of  "  Thad- 
deus  of  Warsaw,"  &c.,  and  of  Sir  R.  K.  Por- 
ter, was  the  daughter  of  an  officer  in  the 
army,  who  died  a  few  months  after  her  birth. 
With  her  orphan  family,  Mrs.  Porter  retired 
to  Edinburgh,  where  Anna  Maria's  early 
talents,  cherished  by  an  enthusiastic  love 
for  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  the  pure  in 
morals,  quickly  developed  themselves.  After 
a  time  they  settled  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  London  ;  the  sisters  distinguishing  them- 
selves in  the  literary  world,  while  their  pri- 
vate lives  were  models  for  imitation.  Several 
admirable  novels  were  produced  by  Miss 
A.  M.  Porter,  besides  poems,  in  all  of  which 
the  inculcation  of  virtuous  and  heroic  sen- 
timents is  steadily  kept  in  view.  Among 
her  novels  may  be  mentioned,  "  The  Hun- 
garian Brothers,"  "  Don  Sebastian,"  "  Tales 
round  a  Winter's  Hearth,"  "  The  Recluse  of 
Norway,"  "The  Knight  of  St.  John,"  "The 
Barony,"  &c.    Died,  18.32. 

PORTER,  Jane,  sister  of  the  preceding, 
and  of  Anna  Maria  Porter,  who  has  also  ob- 
tained a  niche  in  our  Biographical  treasury, 
was  born  at  Durham,  177(5.  Like  her  sister, 
she  soon  gave  indications  of  superior  abilities; 
and  though  she  did  not  appear  before  the 
world  as  an  author  till  she  was  in  her  27th 
year,  her  first  work,  "  Thaddeus  of  Warsaw," 
published  in  1803,  at  once  placed  her  in  the 
foremost  rank  as  a  writer  of  fiction.  In 
1809  appeared  her  "  Scottish  Chiefs,"  which 
was  no  less  successful  than  its  predecessor  ; 
and  this  was  followed,  at  intervals  more  or 
less  distant,  by  the  "  Pastor's  Fireside," 
"Duke  Christian  of  Luneburg,"  "Tales 
round  a  Winter's  Hearth,"  (in  which  she 
was  joined  by  her  sister,)  "  The  Field  of 
Forty  Footsteps,"  &e.  She  also  contributed 
largely  to  the  periodicals  of  the  day  ;  and 
her  last  separate  publication  was  "Sir  Sea- 
ward's  Diary,"  the  forerunner  of  a  class  of 
works  lately  become  numerous,  and  of  which 


COD 


perhaps  the  best  specimen  is  the  well-known 
"  Diary  of  Lady  Willoughby."  In  1842  she 
accompanied  her  brother.  Sir  R.  K.  Porter,  to 
Petersburgh  ;  and  after  his  death  she  resided 
chiefly  at  Bristol,  where  it  is  said  she  was 
chiefly  engaged  in  writing  her  brother's 
memoirs.    Died,  May  24th,  1850. 

PORTEUS,  Bejlbv,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  born  at  York,  in  1731,  and  en- 
tered as  a  sizar  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He 
was,  successively,  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Seeker,  rector  of  Hunton,  prebendary  of 
Peterborough,  rector  of  Lambeth,  king's 
chaplain,  and  master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital, 
near  Winchester.  In  1776  he  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Chester,  at  the  express  instance  of 
queen  Charlotte  ;  and  in  1787  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  bishopric  of  London,  over  which 
diocese  he  continued  to  preside  till  his  death 
in  1808.  Bisliop  Porteus  was  a  man  of  deep 
erudition  and  considerable  ability.  Among 
his  works  are,  a  "  Life  of  Archbishop 
Seeker,"  "  Sermons,"  and  a  Seatonian  prize 
poem  on  "  Death."  It  is  said  that  he  also 
assisted  Hannah  More  in  the  composition  of 
her  religious  novel,  "  Coelebs  in  Search  of  a 
Wife." 

POSSEVIN,  Anthony,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Mantua,  in  1534.  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.  employed  him  in  several  embassies ; 
but  having  given  offence  to  the  court  of 
Spain,  he  was  banished  to  the  city  of  Rome, 
and  died  at  Ferrara,  in  1611. 

POSSIDONIUS,  a  celebrated  architect, 
who  lived  in  the  4th  century,  B.C.,  was  a 
native  of  Rhodes,  and  was  engineer  to  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  whom  he  accompanied  in 
his  various  expeditions.  Among  other  in- 
ventions, he  contrived  a  moving  and  revolv- 
ing tower,  to  facilitate  the  work  of  sieges. 

POSTEL,  William,  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  age,  and  one  of  the 
wildest  visionaries,  was  born  in  Normandy, 
in  1510.  In  his  youth  he  supported  himself 
at  the  college  of  St.  Barbe,  by  waiting  upon 
the  other  students.  His  reputation  for  ge- 
neral learning  and  antiquarian  research  in- 
duced Francis  I.  to  send  him  to  the  east  to 
collect  manuscripts,  which  commission  he 
discharged  so  well  as  to  be  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  languages,  but  he 
afterwards  fell  into  disgrace,  and  lost  his  ap- 
pointments. Having  wandered  about  from 
place  to  place,  he  was  recalled  ;  but  lost  his 
situation  again,  and  died  in  a  monastery  in 
1581.  Among  the  wild  and  extravagant 
notions  that  he  entertained,  one  was,  that  he 
had  died,  and  risen  again  with  the  soul  of 
Adam;  whence  he  called  himself"  Postellus 
restitutu?;"  he  also  maintained,  that  women 
shall  have  the  dominion  over  men  ;  and  that 
his  writings  were  revealed  to  him  by  JesuB 
Christ. 

POSTIIUMUS,  Marcus  Cas.sianus  La- 
TiNiLS,  a  Roman  emperor,  one  of  the  thirty 
tyrants,  was  of  obscure  family,  but  rose  in 
the  army  till  he  obtained  the  chief  command 
in  Gaul.  He  assumed  the  imperial  title  in 
257,  ruled  Gaul  and  part  of  Spain,  waged  a 
successful  war  against  the  Germans,  and 
was  at  length  put  to  death  by  his  own 
soldiers  in  2<i7. 

POSTLETHWAYTE,  Malacui,  a  Lon- 


pot] 


^  i^cto  ^nifaersaX  JSiosvapTju. 


[pot 


don  merchant  and  a  commercial  writer  ; 
born,  about  1707  ;  died,  1707.  He  was  a 
fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  the 
author  of  "  The  Dictionary  of  Trade  and 
Commerce,"  "  Great  Britain's  true  System," 
'*  The  Merchant's  Public  Counting-House," 
"Britain's  Commercial  Interest,"  &c. 

POTEMKIN,  GuEGORY  Alexandro- 
viTSCn,  a  Kussian  prince  and  field-marshal, 
was  born  In  1730,  near  Smolensko.  lie  dis- 
tinguished himself  against  the  Turks,  par- 
ticularly in  the  war  of  1787,  when  he  com- 
manded in  chief.  He  had  acquired  an 
unbounded  influeme  over  Catharine  II.,  and 
was  accordingly  regarded  as  one  of  her 
especial  favourites.  His  introduction  to  the 
empress  and  subsequent  elevation  are  de- 
scribed as  follows:  —  After  Catharine  had 
taken  the  sceptre  from  her  weak  husband, 
she  paraded  the  streets  of  St.  Petersburgh, 
sword  in  hand.  Young  Potemkin,  then  26 
years  of  age,  of  a  manly  appearance,  well- 
made  and  handsome,  seeing  that  the  sword 
which  the  empress  used  had  not  the  dragon, 
a  mark  of  distinction  attached  to  the  swords 
of  the  northern  commanders,  instantly  un- 
buckled his,  and  presented  it  with  a  grace 
that  was  highly  pleasing  to  Catharine,  and 
from  that  day  his  promotion  went  rapidly 
forward.  Though  Orloff  had  enjoyed  tlie 
title  of  favourite,  it  soon  became  known  that 
he  had  a  rival,  and  one  that  had  the  vanity  to 

boast  of  the  favours  he  received Orloff  had 

then  recourse  to  jntrigue  ;  he  availed  himself 
of  the  absence  of  Potemkin,  whom  his  royal 
mistress  had  honoured  with  a  high  com- 
mission in  her  army  against  the  Turks,  to 
introduce  a  youth  to  the  notice  of  the  cm- 
press,  who  was  devoted  to  his  service  ;  so 
that,  at  Potemkin's  return,  though  he  came 
charged  with  victory,  he  found  he  had  been 
robbed  of  his  dearest  treasure,  and  he  in- 
stantly retired  to  a  convent  of  monks  at 
Newsky,  and  exchanged  his  military  deco- 
rations for  the  coarse  habit  and  tlie  cowl. 
The  empress  sent  her  lady  of  honour,  the 
Countess  de  Bruce,  to  bring  her  a  true  report 
of  Potemkin's  situation,  and  having  heard 
of  his  violent  passion  and  the  sacrifice  he 
had  made,  she  sent  for  him  :  he  returned  to 
the  court,  and  soon  reigned  the  master  of  the 
state,  and  even  of  the  proud  Catharine  her- 
self.    Died,  1791. 

POTENGER,  or  POTTINGER,  Johx,  a 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in 
1647,  at  Winchester,  and  educated  at  Wyke- 
ham's  School,  of  which  his  father  was  head- 
master. Besides  a  variety  of  minor  pieces, 
he  composed  "A  Pastoral  Reflection  on 
Death,"  and  translated  Tacitus's  "  Life  of 
Agricola."  He  studied  at  Oxford  and  the 
Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  became 
comptroller  of  the  pipe-oflice,  and  died  in 
1733. 

POTHIER,  Robert  Joseph,  an  eminent 
French  lawyer,  was  born  at  Orleans,  in 
1669.  He  became  professor  of  law  in  the 
university  of  his  native  city,  and  died  there 
in  1772,  as  much  beloved  for  his  virtues  as 
admired  for  his  extensive  learning.  His 
treatises  on  various  legal  subjects  form  17 
octavo  vols.,  but  his  great  work  is  a  "  Digest 
of  the  Pandects  of  Justinian,"  in  3  vols.  fol. 

FOTOCKI,   Count   Ignatius,   a    Polish 


nobleman,  bom  in  1741.  He  interested  him- 
self greatly  in  the  attempts  to  free  his 
country  from  the  yoke  of  her  more  power- 
ful neighbours  :  and  after  the  overthrow  of 
Kosciusko,  with  whom  he  co-operated,  he 
was  arrested  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  Russia. 
Before  the  destruction  of  the  Polish  mon- 
archy he  was  grand-marshal  of  Lithuania. 
Died.  1809. 

POTOCKI,  Count  John,  born  in  1769 ;  a 
noble  Polonese  historian,  brother  of  the 
several  Couats  Potocki,  most  of  whom  were 
attached  to  Russia.  He  was  one  of  the  am- 
bassadors to  China,  in  1803  ;  was  author  of 
a  work  on  that  country,  "  Sarmatian  Re- 
searches," "  History  of  the  Primitive  Rus- 
sians," &c.    Died,  1815. 

POTOCKI,  Count  Stai^islaits,  a  Polish 
statesman  and  writer,  born  in  1757,  at  War- 
saw. He  was  one  of  those  who  contributed  ' 
most  actively  to  establish  the  constitution  of  j 
1791,  was  president  of  the  senate  in  1818,  { 
and  died  in  1821.  Among  his  works  are  a  1 
"  Treatise  on  Eloquence  and  Style"  and  ! 
"The  Journey  to  Ciemnogrod,"  a  satirical  | 
romance.  | 

POTOCKI,  Claudia,  the  wife  of  Count 
Bernard  Potocki,  was  born  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Posen,  in  1802.  She  was  the  lineal 
descendant  of  the  Polish  ambassador,  Dzia- 
lynski,  who  was  sent  to  England  in  Eliza- 
beth's reign,  to  remonstrate  against  the  in- 
fraction of  a  treaty  between  this  country 
and  Poland,  and  whose  bold  and  successful 
eloquence  is  recorded  in  history.  During 
the  patriotic  struggle  for  Polisli  freedom, 
from  1830  to  1833,  the  Countess  Potocki  not 
only  became  the  munificent  benefactress  of 
her  countrymen,  but  devoted  her  personal 
energies  to  the  sacred  cause,  and  alleviated  by 
her  kind  attentions  to  the  sick  and  wounded, 
much  of  the  misery  that  the  unequal  contest 
entailed  on  the  gallant  spirits  who  strove  to 
shake  off  the  oppressor's  yoke.  Surrounded 
by  wounded  warriors  and  the  victims  of 
cholera  in  the  hospitals  of  Warsaw,  neither 
the  sight  of  hideous  gashes,  nor  the  fear  of 
contagion,  deterred  her  from  her  course  of 
charity  :  there,  for  seven  successive  montlis, 
she  was  constantly  occupied  ;  and  when  the 
day  of  adversity  came,  the  remains  of  her 
fortune,  her  influence,  her  personal  exer- 
tions, were  entirely  at  the  disposal  of  the 
unfortunate  refugees.  At  one  time,  while 
residing  at  Dresden,  where  she  had  formed 
a  ladies'  committee  for  the  relief  of  these 
brave  men,  she  pledged  her  jewels  and  most 
expensive  dresses,  for  40,000  florins,  and  the 
whole  amount  was  instantly  sent  to  its  pious 
destination.  For  this  the  Poles  assembled 
at  Dresden  presented  to  her  a  bracelet,  with 
an  inscription  commemorative  of  the  noble 
act,  and  pointing  it  out  for  national  grati- 
tude. She  at  length  fixed  her  residence  at 
Geneva  ;  and  there,  in  the  exercise  of  those 
Christian  virtues,  which  will  immortalise 
her  name,  but  worn  out  by  silent  grief,  she 
died  in  1836. 

POTT,  Percival,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
to  whom  the  science  is  materially  indebted 
for  many  improvements,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1713  ;  and  became  principal  surgeon 
to  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1749.  He 
wrote  "  On  Hernia,"  "  Ou  Fistula  Lachry- 


pot] 


^  ^tby  mnlhei-^hX  SStograjpl^p. 


[pow 


mails,"  "  On  Hydrocele,"  "  On  Cataract," 
"  On  Wounds  of  the  Head,"  &c.  ;  was  es- 
pecially celebrated  for  the  mildness  and 
humanity  of  liis  treatment,  and  was  the  in- 
ventor of  many  useful  surgical  instruments. 
Died,  1788. 

POTTER,  Francis,  an  ingenious  divine, 
who  wrote  a  curious  book  on  tlie  mystic 
number  of  titid  in  tlie  Revelations.  Ue  was 
also  an  able  mathematician,  and  invented 
several  hydraulic  maclunes,  for  which  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Died,  1(J78. 

POTTER,  Jou^f,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was  born  in  l<)74,  at  Wakefield,  in 
Yorkshire,  in  the  grammar  school  of  which 
town  he  received  the  rudiments  of  a  classical 
education,  lie  then  became  a  member  of 
University  College,  Oxford  ;  and,  in  1(3'J7, 
printed  his  "  Archaiologia  Groica,  or  the  An- 
tiquities of  Greece,"  in  2  vols.  8vo.,  which 
has  gone  through  many  editions,  and  is 
almost  indispensable  to  the  classical  student. 
He  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
and  died  in  1747.  His  theological  works, 
including  liis  "  Discourse  on  Church  Go- 
vernment," were  collected  and  published  in 
3  vols.  8vo. 

POTTER,  Paul,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  was  born  at  Enkhuysen,  in  1G2.5  ; 
settled  at  the  Hague  ;  and  painted  cattle  and 
landscapes,  but  was  particularly  successful 
in  the  former,  the  latter  being  designed 
merely  to  afford  an  opportunity  for  exhibit- 
ing animals  in  different  attitudes  and  cir- 
cumstances. His  colouring  is  uncommonly 
brilliant,  and  for  tidelity  to  nature  he  is  un- 
excelled ;  his  pictures  are  consequently  held 
ill  the  highest  estimation.    Died,  1C54. 

POTTER,  RoBEKT,  an  English  divine 
and  admirable  classical  scholar.  He  held 
the  livings  of  Lowestofft  and  Kessiiigland, 
with  a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Norwich; 
and  is  advantageously  known  in  the  republic 
of  letters  by  his  excellent  translations  of 
Sophocles,  Euripides,  and  iEschylus.  He  also 
wrote  several  ingenious  poems,  an  "  Answer 
to  Dr.  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets,"  "  A 
Translation  of  the  Oracle  concerning  Baby- 
lon," &c.     Born,  1721 ;  died,  1804. 

POULLE,  Louis,  preacher  to  the  French 
king,  and  abbot  of  Nogent,  died  at  Avignon 
in  1781,  aged  79.  His  abilities  as  a  preacher 
were  very  great,  and  his  sermons,  published 
in  1778,  2  vols.  12mo.,  possess  a  commanding 
eloquence,  enriched  with  vivid  imagery,  and 
replete  with  noble  sentiments. 

POUPART,  Fkancis,  a  French  physician 
and  anatomist,  was  bom  at  Mans,  in  1660  ; 
studied  at  the  Hotel  Dieu  ;  and  was  admit- 
ted into  the  academy  of  sciences.  His  name 
is  given  to  an  important  ligature ;  and 
many  of  his  papers,  chiefly  on  entomology, 
are  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Academy.  Died, 
1709. 

POURCIIOT,  Edmund,  a  learned  Orien- 
talist, and  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  the  Four  Nations  at  Paris,  was 
born  at  Poilly,  in  1651.  He  was  seven  times 
chosen  rector  of  the  college,  of  whicli  he 
was  also  syndic  forty  years.     Died,  1734. 

POUSCHKINE,  Alexander,  a  distin- 
guished Russian  poet,  was  born  at  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  1799.    Having  at  an  early  age  ia- 


(01 


curred  tlie  displeasure  of  the  government  for 
the  liberality  of  his  opinions,  he  was  removed 
to  a  distant  province  of  the  empire,  where  he 
discharged  various  offices ;  but  he  was  re- 
stored to  favour  on  the  accession  of  the 
emperor  Nicholas  in  1825,  and  appointed  im- 
perial historiographer.  His  works,  which 
consist  of  odes,  poetical  romances,  and  dra- 
matic pieces,  are  chiefly  descriptive  of  the 
national  character  and  manners.  The  most 
popular  are  his  romantic  poem,  "Roustan 
and  Ludmila,"  published  in  1820  ;  "  Tsigani  " 
(the  Bohemians),  published  in  1827  ;  "  One- 
ghine,"  an  unfinished  poem  in  the  manner 
of  Byron's  Don  Juan ;  and  his  tragedy, 
"Boris  Godunow,"  published  in  1831.  He 
fell  by  the  hand  of  his  own  brother-in-law  in 
a  duel,  1837. 

POUSSIN,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  the  French  painters,  was  born  in 
1594,  at  Andelys,  in  Normandy.  Having 
practised  the  art  under  diflerent  masters  at 
Paris,  he  went  to  Rome,  and  studied  the 
works  of  Raphael,  Domenichino,  and  Ti- 
tian, with  great  attention  ;  but  his  taste  for 
the  antique  prevailed,  which  is  observable 
in  all  his  works.  Louis  XIII.  invited  him 
to  France  in  1630  ;  and  gave  him  a  pension, 
with  apartments  in  the  Louvre  ;  but  Foussin 
was  so  annoyed  by  the  envy  and  intrigue  of 
contemporary  artists,  that  he  returned  to 
Rome,  and  remained  there  during  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  land- 
scapes, but  all  his  works  are  valuable,  and 
highly  esteemed.    Died,  1665. 

POUSSIN,  Gaspae,  an  eminent  painter, 
whose  proper  name  was  Dugiiet,  was  born 
at  Rome,  in  1613.  His  sister  married  Ni- 
cholas Poussin,  which  circumstance  led  him 
to  study  painting  under  that  great  master, 
whose  name  he  adopted.  He  particularly 
excelled  in  the  representation  of  laud- 
storms,  in  which  every  tree  seems  agitated, 
and  every  leaf  in  motion.    Died,  1675. 

POWELL,  David,  a  learned  antiquary, 
was  born  in  Denbighshire,  about  1552,  and 
died  in  1590. 

POWEI-L,  Sir  John,  bart.,  an  eminent 
and  honest  lawyer,  was  born  of  a  very 
ancient  and  wealthy  family  at  Pentrymey- 
rick,  in  the  parish  of  Llanwrda,  Carmar- 
thenshire. He  was  a  judge  in  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench,  in  1688,  and  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  his  integrity  and  ability 
on  the  trial  of  the  seven  bishops,  that  James 
the  Second  deprived  him  of  his  oflJce,  but  he 
was  restored  to  it  at  the  revolution,  and  sat 
there  until  his  death  in  1696.  In  Heber's 
life  of  Jeremy  Taylor  it  is  stated  that  he 
was  a  pupil  of  that  distinguished  man,  and 
was  offered  the  great  seal  of  England  if  he 
would  have  decided  against  the  bishops. 
When  every  effort  to  influence  him  against 
the  bishops  had  failed,  the  court,  it  is  said, 
made  the  same  attempt  upon  his  eldest  son 
Thomas,  who  for  many  years  represented 
the  county  of  Carmarthen  in  parliament, 
which  reaching  the  judge's  ears,  he  sent  for 
him,  and  told  him  that  if  he  accepted  of  any 
place,  or  the  promise  of  any  place  under  go- 
vernment, he  should  consider  it  as  intended 
to  bias  his  judgment,  and  would  disinherit 
him ;  and,  as  to  himself,  he  would  rather 
live  upon  his  cockle-bank  at  Langharne, 


pow] 


^  0t^  Hiubcr^al  28t0gTap^«. 


[POZ 


than  do  any  thing  so  repugnant  to  liis  con- 
science. 

POWELL,  George,  was  an  actor  and 
dramatic  writer,  contemporary  with  Bet- 
terton  and  Colley  Gibber,  and  is  spoken  of 
by  the  critics  of  the  day  with  commendation. 
Died,  1714. 

POWELL,  William,  an  eminent  English 
actor,  the  pupil  and  protege  of  Garriek, 
made  his  first  appearance  at  Drury  Lane  in 
1763,  and  in  17C7  became  one  of  the  mana- 
gers of  Covent  Garden  Theatre.    Died,  1769. 

POWNALL,  Thomas,  a  learned  anti- 
quary and  politician,  was  born  at  Lincoln, 
in  1722.  He  held  several  situations  under 
government ;  and  having  greatly  exerted 
himself  in  America  to  suppress  the  rising 
spirit  of  discontent  among  the  colonists,  he 
was,  in  IT-'iJ,  appointed  governor  of  Massa- 
chusett's  Bay,  and  subsequently  of  Carolina. 
On  returning  to  England  in  1761,  lie  was 
made  director-general  of  the  control  office, 
with  the  military  rank  of  colonel ;  but  the 
latter  part  of  liis  life  was  spent  at  Bath,  in 
literary  retirement.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  On  the  Administration  of  the  Colo- 
nies," "Description  of  part  of  North  Ame- 
rica," "  Treatise  on  the  Study  of  Antiqui- 
ties," "  On  the  Antiquities  of  the  Provincia 
Romana  of  Gaul,"  "  Descriptions  of  Roman 
Antiquities  dug  up  at  Bath,"  "  Intellectual 
Physics,"  besides  many  political  tracts. 
Died,  180,5. 

POZZETT,  PoMriLio,  a  learned  Floren- 
tine, born  in  1769,  died  in  1816.  He  was 
curator  of  the  library  at  Modena,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Bolognese  Institute.  He  was 
author  of  "  Elogio  di  Ridolfiuo  Venuti," 
"  "Vita  del  Fabroni,"  &c. 

POZZO  DI  BORGO,  Charles  Andreas, 
Count,  an  eminent  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
the  island  of  Corsica,  in  1768,  and  belonged 
to  an  ancient  and  honourable  family,  which 
for  ages  had  ranked  high  among  the  Cor- 
sican  nobility.  AVhen  the  island  was  placed 
under  the  supremacy  of  Great  Britain,  Poz.zo 
di  Borgo  was  elected  president  of  the  state 
council,  and  the  entire  administration  of  the 
country  was  re-organised  by  him.  It  soon, 
however,  became  evident  that  Corsica  must 
j'ield  to  France  ;  the  count  therefore  sought 
refuge  first  at  Naples  and  Elba,  and  after- 
wards in  England,  where  he  was  received 
with  every  mark  of  respect  due  to  his  high 
abilities  and  firm  fidelity.  He  was  sub- 
sequently employed  in  some  secret  diplo- 
matic missions,  in  the  execution  of  which  he 
displayed  the  greatest  zeal  and  ability  ;  but 
his  labours  were  ultimately  defeated  by  the 
successes  of  Buonaparte.  After  the  peace 
of  Amiens,  Pozzo  di  Borgo  entered  into  the 
diplomatic  service  of  Russia,  and  represented 
his  royal  master  at  Vienna,  whither  he  was 
sent  in  order  to  consolidate  a  new  coalition 
against  France.  Thence  he  repaired  to 
Italy,  where  the  combined  military  opera- 
tions of  England,  Russia,  and  Naples  were 
about  to  commence.  After  the  battle  of 
Austerlitz,  and  the  secession  of  Austria  from 
the  league,  he  again  went  to  Vienna,  and 
thence  to  Petersburg]!.  When  Prussia  joined 
the  coalition,  Pozzo  di  Borgo  was  created  a 
count,  and  attached  to  the  statf  of  the  em- 
peror as  a  colonel ;  but  after  the  battle  of 


702 


Jena  he  was  again  employed  at  the  Austrian 
court  in  tlie  vain  attempt  to  rouse  it  from 
its  political  lethargy.  His  next  mission 
was  to  the  Dardanelles,  for  the  purpose  of 
oo-operating  with  the  British  ambassador  in 
treating  with  Turkey ;  and  in  the  engage- 
ment between  the  Russian  and  Turkish  fleets 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself.  When 
the  hollow  peace  of  Tilsit  brought  about  a 
kind  of  intimacy  between  Napoleon  and  the 
young  czar,  Pozzo  di  Borgo  saw  the  impend- 
ing danger,  and  requested  permission  to  re- 
tire. "  My  presence,"  said  he  to  the  emperor, 
"  can  only  tend  to  injure  your  majesty's 
service.  Buonaparte  is  not  the  man  to  forget 
early  antipathies,  and  sooner  or  later  he  i 
will  seize  some  opportunity  to  demand  pos-  ! 
session  of  my  person."  '•  Free  your  arms,"  | 
was  his  parting  advice,  "  from  your  present 
entanglement,  that  you  may  be  at  liberty 
for  your  final,  and,  I  trust,  successful  struggle 
with  France."  He  then  retired  to  Vienna  ; 
and  from  that  time,  till  after  the  treaty  of 
peace  had  been  signed  between  Austria  and 
France,  this  able  statesman  so  energetically 
employed  his  diplomatic  skill,  that  Napo- 
leon did  actually  demand  that  his  perse- 
vering enemy  should  be  delivered  up  to 
him  ;  but  the  demand  was  refused,  and  in 
the  following  j'ear  (1810)  Pozzo  once  more 
came  to  England.  His  thorough  experience 
was  here  appreciated  and  understood,  and 
to  him  may  much  of  that  energy  which  sub- 
sequently appeared  in  the  councils  of  Britain 
be  traced.  He  knew  the  most  vulnerable 
part  in  Napoleon's  overgrown  power,  and  to 
that  he  directed  the  particular  attention  of 
the  Marquis  of  W^ellesley.  In  1812  the  war 
between  France  and  Russia  broke  out  anew 
with  exterminating  fury ;  and  when  the 
mighty  army  of  the  French  emperor  perished 
on  the  whitened  plains  of  Russia,  Alexander 
thought  that  enough  of  victory  had  been 
achieved.  Not  so,  however,  thought  the 
great  diplomatist :  he  felt  convinced  that 
the  safety  of  Europe  was  only  to  be  found  in 
the  complete  destruction  of  the  fallen  co- 
lossus, and  he  exerted  all  his  energies  to  the 
accomplishment  of  an  event  so  desirable. 
At  length  Sweden  and  Austria  appeared  in 
arms,  Pozzo  was  made  a  general  in  the 
Russian  service,  and  joined  Bemadotte,  who 
was  then  covering  Berlin.  The  defence  of 
Dresden  and  the  battle  of  Leipsic  soon  fol- 
lowed ;  the  allied  forces  moved  slowly  and 
warily  towards  France  ;  while  the  moral, 
physical,  and  political  condition  of  that 
country  was  still  considered  before  thej' 
hazarded  the  decisive  blow.  In  January, 
1814,  Pozzo  di  Borgo  was  despatched  to  Lon- 
don on  the  part  of  the  allied  monarchs  ;  his 
mission  succeeded;  and  Lord  Castlereagh  re- 
turned with  him  to  the  liead-quarters  of  the 
allies  at  Baden.  Tlie  moderation  and  irre- 
solution of  the  emperor  Alexander  often  put 
the  plans  of  his  minister  in  extreme  peril ; 
but  his  advice  eventually  prevailed ;  the 
allied  armies  marched  en  masse  on  Paris ; 
the  abdication  of  the  French  emperor  fol- 
lowed ;  and  when  Pozzo  di  Borgo  had  at 
length  obtained  the  promise  of  Alexander, 
that  no  negotiation  should  be  entered  into  ] 
either  with  Napoleon  or  his  family,  he 
hastened  to  Talleyrand,  exclaiming  in  the 


pra] 


^  ^c&)  WiniiiCviKX  28i0iirap]^i). 


[pre 


fulness  of  his  joy,  *'  Not  only  have  I  slain 
Napoleon  politically,  but  I  have  just  thrown 
the  last  shovel-full  of  earth  over  the  im- 
perial corse  I "  But  his  labours  were  not 
yet  at  an  end.  He  proceeded  to  London  to 
announce  to  Louis  his  accession  to  the 
throne  of  his  ancestors  ;  after  wliich  he  was 
summoned  to  the  congress  of  Vienna,  where, 
with  a  degree  of  prescience  resulting  from 
his  thorough  knowledge  of  the  man,  he  vehe- 
mently pressed  the  removal  of  Napoleon 
from  Elba  to  some  more  remote  and  obscure 
corner  of  the  glol>e.  And  when  the  news 
arrived  that  the  ex-emperor  had  disem- 
barked on  the  French  coast,  he  coolly  ob- 
served to  the  assembled  statesmen,  "  I  know 
Buonaparte  ;  he  will  marcli  on  Paris ;  our 
work  is  before  us ;  not  a  moment  must  be 
lost."  Pozzo  di  Borgo  immediately  joined 
the  Anglo- Prussian  armv,  forming  the  van- 
guard of  the  allies  in  Belgium  ;  and,  though 
wounded,  he  followed  Wellington  to  Paris, 
and  resumed  his  portfolio  as  Russian  am- 
bassador. His  last  political  mission  was  as 
ambassador  to  England.  Here  he  remained 
upwards  of  two  years,  till  ill  health  induced 
him  to  return  to  Paris,  where  he  died  on  the 
17th  of  February,  1842,  aged  73. 

PRADT,  Abbe  Dominique  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  a  political  writer,  was  born 
at  Auvergne,  in  1759.  He  was  grand  vicar 
at  the  revolution  to  the  Cardinal  Roche- 
foucauld, and  was  elected  deputy  for  the 
N(Jrman  clergy  to  the  states-general  in  1789. 
He  opposed  the  union  of  his  order  to  tlie 
tiers  etat,  protested  against  the  new  order 
of  things,  and  was  consequently  obliged  to 
emigrate,  establishing  himself  for  a  con- 
siderable time  at  Hamburgh.  In  that  city 
he  published,  in  1788,  the  first  of  his  vo- 
luminous series  of  political  pamphlets,  called 
"  Antidote  to  the  Congress  of  Radstadt." 
In  another,  termed  "  Prussia  and  her  Neu- 
trality," he  urged  a  coalition  of  Europe 
against  the  French  republic.  But  after  the 
revolution,  which  made  Buonaparte  first 
consul,  he  made  interest  with  his  patron, 
Duroc,  to  enter  Buonaparte's  service,  and, 
by  dint  of  well-timed  flattery,  became  his 
grand  almoner.  On  the  coronation  of  tlie 
emperor,  in  1801,  at  wliich  he  assisted,  he 
was  invested  with  the  title  of  baron,  re- 
ceived a  gratuity  of  40,000  francs,  was  made 
bishop  of  Poitiers,  and  was  ordained  by 
Pius  VII.  in  person,  in  1805.  He  afterwards 
officiated  at  Napoleon's  coronation  as  king 
of  Italy.  In  1808  he  accompanied  him  to 
the  Bayonne  conference,  and  was  invested 
with  the  most  delicate  details  of  that  great 
diplomatic  difficulty.  For  this  service.  Na- 
poleon gave  him  another  gratuity  of  50,000 
francs,  and  made  him,  in  1809,  archbishop  of 
Malincs,  and  member  of  tlie  legion  of  honour. 
On  the  war  against  Russia  occurring  in  1812, 
he  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  duchy  of 
Warsaw,  as  he  states,  in  his  "  History  of  the 
Polish  Embassy,"  painfully  and  violently 
against  his  wish.  During  the  retreat  from 
Moscow,  Napoleon  had  an  interview  with 
him  at  a  lone  cottage,  reproached  him  with 
treachery,  and  divested  him  of  his  embassy. 
On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  found  all  his  ern- 
ployments  taken  from  him.  He  was  ordered 
to  quit  Paris  for  his  diocese,  and  did  not  re- 


turn till  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  and  the  entry  of 
the  Bourbons  into  France,  in  1814.   He  wrote 
his  "Vindicatory  History"   then,  but   did 
not  publish  it  till  after  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo and  Napoleon's  departure  for  St.  Helena. 
Tlie  attack  in  this  pamphlet  on  the  latter 
and  the  chief  Buonapartists,  drew  on  him 
the  enmity  of   the  great    majority  of  the 
public,  but  served  his  cause  with  the  restored 
regime.    He  stated,  in  a  preceding  pamphlet, 
that  it  was  by  his  advice  the  allied  sovereigns 
resolved  to  break  entirely  with  Napoleon, 
and  restore  the  Bourbons.    He  was  made  by  i 
the  latter  chancellor  of  the  legion  of  honour  ;  i 
but  a  new  disgrace  overtook  him  ;  he  retired  \ 
from  the  scene,  and  did  not  re-appear  till  1 
after  the  "  hundred  days."    He  subsequently  j 
ceded  all  the  rights  of  his  archbisliop's  see  to  | 
the  king  of  the  Netherlands,  for  a  yearly  j 
pension  of  10,000  francs,  and,  retiring  into 
private  life,  occupied  himself  with  the  con- 
tinued publication  of  political   pamphlets.  I 
In  all  these  latter  publications,  however,  he  j 
espoused   the  cause  of  wise  and  temperate 
constitutional  reform.    He  died  in  1837. 

PRATT.Lieut.-gen.SirCiiAKLKS,  K.C.B.,  I 
a   gallant    and    distinguished    officer,   who  j 
served  throughout  the  Peninsular  war,  and  | 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Salamanca, 
Vittoria,    Nivelles,  Orthes,   and    Toulouse. 
Born,  1771  j  died,  1839. 

PRATT,  Samuel  Jackso.v,  a  novelist, 
poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at 
St.  Ives,  in  Huntingdonshire,  in  1749.  Early 
in  life  he  went  on  the  stage,  but  relinquished 
that  pursuit,  and  subsequently  became  an 
itinerant  lecturer,  a  bookseller,  and,  lastly, 
an  author  by  profession.  He  settled  at 
Bath,  where,  under  the  fictitious  appellation 
of  Courtney  Melmoth,  he  published  several 
novels  and  poems.  The  principal  of  his 
poems  were,  "  The  Tears  of  Genius,  on  the 
Death  of  Goldsmith,"  "Sympathy,"  and 
"  Landscapes  in  Verse."  His  best  novels 
were,  "  I^iberal  Opinions,"  5  vols.;  "Emma 
Corbett,"  3  vols.;  "The  Pupils  of  Pleasure," 
2  vols.;  and  " Family  Secrets,"  5  vols.  Be- 
sides these  works,  he  published  "  Gleanings 
through  Wales,  Holland,  and  AVestphalia," 
"  Gleanings  in  England,"  3  vols.;  "  Harvest 
Home,"  "  The  Fair  Circassian,"  a  tragedy  ; 
and  some  others.    He  died  in  1814. 

PRAXITELES,  one  of  the  greatest  sculp- 
tors of  Greece,  united  grandeur  with  grace, 
and  flovirished  about  800  B.C.  He  worked 
both  in  bronze  and  marble,  and  Pliny  has 
preserved  a  list  of  his  principal  statues.  The 
group  of  Niobe,  still  in  existence,  has  been 
attributed  to  him. 

PREMONTVAL,  Andre  Pieure  le 
GuAY  DE,  a  French  mathematician,  bom  at 
Charenton,  in  1716  ;  died,  17C7.  He  wrote 
"  Preservatifs  contre  la  Corruption  de  la 
Langue  Franc^oise  en  AUemagne,"  "La  Mo- 
nogamie,  ou  I'Unite  en  Marriage,"  3  vols.  &c. 

PRESTON,  THOMA.S,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
afterwards  doctor  of  the  civil  law,  and 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  where  he  died,  in 
iodH.  He  acted  a  part  in  tlie  tragedy  of 
Dido,  played  before  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
settled  a  pension  of  20Z.  a-year  on  him.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy,  called  "  The  Life  of  Cam- 
byses,  King  of  Persia,"  which  is  mere  fus- 


pre] 


^  i^m  mniUv^aX  3Bifl3rajpT)i). 


[piii 


tian,  and  has  not  escaped  the  ridicule  of 
Shakspeare,  who,  in  Henry  IV.,  makes 
FalstafF  talk  of  speaking  in  "king  Cam- 
byses'  vein." 

PREVOST,  Isaac  Be.vedict,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1755. 
Physics  and  natural  history  were  the  prin- 
cipal objects  of  his  researches  j  and  in  1810 
he  became  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
Protestant  university  of  Montauban,  where 
he  died,  in  1S19. 

PREVOST,  Peter,  a  French  painter, 
said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  panoramas, 
was  born  at  Montigni,  in  17(34.  Among  the 
panoramas  which  he  painted,  were  those  of 
Paris,  Rome,  Naples,  Amsterdam,  Antwerp, 
London,  Jerusalem,  and  Athens.  The  two 
last  were  the  fruits  of  a  visit  to  Greece  and 
Asia  in  1817  ;  and  he  was  engaged  in  paint- 
ing a  view  of  Constantinople,  when  he  died, 
in  1823. 

PREVOT  D'EXILES,  Anthony  Fkax- 
cis,  one  of  the  most  fertile  of  French  writers, 
was  born  in  1697,  at  Ilesdin,  in  Artois.  His 
early  life  was  extremely  unsettled  and 
changeful ;  he  was  alternately  a  Jesuit  and 
a  military  officer ;  after  which  he  entered 
into  the  monastery  of  St.  Germain  dc  Pres  ; 
but  quitted  that  society  also,  and  withdrew 
to  Holland.  His  next  removal  was  to  Lon- 
don ;  but  in  17;{4  he  obtained  leave  to  return 
to  France,  where  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Prince  de  Conti.  His  end  was  equally  sin- 
gular. In  1763  he  was  seized  with  apoplexy 
in  the  forest  of  Chan  til  ly,  and  was  found 
apparently  lifeless.  An  ignorant  magistrate 
being  called  in,  ordered  a  surgeon,  as  preci- 
pitate as  himself,  to  open  the  body,  when  a 
loud  shriek  from  the  victim  convinced  the 
spectators  of  tlieir  error  :  the  abbe  opened 
his  eyes,  but  the  incision  was  mortal,  and  he 
almost  immediately  expired.  His  works 
amount  to  one  hundred  and  seventy  volumes. 
The  principal  are,  "  M(5moires  d'un  Homme 
dc  Qualito,"  G  vols.  ;  "  Histoire  de  M.  Cleve- 
land, Fils  naturel  de  Cromwell,"  6  vols.; 
"  Pour  et  Centre,"  a  literary  journal,  20 
vols.;  "The  Dean  of  Coteraine,"  a  novel,  6 
vols.;  "History  of  Margaret  of  Anjou,"  2 
vols.;  "Histoire  geuerale  des  Voyages," 
16  vols. 

PRICE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  antiquary, 
of  Brecknockshire,  who  wrote  a  "  Defence 
of  British  History  in  Answer  to  Polydore 
Virgil."     He  died  about  1553. 

PRICE,  JouN,  a  learned  critic,  was  born 
at  liOndon,  in  1600.  Having  suffered  con- 
siderably in  the  civil  wars,  he  went  to  Flo- 
rence, where  he  espoused  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith  ;  and  the  grand  duke  appointed  him 
keeper  of  the  medals  and  Greek  professor. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  in  1676.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on 
the  Psalms,  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew,  and 
the  Acts  ;  Notes  upon  Apuleius,  &c. 

PRICE,  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent  dissent- 
ing minister,  universally  known  and  cele- 
brated for  his  great  abilities  in  arithmetical 
calculations,  and  for  very  numerous  and 
valuable  writings,  theological,  moral,  and 
scientific.  He  was  born  at  Llangunnor,  in 
Glamorganshire,  in  1723,  and  was  educated 
at  Talgarth,  in  his  native  county,  whence  he 
removed  to  a  Presbyterian  academy  in  Lon- 


don, and  became  pastor  of  a  Nonconformist 
congregation,  of  Arian  or  semi-Arian  prin- 
ciples, at  Hackney,  where  he  continued  as 
long  as  he  lived.  He  was  the  friend  of  man, 
and  the  most  intrepid  asserter  of  his  rights. 
During  the  American  war,  he  printed  two 
pamphlets  against  that  measure,  one  entitled 
"  Observations  on  Civil  Liberty,"  and  the 
otlier,  "  Observations  on  Civil  Government," 
for  which  the  corporation  of  London  voted 
him  thanks  and  a  gold  box,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  In  1778  he  had  a  friendly  con- 
troversy with  Dr.  Priestley,  on  materialism 
and  necessity.  On  the  termination  of  the 
war,  Mr.  Pitt  consulted  Dr.  Price  respecting 
the  best  mode  of  liquidating  the  national 
debt,  the  result  of  which,  it  is  said,  was  the 
adoption  of  the  sinking  fund.  When  the 
French  revolution  broke  out,  the  doctor  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  a  sermon,  "On  the 
Love  of  Country,"  in  which  he  hailed  that 
event  as  the  commencement  of  a  glorious  era. 
This  drew  upon  the  preacher  some  strong 
animadversions  from  Mr.  Burke  in  his  cele- 
brated Reflections.  Besides  many  papers  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  of 
which  he  was  a  fellow,  he  published  sermons 
and  pamphlets,  which  established  his  cha- 
racter as  a  sound  advocate  for  civil  liberty, 
and  a  profound  master  of  financial  calcula- 
tion.   Died,  1791. 

PRICHARD,  Jajies  Cowi,ks,M.D.,  whose 
ethnographical  researches  have  placed  him 
high  in  the  ranks  of  science,  was  bom  at 
Ross,  in  Herefordshire,  1786  ;  settled  as  a 
physician  at  Bristol,  in  1810,  where  he  rose 
to  eminence  ;  and  after  devoting  five  and 
thirty  years  to  professional  duties,  varied 
only  hy  literary  avocations,  removed  to 
London  in  1845  as  one  of  her  majesty's  com- 
missioners in  lunacy  —  a  branch  of  medical 
science  with  which  he  had  long  been  fa- 
miliar. Dr.  Prichard's  contributions  to  me- 
dical and  scientific  inquiry  were  neither  few 
nor  unimportant ;  but  the  work  on  which 
his  reputation  chiefly  rests,  is  his  "  Re- 
searches into  the  Physical  History  of  Man- 
kind," which  has  been  translated  into  almost 
every  European  language,  and  generally 
regarded  as  an  authority.     Died,  1848. 

PRICHARD,  Rees,  a  divine,  was  born  in 
Caermarthenshire,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford.  He  became  vicar  of  Lian- 
ydmodyfri,  and  rector  of  Llamedy,  in  his 
native  county,  prebendary  of  Brecon,  and 
chancellor  of  St.  David's.  He  was  the  autiior 
of  some  religious  poems  in  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage, wluch  still  continue  popular.  Died, 
1644. 

PRIDEAUX,  HuMPHHY,  a  learned  di- 
vine, was  bom  in  1648,  at  Padstow  in  Corn- 
wall ;  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  at  Christchurch  College,  Oxford  ;  became 
dean  of  Norwich  ;  and  died  in  1724.  He 
wrote  a  "Life  of  Mahomet,"  "  The  Original 
Right  of  Tithes,"  &c.  ;  but  his  great  work  is 
"  The  Connection  of  the  History  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament.'' 

PRIESTLEY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting divine  and  experimental  philoso- 
pher, was  born  in  1733,  at  Fieldhead,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Daventry.  He 
became    minister    to    the    congregation   at 


PBl] 


^  ^clB  Sliufaerjial  ^Stograplji). 


[PRI 


Needham  Market,  in  Suffolk  ;  whence  he 
removed  to  Namptwich,  in  Clieshire,  and 
next  to  Warrington,  where  the  dissenters 
had  formed  a  seminary.  While  tutor  in  this 
institution,  he  published  tlie  "  History  of 
Electricity,"  which  procured  his  election  into 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  laws  from  Edinburgh.  It  was  here  also 
that  his  political  opinions  were  first  mani- 
fested in  an  "  Essay  on  Government."  Soon 
after  this  he  left  Warrington,  and  went  to 
Leeds,  where  he  made  those  important  dis- 
coveries with  regard  to  the  properties  of  fixed 
air,  for  which  lie  obtained  tlie  Copley  medal 
from  the  Royal  Society  in  1772.  In  177ti  he 
communicated  to  the  same  learned  body  his 
observations  on  respiration,  being  the  first 
who  experimentally  ascertained  that  tlie 
common  inspired  air  becomes  both  lessened 
and  injured,  by  the  action  of  tlie  blood,  as  it 
passes  through  the  lungs.  He  had  already 
declared  himself  a  believer  in  the  doctrine 
of  philosophical  necessity,  and  expressed 
some  doubts  of  the  immateriality  of  the  sen- 
tient principle  in  man.  This  doctrine  he 
still  more  forcibly  supported  in  his  "  Disqui- 
sitions on  Matter  and  Spirit,"  and  the  ob- 
loquy which  these  works  brought  on  him 
producing  a  coolness  in  his  patron.  Lord 
Shelburne,  the  connection  was  dissolved,  the 
doctor  retaining  an  annuity  of  150?.  per 
annum,  by  original  agreement.  He  next  re- 
moved to  Birmingham,  where  he  became 
once  more  minister  of  a  dissenting  congrega- 
tion, and  occupied  himself  in  his  "History 
of  the  Corruptions  of  Christianity,"  writing, 
also,  in  support  of  the  claims  of  tlie  dis- 
senters for  a  repeal  of  the  test  acts.  But  it 
was  the  French  revolution  that  afforded  hira 
the  widest  field,  and  he  did  not  fail  to 
display  his  zeal  on  that  occasion.  This  ex- 
cited the  indignation  of  the  higli  cliurch 
party  ;  and  in  the  riots  which  took  place  in 
July,  liis  house,  library,  manuscripts,  and 
apparatus  were  committed  to  the  flumes  by 
the  mob,  and  he  was  exposed  to  great  per- 
sonal danger.  After  this  he  removed  to 
Hackney,  where  he  succeeded  Dr.  Price  ; 
but  in  1794  he  went  to  tlie  United  States  of 
America,  took  up  his  abode  at  Northumber- 
land, in  Pennsylvania,  and  died  there  in 
1804.  His  works  extend  to  between  70  and 
80  volumes.  Besides  tliose  before  mentioned 
are,  "  Lectures  on  General  History,"  on  the 
t' Theory  and  History  of  Language,"  and 
on  the  "  Principles  of  Oratory  and  Criti- 
cism," "  Hartleian  Theory  of  the  Human 
Mind,"  "  Letters  to  a  Philosophical  Unbe- 
liever," "Institutes  of  a  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion,"  &c.  As  a  philosopher, 
I  his  fame  principally  rests  on  his  pneumatic 
I  inquiries. 

PRINCE,  John,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 

was  born  at  Axminster,  in  Devonshire,  and 

I  died  about  1720.    He  published  a  work,  en- 

I  tilled  "  The  Worthies  of  Devon,"  which  is 

exceedingly  curious  and  valuable,  but  very 

I  scarce. 

I  PRINGLE.  Sir  Joii.v,  an  eminent  phy- 
'  sician  and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  in 
1707,  in  Roxburghshire  ;  was  educated  at 
;  St.  Andrew's  and  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards 
!  studied  at  Leyden,  under  Boerhave  and  Van 
Swieten.    After  settling  at  Edinburgh,  where 


he  became  professor  of  pneumatics  and 
moral  philosophy,  he  was  appointed  phy- 
sician-general to  the  forces  abroad,  and  was 
generally  on  the  continent  till  the  peace  of 
Aix-ltt-Chapelle  ;  afier  which  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  London,  and  engaged  iu 
medical  practice.  In  17.50  he  communicated 
to  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  his  "  Experiments  on  Septic  and 
Antiseptic  Substances,"  for  which  he  received  i 
the  Copley  medal.  In  1752  lie  published  his  I 
admirable  "  Observations  on  the  Diseases  of  | 
tlie  Army,"  and  in  ]7til  he  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  queen's  household.  In  1736 
he  was  created  a  baronet,  and,  in  1772,  was 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  which 
office  he  resigned,  in  consequence  of  ill  health, 
in  1778  ;  and  died  in  1782. 

PRINGLE,  Thomas,  a  highly  esteemed 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  at 
Blaiklaw,  in  Teviotd*le,  1789.  Soon  after 
Ills  studies  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
were  completed,  he  obtained  a  clerkship  in 
the  register  oflice  ;  but  his  poetic  aspirations 
found  vent  even  in  tlie  dull  routine  of  such 
an  occupation,  and  in  1816  his  "  Scenes  of 
Teviotdale,"  which  he  contributed  to  the 
"  Poetic  Mirror,"  having  attracted  the  notice 
of  Sir  W.  (then  Mr.)  Scott,  lie  was  led  to  em- 
brace literature  as  a  profession.  He  was  for 
a  short  period  editor  of  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine in  1817,  but  a  difference  of  politics  be- 
tween him  and  the  publisher  soon  led  to  his 
resignation.  After  some  abortive  attempts  to 
establish  a  newspaper  in  Edinburgh,  he  was 
enabled,  through  Sir  Walter  Scott's  influence, 
to  emigrate  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where 
he  settled,  and  for  some  years  throve  under 
the  governor's  protection  ;  but  his  prospects 
there  were  suddenly  mined,  in  consequence 
of  liis  determination  to  publish  a  liberal 
journal,  against  the  wish  of  the  authorities  ; 
and  he  then  returned  to  England  in  1826, 
when  he  became  secretary  of  the  Anti- 
slavery  Society  ;  a  situation  which  he  held 
till  the  object  of  that  body  was  accomplished. 
Besides  being  the  editor  of  the  well-known 
annual,  "  Friendship's  Offering,"  he  pub- 
lished in  1828  liis  "  Ephemerides,"  a  collection 
of  songs,  sonnets,  and  other  juvenile  pieces  ; 
and  in  1834  appeared  his  "  African  Sketches," 
which,  togetlier  with  his  interesting  account 
of  a  "  Narrative  of  a  Residence  in  South 
Africa,"  seem  likely  to  perpetuate  his  fame. 
Died,  1834. 

PRIOR,  Matthew,  an  English  poet,  was 
bom  in  1664.  He  lost  his  father  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  brought  up  by  his  uncle,  a 
tavern-keeper  at  Charing  Cross,  who  sent 
him  to  Westminster  School ;  but,  after  some 
time,  took  him  home  to  assist  in  the  business. 
Here  his  classical  knowledge  becoming 
known  to  the  Earl  of  Dorset,  he  sent  liim  to 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  fellowship.  In  16f<H,  Prior  wrote, 
in  conjunction  with  Charles  Montagu,  after- 
wards earl  of  Halifax,  the  burlesque  poem 
of  "  The  City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse." 
In  1691  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
English  embassy  at  the  Hague,  and,  soon 
after,  king  William  made  him  one  of  his 
gentlemen  of  the  bed-chamber.  In  1697  he 
was  secretary  to  the  embassy  at  the  treaty 
of  Ryswick,  and  the  following  year  he  went 


in  the  same  capacity  to  France.  At  length 
he  was  made  under-secretary  of  state,  and 
in  1701  he  succeeded  Locke  as  a  commissioner 
at  the  board  of  trade.  After  the  accession 
of  queen  Anne  he  joined  the  Tories,  by 
whom  he  was  employed  to  negotiate  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht,  and  was  sent  ambassador 
to  the  French  court ;  from  whence,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  next  reign,  he  was 
recalled,  committed  to  custody,  and  threat- 
ened witli  an  impeachment,  which,  however, 
did  not  take  place.  Being  without  any  pro- 
vision for  his  declining  years  except  his 
fellowsliip,  he  again  applied  himself  to 
poetry  ;  and  having  finished  his  "  Solomon," 
he  published  his  poems  by  subscription. 
The  publication,  being  liberally  encouraged 
by  party  zeal,  produced  a  considerable  sum, 
which  was  doubled  by  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  at 
whose  seat  the  author  died,  after  a  lingering 
illness,  in  1721,  and  was  interred  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  His  poems  are  light  and 
harmonious,  and  the  ease  and  vivacity  with 
which  he  tells  a  story,  constitutes  the  great 
charm  of  his  poetry.  Formerly  his  merit 
was  overrated  ;  at  present  bare  justice  is 
scarcely  done  to  his  genius. 

PRISCIAN,  a  celebrated  grammarian  of 
Caesarca,  in  the  5th  century,  whose  strict 
attention  to  correctness  in  composition  has 
made  it  proverbial  to  say  of  one  who  writes 
false  Latin,  that  he  breaks  Priscian's  head. 
He  was  the  master  of  a  school  at  Constan- 
tinople, and  was  tlie  author  of  several  gram- 
matical works. 

PRISCILUAN,  a  heretic  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury, was  a  native  of  Spain,  where  his 
opinions  were  condemned  in  380,  by  a 
council  held  at  Saragossa.  Priscillian  was 
ordained  bisliop  of  Avila  by  his  own  party  ; 
but  put  to  death,  with  some  of  his  adherents, 
in  387.  He  is  said  to  have  united  in  his 
system  the  errors  of  the  Gnostics,  the  Mani- 
cheans,  the  Arians,  and  the  Sabellians  ;  and 
the  Priscillianists  are  charged  with  infamous 
practices,  resulting  from  these  opinions. 

PRITCHARD,  Hannah,  a  celebrated 
English  actress,  born  in  1711.  She  per- 
formed at  Drury  Lane,  and  was  almost  with- 
out a  rival  among  her  contemporaries  in  the 
personification  of  tragic  characters.  Died, 
1768. 

PROBUS,  Makcus  Aueelius  Valerius, 
a  Roman  emperor,  was  born  at  Sirmium  in 
Pannonia,  obtained  several  victories  over 
the  barbarians,  reigned  with  honour  to  him- 
self, but  was  at  length  slain  by  his  mutinous 
troops,  in  282. 

PROCACCINI,  Camillo,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  Bologna,  in  1546.  He  studied 
the  works  of  Parmegiano  and  Michael  An- 
gelo,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation  for 
the  beauty  of  his  colouring  and  the  lightness 

of  his   touch.     Died,   1626 His  brother, 

GiULio  Cesake,  born  in  1548,  adopted  the 
style  of  Correggio,  and  surpassed  all  his  other 

imitators.    Died,  1626 Carlo  Antonio, 

another  brother,  excelled  as  a  fruit  and 
flower  painter. 

PROCLD  A,  John  of,  a  native  of  Palermo, 

was  born  of  a  noble  family,  about  1225.     He 

was   tlic   cliief   of   the    conspiracy    against 

Cliarles  of  Anjou  ;  and  his  efforts  to  accom- 

j  plish  the  expulsion  of  the  French  displayed 


talents  of  a  high  order,  and  were  finally 
crowned  with  success.     Died,  1303. 

PROCLUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  was 
born  in  410,  at  Constantinople.  He  studied 
at  Alexandria,  and  next  at  Athens,  where 
he  succeeded  Syriacus  in  the  Platonic  school, 
and  died  in  485.  Several  of  his  works  are 
extant. 

PROCLUS,  St.,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, was  the  disciple  of  Chrysostom.  He 
died  in  447. 

PROCOPE  COUTEAU,  a  physician  and 
man  of  letters,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1684. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  professional 
tracts,  remarkable  for  their  satirical  humour  ; 
he  was  also  the  author  of  the  comedies  of 
"Arlequin  Balourd "  and  "Pygmalion," 
besides  several  comic  dramas,  &c.  Died, 
1753. 

PROCOPITJS,  a  Greek  historian,  was  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  CsBsarea,  and  attended 
Belisarius  as  his  secretary.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  Wars  of  the  Persians,  the 
Gauls,  and  the  Goths,"  also  a  "  Secret  History, 
or  Anecdotes,"  a  "  History  of  his  Times,"  and 
a  treatise  on  public  buildings.  Died,  about  i 
660. 

PROCOPIUS,  of  Gaza,  a  Greek  sophist,  i 
who  lived  about  a.d.  560.  i 

PRODICUS,    a    celebrated    sophist    and  ' 
rhetorician    of  the  isle  of  Cos,   flourished  j 
about  396  B.  c.    lie  had  Socrates  for  one  ' 
of  his  disciples  ;   and  was  put  to  death  at 
an  advanced  age,  on  a  charge  of  corrupting 
youth.  I 

PRONAPIDES,  a  Greek  poet,  wlio,  ac-  i 
cording  to  Diodorus  Siculus,  was  the  master 
of  Homer.  j 

PRONY,  Gaspard-Clair-Francois-Ma-  ! 
RiE-RiCHE  DE,  baron  de  Prony,  a  distin- 
guished   French  mathematician.      He  was  ! 
the  pupil,  and  subsequently  the  assistant, 
of  Perronet,  and  was  much  employed  by  j 
Napoleon,    though    the    latter  was    deeply  } 
offended  by  Prony's  refusal  to  accompany 
him  to  Egypt.    Independent  of  his  various  : 
missions  as  an  engineer,  and  of  his  labours  i 
as  a  professor  at  the  Polytechnic  School,  M.  ; 
Prony  was   author  of  between   thirty   and 
forty  volumes,  chiefly  of  most  laborious  and  : 
extensive  calculations.    One  work,  forming 
17  volumes  in  folio,  was  executed  in  obedi-  ' 
ence  to  an  order  of  the  French  government  I 
for  '*  tables  which  should  be  as  exact  as  pos-  ' 
sible,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  greatest  and 
most  imposing  monument  of  calculation  that 
had  ever  been  executed,  or  even  thought  of." 
It  is  supposed  that  the  French  government 
will  one  day  give  to  the  world  this  truly  ex-  i 
traordinary  work,  which  at  present  is  in  MS.  ' 
in  the  library  of  the  observatory  at  Paris.  ; 
Born,  1755;  died,  1839.  I 

PROPERTIUS,  Sextus  Aurelius,  a 
Latin  poet,  was  bom  at  Mevania,  B.C.  52,  : 
and  died  about  a.  d.  12.  Nothing  more  of 
his  life  is  known  than  that,  after  the  end  i 
of  the  civil  war,  he  found  a  patron  at  Rome  ; 
in  Mecasnas,  through  whom  he  obtained  the  ! 
favour  of  the  emperor.  He  appears  to  have 
been  the  bosom  friend  of  0\nd,  and  was  also 
on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Virgil  and  other  . 
eminent  contemporaries.  I 

PROSPER,  St.,  was  born  in  Aquitaine,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  5th  century.    He  opposed  j 


pro] 


^  ^cfco  mnibtv^nl  28t05Tap]b2' 


[PSA 


the  Pelagians  with  considerable  ability,  and 
died  about  403. 

PROTAGORAS,  a  Greek  sopliist,  bom  at 
Abdera,  B.C.  488,  was  originally  a  porter,  but 
by  hearing  Democritus,  lie  attained  such 
eminence,  as  to  become  a  teacher  at  Athens  ; 
from  which  city  he  was  banished  on  the 
charge  of  atheism.  He  then  went  to  Epirus, 
where  he  resided  several  years  ;  and  died  on 
his  voyage  to  Sicily, 

PROTOGENES.  an  eminent  Grecian 
painter,  who  flourished  about  336  B.C.,  was  a 
native  of  Cannus,  in  Caria,  a  city  subject  to 
Rhodes.  A  considerable  part  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  obscurity,  but  he  was  at  length 
brought  into  notice  by  Apelles  giving  a  large 
price  for  one  of  his  pictures.  On  the  siege  of 
Rhodes  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  Protogenes 
is  said  to  have  continued  tranquilly  working 
at  his  house  in  the  suburbs  ;  and  being  asked 
by  Demetrius  wliy  he  ventured  to  remain 
without  the  walls  of  the  city,  he  answered, 
that  he  well  knew  that  the  king  was  at 
war  with  the  Rhodians,  but  not  witli  the 
arts  ;  with  which  answer  Demetrius  was  so 
pleased,  that  he  gave  him  a  guard  for  liis 
protection. 

PROYART,  LiEVAiiV  Bonavkntuke,  a 
French  historical  writer,  bom  in  the  province 
of  Artois,  in  1743.  lie  adopted  the  ecclesias- 
tical profession,  and,  devoting  his  time  to 
public  instruction,  he  was  employed  to  or- 
ganise the  college  of  Puy,  wliich,  under  his 
direction,  became  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
schools  in  the  kingdom.  Being  a  canon  in  the 
cathedral  of  Arras,  he  was  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  deprived  of  his  pre- 
ferment, and  obliged  to  emigrate  to  the 
Netherlands.  He  returned  to  France  on  the 
conclusion  of  the  concordat  ;  but  on  publish- 
ing his  work,  entitled  "Louis  XVI.  et  ses 
Vertus  aux  Prises  avec  la  Perversito  de  son 
Si&cle,"  5  vols.,  he  was  arrested  and  confined 
in  the  BicGtre,  which  he  did  not  long  sur- 
vive. His  works  are  numerous,  and  form 
17  vols. 

PRUDHOMME,  L.,  editor  of  Le  Journal 
des  Revolutions  de  Paris,  was  born  at 
Lyons,  in  1752,  where  he  was  brought  up  to 
the  business  of  a  bookseller.  In  1788  he  fixed 
his  residence  in  Paris,  and  became  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  new  principles.  In  1789  he 
established  the  above  journal,  which  had  for 
its  motto,  "  The  great  seem  to  us  to  be  great, 
only  because  we  are  on  our  knees  :  let  us 
rise  !"  Although  he  constantly  assailed  the 
government  in  this  publication,  as  well  as  in 
the  countless  pamphlets  which  were  issued 
by  him,  he  opposed  the  tyranny  of  Robes- 
pierre, and  was  in  consequence  arrested  as  a 
royalist  ;  but  having  speedily  obtained  hia 
liberty,  he  quitted  Paris,  and  was  absent  till 
the  death  of  that  inexorable  dictator.  Among 
his  numerous  works  is  a  "  General  History 
of  the  Crimes  committed  during  the  Revolu- 
tion." 6  vols.     Died,  1830. 

PRUDHON,  PiEKKE  Paul,  a  French 
painter,  born  in  1760,  at  Cluny,  where  he  was 
educated  by  tlie  monks  of  the  celebrated 
abbey  of  that  place.  After  having  studied  at 
Rome,  he  settled  at  Paris,  and  finally  gained 
celebrity  by  his  famous  allegorical  picture, 
"  Crime  pursued  by  Divine  Justice."  Died, 
1823. 


PRYNNE,  William,  a  learned  lawyer, 
political  writer,  and  antiquary,  was  born  in 
1609,  at  Swanswick,  in  Somersetshire  ;  was 
educated  at  Bath  grammar  school,  and  Oriel 
College,  Oxford  ;  and,  removing  tol^incoln's 
Inn  to  study  the  law,  became  barrister, 
bencher,  and  reader  of  that  society.  His 
attendance  upon  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Preston, 
a  distinguished  puritan,  strongly  attached 
him  to  that  sect,  and  he  began  to  write  as 
early  as  1627,  attacking  the  drinking  of 
healths,  love-locks,  popery,  and  Arminian- 
ism,  which  he  deemed  the  enormities  of  the 
age.  In  1632  he  publislied  his  work  against 
theatrical  exhibitions,  entitled  "Histrio-Mas  • 
tix  ;"  and  having  therein  libelled  the  queen, 
he  was  the  subject  of  a  star-chamber  prose- 
cution, and  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of  5000/., 
to  be  expelled  the  university  of  Oxford  and 
I-incoln's  Inn,  to  be  degraded  from  his  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  to  stand  twice  in  the 
pillory,  losing  an  ear  each  time,  and  to  re- 
main a  prisoner  for  life.  Prynne  continued 
writing  against  prelacy  in  prison ;  until, 
for  a  virulent  piece,  entitled  "News  from 
Ipswich,"  he  was  again  sentenced  by  the 
star-chamber  to  a  fine  of  .lOOOi.,  to  lose  the 
remainder  of  his  ears  in  the  pillory,  and  to 
be  branded  on  each  cheek  with  the  letters 
S.  L.  (seditious  libeller).  This  sentence  was 
also  executed,  and  he  was  removed  for  im- 
prisonment to  Caernarvon  castle,  and  after- 
wards to  the  island  of  Jersey.  In  1640  he 
obtained  his  liberty,  was  elected  member  for 
Newport,  and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the 
trial  of  Laud,  his  former  persecutor.  After 
the  overthrow  of  Charles,  however,  Prynne 
endeavoured  to  eflFect  on  accommodation  be- 
tween him  and  his  subjects  ;  and  he  opposed 
Cromwell  with  such  boldness,  that  the  Pro- 
tector imprisoned  him.  He  joined  in  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  ;  was  appointed 
chief  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower,  and 
died  in  1669.  He  wrote  a  prodigious  number 
of  books,  chiefly  on  politics  and  religion  ; 
also  the  "  History  of  Archbishop  Laud,"  and 
the  "  Lives  of  Kings  John,  Henry  III.,  and 
Edward  I." 

PSALMANAZAR,  George,  a  literary 
impostor,  was  born  in  France,  in  1679,  and 
received  an  excellent  education.  He  com- 
menced his  career  by  leading  a  wandering 
life,  and  assumed  the  habit  of  a  pilgrim  ; 
but  this  not  answering  his  purpose,  he  pre- 
tended to  be  a  native  of  Formosa  ;  and  to 
keep  up  the  delusion,  he  invented  a  new 
alphabet,  and  a  grammar  of  the  Formosan 
tongue.  At  this  time  he  became  acquainted 
with  a  clergyman  named  Innes,  who,  con- 
ceiving he  could  turn  the  impostor  to  good 
account,  persuaded  the  pretended  Formosan 
to  suflFer  jilmself  to  be  converted  to  tlie 
church  of  England  ;  and  the  clergyman  and 
his  new  disciple  went  to  London,  where  tlie 
latter  was  presented  to  Bishop  Compton  and 
others,  and  tlie  former  was  rewarded  for  his 
zeal  with  church  preferment.  Psalmanazar 
had  the  effrontery  to  translate  the  Church 
Catecliism,  into  his  newly  invented  For- 
mosan language  ;  and  he  published  a  "  His- 
tory of  Formosa,"  which  was  considered  as 
authentic  by  many  eminent  men  ;  nor  was 
the  cheat  discovered  till  after  he  had  been 
sent  to  Oxford.    After  this  he  gained  a  sub- 


TTO] 


%  |5eto  2aiu&rriSal  ^toflrapi^w* 


[PUL 


I  sistence  by  writing  for  the  booksellers,  and 

I  became  remarkable  in   hia  latter  years  for 

his  sincere  and  unaffected  piety.     A  large 

I  portion  of  the  ancient  part  of  the  "  Universal 

i  History"  was  written  by  him,  and   he  left 

I  behind    him    his    own  "Memoirs."     Died, 

17f53. 

PTOLEMY,  Claudius,  a  geographer  and 

I  astronomer  of  antiquity,  was  bom,  as  is  sup- 

I  posed,  at  Pelusium,  in  Egypt,  about  a.  d.  70. 

j  He  resided  at  Alexandria,  where  he  had  an 

I  observatory  ;  but  it  is  evident  from  his  cos- 

I  mography  that  he  was  also  a  voyager,  and 

had  visited  many  of  the  countries  which 

1  he  has  described.    He  corrected  Hipparchus's 

!  catalogue  of  fixed  stars,  and  formed  tables  of 

j  the  planetary  motions.    The  scattered  obser- 

!  vations  of  tlie  ancients  were  first  collected  by 

j  him,  and  reduced  to  a  system,  known  under 

j  the  name  of  the  Ptolemaic,  whicli  makes  the 

earth  the  centre  of  tlie  solar  system. 

PUBLIUS  S  YRIITS,  a  comic  poet  of  Syria, 
who  flourished  at  Rome  about  50  years  before 
the  Christian  era. 

PUFFENDORF,  Samuel,  Baron  Von,  an 
eminent  German  civilian  and  historian,  born 
near  Cliemnitz,  in  Saxony,  in  1631.  He  was 
successively  in  the  service  of  the  Elector- 
palatine,  Charles  XI.  of  Sweden,  and  the 
Elector  of  Brandenburg.  Very  numerous 
are  the  works  of  this  learned  and  excellent 
man  ;  but  the  most  important,  and  what  will 
immortalise  his  name,  is  his  treatise  "  De 
Jure  Naturae  et  Gentium."  It  is  indeed  a 
body  of  the  law  of  nature  and  nations  well 
digested,  and,  as  some  think,  preferable  to 
Grotius's  book,  De  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis,  since 
the  same  subjects  are  treated  in  a  more  ex- 
tensive manner  and  with  greater  order.  His 
other  principal  works  are,  "  The  Elements 
of  Jurisprudence,"  "  The  State  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,"  "An  Introduction  to  tlie 
Study  of  Europe,"  the  "  Life  of  Gustavus  of 
Sweden,"  the  "  Life  of  Frederic  III.,  of 
Brandenburg,"  &c.  He  died  at  Berlin,  in 
1694. 

PUGATSCHEFF,  Jemeljax,  or  Yem- 
elka,  the  leader  of  a  predatory  band  in 
Russia  and  a  daring  impostor,  was  a  Don 
Cossack,  and  born  in  1726.  After  serving  in 
the  Prussian  and  Austrian  armies,  he  re- 
turned to  his  own  country  ;  and  being 
possessed  of  a  striking  personal  resemblance 
to  the  lately  deceased  emperor,  Peter  III., 
he  was  in  1773  encouraged  to  pass  himself 
for  that  monarch.  At  first  he  had  but  few 
followers,  but  they  increased  to  tlie  number 
of  16,000  men.  He  several  times  defeated  the 
troops  of  tlie  empress  ;  captured  Kasan,  the 
old  capital  of  the  empire  ;  and  continued  his 
ravages  for  nearly  two  years.  At  length, 
just  as  Moscow  was  threatened,  he  was  be- 
trayed by  some  of  his  party,  and  executed, 
together  with  the  other  rebel  leaders,  at  Mos- 
cow, in  1775. 

PUGET,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor,  painter,  and  architect,  was  born  in 
1622,  at  Marseilles  ;  resided  for  a  considerable 
time  at  Genoa,  but  was  recalled  to  France 
by  Colbert ;  and  died  there,  in  1691.  Many 
of  his  finest  productions  are  at  Genoa  ;  but 
his  colossal  group  of  Milo,  and  his  Andro- 
meda, are  at  Versailles. 
PUGHE,  Dr.  William  Owen,  a  celebrated 


Welsh  lexicographer  and  author,  whose  life 
was  devoted  to  the  literature  of  his  native 
country,  died  at  the  foot  of  Cader  Idris  (the 
mountain  near  which  he  was  born),  in  June 
1835,  aged  75. 

PUISAYE,  Count  Joseph,  an  able  royalist 
chief,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  and  j 
noble  family,  and  born  at  Montagne,  about  ! 
1754.    He  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  | 
preferred  the  military  profession,  and  ob-  ! 
tained  the  brevet  of  colonel  in  the  royal  j 
Swiss  corps.    He  sat  in  the  constituent  as-  j 
sembly,  and  regularly  voted  with  the  par-  i 
tisans    of   political  regeneration.    In    1793,  j 
forces  having  been  collected  in  the  northern  ] 
departments  to  oppose  the  Jacobins,  he  was 
appointed  to  act    as    second   in    command 
under    General    Wimpfen,    and    was    con- 
sequently proscribed  by  the  convention.    He 
took  refuge  in  Brittany,  where  he  organised 
a  formidable  body  of  Chouans.    He  visited 
England  in  1794,  obtained  a  considerable 
succour,  was  invested  with  unlimited  powers 
by  the  Count  d'Artois  ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
France,  every  preparation  was  made  by  the 
Bretons  to  join  the  English  and  emigrant 
troops  as  soon  as  they  should  appear  on  the 
French  coasts.    But  his  hopes  were  blasted  by 
envious  intriguers  of  his  own   party  ;   the 
expedition  was  diverted  to  La  Vendee,  and 
the  unfortunate  disaster  at  Quiberon  followed. 
He  at   length  resigned  his  commission  and 
went  to  Canada  ;  but  he  subsequently  came 
to  England,  where  he  resided  till  his  death, 
in  1827. 

PULCI,  Luioi,  an  Italian  poet,  was  bom 
at  Florence,  in  1431.  His  principal  per- 
formance, entitled  "  Morgante  Maggiore,"  is 
a  poetical  romance,  and  was  printed  at 
Venice,  in  1488  ;  and  a  spirited  translation 
of  it,  by  Lord  Byron,  was  given  in  the 
Liberal.  Pulci  also  wrote  sonnets,  pub- 
lished with  those  of  Matteo  Franco,  in  which 
the  two  authors  satirised  each  other  for  their 

amusement His  brothers,  Bernardo  and 

LucA,  were  also  poets.  The  former  published 
a  translation  of  the  eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  a 
poem  on  the  passion  of  Christ  ;  the  latter  was 
the  author  of  "  Giostra  di  Lorenzo  de  Medici," 
and  an  epic  romance,  called  "  II  Ciriffo  Cal- 
vaneo." 

PIJLTENEY,  William,  earl  of  Bath,  the 
political  antagonist  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole, 
was  born  in  1682,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  Christchurch,  Oxford. 
After  travelling  through  Europe,  he  was 
elected  into  parliament,  and  became  distin- 
guished as  a  zealous  Whig.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  George  I.  he  was  appointed  a  privy 
councillor  and  secretary  at  war  ;  but  a 
dispute  with  Sir  Robert  Walpole  caused  his 
removal  to  the  ranks  of  the  opposition.  He 
joined  Bolingbroke  in  conducting  a  paper, 
called  the  Craftsman,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  annoy  the  minister.  This  produced 
a  duel  between  Pulteney  and  Lord  Hervey  ; 
and  the  king  was  so  much  displeased  with 
the  conduct  of  the  former,  that  he  struck  his 
name  out  of  the  list  of  privy  councillors, 
and  also  from  the  commission  of  the  peace. 
On  the  resignation  of  Walpole,  in  1741,  Pul- 
teney was  created  earl  of  Bath  ;  but  from 
that  time  his  popularity  and  influence  ceased. 
Died,  1764. 


pul] 


^  ^etD  HntbcrM  ^iasrtip})^}. 


[PTR 


PULTENEY,  Richard,  a  physician  and 
botanist,  was  born  at  Louglvborough,  in  1730. 
He  first  practised  as  a  surgeon  at  I^eicester  ; 
but  in  17G4  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  settled  at 
Blandford,  in  Dorsetshire,  lie  was  the  au- 
thor of  "Historical  and  Biographical  Sketches 
of  the  Progress  of  Botany  in  England,"  be- 
sides several  professional  treatises,  and  a 
variety  of  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions, &c.     Died,  1801. 

PUKCELL,  Hknkv,  a  celebrated  musical 
composer,  was  born  in  1G58  ;  and  being  ad- 
mitted as  a  chorister  in  the  king's  chapel, 
was  brought  up  under  Dr.  Blow,  organist  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  afterwards  of  the 
chapel  royal;  and,  from  this  period,  his  fame 
seems  to  have  increased  rapidly,  his  anthems 
and  church  music  in  general  being  popular 
in  all  tlie  cathedrals  of  the  kingdom  ;  nor 
were  his  compositions  for  the  stage  and 
music-room  less  successful.  Among  his 
works  are  many  excellent  anthems,  sonatas, 
catches,  rounds,  glees,  &c. ;  the  opera  of. 
"  Diocletian,"  and  "  Orpheus  Britanuicus." 

PURCHAS,  Samuel,  a  divine,  was  bom 
in  1577,  at  Thaxted,  in  Essex  ;  and  died  in 
1028,  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate.  His 
principal  work  is  the  well  known  "Collec- 
tion of  "Voyages,"  in  5  vols.,  and  his  "  Pil- 
grimages, or  Relations  of  the  World." 

PURVER,  Anthony,  a  self-instructed 
man,  of  humble  birth,  was  bom  at  Up 
Ilurstboume,  in  Ilampshire,  in  1702,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker.  Being 
afterwards  employed  in  keeping  sheep,  he 
found  leisure  for  study  ;  and  his  curiosity 
being  excited  by  tlie  perusal  of  a  tract  in 
which  some  inaccuracies  in  the  authorised 
version  of  the  Bible  were  pointed  out,  he 
resolved  to  make  himself  acquainted  with 
the  Scriptures  in  their  original  tongues. 
Accordingly,  with  some  assistance  from  a 
Jew,  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  He- 
brew, then  applied  to  the  Greek,  and  next 
studied  Latin.  On  settling  at  Andover  as 
a  schoolmaster,  he  undertook  the  extraor- 
dinary labour  of  translating  the  Bible  into 
English  ;  which  work  he  actually  accom- 
plished, and  it  was  printed  at  the  expense  of 
Dr.  Fothergill,  in  2  vols,  folio.    Died,  1777. 

PUTTENllAM,  George,  an  English  wri- 
ter, who  lived  in  the  court  of  Edward  VI., 
and  became  one  of  the  gentlemen  pen- 
sioners to  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  died  about 
1600.  His  works  are  "Elpine,"  "Parthe- 
niades,"  and  "  The  Art  of  Poesie." 

PUY,  Louis  du,  a  learned  writer,  was 
born  at  Bugey,  in  1709.  He  was  editor  of 
the  Journal  des  Savans,  30  years  secretary 
to  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  and  librarian 
to  the  Prince  de  Soubise.  lie  translated 
Sophocles  into  French,  and  wrote  a  work 
on  geometry. 

PUY,  PiEitRE  DU,  an  antiquary  and  his- 
torian, was  the  son  of  Claude  du  Puy,  an 
advocate  of  some  eminence,  and  born  at 
Agen,  in  1582.  He  was  related  to  DeThou, 
whose  great  work  he  edited,  in  conjunction 
with  Rigault.  Du  Puy  was  appointed 
counsellor  and  librarian  to  the  king,  who 
employed  him  to  defend  his  rights  over  the 
bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun.  He 
was    the  author  of  a  variety  of  valuable 


works  connected  with  politics,  ecclesiastical 
affairs,  and  national  history  ;  and  died  in 
1651. 

PUY-SEGUR,  James  de  Ciiastenbt, 
Lord  of,  a  French  officer,  was  born  in  Ar- 
magnac,  in  1600.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general  ;  but  though  he  served  in 
40  campaigns,  was  present  at  120  sieges,  and 
in  more  than  30  battles,  he  never  received  a 
wound.  On  retiring  from  the  service,  he 
wrote  his  own  "  Memoirs,"  and  died  in  1682. 
His  son,  born  in  1655,  was  aUo  an  excel- 
lent officer,  and  became  a  marshal  of  France. 
Died,  1743. 

PYE,  Henry  James,  poet  laureate,  was 
descended  from  an  ancient  Berkshire  family, 
and  born  in  London,  in  1745.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  was  for 
some  time  an  officer  in  the  Berkshire  militia, 
and  ruined  his  fortune  by  the  expenses  of  a 
contested  election  as  a  candidate  for  the  re- 
presentation of  the  county.  In  1790  he  was 
appointed  poet  laureate  ;  and,  in  1792,  one  of 
the  police  magistrates-  His  principal  works 
are,  "  Alfred,"  an  epic  poem  ;  "  The  Progress 
of  Refinement,"  "The  Democrat,"  "The 
Aristocrat;"  translations  from  Aristotle, 
Pindar,  and  Homer  ;  a  collection  of  poems, 
2  vols.;  and  "  Comments  on  the  Commenta- 
tors on  Shakspeare."    Died,  1813. 

PYLE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  was 
bom  at  Stodey,  in  Norfolk,  in  1674,  and  was 
educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge.  On 
taking  the  part  of  Bishop  Hoadley,  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy,  that  prelate  re- 
warded him  with  a  prebend  and  residenti- 
aryship  in  Salisbury  cathedral,  lie  was  the  i 
author  of  a  "  Paraphrase  on  the  Historical  I 
Books  of  the  Old  Testament,"  4  vols.  ; 
"  Paraphrase  on  the  Acts  and  Epistles,"  2 
vols.;  a  " Paraphrase  on  the  Revelations  of 
St.  John  ;"  and  3  volumes  of  "  Sermons." 
Died,  1756. 

PYM,  John,  a  parliamentarian  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  by  profession  a  bar- 
rister, was  a  native  of  Somersetshire,  and 
born  in  1584.  He  became  a  member  of  par- 
liament in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  zealous  opponent  of  the 
court,  being  a  rigid  puritan.  In  the  next 
reign  he  acted  with  greater  violence,  and  was 
one  of  the  five  members  who  were  demanded 
by  the  king  to  be  delivered  to  him  as  traitors. 
In  1643  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  the 
ordnance,  and  died  shortly  after. 

PYNSON,  Richard,  a  printer,  was  by 
birth  a  Norman,  but  naturalised  in  England 
by  letters  patent,  and  appointed  king's 
printer.  He  is  noticed  here  on  account  of 
his  being  the  first  that  introduced  the  Roman 
letter  into  this  country.    Died,  about  1529. 

PYRRIIO,  the  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Elis,  and  founder  of  the  sect  called  Sceptics, 
or  Pyrrhonists,  flourished  about  B.C.  340. 
He  was  originally  a  painter,  but  afterwards 
became  a  disciple  of  Anaxarchus,  whom  he 
accompanied  to  India,  in  the  train  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  and  while  there  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Brahmins, 
Gymnosophists,  Magi,  and  other  Eastern 
philosophers.  On  the  return  of  Pyrrho  to 
Greece,  the  inhabitants  of  Elea  made  him 
their  high  priest,  and  the  Athenians  gave 
him  the  rights  of  citizenship.   Died,  b.c.  288. 


3p 


ptr] 


^  ^cto  Sffiitber^al  Biojprapl^w. 


[qua 


PYRRHUS,  king  of  Epirus,  b.  c.  300,  was 
one  of  the  greatest  warriors  of  antiquity. 
He  ascended  the  throne  of  his  fatlier  when 
but  12  years  old  ;  and  being  driven  from  it, 
five  years  afterwards,  by  Neoptolemus,  he 
soon  regained  it,  and  increased  his  power  by 
the  conquest  of  Macedonia.  Of  his  various 
contests,  that  with  the  Roman  republic  oc- 
cupies the  most  distinguished  place  in  history. 
The  Romans  entertained  the  highest  opinion 
of  his  military  skill,  and  from  him,  in  fact, 
they  learned  most  of  their  art  in  war.  He 
was  fond  of  glory,  and  personally  brave,  even 
to  rashness  ;  but  his  faults  of  ambition  were 
counterbalanced  by  acts  of  courtesy  and 
benevolence.  He  was  killed  by  a  tile  thrown 
from  the  top  of  a  house  at  the  siege  of  Argos, 
B.  c.  272. 

PYTHAGORAS,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated philosophers  of  antiquity,  and  the 
founder  of  the  Italic  school,  was  the  son  of 
Mnemarchus,  an  engraver  of  Samos,  and 
born  at  Sidon,  in  Phoenicia,  about  580  b.  c, 
while  his  parents  were  travelling  in  that 
country.  His  history  is  mingled  with  many 
fables.  In  Egypt  he  was  probably  admitted 
to  the  mysteries  of  the  priests,  and  made 
acquainted  with  the  whole  range  of  Coptic 
learning.  From  Egypt  he  is  said  to  have 
journeyed  to  the  East,  and  visited  the  Per- 
sian and  Chaldean  Magi,  as  well  as  the 
Indian  Gymnosophists.  After  his  return,  he 
opened  a  school  at  Samos,  and  taught  his 


doctrines  in  a  symbolic  form  ;  in  which 
veiled  manner  he  treated  of  God  and  the 
human  soul,  and  delivered  a  vast  number 
of  precepts  relating  to  the  conduct  of  life, 
political  as  well  as  civil.  He  also  made 
considerable  advances  in  the  sciences,  par- 
ticularly in  arithmetic,  geometry,  and  as- 
tronomy. After  a  life  of  extensive  travel, 
constant  labour,  and  severe  persecution,  he 
died  at  Metapontum,  in  the  temple  of  the 
Muses,  where,  according  to  tradition,  he 
perished  from  want  of  sustenance,  at  eighty 
years  of  age.  If  we  measure  the  glory  of  a 
philosopher  by  the  duration  of  his  doctrine, 
and  by  the  extent  of  its  propagation, nothing 
can  equal  that  of  Pythagoras,  since  most  of 
his  opinions  are  at  this  day  literally  followed 
in  the  greatest  part  of  the  world.  What  are 
called  "  The  Golden  Verses  of  Pythagoras  " 
have  been  frequently  published,  and  are 
well  known  ;  but  it  is  supposed  that  this 
short  abridgment  of  his  popular  doctrines 
was  the  work  of  some  later  writer. 

PYTHEAS,  was  a  celebrated  ancient  tra- 
veller, who  lived  in  the  time  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  born  at  Massilia,  now  Mar- 
seilles, then  a  colony  of  the  Plioceans.  He 
was  a  good  mathematician,  and  is  said,  not 
only  to  have  explored  the  coast  as  far  as 
Cadiz,  but  to  have  sailed  from  thence  to  the 
Ultima  Thule,  or  Iceland,  where  he  made 
some  astronomical  observations. 


Q- 


QUADRATUS,  a  bishop  of  Athens,  who 
lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  2nd  century. 
He  was  the  successor  of  Publius,  who  was 
martj'red  in  the  persecution  under  Adrian  ; 
and  when  that  emperor  visited  the  Athenian 
capital  in  12(5,  Quadratus  presented  to  him 
"An  Apology  for  the  Christian  Religion," 
which,  Eusebius  says,  had  the  desired  effect 
of  occasioning  a  temporary  cessation  of  the 
persecution.  Of  this  work  there  is  only  a 
fragment  remaining  ;  but  it  is  curious  for 
the  testimony  it  gives  to  the  reality  of  the 
miracles  of  Christ  and  his  apostles,  assert- 
ing, that  in  his  time  several  of  the  persons 
were  living  in  whose  favour  the  miracles 
were  wrought. 

QUADRIO,  Fraxcts  Xavier,  an  Italian 
Jesuit,  born  in  the  Valteline,  in  1695.  He 
was  the* author  of  "Dissertations  on  the 
Valteline,"  3  vols. ;  a  "  History  of  Poetry," 
7  vols.  ;  &c.    Died,  175G. 

QUAGLIATI,  Paolo,  a  musician  and 
actor  of  modern  Rome  ;  the  first  who  pro- 
duced dramatic  action  or  representation  in 
music  ever  witnessed  in  that  city.  This  was 
during  the  carnival  of  1606,  and  the  per- 
formance was  on  a  stage  in  the  open  air. 

QUANZ,  John  Joachim,  an  eminent 
musical  composer  and  flute  player  ;  born 
near  Gottingen,  1097  ;  died,  1773.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "Series  of  Pieces  for  two 
Flutes,"  "  Instructions,"  &c. 

QUARIN,  Joseph,  first  physician  to  the 


emperor  Joseph  II.,  was  bom  at  Vienna, 
in  1773  ;  obtained  great  reputation  for  me- 
dical skill,   was  created  a  count  in    1797,  , 
filled  the  office  of  rector  in  the  university 
six  times,  and  died  in  1814. 

QUARLES,  Fra.ncis,  an  English  poet, 
was  born  in  1592,  near  Romford,  Essex,  and 
received  his  education  at  Cambridge.  He 
obtained  the  place  of  cup-bearer  to  the  queen 
of  Bohemia,  daughter  of  James  I.,  and  was 
afterwards  secretary  to  Archbishop  Usher  in 
Ireland  ;  from  which  country  he  was  driven, 
with  the  loss  of  his  property,  by  the  rebel- 
lion of  1641,  and  was  appointed  chronologer 
to  the  city  of  London.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  civil  wars  he  wrote  a  work, 
entitled  the  "  Loyal  Convert,"  which  gave 
ofience  to  the  parliament ;  and,  when  he 
afterwards  joined  the  king  at  Oxford,  his 
property  was  sequestrated,  and  his  books 
and  MSS.  plundered.  He  was  so  much  af- 
fected by  his  losses,  that  grief  is  supposed  to 
have  hastened  his  death,  in  1614.  Of  the 
works  of  Quarles,  in  prose  and  verse,  the 
most  celebrated  is  his  "  Emblems,"  a  set 
of  designs  in  prints,  illustrated  by  verses, 
which,  with  all  their  false  taste  and  conceit, 
have  merit,  and  still  continue  to  be  printed. 
His  other  works  are,  "  Argalus  and  Parthe- 
nia,"  a  romance  ;  "  Enchiridion  of  Medita- 
tions," " Divine  Fancies,"  and  "The  Shep- 
herd's Oracles." 

QUATROMANNI,  Sertoeips,  an  Italian 


que] 


^  fitia  WinibtrM  38t00rfqp]^g, 


[qui 


writer,  was  bom  at  Cozenza,  in  1551,  and 
died  in  1606.  His  life  was  passed  in  the 
cultivation  of  poetry  and  literature  ;  but  he 
was  of  a  most  irritable  temper,  which  ren- 
dered him  odious  to  all  the  learned  of  his 
time.  He  translated  the  iEneid  into  Italian 
verse,  and  wrote  several  poems,  botli  Latin 
and  Italian. 

QUELLINUS,  Erasmus,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1C07.  lie 
was  a  pupil  of  Rubens,  and  execute<l  seve- 
ral pictures  of  great  merit.  He  died  in 
1678,  and  left  a  son,  Joiix  Ekasmcs  Quei.- 
I4INUS,  whose  liistorical  pieces  arc  held  in 
estimation.  He  had  also  a  nephew,  Ar- 
thur QuELLiNUS,  who  was  an  excellent 
sculptor. 

QUERENGHI,  Antonio,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Padua,  in  1546,  distinguished  him- 
self at  an  early  age  for  erudition,  was 
secretary  of  the  Sacred  College  under  Ave 
popes,  and  died  at  Rome  in  1633. 

QUERLON,  Annk  Gauriel  Meusniek 
DE,  a  celebrated  French  journalist,  was  born 
at  Nantes,  in  1702,  and  died  in  1780.  For 
upwards  of  20  years  he  conducted  a  periodi- 
cal paper  iu  Brittany,  called  I-es  Petites 
AlBches  ;  he  was  also  a  writer  in  the  Gazette 
de  France,  the  Journal  Etrang&re,  and  the 
Encyclop(5dique.  His  works  are  "  Les  Im- 
postures Innocentes,"  "Le  Testament  de 
i'Abb*?  des  Fontaines,"  "  Le  Code  Lyrique," 
"A  Continuation  of  Prevot's  History  of 
Voyages,"  and  a  translation  of  "  Marsy's 
Latin  Poem  on  Painting." 

QUERNO,  Camillo,  a  Neapolitan  poet  of 
the  15th  century,  who  acquired  great  fame 
by  his  facility  in  extempore  versification, 
and  obtained  the  name  (at  first  given  in  a 
joke  by  some  of  his  convivial  friends  while 
at  Rome,  in  1514)  of  arch-poet.  Leo  X. 
was  much  pleased  with  his  buffoonery, 
and  often  admitted  him  to  his  table.  Died, 
1528. 

QUER  Y  MARTINEZ,  Joseph,  a  Spanish 
botanist,  born  at  Perpignan,  in  1095.  He 
was  a  surgeon-major  in  the  army,  and  made 
good  use  of  the  opportunities  which  his 
visits  to  the  coast  of  Africa  afforded  him, 
while  attached  to  his  corps,  of  collecting 
numerous  plants  and  seeds.  This  led  to 
the  formation  of  a  royal  botanic  garden  at 
Madrid,  over  which  Quer  presided.  He 
wrote  and  published  the  first  4  volumes  of 
"  Flora  Espanola,  o  Historia  de  las  Plantas 
que  se  crian  en  Espagna,"  which  was  com- 
pleted by  the  publication  of  2  volumes  more, 
by  Orteza.    Died,  1764. 

QUESADA,  Don,  a  Spanish  general,  who, 
after  having  signalised  himself  as  a  leader 
in  the  army  of  the  Faith,  became  attached 
to  the  queen's  cause,  and  held  a  chief  com- 
mand. He  was  very  unpopular  with  the 
republican  party  in  Spain  ;  and  during  an 
insurrectionary  movement  on  the  part  of 
the  populace  and  some  of  the  soldiery,  which 
he  had  been  actively  engaged  in  quelling,  he 
found  it  necessary  to  make  his  escape  from 
the  capital.  He  was,  however,  discovered  a 
few  miles  off,  taken,  and  placed  in  confine- 
ment ;  but  the  infuriated  mob  being  deter- 
mined to  wreak  summary  vengeance  on  him, 
they  murdered  him  in  his  prison,  and  car- 
ried his  mangled  relics  to  Madrid,  where, 


71] 


with  savage  exultation,  they  exhibited  them 
in  the  public  streets,  August,  1836. 

QUESNAY,  Francis,  a  physician,  but 
more  known  as  a  writer  on  political  eco- 
nomy, was  born  in  1694,  near  Montfort 
I'Amaury,  in  the  isle  of  France.  His  father 
was  a  farmer,  and  he  acquired  the  rudiments 
of  his  profession  from  the  surgeon  of  his 
native  village.  He  then  went  to  Paris,  and 
became  secretary  to  a  society  instituted  for 
the  improvement  of  surgery  ;  but  afterwards 
he  took  his  degree  in  medicine,  and  became 
physician  to  Louis  XV.,  who  loved  to  con- 
verse with  him,  and  called  him  his  "thinker." 
He  was  the  author  of  "  A  Philosophical  Es- 
say on  the  Animal  Economy,"  3  vols.  ; 
"  Physiocracy,"  and  various  articles  in  the 
Encyclopaidia,  &c.  to  promulgate  his  doc- 
trines, to  which  some  have  unjustly  attri- 
buted the  French  revolution.    Died,  1774. 

QUESNEL,  Pasquier,  a  priest  who  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1634,  and  became  the  head 
of  the  sect  of  Jansenists.  He  wrote  a  great 
many  books,  chiefly  of  the  polemic  kind  ; 
but  gave  offence  to  the  court  of  Rome  by 
his  edition  of  the  works  of  pope  Leo  the 
Great  ;  and  when  his  celebrated  "New 
Testament,  with  Moral  Reflections,"  in  8 
vols,  appeared,  it  was  formally  condemned, 
and  the  author  was  obliged  to  retire  to  Hol- 
land, where  he  died,  in  1719. 

QUESNEL,  Baron,  born  in  1775  ;  a  gene- 
ral officer,  who  served  with  distinction  in 
most  of  Napoleon's  campaigns.  He  was 
made,  on  the  restoration  in  1814,  grand 
oflicer  of  the  legion  of  honour  ;  and,  during 
the  "hundred  days"  in  1815,  was  found 
drowned  in  the  Seine. 

QUESNOY,  Francis  du,  a  sculptor,  was 
bom  at  Brussels,  in  1592.  He  acquired  the 
principles  and  practice  of  the  art  from  his 
father,  but  far  excelled  him.  The  Arch- 
duke Albert  gave  him  a  pension,  and  sent 
him  to  Italy,  where  he  made  himself  known 
by  some  beautiful  works,  particularly  a  cru- 
cifixion wrought  in  ivory,  wliich  procured 
him  the  patronage  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  He 
particularly  excelled  in  making  models  and 
bas-reliefs  of  cupids  and  children,  which  he 
finished  with  peculiar  grace  and  delicacy  ; 
but  he  was  at  the  same  time  quite  capable 
of  executing  works  of  the  highest  import- 
ance ;  of  which  a  St.  Susanna,  in  the  chapel 
of  Loretto,  and  a  St.  Andrew,  in  St.  Peter's, 
afford  sufficient  proof.    He  died  in  1046. 

QUEVEDO  VILLEGAS,  Francisco  de, 
a  Spanish  poet  and  satirist,  was  born  at 
Madrid,  in  1570.  He  was  a  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  J  ago,  and  was  thrown  into  prison 
for  an  alleged  libel  on  the  Count  d'Olivarez, 
prime  minister  to  Philip  IV. ;  but  when 
that  statesman  was  disgraced,  he  recovered 
his  liberty.  He  died  in  1647.  He  wrote 
"The  Spanish  Parnassus,"  "Visions  of 
Hell,"  "  Comic  Tales,"  and  various  works, 
satirical  and  religious,  both  in  verse  and 
prose  ;  and  holds  a  high  rank  among  Spa- 
nish satirists. 

QUEVEDO,  P.,  the  benevolent  Spanish 
bishop  of  Orense,  who  at  the  revolution 
maintained  200  French  refugee  clergymen 
at  his  own  cost,  estimated  annually  at  80,000 
francs.    Died,  1818. 

QUICK,  John,  an  eminent  comic  actor, 


3  P  2 


qui] 


^  ilfto  WiwifitY^nl  23iograpT;i.u 


[qui 


was  the  son  of  a  brewer  in  London,  where 
he  was  born  in  1748.  When  only  14  years 
old  he  left  his  home,  and  joined  a  company 
of  provincial  actors  ;  and  as  he  gradually 
rose  in  his  profession,  he  obtained  an  engage- 
ment at  the  Haymarket  in  1769,  and  subse- 
quently established  his  fame  by  his  admir- 
able performance  of  Mordecai  in  "Love  k 
la  Mode."  He  afterwards  went  to  Covent 
Garden,  where  for  many  years  he  held  a 
prominent  station,  filling  the  best  parts  in 
light  comedy.  In  1798  he  retired  from  the 
stage,  and  died  in  1831. 

QUIEN  DE  LA  NEUFVILLE,  James 
LE,  an  historian,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1647. 
He  served  first  in  the  army,  and  afterwards 
became  an  advocate,  but  without  success  ; 
on  which  he  had  recourse  to  literature  for 
support.  He  published  the  "History  of 
Portugal,"  which  obtained  him  a  place  in 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  His  "  Treatise 
on  the  Use  of  Posts  among  the  Ancients  and 
Moderns "  procured  him  the  direction  of 
the  posts  of  French  Flanders,  and  a  pension. 
Died,  1728. 

QUILLET,  Claudius,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  ingenious  Latin  poet ;  born,  1602  ; 
died,  1661.  His  chief  work  is  a  poem  in  4 
books,  entitled  "  Callipaedia." 

QUIN,  James,  an  eminent  actor,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1693.  He  performed  at 
Drury  Lane  and  at  the  theatre  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields  ;  and  though  for  a  considerable 
period  he  was  confined  to  inferior  parts,  he 
at  length  rose  into  high  reputation,  and  was 
without  a  rival  till  the  aj)pearance  of  Gar- 
rick.  His  last  performance  was  Falstaff 
(1753),  in  which  character  he  is  supposed 
never  to  have  been  excelled.  He  survived 
his  retreat  several  years,  which  he  spent 
chiefly  at  Bath,  where  his  fund  of  anecdote, 
and  pointed  sense,  made  him  much  sought 
after.  Quin,  who  was  convivial  and  too  fond 
of  the  bottle,  was  often  coarse  and  quarrel- 
some on  these  occasions,  which  led  to  two 
or  three  hostile  encounters,  one  of  which 
proved  fatal  to  his  antagonist.  He  was 
otherwise  manly,  sensible,  and  generous. 
He  had  been  employed  by  Frederic,  prince 
of  Wales,  to  instruct  the  royal  children  in 
elocution  ;  and  when  Quin  was  informed  of 
the  graceful  manner  in  which  George  III. 
delivered  his  first  speech  from  the  throne, 
he  emphatically  said,  "  Ay,  it  was  I  who 
taught  the  boy  to  speak."  About  this  time 
he  obtained  a  pension.    Died,  1766. 

QUINAULT,  Philip,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  was  born  at  Paris  in  163<i,  and  died 
in  16?8.  His  operas  were  highly  and  de- 
servedly popular,  but  they  excited  the  envy 
of  Boileau,  who  attacked  them  with  cha- 
racteristic asperity.  They  were  printed  at 
Paris,  with  his  life,  in  1778,  5  vols.  12mo. 

QUINCY,  John,  an  English  physician 
and  medical  writer  of  the  last  century,  who 
practised  his  profession,  and  delivered  lec- 
tures in  London,  where  he  died  in  1723. 
Among  the  different  works  he  produced  was 
his  "Lexicon  Physico-Medicum,"  which 
had  served  as  the  basis  of  Dr.  Hooper's  Me- 
dical Dictionary,  and  other  subsequent  com- 
pilations of  a  similar  nature. 

QUINETTE,  Nicholas  Marie,  was  bom 
at  Soissons,  where,  previous  to  the  Revolution, 


he  practised  as  an  attorney.  He  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.,  was  a  commissioner 
in  the  army  of  Dumouriez,  and  was  one  of 
the  four  deputies  delivered  up  to  the  Aus- 
trians,  who  were  afterwards  exchanged  for 
the  infant  princess.  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
minister  of  the  interior,  was  a  member  of  the 
chamber  of  peers  during  the  100  days,  and, 
after  the  second  abdication  of  Napoleon,  he 
was  called  by  Fouchd  to  form  a  part  of  the 
provisional  government.  In  1815  he  was 
banished  as  a  regicide,  retired  to  Brussels, 
and  died  in  1821. 

QUINTILIAN,  Marcus  Fabius,  a  cele- 
brated orator  and  critic,  who  is  supposed  to 
have  been  born  about  a.d.  42,  at  Rome  ;  fol- 
lowed Galba  into  Spain,  and  taught  rhetoric 
there ;  and  died,  as  is  supposed,  in  his  80th 
year.  His  "  Institutiones  Oratoricae  "  may 
be  justly  pronounced  the  finest  svstem  of 
rhetoric  ever  written.  This  invaluable  work 
was  discovered  by  Poggio  in  1415,  in  the  abbey 
of  St.  Gal. 

QUINTINIE,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  horticulturist,  was  born  at  Poictiers, 
in  1626.  He  was  originally  an  advocate,  but 
took  more  pleasure  in  the  study  of  horticul- 
ture ;  to  perfect  himself  in  which  he  visited 
Italy,  and,  on  his  return  to  France,  became 
director-general  of  the  royal  gardens.  He 
died  at  an  advanced  age. 

QUINTUS  CALABER,  or  QUINTUS 
SMYRNEUS,  a  Greek  poet.  Mho  wrote  a 
supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  in  the  5th  century,  and 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Smyrna.  His  poem 
was  first  brought  to  light  by  Cardinal  Bes- 
sarion,  who  found  it  in  the  church  of  St. 
Nicolas,  near  Otranto,  in  Calabria,  whence 
he  had  the  name  of  Calaber. 

QUIRINI,  A.NGELO  Maria,  a  cardinal, 
was  born  at  Venice,  in  1684.  Benedict 
XIII.  made  him  archbishop  and  cardinal, 
which  dignities  he  filled  with  great  reputa- 
tion. He  died  in  1755.  Cardinal  Quiiini 
collected  a  magnificent  library,  which  he 
gave  to  the  Vatican  ;  and  though  he  was 
a  zealous  champion  of  the  papacy,  his 
writings  are  marked  by  candour  and  mode- 
ration. 

QUIROGA,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was 
born  at  Lugo,  in  Gallicia,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  missionary  in  America.  During 
his  residence  there  he  collected  much  inform- 
ation respecting  the  countries  he  visited, 
and  on  his  return  jjublished  his  travels.  Died, 
1784. 

QUIROS,  Pedro  Fernandez  de,  a  ce- 
lebrated Spanish  navigator  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, who  explored  many  of  the  islands 
afterwards  visited  by  Captain  Cook.  Died, 
1614. 

QUITA,  DoMiNGOS  DOS  Reis,  a  Portu- 
guese poet,  was  born  in  1728.  He  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  barber,  but  his  attachment 
to  learning  enabled  him  to  overcome  the 
diflSculties  he  had  to  experience  ;  and 
making  himself  master  of  Italian,  Spanish, 
and  French,  he  wrote  verses,  and  at  length 
obtained  the  patronage  of  Count  San  Lo- 
renzo. He  was  the  author  of  "  Inez  de 
Castro,"  and  four  other  tragedies  ;  besides 
many  sonnets,  elegies,  pastorals,  &c.  Died, 
1770. 


rab] 


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[rad 


K. 


RABAUT  DE  ST.  ETIENNE,  John 
Pai'l,  one  of  t)ie  most  steady,  moderate, 
and  honourable  of  the  French  revolutionists, 
was  born  at  Nismes,  in  1741  ;  for  which  city 
he  was  chosen  a  deputy  for  the  constituent 
assembly  in  ITS'J.  lie  attached  himself  to 
the  party  of  the  Girondists.  His  father  was 
proscribed  when  he  was  boru  ;  and  lie  relates, 
in  a  short  memoir  of  his  life,  attached  to  a 
romance  of  his  publication,  called  "I>e  Vieux 
Cevenal,"  that  his  infancy  was  passed  in 
continual  danger  and  alarm,  and  that  he 
never  knew  when  he  awoke,  where  his 
mother  and  her  Iriends  would  conduct  him 
to  sleep  at  night.  He  was  proscribed,  like 
the  rest  of  the  moderatists,  for  opposing  the 
excesses  of  the  Mountain  party  in  ITiKi.  He 
was  sheltered  by  several  female  friends  of  his 
wife  for  some  days  ;  but  being  at  length  dis- 
covered, he  was  immediately  guillotined, 
after  a  short  form  of  identification  before  the 
revolutionary  tribunal.  His  wife  killed  her- 
self, and  all  those  who  assisted  in  concealing 
him  were  guillotined.  One  of  his  numerous 
political  works  is,"  Sur  la  Necessity  d'Etablir 
une  Constitution." 

RABELAIS,  Francois,  a  celebrated 
French  wit  and  satirist,  was  born  at  Chinon, 
in  Touraine,  about  1483.  He  was  at  first  a 
monk,  but  in  consequence  of  ha%ing  been 
punished  for  some  indecorous  behaviour,  he 
quitted  the  Benedictine  order,  studied  me- 
dicine at  Montpelier,  and  for  a  time  practised 
as  a  physician.  He  subsequently  obtained, 
through  the  influence  of  his  patron,  Cardinal 
du  licllay,  whom  he  accompanied  to  the 
court  of  Rome,  the  rectory  of  Mendon  ;  and 
died  in  IMS.  He  wa«  the  author  of  several 
books ;  but  the  only  one  by  which  he  is 
known  is  the  romance  called  "  The  Lives, 
Heroic  Deeds,  and  Sayings  of  Gargantua  and 
Pantagruel,"  an  extravagant  satire  upon 
monks,  priests,  popes,  and  pedants  ;  in 
which  much  obscenity  and  absurdity  are 
blended  with  learning,  wit,  and  humour. 
Rabelais  was  a  conscientious  teacher  of  his 
people,  and  it  was  his  pleasure  to  instruct  the 
children  of  his  parish  in  sacred  music.  His 
house  was  the  resort  of  the  learned,  his 
purse  was  always  open  to  the  needy,  and  his 
medical  skill  was  employed  in  the  service  of 
his  parish. 

RABENER,  Gottlieb  William,  a  Ger- 
man satirist,  bom  near  Leipsic,  in  1714, 
was  educated  for  the  legal  profession,  and 
obtained  the  oflS<;e  of  comptroller  of  the 
taxes  in  the  district  of  Leipsic.  He  died  in 
1771. 

RABUTIN,  Roger,  Count  de  Bussy,  a 
French  wit  and  satirist,  was  born  in  1018,  at 
Epiry,  in  Nivernois.  He  entered  the  army 
at  the  age  of  12,  under  his  father,  and  would 
probably  liave  attained  a  high  rank  but  for 
the  oflenee  he  gave  to  persons  in  power  by 
his  scandalous  lampoons.  In  KJtto  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bastile  for  writing  a  libel,  entitled 
"  The  Amorous  History  of  the  Gauls  ;"  and 
on  his  release  he  was  banished  to  his  estate, 
where  he  remained  till  IGMl,  when  he  re- 


turned to  court.  His  other  works  are,  "  M6- 
moires,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Lettres,"  7  vols.  Died, 
1(593. 

RACAN,  IIoNORAT  DE  BuEiL,  Marquis  of, 
an  eminent  French  poet,  was  born  in  loSd,  at 
La  Roche  Raean,  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, and  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
French  Academy.  Died,  1C70.  Besides  his 
poems,  he  wrote  "The  Life  of  Malherbe," 
his  friend  and  poetical  instructor. 

RACINE,  BoNAVENTUUE,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastical historian,  was  born  in  17US,  at 
Chnuny.  He  became  head  of  the  college  at 
Rabastens  ;  but  being  banished  by  the  in- 
trigues of  the  Jesuits,  he  retired  to  the  college 
of  Ilarcourt,  and  afterwards  obtained  a 
canonry  in  the  cathedral  of  Auxerre,  where 
he  died  in  175,5.  He  wrote  an  "  Ecclesiastical 
History,"  13  vols. 

RACINE,  John,  an  eminent  French  dra- 
matic poet,  was  bom  at  La  Ferti;  Mi  Ion,  in 
1031),  and  was  educated  at  Port  Royal.  He 
commenced  his  poetical  career  in  KWO,  by  an 
ode  on  the  king's  marriage,  for  which  he 
was  handsomely  rewarded.  In  1004  he  pro- 
duced his  tragedy  of  "Tlu'baide,"  which 
was  followed  in  1000  by  "Alexander." 
In  1088  appeared  his  "  Androniaciie,"  which 
placed  him  far  above  all  his  contemporaries 
except  Comeille  ;  and  his  fume  was  still 
farther  increased  by  the  production  of  "Bri- 
tannicus,"  "  Berenice,"  and  other  tragedies. 
In  1677  appeared  his  tragedy  of  "  Phaidra," 
which  waa  opposed  by  one  on  the  same  sub- 
ject written  by  Pradon,  which  gave  him 
great  uneasiness  ;  and  owing  to  a  base  cabal 
that  was  formed  against  him,  he  was  induced 
to  desist  from  writing  for  the  stage.  After  a 
lapse  of  12  years  he  wrote,  by  desire  of  Louis 
XIV.  and  Madame  de  Mai  ntenon,  the  sacred 
dramas  of  "Esther"  and  "  Athalia,"  which 
were  performed  by  the  young  ladies  of  her 
institution  of  St.  Cyr.  Besides  his  dramatic 
works,  he  wrote  "  Canticles  or  Hymns  for 
the  Use  of  St.  Cyr,"  the  "  History  of  Port 
Royal,"  &c.  In  1073  he  was  received  into 
the  Academy,  and  continued  to  enjoy  the 
highest  favour  at  court ;  but  having  ottended 
the  king  for  having  too  freely  used  his  peq, 
in  drawing  up  a  memorial  on  the  distresses 
of  the  people,  he  died  of  chagrin,  in  1690. 

RACINE,  Louis,  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1692,  and  educated 
under  RoUin.  He  was  eminent  for  talent, 
piety,  and  modesty,  was  made  an  inspector- 
general  in  the  finance  department,  and  died 
iu  1703.  Among  his  works  are  two  poems,  en- 
titled "  Grace  "  and  "  Religion,"  "  Epistles," 
"Memoirs"  of  his  father,  and  a  translation 
of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost. 

RADCLIFFE,  Jonif,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  1650,  at  Wakefield,  in 
Yorksliire,  and  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  there,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford.  Having  obtained  his  medical  de- 
gree, he  settled  in  London  in  1084,  where  he 
soon  acquired  great  reputation,  to  which  his 
ready  wit  and  conversational  powers  contri- 
buted.    In  1080  he  was  appointed  physician 


rad] 


^  i^flM  ^nitjcrs'al  ^ia^vn^i)}}. 


[rag 


I 

assistant    secretary    at    Prince    of  Wales's  ' 
Island  ;  and,  in  1811,  became  lieutenant  go-  | 
vernor  of  Java.     Tlierc  he  remained  till  j 
1816  ;  and  during  his  administration  of  the 
government  many  judicial  reforms  were  ef-  I 
fected.    In  1818  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  j 
the  factory  at  Bencoolen,  in  Sumatra,  where  j 
he  introduced  many  wise  reforms,  and  even-  1 
tually  succeeded  in  establishing  the  settle-  I 
ment  and  free  port  of  Singapore,  in  1819.    On  ! 
his  last  visit  to  the  island,  in  1823,  he  laid  j 
the  foundation  of  a  college  for  the  encourage-  i 
ment  of  Anglo-Chinese  literature,  with  a  [ 
library,  museum,  branch  schools,  &c.;  but 
the  impaired  state  of  his  health  rendered  it 
necessary  that  lie  should  return  to  Europe  ;  ' 
and  he  accordingly,  in  February,  1824,  em- 
barked, with  his  family,  on  board  the  Fame. 
On  the  evening  of  the  same  day,  when  about 
fifteen  miles  from  Bencoolen,  the  vessel  took  ! 
fire,  and    all  his  valuable  collections  and 
manuscripts  became  a  prey  to  the  flames. 
The  crew  and  passengers,  in  utter  destitu- 
tion, with  difficulty  saved  their  lives  in  the 
boats ;   and  Sir  Thomas,  with  his  family, 
again  embarked  in  April,  and  arrived  in 
England  m  the  following  August.    He  sur- 
vived this  event  only  about  two  years,  dying 
of  apoplexy,  at  Highwood  Hill,  Middlesex, 
in  July,  182(!.    His  chief  work  is,  "  Tlie  His- 
tory of  Java,"  2  vols.  4to. 

RAGHIB  PACHA,  Mohammed,  grand 
vizir  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  was  born  in 
1702,  and  manifested,  at  an  early  period, 
such  a  decided  taste  for  learning,  that  he 
acquired  the  name  of  Raghib,  or  the  Stu- 
dent. In  173G  he  was  appointed  secretary- 
general  to  the  grand  vizir ;  became  reis 
elFendi,  a  pacha  of  three  tails,  and  succes- 
sively governor  of  Aidin,  Aleppo,  and  Egypt. 
In  1757  he  was  elevated  to  the  dignity  of 
supreme  vizir,  and  retained  that  dangerous 
post  till  his  death,  in  17G3.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  enlightened  ministers  of  the  Turk- 
ish empire,  and  surpassed  by  none  of  his 
countrymen  in  literary  talent. 

RAGOTSKI,  Francis,  prince  of  Tran- 
sylvania, was  born  in  1676.  Zealous  for  the 
independence  of  his  country,  he  secretly 
entered  into  a  negotiation  with  Louis  XIV., 
which  being  betrayed,  he  was  arrested,  and 
found  guilty  of  high  treason.  He  had,  how- 
ever, tlie  good  fortune  to  escape  ;  receiving 
assurances  of  succour  from  France,  he  en- 
tered Hungary,  and,  by  a  manifesto,  urged 
the  people  to  free  themselves  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  Austrians.  For  a  time  he 
was  eminently  successful,  and  in  1704  he 
was  proclaimed  prince  of  Transylvania,  and 
protector  of  Hungarj*.  Tlie  crown  of  Po- 
land, at  that  time  vacant,  was  offered  to  him 
by  the  czar  Peter,  but  he  refused  it ;  and  his 
patriotic  exertions  being  ultimately  defeated 
by  the  Hungarian  states  entering  into  a 
treaty  with  tlie  emperor,  he  renounced  his 
estates,  and  withdrew  into  Turkey,  where 
he  died  in  1735. 

RAGUENET,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
who,  in  1689,  gained  a  prize  from  the  French 
Academy  for  a  discourse,  "  Sur  le  Merite  et 
rUtilit^  de  Martyre."  In  1704  he  published 
"  A  Parallel  of  tlie  Italians  and  French,  iu 
regard  to  Music  and  the  Opera  ; "  in  which 
he  gave  the  preference  to  the  Italian  music, 


to  the  princess  Anne  of  Denmark,  and,  after 
the  revolution,  he  was  often  consulted  liy 
king  William  III.,  whose  favour  he  lost  in 
consequence  of  the  freedom  with  which  he 
delivered  his  opinions  when  in  attendance 
on  his  royal  master.  When  Anne  succeeded 
to  the  crown,  Godolphin  could  not  obtain  for 
him  the  post  of  chief  pliysician,  as  he  had 
given  her  offence  by  telling  her  that  her 
ailments  were  nothing  but  the  vapours.  But, 
though  deprived  of  oflSce,  he  was  consulted 
in  all  cases  of  emergency,  and  received  a  large 
I  sum  of  secret  service  money  for  his  prescrip- 
tions. Dr.  Radcliffe  left  40,000?.  to  the 
university  of  Oxford  for  the  foundation  of  a 
public  library  of  medical  and  philosophical 
science.    Died,  1714. 

RADCLIFFE,  Ann,  a  celebrated  novelist, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Ward,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1764  ;  and  in  her  23rd  year  was 
married  to  Mr.  W.  Radcliffe,  proprietor  and 
editor  of  the  English  Chronicle.  Soon  after 
her  marriage,  Mrs.  Radcliffe  began  to  display 
the  powers  of  her  genius  in  works  of  imagi- 
nation. Her  first  performance  was  a  ro- 
mantic tale,  entitled  "  The  Castles  of  Athlin 
and  Dumblaine,"  in  1  vol.  ;  which  was  suc- 
ceeded by  "  The  Sicilian  Romance "  and 
"  The  Romance  of  the  Forest,"  each  in  2 
vols.  ;  but  that  which  stamped  the  author's 
reputatioii,  as  the  first  novelist  of  the  age,  was 
the  "  Mysteries  of  Udolpho,"  in  4  vols.,  for 
which  she  received  the  sum  of  500/.  Her  next 
performance  was  "  The  Italians."  She  also 
published  a  volume  of  "Travels  through 
Holland  and  along  the  Rhine,"  in  1793.  Mrs. 
Radcliffe  possessed  the  art  of  exciting  a  high 
degree  of  interest  in  her  narrative  ;  her  de- 
scriptive powers  were  of  a  superior  order,  es- 
pecially in  the  delineation  of  scenes  of  terror, 
and  in  those  aspects  of  nature  which  excite 
sentiment,  and  suggest  melancholy  associa- 
tions. To  quote  the  words  of  Mrs.  Barbauld, 
"  she  seems  to  scorn  to  move  those  passions 
which  form  tlie  interest  of  common  novels  : 
she  alarms  the  soul  with  terror  ;  agitates  it 
with  suspense,  prolonged  and  wrought  up  to 
the  most  intense  feeling  by  mysterious  hints 
and  obscure  intimations  of  unseen  danger." 
Died,  1823. 

RAEBURI«r,  Sir  Hen'ry,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  was  born  in  1786,  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh ;  was  apprenticed 
to  a  goldsmith,  but  turned  his  talents  to 
painting,  and  acquired  extensive  popularity, 
being  considered  second  only  to  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence.  He  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood from  George  IV.  when  he  visited  Edin- 
burgh, was  appointed  portrait  painter  to  the 
king  in  Scotland,  and  died  in  182  ?. 

RAFFENEL,  Claude  Denis,  a  French 
author,  born  in  1797,  in  the  department  of 
Jura.  He  was  attached  to  the  French  con- 
sulate at  Smyrna  ;  went,  in  1826,  to  Greece, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Athens  in  the 
following  year.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  Com- 
plete des  Ev&nemens  de  la  Grfece,"  and  other 
works.  * 

RAFFLES,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford,  an 
eminent  public  functionarj%  was  the  son  of 
a  naval  captain,  and  born  at  sea,  oft' Jamaica, 
iu  1781.  He  entered  the  India  Company's 
service  early  in  life,  as  a  clerk  in  the  home 
secretary's  office  ;  was  appointed,  in  1805, 


and  thereby  highly  ofifended  his  country- 
men. Ue  also  wrote  "  Les  Monuinens  de 
Roitve,"  "llistoire  d'Olivier  Cromwell,"  "IIls- 
toire  de  I'Aucien  Testament,"  and  "  llistoire 
du  Vicomte  de  Turenue."    Died,  1722. 

RAIKES,  RoBKUT,  a  printer  at  Gloucester, 
who  having  realised  a  good  property,  em- 
ployed it  with  his  pen  and  his  influence  in 
acts  of  benevolence.  Conjointly  with  Dr. 
Stock,  he  planned  and  instituted  Simday- 
Bchools.     Born,  1735;  died,  1811. 

RAIMBACH,  Abkauam,  u  distinguished 
line  engraver,  was  born  in  London,  1776. 
Educated  in  Archbishop  Tennison's  library 
school,  where  he  had  the  late  Cliarlcs  Ma- 
thews for  a  school-lellow,  he  showed  an  early 
predilection  for  the  fine  arts  ;  and  after 
serving  his  apprenticeship  with  Mr.  Hall 
Uie  engraver,  he  Ijccame  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  soon  obtained  sucli 
proficiency  in  handling  the  pencil,  that  by 
uniting  tlie  profession  of  a  miuiature  painter 
with  that  of  engraver,  l>e  was  enabled  to  earn 
a  handsome  livelihood.  In  1802  he  illustrated 
Smirke  and  Forster's  edition  of  the  Arabian 
Kights  ;  in  1807  he  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Sir  D.  (then  Mr.)  Wilkie  ;  an  acquaint- 
ance which  soon  ripened  into  friendship,  and 
led  to  his  being  employed  in  engraving  that 
distinguished  painter's  works  from  1812 
down  to  his  decease.  In  fact,  it  is  chiefly 
in  connection  with  Wilkie  that  Raimbach 
has  achieved  his  well-deserved  reputation. 
Died,  1843. 

RAIMONDI,  Joux  Baptist,  a  celebrated 
orientalist,  born  at  Cremona,  in  Italy,  about 
ir>40.  He  passed  several  years  in  Asia,  where 
he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Arabic,  Ar- 
menian, Syriac,  and  Hebrew  languages. 
Returning  to  Italy,  Cardinal  Ferdinand  de' 
Medici  made  him  director  of  the  oriental 
press,  whence  originated  the  famous  insti- 
tution of  the  Propaganda. 

RAIMONDI,  Maec  Antonio,  a  cele- 
brated engraver,  born  at  Bologna,  in  1748. 
After  studying  at  Venice,  he  settled  at  Rome; 
was  employed  by  Raphael  to  engrave  several 
of  his  designs  ;  and  he  soon  formed  a  school 
there,  which  eclipsed  those  of  Germany,  and 
the  Italian  style  of  engraving  became  the 
standard  of  excellence,  Ue  was  imprisoned 
by  Clement  VII.  for  having  engraved  a 
series  of  abominable  designs  in  illustration 
of  the  Aretine  verses,  but  procured  his  liber- 
ation, and  was  restored  to  favour  by  his  ex- 
quisite martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence."  Died, 
1540. 

RAINOLDS,  John,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  Pinho,  in  Devonshire,  in  1549  ;  and 
became  president  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  lie  was  considered  the  leader  of 
the  Puritan  party,  and  distinguislied  himself 
greatly  at  the  Hampton  Court  conference,  in 
1G03,  where  he  suggested  the  necessity  of  the 
present  translation  of  the  Bible,  in  which 
work  he  was  afterwards  engaged.  Died,  1607. 

RAKOUBAH,  or  RAGUBAH,  peishwah, 
or  prince-regent  of  the  Mahrattas,  acted  an 
important  part  in  the  events  which  occurred 
in  the  East  Indies,  from  1772  to  1782.  Hav- 
ing usurped  the  sovereign  power  to  the 
prejudice  of  his  nephew,  he  was  deposed, 
and  abandoned  by  all  the  Mahratta  chiefs, 
when  he  fled  to  Bombay,  and  procured  the 


715 


protection  of  the  English  government.  At 
length,  peace  taking  place  between  the  East 
India  Company  and  the  Mahrattas,  the  cause 
of  the  peisliwah  was  abandoned  by  the 
former ;  and  from  that  time  he  sunk  into 
obscurity. 

RALEIGH,  or  RALEGH,  Sir  Walter, 
a  distinguished  statesman,  scholar,  and  war- 
rior, in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I., 
was  born  in  1552,  at  Budkigh,  in  Devonshire, 
and  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  made  one  of  a  troop  of  an 
hundred  gentlemen  volunteers,  whom  Queen 
Elizabeth  permitted  to  go  to  France,  under 
the  command  of  Henry  Champernon,  for  the 
service  of  the  Protestant  princes.  He  next 
served  in  the  Netlierlands  ;  and,  on  his  re- 
turn from  the  Continent,  his  half-brother, 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  having  obtained  a 
grant  of  lauds  in  North  America,  he  engaged 
with  a  considerable  number  of  gentlemen  to 
go  out  to  Newfoundland  ;  but  the  expedition 
proving  unsuccessful.  Sir  Walter  returned  to 
England,  after  being  exposed  to  several  dan- 
gers ;  and  proceeded  thence  to  Ireland,  where 
he  made  his  bravery  so  conspicuous  in  quell- 
ing the  insurgents,  that  he  was  received  at 
court  with  considerable  favour,  and  obtained 
permission  and  supplies  to  prosecute  his  dis- 
coveries in  America,  which  ended  in  his 
settling  a  colony  in  that  country,  called,  in 
honour  of  his  maiden  sovereign,  Virginia  ; 
and  he  is  said  to  have  first  introduced  to- 
bacco and  potatoes  into  Europe.  In  the 
mean  time  tlie  queen  conferred  on  him  the 
distinction  of  knighthood,  and  rewarded 
him  by  several  lucrative  grants,  including  a 
large  share  of  the  forfeited  Irish  estates. 
Wlien  his  country's  safety  was  tlireatened 
by  the  famous  Spanish  Armada,  he  raised 
and  discii)lined  tlie  militia  of  Cornwall ;  and 
afterwards,  by  joining  the  fleet  with  a 
squadron  of  siiips  belonging  to  gentlemen 
volunteers,  assisted  in  obtaining  the  signal 
victory  which  it  jileased  Providence  to  give 
the  English  over  the  Spaniards  on  that  oc- 
casion. He  was  now  made  gentleman  of 
the  privy  chamber ;  but  shortly  after  fell 
into  disgrace,  and  was  confined  for  some 
months,  partly  on  account  of  a  tract  which 
he  had  publislied,  entitled  "  The  School  for 
Atheists,"  wliich  was  unfairly  construed  by 
his  enemies  into  a  vindication  of  atheistical 
principles ;  and  partly  by  a  clandestine  at- 
tachment to  one  of  the  queen's  maids  of  ho- 
nour, tlie  daughter  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throck- 
morton ;  which  lady,  however,  he  afterwards 
honourably  married.  During  his  seclusion, 
he  planned  the  discovery  of  the  extensive 
country  of  Guiana,  in  South  America,  in 
which  he  took  an  active  part  himself,  as 
soon  as  he  was  set  at  liberty  ;  but  the  season 
being  unfavourable,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  soon  after  appointed  to  a  command 
in  the  important  expedition  to  Cadiz,  of 
which  the  success  was  in  a  great  measure 
owing  to  Sir  Walter's  valour  and  prudence. 
This,  joined  to  several  other  important  ser- 
vices, restored  him  completely  to  the  favour 
of  Elizabeth,  towards  the  end  of  her  reign. 
Her  successor,  James,  prejudiced  against  him 
by  the  Earl  of  Essex,  disapproving  of  his 
martial  spirit,  and  jealous  of  his  abilities, 
availed  himself  of  a  court  conspiracy  against 


this  great  man,  charging  him  with  partici- 
pating in  an  attempt  to  place  upon  the 
throne  Arabella  Stuart,  and  of  carrying  on 
a  secret  correspondence  with  the  king  of 
Spain.  By  the  base  subservience  of  the 
jury,  he  was  brought  in  guilty  of  high 
treason,  even  to  the  surprise  of  tlie  attorney- 
general  Coke  himself,  who  declared  that  lie 
had  only  charged  him  with  misprision  of 
treason.  Raleigh  was  reprieved,  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  where  his  wife,  at  her 
earnest  solicitation,  was  allowed  to  reside 
witli  liim,  and  where  liis  yonngest  son  was 
born.  Twelve  years  was  Sir  Walter  detained 
a  prisoner  in  the  Tower ;  during  which 
time,  besides  various  minor  compositions,  he 
wrote  his  "  History  of  the  World  ;  "  a  work 
distinguished  for  the  richness  of  its  inform- 
ation, the  judiciousness  of  its  reflections, 
and  the  vigour  of  its  style.  At  length  his 
release  was  obtained,  in  1616,  by  the  advance 
of  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  new  favourite, 
Villiers  ;  and,  to  retrieve  his  broken  fortunes, 
he  planned  another  expedition  to  America. 
He  obtained  a  patent  under  the  great  seal 
for  making  a  settlement  in  Guiana  ;  but,  in 
order  to  retain  a  power  over  him,  the  king 
did  not  grant  him  a  pardon  for  the  sentence 
passed  upon  him  for  his  alleged  treason. 
Having  reached  the  Orinoco,  he  despatched 
a  portion  of  his  force  to  attack  the  new 
Spanish  settlement  of  St.  Thomas,  which 
was  captured ;  but  he  had  to  lament  the 
death  of  liis  eldest  son,  who  fell  on  that  oc- 
casion. The  expected  plunder  proved  of 
little  value  ;  and  Sir  Walter,  having  in  vain 
tried  to  induce  liis  captains  to  attack  other 
Spanish  settlements,  arrived  at  Plymouth 
in  July,  1616.  Being  brought  before  the 
court  of  king's  bench,  his  plea  of  an  implied 
pardon  by  his  subsequent  command  was 
overruled  ;  and  the  doom  of  death  being 
pronounced  against  him,  it  was  carried  into 
execution  the  following  day,  Oct.  29.  1618, 
in  Old  Palace-yard.  His  behaviour  at  the 
scaffold  was  calm,  and,  after  addressing  the 
people  at  some  length  in  his  own  justifica- 
tion, he  received  the  stroke  of  death  with 
perfect  composure  ;  remarking  to  the  sheriff 
with  a  smile,  as  lie  felt  the  edge  of  the  axe, 
"  This  is  a  sharp  medicine,  but  it  is  a  phy- 
sician that  will  cure  all  diseases." 

RAMBERG,  John  HEXKr,  an  eminent 
draughtsman  and  engraver,  was  bom  in  1767, 
in  Hanover  ;  studied  under  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds ;  and,  after  visiting  Italy,  was  appoin- 
ted, in  1790,  painter  to  the  court  of  Hanover. 
He  produced  an  immense  number  of  paint- 
ings and  etchings,  and  particularly  excelled 
in  caricature. 

RAMEAU,  Jean  Philippe,  an  eminent 
French  composer  and  writer  on  music,  was 
born,  in  1083,  at  Dijon,  and  studied  in  Italy. 
He  did  not  produce  his  first  opera, "  Hippolite 
and  Aricie,"  till  he  was  in  his  50th  year ; 
but  he  subsequently  brought  out  many 
others,  by  which  lie  acquired  high  reputation. 
He  also  wrote  various  excellent  works  on 
music,  of  which  the  chief  is  "  A  Treatise  on 

j  Harmony."    Died,  1767. 

I      RAMEL,  JoHX  Peter,  bom  at  Cahors, 
in  1770,  was  chief  of  a  battalion  in  the  army 

j  of  the  Pyrenees  in  1794,  when  he  incurred 

I  the  hatred  of  the  Jacobins,  and  narrowly 


escaped  falling  a  sacrifice  to  their  vengeance. 
Being  one  of  the  victims  to  the  revolution  of 
the  18th  Fructidor,  he  was  banished  with  15 
more  persons  to  Cayenne,  whence  Ramel, 
Pichegru,  Barthelemy,  Willot,  and  others, 
made  their  escape  in  June,  1798,  to  the  Dutch 
colony  of  Surinam.  After  the  elevation  of 
Buonaparte  to  power,  Ramel  returned  to 
France,  and  entering  into  active  service, 
made  many  campaigns.  In  1814  he  was 
made  a  major-general,  and  in  1815  appointed 
commandant  at  Toulouse.  He  retained  that 
post  after  the  second  restoration  of  I^ouis 
XVIII.,  and  he  exerted  himself  to  establish 
tranquility  among  the  inhabitants ;  but 
having  endeavoured  to  disarm  the  companies 
of  Verdets,  whose  existence  was  not  au- 
thorised by  the  government,  he  became  all 
at  once  the  object  of  public  displeasure,  and 
was  assassinated  by  a  band  of  ruffians  who 
rushed  into  his  hotel,  August,  1815. 

RAMELLI,  AuousTiN,  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic and  engineer,  was  bom  at  Milan, 
about  1531,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
attention  to  mathematical  studies.  Having 
adopted  tlie  military  profession,  he  signalised 
himself  on  several  occasions  in  the  armies  of 
the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  afterwards  going 
to  France,  he  was  well  received  by  the  Duke 
of  Anjou,  who  made  him  his  engineer,  and 
subsequently  bestowed  on  him  a  considerable 
pension.  He  was  the  author  of  a  rare  and 
curious  work,  entitled  "  Le  Diverse  ed  Ar- 
tificiose  Machine."    Died,  1590. 

RAMLER,  Charles  William,  a  German 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in 
1725,  at  Kolberg.  He  became  teacher  of  the 
belles  lettres  at  Berlin  ;  where  his  "  Lyrical 
Anthology  "  procured  him  the  name  of  the 
German  Horace  ;  but  thoiigh  he  did  mucli 
to  polish  German  versification,  he  was  far 
below  his  model.  He  also  composed  ora- 
torios, and  translated  some  works  into  his 
native  language.    Died,  1798. 

RAMMOHtJN    ROY,  Rajah,  by  birth  a 
Brahmin,  and  a  man  of  the  most  enlightened 
mind,  was  bom  about  the  year  1776,  at  Bor- 
duan,  in  the  province  of  Bengal.    His  father 
gave  him  a  good  education,  and  trained  him 
in  the  doctrine  of  his  sect ;  but  the  son  ob- 
serving the  diversities  of  opinion  that  existed 
on  religion,  not  only  among  Mussulmans  and 
Christians,    but    even    among    his    Hindoo  j 
brethren,  he  determined  on  leaving  his  pa- 
ternal home,  for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
a  subject  on  which  he  felt  such  a  deep  and 
paramount  interest.   For  a  time  he  sojourned 
at  Thibet ;  and  on  his  return  to  Hindostan  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Sanscrit 
and  other  languages  ;  after  which  he  was 
employed  by  the  East  India  Company  as 
principal  native  officer  in  the  collection  of 
the  revenues  in    the  district  of  Borduan. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1803,  he  ap- 
pears to  have  commenced  liis  plans  of  re- 
forming the  religion  of   his    countrymen ; 
and,  on  removing  to  Moorshedabad,  he  pub- 
lished, in  Persian,  a  work  entitled  "  Against  ' 
the  Idolatry  of  all  Religions."    This  raised  i 
up  against  him  a  host  of  enemies,  and  in  | 
1814  he  retired  to  Calcutta,  where  he  dili-  | 
gently  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the  ' 
English  language.    He  afterwards  translated 
from  the  Sanscrit  into  the  Bengalee    and  I 


ram] 


^  ^cfiti  Huitjci'^al  25ia3rajp!;y. 


[ram 


Hindostftnee  languages  tlie  "  Vedant,"  the 
principal  book  of  Hindoo  theology ;  and 
prefixed  to  some  chapters  of  the  Veils,  which 
he  afterwards  published,  is  a  letter  contain- 
ing the  following  sentence  :  "  TJie  conse- 
'luence  of  my  long  and  uninterrupted  re- 
searches into  religious  truth  lias  l)cen,  that 
I  have  found  the  doctrines  of  Christ  more 
conducive  to  moral  principles,  and  better 
adapted  for  the  use  of  rational  beings,  than 
any  other  which  have  come  to  my  know- 
ledge." In  this  spirit,  having  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  that  he 
might  be  competent  to  study  the  original 
Scriptures  for  himself,  he  published,  in 
Englisli,  Sanscrit,  and  Bengalee,  a  series  of 
selections  from  the  Gospel,  entitled,  "The 
Precepts  of  Jesus  the  Guide  to  Peace  and 
Happiness;"  which  being  animadverted  upon 
by  Dr.  Marshman,  of  Serampore  College,  the 
learned  Hindoo  published  his  "  Second  Ap- 
peal," and  on  this  being  replied  to  by  the 
doctor,  a  "  Final  Appeal  "  api)eared.  During 
his  residence  at  Calcutta,  Kammohurt  Roy 
connected  himself  with  the  periodical  press, 
and  he  was  at  different  times  the  proprietor 
and  conductor  of  newspapers  printed  in  the 
native  languages.  In  April,  1801,  the  Rajah, 
Accompanied  by  his  youngest  son,  arrived  in 
England,  where  he  was  received  with  every 
mark  of  distinction  and  respect.  In  every 
kind  of  assemblage,  religious,  political,  lite- 
rary, and  social,  the  amenity  of  his  manners, 
his  distinguished  attainments,  and  his  uni- 
versal philanthropy,  rendered  him  a  wel- 
come guest  i  and  his  advice  was  sought  by 
ministers  on  topics  connected  with  the  future 
government  of  India.  He  did  not,  however, 
live  to  carry  into  effect  the  various  plans  for 
improving  the  condition  of  his  countrymen, 
whose  welfare  he  had  so  much  at  heart, 
having  been  taken  ill  while  on  a  visit  at 
Bristol,  where  he  expired  in  October,  1833. 

RAMOND  DE  CARBONNIERES,  Louis 
Francis  Elizabeth,  Baron,  who  acquired 
considerable  reputation  as  a  philosopher  and 
geologist,  was  born  at  Strasburg,  in  1775.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  belonged 
to  the  household  troops ;  and  when,  in  1791, 
lie  was  chosen  a  deputy  from  Paris  to  the 
legislative  assembly,  he  appeared  there  as  a 
zealous  defender  of  the  monarchical  govern- 
ment. During  Robespierre's  domination  he 
was  an  exile  ;  but  he  subsequently  obtained 
the  prefecture  of  Puy-de-dome,  and  he 
became,  in  1818,  councillor  of  state  extra- 
ordinary. He  published  "  Observations  faites 
ilans  les  Pyrenees,"  2  vols,  and  other  works. 
Died,  1827. 

RAMSAY,  Allan,  an  eminent  Scotch 
poet,  was  bom  at  Leadhills,  in  1685.  He 
served  his  apprenticesliip  to  a  wig-maker, 
which  trade  he  followed  for  a  time,  and  then 
became  a  bookseller  at  Edinburgh,  where,  in 
1721,  he  published  a  quarto  volume  of  his 
poems,  which  were  so  well  received,  that  he 
was  encouraged  to  print  another  in  1728. 
The  principal  piece  in  the  last  collection  is 
the  celebrated  pastoral,  called  "  The  Gentle 
Shepherd."  His  poems  and  fables  rendered 
him  in  the  highest  degree  popular ;  and 
while  he  acquired  fame  by  his  talents,  lie 
amassed  a  fortune  by  his  traJde;  his  acquaint- 
ance was  courted   by  many  distinguished 


individuals,  and  his  shop  became  the  common 
resort  of  the  literary  characters  and  wits  of 

Edinburgh.    Died,  1758. His  son,  Allan, 

was  an  eminent  portrait  painter  ;  and  wrote 
the  "  Investigator  "  and  "  T)ic  Present  State 
of  the  Arts  in  England."  Bom,  1709  j  died, 
1784. 

RAMSAY,  Andrew  Michael,  better 
known  as  the  Chevalier  Ramsay,  was  born 
at  Ayr  in  Scotland,  in  168(5.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh ;  visited  Eenelon  at 
Cambray,  and  being  received  into  his  house 
as  an  inmate,  the  good  prelate  made  a  con- 
vert of  him  to  tlie  Catholic  religion,  and 
procured  him  the  appointment  of  tutor  to 
the  Duke  de  Chateau  Thierry  and  the  Prince 
de  Turenne.  He  next  went  to  Rome,  to 
educate  the  children  of  the  Chevalier  St. 
George,  commonly  called  the  Pretender; 
and  on  quitting  that  situation,  he  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  resided  in  the  family  of  the 
Duke  of  Argylc.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Dlscours  sur  le  Poeme  Epique,"  prefixed  to 
Telemachus  ;  "  Les  Voyages  de  Cyrus,"  2 
vols.  ;  "Philosophical  Principles  of  Reli- 
gion," 2  vols,  i  and  the  lives  of  Fenelon  and 
Turenne,    Died,  1743. 

RAMSAY,  David,  an  eminent  American 
physician  and  historian,  was  born  in  1749  ; 
studied  medicine  in  Pliiladelphia  ;  and  prac- 
tised at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where 
he  soon  acquired  celebrity.  From  1776  to 
1785  he  distinguished  himself  in  a  political 
capacity,  first  as  a  member  of  the  legislature 
of  South  Carolina,  and  afterwards  as  a 
member  of  congress.  He  laboured  zealously 
with  his  pen  to  pre  mote  the  independence  of 
his  country  ;  and  among  his  publications  are, 
"  The  History  of  the  American  Revolution," 
"The  Life  of  Washington,"  and  "  The  His- 
tory of  South  Carolina."  But  his  most  im- 
portant work  appeared  after  his  deatli,  and 
consisted  of  a  series  of  historical  volumes, 
entitled  "  Universal  History  Americanised, 
or  an  Historical  View  of  the  World,  from 
the  earliest  Records  to  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury," &c.,  12  vols.  8vo.  He  died  May  8. 
1815,  in  consequence  of  wounds  received  two 
days  previous  from  the  pistol  of  a  maniac, 
who  tired  at  him  when  close  to  his  own 
dwelling. 

RAMSDEN,  Jesse,  an  eminent  optician 
and  mathematical  instrument  maker,  was 
born  at  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1735.  He 
was  brought  up  as  a  hot-presser,  and  after- 
wards studied  engraving.  He  next  became 
a  mathematical  instrument-maker  in  Pic- 
cadilly, and  marrying  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
DoUond,  the  optician,  he  adopted  the  same 
business  as  his  father-in-law.  Among  other  . 
discoveries  made  by  him,  was  one  for  an  I 
accurate  division  of  instruments,  wliich  pro- 
cured him  a  premium  from  the  board  of 
longitude.  His  mural  quadrants  also  are  in 
high  estimation.    Died,  1800. 

RAMUS,  or  LA  RAMEE,  Peter,^  French 
philosopher,  was  born  in  a  village  of  the 
Vermandois,  in  1515.  When  a  boy,  he  ob- 
tained the  place  of  servant  in  the  college  of 
Navarre,  where  he  devoted  his  leisure  hours 
to  study,  and  became  a  most  consummate 
scholar.  Having  ventured  to  attack  the 
doctrine  of  Aristotle,  he  was  interdicted  from 
teaching  philosophy  ;  but  this  judgment  was 


717 


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reversed  by  Henry  II.,  and  in  1551  he  was 
made  royal  professor  of  rhetoric  and  phi- 
losopliy.  His  spirit  of  free  inquiry  ultimately 
led  him  to  become  a  Protestant  ;  as  this  could 
not  be  long  concealed,  he  was  obliged  to 
leave  Paris,  to  which  city  he  returned  in 
1571,  and  lost  his  life  in  the  massacre  on  St. 
Bartholomew's  Day,  in  the  following  year. 
His  works  on  mathematics,  philosophy,  logic, 
&c.,  are  numerous. 

RANCE,  Armand  John  le  Bouthillier 
DE,  the  reformer  of  La  Trappe,  was  born  in 
1626,  at  Paris,  and  adopted  the  ecclesiastical 
profession.  He  obtained  several  benefices 
before  he  was  in  orders,  acquired  great  cele- 
brity as  a  preacher,  and  might  have  risen  to 
the  most  elevated  stations  in  the  church, 
had  he  not  taken  the  resolution  of  retiring 
from  the  world.  Various  reasons  are  as- 
signed for  this  ;  the  most  probable  of  which 
appears  to  be,  that  although  he  was  a  man  of 
large  fortune,  and  indulged  in  all  the  plea- 
sures of  the  world,  the  death  of  the  Duchess 
of  Montauban,  to  whom  he  was  attached, 
produced  such  a  revulsion  in  his  feeling*, 
that  he  abandoned  society,  and  retired  to  his 
abbey  of  La  Trappe,  where  he  introduced  a 
reform  of  the  most  rigid  kind  in  the  monastic 
discipline.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
theological  works,  and  died  in  1700. 

RANDOLPH,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent 
statesman,  was  born  in  Kent,  in  1523,  and 
died  in  1590.  On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth 
be  was  sent  on  embassies  to  Scotland,  France, 
and  Russia.  His  letters  are  in  different 
collections,  and  his  account  of  Russia  in 
Hackluyt's  Voyages. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  English  dra- 
matic poet,  born  1605  ;  died,  1634.  His 
"  Muse's  Looking  Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  ■well 
known  and  much  admired. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
was  the  son  of  the  recorder  of  Canterbury, 
where  he  was  born  in  1701,  and  educated  at 
tl>e  king's  school.  After  studying  at  Oxford, 
and  obtaining  his  degree  of  D.  D.,  he  received 
church  preferment  in  his  native  county,  and 
became,  in  1763,  archdeacon  of  Oxford,  and 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  The  Christian's  Faith,"  "  A 
Vindication  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity," 
and  "  A  View  of  Our  Blessed  Saviour's  Mi- 
nistrv."    Died,  1783. 

RANDOLPH,  JoHX,  a  learned  prelate, 
a  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1749  ; 
studied  at  Christchurch,  Oxford,  where  he 
graduated,  and  in  1783  was  elected  to  the 
regius  professorship  of  divinity.  He  became, 
successively,  bishop  of  Oxford,  Bangor,  and 
London  ;  but  he  did  not  enjoy  the  latter 
diocese  more  than  two  years,  having  died  of 
apoplexy  in  1813.  Though  austere  in  his 
manners.  Dr.  Randolph  was  distinguished 
by  the  real  benevolence  of  his  disposition, 
as  much  as  by  the  soundness  of  his  abilities, 
and  the«  firmness  he  displayed  in  the  regu- 
lation of  his  diocese.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  Praelectio  de  Linguae  Graec»  Studio,"  &c., 
"  Sylloge  Confessionum,"  "  Concio  ad  Cle- 
rum,"  &c. 

RANSOME,  James,  one  of  the  most  en- 
terprising manufacturers  of  the  age,  was 
born  near  Ipswich,  1783.  The  firm  with 
which  he  was  connected  is  know:i  not  only 


throughout  England  but  in  very  distant 
parts  of  the  globe,  as  manufacturers  on  the 
largest  scale  of  agricultural  implements  and 
machinery  ;  but  his  chief  title  to  respect 
consisted  in  his  almost  incredible  efforts  to 
promote  the  comforts  of  his  workmen  and 
dependents  ;  some  account  of  which  will  he 
found  in  one  of  the  admirable  works  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Small  Books  and 
Great  Subjects."    Died,  1849. 

RANTZAU,  JosiAH,  Count  de,  a  French 
marshal  in  the  16th  century,  was  descended 
from  an  illustrious  family  in  Holstein,  and 
entered  when  young  into  the  Swedish  army. 
In  163.5  he  went  to  France  with  the  chan- 
cellor Oxenstiern  ;  and  Louis  XIII.  being 
pleased  with  his  agreeable  manners,  he  made 
him  a  major-general,  and  gave  him  the  com- 
mand of  two  regiments.  He  served  under 
the  Duke  of  Orleans  and  the  great  Cond^, 
with  high  reputation,  rose  to  the  rank  of  a 
marshal,  completed  the  conquest  of  Flan- 
ders, and  was  made  governor  of  Dunkirk  in 
1646  ;  but  becoming  an  object  of  suspicion  to 
Cardinal  Mazarin,  he  was  confined  1 1  months 
in  the  Bastile,  and  died  soon  after  his  libe- 
ration, in  1650.  During  his  different  cam- 
paigns he  was  so  often  severely  wounded, 
that  at  last  he  had  but  one  eye,  one  ear,  one 
arm,  and  one  leg. 

RAPHAEL,  or  RAFFAELLO  SANZIO, 
DA  Ukbino,  the  most  celebrated  of  modern 
painters,  was  born  at  Urbino,  in  1483,  being 
the  son  of  a  painter  named  Sanzio.  At  the 
age  of  13  his  father  placed  him  under  Peru- 
gino,  where  he  soon  surpassed  his  numerous 
compeers.  Three  years  afterwards  he  went 
with  Pintuiicchio  to  Siena,  to  assist  him  in 
painting  the  history  of  Pius  II„  for  the  cathe- 
dral there  ;  but  Raphael  soon  left  that  work 
to  visit  Florence,  where  he  improved  his  style 
by  studying  the  designs  of  Da  Vinci  and 
Michael  Angelo.  His  favourite  artist,  how- 
ever, was  Fra  Bartolomeo,  who  gave  him  a 
more  correct  knowledge  of  colouring.  In 
1508  he  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Julius  II., 
who  employed  him  to  paint  the  "  School  of 
Athens"  in  the  Vatican.  In  performing 
this  commission,  he  gave  such  satisfaction, 
that  the  pope  ordered  all  the  pictures,  al- 
ready painted  in  the  various  rooms,  to  be 
obliterated,  and  the  walls  prepared  for  the 
productions  of  Raphael  alone,  who,  with 
difficulty,  succeeded  in  saving  from  destruc- 
tion a  ceiling,  painted  by  his  old  master 
Perugino.  On  the  accession  of  Leo  X.  he 
prosecuted  his  labours  with  increased  spirit, 
and  executed  his  "  Attila  "  and  the  "  De- 
liverance of  St.  Peter."  The  "  Cartoons  " 
and  the  "  Transfiguration  "  were  among  the 
last  of  his  labours.  To  his  other  talents  he 
added  that  of  being  an  able  architect ;  the 
principles  of  which  science  he  studied  under 
Bramante,  who  recommended  liim  for  his 
successor  in  conducting  the  great  work  of  St. 
Peter's,  the  general  plan  of  which,  as  it  now 
stands,  was  designed  by  Raphael.  He  like- 
wise constructed  a  number  of  magnificent 
buildings,  particularly  the  Caffarelli  palace 
at  Rome.  As  a  sculptor  also  he  evinced 
great  skill,  though  in  that  department  of  art 
he  was  able  to  pay  but  little  attention.  He 
died  in  1520,  at  the  age  of  37  years. 

RAPIN  DE  TIIOYRAS,  Paul,  an  his- 


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torian,  was  born  in  1661,  at  Castres,  in  Lan- 
guedoc.  He  studied  law  under  his  father, 
who  was  an  advocate,  until  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes  drove  him  to  England, 
and  subsequently  to  Holland,  where  he  en- 
tered a  company  of  French  cadets.  In  1089 
he  followed  the  Prince  of  Orange  into  Eng- 
land, and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  and  the  siege  of  Limerick.  In 
1707  he  settled  at  Wesel,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleves,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  compo- 
sition of  his  "History  of  England,"  which 
was  published  at  the  Hague  in  10  vols.  4to., 
and  was  for  a  long  time  in  great  repute, 
being  the  only  complete  narrative  of  English 
events.     Died,  172,5. 

RAPIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  poet,  was 
born  at  Fontenai-le-compte,  in  Poictou,  in 
153.'),  and  died  in  1609.  The  principal  of  his 
French  poems,  entitled  "  l.es  Plaisirs  du 
Clentilhomme  ChampStre,"  and  his  Latin 
epigrams,  are  much  admired. 

RAPIN,  Renatus,  a  French  Jesuit  and 
critic,  famous  for  his  skill  in  classical  learn- 
ing.    Bom,  1621  ;  died,  1687. 

RAPP,  JouN,  Count  de,  a  French  general, 
was  born  at  Colmar,  in  Alsace,  in  1772.  He 
attracted  notice  by  his  skill  and  bravery  in 
the  early  progress  of  the  revolutionary  wars ; 
was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Desaix  during 
Jiis  campaigns  in  Germany  and  Egypt,  and 
filled  the  same  situation  under  Buonaparte 
when  first  consul.  In  1802  he  was  employed 
in  the  subjugation  of  Switzerland,  defeated 
the  Russian  imperial  guard,  and  took  Prince 
Repnin  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Austerlitz, 
was  appomted  governor  of  Dantzic  in  1807, 
and  after  the  retreat  of  the  French  army,  he 
defended  the  city  with  consummate  ability 
and  valour,  till  he  was  compelled  by  famine 
to  capitulate.  Returning  to  France  in  1814, 
he  was  received  with  distinction  by  Louis 
XVIII.,  but  joined  Napoleon  on  his  return 
from  Elba.  He  was,  however,  again  taken 
into  favour  by  tlie  king,  and  died,  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  cavalry,  in  1821. 

RASORI,  Joux,  an  eminent  Italian  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  1767,  at  Parma  ;  became 
professor  of  pathology  at  Pavia,  was  em- 
ployed in  his  medical  capacity  by  the  vice- 
regal government,  was  imprisoned  by  the 
Austrians  as  one  of  the  Carbonari,  and  died 
in  1824. 

RASTALL,  Jonir,  a  learned  printer  in 
London,  who  wrote  a  "  Dramatic  Description 
of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe,"  "  Cauoiies 
Astrologici,"  "  Dialogues  concerning  Pur- 
gatory," "Anglorum  Regum  Chronicum," 
&c.  He  married  a  sister  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  died  in  1536. 

RATCLIFFE,  Thomas,  earl  of  Sussex, 
who  died  in  1583,  went  as  ambassador  to 
Charles  V.  to  negotiate  the  marriage  between 
queen  Mary  and  Philip  of  Spain.  On  his 
return  he  was  made  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  forests  north  of 
Trent,  and  in  the  succeeding  reign  he  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  lord  ciiamberlain. 

RATTE,  Etienne  Uyacixthe  dk,  an 
astronomer,  was  born  at  Montpelier,  in 
1722.  He  was  secretary  to  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  his  native  city  ;  also  counsellor 
to  the  court  of  aids;  and,  when  the  National 
Institute  was  formed,  he  was  chosen  an  asso- 


ciate. De  Ratte  made  important  observa- 
tions on  the  transit  of  Venus  in  1761,  and 
furnished  many  articles  on  natural  philo- 
sophy to  the  Dictionnaire  Encyclop^dique, 
&c.    Died,  1805. 

RAULIN,  John,  a  celebrated  French 
preacher,  of  the  15th  century,  whose  sermons 
and  letters  were  greatly  admired,  and  to 
whom  both  Rabelais  and  La  Fontaine  have 
been  partially  indebted  for  their  pathos. 
Born,  1443  ;  died,  1514. 

RAULIN,  Joseph,  an  ingenious  French 
physician,  was  born  in  1708,  and  die<l  at 
Paris  in  1784.  He  wrote  several  medical 
treatises,  and  was  regarded  as  a  practitioner 
of  great  knowledge  and  experience. 

RAUWOLF,  Leoxakh,  a  distinguished 
German  botanist  and  |)hysician  who  tra- 
velled through  Syria,  Palestine,  Egypt,  &c., 
making  many  valuable  observations  in  na- 
tural history.  He  was  a  native  of  Augsburg, 
became  a  physiciaa  in  the  Austrian  army, 
and  died  in  1606. 

RAVAILLAC,  Fkancis,  the  murderer  of 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  was  born  at  Angou- 
Kme,  in  1578.  Having  been  ruined  by  a 
lawsuit,  and  for  a  long  time  confined  in 
prison  for  debt,  his  naturally  gloomy  dis- 
position degenerated  into  a  morbid  fanati- 
cism ;  and  he  became  accustomed  to  consider 
the  good  and  humane  Henry  IV.  as  the 
arch-enemy  of  the  church,  to  destroy  whom 
would  be  doing  God  service.  Filled  with 
this  notion,  he  followed  the  royal  carriage 
from  the  Louvre  to  the  Rue  de  la  Ferron- 
nierre,  and  while  it  stopped  in  the  street,  in 
consequence  of  some  obstruction,  he  mounted 
the  coach-wheel,  and  thrusting  his  hand  in 
at  the  window,  armed  with  a  knife,  stabbed 
the  king  to  the  heart.  He  was  instantly 
seized,  interrogated,  and  underwent  the  tor- 
ture ;  but  he  declared  he  had  no  accomplice  ; 
and,  on  May  27.  1610,  his  limbs  were  torn 
asunder  by  horses. 

RAVENET,  Simon  Fraxcis,  a  French  j 
engraver,  who  came  to  England  about  1750,  I 
and  executed  many  large  historical  prints  in  i 
an  excellent  style.     Died,  1774. 

RAVENSCROFT,  Thomas,  an  English  | 
musician,  whose  collections  of  psalm  tunes,  ' 
songs,  &c.,  were  at  one  time  in  high  repute.  ! 
Died,  1640.  j 

RAVIUS,  or  RAU,  Christian,  a  learned  ! 
German  professor,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  I 
1613.     Coming  to  England,  and  being  an  ! 
admirable  orientalist,  he  was  patronised  by  i 
Archbishop  Usher,  who  sent  him  on  a  voyage 
to  the  East  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  ma- 
nuscripts.   He  afterwards  resided  at  Utrecht, 
Upsal,  Kiel,  &c.,  where  he  read  lectures  in 
Arabic,  and  wrote  several  useful  treatises 
on  Hebrew,   Samaritan,  and  other  eastern 
literature.    Died,  1677. 

RAWLEY,  William,  an  English  divine, 
was  chaplain  and  secretary  to  Bacon,  lord 
Verulam  ;  and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for 
collecting  many  of  his  patron's  excellent  1 
works.    He  held  the  living  of  Sandbeach,  in  \ 
Cambridgeshire  ;  and  died  in  1667.  | 

RAWLINSON,    Chkistophek,    an    able  ; 
scholar,  was  bom  in  Lancashire,  in  1677,  and  j 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  was  distinguished  by  his  knowledge  of 
the   Saxon    language.     He    published    an 


edition  of  king  Alfred's  translation  of  "  Bo- 
j  ethius  de  Consolatione  Pliilosophiae ;"  and 
died  in  1773. 

RAWLINSON,  Sir  Thomas,  lord  mayor 
of  London,  of  wliich  city  he  was  a  native. 
He  beautified  and  repaired  Guildhall,  and 
died  in  1724. 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  remarkable  collector  of 
books,  of  which  he  had  so  great  a  number, 
as  to  be  obliged  to  take  Loudon  House,  in 
Aldersgate  Street,  to  contain  them.  After 
his  death,  which  occurred  in  172.5,  his  li- 
brary was  disposed  of  by  auction,  and  the 
sale  of  the  manuscripts  alone  occupied  16 
days.  His  bibliomanic  propensity  induced 
Addison  to  designate  him,  in  the  Tatler,  as 
"  Tom  Folio." 

RAWLINSON,  Dr.  Richard,  the  fourth 
son  of  Sir  Thomas,  was  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  topographer.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  founded 
in  that  university  an  Anglo-Saxon  lecture- 
ship. He  wrote  "  The  English  Topogra- 
pher," and  translated  "  Du  Fresnoy's  Method 
of  Studying  History,"  2  vols.     Died,  1755. 

RAWSON,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated 
oculist,  whose  family  name  was  Adams,  was 
a  native  of  Cornwall,  and  was  apprenticed 
to  a  surgeon  at  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire. 
He  subsequently  devoted  his  attention  to 
the  cure  of  diseases  of  the  eyes,  and  especially 
cataract;  was  appointed  oculist  to  ophthalmic 
institutions  at  Bath  and  Exeter  ;  and,  re- 
moving to  the  metropolis,  became  a  member 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  oculist 
extraordinary  to  the  prince  regent,  &c.  He 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  for  his 
professional  skill ;  and  took  the  name  of 
Rawson,  in  consequence  of  the  will  of  a 
person  from  whom  he  received  a  considerable 
bequest  of  property.    Died,  1829. 

RAY,  .ToiiN-,  a  celebrated  naturalist,  born 
at  Black  Notley,  in  Essex,  in  1028.  He  re- 
ceived liis  education  at  Catharine  Hall  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  but  lost  his 
fellowship  by  refusing  to  comply  with  the 
act  of  uniformity.  After  this  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  nature,  and  in  1603 
accompanied  Mr.  Willoughby  on  a  tour 
through  Europe,  of  which  journey  he  pub- 
lished au  account  in  1673.  Mr.  Ray  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  iu  1667, 
and  the  Transactions  of  that  body  aflbrd 
ample  proofs  of  his  attention  to  science.  His 
works  were  numerous  and  valuable.  The 
principal  are,  "  A  Collection  of  English  Pro- 
verbs," "  Tlie  Wisdom  of  God  manifested  in 
the  Works  of  the  Creation,"  "  Three  Dis- 
courses concerning  the  Chaos,  Deluge,  and 
Dissolution  of  the  World,"  "Synopsis  Me- 
thodica  Animaliam  Quadrupedum,"  and 
"  Sylloge  Stirpium  Europearum  extra  Bri- 
tanniam."     Died,  1705. 

RAYNAL,  William  Thomas  Francis, 
an  eminent  French  historian  and  philoso- 
pher, was  born  at  St.  Genies,  in  1718  ;  and 
after  quitting  the  Jesuits,  by  whom  lie  was 
educated,  he  became  an  historical  and  poli- 
tical writer.  He  joined  the  French  philo- 
sophical party,  as  it  was  called,  adopted 
their  principles  to  the  fullest  extent,  and 
became  one  of  the  writers  in  the  Encyclo- 
paedia.    He  also  published   several  works 


at  Paris  ;  the  principal  of  which  was  his 
'■  Political  and  Philosophical  History  of 
the  European  Settlements  in  the  East  and 
West  Indies."  This  was  followed  by  an 
essay  on  the  "Revolution  of  America," 
written  in  a  style  of  declamation,  and  full 
of  enmity  to  the  English.  In  1791  the  Abb^ 
Raynal  addressed  a  letter  to  the  constituent 
assembly,  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  pro- 
perty, which  greatly  irritated  the  revolu- 
tionists ;  and  though  he  escaped  the  tyranny 
of  Robespierre,  he  was  stripped  of  his  pro- 
perty, and  died  in  great  indigence,  at  Passy, 
in  1796.  Among  his  other  works  are,  a 
"  History  of  the  Stadtholdership,"  2  vols.  ; 
"  History  of  the  Parliament  of  England," 
2  vols.  ;  "  Historical  Anecdotes,"  3  vols.  ; 
"  History  of  the  Divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,"  "  The  Military  School,"  3  vols.  ; 
and  "  Historical  Memoirs  of  Europe,"  3  vols. 

RAYNOUARD,  M.,  an  eminent  philo- 
logist, was  born  at  Brignole,  in  Provence, 
in  1761.  Until  he  was  near  40  years  of  age, 
he  practised  as  an  advocate  ;  when,  having 
fortunately  attained  an  honourable  inde- 
pendence, he  determined  to  gratify  his  love 
of  literature  by  steadily  pursuing  it ;  but 
the  events  of  the  revolution  forced  him  to 
take  a  part  in  public  affairs  ;  and  in  1791  he 
was  nominated  a  member  of  the  legislative 
assembly.  Shortly  after,  being  undeceived 
in  the  favourable  opinion  he  had  formed  of 
its  tendencies,  he  attempted  to  escape,  but 
was  thrown  into  prison,  and  did  not  recover 
his  liberty  until  after  the  9th  Thermidor. 
In  1806  he  was  summoned  to  the  corps  le- 
gislatif,  by  the  department  du  Var,  where 
his  name  and  exalted  qualities  were  gene- 
rally known.    Died  in  1836. 

RE,  Philip,  au  eminent  Italian  agricul- 
turist, was  born   at  Reggio,  in   1763.     He 
studied  in  the  college  of  his  native  city,  and 
in   1793  an   agricultural   professorship  was 
founded  there  in  his  favour.    In  1803  he  was  j 
called  to  the  professorial  chair  at  Bologna  ;  | 
and  on  the  re-organisation  of  the  university  | 
of  Modena,  in  1814,  he  became  professor  of  j 
agriculture  and  botany,  to  which  was  added  i 
the  superintendence  of  the  royal  gardens.  I 
He  published  several  excellent  works  on  his  | 
favourite  study  ;  and  died  in  1817. 

REAL,  Gasi'akd  de,  Seigneur  de  Curban, 
was  born  at  Sisteron,  in  1082,  and  died  at  I 
Paris,  in  1752.  He  wrote  an  able  work  on  I 
the  "Science  of  Government,"  in  8  vols.,  I 
and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  en-  1 
lightened  politicians  of  his  time.  | 

REAUMUR,  RtxE  Antoine  Fercuault  i 
DE,  a  philosophic  naturalist,  was  born  in 
1683,  at  Rochelle  ;  studied  under  the  Jesuits  i 
at  Poitiers  ;  and  afterwards  went  through  a 
course  of  law  at  Bourges.    But  his  tastes  led 
him  to  the  observation  of  nature  ;  and,  hav-  | 
ing  made  himself  acquainted  with  the  ma-  1 
tliematical  sciences,  he  was  chosen  a  member  j 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  to  which  j 
he  had  presented  some  memoirs  on  geometry,  j 
He    discovered    the    art    of  manufacturing  - 
porcelain,  of  converting  iron  into  steel,  of  , 
tinning  iron  plates,  and  of  making  artificial 
pearls.    He  ascertained,  also,  the  existence  | 
of  mines  of  turquoises  in  France  equal  to  ■ 
those  of  Persia  ;  and  he  invented  a  method  i 
of  hatching  eggs  by  artificial  heat.    But  he  i 


reb] 


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[rek 


13  principally  celebrated  for  being  the  first 
who  reduced  thermometers  to  a  common 
standard  ;  and  the  instruments  constructed 
upon  his  principles  still  go  by  his  name. 
His  chief  works  are,  "  Memoirs  of  his  Dis- 
coveries," "  The  History  of  Insects,"  6  vols.  ; 
and  a  "  History  of  the  Auriferous  Rivers  of 
France." 

REBOIXEDO,  Bernardin',  Count  de,  a 
Spauisli  soldier,  writer,  and  diplomatist,  was 
born  at  Leon,  in  1597,  and  died  at  Madrid, 
in  1(;"7.  He  rendered  important  services  to 
iiis  country,  and  added  to  his  fame  by  his 
literary  labours.  His  poetical  productions 
form  4  vols. 

REDESDAI.E,  Joh.v  Freeman  MiiFORn, 
Buron,  an  eminent  English  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  born  in  1748.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  New  College,  Oxford,  and  having 
studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  was  called  to 
the  bar.  Devoting  himself  to  chancery 
practice,  he  soon  obtained  a  high  reptitation; 
and,  in  1782,  he  published  "  A  Treatise  on 
Pleadings  in  Suits  in  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery." He  was  afterwards  made  a  Welsh 
judge.  In  1789  he  M'as  chosen  M.P.  for  Beer- 
alston  ;  in  1793  he  was  appointed  solicitor- 
general,  and  in  that  capacity  he  assisted  in 
conducting  the  state  trials  of  Hardy,  Home 
Tooke,  and  Thelwall.  He  succeeded  Sir 
John  Scott  (.Lord  Eldon)  as  attorney-gene- 
ral in  1799  ;  and  in  1801,  when  he  sat  in 
parliament  for  the  borough  of  East  Looe,  he 
was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, on  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Addington. 
In  1802  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
made  lord  chancellor,  and  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  Ireland ;  but  he  resigned 
the  seals  in  March,  1806,  in  consequence  of 
the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt.    He  died  in  18;». 

REDI,  Francis,  an  Italian  physician  and 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Arezzo,  in  162(5,  and 
became  first  physician  to  the  Grand-duke  of 
Tusc;any.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
man  of  science,  by  his  experiments  on  the 
poison  of  tlie  viper  and  the  generation  of 
insects.  Redi  was  also  a  good  poet,  and 
cultivated  the  belles  lettres  with  such  suc- 
cess, that  the  academy  Delia  Crusca,  when 
compiling  their  dictionary,  were  proud  of 
his  assistance.     Died,  1G98. 

REDING,  Aloys,  Baron  von,  landemann 
and  general  of  the  Swiss,  was  born  in  17o.5. 
On  the  invasion  of  Switzerland  by  the 
French,  in  1798,  he  commanded  the  troops 
raised  to  repel  them ;  but  though  he  ob- 
tained some  advantages  over  the  enemy,  his 
forces  were  inadequate  to  the  task  assigned 
them,  and  the  Swiss  were  compelled  to  sub- 
mission. Having  afterwards  endeavoured  to 
secure  some  degree  of  independence  for  his 
country,  Buonaparte  had  him  arrested  and 
confined  in  the  fortress  of  Arbourg,  but  he 
was  set  at  liberty  in  a  few  months.  He 
was  subsequently  at  no  pains  to  conceal 
his  antipathy  to  Buonaparte  ;  and  he  is 
believed  to  have  favoured  the  passage  of 
the  allied  troops  through  the  Swiss  territories 
over  tlie  Rhine,  after  the  campaign  of  1813. 
Died,  1818. 

REDMAYNE,  Jons,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1490,  was  archdeacon 
of  Taunton,  and  a  prebendary  of  Wells  and 
Westminster.     He  wrote  some  theological 

721 


works,  and  was  one  of  the  compilers  of  the 
English  liturgy.    Died,  15.">1. 

REED,  IsAjkC,  a  critic  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  London,  in  1742,  and 
brought  up  to  the  conveyancing  business,  | 
which  he  relinquished  for  literary  pursuits. 
He  published  the  poems  of  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montagu,  edited  the  Seatonian 
prize  poems,  and  revised  and  enlarged 
Dodsley's  "  Old  Plays."  He  afterwards  also 
published  the  "Biographia  Dramatica,"  2 
vols.  ;  and  four  volumes  of  humorous  pieces, 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Repository  ;  "  but  the 
work  by  which  he  is  most  advantageously 
known  is  an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  in  10 
vols.,  which  he  extended,  afterwards,  to  21 
Yols.,  embodying  in  its  pages  all  the  most 
valuable  notes  and  elucidations  of  former 
commentators,  with  much  original  informa- 
tion. He  was  also  a  great  book  collector,  in 
which  he  displayed  considerable  judgment 
and  perseverance.  At  his  death,  in  1807,  his 
library  was  sohl  by  auction,  and  it  took  39 
days  to  dispose  of  it. 

REED,  JosEi'H,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
born  at  Stockton-upon-Tees,  in  1743,  and 
carried  on  business  as  a  rope-maker  at  Step- 
ney, till  liis  death,  in  1787.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Dido,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Tom  Jones," 
a  comic  opera  ;  several  farces,  &c. 

REES,  Abraham,  D.  D.,  a  dissenting  mi- 
nister, whose  labours  as  an  encyclopscdist 
liave  gained  for  him  great  and  deserved 
celebrity,  was  born  in  Montgomeryshire,  in 
1743.  Being  intended  for  the  ministry,  he 
was  educated  at  Mr.  Coward's  academy,  at 
Hoxton.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Jennings,  in 
1702,  though  Mr.  Rees  was  only  19  years  of 
age,  he  was  appointed  mathematical  tutor 
of  that  institution,  which  office  he  filled  till 
the  academy  was  dissolved,  in  1784.  Soon 
after  this  he  became  theological  and  philo- 
sophical tutor  in  the  new  college,  founded 
at  Hackney,  which  place  he  held  till  179.5, 
when  that  establishment  also  terminated. 
In  1770  he  was  employed  as  editor  of  "  Cham- 
bers's Cyclopaedia,"  which  he  completed  in 
1786,  in  four  vols,  folio.  After  a  lapse  of  14 
years,  the  proprietors  embarked  in  a  more 
comprehensive  undertaking,  which  also  Dr. 
Rees  brought  to  a  conclusion  in  4r>  vols.  4to. 
Besides  these  great  literary  pciformances,  he 
published  two  volumes  of  "Practical  Ser- 
mons "  and  several  other  works.  It  was  at 
the  express  recommendatiou  of  Robertson, 
the  historian,  that  Dr.  Rees  obtained  his 
degree  from  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  officiated  more  than  40  years  as  minister 
of  the  congregation  in  the  Old  Jewry,  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  and  other 
institutions,  and  died  in  182.5. 

REEVE,  Clara,  a  novelist,  was  born  at 
Ipswich,  in  1723,  and  was  the  daughter  of  a 
clergyman,  who  gave  her  an  excellent  edu- 
cation. She  possessed  great  learning  and 
research,  which  she  displayed  in  her  first 
literary  essay,  a  translation  of  Barclay's 
"  Argenis."  Among  her  subsequent  produc- 
tions are,  "  The  Progress  of  Romance," 
"  Memoirs  of  Sir  Roger  de  Clarendon,"  4 
vols.,  "The  School  for  Widows,"  and  the 
well-known  tale  of  "The  Old  English 
Baron."    Died,  1808. 

REEVE,  John,  a  celebrated  comic  actor, 


3<J 


{fiiT  many  years  the  focus  of  attraction  at 
the  Adclphi  Theatre,  in  the  Strand,  and 
whose  matchless  representation  of  burlesque 
characters  will  long  be  remembered),  was 
born  in  London,  in  1799  ;  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  boards  of  Drury  I^ane,  as 
"  Sylvester  Daggerwood,"  in  1819  ;  was  subse- 
quently engaged  at  the  ITaymarkct,  English 
Opera  lloiise,  and  Adelphi ;  and  died,  aged 
38,  in  January,  1838.  John  Reeve  was  the 
absolute  liersonification  of  hilarious  jollity 
and  genuine  good-humour;  nnd  was  as 
much  beloved  by  his  private^  friends  for  his 
frank  and  generous  disposition,  as  he  was 
admired  by  the  public  for  his  facetious 
drollery. 

REEVES,  John,  the  founder  of  the  cele- 
brated association  for  protecting  liberty  and 
property  against  republicans  and  levellers, 
was  born  in  17.52,  and  died  in  1829.  This 
gentleman  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1780,  but 
discontinued  the  active  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  was  deputed  by  government  to 
regulate  the  administration  of  justice  in 
Newfoundland,  for  which  purpose  he  made 
two  voyages  tliere.  Soon  after  his  return 
from  the  first,  he  published  "  The  History  of 
the  Law  of  Shipping  and  Navigation,"  a 
work  that  proved  highly  useful.  But  having, 
in  1795,  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Thoughts  on  the  English  Government,"  in 
which  an  alleged  libellous  passage  appeared, 
the  author  was  prosecuted  by  order  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  underwent  his  trial 
at  Guildhall,  when  he  was  acquitted.  He 
was  appointed  one  of  the  king's  printers  in 
1799,  and  from  1803  to  1814  lie  had  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  alien  office. 

REGA,  Henut  Joseph,  a  benevolent 
physician  of  Louvaln,  where  he  was  born 
in  "l(i90.  He  was  no  less  distinguished  by 
his  talents,  than  by  the  zeal  with  which  he 
conseerated  his  time  and  fortune  to  the 
consolation  and  relief  of  the  afflicted.  He 
was  the  author  of  "De  Sympathia,"  &c. 
Died,  1754. 

REGIS,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French  Jesuit, 
who  went  as  a  missionary  to  China.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  skill  in  geography, 
and  drew  up  for  the  use  of  his  brethren  a 
general  map  and  description  of  the  Chinese 
empire.  He  took  part  in  the  discussions  of 
the  missionaries  with  the  emperor  Young- 
tching,  in  1724,  concerning  the  proscription 
of  the  Christian  religion  in  China  ;  but  the 
date  of  his  death  is  not  recorded. 

REGIS,  PiEKRE  SvLVAix,  a  French  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Agenois,  in  1G32. 
After  studying  in  the  Sorbonne,  he  read 
lectures  upon  and  espoused  the  Cartesian 
philosophy,  till  interdicted  from  doing  so 
by  the  royal  mandate.  He,  however,  pub- 
lished an  elaborate  view  of  that  system,  in 
3  vols.  4to.  ;  and  wrote  several  defences  of  it, 
in  answer  to  Huet,  Du  Hamel,  and  others. 
Died,  1707. 

REGIUS,  Urban,  or  Ee  Roi,  a  learned 
poet  and  controversialist,  distinguished  also 
as  one  of  the  early  reformers,  was  born  at 
Langenargen,  in  Germany.  He  completed 
his  studies  at  Ingoldstadt,  under  Eckius;  and 
when  tlie  emperor  Maximilian  visited  tliat 
university,  he  made  Regius  liis  poet  laureate 
and  orator.    He  afterwards  obtained  a  pro- 


fessorship ;  but  when  the  controversy  arose 
between  Luther  and  Eckius,  the  reformed 
doctrines  operated  so  strongly  upon  his  con- 
Tiction,  that  he  sided  with  tlie  former  against 
his  old  tutor  in  polemics.  In  1530  he  ac- 
cepted an  invitation  from  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  to  settle  as  pastor  of  the  church 
of  Lnnenberg,  and  died  in  1541. 

REGNARD,  John  Fuancis,  a  comic 
writer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1655.  He  went 
to  Italy  about  1076,  and  was  returning  home 
with  considerable  property,  when  he  was 
captured  by  an  Algerine  corsair,  and  sold  for 
a  slave.  During  his  captivity,  he  obtained 
the  favour  of  his  master  by  his  skill  in 
cookery  ;  but  being  caught  in  an  intrigue 
with  one  of  the  women,  he  was  required  to 
turn  Mahometan,  or  suffer  death.  The 
French  consul,  however,  saved  him  by  pay- 
ing his  ransom  ;  and  Regnard  returned  to 
France  about  1081.  After  this  he  wrote  a 
number  of  successful  comedies,  besides  poems 
and  other  works  ;  was  made  a  treasurer  nf 
France,  and  lieutenant  of  the  waters  and 
forests  ;  and  died  in  1709. 

REGNAULT,  Michael  Louis  Stephen, 
a  French  advocate  and  statesmon,  was  born 
at  St.  Jean  d'Angeli,  in  1760.  Having  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  bar,  he  was  chosen 
a  deputy  of  the  states-general  from  the 
tiers  ^tat  of  the  country  of  Aunis,  and  be- 
came the  editor  of  a  daily  paper  called  the 
Journal  de  Versailles.  He  was  proscribed 
in  1792,  and  being  discovered  and  arrested 
at  Douai,  he  did  not  obtain  his  liberty  till 
after  the  fall  of  Robespierre.  During  the 
consulate  and  imperial  sway  of  Buonaparte 
he  was  honoured  and  promoted,  and  ac- 
quitted himself  with  great  ability  as  attor- 
ney-general. &c.  Although  he  foresaw  the 
fall  of  Napoleon  on  the  opening  of  the 
Russian  campaign,  he  continued  faithful  to 
his  interests,  and  followed  Maria  Louisa  to 
Blois.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo  he 
pleaded  for  the  resignation  of  Buonaparte 
in  favour  of  his  son  ;  and  his  proposition 
being  rejected,  he  quitted  France  for  Ame- 
rica, where  he  remained  four  years.  He 
at  length,  in  1819,  obtained  permission  to 
return  ;  but  being  in  the  last  stage  of  sick- 
ness when  he  lauded,  he  expired  in  a  few 
hours  after  his  arrival. 

REGNAULT,  Noel,  a  learned  mathe- 
matician and  philosopher,  was  born  at  Arras, 
in  1683  ;  belonged  to  the  society  of  Jesuits  ; 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1762.  The  study  of 
philosophy  occupied  most  of  his  time,  though 
not  to  the  exclusion  of  religious  and  moral 
duties.  He  published  several  scientific  and 
metaph3'sical  works,  the  principal  of  wliich 
are  his  "  Philosophical  Conversations."  3 
vols.,  and  his  "  Ancient  Origin  of  the  New 
Philosophy."  3  vols. 

REGNIER,  Claude  Ambrose,  duke  of 
Massa,  minister  of  justice  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Napoleon,  was  born  at  Biamont,  in 
La  Meurthe,  in  1736  ;  practised  as  an  advocate 
at  Nancy,  was  a  member  of  the  constituent 
assembly,  retired  from  public  affairs  during 
the  reign  of  terror  ;  but,  after  the  fall  of 
Robespierre,  became  a  member  of  the  council 
of  ancients,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
senate.  He  assisted  in  the  elevation  of 
Buonaparte  as  first  consul  ;  and,  in  1802,  he 


REG] 


^  j5[clj)  Hm'ljcrjsfal  Uiosrajpl^i?. 


[rem 


was  appointed  grand  judge,  minister  of 
justice,  &c.  In  1813  he  became  president  of 
the  legislative  body,  and  died  in  the  follow- 
ing year. 

REGNIER,  Mathukin,  a  French  poet, 
and  the  first  who  succeeded  in  France  as  a 
satirist,  was  bom  at  Clmrtres,  in  1573.  He 
was  brouglit  up  to  the  cliurch,  which  he 
disgraced  by  his  debaucheries  ;  yet  he  ob- 
tained a  canonry  in  the  cathedral  of  hia 
native  place,  with  other  benefices,  and  a 
pension.  Died,  1613.  His  "Satires"  still 
retain  a  pluce  in  the  standard  literature  of 
his  country. 

REGULITS,  Marcus  Attilius,  a  Roman 
general,  celebrated  for  liis  patriotism  and 
devotion  in  the  service  of  his  country,  was 
made  consul  a  second  time  about  '2.'>6  b.  C, 
and  with  his  colleague,  Manlius  Vulso,  com- 
manded in  the  first  war  against  Carthage. 
Made  prisoner  by  his  opponents,  he  was  sent 
to  Rome  with  an  embassy,  that  peace  might 
be  procured  on  favourable  terms,  and  bound 
himself,  by  an  oath,  to  return  if  the  terms 
were  rejected.  He,  however,  considered  it 
his  duty  to  advise  the  continuance  of  tlic 
war  ;  which  being  determined  on,  no  en- 
treaties or  sut)pliciition8  could  prevent  liim 
from  fulfilling  his  solemn  engagement ;  and 
the  Carthaginians,  on  his  return,  put  him  to 
an  ignominious  and  cruel  death. 

REICHARD,  Hksky  Augustus  Otto- 
CAit,  a  German  writer,  was  born  at  Ootha, 
in  17.">1,  and  died  in  1828.  He  is  extensively 
known  by  his  "Traveller's  Guide  in  Eu- 
rope," 2  vols.  He  also  wrote  poems,  come- 
dies, &c.  ;  and  held  a  considerable  office  in 
the  government  of  Saxe-Gotha. 

REICll^VRDT,  John  Fkedekic,  a  mu- 
sical composer  and  author,  was  born  at 
Konigsberg,  in  17.51 ;  studied  under  Kant, 
was  for  a  long  time  director  of  the  Italian 
opera  at  Berlin,  and  subsequently  had  the 
direction  of  the  French  and  German  theatres 
at  Cassel.  Among  his  compositions,  which 
are  very  numerous,  are  the  "  Tamerlane  "  of 
Morel,  and  the  "  Panthea"  of  Berquin.  His 
literary  productions  are,  "  Familiar  I^etters 
written  during  a  Journey  in  France  in  1792, 
and  again  in  1H03  and  1804,"  5  vols.  ;  "  Fami- 
liar l^etters  on  Vienna,"  &c. ;  and  "  Napoleon 
Buonaparte  and  the  French  People  under 
his  Consulate,"  &c.    Died,  1814. 

REICliENBACII,  Geokge  of,  a  distin- 
guished mechanical  artist,  was  born  at 
Manheim,  in  1772,  and  died  at  Municli,  in 
182'i.  He  and  his  coadjutor,  Fraunhofer,  were 
unsurpassed  in  the  manufacture  of  optical 
instruments  generally,  and  quite  unrivalled 
in  the  execution  of  telescopes,  lielioineters, 
theodolites,  &c. 

RE  ID,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  Scotch  di- 
vine and  metaphysician,  was  born  in  1709, 
at  Strachan,  in  Kincardineshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen. 
In  1704  he  succeeded  Adam  Smith  as  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow,  and 
died  in  179o.  His  principal  works  are,  "  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Human  Mind"  and  "Essays 
on  the  Intellectual  and  Active  Powers  of 
Man."  Dr.  Rcid  was  the  first  writer  in  Scot- 
land who  attacked  the  scepticism  of  Hume, 
and  endeavoured  to  refute  the  Ideal  theory 
which  was  then  prevalent. 


\\z' 


REIGNY,  Louis  Abel  Beffroi,  an  ec- 
centric and  fertile  French  writer,  commonly 
called  Cousin  Jaques,  was  lK>rn  at  I>aon,  in 
1757,  and  died  at  Charenton,  in  1810.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  successful  plays 
and  works  of  a  burlesque  character  ;  and  he 
commenced  a  periodical  publication,  entitled 
"  Dictionnaire  des  Honmies  et  des  Choses," 
which,  on  account  of  its  offensive  politics, 
was  suppressed. 

REINECCIUS,  Reinier,  a  German  wri- 
ter, was  a  native  of  Steinheim,  and  the 
disciple  of  Melanchthon.  He  taught  the 
belles  lettres,  first  at  Frankfort  and  next  at 
Ilelmstadt.  where  he  died,  in  1595. 

RE  IN  HOLD,  Erasmus,  a  German  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer,  was  born  at 
Salfeldt,  in  Thnringia,  in  1511  ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  niatliematics  at  Witteml)erg,  and 
died  there  in  1553.  His  works  arc,  "  The- 
oria  nova  Planetarum,"  "Ptolemy's  Alma- 
gest, with  a  Latin  version,"  "PrutcniciB 
Tabulaa  Cocleslium  Motuum,"  and  "Piimus 
Liber  Tabnlarum  Directionum." 

REISKE,  John  James,  an  eminent  phi- 
lologist and  oriental  scholar,  was  born  at 
Zorbig,  in  Saxony,  in  171(5 ;  studied  at  Halle 
and  Leipsic,  became  Arabic  professor  at  the 
latter  place,  was  appointed  rector  of  the 
college  of  St.  Nicholas,  and  died  in  1774. 
His  works  and  translations  of  classic  authors  | 
are  numerous  and  erudite  :  among  them  are  i 
valuable  editions  of  the  "Moslem  Aimals  of 
Abulfeda,"  the  "  Greek  Anthology,"  "  Plu- 
tarch," the  "  Greek  Orators,"  &c.  He  was 
assisted  in  his  researches  by  his  wife,  Eunes- 
TiNA  Christina,  who  learned  Greek  and 
Latin  for  the  express  purpose  ;  and  after  his 
death  she  completed  some  of  his  under- 
takings, and  published  his  autobiography. 

REIZ,  or  REITZ,  Frederic  WoM'Gang, 
a  German  philologist,  born  in  1733.  He 
successively  held  the  professorships  of  phi- 
losophy, Latin  and  Greek,  and  poetry,  in  the 
university  of  Leipsic,  of  the  library  of  which 
he  was  also  director.  He  edited  the  works 
of  Herodotus  and  some  other  classic  authors. 
Died,  1790. 

RE  LAND,  Adrian,  a  learned  orientalist, 
was  born  at  Alkmaer,  in  lfi7C.  He  studied 
at  Amsterdam,  Utrecht,  and  I^eydcn  ;  and 
was  successively  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Hanlerwick,  and  of  oriental  languages  and 
ecclesiastical  liistory  at  Utrecht,  wliere  he 
died  in  1718.  Among  his  works  arc,  "  De 
Religione  Mohammedica,"  "Dissertationum 
Miscellanearum,  "  "  Antiquitates  Sacise 
Veterum  IlebriEOmm, "  "  Dissertationes 
quinque  de  Nummis  Veterum  Hebrae- 
orum,"  "  Palsstina  ex  Monumentis  veteri- 
bus  iliustrata  et  Chartis  Geographicis,"  &c. 
2  vols.  4to. 

REMBRANDT  VAN  RHYN,  Paul,  one 
of  the  most  celebrate  painters  and  engravers 
of  the  Dutch  school,  was  born  in  lOOt!,  near 
Leydcn.  His  passionate  love  for  art  disap- 
pointed his  father's  desire  of  educating  him 
as  a  scholar  ;  but  he  received  some  instruc- 
tion in  the  art  of  painting  from  Peter  Last- 
mann  of  Amsterdam,  but  soon  returned 
home,  and  pursued  his  labours  there,  taking 
nature  as  his  sole  guide.  He  came  into 
notice  by  taking  a  picture  to  the  Hague, 
where  a  dealer  gave  him  100  florins  for  it ; 


Sq  2 


rem] 


^  iHciu  Bnibtr^aX  23t00rajp!;i). 


[ren 


which  circumstance  procured  him  employ- 
!  ment  and  pupils.    Kembrandt  was  master  of 
I  all  that  relates  to  colouring,  distribution  of 
>  liyht  and  shade,  and  the  management  of  the 
I  pencil,  and  though  he  was  deficient  in  some 
!  of  the  otlier  requisites  of  a  true  artist,  it  can- 
I  not  be  denied,  that  his  pencil  is  masterly  and 
I  unique,  possessing  an  energy  and  effect  be- 
1  longing  to  no  other  painter.    His  etchings 
j  possess  a  wonderful  freedom,  facility,  and 
'  boldness,  and  are  truly  picturesque.    Rem- 
;  brandt  married  the  handsome  daughter  of  a 
'  peasant,  who  used  to  sit  to  him  as  a  model. 
He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
at  Amsterdam,  and  he  soon  acquired  a  large 
fortune.      His   habits,  however,  were    low, 
and  his  avarice  insatiable  ;  so  that  he  lived 
like  a  beggar,  and  descended  to  the  meanest 
tricks  to  increase  his  hoard.    He  died  in 
1G74.  or.  according  to  some  accounts,  in  1688. 
REMIGIUS,  St.,  or    REMI,  was  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims,  and  converted  king  Clovis 

to  Christianity.     He  died  in  15;!3 Tliere 

was  another  St.  Remigius,  who  was  arch- 
bishop of  Lyons  in  the  9th  century.  He  de- 
fended St.  Augustine's  doctrine  of  grace  and 
predestination  against  Godeschalc,  and  pre- 
sided at  the  council  of  Valence  in  855.  Died, 
87«. 

REMIGIUS.  of  Auxerre,  a  learned  Bene- 
dictine of  the  9th  century,  was  brought  up  in 
the  abbey  of  St.  Germaine  ;  but  afterwards 
he  taught  at  Rheims,  and  next  at  Paris,  where 
he  opened  the  first  public  school  in  that  city. 
He  wrote  several  commentaries  on  diiferent 
portions  of  Scripture. 

REMUSAT,  Jean  Pierre  Abel,  an  emi- 
nent linguist,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1788. 
He  was  professor  of  the  Chinese  and  Tartar 
languages  at  the  College  de  France  ;  was 
admitted  into  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions 
in  181(5  ;  and,  after  Visconti's  death,  in  1818, 
he  was  appointed  editor  of  the  Journal  des 
Savans.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Essai  sur 
la  Langue  et  Litterature  Chinoises,"  "  Plan 
d'un  Dictionnaire  Chinois,"  "  Melanges 
Asiatiques,"  and  "  Comtes  Cliinois,"  3  vols. 
Died,  1832. 

RENAU  D'ELISAGARAY,  Ber^'ard, 
an  able  French  naval  architect,  was  born  in 
Beam,  in  1652.  He  was  employed  at  Brest 
in  the  construction  of  large  sliips  ;  and,  in 
1680,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  bomb- vessels, 
which  were  used  at  the  bombardment  of 
Algiers,  and  the  success  of  which  led  to  his 
being  appointed  to  conduct  several  sieges 
under  Vauban.  For  these  services  he  was 
made  a  captain  in  the  navy,  honoured  with 
the  cross  of  St.  Louis,  and  rewarded  with  a 
pension  of  12,000  livres.  He  wrote  "  Theorie 
de  la  Manoeuvre  des  Vaisseaux,"  and  died 
in  1719. 

RENAUDOT,  Tiieophrastus,  a  phy- 
sician, was  bom  at  Loudun,  in  1583  ;  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1653.  He  was  the  first  pro- 
jector of  gazettes,  or  newspapers,  in  France, 
which  he  published  under  the  title  of"  Mer- 
cure  Fran?oise,"  from  1635  to  1643..  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Henry  II.,  Prince  of 

Conde,"  and  other  biographical  works 

His  son  EusEBius,  who  died  in  1720,  was  a 
learned  oriental  scholar.  He  became  prior 
of  Frossey,  in  Bretagne  ;  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  academy  Delia  Crusca,  and  of 


that  of  the  Inscriptions  ;  and  was  the  author 
of  several  works  illustrative  of  the  literature 
and  manners  of  the  East. 

RENNEL,  Major  Joiix,  was  born  at 
Chudleigh,  in  Devonshire,  in  1742  ;  first  en- 
tered the  naval  service  as  a  midshipman, 
and  served  in  India,  but  quitted  it  for  the 
East  India  Company's  military  service,  and 
became  surveyor-general  of  Bengal.  Re- 
turning to  England  in  1782,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  from 
this  period  he  held  an  extensive  correspond- 
ence with  men  of  learning  both  at  home 
and  abroad.  He  now  published  his  cele- 
brated "  Memoir  and  Map  of  Hindostan," 
and  he  assisted  in  the  formation  of  the  Asiatic 
Society.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Topography  of  the  Plain  of 
Troy,"  three  memoirs  on  the  "  Geography  of 
Africa,"  the  "  Geographical  System  of  Hero- 
dotus explained,"  and  tlie  "  Marches  of  the 
British  army  in  the  Peninsula  of  India."  lie 
died  in  ]8;50. 

RENNELL,  Thomas,  D.D.,  dean  of  Win- 
chester, and  one  of  the  most  learned  and 
eloquent  preachers  of  his  time,  was  born, 
1753.  In  1786  he  was  inducted  to  the  living 
of  Alton,  in  Hampshire  ;  and  in  1805  he  was 
appointed  to  the  deanery  of  Winchester,  by 
his  admirer  and  friend,  Mr.  Pitt.  Though 
his  scholarship  was  at  once  profound  and 
various,  lie  published  nothing  but  a  volume 
of  sermons,  principally  a  selection  from  those 
which  he  preached  at  the  Temple  church, 
London,  and  in  the  cathedral  of  Winchester. 
The  perusal  of  this  one  volume  causes  us  to 
regret  that  he  publislied  no  more  ;  for  in  ad- 
dition to  the  most  fervent  and  sound  piety, 
couched  in  the  most  glowing  and  nervous 
language,  they  incidentally  afford  abundant 
proof  of  the  correctness  of  an  opinion  given 
by  a  contemporary  writer,  that,  "both  as  a 
theologian  and  a  scholar,  in  the  most  com- 
prehensive sense  of  the  words.  Dr.  Rennell 
was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  accom- 
plished men  of  the  age."  Late  in  life  he 
lost  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Blackstone.     Died,  1840. 

RENNELL,  Thomas,  son  of  Dr.  Rennell, 
the  learned  and  venerable  dean  of  Win- 
chester, was  born  in  that  city,  in  1787,  and 
was  i)laced  at  an  early  age  at  Eton,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  proficiency 
in  classical  literature,  and  obtained  Dr.  Bu- 
chanan's prize  for  the  best  Greek  Sapphic 
ode  "  On  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
India."  In  1806  he  removed  to  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  two  years  after 
gained  the  Brunonian  prize  for  the  best 
Greek  ode.  On  taking  his  first  degree,  he 
entered  into  orders,  and  became  assistant 
preaclier  to  his  father  at  the  Temple  church; 
in  1811  he  published  "  Animadversions  on 
the  Unitarian  Version  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment ; "  about  which  time  he  undertook  the 
editorship  of  the  British  Critic.  In  1818  he 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Kensington, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  Chris- 
tian advocate  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, in  which  capacity  he  published  two 
excellent  treatises  ;  one,  entitled  "  Remarks 
on  Scepticism,  especially  as  connected  with 
the  Subjects  of  Organisation  and  Life  ;"  the 
other,  "  Proofs  of  Inspiration  on  the  Grounds 


ren] 


SI  jJclD  ?auitjrri^al  3iJt0grai)I)y. 


[reu 


of  Distinction  between  the  New  Testament 

and  the  Apocryphal  Volume."    In  1S2;J,  Mr. 

Rennell  was  presented  to  tlie  mastership  of 

St.  Nicliolas's  liospital,  and   a   prebend   in 

Salisbury  cathedral ;  but  a  violent  attack  of 

i  fever,  which  terminated  in  a  gradual  decline, 

j  put  an  end  to  the  hopes  of  his  friends  and 

admirers  in  the  following  year.     He  died  at 

Winchester,  June,  1824,  just  as  he  had  com- 

I  pletcd  his  Inst  work,  a  new  translation  of 

j  "Munster's  Narrative  of  the  Conversion  of 

Count  Struensee." 
I  KENNIE,  Joiisr,  a  celebrated  civil  en- 
gineer and  mechanist,  was  born  at  Fhan- 
tas^ie,  in  East  J^otliian,  settled  in  London 
in  I7So,  and  first  became  known  by  tlie 
talent  he  displayed  in  the  construction  of 
the  Albion  Mills.  His  next  concern  was  in 
superintending  the  new  machinery  of  Whit- 
bread's  brewery,  tlie  execution  of  which 
increased  his  fame.  He  soon,  however,  be- 
came eminent  in  labours  of  a  superior  kind, 
and  stood  at  the  head  of  the  civil  engineers 
of  this  country.  Among  his  public  works 
may  be  mentioned,  Kamsgate  Harbour ; 
Waterloo,  South wark,  and  New  London 
I  Bridges  ;  the  Breakwater  at  Plymouth  ;  the 
Crinan,  Lancaster,  Kennet,  and  Avon,  and 
other  canals  ;  and  several  docks  and  har- 
bours, among  which  arc  those  of  I^ondon, 
Hull,  and  Sheerness.  But  the  Bell  Rock 
Lighthouse,  constructed  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  that  of  the  Eddystone,  will,  perhaps, 
be  deemed  the  gieatest  effort  of  his  genius. 
For  steady  resolution  and  inflexible  perse- 
verance Mr.  Kennie  was  rarely  surpassed ; 
and  it  was  these  qualities,  combined  with 
eminent  natural  talents,  that  so  udmirably 
fitted  him  to  contend  with  or  guard  against 
the  great  pliysical  operations  of  nature  — 
coniining  torrents  williin  specific  bounds,  or 
subduing  tlie  violence  of  the  most  boisterous 
seas.     Died,  1821. 

RENTI,  Gaston  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron 
de,  a  Eronch  nobleman  of  tlie  17th  century, 
remarkable  for  his  ascetic  piety.  After 
serving  witli  distinction  in  the  wars  of  Lor- 
raine, and  obtaining  the  approbation  of  his 
sovereign,  he  determined  to  retire  from  the 
world  ;  and,  from  the  age  of  27,  he  devoted 
the  remainder  of  his  life  to  works  of  charity, 
religious  exercises,  and  mortification.  He 
died  in  1649.  An  abridgment  of  his  life  by 
de  St.  Jure,  a  Jesuit,  was  published  by  the 
celebrated  John  Wesley. 

REPNIN,  Nicholas  Wasimewitscii, 
Prince,  lx)rn  in  1731,  was  a  Russian  field- 
marshal,  and  served  under  Peter  I.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  by  Catliarine  II. 
assistant  to  the  Russian  ambassudor  at  the 
elevation  of  Stanislaus  to  the  throne  of  Po- 
land, in  1704,  and  he  sul)sequently  became 
Russian  minister  at  Warsaw.  He  was  soon 
after  this  employed  on  diplomatic  missions 
at  Constantinople  and  Breslau.  In  1789  he 
succeeded  Count  Romanzoff  in  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Ukraine,  and  in  1791  he 
defeated  tlie  grand  vizir  Yusuf;  but  having 
offended  Prince  Poteinkin,  he  was  disgraced 
and  banished  to  Moscow  ;  whence,  however, 
he  was  recalled  to  be  made  governor  of 
Livonia.  In  1790,  Paul  I.  promoted  Prince 
Repiiin  to  the  rank  of  a  field-marshal,  and 
in  1798  sent  him  on  a  secret  mission  to  Ber- 


lin ;  but  l)eing  unsuccessful  in  his  endeavours 
to  prevail  on  the  Prussians  to  join  the  con- 
federacy against  France,  he  was  on  his  return 
ordered  to  retire  to  Moscow,  where  he  died 
in  1801. 

REPTON,  HuMPHREy,  a  private  gentle- 
man, distinguished  by  his  skill  in  orna- 
mental gardening  and  architecture,  was  born 
at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  in  1702.  In  1783  he 
accomjiauied  Mr.  Windham  to  Ireland,  and 
for  a  i^hort  time  held  a  situation  at  Dublin, 
under  government.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, he  adopted  the  profession  of  landscape 
gardening,  in  which  he  soon  obtained  ex- 
tensive celebrity.  He  published  several 
works  on  miscellaneous  subjects,  but  his 
principal  productions  are  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  his  art.    Died,  1818. 

REQUENDO,  Vincknte,  a  learned  Spa- 
nish Jesuit,  born  at  Grenada,  in  lliU).  He 
had  a  great  taste  for  tlie  tine  arts,  and  pub- 
lished an  elaborate  work  on  the  "Roman 
Antiquities  in  Spain  ; "  but  he  is  best  known 
by  his  "  Saggi  sul  ristabilimento  dell'  anlica 
Arte  de'  Greci,  e  de'  Romaui  Pittori,"  2  vols.i. 
in  which  he  proposed  to  restore  the  Grecian 
and  Roman  art  of  painting.     Died,  1792. 

RESTOUT,  John,  a  French  painter,  was 
born  at  Rouen,  in  1G92,  became  director  of 
the  Academy  of  Paintings  and  died  in  1708. 

His  son,  who  was  also  a  good  painter, 

and  a  member  of  the  Academy,  died  at  Paris 
in  1797. 

RETZ,  Joir.v  Francis  Paul  de  Goxdi,  a 
French  cardinal,  and  a  celebrated  iKilitical 
character,  was  born  at  Montmirail,  in  1013  ; 
became  coadjutor  to  his  uncle,  the  arch- 
bishop of  Paris  ;  and,  after  many  intrigues, 
and  fighting  several  duels,  he  was  made 
archbishop  of  Corinth  and  a  cardinal.  He 
conspired  against  the  lite  of  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, and  took  a  prominent  part  in  opposing 
JIazarin  during  the  minority  of  Louis  XIV. 
In  short,  he  was  the  Catiline  of  the  day.  At 
length  Mazarin,  who  both  hated  and  feared 
him,  imprisoned  him  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
cennes,  whence  he  was  removed  to  Nantes, 
from  which  he  escaped,  and  subsequently 
travelled  through  Holland,  Flanders,  and 
England.  In  1075  he  wished  to  give  up  his 
cardinal's  hat,  and  retire  from  the  world, 
but  the  pope  would  not  receive  it ;  and  as 
the  latter  years  of  Ms  life  made  some  amends 
for  his  former  crimes,  he  died  regretted,  at 
Paris,  in  1079.  He  was  daring,  turbulent, 
and  intriguing ;  and  in  his  "  Memoirs," 
which  were  written  by  himself  during  his 
retirement  fiom  the  busy  scenes  of  public 
life,  he  haa  drawn  his  own  portrait  with  con- 
siderable skill  and  impartiality. 

REUCULIN,  John,  a  celebrated  German 
philologist,  born  at  Pfortzheim,  in  1455. 
Having  studied  the  law,  and  obtained  the 
diploma  of  licentiate  in  that  faculty  at 
Poictiers,  he  was  employed  in  several  di- 
plomatic missions  ;  and  while  at  Rome  with 
Everard,  count  of  Wirtemberg,  he  was  re- 
ceived with  the  distinction  due  to  his  talents, 
and  was  particularly  noticed  by  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici,  at  Florence.  After  the  renewal  of 
the  league  of  Suabia,  in  15(X),  Reuchlin  was 
appointed  judge  of  a  tribunal  at  Tubingen, 
which  office  he  held  eleven  years.  In  his 
old  age  he  was  reduced  to  poverty,  and  was 

3  Q  3 


REU] 


^  l^ciM  Slm'tjcr^al  3Bt05rapT)i|. 


[ret 


persecuted  by  the  ecclesiastics  for  opposing 
Pfeflfcrcorn's  design  of  burning  all  the  Jew- 
ish books  except  the  Bible.  Reuchlin  was 
the  preceptor  of  Melanchthon,  and  died  in 
1522.  He  composed  the  first  Hebrew  gram- 
mar and  lexicon  for  the  use  of  Christians,  and 
he  was  the  author  of  several  other  works. 

REUVENS,  Joiix  EvEUAKD,  one  of  the 
most  profound  lawyers  Holland  ever  pro- 
duced, was  born  at  Haarlem,  in  1763  ;  stu- 
died at  Leyden  ;  acquired  great  reputation 
at  the  Hague  as  an  advocate  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1795,  counsellor  to  the  court  of 
justice  of  the  province  of  Holland.  In  1801 
he  became  president  of  the  high  court  of 
justice  i  and  under  the  regal  government,  in 
180G,  he  was  nominated  counsellor  of  state 
extraordinary,  and  subsequently  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  council.  On  the  union  of  Hol- 
land to  France,  in  1810,  he  became  president 
of  the  court  of  appeal  at  the  Hague  ;  but  was 
soon  after  invited  to  Paris,  and  made  coun- 
sellor of  the  court  of  cassation  ;  which  otflce 
he  relinquished,  when,  in  1814,  the  inde- 
pendence of  his  native  country  was  secured, 
and  veturned  to  the  presidency  he  had 
quitted  at  the  Hague.  He  went  to  Brus- 
sels in  1816,  on  a  legal  mission,  and  there 
perished,  the  victim  of  a  dark  conspiracy,  the 
autliorsof  whicli  liave  never  been  discovered. 
His  judicial  and  jjolitical  knowledge  enabled 
liim  to  fill  his  different  offices  with  vigour 
and  ability  ;  and  he  earned  a  lasting  repu- 
tation by  the  criminal  code  of  the  Nether- 
lands, which  may  be  said  to  be  almost  en- 
tirely his  work. 

REVELEY,  WiLLEY,  an  English  archi- 
tect and  antiquary,  was  a  pupil  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Chambers.  He  accompanied  Mr.  Stuart 
to  Greece,  and  completed  the  great  work  on 
the  "  Antiquities  of  Athens  "  left  by  that 
eminent  artist.  Mr.  Reveley  built  the  church 
of  All  Saints  at  Southampton,  and  various 
other  structures.    Died,  1799. 

RE VELLIERE-LEPAUX,  Louis  Marik, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  French  directory, 
was  born  at  Montaigne,  in  1753,  and  brought 
up  to  the  profession  of  the  law.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  displayed 
great  ardour  in  supporting  popular  opinions; 
became  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assem- 
bly ;  and,  in  1792,  of  the  National  Conven- 
tion. He  procured  the  decree  of  the  conven- 
tion, purporting  "  that  the  French  nation 
would  give  assistance  to  all  oppressed  people 
who  wished  to  recover  their  liberty  ; "  and 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  and  against 
the  appeal  to  the  people.  He  afterwards 
opposed  Dan  ton,  and  in  vain  defended  the 
proscribed  Girondists ;  was  compelled  to 
seek  for  safety  in  concealment,  but  returned 
to  Paris  after  the  death  of  Robespierre.  On 
the  creation  of  the  Institute,  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  member  of  the  class  of  moral  and 
political  sciences  ;  advocated  some  religious 
ceremonies  which  resembled  the  principles 
of  the  theophilanthropiste  ;  and  was  repre- 
,  sented  as  the  liigh-priest  of  that  once  preva- 
lent sect.  He  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Napoleon  required  from  the 
I  members  of  the  Institute,  and  retired  to  the 
j  neighbourhood  of  Orleans,  where  he  lived 
I  in  obscurity  for  a  time  ;  afterwards  returned 
I  to  Paris,  and  died  in  1824.     He  left  "  Me- 


moirs," witli  directions  for  their  being  pub- 
lished at  II  future  time. 

REVVBELL,  Jkan  Baptiste,  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  French  republic,  was  born  at 
Colmar,  in  1746.  On  Ijeing  chosen  a  deputy 
from  the  tiers  etat  to  the  states-general  in 
1789,  he  displayed  a  decided  enmity  to  the 
existing  government.  He  became  attorney- 
general  syndic  of  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Rhine  ;  and  on  being  nominated  a 
deputy  to  the  convention  in  1792,  he  voted 
for  the  establishment  of  a  republic,  and 
strenuously  recommended  the  trial  of  Louis 
XVI.  After  filling  several  important  situ- 
ations, he  was  at  length  raised  by  his  col- 
leagues to  the  highest  magistracy  of  the 
state.  He  held  the  office  of  director  till  1799, 
when  he  was  replaced  by  the  Abbe  Sieyes  ; 
and  he  died  in  comparative  obscurity,  in 
1801. 

REY,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  eminent  French 
musician,  was  born  at  Lauzerte,  in  1734. 
While  at  Nantes,  his  reputation  as  a  com- 
poser having  reached  the  ears  of  the  court, 
he  was  sent  for,  and  appointed  chamber- 
musician  to  the  king,  with  a  salary  of  2000 
francs ;  and  though  the  revolution  inter- 
fered with  his  promised  advancement  in  the 
royal  household,  he  continued  to  direct  the 
opera  orchestra  for  more  than  thirty-five 
years,  and  vmder  Napoleon  was  appointed  to 
superintend  tliat  of  the  chapel  royal.  He 
composed  a  number  of  operas,  &c.,'and  died 
in  1810. 

REY,  Joii.v,  a  French  physician,  of  the 
17tli  century,  who  may  be  regarded  as  one  of 
the  precursors  of  the  science  of  pneumatic 
chemistry.  He  published  an  interesting 
work  in  1630,  by  which  it  appears  he  had 
discovered  that  the  increase  of  weight  in  cal- 
cined metals  arises  from  the  absorption  and 
solidification  of  air  ;  and  on  this  the  anti- 
phlogistic theory  of  chemistry  is,  in  a  great 
measure,  founded.     He  died  in  1645. 

REYNEAU,  Chaui.es  Ren^,  an  eminent 
French  mathematician,  was  born  at  Brissac, 
in  1656,  and  entered  into  the  congregation  of  I 
the  Oratory.  Having  become  well  ac- 
quainted with  geometry,  and  studied  the 
Cartesian  philosophy,  he  taught  mathema- 
tics and  physics  at  Toulon  and  Angers.  lie 
was  the  author  of  "  Analyse  D(5montree,"  2 
vols.  4to. ;  and  "  Science  du  Calcul  des 
Grandeurs."    Died,  1728. 

REYNER,  Edward,  a  Nonconformist 
divine,  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
arts,  and,  about  1627,  settled  at  Lincoln  ;  but 
in  1662  was  ejected  from  his  living,  and  died 
soon  after.  He  wrote  "  Precepts  for  Chris- 
tian Practice,"  "  Vindication  of  Human 
Learning  and  Universities,"  &c. 

REYNIER,  John  Louis  Ebenezer,  a 
French  general,  was  born  at  Lausanne,  in 
1771.  He  entered  into  the  army,  and  in 
the  early  campaigns  of  the  French  republic 
he  so  far  signalised  himself,  as  to  be  ap- 
pointed a  general  of  brigade  during  the  con- 
quest of  Holland  in  1794.  He  afterwards 
served  under  Moreau,  as  chief  of  the  staff ; 
and  in  the  memorable  retreat  in  1796,  as  well 
as  on  other  occasions,  gave  proofs  of  liis  su- 
perior military  talents.  In  1798  he  accom- 
panied Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  was   present 


^  ^tto  ?lTnibcri!^aT  23i0tp:apl)ii. 


[rhi 


at  the  battle  of  tlic  Pyramids,  commanded 
'  for  a  time  at  Acre,  overthrew  the  junizza- 
I  ries,  and  thus  contributed  greatly  to  the 
I  victory  of  lleliopolis )  but  having  subse 
I  quently  quarrelled  with  General  Menou,  he 
j  Mas  coolly  received  by  Buonaparte  on  his 
I  return  to  France.  Having  killed  General 
d'Estaign  in  a  duel,  he  was  exiled  from 
;  Paris  ;  but  in  1805  he  was  recalled,  and 
I  served  in  Italy.  Soon  after,  he  entered  into 
i  the  service  of  Joseph  Buonaparte,  at  that 
1  time  king  of  Naples,  and  was  defeated  by  the 
j  English,  under  General  Stuart,  at  the  battle 
of  Maida.  He  commanded  the  Saxons  at 
!  the  battle  of  Wagram ;  was  engaged,  in 
I  1812,  in  the  Russian  campaign  ;  was  made 
i  prisoner  at  tlie  battle  of  Leipsic  ;  and,  on 
I  being  exchanged,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
I  died  in  1814. 

REYNOLDS,  Edwahp,  an  English  pre- 
I  late,  was  born  at  Southampton,  in  1505.    He 
was  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  and  be- 
came bishop  of  Norwich,  where  he  died,  in 
1(J7(). 

REYNOLDS,  Sir   JosinjA,   an   eminent 
English  painter,  equal  in  many  points  to 
the  "  old  masters,"  and  often  excelling  them 
in    grace,  in  taste,  and  in  the  harmony  of 
colouring,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  at 
Plympton,    in    Devonshire,  where    he  was 
born,  in  1723.    He  early  discovered  a  predi- 
lection for  theartof  drawing,  which  induced 
his  father  to  place  him,  at  the  age  of  17,  with 
Hudson,  the  most  famous  portrait  painter 
in  London,  with  whom  he  remained  three 
years,  and  then,  upon  some  disagreement, 
returned  home.  He  then  proceeded  to  Rome, 
in  which  capital,  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  he 
spent  three  years.    On  his  return  to  London, 
his  talent  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the 
English  portrait  painters  ;  and  being  a  man 
of  literary  abilities  and  an  amiable  com- 
panion, as  well  as  a  flrst-rate  artist,  he  soon 
numbered  among  his  intimate  friends,  several 
of  the  most  distinguished  characters  of  the 
day.    Rejecting  the  stiff,  unvaried,  and  un- 
!  meaning  attitudes  of  former  artists,  he  gave 
I  to  his  iigiires  air  and  action  adapted  to  their 
I  characters,  and    thus   invested    them  with 
something  of  the  dignity  of  history.     When 
j  the  Royal  Academy  was  instituted,  in  17G8, 
I  he  was  imanimously  chosen  president,  and 
j  was  knighted  ;  and  although  it  was  no  pre- 
j  scribed  part  of  his  duty  to  read  lectures,  yet 
i  his  zeal  for  the  advancement  of  the  fine  arts 
j  induced  him  to  deliver  annual  or  biennial 
i  discourses  before  the  academy  on  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  painting.    Of  these  he 
•  pronounced  fifteen,  from  1709  to  1790,  which 
'  were   published  in    two  sets,  and    form   a 
standard  work.    He  was  a  member  of  the 
I  celebrated  club  which  contained  the  names 
of  Johnson,  Garrick,  Burke,  and  others  of  the 
first  rank  of  literary  eminence,  and  seems  to 
have  been  universally  beloved  and  respected 
by  his  associates.    In  1773  the  university  of 
Oxford  conferred  on  Sir  Joshua  the  honorary 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  and  in  1783  he  was 
appointed   principal    painter    to  the  king. 
This  great  artist  died  unmarried,  at  his  house 
in  Leicester  Square,  Feb.  23.  1792,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.    Speaking  of 
his  talents  and  his  general  character,  Burke 
happily  remarks,  "  lie  had  too  much  merit 


not  to  excite  some  jealousy  ;  too  much  inno- 
cence to  provoke  any  enmity." 

REYRAC,  Francis  Philip  Laureits  de, 
a  French  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Longville, 
in  the  Limousin,  in  1734.  He  became  canon 
regular  of  Chancelade,  prior  of  St.  Maclou, 
at  Orleans,  and  an  associate  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions.  He  is  principally  known  by 
his  "  Hymns  to  tiie  Sun,"  in  the  florid  prose 
style  of  Fenelon.  He  also  wrote  "  Idylls  in 
prose,"  "  Sacred  Poems,"  &c.    Died,  1782. 

REYS,  A>TO>'io  DOS,  a  learned  Portu- 
guese divine,  was  born  at  Pernes,  near  Sau- 
tarem,  in  1(J90.  He  became  historiogrnpher 
to  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory,  chrono- 
logist  of  the  kingdom,  and  a  member  of  the 
Portuguese  Academy  of  History.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Latin  Poems,"  "  Life  of  Fer- 
dinand de  Meiiezes,"  "  Corpus  illustrium 
Poetarum  Lusitauorum,"  7  vols.  &c.  Died, 
1738. 

REZZONICO,  Anthony  Joseph,  Count, 
an  Italian  nobleman,  born  at  Como,  in  1709. 
He  became  marshal  of  the  camp,  chamber- 
lain to  the  Duke  of  Parma,  and  governor  of 
the  citadel.  He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
literary  pursuits, and  produced  several  works, 
among  which  are  two  volumes  of  poems 
possessing  considerable  merit.    Died,  1795. 

RHAZES,  or  ALBUBECAR  MOHAM- 
MED, an  Arabian  physician,  was  born  in 
Khorasan  about  852,  and  resided  at  Bagdad, 
where  he  was  superintendant  of  the  public 
hospital.  He  was  the  first  who  gave  a  dis- 
tinct account  of  the  small-pox,  which  disease 
made  its  first  appearance  in  Egypt,  in  the 
reign  of  the  caliph  Omar.    Died,  932. 

RHEINEK,  Christopher,  a  German 
musical  composer,  born  at  Memmingen,  in 
1748.  Me  produced  the  operas  of  "Le  Nou- 
veau  Pygmalion,"  "LeFils  Reconnoissant," 
and  "Rinaldo;"  besides  the  oratorio,  "Der 
Todgesang  Jcsu,"  and  a  collection  of  songs, 
in  4  vols.     Died,  179C. 

RHIGAS,  or  RIGAS,  a  modem   Greek 
patriot,  born  at  Velcstini,  inThessaly,  about 
1753.      He  was  soon  distinguished  for  his 
ready  apprehension  and  extensive  acquire- 
ments, being  intimately  acquainted  with  the  i 
ancient  literature  of  Greece,  as  well  as  with  j 
the  Latin,  French,   German,    and    Italian  j 
languages.    Looking  forward  for  an  o|)por- 
tunity  when  his  country  might  throw  oif  the  I 
Turkish  yoke,  he  conceived  the  project  of  | 
a  grand  secret  society,  and  among  the  dis- 
contented chiefs  who  became  associated  with 
him,  was  the  pacha  Pass  wan  Oglou.    He 
then  proceeded  to  Vienna,  which  place  he  ; 
made  the  focus  of  an  extensive  correspond-  i 
ence  with  persons  of  intelligence  possessing  i 
similar  principles  with  himself  in  various 
parts    of   Euroi)e.    He    also    commenced  a 
Greek  journal    for   the   instruction  of  his 
countrymen, composed  a  treatise  on  military 
tactics,  drew  up  a  grand  chart  of  all  Greece, 
in  12  divisions,  and  translated  the  travels  of 
Anacharsis  the  Younger  and  other  French 
works.    But  being  treacherously  denounced 
to  the  Austrian  government  by  one  of  his 
associates,  as  a  conspirator  against  the  state, 
he  was  arrested  at  Trieste,  and  ordered  to  be 
delivered  up  to  the  Ottoman  Porte.  His  con-  | 
ductors,  however,  fearing  to  be  intercepted  I 
by  Passwan  Oglou,   drowned  him   in  the 


727 


RHO] 


^  J5elB  Hntbcrj^al  JSiasrapl^D. 


[ric 


I  Danube,  together  witli  8  of  his  companions, 
i  wlio  had  been  arrested  at  the  same  time. 
May,  1798. 
KlIODE,    JouN    George,    an    eminent 
I  orientalist,    of  Breslau.    in   Silesia ;    parti- 
cularly  distinguished  for  his  scientiflc  re- 
Bcarulies  into  the  natural  history  and  anti- 
quities of  India  and  Bactria.    Died,  1827. 

1UI0DE8,  Alkxakdeu  de,  a  French  Je- 
suit missionary,  who  in  ](ilS  went  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  after  residing  for  some  time 
at  Goa,  proceeded  to  Tonquin  and  Cochin 
Cliina  to  preach  Christianity ;  but  being, 
through  persecutions,  compelled  to  relinquish 
liis  labours  there,  he  returned  to  Europe,  and 
afterwards  engaged  in  a  new  mission  to 
Persia,  where  he  died  in  IGOO.  He  wrote 
several  worlis,  relating  chiefly  to  tlie  progress 
of  the  gospel  in  those  parts  of  tiie  East 
which  he  had  visited. 

RIIU^'KEN,  or  IIUIINKEN,  David,  an 
eminent  critic,  was  born  at  Stolpen,  in 
Pomerania,  in  172.'5,  and  was  for  many  years 
professor  at  Leyden.    Died,  1798. 

RIIYNE,  William  Ie.v,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  pliysician  and  naturalist,  born  at 
Dcventer,  about  1040.  Being  appointed  phy- 
sician to  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  in 
lG7o.  he  remained  some  time  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  to  examine  the  productions  of 
the  country  and  the  manners  of  the  inha 
bitants  ;  after  which  he  went  to  Java  with 
the  same  object,  and  employed  himself  In 
scientific  researches.  While  tliere,  it  is  said, 
he  made  a  voyage  to  Japan,  and  cured  the  em- 
peror of  a  dangerous  malady.  On  iiis  return 
he  published  the  result  of  his  observations. 

lilBAS,  Joseph  de,  a  general  in  the 
Russian  army,  was  a  native  of  Naples,  and 
born  about  17o5.  Being  at  Leghorn  at  the 
time  Alexis  Orloff  arrived  there  with  his 
fleet  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  the 
natural  daughter  of  the  empress  Elizabeth, 
whom  Prince  Radzivill  liad  taken  to  Rome 
and  then  abandoned,  he  assisted  in  this  un- 
dertaking, and  then  went  to  Russia  to  obtain 
from  Catharine  II.  the  reward  of  his  services. 
After  attending  on  the  son  of  the  empress  by 
Gregory  Orloff,  in  his  travels,  he  obtained  a 
regiment  of  carabineers;  and  in  1790  he  com- 
manded, with  the  rank  of  admiral,  the  fleet 
destined  for  the  attack  of  Kilia  and  Ismail, 
to  the  success  of  which  he  greatly  contri- 
buted. Having  again  signalised  himself  in 
her  service,  both  as  an  oflicer  and  a  diplo- 
matist, the  empress,  in  1792,  made  him  a 
rear-admiral,  and  further  rewarded  liim  with 
a  pension  of  20,000  rubles. 

RIBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaleox  de, 
a  Spanish  poet,  called  the  Scarron  of  Spain, 
was  horn  at  Madrid,  and  on  account  of  his 
wit  was  entertained  at  the  court  of  Philip  IV. 
RIBERA,  Joseph,  called  I.c  Si-agno- 
LEiTO,  an  eminent  painter,  was  born  at 
Xativa.  in  Valencia,  about  l.'iSO.  He  was  at 
first  a  pupil  of  Caravaggio,  and  on  going  to 
R(jine,  lie  studied  the  works  of  Raphael,  the 
Caracci,  &c.  with  great  advantage.  He  then 
visited  Parma  and  Modena,  and  thence  went 
to  Naples,  where  the  viceroy  named  liim  Jus 
own  painter.  In  1048,  when  Don  John  of 
Austria  visited  Naples,  Ribcra  imprudently 
boasted  to  him  of  the  beauty  of  his  daughters, 
which  led  to  an  intrigue  with  one  of  them,  ! 


and  the  prince  carried  her  off.  This  so 
affected  the  father,  that,  according  to  some 
accounts,  he  left  his  house  suddenly  one  day, 
in  1649,  and  was  never  again  heard  of. 
Others  state  that  he  died  at  Naples,  in  1056. 
His  historical  pictures  are  chiefly  representa- 
tions of  martyrdoms,  tortures,  &c.  ;  the 
genius  of  Spagnoletto,  in  fact,  seemed  to  revel 
in  scenes  of  horror  and  cruelty. 

RIBES,  Ann  Aknaud  de,  a  French  oflficer 
of  engineers,  born  in  1731,  was  a  lieutenant- 
colonel  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolu- 
tion, and  in  1793  contributed  to  the  capture 
of  Rosas  and  several  other  fortified  towns, 
while  attached  to  the  army  of  the  eastern 
Pyrenees.  He  had  afterwards  tlie  direction 
of  the  fortifications  in  the  isle  of  Elba  ;  and 
in  1808  he  added  to  his  reputation  by  triumi)h- 
ing  a  second  time  at  Rosas  over  the  strength 
of  the  fortifications  and  the  resistance  of  the 
bcfiieged.     Died,  1811. 

RICARDO,  David,  celebrated  for  liis 
writings  on  finance  and  statistics,  was  born 
in  London,  of  a  Jewish  family,  in  1772. 
His  character  for  probity,  industry,  and 
lalent,  early  procured  for  him  the  means  of 
support ;  and,  becoming  a  member  of  the 
stock  exchange,  he  accumulated  immense 
proi)erty.  In  1810  he  appeared  as  a  writer 
in  the  Morning  Chronicle,  on  the  subject 
of  the  depreciation  of  the  national  currency  ; 
he  advocated  the  principles  of  Malthus  con- 
cerning population  ;  and  published  a  trea- 
tise on  "  Political  Economy  and  Taxation," 
which  affords  a  luminous  exposition  of  the 
origin  and  fluctuation  of  national  wealth 
and  expenditure.  In  1819,  Mr.  Ricardo  was 
elected  into  parliament  for  the  Irish  borough 
of  Portarlington  ;  but  he  never  spoke,  except 
on  subjects  of  finance  and  commerce,  on 
Mhich  occasions  he  was  always  attended  to 
with  great  deference.  Died,  1823.  His  works 
have  been  collected  and  published  by  Mr. 
M'Culloch. 

RICAUT,  or  RYCAUT,  Sir  Paul,  an 
English  traveller  and  historical  writer,  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant  in  I/ondon  ;  received 
liis  education  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
and  in  1061  went  to  Constantinople,  as  secre- 
tary to  the  embassy,  and  there  wrote  his 
"  State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire."  He  was 
next  appointed  consul  at  Smyrna,  where, 
by  the  command  of  Charles  11.,  he  wrote 
"The  present  State  of  the  Greek  and  Arme- 
nian Churches  ;"  and  on  his  return  home  he 
was  made  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  a  privy  councillor,  and  a  judge  of 
the  high  court  of  admiralty.  William  III. 
employed  him  as  the  English  resident  in  tlie 
Hansc  Towns,  where  he  continued  10  years. 
Besides  the  works  before  mentioned,  he  wrote 
a  continuation  of  Knolles's  "  History  of  the 
Turks,"  a  translation  of  Platina's  ''  Lives 
of  the  Popes,"  and  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega's 
"  History  of  Peru."    Died,  1700. 

RICCI,  LoiiENzo,  the  last  general  of  the 
Jesuits  previous  to  their  suppression  by  pope 
Clement  XIII.,  was  born  at  Florence,  in 
1703  ;  entered  into  the  order  of  St.  Ignatius 
at  the  age  of  15  ;  became,  successively,  spiri- 
tual director  at  the  Roman  college,  and 
secretary  of  his  order  ;  and  succeeded,  on  the 
death  of  Centurioni,  in  1758,  to  the  office  of 
general.    On  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits 


mc] 


^  lictu  Unifitx^aX  JJiograpT^y. 


[ric 


he  was  confined  as  a  prisoner  in  tlie  castle  of 
St.  Angelo,  and  there  died  in  1775. 

RICCI,  SciFio,  an  Italian  prelate,  was  a 
nephew  of  the  i)receding,  and  born  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1741.    He  was  raised  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Pistoja  and  Prato,  in  1786  ;  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  strenuously  seconding 
the  Grand-duke  Leopold  in  the  attempt  to 
introduce  a  reform  into  the    ecclesiastical 
discipline  of  the  duchy.    By  doing  this,  he 
incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  pope,  was 
i  obliged  to  resign  his  bishopric,  and  subse- 
quently    underwent     much     persecution  ; 
I  though  he  became  reconciled  to  the  holy  see, 
I  in  1U<)5,  by  signing  a  formula  of  adhesion  to 
I  the  bulls  which  he  had  objected  to.    Died, 

1810. 
I      RICCI,  Matthew,  a  Jesuit  and  missionary 
i  in  China,  who  was  in  such  high  favour  with 
^  the  emperor,  that  he  gave  him  permission 
;  to  hnild  a  church  there.     Died,  1610. 

RICCOBONI,  LoDOVico,  an  eminent  co- 
median and  author,  was  born  at  Modena,  in 
1674,  acquired  an  early  reputation  on  the 
stage,  and  was  popular  both  in  his  own 
country  and  at  Paris.  In  1729  the  Duke  of 
Parma  appointed  him  inspector  of  the  the- 
atres in  his  dominions;  but  in  1731  he  returned 
to  Paris,  where  lie  devoted  his  last  years  to 
literature,  and  died  in  17.53.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral comedies  and  poems,  besides  a  "  History 
of  the  Italian  Tlieatre,"  and  other  works  on 
dramatic  subjects. 

RICCOBONI,  Anthony  Francis,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Mantua,  in  1707, 
and  was  also  an  actor  and  a  dramatic  writer. 
His  comedies  were  very  successful ;  but  what 
he  gained  by  the  stage  he  spent  in  foolish 
attempts  to  discover  the  philosopher's  stone. 

Died,    1773 His  wife  was  a  celebrated 

French  novelist :  but,  from  the  neglect  of 
her  husband,  she  suft'ered  much,  and  died  in 
poverty,  in  1792. 

RICH,  Claudius  James,  a  learned  ori- 
entalist, was  born,  near  Bristol,  in  1776.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  was  made  a  writer  to  the 
East  India  Company,  and  he  finally  became 
their  resident  at  Bagdad.  His  researches 
into  the  antiquities  of  the  East  were  exten- 
sive, as  may  be  seen  by  his  "  Memoirs  of 
Ancient  Babylon,"  and  his  valuable  coUec- 
j  tion  of  oriental  MS8.,  which  was  purchased 
by  parliament  for  public  use.    Died,  1821. 

RICHARD  I.,  king  of  England,  surnamed 
Coeur  de  Lion,  was  born  in  1157,  and  ascended 
the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  Henry 
II.  in  1189.  He  had  taken  the  cross  previous 
to  his  accession,  and  now  bent  all  his  views 
to  the  gratification  of  his  martial  ardour  in 
the  fields  of  Palestine  ;  for  which  object  he 
raised  money  by  the  sale  of  the  crown  pro- 
perty and  offices,  and  a  great  number  of 
English  barons  joined  in  the  enterprise.  In 
1190,  Richard  joined  the  crusade  with  Philip 
of  France  ;  and  100,000  of  their  bravest  sub- 
jects met  together  on  the  plains  of  Vezelai. 
They  at  length  reached  their  place  of  des- 
tination ;  but  mutual  jealousies  among  the 
Christian  princes  took  place,  and  Philip  re- 
turned to  Europe,  leaving  behind  him  10,000 
of  his  men.  Richard  remained  in  the  East, 
where  he  displayed  the  most  heroic  valour 
against  Saladin,  whom  he  signally  defeated 
near  Caesarea,  and  having  made  a  truce,  em- 


720 


barked  in  a  vessel,  which  was  shipwrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Italy.    He  then,  in  the  dis- 
guise of  a  pilgrim,  travelled  through  part  of 
Germany  ;  but  being  discovered  by  I^eopold, 
duke  of  Austria,  he  was  made  prisoner,  and 
sent  to  the  emperor  Henry  VI.,  who  kept 
him  confined  in  a  castle  some  time.    He  was 
at  length  ransomed  by  his  subjects,  on  the 
payment  of  150,000  marks,  and  landed  at 
Sandwich  in  1194  ;  after  which  he  was  again 
crowned.    Philip  having,  contrary  to  treaty, 
seized  on  part  of  Normandy,  Richard  in-  i 
vaded  France  with  a  large  army,  but  a  peace  i 
was  concluded  in  1196.    The  war  was,  how-  I 
ever,  renewed  in  1199  ;  and  Richard,  in  be-  j 
sieging  the  castle  of  Chalons,  was  wounded  j 
by  a  shot  from  the  cross-bow  of  one  Bertrand 
de  Gourdon,  who  being  asked  what  induced  ' 
him  to  attempt  the  king's  life,  replied,"  You  I 
killed  my  father  and  my  brother  with  your 
own  hand,  and  designed  to  put  me  to  an  I 
ignominious  death."     The  prospect  of  his  | 
own  death  inspired  Richard  with  sentiments  ; 
of  moderation  and  justice,  and  he  ordered 
Gourdon  to  be  set  at  liberty,  and  allowed  a 
sum   of  money  ;  but  the  savage  Marcad>'e, 
who  commanded  the  Brabangons,  caused  him 
to  be  flayed  alive.      Richard  died    of   his 
wound  on  the  6th  of  April,  1199,  in  the  42nd 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  10th  of  his  reign, 
leaving  no  issue.    His  character  was  strongly 
marked,    presenting  much  to  admire    and 
much  to  condemn.      He  was    the    bravest 
among  the  brave  ;  frank,  liberal,  and  often 
generous  ;  at  the  same  time,  he  was  haughty, 
violent,  unjust,  and  sanguinary  ;  uniting,  as 
Gibbon  observes,  "  the  ferocity  of  a  gladiator 
to  the  cruelty  of  a  tyrant."    His  talents  were 
considerable,  both  in  the  cabinet  and  in  the 
field  ;  neither  was  he  deficient  in  the  art  of 
poetry,  as  some  of  his  compositions,  preserved 
among  those  of  the  Troubadours,  bear  wit- 
ness.   In  fine,  there  is  a  sort  of  romantic  in- 
terest attached  to  his  character  and  exploits 
calculated  to  interest  our  feelings,  rather 
than  to  satisfy  our  reason. 

RICHARD  II.,  king  of  England,  the  son 
of  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  commonly 
called  the  Black  Prince,  was  bom  in  1366, 
and  succeeded  Edward  III.,  his  grandfather, 
in  1377.  In  his  minority  he  displayed  re- 
markable promptitude  in  quelling  the  dan- 
gerous insurrection  headed  by  Wat  Tyler, 
in  Smithfield.  When  that  insurgent  was 
slain  by  Walworth,  mayor  of  London,  the 
young  king,  then  about  15  years  of  age,  rode 
up  to  the  irritated  populace  and  said,"  Follow 
your  king  ;  I  will  be  your  leader  and  redress 
your  grievances."  The  people,  struck  with 
astonishment,  obeyed  the  call,  and  dispersed 
quietly  to  their  own  homes,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  ringleaders  who  were  executed. 
The  remainder  of  his  reign,  however,  was 
less  fortunate.  Discontents  prevailed  among 
the  nobility,  of  which  Henry,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, availed  himself,  and  assumed  the 
title  of  king.  Richard  was  betrayed  into  his 
hands  by  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  in 
1392,  and  confined  in  Pontef'ract  Castle, 
where  he  abdicated  the  throne  in  a  written 
instrument,  but  was  assassinated  the  same 
year. 

RICHARD  III.,  king  of  England,  born 
in  1450,  was  the  brother  of  Edward  IV.,  and 


RIC] 


^  llelu  ^nibn-^al  IStograjjloi?* 


[mo 


created  duke  of  G!oiicester.  He  is  repre- 
sented as  having  been  of  diminutive  stature, 
deformed  from  Jiis  birth,  and  of  a  forbidding 
aspect ;  but  far  more  depraved  in  liis  mind 
tlian  forbidding  in  liis  person.  lie  caused 
his  nephews,  Edward  V.  and  Kicliard,  duke 
of  York,  to  be  secretly  murdered  in  tlie 
Tower  ;  after  which  lie  procured  himself  to 
be  proclaimed  king,  in  1483.  Tiie  Diike  of 
Buckingham,  who  had  assisted  him  in  Ids 
usurpation,  conspired  against  him,  but  was 
taken  prisoner  and  beheaded.  Henry,  earl 
of  Kichmond,  afterwards  Henry  VII.,  of  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  was  abroad,  but  returned 
privately,  and  lauded  at  Milford,  in  Wales, 
wliere  he  was  joined  by  a  few  followers,  who 
Boon  increased.  He  then  marched  against 
the  tyrant,  whom  he  encountered  at  Bos- 
worth  Field,  where  Ilichard,  after  perform- 
;  iiig  prodigies  of  valour,  was  slain  ;  and  his 
crown  being  found,  it  was  placed  on  the 
head  of  Henry,  August  22.  14)-:5.  Thus  fell, 
I  in  his  SiUh  year,  this  odious  prince,  who 
:  united  deep  policy  and  dissimulation  with 
the  basest  treachery  and  the  most  insatiable 
ambition. 

RICHARD,  surnamed  Aumachanus,  a 
pious  and  sensible  prelate,  who,  after  having 
been  commissary-general  of  the  university 
of  Oxford  and  dean  of  Lichfield,  was  raised 
to  the  see  of  Armagh  in  1347,  and  honour- 
ably distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition 
to  the  mendicant  orders,  wiiose  alFectation 
of  poverty,  superstitious  practices,  and  irre- 
gularities, he  exposed  in  his  lectures.  For 
this  he  was  obliged  to  repair  to  Avignon, 
to  defend  himself  before  pope  Innocent  VI., 
who  decided  against  him.     Died,  1360. 

RICHARD  OF  CiKKXCESTEK,  so  named 
from  his  native  place,  was  an  historian  of 
the  14th  century.  He  became  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Peter,  Westmin- 
ster ;  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  our 
natural  history  and  antiquities  ;  wrote  "The 
Description  of  Britain,"  first  published  in 
Latin,  at  Copenhagen,  in  17C7  ;  and  died  in 
1401. 

RICHARD,  Louis  Ci.aude  Marie,  an 
eminent  French  botanist,  was  born  at  Ver- 
sailles, in  1754  ;  completed  his  education  at 
the  Mazarin  College,  Paris,  where  he  assi- 
duously applied  himself  to  the  study  of 
botany,  comijaratis^e  anatorrt^,  mineralogy, 
and  zoology.  On  being  appointed  naturalist 
to  the  king  in  1781,  he  sailed  on  a  voyage 
of  research  to  Frencli  Guiana  and  the  An- 
tilles, and  returned  in  1789  with  an  immense 
collection  of  newly  discovered  plants,  in- 
sects, birds,  quadrupeds,  minerals,  geological 
specimens,  &c.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Institute,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
first  class  in  the  section  of  zoology  and  com- 
parative anatomy,  was  also  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
and  was  made  a  member  of  the  legion  of 
honour.  Besides  writing  many  valuable 
memoirs  in  periodical  works,  he  was  the 
author  of  "  Di'monstrations  Botaniques,  ou 
Analyse  du  Fruit  consider^  en  general." 
Died,' 1821. 

RICHARDSON,  JoifATiiAy,  a  painter  and 
author,  was  born  about  160.5.  He  quitted 
the  profession  of  a  scrivener  to  become  a 
pupil  of  Riley,  the  portrait  painter,  whose  j 


niece  he  married.  After  the  death  of 
Kneller  and  Dahl,  he  was  considered  at  the 
head  of  iiis  profession  in  this  country.  lie 
was  the  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Art  of 
Criticism  in  Painting,"  "  An  Argument  in 
behalf  of  the  Science  of  a  Connoisseur," 
"Account  of  Statues,  Bas-reliefs,  Drawings, 
and  Pictures,  in  Italy;"  "I:^otes  and  Re- 
marks ou  Paradise  Lost,"  &c.    Died,  1745 • 

In  tlie  two  last-mentioned  performances  he 
was  assisted  by  his  son,  who  died  in  1771. 

RICHARDSON,  JosKrii,  a  lawyer  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Hexham,  in  Northum- 
berland ;  was  entered  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1774 ;  became  a  student  of 
the  Middle  Temple  in  1779,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1784.  He  wrote  "  Criticisms  on 
the  RoUiad"  and  "Probationary  Odes  for  j 
the  Laureateship,"  two  satirical  works  on 
public  characters,  which  were  very  popular 
at  the  time,  and  "  The  Fugitive,"  a  success- 
ful comedy.    Died,  1803. 

RICHARDSON,  Samiei..  a  celebrated 
novelist,  was  born  in  1689,  in  Derbyshire, 
and  received  his  education  at  a  common 
day-school.  At  the  usual  age  he  was  bound 
apprentice  to  a  London  printer,  and  after 
the  expiration  of  his  time  he  worked  as  a 
compositor  and  corrector  of  the  press  some 
years.  At  length  he  took  up  his  freedom, 
and  set  up  business  for  himself,  first  in  a 
court  in  Fleet  Street,  and  afterwards  in 
Salisbury  Square.  He  became  one  of  the 
principal  in  his  profession,  and,  by  the  in- 
terest of  Mr.  Onslow,  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  obtained  the  printing  of  the 
Journals.  In  1754  he  was  chosen  master  of 
the  stationers'  company  ;  and,  in  1760,  he 
purchased  a  moiety  of  the  patent  of  law- 
printer  to  the  king.  In  1740  he  published 
"  Pamela,"  the  popularity  of  which  was  so 
great,  that  it  ran  through  five  editions  in  one 
year,  being  recommended  even  from  the 
pulpit.  In  1748  "  Clarissa "  fully  estab- 
lished his  literary  reputation  ;  and  its  pa- 
thos, its  variety  of  character,  and  minute 
development  of  the  human  heart,  will  cause 
it  ever  to  be  regarded  as  a  work  of  real 
genius.  The  "  History  of  Sir  Charles  Gran- 
dison"  appeared  in  1753,  and  was  received 
with  great  applause.  Besides  these  works, 
all  of  which  have  a  moral  tendency,  Mr. 
Richardson  pidjiislied  a  volume  of  "  Familiar 
Letters  for  the  Use  of  Young  People," 
and  an  edition  of  "  ^sop's  Fables,  with 
Reflections."  His  "Correspondence"  with 
persons  of  eminence  was  published  in  1804, 
with  his  "Life  "  by  Mrs.  Barbauld.  He  was 
unaffectedly  pious,  and  unostentatiously  be- 
nevolent, and  lived  surrounded  by  a  circle 
of  affectionate  friends,  who  valued  him  for 
his  moral  worth  and  amiable  disposition. 
Died,  1761. 

RICHARDSON,  William,  a  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  son  of  the 
minister  of  Aberfoyle,  and  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Glasgow.  He  accompanied 
Lord  Cathcart,  who  had  been  his  pupil,  to 
Russia ;  and  was  for  more  than  40  years 
professor  of  humanity  at  Glasgow.  Among 
his  works,  all  of  which  are  marked  by  ele- 
gance and  erudition,  are  "  Anecdotes  of  the 
Russian  Empire,"  "Essays  on  Shakspeare's 
Dramatic    Characters,  "    "  Observations    on 


RIC] 


^  JJctD  BnibtxSaX  38tasrapTjj?. 


[rid 


the  Study  of  Shakspeare,"  poems,  and  tales. 
Died,  1814. 

RICIIELET,  CvESAK  Pkter,  was  born  at 
Cheminon,  in  1031,  and  died  in  1(!91.  He 
compiled  a  dictionary,  full  of  information, 
but  interspersed  with  mucli  satire.  It  was 
first  publislied  in  1080,  in  1  vol.  4to.  ;  but 
was  afterwards  enlarged  to  3  vols,  folio. 

RICHELIEU,  Armand  Johx  nv  Plk.5- 
sis,  a  cardinal,  and  minister  of  state  in 
France,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  158,5.  He  was 
at  first  intended  for  the  army,  but  the  bishop- 
ric of  LuQon  being  open  to  him  by  the  resig- 
nation of  his  brother,  he  studied  theology, 
and  obtained  the  mitre  before  he  was  22. 
He  was  also  appointed  grand  almoner,  and  in 
1010  made  secretary  of  state.  When  Mary 
de'  Medici  fell  into  disgrace,  Richelieu  was 
j  banished  to  Avignon,  where  he  wrote  his 
"  Method  of  Controversy."  Being  soon  after 
recalled  to  court,  he  brought  about  a  recon- 
ciliation between  the  king  and  queen,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  a  cardinal's 
hat,  and  appointed  prime  minister.  Being 
a  man  of  prodigious  capacity  and  of  a  rest- 
less and  insatiable  ambition,  he  formed  to 
himself  vast  designs,  which  made  his  whole 
life  a  series  of  agitations  and  inquietudes  : 
still  he  showed  himself  a  patron  of  men  of 
letters,  and  caused  the  arts  and  sciences  to 
flourish  in  the  kingdom.  He  abounded, 
however,  rather  with  great  qualities  than 
good  ones,  and  therefore  was  much  more 
admired  tlian  beloved.  He  died  in  1042, 
amidst  storms  and  perils,  before  he  had  com- 
pleted any  of  his  designs.  Cardinal  Mazarin 
carried  on  Richelieu's  plans,  and  completed 
many  of  his  schemes. 

RICHELIEU,  Louis  Francis  Armand 
DU  Plessis,  Duke  of,  a  French  marshal, 
descended  from  the  same  family  as  the  car- 
dinal, was  born  in  1090.  After  the  death  of 
Louis  XIV.  he  was  admitted  into  the  court  of 
the  regent,  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  he  largely 
participated  in  its  profligacy.  He  was  sent 
to  the  Bastille  in  1710,  for  figliting  a  duel 
with  the  Count  de  Gace,  and  again  in  1719, 
as  an  accomplice  with  the  Spanish  ambas- 
sador, in  a  conspiracy  against  the  regent. 
He  distinguished  himself  under  Villars,  and 
afterwards  at  Kehl,  Philipsburgh,  Dettingen, 
and  Fontenoy  ;  conquered  Minorca,  forced 
the  ]>uke  of  Cumberland  to  sybniit  to  the 
capitulation  of  Glosterseven,  and  devastated 
the  electorate  of  Hanover.  In  1781  lie  obtained 
the  rank  of  dean  of  the  French  marshals  ;  and 
he  concluded  his  long  career,  varied  as  it  was, 
with  acts  of  heroism  and  villany,  in  1788. 

RICHELIEU,  Au.mand  Emanukl  du 
Plessis,  Duke  of,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1770,  and  eventually 
became  prime  minister  to  Louis  XVIII. 
He  emigrated  at  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution,  entered  the  Russian  service, 
and  distinguished  In'mself  at  the  siege  of 
Ismail,  for  which  he  was  rewarded  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.  In  1801  he  revisited 
France,  when  Buonaparte  endeavoured  to 
attach  him  to  his  service  ;  but  he  returned 
to  Russia,  an<l  in  18<t3  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Odessa,  which  city,  by  his  pru- 
dent measures,  he  raised  frominsignificance 
to  the  height  of  prosperity.  On  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Bourbons,  he  took  his  seat  in 


the  chamber  of  peers  ;  accompanied  Louis 
XVIII.  to  Ghent ;  and,  returning  with  him 
to  Paris  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  was 
appointed  president  of  the  council  of  minis- 
ters, and  placed  at  the  head  of  the  foreign 
department.  He  soon  resigned  his  post,  but 
again  held  the  office  of  prime  minister  in 
1820.  and  died  in  1822. 

RICHMOND,  Ledh,  a  clergyman  of  the 
established  cliurch,  was  born  at  Liverpool, 
in  1772  ;  became  chaplain  to  the  Lock  Hos- 
pital, I<ondon,  and  afterwards  rector  of 
Turvey,  in  Bedfordshire.  He  is  principally 
known  as  the  author  of  "  Annals  of  the 
Poor,"  containing  the  "  Dairyman's  Daugh- 
ter," and  other  devotional  tales,  written 
with  great  force,  originality,  and  i)atho8.  He 
also  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  The  Fathers  of 
the  English  Church,"  &c.    Died,  1827. 

RICHTER,  John  Pacl  FuEnERic,  a  cele- 
brated German  novelist,  was  born  in  Fran- 
conia,  in  17<)3  ;  studied  at  Leipsic  ;  was  inti- 
mately associated  with  Goethe,  Herder,  and 
the  galaxy  of  genius  that  gave  its  celebrity 
to  Weimar  ;  finally  settled  at  Baireuth,  and 
died  in  182,5.  His  works  are  very  numerous. 
They  are  generally  in  the  form  of  romances  ; 
but  many  of  them  treat  of  abstruse  questions 
in  philosophy,  and  though  marked  by  much 
singularity  of  style,  they  evince  the  pro- 
fouudest  erudition,  infinite  humour,  and  a 
richness  of  imagery  which  have  earned  for 
their  author  the  title  of  "The  only  One." 
Among  his  most  celebrated  works  are,  "Ti- 
tan," "Hesperus,"  "  Das  Campaner  Thai," 
"  Selina,"  and  "  Levana,"  an  admirable  trea- 
tise on  education,  which  has  been  ably  trans- 
lated into  English. 

RICHTER,  Otto  von,  a  Russian  travel- 
ler, who  accompanied  Undmann,  a  learned 
Swede,  to  Egypt  and  Nubia,  where  they  dis- 
covered several  remains  of  ancient  archi- 
tecture. They  returned  to  Cairo,  in  1815,  and 
proceeded  by  water  to  Jaffa  :  at  Acre  the  two 
friends  separated,  and  Richter  went  alone 
by  the  way  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  to  Balbec, 
after  which  he  traversed  Syria  as  far  as  the 
mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  went  to  Tadmor, 
in  tlie  desert ;  but  on  his  return  to  Smyrna, 
in  1817,  lie  died. 

RICKMAN,  JonN,F.R.  8.,  clerk  assistant 
at  the  table  of  the  House  of  Commons.  This 
gentleman  first  brought  himself  into  public 
notice  by  the  great  attention  he  paid.to  the 
means  of  obtaining  accurate  statistical  know- 
ledge of  the  population,  &c.  of  Great  Britain. 
He  was  for  38  years  oflScially  connected  with 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  his  life  may  be 
best  described  as  one  course  of  laudable  zeal 
in  the  service  of  the  public.  He  lived  on 
terms  of  intimacy  with  Southey,  Coleridge, 
Charles  Lamb,  Telford  the  celebrated  en- 
gineer, and  many  other  men,  whose  congenial 
tastes  and  acquirements  rendered  the  con- 
nection mtitually  jilcasant  and  desirable. 
Born,  1771  ;  died,  1841. 

RIDER,  William,  an  English  divine, 
several  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  and  lecturer  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster 
Lane.  He  published  a  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," a  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  and 
other  compilations.     Died,  1785. 

RIDLEY,  Gloster,  an  English  divine, 
and  a  dramatic  and  tlieological  writer  ;  bom 


rid] 


^  ^riu  ^nibtviciX  JStasrapTji). 


[rig 


1702  ;  died,  1774 His  eldest  son,  James, 

was  author  of  "  The  Tales  of  the  Genii  " 
and  some  other  literary  performances. 

IIIDLEY,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  English 
prelate  and  Protestant  martyr,  was  born  in 
1500,  at  Tynedale,  in  Northumberland,  and 
educated  at  Cambridjic.  He  travelled  on  the 
Continent,  and,  din-ing  a  3  years'  absence 
from  liis  native  country,  became  acquainted 
with  several  of  the  early  reformers,  wliose 
doctrines  he  afterwards  warmly  espoused. 
Returning  to  Cambridge,  he  filled  the  office 
of  proctor  to  the  university,  and  as  such  pro- 
tested against  the  claims  of  the  papal  see  to 
the  supreme  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the 
realm.  He  was  also  chosen  public  orator, 
became  one  of  the  king's  cliaplains,  and  was 
finally  elevated  to  the  see  of  London,  where 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  with 
unwearied  diligence.  He  was  likewise 
employed  in  all  the  most  important  eccle- 
siastical measures  of  that  reign,  particularly 
in  the  compiling  of  the  liturgy,  and  tlie 
framing  of  the  articles  of  religion.  But  one 
of  the  most  distinguislied  acts  of  his  life 
was  that  of  inciting  king  Edward  to  endow 
the  three  great  foundations  of  Christ's, 
Bartholomew's,  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals. 
Having  unadvisedly  concurred  in  the  pro- 
clamation of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  he  was,  on 
the  death  of  Edward,  marked  out  as  one  of 
the  most  prominent  victims  of  papal  autho- 
rity ;  and  being  condemned,  as  a  heretic, 
to  the  stake,  he  suffered,  witli  the  venerable 
Latimer,  at  Oxford,  Oct.  15.  15.55. 

RIDLEY,  Sir  Thomas,  a  learned  civilian, 
of  the  same  family  as  the  preceding,  but 
born  at  Ely,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
Kitig's  College,  Camlnidge  ;  he  afterwards 
became  a  master  in  chancery,  and  vicar- 
general  to  tlie  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 
and  died  in  1G28.  He  wrote  "  A  View  of 
Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Law." 

RIEDESEL,  Frederica  Charlotte 
Louisa,  Baroness,  wife  of  Colonel  Biedesel, 
who  commanded  the  troops  at  Brunswick, 
employed  in  tlie  English  service  in  America 
in  1777,  accompanied  her  husband,  and 
wrote  an  interesting  account  of  her  ad- 
ventures, entitled  "Voyage  de  Mission  en 
Am^rique,"  &c.  She  returned  to  Europe  in 
1788  ;  and,  having  lost  her  husband,  fixed 
her  residence  at  Berlin,  where  she  died  in 
1808. 

RIEDINGER,  JoHX  En  as,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  animals,  bom  at  Ulm,  in  Suabia, 
in  1095  ;  died,  17()7. 

RIEGO,  Rafael  del,  a  Spanish  patriot 
officer,  was  born  in  tlie  Asturias,  in  1785. 
Tlie  enthusiasm  with  which  he  embraced 
the  cause  of  independence  rendered  liim  a 
zealous  patriot,  and  a  long  imprisonment 
in  France  afforded  him  leisure  to  contem- 
plate the  miseries  of  his  countrymen.    Before 
he  returned  to  S|)ain,  he  visited  Germany 
and   England.      Till   1820  every  effort  for 
liberty  had  been  followed  by  exile,  and  the 
j  horrors  of  the  inquisition  ;   nearly  all  the 
1  chiefs  who  favoured  liberty  were  in  confine- 
I  ment :  but  the  valour  of  Riego  was  at  once 
triumphant ;  he  delivered  Quiroga  from  the 
I  hands  of  his  gaolers,  and.  on  the  1st  of  Janu- 
!  ary,  his  troops  proclaimed  the  constitution. 
j  General  O'Donnell  made  his  victory  difficult, 

732 


but  he  was  victorious  ;  and  in  the  first  sit- 
ting of  the  Cortes,  in  1822,  they  appointed 
liim  their  president.  At  the  height  of  his 
glorious  career  his  moderation  was  most 
conspicuous  ;  he  avoided  parade,  and  dis- 
played real  magnanimity,  prudence,  and  dis- 
interestedness. Fortune,  however,  changed; 
Ferdinand  VII.  was  reinstated  ;  and  the 
popularity  of  the  brave  Riego  exciting  the 
jealousy  of  those  in  power,  he  was  calum- 
niated as  a  promoter  of  anarchy.  Still  lie 
preserved  the  confidence  of  the  people,  and 
again  appeared  in  arms  to  assert  the  liberty 
of  his  countrj',  but  it  was  destined  to  fall 
before  foreign  foes.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
after  the  surrender  of  Cadiz,  and  conveyed 
to  Madrid  on  the  2nd  of  October.  His  wife 
and  brother  came  to  England,  where  they 
hoped  to  obtain  friends  for  Riego  ;  but  their 
supplications  were  vain,  and  he  was  con- 
demned to  an  ignominious  death,  viz.  that 
his  limbs  should  be  sent  to  different  parts 
of  the  Peninsula,  and  his  head  kept  at  Las 
Cabezas,  where  the  constitution  was  first 
declared.  He  suftered,  Nov.  7.  1823  ;  and 
his  wretched  wife  died  of  grief  a  few  mouths 
after. 

RIENZI,  Nicholas  Gabrini  de,  a  native 
of  Rome,  who  in  the  14th  centiny  obtained 
great  celebrity  by  his  attempts  to  restore 
tlie  republic.  He  was  of  low  origin,  but  had 
received  a  liberal  education,  and  possessed 
great  eloquence  and  lofty  views,  which  in- 
duced his  fellow-citizens  to  send  him  as  one 
of  their  deputies  to  pope  Clement  VI.,  then 
at  Avignon.  Rienzi,  on  this  occasion,  drew 
so  affecting  a  picture  of  the  distressed  state 
of  the  city,  that  the  pope  appointed  him 
apostolic  notary,  which  ofTice  he  discharged 
with  great  credit.  But  while  he  appeared 
actuated  by  the  purest  principles,  he  was 
secretly  forming  a  conspiracy  for  the  altera- 
tion of  the  government,  and  he  let  no  oppor- 
tunitj'  pass  of  exciting  the  discontent  of  the 
people,  by  haranguing  against  the  nobility 
and  the  defects  of  the  public  administration. 
By  these  means  he  became  the  idol  of  the 
people,  who  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of 
tribune,  with  the  power  of  life  and  death, 
and  all  the  other  attributes  of  sovereignty. 
What  was  more  extraordinary,  the  pope 
confirmed  the  title,  and  Rienzi  for  some 
time  governed  the  city  with  judgment  and 
moderation.  But  the  intoxication  of  su- 
preme power  betrayed  him  into  extrava- 
gances, and  he  was  expelled,  and  imi)ri- 
soiied  for  3  j'ears  by  Clement  VI.  He  was 
released  by  Innocent  II.,  who  sent  him  again 
to  the  Roman  capital  as  governor.  But 
Rienzi's  cruelties  raised  him  new  enemies, 
and  he  was  massacred  in  1354,  about  7  years 
after  the  commencement  of  his  extraordinary 
career. 

RIES,  Ferdi.na.vd,  an  eminent  musical 
composer  and  performer,  was  bom  at  Bonn, 
in  1783,  and  was  early  distinguished  for  the 
precocity  of  his  genius.  He  became  a  pupil 
of  Beethoven,  and  as  a  pianist  he  had  few 
superiors.  From  the  year  1813  to  1825  lie 
resided  in  England,  and  produced  numerous 
musical  compositions,  some  of  which  possess 
first-rate  merit.  He  died  at  Frankfort,  Jan.  ! 
1838. 

RIGAUD,  HrAciNTHE,  an  eminent  per- 


rig] 


^  iletD  ?a[uibn'^al  aSiDflr/ijplbfi. 


[rit 


i  trait  painter,  was  born  at  Perpignan,  in 
j  ]6<Vi  ;  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1743.  He  met 
1  with  distinguished  patronnge,  aud  has  been 
called  the  V'andyck  of  France. 

RIG  AUD,  SiEniEx  Peter,  Savilian  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  in  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, was  born  at  Richmond,  in  Surrey,  and 
may  almost  be  said  to  have  been  the  in- 
heritor of  scientific  pursuits,  both  his  father 
and  grandfather  having  iilled  the  office  of 
observer  in  the  royal  observatory  at  Kew. 
His  contributions  to  the  scientitic  works  of 
the  day  were  both  numerous  and  valuable. 
Born,  177.5  ;  died,  1839. 

RILEY,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
in  London,  in  104  !.  After  the  death  of  Sir 
Peter  Lely  lie  was  appointed  painter  to  the 
king,  and  rose  greatly  in  public  estimation  ; 
but,  according  to  the  opinion  of  I^ord  Orford, 
he  was  so  distrustful  of  his  own  merit,  that 
his  modesty  and  humility  were  great  impe- 
diments to  liis  advancement.  He  died  in 
1691. 

RING,  JoHx,  an  eminent  surgeon,  was 
born  near  Salisbury,  in  1751 ;  was  a  pupil 
of  the  two  Hunters,  at  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital ;  and  practised  in  the  metropolis,  with 
deserved  reputation,  till  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  1821.  He  was  a  aealous  de- 
fender of  vaccination,  to  support  which  he 
established  an  institution  at  a  considerable 
expense,  and  he  also  liberally  gave  his  as- 
sistance to  other  charities.  Besides  his 
medical  works,  he  occasionally  composed 
Latin  and  English  verse,  with  fluency, 
spirit,  and  elegance  ;  among  which  should 
be  noticed  his  "  Translation  of  the  Works  of 
Virgil,  partly  original,  and  partly  altered 
from  Dryden  and  Pitt,"  2  vols. 

RINGGLI,  GoTHAUD,  a  celebrated  Swiss 
artist,  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  lo7o,  and  died 
in  1635. 

RINUCCINI,  Ottavio,  a  Florentine 
poet,  who  went  to  France  with  Mary  de' 
Medici,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
who  invented  the  opera,  or  musical  drama, 
in  the  year  1600.  He  wrote  three  pieces, 
"Daphne,"  "Eurydice,"  and  "Ariadne." 
Died,  1621. 

RIOJA,  Francisco  df,  an  eminent  Spa- 
nisli  poet,  was  born  in  1600,  and  became 
librarian  and  historiographer  to  Philip  IV. 
Besides  his  jjoeins,  he  produced  several 
excellent  oomic  dramas,  and  other  pieces 
adapted  for  scenic  representation.  Died, 
1659. 

RIOLAN,  JouK,  an  eminent  physician, 
bom  at  Amiens,  became  dean  of  the  faculty 
at  Paris,  and  died  in  1603.  He  was  defender 
of  tlie  doctrines  of  Hippocritus  and  the  an- 
cients, against  the  chemists His  son,  of 

the  same  name,  born  in  1577,  became  royal 
professor  of  auatomy  and  botany,  and  phy- 
sician to  Mary  de'  Medici ;  and  to  him  the 
university  of  Paris  is  indebted  for  its  botanic 
garden.  lie  made  discoveries  in  anatomy, 
published  several  works,  and  died  in  1657. 

RIPLEY,  Georoe,  an  English  alchemist 
aud  poet,  who  died  in  14'.iO.  He  wrote  a 
work,  entitled  "A  Compound  of  Alchymie," 
&c.,  and  "  Aurum  Potabile,  or  the  Universal 
Medicine." 

RIPPERDA,  John-  William,  Baron  de, 
a  celebrated   adventurer,    was   born  of    a 


733 


noble  family  in  Groningen,  in  1C80 ;  served 
some  time  as  colonel  of  infantry  in  the 
Dutch  army  ;  and,  in  1715,  was  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Spain,  where  he  acquired  such  an 
ascendancy  over  Philiji.V.,  that  the  monarch 
took  him  into  his  service,  made  him  prime 
minister,  and  created  him  a  duke.  At  length 
he  fell  into  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
the  castle  of  Segovia,  whence  he  escaped  in 
172S,  and  came  to  England.  In  1731  he 
went  to  Morocco,  where  he  was  favourably 
received  by  Muley  Abdalla,  and  declaring 
himself  a  convert  to  the  Mahometan  reli- 
gion, and  taking  the  name  of  Osman,  he 
obtained  the  chief  command  of  the  Moorish 
army  at  the  siege  of  Ceuta.  But  the  Moors 
being  defeated,  he  fell  from  his  second  eleva- 
tion ;  and,  retiring  to  Tetuau,  he  there  died 
in  1737. 

RIQUET,  Peter  Pacl  de,  a  celebrated 
Frencli  civil  engineer,  born  at  Beziers,  in 
1604.  He  projected  the  noble  canal  of 
Languedoc,  which  opens  a  communication 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.  It  was  commenced  in  1666,  and 
carried  on  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
After  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1G80,  his 
two  sons  completed  it. 

RISDON,  Tristram,  an  English  topo- 
grapher ;  author  of  a  "Description  or  Sur- 
vey of  the  County  of  Devon."  Born,  1580  ; 
died,  1640. 

RITCHIE,  JosEPn,  an  English  traveller, 
who,  in  1819,  in  conjunction  with  Captain 
Lyon,  engaged  in  the  mission  to  explore  the 
interior  of  Afiica.  They  set  out  from  Tri- 
poli, and  reached  Mouzouk,  the  capital  of 
Fezzan,  where  for  some  months  they  re- 
sided in  circumstances  of  distress,  arising 
from  the  want  of  funds,  heightened  by  the 
treacherous  conduct  of  Mukin,  the  bey  of 
that  country.  Mr.  Ritchie  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
the  hardships  and  vexation  he  experienced  ; 
but  Captain  Lyon  returned  to  England,  and 
published  liis  well-known  "  Narrative  "  iu 
1821. 

RITSON,  Isaac,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  near  Penrith,  in  Cumber- 
land, in  1761  ;  received  a  medical  education 
at  Edinburgh  ;  came  to  liondon,  where  he 
became  an  author  by  profession  ;  and  died 
in  1789. 

RITSON,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer  and 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Stockton,  in  Dur- 
ham, iu  1752  ;  settled  in  London  as  a  con- 
veyancer, and  purchased  the  office  of  high- 
bailiff  of  the  Savoy  ;  and  died  in  1803.  As 
an  antiquary,  particularly  in  our  early 
national  poetry,  he  exhibited  much  industry 
and  intelligence  ;  but  his  morbid  singular- 
ities of  temper,  and  his  avowed  contempt 
for  religion,  more  than  counterbalanced 
whatever  merit  he  might  have  otherwise 
possessed.  It  would,  however,  be  uncha- 
ritable not  to  attribute  his  imperfections  to 
a  species  of  long  protracted  mental  derange- 
ment, of  which  distressing  malady  he  died 
in  1803.  His  principal  publications  are, 
"A  Collection  of  English  Songs,"  3  vols  ; 
"  The  English  Anthology,"  3  vols.  ;  "  Me- 
trical Romances,"  3  vols. ;  "  Biographia 
Poetica,'  &c. 

RITTENHOUSE,  Davip,  a  celebrated 
American    mathematician,    was     born     in 


hit] 


^  ^cbi  WinibtvsKl  23i05V.ipI)y. 


[rob 


rennsylvania,  in  1732.  In  1760  tlie  Ame- 
rican Philosophical  Society  employed  him 
to  observe  tlie  transit  of  Venus  ;  and  he 
afterwards  constructed  an  observatory, 
where  he  made  some  important  discoveries. 
After  the  revolutionary  war,  he  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  mint  and  treasurer 
of  his  native  province.  He  also  had  tlie  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  conferred  on  him,  and  lie 
succeeded  Franklin  as  president  of  the  Phi- 
losophical Society.  Died,  179G.  Dr.  Ritten- 
house  is  regarded  by  his  countrj'men  as  the 
Newton  of  America.  That  he  possessed 
great  talents  and  industry  is  indisputable  ; 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  his  exer- 
tions in  the  cause  of  science  contributed  in 
no  small  degree  to  the  diffusion  of  a  taste 
for  mathematical  and  physical  knowledge 
in  the  United  States  ;  but  their  encomiums 
of  him  are  truly  hyperbolical. 

RITTER,  John  Williaif,  ft  celebrated 
German  philosopher,  was  born  at  Samitz, 
in  Silesia,  in  1776.  The  study  of  electricity 
occupied  his  chief  attention  ;  and  in  1798 
he  started  the  idea  that  the  phenomena  of 
animal  life  are  connected  with  galvanic 
action  ;  but,  though  highly  scientific,  he  ad- 
vocated the  reveries  of  animal  magnetism, 
&c.  He  wrote  "  Physico-Medical  Memoirs," 
3  vols.,  and  other  works.     Died,  1810. 

RITTERSHUYS,  CoxitAD,  an  eminent 
civilian  and  philologist,  born  at  Brunswick, 
in  l.'.GO.  He  became  professor  of  law  at 
Altorf ;  wi-ote  some  works  on  civil  law, 
and  notes  upon  Greek  and  Latin  authors. 

Died,  1()18. Nicholas  Ritteksuuvs,  his 

I  son,  liecame  professor  of  feudal  law  at 
I  AUoif,  where  he  died  in  l(i70.  He  pub- 
lished a  collection,  entitled  "Genealogia 
Imperatorum,  Regum,  Ducum,  Comitum," 
&c.,  4  vols,  folio. 

RIVAROI,  AxTHOKY,  Count  de,  an  able 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Bagnois,  in  Lan- 
guedoe,  in  1757,  and  settled  at  Paris,  wliere 
he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  the  most 
eminent  literary  characters  of  the  age  ;  but, 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he 
went  to  Germans',  and  obtained  the  patron- 
age of  Prince  Heni-y  of  Prussia.  He  was 
much  admired  for  his  powers  of  wit  and 
satire ;  and  died  at  Berlin,  in  1801.  His 
chief  works  are,  "Discourssurl'IIniversaUtiS 
de  la  Langue  FranQoise,"  "L'Enfer,"  trans- 
lated from  Dante  ;  "  Lettres  sur  la  Religion 
et  la  Morale,"  "Petit  Almanach  des  grands 
Hommes,"  and  "  Lettres  h  la  Noblesse 
Francoise." 

RIVAULT,  DAVin,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Laval,  about  1571,  who  became 
tutor  in  mathematics  and  military  tactics 
I  to  Louis  XIII.,  and  was  made  a  counsellor 
I  of  state.    Died,  KiUi. 

RIVAZ,  Peteij  Joseph  de,  a  skilful 
French  mechanist  and  chronologer,  born  in 
1711.  He  made  a  watch  which  had  the  sin- 
gular property  of  winding  up  spontaneously, 
invented  an  improved  pendulum,  &c.  lie 
also  drained  the  mines  of  Pontpeau,  in 
Brittany,  and  made  many  mechanical  dis- 
coveries.   Died,  1772. 

RIVE,  JoHx  Josicrii,  a  French  bibliogra- 
pher, \v  as  born  in  17;50,  at  Apt,  in  Provence. 
He  was  brought  up  to  the  church  ;  but,  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  became 


734 


a  furious  anarchist,  and  ended  a  turbulent 
life  at  Marseilles,  in  1792.  He  wrote  nume- 
rous works,  the  most  important  of  wliich 
is,  "  La  Ghasse  aux  Bibliographes  et  Auti- 
quaires  mal  advist's,"  2  vols. 

RIVIERE,  Merciek  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  political  economist,  wlio  obtained 
the  post  of  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris  in  1747  ;  was  afterwards  made  inten- 
dant  of  Martinique  ;  and,  on  his  return,  pub- 
lished ills  noted  work,  entitled  "L'Ordre 
naturel  et  essentiel  des  Societes  Politiqucs." 
The  singularity  of  his  schemes  and  his  high 
pretensions  were  ridiculed  by  Voltaire, 
Grimm,  and  others  ;  but  had  some  of  his 
precautionary  advice  been  attended  to,  it  is 
possible  that  tlie  revolution,  which  he  lived 
to  witness,  would  not  have  taken  place. 
Died.  1794. 

RIVIERE,  the  Duke  de,  governor  of  the 
young  Duke  of  Bourdeaux,  was  a  devoted 
servant  of  the  Bourbons.  He  emigrated 
with  the  French  princes  in  1789.  served  in 
the  army  of  Condi?,  and  became  aide-de- 
camp  to  the  ex-king  of  France,  Charles  X. 
Seven  times  he  entered  France  in  disguise, 
to  correspond  with  the  friends  of  h.is  royal 
master;  but  In  1804  he  was  arrested,  tried, 
and  sentenced  to  death,  from  which  he  es- 
caped through  the  intercession  of  Josephine, 
his  punishment  being  mitigated  into  an  im- 
prisonment for  4  years. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  Quirinus,  an  emi- 
nent botanist  and  physician,  whose  real 
name  was  Bachmann,  was  born  at  Leipsic, 
in  1G52  ;  practised  medicine,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  and  botany  in  his  native 
city,  and  died  in  1723.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Introductio  generalis  in  Rem  Herba- 
riam  "  and  "  Systema  Plantarum,"  in  which 
he  divides  all  plants  into  18  classes,  distin- 
guished by  the  number  and  form  of  their 
petals. 

RIZZIO,  RIZZI,  or  RICCL  David,  the 
son  of  a  music  and  dancing-master  at  Turin, 
was  born  there  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  l(!th 
century.  His  musical  abilities  procured 
liim  notice  at  the  court  of  Savoy,  while  his 
talents  as  a  linguist  caused  him  to  be  se- 
lected by  the  ambassador  from  the  giand 
duke  to  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  as  a  part  of 
his  suite.  In  1.5C4  lie  first  made  his  appear- 
ance at  Ilolyrood  House,  where  he  soon 
became  so  great  a  favourite  with  the  queen, 
that  he  was  appointed  her  secretary  for 
foreign  languages.  The  distinction  with 
which  he  was  treated  by  his  royal  mistress 
excited  the  envy  of  the  nobles,  and  the  jea- 
lousy of  Darnley.  A  conspiracy,  with  the 
king  at  its  head,  was  accordingly  formed  for 
his  destruction  ;  and  before  he  h.ad  enjoyed 
2  years  of  court  favour,  the  Lord  Rutliven 
and  others  of  his  party  were  introduced  by 
Darnley  liimself  into  the  queen's  apartment, 
where  tliey  assassinated  the  unfortunate 
object  of  their  revenge,  who  fell  at  the  feet 
of  his  royal  mistress,  having  received  no  less 
than  .W  stabs  in  her  presence,    a.  d.  1566. 

ROBERT,  FuANCis,  a  modern  geogra- 
pher, born  at  Chalons,  in  France.  In  1780 
he  obtained  the  title  of  royal  geographer  ; 
in  1789  he  joined  the  most  active  partisans 
of  the  revolution  ;  was  nominated  mayor  of 
the  commune  of  Besnote,  in  1793 ;  and,  in 


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^  fitio  ?H[iTiljn'iSaT  23t00rapTji». 


[rob 


1797,  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council  of 
live  hundred.  The  latter  part  ol  his  life  was 
spent  in  travelling;  and  he  dieil  at  lluili- 
gcnstadt,  in  Saxony,  in  1819.  Besides  some 
useful  elementary  works  on  geography,  &c., 
he  published  his  "  Travels  in  Switzerland  "' 
and  a  "Description  of  France." 

ROBERT,  IIuiiEitT,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1732,  and  may 
be  considered  the  first  artist  Of  the  French 
school  who  studied  with  effect  tlie  decline 
and  ruin  of  the  monuments  of  aticieut  archi- 
tecture, lie  resided  in  Italy  several  years, 
and  during  that  time  lie  painted  the  gardens 
and  cascades  at  Rome  in  a  most  masterly 
manner.  On  his  return  to  France  he  ob- 
tained admission  into  the  academy  ;  but  his 
merit  could  not  screen  him  from  persecution 
in  the  revolution,  and  he  was  thrown  into 
prison,  where  he  amused  himself  by  design- 
ing, even  though  he  expected  every  hour 
to  be  dragged  to  the  scaffold.  At  length 
he  obtained  his  release,  and  continued  in 
the  exercise  of  his  profession  till  his  death, 
in  1808. 

ROBERT,  Peter  Francis  Joseph,  a 
French  revolutionary  statesman,  born  near 
Givet,  in  1743.  Becoming  secretary  to  Dan- 
ton,  lie  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  con- 
vention, in  wliich  he  voted  for  the  death  of 
the  king.  Having  married  Mademoiselle 
Keralio,  he  adopted  the  literary  profession, 

and  wrote  several  political  works His 

wife,  Louise  Fei.icite  de  Keralio,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1758,  and  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1821.  Among  her  various  works  were, 
'•llistoire  d'Elizabeth,  Reine  d'Angleterre," 
5  vols.  ;  "Amclie  et  Caroline,"  .5  vols.,  &c.  ; 
besides  several  translations  from  English 
and  Italian  authors. 

ROBERT  DE  VAUGONDY,  Giles,  a 
French  geographer,  .born  at  Paris  in  1(588, 
and  died  there  in  1706.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  Grand  Atlas  Universel  "  and  "  Atlas 

complet  des  Revolutions  du  Globe." His 

son,  who  assisted  in  his  professional  labours, 
held  the  office  of  royal  censor,  and  was  geo- 
grapher in  ordinary  to  Stanislaus  I.,  king  of 
Poland.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Tablettes 
Parisiennes,"  "  Cosmographie,"  &c.  Born, 
1723  ;  died,  1786. 

ROBERTI,  John  Baptist,  Count,  an 
Italian  writer,  was  born  in  1719.  He  was 
successively  professor  of  pliilosophy  in  the 
college  of  Brescia,  director  of  that  at  Parma, 
and,  lastly,  superior  of  the  one  at  Bologna. 
He  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  writirigs, 
which  relate  to  polite  literature  generally, 
and  form  15  vols.    Died,  178(5. 

ROBERTS,  E.MMA,  a  lady  of  distinguished 
literary  talent,  and  an  early  friend  of  the 
highly  gifted  but  ill-  fated  :Miss  Landon.  Jliss 
Roberts  was  the  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Rival  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster,  His- 
torical and  Biographical,"  2  vols.;  "Oriental 
Scenes,  Sketches,  and  Tales,"  &c.  She  died 
at  Poonah,  in  India,  Sept.  1840  ;  the  object 
of  her  mission  thither  having  been  tlie  fur- 
ther illustration  of  life  and  manners  in  the 
East. 

ROBERTSON,  William,  an  Irish  divine, 
was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1705 ;  studied  at 
Glasgow,  but  was  expelled  the  university  for 
the  part  he  took  in  asserting  the  right  of  the 


733 


students  to  choose  a  rector.  On  taking 
orders  he  obtained  some  preferment  in  Ire- 
land, which  he  vacated  by  turning  Arian. 
In  1708  he  was  chosen  master  of  the  gram- 
mar-school at  Wolverhampton  ;  and  in  1772 
he  appeared  as  one  of  the  committee  of 
clergymen  employed  to  form  and  present 
the  famous  petition  to  parliament,  to  be  re- 
lieved from  the  obligation  of  subscribing  to 
the  thirty-nine  articles.    Died,  1783. 

ROBERTSON,  William,  D.D.,  a  cele- 
brated historian,  was  born  in  1721,  at  Borth- 
wick,  where  his  father  was  minister.  Having 
completed  his  theological  studies  at  Edin- 
burgh, he  obt.xined  a  licence  to  preach,  and 
in  1743  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Glads- 
mnir,  in  East  Lothian.  He  soon  became 
distinguished  by  his  eloquence  and  good 
taste  as  a  preacher  ;  but  it  was  not  till  1759 
that,  by  his  "  History  of  Scotland,"  he  ac- 
quired a  place  among  British  classical 
writers.  The  distinction  and  patronage  ac- 
quired by  this  work,  which  reached  a  four- 
teenth edition  before  his  death,  appeared  in 
his  successive  preferments.  He  became  chap- 
lain of  Stirling  Castle  in  1759,  king's  chap- 
lain in  17G1,  principal  of  the  university  of 
Edinburgh  in  17(52,  and  historiographer 
royal  of  Scotland  in  1704.  At  the  head  of  a 
flourishing  seat  of  education,  he  was  minutely 
attentive  to  all  its  duties ;  and  co-operated 
with  the  greatest  liberality  in  all  the  im- 
provements which  have  raised  Edinburgh  to 
its  present  celebrity.  Yet,  notwithstanding 
his  numerous  pursuits  and  official  avoca- 
tions, he  found  time  to  employ  himself  in 
his  celebrated  "  History  of  Charles  V.," 
which,  in  1777,  was  followed  by  the  "His- 
tory of  America ;"  and  his  last  publication 
was  "  An  Historical  Disquisition  concern- 
ing the  Knowledge  which  the  Ancients  had 
of  India."  He  died  in  1793.  As  an  historian, 
Dr.  Robertson  is  admired  for  luminous  and  i 
skilful  arrangement,  graphic  description,  and  j 
a  singularly  perspicuous  style. 

ROBESPIERRE,  Francis  Maximiliax  1 
Joseph  Isidore,  one  of  the  most  violent  of  i 
the  French  revolutionists,  was  the  son  of  a 
counsellor  at  Arras,  and  was  born  in  1759. 
After  completing  his  studies  at  the  college 
of  Louis  le  Grand,  at  Paris,  wliich  he  is  said 
to  have  done  in  a  manner  highly  creditable 
to  his  talents  and  assiduity,  he  adopted  the 
law  as  a  profession,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  advocate  of  the  council  of  Artois. 
At  the  convocation  of  the  states-general,  in 
1789,  Robespierre  went  to  Paris  as  deputy, 
and  appeared,  for  the  first  time,  in  the  con- 
stituent assembly,  on  the  20th  of  July.  In 
the  sitting  of  the  24th  of  August,  he  moved 
for  the  liberty  of  the  press  :  indeed,  during 
this  and  the  two  following  years,  he  ap- 
peared, on  all  subjects,  the  friend  of  the 
human  race.  His  voice  was  raised  against 
martial  law,  against  the  frequent  punish- 
ment of  death,  and  against  slavery,  as  the 
most  degrading  of  all  punishments  that  man 
had  the  power  to  inflict ;  nay,  so  invincible 
appeared  to  be  his  justice  and  integrity,  and 
80  constantly  and  consistently  did  he  de- 
claim against  political  corruption,  that  he 
obtained  the  title  of  "  The  Incorruptible." 
To  this  period  he  was  esteemed  his  country's 
friend,  and    the  Jacobin  club    raised  him 


U  a 


rob] 


^  4^cU)  ^nibtr^Kl  33ia0raj|jl)in 


[rob 


to  power ;  but  the  Girondist!?  were  opposed 
to  the  Jacobins,  and  a  scene  of  blood  followed, 
to  which  hardly  a  parallel  can  be  found  in 
history.  He  laboured  to  form  a  reiiublic ; 
his  rivals  proposed  a  division  in  the  govern- 
ment, so  that  it  should  exist  in  federative 
states,  as  of  Bordeaux,  Lyons,  Marseilles, 
&c.;  and  the  latter  accused  Robespierre  of 
aspiring  to  the  dictatorship.  However,  in 
1792,  the  Jacobins  carried  the  decree  in 
1  favour  of  an  united  and  undivided  republic. 
Another  faction  now  arose,  called  "  Tlie 
Mountain,"  who  also  opposed  the  Jacobins. 
Violent  contentions  prevailed  at  every  sit- 
ting, and  Robespierre  spent  many  hours  in 
self- vindication,  without  being  able  to  silence 
his  enemies.  Though  it  does  not  appear  that 
Robespierre  actively  interfered  in  tlie  mas- 
sacres which  took  place  in  the  prisons  of 
Paris,  in  the  beginning  of  September,  he  had 
sufficient  address  to  reap  the  fruits,  and,  like 
other  tyrants,  he  at  length  made  liis  instru- 
ments his  victims.  After  the  trial  and  ex- 
ecution of  the  king,  in  promoting  which  the 
Girondists  co-operated  witli  Robespierre  and 
the  Jacobins,  the  former  were  speedily  sacri- 
ficed to  the  ascendancy  of  the  latter.  Tlie 
Herbertists,  who  had  joined  in  this  work  of 
destruction,  were  the  next  victims  to  the 
jealousy  of  the  dictator,  who  had  no  sooner 
sent  them  to  the  scaffold,  with  the  assistauce 
of  Danton  and  his  friends,  than  he  adopted 
measures  for  the  ruin  of  that  popular  dema- 
gogue, whom  he  dreaded  as  his  most  dan- 
gerous rival.  In  August,  Robespierre  pre- 
sided in  the  National  Assembly  ;  and  from 
that  period  lie  played  the  part  of  a  consum- 
mate hypocrite.  The  surrender  of  Toulon, 
I  by  tlie  party  who  had  set  out  as  supporters 
j  of  the  Girondists,  completed  his  triumph ; 
j  and  under  his  influence  the  convention 
I  established  an  organised  government,  in 
which  terror  was  the  order  of  the  day.  So 
powerful  were  his  talents,  and  so  judiciously 
did  he  manage  them,  that  he  pretended 
to  guard  against  the  prevalence  of  atlieism 
and  immorality  at  the  time  that  he  was  un- 
dermining the  principles  of  religion  itself. 
Barere,  by  his  direction,  promulgated  his 
new  system  of  worship  ;  and,  on  the  8th  of 
June,  1794.  Robespierre,  in  person,  celebrated 
what  he  impiously  termed  "Tlie  Feast  of 
the  Supreme  Being."  But,  powerful  and 
secure  as  lie  appeared,  his  cruel  tyranny  and 
mysterious  denunciations  had  alarmed  many 
of  those  who  had  been  most  intimately  con^ 
nected  with  him,  and  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  for  his  destruction.  Instead  of  act- 
ing with  his  accustomed  decision,  he  now 
secluded  himself  from  the  public  for  more 
than  a  month  ;  and  when  lie  again  made  his 
appearance  in  the  National  Convention,  Tal- 
lien  and  others  openly  accused  him  of  des- 
potism ;  and  amidst  cries  of  "  h  has  le  ty- 
ran,"  he,  with  his  brother,  and  his  friends 
St.  Just,  Couthon,  and  Le  Bas,  were  arrested 
and  sent  to  the  Luxembourg  prison.  In  the 
night,  however,  he  was  set  free  by  the  keeper, 
and  was  conducted  to  the  hall  of  the  com- 
mune of  Paris,  where  llenriot,  commander 
of  the  national  guard,  and  others  were  wait- 
ing to  receive  him.  Robespierre's  friends 
proposed  his  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  people,  and  to  fall  upon  the  members  of 


736 


the  convention,  whom  it  was  then  easy  to 
have  delivered  up  as  prisoners.  To  the  pro- 
posal, he  replieil,  "  I  should  then  conduct 
myself  like  a  tyrant,  were  I  to  expose  tJie 
lives  of  the  citizens  in  my  single  cause.  I 
shall  submit  to  the  will  of  the  sovereign 
people,  who  are  at  liberty  to  protect  or  to 
abandon  me  :  if  the  latter,  I  know  how  to 
die  like  Tiberius."  Meanwhile  his  enemies 
proceeded  to  action.  Barras  and  other  com- 
missioners, directing  the  military  of  Paris, 
seized  the  fallen  tyrant  and  his  associates  ; 
and  he  entered  his  solitary  room  with  ap- 
jiarent  indifference.  Le  Bas,  having  pro- 
vided a  pair  of  pistols,  killed  himself  with 
one  of  them  ;  and  Robespierre  taking  the 
other,  put  the  muzzle  to  his  mouth,  and 
drew  the  trigger,  intending  to  blow  out  his 
brains  ;  but  the  ball  fractured  his  lower  jaw, 
and  he  was  thus  subjected  to  protracted  suf- 
fering, which  excited  neither  sympathy  nor 
compassion.  On  the  next  day,  July  28. 1794, 
he  and  his  associates  were  guillotined.  Tlie 
career  of  Robespierre  exhibits  one  of  the 
most  signal  instances  of  terrorism  upon 
record.  But.  though  he  was  the  most  noto- 
rious of  all  the  wretches  that  disgraced  the 
name  of  man  in  France  during  the  revolu- 
tionary furor,  and  entailed  on  his  name  the 
greatest  degree  of  infamy,  it  is  certain  that 
some  of  his  former  accomplices,  who  contri- 
buted most  to  his  overthrow,  and  were  loud- 
est in  their  accusations  against  him,  had 
been  the  authors  of  many  of  the  enormities 
with  which  he  was  charged.  This  was  the 
opinion  of  Napoleon,  who  asserted  that  he 
had  seen  proofs  of  his  having  intended  to  re- 
establish order  after  he  had  overturned  the 
contending  factions  ;  but  not  being  powerful 
enough  to  arrest  the  progress  of  the  revolu- 
tion, he  suffered  himself  to  be  carried  away 
by  the  torrent,  as  was  the  case  with  all  before 
Napoleon  himself,  who  engaged  in  a  similar 
attempt. 

ROBIN,  Jeax,  a  celebrated  French  bo- 
tanist, to  whose  care  the  Jardin  des  Plantes, 
at  Paris,  was  first  confided.  Born,  1500 ; 
died,  1.597. 

ROBINS,  Ben.jamtx,  an  English  mathe- 
matician of  great  genius  and  eminence,  was 
born  at  Bath,  in  1707  ;  was  a  teacher  of 
mathematics,  became  engineer-general  to 
the  East  India  Company,  wrote  "  New  Prin- 
ciples of  Gunnery,"  and  was  the  real  nar- 
rator of  Lord  Anson's  "  Voyage  round  the 
World,"  though  it  was  published  under  the 
name  of  Walter.     Died,  1751. 

ROBINSON,  Anastasia,  a  public  singer 
of  some  eminence,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century.  She  was  placed  under  the 
tuition  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Croft  and  | 
Signora  Cuzzoni  Sandoni ;  and  though  she 
never  ranked  as  a  first-rate  vocalist,  she 
sang  at  the  opera  for  some  years,  more 
admired  perhaps  for  her  personal  charms, 
accomplishments,  and  irreproachable  con- 
duct, than  for  her  acknowledged  talents. 
At  length  she  quitted  the  stage,  in  conse- 
quence of  her  marriage  with  the  Earl  of 
Peterborough,  though  the  connection  was 
not  publicly  acknowledged  till  some  years 
after  it  took  place.    Died,  1750. 

ROBINSON,  Marv,  a  poetess  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  whose  maiden  name  was 


kob] 


^  ^cfio  ^Ilnibni^at  2St0grapf)p. 


[rob 


Darby,  was  born  in  IT.W,  at  Bristol.  At 
the  age  of  15  slie  was  married  to  an  attorney 
of  the  name  of  Rol)inson,  which  precipitate 
step  appears  to  have  embittered  the  rest  of 
her  life.  Being  reduced  in  circumstances, 
she  had  recourse  to  the  stage,  and  made  licr 
first  appearance  at  Drury  Lane  in  the  clia- 
racter  of  Juliet,  in  which  slie  was  instructed 
by  Mr.  Garrick.  Her  reception  was  very 
flattering,  and  she  continued  to  perform  in 
vai ious  characters  till  her  representation  of 
Perdita,  in  the  "  Winter's  Tale,"  when  her 
beatity  attracted  the  admiration  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (.afterwards  George  IV.),  in  conse- 
quence of  which  she  quitted  the  stage,  and 
l)ecame  his  mistress.  This  connection,  how- 
ever, was  but  of  short  duration.  In  1784  slie 
had  the  misfortune  to  be  attacked  by  a 
violent  rlieumatism,  which  progressively  de- 
jirived  her  of  the  use  of  her  limbs,  and  she 
was  partly  dependent  on  her  pen  for  tlie 
means  of  living.  Slie  wrote  a  number  of 
poetical  pieces  under  the  name  of  Laura 
Maria  ;  besides  which  she  was  tlie  author  of 
"  Vuncenza,"  a  romance  ;  "Poems,"  2  vols.; 
"  Walsingham,"  a  novel,  4  vols.;  her  "Me- 
moirs," 4  vols.,  &c.    Died,  1800. 

ROBINSON,  Rich  A  I!  D,  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  baron  RoVeby,  was  born  in 
York»;;!ie,  in  1709,  and  died  in  1794.  The 
archbishop,  besides  building  a  palace  at 
Armagh,  with  an  observatory,  founded  a 
sihool  and  a  public  library  there,  whicli  last 
he  furnished  with  a  large  collection  of  books, 
and  icit  a  liberal  endowment  for  its  supiiort. 
lie  also  erected  four  new  churches  in  his 
diocese. 

ROBINSON,  RoBEitT,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Swatfham,  in  Norfolk,  in  1735  ; 
pubiisiicd  a  translation  of  Saurin's  Sermons, 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Composition  of  a  Sermon," 
a  "  History  of  Baptism,"  &c.  He  was,  suc- 
cessively, a  Calvinistic  methodist  preacher,  a 
Bai>tist  minister,  and  a  Socinian.  Died,  1790. 

ROBINSON,  Thomas,  an  English  natu- 
ralist, was  an  episcopal  clergyman,  and  held 
the  rectory  at  Ousley,  in  Cumberland,  where 
he  died  in  1719.  His  long  residence  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  a  mountainous  and  mineral 
disirict  led  him  to  turn  his  Bttcntion  to  the 
study  of  mineralogy,  geology,  &c.  He  wrote 
an  interesting  "  Essay  towards  a  Natural 
History  of  Westmoreland  aud  Cumber- 
land," &c. 

ROBISON,  JOHX,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, professor  of  natural  philosophy  at 
EdinburgIi,Mas  born  at  Boghall,  in  Stirling- 
shire, in  1789;  was  educated  at  Glasgow; 
became  director  of  the  marine  cadet  aca- 
demy at  Cronstadt,  in  Russia  ;  and,  on  his 
return  to  his  native  country,  was  appointed 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Glasgow,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  died  in  1805.  Dr.  Robison  published, 
In  1797,  a  book,  entitled  "  Proofs  of  a  Con- 
spiracy." This  work  excited  considerable 
notice  and  controversy.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "Elements  of  Mechanical  Philo- 
sophy," and  some  articles  iu  the  Eucyclo- 
pcedia  Britannica. 

ROBOHTELLO,  Fuaxcesco,  an  Italian 
writer,  was  bom  at  Udina,  in  1516,  and  died 
at  Padua,  where  he  was  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  philosophy,  in  15U7.     He  wrote  "De 


Vita  et  Victu  populi  Romani  sub  Impcra- 
toribus"  and  other  treatises,  besides  editing 
the  works  of  many  of  the  classic  poets. 

ROB  BOY,  which  signifies  Jiobert  the  Red, 
was  a  celebrated  Highland  freebooter,  whose 
true  name  was  Robert  Macgregor,  but  who 
assumed  that  of  Campbell,  on  account  of 
the  outlawry  of  the  clan  Macgregor  by  the 
Scotch  parliament,  in  1GG2.  He  was  bom 
about  1(5«)0,  and  was  the  younger  son  of 
Donald  JIacgregor  of  Glengyle,  said  to  have 
been  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  service  of 
James  II.,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Camp- 
bell of  Glenfalloch.  Like  other  Highland 
gentlemen,  Rob  Roy  was  a  trader  in  cattle 
previous  to  the  rebellion  of  1715,  in  which 
he  joined  the  adherents  of  the  Pretender. 
On  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  the  Duke 
of  Montrose,  with  whom  Rob  Roy  had  pre- 
viously had  a  quarrel,  took  the  o])portunity 
to  deprive  hhn  of  his  estates  ;  and  the  latter 
began  to  indemnify  himself  by  a  war  of  re- 
prisals upon  the  property  of  the  duke.  An 
Euglish  garrison  was  stationed  at  Inver- 
snaird.  near  Aberfoyle,  the  residence  of 
Rob  Roy ;  but  his  activity  and  courage 
saved  him  from  the  hands  of  his  enemies, 
from  whom  he  continued  for  some  time  to 
levy  black  mail.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
uncertain,  but  he  is  known  to  have  survived 
the  year  1733,  and  died  at  a  very  advanced 
age. 

ROBSON,  George  Fennel,  an  eminent 
draughtsman  and  lands(rape  painter  iu 
water-colours,  Mas  born  at  Durham  j  and 
as  he  showed  a  decided  taste  for  the  art 
while  a  mere  child,  he  was  placed  under  the 
tuition  of  Mr.  Harle,  a  drawing-master  in 
that  city.  His  progress  was  extremely  rapid; 
and  before  he  attained  the  age  of  20  he  vi- 
sited London,  where  liis  talents  soon  became 
known.  His  first  publication  was  a  view  of 
his  native  city,  the  profits  of  which  enabled 
him  to  undertake  a  journey  to  the  Scottish 
highlands,  with  whose  wild  and  romantic 
scenery  he  had  long  wished  for  an  Oi)por- 
tunity  to  make  himself  acquainted.  In  the 
dress  of  a  shepherd,  with  a  wallet  at  his 
back,  and  Scott's  poem,  "  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,"  in  his  pocket,  he  wandered 
over  the  mountains,  winter  and  summer,  till 
he  had  become  familiar  with  the  various 
aspects  they  presented  under  different 
chungcs  of  seasons,  and  was  enabled  to  lay 
up  a  rich  store  of  materials  for  tlie  improve- 
ment of  his  taste  and  skill.  On  his  return 
to  London,  where  he  took  up  his  future 
residence,  he  published  "Outlines  of  the 
Grampian  Mountains,"  which,  as  well  as  his 
future  productions,  obtained  him  patronage 
and  fame.  One  of  his  last  and  best  pictures 
was  a  "  View  of  I^ondon  Bridge  before  Sun- 
rise." He  died  in  1833.  Among  the  engrav- 
ings and  published  works  of  Robson  may  be 
mentioned,  "  Picturesque  Views  of  English 
Cities,"  with  descriptive  letter-jircss  by  J. 
Britton,  F.S.A.  ;  and  "Landscape  Illustra- 
tions of  the  Wftverley  Novels,"  engraved  by 
tlie  Findens. 

ROBY,  Jonx,  whose  varied  acquirements 
nnd  benevolence  of  disposition  have  gained 
him  extensive  fame,  was  long  a  banker  at 
Roclidale  in  Lancashire,  the  "  Traditions  "  of 
which  county  he  made  known  to  the  world 


TS7 


in  two  works,  published  respectively  in  1829 
and  J831.     His  first  literary  production  was 
]  "  Sir  Bartram,"  a  poem  in  six  cantos,  pub- 
I  lished  in  1815  ;  and  his  last  was  his  "Seven 
I  Weeks  in  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Lombardy, 
!  &c.,"  the  result  of  a  continental  tour  made 
i  in  1838.    But  besides  conducting  an  exten- 
!  give  business,  and  engaging  in  literary  pur- 
I  suits  with  a  view  to  publication,  Mr.  Roby 
1  was  in  the  habit  of  delivering  lectures  on 
various  subjects  of  literature  and  science  ; 
and  many  a  large  audience  has  been  de- 
;  lighted  with  the  homely  but  forcible  illus- 
trations of  the  banker,  poet,  and  historian. 
His  active  career  was  cut  short  by  the  ca- 
lamity which  befel    the  "  Orion,"  on    her 
passage  from  Liverpool  to  Glasgow,  June 
[  17th,  18-;0. 

!      ROCCA,  Ajtgemts,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
j  born   at  Rocca  Contrata,  in  tiie  marche  of 
j  Ancona,    in  154.5.      He  studied  at    Rome, 
j  "Venice,  and  Padua  ;    and  in  1579  obtained 
,  a  place  in  the  Vatican,  where  also  he  had 
I  the  superintendence  of  the  apostolic  press. 
His  works  display  great  learning,  and  chiefly 
relate  to  morals  and  history.    At  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1C20,  he  left  his  valuable 
library  to  the    Augustinian  monastery   at 
Rome,  on  condition  that  it  should  be  acces- 
sible to  the  public. 

ROCHAMBEAU,    Jean  Baptiste    Do- 
NATiEjf  DK  ViMEUR,  Couut  de,  marshal  of 
France,  was  born  at  Vendomc,  in  1725,  and 
entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  IC.    In  ]74(! 
he  became  aide-de-camp  To  Louis  Philippe, 
duke  of  Orleans  ;  and  afterwards  obtaining 
the  command  of  the  regiment  of  La  Marnhe, 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  La- 
feldt,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  obtained  fresh 
I  laurels  at  Creveldt,  Minden,  Corbach,  and 
I  Clostercamp ;  and,  having  been  made  lieu- 
I  tenant-general,  was,  in  1780,  sent  with  an 
I  army  of  (5(X)0  men  to  the  assistance  of  the 
United  States  of  America.      Having  em- 
I  barked  in  Rhode  Island,  he  acted  in  con- 
!  cert  with  Washington,  first  against  Clinton, 
j  in  New  York,  and  then  against  Cornwallis. 
I  Rochambeau  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  mar- 
shal by  Louis  XVI.,  and,  after  the  revolu- 
I  tion,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
1  the  army  of  the  north  :  but  he  was  super- 
seded  by  more  active  officers,  and,  being 
calumniated  by  the  popular  journalists,  he 
addressed  to  the  legislative  assembly  a  vin- 
dication of  his  conduct.     A  decree  of  appro- 
bation was  consequently  passed  in  May,  1792, 
and  he  retired  to  liis  estate,  near  Vendome, 
with  a  determination  to  interfere  no  more 
with  public  atFiiirs.     He  was  subsequently 
arrested,    and    narrowly  escaped    suffering 
death  under  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre.    In 
1803  he  was  presented  to  Buonaparte,  who 
granted  him  a  pension,  and  the  cross  of  grand 
officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.    His  death 
took  place  in  1807;    and  liis    "Memoires" 
were  published  in  1809. 

ROCHE,  Regixa  Maria,  a  novelist,  whose 
productions  were  very  popular  in  their  day, 
was  born  in  1705.  Among  her  fictions  were 
"  The  Children  of  the  Abbey,"  4  vols.,  a 
great  favourite  also  ;  "  The  Nocturnal  Visit," 
4  vols. ;  "  The  Monastery  of  St.  Columb,"  5 
vols.  ;  and  many  others.  But  they  have 
almost  faded  from  the  memory,  or  been  over- 


whelmed by  the  myriad  volumes  which  have 
succeeded  them.  Died  at  Waterford,  May, 
1845. 

ROCHEFORT,  William  de,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  in  1731,  at  Lyons,  and  died 
at  Paris,  in  1788.  His  principal  work  is  en- 
titled "Rt'futation  du  Systeme  de  la  Nature," 
but  he  also  wrote  some"  tragedies,  and  trans- 
lated the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  of  Homer,  the 
plays  of  Sophocles,  &c. 

ROCHESTER,  John  Wilmot,  Earl  of,  a 
witty  and  profligate  nobleman  of  the  court 
of  Charles  II.,  was  born  in  1048,  and,  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  succeeded  to  his  titles 
and  estates,  the  latter  of  which,  by  extra- 
vagance, he  soon  dissipated.  He  became 
the  personal  friend  and  favourite  of  his  so- 
vereign, who  is  said  to  have  encouraged  and 
shared  many  of  his  exploits.  The  levity  of 
his  disposition  frequently  brought  him  into 
disgrace,  and  he  was  more  than  once  for- 
bidden the  royal  presence  :  his  companion- 
able qualities,  however,  which  made  him 
necessary  to  the  amusement  of  his  master, 
prevented  his  occasional  exile  from  being 
ever  of  long  continuance.  His  constitution 
at  length  gave  way  under  such  excesses  ; 
and,  at  the  age  of  30,  he  was  visited  with  all 
the  debility  of  old  age.  He  lingered  for 
some  time  in  this  condition,  and  died,  pro- 
fessing great  penitence  for  his  misspent  life, 
in  1G80.  His  satirical  poems  are  keen,  but 
their  obscenity  and  impiety  render  them 
alike  dangerous  and  disgusting. 

ROCKINGHAM,  Charles  Watson 
Wextworth,  Marquis  of,  a  British  states- 
man, born  in  1730,  succeeded  his  father  in 
his  titles  and  estates  in  1750,  and  in  17C5 
became  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  American 
aifairs  formed  at  that  time  a  leading  subject 
of  discussion ;  and  Rockingham  took  the 
middle  way,  by  repealing  the  stamp  act,  and 
declaring  the  right  of  Great  Britain  to  tax 
the  colonies.  He  was,  therefore,  deserted 
by  some  of  his  supporters,  and  retired  from 
the  ministry  in  1706.  He  afterwards  acted 
in  concert  with  Chatham,  in  opposition  to 
the  ministry  of  Lord  North  ;  on  the  fall  of 
which,  in  1782,  he  was  again  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  administration,  but  died  in  the 
same  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lord 
Shelbnrne. 

RODNEY,  George  Brydges,  Lord,  a 
gallant  English  admiral,  was  the  son  of 
Captain  Henry  Rodney,  a  naval  officer,  who, 
at  the  time  of  his  son's  birth,  was  command- 
ing the  yacht  in  which  the  king,  attended 
by  the  Duke  of  Cbandos,  used  to  pass  to 
and  from  Hanover  :  hence  he  was  christened 
George  Brydges,  the  names  of  his  royal  and 
noble  god-fathers.  He  entered  the  navy 
early  in  life,  and  obtained  the  command  of 
a  ship  in  1742.  In  1749  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Newfoundland ;  and  on  his 
return,  in  1753,  married  the  sister  of  the 
Earl  of  Northampton.  In  1759  he  was  made 
admiral  of  the  blue  ;  and  in  the  same  year 
he  destroyed  the  stores  prepared  at  Havre 
de  Grace  for  an  invasion  of  England.  In 
1701  he  served  on  the  West  India  station 
with  such  activity,  that,  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  he  was  made  a  baronet.  In  1768  he 
was  elected  into  parliament  for  Northamp- 
ton ;  but  the  contest  ruined  his  estate,  and 


rod] 


^  ^ftu  iantber«laT  23tfl£jrap?)y. 


[roh 


he  found  it  necessary  to  retire  to  the  Con- 
tinent. The  French  government  made  some 
overtures  to  him,  wliich  would  liave  recruited 
his  fortune.  Tliese  he  rejected  ;  and,  the 
fact  having  transpired,  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  a  squadron  destined  for  the 
Mediterranean.  In  1780  he  fell  in  with 
Lungara's  fleet,  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and 
completely  defeated  it ;  and  on  the  12th  of 
April,  1782,  obtained  a  decisive  victory  over 
the  French  fleet  under  De  Grasse,  captur- 
ing five  and  sinking  one  of  Ills  largest  ves- 
sels. A  barony  and  a  pension  of  2(KK)/.  were 
bestowed  upon  him  for  his  services  ;  and  on 
his  decease,  in  1702,  a  monument  was  voted 
to  his  memory,  at  the  national  expense,  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

FiODOLPH  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  and 
founder  of  the  imperial  house  of  Austria, 
was  born  in  1218,  being  the  eldest  son  of 
Albert  IV.,  count  of  Ifapsburg  and  land- 
grave of  Alsace.    He  first  served  under  Otto- 
car,  king  of  Bohemia,  against  the  Prussians, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  prudence, 
valour,  and  the  spirit  of  justice  with  which 
he  protected  the  inhabitants  of  the  towns 
from  their  baronial  oppressors.    In  1273,  as 
he  was  encamped  before  the  walls  of  Basle, 
he  received  the  unexpected  intelligence  that 
he  was  elected    king  of   the  Romans  and 
\  emperor,  in  preference  to  Alphonso,  king  of 
1  Castile,  and  Ottocar,  king  of  Bohemia,  the 
j  latter  of  whom  opposed  his  election,  but  was 
I  defeated   and    slain.      After  a  reign   of  19 
j  years  he  expired,  in  1291,  aged  72.     He  was 
;  brare,  indefatigable,  aflfable,  magnanimous, 
intelligent  and  just. 

ROE,  Sir  Thomas,  an  able  statesman  and 
ambassador,  was  born  about  1580,  at  I>ow 
Layton,  in  Essex,  and  educated  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.  In  1G04  he  was  knighted, 
and  soon  after  went  to  make  discoveries  in 
America.  In  1614  he  was  sent  on  an  em- 
bassy to  the  Great  Mogul,  at  whose  court  he 
remained  tliree  years.  In  ]{')21  he  went  in  the 
same  capacity  to  the  Grand  Seignior  ;  in 
which  post  he  continued  under  O.-sman,  Mus- 
tapha  I.,  and  Amurath  IV.  During  his 
residence  there,  he  collected  a  number  of 
manuscripts,  which  he  presented  to  the  Bod- 
leian library,  and  also  brought  over  the 
Alexandrian  MS.  of  the  Greek  Bible,  as  a 
present  to  Charles  I.,  from  Cyril,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople.  In  1(V29,  Sir  Thomas 
negotiated  a  peace  between  Poland  and 
Sweden  ;  and  it  was  by  his  advice,  that  Gu3- 
tavus  Adolphus  entered  Germany,  where  he 
gained  tlie  battle  of  Leipsic.  After  the  vic- 
tory, the  king  sent  him  a  present  of  2tX»0/. 
In  1C40  he  was  chosen  to  represent  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford  in  parliament.  The  next 
year  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  diet  of 
Ratisbon,  and  on  his  return  was  made  clinn- 
cellor  of  the  garter  and  a  privy  councillor. 
Died,  1644. 

ROEBUCK,  John,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ral philosopher,  was  born  at  Sheffield,  in 
1718,  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Ley- 
den,  and  engaged  in  practice  at  Birming- 
ham. He  devoted  his  attention  particularly 
to  chemical  experiments  ;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Garbett,  he  established  a  sul- 
phuric acid  manufactory  at  Preston  Pans,  in 
Scotland,  which  proved  very  successful.    In 


1759  they  also  founded  the  celebrated  Carron 
iron  works.  An  unfortunate  speculation, 
however,  in  attempting  to  work  mines  of 
coal  and  salt,  on  the  estate  of  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton,  ruined  his  fortune  ;  and  he  died, 
in  embarrassed  circumstances,  in  1794. 

ROEMER,  Ol.\us,  a  Danish  astronomer, 
was  born  at  Arhusen,  in  Jutland,  in  1644. 
He  studied  at  the  university  of  Copenhagen, 
where  he  applied  so  diligently  to  the  ma- 
thematics, that  he  was  appointed  tutor  to 
the  Dauphin  of  France.  In  1681  he  returned 
to  his  native  place,  and  held  several  consi- 
derable offices  previous  to  his  decease,  which 
took  place  in  1710.  lie  made  many  scien- 
tific discoTcries,  the  most  important  of  which 
was  that  of  the  velocity  of  light,  from  the 
observation  of  the  eclipses  of  Jupiter's  satel- 
lites.   Died,  1710. 

ROGERS,  the  Rer.  Geokoe,  who,  for 
upwards  of  half  a  century,  was  the  rector  of 
Sproughton,  near  Ipswich,  was  born  in  1741; 
and  died  at  the  patriarchal  age  of  94,  in  iK.'i.'i. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  treatises  on 
theological  subjects,  a  strenuous  advocate 
for  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  an  im- 
pressive preacher. 

ROGERS,  Jonx,  an  eminent  English 
divine  of  the  16th  century,  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  became  chaplain  to  the 
factory  at  Antwerp,  where  be  assisted  Tin- 
dal  and  Coverdale  in  translating  the  Bilile 
into  English.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
he  returned  to  England,  and  obtained  a 
prebend  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  He  was 
the  first  person  executed  in  the  succeeding 
reign  on  the  score  of  his  religion,  being  burnt 
at  Smithfield,  in  1555. 

ROGERS,  John,  a  celebrated  divine,  was 
born  at  Ensham,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1679,  and 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  wrote  an  able  treati.se 
on  the  "Visible  and  Invisible  Church  of 
Christ,"  against  Hoadly  ;  4  volumes  of  "  Ser- 
mons," and  an  "Answer  to  Collin's  Scheme 
of  Prophecy."  Dr.  Rogers  obtained  the  living  l- 
of  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate,  and  died  in  1729. 

ROGERS,  Woods,  an  English  circum- 
navigator, who  belonged  to  the  royal  navy 
in  1708,  when  he  was  invited  by  the  mer- 
chants at  Bristol  to  take  the  command  of  an 
expedition  to  the  South  Sea.  He  set  sail 
with  two  vessels,  taking  out  Dampier  as  a 
pilot.  Passing  to  the  south  of  Terra  del 
Fuego,  in  January,  1709,  they  entered  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  in  February  arrived  at 
the  isle  of  Juan  Fernandez, 'where  they 
found  Alexander  Selkirk  :  they  then  visited 
the  coast  of  California,  crossed  the  Pacific, 
and  returned  to  England  in  Octoljer,  1711. 
Captain  Rogers  was  afterwards  employed 
with  a  squadron  to  extirpate  the  pirates  who 
infested  the  West  Indies.    Died,  1732. 

ROHAN,  Henry,  Duke  of,  a  very  dis- 
tinguished   peer  of  France,  born  in   1579. 
After  the  death  of  Henry  FV.  in  1610,  he 
became   the  chief  of  the  Huguenots;   and 
having  ably  maintained  three  wars  against  j 
Louis  XIII.,  procured  a    peace  upon  ad-  I 
vantageous  terms,  1629.     He  distinguished  ■ 
himself  also  as  a    political  writer,   but   at  j 
length  died  of  wounds  received  at  the  battle  ' 
of  Rhinficld,  in   1638.      Among  his  works  ■ 
are,  "Memoirs  on   French  Aftairs,"  "The 


roh] 


^  |5cto  ^ITiubcr^al  33i05rsp!)y. 


[ROM 


Perfect  Captain,"  and  "  Memoirs  relative  to 

the  War  of  the  Valteline,"  3  vols Ilis 

widow,  Maugaket  de  Betiiuxe,  daugliter 
of  the  great  Sully,  was  a  courageous  woman, 
and  defended  Castres  against  the  Marechal 

deTheniines.    Died,lGGO A.vne  IloiiAtf, 

sister  of  the  duke,  was  distinguished  by  her 
si)irit,  learning,  and  piety.  At  the  taking  of 
liochelle,  slie  and  her  mother  refused  to  be 
included  in  the  capitulation,  and  were  made 
prisoners  of  war.     Died,  IGl!). 

IlOIIAUI/r,  James,  a  French  mathema- 
tician and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Amiens,  in  l(i20.  lie  was  a  zealous  Car- 
tesian, and  wrote  a  papular  treatise  on  that 
system,  which  Dr.  Clarke  translated  into 
English.  Rohault  was  also  the  author  of 
"  Eli'mens  de  Mathi'matiques,"  a  "  Treatise 
on  Mechanics,"  and  "  Dialogues  on  Philo- 
sophy."    Died,  1075. 

ROLAND,  Philip  Lauresce,  an  eminent 
Frencli  sculptor,  was  born  near  Lisle,  in 
ir4(>,  and,  after  studying  at  Home,  acquired 
great  reputation  in  Paris.     Died,  181(5. 

KOLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  Jeax 
Makiic,  a  French  statesman,  was  born  at 
Lyons,  in  1732,  and  held  tlie  otlioe  of  in- 
si)ector-general  of  manufactures  after  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution.  lie  es- 
poused the  popular  cause,  and  becoming 
closely  connected  with  the  Girondist  party, 
he  was  made  minister  of  the  interior  in 
1792.  The  downfall  of  his  party,  in  1793, 
exposed  him  to  proscription,  but  he  found 
a  secret  asylum  at  Rouen.  On  hearing, 
however,  of  the  condemnation  and  death  of 
his  wife,  he  deliberately  stabbed  himself, 
Nov,  l;-).  1793. 

ROLAND,  Mantox  Jeax  Piiii.ipny,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris,  in  1754,  was 
remarkable  for  her  beauty,  and  received  an 
excellent  education.  After  her  marriage, 
in  1779,  Madame  Roland  took  part  in  the 
studies  and  tasks  of  her  husband,  and  the 
revolution  found  in  her  a  ready  convert  to 
its  principles.  On  the  appointment  of  lier 
husband  to  the  ministry,  she  participated  in 
Ills  official  duties,  writing  and  preparing 
many  papers,  and  taking  a  share  in  the 
political  councils  of  the  Girondist  leaders. 
She  was  arrested  on  the  fall  of  the  party, 
and,  when  condemned  to  death,  conducted 
herself  with  great  firmness,  exclaiming  at 
the  time  of  her  execution,  "  Oh  Liberty,  what 
crimes  are  committed  in  thy  name  !  "  Her 
death  took  place,  Nov.  8.  1793.  She  wrote 
"  An  Appeal  to  Impartial  Posterity,"  and 
"^Miscellaneous  Works,"  3  vols. 

ROLANDINO,  an  old  Italian  liistorian, 
was  born  at  Padua,  in  12(X),  and  died  in 
1276. 

ROLLE,  Denn'is,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
who  traced  his  descent  from  Rollo,  first  duke 
of  Normandy.  In  1760  he  purcliased  a  whole 
district  in  Florida,  whither  he  proceeded 
with  a  tliousand  persons  to  people  his  new 
possessions  ;  but  through  the  unhealthiness 
of  the  climate,  and  the  desertion  of  those 
who  escaped  disease,  he  soon  found  himself 
witliout  colonists  and  without  money  ;  so 
that,  in  order  to  revisit  England,  he  was 
compelled  to  work  his  passage  back  in  an 
American  vessel.  He  was  then  satisfied  to 
live  on  his  paternal  estate,  had  a  seat  in 


the  House  of  Commons,  and  filled  the  office 
of  sheriff  for  the  county.  He  devoted  much 
of  his  time  to  the  improvement  of  the  con- 
dition of  the  lower  classes.    Died.  1707. 

ROLLE,  Hexuy,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
judge,  wa:s  born  at  Hcanton,  in  Devonshire, 
in  1589,  and  educated  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford  ;  after  which  he  became  a  student  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar.  In  1640  he  was  made  a  serjeant-at- 
law,  and  in  1648  he  accepted  the  office  of 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  king's  bench. 
He  wrote  "  Reports,"  2  vols,  folio  :  and  "  An 
Abridgment  of  Cases  and  Resolutions  of  the 
Law,"  which  was  published  by  Sir  Matthew 
Hale. 

ROLL!,  Paul  Axtoxio,  an  Italian  poet, 
bom  at  Todi,  in  1087.  He  came  to  England, 
and  was  emi)loyed  in  teaching  some  of  the 
children  of  George  II.;  and  died  at  Rome, 
in  1707.  He  published  a  collection  of  poenisi 
also  editions  of  several  Italian  authors  ;  was 
tlie  editor  of  Marchetti's  Lucretius,  and 
the  translator  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost  into 
Italian  verse. 

ROLIilN,  CiiAHLES,  an  eminent  historian, 
born  at  Paris,  in  lOtil.  He  was  intended  for 
business,  but  his  talents  obtained  the  notice 
of  a  learned  Benedictine,  by  which  he  was 
enabled  to  gratify  his  inclination  for  learn- 
ing. After  going  through  a  course  of  the- 
ology at  the  Sorbonne,  he  received  the 
tonsure,  and  was  twice  chosen  rector  of  the 
university  of  Paris.  When  elected  a  third 
time,  he  was  deprived  of  his  situation  by  the 
intrigues  of  the  Jesuits  ;  but  he  employed 
his  leisure  in  composing  his  excellent  work, 
"  On  the  Manner  of  Studying  and  Teaching 
the  Belles  Lettres,"  4  vols.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  "  Ancient  History  "  and  nine 
volumes  of  the  "  Roman  History."  Died, 
1741. 

ROLLO,  the  conqueror  of  Normandy,  was 
a  Norwegian  duke,  banished  from  his  country 
on  account  of  his  piracies,  by  Harold  Har- 
f.xger,  who  conquered  Norway  in  870.  He 
first  retired  with  his  fleet  among  the  islands 
of  the  Hebrides,  whither  the  flower  of  the 
Norwegian  nobility  had  fled  for  refuge  when 
Harold  had  become  master  of  the  kingdom. 
He  was  there  received  with  open  arms  by 
those  warriors,  who,  eager  for  conquest  and 
revenge,  waited  only  for  a  chief  to  lead  them 
on.  Taking  advantage  of  their  sentiments 
at  such  a  crisis,  he  pretended  to  have  had  a 
supernatural  dream,  which  promised  him 
a  glorious  fortune  in  France.  This  served 
at  least  to  support  the  ardour  of  his  fol- 
lowers ;  but  the  weakness  of  the  French 
government,  and  the  confusion  in  which  it 
was  involved,  were  still  more  persuasive 
reasons.  Having,  therefore,  sailed  up  the 
Seine  to  Rouen,  lie  immediately  took  the 
capital  of  that  province,  then  called  Neustria, 
the  sovereignty  of  which  Charles  the  Simple 
was  obliged  to  give  up  to  Rollo  and  his 
Normans,  to  purchase  a  peace.  Soon  after, 
Rollo  was  persuaded  to  embrace  Christianity, 
and  was  baptized  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Rouen,  in  the  cathedral. 

ROMAINE,  WiLLiASt,  a  popular  Calvin- 
istic  divine,  was  born  in  1714,  at  Hartlepool, 
in  Durham,  and  was  educated  at  Hertford 
and  Christchurch  colleges,  Oxford.    In  1748 


ROM] 


^  i^(io  Hntbrvs'al  3Bt05rnjpl)i?. 


[roo 


he  obtained  the  lectureship  of  St.  Botolph, 
IJishopsgale ;    the  j'ear   following    he    was 
chosL'it  lecturer  of  St.  Dunstan  in  the  West ;  j 
and,  in  1750.  he  was    apiwinted    assistant  | 
morning  preacher  at  St.  George's,  Hanover  j 
Square.      Soon    after    this    he  was  elected  j 
Gresham  professor  of  astronomy,  which  situ-  j 
ation  he  soon  resigned.     He  obtained  such 
popularity  by  his  opposition  to  the  bill  for 
the  naturalisation  of  tlie  Jews,  that  his  pub- 
lications on  that  subject  were  printed  by  the  j 
corporation  of   jA)ndon.      In   lliii  he  was  ' 
elected    to  the  living  of   St.  Ann,  Black-  i 
friars,  where,  as  well  os  at  St.  Dunstan's,  he  I 
continued  to  otilciate  till  his  death,  in  1795.  j 
Among   his  works  are,  "  Discourses  on  the  ' 
Law   and   Gospel,"   "The  Life  of  Faith," 
•  The  Walk  of  Taith,"  and  the  "  Triumph 
of  Faith." 
1      ROMANA,  Don  Petkr  Caro  y  Sureda, 
Marquis  dc  la,  a  Spanish  general,  was  born 
at  Majorca,  in  1701.     He  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  campaigns  against  the  French,  on 
the  Pyrenean  frontier,  from  1793  to  1795  ; 
and  commanded  the  auxiliary  Spanish  corps 
of  14,00()  men,  which  was  sent  to  the  north 
of  Germany  by  Napoleon  ;  but  when  Spain 
rose    against    her    oppressor,    I^a  llomana, 
aided  by  an   English   squadron,  succeeded 
in  embarking  his  troops  from    the  island 
of  Funen,  and  leading  them  home  in  safety. 
During  1809  and  1810,  he   displayed  great 
talents  both  as  a  general  and  a  statesman  ; 
and  his  death,  in  1811,  was  a  real  loss  to  hia 
country. 

ROMANZOFF,  Peteu  Alexaxdrovitch, 
Count,  a  Russian  general  and  field-marshal, 
was  born  about  1730,  and  having  entered 
into  the  army  when  very  young,  his  courage 
and  abilities  soon  procured  him  promotion. 
He  succeeded  Prince  A.  Galitzin,  as  com- 
mander-incliief  against  the  Turks,  in  1770, 
and  obtained  many  advantages  over  the 
enemy  in  that  and  the  following  years,  pre- 
viously to  the  treaty  which  he  compelled 
the  grand  vizier  to  sign,  in  his  camp  at  Kai- 
nardji,  in  1774.  He  soon  after  set  out  for 
his  government  of  the  Ukraine.  He  waa 
again  placed  at  the  head  of  an  army  against 
tlie  Turks,  in  the  war  which  began  in  1787  ; 
but  being  thwarted  by  Potemkin,  he  retired 
in  disgust.     Died,  179(5. 

ROMANZOFF,  Miciiael  Paul,  Count, 
son  of  the  preceding,  entered  early  on  his 
diplomatic  career,  by  accompanying  his  so- 
vereign, in  1808,  to  the  conference  at  Erfurt. 
He  also  executed  other  missions  to  the  satis- 
faction of  Alexander,  wlio,  after  his  rup- 
ture with  France,  appointed  him  minister  at 
St.  Petersburgh.  Having  obtained  leave  to 
retire  after  the  emperor's  return,  Romanzoff 
begged  permission  to  devote  the  pension 
which  ha<l  been  settled  upon  him,  as  also 
the  valuable  presents  made  him  during  his 
diplomacy,  for  the  use  of  tlie  Rus^-iiuns  who 
had  been  wounded  in  the  previous  cam- 
paign. He  also  emidoyed  his  wealth  in 
erecting  churches,  schools,  and  other  pa- 
triotic establishments  ;  and  was  at  the  ex- 
pense of  constructing  and  fitting  out  the 
ship  in  which  young  Kotzebue  made  his 
voyage  of  discovery.  The  sculptor  Canova, 
a  short  time  before  hi.i  deatli,  sent  him  as  a 
present,  a  colossal  statue  representing  the 


741 


Goddess  of  Peace  holding  the  olive  branch, 
and  leaning  against  a  pillar,  on  whiclx  is 
engraved,  "Peace  of  Abo,  in  1743:  Peace 
ofRudschuck  Kairnadji,  In  1774  ;  Peace  of 
Fredricksham,  in  1809  ;"  these  treaties  hav- 
ing been  severally  signed  by  himself,  lus 
father,  nnd  his  grandfather. 

ROME  DE  L'ISLE,  Joh.v  Baptist  Louis, 
a  French  mineralogist,  was  born  at  Grai,  in 
173(5  ;  went  to  the  East  Indies  as  secretary 
to  a  company  of  artillery  and  engineers, 
and  was  made  prisoner  at  Pondichcrry,  next 
visited  China,  and  returned  to  France  in 
17(54.  He  afterwards  studied  natural  history, 
and  gave  lectures  on  mineralogy  ;  wrote 
works  on  crystallography,  metrology,  &c., 
and  died  in  1790. 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samuel,  a  celebrated 
English  advocate,  and  M.P.  for  Westmin- 
ster (.descended  from  a  Protestant  family, 
who  left  France  after  the  edict  of  Nantes), 
was  born  in  London,  in  1757,  and  placed  in 
the  office  of  a  solicitor,  which  he  quitted  to 
study  for  the  bar.  Called  in  1783,  for  some 
years  his  practice  was  chiefly  confined  to 
draughts  in  equity  ;  but  he  gradually  rose 
to  distinction  in  the  court  of  chancery,  and 
ultimately  took  the  lead,  being  equally  dis- 
tinguished by  profound  information  and 
forcible  eloquence.  His  general  politics 
agreeing  with  those  of  the  Whigs,  he  was, 
during  the  short  administration  of  Mr.  Fox 
in  180(5,  appointed  to  the  office  of  solicitor- 
general,  and  knighted.  He  was  particularly 
distinguished  by  the  eloquence  with  which 
he  pleaded  the  necessity  of  a  revision  of  the 
criminal  code  ;  on  which  subject  he  also 
composed  a  very  able  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Observations  on  the  Criminal  I^aw  of 
England."  His  knowledge  of  the  law,  his 
great  talents,  and  his  known  integrity,  ren- 
dered him  the  highest  authority  of  his  time. 
This  good  and  useful  miin  was,  by  the  death 
of  his  beloved  wife,  afflicted  with  a  brain 
fever,  and,  during  a  paroxysm,  he  put  an 
end  to  his  valuable  life,  Nov.  1818. 

ROMNEY,  Geokoe,  an  excellent  painter, 
was  born  at  Dalton,  in  Lancashire,  in  1734. 
Having  served  his  time  to  an  artist  named 
Steele,  whom  he  soon  surpassed,  he  came 
to  London  with  a  picture  of  the  "  Death  of 
General  Wolfe,"  which  obtained  the  second 
prize  in  the  exliil)ition,  and  sold  for  a  con- 
siderable sum.  After  visiting  Italy  he  re- 
turned to  London,  wliere  he  obtained  great 
reputation.     Died,  1802. 

ROMULUS,  tlie  founder  of  Rome,  and 
brother  of  Remus,  was  the  son  of  Rliea 
Sylvia,  daughter  of  Numitor,  king  of  Alba. 
He  died,  B.C.  715. 

RUNSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  elegiac 
and  epigrammatic  |)oet,  of  a  noble  family. 
Born,  1524  j  died,  158';. 

ROOKE,  Sir  Geokoe,  a  gallant  British 
admiral,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  born  in 
1(550.  He  destroyed  the  French  and  Si)anish 
fleets  in  Vigo  Bay,  in  1702,  and  captured 
several  men  of  war  and  galleons ;  he  also 
bore  a  part  in  the  reduction  of  Gibraltar,  in 
1704.  Admiral  Rooke  was  not  less  distin- 
guished for  disinterestedness  than  for  skill 
and  intrepidity.  He  died  in  1709,  declaring, 
in  allusion  to  the  contracted  fortune  he  left 
behind  him,  that,  "  though  small,  it  was 


KOO] 


^  |2ctD  ^lubcr^al  StJiosm^jTu'. 


[ros 


lionestly  acquired,  and  had  never  cost  a  sai- 
lor a  tear,  or  the  nation  a  farthinfr." 

ROOKE,  LAirKKXCK,  an  eminent  geome- 
trician and  astronomer,  born  at  Dcptford, 
in  Kent,  in  170.'5 ;  became  astronomical  pro- 
fessor of  Gresham  College,  and  was  one  of 
tlie  original  members  of  the  lloyal  Society. 
Died,  U;o2. 

ROSA,  SAr.vATon,  a  celebrated  painter, 

poet,  and  musician,  was  born  at  Naples,  in 

I  1(515.     After  studying  under  Francanzani, 

I  he  became  a  disciple  of  Ribera,  with  whom 

i  he  went  to  Rome.    But  his  taste  was  formed 

I  more  from   the  study  of  nature  among  the 

wilds  of  the  Apennines,  than  from  the  les- 

'  sons  of  other  artists  ;   and  he  delighted  in 

delineating  scenes  of  gloomy  grandeur  and 

magnificence.      He   also  wrote    plays,   and 

peiVormed  parts  in  them  ;  besides  wbich  he 

composed  many  cantatas,     lie  was  liberally 

patronised  by  the  Orand-duke  of  Florence 

I  while    residing    in    that  city  ;    the    Maffei 

I  family  also  proved  great  friends  to  him,  and 

!  it  was  at  their  seat  that  he  wrote  his  cele- 

i  brated  satires.    On  his  return  to  Rome,  he 

■  executed  many  pictures  for  churches  ;   but 

j  Ills  principal  merit  lay  in  the  representation 

I  of  tlic  wild  scenery  of  nature,  storms,  &c. 

Died,  IC.T.'l. 

ROSAMOXD,  usually  called  Fair  Rosa- 
mond, was  the  daughter  of  Walter  de  Clif- 
ford, baron  of  Hereford,  and  the  favotirite 
mistress  of  Henry  IT.  She  had  two  sons  by 
Henry  ;  William,  called  Long-sword,  and 
Jetferv,  who  became  archbishop  of  York. 

ROSAPINA,  Fraxcesco,  a  celebrated 
Italian  engraver,  was  bom  near  Rimini,  in 
1702,  and  settled  at  Bologna.  Many  noble 
engravings  from  the  old  masters  owe  their 
existence  to  his  superior  skill ;  but  his 
greatest  performance  is  the  work  known  as 
the  "  Gallery  of  Bologna,"  of  which  all  the 
drawings  and  most  of  the  engravings  were 
executed  by  his  own  h.and.    Died,  1841. 

ROSCIUS,  QiTiNTUS,  a  Roman  actor,  bom 
at  Lanuvium,  was  so  celebrated  for  liis 
powers  of  representation,  that  his  name 
has  ever  since  been  the  characteristic  dis- 
tinction of  performers  of  pre-eminent  merit. 
Died,  B.C.  61. 

ROSCOE,  William,  an  eminent  biogra- 
pher and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose  life 
affords  a  memorable  instance  of  what  may 
be  effected  by  the  persevering  efforts  of 
unassisted  genius,  in  acquiring  a  taste  for 
the  arts  and  sciences,  with  an  extensive 
knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern  litera- 
ture. His  parents,  who  were  in  an  liumble 
sphere,  gave  him  the  mere  rudiments  of  a 
common  education  ;  and  even  of  this  young 
Roscoe  neglected  to  avail  himself.  But  he 
early  began  to  think  for  himself;  and  his 
liabits  of  mental  application  soon  gave  evi- 
dence of  that  genius  which  afterwards  shone 
forth  with  so  much  splendour.  Placed  very 
early  in  a  lawyer's  office,  he  found  leisure, 
without  neglecting  any  of  the  duties  of  a 
clerk,  to  make  himself  master  of  the  Latin 
language,  so  as  to  translate  the  classics,  and 
also  to  study  other  ancient  languages  ;  and 
he  then  went  through  the  same  course  with 
the  modern  languages,  reading  the  best 
authors  in  each.  At  the  age  of  16  he  pub- 
lished "  Mount  Pleasant,"  a  poem  that  was 


742 


well  received.  On  tlie  expiration  of  his 
clerkship,  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Mr.  Aspinall,  an  attorney  of  considerable 
practice.  But  while  he  strictly  attended  to 
his  professional  duties,  he  did  not  lose  sight 
of  literature  and  the  arts.  Painting  and 
statuary  were  objects  of  his  regard  ;  and  in 
1773  he  read,  at  the  society  in  Liverpool,  an 
ode  on  those  subjects :  he  also  occasionally 
lectured  there.  When  tlie  projected  abo- 
lition of  the  slave  trade  became  a  subject  of 
public  discussion  he  warmly  interested  him- 
self in  its  success  ;  and  his  "  Scriptural  Re- 
futation of  a  Pamphlet  on  the  Licitness  of 
the  Slave  Trade "  and  his  "  Wrongs  of 
Africa"  appeared  in  1788.  His  ardent  love 
of  liberty  induced  him  to  hail  the  com- 
mencement of  the  French  revolution  as  an 
era  of  promised  happiness  to  the  human 
race  :  and  under  the  influence  of  such  feel- 
ings he  composed  two  songs,  "  O'er  the  vine- 
covered  hills  and  gay  regions  of  France  " 
and  "Millions  be  free,"  which  were,  for  a 
time,  highly  popular  both  in  France  and 
England.  In  1795  he  brought  out  that  great 
work  on  which  his  fame  chiefly  rests,  en- 
titled "  The  Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,"  2 
vols.  4to.;  soon  after  which  he  retired  from 
the  practice  of  an  attorney,  and  entered 
himself  as  a  student  at  Gray's  Inn,  with  a 
view  to  the  bar.  During  this  period  he  had 
leisure  for  other  studies.  In  1798  lie  pub- 
lished "The  Muse,"  apoem,from  theltalian; 
and  in  1805  appeared  his  second  great  work, 
"  The  Life  and  Pontificate  of  Leo  X.,  the 
Son  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,"  4  vols.  4lo.  He 
also  subsequently  wrote  several  political 
pamphlets,  and  scientific  treatises.  Mr.  Ros- 
coe being  attached  to  the  Whig  party,  they 
supported  him  as  a  candidate  to  represent 
Liverpool,  and  after  a  severe  contest  with 
General  Tarleton,  in  1806,  he  was  returned. 
His  senatorial  career,  liowever,  was  brief,  for 
after  the  dissolution  of  parliament  in  1807, 
he  retired  from  the  representation.  Some 
time  previous  to  this,  he  had  become  a 
banker  at  Liverpool ;  but  the  house  to  which 
he  belonged  ultimately  failed,  and  his  pri- 
vate property  was  wrecked  ;  his  valuable 
library,  prints,  drawings,  &c.,  producing 
about  8000/.  Mr.  Roscoe  had  long  been 
considered  as  the  head  of  the  literary  and 
scientific  circles  of  his  native  town  ;  and 
much  of  his  time  was  spent  in  promoting 
the  objects  of  its  many  noble  public  institu- 
tions.   He  died,  June  30.  1831. 

ROSCOE,  Henky,  youngest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1800  ;  studied  the 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1826. 
Like  his  father,  he  united  with  his  profes- 
sional studies  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  polite  literature,  and  was  an  accom- 
plished writer.  Independent  of  many  "  Di- 
gests "  of  different  branches  of  the  law,  he 
was  the  author  of  "  Lives  of  eminent  Bri- 
tish Lawyers,"  in  Lardncr's  Cyclopaidia ; 
a  "  Life  "  of  his  father,  2  vols. :  and  the  editor 
of  "  North's  Lives."    Died,  1836. 

ROSCOE,  W.  S.,  son  of  the  celebrated 
scholar  and  banker  of  I^iverpool,  resembled 
his  illustrious  father  in  his  love  of  learning 
and  the  arts,  and  was  specially  conversant 
with  Italian  literature  ;  but  has  left,  as  the 
monuments  of  talents  that  were  admired  by 


ROS] 


^  ficia  Wmhtv^tiX  2Si'0tirr[jpTjM. 


[ros 


those  who  knew  him,  only  a  volume  of  mis- 
cellaneous poems  and  some  MSS.,  including 
a  translation  of  Klopstock's  Messiah.  Died, 
October,  1S43,  aged  (Jl. 

ROSCOMMON.    See  Dillon. 

ROSE,  Geouoe,  a  statesman  and  political 
writer,  was  born  at  Brechin,  in  Scotland,  in 
1744.  He  waa  a  purser  in  tlie  navy,  but 
through  the  interest  of  tlie  Earl  of  March- 
mont  he  was  afterwards  made  keeper  of  the 
records  in  tiie  exchequer.  Here  his  talents 
for  business  were  soon  discovered,  and  he 
was  appointed  to  superintend  the  publication 
of  the  Domesday  Book,  and  to  complete  the 
Journals  of  the  Lords.  From  this  period 
his  advancement  was  rapid  ;  and  wlien  Mr. 
Pitt  (whose  friendship  and  full  confidence 
he  possessed)  returned  to  power,  Mr.  Rose 
was  made  president  of  the  board  of  trade, 
and  treasurer  of  the  navy.  On  the  death  of 
that  minister  he  lost  these  situations  ;  but 
when  the  administration  formed  by  Lord 
Grenville  retired,  he  resumed  his  former 
station,  and  continued  in  it  till  his  deatli, 
wliicli  happened  at  Cuifnells,  liis  seat  in 
Hampshire,  in  1818.  He  published  "A 
brief  Examination  into  tlie  Increase  of  the 
Revenues,  Commerce,  and  Navigation  of 
Great  Britain,"  "  Considerations  on  the 
Debt  due  by  the  Civil  List,"  "  Observations 
respecting  the  Public  Expenditure,  and  the 
Influence  of  the  Crown,"  &c. 

ROSELLINI,  Iri'OLiTO,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  archieologists  of  modern  times, 
was  born  at  Pisa,  18(XI ;  completed  his  studies 
at  the  university  of  his  native  town,  in  1821 ; 
three  years  later  obtained  the  chair  of  ori- 
ental languages,  wliich  he  had  prosecuted 
at  Bologna  meanwhile  with  great  zeal  nnder 
the  celebrated  Cardinal  Mezzofante.  Having 
made  Egyptian  antiquities  his  peculiar  study, 
he  followed  eagerly  in  the  steps  of  the  illus- 
trious ChampolHon,  whom  he  accompanied 
first  to  Paris  and  tlien  to  Egypt  in  the  pro- 
secution of  his  researches  ;  and  on  wliose 
death  he  undertook  the  publication  of  tlie 
splendid  work,  the  result  of  their  united 
efforts,  entitled  tlie  "  Monuments  of  Egypt 
and  Nubia,"  &c.    Died,  1843. 

ROSENMULLER,  Joirx  George,  a  cele- 
brated German  theologian,  was  professor  of 
theology  at  Erlangen  and  Leipsic,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  preacher,  and  by  his 
activity  in  the  cause  of  education.  Born, 
1736  ;  died,  1815 His  son,  Ernest  Fre- 
deric Charles,  a  distinguished  orientalist, 
was  born  at  Leipsic,  in  1708  ;  in  which  uni- 
versity he  became  professor  of  Arabic,  &c., 
and  rendered  important  services  to  oriental 
literature  by  various  learned  works An- 
other son,  John  CiiutsxiAN,  celebrated  as  an 
anatomist,  was  born  at  Hessberg,  in  1771  ; 
became  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at 
Leipsic,  and  died  in  1820.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Anatomico-Surgical  Delinea- 
tions," a  "Manual  of  Anatomv,"  &e. 

ROSIN,  John,  or  ROSINUS,  an  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Eisenach,  in  1551,  and 
died  of  the  plagne  in  1()20.  He  wrote  "  An- 
tiquitatum  Romanorum,"  a  work  of  consi- 
dcral)le  value. 

ROSS,  Alexa^jder,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
was  master  of  tlie  grammar  school  at  South- 
ampton, and  chaplain  to  Charles  I.     His 


works  are  very  numerous  ;  the  most  known 
of  which  is,  a  "  ^'iew  of  all  Religions."  He 
was  also  the  author  of  a  curious  jierformance, 
called  "  Virgilius  Evangelizans,"  which  is  a 
cento  on  the  life  of  Christ,  taken  wholly 
from  Virgil.    He  died  in  1C54. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  poet,  born  in 
Aberdeenshire,  in  1009.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  spent 
his  life  in  discharging  the  duties  of  a  parish 
schoolmaster  at  Lochlee,  in  Angusshire.  It 
was  not  till  he  was  nearly  70  years  of  age 
that  he  first  appeared  as  an  author,  when 
he  published  "  Helenore,  or  the  Fortunate 
Shepherdess,"  a  poem  which  in  the  north  of 
Scotland  is  nearly  as  popular  as  the  writings 
of  Ramsay  and  Burns.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  some  favourite  songs,  and  died  in 
1784. 

ROSS,  David,  a  theatrical  performer  at 
Drury  Lane,  cotemporary  with  Garrick.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  j  and 
having  the  advantages  of  a  good  figure  and 
a  classical  education,  he  acquired  reputation 
both  as  a  tragic  and  a  comic  actor.  Died, 
17S0. 

ROSS,  or  ROUSE,  Joii.v,  called  the  anti- 
quary of  Warwick,  of  which  town  he  was  a 
native,  studied  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  became  canon  of  Osney. 
After  travelling  over  the  greater  part  of  the 
kingdom  to  collect  information  respecting 
historical  events,  he  settled  at  Guy's  Clilf, 
in  Warwickshire,  wliere  he  died,  in  1491. 
He  wrote  a  work  on  the  "Antiquities  of 
Warwick"  and  the  "  History  of  our  Kings," 
and  left  a  MS.  on  the  "  History  of  the  Earls 
of  Warwick,"  which  is  in  the  Bodleian 
Library. 

ROSS,  Jou.N',  a  learned  prelate,  was  born 
in  Herefordshire,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  D.  D.    In  1746  he  published  a  pamphlet 
in  defence  of  Dr.  Middleton  against  the  criti- 
cisms of  Mr.  Markland  ;   and,  in   1749,   an 
edition  of  Cicero's  Epistolas  ad  Famiiiares, 
2  vols.  Svo.   He  was  presented  to  the  vicarage  I 
of  Frome,  in  Somersetshire  ;  and,  in  1778,  ' 
advanced  to  the  bishopric  of  Exeter.    Died,  | 
1792. 

ROSSI,  Pellegrino,  Count,  was  bom  at  ' 
Carrara,  in  1787.     Though  of  humble  origin, 
he  received  a  liberal  education,  studied  law  at 
Pisa,  and  commenced  practising  at  the  bar 
of  Bologna  in  1809,  where  his  success  was 
rapid  and  complete.    But  in  1814,  fired  witli 
the  ambition  of  giving  freedom  to  Italy,  he 
renounced  his  profession  for  that  of  arms, 
and,  on  the  overthrow  of  Murat,  fled  into 
Switzerland,  where   he  sought  consolation 
for  political  disappointments    in   the   j)ur- 
suits  of  science.     At  Geneva,  wliure  he  iixcd 
his  residence,  his  varied  acquirements,  his 
great  oratorical  powers,  and  his  commanding 
intellect,    soon    made    themselves  felt  and 
acknowledged.    In  1810  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  law.     In   1820  he   was  elected 
a  member  of  the  council  of  Geneva,  and  : 
soon  afterwards  he  was  sent  as  deputy  to  I 
the  diet,  when  he  drew  up  his  celebrated 
report  on  the  revision  of  the  Swiss  federal  | 
constitution,  which  has  ever  since  been  as-  | 
sociated  with    his    name.     Meanwhile  the 
moderation  of  his  political  views,  so  closely  j 


%  i^^Jxj  Hm'tieri^aT  33iagrap]^M. 


[ros 


resembling  those  of  tlie  French  Doctrinaires, 
had  brought  him  into  connection  witli  the 
leading  members  of  that  party  in  Paris, 
Messrs.  Guizot  and  De  Broglie  ;  and  wil- 
lingly availing  himself  of  their  friendly 
services  to  open  to  him  a  more  extensive 
career  than  Switzerland  presented,  he  quit- 
ted Geneva  for  Paris  in  1833,  with  a  view  to 
employment  in  the  service  of  the  French 
government.  On  his  arrival  at  Paris  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  political  economy,  was 
soon  afterwards  adorned  with  the  honours  of 
the  Institute,  was  created  a  peer  in  1839  ;  and 
in  1845,  being  now  a  naturalised  Frenchman, 
lie  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Rome. 
Through  his  influence  Pius  IX.  ascended 
the  pontifical  throne  in  1846  ;  and  at  his  in- 
stigation the  pope  entered  upon  the  liberal 
I  career,  since  cut  short  by  unexpected  emer- 
gencies. In  1848,  carried  away  by  the  re- 
miniscences of  his  youth,  he  heard  with 
delight  the  cry  of  national  independence 
raised  in  Piedmont.  He  immediately  set  out 
for  Carrara,  where  he  was  welcomed  with 
enthusiasm  ;  which  still  further  increased 
when  he  sent  his  son  to  the  army  of  Cliarles 
Albert,  to  contend  for  tlie  wreath  of  free- 
dom. But  the  victories  of  Radetzky  checked 
his  ardour,  and  for  a  time  consigned  him 
to  privacy  and  neglect.  lie  was  permitted, 
however,  to  have  one  more  glimpse  of  fortune 
ere  his  sun  finally  set.  In  the  midst  of  sur- 
rounding confusion  and  danger,  he  was  aj)- 
pealed  to  by  the  pope,  then  bewildered  in 
theQuirinal,  and  with  his  dominions  crumb- 
ling beneatli  his  feet,  to  aid  him  witli  his 
counsel.  liesponding  to  the  appeal,  he  took 
office  as  prime  minister,  IGth  of  September, 
and  for  two  months  laboured  to  secure  free- 
dom for  the  Roman  people  and  peace  for 
Italy ;  but  his  career  of  noble  promise  was 
cut  short  by  an  assassin,  Nov.  14.  1848,  and 
immediately  afterwards  the  revolution  broke 
out,  which  comi)elled  Pius  IX.  to  take  refuge 
at  Gaeta.  Count  Rossi  has  not  left  behind 
him  any  literary  production  commensurate 
to  his  great  reputation  ;  but  his  "  Traite  du 
Droit  Penal  "  C3  vols.)  and  his  "  Cours 
d'Eeonomie  Polititiue"  may  be  consulted 
with  profit. 

ROSSLYN,  Alexander  Weddkrburne, 
Earl  of,  an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman, 
was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1733.  He  received 
his  education  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1757.  His  application  was  in- 
defatigable, and  in  17G3  he  obtained  a  silk 
gown  as  king's  counsel.  Not  long  afterwards 
he  was  returned  to  parliament  for  Richmond. 
He  joined  Mr.  Grenville  in  opposition  to  the 
administration,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  eloquence  and  political  firmness.  In 
1771  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general ;  in 
1778,  attorney-general ;  and,  in"l780,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  with  the  title 
of  lord  Loughborough.  He  adhered  to  the 
party  of  Mr.  Fox  when  Mr.  Pitt  first  came 
into  power  ;  but  joined  the  administration, 
with  many  others,  under  the  alarm  produced 
by  the  French  revolution  in  1793,  when  he 
succeeded  Lord  Thurlow  as  chancellor,  which 
office  he  held  till  1801,  when  he  retired  witli 
the  title  of  the  earl  of  Rosslyn,  and  died  in 
1805.  In  legal  affairs,  he  was  able,  plausible, 
subtle,  and  eloquent ;  in  his  political  ca- 


pacity, a  steady  partisan,  highly  serviceable 
to  the  cause  he  espoused.  His  lordship  wrote 
a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  Observations  on  the 
State  of  the  English  Prisons,  and  the  Means 
of  improving  them." 

ROSSLYN,  James  St.  Clair  Erskine, 
Earl  of,  eldest  son  of  Lieutenant-general 
Sir  Henry  Erskine,  and  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, succeeded  his  father  as  a  baronet  in 
1763,  and  commenced  his  military  career  in 
1778,  as  cornet  in  the  1st  horse-guards.  In 
1782  he  served  on  the  ftaif  in  Ireland,  as 
aide-de-camp  to  the  lord  lieutenant,  and 
was  subsequently  appointed  assistant-ad- 
jutant-general in  that  country.  In  1783  he 
obtained  a  majority  in  the  8th  light  dra- 
goons, and  in  1792  the  lieutenant-colonelcy 
of  the  12th  light  dragoons.  He  served  with 
that  regiment  at  Toulon  in  1793,  and  after- 
wards as  adjutant-general  to  the  forces  in 
the  Mediterranean,  under  Sir  David  Diuidas 
and  Sir  Charles  Stuart.  In  1795  he  obtained 
the  rank  of  colonel,  being  appointed  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  king.  He  was  employed  as 
brigadier-general  and  adjutant-general  to 
the  British  army  in  P&rtuaal,  from  Nov. 
1796  to  the  end  of  1797.  In  1798  he  was 
appointed  major-general,  and  was  present 
at  the  reduction  of  Minorca.  In  1805  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general,  and  placed  on 
the  staff  in  Ireland  ;  in  1806  he  was  again 
appointed  to  serve  in  Portugal,  was  at  the 
siege  of  Copenhagen  in  1807,  and  in  1809  in 
the  Zealand  expedition.  In  1810  his  lordship 
received  the  colonelcy  of  tlie  9th  lancers; 
and  in  June,  1814,  he  was  appointed  general. 
Sir  James  Erskine  was  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  for  23  years  before  his  i 
accession  to  the  peerage  in  1805.  In  1829  he 
was  appointed  a  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
and  sworn  a  member  of  the  privy  council ; 
and  in  December,  1834,  he  was  lord  president 
of  the  council  in  Sir  Robert  Peel's  brief 
administration.  The  Earl  of  Rosslyn 
was  one  of  the  most  intimate  friends  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  and  a  firm  upholder 
of  conservative  principles.  He  died  in 
1837,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  sou.  Lord 
Loughborough. 

ROSTOPSCHIN,  Feodor,  Count,  a  Rus- 
sian statesman  and  military  officer,  v/as  born 
in  1760;  entered  the  army  as  a  lieutenant 
in  the  imperial  guards  ;  received  high  pro- 
motion from  the  emperor  Paul,  but  was  dis- 
missed in  disgrace  ;  and  subsequently,  under 
Alexander,  became  governor  of  Moscow.  He 
exercised  an  important  influence  over  the 
campaign  of  1812,  and  is  charged  by  the 
French  with  having  caused  the  conflagration 
of  Moscow,  which  is  the  general  opinion 
even  in  Russia,  although  Rostopschin  has 
positively  denied  it.  It  is  certain,  however, 
that  he  took  measures  for  the  destruction  of 
the  magazines  in  that  citj' ;  and  should  it 
be  proved  that  his  emissaries  set  fire  to  the 
ancient  capital  of  Russia  at  his  express  com- 
mands, desperate  as  the  measure  may  appear, 
it  ever  ought  to  be  regarded  as  the  act  of  a 
patriot,  rather  than  that  of  an  incendiary,  ! 
inasmuch  as  it  deprived  the  French  invaders  I 
of  a  resting-place,  and  was  the  death-blow  | 
to  Napoleon's  boundless  ambition.  In  1814  i 
Count  Rostopschin  accompanied  the  emperor 
Alexander  to  the  congress  of  Vienna,  after- 


744 


rot] 


^  ^cto  mnibtviaX  23iajjraj)f)y. 


[rou 


wards  spent  several  years  in  France,  and 
died  lit  Moscow,  in  182i5. 

ROTGANS,  Luke,  an  eminent  Dutch 
poet,  was  born  in  1045,  at  Amsterdam,  and 
died  in  1710.  He  wrote  the  "lafe  of  Wil- 
liiun  III.,  King  of  England,"  an  epic  poem, 
in  eiglit  books,  and  several  other  less  impor- 
tant pieces. 

ROTHERAM,  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian ;  autlior  of  a  "  Philosoi>hical  Enquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Water." 
Died,  1787. 

ROT  HER  AM,  Jonx,  a  clergyman  of  the 
establislied  church,  was  born  in  Cumber- 
land, and  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford. He  became  a  curate  in  Yorkshire, 
where  he  wrote  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
"Doctrine  of  Justification  by  Faith,"  for 
whicli  the  university  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  M.  A. ;  and  the  bishop  of  Durham 
gave  him  the  living  of  Houghton-le- Spring, 
wiicre  he  died,  in  1788.  He  also  wrote,  "  An 
Apology  for  the  Athanasiau  Creed,"  "  Sketch 
of  the  grand  Argument  for  Christianity," 
"  Essay  on  tlie  Soul  and  Body,"  &c. 

ROTHSCHILD,  Nathan  Mayee,  the 
greatest  millionaire  of  the  age,  was  one  of 
live  brothers,  wlio,  by  their  wealth,  connec- 
tions, and  financial  skill,  have  for  years  ex- 
ercised a  great  control  over  the  monied, 
commercial,  and  political  interests  of  Eu- 
rope. Mayer  Anselm,  their  father,  and  the 
founder  of  the  house  of  Rothschild,  was 
bom  at  Frankfort.  Tliongh  educated  for 
the  priesthood,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
commerce,  became  eminent  as  a  banker, 
and  being  trusted  with  the  most  important 
affairs  by  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse  during 
the  dominion  of  Napoleon  in  Germany,  he 
executed  his  trusts  so  faithfully  and  suc- 
cessfully, that  his  house  ranked  among  the 
most  celebrated  on  the  Continent.  Mayer 
Anselm  died  in  1812,  leaving  for  inheritance 
to  his  sons  the  example  of  his  life  and  wise 
counsels,  an  immense  fortune,  and  un- 
boimded  credit ;  and  they,  by  combining 
their  operations,  and  always  acting  in  con- 
cert, formed  among  themselves  an  invincible 
phalanx,  whose  power  at  one  time  was  suffi- 
cient to  influence  the  counsels  of  a  mighty 
empire,  and  to  regulate  its  financial  opera- 
tions. Their  names  and  residences  were  as 
follow:  Ansei.m,  at  Frankfort;  Solomon, 
at  Berlin  and  Vienna  ;  Nathan  Maveh,  at 
London  j  Charles,  at  Naples ;  and  James, 
at  Paris.  N.  M.  Rothschild,  whose  life  we 
are  recording,  came  to  England  in  1800, 
where  he  acted  as  agent  for  his  father  in  the 
purchase  of  Manchester  goods  for  the  Con- 
tinent. Shortly  afterwards,  through  the 
agency  of  his  father,  for  the  Elector  of  Hesse 
Cassel  and  other  German  princes,  he  had 
large  sums  placed  at  his  disposal,  which  he 
employed  with  such  extraordinary  judgment, 
that  his  means  went  on  at  a  rapid  rate  of 
accumulation.  Besides  the  essential  co- 
operation of  his  brothers,  he  had  agencies  in 
almost  every  city  in  the  world,  with  hosts  of 
minor  dependent  capitalists  who  participated 
in  liis  loans,  who  placed  implicit  confidence 
in  the  family,  and  were  ready  at  all  times  to 
embark  with  them  in  any  operation  that 
was  proposed.  Nothing,  therefore,  was  too 
great  or  extended  for  him.   His  great  success 


745 


in  loan  operations  made  it  a  matter  almost 
of  rivalry  with  all  those  states  who  wanted 
to  borrow  money,  to  obtain  his  co-operation  ; 
and  yet  he  continued  literally  to  steer  clear  of 
all  the  bad  bargains  which  were  made  during 
the  zenith  of  his  career  as  a  banker  and 
financial  merchant.  His  transactions  in 
bullion  and  foreign  exchanges  were  also  on 
an  immense  scale,  and  not  less  lucrative, 
perhaps,  than  his  foreign  loans  ;  in  short,  as 
they  were  not  subject  to  the  reverses  which 
his  loan  contracts  necessarily  at  times  were, 
they  might  even  be  the  most  important 
branch  of  the  whole  concern.  Mr.  Roths- 
child had  gone  to  Frankfort,  to  be  present 
at  the  marriage  of  his  eldest  son,  Lionel, 
with  one  of  his  cousins,  a  daughter  of  Baron 
Anselm,  when  he  was  taken  ill,  and  speedily 
died.  His  corpse  was  conveyed  to  London, 
and  deposited  in  the  burial-ground  belonging 
to  the  German  synagogue  in  Duke's  Place, 
on  the  8th  of  August,  1830. 

ROTROU,  John  de,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  was  born  in  1609,  at  Dreux  ;  and  died 
in  1650.  He  was  the  author  of  37  plays, 
many  of  which  were  highly  popular  ;  but 
he  willingly  bore  public  testimony  to  the 
superior  merit  of  his  rival  Corneille.  Being 
at  Paris  when  a  pestileniial  disorder  broke 
out  at  Dreux,  he  hastened  to  afford  relief  to 
his  fellow-citizens  ;  but,  three  days  after  his 
arrival,  in  1650,  he  died,  the  victim  of  his 
benevolent  exertions. 

ROTTECK,  Chakles  von,  a  celebrated 
modem  liistorian,  was  born  at  Freiburg,  in 
Baden,  in  1775.  Carefully  educated  under 
the  care  of  his  father,  who  had  been  ennobled 
for  his  medical  skill,  he  joined  the  university 
of  his  native  town  in  1790  as  a  law  student"; 
and  eight  years  later  he  obtained  the  chair 
of  history,  where  his  lectures  laid  the  found- 
ation of  tlie  great  historical  work  which  has 
secured  him  so  high  a  place  among  the  his- 
torians of  Europe.  In  1818  he  exchanged 
his  chair  of  history  for  that  of  politics  and 
the  law  of  nations  ;  in  1819  he  was  chosen 
member  for  the  university  in  the  first  cham- 
ber of  the  states  of  Baden  ;  and  the  liberal 
tenor  of  his  lectures  and  speeches  was  well 
seconded  by  immerous  able  works  which 
fiowed  from  his  pen  on  various  constitutional 
questions.  The  outbreak  of  the  French  re- 
volution in  1830  having  given  fresh  vigour 
to  his  liberal  views,  he  founded  A'arious 
journals  to  enunciate  and  propagate  his 
opinions ;  but  his  zeal  was  viewed  with  a 
jealous  eye  by  the  government,  which  not 
only  deprived  him  of  his  chair  in  1832,  but 
interdicted  him  from  editing  any  political 
journal  for  five  years,  and  sought  in  various 
other  ways  to  thwart  his  designs.  Henceforth 
he  was  regarded  as  a  martyr  to  the  liberal 
cause  ;  his  name  became  a  watchword  to  the 
opposition  ;  and  though  in  1848  he  was  re- 
stored triumphantly  to  the  enjoyment  of  his 
previous  rights,  the  redress  came  too  late, 
for  he  died  the  same  year,  to  the  general 
regret  of  his  countrymen.  A  list  of  his 
various  productions  would  occupy  more 
space  than  we  can  aflTord  ;  but  his  fame 
chiefly  rests  upon  his  "Allgemeine  Welt- 
Geschichte,"  which  has  been  translated  into 
nearly  every  European  language. 

ROUBILLIAC,  Louis  1  kancis,  an  emi- 


EOU] 


^  0tbi  ^niiitv^Kl  33(0srapt;i). 


[rou 


nent  sculptor,  was  a  native  of  Lyons,  but 
came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Geoi-ge  I., 
and  was  employed  on  several  great  works  ; 
among  which  are,  the  monument  of  tlie  Duke 
of  Argyle,  in  Westminster  Abbey  ;  the  statue 
of  llaiidcl,  at  Vauxhall  ;  tliat  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  and 
many  other  statues  and  monuments  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  kingdom.  He  long  stood 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  had  also  a 
talent  for  poetry.     Died,  1762. 

ROUCIIER,  John  AxTiiojfv,  a  French 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  burn 
at  Montpelier,  in  1745,  and  obtained  from 
Turgot  a  place  in  the  revenue  department. 
Wlieu  the  revolution  took  place,  he  opposed 
the  excesses  of  the  more  violent  politicians  ; 
and  for  liis  moderation  suffered  by  tlie  guil- 
lotine, in  1794.  His  principal  work  is  "  Lcs 
Muis,"  a  poem,  in  2  vols. 

KOUELLE,  William  Francis,  one  of  the 
earliest  of  the  modern  chemists  in  France, 
was  born  at  Caen,  in  1703.  Having  devoted 
great  attention  to  chemical  science,  botany, 
and  pliarmacy,  he  settled  at  Paris  as  an 
apothecary,  and  afterwards  became  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  royal  botanic  garden. 
lie  also  held  tlie  office  of  insi)eetor-general 
of  pharmacy  at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  was  a 

popular  lecturer.    Died,  1770 His  brother, 

HiLAKY  Mauinus,  who  was  a  clever  expe- 
rimental philosopher,  assisted  him  in  his 
lectures,  and  succeeded  liim  as  professor  at 
tlie  royal  garden.     Born,  1718  ;  died,  I77i>. 

liOUS,  Fkaxcis,  an  English  republican 
writer,  was  born  at  Halton,  in  Cornwall,  in 
1579  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  and  became  a 
memi)er  of  parliament  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  when  he  was  distinguislied  by 
his  zeal  for  the  establishment  of  a  common- 
wealth, on  the  plan  of  the  Hebrew  republic. 
He  was  afterwards  the  tool  of  Cromwell, 
whom  he  compared  to  Moses,  and,  in  conse- 
quence, was  made  one  of  his  lords.  He  was 
also  appointed  provost  of  Eton,  where  he 
died,  in  1(J50. 

ROUSSEAU,  Jacques,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Faris,  in  1630.  He  studied  in  Italy, 
where  he  acquired  great  skill  in  his  art  ; 
and,  returning  to  France,  was  employed  by 
Louis  XIV.  He  afterwards  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  painted  many  excellent  pictures. 
Died,  1(594. 

ROUSSEAU,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  distin- 
guished lyric  poet,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1069.  His  father,  though  a  shoemaker,  gave 
him  a  liberal  education,  and  at  an  early 
period  he  displayed  a  decided  taste  for 
poetry.  In  168S  he  became  page  to  the 
French  minister  at  the  court  of  Denmark  ; 
after  which  he  was  secretary  to  MaisJial 
Tallard,  in  his  embassy  to  England.  In 
1701  he  was  admitted  into  the  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  ;  but,  in  1712,  he  was  banished 
from  France,  on  the  charge  of  writing  some 
grossly  libellous  verses,  which,  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  and  even  in  his  last 
moments,  he  solemnly  declared  were  for- 
geries, devised  for  his  ruin.  He  then  went  to 
Switzerland,  and  afterwards  to  Vienna, 
under  the  patronage  of  Prince  Eugene. 
Some  of  his  odes  and  epigrams  are  excellent, 
but  among  the  latter  are  many  which  are 
unfit  for  perusal  from  their  obscenity. 


ROUSSEAU,  Jean  Jacques,  one  of  the 
most  elociuent  writers  and  singular  charac- 
ters of  the  age,  was  the  son  of  a  watch- 
maker at  Geneva,  wiiere  he  was  born,  in 
1712.  Like  most  of  the  citizens  of  that 
place,  his  father  had  a  taste  for  literature  : 
this  he  communicated  to  his  son,  whose  love 
of  marvellous  adventure  he  not  only  en- 
couraged by  reading  romances  with  him  in 
his  childhood,  but  lie  fostered  the  growth  of 
those  free  principles  which  are  the  natural 
characteristics  of  a  zealous  republican. 
Rousseau  neglected  his  school  education  ; 
and,  in  his  celebrated  "  Confessions,"  he 
represents  himself,,  in  his  childhood,  as  of  a 
warm  and  sensual  temperament,  and  replete 
with  mental  and  corporeal  sensibility.  He 
was  first  placed  with  an  attorney,  who  soon 
dismissed  him  for  negligence  ;  he  was  then 
apprenticed  to  an  engraver,  from  wiiom  he 
ran  away  before  lie  was  sixteen,  and  wan- 
dered about  for  some  time  in  Savoy,  where 
he  was  saved  from  starving  by  a  priest,  and 
placed  in  a  monastery.  It  was  not  long, 
however,  before  he  found  means  to  escape 
from  this  restraint,  and  anew  scene  awaited 
him.  The  noted  Madame  de  Warens,  a 
recent  convert  to  the  Catliolic  chinch,  who 
had  left  her  husband  at  Lausanne  lor  the 
pious  work  of  proselytism,  and  who  con- 
trived to  unite  devotional  feelings  with 
amorous  propensities,  took  him  under  her 
especial  protection,  caused  him  to  be  in- 
structed in  science  and  music,  and  continued 
to  live  with  him,  at  intervals,  on  terms  of 
more  intimacy  than  delicacy,  for  about  eight 
years.  At  length,  being  superseded  by 
another  gallant,  he  left  his  once  agreeable 
benefactress  ;  but  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
obtain  the  place  of  secretary  to  the  French 
ambassador  in  Venice,  in  1742.  But  it  was 
not  till  1750  that  he  manifested  his  splendid 
literary  talents.  In  that  year  he  gained  tlie 
prize  offered  by  the  academy  of  Dijon,  on 
the  question, "  Whether  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing lias  contributed  to  the  improvement  of 
morals  " —  taking  the  negative  side  of  the 
question,  it  is  said,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Diilerot.  From  tliis  period  his  pen  became 
fertile  and  popular.  He  soon  after  brought 
out  his  "  Devin  du  Village,"  a  comic  opera, 
of  which  he  had  himself  composed  tlie 
music.  This  piece  was  received  with  general 
favour,  and  the  author  was  almost  wor- 
sliippcd  by  the  French  ;  but  the  appearance 
of  his  celebrated  "Letter  on  French  Music  " 
(1753),  in  which  he  pointed  out  its  defects, 
excited  a  general  storm.  Singers  and  con- 
noisseurs, who  could  not  wield  the  pen,  con- 
tributed to  spread  calumnies,  pasquinades, 
and  caricatures  against  the  author,  who 
retired  to  Geneva.  By  his  change  of  religion 
he  had  lost  the  rights  of  a  citizen.  He  now 
again  embraced  Protestantism,  and  was  for- 
mally reinstated  in  the  privileges  of  a  ftee 
citizen  of  Geneva.  From  Geneva,  Rousseau 
went  to  Chamberry,  where  he  wrote  his 
essay,  "  Sur  I'lni-'galite  parmi  les  Hommes," 
which  excited  still  more  sensation  than  his 
prize  essay.  In  1760  he  published  "  Julie, 
on  la  Nouvelle  HtUoise,"  a  romance,  of  the 
most  seductive  description.  His  next  work, 
entitled  "  Du  Contrat  Social,"  struck  at  the 
foundation  of  all  governments,  and  therefore 


EOW] 


^  ^rio  ?0[nibcri^al  aSiograpl^w. 


[rot 


was  prohibited,  both  in  France  and  Switzer- 
land. This  treatise  was  followed,  in  17C2, 
by  "Eniile,  ou  de  I'Education;"  which  being 
of  an  immoral  tendency,  the  book  was 
anathematised  by  the  Archbishop  of  Paris, 
and  ordered  to  be  burnt  by  the  parliament 
of  Paris  and  the  authorities  of  Geneva. 
Obliged  to  flee  from  France  and  Switzerland, 
the  author  took  shelter  in  the  principality  of 
Neufclmtel,  where  he  published  his  "  Letter 
to  the  Archbishop  of  Paris  "  and  "Lettres  de 
la  Montague,"  a  remonstrance  against  the 
proceedings  of  the  Genevese  republic,  the 
citizenship  of  which  he  renounced.  Thence- 
forth liis  existence  was  passed  in  frequent 
changes  of  place,  to  escape  real  or  fancied 
persecution,  and  in  suspecting  all  his  friends 
of  insulting  and  conspiring  against  him. 
This  was  particularly  the  case  with  Hume 
the  historian,  who  secured  for  him  a  hospi- 
table asylum  in  England,  but  whose  friend- 
ship he  solemnly  renounced,  and  returned 
to  France,  wliere  he  died  suddenly,  in  1778. 
Rousi-cau  was  the  author  of  many  works 
besides  those  we  have  noticed,  all  of  tlicm 
marking  his  peculiar  warmth  and  energy 
of  style,  and  vigour  of  thinking.  That  he 
exercised  a  great  influence  over  the  theo- 
retical opinions  of  the  age,  at  the  period  of 
tl»e  French  revolution,  if  he  did  not  greatly 
accelerate  it,  there  can  be  little  doubt ;  and 
that  his  writings  have  been  highly  injurious 
to  society  as  at  present  constituted,  there  can 
be  still  less. 

ROWE,  Elizabeth,  a  lady  distinguished 
for  her  piety  and  learning,  was  the  daughter 
of  a  dissenting  minister  Jiamed  Singer,  and 
was  born  at  Ilchester,  in  1674.  She  was 
married  to  Mr.  Rowe,  a  young  gentleman  of 
considerable  literary  attainments,  who  died 
of  a  consumption  a  few  years  after  ;  upon 
which  event  she  retired  to  Frome,  where  she 
resided  for  the  remainder  of  her  life,  with 
the  exception  of  occasional  visits  to  the 
Countess  of  Hertford,  and  a  few  other  friends 
of  rank  and  talent  who  highly  valued  her 
society.  Her  principal  works  are,  "Friend- 
ship in  Death,"  "  Letters,  Moral  and  En- 
tertaining, in  Prose  and  Verse,"  the  "  History 
of  Josepli,"  a  poem  ;  and  "  Devout  Exercises 
of  the  Heart."    Died,  1737. 

ROWE,  Nicholas,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
whose  father  was  a  serjeant-at-law,  was 
born  in  1073,  at  Little  Berkfoi  d,  in  Bedford- 
shire ;  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  was  intended  for  the  bar  ;  but  on  the 
death  of  his  father  he  gave  up  all  thoughts 
of  the  profession,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
cultivation  of  literature.  His  first  tragedy, 
which  he  published  when  he  was  24,  was 
"  The  Ambitious  Step-mother,"  and  its 
success  gave  him  encouragement  to  proceed. 
It  was  followed  by  "Tamerlane,"  "The 
Fair  Penitent,"  "  Ulysses,"  "  The  Royal 
Convert,"  "  Jane  Shore,"  "  Lady  Jane  Grey," 
and  a  comedy  called  "  The  Biter."  He  also 
wrote  miscellaneous  "  Poems "  and  the 
"  Life  of  Shakspeare  ; "  but  his  principal 
performance  is  a  translation  of  Lucan's 
Pharsalia.  On  the  accession  of  George  I.  he 
was  made  poet  laureate,  and  he  also  obtained 
some  government  situations,  the  emoluments 
of  which,  with  his  paternal  fortune,  enabled 
him  to  live  in  a  style  of  great  resiiectability, 

747 


He  died  in  1718,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abl)ey. 

ROWE,  Thomas,  a  Nonconformist  divine, 
was  born  at  North  Petherwin,  in  Devonshire, 
and  died  about  l(;!t8.  He  wrote  a  pious  book 
called  "  the  Christian's  Work." 

ROWLANDS,  Henky,  a  Welsh  divine 
and  antiquary,  was  a  native  of  Anglesey,  of 
which  island  he  published  an  elaborate  ac- 
count, entitled  "MonaRestaurata."  Died, 
1722. 

ROWLANDSON,  Tuoma.s,  an  artist  cele- 
brated for  his  skill  in  caricature,  was  born 
in  London,  in  17.56.  He  studied  drawing  at 
Paris  ;  and,  on  his  return,  availed  himself  of 
the  advantages  which  an  attendance  at  the 
Royal  Academy  aflbrded  him  ;  rose  to  some 
degree  of  eminence  in  his  profession,  and 
died  in  1827.  Among  his  works  are  the  plates 
to  "Dr.  Syntax,"  "  The  Dance  of  Life,"  and 
"  The  Dance  of  l^teath." 

ROWLEY,  William,  a  dramatic  writer  in 

the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth There  was 

also  a  Samukl  Rowley  of  the  same  period, 
who  wrote  two  historical  plays. 

ROWLEY,  William,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, born  in  liOndon,  in  174!^.  After 
having  served  abroad  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
army,  and  made  professional  visits  to  Cuba 
and  the  Leeward  Islands,  he  settled  in 
London,  where  he  obtained  considerable 
reputation  as  a  practitioner,  though  he 
somewhat  marred  his  fame  by  his  endeavours 
to  oppose  vaccine  inocidation.  He  wrote 
"  Schola  Mtdicinse  universalis  nova,"  and 
several  tracts  on  medical  subjects.  Died, 
18W. 

ROWNING,  Jony,  a  mathematician  and 
divine,  who  was  fellow  of  Magdalen  College, 
Cambridge,  and  rector  of  Anderbury,in  lyin- 
colnshlre.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Com- 
pendious System  of  Natural  Philosophy," 
2  vols.    Died,  1771,  aged  72. 

ROXBURGH,  William,  a  physician 
and  botanist,  was  born  at  Craigie,  in  Ayr- 
shire, in  17.59.  He  received  his  education 
at  Edinburgh,  served  his  time  to  a  sur- 
geon, went  to  India,  and  was  appointed 
keeper  of  the  botanical  garden  at  Calcutta, 
where  he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Sir 
AVilliam  Jones,  and  became  a  member  of 
the  Asiatic  Society.  Dr.  Roxburgh  made 
several  important  discoveries,  particidarly 
in  the  colom-ing  matter  of  the  lacca  insect, 
and  the  cultivation,  of  hemp  in  Bengal, 
for  which  he  received  three  gold  medals 
from  the  Society  of  Arts.  His  principal 
work  is,  "  The  Plants  of  the  Coasts  of  Coro- 
mandel,"  2  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Edinburgh, 
in  181.5. 

ROY,  Count  Antoine,  an  able  French 
statesman,  was  bom  at  Savigny,  in  1764. 
Soon  after  the  first  revolution  broke  out,  he 
quitted  the  bar,  to  which  he  had  been  ad- 
mitted in  178.5,  and  took  part  in  several 
mining  speculations,  which  turned  out  most 
successful.  After  the  fall  of  Napoleon  he 
ably  maintained  constitutional  principles  in 
opposition  to  the  ultra-royalist  opinions 
then  in  vogue.  He  also  displayed  such  a 
thorough  acquaintance  with  financial  ques- 
tions, that  he  was  made  minister  of  finance 
in  1810-20 ;  and  short  as  was  his  tenure  of 
olfice,  it  was  distinguished  by  various  mea- 

8  S  2 


royJ 


^  ^clM  ^iitbcr^al  Jjtagrajjlji). 


RUD 


sures  of  reform,  wliich  won  for  hiin  the 
honours  of  the  peerage.  lie  was  a  member 
of  the  Martignac  administration  in  1828, 
but  retired  from  office  when  Prince  Polignac 
became  minister  in  1829  ;  and  thongh  he 
accepted  of  no  office  under  the  regime  of 
Louis  Pliilippe,  his  long  experience,  saga- 
cious judgment,  and  moderate  counsels  were 
for  many  years  placed  at  tlie  service  of  the 
chamber  of  peers.  His  private  fortune  was 
immense.    Died,  1847. 

ROY,  Julian  i.e,  a  celebrated  clock  and 
watch-maker,  was  born  at  Tours,  in  1C86. 
When  very  yoimg,  he  showed  a  decided  par- 
tiality for  mechanical  pursuits,  and  acquired 
I  the  reputation  of  being  a  first-rate  horologist. 

Died,  1759 His  son,  Petek  le  Roy,  was 

watcli-maker  to  the  king,  and  died  in  1785. 
He  published  "  Memoires  pour  les  Horlogers 
de  Paris,"  "  Etrennes  Chronomotriques,"  &c. 

JrLiAN  David,  another  son,  became  a 

member  of  the  National  Institute,  and  at- 
taclied  himself  to  architecture.  He  wrote 
"  On  the  Ruins  of  tlie  finest  Monuments  of 
Greece,"  "  On  the  Construction  of  Christian 
Temples,"  &c. 

ROY,  1?KTKR  Charles,  a  French  satirist 
and  dramatic  poet,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1()83.  His  principal  pieces  adapted  for  the- 
atrical representation  are,  the  operas  of 
"  Callirlioe  "  and  "  Semiramis,"  the  ballets 
of  "Tlie  Elements"  and  "The  Senses," 
and  the  comedy  of  "The  Captives,"  imitated 
from  Plautus.  His  satires  against  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Frencli  Academy  prevented  his 
gaining  admission  into  that  assembly,  and 
he  died  in  1704. 

ROYER-COLLARD,  Pieure  Paul,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  statesman  and  philoso- 
pher, was  bom  at  Sommepuis,  1703.  Not 
long  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  at  Paris, 
he  embraced  the  principles  of  the  revolution 
in  1789  ;  but  he  soon  became  disgusted  with 
tlie  scenes  of  violence  that  prevailed,  and 
after  on  abortive  attempt  to  aid  the  cause 
of  the  royalists,  he  bade  adieu  for  a  time  to 
politics,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  In  1810  he  was  appointed 
to  a  chair  of  literature  and  philosophy. 
After  the  restoration  he  once  more  entered 
upon  a  political  career,  and  gradually  rose 
in  public  favour  by  his  sagacity,  moderation, 
and  honesty,  till  in  1828  he  was  nominated 
president  of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  of 
which  he  had  long  been  a  member,  but  re- 
tired from  this  office  in  1830.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  school  of  politicians  in 
France,  known  by  the  name  of  Doctrinaires  ; 
and  as  a  philosopher  he  has  well  founded 
claims  to  esteem  for  having  introduced  in 
France  that  system  of  philosophy  so  clearly 
illustrated  by  Cousin,  Jouffroy,  and  Damiron, 
and  which  bears  so  close  an  analogy  to  that 
of  Reid  and  the  other  Scotch  philosophers. 
Died,  1845. 

ROZEE,  Mademoiselle,  an  ingenious 
artist,  was  born  at  Lcyden,  in  1C32.  She 
neither  used  oil  nor  water  colours  in  her 
pictures,  but  silk  floss  on  the  ground,  dis- 
posed according  to  the  different  degrees  of 
the  bright  and  dark  tints,  which  she  applied 
with  great  judgment  and  taste.  In  this 
manner  she  executed  historical  subjects, 
landscapes,  and  portraits.    Died,  1682. 


I  ROZIER,  Francis,  a  botanist  and  agri- 
I  cultural  writer,  was  born  at  Eyons,  in  1734. 
j  He  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  obtained  a 
priory,  but  devoted  himself  almost  wholly 
to  botany  and  natural  history.  He  con- 
ducted the  Journal  de  Physique  et  His- 
toire  Naturelle,  and  was  the  author  of  a 
"Course  of  Agriculture,"  "Elementary  De- 
monstrations of  Botany,"  &c.  He  was  killed 
during  the  siege  of  Lj'ons,  in  1793. 

RUBENS,  Peter  Paul,  the  most  distin- 
guished painter  of  the  Flemish  school,  was 
born  at  Antwerp,  in  1577.  He  received  an 
excellent  education  ;  and,  after  studying  in 
liis  own  country,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
greatly  improved  himself  after  the  works  of 
the  best  masters,  but  chiefly  Titian.  While 
in  Italy,  he  was  employed  by  the  Duke  of 
Mantua,  not  only  as  an  artist,  but  on  an 
embassy  to  Madrid.  In  1020  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Princess  Mary  de'  Medici  to 
adorn  the  gallery  of  the  Luxembourg  with 
a  series  of  paintings,  illustrative  of  the  prin- 
cipal scenes  of  her  life.  While  thus  engaged, 
he  became  known  to  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, who  purchased  his  museum  for  10,000/. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  Infanta 
Isabella  and  the  king  of  Spain  in  some  im- 
portant negotiations,  which  lie  executed  with 
such  credit  as  to  be  appointed  secretary 
of  the  privy  council.  On  going  to  Eng- 
land with  a  commission  from  the  king  of 
Spain,  lie  obtained  the  favour  of  Charles  I. 
While  here  he  painted  the  Apotheosis  of 
James  I.  and  the  picture  of  Charles  I.  as 
St.  George  ;  for  which  he  was  knighted,  and 
received  a  chain  of  gold.  He  died  at  An- 
twerp, in  1640.  Rubens,  beyond  all  com- 
parison, was  the  most  rapid  of  the  great 
masters ;  andj  according  to  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  he  was  the  greatest  master  of 
the  mechanical  part  of  his  art  that  ever 
existed. 

RUBENS,  Albert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  AntMcrp,  in  1614.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  secretary  to  the  council, 
and  was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  Archduke 
Leopold,  governor  of  the  Low  Countries. 
Died,  1057.  He  wrote  "  De  Re  Vestiaria 
Veterum,"  "  Rcgum  et  Imperatorum  Ro- 
manorum  Numismata,"  "  De  Vita  Elavil 
Manlii  Theodori,"  &c. 

RUCELLAI,  Bernarp,  an  Italian  states- 
man and  liistorian,  born  at  Florence,  in 
1449.  Having  married  the  sister  of  Lorenzo 
de'  Medici,  he  was  promoted  to  the  office  of 
gonfalonier  of  justice,  and  employed  on 
several  important  diplomatic  missions.  After 
the  death  of  Lorenzo,  he  protected  the  mem- 
bers of  the  new  Platonic  academy,  for  wliose 
use  he  erected  a  palace  with  gardens,  em- 
bellished with  noble  monuments  of  ancient 

and  modern   art.      Died,  1514 His  son 

John,  born  in  1475,  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Venice  in  1505  ;  and,  in  1512,  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  measures  which  led  to  the  re- 
storation of  the  Medici  familj'.  He  was 
afterwards  papal  nuncio  in  France,  apos- 
tolical protlionotary,  and  governor  of  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo.    Died,  1525. 

RUDBECK,  Olaus.  father  and  son,  were 
both  eminent  Swedish  physicians  and  na- 
tural philosophers.  The  elder,  who  died  in 
1702,  wrote  an  able  work,  entitled  "  Exerci- 


rod] 


^  |5ctu  Wiiuber^Kl  SBtDgrap^y. 


[rum 


tatio  Anatomica  ;"  he  was  also  the  aullior  of 
a  wliimsical  but  learned  Mork,  on  the  lo- 
cality of  Paradise,  which  he  places  in  Swe- 
den ;  and  assigns  that  country  as  the  com- 
mon parent  of  the  German,  English,  Danish, 
and  even  Greek  and  Latin  nations.  The 
B«m  is  known  chiefly  as  the  autlior  of  a  work 
on  the  natural  history  of  the  Bible.  Died, 
1740. 

KUDDIMAN,  Thomas,  a   distinguished 
grammarian  and  critic,  was  born  in  1G74,  at 
Boyndie,  in   Banffshire  ;    was  educated  at 
King's  College,  Al)enleen  ;  became  assistant 
keei>er  of  tlie   advocates'  library  at   Edin- 
burgh ;  set  up  a  priming-office  in  conjunction 
i  with  liis  brotlier  ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  earliest  literary  societv  in  Scotland,  in 
I  1718;  and  died  in   1757.    Ilis  "Rudiments 
I  of  the  Latin  Tongue,"  long  used  as  an  ele- 
mentary book  in  (icliools,  is  the  most  popular 
of   his    productions ;    but    he    wrote    other 
grammatical    works,    and    was    tlie    editor 
I  of    the    works    of    George    Buchanan,    in 
i  Latin.     He  also  established  the  Caledonian 
I  Mercury. 

1      RIIDING,    RooERs,  an  English    divine, 
I  born  ot  Leicester,  in  1751  ;  becwme  fellow  of 
i  ^lerton  College,  Oxford  ;  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Mordcn,  in  Surrey  ;  and  soon 
!  after  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  society  of 
:  aritiquaries,  to  wliose  ArchaDoIngia  he  was  a 
I  contributor.     He  published  "  Annals  of  the 
:  Coinage  of  Britain  and  its  Dependencies," 
i  iu  4  vols.  4to.     Died,  1820. 
I      RUDOLPH.    Sue  RouoLni. 
I      RUE,  Chaules  pe  la,  a  French  poet  and 
I  popular  preacher,  was  bom  at  Paris  iu  164.3. 
and  died  iu  1725.     He  was  the  author  of 
several  tragedies,  both  French  and  Latin  ; 
and  edited  the  works  of  Virgil  for  the  cele- 
brated Delphin  classics, 
j      RUFFHEAD,    Owen,    a    miscellaneous 
writer,  was   born  in  London,  about    1723  ; 
entered   at    the    Middle   Temple,   and   was 
,  cnlled  to  the  bar;  published  an  edition  of 
tha    statutes,    and    conducted  a    periodical 
paper,  called  the  Contest.      He  also  wrote 
I  the  "  Life  of  Pope,"  &c.     Died,  17(19. 
I      RUFINUS,  by  some  called  Tokaxius,  a 
!  priest  of  Aquileia,  in  the  4th  century.    He 
became  so  attached  to  St.  Jerome,  that  he 
accompanied  him  to  the  East ;    but  being 
1  peis'.cuted  by  the  Arians  under  Valens,  he 
i  was    banished    into    Palestine,    where    he 
i  founded  a  monastery  on  Mount  Olivet,  and 
emploj'ed  himself  in  translating  Greek  au- 
thors into  Latin.      His  version   of   Origen 
gave  such  oflfence  to  his  old  acquaintance, 
Jerome,  that  he  wrote  bitterly  against  him, 
and  Ruftuus  was  cited  to  Rome   by  pope 
I  Anastasius,  who  condemned  his  translation  ; 
,  upon  which  he  retired  to  Sicily,  where  he 
died,  about  410.    The  works  of  Josephus,  the 
i  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Eusebius,  and  the 
:  writings  of  Gregory  Nazianzen  and  St.  Basil, 
j  were  also  translated  by  Ruflnus. 
I      RUFUS,  a  physician  of  Ephesus,  flourished 
:  in  the  reign  of  Trajan.    He  discovered  the 
I  origin  of  t!ie  nerves  of  the  brain,  and  made 
1  observations  on  the  crystalline  lens  of  the 
eye.  He  also  wrote  treatises  on  the  diseases  of 
the  urinary  organs,  &c.  ;  and  was  esteemed  by 
Galen  to  have  l)een  one  of  the  ablest  phy- 
;  bicians  who  had  preceded  him. 


749 


RUGENDAS,  Geoi;ge    Piiilip,    a    cele-  | 
brated  battle-painter,  born  at  Augsburg,  in  ; 
KJOti.    Such  was  his  zeal  for  the  advancement 
of  his  art  that,  during  the  siege  of  Aug>burg,  ; 
he  freely  exposed  himself  amidst  tlie  tire 
and  carnage,  that  he  might  be  able  to  sketch 
the  scenes  around  him.    Died,  1742.  ! 

RUGGLK,  Geokge,  a  dramatic  satirist, 
born  at  Lavenham,  in  Suffolk,  in  1575.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  and 
author  of  the  famous  Latin  comedy,  called 
"  Ignoramus,"  performed  in  that  university  ; 
before  James  I.  in  1014.  | 

RUHS,  Fkedekic,  a  German  historian,  ; 
born  in  Swedish  Pomerania,  in  1780  ;  studied 
at  Gottingen  ;  was  made  professor  at  Griefs-  | 
wald  ;  wrote  a  "  History  of  Sweden,"  4  vols,  j 
afterwards  became  a  professor  of  history  at 
Berlin  ;  and  died  at  Leghorn,  in  1820. 

RUINART,  TiiiEKuy,  a  French  theolo- 
gical writer,  was  born  at  Rheims,  in  1057. 
lie  became  a  Benedictine,  and  was  the  as- 
sociate of  Mabillon  in  his  literaiy  labours. 
He  also  printed  an  edition  of  the  works 
of  Gregory  of  Tours,  a  volume  on  the  Mar- 
tyrs of  the  first  four  centuries,  and  other 
books  on  ecclesiastical  history.  He  died  in 
1707. 

RULHIERE,  CLAUnius  Carloman  de, 
a  French  historian,  was  born  in  1735,  at 
Bondi,  near  Paris.  After  having  been  in 
the  army,  and  attained  the  rank  of  aide-de- 
camp to  Marshal  Richelieu,  then  governor 
of  Guienne,  he  went  with  the  minister 
plenipotentiary,  Breteuil,  to  St.  Petersburgh, 
as  his  secretary  and  cor.tidential  friend, 
and  there  witnessed  the  dtthvor.ement  of 
Peter  III.  aud  the  elevation  of  Catharine 
II.,  of  which,  on  his  return  fo  France,  he 
published  an  account.  He  was  also  employed 
by  the  government  to  write  a  "  History 
of  the  Anarchy  iu  Poland,"  4  vols.  Died, 
1791. 

RUMFORD,  Count,  so  called  from  the 
title  conferred  on  him  by  the  Elector  of 
Bavaria,  but  whose  real  name  was  Ben- 
jamin Tjiompson,  was  born  in  Woburn, 
New  England,  in  1752.  He  acquired,  when 
young,  a  knowledge  of  natural  philosophy, 
aud  employed  himself  as  a  teacher,  till  he 
was  raised  to  independence  by  an  advan- 
tageous marriage,  when  he  became  a  major 
in  the  militia  of  his  native  province  ;  and 
when  the  war  took  place  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  colonies,  his  local  knowledge 
enabled  him  to  render  services  of  importance 
to  the  English  commanders.  He  went  to 
England,  and,  as  the  reward  of  his  sex-vices, 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  foreign  office, 
under  Lord  George  Germaine.  Towards 
the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  sent  to  New 
York,  where  he  raised  a  regiment  of  dra- 
goons, of  which  he  was  appointed  colonel, 
and  returning  to  England  in  17b4,  received 
tlie  honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  for  some 
time  one  of  the  under-secretaries  of  state. 
Soon  after  he  went  to  the  Continent,  and 
through  the  recommendation  of  the  Prince 
of  Deux-Ponts  (afterwards  king  of  Bavaria), 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  reigning  elec- 
tor palatine  and  duke  of  Bavaria,  when  he 
effected  many  important  and  useful  reforms 
in  both  the  civil  and  military  departments 
of  the  state.    As  the  reward  of  his  services, 


rum] 


^  i^tto  Umbtr^nX  aStograpIjij. 


[rus 


he  received  various  orders  of  knighthood, 
was  made  a  lieutenant-general,  and  created 
count  Rumford.  He  left  Bavaria  in  1799, 
and  returned  to  England,  where  he  employed 
himself  in  making  exjierimentson  the  nature 
and  application  of  lieat,  and  on  other  subjects 
of  economical  and  philosophical  research. 
He  likewise  suggested  the  plan,  and  assisted 
in  the  foundation,  of  the  Royal  Institution, 
which  led  to  other  establishments  of  a  similar 
description.  In  1802  he  removed  to  Paris, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  wliich  he  took  up 
liis  residence,  married  the  widow  of  the 
celebrated  I/avoisier,  and  died  in  1814. 

RUMPH,  Gi:oRGE  Everaud,  a  botanist, 
was  born  at  Hanau,  in  1G37.  He  took  his 
I  doctor's  degree  in  physic,  after  which  he 
I  went  as  consul  and  senior  merchant  to  Am- 
I  boyna,  where  he  made  valuable  botanical 
!  collections,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
I  lished  by  Burman,  in  1751,  under  the  title  of 
I  "  Herbarium  Amboinense." 
I  RUNCIMAN,  Alexander,  a  Scotch 
I  painter,  was  the  son  of  an  architect,  and 
!  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1731).  After  serving 
i  his  time  to  a  portrait  painter,  he  went  to 
I  Rome  with  his  brother  John,  a  most  pro- 
I  mising  artist,  who  died  in  Italy.  Alexander 
I  continued  his  studies  with  diligence,  and  on 
I  his  return  home  was  employed  by  Sir  James 
I  Clerk,  to  decorate  his  house  with  scenes  from 
Ossian.  His  best  pictures  arc,  an  "  Ascen- 
'  sion,"  in  the  episcopal  chapel  at  Edinburgh; 
'  his    "  Lear,"  "  Andromeda,"  and  "  Agrip- 

pina."  Died.  1785. 
!  RUNNINGTON",  Charles,  eerjeant-at- 
i  law,  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1751 ; 
and  in  1768  he  was  placed  with  a  special 
pleader,  who  employed  him  on  a  digest  of 
the  law  of  England.  In  1778  he  was  called 
to  the  bar  ;  in  1787  he  was  made  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  and,  in  181.5,  appointed  commissioner 
for  the  relief  of  insolvent  debtors,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1819.  He  published 
"  Hale's  History  of  the  Common  Law,"  2 
vols.  ;  "  Gilbert's  Law  of  Ejectments,"  and 
"  Ruffhead's  Statutes  at  large,"  4  vols.  4to. 
Died,  1821. 

RUPERT,  or  Robert  of  Bavaria, 
Prince,  the  third  son  of  Frederic,  king  of 
Bohemia,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  I., 
was  born  in  1C19,  and  received  a  military 
education.  He  commanded  the  cavalry  of 
Charles  I.  during  the  civil  war,  and  on 
various  occasions  manifested  the  most  daring 
valour  ;  but  his  impetuosity  and  imprudence 
more  than  counterbalanced  the  effects  of  his 
bravery  ;  and  at  length,  having  surrendered 
Bristol  to  General  Fairfax,  by  whom  it  was 
besieged,  the  king  dismissed'him  from  his 
service.  The  prince,  however,  was  more 
successful  as  a  naval  commander,  parti- 
cularly after  the  Restoration,  in  the  great 
Dutch  war  ;  on  the  conclusion  of  which  he 
led  a  retired  life,  occupied  wholly  in  scien- 
tific pursuits.  He  invented  a  composition, 
called  "prince's  metal,"  improved  the 
strength  of  gunpowder,  found  out  a  method 
of  fusing  black  lead,  and  discovered  the  art 
of  engraving  in  mezzotinto.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  board  of  trade  ;  and  to 
his  influence  is  ascribed  the  establishment 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  of  which  he 
was  governor.    Died,  1(582. 

750 


RUSH,  Bexjamix,  a  celebrated  American 
physician,  was  born  in  1741,  at  Biistol,  in 
Pennsylvania  ;  was  educated  at  Princeton 
College  ;  took  his  degree  at  Edinburgh,  in 
17G8  ;  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress  for 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776  ;  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  clinical  practice  at 
the  university  ;  and  died  in  1813.  During 
the  devastation  caused  by  the  yellow  fever 
in  1793,  Dr.  Rush  highly  distinguished  him- 
self, and  his  history  of  that  epidemic  is  a 
work  of  great  value.  He  also  wrote  "Me- 
dical Inquiries  and  Observations,"  and 
"  Essays,  Literary,  Moral,  and  Philoso- 
phical." 

RUSHWORTH,  Joiix,  an  historian,  was 
born  in  Northumberland,  in  1607  ;  studied  at 
Oxford,  and  became  a  barrister.  In  1640  he 
was  appointed  assistant-clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  was  much  employed  in  ne- 
gotiations during  the  civil  wars,  and  after 
the  Restoration  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Lord-keeper  Bridgeman.  His  "  Historical 
Collections,"  in  8  vols.,  is  a  laborious  and 
liighly  useful  compilation. 

RUSSELL,  William,  fifth  earl,  and  first 
duke  of  Bedford,  was  bom  in  1614  ;  received 
his  education  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ; 
was  a  member  of  the  long  parliament  in  1640, 
and  commanded  the  reserve  of  horse  at  the 
battle  of  Edgehill  ;  but  in  1643  he  joined 
the  royal  standard,  and  fought  with  great 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Newbury.  He  was 
not.  however,  in  favour  with  the  royal  party, 
and  he  retired  to  private  life  till  the  Restora- 
tion, when  he  assisted  at  the  coronation,  and 
was  elected  a  knight  of  the  garter.  He  also 
attended  the  coronation  of  William  and 
Jlarj',  who,  in  1694,  exalted  him  to  the  rank 
of  marquis  of  Tavistock  and  duke  of  Bedford. 
Died,  1700. 

RUSSELL,  William,  Lord,  third  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  distinguished  supporter 
of  constitutional  liberty,  and  was  born  about 
1641.  In  1679,  when  Charles  II.  found  it 
necessary  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the 
Whigs,  Lord  Russell  was  appointed  one  of 
the  members  of  the  privy  council.  He  soon, 
however,  found  that  his  party  was  not  in  the 
king's  confidence,  and  the  recal  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  without  their  concurrence,  induced 
him  to  resign.  Although  his  temper  was 
mild  and  moderate,  his  fear  of  a  Catholic 
succession  induced  him  to  take  decisive  steps 
in  the  promotion  of  the  exclusion  of  the 
Duke  of  York.  In  June,  1680,  he  went  pub- 
licly to  Westminster  Hall,  and,  at  the  court 
of  king's  bench,  presented  the  duke  as  a 
recusant  ;  and,  on  the  November  following, 
carried  up  the  exclusion  bill  to  the  House  of 
Lords,  at  the  head  of  200  members  of  par- 
liament. The  king  dissolved  the  parliament, 
evidently  resolved  to  govern  thenceforward 
without  one  ;  and  arbitrary  principles  were 
openly  avowed  by  the  partisans  of  the  court. 
Alarrned  at  the  state  of  things,  many  of  the 
AVhig  leaders  favoured  strong  expedients,  in 
the  way  of  counteraction,  and  a  plan  of  in- 
surrection was  formed  for  a  simultaneous 
rising  in  England  and  Scotland.  Among 
these  leaders,  including  the  Dukes  of  Mon- 
mouth and  Argyle,  the  Lords  Russell,  Essex, 
and  Howard,  Algernon  Sidney,  and  Hamp- 
den, diftereut  views  prevailed ;    but   Lord 


RUS] 


^  f}e&3  fTnibcrM  JSinjjra^jIjn. 


[rut 


Russell  looked  only  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
Duke  of  York.  He  was,  however,  accused 
of  liaving  engaged  in  "  the  Rye-house  Plot," 
which  had  for  its  object  the  assassination  of 
the  king  on  his  return  from  Newmarket ;  and 
on  this  pretext  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  tried,  condemned,  and  executed  in 
July,  1(583,  being  tlien  in  tlie  42d  year  of  his 
age.  After  the  Revolution,  the  proceedings 
against  him  were  annulled. 

RUSSELL,  Lady  Rachel,  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  South- 
ampton, and  widow  of  Lord  Vaughan.  In 
1C67  she  was  married  to  Lord  William  Rus- 
sell; and  the  affectionate  zeal  with  which  she 
assisted  him  when  in  trouble,  and  the  mag- 
nanimity of  her  behaviour  after  his  death, 
have  excited  for  her  a  general  feeling  of 
respect  and  sympathy.  Being  refused  coun- 
Bcl  upon  his  trial,  and  allowed  only  an 
amanuensis,  she  stood  forth  in  that  capacity, 
and  took  down  the  notes.  She  survived  his 
lordship  40  years,  which  period  she  occupied 
in  the  exercise  of  pious  and  social  duties, 
Her  "Letters,"  which  do  equal  credit  to  her 
understanding  and  heart,  have  been  often 
reprinted.    Died,  1723. 

RUSSELL,  EuwARD,  earl  of  Orford,  a 
British  admiral,  was  born  in  1651.  lie 
iKicame  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber  to 
James,  duke  of  York  ;  but  on  the  execution 
of  his  cousin,  Lord  William  Russell,  he 
retired  from  court,  and  was  an  active  pro- 
moter of  the  Revolution.  He  gained  the 
celebrated  battle  of  La  Hogue,  in  1C92, 
commanded  subsequently  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and 
died  in  1727. 

RUSSELL,  W'lLUAM,  an  historical  writer, 
was  born  in  the  county  of  Midlothian,  in 
174G.  lie  was  brought  upas  a  printer,  which 
business  he  for  a  time  followed,  and  then 
became  an  author  by  profession.  His  works 
are,  "  A  History  of  America,"  2  vols.  4to.  ; 
"  A  History  of  Modern  Europe,"  4  vols.  8vo.  ; 
and  "  A  History  of  Ancient  Europe,"  which 
was  completed  in  3  vols,  by  Dr.  Coote,  the 
work  being  unfinislied  at  his  death,  in  1793. 

RUSSELL,  Michael,  LL.D.,  bishop  of 
Glasgow  and  Galloway,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1781;  studied  at  Glasgow,  and  having 
received  ordination,  was  in  1808  appointed 
to  St.  James's  chapel,  l>eith,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  officiate  till  his  deatli.  To  exten- 
sive acquirements,  theological  and  literary. 
Dr.  Russell  added  the  pen  of  a  ready  and 
elegant  writer.  His  contributions  to  the  En- 
cyclopaedia Metropolitana  and  the  British 
Critic  were  remarkable  for  their  learning 
and  research  ;  his  works  on  Palestine,  Egypt, 
and  various  other  publications  written  for 
tlie  Cabinet  liibrary,  still  hold  their  ground  ; 
and  his  "  Connection  of  Sacred  and  Profane 
Histories "  extended  his  fame  far  beyond 
tlie  limits  of  his  native  land.  On  his  ele- 
vation to  the  episcopal  chair  in  1837,  the 
university  of  Oxford  marked  its  respect 
for  his  character  and  attainments  by  con- 
ferring on  him  the  degree  of  D.  C.  L.  by 
diploma  ;  an  honour  never  before  bestowed 
on  a  Scotchman  not  educated  at  Oxford. 
Died,  1848. 

RUST,  Geouge,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
born  at  Cambridge.    He  became  fellow  of 


Christ's  College  ;  but,  at  the  Restoration,  he 
went  over  to  Ireland,  and  was  preferred  to 
the  deanery  of  Connor  and  the  rectory  of 
Magee.  He  was  afterwards  made  bishop  of 
Dromore,  where  he  died  in  1070. 

RUTHERFORD,  Daniel,  a  natural  phi- 
losopher and  physician,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1749  ;  studied  in  that  university  ; 
succeeded  Dr.  John  Hope  as  professor  of 
botany  and  keeper  of  the  botanic  garden, 
in  178IJ  ;  and  died  in  1819.  Dr.  Rutlierford 
was  the  discoverer  of  nitrogen,  and  was  the 
first  who  represented  oxygen  gas  (then  called 
vital  air)  as  the  necessary  constituent  of  all 
acids. 

RUTHERFORTH,  Thomas,  an  English 
divine,  was  born  at  Papworth  Everard,  in 
Cambridgeshire,  1712  ;  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  where,  in  1745, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  divinity  ;  and 
died,  rector  of  Barley  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
the  archdeaconry  of  Essex,  in  1771.  His 
most  important  works  are,  "A  System  of 
Natural  Pliilosophy,"  2vols.  ;"Au  Essay 
on  the  Nature  and  Obligations  of  Virtue," 
"A  Discourse  on  Miracles,"  "Institutes  of 
Natural  Law,"  2  vols.  ;  and  "  Sermons." 

RUTHVEN,  Edwakd  Southwell,  the 
friend  and  fellow-member  of  Mr.  O'Connell 
for  Dublin  in  the  parliament  of  183,5  ;  whose 
return,  after  undergoing  a  scrutiny  of  a 
committee  unusually  protracted  and  ex- 
pensive, was  declared  to  be  illegal,  and 
Messrs.  Hamilton  and  West  seated  in  their 
stead.  Mr.  Ruthven,  however,  did  not  live 
to  hear  the  verdict,  the  labours  of  the  com- 
mittee not  being  brought  to  a  close  till  six 
weeks  after  his  decease.    Died,  ISiW. 

RUYSCH,  Fkeuekic,  an  eminent  ana- 
tomist, was  born  in  1G38,  at  the  Hague,  and 
died  in  1731.  His  anatomical  works^  which 
contain  many  new  discoveries,    have  been 

printed  in  4  vols.  4to His  son  Henry 

published  "  Theatrum  Animalium,"  2  vols, 
folio. 

RUYSCH,  Rachel,  one  of  the  most  ce- 
lebrated painters  of  fruit  and  flower  pieces, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  10G4,  and  died 
in  ]7o().  Her  pictures  are  distinguished  for 
truth  and  splendour  of  colouring,  united 
with  great  finish. 

RUYSDAAL,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  was  born  at  Haerlem,  in  103(5.  He 
stood  unrivalled  in  the  representation  of 
woods,  groves,  and  pieces  of  water,  parti- 
cularly cataracts  ;  and  died  in  1(581. 

RUYTER,  Michael  Adrian,  a  gallant 
Dutch  admiral,  was  bom  in  1607,  at  Flush- 
ing. He  entered  the  naval  service  when  he 
was  only  11  years  old,  and,  by  dint  of  bravery 
and  skill,  rose  to  the  summit  of  his  profes- 
sion. On  many  occasions  he  nobly  dis- 
tinguished himself  when  engaged  against 
the  English,  especially  in  the  terrible  battle 
fought  in  February,  1(553,  near  the  mouth  of 
tlie  Channel,  when  Blake  commanded  the 
English,  and  Van  Tromp  and  Ruyter  the 
Dutch.  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  Ruyter 
gained  an  advantage  over  Prince  Rupert 
and  Monk  j  but,  two  months  afterwards, 
another  battle  was  fought,  in  which  the 
Dutch  were  defeated.  The  following  year, 
however,  he  avenged  himself,  by  riding  tri- 
umphantly in  the  Thames,  and  destroying 


ryd] 


^  ^tia  Winibtv^Al  SSinQrap^w. 


[sab 


several  English  men-of-war  at  Sheemess. 
I  lie  died  in  the  port  of  S^vracuse,  in  con- 
I  sequence  of  a  ■wound  received  a  few  days 
I  before,  when  engaging  with  tlie  French  fleet 
■  off  Messina. 

I  KYDEK,  Sir  Dudley,  an  eminent  Eng- 
i  lish  lawj'cr,  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
!  Yorkshire  family,  and  born  in  1091.  lie 
held  tlie  office  of  attorney-general  from  17.36 
I  to  1754,  was  made  lord  cJiief  ju.'-tice,  and 
j  died  in  17. 'i!',. 

I  RYL.\ND,  John-,  a  dissenting  minister, 
I  who  kept  an  academy,  and  officiated  many 
I  years  to  a  Baptist  congregation  at  North- 
\  ampton.  ;Mr.  Ryland  publislied  "  The 
j  Cliristian  Student  and  Pastor,"  "  Elements 
I  of  Aleclianics,"  "  Tlie  Preceptor,"  and  several 
!  tracts  and  sermons.  He  died  at  Enfield,  in 
I  17!)2. 

IIYLAND,  William  Wynne,  an  engra- 
j  ver,  was  born  in  London,  in  17o2.  He  at- 
I  tained  great  excellence  in  his  art  <  but  liis 
I  end  M-as  truly  melancholy,  for,  in  order  to 
I  extricate  himself  from  some  embarrassments, 
i  he,  in  1782,  committed  a  forgery  on  tlie  East 
I  India  Company,  and  was  tried  and  executed 
the  year  following. 

RYMER,  Thomas,  a  critic  and  antiquary, 
was  a  native  of  Yorkshire  ;  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge and  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  and,  succeeding 
Sliadwell,  in  1692,  as  royal  historiographer, 
employed  the  opportunities  alfurded  liim  by 
his  office,  to  make  a  valuable  collection  of 
public  treatises,  which  he  began  to  publish 
in  1704,  under  the  title  of  "  laidera,  Cou\ en- 


tiones,  et  cujuscunqne  Generis  Acta  publica, 
inter  Rcges  Anglias,  et  alios  Principes,"  1.5 
vols,  folio,  five  more  being  added  bj-  Robert 
Sanderson.  He  also  wrote  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  left  an  unpublished  collection 
relating  to  English  history,  in  58  vols.,  now 
in  the  British  Museum.    Died,  1713. 

RYSBRACII,  John  Michael,  an  eminent 
statuary,  was  horn  at  Antwerp,  in  1694.  He 
came  to  England  early  in  life,  and  derived 
considerable  reputation  and  profit  from  the 
exercise  of  his  art.  Westminster  Abbey 
and  other  cathedral  churches  contain  speci- 
mens of  his  abilities,  among  which  should 
be  noticed  tlie  monuments  of  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton and  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  Died, 
1770. 

RZEWtlSKY,  or  RZEWIESKY,  Wen- 
CKSLAUS,  a  Polish  nobleman,  born  in  170.5. 
After  travelling  through  the  principal  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  he  filled  various  hi«h  offices, 
among  wliich  was  that  of  grand  general  of 
the  crown,  to  which  he  was  appointed  on 
the  invasion  of  Poland  by  the  Tartars,  in 
1739.  Having  opposed  the  election  of  Sta- 
nislaus Poniatowski  to  the  throne,  he  gave 
great  oftence  to  the  empress,  and  was  sub- 
jected to  fix  years'  imprisonment  in  Russia. 
As  he  possessed  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  natural  pbilosoi)hy,  and  indulged  his 
taste  for  literature,  music,  &c.,  he  employed 
himself  during  his  confinement  in  these 
pursuits.  He  translated  the  Odes  of  Horace, 
and  was  the  author  of  some  poems,  dramas 
and  other  works.    Died,  1779. 


s. 


SAAD  EDDIN  MOHAMMED  BEN 
HASSAN,  a  Turkish  historian  of  great  emi- 
nence, and  preceptor  of  sultan  Amurath  III. 
He  was  well  known  under  the  name  of 
Khodja  Effendi,  and  became  appointed  to 
tlie  office  of  mufti  to  the  sultan,  which  he 
held  till  his  death  in  KRM). 

SAAVEDRA  FAXARDO,  Diego  de,  a 
Spanish  writer  and  diplomatist,  was  born  at 
Algezares,  in  Murcia,  in  1.584.  He  became 
secretary  to  the  embassy  at  Rome,  and 
afterwards  was  appointed  sole  agent  for 
Spain  at  the  papal  court.  He  also  assisted 
at  some  diets  in  Switzerland,  and  enjoyed 
for  his  reward,  the  collar  of  St.  Jviso,  a 
canonry  of  the  churchy  and  a  seat  in  the 
cotmcil-board  for  the  Indies.  He  died  in 
1648. 

SABAS,  the  head  of  the  sect  of  the  Mcs- 
salians,  in  the  third  century,  whose  doctrine 
enforced  a  strict  adherence  to  every  part  of 
the  Scriptures ;  and  whoj  literally  inter- 
preting the  divine  instruction,  "  Labour  not 
for  the  meat  that  perisheth,"  refused  to  en- 
gage in  any  employment. 

SABATAI  8EVA,  a  Jewish  impostor  of 
Smyrna,  who,  in  1666,  arrogated  to  himself 
the  character  of  the  Alcssiah.  He  obtained 
such  belief  and  so  numerous  were  his  ad- 
herents, that  the  jealousy  of  the  Turkish 


752 


government  caused  him  to  be  seized  and  | 
sent  a  prisoner  to  Constantinople.     He  here 
saved  his  life  at  the  expense  of  his  religion, 
and  turned    Mahometan.      This  pretender 
was  the  last  of  the  false  Messiahs. 

SABATIER,  AxToiNE,  or  SABATIER 
HE  Castres,  was  born  at  Castres,  in  1742. 
He  was  a  very  celebrated  French  writer, 
and  was  early  connected  with  Helvetius  and 
the  philosophical  party  of  the  literati  ;  but 
he  soon  left  these,  and  showed  his  opposition 
to  them  in  his  work,  "  Les  Trois  Si&cles  de  la 
liittt'rature  Fran(;aise,"  &c.,  which  procured 
Jiim  many  enemies,  but  brought  him  into 
notice.  He  next  advocated  religion  and 
morality,  but  his  practices  being  so  discredit- 
able, he  emigrated  at  the  revolution.  On 
the  restoration  of  the  king  he  obtained  but  a 
comparatively  small  income,  and  continued 
his  satire  on  "the  court  and  clergy,  till  sick- 
ness reduced  him  to  find  alleviation  in  the 
house  of  the  Charitable  Sisters  at  Paris, 
where  he  died  in  1817.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "  Les  Sifecles  Pai'ens,  ou  Diction- 
naire  Mj  thologique,  Ileroi'que,  Politique, 
Littyraiie,  et  Geographique  de  I'AntiquitiS 
Paienere,"  9  vols.,  and  "  Les  Caprices  dc  la 
Fortune,"  &c. 

SABATIER,  or  SABATHIER,  Piekke, 
a  learned  Benedictine,  bom  at  Poictiers,  in 


sab] 


^  ^m  WinihtrinX  3Bi0(rr*ipl)». 


[sac 


1()82.  His  great  work  was  an  edition  of  all 
tlie  ancient  Latin  versions  of  tlie  Bible,  3 
vols,  folio.    Died,  1742. 

SABBATINI,  Andkea,  or  Axprea  del 
Salekno,  the  first  painter  of  the  Neapolitan 
Bciiool,  was  born  about  1180.  He  studied 
under  Raphael,  and  imitated  his  manner 
with  great  success.    He  died  at  Naples,  in 

1545.. Loke.vzo,  called   also  Lorenzo  di 

Bologna,  was  another  admired  artist  of  the 
KJtli  century,  and  his  pictures  are  frequently 
mistaken  for  those  of  Andrea.  Ue  died  at 
Home,  in  1577. 

SABBATINI,  P.  LtiD.  Ant.,  known  as 
Sabbatiui  of  Padua,  was  a  distinguished 
professor  of  music,  and  writer  also  ou  that 
science.    Died,  ISOl). 

SABELLICUS,  Marcus  Antonius  Coc- 
cms,  an  Italian  historian  and  critic,  was 
born  in  the  Roma  Canipagna,  in  1436.  He 
became  professor  of  eloquence  at  Udino,  and 
subsequently  at  Venice,  where  he  obtained 
a  pension  for  writing  the  "  History  of  the 
Republic."  He  died  in  1506.  His  other  works, 
moral,  philosophical,  and  historical,  have 
been  printed  in  4  vols,  folio. 

S  ABELLIUS,  a  heretic,  born  at  Ptolemais, 
in  Libya,  in  the  third  century,  was  a  dis- 
ciple of  Noetus  of  Smyrna.  He  advanced 
the  doctrine  of  Unity  in  the  Deity,  de- 
claring the  Son  and  the  Holy  Ghost  to  be 
mere  qualities.  These  tenets  obtained  many 
proselytes,  and  met  with  great  success  till 
the  opposition  of  St.  Denys  caused  them  to 
be  formally  condemned. 

SABINE,  JosKPH,  F.R.S.,  honorary  se- 
cretary of  the  horticultural  society,  trea- 
surer and  vice  president  of  the  zoological 
society,  &c.,  was  born  in  1770,  and  was  ori- 
ginally intended  for  the  bar.  In  1808  he 
was  appointed  inspector-general  of  taxes, 
which  office  he  held  for  26  years  ;  and  when 
it  was  abolished,  in  1835,  government  allowed 
him  a  compensation  pension  of  3501.  per 
annum,  seven  of  his  colleagues  having 
retired,  18  years  before,  on  400i.  Mr.  Sabine 
was  a  most  accomplished  man;  and  for  many 
years  previous  to  his  death,  which  occurred 
m  January,  1837,  his  time  was  almost  wholly 
engrossed  in  managing  the  affairs  of  the 
scientific  institutions  of  which  he  was  a 
functionary. 

8AB1NUS,  George,  in  German,  "  Schel- 
ten,"  a  modern  Latin  poet,  was  born  in 
Brandenburg,  in  l.WS.  He  studied  at  Wit- 
temberg,  when  but  15  years  old,  under  Me- 
lanchthon,  whose  eldest  daughter  he  ulti- 
mately married.  He  became  professor  of 
the  beUes  lettres  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
and  afterwards  rector  of  the  new  university 
of  Konigsberg.  His  great  repute  made  him 
known  to  tlie  emperor  Charles  V.,  who  en- 
nobled him,  and  employed  him  on  several 
embassies.    Died,  1560. 

SACCIII,  Andkea,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Rome,  where  he  was  born  in  1594.  He 
studied  under  Albano  ;  and,  assisted  by  the 
patronage  of  pope  Urban  VIIT.,  his  talent 
raised  him  to  great  eminence.  Tlie  churches 
and  palaces  of  Rome  contain  many  speci- 
mens of  his  skill  and  genius.     Died,  1604. 

SACCIIINI,  Antonio  Makia  Gaspakd,  a 
celebrated  Italian  conijioser,  was  born  at 
Naples,  in  1735.    Ue  studied  under  Durante, 


and,  after  being  employed  in  Rome,  Venice, 
and  several  other  cities  of  Italy  with  great 
eclat,  he  went  to  London,  where  he  com- 
jwsed  several  operas.  Meeting  some  ojipo- 
sition  there,  he  left  for  Paris,  where  he 
reached  the  height  of  his  fame,  and  obtaineil 
a  pension  from  the  queen.  He  died  in  1786, 
leaving  upwards  of  80  dramatic  pieces. 

SACHEVERELL,  Henry,  an  English 
divine,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where,  in 
1708,  he  obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  In 
1705  he  was  appointed  preacher  at  St.  Sa- 
viour's, Southwark  ;  during  which  period  he 
preached  two  famous  sermons,  the  objects  of 
which  were  to  create  alarm  for  the  safety  of 
the  churcli,  and  to  excite  hostility  against 
the  dissenters.  Being  impeached  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  he  was  sentenced  to  be 
suspended  from  preaching  for  three  years. 
This  persecution,  however,  established  the 
fortune  of  Sacheverell,  who  was  collated  to 
a  living  near  Shrewsbury  ;  and  the  same 
month  that  his  suspension  terminated,  wos 
oppointed  to  the  valuable  rectory  of  St. 
Andrew,  Holborn.  His  abilities,  however, 
were  poor  and  contemptible.    Died,  1724. 

SACKVILLE,  George,  Viscount,  a  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  was  the  tliird  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Dorset,  and  was  born  in  1716. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster,  and  after- 
wards at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  when  his 
father  was  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland.  En- 
tering the  army,  he  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battles  of  Dettingen  and  Pontcnoy  ;  and 
in  JloS  lie  was  made  a  lieutenant-general; 
but  the  year  following  he  fell  into  disgrace 
for  his  conduct  at  the  battle  of  Miiiden, 
where  he  commanded  under  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand of  Brunswick,  whose  orders  to  advance 
with  his  troops  during  tlie  engagement  he 
disobeyed.  His  behaviour  being,  at  home, 
attributed  to  cowardice,  he  was  tried  by  a 
court-martial,  and  sentenced  to  be  dismissed 
from  the  service.  Under  the  administration 
of  Lord  Bute,  however,  he  was  restored  to 
favour,  and  i«  1775  he  was  appointed  co- 
lonial secretary  of  state,  which  he  held 
during  the  American  war.  On  quitting 
office,  in  1782,  he  was  created  viscount.  On 
succeeding  to  the  estates  of  Lady  Germaine, 
for  a  long  time  he  went  under  that  name. 
He  died  in  1785  ;  and,  from  his  talent,  and 
the  bias  of  his  opinions,  the  "Letters  of 
Junius"  have  been  attributed  to  his  pen. 

SACY,  Louis  Isaac,  whose  proper  name 
was  LE  MAISTRE,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1613.  He  entered  into  orders,  but  being  a 
zealous  Jansenist,  he  was  sent  to  the  Jiastile, 
where  he  continued  two  years,  and  wrote 
some  works,  particularly  one,  entitled  "The 
Figures  of  the  Bible."  He  also  published  a 
new  translation  of  the  Scriptures,  "Let- 
ters of  Piety,"  2  vols. ;  "  Heures  de  Port 
Royal,"  "  An  Attack  on  the  Jesuits,"  &c. 
Died,  1684. 

SACY,  Baron  Silvestre  de,  a  profound 
and  various  scholar,  but  especially  eminent 
as  an  orientalist,  was  born,  1758.  At  the  early 
age  of  12  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  attract 
the  notice  of  Berthereau,  from  whom  he  ob- 
tained both  his  tastes  for  oriental  studies,  and 
his  earliest  direction  in  them.  During  the 
stormy  times  of  the  revolution,  and  the  sway 
of  Napoleon,  as  well  as  under  Louis  XVIIl., 


bad] 


^  jj^ctti  Efuibci-i^al  28taflrapf)w. 


[sad 


Charles  X.,  and  Louis  Philippe,  the  splendid 
talents  of  M.  de  Sacj'  obtained  for  him  the 
highest  and  most  vahiable  literary  appoint- 
ments.   As  a  lecturer,  he  was  singularly  bril- 
liant, lucid,  and  effective.     In   addition   to 
valuable  literary  offices,  he  was   a  peer  of 
France,  and  an  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour. 
Nor  was  his  fame  confined  to  France  ;  for, 
in   1829,  our   Royal   Society   of  Literature 
unanimously  voted  its  gold  medal  to  M.  de 
Sacy.    Plis  "  Arabic  Grammar,"  "  Relation 
de  I'Egypte  par  Abd  Allatif,  Mi'decin  Arabe 
I  de   Bagdad,"   'Expose  de  la  Rtligion   des 
{  Druzea,"    "  Chrestomathie     Arabe."      and 
j  "  Anthologie  Grammaticale  Arabe,"  are  cs- 
I  pecially  valuable  to  students.    Died,  183'.). 

SADE,  James  Fraxcis  Paul  ALVHoyso 
I  DE,  a  native  of  France,  was  born  in  1705. 
After  becoming  vicar-general  of  the  arch- 
j  bishops  of  Toulouse  and  Narbonne,  he  was 
employed  on  a  miseion  from  Languedoffto 
the  court  at  Paris  ;  and  in  1744  he  was  no- 
minated abbot  of  Ebrueil,  in  Auvergne. 
After  the  lapse  of  eight  j'ears,  he  retired  to 
Saumane,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  lite- 
rary pursuits  ;  and  died  in  1778. 

SADE,  DoNATiAX  Alphosso  Fraxcis, 
Count  de,  nephew  of  the  above,  was  born 
in  Paris,  in  1740.  He  was  educated  at  tlie 
college  of  Louis  le  Grand,  and  then  entered 
the  army.  He  was  one  of  the  most  aban- 
doned and  profligate  of  the  French  nobility. 
At  length,  however,  his  friends  terminated 
his  career  by  procuring  his  confinement  in 
the  madhouse  at  Charenton,  where  he  died, 
in  1814.  lie  had  great  talent,  but  wrote  only 
the  most  licentious  novels. 

SADEEL,  Antuont,  a  learned  French 
Huguenot  and  theological  writer,  was  born 
of  a  noble  family,  in  the  Ma(,onai3,  in  1534. 
At  an  early  age  he  preached  the  reformed 
persuasion  ;  for  which,  however,  he  was  im- 
prisoned, but  obtained  his  release  through 
the  interposition  of  his  royal  jiatron.  Henri 
Quatre  made  him  his  chajilain,  and  he 
attended  that  monarch  in  some  of  his  cam- 
paigns ;  but,  on  the  reconciliation  of  Henri 
to  tiie  Church  of  Rome,  he  retired  to  Geneva, 
where  he  was  chosen  pastoFand  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor. He  died  in  15i)l,  and  his  works  were 
printed  the  following  year. 

SADELER,  JoH.v.  a  distinguished  en- 
graver was  born  at  Brussels,  in  1556.  He 
executed  many  masterly  works,  and  was 
honoured  by  the  patronage  of  the  Elector  of 

Bavaria.    Died,  1000 Raphael,  brother 

and  pupil  of  the  above,  was  born  in  1555. 
He  worked  in  conjunction  with  his  relative, 
and  executed  upwards  of  500  religious  en- 
gravings  Giles,  who  was  the  nephew  and 

pupil  of  the  above  brothers,  excelled  both  of 
them  in  correctness  and  taste. 

SADI,  SiiEiK  MosLEiiEinx,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  poets  of  Persia,  was  born  at 
Shiraz,  in  1175,  and  died  in  the  120th  year 
of  his  age.  He  studied  at  Bagdad,  and 
pursued  a  religious  course  of  life  under 
the  direction  of  the  famous  Sophi  Abd  al 
Kadir  Gliilani,  whom  he  accompanied  on  a 
pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  He  fouglit  against  the 
infidels,  and  carried  his  arms  into  India  and 
Asia  Minor.  Being,  however,  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Turks,  he  was  put  to  work  on  the 
fortifications  of  Tripoli ;  but  was  redeemed 


by  a  merchant  of  Aleppo,  who  gave  him  his 
daughter  in  marriage  with  a  dowry.  To- 
wards the  close  of  his  life  he  built  a  hermit- 
age neiffthe  walls  of  Shiraz,  where  he  passed 
his  time  in  exercises  of  piety  ;  and  his  tomb, 
on  the  spot  where  he  had  lived,  was  long 
visited  by  tlie  admirers  of  his  genius  and 
devotion.  He  wrote  "  Gulistun,  or  the  Gar- 
den of  Roses,"  and  other  works. 

SADLER,  John,  a  political  writer,  w.aa 
born  in  Shropshire,  in  l(jl5.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  and  was  a  favourite  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.  He  published  a  work, 
entitled  "Rights  of  the  Kingdom,  or  Cus- 
toms of  our  Ancestors."    Died,  1674. 

SADLER,  Michael  Thomas,  F.R.S.,  was 
born  at  Snelston,  in  Derbyshire,  in  1780 ; 
and  it  may  be  truly  said  of  him  that  he  was 
a  scholar,  an  orator,  a  gentleman,  and  a 
philanthropist.  He  had,  however,  chiefly 
devoted  himself  to  mercantile  pursuits  at 
Leeds,  in  connection  with  a  brother,  until 
1829,  when  he  was  invited  by  the  electors  of 
Newark-upon-Trent  to  become  a  candidate 
for  the  representation  of  that  borough  in 
parliament,  and  for  which  he  was  ultimately 
returned,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Serjeant 
Wylde.  At  the  general  election  (1830)  he 
was  again  returned  for  Newark  ;  and,  in  the 
ensuing  year,  for  Aldborough,  Yorkshire. 
His  political  opinions  were  generally  more 
conscientious  than  popular,  and  he  never 
failed,  if  not  persuasively,  yet  honestly  and 
fearlessly,  to  express  them.  His  cliief  object 
in  parliament  appeared  to  be  nothing  less 
tlian  conferring  the  largest  portion  of  sub- 
stantial benefits  upon  the  great  mass  of  the 
poor,  for  the  agricultural  portion  of  whom 
he  sought  to  obtain  parliamentary  aid,  to 
provide  them  with  allotments  of  ground,  &c.; 
while  for  Ireland,  in  the  distresses  of  which 
he  felt  a  deep  sympatliy,  he  eloquently 
urged  the  justice  and  necessity  of  a  well- 
regulated  system  of  poor  laws.  To  spare 
the  sacrifice  of  life  among  the  children  em- 
ployed in  the  manufactories  was  another  of 
his  great  objects  ;  and  on  each  he  wrote  as 
forcibly  and  clearly  as  he  had  spoken.  To 
his  perseverance,  the  amelioration  of  the 
condition  of  tlicse  poor  children  is  owing  ; 
since,  although  his  benevolent  intentions 
were  frustrated  in  the  first  instance,  by  the 
too  powerful  opposition  of  those  whose  cu- 
pidity rendered  them  deaf  to  any  appeal 
against  their  pecuniary  interests,  yet  his 
impressive  eloquence  had  so  thoroughly 
aroused  the  public  to  a  sense  of  the  evil, 
that,  in  the  ensuing  session  of  parliament, 
the  late  opponents  of  the  measure  were  com- 
pelled to  carry  a  similar  bill  to  that  which 
had  been  proposed  bj'  himself.  His  parlia- 
mentary exertions,  and  the  intense  anxiety 
they  occasioned,  are  said  to  have  been  the 
primary  cause  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  July,  1835,  while  he  was  in  Ireland.  Mr, 
Sadler's  two  principal  works  were,  "Ire- 
land, its  Evils,  and  their  Remedies,"  and 
Ills  "Law  of  Population,"  in  which  the 
Malthusian  doctrines  were  impugned  and 
refuted. 

SADLER,  or  SADLIER,  Sir  Ralph,  an 
English  statesman,  was  born  in  1507,  at 
Hackney,  in  Jliddlesex.  In  early  life  he 
enjoyed  the  patronage  of  Cromwell,  earl  of 


sad] 


^  i!i?U)  SJntbcr^aT  5Si0grnpT)i). 


[SAI 


Essex,  who  introduced  him  to  Henry  VIII., 
in  consequence  of  which  lie  was  employed 
in  many  political  aflfairs,  and  liad  t^  share 
in  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries,  par- 
taking also  of  the  spoil.  He  was  sent  on 
8ome  embassies  to  Scotland  ;  and  at  the 
battle  of  Musselburgh,  in  that  kingdom,  Sir 
Ralph  greatly  distinguished  himself,  and 
was  made  a  knight  banneret  in  reward  of 
his  services.  At  tlie  accession  of  Elizabeth 
he  was  again  sent  to  Scotl.and  ;  and  when 
the  unfortunate  Mary  came  to  England,  she 
was  committed  to  his  care.  He  died  in  l"i87. 
A  collection  of  his  "  Letters  and  Nego- 
ciations"  was  published  in  1809,  in  2  vols. 
4to.,  with  a  memoir,  written  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

S.VDLER,  William  WiNnriAM,  a  well- 
known  aeronaut  and  chemist.  He  was  in 
the  establishment  of  the  first  gas  company 
in  Liverpool,  where  he  also  erected  accom- 
modations for  warm,  medicated,  and  vapour 
baths.  During  this  period,  however,  lie 
practised  aerostation,  and  made  30  aerial 
voyages,  in  one  of  which  he  crossed  the  Irish 
Channel,  from  Dublin  to  Wales.  In  the 
last  attempt  from  Blackburn,  in  Lancashire, 
Sept.  .30.  1821,  while  descending,  the  car  of 
his  balloon  struck  against  a  chimney,  and 
violently  precipitated  him  to  the  earth  and 
caused  his  death,  aged  28. 

SADOC,  a  learned  Jewish  doctor,  in  the 
3rd  century  h.  c.  He  was  the  disciple  of 
AntigonusSocluEus,  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. Joining  Baithosus,  a  fellow-disciple, 
he  denied  tlie  resurrection,  and  from  him 
and  his  name  originated  the  sect  of  Sad- 
ducees.  His  followers  disclaimed  also  the 
existence  of  ansrels  and  tlie  doctrine  of  pre- 
destination. They  believed  there  was  no 
distinct  principle  like  the  soul,  and,  in  con- 
sequence, opposed  the  idea  of  a  future  state 
of  rewards  and  punishments. 

SADOLET,  James,  a  learned  cardinal, 
was  born  at  Modena,  in  1477.  His  father 
was  a  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Ferrara, 
where  he  received  his  education,  and  at- 
tained great  celebrity  by  his  Latin  poetry 
and  philosophy.  On  the  election  of  Leo  X. 
to  the  pontificate,  he  was  made  one  of  his 
secretaries,  and  soon  after  bishop  of  Car- 
pentras.  He  suflTered  mucli  from  the  vicis- 
situdes of  war,  and  was  several  times  com- 
pelled to  quit  the  city,  leaving  his  palace, 
&c.  to  the  plunder  of  the  soldiery.  Clement 
VII.  restored  liim  to  his  otKce  ;  and  the 
succeeding  pontiff,  Paul  III.,  again  recalled 
him  to  Rome,  raised  him  to  the  purple,  and 
employed  him  on  mauy  negotiations.  Died, 
1547. 

SAEMTJND,  SiGFUSSON-,  a  celebrated 
Icelandic  priest,  poet,  legislator,  and  his- 
torian in  the  11th  century.  He  had  a  share 
in  forming  the  ecclesiastical  code,  wrote  a 
"  History  of  Norway,"  and  was  the  compiler 
of  that  Scandinavian  collection  of  poetry, 
termed  "  Edda."  printed  at  Copenhagen,  in 
17S7.4to.     Died,  n.'}5. 

ST.  BEUVE,  Jacques  de,  a  celebrated 
theologian,  born  at  Paris,  in  1013.  He  was 
famous  for  his  controversies  relative  to  the 
doctrines  of  grace  and  predestination,  which 
agitated  the  French  churcli  in  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century.    Died,  1C77. 


ST.  CROIX,  GuiLLAiTME  Emanuel  Jo- 
seph, Buron  de,  a  learned  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Mormoiron,  in  174ti  ;  studied 
at  the  Jesuit's  College,  Grenoble  ;  obtained 
the  rank  of  captain  in  the  grenadiers,  but 
quitted  the  army  for  literary  pursuits  ;  suf- 
fered greatly  during  the  revolution,  and 
dit'd  in  1800.  His  princii)al  works  are,  a 
"  History  of  the  Naval  Power  of  England," 
2  vols.  ;  and  a  "  Critical  Examination  of  the 
Historians  of  Alexander  the  Great." 

ST.  FOIX,  Gekmai.v  FitAXfois  Poullaix 
DK,  a  French  dramatist  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Rennes,  in  Brittany,  in 
170.'{ ;  became  a  captain  in  the  army,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  on  many 
occasions.  He  afterwards  devoted  himself 
to  literature,  and  published  4  vohunes  of 
"Comedies,"  "Turkish  Letters,  written  in 
the  Manner  of  Montesquieu  ;  "  "  Historical 
Essays  upon  Paris."  7  vols.  &c.    Died,  177(J. 

ST.  GERMAIN,  Claude  Louis,  Count 
de,  a  French  soldier  and  statesman,  was 
born  in  1707,  in  Franche  Compt<5 ;  served 
with  distinction  in  the  army  for  many 
years  ;  but  having  quarrelled  with  the  Duke 
de  Broglio,  he  quitted  it  for  the  service  of 
Dcimiark,  where  he  was  made  a  field  mar- 
shal. He  subsequently  accepted  the  situa- 
tion of  war-minister  to  Louis  XVI.,  which 
he  held  2  years  :  aud  died  in  1778. 

ST.  HILAIRE.    See  GEOFFiiOV. 

ST.  JUST,  Antuonv,  a  political  agent 
and  associate  of  Robespierre,  was  born  in 
1768,  and  was  educated  for  the  legal  profes- 
sion. He  voted  for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI., 
materially  assisted  in  the  destruction  of  the 
Girondists,  acted  as  a,  commissioner  of  the 
National  Convention  to  the  army  in  Alsace, 
where  he  was  distinguished  for  his  severity  ; 
and,  on  his  return  to  Paris,  becoming  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  of  Robespierre,  was  guil- 
lotined in  July,  1794.  This  demagogue, 
who  was  the  author  of  several  works,  among 
wliich  were  some  licentious  poems,  has  ofteii 
been  confounded  with  Loi!is  Leo.v  St.  Just, 
the  writer  of  "  Esprit  de  la  Revolution,  et 
de  la  Constitution  de  France." 

ST.  LAMBERT,  Ciiai«le3  Fraxcks  de,  a 
member  of  the  National  Institute  of  France, 
was  born  at  Nancy,  in  1717.  lie  entered  the 
army,  which  he  left  at  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  and  obtained  an  otHce  iu  the  court 
of  Stanislaus  of  Poland  ;  became  a  devoted 
adherent  of  Voltaire's,  and  a  favoured  ad- 
mirer of  Madame  de  Chatelet ;  again  en- 
tered the  army,  and  died  in  ISO.-;.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Tiie  Seasons,"  a  poem  ; 
"  Oriental  Tales,"  and  a  philosophical 
work,  in  3  vols.,  entitled  "Cati'chismc  Uui- 
verselle."  lie  also  contributed  to  the  Ency- 
clopodie. 

ST.  MARC,  CiiAnLES  Hugh  Lefebvre 
DE,  a  Frencli  author,  born  at  Paris,  in  1C98. 
His  most  important  work  is,  "  A  Chrono- 
logical Abridgment  of  the  History  of  Italy, 
from  the  Downfall  of  the  Western  Empire," 
6  vols.  8vo. 

ST.  MARC,  JEAJf  Paul  Andke  des  Rai- 
si  N's,  Marquis  de,  a  French  lyric  poet,  author 
of  "  AdMe  de  Ponthieu,"  &c.  Born,  1728  ; 
died,  1818. 

ST.  PALAYE,  Jean  Baptiste  de  la 
Cukse  de,  a  learned  and  ingenious  writer, 


755 


SAl] 


^  ^ctD  Bnihtv^al  33i0srapTjy. 


[sal 


!  born  at  Auxerre,  in  1097  ;  died,  1781.  He 
!  studied  the  manners  and  customs  of  ancient 
{  France  with  great  diligence  and  success,  and 
I  wrote  "Miimoiressur  I'aucienne  Chevalerie," 
3  vols.,  wliich  have  been  translated  into 
]  English.  After  liis  death,  the  Abb(S  Millot 
I  published  another  -work  of  his,  entitled 
"  L'Histoire  des  Troubadours,"  3  vols.  ;  and 
he  left  a  voluminous  collection  of  MSS. 

ST.  PIERRE,  CiiAKLES  IKENEE  Castel 
r>E,  a  Freiicli  publicist  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  St.  Pierre,  in  Normandy, 
in  1658.  He  was  brought  up  as  an  eccle- 
siastic ;  hence  he  is  generally  known  as  the 
Abb^  de  St.  Pierre  ;  but  he  was  more  distin- 
guished as  a  politician  and  philanthropist. 
Cardinal  Polignac  took  him  to  the  con- 
ferences at  Utrecht,  where  he  formed  a  pro- 
ject for  a  diet  to  secure  a  perpetual  peace; 
which  Cardinal  Dubois  called  "  the  dream  of 
a  good  man."  He  had  the  boldness  to  expose 
the  errors  of  the  government  of  Louis  XIV., 
and  to  deny  that  monarch's  right  to  the 
epithet  of  "Great,"  for  which  he  was  ex- 
pelled the  Academy.  His  worksform  18  vols. 
]2mo.  His  aim  through  life  was  the  social 
elevation  of  the  people  ;  and  many  of  the 
schemes  which  he  projected  for  this  purpose, 
though  treated  witli  scorn  and  ridicule  at 
the  time  he  wrote,  are  daily  being  carried 
into  eifect.     Died,  1743. 

ST.  PIERRE,  Eustace  de,  a  citizen  of 
Calais,  who  signalise<l  himself  when  that 
place  was  besieged  by  Edward  III.,  king  of 
England,  in  1347. 

ST.  PIERRE,  Jacques  BEn.vARDiN 
Henri  de,  a  most  ingenious  and  pliilosophi- 
cal  Frencli  author,  was  born  at  Havre,  in  1737, 
was  educated  in  the  engineer  school  at  Paris, 
for  a  time  followed  the  military  profession 
in  the  service  of  Russia,  afterwards  obtained 
a  commission  in  the  engineer  corps  of  France; 
and,  retiring  from  a  military  life,  he  devoted 
the  remainder  of  his  days  to  literature.  In 
1784  appeared  his  "  Etudes  de  la  Nature," 
and,  in  1788,  his  "  Paul  et  Virginie,"  which, 
after  passing  through  50  impressions  in  one 
year,  has  been  translated  into  almost  all  the 
languages  of  Europe.  Napoleon  conferred 
on  him  the  order  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
and  Joseph  Buonaparte  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion of  6000  francs.  St.  Pierre  was  also  the 
author  of  "  La  Chaumi&re  Indienne  "  and 
several  other  works,  all  replete  with  ele- 
gant taste  and  philosophical  feeling.  Died, 
1814. 

ST.  PRIEST,  Francis  Emanuel  Guig- 
NARD,  Count  de,  a  French  statesman,  born 
at  Grenoble,  in  1735.  He  first  served  in  the 
army,  and  was  afterwards  engaged  in  diplo- 
matic missions  to  Portugal,  Constantinople, 
and  the  Hague  ;  at  which  last  place  he  was 
residing  when  the  revolution  commenced. 
In  1789  he  succeeded  Baron  de  Bretueil  as 
minister  of  the  royal  household  :  but  subse- 
quent events  drove  him  from  France,  and  he 
remained  in  exile  till  after  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
in  1815,  and  died  in  1821. 

ST.  REAL,  C.T-S-Ui  Vichard  de,  an  able 
French  author,  was  born  at  Chamberri,  in 
Savoy,  where  he  died  in  1692.  He  wrote 
" De  rUsage  de  I'Histoire,"  "Conjuration 
des  Espagnols  contre  la  Republique  de  Venise 


en  1618 ; "    and  several  other  treatises  on 
morals,  politics,  and  philosophv. 

ST.  SIMON,  Claudius  Henry,  Count  de, 
was  born  at  Paris,  1760.  He  was  the  founder 
of  a  politico-philosophical  sect,  whose  lead- 
ing dogma  is,  that  industry  is  the  definitive 
purpose  of  life,  and  that  those  engaged  in  it 
constitute  the  superior  class  of  society.  He 
published  a  variety  of  works  to  give  currency 
to  his  doctrines  ;  among  which  are,  an  "  In- 
troduction to  tlie  Scientific  Labours  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century  ;"  and  "  I'olitical,  Mo- 
ral, and  Philosophical  Discussions."  Died, 
1825. 

ST.  SIMON,  Louis  de  Rouvroi,  Duke  of, 
was  born  in  1675.  In  1721  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  tlie  court  of 
Spain,  to  negotiate  a  marriage  between 
the  Infanta  and  Louis  XV.  ;  and  died  in 
1757.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  and  the  Regency,"  containing  a 
vast  mass  of  anecdotical  information,  form 
13  vols. 

SALADIN,  a  famous  sultan  of  Egypt, 
equally  renowned  as  a  warrior  and  legislator. 
He  was  born  in  1137,  raised  himself  from  the 
station  of  an  olficer  to  that  of  a  sovereign, 
and  supported  himself  by  his  valour  and 
the  influence  of  his  amiable  character, 
against  the  united  efforts  of  the  chief  Cliris- 
tian  potentates  of  Europe,  who  carried  on 
the  most  unjust  wars  against  him.  under  the 
false  appellation  of  crusades.  He  obtained 
various  successes  over  the  Christians,  but  was 
defeated  by  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion,  and  died 
in  1193. 

SALARIO,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
and  a  disciple  of  Leonardo  da  Vinoi.  His 
pictures  are  valuable.  He  died  at  Florence, 
in  1559. 

SALE,  George,  an  English  writer,  who 
was  well  versed  in  the  oriental  languages. 
His  greatest  work  is  an  excellent  translation 
of  the  Koran,  to  which  he  prefixed  a  curious 
dissertation.  Mr.  Sale  was  also  one  of  the 
principal  authors  of  the  "  Antient  Universal 
History."     Born,  1680  ;  died,  1736. 

SALE,  Sir  Robert  Henry,  known  to  his 
countrymen  as  the  "hero  of  Jellalabad," 
was  the  son  of  Colonel  Sale,  of  the  East 
India  Compan3''s  service,  and  entered  the 
army  in  1795,  when  only  13  years  of  age,  as 
ensign  in  the  36th  foot.  He  served  at  the 
siege  and  storming  of  Seringapatam,  in  1799; 
at  the  storming  of  the  Travancore  lines,  in 
1809  ;  at  the  capture  of  the  Mauritius,  in 
1816,  and  of  Rangoon,  in  1824.  On  these 
and  many  other  important  occasions  this 
gallant  officer  distinguished  himself ;  and  in 
18.38  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  1st  Bengal  brigade  of  the  army  of  the 
Indus,  whicli  advanced  on  Affghanistan.  He 
commanded  the  storming  party  at  Ghuznec, 
and  was  severely  wounded ;  received  the 
rank  of  major-general,  and  commanded 
the  force  sent  to  subdue  the  Kohistan 
country  in  1840,  when,  after  numerous 
stormings  and  captures,  he  compelled  Dost 
Mahommed  Khan  to  surrender  himself  to 
Sir  W.  M'Naghten.  In  1841  he  commanded 
the  brigade  which  stormed  the  Khoord  Cabul 
pass,  and  was  there  shot  through  the  leg  ; 
with  eminent  skill  he  next  forced  tlie  Jug- 
dullock  pass,  stormed  the  fort  of  Maraoo 


I 


I 


sal] 


a  ^ctn  Bnibtv^nX  3Bt00rap]^t'' 


[SAN 


Khail.  and  finally  retreated  upon  Jellalabad. 
Here  he  and  his  gallant  band  were  besieged 
by  the  Affghan  trooi)s,  from  the  12th  Nov. 
1841,  to  the  7th  April,  1842;  on  which  day 
the  wearied  garrison  attacked  and  utterly 
routed  the  besieging  army  under  the  noto- 
rious Akbar  Khan.     He  afterwards  contri- 
buted to  the  capture  of  Cabul,  &c.,  and  re- 
ceived   the   thanks  of   parliament    for   tlie 
share  he  had  in  redeeming  the  British  name 
in   Affghanistan.    He  was  quarter-master- 
I  general  to  the  army  of  the  Sutlej,  when  he 
I  received  his  fatal  wound   in  the  action  of 
j  the  JHtli  of  December,  184.'>,  being  then  in 
I  Ws  ().')th    year.      Lady   Sale,  whose  heroic 
I  conduct  during  the  too  memorable  retreat 
!  from   Atfghanistau  will    not  Eoon    be  for- 
gotten, was  married  to  Sir  Kobert  in  1809. 

SALICETI,  Chkistophkr,  a  Corsican  by 
birth,  and  a  member  of  the  French  National 
Convention,  who  voted  for  the  death  of 
Louis  XVI.,  and  advocated  the  other  violent 
measures  of  his  brother  revolutionists.  When 
Buonaparte  became  first  consul,  he  was  at 
first  proscribed,  but  afterwards  restored  to 
favour,  and  sent  ambassador  to  Genoa.  He 
was  mitiistcr  of  police  at  Naples,  when  that 
country  was  under  the  rule  of  Joseph  Buona- 
parte ;  and  died  in  18()9. 

SALISBURY,  Joux  of,  a  learned  Au- 
gustine monk  of  the  12th  century  ;  author 
of  "Polycraticon,"  &c.  He  was  a  friend 
of  Thomas  h.  Becket,  whose  murder  he  is 
said  to  have  witnessed.  After  that  event 
he  retired  to  France,  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Chartres  by  the  pope.     Died,  1 182. 

SALISBURY,  William,  a  Welsh  lawyer 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  celebrated  as  "the 
first  translator  of  the  Liturgy  of  tiie  Church 
of  England  into  the  Welsh  language.  He 
died  in  ^r>7^). 
SALISBURY.  See  Cecil. 
SALLO,  Denis  de,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Paris,  in  1(52(5.  He  is  distinguished  as 
the  original  conductor  of  the  first  literary 
journal  established  in  Europe,  the  Journal 
desSavans  being  commenced  by  him  in  1(565. 
Died,  l(!(i9. 

SALLUST,  Caius  Ckispus,  a  Roman  his- 
torian, distinguished  equally  for  his  talents 
and  profligacy,  was  boi-n  at  Amiternum, 
B.  c.  8.5.  He  was  expunged  from  the  list  of 
senators,  in  consequence  of  his  extravagance 
and  shameless  debaucheries  ;  but  being  re- 
stored by  Julius  Ciesar,  and  made  governor 
of  Numidia,  he  there  amassed  an  enormous 
fortune  by  acts  of  rapine.  He  died  u.  c.  3.5. 
His  '•  History  of  the  Jugurthine  War  "  and 
"The  Conspiracy  of  Catiline"  bear  ample 
testimony  to  his  genius  ;  but  the  rigid  mo- 
rality displayed  in  his  writings  forms  a 
curious  contrast  to  the  vices  of  the  author. 

SALMASIUS,  or  SAUMAISE,  Claude, 
an  eminent  French  scholar,  was  born  at 
Saumur,  in  1588,  and  succeeded  Scaliger  as 
professor  of  history  at  I^eyden.  In  1(549  he 
wrote  a  defence  of  Charles  I.,  king  of 
England,  which  was  forcibly  and  con- 
clusively replied  to  by  Milton.  The  year 
following  he  went  to  Sweden,  on  an  invita- 
tion from  queen  Christina ;  and  died  in 
10,53.  His  principal  works  are,  "HistorisE 
August*  Scriptores  Sex,"  "De  Modo  Usu- 
rarum,"    "De    Re    Militari    Romanorum," 


"Ilellenistica,"  and  several  editions  of  an- 
cient authors. 

SALM(3N,  Thomas,  an  industrious  writer 
and  compiler,  whose  productions  include  "An 
Examination  of  Burnet's  History  of  his  own 
Times,"  "The  Chronological  Historian,"  a 
"  History  of  England,"  12  vols. ;  "  Modern 
History,"  3  vols,  folio  ;  a  "  Universal  Gazet- 
teer," S.C.     Died,  1743. 

SALMON,  William,  an  empirical  phy- 
sician and  a  voluminous  compiler  of  books, 
among  which  are,  "The  Complete  Physician," 
"  The  Universal  Herbal,"  a  "  Treatise  on 
Astrology,"  "  Polygraphiee,  or  the  Art  of 
Painting."     He  died  about  17(X). 

SALMON,  Nathaniel,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  an  English  divine,  biographer, 
and  antiquary ;  was  admitted  of  Corjjus 
Christi  College.  Cambridge,  in  1(590,  and  en- 
tered into  holy  orders,  but  subsequently 
studied  medicine,  and  died  in  1742.  He 
wrote  the  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  seve- 
ral of  the  English  Counties,"  and  is  esteemed 
for  the  accuracy  of  bis  deductions  and 
patient  research. 

SALVATOR  ROSA.    See  Rosa. 

SALVIATI,  Francesco  Rossi,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  painter,  whose  style  of  de- 
signing approached  that  of  Raphael,  though 
greatly  inferior  in  sublimity  and  grandeur 
of  composition.  Born  in  Florence,  1510  ; 
died,  1.563. 

SAMPSON,  Dr.  Henky,  an  English  divine 
and  physician,  was  born  at  South  Leverton, 
in  Nottinghamshire;  studied  physic  at  Padua 
and  Leyden  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  England, 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians.    Died,  1705. 

SAMWELL,  David, anative  of  Nantglyn, 
in  Denbighshire.  He  was  surgeon  of  the 
ship  Discovery,  with  Captain  Conk,  and  was 
an  eye-witness  of  the  death  of  that  cele- 
brated navigator  ;  of  which  event  he  wrote 
a  circumstantial  account.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  some  Welsh  poems.     Died,  1799. 

SANAEKJN,  Noel  Stephen,  a  learned 
French  Jesuit,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in  167(5, 
and  died  in  1733.  His  principal  works  are 
"  Latin  Poems,"  2  vols.  ;  and  a  translation 
of  Horace,  with  valuable  notes,  2  vols. 

SANCHO,  Ignatius,  a  negro,  whose  lite- 
rary abilities  attracted  much  notice,  was 
born  in  1729,  on  board  a  slave-ship,  and 
carried  to  Carthagena.  While  a  boy  he  was 
brought  to  England  by  his  master,  and  given 
to  three  maiden  ladies,  sisters,  living  at 
Greenwich,  who  named  him  Sancho.  The 
Duke  of  Montague  afterwards  took  him  into 
his  service,  and  encouraged  his  love  of  learn- 
ing ;  and  the  duchess  left  him  an  annuity 
at  her  death.  He  numbered  among  his 
friends,  Stenie,  Garrick,  and  other  literary 
characters  ;  and  was  the  author  of  "  Letters," 
"Poems,:i&c.    Died,  1780. 

SANCROFT,  William,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  was  born  at  Fresinfleld,  in 
Suffolk,  in  1(516.  In  1064  he  was  made  dean 
of  York  ;  then  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and,  in 
1077,  he  was  raised  to  the  highest  station  in 
the  church,  where  he  conducted  himself  with 
zeal  and  judgment.  He  was  one  of  the 
seven  bishops  sent  to  the  Tower  by  James 
II. ;  but  at  the  Revolution  he  refused  to  take 
the  oaths,  for  which  he  was  deprived  of  his 


san] 


^  i^tiM  ^nihtt^Kl  23tff5rai)]^i). 


[san 


see.  Died,  1693.  He  wrote  "  Tlie  Predesti- 
nated Thief,"  "  Modern  Folitics,  taken  from 
Machiavel,"  &c. 

SANCTORIUS,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  born  at  Capo  d'Istria,  in  1,5<51  ;  filled  the 
professor's  chair  in  the  university  of  Padua, 
was  the  first  physician  that  endeavoured  to 
ascertain  the  licat  of  the  skin  by  a  thermo- 
meter, and  rendered  his  name  memorable 
by  his  work,  entitled  "Ars  de  Statica  Me- 
dicina."    Died,  1630. 

SANDBY,  Paul,  an  eminent  artist,  born 
at  Nottingham,  in  1732.  He  took  numerous 
views  in  Wales  and  Scotland,  which  lie 
transferred  to  copper-  plates,  in  imitation  of 
drawings  in  India  ink  ;  a  method  of  aqua- 
tint engraving  whiuli  he  carried  to  great 
perfection.  On  the  institution  of  the  Royal 
Academy  he  was  elected  a  member  ;  and,  in 
1768,  he  was  appointed  chief  drawing-master 
at  Woolwich.    Died,  1809. 

SANDEMAN,  Robekt,  a  Scotch  minister, 
was  born  at  Perth,  in  172:5,  and  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's.  He  formed  a  sect  which  still 
goes  by  his  name.  In  1765  he  went  to  New 
England,  made  many  proselytes,  and  died 
in  1772.  The  chief  opinions  and  practices 
in  which  the  sect  differs  from  others  are, 
their  weekly  administration  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  washing  each  other's  feet,  &c. 

SANDERS,  Nicholas,  a  zealous  Roman 
Catholic  writer,  was  born  at  Charlewood,  in 
Surrey.    About  1500  he  went  to  Rome,  and 
was  sent  by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  as  nuncio 
to  Ireland,  where,  to  avoid  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  he  wandered   about 
in  the  woods  and  bogs,  and  perished  of  want 
1  in  1581.     His  principal  work  is  his  treatise 
1  against  the  Reformation,  entitled  "  De  Ori- 
1  gine  ac  Progressu  Schismatis  Anglicani." 
i      SANDERSON,    Dr.    Robeut,    bishop    of 
Lincoln,  an  eminent  polemical  writer  and 
casuist.    Born,  1587  ;  died,  1663. 
I      SANDERSON,  RoBEnT,  a  learned  anti- 
quary, was  usher  of  the  court  of  chancery 
and  clerk  of  the  rolls.     He  continued  "  Ry- 
:  mer's  Focdcra  "  from  the  10th  to  the  20th 

volume,  and  died  in  1741. 
j      SANDFORD,  Sir  Daniel  Kbyte,  D.C.L., 
professor  of  Greek  in  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow, was  the  son  of  Dr.  Sandford,  one  of  the 
bishops  of  the    Scottish  episcopal  church. 
This  accomplished  scholar  and  brilliant  ora- 
tor was  not  more  distinguished  for  his  clas- 
Kie  attainments,  than    for   the  enthusiasm 
with  which   he   advocated  the  reform  bill, 
and  other  measures  which    had    for  their 
:  objects  the  extension  of  popular  rights  and 
I  privileges.    As  a  teacher  he  was  highly  suc- 
;  cessful ;   and  to  his  efforts  Scotland  is  in- 
!  debted  for  mncli  of  her  present  eminence,  as 
I  a  school  for  the  study  of  classic  literature. 
!  Died.  Feb.  9.  1838. 

I      SANDWICH,  EnwARD  Moxtagu,  Earl 
I  of,  a    distinguished    naval    commander  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  was  born  in  1625. 
!  At  the  age  of  18  he  raised  a  regiment  in  the 
i  service  of  parliament,  and  was  present  in 
'  several  battles  ;   but  in  the  Dutch  war  he 
left  the  army  for  the  navy,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Blake   in   the    Mediterranean. 
i  Afterwards  he  commanded  the  fleet  in  the 
■  North  Sea ;  but  at  his  return  was  deprived 
I  of  it  on  suspicion  of  being  in  the  royal 


'  interest.  Monk,  however,  procured  him  to 
be  replaced  ;  and  he  conveyed  the  king  to 
England  ;  after  which  he  was  created  earl 
of  Sandwich.  In  the  war  of  1664  he  com- 
manded under  tlie  Duke  of  York,  and  had  a 
principal  share  in  the  great  battle  of  June  3. 
1665.  On  the  renewal  of  hostilities  with  the 
Dutch,  he  v,'.a3  again  emploved  ;  and  in  the 
battle  of  Southwold  Bay,  after  he  had  by 
his  conduct  rescued  a  great  part  of  the  fleet 
from  the  most  imminent  danger,  and  given 
astonishing  proofs  of  his  bravery,  his  ship 
caught  fire,  on  whicli  lie  leaped  into  tlie  sea 
and  was  drowned,  in  1072. 

SANDYS,  Edwkv,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  was  born  in  1519,  at  Hawkshead,  in 
Lancashire.  At  the  accession  of  Mary  he 
was  vice-chancellor,  and  on  refusing  to  pro- 
claim her,  he  was  deprived  of  his  office,  and 
sent  first  to  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  to  the 
Marshalsea.  When  Elizabeth  came  to  the 
throne  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners for  revising  the  Liturgy.  He 
was  also  made  bishop  of  Worcester,  and  had 
a  share  in  the  translation  of  the  Scriptures, 
commonly  called  the  "  Bishops'  Bible."  In 
1570  he  was  translated  to  London,  and  in 
1570  to  York,  where  a  conspiracy  was  laid 
by  Sir  Robert  Stapleton,  to  ruin  him  by  the 
imputation  of  adultery  ;  but  it  was  disco- 
vered, and  the  parties  concerned  in  it  were 
punished.     He  died  in  1588. 

SANDYS,  Sir  Edwin,  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  about  1501,  and  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
under  the  learned  Hooker.  He  ^hen  went 
on  his  travels,  and  published  the  result  of 
his  observations  under  the  title  of  "  Europae 
Speculum."  He  was  knighted  by  James  I., 
who  employed  him  in  many  important 
missions  ;  and  he  died  in  1029. 

SANDYS,  Geokge,  second  son  of  the 
archbishop  of  that  name,  was  born  in  1577, 
at  Bishop's  Thorpe,  and  was  educated  at 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford.  He  travelled  through 
the  Levant  and  Italy,  of  which,  in  1615,  he 
published  an  account.  Among  his  other 
works  are,  a  translation  of  Ovid's  Metamor- 
phoses, and  paraphrases  of  various  parts  of 
Scripture.    He  died  in  1643. 

SANGALLO,  Antonio,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian architect  of  the  10th  century,  was  born 
at  Florence  ;  and  on  visiting  Rome,  where 
he  had  two  uncles  who  were  architects,  he 
was  instructed  by  them,  and  subsequently 
perfected  himself  in  the  art  under  Bramante, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  architect  of  the  church 
of  St.  Peter.  He  was  much  employed  under 
the  popes  Leo  X.,  Clement  VII.,  and  Paul 
III.,  both  in  fortifying  places,  and  in  the 
construction  of  public  buildings,  the  grandeur 
and  solidity  of  which  have  been  much  ad- 
mired.    Died,  ]54<3. 

SANMICHELI,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
architect,  bom  at  Verona,  1484.  He  erected 
several  cathedrals  and  other  magnificent 
edifices,  and  excelled  in  the  construction 
of  fortified  works.    Died,  1559. 

SANNAZARIUS,  or  SANNAZARO,  Ja- 
copo,  a  distinguished  Italian  poet,  who  wrote 
both  in  Latin  and  Italian,  was  born  in  1458, 
at  Naples,  where  he  died  in  1533.  He  was 
the  author  of  sonnets,  canzoni,  elegies, 
eclogues,  epigrams,  and    a   poem  entitled. 


san] 


^  §tfii  ^iiibcisal  18i03raji!jj). 


[SAR 


"  De  Partu  Virginis."  Ilis  elegance  of  ex- 
pression, no  less  than  the  poetical  beauty  of 
his  thoughts,  gave  liim  a  distinguished  place 
among  tlie  modern  Latin  poets. 

SANSEVEKO,  Kaymund  di  Sanqro, 
eminent  for  Ids  mechanical  inventions  and 
scientific  discoveries,  was  born  at  Naples,  in 
1710,  and  died  in  1771.  Among  the  multi- 
farious and  extraordinary  inacliiiies  invented 
by  himself  was  a  four-wheeled  vehicle,  to 
pass  over  the  surface  of  the  water,  which  he 
exhibited  on  the  bay  of  Naples. 

SANSON,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  geo- 
grapher and  engineer,  was  born  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  IWK) ;  and  constructed,  even  while 
a  youth,  a  map  of  ancient  Gaul,  remarkable 
for  its  excellence  and  accuracy.  He  subse- 
quently produced  upwards  of  three  hundred 
maps,  all  on  a  large  scale,  with  several 
volumes  to  illustrate  them ;  reached  the 
head  of  his  profession,  and  was  appointed 
geographer  and  engineer  to  the  king.     Died, 

1WJ7 His  three  sons,  Nicholas,  William, 

and  Aduian,  who  also  were  excellent  geo- 
graphers, collected  and  published  the  works 
of  their  father,  as  well  as  several  of  their  own. 
SANSOVINO,  GiACOJio  Fatti,  an  emi- 
nent sculptor  and  architect,  was  born  at 
Florence,  in  1479.  He  ornamemed  Rome 
and  Venice  with  many  splendid  structures, 
and  enjoyed  so  great  a  rei)utation,  that  when 
a  general  impost  was  levied  at  Venice,  he 
and  Titian  were  the  only  persons  exempted 
from  the  tax.     Died,  1570. 

SANTA  CRUZ  DE  MARZENADO,  Don 
Alvau  de  Navia  Osokio,  Maiquis  of,  an 
able  Spanish  oflBcer  and  diplomatist,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  of  the  suc- 
cession, was  born  in  1687  ;  and  was  killed, 
in  1732,  in  a  sally  from  Oran,  of  whicli  city 
he  was  governor.  lie  wrote  "Militaiy  Re- 
flections," 11  vols.  4to. 

SANTERRE,  Jean  Baftiste,  a  French 
painter,  was  born  at  Magny,  near  Pontoise, 
in  16.51.  He  painted  historical  subjects,  on  a 
small  size,  and  with  great  delicacy.  Died, 
1717. 

SANTERRE,  M.,  commandant  of  the  na- 
tional guard  of  Paris,  and  general  in  the 
republican  army,  was  a  rich  brazier,  who, 
having  acquired  some  influence  with  the 
citizens,  availed  himself  of  the  circumstance 
to  act  a  part  in  the  French  revolution.  He 
rendered  himself  notorious  at  the  demolition 
of  the  Bastille  on  the  memorable  14th  of 
July,  1789 ;  but,  deficient  of  the  talents 
which  are  most  necessary  to  Ibrm  the  leader 
of  a  party,  lie  was  satisfied  to  follow  the  in- 
spirations which  were  excited  by  his  more 
fortunate  competitors  for  public  favour. 
Appointed  to  command  a  battalion  of  the 
Parisian  guard,  he  figured  on  the  20th  of 
June,  1791,  as  the  agent  to  intimidate  the 
minority  in  the  legislative  assembly,  and 
assist  in  delivering  up  Louis  XVI.  and  liis 
unhappy  family  to  the  violence  of  an  in- 
furiated mob.  He  presided  at  the  sad  ca- 
tastrophe, on  the  21st  January,  1793  ;  and, 
by  ordering  the  drums  to  beat  when  his 
majesty  addressed  his  people,  prevented  the 
voice  of  the  victim  from  being  heard.  On 
the  lOth  of  June  following,  he  headed  14,0(X) 
men  against  the  royalist  army  ;  but,  as  he 
possessed  mere  courage  without  any  military 


759 


talent,  his  campaign  was  a  failure.  He  lost 
his  counsellor  in  the  death  of  Danton  ;  and 
tiie  committee  of  public  safety  suspecting 
his  fidelity,  he  was  arrested  in  April,  1794. 
After  obtaining  his  liberty,  which  he  was 
lucky  enough  to  effect  in  a  short  time,  Sau- 
terre  sunk  into  deserved  obscurity. 

SANTEUL,  or  SANTOLIUS,  John  de, 
a  distinguished  modem  Latin  poet,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in.  1C30  ;  and  after  studying 
under  the  Jesuits,  entered  among  the  canons 
of  the  abbey  of  St.  Victor,  and  died  in  1697. 
He  was  eccentric,  witty,  and  capricious ; 
generally  licentious,  but  at  times  endeavour- 
ing to  atone  for  it  by  sudden  fits  of  devotion. 

SAPPHO,  a  celebrated  Greek  poetess, 
born  at  Mitylene,  in  the  island  of  Leslws, 
about  B.C.  600.  ller  writings  were  highly 
esteemed  by  the  ancients,  and  she  is  re- 
garded as  the  inventress  of  the  metre  which 
bears  her  name  ;  but,  of  her  works,  there 
at  present  exist  only  a  "Hymn  to  Venus," 

an  ode,  and  a  few  trifling  fragments 

Another  Sappho,  of  a  later  date,  who  is 
usually  confounded  with  the  foregoing,  from 
being  also  a  native  of  Lesbos,  was  no  less 
distinguished  for  amorous  propensities  than 
for  the  warmth  of  her  lyrical  efiusions,  and 
is  said  to  have  thrown  herself  into  the  sea, 
from  the  promontory  of  Leucate,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  neglect  she  experienced  from 
Pliaon,  her  lover. 

SARAZIN,  Jacques,  a  sculptor,  was 
bom  at  Noyon,  in  1698.  After  learning  the 
rudiments  of  his  art  at  Paris,  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  studied  painting  as  well  as 
sculpture,  and,  on  his  return,  lie  was  much 
employed  at  the  palace  of  Versailles.  Died, 
1660. 

SARAZIN,  Jonx,  a  French  marshal,  was 
born  in  1770.  In  1793  he  was  secretary  to 
General  Marceau  ;  and,  in  1798,  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  expedition  to  Ireland.  He 
served  in  the  German  campaigns  under 
Buonaparte,  during  180.5  and  1806  -,  but,  in 
1809,  deserted  from  the  camp  at  Boulogne, 
and  came  to  England  in  a  fishing-boat.  He 
treated  with  the  English  ministry  for  em- 
ployment, but  disagreed  about  terms  ;  then 
followed  the  English  invading  army  into 
Spain,  and  re-appeared  in  France  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  to  whom  he 
avowed  an  ardent  attachment.  He  was 
accused  of  trigamy  in  1819;  but  justified 
himself  in  person,  without  denying  the 
charge,  and  was  condemned  to  the  galleys 
for  ten  years.  The  punishment,  however, 
was  not  carried  into  eliect.     Died,  1824. 

SARBIEWSKI,  Matthias  Casimir,  a 
Polish  poet,  usually  known  by  the  name  of 
Cafimir,  was  born  in  1.595,  became  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Wilna, 
wrote  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  and  died 
in  1610. 

SARRASIN,  John  Fkancis,  an  eminent 
French  poet,  born  in  Normandy,  in  1604. 
He  was  secretary  to  the  Prince  of  Conti, 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Siege  of  Dunkirk,"  I 
poems,  and  various  other  works  ;  and  died 
in  1654. 

SARTI,  Joseph,  a  graceful  musical  com- 
poser, born  at  Faenza,  in  1730 ;  who,  after 
having  been  master  of  the  conservatorio  of 
La    Pieta   at  Ycuiec,  was    invited   to   St. 


3  T  2 


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[SAU 


Petersburgh  by  tlie  empress  Catharine,  who 
appointed  him  director  of  music  at  the  con- 
servatory of  Catharineslali',  with  a  munificent 
salary,  to  which  slie  afterwards  added  a  title 
of  nobility  and  an  estate.    Died,  1802. 

SAUMAREZ,  Right  Hon.  James,  Lord 
de,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the  British 
navy,  was  born  in  tlie  island  of  Guernsey, 
in  1757,  and  was  descended  from  a  French 
family,  wliose  ancestor  accompanied  Wil- 
liam the  Conqiieror  to  this  country.  He 
entered  tlie  naval  service  at  the  age  of  1.5, 
accompanied  Sir  Peter  Parker  across  the 
Atlantic,  and  having  signalised  himself  in 
an  attack  upon  Fort  Sullivan,  received  the 
command  of  the  Spitfire  ;  but  the  cutter 
having  been  mucli  damaged,  was  burnt,  to 
avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
and  he  returned  a  passenger  to  England. 
After  being  actively  engaged,  under  Sir 
Hyde  Parker,  at  Dogger  Bank,  and  with 
Admirals  Hood  and  Rodney,  he  was  sent  to 
cruise  on  the  French  const,  where  he  cap- 
tured La  Recession,  a  fine  French  frigate, 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  man,  while  120 
were  killed  or  wounded  on  the  part  of  the 
enemy  ;  which  gallant  action  procured  him 
the  liTinour  of  knighthood.  He  afterwards 
sailed  witli  Sir  Jolni  Jervis  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  shared  in  the  victoi^-  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797  ;  and  going  again  to  the 
Mediterranean,  was  second  in  command  to 
Lord  Nelson  in  the  glorious  victory  of  the 
Nile.  On  his  return  to  England,  Sir  James 
received  the  decoration  of  the  order  of  the 
Bath,  and  was  appointed  colonel  of  marines; 
and  in  1801  he  was  made  a  rear-admiral  of 
the  blue,  created  a  baron,  and  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  squadron  oflf  Cadiz. 
On  the  Gth  of  July  he  made  a  daring  attack 
on  a  superior  force  in  the  bay  of  Algesiras  ; 
but  owing  to  the  protection  of  the  batteries, 
and  the  wind  failing,  he  was  compelled  to 
withdraw  his  ships  after  an  action  of  five 
hours,  and  repair  to  Gibraltar  to  refit.  With 
unparalleled  expedition  he  again  put  to  sea, 
and  offered  battle  to  the  enemy's  fleet,  now 
amounting  to  10  sail  of  the  line,  his  own 
squadron  consisting  of  only  half  the  number; 
which  ended  in  two  of  the  enemy's S-deckers 
being  blown  up,  and  a74-gun  ship  captured; 
and  though  the  darkness  of  night  gave  the 
remainder  an  opportunity  of  escaping,  they 
were  so  crippled  that  they  were  laid  up  at 
Cadiz,  and  never  again  during  the  war  left 
that  port.  For  this  brave  action  Sir  James  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment, and  a  pension  of  1200/.  per  annum. 
After  this  he  performed  a  series  of  signal 
services  to  his  country,  as  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Britisli  fleet  in  the  Baltic  ;  and 
when  this  country  was  visited  by  the  Emperor 
of  Russia  and  the  King  of  Prussia,  he  received 
the  personal  thanks  of  those  monarchs,  to- 
gether with  those  of  Prince  Metternich,  on 
the  part  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  for  the 
services  he  had  rendered  to  the  common 
cause  of  Europe.  In  1831  he  was  appointed 
vice-admiral  of  England,  which  appoint- 
ment he  resigned  for  that  of  general  of  ma- 
rines ;  and  at  the  coronation  of  William  IV. 
he  was  called  to  the  House  of  Peers,  as  Baron 
de  Sauinarez.  Died  at  Sauniarez,  his  seat 
in  the  island  of  Guernsey,  183(5. 


I  SAUNDERS,  Sir  Edmund,  an  English 
judge  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  who  was 
originally  an  errand-boy  at  the  inns  of 
court.  A  lawyer  of  St.  Clement's  Inn  per- 
ceiving his  genius,  took  him  into  his  office, 
and  made  him  his  clerk.  He  afterwards 
became  an  eminent  counsel,  and  rose  to  be 
chief  justice  in  the  court  of  king's  bench. 
Died,  1683. 

SAUNDERS,  John  Cunningham,  a  sur- 
geon and  oculist,  was  born  in  1773,  in  Devon- 
shire, and  became  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London.  He  was 
particularly  skilful  in  the  treatment  of  dis- 
orders of  the  eye,  for  which  lie  instituted 
an  infirmary  in  1804.  He  wrote  "On  the 
Anatomy  and  Diseases  of  the  Ear"  and 
"  On  the  Diseases  of  the  Eye."    Died,  1810. 

SAUNDERS,  William,"  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  born  in  1743, 
became  senior  physician  to  Guy's  Hospital, 
and  died  in  1819.  Among  his  works  are, 
treatises  on  the  "  Structure,  Economy,  and 
Diseases  of  the  Liver,"  on  "  Indian  Hepa- 
titis," on  "  Mineral  Waters,"  &c. 

SAUNDERSON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  born  in  1682,  at  Tliurl- 
ston,  in  Yorkshire.  He  lost  his  sight  when 
12  months  old,  by  the  small-pox  ;  but  was 
sent  to  the  free-school  at  Penniston,  where 
he  made  a  great  proficiency  in  classical 
learning.  At  the  age  of  18  he  was  intro- 
duced to  Mr.  West,  a  lover  of  the  mathe- 
matics, who  instructed  him  in  algebra  and 
geometry  ;  and  he  made  such  progress,  that 
his  friends  sent  him  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
delivered  lectures  on  the  mathematics  to 
crowded  audiences.  Having  been  created 
M.  A.  by  royal  mandate,  he  was  appointed 
Lucasian  professor  of  mathematics  in  1711  ; 
and  in  1728  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
Died,  1739. 

SAURIN,  James,  an  eminent  French 
Protestant  preacher,  was  born  at  Nismes, 
in  1677.  Upon  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  in  1085,  his  father  retired  with 
his  family  to  Geneva,  where  the  subject  of 
this  article  made  a  considerable  progress  in 
learning,  but  quitted  his  studies,  and  went 
into  the  army.  When  the  Duke  of  Savoy, 
under  whom  he  served,  made  peace  in  1696, 
he  returned  to  Geneva,  with  a  view  to  engage 
in  the  ministry.  In  1700  he  visited  England, 
where  he  preached  nearly  5  years  to  his 
fellow  refugees  in  London.  He  subsequently 
became  pastor  to  a  congregation  of  French 
refugees,  who  assembled  in  a  chapel  belong- 
ing to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  at  the  Hague. 
He  was  the  author  of  12  vols,  of"  Sermons," 
"  The  State  of  Christianity  in  France," 
"Discourses,  Historical.  Critical,  and  iloral, 
on  the  most  remarkable  Events  of  the  Old 
and  Ntw  Testaments,"  &c.    Died,  1730. 

SAURIN,  JosKPU,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1659,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  mathematician.  He  was  origi- 
nally a  Protestant  minister  ;  but,  in  1690,  he 
embraced  the  Catholic  faith,  and  was  pen- 
sioned by  Louis  XIV.  He  contributed  for 
some  years  to  the  Journal  des  Savans,  and 
died  in  1730. 

SAURIN,  Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the 
last  mentioned,  was  born  in  1706,  at  Paris  ; 
and  quitted  the  bar  to  become  a  dramatic 


SAU] 


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[SAV  ; 


writer.  lie  was  the  author  of  "  Spartacus," 
a  tragedy  i  "  Mocurs  des  Temps,"  a  spirited 
eomcUy  ;  aud  a  variety  of  other  dramas. 
Died,  1781. 

SAUKIN,  Right  Hon.  William,  an  emi- 
nent Irish  lawyer.  He  was  called  to  tlie  bar 
in  the  year  1790  ;  in  1798  he  received  a  pa- 
tent of  precedence,  which  was  soon  followed 
by  liis  appointment  to  the  office  of  solicitor- 
general.  As  a  member  of  tlie  Irish  parlia- 
ment he  took  an  active  part  in  the  politics 
of  tlie  latter  end  of  the  18th  century  ;  yet, 
turbulent  as  were  the  times,  aud  fierce  as 
were  the  political  antagonists  to  whom  he 
was  opposed,  his  personal  integrity  and 
highly  honourable  feelings  were  on  all  hands 
admitted.  His  powers  us  a  debater,  and  Itis 
eminence  and  celebrity  as  a  lawyer,  caused 
him,  in  1807,  to  be  made  attorney-general 
for  Ireland,  and  he  held  that  important 
office  until  1822,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.,  now  Lord,  Plunkett.  Though  for  many 
years  previous  to  his  death  he  had  bceu 
greatly  afflicted  in  health,  his  faculties  re- 
mained unimpaired  to  the  last.  Born,  17G7; 
died,  1840. 

SAUS8URE,  Horace  Benedict  de,  a 
celebrated  naturalist,  was  born  at  Geneva, 
in  1740  ;  attained  an  early  proflciency  in 
the  mathematical  and  physical  sciences, 
and  was  for  several  years  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Gentva.  He  travelled  in  France, 
England,  Italy,  &c.  ;  and  by  the  valuable 
observations  whicli  he  made,  particularly 
among  tlie  glaciers  of  the  Alps,  he  contri- 
buted much  to  the  advancement  of  geology 
and  meteorology.  He  also  showed  great 
ingenuity  in  tlie  conslruction  of  improved 
instruments  adapted  to  scientific  uses,  viz. 
a  thermometer,  a  hygrometer,  a  eudiometer, 
an  electrometer,  &c.    Died,  1799. 

SAUVAGES,  FnANCis  Boissier  dk,  a 
celebrated  French  botanist  and  physician, 
born  In  1706,  at  Alais  ;  became  professor 
of  medicine  and  botany  at  tlic  iinirersity  of 
Montpelier,  was  a  member  of  nearly  all  the 
learned  societies  in  Europe,  aud  acquired, 
by  his  writings  and  lectures,  as  well  as  by 
his  zeal,  a  high  reputation.  His  principal 
work  is  entitled  "Nosologia  Methodica," 
5  vols.    Died,  1767. 

SAUVEUR,  Joseph,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, born  in  1653,  at  La  Fleche.  He  was 
dumb  till  he  had  passed  his  7th  year,  but 
such  was  his  love  for  the  mathematical  sci- 
ences, that  he  acquired  them  with  scarcely 
any  instruction,  aud  became  professor  at 
the  royal  college.  He  was  the  discoverer 
of  that  branch  of  science  called  musical 
acoustics,  and  died  in  1710. 

SAVAGE,  RicuAUD,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  genius,  irregularities,  and 
I  misfortunes,  was  born  in  London,  about  1698. 
I  The  singular  story  of  Savage,  adorned  as  it 
is  by  tlie  pen  of  his  intimate  friend.  Dr. 
Johnson,  has  acquired  great  interest.  He 
was  the  natural  son  of  the  Countess  of  Mac- 
clesfield by  Earl  Rivers.  No  sooner  did  he 
see  the  light,  than  a  most  unnatural  hatred 
took  complete  possession  of  his  mother,  who 
placed  him  witlfi  an  old  woman  in  the  lowest 
state  of  indigence,  with  directions  that  he 
should  be  brought  up  in  utter  ignorance  of  his 
birth,  and  in  the  meanest  condition.    He  was 


761 


i  an  apprentice  to  a  shoemaker,  when  tliis 
j  woman  d^  ing  suddenly,  some  of  Lady  Mo- 
{  son's  (the  mother  of  the  countess)  letters, 
i  which  he  found  among  her  papers,  discovered 
j  to  him  the  secret  of  his  birth.  From  tliis 
;  moment  his  attempts  to  obtain  the  notice  of 
i  his  mother  were  incessant,  but  all  his  assidu- 
;  iiics  and  applications  were  unavailing  ;  and 
in  justice  to  the  Countess  of  Macclesfield  it 
I  must  be  observed,  that  she  always  asserted 
i  that  her  child  died  while  quite  young,  and 


that  Savage  was  an  impostor. 


yoi 
lie 


now  be- 


came an  author,  and,  in  1723,  produced  the  ; 
tragedy  of  "  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,"    the  : 
profits  of  which  produced  him  200/. ;  and  he  I 
was  rising  in  reputation,  when,  in  1727,  he  I 
accidentally  killed  a  Mr.  Sinclair,  at  a  house  | 
of  ill-fame,  in  a  drunken  quarrel.    For  this  '< 
he  was  tried,  and  found  guilty  ;  but  obtained  ! 
the  royal  pardon,  through  the  intercession  | 
of  Lady  Hertford.    Soon  after,  Lord  Tyr- 
connel  became  his  patron,  received  him  into 
his  house,  and  allowed  him  200/.  a  year  ;  but 
the  bard  and  the  peer  quarrelled,  and  he 
was  again  turned  adrift  upon  the  world.    A 
"  Birth-day  Ode,"  addressed  to  the  queen, 
procured  him  a  pension  of  50/.,  but  on  her 
majesty's  death  this  was  discontinued,  and 
he  subsequently  endured  much  misery  and 
privation  ;  till  at  length,  in  1743,  he  died  in 
the  debtors'  prison,  at  Bristol ;  exhibiting,  as 
his  biographer,  Johnson,  observes,  a  lament- 
able proof  that  "  negligence  and  irregularity, 
long  continued,  will  make  knowledge  use- 
less,wit  ridiculous,  and  genius  contemptible." 

S.AVARY,  Nicholas,  a  French  traveller 
and  author,  was  a  native  of  "Vitre,  in  Brit- 
tany ;  travelled  to  Egypt  and  the  Levant, 
where  he  gathered  much  information  rela- 
tive to  the  antiquities,  manners,  and  cus- 
toms of  the  country,  and  died  in  1788.  He 
translated  the  Koran,  wrote  a  "Life  of  Ma- 
homet," "  letters  on  Egypt,"  &c. 

SAVEREIN,  AtiiXAXDER,  a  French  ma- 
thtmatician,  was  born  at  Aries,  in  1720  ; 
aud  died  in  1805.  His  principal  works  re- 
late to  naval  tactics  and  maritime  aft'uirs  ; 
but  he  also  wrote  on  philosophical  and  other 
sul.jects. 

SAVILLE,  Sir  Hknuy,  one  of  the  most 
profound  and  elegant  scholars  of  his  age, 
was  born  in  1549,  and  after  graduating  at 
Brazennose  College,  Oxford,  removed  on  a 
fellowship  to  Merton  College,  in  the  same 
university.  In  his  29th  year  he  made  a 
tour  on  the  Continent  for  the  purpose  of 
perfecting  himself  in  elegant  literature,  and. 
on  his  return  was  ai)i)ointed  tutor  in  Greek 
and  mathematics  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  Seven 
years  after,  the  wardenship  of  his  college 
was  conferred  on  him,  which  he  held  lor  [ 
about  36  years,  the  provostship  of  Eton 
being  added  to  it  in  1596.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  Commentaries  on  Roman  Warfare," 
and  other  learned  treatises.    Died,  1622. 

SAVONAROIvA,  Jerome,  a  Dominican, 
was  born  at  I'errara,  in  1452.  He  was  re- 
garded by  some  as  an  enthusiast,  and  by 
others  as  an  impostor  ;  but  he  preached 
with  great  zeal  against  the  corruptions  of 
the  Roman  church,  for  which  he  was  con« 
denined  to  the  flames  in  1498.  He  wrote 
sermons,  a  treatise  entitled  "  The  Triumph 
of  the  Cross,"  and  other  works. 


8X8 


sax] 


^  ^eiu  Hntbcrj^aX  2StonT«P?)e. 


[SCA 


i      SAXE,    Maukice,     Count    de,    marshal- 
'  general  of  the  French  armies,  was  bprn  at 
Dresden,  in  1G96.    He  was  tlie  natural  son 
of  Frederic  Augustus  II.,   king   of  Poland, 
;  by  the  Countess  of  Kcinigsmark,  and  died  in 
!  1750,  leaving  behind  him  the  cliaraeter  of 
one  of  the  greatest  and  most  successful  ge- 
nerals of  the  age.    His  "  Reveries,  or  Me- 
moirs concerning  the  Art  of  War,"  together 
j  with  otlier  small    pieces,    were    translated 
<  into  English,  and  publisiied  at  Loudon,  in 
1757. 

S  AXO,  Grammaticus,  a  Danish  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  12th  century. 

SAY,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  eminent  French 
writer  on  political  economy,  born  in  1767. 
i  He  concerted  with  Chamfort  (who  was  guil- 
j  lotined)  the  "  Decade  Philosophique,"  during 
tlie  revolution.      Buonaparte,  on  going  to 
j  Egypt,  made  him  his  librarian  extraordinary, 
j  and  afterwards  appointed  him  a  member  of 
the  tribunate,  from  which  post  he  was  dis- 
!  missed  by  liis  patron,  for  having  the  consist- 
ent honesty  to  vote  against  the  creation  of 
an  emperor  and  empire.   His  "  Traite  d'Eco- 
nomie  Publique  "  is  a  most  valuable  work, 
and  has  been   compared  to  Adam   Smith's 
Wealth  of  Nations.    Among  his  other  works 
are,  "  Observations  sur  I'Angleterre  et  les 
Anglais,"  "  Cours  complet  d'Economie  Poli- 
I  tique,"  0  vols.  &c.     In  his  private  life,  M. 
'  Say  is  said  to  have  exhibited  a  model  of  the 
domestic  virtues  ;   and,  as   a  political  cha- 
racter, though  assailed  by  trials  and  tempta- 
tions, throughout  tlie  stormy  periods  of  the 
French  revolution,  as  well  -as  during  the 
despotism  of  Napoleon,  he  maintained  an 
unsullied  reputation.    He  died  in  1832. 

SCALA,  BARTHELMi.an  Italian  statesman 
and  historian  ;  born,  1430 ;  died,  1497.  His 
chief  work  is  a  *'  History  of  the  Florentine 
Republic." 

SCALIGER,  JuLins  Cesar,  generally 
known  as  the  elder  Scaliger,  a  celebrated 
scholar,  was  born  in  14S4,  at  the  castle  of 
Riva,  on  lake  Garda,  and  became  a  page  of 
the  emperor  Majcimilian,  whom  he  served  in 
war  and  peace  for  17  years.  When  he  was 
about  40,  he  quitted  the  army,  and  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  natural  law,  medi- 
cine, and  the  learned  languages.  In  1525 
he  accompanied  the  Bishop  of  Agen  to  liis 
diocese  in  France,  where  he  died  in  1558. 
His  work  "  De  Arte  Poetica  "  gained  him 
much  reputation,  and  few  men  have  sur- 
passed liim  in  erudition  ;  but  liis  vanity  and 
insolence  were  on  a  i)ar  with  his  talents. 

SCALIGER,  Joseph  Justus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Agen,  in  1540 ;  was 
made  professor  of  polite  literature  at  Ley- 
den,  and  is  said  to  have  been  master  of  no 
less  than  13  languages.     Died,  1609. 

SCANDERBEG  (which  means  the  Bey 
Alexander),  whose  proper  name  was  (ieorge 
Castriotto,  was  the  son  of  John,  prince  of 
Albania,  and  was  born  in  1404.  Being  given 
by  his  father  as  a  hostage  to  sultan  Amu- 
rath  II.,  he  was  educated  in  the  Moham- 
medan religion^  and  at  the  age  of  18  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  troops,  with 
the  title  of  sangiac.  After  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1432,  he  formed  the  design  of  pos- 
sessing himself  of  his  principality;  and  hav- 
ing accompanied  the  Turkish  army  to  Hun- 


gary, he  entered  into  an  agreement  with 
Hunniades  to  desert  to  the  Christians.  This 
design  he  put  into  execution  ;  and,  having 
ascended  the  throne  of  his  fathers,  he  re- 
nounced the  Mohammedan  religion.  A  long 
warfare  followed ;  but  although  frequently 
obliged  to  retire  to  the  fastnesses  of  moun- 
tains, he  always  renewed  his  assaults  upon 
the  first  favourable  occasion,  until  the  sultan 
proposed  terms  of  peace  to  liim,  which  were 
accepted.  He,  however,  renounced  liis  treaty 
with  the  sultan,  obtained  repeated  victories 
over  the  Turkish  armies,  completely  estab- 
lished his  power,  and  died  in  1467.  His  per- 
sonal prowess  was  doubtless  prodigious,  but 
the  accounts  which  are  related  of  it  exceed 
all  credibility.  His  death  was  a  great  loss 
to  Christendom  ;  and  when  the  Turkish  em- 
peror heard  of  it,  he  exultingly  exclaimed, 
"  Who  shall  now  prevent  me  from  destroying 
the  infidels,  who  have  lost  their  sword  and 
buckler  ?  "  The  Albanians,  after  the  death 
of  their  chief,  appeared  to  have  been  deprived 
of  all  energy,  and  in  no  long  time  submitted 
again  to  the  Mussulman  dominion. 

SCAPULA,  John,  the  author  of  a  valuable 
lexicon  of  the  Greek  language,  published 
originally  in  quarto,  in  1583,  and  which  has 
since  gone  through  a  variety  of  editions. 

SCARLATTI,  Alessandro,  born  at 
Naples,  in  1658,  was  educated  at  Rome  under 
Carissimi,  and  died  in  1728.  The  Italians 
called  him  the  "  glory  of  the  art,"  and  the 
first  of  composers.  He  composed  about  100 
operas,  a  great  number  of  motets,  and  nearly 

2(X)  masses Domenico  Scarlatti,  his 

son,  born  in  1683,  resided  for  a  time  at  Rome 
and  Naples,  but  finally  settled  at  Madrid, 
where  he  obtained  the  appointment  of  chapel- 
master  to  the  queen  of  Spain.  He  produced 
several  operas  and  some  good  church  music, 
and  was  on  terms  of  friendship  with  Handel. 

SCARPA,  Aktonio,  a  celebrated  Italian 
anatomist,  was  born  in  1746,  at  Friuli  ;  and 
died  at  Pavia,  in  1826.  He  enjoyed  an  ex- 
tensive reputation  throughout  Europe,  by 
his  admirable  description  of  the  nerves  in 
his  "  Tabula  Necrologise."  His  treatises  on 
the  organs  of  hearing,  sight,  and  smell,  and 
on  aneurism,  hernia,  and  lithotomy,  &c., 
further  contributed  to  his  surgical  fame  ; 
while  his  exquisite  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and 
his  amiable  disposition,  rendered  him  a  great 
favourite  in  a  more  extended  sphere. 

SCABBON,  Paul,  n  comic  poet  and  sa- 
tirist, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1610,  and  was 
intended  for  the  church,  to  which  he  was 
averse,  and  for  which  his  habits  were  de- 
cidedly unfit.  At  the  age  of  24  he  travelle<l 
into  Italy,  where  he  gave  himself  up  without 
restraint  to  indulgences  of  every  kind,  and 
continued  his  excesses  after  his  return  to 
Paris.  At  the  age  of  27,  having  appeared 
during  the  carnival  at  Mans  as  a  savage,  he 
was  pursued  by  the  populace,  and  being 
obliged  to  hide  himself  in  a  marsh,  he  lost 
the  use  of  his  limbs.  Notwithstanding  his 
sufferings,  he  never  lost  his  gaiety  ;  and, 
settling  at  Paris,  his  wit  and  social  powers 
gained  him  a  wide  circle  of  acquaintance, 
among  whom  was  the  beautiful  Mademoiselle 
d'Aubigne,  who  after  his  death  was  known 
as  the  widow  Scarron,  and  who  was  even- 
tually rendered  still  more  famous  as  Madame 


SCAJ 


^  |}cb)  ^iiibevi^al  33i0arapT)n. 


[SCH 


(le  Maintenon.  His  principal  writings  are, 
liis  "Comic  Romance"  and  liis  "Virgilie 
Travestie."    Died,  lOGO. 

SC.VIISGILL,  W.  P.,  author  of  "The 
Puritan's  Grave,"  "  The  Usurer's  Daugh- 
ter," "  Provincial  Shetches,"  &c.  Died,  183(5. 
SCIIADOW,  JoiiANX  Gkokkuoy,  a  dis- 
tinguislied  modern  sculptor,  was  horn  at 
Berlin,  1701.  Having  evinced  an  early  pre- 
dilection for  the  fine  arts,  he  repaired  to 
Rome  in  178.",  for  the  cultivation  of  liis  taste, 
and  after  initiating  himself  in  the  school 
of  the  best  Italian  masters,  he  returned  to 
Berlin  in  17W,  where  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  sculpture  in  the  university  of  that 
city,  and  subsequently  director  in  chief  of 
the  academy  of  the  tine  arts.  Here  he  lived 
and  laboured  for  the  long  period  of  02  years, 
not  only  designing  and  producing  the  great 
works  whicii  have  placed  him  in  the  first 
rank  of  artists,  but  forming  the  distinguished 
school,  which  is  so  nobly  represented  by  such 
men  as  Rauoh,  Dannecker,  Zauner,  Tieck, 
and  many  others.  One  of  his  earliest  works 
was  the  monument  of  Count  van  der  ilark, 
in  the  chuiuh  of  St.  Dorothy,  at  Berlin  ;  and 
among  liis  most  celebrated  productions  may 
be  mentioned,  the  statues  of  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Stettin,  Marshal  Blucher  at  Ros- 
tock, Luther  at  Wittenberg,  and  the  Quad- 
riga in  bronze  on  tlie  Braiidenl)urg  gate  at 
Berlin.  Died,  1S50.  One  of  his  sons  has 
attained  great  distinction  as  an  arti>>t  at 
Rome. 

SCIIADOW,  Zoxo  RiDOLFO,  an  Italian 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  178(J ;  and 
was  instructed  by  Canova  and  Tliorwaldsen. 
He  executed  many  admired  sculptures  and 
has  reliefs,  and  died  in  1822. 

SCIIAEFFER,  Gkoffuov  IlEi.vnicir,  a 
distiuguislied  philologist,  professor  of  Greek 
literature  and  librarian  at  Leipsig,  where  lie 
was  born,  17G4.  He  is  chiefly  known  for  his 
edition  of  tiie  Greek  authors,  published  by 
Tauehnitz.     Died,  1810. 

SCHAEFFER,  Jacob  CuniSTiAN,  a  dis- 
tinguislied  German  philosopher,  was  born  in 
171.5,  and  died  at  Ratisbon  in  1700. 

SCHALKEN,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  who  chiefly  excelled 
in  painting  candle-light  scenes.  Born,  1C43; 
died,  170(5. 

SCFI ANK.  JOHX,  a  naval  ofBcer,  was  born 
in  1740,  at  Castlerig,  in  Fifcshire  ;  entered 
the  service  early  in  life,  and  distinguished 
himself  on  the  Canadian  lakes  during  the 
American  war  as  an  able  engineer.  After 
the  peace,  he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the 
improvement  of  shipping,  and,  among  other 
contrivances,  invented  one  for  navigating 
vessels  in  shallow  water,  by  means  of  sliding 
keels.  He  was  actively  employed  in  the 
defence  of  the  British  coast,  and  in  the  trans- 
port service,  during  the  war  witli  France, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of  the  blue 
in  1821.  He  was  one  of  the  first  founders  of 
the  society  for  promoting  naval  archi- 
tecture, and  wrote  several  valuable  papers 
for  the  institution.     Died,  1823. 

SCHEEIiE,  Charles  William,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  was  born  in  1742,  at  Stralsund, 
in  Swedish  Pomerania ;  was  brotjglu  up  as 
an  apothecary  at  Strasburg,  became    pro- 
I  prietor  of  a  pharmaceutial  establishmeut  at 

763 


Keeping,  and  died  in  1786.  He  wrote 
"  Chemical  Essays,"  and  was  the  discoverer 
of  the  oxalic,  fluoric,  malic,  and  lactic  acids. 

SCHIAVONETTI,  Louis,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, was  born  in  17G5,  at  Bassano,  in  the 
state  of  Venice,  and  settled  in  England, 
where  he  acquired  a  high  reputation,  both 
as  an  artist  and  a  man.    Died,  1  jlO. 

SCIIILL,  Ferdi.vand  vox,  a  distin- 
guished Prussian  oflScer,  was  born  in  1773, 
and  entered  the  army  in  1789.  He  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Jena  ;  but 
took  the  field  again  at  the  head  of  a  free 
corps,  displaying  great  ability.  Indignant  at 
the  sulijectiou  of  his  country  to  the  influence 
of  Buonaparte,  he  resolved  to  make  a  great 
effort  for  the  liberation  of  Germany.  With 
that  view  he  collected  a  small  body  of  troops, 
ajid  commenced  operations  on  the  Elbe  ; 
but,  after  having  obtained  some  successes, 
he  was  overpowered,  and  slain  at  Stralsund, 
in  May,  1809. 

SCHILLER,  JoiiJf  Christopher  FRKnE- 
rick  vox,  one  of  the  most  illustrious  names 
in  German  literature,  was  born  at  Marbach, 
in  WUrtemberg,  in  17."i9.  After  having 
studied  medicine,  and  become  surgeon  in  a 
regiment,  he,  in  his  22d  year,  wrote  his 
tragedy  of  WThe  Robbers,'*  which  at  once 
raised  him  to  the  foremost  rank  among  the 
dramatists  of  his  country.  It  was  performed 
at  Mannheim,  in  1782.  But  some  passages 
of  a  revolutionary  tendency  having  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  the  Duke  of  WUrtemberg, 
he  left  Stuttgard  by  stealth,  and  made  his 
way  to  Mannheim,  where,  after  various 
wanderings  and  many  hardships,  he  got  his 
tragedy  of  "  Fieseo"  brought  out  on  the 
stage.  The  tragedies  of  "  Cabal  and  Love  " 
and  "Don  Carlos"  M'ere  his  next  produc- 
tions. In  1785  he  repaired  to  Leipsig  and 
Dresden,  where  he  found  many  admirers. 
Here  he  wrote  his  singular  romance  called 
the  "  Geisterseher  "  and  his  "  Philosophical 
Letters,"  and  collected  materials  for  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands  under 
Philip  II."  In  1787  he  repaired  to  Weimar, 
where  he  was  welcomed  with  great  warmth 
by  Wieland  and  Herder,  undertook  the 
management  of  a  periodical  called  the  Ger- 
man Mercury,  and  not  long  afterwards 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Goethe,  which 
soon  ripened  into  a  friendship  only  dissolved 
by  death.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  history  in  the  university  of  Jena, 
and  besides  lecturing  to  crowded  audiences, 
he  published  his  celebrated  "  History  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,"  and  engaged  in  various 
literary  enterprises,  which  have  more  or  less 
had  great  influence  on  the  literature  of 
Germany.  "  Die  Horen  "  and  "  Der  Musen- 
Almanach,"  to  wliich  the  most  eminent  men 
in  Germany  contributed,  belong  to  this 
category.  He  also  produced  tlie  "  Xenien," 
a  (wllection  of  epigrams,  and  wrote  his 
"  Ballads,"  which  are  reckoned  among  the 
finest  compositions  of  their  kind  in  any  j 
language.  About  this  period  he  exhibited  a 
strong  tendency  to  consumption,  which  by 
precluding  him  from  lecturing,  greatly  re- 
duced Ids  income  ;  but  he  was  relieved  from 
the  pressure  of  misfortune  by  the  kindness 
of  the  Prince  of  Denmark,  who  settled  upon 
him  a  pension  of  a  thousand  dollars  for  three 


8CH] 


^  f}cl3)  CJm'tjerjSal  3ai0ffrajpT)n. 


[SCH 


years,  and  thus  enabled  him  to  pursue  his 
studies,  free  at  once  from  narrow  circum- 
stances and  public  duties.  lie  soon  after 
settled  at  Weitriar,  in  order  to  direct  the 
theatre  in  conjunction  with  Goethe,  in  ac- 
cordance with  their  mutual  tastes  and  opi- 
nions ;  and  here  he  at  intervals  published 
the  works  which,  together  with  those  above 
mentioned,  have  immortalised  his  name. 
Among  these  are  "  Wallenstein,"  "  Mary 
Stuart,"  "Joan  of  Arc,"  "  William  Tell," 
"  History  of  the  Kemarkable  Conspiracies 
and  Revolutions  in  the  Middle  and  Later 
Ages,"  &c.    Died,  1805. 

SCIIIPANI,  Giuseppe,  a  patriotic  general 
of  the  Neapolitan  republic  in  1799,  defeated 
and  executed  by  -Cardinal  Ruffo  and  the 
counter-revolutionists,  who  restored  the 
Neapolitan  Bourbons. 

SCHLEGEL,  August  Wimielii  vox,  a 
celebrated  critic,  poet,  and  philologist,  was 
born  at  Hanover,  17C7.  After  finishing  his 
studies  at  Gfittingen,  he  became  professor 
at  Jena,  where  he  lectured  on  the  tlieory 
of  art,  and  joined  his  brother  Friederich 
in  the  editorship  of  the  Athenaeum.  In 
1802  he  repaired  to  Berlin,  as  a  wider  field 
for  his  literary  predilections  ;  accompanied 
Madame  de  Stael,  in  1805,  on  a  tt)ur  through 
Italy,  France,  Germany,  and  Sweden  ;  de- 
livered lectures  in  Vienna,  in  1808,  on  dra- 
matic art ;  became  secretary  to  Bernadotte, 
the  crown  prince  of  Sweden,  in  181.3  ;  and. 
after  studying  Sanscrit  in  Paris,  obtained 
in  1818  the  professorship  of  history  at  Bonn, 
which  he  held  till  his  death.  It  would  be 
diflicult  within  the  brief  space  at  our  com- 
mand to  indicate  the  great  literary  achieve- 
ments of  A.  W.  von  Schlegel,  and  the 
influence  which  his  works  exercised  upon 
the  minds  not  only  of  his  own  countrymen 
but  of  Europe  at  large  Besides  publishing 
numerous  profound  philological  works,  and 
many  dissertations  on  subjects  connected 
with  the  fine  arts  and  poetry,  he  was  the 
founder  of  the  so  called  romantic  school,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  classical;  his  poems 
and  ballads  rank  among  the  highest  in 
Germany  ;  his  lectures  on  dramatic  art  and 
literature  have  become  a  standard  work 
even  in  England ;  and  his  translation  of 
Shakspeare  is  accounted  one  of  the  most 
wonderful  achievements  in  that  difficult, 
though  too  often  ill-appreciated,  art.  Though 
a  Protestant  by  birth  and  education,  Schlegel 
became  warmly  attached  to  Catholicism ; 
but  he  often  displayed  a  puerile  passion  for 
titles  and  small  court  distinctions,  which 
formed  a  great  drawback  to  his  real  merits, 
and  drew  down  upon  him  much  merited 
ridicule.    Died,  1845. 

SCHEEGEL,  Fkiedkricii  vox,  a  cele- 
brated German  critic  and  philologist,  and  a 
younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1772,  and  studied  at  Gfittingen  and  Leip- 
sig.  His  first  production  of  any  importance 
was  the  "  History  of  the  Poetry  of  the  Greeks 
and  Romans."  He  then  joined  his  brother 
in  conducting  a  periodical  called  the  Athe- 
naeum, and  after  publishing  the  philosophi- 
cal romance  of  "  Lucinda,"  he  visited  Paris, 
where  he  delivered  lectures  on  philosophy, 
and  occupied  himself  with  the  fine  arts.  In 
180 1  he  published  a  "Collection  of  the  Ro- 


mantic Poetry  of  the  Middle  Ages."  After 
this,  he  repaired  to  Vienna,  and,  in  1809, 
received  an  appointment  at  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Archduke  Charles,  where  he 
drew  up  several  powerful  proclamations. 
When  peace  was  concluded,  he  delivered  in 
Vienna  the  lectures  known  as  "  The  History 
of  Ancient  and  Modern  Literature  ; "  a  work 
which  has  been  justly  designated  as  a  great 
European  possession,  for  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  every  European  language, 
lu  1812,  he  edited  the  "  German  Museum,'' 
and  gained  the  confidence  of  Prince  Mctter- 
nich  by  the  composition  of  various  diploma- 
tic papers  ;  in  consequence  of  wliich  he  was 
appointed  Austrian  counsellor  of  legation  at 
the  Germanic  diet,  which  he  held  from  1814 
to  1818.  He  then  returned  to  Vienna,  and  re- 
sumed his  literary  occupations  with  great 
zest  ;  contributing  to  various  journals  and 
reviews,  lecturing  on  many  topics  connected 
with  philosophy  and  a3sthetics  ;  and  above 
all  producing  his  "  Philosophy  of  Life  "  and 
his  "Philosophy  of  History,"  which  rank 
among  his  best  literary  efforts.  I/ike  his 
brother,  Friederich  Schlegel  became  a  Roman 
Catholic  ;  and  his  strong  devotional  tenden- 
cies may  be  seen  in  his  interesting  "  Letters 
on  Christian  Art."    Died,  1829. 

SCHLEIERMACHER,     Fkederic    Er- 
NI2ST  Daniel,  equally  distinguished    as  a 
theologian,  a  philologist,  a  critic,  an  orator, 
and  a  translator,  was  born  at  Breslau  iu 
17«8  ;   studied  at  Halle  in  1781  ;  and,  after 
holding  various  ecclesiastical  appointments 
in  different  parts  of  Germany,  was  called  to 
Berlin  in  1809  as  preacher,  and  about  the 
same  time  received  the  chair  of  theology  in 
the  university  of  that  city.    The  influence  of  | 
his  writings  on  the  German  mind  was  and  | 
still  is  very  great ;  but  it  was  far  surpassed  | 
by  that  which  his  oral  instructions,  and  the  ! 
purity  and  piety  which  his  personal  cha-  j 
racter  exercised  over  those  who  lived  within  : 
his  sphere.    His  works  on  moral  philosophy,  I 
his  sermons,  and  his  masterly  translation  of  1 
Plato,  will  secure  him  lasting  fame  in  the  j 
literarv  world.     Died,  1834. 

SCHLOETZER,  Augustus  Louis,  a  Ger-  I 
man  historian,  was  born  iu  1737,  became  I 
professor  of  philosophy  and  politics  at  Got-  \ 
tingen,  and  died  in  1S09.  Among  his  works  | 
are,  "  A  History  of  Lithuania  ;"  and  he  was 
one  of  the  conductors  of  what  may  be  called 
the  Literary  Gazette  of  Gottingen.  I 

SCHMAUSS,  JoHx  James,  historian  and  i 
publicist,  was  born  at  Landau,  in  1690.    He  I 
was  educated  at  Halle,  and  commenced  a 
life  of  literary  labour  at  the  age  of  21,  from  j 
which  he  was  relieved  by  the  Margrave  of  i 
Baden-Dourlach,    who    gave    him    ofificial  \ 
employment  at  his  court.    In  1734  he  was  I 
appointed  professor  of  history  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  which  was  then  regarded  as 
a  school  of  diplomacy  for  the  youth  of  the 
greatest  families  in  Europe.     Among    his 
principal  works  are,  "  A  Sketch  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Empire,"  "  Corpus  Juris  publici 
Academicum,"  "  Corpus  Juris  gentium  Aca- 
demicum,"   and    an    "  Introduction  to  the 
Science  of  Politics."    Died,  1757. 

SCHOEPFLIN,  Joiix  Daniel,  a  learned 
German  historian,  was  born  in  1694,  and  be- 
came  professor  of  history  and  rhetoric  at 


ecu] 


^  ^elu  dnibcriSnl  UiograjpI)M. 


[sen 


Strasburg  ;  where  he  died  in  1771.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  of  great  research,  and  was 
for  more  than  half  a  century  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  ornaments  of  tlie  university  of 
Strasburg.  His  valuable  library  and  museum 
he  left  to  the  public. 

SCIIOEl'FER,PETKU,one  of  the  inventors 
of  printing,  was  born  at  Gernslieim,  in  the 
territory  of  Darmstiult ;  was  a  partner  with 
Guttcmbergand  Faust  ;  a«id  having  married 
the  daugliter  of  the  latter,  became  sole  pos- 
sessor of  the  printing  establishment.  He  died 
about  I.W2. 

SCHOMHERG,  Hknrv  de,  marshal  of 
France,  was  descended  of  a  German  family. 
He  served  in  1617,  in  Piedmont,  under  Mar- 
shal d'Estrees,  and  afterwards  against  tlie 
Huguenots  in  the  civil  wars.  In  102.5  he 
was  made  field-marshal,  and  two  years 
afterwards  defeated  the  English  at  the  isle 
of  Rht.'.  In  1629  he  forced  the  passage  of 
Susa,  on  which  occasion  he  was  severely 
wounded.  The  next  year  he  took  Pignerol, 
and  relieved  Casal.  In  1633  he  defeated 
the  rebels  in  Liinguedoc  at  the  famous 
battle  of  Castelnuudari,  for  which  he  was 
made  governor  of  that  province.  He  wrote 
a  narrative  of  tlie  war  of  Italy,  and  died  in 
I6;5;i. 

SCHOMBERG,  Fkederick  Armand, 
Duke  of,  was  born  of  an  illustrious  family, 
but  different  from  the  preceding.  He  began 
his  military  career  under  Frederic  Heury, 
prince  of  Orange,  and  his  son  VVilliam  ;  but 
in  16.50  he  passed  into  the  French  service, 
became  acquainted  with  Condu  and  Tu- 
reune,  and  obtained  the  government  of 
Gravelines  and  Furnes.  In  1661  he  was 
sent  to  Portugal,  where  his  success  against 
the  forces  of  Spain  procured  a  favourable 
peace.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  he  left  France  and  went  to  Bran- 
denburg, the  elector  of  which  made  him 
minister  of  state.  He  accompanied  the 
Prince  of  Orange  to  England  at  the  revo- 
lution, was  created  a  peer,  made  knight  of 
the  garter,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  100,000/. 
In  1689  he  went  with  William  to  Ireland, 
and  was  accidentally  shot  as  he  was  crossing 
the  Boy  ne,  by  the  French  refugees  of  his  own 
regiment. 

SCHOMBERG,  Isaac,  a  naval  officer  and 
historian.  He  served  as  lieutenant  in  the 
American  war,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
victory  gained  by  Admiral  Rodney  over 
Count  de  Grasse,  and  was  captain  of  the 
Culloden  in  liOrd  Howe's  fleet  on  "  the  glo- 
rious first  of  Jime,"  1794.  He  eventually 
became  a  commissioner  of  the  navy,  and  at 
his  leisure  devoted  his  attention  to  tlie  com- 
position of  a  work,  entitled  "  Naval  Chrono- 
logy." .5  vols.     Died.  1813. 

SCHOPENHAUER,  Joiiaxxa,  a  German 
authoress  of  great  celebrity,  was  born  at 
Dantzig,  1770.  Her  father,  whose  name  was 
Trosina,  was  a  wealthy  citizen  of  that  town; 
and  under  the  paternal  roof  she  enjoyed 
every  facility  for  the  improvement  of  her 
great  natural  abilities.  Soon  after  her 
marriage  she  entered  on  an  extensive  tour 
through  France,  Italy,  and  the  British 
Islands,  of  which  she  subsequently  published 
an  account;  and,  on  the  death  of  her  husband, 
she  went  to  reside  at  Weimar,  where  she 


lived  in  the  closest  Intimacy  with  Goethe, 
her  home  being  the  resort  of  all  the  emi- 
nent persons  who  were  attracted  to  that 
court.  Her  chief  works  arc,  "  Fernow's 
Leben,"  "Ausflucht  an  denRhein,"  "Jugend- 
leben  und  Wanderbilder "  (an  English 
translation  of  which  was  published  in  1847), 
"Sidonia,"  "Die  Tante,"  and  above  all 
"  Gabriele,"  which  presents  a  charming 
picture  of  female  character.    Died,  1838. 

SCHREVELIUS,  Coknelius,  a  learned 
critic,  was  born  at  Haarlem,  about  l(il4.  His 
father  was  rector  of  the  school  at  Lcyden,  in 
which  office  he  succeeded  him.  His  name  is 
now  principally  known  by  his  "  Greek  and 
Latin  Lexicon."    Died,  1667. 

SCHROEDER,  Joiix  Joachim,  a  learned 
orientalist,  born  in  Hesse  Cassel,  in  1680. 
He  undertook  a  journey  to  Armenia,  in 
order  to  prosecute  his  researches  concerning 
the  language  of  that  country,  and  on  his 
return  published  his  "  Thesaurus  Linguae 
Armenicas."  He  was,  successively,  professor 
of  the  oriental  tongues,  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, and  theology,  at  Marpurg  ;  where  he 
died  in  175C. 

SCHUBERT,  Fkancis,  an  eminent  musi- 
cal composer,  was  born  at  Vienna,  1795.  His 
melodies,  known  by  their  German  name, 
"Lieder,"  have  attained  great  celebrity 
throughout  Germany,  France,  and  England  ; 
among  the  l)est  known  are  the  "  Erl  K(5nig," 
"  Ave  Maria,"  "  Der  Wanderer,"  and  "  Die 
Erwartung,"  &e.     Died,  1830. 

SCHULEMBOURG,  Joiix  Matthias, 
Count  de,  a  celebrated  general,  born  at 
Magdeburg,  in  1661.  He  first  served  in 
the  Danish  army  ;  after  which  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  brave  and  skilful 
general  in  the  wars  of  Poland,  under  So- 
bieski ;  on  quitting  which  service  he  became 
generalissimo  of  the  Venetian  forces,  and 
in  1716  giiined  great  renown  by  his  noble 
defence  of  Corfu  against  the  Turks.  Died, 
1747. 

SCHULTENS,  Albert,  a  German  divine,' 
who  has  been  designated  the  restorer  of 
oriental  literature  in  the  18th  century,  was 
born  at  Groningen,  in  1086  ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  eastern  languages  at  Franeker, 
and  afterwards  at  Leyden  ;  wrote  several 
learned  works,  among  which  are  "  Origines 
Hebraicaj"   and    a    "Commentary  on    the 

Book  of  Job,"  and  died  in  1750 John 

Jacob,  his  son,whodiedin  1778;  and  Henry 
Albert,  his  grandson,  who  died  in  1793, 
were  both  distinguished  by  their  knowledge 
of  the  oriental  tongues,  and  filled  the  same 
situations  at  Leyden. 

SCIIULZE,  JoHX  Hexrv,  a  German 
physician,  was  born  at  Colbitz,  in  the  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  in  1687.  He  was  i)rofessor 
of  rhetoric  and  antiquities  at  Halle,  and 
died  there  in  1745,  with  the  reputation  of 
being  a  profound  scholar  and  an  able  ana- 
tomist. 

SCHUMACHER,  Heinricii  CiiRiSTiAX,n 
distinguished  astronomer,  was  born  in  Hol- 
stein,  1780  ;  was  successively  professor  of 
astronomy  at  the  university  of  Copenhagen, 
director  at  the  observatory  of  Mannheim,  in 
the  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  and  for  many 
years  astronomer  in  the  observatoiy  at 
Altona,  and   editor  of  the  Astronomische 


sch] 


^  ^eU)  OnibfriSal  3Sta(jrap]^i). 


[sci 


Nachrichtcn.  From  1817  to  1821  lie  mea- 
sured, by  order  of  t)>e  government,  the  de- 
grees of  longitude  from  Copenhagen  to  the 
western  coast  of  Jutland,  and  the  degrees 
of  latitude  from  Skagen  (the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Jutland)  to  the  frontiers  of  the 
kingdom  of  Hanover  ;  a  work  which  was 
afterwards  continued  by  the  astronomer 
Gauss.  Among  many  other  important  works 
which  came  from  his  hands,  he  executed 
for  the  English  government  the  measure  of 
the  difference  of  longitude  existing  between 
the  observatories  of  Greenwich  and  of  Altona. 
He  was  a  diligent  and  accurate  observer, 
one  of  his  latest  labours  being  connected 
with  Encke's  planet  Astrsea.  Died,  28th 
Dec.  18,50. 

SCHURMANN,  An'xa  Mahia  de,  born  at 
Cologne,  in  10(»7,  whose  acquirements  in  the 
learned  languages,  the  fine  arts,  and  polite 
literature  were  so  great,  that  slie  obtained 
the  appellation  of  the  modern  Sappho. 
This  erudite  and  accomplished  lady,  who 
understood  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Chal- 
dee,  and  several  modern  languages,  and  who 
was  mistress  of  painting,  engraving,  sculp- 
ture, and  music,  at  length  became  the  victim 
of  fanatical  delusion.  In  1(550  she  appeared 
as  a  zealous  disciple  of  the  enthusiast 
Labadie,  to  whom,  it  is  said,  she  was  secretly 
married  ;  and.  after  his  death,  she  retired  to 
Weivart,  in  Friesland,  where  she  died  in 
1(578.  Her  "Opuscula,  or  Pieces  in  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,"  were  printed  in  1(552. 
She  also  wrote  "  Latin  Poems  "  and  a  "  De- 
fence of  Female  Study." 

SCHUSTER,  Ignatius,  a  famous  comic 
actor  at  Vienna,  on  whose  tomb  the  follow- 
ing expressive  tribute  is  recorded  :  —  "  Here 
lies  Ignatius  Schuster,  who  made  Vienna 
laugh  daily  for  30  years,  and  caused  it  to  weep 
only  once  — upon  the  day  of  his  death." 
Died,  1833. 

SCHWANTHALER,  Ludwio  von,  an 
eminent  sculptor,  descended  from  a  family 
that  for  generations  had  been  distinguished 
in  the  arts,  was  born  at  Munich,  1802.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  entered  the  academy  of 
Munich,  where  he  soon  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Cornelius,  by  whose  advice  he  re- 
paired to  Rome  ;  and  after  enjoying  there 
the  friendship  and  instructions  of  Thorwald- 
sen,  he  returned  to  his  native  city  in  1827, 
where  he  found  ample  scope  for  tlie  develop- 
ment of  his  genius  in  the  numerous  com- 
missions entrusted  to  him  by  the  royal 
family  of  Bavaria.  It  would  be  difficult 
with  our  limits  to  point  out  even  a  tithe  of 
his  productions  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  ricli 
as  Munich  has  become  in  works  of  art,  it 
owes  no  small  portion  of  its  celebrity  to  this 
artist,  whose  marvellous  power  ofcomi>osit  ion 
and  versatility  of  genius  showed  themselves 
no  less  in  his  admirable  statues  and  reliefs, 
than  in  his  frescoes  and  cartoons.  Died, 
1818. 

SCHWARTZ,  Bertiiold,  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  Cordeliers,  at  the  end  of  the  13th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Fribourg  in  Ger- 
many, and  an  able  chemist.  It  is  said,  that 
as  he  was  making  some  experiments  with 
nitre,  it  led  to  his  invention  of  gunpowder, 
which  was  first  applied  to  warlike  purposes 
by  the  Venetians  in  1300.    There  is,  how- 


ever, much  discrepancy  in  the  accounts  of 
this  discovery  ;  and  it  is  certain  that  Roger 
Bacon,  who  died  in  1292,  was  acquainted 
with  an  inflammable  composition  similar 
to  gunpowder,  the  knowledge  of  which 
Europeans  appear  to  have  derived  from  the 
Orientals. 

SCHWARTZ,  CHKiSTrAN  Fkederic,  a 
German  missionary  to  the  East  Indies.  In 
17(57,  he  was  employed  by  the  English  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge, 
and  lie  continued  throughout  his  life  to 
labour  in  the  sacred  cause  with  unceasing 
zeal.  He  was  held  in  high  esteem  for  his 
character  by  the  Hindoos,  and  the  rajah  of 
Tanjore  made  him  tutor  to  his  sou.    Died, 

'SCHWARTZENBERG,  Charles  Pin- 
Lir,  Prince,  an  Austrian  field-marshal,  was 
born  of  an  ancient  and  illustrious  family  at 
Vienna,  in  1771.  He  entered  into  the  army 
early,  and  rapidly  proceeded  through  all  the 
grades  of  military  rank  until  he  became  a 
general  officer.  After  serving  two  cam- 
paigns against  the  Turks,  he  was  employed 
in  the  first  campaign  against  the  French  in 
the  war  that  followed  the  execution  of  Ltmis 
XVI.  On  the  death  of  the  emperor  Paul 
in  1801,  he  was  sent  to  St.  Petersburgh  to 
congratulate  Alexander  on  his  accession. 
He  served  under  General  Mack  in  1805,  and 
succeeded  in  withdrawing  the  cavalry  under 
his  command  from  the  consequences  of  the 
capitulation  of  Ulm.  He  also  took  a  share 
in  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  which  was  fought 
against  his  advice,  as  well  as  in  that  of 
Wagram.  In  1812  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  auxiliary  force  of  30,000 
Austrians,  extorted  by  Napoleon  in  aid  of 
his  disastrous  invasion  of  Russia  ;  and  in  j 
1813  he  was  invested  with  the  rank  of  field-  ] 
marshal,  with  the  commandcrship-in-chief 
of  all  the  armies  allied  against  France.  On 
the  return  of  Buonaparte  from  Elba  he  was 
again  entrusted  with  the  command  of  a  great  | 
portion  of  the  allied  forces  ;  and  at  the  con-  | 
elusion  of  tlie  war  he  was  made  president  of 
the  aulic  council,  which  post  he  occupied 
until  his  death,  in  1820. 

SCIOPPIUS,  Gaspar,  a  learned  German 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  but  who,  on  ac- 
count of  his  spiteful  and  injurious  way  of 
calumniating  all  that  were  eminent  for  their 
learning,  was  j  ustly  called  the  "  grammatical 
cur."     Born,  157G  ;  died,  1049. 

SCIPIO  AFRICAN  US  (the  elder),  Pub- 
LiusCoKN'ELius,  a  renowned  Roman  general, 
who  obtained  his  surname  in  honour  of  his 
conquests  in  Africa.  His  other  signal  mili- 
tary exploits  were,  his  taking  the  new  city 
of  Carthage  in  a  single  day  ;  his  complete 
victory  over  Hannibal,  the  famous  Cartha- 
ginian general ;  the  defeat  of  Syphax,  king 
of  Numidia  ;  and  of  Antiochus  in  Asia.  He 
was  as  eminent  for  his  chastity,  and  his 
generous  behaviour  to  his  prisoners,  as  for 
liis  valour.  Neither  his  laurels,  nor  his  spot- 
less character,  however,  could  protect  him 
from  tlie  intrigues  of  his  enemies  in  Rome  ; 
from  which  city  he  at  length  retired  in  dis- 
gust, and  died  at  Liternum,  his  country  seat, 
B.  r.  189. 

SCIPIO,  Lucius  Cornelius,  surnamed 
AsiATicus,  was  brother  of   the  preceding. 


sa] 


^  ifJcto  mm'berM  masrnpl)^. 


[sco 


with  whom  he  served  in  Spain  and  Africa. 
lie  obtained  the  consulate,  b.  c.  186. 

SCIPIO,  jEmimanus  Publius,  knonii  as 
Africanus  the  Younger,  was  the  son  of 
Puulus  ^milius,  and  was  adopted  by  the 
son  of  Scipio  Africanus.  In  his  youth  he 
served  in  tlie  army  in  Spain,  wlien  he  ob- 
tained a  mural  crown  for  scaling  the  walls 
of  a  besieged  city,  and  conquered  in  single 
combat  a  gigantic  Spaniard.  He  carried  on 
the  third  Punic  war,  which  ended  in  the  de- 
struction of  Carthage,  and  the  subjugation 
of  tl\e  Carthaginians,  a.  c.  147.  lie  was  both 
a  cultivator  and  a  patron  of  literature.  Died, 
B.  <-.  12<>. 

SCOP  AS,  a  celebrated  Grecian  sculptor, 
was  a  native  of  the  isle  of  Paros,  and  flou- 
rished in  the  .5th  century. 

SCOPOLI,  John  Anthony,  an  Italian 
naturalist  and  physician,  was  born  in  1723, 
at  Cavalese  in  the  Tyrol  ;  and  became,  suc- 
cessively, first  physician  of  the  Tyrolese 
mines,  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Chemnitz, 
and  professor  of  botany  and  chemistrj'  at 
Pavia.  He  wrote  several  works  on  botany 
and  entomology.     !;ied,  1787. 

SCOTT,  David,  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  was  born  near  Haddington,  in 
East  Lothian,  in  1075  ;  and  died  in  1742. 

SCOTT,  Helenas,  an  eminent  physician, 
who,  after  receiving  his  education  at  Aber- 
deen and  Edinburgh,  visited  London,  and 
went  to  Venice  M'ith  an  intention  of  travel- 
ling overland  to  India ;  but  his  pecuniary 
resources  failing,  he  was  under  the  necessity 
of  returning  to  England.  He,  however, 
subsequently  went  thither,  and  realised  a 
considerable  fortune.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  romance,  entitled  "The  Adventures  of  a 
Rupee."  He  died,  while  on  a  voyage  to 
New  South  Wales,  in  1821. 

SCOTT,  James,  an  eloquent  preacher, 
belonging  to  the  Church  of  England,  was 
born  at  Leeds,  in  1733  ;  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  afterwards  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  pulpit  orator  at  Trinity  Church, 
Leeds,  where  he  was  lecturer.  But  he  was 
still  more  noted  f»  a  political  partisan,  by 
writing  in  the  public  juurnals  under  tlie 
signatures  of  "  Anti-Scjanus"  and  "Old 
Slyboots."  Through  the  interest  of  Lord 
Sandwich  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Simonbourn,  in  Northumberland,  wliere  he 
unfortunately  got  into  a  litigation  with  his 
parishioners,  which  lasted  twenty  years,  and 
created  such  a  hostile  feeling  ngainst  him, 
that  he  was  compelled  to  move  to  the  metro- 
polis, in  order  to  insure  his  personal  safety. 
Died,  1814. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
born  at  Cliippenham,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1G38. 
He  became  the  rector  of  St.  Giles  in  the 
Fields,  and  a  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  was 
author  of  "  The  Christian  Life,"  and  died  in 

vm. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  quaker  poet,  bom  at 
Bermondsey,  in  1739.  He  resided,  during 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Amwell,  and 
died  in  1783.  He  was  the  autlior  of  "  Am- 
weli,"  and  other  poems;  a  "Digest  of  the 
Higliway  Laws,"  "  Critical  Essays." 

SCOTT,  John,  tlie  original  editor  of  the 
London  Magazine,  and  the  autlior  of  "  A 
Visit  to  Paris  in  1814,"  &c.    His  remarks  on 


some    articles    in    Blackwood's    Edinburgh  i 
Magazine  having  given  offence  to  the  editor  | 
of  that  work,  a  quarrel  ensued,  which  ended 
in  a  duel  between  a  friend  of  the  editor  and 
Mr.  Scott,  who,  a  few  days  after,  died  of  the 
wound  he  had  received  from  his  adversary. 

SCOTT,  Michael,  a  celebrated  Scottish 
philosopher  of  the  13th  century,  whose 
knowledge  of  the  occult  sciences  caused 
him  to  pass  among  the  unlettered  for  a 
magician,  was  born  at  Balwirie,  in  Fife- 
ghire.  He  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
and  England,  and  was  received  with  great 
distinction  by  the  respective  sovereigns  ;  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood  from  the 
Scottish  monarch,  Alexander  III.;  and  died 
in  12113. 

SCOTT,  Michael,  the  well-known  author 
of"  Tom  Cringle's  I-og,"  was  born  in  Glas- 
gow, 1789  ;  received  his  education  at  the  high 
school  and  university  of  that  city,  repaired 
to  Jamaica  in  1806,  where  he  remained  till 
1822,  and  finally  settled  in  Scotland,  where 
he  embarked  in  commercial  speculations. 
During  liis  leisure  he  composed  the  enter- 
taining sketches  above  mentioned,  which 
first  appeared  in  "Blackwood's  Magazine" 
(but  which  have  since  been  published  sepa- 
rately) !  and  he  preserved  his  incognito  so 
well,  that  it  was  not  until  after  his  death 
that  they  were  found  to  have  proceeded 
from  his  pen.    Died,  18.3.'5. 

SCOTT,  Rf.oinald,  or  REYNOLr,  wag 
a  native  of  Kent,  and  received  his  education 
at  Hart  Hall,  Cambridge.  He  had  both  the 
good  sense  and  courage  to  oppose  the  absurd 
opinion,  at  that  time  prevalent,  of  the  exist- 
ence of  witches,  by  publishing  his  "Dis- 
coveries of  Witchcraft."    Died,  1599. 

SCOTT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  painter  of 
scenery,  who  took  Vandervelde  for  his  model, 
and  often  excelled  him.    Died,  1772. 

SCOTT,  Thojias,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  1747,  at  Braytorf,  in  l^incolnshire,  was 
intended  for  the  medical  profession,  but 
entered  the  church,  and  rendered  himself 
celebrated  as  a  theological  writer.  He  be- 
came chaplain  of  the  Lock  Hospital  in  1785, 
and  rector  of  Aston  Saudford  in  1801  ;  was 
the  author  of  "  The  Force  of  Truth,"  a 
"  Defence  of  Calvinism,"  a  "  Commentary 
on  the  Bible,"  and  "  Sermons."    Died,  1821. 

SCOTT,  Sir  Walter,  bart.,  wlio  is  gene- 
rally placed  at  the  head  of  Jhiglish  novelists 
in  the  19tli  century,  was  born  at  Edinburgh, 
in  1771.  He  passed  the  years  of  his  youth 
between  the  pleasures  of  hunting,  the  study 
of  the  law,  and  an  indulgence  of  his  taste  in 
reading  old  plays,  romances,  travels,  and 
marvellous  adventures.  The  antiquities  and 
ancient  poetry  of  Scotland  seem  to  have 
early  inflamed  his  imagination  ;  he  read  the 
old  clnonicles,  and  made  himself  acquainted 
with  the  customs,  obsolete  laws,  and  even 
the  traditions  of  individual  families,  and  was 
versed  in  the  localities  and  the  superstitoius 
belief  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Scottish 
mountains.  Thus  lie  became  an  able  anti- 
quary, his  natural  genius  rendered  him  a 
poet,  and  his  correct  judgment  lias  subse- 
quently caused  him  to  be  regarded  as  the 
patron  of  literature.  He  made  his  debut  as 
an  original  author  in  "Specimens  of  Ancient 
Scottish  Poetry,"  which  had  great  success. 


SCO] 


^  ^cUj  SSniber^al  l3tograpT)». 


[SKB 


His  next  work,  the  "  I^ay  of  the  Last  Min- 
strel," was  received  with  still  greater  favour. 
"Marmion"  and  "  Rokeby  "  followed,  and 
gave  a  climax  to  his  poetical  reputation  ;  but 
It  was  soon  afterwards  eclipsed  by  the  rise 
of  Lord  Bj'ron's  poetical  star,  his  vigorous 
and  impassioned  verses  diverting  the  public 
poetical  taste  into  an  entirely  new  channel. 
Subsequently  appeared  "  Pnul's  Letters  to 
his  Kinsfolk  "  and  the  "  Battle  of  Waterloo," 
the  first  successful,  the  latter  a  failure.  His 
novels,  however,  are  his  great  passport  to 
fame.  Tliose  masterly  productions,  on  whicli 
criticism  would  be  out  of  place,  need  only 
be  enumerated  :  "  Wavcrley,"  "  Tales  of  my 
Landlord,"  "  Iranhoe,"  "  Tlie  Monastery," 
"  The  Abbott,"  "  Quentin  Durward,"  "  Pe- 
veril  of  the  Peak,"  "  Woodstock,"  "  Rob 
Roy,"  "The  Heart  of  Mid  Lothian,"  "Chro- 
nicles of  the  Canongate,"  &c.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  was  made  a  baronet  by  George  IV., 
in  1821,  after  tlie  coronation  ;  in  giving  effect 
to  the  splendid  and  antiquarian  costumes  of 
which,  it  appears,  his  taste  and  erudition 
were  consulted.  Our  restricted  limits  pre- 
vent us  from  detailing,  with  anything  like 
order  or  minuteness,  the  numerous  engage- 
ments of  tliis  highly  gifted  and  industrious 
man  :  suffice  it,  therefore,  to  say,  that  from 
the  commencement  of  his  literary  career  in 
1792  to  the  year  of  his  decease,  he  was  con- 
stantly producing  some  popular  or  talented 
work,  and  that  he  reaped  an  abundant  har- 
vest from  the  scattered  seeds  of  his  genius. 
His  patrimonial  estate  was  also  considerable; 
and,  in  1800,  he  obtained  the  preferment  of 
sheriff  of  Selkirkshire,  worth  about  300/.  a 
year ;  which  sum  was  considerably  increased 
in  1806,  by  his  being  appointed  one  of  the 
principal  clerks  of  the  session  in  Scotland. 
He  accordingly,  in  1811,  removed  6  or  7  miles 
below  his  former  residence  on  the  Tweed, 
where  he  purchased  a  farm  of  about  100 
acres,  for  the  purpose  of  having  some  more 
quiet  outdoor  occupation  than  field  sports, 
and  built  a  mansion,  to  which  he  gave  the 
appellation  of  Abbotsford.  Here  he  con- 
tinued to  reside,  exercising  the  most  open 
hospitality,  and  receiving  the  homage  of 
admiration  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  while 
j  he  pursued  his  literary  labours  with  unre- 
mitting activity.  At  length,  in  1825,  the 
firm  of  Constable  and  Co.,  at  Edinburgh, 
having  projected  a  cheap  series  of  original 
and  selected  works,  engaged  Sir  Walter  to 
compose  a  "  Life  of  Buona'parte."  It  was  in 
progress  when  tliese  publishers  became  bank- 
rupts, and  by  that  nnhappy  failure  Scott 
found  himself  involved,  on  their  behalf,  for 
accommodation  bills  to  the  enormous  amount 
of  120,000/.  The  estate  of  Abbotsford  had 
been  settled  on  Sir  Walter's  eldest  son  on 
his  marriage,  and  it  was  therefore  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  creditors  ;  but  though  he 
had  very  little  property  to  answer  the  im- 
mense amount  of  his  debts,  there  was  still  a 
vast  source  of  profit  remaining  —  his  literary 
talents.  "  Gentlemen,"  said  he  to  his  cre- 
ditors, "  time  and  I  against  any  two.  Let 
me  take  this  good  ally  into  company,  and  I 
believe  I  shall  be  able  to  pay  you  every 
farthing."  He  further  proposed,  in  their 
behalf,  to  ensure  the  sum  of  22,000/.  upon 
his  life,  which  proposal  was  accepted ;  and 


he  then  sat  down,  at  the  age  of  53,  to  the 
task  of  redeeming,  by  the  exertion  of  his 
talents  as  a  public  writer,  a  debt  exceeding 
100,000  pounds  !  In  the  autumn  of  1S2C  he 
visited  Paris,  in  order  to  protecute  researches 
into  several  local  and  other  details  relating 
to  the  subject  of  his  work  ;  whicli  appeared 
during  the  summer  of  1827,  in  9  vols.  8vo.  ; 
and  realised  the  sum  of  12,000/.,  being  at  the 
rate  of  33/.  a  day  for  the  time  he  had  devoted 
to  it.  Though  from  the  time  of  the  publica- 
tion of  "  Waverley,"  Sir  Walter  had  been 
generally  considered  the  author  of  the 
"  Scotch  Novels,"  yet  he  had  managed  to 
preserve  his  incognito  by  various  modes  of 
evasion  and  half-denials  whenever  the  sub- 
ject was  publicly  mooted  ;  and  the  author, 
whoever  he  might  prove  to  be,  was  fancifully 
styled  the  "Great  Unknown."  At  lengtli, 
the  mystery  was  solved.  At  the  annual 
dinner  of  the  Theatrical  Fund  Association 
in  1827,  Sir  Walter,  in  returning  thanks  for 
the  honour  which  the  company  had  done 
him  by  drinking  his  health,  unreservedly 
declared  that  they  were  wholly  and  solely 
his  own  compositions.  By  the  republication 
of  the  former  novels,  in  a  cheap  form,  with 
new  notes  and  prefaces  ;  and  by  new  works, 
viz.  "  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,"  a  "  History 
of  Scotland,"  in  Dr.  Lardner's  Encyclo- 
paedia; "  Letters  on.Hemonology  and  Witch- 
craft," in  the  Family  Library,  &c.,  he  had 
paid,  in  part  of  his  liabilities,  64,000/.  ;  and 
his  creditors  presented  to  him,  personally, 
the  library,  manuscripts,  curiosities,  and 
plate,  which  had  once  been  his  own,  as  a 
token  of  their  gratified  feelings.  Early  in 
1831,  symptoms  of  paralysis  began  to  be 
manifested,  and  in  the  autumn  hispliysicians 
recommended  an  excursion  to  Italy,  as  the 
means  of  delaying  that  illness  which  too 
obviously  approached.  A  passage  to  Malta, 
in  the  Barham  ship  of  war,  wag  obtained  for 
him,  and  he  reached  Naples  by  that  route, 
Dec.  27.  In  April,  1832,  he  went  to  Rome, 
inspected  the  classical  antiquities  of  that 
city  with  great  interest,  and  visited  Tivoli, 
Albani,  and  Frescati.  Feeling,  however, 
that  his  strength  was  rapidly  decreasing,  he 
determined  upon  returning,  with  all  possible 
speed,  wishing  to  die  in  his  native  country. 
On  his  arrival  in  London  it  was  found  that 
medical  assistance  was  now  useless  ;  all  hope 
of  his  recovery  had  fled  ;  and  at  his  own  | 
anxious  desire  he  was  conveyed  by  sea  to 
Newhaven,  where  he  landed  on  the  9lh  of 
July,  reached  Abbotsford  on  the  11th,  aTul, 
after  lingering  for  two  months  in  a  state  of 
almost  total  insensibility,  he  died  on  the 
21st  of  September,  1832. 

SCOTTI,  Maeceli.o,  a  learned  Nea- 
politan, born  in  1742 ;  having  been  nomi- 
nated against  his  will  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  the  short-lived  Neapolitan  re- 
public of  1799,  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  fury  of 
RuflTo  and  the  counter-revolutionary  jiarty 
on  the  triumph  of  tlie  latter.  He  had  been 
previously  proscribed  and  persecuted  for  tlie 
too  great  freedom  of  his  remarks  in  the 
"Monarchia  Universale  Dei  Papi." 

SEBASTIAN,  king  of  Portugal,  was  born 
in  1554,  and  ascended  the  throne  at  three 
years  of  age,  on  the  death  of  his  grand- 
father, John  III.    Possessed  of  a  romantic 


seb] 


^  llriu  Hnibrrsfal  JStosrapTji). 


[SEG 


disposition  and  an  extravogunt  admiration 
of  tlic  glories  of  chivalry,  lie  rashly  deter- 
mined to  carry  on  war  nguinst  the  Moors  in 
Africa,  hoi)ing  therchy  to  effect  something 
for  Christianity  and  the  fame  of  Portugal. 
lie  accordingly  equipped  a  fleet  and  an 
army,  which  comprised  the  flower  of  the 
Tortnguese  nobility,  and  sailed  for  Africa 
in  1578,  at  the  age  of  23  years.  A  general 
engagement  soon  took  place,  and  the  ardour 
of  the  young  king  bore  him  into  the  midst 
of  the  enemy,  who  were  already  pouring  on 
the  rear  of  his  troops.  Sebastian  fought 
with  the  most  determined  bravery,  while 
most  of  his  attendants  were  slain  by  his 
side.  He  at  length  disappeared  ;  and  so 
complete  was  the  slaughter,  that  no  more 
than  50  Portuguese  are  said  to  have  sur- 
vived this  wild  and  ill-fated  expedition. 
The  mystery  which  involved  the  fate  of  this 
royal  madman  led  several  adventurers  to 
assume  his  person  and  his  claims,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  he  died  on  the 
field  of  battle. 
SEBASTIANO     DEL     PIOMBO.      See 

j  PlOMIiO. 

I  SECKER,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, an  eminent  and  pious  prelate,  was  born 
at  Sibthorpe,  in  Nottinghamshire,  in  1G93, 
and  was  educated  with  a  view  of  becoming 
a  dissenting  minister.  He,  liowever,  de- 
clared that  he  could  not  conscientiously 
assent  to  the  tenets  held  by  his  family,  and 
he  therefore  conformed  to  the  Cliurch  of 
England,  took  orders,  and  obtained  prefer- 
ment. He  became,  successively,  rector  of 
Houghton-le-Spring,  prebendary  of  Durham, 
king's  chaplain,  and  rector  of  St.  James's, 
Westminster.  In  1735  he  was  elevated  to 
the  see  of  Bristol  ;  whence  he  was  translated 
to  that  of  Oxford,  in  1737  ;  and,  in  175«,  he 
was  raised  to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Can- 
terbury ;  in-which  situation  he  conducted 
himself  with  great  dignity,  munificence,  and 
proper  severity  against  any  laxity  in  the 
morals  and  manners  of  the  clergy  under  his 
more  especial  superintendence.  His  ser- 
mons, charges,  and  other  works,  form  12  vols. 
Died,  1768. 

SECUNDUS,  Joannes,  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet,  was  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1511.  His 
best  known  work  is  entitled  "Basia,  or  the 
Kisses."     Died,  153G. 

SEDLEY,  Sir  Charles,  a  celebrated  wit, 
courtier,  and  poet,  of  the  age  of  Chaj  Ics  II., 
was  born  at  Aylesford,  in  Kent,  in  1G39,  and 
was  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford. 
He  was  a  conspicuous  character  among  the 
licentious  circle  which  surrounded  the  gay 
monarch  ;  but  though  himself  a  profligate, 
he  was  so  much  annoyed  by  an  intrigue 
which  James  II.  carried  on  with  his 
daughter,  afterwards  created  by  thsit  mon- 
arch, countess  of  Dorchester,  that  he  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  the  revolution. 
Died.  1701. 

SEED,  Jekkmiah,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  Clifton,  in  Cumberland,  and  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  fellowship.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  rectory  of  Enham,  in  Hamp- 
shire, and  died  in  1747.  His  "  Sermons"  are 
liighly  esteemed. 

SEETZEN,  Ui.Ric  Jasper,  a  celebrated 


German  traveller,  was  a  native  of  East 
Friesland,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
university  at  Gottingen,  where  he  pnrticu- 
larly  studied  natural  history  and  jdiilosophy. 
Seconded  by  the  patronage  of  the  Dukes 
Ernest  and  Augustus  of  Saxe-Gotha,  in  a 
desire  to  visit  the  interior  of  Africa,  he  com- 
menced his  perilous  undertaking  in  1802,  at 
Constantinople,  where  he  stayed  six  months. 
The  ambassadors  there  assembled,  en- 
couraged his  enterprise  ;  and  at  Smyrna, 
the  Russian  prince  Oczakow,  who  hud  been 
over  Asia  Minor  and  Egypt,  assisted  him 
with  many  useful  instructions.  Seetzen 
stopped  one  year  at  Aleppo  to  learn  the 
Arabic  language,  and  to  collect  MSS.  for  the 
library  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  and 
reached  Damascus  in  April,  lte05.  From 
thence  he  explored  many  parts  of  Syria, 
Palestine,  and  Arabia,  which  had  not  before 
been  visited  bj'  any  European  ;  and  in  order 
that  he  might  be  able  to  undertake  a  pil- 
grimage to  Mecca  and  Medina,  he  made  a 
profession  of  Mahometariism.  In  IblO  he 
was  at  Mocha,  whence  he  wrote  the  lust 
letters  that  arrived  from  him  in  Europe. 
Having  had  his  property  seized  by  the  Arabs, 
under  the  i)retence  of  his  being  a  magician, 
he  proceeded  towards  Saama,  to  comjilain  to 
the  iman  of  that  place  ;  and,  a  few  days 
after  his  departure  (December,  1811),  he  died 
suddenly  at  Taes,  probably  from  the  efltcts 
of  poison  given  him  by  order  of  the  iman. 

SEGAR,  Sir  William,  garter-king-at- 
arms,  was  author  of  "  Honour,  Civil  and 
Military."    Died,  1633. 

SEGRAIS,  Jon.v  Renaud  ije,  a  celebrated 
French  poet  and  novelist.  Born,  1024  ;  died, 
1701. 

SEGUIER,  John  Francis,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born  at  Nismes,  in  1703,  and 
died  in  1784.  His  works  are  "Bibliotheca 
Botanica,"  "  Planta  Veronenses,"  3  vols.  ; 
and  a  translation  of  the  works  of  Maffei. 

SEGUR,  Joseph  Alexanuek,  Viscount 
de,  second  son  of  the  Marshal  de  Segur, 
engaged  when  young  in  the  military  service, 
but  having  attained  the  post  of  mareschal 
de  camp  in  1790,  he  gave  up  his  time  entirely 
to  the  cultivation  of  literature,  and  published 
several  romances,  &c.    Died,  1805. 

SEGUR,  Louis,  Count  de,  a  French  diplo- 
matist and  historical  writer,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Marshal  de  Segur,  and  born  in 
1753.  He  served  during  two  campaigns  in 
the  American  war,  and  was  afterwards  am- 
bassador to  St.  Petersburg!!  and  Berlin.  On 
the  overthrow  of  the  French  monarchy  he 
relinquished  his  connection  with  affairs  of 
state  ;  he  was,  notwithstanding,  arrested  by 
order  of  the  committee  of  public  safety  ;  but 
being  liberated  shortly  after,  he  quitted 
I  ranee,  and  did  not  return  till  after  the  fall 
of  Robespierre.  In  1803  he  was  nominated 
to  the  council  of  state  ;  and,  under  the  im- 
perial government,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
oflTice  of  grand-masttr  of  the  ceremonies  at 
court.  In  1813  he  was  made  a  senator  ;  and, 
on  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbon  family,  he 
was  created  a  peer  of  France  ;  notwithstand- 
ing which,  after  Buonaparte's  return  from 
Elba,  he  resumed  his  legislative  functions, 
and  again  became  grand-master  of  the  cere- 
monies, and  one  of  the  peers  appointed  by 


8c 


Napoleon.  On  the  final  restoration  of  Louis 
XVIII.  in  181,5,  the  count  was  stripped  of 
all  his  dignities,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  literary  retirement.  He  died 
in  1830.  Among  iiis  works  are,  "  A  Political 
Picture  of  Europe,"  "  The  Reign  of  Frederic 
William  II.,"  the  "  History  of  Modern 
Europe,"  &c. 

SELDEN,  Jonx,  on  English  antiqiiary, 
law  writer,  and  historian,  of  most  extensive 
acquirements,  was  a  native  of  Sussex,  and 
born  in  l.'>84.    After  receiving  his  education 
I  at  Chichester,  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  he 
I  studied   the  law  in   the  Temijle,  and  was 
j  called  to  the  bar.    He  practised  chiefly  as  a 
I  chamber  counsel,  and  devoted  much  of  his 
I  time  to  studying  the  history  and  antiquities 
j  of  his  country.     So  early  as  1007  he  drew 
i  up  a   work,  entitled    "  Analectum  Anglo- 
i  Britannicum,"  which  was  quickly  succeeded 
j  by  several  others  ;  and  in  1614  appeared  his 
"Titles   of   Honour."    Next    followed    his 
"  De  Diis  Syriis  "  and  "  Mare  Clau-sum,"  in 
which  latter  he  endeavours  to  historically 
establish  tlie  British  right  of  dominion  over 
the  circumjacent  seas.    He  now  entered  the 
field   of  politics,  and    in   1040  was  elected 
member  of  parliament  for  Oxford  ;  at  which 
time  he  was  so  well  affected  to  the  existing 
constitution  of  church  and  state,  that  when 
the  king  withdrew  to  York,  he  had  some 
notion  of   appointing  him   chancellor.     At 
the  commencement  of  the  disputes  between 
Charles  and  the  parliament  ke  acted  with 
great    moderation,    and    uniformli'    endea- 
voured to  prevent  an  ultimate  appeal  to  the 
sword.      In    1C43,  the   House   of  Commons 
appointed  him  keeper  of  the  records  of  the 
i  Tower,  and,  the  following  year,  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  admiralty,  voting  him 
'  5000?.  as  a  reward  for  his  services.    He  em- 
I  ployed  all  his  influence  for  the  protection  of 
learning,  and  was  universally  esteemed  for 
his  urbanity  of  manners  and  goodness  of 
heart.    Died,  lG->4. 

SELEUCUS  I.,  surnamed  Nicator,  or  the 
Conqueror,  one  of  the  chief  generals  under 
Alexander  the  Great,  and,  after  his  death, 
founder  of  the  race  of  princes  called  Seleu- 
cidaj.  He  is  eciually  celebrated  as  a  re- 
nowned warrior  and  as  the  father  of  his 
people  ;  yet  his  virtues  could  not  protect 
him  from  the  fatal  ambition  of  Ceraunus, 
one  of  his  courtiers,  by  whom  he  was  assassiu- 
ated,  B.C.  280. 

SELKIRK,    Alexaxt)ee,    a    Failor,    was 
born  at  I-argo,  in  Scotland,  about  1080.     He 
was   a  good   navigator,   and  made    several 
voyages  to  the  South  Sea,  in  one  of  whicli, 
having  a  quarrel  with  his  commander,  he 
was  put  ashore  on  the  island  of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez, with  a  few  necessaries,  a  fowling- 
piece,  gunpowder,  and  shot.    Here  he  re- 
mained in  solitude  nearly  three  years,  till  he 
was  taken  away  by  Captain  Woods  Rogers, 
in  1709.     On  his  return  to  England,  he   is 
said    to    have    employed  Daniel  Defoe    in 
drawing  vip  a  narrative  of  his  adventures 
j  for  the  press,  from  which  source  originated 
j  the  popular  and  interesting  "Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe." 
SELLE,  Christian  Theophilu.s,  born  at 
'  Stettin,  in  Pomerania,  in  1748,  was  physician 
'  to  Frederic  the  Great,  a  particular  detail  of 


whose  last  illness  he  published.  In  1790  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  visited  the  hospitals 
and  other  public  establishments  ;  and  on  his 
return  he  publislied  two  memoirs  on  animal 
magnetism,  and  others  against  the  critical 
philosophy  of  Kant,  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  which  he 
was  a  member.  He  wrote  several  medical 
works,  and  was  appointed  privy  councillor 
and  director  of  the  college  of  medicine,  &c. 
Died,  180O. 

SELLON,  Baker  Jouk,  a  barrister,  was 
born  in  1762.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
W.  Sellon,  minister  of  Clerkenwell  church, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1792,  and  after- 
wards admitted  to  the  rank  of  serjeant-at- 
law  in  1798.  For  the  last  20  years  of  his 
life  he  sat  as  a  police  magistrate,  having 
been  compelled  by  deafness  to  relinqui.sh 
his  avocations  as  a  pleader.  He  published 
an  "  Analysis  of  the  Practice  of  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,"  2  vols. 
8vo.,  which,  by  the  profession  generally,  is 
regarded  as  a  standard  book.    Died,  1835. 

SEMLER,  John  Solomon,  a  celebrated 
Lutheran  divine,  born  atSaalfeld,iii  Saxony, 
in  1725,  and  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Halle,  where  he  lemained  till  his  death,  in 
1791.  He  was  so  determined  to  explain 
away  every  thing  miraculous  in  the  gospel 
history,  and  criticised  the  Bible  with  such 
temerity,  that  he  appeared  more  like  an 
advocate  of  infidelity  than  of  revelation. 
His  principal  work  is  entitled  "  Historicx 
Ecclesiasticae  selecta  capita,"  3  vols. 

SENEBIER,  John,  a  natural  philosopher 
and  historian,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  17!2. 
He  adopted  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  but 
his  attention  was  more  particularly  directed 
to  philosophy  and  natural  history.  He 
obtained  the  oflRce  of  public  librarian  at  Ge- 
neva in  1773,  became  one  of  the  conductors 
of  the  Geneva  Journal  in  1787,  and  died  in 
1809.  Among  his  chief  works  are,  "  A  Lite- 
rary History  of  Geneva"  and  "Vegetable 
Physiologj'." 

SENECA,  Lccics  AxNyEUS,  a  celebrated 
Roman  philosopher,  moralist,  and  statesman, 
the  son  of  ilaicus  Annaeus,  an  eminent  ora- 
tor, was  born  at  Corduba,  in  Spain,  during 
the  first  year  of  the  Christian  era.  His  re- 
putation soon  extended  to  tlie  imperial  court ; 
and  his  various  learning  and  practical  wis- 
dom caused  him  to  be  appointed  tutor  to 
Nero,  and  procured  him  several  important 
pliices.  After  his  accession  to  the  throne, 
liis  imperial  pupil  for  awhile  loaded  him 
M-ith  favours  ;  but  at  length  resolving  to  rid 
himself  of  his  old  preceptor,  the  tyrant 
charged  him  with  being  an  accomplice  in 
the  conspiracj'  of  Piso,  and  he  was  condemned 
to  death.  The  method  of  his  execution  was, 
however,  left  to  his  own  choice.  He  conse- 
quently, with  the  characteristic  ostentation 
of  a  stoic,  finished  his  life  in  the  midst  of  his 
friends,  conversing  on  philosophical  topics 
while  the  blood  was  flowing  from  his  veins, 
which  he  had  caused  to  be  opened  for  that 
purpose.  He  was  a  man  of  undoubted 
genius,  but  rapacious  and  intriguing,  accu- 
mulating vast  wealth  by  the  most  unjustifi- 
able means.  Dion  Cassius  ascribes  the  revolt 
of  the  Britons  under  Boadicea  to  the  distress 


to  which  they  were  driven  througli  the  ra- 
pacity of  Seneca  and  his  agents.  His  death 
happened  a.  d.  65. 

SENNERTUS,  DANtEL,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer  of  Germany.  Born, 
1572 ;  died,  1(!37. 

SEPULVKDA,  Jonx  Ginkz  de,  born  in 
1491,  was  historiographer  to  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  and  rendered  himself  ignobly 
conspicuous  as  the  author  of  a  "  Vindication 
of  the  Cruelties  of  the  Spaniards  against  the 
Indians,"  in  opposition  to  the  benevolent 
representations  of  Las  Casas.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Charles  V.,"  4  vols. 
SERASSI,  PiUR  Antonio,  an  Italian 
biographer,  born  at  Bergamo,  in  1721.  lie 
wrote  the  lives  of  Tasso,  Dante,  Molza,  Poli- 
tian,  Petrarch,  and  other  eminent  Italians, 
which  are  much  esteemed.    Died,  17'.)1. 

SERGEL,  John  Tobias,  a  celebrated 
Swedish  sculptor,  was  bom  at  Stockholm, 
in  1740 ;  studied  in  Italy,  and  rose  to  great 
eminence  in  his  art ;  was  ennobled  on  his 

I  return  to  Sweden,  and  died  in  1814.    His 

I  numerous  able  works  are  chiefly  confined  to 
Sweden,  but  an  admired  "  Diomede  stealing 
the  Palladium  of  Troy  "  is  in  England. 

8ERRES,  Olia'e,  the  self-styled  princess 
of  Cumberland,  was  born  at  Warwick,  in 
1772,  and  educated  under  the  protection  of 
her  uncle,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wilmot.  At  an 
early  age  she  married  Mr.  Serres,  marine 
painter  to  George  III.  ;  but  after  a  few 
years  they  separated,  and  she  had  to  sup- 
port herself  and  children  by  her  own  efforts. 

!  She  was  both  an  artist  and  an  authoress, 
and  was  appointed  landscape-painter  to  the 
Prince  of  VVales  ;  but  her  literary  perform- 
ances were  certainly  of  no  very  high  order. 
As  this  female  attracted  a  large  share  of  the 
public  attention  for  a  number  of  years  ;  and 
as  there  were  not  a  few  who,  after  inspecting 
the  mass  of  documents  she  possessed,  really 
believed  her  to  be  the  legitimate  daughter  of 
Henry  Frederick,  duke  of  Cumberland,  by  a 
marriage  with  the  sister  of  Dr.  Wilmot,  we 
shall  here  give  the  outlines  of  a  history, 
which  those  wlio  opposed  her  claims  de- 
clared was  a  barefaced  imposture.  That  she 
had  convinced  many,  there  is  no  doubt,  and, 
perhaps,  the  striking  "  family  likeness"  ob- 
servable in  her  features,  contributed  not  a 
little  to  give  a  plausibility  to  her  statements. 
In    181.5,  it  appears,  she   first    became  ac- 

I  quainted  with  the  secret  of  her  birth  ;  at 
least  it  was  so  alleged  in  the  affidavits  pro- 
duced by  her  counsel  in  the  prerogative 
court,  in  order  to  obtain  tb.e  sum  of  15,000?. 
bequeathed  to  her  by  a  will  of  George  III., 
to  which  the  sign-manual  and  attesting  sig- 
natures were  attached.  It  was  also  alleged 
that,  in  the  year  1815,  the  Earl  of  Warwick, 
in  presence  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  informed 
her,  at  her  own  house,  in  Seymour  Place, 
that  she  was  the  lawful  daughter  of  the  late 
Duke  of  Cumberland.  He  exacted  a  solemn 
pledge,  both  from  her  and  the  Duke  of 
Kent,  not  to  disclose  this  communication 
until  after  the  death  of  the  king  ;  and  ulti- 
mately (in  presence  of  the  royal  duke)  de- 
I>osited  with  her  the  proofs  slie  possessed ; 
among  which  was  the  sign-manual  for  the 
15,(K)0/.  The  folly,  inconsistency,  want  of 
principle,  and,  it  may  be  truly  added,  ia- 


771 


sanity  of  many  of  her  actions,  would  certainly 
go  far  towards  defeating  her  claims,  whether 
jnst  or  unjust.  In  June,  1822,  Sir  Gerard 
Noel  was  induced  to  move  for  an  investiga- 
tion of  her  claims  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Hume  ;  but  Sir 
Robert  Peel  saw  there  was  abundant  room 
for  a  laugh  at  the  expense  of  the  soi-disant 
princess  and  her  supporters  ;  and,  in  a  vein 
of  successful  irony,  he  overturned  the  whole 
fabric  that  had  been  raised  to  support "  the 
Princess  Olive's  claims."  Her  latter  years 
were  passed  in  poverty,  within  the  rules  of  a 
prison,  in  consequence  of  debts  contracted 
while  under  her  delusion  of  royalty  ;  having 
at  that  time  commenced  a  splendid  estab- 
lishment, assumed  the  royal  livery,  &c.  She 
was  at  length  liberated,  and  went  to  reside 
with  Miss  Macauley,  at  Somer's  Town,  a 
short  time  previous  to  her  death,  which 
occurred  in  18'>4,  at  the  age  of  52. 

SERVETUS,  MiciiAKL,  a  learned  Spa- 
niard, memorable  as  the  victim  of  religious 
intolerance,  was  born  at  Villanueva,  in  1509  ; 
was  educated  at  Toulouse,  studied  medicine 
at  Paris,  and  was  in  constant  correspond- 
ence with  Calvin,  whom  he  consulted  in 
respect  to  his  Arian  notions.  He  published 
several  anti-trinitarian  works,  which  excited 
against  him  the  violent  hatred  of  both  Ca- 
tholics and  Protestants  ;  and  though  he  was 
60  fortunate  as  to  escape  from  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  former,  he  could  not  elude 
the  vengeance  of  the  latter,  headed  and  in- 
cited as  they  were  by  his  implacable  enemy, 
the  stern  and  unforgiving  reformer  of  Ge- 
neva. He  was  seized  as  he  was  passing 
through  that  city,  tried  for  "  blasphemy 
and  heresy,"  and  condemned  to  the  flames, 
which  sentence  was  carried  into  execution, 
Oct.  27.  1553.  Servetus  is  supposed  by  many 
to  have  anticipated  Harvey  in  the  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

SERVIUS  TULLIUS.  king  of  Rome,  was 
the  son  of  a  female  slave.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Tarquin  the  elder,  whom  he 
succeeded  b.  c.  577,  and  was  murdered  by 
his  son-in-law,  Tarquin  Superbus,  b.  c.  f>?A. 

SESSA,  an  Indian  philosopher  or  mathe- 
matician, and  the  inventor  of  the  game  of 
chess.    He  lived  about  the  11th  century. 

SETTLE,    Elkanah,    an    English    poet, 
was  born  at  Dunstable,  1(518  ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  was  much  engaged 
in  the  political  squabbles  of  the  age,  and  wrote  j 
some  smart  pieces  both  in  prose  and  verse. 
He  was  also  an  indefatigable  writer  for  the  | 
stage,  but  none  of  his  dramas  are  now  acted,  i 
Died,  1724. 

SEVEKUS,  CoKNELius,  a  Roman   poet,  1 
who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Augustus.    He  was 
the  author  of  "  vEtna,"  a  poem,  which  has  1 
been  attributed  to  Virgil.  j 

SEVERUS,  in  church  history,  a  sectary  : 
of  the  second  century,  a  follower  of  Tatian,  I 
and  chief  of  the  sect  of  the  Severians.    He 
flourished  about  a.  d.  178.  1 

SEVERUS  I.,  Lucius  Septimius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  born  A.n.  Mii,  at  Lcptis,  I 
in  Africa,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  on  I 
the  death  of  DidiusJulianus.  He  has  been  | 
so  much  admired  for  his  military  talents, 
that  some  have  called  him  the  most  warlike  I 
of  the  Roman  emperors.    As  a  monarch  he 

8u2 


KEV] 


^  fit^xt  Winibtvitil  2i3i0cirajp!j». 


[SHA 


was  cruel  ;  and  it  has  been  observed  that  he 
never  performed  an  act  of  liumanity,  or 
forgave  a  fault.  He  loved  the  appellation  of 
a  man  of  letters,  and  he  even  composed  a 
history  of  his  own  reign,  which  some  have 
praised  for  its  correctness  and  veracity.  He 
died  at  York,  in  211. 

SEVEPvUS  I[.,Flavius  Valehhts,  ashort 
lived  emperor,  who  was  raised  to  the  purple 
by  Galerius  ;  but,  being  deserted  by  his 
soldiers  when  ready  to  engage  Maxeutius, 
he  killed  himself,  a.  d.  307. 

SEVERUS,  SuLi'icius,  a  historian,  was  a 
native  of  Aquitaine,  wlio  flourished  in  the 
beginning  of  the  oth  century,  and  by  his 
writings  acquired  the  title  of  the  Christian 
Sallust. 

SE'VIGNE',  Mart  de  Rabutiv,  Mar- 
chioness de,  daughter  of  the  Baron  de  Chan- 
tal,  was  born  in  1026.  At  the  age  of  18  she 
married  the  Marquis  de  Seviguc',  who  was 
killed  in  a  duel  seven  years  afterwards. 
Being  thus  left  a  widow,  with  two  cliildren, 
Bhe  paid  great  attention  to  their  education  ; 
and  when  her  daughter  married  the  Count 
de  Grignan,  she  kept  up  a  correspondence 
witli  her ;  to  which  circumstance  the  world 
is  indebted  for  those  letters  wliich  are  re- 
garded as  models  of  epistolary  composition. 
Died,  169G. 

SEWARD,  AxNA,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Seward,  liiinself  a  poet  and  the 
author  of  an  edition  of  Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher, was  born  at  Eyam,  in  Derbyshire,  in 
1747.  She  evinced  a  poetical  taste  in  early 
life.  In  1782  she  published  her  poetical  ro- 
mance of  "  Louisa  ; "  and  she  subsequently 
printed  a  collection  of  sonnets,  and  a  "  Life 
of  Dr.  Darwin,"  in  whicli  slie  asserted  her 
claim  to  the  first  fifty  lines  of  that  author's 
"Botanic  Garden."  Died,  1809.  An  edition 
of  her  works,  with  a  biographical  preface,  was 
published  by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  VValter) 
Scott;  her  "Letters"  also  appeared  in  6  vols. ; 
but  her  fame  lias  passed  away. 

SEWARD,  Wii,i,iAM,  a  biographical  wri- 
ter, was  born  in  London,  1747.  lie  was 
educated  at  the  Charter  House  and  at  Ox- 
ford ;  was  intimate  witii  Dr.  Johnson,  and 
otlier  eminent  literary  characters  ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Anecdotes  of  distinguished 
Persons,"  "  Biographiana,"  &c.  He  died 
in  1799. 

SEWELL,  George,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  at  Windsor,  and 
after  completing  his  education  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  studied  medicine  in  Hol- 
land under  the  celebrated  Boerliaave,  and 
settled  at  Hampstead  as  a  pliysician.  Ilis 
chief  literary  productions  are,  "  Sir  Walter 
Raleigli,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  A  Vindication  of  the 
English  Stage;"  translations  of  parts  of 
Lucan,  Ovid,  and  TibuUus ;  and  "  Epistles 
to  Mr.  Addison."    Died,  1726. 

SEWELL,  WiLLiAJi.the  son  of  an  English 
refugee  at  Amsterdam,  who,  though  brought 
up  as  a  weaver,  made  himself  master  of 
several  languages,  and  compiled  an  "Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  Dictionary  ;  "  but  he  is  best 
known  by  his  "  History  of  the  Quakers,"  of 
which  sect  he  was  himself  a  mem]jer.  Died, 
1725. 

SEXTIUS,  QiJi.vTUS,  a  Pythagorean  phi- 
losoplier,  iu  the  time  of  Augustus.    He  re- 


fused the  senatorial  rank,  and  established  a 
school  upon  the  most  rigid  principles  of 
self-denial. 

SEXTL'S  EMPIRICUS,  a  Greek  phi- 
losopher and  physician,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Commodus.  Only  two  of  his  works 
are  extant,  the  "  Institutes  of  Pyrrhon- 
ism," and  ten  books  against  the  mathema- 
ticians. 

SEYMOUR,  EnwAUD,  Duke  of  Somerset, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  YI.,  to  whom  he 
was  maternal  uncle,  being  brother  of  Jane 
Seymour,  third  wife  to  Henry  VIII.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  military  profession, 
and  commanded  in  a  maritime  expedition 
against  tlic  Scots,  in  1544,  when  he  landed 
a  body  of  troops  at  Leitli,  and  set  fire  to 
the  city  of  Edinburgh.  On  the  death  of 
Henry  VIII.  he  rose  to  unbounded  power, 
procuring  himself  to  be  appointed  governor 
of  the  king,  and  protector  of  the  realm.  In 
1548  he  obtained  the  post  of  lord  treasurer, 
was  created  duke  of  Somerset,  and  made 
earl-marshal.  The  same  year  he  headed 
an  army,  with  which  he  invaded  Scotland, 
and  after  having  gained  the  victory  of  Mus- 
selburgh, returned  in  triumph  to  England. 
His  success  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  Earl 
of  Warwick  and  others,  who  first  procured 
his  confinement  in  the  Tower,  for  a  short 
time  during  1549,  on  the  charge  of  arbitrary 
conduct  and  injustice,  and  finally  caused 
him  to  be  again  arrested,  two  years  after- 
wards, on  the  charge  of  treasonable  de 
signs  against  the  lives  of  some  of  the  privy 
councillors,  for  which  he  was  beheaded  on 
Tower  Hill,  Jan.  22.  1552. 

SFOKZA,  James,  called  the  Great,  was 
born  of  humble  parentage,  at  Cotignola,  iu 
1639.  A  company  of  soldiers  happening  to 
pass  through  his  village,  young  Sforza  joined 
them,  and,  after  passing  through  the  inferior 
military  ranks,  became  a  general.  He 
obliged  Alphonsus,  king  of  Arragon,  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Naples,  and  he  retook  several 
important  places  which  had  revolted  ;  but 
being  too  eager  in  pursuing  the  flying  enemy, 
he  was  drowned  iu  the  river  near  Pescara,  in 
1424. 

SFORZA,  Fraxcis,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, commanded  with  distinction  in  the 
service  of  Naples  ;  after  which  he  married 
the  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Milan,  on  whose 
death  he  was  chosen  general  of  the  duchy  ; 
but  he  abused  that  trust,  and  usurped  the 
sovereignty.    Died,  1460. 

SHADWELL,  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Lan- 
celot, vice-chancellor  of  England,  was  born 
1779 ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1800.  as 
seventh  wrangler,  obtaining  also  the  second 
chancellor's  medal.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  by  the  honourable  society  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1803,  was  appointed  a  king's  counsel 
in  1821,  sat  for  Ripon  as  Jf.P.  in  1820,  and 
was  elevated  to  the  vice -chancellorship  of 
England  in  1827.  His  honour  also  twice 
filled  the  office  of  a  commissioner  of  the 
great  seal ;  first  in  1835,  after  Lord  Brough- 
ham's,  and  in  1850,  after  Lord  Cottenham's, 
resignation  of  the  chancellorship.  As  a 
judge.  Sir  Lancelot  gave  great  satisfaction. 
He  disposed  with  great  rapidity  of  the  mere 
routine  business  of  his  court,  and  he  was  no 


sua] 


^  j2etu  ?am'&tr^al  2St0!irap!)ti. 


[SHA 


less  remarkable  for  his  affability  and  cour- 
tesy, than  for  the  humorous  and  classical 
vit  with  which  he  seaaoued  his  dicta. 
Died,  Aug.  10.  1850. 

SlIADNVELL,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  poet, 
was  bora  in  1640,  at  Stanton  Hall,  Norfolk, 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  When 
Dryden  was  removed  from  the  offices  of 
laureate  and  historiographer  royal.  Shad- 
well  was  appointed  his  successor,  which 
exposed  him  to  the  severity  of  that  poet's 
satire,  who  ridiculed  him  imder  the  appel- 
lation of  Macflecknoe.  Died,  l(i!)2.  His 
principal  plays  are  "  Epsom  Wells,"  "  Ti- 
mon  the  Misanthrope,"  the  "  Virtuoso,"  the 
"  Gentleman  of  Alsace,"  and  the  "  Lanca- 
shire Witches."  —  Chaulks  Shadwei.l,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  tlie  sou  or  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  wrote  some  plays,  the  best  of 
which  is  entitled  the  "  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal." 
Died,  172fi. 

SHAFTESBURY.    See  Coopeh. 

SHAKSPEARE,  William,  the  most  il- 
lustrious dramatic  poet  of  England,  was 
born  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  April  20.  1504, 
and  was  the  8<m  of  a  dealer  in  wool,  who  ap- 
pears also  to  have  carried  on  the  business  of  a 
butcher.  His  education  was  confined  to  what 
he  could  attain  at  the  free-school  of  his  native 
place  ;  and  l)eing  taken  from  it  early,  he  made 
no  farther  progress  than  the  rudiments  of 
Latin.  In  his  18th  year  he  married  Ann 
Hathaway,  a  farmer's  daughter,  who  was  con- 
siderably older  than  himself.  Of  his  occupa- 
tion at  this  period,  nothing  determinate  is  re- 
corded ;  but  it  appears  that  he  was  wild  and 
irregular,  and  that  he  was  more  than  once 
concerned  with  others  in  stealing  deer  from 
the  park  of  Sir  Tliomas  Lucy,  of  Charlecote, 
near  Stratford.  For  this  he  was  prosecuted 
by  that  gentleman  ;  but  he  retaliated  by  a 
severe  lampoon  on  him,  and  then  lied  to 
London,  in  order  to  escape  another  prosecu- 
tion. Here  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
the  players,  and  was  enrolled  among  them, 
though  what  sort  of  characters  he  performed 
does  not  appear.  Mr.  Rowe  observes,  that 
he  could  never  meet  with  any  further  ac- 
count of  him  as  an  actor,  than  that  his 
highest  part  was  the  Glwst  in  his  own 
Hamlet.  Queen  Elizabeth  had  several  of 
his  plays  acted  before  her,  and  without  doubt 
gave  him  many  marks  of  her  favour.  She 
was  so  pleased  with  the  character  of  Falstaff 
in  the  two  parts  of  Henry  IV.,  that  she  com- 
manded him  to  exhibit  him  in  love,  on  which 
occasion  Sliakspeare  wrote  his  rich  and 
admirable  comedy  of  the  "  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor."  His  greatest  patron  was  the 
Earl  of  Southampton,  who  is  said  on  one 
occasion  to  have  presented  him  with  lOOOi.  ; 
and  he  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  his  most 
eminent  literary  contemporaries.  Having 
become  proprietor  and  manager  of  the  Globe 
Theatre,  he  realised  a  handsome  fortune, 
which  enabled  him  to  spend  the  close  of  his 
life  at  his  native  town,  where  he  purchased 
a  house  and  estate,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  New  Place.  The  house  and  lands 
continued  in  the  possession  of  the  poet's  de- 
scendants, till  the  Restoration,  when  they 
were  re- purchased  by  the  Clopton  family. 
Here  Sliakspeare  planted  the  famous  mul- 
berry tree,  which  remained  an  object  of  profit 


to  the  people  of  Stratford,  and  of  veneration 
to  visitors,  till  about  1750,  when  the  pos- 
sessor, out  of  hatred  to  the  inhabitants,  cut 
it  dowu.  Shakspeare  died  on  his  52nd  birth- 
day, in  1610,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  Stratford,  where  his  monument  still  re- 
mains. In  1741,  a  monument  was  erected  to 
him  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  paid  for  by 
the  proceeds  of  benefits  at  the  two  great  the- 
atres. In  1709,  by  the  efforts  of  Garrick,  a 
festival  was  celebrated  in  honour  of  the  poet 
in  his  native  town.  Tlie  only  notice  re- 
corded of  the  person  of  Shakspeare  is  to  be 
found  in  Aubrey,  who  says  that  "  he  was  a 
handsome,  well-shaped  man,"  and  adds,  that 
he  was  "  verie  good  company,  and  of  a  verie 
ready,  pleasant,  and  smooth  witt."  Besides 
his  Immortal  plays,  Shakspeare  was  the 
author  of  two  poems,  "  Venus  and  Adonis  " 
and  "  Lucrece,"  which,  although  lost  in  the 
blaze  of  Jiis  dramatic  genius,  exhibit  much 
of  poetrv  that  is  worthy  of  admiration. 

SHARP,  Jamls,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, a  distinguished  prelate  of  tlie  17th 
century,  was  born  in  Banffshire,  in  1018,  and 
obtained  a  professorship  in  the  university  of 
St.  Andrew's.  Tlie  presbytery  being  over- 
turned by  parliament,  under  Charles  II., 
Sharp,  who  had  treaclierously  promoted 
that  measure,  was  rewarded  with  the  pri- 
macy, and  appointed  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's.  Tlie  wanton  cruelties  which 
followed  confirmed  the  horror  entertained 
against  him.  and  raised  the  fury  of  some  of 
his  more  bigoted  opponents  to  conspire 
against  his  life.  His  carriage,  in  whicli  he 
was  travelling,  about  three  miles  from  St. 
Andrew's,  on  the  3rd  of  May,  1679,  was  met 
by  some  fanatics,  headed  by  John  Balfour 
of  Burley,  who  were  waiting  there  to  in- 
tercept a  servant  of  the  archbishop's,  named 
Carmichael.  To  tempers  thus  heated  by 
fanaticism,  the  appearance  of  the  arclibisliop 
himself  was  deemed  a  sign  of  the  intention 
of  Providence  to  substitute  a  more  important 
victim  ;  and,  regardless  of  the  tears  and  en- 
treaties of  his  daughter,  they  dragged  him 
from  his  carriage,  and  with  savage  ferocity 
murdered  him  before  her  face. 

SHARP,  John,  a  learned  prelate  and 
theological  writer,  was  born  at  Bradford, 
in  Yorksliire,  in  1044  ;  studied  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  rose,  by  gradual 
preferments,  to  the  deanery  of  Norwich. 
In  the  reign  of  James  II.  he  gave  such  of- 
fence to  the  court  by  preaching  against 
popery,  that  an  order  was  sent  to  tlie  bishop 
of  London  to  suspend  him  ;  but  the  bishop 
having  refused  on  the  ground  of  its  being 
contrary  to  law,  he  as  well  as  Dr.  Sliarp 
were_  suspended  by  the  ecclesiastical  com- 
mission. The  doctor,  however,  was  soon 
restored  to  the  exercise  of  his  function  ;  and, 
after  the  revolution,  he  was  made  dean  of 
Canterbury  ;  from  whence,  in  1601,  he  was 
elevated  to  the  archbishopric  of  York.  Died, 
1713.  His  "Sermons,"  published  after  his 
death,  form  7  vols. 

SHARP,  Thomas,  a  younger  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  about  1093  ;  received  his 
education  at  Trinity  College.  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow  and  D.D.  in  1729  ; 
obtained  various  preferments  in  the  church  ; 
finally  became  archdeacon  of  Northumber- 


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[sha 


land  and  a  prebendary  of  Durham  ;  and 
died  in  1758.  lie  wrote  "  Discourses  on  the 
Hebrew  Tongue,"  &c. 

SHARP,  GitANViLLE,  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguislied  for  his  philanthropy 
and  learning,  was  born  at  Durham,  in  1734. 
He  obtained  a  place  in  the  ordnance  office, 
which  he  resigned  at  the  commencement  of 
the  American  war,  because  he  disapproved 
of  its  principles  ;  after  which  he  devoted  his 
life  to  private  study,  and  the  active  exer- 
cise of  a  benevolent  mind.  With  infinite 
difficulty  and  expense,  he  established  the 
right  of  negroes  to  their  freedom  while  in 
England,  instituted  the  society  for  the  abo- 
lition of  the  slave  trade,  advocated  the 
principles  of  parliamentary  reform,  and  dis- 
tingjiishcd  himself  with  equal  zeal  in  other 
patriotic  and  benevolent  objects  ;  the  last  of 
which  was  the  promotion  of  the  distribution 
of  the  Scriptures.  He  was  critically  skilled 
in  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  languages,  and 
was  the  author  of  various  works,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are,  "  Remarks  on  the  Uses  of 
the  Definite  Article  in  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment," a  "  Short  Treatise  on  the  English 
Tongue,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Prophecies  ;" 
"  Treatises  on  the  Slave  Trade,"  on  "  Duel- 
ling," the  "  The  People's  Right  to  a  Share 
in  the  Legislature,"  the  "  Law  of  Nature, 
and  Principles  of  Action  in  Man,"  &c.  Died, 
1813. 

SHARP,  RiciiAUD,  a  gentleman  well 
kno^vn  in  the  literary  world  as  "  Conver- 
sation Sharp,"  and  whose  taste  and  judg- 
ment as  a  critic  were  equal  to  his  conver- 
sational powers,  died,  aged  7G,  while  on  the 
road  from  Torcjuay  to  his  residence  in 
London,  March  30.  1835.  Mr.  Sharp  was 
deeply  engaged  in  commercial  concerns,  but 
employed  his  leisure  hours  in  literary  pur- 
suits ;  and  had  he  more  devoted  himself  to 
study  and  composition,  he  might  have  taken 
a  high  station  among  the  best  writers  of  the 
day.  He  was  the  author  of  "Letters  and 
Essays  in  Prose  and  Verse."  He  had  for- 
merly been  an  M.P.  adhering  to  the  Whig 
interest ;  and  few  men  disjilayed  more 
anxiety  than  he  did  for  the  extension  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  the  moral 
improvement  of  the  community.  He  left 
250,000/!.,  which  was  divided  between  his 
nephews  and  nieces. 

SHARP,  William,  an  eminent  engraver, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1740,  rose  to  excel- 
lence in  his  profession,  and  produced  many 
admirable  prints.  But  with  all  his  merits 
as  an  artist,  he  was  credulous  in  the  extreme, 
and  became,  in  succession,  a  believer  in  the 
reveries  of  Mesmer  and  Swedenborg,  a  dupe 
of  the  notorious  Richard  Brothers,  and  a 
supporter  of  the  infamous  pretensions  of 
Joanna  Southcott.    Died,  1824. 

SHARPE,  Gregory,  an  eminent  oriental 
scholar  and  able  divine,  was  born  in  York- 
shire, in  1713,  was  educated  at  Westminster 
and  Aberdeen  and  eventually  became  mas- 
ter of  the  Temple.  Among  his  writings  are, 
"  A  Review  of  the  Controversy  on  the  De- 
moniacs," "  Defence  of  Dr.  Clarke  against 
the  Attacks  of  I/Cibnitz,"  "  Dissertations  on 
the  Origin  of  Languages,  and  the  Powers  of 
Letters,  with  a  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  "  Disser- 
tations on  th<j  Latiu  and  Greek  Tongues," 


"Three  Discourses  in  Defence  of  Christi- 
anity," an  "  Introduction  to  Universal  His- 
tory," and  "The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  City 
and  Temple  of  Jerusalem."    Died,  1771. 

SHAW,  CuTHBERT,  a  poet  of  very  humble 
origin,  born  at  Richmond,  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1739.  He  was  usher  at  a  school  in  Darling- 
ton, and  while  there  he  published  a  poem, 
entitled  "  Liberty."  He  afterwards  joined 
a  company  of  comedians,  under  the  name  of 
Seymour ;  but  he  relinquished  the  stage 
about  1762,  and  became  a  professional  writer. 
In  1766  he  published  the  "Race,"  a  satire 
against  most  of  the  living  poets  ;  and,  on  the 
death  of  his  wife,  he  produced  a  pathetic 
"  Monody,"  esteemed  his  best  performance. 
He  lived  a  life  of  intemperance  and  de- 
bauchery, and  he  died  in  wretchedness  and 
poverty,  in  178(5. 

SHAW,  George,  a  distinguished  writer 
on  zoology,  &c.,  was  born  in  1751,  at  Bier- 
ton,  in  Buckinghamshire  ;  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  studied  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh,  and  graduated  as  M.D. 
at  Oxford.  He  then  settled  as  a  physician 
in  London,  was  elected  F.  R.  S.,  and  ap- 
pointed a  vice-president  of  the  Linnxan 
Society  ;  delivered  lectures  on  zoology  at 
the  Leverian  Museum  and  at  the  Royal 
Institution  ;  and  was  made  librarian  and 
assistant  keeper  of  natural  history  at  the 
British  Museum.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works  on  "Zoology,"  conducted  the 
"  Naturalist's  Miscellany,"  and  was  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  abridged  Philosophical 
Transactions.    Died,  1813. 

SHAW,  Sir  James,  bart.,  was  bom  at 
Riccarton,  in  the  county  of  Ayr,  in  the  year 
1764  ;  became  a  junior  clerk  in  a  mercantile 
house  of  the  city  of  London  ;  and,  by  constant 
diligence  and  great  ability,  gradually  rose  to 
a  partnership  in  the  firm.  In  1798  his  cha- 
racter was  so  high  alike  for  probity  and 
industry,  that  he  was  elected  alderman  for 
his  ward  of  Portsoken  ;  in  1803  he  served 
the  office  of  sheriff,  and  in  1805  that  of  lord 
mayor ;  and,  on  the  very  day  previous  to 
Ids  vacating  the  civic  chair,  he  vras  elected 
M.P.  for  the  city  of  London,  which  honour- 
able position  he  retained  till  1818,  when  he 
retired,  having  been  created  a  baronet  in 
1809.  In  1831  he  was  elected  chamberlain 
of  London,  when  he  resigned  his  alder- 
manic  gown.  On  occasion  of  the  memorable 
forgery  of  exchequer  bills.  Sir  James  was 
supposed  to  have  been  unfortunate  enough 
to  have  received  40,000Z.  of  them  in  Ids 
capacity  of  banker  to  the  city.  But  the  bills 
happily  proved  to  be  genuine,  and  Sir  James 
received  the  full  amount,  with  interest  to 
the  day  of  payment.  Simple  in  his  habits, 
singularly  industrious  and  persevering.  Sir 
James  was  also  extremely  charitable.  Died, 
Oct.  22.  1843,  aged  80. 

SHAW,  SxEBBiNG,  a  divine  and  topo- 
graplier,  was  born  in  1762,  at  Stone,  in 
Staffordshire,  and  was  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. He  became  tutor  to  Sir  Francis 
Burdett,  with  whom  he  made  a  tour  to  the 
Highlands,  and  published  an  account  of  tlie 
journey.  He  also  wrote  a  "  Tour  in  the 
We^t  of  England,"  "  A  History  of  Stafford- 
shire," and  ■'  The  Topographer,"  published 


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%  ^cfio  ^auibcr^al  JSiosrapIjiJ. 


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in  periodic  numbers.  He  died,  rector  of 
Hartshorne,  in  Stttiibrdshirc,  in  1802. 

SHAW,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  famous  for  his  "  Travels,  or  Ob- 
servations relating  to  several  parts  of  Bar- 
bary  and  the  Levant."  Born,  101)2  ;  died, 
1751. 

SHEA,  David,  one  of  the  professors  of 
oriental  languages  at  Ilaileybury  College, 
was  bom  at  Dublin,  in  1772,  and  educated 
at  its  university.  Having  held  a  situation 
as  chief  clerk  to  a  large  mercantile  esta- 
blishment in  Malta,  which  had  extensive 
connections  in  the  East,  he  studied  the 
Arabic  and  Persian  tongues  ;  and  his  oriental 
acquirements  becoming  known,  a  situation 
at  Haileybury  was  provided  for  him.  He 
translated  "  Mirkhoud's  History  of  the  earlpr 
Kings  of  Persia,"  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  engaged  in  the  translation  of  the 
Dabistan.  This  work  he  had  completed, 
and  it  was  presented  to  the  Asiatic  Society 
after  his  death.    Died,  183(3. 

SUEBBEARE,  Joii.f,  a  physician  and 
political  writer,  was  bom  at  Bidcford,  in 
Devonshire,  in  1709,  where  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  an  apothecary.  Having  made  a 
visit  to  Paris,  he  there  obtained  the  degree 
of  M.D.,  and  was  admitted  into  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.  He  settled  in  London, 
and  commenced  his  career  as  a  party  writer  ; 
for  his  violence  in  which  character  he  was 
once  pilloried  and  twice  imprisoned.  After- 
wards, imder  the  administration  of  Lord 
Bute,  he  apostatised  from  the  popular  cause, 
and  obtained  a  pension.  His  chief  works 
are,  "  Letters  to  the  People  of  England," 
"  The  Marriage  Act,"  a  satirical  romance  ; 
"  Lydia,  or  Filial  Piety,"  "  Letters  on  the 
English  Nation,"  and  the  "  History  of  the 
Sumatrans,"  a  political  satire.    Died,  1788. 

SIIEE,  Sir  Martin  Akciier,  at  once  pre- 
sident and  senior  member  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, was  born  in  Dublin,  1709.  On  his  first 
arrival  from  Ireland  in  the  British  metro- 
polis, he  was  introduced  to  the  notice  of  Sir 
.Toshua  Reynolds,  and  to  some  other  distin- 
guished persons,  by  his  illustrious  friend  and 
countryman,  Edmund  Burke.  He  became 
an  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the 
first  time  in  the  year  1789.  In  1791  he  sent 
four  portraits  to  the  exhibition ;  in  1792 
he  exhibited  seven  works  ;  and  in  1790  he 
reached  what  is  now  the  full  academical 
number  of  eight  portraits,  including  that  of 
Mrs.  S.  Kemble  in  the  character  of  Cowslip, 
in  "  The  Agreeable  Surprise."  He  continued 
equally  industrious  for  many  successive 
years  ;  and  was  in  such  favour  with  his  fellow 
artists,  that  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1798.  In  1800  he  was 
elected  a  full  royal  academician  ;  and  of  his 
39  brethren  by  whom  he  was  chosen  he  was 
the  last  survivor.  He  continued  to  produce 
numerous  portraits  with  amazing  readiness  ; 
and  for  a  time  he  was  in  nearly  as  great  re- 
quest as  Lawrence.  In  1805  he  made  his 
appearance  as  a  poet  by  the  publication  of 
his  "  Rhymes  on  Art,  or  the  Remonstrance  of 
a  Painter ;  in  two  parts,  with  Notes  and  a 
Preface,  including  Strictures  on  the  State  of 
the  Arts,  Criticism,  Patronage,  and  Public 
Taste  ;"  and  this  was  followed  in  1809  by  a 
second  poem,  in  six  cantos,  entitled  "Ele- 


776 


ments  of  Art,"  to  which  Byron  alludes  in 
his  "English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers." 
A  third  poetical  production,  entitled  "  The 
Commemoration  of  Reynolds,"  &c.  appeared 
from  liis  pen  in  1814.  In  1821  he  published 
a  tragedy  called  "Alasco,"  with  an  angry 
preface  directed  against  Mr.  Colman,  the 
licenser  of  plays,  wlio  had  some  years  pre- 
viously put  a  veto  on  its  being  brought  upon 
the  stage.  On  the  death  of  Lawrence  in 
1830,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  immediately  knighted.  Sir 
Martin  excelled  in  short,  well-timed,  and 
well-delivered  speeches,  and  his  eloquence 
was  highly  appreciated  within  the  walls  of 
the  academy.  His  name,  says  a  contem- 
porary from  whom  this  memoir  has  been 
abridged,  will  descend  in  the  history  of 
painting  as  a  clever  artist  with  greater  ac- 
complishments than  have  commonly  fallen 
to  the  class  to  which  he  belongs,  and  as  a 
painter  who  has  preserved  to  us  the  faces  and 
figures  of  Sir  Thomas  Munro,  Sir  Thomas 
Picton,  Sir  Eyre  Coote,  Sir  James  Scarlett, 
Sir  Henry  Halford,  and  the  poet  Moore. 
Died,  Aug.  19.  1850. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  prelate, 
was  born  at  Stanton,  in  Staffordshire,  in 
1598.  On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Juxon  he 
was  raised  to  the  primacy,  and  expended 
above  00,000/.  in  charitable  uses.  But  the 
greatest  of  his  works  was  building  the  theatre 
at  Oxford.    He  died  in  1077. 

SHELLEY,  Pkkcy  Byssiik,  an  eminent 
modern  poet,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Timothy  Shel- 
ley, Sussex,  was  born  at  Field  Place,  in  that 
county,  in  1792.  He  was  sent  to  Eton, 
whence,  owing  to  his  eccentricity  of  cha- 
racter, whicli  led  him  to  neglect  the  studies 
and  violate  the  rules  of  the  school,  he  was 
removed  to  Oxford,  much  before  the  usual 
period.  Here  a  repetition  of  youthful  ir- 
regularities, deeply  aggravated  by  liis  open 
avowal  of  atheism,  occasioned  his  expulsion  ; 
and  his  family,  naturally  offended  with  his 
conduct  and  irreligious  opinions,  were  still 
further  estranged  by  an  ill-assorted  m  arriage. 
After  the  birth  of  a  boy  and  a  girl,  he  sepa- 
rated from  his  wife,  who  died  shortly  after  ; 
which  event  exposed  him  to  much  obloquy 
and  misrepresentation.  Mr.  Slielley  then 
married  Miss  Godwin,  daughter  of  the  au- 
thor of  "  Political  Justice "  and  the  famed 
"Mary  Wolstoncroft,"  and  soon  after  retired 
to  Marlow,  in  Buckinghamshire,  wlierc  he 
wrote  his  "Revolt  of  Islam."  About  tliis 
time  the  guardianship  of  his  children  was 
taken  from  him,  by  an  order  of  the  chan- 
cellor, on  the  ground  of  alleged  atheistical 
and  sceptical  notions,  and  of  certain  avowed 
opinions  regarding  the  intercourse  of  the 
sexes,  which  were  deemed  immoral  and 
dangerous.  He  now  repaired  to  Italy,  with 
his  second  wife  and  a  new  family,  and  re- 
newed an  acquaintance  with  Lord  Byron,  to 
whom  he  had  been  known  during  a  former 
visit  to  the  Continent.  There,  in  conj  unction 
with  his  lordship  and  Mr.  Leigh  Hunt,  he 
contributed  to  "  The  Liberal,"  a  periodical 
miscellany,  which  contained  the  "  Vision  of 
Judgment,"  by  Lord  Byron,  and  other  ori- 
ginal productions  ;  but  which,  partly  owing 
to  Shelley's  untimely  death,  was  very  soon 
discontinued.    He  was  drowned  by  the  wreck 


sue] 


^  ^cto  Unibtr^al  23f0jQfrap^v. 


[she 


of  his  own  small  sailing-boat  in  a  violent 
storm,  on  his  return  from  Leghorn  to  his 
house,  on  the  gulf  of  Lerici,  July  8.  1822. 
Fifteen  days  afterwards  his  body  was  dis- 
covered, and,  agreeably  to  his  own  desire, 
often  expressed  to  his  friend  Byron,  it  was 
burnt  on  the  sea-shore,  and  the  ashes  con- 
veyed to  Rome,  where  they  are  interred  in 
the  burial-grotmd  near  the  pyramid  of  Caius 
Cestus.  Tlie  poetical  works  of  this  writer 
are,  "Prometheus  Chained,"  "  Alastor,  or 
the  Spirit  of  Solitude,"  "  Queen  Mab,"  and 
"  Cenci  ; "  tlie  whole  of  which  display  a 
poetical  genius  of  tlie  highest  order,  tliough 

blighted  by  the  miasma  of  infidelity. 

His  wife  above  alluded  to,  born  in  1797, 
gained  great  distinction  by  her  "  Franken- 
stein," published  in  1817.  She  was  also 
the  authoress  of  the  "Lives  of  Eminent 
Literary  Frenchmen,"  published  in  Lard- 
ner's  Cabinet  Cyclopasdia  ;  and,  among  other 
literary  performances  of  merit,  she  edited 
with  notes  her  husband's  poems.  Died, 
ISol. 

SHENSTONE,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  1714,  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shropshire, 
was  the  son  of  a  gentleman  farmer  residing 
on  his  own  estate,  called  the  Leasowes.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  and  on  coming  into 
possession  of  his  paternal  property,  he  re- 
linquished all  views  of  an  active  life,  and 
occupied  himself  with  rural  embellishments, 
and  the  cultivation  of  poetry.  His  great 
desire  to  render  the  Leasowes  famous  for 
picturesque  beauty  and  elegance,  led  to  ex- 
penses which  he  could  but  ill  support,  and  he 
was  by  no  means  a  happy  inhabitant  of  the 
Eden  "which  he  had  created.  His  works,  which 
consist  of  songs,  elegies,  pastorals,  and  mis- 
cellaneous essays,  were  printed  in  3  vols.  8vo. 
by  Dodsley.  As  a  poet,  he  is  pleasing,  ten- 
der, and  correct  in  sentiment ;  and  his  prose 
works  displayed  good  sense  and  cultivated 
taste.    Died,  17G3. 

SHEPKEVE,  JoHX,  an  English  writer, 
of  the  IGth  century,  was  born  in  Berkshire, 
and  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  Hebrew  professor 
about  1538.  He  had  a  surprising  memory, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  his 
time.    Died,  1542. 

SHERARD,  or  SHERWOOD,  William, 
an  English  botanist,  was  born  in  Leicester- 
shire, in  1659.  About  1702  he  was  appointed 
consul  at  Smyrna,  and  during  his  residence 
in  the  East  he  collected  specimens  of  all  the 
plants  of  Natolia  and  Greece,  and  made 
observations  on  subjects  of  natural  history 
and  antiquities.  He  died  in  1728,  and  by 
his  will  gave  SOOOl.  to  provide  a  salary  for  a 
professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He  published 
Herman's  "  Paradisus  Batavus"  and  a  work 
entitled  "  Schola  Botanica." 

SHERBURNE,  Sir  Edward,  an  inge- 
nious writer,  was  born  in  London,  in  1018. 
He  held  the  office  of  clerk  of  the  ordnance 
under  Charles  I.,  and  suffered  greatly  during 
tlie  civil  war  ;  but  was  restored  to  his  office, 
and  knighted  by  Charles  n.  Died,  1702. 
He  translated  "  Seneca's  Tragedies,"  the 
"  Sphere  of  Marcus  Manilius,"  and  other 
works,  into  English,  and  wrote  poems. 

SHERIDAN,  Dr.  Thomas  (the  well- 
known  friend  of  Dean  Swift),  was  born  in  | 


lfi84,  and  died  in  1738.  He  was  eminent  as 
a  teacher  ;  but  being  singularly  thoughtless 
and  extravagant,  he  closed  his  life  in  great 
poverty.  He  was  the  author  of  some  ser- 
mons, and  a  translation  of  the  satires  of 
Persius. 

SHERIDAN,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1721,  at  Quilca,  in 
Ireland,  and  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In 
1742  he  went  upon  the  stage,  and  gained 
much  celebrity  as  a  tragedian,  both  in  his 
native  country  and  in  England.  He  next 
became  manager  of  the  Dublin  company  ; 
but  being  ruined  by  the  opposition  of  a  rival 
theatre  and  by  riots  in  his  own,  he  relin- 
quished the  profession,  and  commenced  as  a 
lecturer  on  elocution,  which  for  a  time  was 
very  successful.  During  the  ministry  of 
Lord  Bute,  he  obtained  a  pension  of  200Z.  a 
year.  He  subsequently  beeaine  manager  of 
Drury  Lane  Theatre ;  but  some  disputes 
taking  place,  he  retired  from  the  situation, 
and  resumed  his  attention  to  oratory.  His 
principal  works  arc,  an  "Orthoepical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  English  Language  "  and  a 
"  Life  of  Swift."    Died,  1788. 

SHERIDAN,  Frances,  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  the  writer  of  "Sidney  Bid- 
dulph,"  a  novel;  "Nourjahad,"  an  eastern 
tale  ;  and  the  comedies  of  "  The  Discovery  " 
and  "  The  Dupe."    Born,  1724  ;  died,  1707. 

SHERIDAN,  Richard  Buinsley,  third 
son  of  the  precediug,  distinguished  as  a 
statesman,  wit,  and  dramatist,  was  born  at 
Dublin,  in  1751.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
row School,  aud  became  a  student  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  but  was  not  called  to  the 
bar.  His  first  dramatic  attempt  was  "  The 
Rivals,"  which  was  acted  at  Covent  Garden 
in  1775,  with  moderate  success ;  but  the 
"  Duenna,"  a  musical  entertainment,  which 
foliowed,  was  received  with  general  admi- 
ration ;  and  his  "  School  for  Scandal"  gained 
him  the  highest  reputation  as  a  comic  writer. 
On  the  retirement  of  Garrick  from  Drury 
I^ane  Theatre,  Sheridan  purchased  a  share 
in  that  property,  which  qualified  him  for  a 
seat  in  parliament ;  and,  in  1780,  he  was 
chosen  member  for  the  borough  of  Stafford. 
He  attained  distinguished  celebrity  as  an 
orator,  aud  made  the  grandest  display  of 
eloquence  during  the  progress  of  tlie  im- 
peachment of  Warren  Hastings.  The  poli- 
tical changes  consequent  on  the  death  of 
Pitt,  in  1800,  occasioned  the  exaltation  of 
the  party  with  which  Sheridan  was  con- 
nected, aud  he  obtained  the  lucrative  post 
of  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  the  rank  of  a 
privy  councillor.  This  administration  being 
weakened  by  the  loss  of  Mr.  Fox,  who  sur- 
vived his  celebrated  rival  only  a  few  months, 
new  alterations  took  place,  and  Siieridan 
was  deprived  of  office,  to  which  he  never 
returned.  At  the  general  election  in  1800, 
he  obtained  a  seat  for  Westminster,  the  great 
object  of  his  ambition  ;  but  he  was  alter- 
wards  nominated  for  the  borough  of  Ilchester, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  during  the 
remainder  of  his  parliamentary  career.  The 
latter  part  of  the  life  of  this  highly  talented 
individual  was  embittered  by  misfortunes, 
principally  arising  from  his  own  improvi- 
dence.     His    profuse   habits  involved  him 


she] 


^  |2ctt)  Unifitr^al  33t0flrflpf)s. 


[SHI 


deeply  in  debt ;  his  failure  of  a  seat  in  par- 
liament deprived  liim  of  protection  from 
arrest ;  intemperance  had  undermined  his 
constitution  ;  mental  anxiety  completed  the 
destruction  of  liis  health ;  and  his  death 
took  place  amidst  a  complication  of  diffi- 
culties, fears,  and  sorrows,  July  7.  1816. 
Besides  the  pieces  already  noticed,  he  was 
the  author  of  part  of  "  A  Translation  of 
Aristaenetus  ; "  the  farces  of  "  The  Critic," 
a  "  Trip  to  Scarborough,"  and  "  St.  Patrick's 
Day,"  a  "  Letter  to  Henry  Dundas,"  "  Pi- 
zarro,"  a  droma  altered  from  Kotzebue,  and 
poems.  Mr.  Sheridan  was  twice  married, 
llrst  to  Miss  Liiiley,  a  celebrated  singer ; 
and  the  second  time  to  Miss  Ogle,  daughter 
of  the  Dean  of  Winchester. 

S11I':RL0CK,  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  bom  in  KUl.  lie  became  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  wrote  numerous  books 
and  pamphlets,  tlie  greater  part  of  which 
were  of  the  controversial  kind.  His  "  Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Death,"  however,  haa  been 
highly  valued  and  very  much  read.  Died, 
1770. 

SHERLOCK,  Thomas,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, son  of  tlie  preceding,  born  in  lO'S, 
was  distinguished  as  a  warm  and  spirited 
controversial  writer.  His  works  are  very 
numerous,  and  his  sermons  particularly  to 
be  admired  for  their  ingenuity  and  elegance. 
He  was,  successively,  dean  of  Chicliester, 
and  bishop  of  Bangor,  Salisburj',  and  Lon- 
don.   Died,  17()1. 

SHERWIN,  Joiix  Ketse,  an  eminent 
engraver,  who,  till  the  age  of  IP,  exercised 
the  humble  occupation  of  a  wood-cutter. 
He  was  at  that  period  employed  on  the 
estate  of  Mr.  Mittbrd,  near  Petworth,  in 
Sussex ;  and  being  one  day  at  the  house  of 
that  gentleman,  the  attention  witli  which 
he  observed  some  of  the  family  who  were 
drawing,  attracted  Mr.  Mitford's  notice,  who 
asked  him  if  he  could  do  any  thing  in  that 
way  I  Slierwin  said  that  he  could  not  tell, 
but  he  should  like  to  try.  On  tliis  a  port- 
crayon was  put  into  his  hand,  and  he  pro- 
duced such  a  drawing  as  astonished  all 
present ;  and  the  society  of  arts,  to  whom  it 
was  presented,  voted  him  the  silver  medal. 
He  was  then  placed  under  Bartolozzi,  and 
became  his  favourite  pupil.  His  engravings 
are  of  the  first  excellence.    Dieil,  1790. 

SHIELD,  William,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  was  born  at  Swalwell,  Durham, 
in  1754.  His  father,  who  was  a  teacher  of 
singing,  and  who  had  given  him  a  taste  for 
music,  died  when  his  son  was  in  his  9th 
year.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  boat-builder, 
but  quitted  that  business  as  soon  as  his  in- 
dentures expired,  for  he  had  never  ceased  to 
cultivate  the  knowledge  of  the  violin,  which 
he  had  early  acquired.  It  was  not  long 
before  he  gained  very  considerable  reputa- 
tion at  Scarborough,  &c.  as  the  leader  of  the 
principal  concerts,  which  led  to  his  being 
offered  a  situation  in  the  orchestra  of  the 
Italian  Opera  House,  where  he  remained  18 
years  as  principal  viola.  In  1778  he  came 
for\vard  as  a  dramatic  composer  in  the  music 
to  "The  Flitch  of  Bacon,"  the  success  of 
which  was  great  and  decisive.  It  procured 
for  him  the  situation  of  composer  to  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  which  he  held  for  several 


777 


years.  At  the  death  of  Sir  W.  Parsons  he 
was  appointed  master  of  his  mnjesty's  mu- 
sicians in  ordinary  ;  and  he  continued  to 
enjoy  a  high  degree  of  popularity  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
January,  1829.  His  style  was  simple,  chaste, 
and  graceful.  Among  his  dramatic  pieces 
are,  "  Rosina,"  the  "  Poor  Soldier,"  "  Robin 
Hood,"  "Marian,"  "Oscar  and  Malvina," 
"  Hartford  Bridge,"  &e.  He  also  set  to  music 
many  excellent  songs,  as  "Tom  Moody," 
"  The  Heaving  of  the  Lead,"  "  The  Thorn," 
"  Old  Towler,"  &c. 

SHIPLEY,  JoxATHAK,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  born  in  1714.  He  was  educated 
at  Christehurch,  Oxford  ;  and  became,  suc- 
cessively, dean  of  Winchester,  bisliop  of 
Llandaff,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  died 
in  1788,  leaving  a  son,  who  became  dean  of 
St.  Asaph  ;  and  two  daughters,  one  of  whom 
married  Sir  William  Jones.  The  works  of 
the  bishop  were  published  in  2  vols. 

SHIRLEY,  AxTiioNV,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish traveller,  was  born  at  Weston,  in  Sussex, 
in  1565.  On  leaving  Oxford  University,  he 
served  under  the  Earl  of  Essex,  with  such 
reputation  as  to  receive  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  He  next  went  to  Italy,  and 
from  thence  travelled  to  Persia,  where  he 
became  a  favourite  with  Shah  Abbas,  who 
in  1012  sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land. After  this,  the  emperor  of  Germany 
created  him  a  count,  and  the  king  of  Spain 
appointed  him  admiral  in  the  Levant  seas. 
He  died  in  Spain  about  1G30. 

SHIRLEY,  Jamics,  an  eminent  English 
dramatic  writer  and  poet  of  the  Elizabethan 
age,  was  born  in  London,  about  1694  ;  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and 
at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  obtained  a 
curacy  at  St.  Alban's,  whicli  he  resigned  on 
becoming  a  Catholic  ;  and  then  endeavoured, 
though  without  success,  to  establish  a  gram- 
mar school  there.  He  next  removed  to 
London,  and  became  a  fertile  writer  for  the 
stage  ;  and,  having  obtained  considerable 
celel)rity,  he  was  taken  into  the  service  of 
queen  Henrietta  Maria.  He  afterwards  ac- 
companied the  Earl  of  Kildare  to  Ireland, 
but  returned  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion,  and  resumed  his  scholastic  em- 
ployment in  the  \Vliilefriars.  At  the  Resto- 
ration many  of  his  plays  were  again  acted, 
and  he  appears  to  have  been  comparatively 
prosperous  ;  but  having  lost  all  his  property 
by  the  fire  of  London,  in  1G66,  both  he  and 
his  wife  were  so  affected  by  the  calamit'>u8 
event,  that  they  died  of  grief  and  tenor 
within  24  hours  of  each  other,  on  the  29th  of 
October,  and  were  buried  in  tlie  same  grave. 
Shirley  was  the  author  of  37  tragedies,  come- 
dies, &c.,  besides  a  volume  of  poems  ;  which 
are  now  well  known,  a  complete  edition  of 
his  works  having  been  published  by  the  late 
Mr.  Gilford. 

SHIRLEY,  the  Right  Rev.  Walter  Ar- 
GUSTrs,  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  was  born 
at  Westport,  in  Ireland,  1797  ;  was  educated 
at  Winchester,  and  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
ordained  in  1820  ;  and  took  up  his  residence 
with  his  father  at  Ashbourne,  where  he 
undertook  lectureships  and  service,  and  per- 
formed all  the  duties  of  an  able  and  active 
clergyman.    While  residing  liere  he  gained 


SHO] 


^  ^clxi  Mniijn'^al  3t5tflsrajpf)B, 


[snu 


a  prize  for  an  able  essay  on  "  The  Study  of 
Moral  Evidence."  In  1826  he  took  the 
situation  of  examiner  at  Oxford  ;  and,  in 
the  autumn  of  tiie  same  year,  he  repaired  to 
Kome,  where  lie  officiated  as  minister  of  the 
English  chapel.  On  his  return  in  1828  lie 
became  vicar  of  Shirley  in  Derbyshire,  on  the 
nomination  of  Earl  Ferrers,  a  family  con- 
nection ;  and  here,  besides  discharging  his 
ministerial  duties  with  great  faitlifulness 
and  success,  he  devoted  himself  with  un- 
wearied attention  to  what  he  considered  the 
calls  of  professional  duty,  such  as  Bible 
societies,  missionary  deputations,  evening 
lectures,  curate  societies,  training  schools, 
boards  of  education,  and  all  other  means  for 
improving  and  extending  the  influence  of  the 
church.  In  184G  he  was  selected  as  preacher 
of  the  Bampton  Lectures  at  Oxford.  Tlie 
same  year  he  was  nominated  to  the  bisliopric 
of  Sodor  and  Man,  and  had  just  entered  on 
what  promised  to  be  a  career  of  extensive 
usefulness,  when  he  was  cut  off,  after  a  short 
illness,  April  21.  1847.  The  "Letters  and 
Memoirs  of  Bishop  Shirley  "  have  been  pub- 
lished by  Archdeacon  Hill. 

SHORE,  Jaxe,  the  beautiful  and  unfor- 
tunate mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  was  the 
daughter  of  a  London  citizen,  and  the  wife 
of  a  rich  jeweller  in  Lombard  Street.  Her 
personal  charms  are  represented  as  being 
transcendant  ;  her  connubial  state,  infelici- 
tous ;  and  the  monarch's  admiration  of  her, 
unbounded.  Her  virtue  was  not  sufficiently 
strong  to  resist  her  roj-al  lover,  and  she  un- 
reluctantly  yielded  to  his  desires.  She  had 
an  entire  command  over  his  heart  and  his 
purse  i  but  she  made  no  improper  use  of  his 
munificence,  her  greatest  happiness  consist- 
ing in  relieving  the  necessitous,  and  in  being 
the  mediatress  between  the  sovereign  and 
those  who  were  under  his  displeasure.  After 
the  king's  death  she  became  attached  to 
Lord  Hastings  ;  and  their  known  partiality 
to  the  young  princes  rendered  them  ob- 
noxious to  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  who 
accused  them  of  witchcraft.  On  this  charge 
Hastings  was  beheaded,  and  his  pretended 
accomplice  committed,  by  the  tyrant's  order, 
to  the  Tower.  After  undergoing  the  form  of 
a  mock  trial,  she  Mas  ordered  to  do  penance 
in  St.  Paul's,  in  a  white  sheet,  and  was 
paraded  through  the  public  streets,  the 
bishop  of  London  heading  the  procession. 
Her  house  and  fortune  were  seized  by  the 
protector,  and  the  unfortunate  woman  was 
reduced  to  the  greatest  distress  ;  but  her 
perishing  in  a  ditch,  which  is  said  to  have 
given  rise  to  Shoreditch,  does  not  appear  to 
be  founded  upon  fact.  Where  or  when  slie 
died  is  not  known  ;  but  it  is  certain  she  was 
living  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Sir 
Thomas  More  mentions  her  iu  terms  of  the 
highest  commendation  ;  and  observes  that 
although  time  and  affliction  had  destroyed 
her  personal  charms,  still  she  retained  that 
softness  of  manners  which  had  conspired  to 
enslave  the  monarch's  heart. 

SHORT,  James,  a  natural  philosopher 
and  eminent  optician,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1710  ;  received  his  education  at  the 
high  school  and  the  university,  and  studied 
mathematics  under  Maclaurin,  by  whose  in- 
terest he  became  mathematical  tutor  to  the 


Duke  of  Cumberland  and  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1739  he  was  employed 
on  a  survey  of  the  Orkney  islands  ;  and,  on 
his  return  to  London,  obtained  deserved 
celebrity  for  his  skill  in  the  construction  of 
telescopes.    Died,  17C8. 

SHORT,  Thomas,  a  physician  and  me- 
dical writer,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh.  He  settled 
first  at  Sheffield,  but  removed  to  Rother- 
liam,  wlicre  he  died  in  1772.  He  wrote  a 
variety  of  works,  among  which  were  the 
"  Natural  History  of  Mineral  and  Medicinal 
Waters,"  a  "  Chronological  History  of  the 
Air,  Weather,  Seasons,  ^leteors,"  &c.  2  vols. 

SHOVE!-,  Sir  Ci.oudeslev,  a  gallant 
British  admiral,  was  born  near  Claj',  in 
Norfolk,  about  1050.  In  1074  he  was  a  lieu- 
tenant imder  Sir  John  Narborough,  who 
sent  him  to  the  dey  of  Tripoli  with  a  re- 
quisition, which  the  latter  treated  with 
contempt.  On  his  return  he  stated  to  the 
admiral  the  practicability  of  destroying  the 
enemy's  shipping,  which  service  he  per- 
formed the  same  night  without  the  loss  of  a 
man.  For  this  exploit  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  a  ship,  and  he  gradually 
rose  in  his  profession,  till  he  became  a  rear- 
admiral.  He  had  a  share  in  the  victories  off 
La  Hogue  and  Malaga.  While  in  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  fleet  in  1705,  he  sailed 
for  England,  and  in  the  night  of  October 
22nd  fell  by  mistake  upon  the  rocks  of 
Scilly,  where  his  ship  was  totally  lost  with 
some  others,  and  all  on  board  perished.  His 
body  being  found  by  the  fishermen,  they 
stripped  and  buried  it ;  but  the  fact  becoming 
known,  his  remains  were  brought  to  London, 
and  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

SHOWER,  Sir  BAnxiioLOMEw,  a  cele- 
brated lawyer,  was  born  at  Exeter,  studied 
in  the  Temple,  and  became  so  eminent  as  a 
counsellor,  that  James  II.  appointed  him 
recorder  of  London.    He  published  "  Cases  in 

Parliament  resolved,"  &c His  brother, 

John,  was  an  eminent  Puritan  divine,  and 
of  very  opposite  principles  to  Sir  Bartholo- 
mew. Disgusted  with  the  measures  of  James 
II.  lie  retired  to  Holland  until  after  the 
revolution  ;  and,  on  his  return,  he  preached 
at  the  chapel  in  the  Old  Jewry.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Reflections  on  Time  and  Eter- 
nity," "  The  Mourner's  Companion."  Died, 
171.-,. 

SHRAPNEL,  Lieut.-general  HExnr,  the 
inventor  of  the  case-shot  known  as  Shrap- 
nel-shells, received  his  commission  as  second 
lieutenant  in  the  royal  artillery  in  1779,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  in 
1837.  Shortly  after  the  siege  of  Gibraltar 
he  invented  the  spherical  case-shot :  this 
consists  of  a  hollow  globe  of  iron,  filled  with 
musket-balls  and  gunpowder,  which,  when 
the  shell  explodes,  are  projected  about  150 
yards,  and  do  as  much  injury  as  tlie  same 
number  of  muskets  in  addition  to  the  effects 
produced  by  the  splinters  of  the  exploded 
shell.  On  the  adoption  of  these  shells  by 
the  artillery.  General  Shrapnel  was  granted 
a  pension  of  1200Z.  per  annum  in  addition  to 
his  regular  pay.    Died,  March,  1842. 

SHUCKFORD,  Samuel,  a  learned  divine, 
who  was  educated  at  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  became  prebendary  of  Canter- 


siiu] 


^  f}cfco  Huitier^at  33i0ffrnj)I)t». 


[siD 


bury,  and  rector  of  Allhallows,  ii»  Lombard 
Street.  He  wrote  two  works,  "  On  the  Cre- 
iition  and  Fall  of  Man,"  and  "  The  History 
of  the  World,  Sacred  and  Profaue."    Died, 

nrA. 

SlIUTER,  Edward,  a  celebrated  comic 
actor,  whose  talents  in  the  delineation  of 
]>umoron8  cliaracters  rendered  him  a  public 
favourite.     Died,  1776. 

SHUTTLE  WORTH,  the  Bight  Rev. 
Philip  Nicholas,  bishop  of  Chichester,  was 
born  in  1782,  at  Kirkham,  Lancashire.  He 
received  his  education  at  Winchester,  and 
New  College,  Oxford,  and  was  distinguished 
at  both  these  learned  seminaries  by  his  su- 
perior attainments.  For  some  considerable 
time  he  resided  in  Oxford,  and  filled  tlie 
situation  of  tutor  to  his  college  ;  and  when, 
in  1822,  the  wardenship  of  New  College  be- 
came vacant,  he  was  unanimously  elected 
to  that  honourable  station.  In  1840,  Dr. 
Shuttleworth  was  promoted  to  the  see  of 
Chichester  ;  but  his  episcopal  dignity  was  of 
brief  duration,  this  able  prelate  dying  in 
January,  1812.  His  principal  works  are  a 
"Discourse  on  the  Consistency  of  the  whole 
Scheme  of  Revelation  with  itself  and  with 
Human  Reason,"  "  Scripture  not  Tradition," 
in  which  liis  objections  to  Fuseymn  are 
stated  with  great  force  and  learning ;  a 
volume  of  excellent  sermons,  &c. 

SIBBALD,  Sir  Rodekt,  a  phj'sician  and 
naturalist,  born  near  Leslie,  iu  Fifeshire, 
about  1643.  He  was  physician  and  geogra- 
pher to  Charles  II.  ;  and  contributed  to  the 
foundation  of  the  college  of  physicians  at 
Edinburgh,  of  which  he  became  the  first 
president.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Scotia 
Illustrata"  and  "The  Taberty  and  Independ- 
ency of  the  Kincdoni  and  Chunih  of  Scot- 
land."    Died,  I7T2. 

SIBTHORP,  Joiix,  a  very  learned  natu- 
ralist and  regius  professor  of  botany  in  tlie 
university  of  Oxford,  was  a  native  of  that 
city,  and  received  his  education  at  Lincoln 
College.  After  studying  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgli,  he  visited  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Greece,  for  the  purpose  of  making  botanical 
researches.  In  1794  he  published  "Flora 
Oxoniensis  ;"  and  left  an  estate  of  300?.  a 
year  to  the  university,  in  order  to  defray  tlie 
expense  of  publishing  a  splendid  work,  en- 
titled "  Flora  Grajca,"  and  towards  the 
foundation  of  a  professorship  of  rural  eco- 
nomy.    Died,  17i>;. 

SICARD,  Rocii-Ambkose  Cocurrox,  an 
eminent  teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  was 
born  in  1742,  at  Fousseret,  near  Toulouse. 
On  the  death  of  I'Epee,  in  1789,  the  Abbt' 
Sicard  was  called  to  Paris,  to  succeed  him  in 
the  direction  of  the  establishment  there.  In 
1792  he  was  arrested  amidst  his  scholars, 
sent  to  prison,  and  was  in  imminent  danger 
of  becoming  a  victim  in  the  ensuing  mas- 
saci'os.  He,  however,  obtained  his  liberty, 
and  in  1796  took  part  in  compiling  the  "  Re- 
ligious, Political,  and  Literary  Annals  of 
France,"  for  which  he  was  sentenced  to 
transportation,  but  escaped.  When  this 
storm  had  passed  away,  he  resumed  his 
situation  as  a  teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
which  office  he  held  for  many  years  with 
great  credit  to  himself  and  advantage 
to  his  pupils.    He  wrote  several  valuable 

779 


works  relating  to  tuition,  &c.  ;  and  died  in 
1822. 

SIDDONS,  Sarah,  the  most  celebrated 
of  English  tragic  actresses,  was  a  daughter 
of  Roger  Kemble,  manager  of  an  itinerant 
company,  and  born  at  Brecknock,  in  1755. 
She  commenced  her  theatrical  career  as  a 
singer,  but  soon  relinquished  that  line,  and 
attempted  tragedy.  In  her  18th  year  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  Siddons  ;  wlien  she  and 
her  husband  played  at  Liverpool  and  other 
places,  gnining  both  reputation  and  profit. 
In  1775  she  tried  her  powers  on  the  London 
boards,  but  was  unsuccessful.  She  then  ob- 
tained an  engagement  at  Bath,  where  she 
improved  rapidly,  and  became  a  general 
favourite.  Time,  with  study  and  practice, 
matured  her  powers ;  and  when  she  re- 
appeared at  Drury  Lane,  in  October,  1782,  as 
Isabella,  her  success  was  complete  ;  und, 
from  that  time  forward,  her  theatrical  career 
was  one  continued  trimnph.  In  1801  slie 
transferred  lier  talents  to  Covent  Garden 
Theatre  ;  and  in  1812,  having  acquired  an 
ample  fortune,  she  retired  from  the  stage  ; 
appearing  only  once  again  in  London,  which 
M-as  in  1816,  for  the  benefit  of  her  brother, 
Mr.  Charles  Kemble,  and  a  few  nights  at 
Edinburgh,  to  assist  her  widowed  daughter- 
in-law.  Mrs.  Siddons  possessed  every  re- 
quisite, personal  and  acquired,  for  the  high 
dramatic  walk  she  had  aspired  to ;  and 
those  who  witnessed  her  in  the  meridian 
of  her  splendid  career,  can  never  forget  her 
surpassing  intellectual  powers,  or  her  un- 
paralleled dignity  of  deportment.  She  died 
in  IS.",]. 

SIDDONS,  Mrs.  II.,  for  many  years  the 
principal  actress  at  the  Tlieatre  Royal,  Edin- 
burgh, was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  JIurray, 
comedian,  formerly  of  Covent  Garden,  and 
the  wife  of  Mr.  Henry  Siddons,  son  of  that 
distinguished  actress,  who,  like  lier  brothers, 
John  and  Charles  Kemble,  raised  the  cha- 
racter of  the  British  drama,  and  shed  a 
brilliant  lustre  on  the  stage.  Mr.  H.  Siddons 
died  in  1814,  leaving  his  widow  and  four 
children  ;  when  Mr.  Murray,  her  brother, 
kindly  undertook  the  management  of  the 
Edinburgh  theatre  for  her,  and  conducted  it 
with  such  success,  that  in  1830  the  widow 
was  able  to  retire  from  the  concern  with  an 
ample  fortune.  The  range  of  characters 
which  Mrs.  H.  Siddons  filled  was  of  that 
class  which  may  be  best  expressed  by  the 
term  "  ladylike  ''  in  genteel  comedy,  and  of 
the  gentle  and  pathetic  in  tragedy,  and  in 
these  she  excelled.  In  private  life  this  lady 
w^as  both  admired  and  respected. 

SIDMOUTH,  Henry,  Viscount,  &e.,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Addington,  an  eminent 
physician  ;  was  educated  at  Winchester, 
and  Brazennose  College,  Oxford  ;  and  was 
intended  for  the  profession  of  the  law,  which, 
however,  he  abandoned  almost  as  soon  as  he 
was  called  to  the  bar,  in  order  to  follow  the 
political  fortunes  of  his  boyhood's  friend,  the 
second  William  Pitt.  Entering  parliament 
for  Devizes,  in  1784,  he  in  17K)  succeeded 
Lord  Grenville  as  speaker  of  the  House' of 
Commons  —  an  honour,  we  believe,  never 
before  or  since  conferred  on  so  young  a 
member.  In  this  post  he  remained  fur  12 
years  ;  during  which  period  he  commanded 


sid] 


^  ilefcu  HniiJcrsfaX  3Si0flrapI;i). 


[siD 


the  respect  of  both  friends  and  foes,  and  only 
ceased  to  be  speaker  in  order  to  take,  at  tlie 
urgent  request  of  George  III.,  tlie  still  more 
arduous  post  of  prime  minister.  His  ministry 
lasted  only  two  years  and  four  months,  but 
never  were  an  English  minister's  talents  and 
courage  tried  during  a  like  space  of  time  by 
a  more  perplexing  state  of  public  affairs, 
both  foreign  and  domestic  ;  and,  when  cir- 
cumstances led  him  to  resign,  he  most 
honourably  supported  government  whenever 
he  believed  its  measures  to  be  caloulated  to 
benefit  the  country.  In  1805  he  accepted 
the  office  of  president  of  the  council,  under 
Mr.  Pitt's  government,  and  was  elected  to 
the  peerage.  This  office  he  more  than  once 
resigned,  and  re-accepted  the  office  of  presi- 
dent of  the  council ;  but,  on  the  formation  of 
the  liiverpool  administration,  he  accepted 
office  as  home  secretary.  The  Spa  Fields 
and  the  Manchester  meetings  and  the  Cato 
Street  conspiracy  furnish  abundant  proofs 
alike  of  the  difficulties  against  which  I^ord 
Sidmouth  had  to  contend,  and  of  the  sagacity, 
courage,  and  firmness  with  which  he  opposed 
and  overcame  them.  In  1822,  after  i>assing 
nearly  40  years  in  the  public  service,  he  felt 
the  infirmities  of  age  pressing  heavily  upon 
him,  and  finally  retired  to  private  life. 
That  he  was  singularly  disinterested  no  one 
ever  ventured  to  deny  ;  more  than  once  he 
refused  a  pension,  and  on  one  occasion  he 
refused  an  earldom  and  the  garter  —  those 
dazzling  prizes  for  which  so  many  statesmen 
Imve  bartered  both  personal  and  political 
honour.  He  passed  the  remainder  of  life  in 
retirement  at  his  official  residence  as  ranser 
of  Richmond  Park.  Born,  17.',7  ;  died,  1844. 
SIDNEY,  Sir  Philip,  son  of  Sir  Henry 
Sidney,  of  Penshurst  in  Kent,  was  born 
in  l.j.>t,  and  became  one  of  the  most  ac- 
complished statesmen  and  writers  of  the 
age.  After  leaving  college,  he  travelled  in 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy  ;  and,  on  his 
return,  he  became  a  favourite  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  who,  in  1576,  sent  him  on  an 
embassy  to  the  emperor  Rodolph,  the  real 
object  of  which  was  to  promote  a  league 
among  the  Protestant  states,  which  he  ef- 
fected. In  1581  he  distinguished  himself 
in  the  jousts  and  tournaments  celebrated 
for  the  entertainment  of  the  Dukeof  Anjou  ; 
and,  on  the  return  of  that  prince  to  the 
Continent,  he  accompanied  him  to  Antwerp. 
The  prince  palatine  being  invested  with 
the  order  of  tlie  garter  in  1.580,  Mr.  Sidney 
was  a|)pointed  his  proxy,  when  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  1585  he  pro- 
jected, in  concert  with  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
an  expedition  against  the  Sjianiards  in 
America  ;  and  he  had  gone  to  Plymouth  to 
embark  on  the  undertaking,  when  an  ex- 
press mandate  from  the  queen  recalled  him 
to  court.  Her  influence  also  was  exerted  to 
prevent  him  from  being  elected  king  of 
Poland  ;  "  refusing,"  as  Camden  says,  "  to 
further  his  advancement,  out  of  fear  that  she 
should  lose  the  jewel  of  her  times."  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  governor  of  Flnsh- 
ing,  and  general  of  the  cavalry  under  his 
uncle,  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester,  who  com- 
manded tlie  forces  sent  to  assist  the  Dutch 
against  tlie  Spaniards.  On  the  22nd  of  Sep- 
tember  158(5,  he  fell  in  with  a  convoy  scut 


780 


by  the  enemy  to  Zutphen  ;  and  though  the 
English  troops  were  inferior  to  the  enemy, 
they  gained  the  victory  ;  but  it  was  dearly 
purchased  with  the  loss  of  their  commander, 
who,  after  one  horse  was  shot  under  him, 
mounted  another,  and  continued  the  fight, 
till  he  received  a  ball  in  the  left  thigh, 
which  proved  fatal.  As  he  was  borne  from 
the  field,  languid  with  the  loss  of  blood,  he 
asked  for  water,  but  just  as  the  bottle  was 
put  to  his  lips,  seeing  a  dying  soldier  look- 
ing wistfully  at  it,  he  resigned  it,  saying, 
"  This  man's  necessity  is  greater  than  mine." 
He  died  on  the  15th  of  October,  and  his  body 
was  brought  to  England,  and  interred  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  lie  was  the  author  of 
"  A  Defence  of  Poesy,"  "  Sonnets  and 
Poems,"  and  the  celebrated  heroic  romance 
of  "Arcadia."  Thus  perished  the  gallant, 
amiable,  and  accomplished  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney, in  his  32nd  year,  whose  fate  was  the 
object  of  general  regret,  and  whose  talents 
and  acquirements  entitle  him  to  be  recorded 
among  the  most  distinguished  persons  of  his 
age  and  nation. 

SIDNEY,  Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke, 
was  the  sister  of  the  preceding,  and  possessed 
kindred  talents,  which  she  assiduously  culti- 
vated. She  wrote  an  "  Elegy  "  on  her  la- 
mented brother,  a  "  Pastoral  Dialogue  in 
praise  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  "  Discourse  of 
Life  and  Death,"  &c.     Died,  IGOl. 

SIDNEY,  Algernon,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish republican,  second  son  of  Robert,  earl 
of  Leicester,  was  born  in  1017.  He  was  care- 
fully educated  under  the  inspection  of  his 
father,  and  early  trained  to  a  military  life  ; 
served  with  considerable  distinction  under 
his  brother.  Lord  Lisle,  during  the  Irish  re- 
bellion ;  joined  the  parliamentarians  on  his 
return,  in  1043  ;  and,  having  displayed  his  ! 
skill  and  bravery  in  several  actions,  was  | 
ultimately  made  governor  of  Dover.  When  i 
the  high  court  of  justice  was  formed  for  the  I 
trial  of  the  king,  he  was  nominated  a  mem-  ! 
ber ;  and  although  he  was  neither  present 
when  sentence  was  pronounced,  nor  signed 
the  warrant  for  the  execution,  yet  he  vin- 
dicated that  measure  ;  and  it  is  supposed, 
therefore,  that  he  withheld  his  signature  at 
the  desire  of  his  father.  The  same  principles, 
however,  which  led  him  to  oppose  Charles, 
made  him  hostile  to  the  usurpation  of  Crom- 
well, during  whose  government  he  retired  to 
Penshurst,  and  there  occupied  himself  in 
composing  his  celebrated  "  Discourses  on 
Government."  In  1059  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  sent  to  mediate  between  Den- 
mark and  Sweden  ;  and,  conscious  of  the 
offence  he  had  given  the  royal  party,  he  re- 
mained abroad  till  1077,  when  he  received  a 
pardon,  and  returned.  In  1683,  being  im- 
plicated in  what  was  called  the  Rye-house 
Plot,  he  was  arrested,  with  Lord  William 
Russell  and  others  ;  and  when  arraigned 
before  the  chief  justice,  JefFeries,  Ire  was 
found  guilty,  though  the  evidence  was  de- 
fective, and  in  every  sense  illegal.  He  was 
executed  on  Tower  Hill,  December  7.  1078, 
and  suffered  with  characteristic  firmness  and 
constancy.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Re- 
volution was  to  reverse  his  attainder ;  and 
I  the  name  of  Algernon  Sidney  has  since  been 
j  held  in  honour  by  the  majority  of  those  who 


I 


8IB] 


^  ^tto  WiniittviKl  JStflcjrajj^t). 


[slM 


maintain  tlie  fundamental  principles  of  free 
government. 

SIEVES,  Count  Emanuel,  usually  cnlled 
the  Abbe  Sieves,  was  Iwm  in  1748,  at  Fre- 
jug,  where  his  father  was  director  of  tlie 
post-office.  Having  finished  his  studies  in 
the  university  of  Paris,  he  was  one  of  the 
grand  vicars  to  the  bishop  of  Chartres  ;  but 
at  tl»e  time  of  tlie  American  revolution,  he 
abandoned  his  ecclesiastical  pursuits  to 
enter  into  the  field  of  politics,  where  he 
boldly  promulgated  new  doctrines,  and  ac- 
quired very  considerable  influence.  His 
abilities  having  soon  made  themselves 
known,  he  was  in  1787  named  a  member  of 
the  provincial  assembly  which  Necker  had 
established  at  Orleans.  He  advocated  t)ie 
necessity  and  expediency  of  calling  the  states 
in  1787,  and  in  1789  publislied  his  pamjjhlet 
"  Qu'est  ce  que  le  Tiers  Etat  ?  "  whicli  gained 
immense  reputation,  and  undoubtedly  hast- 
ened the  crisis  of  tlie  revolution.  Soon  after- 
wards he  became  one  of  tlie  members  for  Paris 
in  the  states-general ;  and  it  was  at  his  insti- 
gation that  they  assumed  the  name  of  Na- 
tional Assembly.  In  17U0  he  brought  forward 
a  project  for  repressing  the  licentiousness  of 
the  press,  and  voted  for  the  establishment  of 
civil  and  criminal  juries.  When  tlie  Moun- 
tain ruled,  in  1795,  he  declined  sitting  in  the 
convention,  but  went  to  Berlin  as  ambas- 
sador. After  the  I8th  he  was  named  one  of 
the  three  consuls ;  and  frorri  that  time  he 
remained  steady  to  the  constitutional  prin- 
ciples lie  first  asserted,  opposing  tlie  Jacobins, 
declining  union  with  Buonaparte,  thougli 
he  remained  a  tacit  member  of  the  senate. 
When  Napoleon  returned  from  Elba,  he 
protested  against  his  mockery  of  a  constitu- 
tion, although  Napoleon  made  liini  one  of 
his  peers.  In  1816  he  was  obliged  to  retire 
from  France,  in  consequence  of  tlie  decree 
against  the  members  of  the  convention  who 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  king  in  1793,  and 
he  took  up  liis  abode  in  Brussels.  After  the 
revolution  of  1830,  he,  like  the  other  Frencli 
exiles,  returned  to  his  native  country  ;  but 
he  never  re-appeared  on  tlie  political  scene. 
He  died  in  June,  183(i,  aged  88.  The  Abb^ 
Sieves,  during  the  various  phases  of  the 
revolution,  published  numerous  pamphlets, 
the  object  of  which  was  to  consolidate  a 
settled  constitutional  government,  opposed  at 
the  same  time  to  tyranny,  dictatorship,  and 
anarchy,  and  resting  on  the  broadest  possible 
base  of  freedom. 

SIGAUD  DE  LAFOND,  John  Ren- 
ATUs  an  eminent  surgeon  and  natural  phi- 
losopher, was  born,  in  1740,  at  Dijon,  and 
died  in  1810.  He  devoted  himself  chiefly 
to  obstetric  practice,  and  projected  a  new 
mode  of  operation  in  certain  cases  of  diffi- 
cult parturition.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Experimental 
Philosophy"  and  "A  Dictionary  of  Natural 
Philosophy." 

SIGNORELLI,  LucA,  a  painter,  was  born 
at  Cortona,  in  1439,  and  died  in  1521.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  who  designed  the  naked 
figure  anatomically. 

SIGONIUS,  Charles,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  in  1.524,  at  Bologna.  He  published 
the  "  Fasti  Consulares,"  with  an  ample 
commentary ;    and    wrote    many   esteemed 


works  on  the  ancient  republics,  &c.    Died, 
1,585. 

SII^ANION,  an  eminent  Greek  sculptor, 
contemporary  with  Alexander  the  Great. 
His  statues  of  Theseus,  Achilles,  Corinna, 
and  Sappho  are  among  his  most  admired 

SILIUS  ITALICUS,  Caiits,  a  Roman 
poet,  was  born  a.  i>.  15.  He  became  a  cele- 
brated orator  and  advocate,  rose  to  the 
dignities  of  consul  and  proconsul  in  Asia, 
and  died  at  his  villa  of  Tusculum,  iu  his 
75th  year.  He  wrote  a  poem  in  10  books,  ou 
the  second  Punic  war. 

SIMEON,  Rev.  CiiAnLEs,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  theological  writer,  was 
born  at  Reading,  in  1759,  and  was  brother 
to  the  late  Sir  John  Simeon,  hart.,  recorder 
of  that  town,  and  a  master  of  chancery. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  entered  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  177G,  where 
he  made  great  progress  in  his  theological 
studies,  and  received  those  religious  impres- 
sions for  which  through  life  he  was  distin- 
guished. In  178."}  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Trinity  Church  in  that  university, 
of  which  he  continued  to  be  the  rector  and 
officiating  minister  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  —  a  period  of  .53  years.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  highly  important.  When 
they  were  published  entire,  in  1832,  tliey 
consisted  of  21  closely  printed  8vo.  volumes, 
containing  2.5aj  sermons  and  skeletons  of 
sermons,  which  form  a  commentary  upon 
every  book  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 
besides  various  tracts  and  devotional  trea- 
tises. When  Mr.  Simeon  received  from  Mr. 
Cadell,  the  bookseller,  the  sum  of  5(X)0/.  for 
the  copyright,  he  ai)propriated  lOOO/.  to  the 
Society  for  promoting  Christianity  among 
the  Jews,  1000/.  to  the  London  Clerical  and 
Education  Society,  and  1000/.  to  the  Church 
Missionary  Society.  The  death  of  this  truly 
venerable  pastor  took  place,  Nov.  13.  18.3(>. 

SIMEON  OF  DURHAM,  an  English  his- 
torian of  the  12th  century,  who  composed  a 
history  of  the  Saxon  and  other  kings,  from 
01(5  to  1130. 

SIMEDN,  surnamed  Metaphrastes,  an 
ecclesiastical  writer  of  the  10th  century,  who 
rose  to  high  employments  under  the  emjie- 
rors  Leo  and  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus. 
He  wrote  the  "  Lives  of  the  Saints,"  of  wliich 
several  Latin  versions  exist.     Died,  976. 

SIMEON,  surnamed  Stvlites,  a  ridicu- 
lous fanatic,  born  about  A.  D.  392,  at  Sison, 
on  the  borders  of  Syria.  In  the  plenitude 
of  ascetic  extravagance,  he  adopted  the 
strange  fancy  of  fixing  his  habitation  on 
the  tops  of  pillars  (whence  his  Greek  ap- 
pellation), and  with  the  notion  of  climbing 
higher  and  higher  towards  heaven,  removed 
by  degrees  from  a  pillar  of  six  cubits  high 
to  one  of  40  cubits,  and,  what  is  truly 
wonderful,  he  was  enabled  to  pass  47  years 
of  his  wretched  existence  u|ion  his  pillars. 
Such  was  the  extraordinary  folly  of  the  age, 
that  this  madness  was  regarded  as  a  proof  of 
holiness  ;  and  when  he  died  at  the  age  of 
69,  his  body  was  taken  down  from  his  last 
pillar  by  the  hands  of  bisho[)3,  and  conveyed 
to  Antioch  by  an  escort  of  COiH)  soldiers,  and 
buried  with  almost  imperial  honours. 

SIMONIDES,  a  Grecian  philosopher  and 


sim] 


^  ^eh)  emlipri^ar  23t0(jr'tp^;»« 


[sin 


poet,  was  bom  b.  c.  558,  in  the  island  of  Ceos, 
and  died,  aged  88,  at  the  court  of  Iliero,  Icing 
•of  Syracuse,  lie  excelled  iu  lyric  poetry 
and  elegv. 

SIMPLICIUS,  a  pliilosopher  of  the  sixth 
century,  was  born  in  Cicilia.  He  was  the 
disciple  of  Ammonius,  the  peripatetic,  and 
settled  at  Atliens,  where  he  laboured  to  effect 
a  union  of  the  different  sects,  without  success. 
Simplicius  wrote  commentaries  on  the  works 
of  Aristotle  and  Epictetus. 

SIMPSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born  in  1710,  at  jSIarket  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  the  son  of 
a  weaver,  who  brought  him  up  to  his  own 
trade,  and,  perceiving  his  inclination  for 
reading,  took  away  his  books.  He  in  con- 
sequence left  his  father,  and,  after  many 
vicissitudes,  one  of  which  was  his  becoming 
a  fortune-teller,  he  acquired  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  and  rose  to  be  a  ma- 
thematical professor  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
Woolwich,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  wrote  "Treatises  on  Fluxions, 
Annuities,  and  Algebra,"  "  Elements  of  Gco- 
metrj',"   and  other  scientific  works.    Died, 

1761 Simpson's  widow,  who  was  allowed 

a  pension  of  2(iO/.  per  annum,  reached  the 
extraordinary  age  of  102. 
SIMS,  Dr.  James,  an  eminent  physician 

I  and  botanist,  M'as  born  at  Canterbury  ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  ;  removed  to 

i  Leyden,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 

I  in  1764  ;  and  afterwards  settled  in  London. 
He  became  physician  to  the  Surrey  dispen- 

j  sary,  and  also  to  the  charity  for  lying-in 

I  women  ;  devoting  much  of  his  time  to,  and 

I  gaining  great  reputation  by,  obstetric  prac- 
tice. Ilis  chief  works  are,  "  Observations  on 
Epidemic  Disorders,"  "  On  the  best  Method 
of  prosecuting  Medical  Inquiries,"  and  the 
"  Principles  and  Practice  of  Midwifery." 
He  was  also  the  editor  of  the  Botanical  Ma- 

j  gazinc,  from  vol.  xiv.  to  xlii.,  and  contributed 
to  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnaian  Society, 

I  of  which  he  was  a  member.  Died,  1831. 
SIMSON,  RoBEiJT,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born  in  1C87,  at  Kirton  Hall, 
in  Ayrshire  ;  studied  medicine  at  Glasgow, 
but  never  practised  ;  was  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Glasgow  during  a  period  of 
nearly  half  a  century  ;  and  died  in  1768. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  on  Conic 
Sections."  "  The  Loci  Plani  of  ApoUonius 
restored,"  &c. 

SINCLAIR,  Charles  Gideox,  Baron,  a 
distinguished  Swedish  general  and  writer 
on  military  tactics.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  service  of  various  governments,  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Europe,  during  the  wars  of 
the  last  century;  and  published  "Military 
Institutions,"  3  vols.  &c.     Died.  1803. 

SINCLAIR,  or  SINCLAIRE,  George, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Glasgow  during 
the  period  of  the  Commonwealth  and  Crom- 
well's usurpation.  Being  a  zealous  Presby- 
terian he  lost  his  situation  at  the  Restoration, 
but  was  restored  to  it  on  the  accession  of 
William  III.  He  was  distinguished  for  his 
researches  in  philosophical  science,  was  an 
able  engineer,  and  published  treatises  on 
hydrostatics  and  other  branches  of  the  ma- 
thematics. He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
book,  entitled  "  Satan's  Invisible  World  dis- 


covered," which  was  for  a  long  time  popular 
among  the  Scottish  peasantrj-.    Died,  169fi. 

SINCLAIR,  Sir  John,  bart.,  an  active 
and  enlightened  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Thurso  Castle,  in  the  county  of  Caithness, 
in  17.>i.  He  received  his  education  chiefly 
at  the  High  School,  Edinburgh,  but  subse- 
quently attended  the  universities  of  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  and  Oxford.  In  1775  he 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
advocates,  and  was  afterwards  called  to 
the  English  bar.  In  1780  he  was  elected 
member  for  the  county  of  Caithness,  which 
he  also  represented  in  the  parliaments  of 
1790,  1802,  and  1807  ;  and  sat  for  the  bo- 
rough of  Lostwithiel  in  1784,  and  for  Pe- 
tersficld  in  179f3.  For  more  than  half  a 
century  Sir  John  Sinclair  occupied  a  promi- 
nent station  in  public  life  ;  and  there  was 
scarcely  any  topic  in  the  whole  range  of 
political,  statistical,  or  medical  science, 
which  had  not  encaged  his  active  and  in- 
quiring mind.  His  reputation  as  a  patron 
and  promoter  of  agricultural  improvement, 
in  particular,  was  not  confined  to  Britain, 
nor  even  to  Europe  ;  the  most  eminent  po- 
litical economists  in  America  had  appreci- 
ated and  eulogised  liis  valuable  labours.  He 
was  the  originator  of  the  board  of  agri- 
culture, which  he  established  in  1793  ;  and 
he  also  procured  the  establishment  of  a 
society,  in  Scotland,  for  the  improvement 
of  w-ool  :  of  both  these  he  was  the  presi- 
dent. Nor  were  h'la  patriotic  exertions  in 
defence  of  his  country  less  conspicuous 
than  his  endeavours  to  improve  its  moral 
and  statistical  condition.  He  raised  two 
battalions  of  1000  men  each,  in  the  counties 
of  Ross  and  Caithness,  which  were  the  first 
fencible  regiments  whose  services  were  ex- 
tended beyond  Scotland.  To  a  disposition 
as  truly  patriotic  and  philanthropic  as  ever 
warmed  a  human  breast,  he  added  an  un- 
flincliing  perseverance,  which  he  evinced 
not  merely  by  his  support  of  all  public 
institutions  that  had  for  their  object  the 
amelioration  of  mankind,  but  by  advocating 
every  useful  public  measure  by  his  pen. 
To  enumerate  the  whole  of  his  literary  pro- 
ductions here,  would  be  perfectly  incom- 
patible with  our  limits  ;  for  during  upwards 
of  CO  years  tliey  were  incessantly  issuing 
from  the  press.  The  "  Plans,"  "  Proposals," 
"  Hints,"  "  Observations,"  &c.  of  Sir  John 
Sinclair  were  promulgated  unceasingly ; 
and,  though  many  of  them  possessed  only  a 
local  interest,  they  were  not  the  less  useful 
or  meritorious.  His  principal  works  consist 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Revenue  of  Great 
Britain,"  3  vols.  ;  a  "  Statistical  Account  of 
Scotland,"  a  work  of  unexampled  labour; 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Naval  Strength  of  Great 
Britain,"  "  Considerations  on  Militias  and 
Standing  Armies,"  "Essays  on  Agriculture," 
"  The  Code  of  Health  and  Longevity,"  "  An 
Account  of  the  Northern  Districts  of  Scot- 
land ;  "  papers  on  the  "  Bullion"  question  ; 
and  his  publication  of  the  originals  of  the 
Ossianic  Poems,  with  a  "  Dissertation."  It  is 
said  that  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  had 
made  a  considerable  progress  in  a  "  Political 
Code"  and  a  "Code  of  Religion."  Died, 
Dec.  21.  1885. 

SINDIAII,  or  SCINDIA,  M.\hadjee,  a 


sin] 


^  |5clM  Wimbev^Kl  l5tograj|jIjM. 


[six 


bold  and  ambitious  Mahratta  prince,  was 
born  in  Hindostan,  about  1741.  Lie  was  the 
son  of  a  Mahratta  officer  at  the  court  of  tlie 
peishwa,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Panniput 
in  17(il,  where  he  was  wounded  and  taken  pri- 
soner ;  but  made  his  escape,  and  took  refuge 
in  the  Deccan.  In  1770  he  invaded  Hindostan 
in  concert  with  llolkah,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Delhi ;  lie  also  took  Agra,  where 
he  established  a  cannon  foundry,  and  was 
the  flrat  Indian  prince  whose  trooi)3  were 
armed  and  disciplined  after  the  manner  of 
Euroi)ean3.  lie  was  greatly  in(lebte<l  to  tlie 
talents  of  Leborgne  de  Boigne,  a  French 
general  whom  he  had  taken  into  his  service, 
and  who  commanded  the  army  which  gained 
the  famous  battle  of  Patan,  in  171)0.  He 
possessed  an  extensive  territory,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  schemes  of  farther  aggrandisement 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  happened  in 
1794.  Uis  nephew,  Dowla  Rao  Siudia,  suc- 
ceeded him. 

SINGU,  Maha  Rajah  Run-iket,  chief  of 
Lahore  and  Cachmire,  was  born  in  1779. 
Perhaps  neither  ancient  nor  modern  times 
can  furnish  a  more  striking  proof  of  the 
power  that  lies  in  an  iron  and  energetic  will, 
than  is  furnished  by  the  singular  career  of 
this  chief,  who  from  being  the  leader  of  a 
gang  of  robbers,  became  the  absolute  despot 
of  despots  ;  whose  word  was  law  to  princes, 
and  who  ruled  20,000,000  of  men  with  a  rod 
of  iron.  Brave,  active,  and  remorseless,  his 
bandit  troop  swelled  its  numbers,  and  be- 
came an  army  ;  the  mere  speck  of  earth 
which  he  first  seized  upon  by  the  right  of  the 
strongest,  a  centre  from  which  he  carried  the 
sword  or  the  snare  into  the  dominions  of  his 
neighbours.  Of  education  he  was  so  destitute 
that  he  could  not  read  ;  but  he  had  a  very 
IKjwerful  memory,  much  shrewdness,  and 
great  discrimination  ;  and  as  he  was  in  the 
daily  habit  of  being  read  to  in  both  Persian 
and  Hindoo,  it  is  probable  that  he  was  no 
great  loser  by  his  want  of  early  tuition. 
Accessible  to  all  rauks  of  his  people,  he 
administered  justice  with  the  utmost  im- 
partiality, at  least  when  his  own  interests 
did  not  stand  in  the  way  of  an  equitable  de- 
cision ;  but  in  taxing,  or,  to  speak  more 
correctly,  in  plundering  the  people  who 
were  unhappy  enough  to  fall  beneath  his 
swaj',  he  was  absolutely  merciless.  Avarice 
seems  to  have  been  fully  as  much  his  in- 
centive to  warfare  as  ambition  ;  for  he  has 
been  known  to  undertake  a  military  expe- 
dition against  a  distant  prince  who  had  the 
reputation  of  possessing  particularly  fine 
horses,  or  costly  jewels.  Among  liis  im- 
mensely valuable  treasures  of  the  latter  kind 
was  the  celebrated  Khah-i-Xoor,  or  ]Moun- 
tain  of  Light,  now  in  possession  of  the 
queen  of  England.  In  stature  he  Mas 
very  short,  and  the  naturally  sinister  ex- 
pression of  his  countenance  was  much  in- 
creased by  the  loss  of  his  left  eye  by  the 
small-pox.  His  long  grey  tapering  beard, 
which  descended  below  his  breast,  gave  him 
something  of  a  venerable  appearance.  At 
his  death,  four  of  his  princesses  and  seven 
slave  girls  were  permitted  to  burn  themselves 
upon  his  funeral  pyre.  Born,  1779  ;  died, 
1839. 

SLBI,  ViCTOK,  an  Italian  'monk  and  an- 


783 


nalist,  was  born  at  Parma,  in  1613.  He 
published  a  political  journal,  under  the  name 
of  "Memorie  Recondite;"  which  induced 
Mazarin  to  invite  him  to  France,  where  he 
obtained  an  abl)ey,  and  was  appointed  al- 
moner and  historiographer  to  the  king. 
Died,  IfiS;?. 

SIRMOND,  James,  a  learned  French  Je- 
suit, was  born  at  Riom,  in  1.559.  For  several 
years  he  taught  in  the  college  at  Paris  ;  but, 
in  1.J90,  Aquaviva,  the  general  of  his  order, 
called  him  to  Rome,  and  made  him  his  secre- 
tary. On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  devoted 
himself  to  literary  researches,  and  published 
the  works  of  several  writers  in  the  middle 
ages,  particularly  Sidonius  ApoUinarius.  He 
died  in  1*551,  aged  92. 

SISMONDI,  CllAliLES  SlMOJfDE  DE,  onc  of 

the  most  eminent  of  modern  historians  and 
political  economists,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in 
1773.  In  1794  the  house  of  his  father,  who  had 
been  an  eminent  member  of  the  government 
of  Geneva,  was  pillaged,  two  fifths  of  his 
property  confiscated,  and  both  father  and 
son  condemned  to  12  months' imprisonment. 
The  future  historian,  as  soon  as  he  obtained 
his  release,  sought  safety  and  peace  in  Tus- 
cany ;  but  here  he  was  even  more  unfortunate 
than  in  his  native  country,  for  the  French 
,  imprisoned  him  as  being  an  aristocrat,  and 
the  Italian  insurgents  imprisoned  him  as 
being  a  Frenchman.  In  1800  he  returned  to 
Geneva,  where  in  the  following  year  he 
commenced  his  career  as  an  author,  by  the 
publication  of  "  A  View  of  the  Agriculture 
of  Tuscany."  His  subsequent  works  have 
been  numerous  and  varied,  including  history, 
political  economy,  criticism,  and  biography. 
But  the  works  by  which  he  is  the  most 
w  idely  known,  and  which  in  fact  have  gained 
him  a  European  celebrity,  are  his  "  History 
of  the  Italian  Republics  during  the  Middle 
Ages  "  (an  abridgment  of  which  he  wrote  for 
Lardner's  Cabinet  Cyclopsedia),  "  History  of 
the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  "  (also  written 
for  Lardner),  and  his  elaborate  "  History  of 
the  French,"  31  vols.  8vo.  In  1838  he  was  i 
elected  one  of  the  five  foreign  members  of  | 
the  Institute  of  France,  in  the  department  | 
of  moral  and  political  sciences.  M.  de  Sis- 
mondi  was  in  principle  a  rigid  republican,  ( 
and  so  tiuly  humane  in  heart  and  mild  in 
manner,  that  he  won  the  esteem  of  all  who 
knew  him.    Died,  1842,  aged  (J9. 

SIX,  Joiix,  a  Dutch  dramatic  poet,  was 
born  in  1618,  and  died  in  1700.  The  works 
of  Six  are  remarkable  for  purity  of  style. 
He  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Rembrandt, 
and  his  portrait  was  engraved  by  that  artist. 

SIXTUS  v..  Pope,  Felix  Pekktti,  the 
son  of  a  vine-dresser,  was  born  in  l.'i21,  at 
Montalto,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  and 
in  his  early  youth  was  employed  in  keeping 
swine.  Having  obtained  admission,  as  a  lay- 
brother,  in  the  convent  of  Ascoli,  and  being 
afterwards  ordained  priest,  he  acquired  great 
popularity  by  his  preaching,  and  rose,  suc- 
cessively, to  be  commissary-general  at  Bo- 
logna, and  inquisitor  at  Venice,  general  of 
his  order,  bishop  of  St.  Agatha,  and  a  car- 
dinal. On  the  elevation  of  Gregory  XIII. 
to  the  pai)al  chair,  he  assumed  a  character 
of  meekness  and  humility,  and  took  no  part 
in  political  contentions.    He  even  feigned  to 


ske] 


^  Hitb)  Slnibcr^al  33tOQrapT)y. 


[SME 


be  bowed  down  with  age  and  infirmities  ; 
and  wlien  pope  Gregory  died,  tlie  interest  of 
the  more  influential  candidates  being  nearly 
equal,  they  agreed  to  choose  Montalto  for  the 
present,  who  appeared  incessantly  coughing 
and  at  the  very  threshold  of  death.  But  no 
sooner  had  the  tiara  been  placed  on  his  head 
than  he  threw  away  his  staff,  and  chanted 
Te  Deum  with  a  voice  so  strong,  that  the 
roof  of  the  chapel  echoed  with  the  sound. 
He  held  the  papal  chair  only  five  years  ; 
during  which  period  he  undertook  numerous 
magnificent  works,  governed  with  firmness 
and  talent,  and  left  a  large  sum  in  Ills 
treasury. 

SKELTON,  John,  an  old  English  poet, 
was  born,  towards  the  close  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, in  Cumberland  ;  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, was  made  poet  laureate,  and  obtained 
tlie  living  of  Diss,  in  Norfolk.  He  was  a 
coarse  and  caustic  satirist,  and  was  obliged 
to  take  refuge  in  the  sanctuary  of  West- 
minster, in  consequence  of  his  satires  on 
VVolsey  and  the  mendicant  friars.  Died, 
152!). 

SKELTON,  Philip,  an  eminent  Irish  di- 
vine of  exemplary  character,  was  born  in 
1707,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  In  1732  he  settled  on  the  curacy  of 
Monaghan,  in  the  diocese  of  Clogher,  with  a 
salary  of  40/.  a  year  ;  out  of  which  he  allowed 
ten  to  his  mother,  and  ten  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts.  While  in  this  situation,  he 
published  some  tracts,  one  of  which,  entitled 
"  Proi)osals  for  the  Revival  of  Christianity," 
was  attributed  to  Swift.  His  other  works 
are,  "  Deism  Revealed,"  2  vols  ;  and  "  Ser- 
mons," 3  vols.     Died,  1787. 

SKINNER,  Steimien,  a  philologist,  was 
born  in  I<ondon,  about  1G22  ;  was  educated 
at  Christchurch,  Oxford  ;  settled  as  a  pliy- 
f  ician  at  liincoln,  and  died  in  1CC7.  He  was 
author  of  "  Etymologicon  Linguse  Angli- 
canoE." 

SLEIDAN,  Joiix  Philipson,  an  eminent 
German  historian,  was  born,  in  1500,  at 
Schleide,  near  Cologne,  and  completed  his 
studies  at  the  universities  of  Paris  and  Or- 
leans. For  many  years  he  was  confidential 
secretary  to  Cardinal  du  Bellay  ;  but  on  es- 
pousing the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation, 
he  settled  at  Strasburg,  and  was  employed 
in  various  negotiations.  Of  his  works  the 
most  important  are,  "A  History  of  the 
Reformation  "  and  "  A  History  of  the  Four 
Ancient  Monarchies."    Died, 1556. 

SLOANE,  Sir  Hans,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Kilileogh, 
I  Ireland,  in  IGOO,  and  studied  medicine   in 
London,  where  he  settled.     He  was  the  first 
in  England  who   introduced  into    general 
I  practice  the  use  of  bark,  not  only  in  fevers, 
I  but  in  a  variety  of  other  disorders.     He  also 
I  formed  a  valuable  museum  of   the  raiest 
productions  of  nature  and  art,  which  together 
I  with  his  library,   consisting  of  upwards  of 
50,000  volumes  and  35G0  manuscripts,  were 
purchased  of  his  executors  for  20,000/.  by  act 
of  parliament,  and  made  part  of  the  collec- 
tion   of  the    British    Museum.    George    I. 
created  him  a  baronet  in  1716,  and  he  was 
ajipointed  physician-general    to  the   army  ; 
on  the  accession  of  George  II.,  he  was  named 
physician  in  ordinary  to  his  majesty  ;  and 


in  1727  he  became  president  of  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  be  had  previously  been 
secretary.    Died,  1752. 

SLODTZ,  Re.ne,  Michaei-,  surnamed 
Michael  Angelo,  a  sculptor,  was  born  in 
Paris,  in  1705,  and  died  in  1764.  One  of  his 
greatest  works  is  the  monument  of  Languet, 
in  the  church  of  St.  Suli>ice. 

SMALRIDGE,  Dr.  GEonoE,  bishop  of 
Bristol ;  an  able  and  elegant  theological  I 
writer.     Born,  1066  ;  died,  1710. 

SAIART,  CaitisTOPiiEH,  an  English  poet,  j 
born  in  1722,  at   Sliipbourne,  in  Kent,  was  i 
educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  ! 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowsliip,  but  vacated 
it  by  marriage,  and  having  settled  in  London  j 
commenced  author.    The  gaiety  of  his  dis- 
position, and  the  buoyancy  of  his  spirits,  [ 
rendered  him  an  acceptable  companion  to  I 
the  wits  and  public  writers  of  the  day,  with  j 
many  of  whom,  particularly  Pope,  Johnson, 
Garrick,  and  Hawkesworth,  he  became  inti- 
mate.     He  translated  Pope's  "  Ode  on   St. 
Cecilia's  Day,"  and  the  "  Essay  on  Criticism," 
into  elegant  Latin  verse  ;  wrote  a  poetical 
version  of  the  Psalms  ;  a  volume  of  original 
poems  ;  "  Hannah,"  an  oratorio  ;  with  several 
odes,  fables,  &c.    He  also  gave  to  the  world, 
translations  of  the  works  of  Horace,  both  in 
prose  and  verse.    Poverty,  however,  overtook 
him  ;  and  his  distresses,  aided  by  intemper- 
ance, so  unsettled  his  intellects,  that  he  was 
placed  for  awhile  under  personal  restraint. 
His  "Song  to  David,"  written   in  a  mad- 
house, and    partly   with  charcoal,  on    the 
walls  of  liis  cell,  bears  a  melancholy  attes- 
tation to  the  strength  of  his  mental  powers, 
even  in  their  derangement.    He  died,  within 
tlie  rules  of  the  king's  bench  prison,  in  1771. 

SMEATON,  John,  an  eminent  civil  en- 
gineer, was  born  in  1724,  at  Austhorpe,  near 
Leeds.     His  father,  who  was  an   attorney, 
was  desirous  of  bringing  up  his  sou  to  the 
same  profession  ;    but  finding  that  the  law  j 
was  not  suited  to  his  taste,  he  wisely  per-  j 
mitted  him  to  follow  the  impulse  of  his  ! 
genius,  and  he  became  a  mathematical  in-  j 
strument  maker.    In  175!)  he  received  the  | 
gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  j 
he  was  a  member,  for  a  paper  on  the  power 
of  wind  and  water  to  turn  mills  ;  and  as  an  I 
engineer,  he  gradually  rose  to  the  summit  of  j 
his    profession.      In     1755    the    Eddystone 
lighthouse  was  burnt  down,  and  Mr.  Snieaton 
being    recommended  to  the   proprietors   of 
that  building  as  an  engineer  in  every  way 
calculated  to  rebuild  it,  he  undertook  the 
work,  and  executed  it  in  such  a  manner,  as 
almost  to  bid  defiance  to  the  power  of  time, 
or   accident.     His  last  public  employment 
was  that  of  engineer  for  the  improvement  of 
Ramsgatc  Harbour.    Died,  1792. 

SMKIiLIE,  William,  a  Scotch  surgeon 
and  physician,  who  distinguished  himself  as 
a  lecturer  and  practitioner  in  midwifery  in 
London,  died  in  1763.  He  wrote  a  "  Com- 
plete System  of  Midwifery,"  and  published 
a  set  of  '•  Anatomical  Tables,  with  Explana- 
tions." 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  printer  at  Edin- 
burgh, distinguished  also  as  a  man  of  sci- 
ence and  learning,  was  born  in  1740.  He 
was  the  translator  of  BufFon's  Natural  His- 
tory,  and    author    of  the  "Philosophy  of 


SMl] 


^  fim  duibers'aT  JJtoQTfqjI;!). 


[SMI 


1  Natural  History,"  and  of  many  other  inge- 
!  nious  works.    lie  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  much  es- 
teemed among  the  literati  of  his  native  city, 
where  he  died  in  1795. 

SMIRKE,  RoHEKT,  esq.,  R.  A.,  was  born 
at  Wigton,  near  Carlisle,  in  17.')2  ;  entered, 
at  the  age  of  19,  as  a  student  at  the  Royal 
Academy  (then  in  its  infancy) ;  wliere  in 
1786  he  first  became  an  exhibitor,  and  in 
1792  was  elected  one  of  its  members.    His 

Sictures,  generally  speaking,  were  of  an 
istorical  or  imaginative  character,  his  fa- 
vourite subjects  being  taken  either  from  tlie 
sacred  writings,  English  histoi-y,  the  works 
of  Shakspeare,  Cervantes,  or  other  eminent 
authors.    Died,  Jan.  5. 1845. 

SMITII,  Adam,   a  celebrated  writer  on 
morals  and  political  economy,  was  born  at 
I  Kirkaldy,  in  Scotland,  in  1723.    He  received 
i  his  education  first  at  Kirkaldy  school,  and 
I  afterwards    at    the  university  of  Glasgow, 
I  where    he    became    professor  of  logic  and 
j  moral  philosoyliy,  and  took  his   degree  of 
I  doctor  of  laws.    In  17.59,  by  the  publication 
■  of  his  "Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,"   he 
'  acquired  a  reputation   which  was    greatly 
I  heightened  and  extended  by  his  "  Enquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of 
Nations,"   which  soon  became  a   standard 
work  in  Europe,  and  may  be  considered  the 
precursor  of  the  modern  science  of  political 
economy.      Dr.    Smith    wtvs    the    intimate 
friend  of  Hume,  and  published  an  "  Apology 
for  his  Life,"  which  was  severely  animad- 
verted   on    by  Dr.   Uorne    for    advocating 
sentiments  and  opinions  that,  in  a  religious 
point   of  view,   were  wholly  indefensible. 
Died,  1790. 

SMITII,  Charlotte,  a  novelist  and  poet, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Turner,  was  born 
in  Sussex,  in  1749.  At  the  age  of  16  she 
married  a  West  India  merchant,  who  was 
subsequently  ruined  ;  and  her  pen,  which 
she  had  used  before  merely  for  her  amuse- 
ment, now  became  the  support  of  her  hus- 
band and  family.  Her  first  production  was 
entitled  "  Elegiac  Sonnets  and  other  Essays." 
After  this,  she  published  "  The  Romance 
of  real  Life  ;  "  the  novels  of  "  Emmeline," 
"  Marchmont,"  "  Desmond,"  "  Etheliuda," 
*'  Celestine,"  and  "  The  Old  Manor  House  ; " 
besides  several  poems,  and  tales  for  youth  ; 
all  of  which  were  well  received.  Died, 
1806. 

SMITH  Elizabeth,  a  young  lady  of  ex- 
traordinary accomplishments,  the  daughter 
of  a  gentleman  residing  at  Burnhall,  near 
Durham,  was  born  in  1776.  According  to 
I  Miss  Bowdler's  memoir  of  her,  she  possessed 
a  knowledge  of  the  mathematics,  and  an 
exquisite  taste  for  drawing  and  poetry ; 
understood  the  French,  Italian,  Spanish, 
and  German  languages  ;  made  herself  ac- 
quainted with  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Persian  ;  and  was 
thoroughly  versed  in  biblical  literature.  She 
died  of  consumption,  in  1806.  Her  trans- 
lations of  the  book  of  Job,  and  the  Life  of 
Klopstock,  have  been  published. 

SMITH,  Geokge,  a  painter,  was  bom  at 
Chichester,  in  1714.  He  excelled  in  land- 
scape, and  some  of  his  pieces  gained  prizes 
from  the  Society  of  Arts.    Died,  177G. 


785 


SMITH,  Sir  James  Edward,  an  eminent 
English  physician  and  naturalist,  was  bom 
at  Norwich,  in  1759 ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh,  and  took  his  degree  at  Leyden, 
in  1786  ;  visited  France  and  Italy  ;  and,  on 
his  return  to  England,  published  "  A  Sketch 
of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent,"  3  vols.,  in 
which  there  is  much  information  on  subjects 
of  natural  history.  He  established  the  Lin- 
naean  Society,  and  was  its  first  president  ; 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  from 
George  IV.,  and  died  in  1828,  at  his  native 
city,  where  he  had  long  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician. Besides  his  "Tour"  before  men- 
tioned, he  wrote  a  "  Natural  History  of  the 
Lepidopterous  Insects  of  Georgia,"  2  vols, 
folio  i  "  English  Botany,"  .le  vols.  8vo.  ; 
" Flora  Botanica,"  3  vols.  8vo. ;  tlie  "Eng- 
lish Flora,"  4  vols.  8vo.  ;  and  an  "  Introduc- 
tion to  Botany." 

SMITII,  James  and  Horace,  a  celebrated 
literary  duumvirate,  were  the  sons  of  Robert 
Smith,  solicitor  to  the  board  of  ordnance, 
and  1  orn  respectively  in  London,  Feb.  10. 
1775,  and  Dec.  31.  1779.  James  was  articled 
to  his  father,  was  subsequently  taken  into 
partnership,  and  eventually  succeeded  to 
his  business  as  well  as  to  his  official  appoint- 
ment. Horace  became  a  member  of  the  stock 
exchange.  Perhaps  no  two  situations  in  life 
could  at  first  sight  appear  less  favourable  to 
tlie  cultivation  of  the  muses  than  a  lawyer's 
desk  and  Capel  Court ;  but  James  and  Horace 
Smith  triumphed  over  obstacles  that  would 
have  crushed  less  genial  natures,  and  went 
on  from  step  to  step  till  they  left  their  names 
deeply  graven  in  the  literature  of  their  time. 
Their  first  effusions  were  contributed  to  the 
Pic  Nic  newspaper,  established  by  Colonel 
Greville,  in  1802.  They  also  wrote  largely 
for  the  Monthly  Mirror  and  the  London  Re- 
view, and  some  of  their  best  vers  de  society 
appeared  in  the  New  Monthly  Magazine, 
while  under  Thomas  Campbell  s  editorsliip. 
But  the  work  by  whicli  the  brothers  are  best 
known,  and  by  which  tliey  will  be  longest 
remembered,  is  the  "  Rejected  Addresses," 
which  appeared  on  the  reopening  of  Drury 
Lane  Theatre  in  1812,  and  of  which  twenty- 
two  editions  have  been  sold.  The  popu- 
larity of  this  work  appears  to  have  satisfied 
the  ambition  of  the  elder  brother.  But  soon 
afterwards  Horace  became  an  indefatigable 
novel  writer.  He  commenced  his  novels 
with  "Gaieties  and  Gravities"  in  1825,  and 
ended  them  with  "  Love  and  Mesmerism  "  in 
1845;  and  within  these  20  years  he  alsogave  to 
the  public  "  Brambletye  House,"  "  Tor  Hill," 
"  Reuben  Apsley,"  "  Zillah,"  "  The  New 
Forest,"  "  Adam  Brown,"  &c.,  all  of  which 
were  well  received.  James  Smith  died  in 
London,  Dec.  24.  18u9 ;  Horace  died  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  July  12.  1849. 

SMITII,  James,  esq.,  of  Deanston,  a  name 
intimately  associated  with  agricultural  and 
manufacturing  improvement,  was  born  in 
Glasgow,  1789.  While  only  a  youth  of  18, 
he  had  attained  such  a  thorougli  knowledge 
of  all  the  intricacies  botli  of  mechanics  and 
cotton  spinning,  that  his  uncle  gave  him  the 
entire  management  of  the  extensive  cotton 
works  at  Deanston,  in  which  he  was  a  partner; 
and  he  soon  afterwards  began  tojiut  in  prac- 
tice on  the  Deanston  farm  various  schemes  for 


3x3 


SMi] 


^  ^cU)  Sliubnj^al  ^tSiasn-cpTjt?, 


[SMI 


tliorough  draining  and  deep  working,  which 
have  since  been  so  generally  adopted.  In 
1831  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  this  subject 
which  attracted  great  attention  ;  and  since 
that  period  he  rose  so  highly  in  public  esti- 
mation, that  he  became  an  authority  on  all 
questions  connected  with  agricultural  pur- 
suits. In  1848  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  Sir  Robert  Peel  to 
inquire  into  and  report  upon  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  manufacturing  towns  ;  and 
the  schemes  of  improvement  which  he  sug- 
gested can  hardly  fail  of  their  effect.  Died, 
suddenly,  June  9.  1850. 

SMITH,  John-,  an  English  adventurer, 
was  born  at  Willoughby,  in  Lincolnsliire. 
In  the  wars  of  Hungary,  about  1002,  he 
served  against  the  Turks  with  such  valour, 
that  Sigismund,  duke  of  Transylvania,  gave 
him  his  picture  set  in  gold,  and  a  pension. 
After  this  he  went  to  America,  and  contri- 
buted to  the  settlement  of  New  England  and 
Virginia.  Died,  1631.  He  wrote  "  A  His- 
tory of  Virginia,  New  England,  and  the 
Summer  Isles."  "  Travels  in  Europe,"  &c. 

SMITH,  John',  a  pliysiclan,  born  in  1630, 
practised  in  London,  and  was  a  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  clever  treatise,  called  "  The  Por- 
trait of  Old  Age,"  being  a  paraphrase  of  part 
of  the  twelfth  chapter  of  Ecclesiastes.  Died, 
1679. 

SMITH,  Jotiy,  an  English  divine,  par- 
ticularly versed  in  northern  literature  and 
in  antiquities  ;  born  1659  ;  died,  1715.  He 
published  an  edition  of  the  historical  works 

of  Venerable  Bede His  son,  George, 

who  was  born  at  Durham  in  1693,  was  the 
author  of  a  book,  entitled  "  Britons  and 
Saxons  not  converted  to  Popery."  Died, 
175(5. 

SMITH,  Rev.  Dr.  Joiix,  an  eminent  an- 
tiquarian and  Celtic  scholar,  was  born  at 
Glenorchy,  in  Argyleshire,  in  the  year  1747; 
completed  his  studies  at  the  universitj'  of  St. 
Andrews  ;  and,  in  1774,  was  appointed  assist- 
ant and  successor  in  the  parish  of  Kilbran- 
don.  Lorn,  where  he  preached  for  7  years 
with  great  zeal  and  effect.  About  this  time 
he  translated  into  Gaelic,"  Alleine's  Alarm" 
and  the  "  Catechisms  of  Dr.  Watts,"  besides 
other  small  works.  In  1781  he  bc.ame 
minister  of  Campbelton.  Soon  after  his  settle- 
ment in  this  parish,  he  published  his  "  Essay 
on  Gaelic  Antiquities,  containing  the  History 
of  the  Druids,  particularly  those  of  Cale- 
donia," "  A  Disscvtation  on  the  Authenticity 
of  the  Poems  of  Ossian,"  and  a  "  Collection 
of  Ancient  Poems,  translated  from  the 
Gaelic."  In  1783  he  published  a  work  on  the 
last  judgment,  editions  of  which  have  been 
published  in  England  and  America.  About 
this  time  he  was  associated  with  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Stewart,  minister  of  Luss,  in  translating 
the  Scriptures  into  Gaelic.  While  engaged 
in  trauslating  the  Scriptures,  Dr.  Smith,  in 
studying  the  original,  was  led  to  write  a 
concise  commentary  on  the  whole  of  the 
Bible.  In  1787  he  published  the  portion 
of  it  which  embraced  the  prophets,  and 
several  editions  of  it  were  published  both  in 
England  and  America.  Home,  in  his  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  the  Scriptures,  men- 
tions it  with  approbation,  and  says  that  the 


786 


Bishop  of  London  was  in  the  habit  of  re- 
commending it  to  his  clergy.  In  1787  he 
published  the  "Life  of  St.  Columba,  the 
Apostle  of  the  Highlands,"  extracted  from 
the  Latin  of  St.  Adamnan,  &c.  About  the 
same  time  he  published  a  new  and  improved 
edition  of  the  Psalms  in  Gaelic,  also  a  trans- 
lation of  the  paraphrases  used  in  our  English 
psalm  books.  He  also  published  a  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Nature  and  Duties  of  the 
Sacred  Office."  Besides  his  unwearied  labours 
for  the  spiritual  improvement  of  the  people 
committed  to  his  care,  he  was  eager  to  intro- 
duce among  them  an  improved  system  of 
husbandry.  With  this  view,  he  wrote  many 
essays  on  the  subject,  and  frequently  ob- 
tained prizes  frBVn  the  Highland  Society. 
He  wrote  a  "  Survey  of  the  County  of  Ar- 
gvle,"  of  which  a  second  edition  was  pub- 
lished.   Died,  1807,  aged  60. 

SMITH,  John,  an  eminent  London  banker, 
and  for  upwards  of  30  years  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  was  born  in  the  year 
1767.  He  was  first  returned  to  parliament 
in  1802  as  member  for  Wendover,  from 
1806  to  1818  he  sat  for  Nottingham,  and 
from  that  time  till  1830  he  represented 
Midhurst.  He  subsequently  came  in  as  one 
of  the  members  for  Buckinghamshire,  but 
at  the  dissolution  in  1835  he  retired  from 
parliament.  He  always  maintained  Whig 
principles,  and  gave  his  support  to  the  re- 
form party.  Mr.  Smith  was  an  East  India 
proprietor,  and  connected  with  many  public 
institutions.    Died.  Jan.  1842,  aged  75. 

SMITH,  JoHx  Pye,  D.D..  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
an  eminent  Nonconformist  divine,  was  bora 
at  Sheffield,  1775.    He  was  the  son  of  a  book~ 
seller,  and  was  intended  for  his  father's  busi- 
ness.   But  his  distinguished  piety,  together 
with  his  talents  and  ardent  love  of  learning, 
clearly  marked  him  out  for  the  ministry, 
and  he  became   a    student    at   Rotherham 
College  in  1793.    When  his  own  academical 
course  was  finished,  his  scholarship  was  so 
distinguished,  that  he  was  at  once  chosen 
classical  tutor  of  the  college ;  and  the  ex- 
emplary discharge  of  the  duties  of  that  office, 
together  with  his  theological  learning  and  j 
the  excellence  of  his  character,  led  to  his 
being  invited,  at  the  early  age  of  25,  to  ' 
become  theological  tutor  and  principal  of  | 
Homerton  College,  the  oldest  of  the  institu-  ] 
tions  for  training  ministers  among  the  In-  1 
dependents.    In  January,  1801,  he  entered  ' 
on  the  duties  of  that  responsible  post,  which  : 
he  filled  with  untiring  devotedness  and  the  ' 
highest  efficiency  for  the  long  space  of  50 
years.    Two  or  three  years  after  his  settle-  , 
ment  at  Homerton,  he  became  the  pastor  of  1 
the  church  assembling  at   the  Gravel  Pits  I 
Chapel,  and  continued  to  discharge  his  pas- 
toral duties  in  that  congregation  for  about 
47  years.    The  mind  of  Dr.  Smith  was  sin- 
gularly energetic.     There    was  no  depart- 
ment of  knowledge  which  he  was  not  eager 
to  explore.      He  was  critically  acquainted 
both  with  ancient  and  modern  languages. 
From    the    earliest  of   the   fathers    to    the 
latest    English,   German,  or  American  di- 
vine, he  neglected  no  author  that  it  was 
possible    for    him    to    read.      Besides    this 
he  studied  both  the  exact  and  the  expe- 
rimental  sciences.     AVhen  geology  offered 


SMl] 


^  |2cU)  ^ffniljcr^al  J}t05vai)Tj». 


I 

I  its  somewhat  startling  revelations,  he  em- 

!  braced  it  as  a  part  of  the  communications 
of  the  Author  of  nature  and  of  truth  ;  and 
b}-  his  patient  investigations  he  showed  the 
tangible  records  of  creation  to  be  quite  in 
harmony  with  the  word  of  God.     On  the 

I  publication  of  his  valuable  work,  "  Scripture 
and  Geology,"  the  Royal  Society  enrolled 
him  as  one  of  their  fellows.  Dr.  Smith  was 
involved  in  literary  warfare  with  Professor 

I  Lee,  of  Cambridge,  on  the  question  of  union 
of  church  and  state  ;  and  with  the  Kev. 
Thomas  Belsham,  and  other  Unitarians,  on 
the  divinity  of  Christ.  Among  other  works 
which  emanated  from  liis  pen  were,  "  Four 
Discourses  on  Priesthood  and  Sacrifice  ; "  and 
he  also  published  a  very  able  statement  of  the 
"  Reasons  of  the  Protestant  Faith,  with  an 
Exposure  of  Popish  Errors,"  which  he  repub- 
lished, with  a  new  preface,  within  a  few  weeks 
of    his  death.      But  the  largest  and  most 

I  elaborate  of  his  publications  is  that  entitled 

1  "  The  Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Messiah  ; " 
a  work  marked  by  profoimd  and  accurate 
learning  and  candid  criticism,  and  wliich 
has  received  the  rare  honour  of  being  ad- 
mitted, though  the  work  of  a  dissenter,  as  an 

I  authority  in  the  English  universities.  Dr. 
Smith  was  on  the  side  of  progress  in  general 

;  politics  ;  shrunk  not  from  the  public  support 

I  and  advocacy  of  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws  ; 

j  went  to  an  extreme,  even,  as  many  deem  it, 
in  respect  to  some  modes  of  social  reforma- 
tion ;  but  whatever  he  did.  it  was  impossible 
to  doubt  either  the  conscientiousness  of  his 
princi])les,  the  purity  of  his  motives,  the 
piety  that  consecrated  the  most  trivial  and 
the  most  secular  acts,  or  the  philanthropy 
and  benevolence  that  filled  his  heart  with 
the  force  of  an  irrepressible  instinct.  Died 
at  Guildford,  Feb.  5.  1851. 

SMITH,  Miles,  a  learned  bishop,  was 
born  at  Hereford,  in  1508.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  oriental  languages,  and 
was  one  of  the  principal  persons  engaged  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible,  to  which  he 
wrote  the  preface.    Died,  1(524. 

SMITH,  KouEHT,  a  divine  and  mathema- 
tician, born  in  1()89,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College  Cambridge,  of  wliich  he  became 
master  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Bentley  ;  and 
was  mathematical  preceptor  of  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland.  He  wrote  "  A  System  of  Op- 
tics," 2  vols.  4to.;  and  "  Harmonics,  or  the 
Philosophy  of  Musical  Sounds."  Died,  1768. 
SMITH,  Sir  William  Sidney,  G.C.B.,  a 
chivalric  and  far-famed  British  admiral,  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  army,  John 
Spencer  Smith,  esq.,  of  Midgham,  Sussex, 
where  ho  was  born,  1704.  He  received  his 
education  chiefly  under  Dr.  Vicesimus  Knox, 
of  Tunbridge  School;  but  manifesting  a  great 
desire  for  a  naval  life,  he  was  sent,  before  he 
was  12  years  of  age,  as  a  midshipman  on  board 
the  Sandwich,  under  Lord  Rodney.  In  1780  he 
became  a  lieutenant ;  in  1782  a  commander  ; 
and,  in  1783.  obtained  post  rank,  with  the 
command  of  the  Nemesis,  of  28  guns.  The 
American  war  having  just  been  brought  to  a 
close,  and  there  being  no  opportunity  of 
acting  in  the  navy  of  his  own  country,  the 
young  captain  (who  was  not  quite  20)  entered, 
with  the  permission  of  his  sovereign,  into 
the  service  of  the  king  of  Sweden,  who  pre- 


787 


[SMI 


sented  him  with  the  grand  cross  of  the  order 
of  the  sword,  for  the  skill  and  energy  he 
displayed  on  several  occasions,  particularly 
in  an  attack  on  a  Russian  flotilla,  a  great 
part  of  which  he  destroyed.  A  peace  be- 
tween Sweden  and  Russia  again  threw  him 
out  of  active  life,  and  he  travelled  into  the 
south  of  Europe.  Hearing  that  Lord  Hood 
had  got  possession  of  Toulon,  he  hastened 
thither,  and  offered  his  services.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  it  was  determined  to  evacuate 
the  city  ;  and  the  destruction  of  the  ships  of 
war,  which  could  not  be  carried  oft",  was  in- 
trusted to  Sir  Sidney,  who  performed  the 
difficult  and  hazardous  exploit  with  signal 
ability.  He  was  now  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Diamond  frigate,  of  38  guns,  in 
wliich,  with  a  small  flotilla  under  his  direc- 
tion, he  greatly  annoyed  the  enemy  ;  but  in 
a  gallant  attempt  to  cut  out  a  ship  at  Havre- 
de-Grace,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and,  on 
pretence  of  having  violated  the  law  of 
nations,  by  landing  assassins  in  France, 
he  was  confined  for  two  years  in  the 
prison  of  the  Temple,  at  Paris.  At  length, 
by  the  address  and  intrepidity  of  a  French 
officer,  named  Phillippeaux,  and  two  of  his 
friends,  Sir  Sidney's  escape  was  somewhat 
mysteriously  effected.  An  order  of  the 
minister  of  the  day  was  forged,  directing  the 
gaoler  of  the  Temple  to  deliver  to  the 
bearers  Le  Chevalier  Sidney  Smith,  for  the 
purpose  of  transferring  him  to  another 
prison  ;  and  having  thus  far  succeeded,  he 
and  Phillippeaux  proceeded,  by  means  of 
false  passports,  to  Rouen,  and  thence  in  an 
open  boat,  to  the  Channel,  where  they  were 
taken  up  by  the  Argo  frigate,  which  soon 
landed  them  at  Portsmouth.  In  1798  he 
sailed  in  the  Tigre  of  80  guns,  for  the  Medi- 
terranean, to  assume  a  distinct  command,  as 
a  commodore,  on  the  coast  of  Egypt.  In 
March,  1799,  he  proceeded  to  St.  Jean 
d'Acre  ;  and,  on  the  lOth,  captured  a  French 
flotilla,  the  guns  of  which  he  employed  in 
the  defence  of  Acre,  against  Buonaparte, 
who  invested  it  two  days  after.  Many  fierce 
contests  followed,  and  the  French  repeatedly 
endeavoured  to  carry  the  place  by  storm  ; 
but  the  determined  valour  of  the  British  com- 
modore and  his  gallant  band,  assisted  by  the 
troops  of  Hassan  Bey,  frustrated  every  at- 
tempt. Buonaparte  having  quitted  Egypt, 
Sir  Sidney  negotiated  with  General  Kleber 
for  the  evacuation  of  the  country,  and  by  a 
treaty  signed  at  Al  Arisch,  that  desirable 
event  was  agreed  to  ;  but,  though  highly  ad- 
vantageous, the  British  government  refused 
to  abide  by  it.  In  1801  he  co-operated,  at  the 
head  of  a  party  of  seamen,  with  the  army  sent 
out  to  Egypt  under  Abercromby  ;  and  he  was 
wounded  in  the  battle  which  proved  fatal  to 
that  gallant  general.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  received  a  valuable  sword,  with  the 
freedom  of  the  city,  from  the  corporation  of 
London  ;  and  at  the  general  election,  in 
1802,  he  was  returned  to  parliament  as  one 
of  the  representatives  for  Rochester.  He 
was  subsequently  employed  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  South  America,  where  his 
gallantry  and  skill  were  conspicuously  dis- 
played down  to  the  close  of  the  war.  On  his 
return  to  England,  in  1814,  he  was  presented 
with   the   freedom   of  Plymouth;   in   the 


.J 


SMi] 


^  ^tio  BnibtvM  asmsrapljw. 


[SMI 


following  year  he  -was  made  a  knight  com- 
'  mander  of  tlie  Bath  ;  in  1821,  a  fulj  admiral ; 
I  and,  in  1830,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
i  general  of  marines,  succeeding  therein  his 
I  late  majesty  William  IV.     We  have  yet  to 
I  notice    that,    in    1814,    he  endeavoured  to 
procure,  from  the  congress  of  Vienna,  the 
I  abolition    of  the  slave   trade,    and   a   con- 
I  joint    attack    of   the    sovereigns    upon    the 
1  piratical  states  of  Barbary  ;  but  his  laudable 
exertions  proved  fruitless.    He  then  formed 
at    Paris    an    association  called   the   Anti- 
Piratic  !  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that 
the  objects  it  expressed  and  the  principles  it 
espoused  had  considerable  weight  in  render- 
I  ing  the  subjugation   of  Algiers   a  popular 
I  measure  in  France,  if  it  did  not  immediately 
I  lead  to  that  event.     At  the  close  of  the  war 
I  Sir  Sidney's  services  were  rewarded  with  a 
I  pension  of  lOOO/.  a  year.    A  more  chivnlric 
:  character  than  Sir  Sidney  Smith  is  not  to  be 
found  among  the  heroes  of  modern  times  ■ 
and  those  who  recollect  his  brilliant  career 
will  be  ready  to  subscribe  to  the  eulogium 
passed  on  him  by  his  biographer,  E.  Howard, 
esq.,  "  All  his  public  actions  seem  to  have 
I  been  less  the  offspring  of  mere  military  cal- 
[  culation  and  naval  science,  than  of  the  in- 
tuition of  the  most  romantic  courage  and  the 
highest  moral  feeling,  always  controlled  by 
prudence  and  intrepidity,  that  no  danger, 
however    sudden,    could   surprise,    and    no 
difflculty,    however    menacing,    vanquish." 
There  was  a  time  when  his  very  name,  like 
that  of  Nelson,  struck  terror  into  our  ejie- 
mies ;  and  his  constitutional  activity  kept 
him  constantly  on  the  alert  to  take  advan- 
tage   of   every  opportunity  to  harass   and 
annoy  them.    He  died  at  his  residence  in 
Paris,  on  the  2Gth  of  May,  1840,  aged  76. 

SMITH,  the  Rev.  Sydney,  M.A.,  canon 
residentiary  of  St.  Paul's,  rector  of  Combe 
Florey,  Somersetshire  ;  who,  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, rendered  himself  conspicuous  as  a  po- 
litical writer  and  critic,  was  born  at  Wood- 
ford, in  Essex  ;  received  his  education  at 
Winchester  College,  and  was  thence  elected 
to  New  College,  Oxford,  in  1780.  He  com- 
menced his  ministry  as  curate  of  Netheravon, 
Wilts  ;  but  relinquished  it  soon  after,  in 
order  to  travel  with  the  son  of  Mr.  Hicks 
Beach,  M.  P.  for  Cirencester  ;  which  event, 
and  its  immediate  consequences,  he  thus 
humorously  describes  in  the  preface  to  his 
collected  writings:  —  "When  first  I  went 
into  the  church,  I  had  a  curacy  in  the 
middle  of  Salisbury  Plain.  The  squire  of 
the  parish  took  a  fancy  to  me,  and  requested 
me  to  go  with  his  son  to  reside  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Weimar.  Before  we  could  get 
there,  Germany  became  tlie  seat  of  war,  and 
in  stress  of  politics  we  put  into  Edinburgh, 
where  I  remained  five  years.  TJie  principles 
of  the  French  revolution  were  then  fully 
afloat,  and  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  a 
more  violent  and  agitated  state  of  society. 
Among  the  first  persons  with  whom  I  became 
acquainted  were  Lord  Jeffrey,  Lord  Murray 
(late  lord  advocate  for  Scotland),  and  Lord 
Brougham  ;  all  of  them  maintaining  opi- 
nions iipon  political  subjects  a  little  too 
liberal  for  the  dynasty  of  Dundas,  then  ex- 
ercising supreme  power  over  the  northern 
division  of  the  island.    One  day  we  happened 


to  meet  in  the  eighth  or  ninth  story  or  flat 
in  Bucclcugh  Place,  the  elevated  residence 
of  the  then  Mr.  Jeffrey  ;  I  proposed  that  we 
should  set  up  a  '  Review  : '  this  was  acceded 
to  with  acclamation.  I  was  appointed  edi- 
tor, and  remained  long  enough  in  Edin- 
burgh to  edit  the  first  number  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review."  He  soon  after  removed  to 
London,  and  though  the  editorial  department 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Jeffrey,  he  con- 
tinued for  many  years  one  of  the  most  active 
contributors  to  this  celebrated  organ  of 
Whig  principles.  During  his  residence  at 
Edinburgh,  Mr.  Smith  was  minister  of  the 
episcopal  church  there  ;  and  when  he  settled 
in  London,  he  became  in  every  sense  of  the 
word  "a  popular  preacher,"  who  could  at 
once  delight  and  instruct  the  crowded  as- 
semblages of  wealth  and  fashion  that  re- 
sorted to  the  west-end  chapels.  Nor  were 
his  oral  eloquence,  wit,  and  learning  confined 
to  the  pulpit  alone  ;  with  equal  success  he 
displayed  his  abilities  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
belles  lettres  at  the  Royal  Institution,  his 
fame  increasing  with  every  fresh  effort  of 
his  genius.  During  the  Perceval  adminis- 
tration, Mr.  Smith's  activity  as  a  political 
writer  was  at  its  height  ;  and  it  was  thought 
that  the  celebrated  "and  amusing  "  Letters 
of  Peter  Plymley,"  which  he  produced  at 
that  period,  did  more  in  effecting  "  Catholic 
emancipation"  than  any,  or  perhaps  all,  of 
the  numerous  publications  that  issued  from 
the  press.  Throughout  his  whole  career, 
indeed,  he  exerted  himself  in  favour  of 
"  liberal  "  measures  ;  or,  if  we  may  use  his 
own  words,  he  "  always  endeavoured  to  fight 
against  evil."  His  last  literary  efforts  were 
made  in  denouncing  the  repudiators  of  Penn- 
sylvania. His  "  Contributions  "  to  the  Edin- 
burgh Review  and  various  other  productions 
of  his  fertile  and  witty  pen  have  been  col- 
lected, and  have  gone  through  numerous 
editions  ;  and,  more  recently,  his  "  Sketches 
of  Moral  Philosophy,"  or  lectures  upon  that 
subject,  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution, 
have  been  published.  He  died,  Feb.  21. 1845, 
aged  76. 

SMITH,  Robert  Percy,  brother  of  the 
Rev.  Sydney  Smith,  was  one  year  his  junior, 
and  survived  him  only  about  a  fortnight. 
He  was  a  barrister-at-law,  and  had  formerly 
been  advocate-general  of  Bengal  and  M.  P. 
for  Lincoln.  In  wit,  learning,  and  original- 
ity, he  was  every  way  fitted  for  the  com- 
panionship of  his  critical  relative.  At 
Eton  he  was  the  intimate  associate  of  Can- 
ning, Frere,  and  Lord  Holland ;  and  at 
Cambridge  he  obtained  the  highest  classical 
honours.  In  1797  he  was  called  to  the  bar. 
He  was  nine  years  in  Bengal  as  advocate- 
general,  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office 
with  credit  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to  the 
inhabitants.  On  his  return  from  India  he 
entered  parliament  as  member  for  Gran- 
tham ;  he  afterwards  represented  the  city  of 
Lincoln,  and  finally  retired  iu  1820.  Died, 
March  10.  1845,  aged  75. 

SMITH,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
divine,  historian,  biographer,  and  critic ; 
born  in  London,  in  1638  ;  died,  1710.  He 
wrote  numerous  works,  among  which  is  one 
"  On  tlie  Credibility  of  theMysteries  of  the 
Christian  Religion." 


SMl] 


^  ^c£d  ?Kntbcri*aT  23t0STHp^i». 


[SNE 


SMITH,  Sir  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
statesman,  historian,  and  critic,  was  born 
at  SaftVon  Waldon,  in  Essex ;  and  after 
having  been  Greek  professor  and  university 
orator  at  Cambridge,  became  secretary  of 
state  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.  and  Eliza- 
beth. Born,  1512;  died,  1577.  His  "Com- 
monwealth of  England "  is  the  book  by 
which  he  is  best  known. 

SMITH,  Wii.i.iAM,  LL.D.,  F.G.  S.,  an 
eminent  geologist,  was  bom  at  Churchill,  in 
Oxfordshire  ;  and  at  the  outset  of  his  career 
he  studied  geology  and  land-surveying.  In 
1806  he  published  '*  A  Treatise  on  Irriga- 
tion," in  which  his  geological  studies  and 
discoveries  had  enabled  him  to  make  some 
importantly  valuable  improvements.  From 
this  time  he  rapidly  and  steadily  rose  into 
notice  in  the  scientific  world.  In  1808  his 
collection  of  organic  remains  was  visited 
and  carefully  examined  by  the  president 
and  principal  members  of  the  Geological 
Society ;  and  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
society's  Transactions,  which  appeared  in 
1811,  his  discoveries  are  prominently  and 
favourably  noticed.  But  it  was  not  until 
1815  that  he  gave  to  the  world  the  long  pro- 
mised and  much  desired  "  Delineation  of  the 
Strata  of  England  and  Wales,"  in  the  form 
I  of  a  handsomely  engraved  map.  This  pub- 
lication led  to  the  purchase,  in  the  same 
year,  by  the  British  Museum,  of  the  whole 
of  his  organic  remains  ;  and  the  task  of 
arranging  and  describing  this  curious  and 
valuable  collection  caused  him  to  publish 
"  Strata  Identified  by  Organised  Fossils " 
and  a  "  Stratigraphical  System  of  Organised 
Fossils."  From  1815  to  1825,  Mr.  Smith 
published  twenty  geological  maps  of  various 
counties  of  England,  delivered  a  series  of 
lectures  in  several  provincial  towns,  and 
travelled  from  place  to  place  in  search  of 
new  facts,  having,  for  a  long  time,  "  scarcely 
any  home  but  the  rocks,  except  one  year 
which  he  passed  at  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  in 
Westmoreland."  In  1835  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  But  though  careful,  he 
became  embarrassed  ;  and  it  was  at  length 
well  known  to  his  scienliflc  friends  and  other 
influential  persons,  that  this  excellent  and 
highly-gifted  man,  now  fast  falling  into  the 
"  sere  and  yellow  leaf"  of  age,  was  without 
the  means  of  procuring  even  the  common 
comforts  of  life.  An  application  was  ac- 
cordingly made  to  the  crown  by  his  zealous 
friends,  and  a  pension  of  KM.  per  annum  was 
immediately  l)estowed  upon  him.  Born, 
17C9  ;  died,  1840, 

SMITH,  William,  who  for  46  years 
was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  the  leading  advocate  of  the  Dissenting 
interest,  first  entered  Parliament  in  1784,  as 
M.  P.  for  Sudbury,  and  in  1802  was  returned 
for  Norwich.  From  the  commencement  of 
his  senatorial  career  he  was  the  consistent 
supporter  of  liberal  measures,  and  the  advo- 
cate of  all  reforms  calculated  to  promote  the 
happiness  of  the  human  race.  Died,  1835, 
aged  7!>. 

SMOLLETT,  Tobias,  a  writer  of  varied 
talents  and  considerable  note,  was  born  at 
Dalquhurn,  in  Dumbartonshire,  in  1721  ; 
was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  at  Glasgow, 

789 


and  became  surgeon's  mate  in  a  man-of- 
war  ;  but  quitted  the  service  in  1746,  and, 
settling  in  London,  commenced  his  career 
as  an  author.  The  tragedy  of  "  The  Regi- 
cide," the  "  Tears  of  Scotland,"  a  spirited 
poem,  and  "  Advice  "  and  "  Reproof,"  two 
satires,  were  his  first  productions.  In  1748 
his  novel  of  "  Roderick  Random"  appeared, 
which  at  once  rendered  him  popular  ;  and 
it  was  followed,  at  intervals,  by  "  Peregrine 
Pickle,"  "  Count  Fathom,"  a  translation  of 
Don  Quixote,  "  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves," 
the  "  Adventures  of  an  Atom,"  "  Humphrey 
Clinker,"  a  "  Continuation  of  Hume's  1 1  istory 
of  England,"  and  "  Travels  through  France 
and  Italy."  In  1756  he  established  "The 
Critical  Review  ;  "  for  a  libel  in  which,  upon 
Admiral  Knowles,  he  suffered  fine  and  im- 
prisonment. When  Lord  Bute  came  into 
power,  Smollett  was  engaged  to  support  him 
in  a  weekly  paper,  called  "The  Briton," 
which  soon  had  a  formidable  opponent  in 
the  "North  Briton"  of  Wilkes,  and  was 
unable  long  to  maintain  its  ground.  As  a 
novelist,  Dr.  Smollett  exhibits  considerable 
originality,  with  much  knowledge  of  life  and 
manners,  and  an  exuberance  of  humour,  but 
he  is  open  to  the  charge  of  indelicacy.  As  a 
poet,  he  appears  to  considerable  advantage 
in  his  "  Tears  of  Scotland"  and  the  "  Ode 
to  Independence  ; "  but  as  a  satirist  he  is 
coarse  and  virulent.  He  died  while  on  his 
travels,  near  Leghorn,  in  1771. 

SMYTH,  William,  professor  of  modern 
history  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  was 
born  in  1764.    He  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
in  1790,  and  in  1807  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair    of    modern    history,  wliich    he  held 
for  42  years.    Most  of  his  life  was  passed  at 
Cambridge,   in    a    constant  train  of  quiet 
duties    and  innocent  pleasures.     Endowed 
with  a  fine  taste  and  correct  j  udgment,  he  de  •  | 
lighted  in  nursing  the  flame  of  infant  genius.  } 
He  was  among  the   first  to  appreciate  the  j 
merits  of   Henry  Kirke  White,  whom  he 
treated  during  his   life  with  characteristic  | 
kindness,  and  after  his  death  consigned  to  j 
posterity  a  durable  expression  of  his  friend-  i 
ship  in  the  beautiful  lines  inscribed  on  the  I 
youthful  poet's    monument  in  All  Saints'  ■ 
church,  Cambridge.    Mr.  Smyth  was  himself 
a  poet.      In  1806    he    published    "  English  ! 
Lyrics,"  a  volume  of  elegant  poetry,  which 
was  very  favourably  received  ;  but  bis  chief  ] 
title  to  fame  are  his  "l^ectures  on  Modern  I 
History  "  and  "  On  the  French  Revolution,"  ! 
and  his  "  Evidences  of  Christianity."    Died  ' 
at  Norwich.  June  26.  1849.  j 

SNELL,  RoDoLPii,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician and  philological  writer,  was  born  at  ! 
Oudewarde,  in  Holland,  in  1547.  He  became  '■ 
professor  of  mathematics,  and  afterwards  of 
Hebrew,  in  the  university  of  Leyden,  where 
he  died  in  161.3.  He  published  "  ApoUonius 
Batavius,"  and  several  treatises  on  the  works 

of  Ramus His  son  Willebkod  Snell, 

born  at  Leyden,  in  l.VJl,  succeeded  his  father  > 
in  the  mathematical  chair,  and  died  in  1626.  i 
He  discovered  the  law  of  the  refraction  of 
the    rays    of    light ;     and    undertook    the  ' 
measurement  of  the  earth,  or  a  degree  of  tJie 
meridian,  which  Mussclienbroek  afterwards 
corrected.     He  published  some  of  the  works 
of  the  ancient  mathematicians,  and  a  few  • 


SNy] 


^  iSeto  ^aiiibcr^al  3Sia0rapTj». 


fsoc 


learned  treatises  of  his  own  on  matliematical 
subjects. 

SNYDERS,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter 
of  the  Flemish  school,  born  at  Antwerp,  in 
l."i79.  lie  stuflied  under  Henry  Van  Balen  ; 
and,  after  visiting  Italy  for  improvement, 
settled  at  Brussels,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Archduke  Ferdinand.  His  battles  and 
hunting  pieces  are  admirable,  and  in  the 
representation  of  animals  none  have  ever 
surpassed  him.     Died,  1657. 

SOANE,  Sir  Jdir.v,  an  eminent  architect, 
was  born  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire,  in  1752  ; 
came  to  London  at  an  early  age  with  his 
[  father,  who  was  a  builder  ;  was  placed  with 
j  Mr.  Dance,  the  celebrated  architect,  when 
I  about    15,   and    afterwards    acquired    more 
practical  experience  in  the   art  under  Jlr. 
Holland.    In  1772,  being  a  student  of  tlie 
Royal  Academy,  he  was  awarded  the  silver 
medal  for  the  best  drawing  of  the  Banquet- 
i  ting  House,  Whitehall.    Four  years  after- 
j  wards  he  obtained  the  gold  medal  for  the 
best  design  for  a  triumphal  bridge.    Soon 
I  after  this  he  was  introduced  to  George  III., 
:  by  Sir  W.  Chambers,  and  was  sent  to  pursue 
his  studies  at  Rome,  with   the  customary 
academy  pension  of  6(M.  per  annum  for  three 
j  years,  and  the  same  amount  of  travelling 
1  expenses  out  and  home.    Here  he  continued 
j  until  the  summer  of  1780,  and  during  his 
j  sojourn  in  Italy  he  studied  most  assiduously 
the  grand  remains  of  ancient  art.    On  his 
return    to  England    he  was   employed  on 
I  many  public  works,  as  well  as  private  build- 
1  ings  ;  and  on  the  death  of  Sir  Robert  Taylor, 
j  in   1788,   he   was    appointed    arcliitect    and 
surveyor  to  the  Bank  of  England,  but  not 
'  without  severe  competition,  in  which  there 
I  were  13  candidates.     To  this  success  is  attri- 
j  butable  the  superstructure  of  his  subsequent 
I  fortunes.    In  1791  he  was  appointed  clerk  of 
the  works  to  St.  James's  Palace,  the  Parlia- 
ment Houses,  and  other  public  bnildings  ; 
and  in  1795  he  was  nominated  architect  of 
the    Royal    Woods    and    Forests,    both    of 
which  offices  he  some  years  after  resigned. 
In  1794,  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords 
directed  him  to  consider  what  alterations 
could  properly  be  made  to  render  the  house, 
offices,  &c.,  more  convenient  and  commo- 
dious.    He  accordingly  made    all  the  re- 
quisite   surveys,  plans,   elevations,  &c.,    in 
which  was  first  introduced  the  noble  idea  of 
enriching  the  Hall  of  Rufus,  the  Court  of 
Requests,  and  the  Painted  Chamber  with 
painting    and    sculpture,  to    commemorate 
great  public  actions  and  distinguished  talent; 
but  though  his  designs  were  fully  sanctioned 
and  approved  of  by  the  king,  the  execution 
of  the  work  fell  to  tlie  lot  of  the  late  Mr. 
James  Wyatt.    In  1806  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  architecture  to  the  Royal  Academy. 
At  this  period,  and  for  many  years  after, 
Mr.  Soane  was  most   actively  engaged    in 
erecting    or    improving    numerous    public 
edifices  in    the    metropolis   and  elsewhere. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Dul- 
wich  Gallery,  the  National  Debt  Redemption 
Office  in  the  Old  Jewry,  the  new  Law  Courts, 
&c.    In  1821  he  made  a  magnificent  design 
for  a  new  palace,  to  be  constructed  on  Con- 
stitution Hill,  but  Buckingham  House  was 
unfortunately  preferred.     In  1824  he  was 


elected  architect  to  the  Koyal  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. In  1826  he  built  the  present  Free- 
mason's Hall,  in  Queen  Street,  and  gave 
500?.  towards  the  expense  of  its  erection, 
having  been  chosen  grand  snperintendant  of 
works  to  the  fraternity  of  freemasons  some 
years  before.  He  subscribed  1000?.  towards 
erecting  the  monument  to  his  Royal  High- 
ness the  Duke  of  York,  and  presented  StW. 
to  the  Royal  British  Institution,  Pall  Mall. 
In  1833  he  completed  the  new  State  Paper 
Office  in  St.  James's  Park.  This  was  the 
last  of  his  professional  works  ;  and,  having 
passed  Iris  80th  year,  he  retired  from  a  pro- 
fession in  which  he  had  been  engaged  60 
j'ears,  and  tendered  his  resignation  to  the 
governor  and  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, in  whose  service  he  had  been  for  45 
years.  He  tlien  set  seriously  about  the  idea 
he  had  long  formed  of  bequeathing  his  large 
and  valuable  collection  of  works  of  ancient 
and  modern  art  (valued  at  upwards  of 
5O,00OZ.).  in  perpetuity  to  the  nation,  for  the 
benefit  of  students  in  the  arts,  and  especially 
for  the  advancement  of  architectural  know- 
ledge. This  he  lived  to  see  completed  by 
act  of  parliament  ;  and  at  his  death,  which 
occurred  Jan.  20.  1837,  his  splendid  house 
and  museum  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  became 
the  property  of  the  public.  An  unhappy 
difference  had  for  many  years  subsisted  Ijc- 
tween  Sir  John  Soane  and  Mr.  George  Soane, 
his  son.  We  have  understood  that  it  origin- 
ated in  the  latter  having  criticised,  with  un- 
becoming levity,  some  of  his  father's  per- 
formances ;  but  whatever  might  have  been 
the  offfence,  it  is  sincerely  to  be  regretted 
that,  to  all  appeals  on  behalf  of  his  son,  Sir 
John  for  ever  remained  inexorable. 

SOBIESKI,  JoHX  IIL,  king  of  Poland, 
surnamed  the  great  for  his  military  genius 
and  warlike  exploits,  was  born  in  1629,  of 
an  illustrious '  family,  at  the  castle  of 
Olesko,  in  Poland.  In  spite  of  the  enor-  \ 
mous  disparity  of  numbers  with  which  he  1 
had  to  contend  in  the  Polish  wars,  from  j 
1648  to  1674,  he  was  often  eminently  suc- 
cessful. After  coming  to  tlie  throne,  in  I 
1674,  he  led  his  troops  to  fresh  victories  ;  \ 
overrunning  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  and  \ 
crowning  all  his  former  brilliant  exploits 
by  raising  the  siege  of  Vienna,  in  1683  ;  j 
whereby  Europe  was  saved  from  the  dread-  i 
ful  calamities  to  be  apprehended  from  an  ! 
irruption  of  the  Ottoman  forces.  Died, 
1696.  I 

SOCINUS,  L.5LIUS,  an  Italian  sectary,  was 
born  at  Sienna,  in  1525  ;  studied  at  Bologna  ; 
and  in  1546  became  member  of  a  secret  society 
formed  in  the  territory  of  Venice,  on  tlie 
principle  of  free  inquiry.  This  institution 
being  soon  broken  up,  Socinus  quitted  Italy 
to  join  the  reformers  in  Switzerland  ;  and 
died  at  Zurich,  in  1562.  j 

SOCINUS,  Faustus,  nephew  of  the  pre-  j 
ceding,  was  born  at  Sienna,  in  1539.  Having  [ 
imbibed  tlie  opinions  of  his  uncle,  he  pro-  i 
pagated  them  with  such  zeal,  as  to  become  j 
the  founder  of  a  sect  called  by  his  name.  He  '' 
resided  some  years  at  the  court  of  Florence, 
where  he  held  a  civil  employment ;  but  in  , 
1574  he  went  to  Germany,  and  next  to  Po-  j 
land,  where  he  strenuously  laboured  to  re-  | 


soc] 


^  |2clD  CJm'fafriSal  3SiO0rapI)i). 


[sol 


coiicile  the  differences  existing  between  the 
linitariun  churdies.  The  tenets  of  Sociniis 
diflered  but  little  from  Arianisni,  by  reject- 
ing the  divine  nature  of  Christ  altogether, 
and  regarding  his  mission  as  merely  designed 
to  introduce  a  uew  moral  law.    lie  died  in 

low. 

SOCRATES,  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Grecian  philosophers,  and  the  one  who  is 
handed  do^ii  to  us  as  a  model  of  wisdom 

j  and  virtue,  was  born  in   Attica,  b.  c.  470. 

'  His  father  was  a  statuary,  in  which  em- 
ployment Socrates  was  brought  up ;  but 
tlie  cultivation  of  his  mind  was  the  object 
nearest  his  heart,  and  to  that  his  attention 
was  unremittingly  devoted,  lie  attended 
the  lectures  of  tlie  most  celebrated  philoso- 
phers of  his  time  ;  and  studied  the  prin- 
ciples of  eloquence,  poetry,  music,  and  the 
matliematical  sciences.  But  the  moral 
improvement  of  his  fellow-men  was  the 
end  and  aim  of  all  his  studies  and  all  his 
e.\crtions.  His  method  of  teaching  was  by 
proposing  to  his  hearers  a  series  of  questions 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  produce  in  their 
minds  a  conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  pro- 
position originally  advanced  ;  a  mode  of 
argument  ever  since  termed  Socratic.  He 
maintained  the  existence  of  one  Supreme 
Intelligence,  whose  providence  is  over  all 
his  works  ;  and  he  was  equally  clear  in  the 
existence  of  a  future  state,  llis  system  of 
morals  corresponded  with  these  principles  ; 
and  his  invariable  maxim  was,  that  virtue 
and  wisdom  are  inseparable.  Socrates,  how- 
ever, while  he  taught  these  truths,  and  ex- 
hibited in  his  own  conduct  all  the  temper- 
ance, forbearance,  and  self-command,  which 
principally  constitute  elevation  of  character, 
could  not  altogether  divest  himselfof  the  su- 
perstitious notions  of  his  times.  He  affirmed 
that  an  invisible  genius  constantly  attended 
upon  his  own  person,  warning  him  of  danger, 
and  directing  him  in  the  course  of  life  he 
should  pursue.  As  a  citizen  he  discharged, 
with  exemplary  faithfulness,  all  his  public 
dutief.  Three  times  he  served  in  the  army 
of  his  country,  excelling  his  fellow  soldiers  in 
the  ease  with  which  he  endured  the  hardships 
of  their  campaigns.  The  last  part  of  his 
life  occuried  during  that  unhappy  period 
M'hen  Athens  had  sunk  into  anarchy  and 
despotism,  in  consequence  of  the  unfortunate 
result  of  the  Peloponnesian  war.  Amid  the 
general  immorality,  hatred,  envy,  and  malice 
of  such  an  epoch,  Socrates  was  charged,  by 
the  infamous  Melitus  and  Anytus,  with  in- 
troducing new  gods,  of  denying  the  ancient 
divinities  of  the  state,  and  of  corrupting 
youth,  &c.  He  defended  himself  with  the 
calm  contidence  of  innocence  ;  but  was  con- 
demned by  a  majority  of  three  voices,  and 
sentenced  to  driuk  poison.  Xenophon  de- 
scribes the  scene  with  much  aflFccting  sim- 
plicity. When  the  cup  of  hemlock  was 
presented  to  him,  he  received  it  with  a 
steady  Jiand  ;  and  after  a  prayer  to  the  gods 
for  a  favourable  passage  to  the  invisible 
world,  he  serenely  swallowed  the  fatal 
drauglit.  Thus  perished,  in  his  70th  j'ear 
(h.  c.  4iK)),  a  man  whom  all  heathen  an- 
tiquity has  pronounced  the  wisest  and  most 
virtuous  of  mortals.  Party  enmity  for  a 
while  pursued  his  memory  ;  but  at  length 


the  Athenians  became  sensible  of  their  in- 
justice, put  to  death  or  banished  his  accusers, 
recalled  his  friends,  and  erected  a  statue  to 
his  memory. 

SOCRATES,  an  ecclesiastical  historion  of 
the  5th  century,  lie  was  born  at  Constanti- 
nople, and  bred  to  the  bar,  whence  he  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Scholasticls.  lie  wrote 
the  History  of  tlie  Church,  from  the  period 
where  that  of  Eusebius  terminates  to  the 
year  440. 

SOLANDER,  Daniel  Ciiaki.es,  a  natu- 
ralist, was  born  in  Sweden,  in  ITM  ;  studied 
at  Upsal,  where  he  became  a  pujiil  of  Lin- 
naeus, and  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  In 
1700  he  came  to  England,  obtained  an  em- 
ployment in  the  British  Museiun,  and  was 
electe<l  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society.  In 
1768  he  accompanied  Mr.  Banks  (after- 
wards Sir  Joseph)  in  his  voyage  round  the 
world  with  Captain  Cook  ;  and  he  was  sub- 
sequently employed  in  arranging  and  de- 
scribing the  valuable  botanical  collections 
whicli  were  the  result  of  their  researches. 
He  was  created  D.C.L.  at  Oxford,  in  1771  : 
was  made  one  ot  the  assistant  librarians  at 
the  British  Museum,  in  1773  ;  and  died  in 
1782. 

SOLE,  Antonio,  n  landscape  painter,  was 
born  at  Bologna,  in  1597,  and  died  tliere  in 
1G77. 

SOLIMENE,  Francis,  a  painter  and  poet, 
bom  ot  Naples,  in  1057,  and  die<l  in  1747. 
Philip  V.  sat  to  him  for  his  portrait ;  and  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  conferred  on  him  the 
honour  of  knighthood. 

SOIJNUS,  Cails  Julius,  a  grammarian 
in  the  Krd  century.  He  compiled  from  the 
nattiral  history  of  Pliny  a  collection,  entitled 
"  Polyhistor,"  an  edition  of  which  was  pub- 
lislied  by  Salmasius. 

SOLIS,  Antonio  de,  a  Spani.sh  poet  and 
historian,  was  born  at  Placenza,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, in  ](!I0  ;  was  appointed  historiographer 
of  the  Indies,  and  wrote  the  "  History  of 
the  Conquest  of  Mexico."  His  other  Morks 
consist  of  dramas,  poems,  and  letters.  At 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  De  Soils  entered 
into  orders,  and  died  in  1G86. 

SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
and  the  celebrated  legislator  of  Athens,  was 
born  at  Salamis,  in  the  6th  century  b.  c. 
Inheriting  but  a  small  patrimony,  he  had 
recourse  to  commerce  ;  but  at  the  same  time 
he  ajiplied  himself  to  the  study  of  moral  and 
political  wisdom,  and  soon  became  distin- 
guislicd  by  his  superior  knowledge  in  state 
affairs.  After  having  enhanced  the  glory  of 
his  country  by  recovering  Salamis,  he  re  • 
fused  the  sovereignty  of  Athens  ;  but  being 
chosen  archon  by  acclamation,  b.  c.  594,  he 
set  himself  down  to  the  task  of  improving 
the  condition  of  his  countrymen.  He  abo- 
lished most  of  the  cruel  laws  of  Draco,  and 
formed  a  new  constitution,  founded  on  the 
principle  that  the  supreme  power  resided  in 
the  peo{)le.  When  Solon  had  completed  his 
laws,  he  caused  them  to  lie  engraved  on 
wooden  cylinders,  and  bound  the  Athenians 
by  an  oath  not  to  make  any  changes  in  his 
code  for  ten  years.  He  then  left  the  country, 
to  avoid  being  obliged  to  make  any  altera- 
tions in  them  ;  and  visited  Egypt,  Cyprus, 
and  Lydia.    On  his  return,  ofler  an  absence 


sol] 


^  0cbi  BnibcvSaX  3Jiogi7tjpI;i). 


[sot 


of  ten  yeara,  he  found  the  state  torn  by  party 
violence,  and  his  kinsman  Pisistratus  aiming 
at  tlie  sovereignty.  He  tlien  withdrew  from 
Alliens,  and  is  supposed  to  have  died  at 
Cyprus,  aged  80. 

SOLVYNS,  Fkancis  BAi.TiiASAn,  an  able 
artist,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1760.  lie  accom- 
panied Sir  Home  Popham  in  a  voyage  to  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  East  Indies  ;  and  having 
arrived  at  Hindostan,  lie  studied  the  lan- 
guages, manners,  customs,  and  religion  of 
the  Hindoos,  that  he  might  be  able  accu- 
rately to  illustrate  them  by  liis  pen  and 
pencil.  After  an  aV)sence  of  15  years,  he 
returned  to  Europe,  settled  at  Paris,  and 
published,  as  the  result  of  his  labours,  "  Lea 
Hindous,  ou  Description  pittoresque  des 
Moeurg,  Costumes,  et  Ceremonies  Religieuses 
de  ce  Peuple,"  4  vols,  folio.  He  died  at 
Antwerp,  in  1824. 

SOMBREUIL,   Charles   Verot   de,   a 
French  royalist  officer,  who,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  distinguished 
himself  by  his  courageous  defence  of  the 
monarchy.      He  afterwards  served    in  the 
I  emigrant  armies  ;  and  having  the  command 
I  of  part  of   the  forces  in   the  unfortunate 
!  expedition  to  Quiberon,  in  1794,  was  taken 
prisoner,  tried  before  a  military  commission, 
I  and  shot. 

SOMERS,    JoHX,  Lord,    a  distinguished 
statesman  and  lawyer,  was  bom  at  VVor- 
I  cester,  in  1652.     He  passed  some  time  as 
i  clerk  to  a  barrister,  and,  when  called  to  the 
I  bar  himself,  evinced  talents  of  a  high  order. 
]  He  made  himself  conspicuous  by  his  oppo- 
!  sition   to  the  measures  of  Charles  11.  and 
James  II.  ;  and  acquired  great  credit  as  one 
[  of  the  counsel  for  the  seven  bishops.    He 
strenuously  promoted  the  revolution,   and 
I  sat,  as  one  of  the  representatives  for  Wor- 
!  cester,  in  the  convention  parliament.     He 
j  became,  successively,  solicitor-general,  at- 
j  torney-generul,  lord  keeper,   and,  in   1605, 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  with  the 
!  title  of  lord  Somers,  baron  Evesham.    After 
I  the  death  of  William  III.,    Lord  Somers 
j  spent  his  time  in  literary  retirement,  and 
I  was  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 
In  1706  he  drew  up  a  plan  for  eifecting  an 
union    between     England    and    Scotland, 
which  was  so  much  approved,  that  Queen 
Anne  appointed  him  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  carry  it  into  execution.     Upon  a 
change  of  ministry,  in  1708,  he  was  nomi- 
nated president  of  the  council.      He  died 
in  1716,  having  earned  a  high  character  for 
political  purity  and  legal  ability.     He  was 
also  deservedly  esteemed  as  a  patron  of  men 
of  letters. 

SOMERVILLE,  William,  the  author  of 
"  The  Chase  "  and  other  poems,  was  born  at 
Edston,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1602,  where  he 
inherited  a  considerable  paternal  estate,  on 
which  he  chiefly  lived,  mingling  an  ardent 
attachment  to  the  sports  of  the  field  with 
the  studies  of  a  man  of  letters.  Died,  1742. 
SOMNER,  William,  a  learned  antiqua- 
rian, was  born  at  Canterbury,  in  1606.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  The  Antiquities  of  Can- 
terbury," a  "  Saxon  Dictionary,"  and  a 
"  Treatise  on  Gavelkind."    Died,  1669. 

SONNERAT,  Peter,  a  naturalist  and 
traveller,  was  bom  at  Lyons,  about  1745. 


After  making  several  voyages  to  the  East 
Indies,  Malacca,  the  Philippine  Islands,  &c., 
he  returned  to  France  with  a  rich  collection 
of  natural  curiosities,  wrote  narratives  of 
his  voyages  to  Kew  Guinea,  the  East  Indies, 
and  China  ;  and  died  in  1814. 

SONNINI  DE  MANONCOURT,  Charle-s 
Nicholas  Sigisbert,  an  eminent  French 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Lune- 
ville,  in  1751  ;  studied  the  law,  which  he 
relinquished  for  the  military  profession  ; 
and  being  sent  to  Cayenne  as  an  officer  of 
marine  engineers,  he  was  enabled  at  the 
same  time  to  gratify  his  love  of  travelling 
and  taste  for  natural  history.  He  assisted 
Buffon  in  his  account  of  foreign  birds,  visited 
different  parts  of  the  European  and  African 
continents,  and  employed  himself  in  various 
scientific  researches  till  the  commencement 
of  the  revolution,  when  he  narrowly  escaped 
from  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre.  Under 
the  consular  and  imperial  governments  he 
was  unable  to  obtain  any  employment,  in 
consequence  of  the  prejudices  entertained 
against  him  by  Buonaparte  ibr  his  remarks 
on  the  Egyptian  expedition.  Among  the 
works  of  Sonnini  are,  "  Travels  in  Egypt," 
"  Travels  in  Greece  and  Turkey,"  and  an 
edition,  in  127  vols.  8vo.,  of  Buffon'a  Natural 
History.  He  also  assisted  in  the  Diction- 
nairc  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  24  vols.  8vo.  ; 
and  was  conductor  of  the  Bibliothi'que  Phy- 
sico-econoniique.    Died,  1811. 

SOPHOCLES,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet, 
who  carried  the  Greek  drama  to  jierfection, 
was  bom  at  Athens,  about  496  b.  c.  In  his 
95th  year  he  is  said  to  have  expired  from 
excessive  joy,  in  consequence  of  the  unex- 
pected success  of  one  of  his  dramas  at  the 
Olympic  games.  Of  his  numerous  plays, 
only  seven  have  reached  modern  times,  but 
they  are  sufl^iciently  meritorious  to  establish 
Ills  fame. 

SORBONNE,  Robert  he,  founder  of  the 
college  of  that  name  at  PaJ^is,  was  born  in 
1201.  He  was  confessor  and  chaplain  to  St. 
Louis,  who  gave  him  the  canonry  of  Cam- 
bray.     He  died  in  1274. 

SOSIGENES,  an  astronomer  of  Egypt, 
who  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Julius  CiEsar, 
for  the  reformation  of  the  calendar.  He 
fixed  the  year  at  365  days,  called  the  Julian 
year,  which  commenced  b.  c.  45.  No  farther 
particulars  respecting  him  are  known,  nor 
are  anv  of  his  works  extant. 

SOSTRATUS,  an  eminent  architect,  who 
flourished  in  the  3rd  century  b.  c,  and  was 
patronised  by  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt. 
Among  his  works  was  the  famous  Pharos, 
or  light-house  of  Alexandria,  which  is  said 
to  have  cost  800  talents,  and  was  reckoned 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world. 

SOTHERON,  Admiral  Fraxk,  a  gallant 
English  officer.  His  services  during  several 
years  of  the  hottest  warfare  procured  him 
the  distinguished  honour  of  being  intrusted 
by  Loid  Nelson  with  the  defence  of  the  bay 
of  Naples  at  the  time  of  tlie  French  usurpa- 
tion there ;  and  the  admirable  arrange- 
ments made  by  him  prevented  the  tremen- 
dous mischief  which  the  slightest  want  of 
prudence  would  have  given  rise  to.  He  was 
of  a  very  wealthy  landed  family  in  Notts 
and  Yorkshire,  which  former  county  he  for 


sou] 


^  fitbi  ^m'ber^al  SSiograjpl^w. 


[sou 


Bome  years  represented  in  parliament.  Born, 
1707  ;  died,  1«;!9. 

SOUFFliOT.JAJiEsGEnMAiy,  an  eminent 
French  arcliitect,  born  in  1713.  He  studied 
at  Rome,  and  after  travelling  in  Italy  and 
the  Levant,  to  examine  the  remains  of  an- 
tiquity, he  settled  at  Lyons,  where  he  built 
an  exchange  and  hospital,  which  gained  him 
ao  much  credit,  that  he  was  called  to  Paris, 
and  made  superinlendant  of  the  royal  build- 
ings. His  principal  work  is  the  church  of 
St.  G(?n<?vi6ve.  He  was  a  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  Michael,  and  died  in  17S0. 
I  SOUTH,  KoBERT,  an  eminent  divine,  was 
born  at  Hackney,  in  ItJSS  ;  and  educated  at 
i  Westminster  School,  and  Christchurch,  Ox- 
ford. In  ICCO  he  was  chosen  public  orator 
of  the  university,  and  successively  became 
chai>lain  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  prebend- 
ary of  Westminster,  canon  of  Christchurch, 
and  rector  of  Islip,  in  Oxfordshire.  lu  1C93 
he  carried  on  a  controversy  with  Slierlock, 
on  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  when  both 
disputants  were  charged  with  heresy,  for  at- 
tempting to  explain  an  indefinable  mystery. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  wit,  and  did  not  spare 
to  display'  it  even  on  serious  occasions.  His 
"  Sermon's  "  possess  the  merit  of  earnestness 
and  originality.    Died,  1716. 

SOUTHCOTT,  Joanna,  an  ignorant  fe- 
male fanatic,  was  bom  in  the  west  of  Eng- 
land, of  parents  in  humble  life,  in  1750. 
When  about  40  years  of  age,  she  assumed 
the  airs  of  a  prophetess  ;  and  her  numerous 
converts,  who  are  said  at  one  time  to  have 
amounted  to  at  least  ltX),000,  put  implicit 
faith  in  her  wild  and  blasphemous  rhap- 
sodies. She  described  herself  as  the  woman 
spoken  of  in  the  book  of  Kevclations  ;  and, 
although  in  the  highest  degree  Uliterate, 
she  scribbled  a  mass  of  unintelligible  non- 
sense, which  she  dignified  by  the  title  of 
prophetic  inspirations,  while  she  carried  on 
a  lucrative  trade  in  the  sale  of  seals,  which 
were,  under  certain  conditions,  to  be  the 
passports  to  eternal  salvation.  At  length, 
after  having  passed  her  grand  climacteric, 
she  was  attacked  with  a  disease  which  had 
the  outward  appearance  of  pregnancy,  and 
she  boldly  announced  to  the  world  that  she 
j  was  destined  to  be  the  mother  of  the  pro- 
;  mised  Shiloh.  So  fully  persuaded,  indeed, 
j  were  her  deluded  followers  of  its  truth,  that 
I  they  made  the  most  splendid  preparations 
'  for  the  reception  of  the  miraculous  babe  that 
superstition  and  credulity  could  suggest ; 
when,  about  the  end  of  1814,  her  death  put 
an  end  to  their  expectations.  The  body  of 
Joanna  underwent  an  anatomical  examina- 
tion after  her  death,  when  the  extraordinary 
appearance  of  her  shape  was  fully  accounted 
for  on  medical  principles  ;  but  the  belief  in 
her  divine  mission  was  not  eradicated  from 
the  minds  of  her  votaries,  and  the  sect  is  not 
even  yet  wholly  extinct. 

SOUTHERN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic poet  of  the  age  of  Charles  II.,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  in  16C0 ;  became  a  servitor 
in  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  and  then 
settled  in  London.  He  wrote  the  "  Persian 
Prince,"  "  Isabella,  or  the  Fatal  Marriage," 
"  Oroonoko,"  tragedies  ;  the  "  Disappoint- 
ment," the  "  Rambling  Lady,"  and  the 
"  Wife's  Excuse,"  comedies.     His  tragedy 

703 


of  "Isabella"  is  one  of  the  moet  pathetic 
and  effective  dramas  in  the  language.  He 
held  a  commission  in  the  army,  which  with 
his  writings  produced  him  a  handsome  com- 
petency ;  and  he  died,  aged  iiC>,  in  1740. 

SOUTHEY,  RoBEUT,  was  the  son  of  a 
respectable  linendraper,  and  was  born  at 
Bristol,  in  1774.  After  receiving  the  rudi- 
ments of  education  at  the  hands  of  country 
schoolmasters,  he  was  sent  to  Westminster 
School,  and  thence  to  Baliol  College,  Ox-  , 
ford  ;  his  early  display  of  more  than  ordinary 
talents  and  a  corresponding  steadiness  of 
character  having  led  his  friends  to  choose 
the  church  as  his  destination.  At  Oxford, 
however,  he  remained  but  two  j-ears,  the 
then  unsettled  state  of  his  opinions  as  to 
both  church  and  state  causing  him  to  quit 
the  university,  and  wholly  renounce  the 
idea  of  taking  orders,  in  the  year  1794. 
After  travelling  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  and 
residing  in  Ireland  as  secretary  to  Mr.  Corry, 
he  having  for  some  time  been  married,  he 
at  length  settled  at  Keswick,  in  Cumber- 
land, in  1803.  He  was  already  pretty  ex- 
tensively known  as  the  author  of  "  Joan  of 
Arc,"  "Wat  Tyler,"  "Lines  on  Bradshaw 
the  Regicide,"  and  other  pieces,  which  in- 
dicated more  political  and  poetical  fire  than 
political  judgment  or  personal  prudence,  and 
in  settling  at  Keswick  he  commenced  an 
almost  unexampled  career  of  industry  on 
literary  composition  of  every  description  : 
his  ovei-flowing  mind  and  ready  pen  being 
equal  to  whatever  could  be  demanded  of 
them,  a  mere  list  of  his  separate  publications 
would  form  a  long  article,  not  to  speak  of 
his  numerous  and  elaborate  contributions 
to  the  Quarterly  Review.  But  though  he 
wrote  so  much,  he  wrote  everything  both 
carefully  and  well.  His  biographies  espe- 
cially are  admirable  ;  that  of  the  great  Nel- 
son is,  perhaps,  the  most  perfect  biography 
in  our  language  ;  while  that  of  Wesley  is 
highly  appreciated  both  by  churchmen  and 
dissenters,  for  its  candour  and  impartiality. 
Such  a  mind  as  Southey's  could  not  long 
be  overcast ;  and  he  had  not  long  been 
known  as  the  writer  of  some  ill-judged  poems, 
ere  he  found  out  his  errors,  and  became 
the  eloquent  and  efflcient  defender  of  the 
church  and  of  the  throne  ;  and  he  continued 
to  delight  and  instruct  the  reading  world  by 
his  genius,  and  to  astonish  both  the  reading 
and  writing  world  by  his  industry,  until 
1840,  when  the  intense  labours  of  a  long  life 
at  length  overpowered  even  his  fine  mind, 
and  he  remained  in  a  state  of  mental  dork- 
ness  to  the  day  of  his  death.  He  had  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  poet  laureate  in 
1813,  and  in  1835  he  received  a  i)ension  of 
300/.  per  aunum.  His  poetical  works,  col- 
lected in  a  large  volume,  enjoy  great  popu- 
larity ;  and  his  admirable  philosophic  gos- 
xipping  romance  "The  Doctor,"  &c.,  which 
was  published  anonymously  (also  in  one 
volume),  must  long  continue  to  be  the  wonder 
and  delight  of  the  reading  and  the  thinking 
world.  His  "  Common  Place  Book,"  a  post- 
humous publication  in  4  vols.  8vo.,  is  a 
marvellous  monument  of  his  reading  and 
research. 

SOUTHWELL,  Robkht,  an  English  Je- 
suit and  poet,  was  born  in  15C0 ;  studied  at 


sou] 


^  i9c£D  SUm'tJcriSaT  3Siofirajpl)i). 


[SPE 


Rome,  and  afterwards  returned  to  England 
as  a  missionary.  In  1592  he  was  sent  to 
prison,  where  he  remained  three  years  before 
he  was  brought  to  trial,  when,  owning  that 
he  came  to  England  in  order  to  propagate 
the  Catholic  religion,  he  was  condemned 
and  executed,  in  1595.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  poems  possessing  considerable 
merit. 

SOUZA,  JoHX  DE,  a  Portuguese  historian, 
born  at  Damascus,  in  Syria,  about  17aO,  and 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1812.  lie  was  employed 
as  secretary  interpreter  to  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador at  Morocco,  and  published  some 
etymological  works,  explanatory  of  the  con- 
nection between  Arabic  and  Portuguese. 

SOWERBY,  James,  a  naturalist  and  ar- 
tist, was  born  in  176(5.  He  was  originally  a 
drawing-master,  but  subsequently  acquired 
considerable  reputation  both  as  a  botanist 
and  mineralogist,  and  published  several 
works  on  each  science,  which  he  illustrated 
by  his  pencil.    Died,  1822. 

SPAENDONCK,  Gexaud  van,  an  emi- 
nent flower  and  miniature  painter,  was  born 
in  1746,  at  Tilburg,  in  Holland  settled  at 
Paris,  where  he  became  miniature  painter  to 
the  king,  and  professor  of  iconography  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes.    Died,  1822. 

SPALDING,  John  Joachim,  a  celebrated 
Swedish  divine  and  author,  born  in  1714. 
He  wrote  several  able  works  :  the  "  Desti- 
nation of  Man,"  "Religion  the  most  im- 
portant Affair  of  Mankind,"  &c.   Died,  1804. 

SPALLANZANI,  Lazarus,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  born  at  Scandiano,  in  Italy, 
in  1729.  He  studied  at  Modena,  and  next 
at  Bologna,  where  his  cousin,  Laura  Bassi, 
was  at  that  time  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished professors  in  Italy,  After  having 
held  professorships  at  Reggio  and  Modena, 
he  became  professor  of  natural  history,  and 
director  of  the  museum,  at  Pavia,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  experimental  researches 
into  nature,  and  published  many  valuable 
works  on  physiology.  He  travelled  over  a 
great  part  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  was 
enrolled  among  the  associates  of  numerous 
societies.  Died,  1798.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  Experiments  on  the  Reproduction 
of  Animals,"  an  "  Essay  upon  Animalcula  j 
in  Fluids,"  "Microscopical  Experiments," 
"  Travels  in  the  Two  Sicilies  and  the  Appe- 
nines,"  6  vols. ;  and  an  elaborate  "  Cor- 
respondence" with  the  most  celebrated  na- 
turalists of  the  age. 

SPANHEIM,  Fkederic,  professor  of 
divinity  at  Leyden ;  autiior  of  "  Exerci- 
tationes  de  Gratia  Universal!,"  and  other 
learned  works.    Born,  1600  ;  died,  1649. 

SPANHEIM,  EzEKiEL,  a  learned  writer 
and  statesman,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  born  in  1029,  at  Geneva, 
■where  he  was  appointed  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  the  age  of  20.  He  soon  after 
became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Charles  Louis, 
elector  palatine,  who  employed  him  in 
several  important  missions.  After  the  peace 
of  Ryswick  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
France,  and  from  thence  to  England,  where 
he  died  in  1710.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  De  Pra;stantia  et  Usu  Numismatum  anti- 
quorum,"  2  vols.  ;  and  "Letters  and  Disser- 
tations on  Medals." 


SPARRMAN,  Andrew,  a  Swedish  na- 
turalist and  traveller,  was  bom  about  1747, 
and  studied  at  Upsal,  where,  by  his  atten- 
tion to  natural  history,  he  attracted  the 
notice  of  Linnjeus.  He  visited  China  and 
the  Cape  of  Gooil  Hope,  penetrated  a  con- 
siderable distance  into  tlie  interior  of  South- 
ern Africa,  and  accompanied  Captain  Cook 
on  one  of  his  voyages.  He  wrote  narratives 
of  his  travels,  and  died  at  Stockholm,  in 
1820. 

SPARROW,  Anthonv,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, in  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  was  a  pre- 
late distinguished  for  his  learning,  piety, 
and  benevolence  :  and  is  known  as  a  wiiter 
by  his  "  Rationale  of  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer."     Died,  1685. 

SPARTACUS,  a  Thracian  general,  who 
had  been  taken  by  the  Romans,  and  made 
a  gladiator  ;  but  escaping  with  a  few  of  his 
companions  from  his  tyrants,  he  rallied 
round  his  standard  a  formidable  army,  and 
repeatedly  defeated  the  Roman  forces.  He 
was  at  length  slain,  B.  c.  71. 

SPEED.  JoHX,  a  well-known  English 
chronologist,  historian,  and  antiquary,  bom 
in  ir)55.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Theatre 
of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain,"  "  A  Cloud 
of  Witnesses,"  and  "  Tlie  History  of  Great 
Britain,  from  Julius  Cassar  to  James  I." 
Died,  1629. 

SPELMAN,  Sir  Henry,  an  eminent 
English  historian  and  antiquary,  was  born 
at  Congham,  in  Norfolk,  in  1561.  James  I. 
frequently  employed  him  on  public  busi- 
ness, and  he  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood for  his  services.  He  died  in  1641,  leav- 
ing many  valuable  works,  among  which  his 
"Glossarium  Archaeologicum"  and  "  Vil- 
!are  Anglicanum"  are  .'itill  highly  esteemed. 

His  son,  Sir  JoH.v  Spei.man,  inherited 

his  father's  taste  for  archajological  inquiries, 
and  was  the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Alfred  the 
Great."  He  was  knighted  by  Charles  I., 
and  died  at  Oxford,  in  1643. 

SPENCE,  Joseph,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  born  in  1698,  and  received  his  eilucation 
at  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship, 
and  was  elected  professor  of  poetry.  He 
afterwards  held  the  living  of  Great  Hor- 
wood,  and  a  prebend  in  Durham  cathedral. 
He  wrote  an  "  Essay  on  Pope's  Odyssey," 
but  his  principal  work  is  entitled  "Poly- 
metis  ;  or,  an  Inquiry  into  the  Agreement 
between  the  Works  "of  the  Roman  Poets 
and  the  Remains  of  Ancient  Artists."  The 
"  Anecdotes  collected  by  him,  concerning 
eminent  Ijterary  Characters,"  have  been 
published.  His  death,  which  happened  in 
1768,  was  occasioned  by  his  having  acci- 
dentallv  fallen  into  a  pond. 

SPENCER,  Dr.  John,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  English  divine  and  critic,  was  bora 
in  1630,  at  Boughton,  in  Kent ;  became  mas- 
ter of  Corpus  Christi  College,  archdeacon  of 
Sudbury,  and  dean  of  Ely  ;  and  died  in 
1695.  His  principal  and  most  erudite  work 
is,  "De  Legibus  Hebraeorum  Ritualibus  et 
earum  Rationibus." 

SPENCER,  John  Charles,  Earl  (better 
known  as  Viscount  Althokf),  was  born  in 
1782,  and  was  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  first  en- 
tered the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for 


^  ^tta  WiixihtvitiX  aSiograplby. 


[SPI 


Northampton ;  but  from  the  year  1806  to 
1834,  wlien  he  8uccee<led  to  "the  peerage, 
he  represented  the  county  of  Northampton, 
generally  supporting  all  the  important  mea- 
sures advocated  by  the  Whig  party.  Shortly 
after  the  accession  of  William  IV.  he  was 
made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ;  and, 
though  he  was  occasionally  convicted  of 
making  erroneous  calculations,  yet  in  bring- 
ing forward  the  financial  details  he  showed 
eiugular  industry  and  candour.  He  was 
manly,  liberal,  straightforward,  and  disin- 
terested ;  his  honesty  of  purjwse  was  never 
questioned  ;  but  he  possessed  not  the  phy- 
sical powers  requisite  for  a  good  orator.  In 
another  and  a  very  different  sphere  of  action, 
however,  he  was  unrivalled.  The  improve- 
ment of  agriculture  was  at  all  times  his  great 
aim  ;  and  when  he  retired  from  oflSce,  he 
applied  himself  with  zeal  and  energy  to  the 
practice  and  encouragement  of  that  great 
branch  of  our  national  prosperity.  To  liis 
exertions  the  establishment  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Agriculture  was  mainly  owing  ; 
ajid  he  was  present  at  nearly  all  the  great 
agricultural  meetings  throughout  the  coun- 
try ;  promoting  the  general  good  by  his 
example,  either  as  the  president  or  as  an 
exhibitor  of  prize  cattle,  the  patron  of  me- 
chanical and  scientific  improvements,  or  as 
the  generous  rewarder  of  the  labourer's  skill 
and  iiidnstry.     Died,  Oct.  1.  1845. 

SPENCER,  tlie  Hon.  William  Robeht, 
the  Ijest  writer  of  vers  de  socidti  in  his 
time,  was  the  younger  son  of  I.ord  Charlcg 
Spencer,  and  was  born  in  1770.  lie  wvs 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford  ;  and  in 
17tK>  published  a  translation  of  BUrger's 
Lenore,  l;eautifully  illustrated  by  Lady 
Diana  Beauclerc.  In  proof  of  his  astonish- 
ing power  of  memory,  it  is  gravely  asserted 
that  he  undertook,  for  a  wager,  to  get 
the  whole  contents  of  a  newspaper  by  rote, 
which  he  won,  by  repeating  it  without 
the  omission  of  a  single  word.  He  held 
the  situation  of  a  commissioner  of  stamps. 
Died,  \^H. 

SPENSER,  Edmund,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  among  our  early  poets,  was  born 
in  London,  about  1553  ;  was  educated  at 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  and,  on  leaving 
the  university,  took  up  his  resi<lence  with 
some  relations  in  the  north  of  England, 
probably  as  a  tutor.  In  1580  he  accom- 
panied Lord  Grey  de  W^ilton,  viceroy  of 
Ireland,  as  his  secretary,  and  procured  a 
grant  of  3028  acres  in  tlie  county  of  Cork, 
out  of  the  forfeited  lands  of  the  Earl  of 
Desmond ;  on  which,  however,  by  the 
terms  of  the  gift,  he  was  obliged  to  become 
resident.  He  accordingly  fixed  his  residence 
at  Kilcolman,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  where 
he  was  visited  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who 
became  his  patron  in  lieu  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  then  deceased,  and  whom  he  cele- 
brates under  the  title  of  the  "Shepherd  of 
the  Ocean."  Sir  Walter  persuaded  him 
to  write  the"  Faerie  Queen,"  the  first  edition 
of  which  was  printed  in  1590,  and  presented 
to  Elizabeth,  wiio  granted  the  poet  ai^ension 
of  !M.  per  annum.  In  l.'jOo  he  published 
his  pastoral  of  "Colin  Clout's  come  home 
agaiu  ;  "  and.  the  year  following,  the  second 
part  of  his  "Faerie  Queen  ; "  but  the  poem, 


7»S 


according  to  the  original  plan,  was  never 
completed.  About  this  time  Spenser  pre- 
sented to  the  queen  his  "  View  of  the  State 
cf  Ireland,"  being  the  clerk  of  the  council 
of  the  province  of  Munster.  In  l.'W  he 
returned  to  Ireland  ;  but  when  the  rebellion 
of  Tyrone  broke  out,  he  was  obliged  to  fly 
with  such  precipitancy,  as  to  leave  behind 
his  infant  child,  whom  the  merciless  cruelty 
of  the  insurgents  burnt  with  the  house.  The 
unfortunate  poet  came  to  England  with  a 
heart  broken  by  these  misfortunes,  and  died 
at  Westminster,  January  16.  1598-9.  His 
remains  were  interred  at  the  expense  of  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  in  Westminster  Abl)ey,  where 
tlie  Countess  of  Dorset  raised  a  monument 
to  his  memory. 

SPIELMANN,  James  Reinhold,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  was  born  at  Strasburg,  in 
1722.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  at 
his  native  place,  where,  by  his  means,  a 
botanic  garden  was  established.  He  held 
also  the  chair  of  poetry  three  years.  Among 
his  works  are,  "Elementa  Chimiae,"  "  Pro- 
dromus  Flora  Argentinensis."  "  Institu- 
tiones  Materiae  Medicse,"  &c.    Died,  1782. 

SPIGELIUS,  or  VANDEN  SPIEGHEL, 
Adrian,  a  physician  and    anatomist,  was 
born  at  Brussels,  in  1578.     He  studied  at  ! 
I^uviiin  and  Padua,  in  which  last  university  | 
he   became  professor  of  anatomy  and  sur-  i 
gery  ;  which  office  he  discharged  witii  such 
reputation,  that  the  Venetian  government 
made  him  a  knight  of  St.  Mark,  and  gave 
him  a  chain  of  gold.    Died.  1025. 

SPILLER,  John,  a  young  English  sculp- 
tor, of  great  promise,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1 763,  and  studied  under  Bacon.     He  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his    talents    at    the 
Roj'al  Academy,  and  was  chosen  to  execute  ! 
a  statue  of  Charles  II.  for  the  centre  of  the  , 
old  Royal  Exchange  ;  but  the  much  admired 
production  had  scarcely  been  erected  before 
the  artist  expired,  a  victim  to  consumption,  ' 
at  the  age  of  30,  in  1794.    "  The  energy  of 
his  labour,  with  the  strong  excitement  of  his  ! 
feelings,  had  already  made  fatal  inroads  ou  \ 
his  constitution.     But  he   was  willing,  he  I 
said,  to  die  at  the  foot  of  his  statue.     The 
statue  was  raised,  and  the  young  sculptor, 
with  the  shining  eyes  and  hectic  flush  of 
consumption,  beheld  it  there,  returned  home, 
and  shortly  was  no  more."  j 

SFINOJyA,  Ambrose,  Marquis,  a  cele-  i 
brated  Spanish  general,  was  born  in  ]5f59.  j 
He  commanded  an  army  in  Flanders,  and  in 
lt5i)4  lie  took  Ostend,  for  which  he  was  made 
general  of  all  the  Spanish  troops  in  the  Low  : 
Countries,  where  he  was  opposed  by  I 
Maurice  of  Nassau.  During  a  cessation  of 
operations,  Spinola  went  to  Paris,  and  in 
an  interview  with  Henry  IV.,  the  monarch 
asked  him  what  were  his  plans  for  the  en- 
suing camiiaign.  The  general,  without  he- 
sitation, entered  into  a  detail  of  his  projects, 
and  Henry  communicated  to  Maurice  the 
direct  contrary,  as  he  could  not  believe  that 
Spinola  had  revealed  to  him  his  real  inten- 
tions. Finding,  however,  that  the  Spaniard 
was  as  good  as  his  word,  he  exclaimed, 
"Others  deceive  by  telling  falsehoods,  but 
this  man  by  speaking  the  truth."  In  the 
war  occasioned  by  the  disputed  succession 
to  the  duchy  of  Clevcs  and  Juliers,  Spinola  j 

Sr  3 


sri] 


^  i^m  BniSitx^Kl  ^Singrapfji?. 


[SPD  , 


took  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Wesel,  and  Breda. 
He  was  subsequently  employed  in  Italy, 
where  he  made  himself  master  of  the  city  of 
Casal  ;  but  not  being  able  to  subdue  the 
citadel,  owing  to  the  imprudent  orders  sent 
to  him  from  Madrid,  he  exclaimed,  "  they 
have  robbed  me  of  my  honour,"  aud  fell  a 
prej'  to  chagrin,  in  IGJiO. 
SPINOZA,  Benedict,  one  of  the  most 
r  profound  thinkers  of  the  17th  century,  and 
the  founder  of  modern  pantheism,  was  born 
at  Amsterdam,  in  1633.  His  parents  were 
Portuguese  Jews,  who  gave  him  the  name 
of  Baruch,  which,  on  renouncing  his  reli- 
gion, he  altered  to  Benedict.  He  resided 
chiefly  at  the  Hague  ;  and  strenuously  re- 
fused to  accept  of  any  of  the  numerous 
proposals  he  received  to  enter  upon  a  career 
tliat  might  have  led  to  his  worldly  advance- 
ment. He  was  for  some  time  a  Calvinist, 
and  afterwards  a  Mennonist,  but  at  last 
adopted  the  views,  religious  and  political, 
with  which  his  name  is  now  connected,  and 
in  support  of  which  he  published  numerous 
works.  His  "  Tractatus-theologico-politicus" 
was  repiinted  in  London  in  17t!.5,  by  Hume, 
though  without  his  name  or  that  of  the 
author.     Died,  1677. 

SPIZELHIS,  Theopiiii-us,  a  learned 
German  ecclesiastic,  author  of  an  elaborate 
"  Commentary  on  the  State  of  Literature 
among  the  Chinese,"  and  other  works. 
Died,  1691. 

SPOHJT,  Frederic  Augustus  William, 
an  eminent  German  writer  on  philology. 
He  was  born  at  Dortmund,  in  1792  ;  became 
professor  of  philosophy  and  ancient  litera- 
ture in  Leipsic,  and  died  in  1824,  from  the 
effects  of  excessive  study. 

SPONDE,  IlENKr  i)E,  or  SPOXDANUS, 
a  French  prelate  and  ecclesiastical  historian, 
was  born  in  1508,  and  was  educated  in  the 
Protestant  college  at  Ortez  ;  after  wliicli  he 
studied  the  law,  and  became  so  eminent  as  a 
pleader,  that  Henry  of  Navarre  made  him 
master  of  requests.    In  1.59.5  he  changed  his 
religion,  and  took  orders  at  Rome  ;  was  made 
bishop  of  Pamiers  in  1620,  and  died  in  1643. 
Spondanus  abridged  the  annals  of  Barouius, 
and  continued  them  from  1197  to  1640.     He 
also  wrote  "  Annates  Sacri  kMundi  Creatione 
,  ad  ejusdem  Redemptionem." 
i      SPONTINI,     Gasparo,    a    distinguished 
I  musical   composer,  was  born   at  Majolatti, 
i  near  Jesi,  in  the  Roman  states,  1778.    lie  was 
1  educated  at  the  Conservatorio  de  la  Pietsl  of 
j  Naples,  and  began  his  career  when  17  years  of 
I  age,  as  the  composer  of  an  opera,  "  I  Puntigli 
I  delle  Donne."    This  was  followed  by  some 
I  16  operas,  produced  within  6  years,  for  the 
I  theatres  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  but  not  a  note 
of  which  has    survived.     In   1803  Spontini 
came   to  Paris,  in  which  capital  again  he 
liroduced  some  half-a-dozen  operas  aud  an 
oratorio,  all  of  which  have  perished.      In 
1807  he  was  appointed  music-director  to  the 
empress  Josephine  ;  and  in  1808  he  produced 
liis  most  famous  work,  "La  Vestale,"  with 
brilliant   and  decisive   success.     His  "Fer- 
nando Cortez "  appeared  in  1809  ;  and  the 
next  year  witnessed  his  appointment  to  the 
directorship  of  the  Italian  Opera  in  Paris, 
which  he  held  for  10  years.     lu  1820  the 
-j  magnificent    appointments   offered   by   the 


703 


court  of  Prussia  tempted  him  to  leave  Paris 
for  Berlin,  in  which  capital  his  last  3  grand 
operas,  "Nourmahal"  (founded  on  Lalla 
Rookh),  "  Alcidor,"  and  "  Agnes  von  Ho- 
henstauffen,"  were  produced  with  great 
splendour,  bnt  with  little  comparative  suc- 
cess. Spontini  continued  to  reside  as  first 
chapel-master  in  Berlin  till  the  death  of  the 
late  king  in  1840,  when  his  professional 
career  may  be  said  to  have  ended.  'Die 
latter  period  of  his  sojourn  at  Berlin  had 
been  embittered  by  professional  disputes  ; 
and  in  1842  he  once  more  repaired  to  Paris, 
where  he  had,  in  1839,  been  elected  one  of 
the  five  members  of  the  Academic  des 
Beaux  Arts.  Died,  at  the  place  of  his  birth, 
18.-.1. 

SPOTSWOOD,  or  SPOTISWOOD.  Joiiy, 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  in  Scotland, 
was  born  in  1505,  educated  at  Glasgow,  and 
in  1001  went  as  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of 
Lennox  in  his  embassy  to  France.  On  the 
accession  of  James  VI.  to  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land, he  accompanied  him  ;  and  the  same 
year  was  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Glasgow,  and  made  one  of  the  privy  council 
in  Scotland.  In  1615  he  was  translated  to 
St.  Andrew's.  He  crowned  Charles  I.  at 
Holyrood  House,  in  1033  ;  and,  two  years 
afterwards,  was  made  chancellor  of  Scotland; 
but,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  he 
retired  to  London,  where  he  died  in  1639, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land." 

SPOTSWOOD,  Sir  Robert,  second  son 
of  the   preceding,  was  put  to  death  by  the 
covenanters,  for  adhering  to  the  Marquis  of  i 
Montrose. 

SPRAGG,  EnwAKD,  a  brave  English  ad-  i 
miral,  was  a  captain  in  the  first  engagement  | 
with  the  Dutch  in  1065,  when,  for  his  gallant  i 
conduct,  he  was  knighted  by  the  king  on  ! 
board  the  Royal  Charles.  He  attracted  the  • 
particular  notice  of  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  , 
in  tlie  four  days'  battle  in  1066  ;  and  the  | 
year  following  he  burnt  a  number  of  Dutch 
fire-ships  when  they  came  up  the  Thames,  ! 
which  threw  their  whole  fleet  into  confusion.  I 
In  1671  he  destroyeil,  in  the  Mediterranean,  | 
seven  Algerine  men  of  war.  He  was  sunk  ; 
in  his  boat  in  an  eogagement  with  Van 
Tromp  in  1673,  as  he  was  going  from  his  j 
sinking  ship  to  another.  i 

SPRANGHER,  Baktholomew,  an  emi-  ' 
nent  painter  of  Antwerp,  was  born  in  1546, 
and  died  in  1623.  j 

SPRAT,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
an  historian  and  poet,  was  born  in  1636,  and  I 
died  in  1713.    He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the  . 
Royal  Society,"  the  "  History  of  the  Rye-  | 
house  Plot,"  "  The  Life  of  Cowley,"  a  volume 
of  sermons,  and  a  few  poems. 

SPURZHEIM,    Gasi'aud,    a    celebrated  i 
physiologist,  was  born  near  Treves,  in  1776.  j 
anil  received  his  medical  education  at  Vienna, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Gall,  ( 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  phrenology. 
To  this  science  Spurzheim   became  exceed- 
ingly partial  ;   and  he  soon  joined  Gall  in 
making  inquiries  into  the  anatomy  of  the 
brain.      They  quitted  Vienna    in   1805,   to 
travel :  visited  Paris  ;  and  lectured  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Ireland,  on  their  very  , 


SQU] 


9i  fitfjy  Huiberiial  3Jt0gT«pl)B. 


[STA 


curious  and  original  system.  Spurzheim 
finally  proceeded  to  the  United  States,  where 
lie  died  in  1832. 

SQUIRE,  Samuel,  a  learned  and  exem- 
plary  Englisli  prelate,  was  born   at   War- 
i  minster,  in  1714  ;  and  after  obtaining  various 
I  preferments,  reached  the  see  of  St.  David's  ; 
and  died  in  ITiHi.    lie  wrote  several  works, 
■  theological  and  political. 

STA  AL,  Madame  de,  whose  maiden  name 
I  was   Dk  Launai,  was  the    daughter    of   a 
I  painter  at  Paris,  who  abandoned  her  when 
I  a  child,  and  she  was  taken  into  the  priory 
I  of  St.  Louis,  at  Rouen.    After  this,  she  be- 
came   waiting-woman    to    the    Duchess    of 
Maine,  when  her  literary  talents  were  sud- 
j  denly  discovered  by  lier  being  found  to  be 
the  author  of  a  very  witty  letter  to  M.  de 
I  Fontenelle,  on  the  subject  of  a  beautiful  girl 
I  at  Paris,  who  was  said  to  be  possessed,  which 
{  imposture  was  at  that  time  occupying  public 
j  attention.     From    that    time    the    duchess 
reposed   an  entire  confidence   in  her  ;  and 
Mademoiselle  de  Launai  shared  in  her  mis- 
fortune, by  being  committed  to  the  Bastile. 
After  her  release,  she  married  XI.  de  Staal, 
an  officer  of  the  Swiss  guards  ;  wrote  some 
entertaining  "  Memoirs  of  her  Life,"  and 
died  in  17 rA). 

STACK  HOUSE,  Thomas,  a  divine  of  the 
churcii  of  England,  who  was  many  years 
curate  of  Finchley,  in  Middlesex,  and  vicar 
of  Benham,  in  Berkshire.  He  wrote  a  "  Re- 
view of  the  Controversy  concerning  Mira- 
cles," on  the  "  Miseries  of  the  inferior 
Clergy,"  a  "  Body  of  Practical  Divinity," 
and  a  "  Defence  of  the  Christian  Religion  ;" 
but  his  most  important  work,  which  hus 
often  been  reprinted,  is  his  "  History  of  tlie 
Bible,"  2  vols,  folio.  Born,  1680  ;  died,  17r,2. 
There  was  anotlier  Rev.  Thomas  Stack- 
house,  who  published  "  A  Greek  Gram- 
mar," a  "General  View  of  Ancient  History, 
Chronology,  and  Geography;"  and  an  "  At- 
las of  Ancient  and  Mo<lern  Geography." 

STAEL-HOLSTEIX,  Anna  Louisa  Geu- 
.MAiNE  Nkckek,  Baroness  de,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  170(3,  where  the  elevation  of  her 
father,  M.  Necker,  to  the  ministry  of  finance, 
brought  liim  into  close  connection  with  the 
most  brilliant  circles  of  the  capital.  Siie 
soon  displayed  signs  of  a  precocious  genius  ; 
and  the  encouragement  to  converse  which 
she  received  in  this  society,  and  the  various 
excitements  which  it  furnislied  to  her  facul- 
ties, had  an  important  influence  on  the 
formation  of  her  mind.  Her  earliest  pro- 
ductions were  "Sopliia,"  a  comedy,  written 
in  1786,  and  two  tragedies.  •'  Lady  Jane 
Grey  "  and  "  Montmorency  ;"  but  her  "  Let- 
tres  sur  les  Ouvrages  et  le  Caractfere  de  J.  J. 
Rousseau,"  printed  in  1788,  first  attracted  the 
public  notice.  lu  1786  she  was  married  to 
the  Baron  de  Stael  Holstein,  Swedish  am- 
bassador to  the  French  court.  She  was 
warmly  attached  to  the  principles  of  liberty; 
and  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  in 
1789,  necessarily  exercised  a  powerful  in- 
fluence botli  on  her  mind  aud  fate.  During 
Robespierre's  ascendancy,  she  exerted  her- 
self, even  at  the  hazard  of  her  life,  to  save 
the  victims,  and  published  a  powerful  and 
eloquent  "  Defence  of  the  Queen."  The 
populace  being  called  to  riot  and  murder, 


797 


she  attempted  to  leave  Paris,  but  was  de- 
tained, and  escaped  the  popular  fury  only  by 
a  remarkable  concurrence  of  circumstances. 
When  Sweden  recognised  the  French  re- 
public, her  husband  was  again  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  Paris,  whither  she  also  returned, 
in  1795.  Barras  became  her  friend  ;  and  she 
acquired  so  much  influence,  that,  on  Tulley- 
rend's  return  from  America,  in  179<J,  she 
obtained,  through  Barras,  his  appointment 
to  the  ministry  of  foreign  afifairs.  In  Dec. 
1797,  she  for  the  first  time  saw  Buonaparte, 
then  at  Paris,  preparing  for  liis  ex|>edition 
to  Egypt ;  and  the  admiration  with  which 
she  had  regarded  the  conqueror  of  Italy  was 
succeeded  by  a  sentiment  bordering  on  aver- 
sion, which  api)ears  to  have  been  mutual ; 
and  in  1801,  in  consequence  of  her  attempting 
to  thwart  his  government,  she  was  ordered 
to  quit  Paris.  After  visiting  Germany, 
Prussia,  and  Italy,  she  returned  to  France, 
and  published  her  romance  of  "  Delphine  ; " 
but  this  work,  and  a  tract  entitled  "  Les 
Deruitres  Vues  de  Politique  et  de  Finance," 
published  by  M.  Necker,  had  given  so  much 
offence  to  Napoleon  (who  had  no  great  es- 
teem for  female  politicians),  that  in  1803  he 
banished  her  from  his  territories.  Her  pere- 
grinations were  next  extended  to  Moscow, 
Stockholm,  and  London  ;  nor  did  slie  again 
behold  her  favourite  abode,  Paris,  till  after 
the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII.  On  the 
escape  of  Buonaparte  from  Elba,  she  retired 
to  Copi>et ;  and,  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
she  once  more  made  her  api)earance  in  the 
French  capital,  with  her  daughter,  who  was  | 
married  to  the  Duke  de  Broglio.  She  was 
favourably  received  by  the  king,  and  ob- 
tained an  order  on  the  royal  treasury  for 
the  payment  of  two  millions,  which  had 
been  deposited  there  by  her  father.  Her 
husband,  the  baron,  died  in  1801  ;  and  in 
1811  she  was  married  to  M.  de  Rocca,  a 
young  French  officer,  by  whom  she  had  a 
son  ;  but  their  union  was  kept  secret  till 
alter  her  death.  She  died  in  1817.  Besides 
the  works  before-mentioned,  she  wrote  the 
romance  of  "  Coriune,"  "  Considerations  on 
the  French  Revolution,"  "  Dramatic  Essays," 
"  Considerations  on  Literature,"  "  Germany," 
"  Ten  Years  of  Exile,"  &c. 

STAHL,  Gkokgk  Eunest,  an  eminent 
German  physician  and  chemist,  was  born 
at  Anspach,  in  1660,  studied  at  Jena,  be- 
came phytician  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
died  in  1734.  Ills  discoveries  and  theories 
in  medical  science  were  highly  ingenious 
and  valuable  ;  and  he  may  be  ranked  as  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  medical  philosophers 
of  his  age. 

STAIIREMBERG,  Guido  Baldi,  Count 
de,  a  celebrated  Austrian  field-marshal,  was 
born  in  10.57.  He  commanded  the  imjjerial 
army  in  Germany,  Italy,  and  Spain  ;  and 
during  a  long  career  was  distinguished  for 
his  military  skill  and  bravery.    l3ied.  1737. 

STANDISH,  FiiA.NK  Hall,  author  of 
the  "  Life  of  Voltaire,"  &c.,  and  well  known 
by  his  elegant  taste  for  the  arts,  was  the 
son  of  Anthony  Hall,  esq.,  of  Flass,  in  the 
county  of  Durham  ;  and  having  succeeded 
to  the  estates  of  Sir  Frank  Standish,  bart., 
as  cousin  and  heir  at  law,  assumed  tlie 
name,  &c.  by  royal  licence.  Having  the 
— .- 


sta] 


^  ^c^  Bnibtx^nX  Ijiosop^y. 


[sta 


opportunity  of  gratifying  his  natural  in- 
clination by  foreign  travels,  for  acquiring 
information  on  classic  antiquities  and  litera- 
ture, and  being  moreover  possessed  of  an  ex- 
quisite jiulgment  as  a  connoisseur  of  tlie  fine 
arts,  he  made  an  admirable  collection  of  the 
best  pictures,  boolcs,  manuscripts,  &c.  during 
his  sojourn  on  the  Continent :  the  whole 
of  which  he  bequeatlied  to  Louis  Philippe, 
liing  of  the  French,  "  in  token  (as  lie  says)  of 
his  esteem  for  a  generous  and  polite  nation, 
one  that  is  always  ready  to  welcome  tlie 
traveller  and  relieve  the  stranger,  and  one 
that  he  has  ever  gone  to  witli  pleasure  and 
quitted  with  regret."  The  works  published 
by  Mr.  Standish  are  as  follows  :  "  The  Life 
of  Voltaire,"  "  The  Shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean," 2  vols.  ;  "  Notices  on  the  Northern 
Capitals  of  Europe,"  "Seville  and  its  Vi- 
cinity," and  a  volume  of  "Poems."  Died, 
aged" 42.  Dec.  1840. 

STANHOPE,  Jambs,  Earl,  a  celebrated 
English  nobleman,  was  born  in  Hereford- 
shire, in  1073.  He  entered  early  into  the 
army,  and  distinguished  himself  with  so 
much  bravery  at  the  siege  of  Namur  in  1695, 
that  king  William  gave  him  a  company  and 
tlie  rank  of  colonel.  In  1705  he  served  as  a 
brigadier-general  under  the  Earl  of  Peter- 
borough, at  the  siege  of  Barcelona.  He 
afterwards  contributed  to  the  victories  of 
Almanza  and  Saragossa  ;  but  being  intrusted 
with  the  defence  of  Driheuga,  he  was  obliged 
to  surrender  it.  after  a  gallant  resistance,  to 
the  Duke  de  Vendome.    Died,  1721. 

STANHOPE,  Charles,  Earl,  grandson  of 
the  above,  a  politician  and  man  of  science, 
born  in  1753  ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Geneva ;  and  came  into  parliament  for 
High  Wycombe,  which  he  represented  until 
1780,  when  he  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
peerage.  He  distinguished  himself  at  an 
early  period  of  the  French  revolution  by  an 
open  avowal  of  republican  sentiments,  and 
went  80  far  as  to  lay  aside  the  external 
ornaments  of  the  peerage.  As  a  man  of 
science  he  ranked  high,  and  was  the  author 
of  many  inventions,  particularly  of  a  method 
of  securing  buildings  from  lire,  an  arith- 
metical machine,  a  new  printing  press,  a 
monochord  for  tuning  musical  instruments, 
and  a  vessel  to  sail  against  wind  and  tide. 
He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Lady  Hester 
Pitt,  daughter  of  the  great  Earl  of  Chatham, 
by  whom  he  had  three  daughters ;  and 
secondly  to  Miss  Grenville,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons.    Died,  1816. 

STANHOPE,  Lady  Hestkr,  avery  highly 
accomplished,  but  no  less  eccentric,  English 
lady,  niece  of  the  celebrated  William  Pitt. 
Soon  after  the  death  of  that  great  statesman, 
with  whom  she  was  domesticated,  and  with 
whose  pursuits  she  so  much  sympathised,  as 
to  act  upon  some  occasions  as  his  private 
secretary,  she  went  to  Syria,  assumed  the 
dress  of  a  male  native  of  that  country,  and 
devoted  herself  to  astrology,  in  which  vain 
science  she  was  a  most  implicit  believer. 
She  had  a  large  pension  from  the  English 
government,  and  for  many  years  was  pos- 
sessed of  considerable  influence  over  the 
Turkish  pachas,  which  however,  when  ha- 
bitual carelessness  in  money  matters  had 
deprived  her  of  the  means  of  bribing  them, 


she  so  entirely  lost  as  to  be  in  actual  danger 
of  her  life.  Of  her  way  of  life  as  well  as  her 
way  of  thinking,  some  notion  will  easily  be 
formed  from  a  jxirusal  of  her  reply  to  an 
eminent  English  traveller,  who  humanely 
advised  her  to  quit  her  perilous  and  desolate 
abode,  and  return  to  England :  "As  to 
leaving  this  country,"  said  her  ladyship, 
"  your  advice  is  in  vain  :  I  will  never  return 
to  England.  I  am  encompassed  by  perils, 
true  ;  but  I  am  no  stranger  to  them.  I  have 
suffered  shipwreck  off  the  coast  of  Cyprus, 
I  have  had  the  plague  here  ;  I  fell  from  my 
horse  near  Acre,  and  was  trampled  upon  by 
him  ;  I  have  encountered  the  robbers  of  the 
desert ;  and  when  my  servants  quailed  I  have 
gallopped  in  among  them,  and  compelled 
them  to  be  courteous  :  and  when  a  horde  of 
plunderers  was  breaking  in  at  my  gate,  I 
sallied  out  among  them  sword  in  hand,  and 
having  convinced  them  that  they  could  not 
hurt  me  if  they  would,  I  fed  them  at  my 
gate,  and  they  behaved  like  thankful  beg- 
gars. Here  I  am  destined  to  remain.  What 
fs  written  in  the  great  book  of  life,  who  can 
alter  ?  It  ia  true  that  I  am  surrounded  by 
perils  ;  it  is  true  that  I  am  at  war  with  the 
prince  of  the  mountains,  and  with  the  pacha 
of  Acre  ;  it  is  very  true  that  my  enemies  are 
capable  of  assassination,  but  if  I  do  perish, 
my  fall  shall  be  a  bloody  one.  I  have  plenty 
of  arms,  good  Damascus  blades ;  I  use  no 
guns,  and  while  I  have  an  arm  to  wield  a 
hanjar,  these  barren  rocks  shall  have  a 
banquet  of  slaughter  before  my  face  looks 
black  in  the  presence  of  my  enemies."  So 
completely  anti-national  were  the  prejudices 
of  this  very  eccentric  lady,  that  though  at 
the  time  of  her  death  she  had  no  fewer  than 
23  domestics,  not  one  of  them  was  English, 
and  her  last  sigh  was  breathed  among  fo- 
reigners and  hirelings.     Born,  1766 ;  died, 

STANLEY,  the  Right  Tlev.  Edward, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  was  the  younger  son  of 
Sir  John  Thomas  Stanley,  bart.,  of  Alderley, 
in  Cheshire,  and  was  born  in  1770.  Having 
finished  his  studies  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  he  was  presented  by  his  father 
to  the  rectory  of  Alderley  in  1805  ;  and  here 
he  laboured  for  upwards  of  30  years  in  the 
faithful  discharge  of  his  pastoral  duties. 
His  connection  with  the  Whig  party  led  to 
his  nomination  to  the  see  of  Norwich  in 
1837  ;  and  such  was  his  unwearied  devotion 
to  every  good  and  useful  work,  his  sincerity, 
his  disinterestedness,  and  his  pure  and  active 
benevolence  in  all  the  relations  of  life,  that 
his  character  truly  corresponded  with  the 
apostolic  portrait  of  a  Christian  bishop. 
Bishop  Stanley  also  attained  distinction  as 
an  author.  Whilst  rector  of  Alderley,  he 
occasionally  delivered  lectures  on  various 
branches  of  natural  history,  and  contributed 
papers  on  the  same  subject  to  Blackwood's 
and  the  British  Magazine,  besides  publishing 
various  panlphlcts  on  questions  more  imme- 
diately connected  with  his  clerical  office. 
But  his  most  popular  work  was  his  "  Familiar 
History  of  Birds,"  published  in  1835,  which 
has  gone  through  several  editions.  Died, 
Sept.  6.  1849. 

STANLEY,  Thomas,  a  learned  writer, 
was  the  sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Stanley,  and 


sta] 


^  ^cto  ^Umbrv^at  JBiograpT)!). 


[STB 


born  at  Laytonstone,  in  Essex,  in  1644.  lie 
received  his  education  at  Pernbrolte  Hall, 
Cambridge,  then  went  on  his  travels,  and  on 
his  return  took  up  his  residence  in  the 
Middle  Temple.  His  works  are,  "  The  His- 
tory of  Pliilosophy  and  Lives  of  Philoso- 
phers," "Poems  and  Translations,"  an 
edition  of  ^schylus,  &c.     Died,  1078. 

STAPLETON,  Sir  Robekt,  a  soldier  and 
poet  of  the  17th  century.    On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  gallant  behaviour  at  the  battle  of 
Edgehill,  in  1G42,  for  which  the  king  knighted 
I  liim.     At  the  Restoration  he  accompanied 
!  Charles  II.  to  London,  and  remained  about 
f  the  court  till  his  decease  in  1(509.     He  truns- 
j  lated  Juvenal  and  other  authors,  wrote  four 

plays,  and  was  created  LL.D.  at  Oxford. 

j      STAKCK,  John  AtGUsTfs  von,  a  Ger- 

!  man  divine  and  theological  writer,  bom  at 

Schwerin,    in   1741.      He   was    professor  of 

oriental    literature  and    antiquities  at    St. 

Petersburgh,  subsequently  tilled  the  chair  of 

philosophy  at  Mittau,  and  in  1781  he  was 

appointed'  first    preacher    at    the  court    of 

1  Darmstadt,  where  he  was  highly  esteemed 

by  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  who  in  1811  made 

him  a  baron.     Among  his  principal  works 

'  are,  "  The  History  of  the  First  Age  of  the 

I  Christian  Church,^'  3  vols.  ;  and  "  The  Tri- 

I  umph  of  Philosophy  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 

turv."     Died,  1816. 

STATIUS,  PuBUirs   Papjnics,  a   Latin 

1  poet,  was    born  at  Naples,  a.d.  CI.      His 

[  principal  productions  are  two  epic  poems, 

1  the  "  Thebais,"  in   twelve  books,    and  the 

'  "  Achilleis,"  in  two  books,  which  he  left 

unfiuislied  at  his  death,  iu  his  35th  year. 

STAUNTON,  Sir  Geokoe  Leonahd,  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Galway,  in  Ireland, 
and  educated  at  Montpelier,  where  he  took 
his  medical  degree.  About  1702  he  went  to 
the  island  of  Grenada,  where  he  practised 
physic,  and  formed  an  intimacy  with  Lord 
Macartney,  the  governor,  who  made  him 
i  his  secretary,  and  whom  he  accompanied  to 
Madras,  where  he  displayed  his  talents  in 
I  treating  with  Tippoo  Saib,  and  in  seizing 
General  Stuart.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  created  a  baronet,  and,  in  17W), 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  When  Lord 
Macartney  was  selected  as  the  head  of  the 
intended  embassy  to  China,  Sir  George  was 
appointed  secretary  of  legation,  with  the 
title  of  envoy-extraordinary.  Of  that  mission, 
and  of  the  empire  and  people  of  China,  he 
published  an  interesting  account  in  1797,  2 
vols.  4to.     He  died  in  1801. 

STEBBING,  Henky,  a  learned  divine  and 
theological  writer.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  distinguished  himself  greatly 
in  the  Bangorian  controversy  ;  for  which 
Bishop  Sherlock  made  hirn  chancellor  of 
Salisbury.     Died,  1703. 

STEDMAN,  JoH.v  Gabkiel,  a  military 
officer  in  the  Dutch  service,  was  born  in 
Scotland,  in  1745.  He  was  the  author  of  an 
interesting  "  Narrative  of  an  Expedition 
against  the  revolted  Negroes  of  Surinam,"  in 
2  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Tiverton,  in  Devon- 
shire, in  1797. 

STEELE,  Sir  Richahd,  a  celebrated  es- 
sayist and  dramatic  writer,  was  a  native  of 
Dublin,  where  hia  father,  who  was  a  barrister, 


acted  in  the  capacity  of  secretary  to  the 
Duke  of  Ormond.  He  obtained  an  ensigncy 
in  the  guards  j  and  while  in  that  service 
wrote  a  little  treatise,  called  "The  Christian 
Hero,"  which  he  dedicated  to  Lord  Cutts, 
who  appointed  him  his  secretary,  and  pro- 
cured him  a  captain's  commission  in  the 
fusileers.  In  1702  he  commenced  dramatic 
writer,  in  his  comedy  of  "The  Funeral,  or 
Grief  ii-la-Mode,"  which  had  great  success. 
This  was  followed  by  "  The  Tender  Hus- 
band "  and  "  The  Lying  Lover."  In  1709 
he  began  the  "Tatler,"  a  periodical  paper 
under  the  name  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  and 
in  which  he  had  the  able  assistance  of  Addi- 
son, as  he  also  had  in  the  "  Spectator " 
and  "  Guardian  ;"  the  former  commenced 
in  1711,  and  the  latter  in  1713.  His  reputa- 
tion as  a  writer  procured  him  the  place  of 
commissioner  of  the  stamp  office,  which 
he  resigned  on  being  chosen  member  for 
Stockbridge,  but  was  expelled  the  house 
soon  after  for  writing  two  alleged  libels, 
under  the  titles  of  "  The  Englishman  "  and 
"  The  Crisis."  On  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  and 
was  appointed  surveyor  of  the  stables  at 
Hampton  Court,  and  governor  of  the  royal 
company  of  comedians.  He  was  also,  on 
the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  made  one 
of  the  commissioners  of  the  forfeited  estates 
in  Scotland.  In  1722  his  play  of  the  "  Con- 
scious Lovers  "  was  acted  with  great  success; 
and,  when  published,  was  dedicated  to  the 
king,  who  gave  the  author  500/.  ;  but  being 
always  engaged  in  some  unsuccessful  scheme 
or  other,  and  with  habits  both  benevolent 
and  lavish,  he  wasted  his  regular  income  in 
anticipation  of  a  greater,  until  absolute  dis- 
tress was  the  consequence.  A  paralytic 
attack  at  length  rendered  him  incapable  of 
literary  exertion  ;  and  he  retired  to  Llan- 
gunnor,  in  Caerma'rthenshire,  where  he  died, 
in  1729. 

STEEN,  Jan,  an  eminent  painter,  was 
born  at  Leyden,  in  1036.  One  of  his  masters 
was  Van  Goyen,  whose  daughter  he  married  ; 
but  Steen  proved  a  dissipated  character,  and 
totally  neglected  his  family.     Died,  1689. 

STEEN  WICK,  Henky,  a  Flemish  painter, 
was  born  in  1550,  and  died  in  1003. 

STEEVENS,  Geokoe,  a  celebrated  dra- 
matic commentator,  was  born  at  Stepney, 
in  1736  ;  and  was  educated  at  the  Grammar 
School,  Kingston,  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1700  he  published  20  of  Shak- 
speare's  plays,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  ;  and  in  1770 
his  notes  on  the  great  dramatist  were  incor- 
porated with  those  of  Johnson  in  10  vols.  8vo., 
and  afterwards  in  15  vols.  Mr.  Steeveus, 
who  was  an  elegant  scholar,  and  well  versed 
in  old  English  literature,  was  one  of  the 
contributors  to  Nichols's  Biographical  Anec- 
dotes of  Hogarth,  and  also  assisted  in  the 
Biographia  Dramatica.  He  died  at  Ilamp- 
stead,  in  1800. 

STEFFANI,  Agostixo,  an  Italian  pre- 
late, distinguished  also  as  a  musical  com- 
poser, was  bom  in  1055.  In  his  youth  he 
was  a  chorister  of  St.  Mark's,  at  Venice, 
where  a  German  nobleman  being  attracted 
by  the  sweetness  of  his  voice,  took  him  to 
Bavaria,  gave  him  a  classical  education,  and 
put  him  under  the  best  musicians.    After 


ste] 


^  0tio  Bnihtv^Kl  %ia^rn^\)v. 


[ste 


this  he  entered  into  orders,  and  at  last  became 
bishop  of  Spiga.     Died,  1730. 

STEFFENS,  Heinkich,  a  distinguished 
naturalist,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Stavanger,  in  Norway, 
1773  ;  studied  at  Copenhagen,  and  delivered 
lectures  at  Kiel  on  natural  liistory,  in  1796  ; 
and  was  successively  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  natural  history  in  Jena,  Haile,  Breslau, 
and  Berlin.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
German  war  of  liberation,  to  the  success  of 
which  he  largely  contributed,  not  merely  by 
his  personal  exertions  but  by  liis  spirit- 
stirring  harangues  in  support  of  the  national 
cause.  Among  his  chief  works  are  his 
"  Beitrage  zur  inneren  Naturgeschiclite  der 
Erde,"  "  GrundzUge  der  Philos.  Wissen- 
schaft,"  "  llandbuch  der  Oryktognosie," 
"  W^alseth  und  Leith,"  "  Die  Vier  Norwe- 
ger,"  and  an  interesting  autobiograpliical 
sketch,  entitled  "  Was  icli  erlebte,"  &c. 
Died,  1848. 

STEIN,  Heinrich  F.  Karl,  Baron  von, 
a  distinguished  Prussian  statesman,  was 
born  at  Nassau,  in  October,  17.57,  of  an  old 
noble  family,  whicli  held  immediately  of  the 
empire.  He  received  the  rudiments  of  liis 
education  at  Giittingen,  and  afterwards 
studied  public  law  at  Wetzlar,  tlie  seat  of 
the  imperial  chamber.  In  1780,  at  the  age 
of  23,  he  first  entered  tlie  civil  service  of 
Prussia,  to  which  he  had  been  early  destined 
by  his  father,  as  director  of  the  mines  at 
Wettin,  in  Westphalia  ;  and,  in  1784,  was 
appointed  ambassador  at  Aschaffenberg. 
Ilis  great  abilities  having  become  known  in 
these  situations,  he  was,  in  1780,  appointed 
to  the  important  situation  of  president  of  all 
the  Westplialian  chambers,  in  wliich  office 
he  laboured  assiduously  and  successfully 
till  1804.  In  that  year  he  was,  on  t.'ie  death 
of  Struensee,  minister  of  finance  and  trade, 
promoted  to  that  elevated  situation  ;  in 
which  capacity  he  remained  till  180(!,  when, 
on  account  of  some  differences  with  the 
king  of  Prussia,  as  to  the  course  to  be  pur- 
sued in  the  critical  circumstances  of  the 
monarchy,  he  resigned  his  office,  and  retired 
to  his  estates  at  Nassau.  The  king,  how- 
ever, was  80  well  aware  of  liis  abilities,  that 
he  recalled  him  soon  after  the  peace  of  Til- 
sit ;  and  it  was  then  that  he  planned  and 
executed  those  great,  yet  cautious,  social 
reforms,  which  laid  the  foundations  of  the 
resurrection  of  the  monarchy.  Ere  long, 
however,  his  patriotic  spirit  and  great  abili- 
ties excited  the  jealousy  of  Napoleon,  who 
made  the  king  of  Prussia  send  him  into 
exile.  He  retired  to  Prague,  where  he  re- 
mained, associating  much  with  Arndt,  the 
banished  Elector  of  Cassel,  and  otlier  vehe- 
ment enemies  of  Napoleon,  till  May  1812, 
when,  on  the  approach  of  the  French  em- 
peror to  Dresden  on  the  eve  of  the  Moscow 
campaign,  he  went  to  St.  Petersburgli,  where 
his  firmness  and  energy  were  of  great  ser- 
vice in  supporting  tlie  emperor  Alexander 
through  that  dreadful  crisis.  After  the 
occupation  of  Saxony  by  the  allied  forces, 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  central 
administration,  and  put  forth  all  his  ener- 
gies in  keeping  alive  the  patriotic  enthu- 
siasm which  displayed  itself  on  all  sides. 
But  the  principles  proclaimed  at  the  first 

800 


peace  of  Paris  did  not  meet  the  objects 
which  he  had  in  view  for  the  political  or- 
ganisation of  the  German  peojjle,  and  he 
withdrew  in  disappointment  to  his  estate, 
which  he  continued  to  cultivate  till  1827, 
when  he  once  more  briefly  appeared  on  the 
stage  of  politics.  Died,  1831.  His"Briefe 
an  den  Baron  von  Gagern"— a  name  since 
become  famous  throughout  Europe  —  have 
been  published. 

STELLA,  James,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  born  in  1506,  at  Lyons,  where  his  father 
gave  him  his  first  Instructions.  While  at 
Florence  he  was  patronised  by  the  grand- 
duke.  He  then  went  to  Rome,  where  lie 
spent  several  years,  and  on  his  return  to 
France  had  a  pension  granted  liim,  with 
apartments  in  the  Louvre.  He  there  painted 
several  excellent  pictures  for  the  king,  wlio 
lionoured  him  with  the  order  of  St.  Michael. 
Died,  1647. 

STENO,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  anato- 
mist, was  born  at  Copenhagen,  in  1638.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Bartholin  ;  and  afterwards 
travelled  into  Germany,  France,  and  Italy, 
where  he  abjured  the  Protestant  faith.  On 
his  return  home,  he  was  made  professor  of 
anatomy  ;  but  the  change  of  his  religion 
having  raised  him  enemies,  he  renounced 
his  medical  studies  for  the  church  ;  and  pope 
Innocent  XII.  consecrated  him  bishop,  in 
partibus,  of  Titopolis,  and  vicar  apostolic  in 
the  north  of  Europe.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  works,  medical  and  theological ;  and 
died  in  1687. 

STEPHANUS  BYZANTINUS,  or  Stk- 
PUEX  OF  BvzA.VTiUM,  an  able  Greek  gram- 
marian and  lexicographer,  who  lived  in  the 
6th  century. 

STEPHEN,  king  of  England,  the  son  of 
Stephen,  count  of  Blois,  by  Adela,  fourth 
daughter  of    William   the   Conqueror,  was 
born  in  1104.    On  the  death  of  Henry  I.  he 
immediately  came  over  from  Normandy  to 
England,  and  laid  claim  to  the  crown,  al- 
though he  had  been  one  of  the  most  zealous 
in  taking  the  oath  for  securing  the  succession 
to  Henry's  daughter,  the  empress  Matilda. 
By  the  aid  of  his  brother,  who  was  bishop  of 
Winchester,  he  possessed  himself  of  the  royal 
treasure,  and  was  enabled  to  bribe  some  of 
the  most  restive  of  his  opponents,  while  he 
sought  the  support  of  the  people  at  large  by 
promising  to  restore  the  laws  of  Edward  the 
Confessor.     After  a  war  with  the  Scots,  who 
were  finally  defeated  at  the  famous  battle  of 
the  Standard,  the  empress  Matilda  landed  in 
England    with    her    brother,    the    Earl    of 
Gloucester ;    and   being   joined    by  several  i 
powerful  barons,  a  civil  war  ensued,  which  j 
for  cruelty  and  devastation  proved  one  of 
the  most  calamitous  in  the  annals  of  the  ] 
country.      After  various   turns  of  fortune,  i 
Matilda  retired  to  Normandy,  and  the  con-  | 
test  was  carried  on  by  her  son,  Henry  Plan-  j 
tagenet,  who  in   1153   landed   an   army  in  ; 
England.     Being  joined   by   the  barons  of 
his  mother's  party,  the  competitors  met  at  j 
the  head  of  their  respective  forces  at  Wal-  : 
lingford  ;  but  an  armistice  took  place  instead  • 
of  a  battle  ;  by  which  it  was  agreed,  that 
Stephen   should  reign  during   his  lifetime, 
and  that  Henry  should  succeed  him.    In  the 
following  year  Stephen  died,  aged  49. 


ste] 


^  ^ftD  ^nitjtr^al  SBtflgraplbj!* 


[ste 


STEPHEN,  James,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  political  writer,  was  a  native  of  Poole, 
in  Dorsetshire,  received  his  education  at 
Winchester,  was  brought  up  as  a  barrister, 
and  became  parliamentary  reporter  for  the 
Morning  Chronicle.  He  at  length  obtained 
an  appointment  in  the  prize  court  at  the 
island  of  St.  Christopher's,  where  he  realised 
a  handsome  fortune  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
England  he  formed  a  matrimonial  alliance 
,  with  the  family  of  Mr.  Wilbei-force.  Having 
acquired,  while  abroad,  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  colonial  law,  he  now  obtained  a 
large  and  lucrative  share  of  practice  as  an 
advocate  in  prize  causes  before  the  privy 
council.  As  the  violation  of  territory  by 
tlie  masters  of  American  vessels  often  came 
under  his  notice,  he  published  his  senti- 
ments in  an  anonymous  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  War  in  Disguise,  or  the  Frauds  of  Neu- 
tral Flags  ;"  when  the  talents  and  views 
displayed  by  the  writer  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  government,  and  he  was  soon  after 
introduced  into  parliament  as  a  member 
for  Tralee.  He  suggested  and  arranged  the 
whole  system  of  the  continental  blockade, 
which  for  many  years  occasioned  the  greatest 
embarrassment  to  Buonaparte  ;  and  for  his 
services  the  minister  appointed  him  a  master 
in  chancery,  which  office  he  held  during 
20  years.  He  also  distinguished  himself, 
both  in  the  senate  and  by  his  pen,  as  the 
constant  friend  of  African  emancipation  ; 
and  was  regarded  by  the  West  India  planters 
as  their  most  formidable  antagonist.  Died, 
1832. 

STEPHENS,  or  ESTIENNE,  the  nome 
of  a  French  family  which  produced  many 

eminent  printers Robeut,  born  in  150.3, 

at  Paris,  devoted  himself  to  learned  studies. 
He  possessed  a  profound  knowledge  of  I/atin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,  as  the  works  edited  by 
him  in  those  languages  evince.  He  superin- 
tended an  edition  of  the  New  Testament, 
which  was  more  correct  and  of  a  more  con- 
venient form  than  any  which  had  appeared  ; 
and  he  is  honourably  distinguished  by  his 
excellent     "Thesaurus    Linguae    Latinae." 

Died,  1559. Henrv,   bom  at  Paris,  in 

1528,  was  distinguished  for  his  talents,  and 
devoted  himself  particularly  to  the  study  of 
Greek.  In  consequence  of  his  attachment  to 
the  reformed  doctrines,  his  peace  was  often 
disturbed,  and  his  labours  interrupted.  He 
was  a  most  learned  and  indefatigable  scholar, 
and  stands  pre-eminent  for  the  services  which 
he  rendered  to  the  cause  of  ancient  literature. 
Died,  1598. 

STEPHENS,  Alexaxder,  a  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  in  1757,  at  Elgin,  in 
Scotland;  studied  at  Aberdeen;  was  designed 
for  the  law,  but  quitted  it  for  literature,  and 
wrote,  or  contributed  to,  the  following 
works,  "A  History  of  the  War  of  the 
French  Revolution,"  "Memoirs  of  Home 
Tooke,"  "Public  Characters,"  "The Annual 
Obituary,"  the  "Monthly  Magazine,"  &c. 
Died,  1821. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  who  collected  and  published  a 
complete  edition  of  the  letters  of  Lord  Bacon, 
in  1702,  and  was  appointed  historiographer 
royal.    Died,  1732. 

STEPHENSON,   Gkobge,   whose   name 


will  be  for  ever  identified  with  the  greatest 
mechanical  revolution  eflfected  since  the 
days  of  Watt  —  the  application  of  steam  to 
railroads — was  born  near  Newcastle  in  1781. 
His  father  was  an  engine-tenter  at  a  colliery; 
and  he  himself  began  life  as  a  pit-engine 
boy  at  2il.  a  day's  wages.  A  lucky  accident 
having  given  him  anopportunity  of  showing 
some  skill,  he  was  advanced  to  the  office  of 
engineman.  He  was  afterwards  employed  in 
forming  railway  planes  and  engines  under 
ground,  and  all  his  leisure  time  was  spent  in 
working  out  the  great  problem,  which  he  at 
last  so  happily  solved.  His  first  attempt  to 
carry  out  his  design  was  at  Hetton  :  he  sub- 
sequentlj;  planned  the  line  between  Stockton 
and  Darlington  :  but  his  crowning  achieve- 
ment was  the  great  Manchester  and  Liver- 
pool line  ;  a  project  which,  despite  the  sar- 
casms and  incredulity  with  which  it  was 
assailed,  we  need  not  say  succeeded  beyond 
even  the  projector's  expectations.  Mr.  Ste- 
phenson's subsequent  career  was  as  rapid  and 
smooth  as  the  railway  locomotion  which  he 
had  done  so  much  to  realise.  He  at  once 
took  the  lead  in  railway  engineering,  be- 
came an  extensive  locomotive  manufacturer 
at  Newcastle,  a  railway  contractor,  and  a 
great  colliery  and  iron  work  owner  ;  but  he 
always  retained  the  manly  simplicity  of 
character  which  had  marked  hisearl^  career, 
and  his  memory  will  long  be  cherished  by 
all  who  appreciate  moral  worth  as  well  as 
mental  ability.  Died,  1848.  His  son.  Mr. 
Robert  Stephenson,  has  reaped  ample  laurels 
in  the  same  field  of  science. 

STEPNEY,  Geokok,  an  English  poet, 
statesman,  and  political  yriter  ;  born,  1663  ; 
died,  1707. 

STERLING,  John,  an  accomplished  critic 
and  essayist,  whose  promising  career  was 
broken  by  long-continued  illness,  and  at 
last  prematurely  closed,  was  born  at  Karnes 
Castle  in  the  isle  of  Bute,  1806,  where  his 
parents  happened  to  be  residing.  His  father, 
who  was  a  distinguished  political  writer, 
had  him  educated  chiefly  at  home.  In  1824 
he  went  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  had  Archdeacon  Hare  for  his 
classical  tutor  ;  and  a  year  later  he  entered 
Trinity  Hall  with  the  intention  of  graduat- 
ing in  law  ;  but  he  left  Cambridge  in  1827 
without  taking  a  degree,  and  during  the 
next  few  years  he  resided  chiefly  in  London, 
employing  himself  actively  in  literature, 
contributing  to  the  Athenaeum  and  other 
literary  journals,  and  preparing  himself,  in 
familiar  intercourse  with  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth, and  many  other  distinguished  persons, 
for  the  peculiar  career  he  had  marked  out 
for  his  exertions.  Soon  after  his  marriage 
in  1830,  he  was  forced  by  threatening  pul- 
monary symptoms  to  seek  a  temporary  home 
in  St.  Vincent,  where  his  family  held  some 
property.  He  returned  to  Europe  in  1832, 
and  after  much  thought  and  meditation  he 
was  ordained  a  deacon  of  the  English  church 
in  1834,  and  became  Archdeacon  Hare's 
curate  at  Herstmonceux.  But  his  constitu- 
tion soon  sunk  under  the  severe  pastoral 
duties  which  he  had  prescribed  for  himself; 
and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  travel- 
ling from  place  to  place  in  search  of  health, 
varied   by  inquiries  into  the  more   recent 


ste] 


^  ^cto  ^nibtv^aX  SSiaQrapl^i). 


[ste 


philosophical  and  religious  speculations  of 
Germany,  towards  which  he  began  to  show  a 
decided  bias,  and  in  contributing  to  Black- 
wood's Magazine,  the  London  and  West- 
minster Review,  &c.  varions  stories  and  cri- 
tiques, which  speak  no  less  for  his  ability 
and  originality  as  a  thinker,  than  for  his 
love  of  truth  and  liis  integrity  as  a  man. 
Died  at  Ventnor,  1844.  His  "Essays  and 
Tales  "  have  been  collected  by  Archdeacon 
Hare,  and  published  with  an  interesting 
memoir  ;  and  a  "  Sterling "  club  has  been 
formed  to  commemorate  his  many  excellent 
qualities  both  of  head  and  heart. 

STERXE,  Richard,  archbishop  of  York, 
was  born  at  Mansfield,  Nottinghamshire,  in 
ir.96.  He  was  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Eaud, 
whom  he  attended  on  the  scaffold  ;  suffered 
many  hardships  till  the  Restoration ;  but  was 
then  made  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  translated 
thence  to  York.  He  had  a  share  in  the  Poly- 
glott,  and  was  concerned  in  the  revisal  of 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.    Died,  1{588. 

STERNE,  Laukexce,  a  divine  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  of  a  very  singular  and 
original  cast,  was  a  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  born  in  1713,  at  Clonmel,  in 
Ireland,  where  his  father,  a  lieutenant  in 
the  army,  was  at  that  time  stationed.  He 
was  educated  at  a  school  near  Halifax,  and 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
liis  degree  of  M.A.  in  1740.  Having  entered 
into  orders,  his  uncle.  Dr.  Sterne,  a  wealthy 
pluralist,  presented  him  with  the  living  of 
Sutton,  to  which  were  afterwards  added  a 
prebend  at  York,  the  rectory  of  Stillington, 
and  the  curacy  of  Coxwold.  For  many  years 
he  was  little  known  beyond  the  vicinity  of 
his  pastoral  residences  ;  the  only  production 
of  his  pen  being  his  humorous  satire  upon 
a  greedy  church  dignitary  of  York,  entitled 
the  "  History  of  a  Watch  Coat."  In  1759 
appeared  the  first  2  vols,  of  his  celebrated 
" Tristram  Shandy,"  whicli  drew  upon  him 
praise  and  censure  of  every  kind,  and  became 
so  popular,  that  a  bookseller  engaged  for  its 
completion  on  very  lucrative  terms.  During 
the  intervals  of  the  publication  of  "  Ti  istram 
Shandy,"  he  published  3  vols,  of"  Sermons," 
with  his  own  comic  figure,  from  a  painting 
by  Reynolds,  at  the  head  of  them.  He  now 
spent  some  years  in  travelling  on  the  Con- 
tinent, and  in  1768  he  composed  his  "  Sen- 
timental Journey,"  which,  by  a  number  of 
pathetic  incidents,  and  vivid  strokes  of  na- 
tional and  characteristic  delineation,  is  ren- 
dered extremely  entertaining,  and  acquired 
a  more  general  reputation  than  even  its 
predecessor.  Having  come  to  London  to  see 
his  "  Sentimental  Journey "  through  the 
press,  he  was  seized  with  a  severe  illness, 
which  proved  fatal,  March  18.  1768.  That 
Sterne  possessed  a  fund  of  wit  and  humour, 
none  who  have  read  his  works  can  doubt ; 
but  his  occasional  indecencies  are  disgusting, 
and,  considering  his  clerical  character,  de- 
serve the  severest  reprehension. 

STERNHOLD,  Thomas,  a  poet,  was  bom 
in  Hampshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford  ;  after 
which  he  became  groom  of  the  robes  to  Henry 
VIII.  and  Edward  VI.  He  died  in  J.54i). 
Stenihold  versified  51  of  the  Psalms  ;  the 
remainder  were  the  productions  of  Hopkins, 
Norton,  and  others. 

802 


STEVENS.  Alexander,  an  able  English 
architect.  The  bridge  over  the  Liffey,  in 
Dublin,  the  locks  and  docks  on  the  grand 
canal  of  Ireland,  the  aqueduct  over  the  Lune 
at  Lancaster,  &c.,  are  anijjle  proofs  of  his 
professional  skill.    Died,  17dG. 

STEVENS,  Gkoroe  Alexander,  a  whim- 
sical and  eccentric  cliaracter,  was  born  in 
London,  and  brought  up  to  a  mechanical 
business,  which  he  quitted  to  become  a 
strolling  player.  He  wrote  a  novel,  called 
"  Tom  Fool ;"  "  The  Birth-day  Folly"  and 
"Religion,"  &c.  two  poems;  and  subse- 
quently invented  his  popular  entertainment, 
called  a  "  Lecture  on  Heads,"  a  prose  satire 
on  the  manners  of  the  times,  possessing  no 
small  portion  of  drollery.  Several  of  his 
songs,  including  "  The  Storm,"  have  also 
been  much  admired.    Died,  1784. 

STEVENS,  William  Barshaw,  a  divine 
and  poet,  was  born  at  Abingdon,  about  1755, 
and  died  in  1800.  Dr.  Stevens  was  the 
author  of  a  poem,  entitled  "Retirement," 
three  volumes  of  sermons,  &c. 

STEVENSON,  Sir  John  Andrew,  an 
eminent  musical  composer,  was  born  at 
Dublin,  in  1761.  At  10  years  of  age  he  was 
received  into  the  choir  school  of  Christchurcli, 
where  he  attained  the  elements  of  a  musical 
education,  and  soon  gave  promise  of  those 
abilities  for  which  he  was  afterwards  so  de- 
servedly celebrated.  In  connection  with 
Mr.  T.  Moore,  he  rescued  the  matchless  airs 
of  their  native  land  from  oblivion,  by  adapt- 
ing them  to  the  words  of  the  "  Irish  Melo- 
dies," and  enriching  the  accompaniments 
with  the  elaborate  graces  of  modern  science. 
He  also  produced  a  much-admired  oratorio, 
entitled  "  The  Thanksgiving,"  and  a  great 
variety  of  anthems,  glees,  &c.,  many  of  w  hich 
still  retain  their  popularity.     Died,  1833. 

STEVENSON,  John  Hall,  a  humorous 
poet  and  satirist,  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1718  ;  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ; 
became  intimate  with  Laurence  Sterne,  who 
describes  him  as  "  Eugenius  "  in  his  Tristram 
Shandy  ;  and  appears,  from  the  various  ac- 
counts that  are  given  of  him,  to  have  been 
the  very  kind  of  man  that  his  friend  pour- 
trays.  His  works  consist  of  "  Crazy  Tales," 
"  Fables  for  Grown  Gentlemen,"  "  I>yric 
Epistles,"  and  "  Moral  Tales."    Died,  1785. 

STEVIN,  or  STEVINUS,  Simon,  a  I  lem- 
ish  mathematician,  who  was  master  of  mathe- 
matics to  Prince  Maurice,  of  Nassau,  and  in- 
spector of  the  dykes  of  Holland.    Died,  1633. 

STEWART  DENHAM,  Sir  James,  a  wri- 
ter on  political  economy,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1713,  and  was  the  only  son  of  Sir 
James  Stewart,  of  Goosetrees,  solicitor- 
general  of  England  under  queen  Anne  and 
George  I.  He  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  and  became  an  advocate.  In 
1740  he  married  the  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Wemyss,  and  great  expectations  were  enter- 
tained of  his  rising  in  his  profession  ;  but 
these  were  disappointed  by  the  part  he  took 
in  the  Rebellion  of  1745.  In  that  last 
struggle  of  the  house  of  Stuart,  Sir  James 
co-operated  so  zealously  as  to  be  obliged  to 
go  into  exile.  In  1757  he  published,  at 
Frankfort,  his  "  Apologie  du  Sentiment  de 
Monsieur  le  Chevalier  Newton,  sur  I'An- 
cienne  Chronologic  des  Grecs."    Ten  years 


8TE] 


fl  iSit^  HuiberiSal  ^Btograjil^t). 


[STO 


after  this  he  was  restored  to  his  native 
country  and  the  estate  of  his  ancestors, 
where  he  died  in  178<).  Ilis  most  valuable 
work  is  entitled,  "  An  Inquiry  into  tlie  Prin- 
ciples of  Political  Economy,"  which  is,  how- 
ever, considerably  obscured  by  the  defects  of 
style.     Died.  1780. 

STEWART,  Matthew,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  born  at  Rothsay.in  tlie  isle 
of  Bute,  in  1717.  He  studied  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh,  under  Maclaurin,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  his  professorship ;  on  which 
occasion  he  published  his  "  General  Theo- 
rems." In  17(il  appeared  his  "  Tracts, 
Physical  and  Mathematical,"  in  which  he 
proposed  to  deduce  a  theory  of  the  moon, 
and  to  determine  the  sun's  distance  from 
the  earth.  lie  was  also  the  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Sun's  Distance,"  and  one 
entitled  "  Propositiones  more  Veterum  de- 
monstratse."    He  died  in  1785. 

STEWART,  Dloali),  au  eminent  philo- 
sopher and  metaphysician,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born,  in  17.^,  at  Edinburgh  j 
received  his  education  in  the  high  school  ; 
and,  in  1785,  became  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy at  the  university.  It  was  not  till 
1792  that  he  came  forward  as  an  author  :  he 
then  published  the  first  volume  of  the  "  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Human  Mind,"  which  was 
followed  by  "  Outliues  of  Moral  Philosophy," 
"  Philosophical  Essays,"  "  Memoirs  of  Adam 
Smith,  and  Drs.  Robinson  and  Reid,"  and 
"  Prefatory  Dissertations  to  the  Supplement 
of  the  EncylcopiEdia  Britannica."  He  en- 
joyed the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  ablest 
among  modern  philosophical  writers,  and  an 
amiable  man.  Died,  1828. 
I  STILES,  Ezra,  an  American  divine  and 
historian,  born  in  1727.  He  was  president 
of  Yale  College  ;  and,  among  other  works, 
publishefl  a  very  curious  "  History  of  Three 
of  the  Judges  of  King  Charles  I.,  Major- 
general  Whalley,  Major-general  Goffe,  and 
Colonel  Dixwell,  who,  at  the  Restoration, 
16C0,  fled  to  America,  and  were  secreted  iu 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  for  nearly 
Thirty  Years."    Died,  1795. 

STILICUO,  a  general  in  the  service  of 
Theodosius  the  Great,  whose  niece,  Serena, 
he  married.  After  quelling  an  invasion  of 
the  Goths,  and  suppressing  a  revolt  in 
Africa,  he  marched  against  Alaric,  whom 
he  signally  defeated  at  Pollentia.  He  sub- 
sequently, however,  entered  into  a  treaty 
with  him,  which  excited  the  suspicion  of 
Uonorius,  and  he  was  doomed  to  suifer  the 
death  of  a  traitor. 

STILL,  JoH.v,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
died  in  1C07.  He  is  the  reputed  author  of 
"  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,"  a  dramatic 
piece  of  low  humour,  very  characteristic  of 
the  manners  of  our  ancestors  in  that  day. 

STILLING,  Heisrich,  a  pseudonyme 
adopted  by  lleinrich  Jung  in  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  autobiographies  ever  written, 
was  born  at  Florenburg,  in  Nassau,  1740. 
His  fat)\er  was  a  tailor,  and  his  son  at  first 
followed  the  same  trade ;  but  his  great 
natural  abilities  soon  burst  through  the 
trammels  of  his  lowly  position,  and  after 
acquiring,  by  his  own  exertions,  considerable 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  of  medicine,  he  found 
means  to  proceed  to  the  university  of  Stras- 


burg,  where  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with 
such  ardour  and  success,  that  he  was  soon 
appointed  to  a  professor's  chair,  and  raised 
himself  to  eminence  both  by  his  ability  as 
a  lecturer  and  as  an  operator.  He  wrote 
several  novels,  the  best  of  which  are  "  Theo- 
bald," "  Herr  von  Morgenthau,"  "  Das  Heim- 
weh,"  &c.,  besides  several  medical  and  mine- 
ralogical  treatises  ;  but  his  name  is  chiefly 
connected  with  his  autobiography,  entitled 
"  Jugend-JUngling-jahre,  Wanderschaft  und 
Alter  von  lleinrich  Stilling,"  which,  it  may 
safely  be  said,  has  never  been  surpassed  in 
interest  and  fidelity.    Died,  1817. 

STILLINGFLEET,  Edward,  bishop  of 
Worcester,  a  prelate  of  great  learning  and 
piety,  was  born  at  Cranbourne,  in  Dorset- 
shire, in  IfiSo  ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  obtained  various  pre- 
ferments, among  which  were  the  archdea- 
conry of  London  and  the  deanery  of  St. 
Paul's ;  and  was  promoted  to  the  see  of 
Worcester  at  the  Revolution.  His  works, 
which  are  erudite,  pious,  and  philosophical, 
comprehend  the  "  Origines  Sacrse,"  a  ra- 
tional account  of  natural  and  revealed  reli- 
gion, still  held  in  high  esteem  for  its  powers 
of  argument  and  eloquence  ;  and  "  Origines 
Britannicie."    Died,  lt>99. 

STILLINGFIiEET,  Benjamin,  a  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  was  born  in-1702.  He 
obtained  the  appointment  of  barrack-master 
at  Kensington  ;  and  was  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Calendar  of  Flora,"  "Mis- 
cellaneous Tracts  in  Natural  History,"  and 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Principles  and  Power  of 
Harmonv."    Died,  1771. 

STILPO,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Megara, 
who  lived  about  300  b.  c.  He  acquired  so 
great  a  reputation  for  his  sagacity  and  virtue, 
that,  when  Demetrius  took  Megara,  he  for- 
bade any  one  to  injure  either  his  person  or 
property.  He  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
stoic  sect,  and  several  states  submitted  their 
disputes  to  his  judgment. 

STOB^US,  Joux,  a  Greek  writer  who 
lived  in  the  5th  century.  He  made  a  large 
collection  of  extracts  from  ancient  poets  and 
philosophers,  which  "  Excerpta  "  were  first 
printed  at  Venice  in  1536. 

STOCK.  Simon,  general  of  the  order  of 
Carmelites,  was  by  birth  an  Englishman, 
and  died  in  126.5.  He  is  celebrated  as  the 
institutor  of  the  Scapulary,  which  the  zealous 
Romanists  believe  he  received  from  the 
Virgin  Mary,  in  a  vision,  with  a  promise 
that  all  who  wore  it,  or  one  consecrated  like 
it,  should  be  sure  of  her  protection  in  every 
emergency. 

STOFFLET,  Nicholas,  a  French  royalist 
chief,  who  commanded  in  La  Vendee,  was 
born  in  1751,  at  Luneville.  In  1793  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  a  division  of  royalists, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  no  less  than 
150  actions  with  the  republicans.  He  was  at 
length  made  prisoner,  and  shot  at  Angers,  in 
179*5. 

STOLBERG,  Frederic  Lhopold,  Count, 
a  German,  distinguished  for  his  talents,  was 
born  in  1750,  at  Bramstedt,  in  Holstein ; 
was  educated  at  Halle  and  Gottingen  ;  was 
employed  in  various  negotiations  by  the 
Duke  of  Oldenburg  and  the  prince  regent  of 
Denmark  j  and  died  in  1819.    Uis  leisure 


STO] 


^  ^ebJ  ^nibtx&Kl  SSiosrapr)^. 


[STO 


was  dedicated  to  studj' :  he  translated  the 
Iliad  and  the  tragedies  of  iEschylus  ;  and 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Christian  Religion," 
15  vols.  ;  the  "  History  of  Alfred  the  Great," 
"  Travels  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy  ;"  odes,  satires,  dramas,  &c. 

STONE,  EiJMUNn,  an  eminent  matliema- 
tician,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  his  father 
being  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Argyle.  At 
the  age  of  18  he  was  discovered  by  that 
nobleman  reading  Newton's  Principia  ;  upon 
which  he  entered  into  conversation  with  him, 
and  learnt,  with  astonishment,  that  he  had 
been  self-instructed  in  arithmetic,  geometry, 
Latin,  and  French.  The  duke,  in  conse- 
quence, took  him  under  his  protection,  and 
placed  him  in  a  situation  to  pursue  his 
favourite  studies.  lie  produced  a  "  Mathe- 
matical Dictionary,"  "  Fluxions,"  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Euclid,  with  a  Life,"  "  Bion  on  Ma- 
thematical Instruments,"  &c.    Died,  1768. 

STONEHOUSE,  Sir  James,  a  physician 
and  divine,  was  born  in  Berkshire,  in  1716. 
After  practising  20  years  as  a  physician,  he 
entered  into  orders,  and  obtained  the  lec- 
tureship of  All  Saints',  Bristol.  He  was  for 
several  years  of  his  life  an  infidel,  and  even 
wrote  a  pamphlet  against  revealed  religion, 
which  readied  three  editions  ;  but,  by  read- 
ing Dr.  Doddridge's  Rise  and  Progress  of 
Religion,  he  was  converted.  He  succeeded  to 
the  title  of  baronet  in  1791,  and  died  at 
Bristol  in  179.5.  He  wrote  "  The  Sick  Man's 
Friend,"  and  other  religious  pamphlets. 

STORAGE,  Steph.vno,  a  favourite  mu- 
sician and  composer  for  the  English  theatre, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1763  ;  studied  in 
Italy,  and,  on  his  return,  was  appointed 
composer  to  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  His  music 
in  "The  Haunted  Tower,"  "Siege  of  Bel- 
grade," "  No  Song  no  Supper."  &c.,  as  well 
as  several  pieces  composed  for  the  Italian 
Opera,  were  well  received  by  the  public,  and 
are  still  in  high  repute  ;  his  compositions 
being  remarkable  for  their  spirit,  melody, 

and  brilliancy.     Died,  1796 His  sister, 

Anne  Selina  Storage,  was  an  accomplished 
singer  and  actress,  and  became  a  flrstrate 
favourite  in  her  profession.    Died,  1814. 

STORCH,  Heinrich  Frederic  von,  an 
eminent  political  economist,  was  born  at 
Riga,  1766,  studied  at  Jena  and  Heidelberg, 
and  on  the  advice  of  Count  Roumantzof  re- 
paired to  St.  Petersburgh,  where  he  entered 
on  a  brilliant  career  as  a  statist  and  political 
economist,  which  procured  for  him  at  once 
the  confidence  of  the  czar,  and  the  highest 
literary  honours  in  his  gift.  His  chief  works 
are,  his  "  Cours  d'Economie  Politique,"  6 
vols.  8vo.,  which  was  written  at  the  request 
of  the  emperor  Alexander  for  the  instruction 
of  his  brothers,  the  Grand-dukes  Nicolas 
and  Michel ;  and  his  "  Tableau  Historique 
et  Statistique  de  I'Empire  de  Russie  k  la  fin 
du  I8me  Sifecle,"  4  vols.  8vo.    Died,  1835. 

STORY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  judge 
and  juridical  writer,  better  known  as  Mr. 
Justice  Story,  was  born  at  ^larblehead  in 
Massachusetts,  1779 ;  studied  at  Harvard 
University,  where  he  took  his  degree  in 
1798  ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1801,  and 
soon  acquired  a  distinguished  reputation 
as  a  pleader.  After  representing  Salem 
in  the  state  legislature  for  four  years,  he 


8(H 


was  sent  to  Congress  in  1809,  where  his 
talents  as  a  forensic  debater  were  so  well 
appreciated,  that  in  1811  he  was  appointed 
associate  justice  in  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  In  this  capacity  he  dis- 
played a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  most 
intricate  questions  relating  to  international 
law,  and  earned  such  distinction  as  a  jurist, 
that  his  name  has  been  carried  far  beyond 
the  limits  of  his  native  land.  His  "  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Conflict  of  I..aws  "  is  looked 
upon  as  an  authority  in  every  state  in 
Europe.    Died,  1845. 

STOTHARD,  Thomas,  R.A.,  an  eminent 
English  artist,  was  born  in  London  in  1755  ; 
received  his  education  at  a  school  in  York- 
shire ;  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  calico- 
printer,  in  Spitalfields.  During  his  appren- 
ticeship he  showed  a  decided  taste  for  the 
painter's  art ;  and,  having  been  once  in- 
troduced, soon  found  ample  employment 
in  making  designs  for  the  booksellers.  So 
fertile  was  he  in  resources,  that  it  was  a 
matter  of  little  moment  to  him  what  the 
nature  of  the  subject  was  that  he  might  be 
required  to  illustrate  ;  whether  pastoral, 
historic,  humorous,  pathetic,  or  sublime  ; 
but  it  is  generally  allowed  that  his  fetes 
champetres  were  among  his  most  happy 
productions  ;  there  beauty,  joy,  serenity,  in- 
nocence, modesty,  and  loveliness  of  form  are 
all  combined.  It  is  said  that  the  designs 
made  by  Mr.  Stothard  exceed  5000  in  num- 
ber ;  it  is  difficult,  therefore,  to  select  from 
among  so  vast  a  stock  ;  but  perhaps  those 
which  particularly  claim  our  attention  are, 
"  The  Pilgrimage  to  Canterbury,"  "  The 
Wellington  Sliield,"  etched  by  the  artist 
himself ;  "  The  Four  Periods  of  a  Sailor's 
Life,"  and  "The  Flitch  of  Bacon."  To 
these  may  be  added  his  illustrations  of 
Milton,  Shakspeare,  Spenser,  Don  Quixote, 
the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  Bell's  British  Poets, 
Robinson  Crusoe,  Roger's  Italy.  &c.  Though 
during  the  latter  period  of  his  venerable 
life,  many  powerful  rivals  in  the  pictorial 
art  had  captivated  the  public  by  their  mas- 
terly productions,  and  thereby  thrown  a 
passing  shadow  over  his  well-earned  fame, 
yet  had  he  still  "  a  world  of  sweet  imagin- 
ings within,"  and  he  reached  an  octogenarian 
age  without  having  sustained  any  very  sen- 
sible diminution  of  his  long  and  lasting 
reputation.     He  died  in  1834. 

STOTHARD,  Charles  Alfred,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  1787.  He  ex- 
hibited at  an  early  age  a  great  fondness  for 
drawing,  which  ere  long  ripened  into  an 
enthusiastic  love  for  the  art ;  and  he  became 
particularly  celehrated  for  the  faithful  de- 
lineation of  ancient  costume.  In  1810  ap- 
peared his  admirable  picture  of  the  "  Death 
of  Richard  II.,"  and  in  the  same  year  he 
commenced  the  publication  of  his  "Monu- 
mental Effigies  of  Great  Britain."  He  was 
a  member  and  historical  draughtsman  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  by  whom  he  was 
deputed  to  take  drawings  from  the  famous 
tapestry  at  Bayeux,  in  Normandy  ;  and  in 
1819  he  also  made  a  series  of  drawings  from 
the  paintings  then  recently  discovered  on 
the  walls  of  the  paiijted  chamber  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  His  death  was  the  effect  of 
an  accident  while  engaged  in  his  professional 


STO] 


^  jJe&j  muCljenSal  38tOjirap!)i). 


[STR 


labours.  As  he  was  iu  the  act  of  tracing  the 
stained  glass  in  a  window  over  the  altar  of 
tlie  parisli  church  of  Bere  Ferrers  in  Devon- 
shire, the  ladder  on  wliich  he  was  standing 
gave  way,  and  he  was  instantaneously  killed, 
May  28.  1821. 

STOW,  Joim,  a  celebrated  antiquary,  was 
born  in  Comhill,  about  1525.  He  was  bred 
a  tailor,  but  began  early  to  study  the  an- 
tiquities of  his  country  ;  in  which  he  was 
encouraged  by  Archbishop  Parker  and  the 
Earl  of  Leicester.  His  first  work  was  the 
"  Summary  of  the  Chronicles  of  England  ;" 
which  he  enlarged  in  lUUO,  and  published 
I  under  the  title  of  "  Flores  Historiarum,  or 
I  Annals  of  this  Kingdom,  from  the  time  of 
the  Ancient  Britons."  In  1598  appeared  the 
first  edition  of  his  "  Survey  of  1/ondon."  In 
his  old  age  he  was  reduced  to  such  indi- 
gence, as  to  solicit  charity  by  means  of  a 
brief.    Died,  1005. 

STO  WELL,  William  Scott,  Lord,— 
son  of  W.  Scott,  a  mercliant  of  Newcastle, 
and  elder  brother  of  Lord  Eldon,  —  was  born 
at  Heworth,  Durham,  in  1745,  the  memorable 
year  of  the  rebellion  in  Scotland ;  from 
which  a  curious  incident  took  place,  not 
altogether  undeserving  of  notice  here.  New- 
castle, like  most  other  towns  in  the  north, 
was  at  that  time  in  full  expectation  of  re- 
ceiving a  visit  from  the  rebels ;  the  town 
walls  were  planted  with  cannon,  and  every 
practicable  measure  adopted  to  withstand  a 
siege.  Many  families  retired  into  the  country; 
and  it  was  desirable  that  Mrs.  Scott,  who 
was  then  far  advanced  in  pregnancy,  should 
be  removed  ;  but  egress  in  any  common  way 
was  next  to  impossible  :  her  residence  being 
in  Love  Lane,  a  narrow  street  adjoining  to 
the  public  quay,  and  the  town  wall  at  that 
time  ran  along  the  quay,  between  Love  Lane 
and  the  river  Tyne.  In  this  emergency  it 
was  contrived  to  let  her  down  in  a  clothes- 
basket,  from  the  top  of  the  wall  to  the  quay, 
where  a  boat  was  in  readiness  to  receive  her, 
and  by  wliich  she  was  conveyed  down  the 
river  to  Heworth,  a  village  about  three  miles 
distant,  where  she  soon  gave  birth  to  twins  — 
the  subject  of  this  article,  and  a  daughter 
named  Barbara.  Lord  Stowell  received  the 
first  rudiments  of  his  classical  education, 
with  his  brother,  the  Earl  of  Eldon,  at  the 
Newcastle  grammar-school,  and  completed 
it  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  University  College, 
and  in  his  20th  year  was  appointed  one  of 
the  tutors.  About  the  year  1776,  Mr.  Scott 
retired  from  the  tutorship  of  the  university, 
and  devoted  himself  to  severe  study  in  that 
branch  of  the  legal  profession  of  which  he 
afterwards  became  so  great  an  ornament. 
In  1779  he  took  the  degree  of  D.C.L.,  and 
soon  after  commenced  his  career  as  an  ad- 
vocate in  the  civil  law  courts.  Here  he  rose 
to  the  highest  eminence  with  unparalleled 
rapidity.  He  was  appointed  king's  advocate- 
general  in  1787  ;  shortly  after,  judge  of  the 
consistory  court,  vicar-  general  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Canterbury,  and  master  of  the 
faculties.  He  was  knighted  in  1788,  and 
in  1798  became  judge  of  the  high  court  of 
admiralty  and  a  privy-councillor.  In  1790 
he  entered  parliament  as  the  representative 
of  Downton,  and  in  the  following  year  had 

bOS 


the  honour  of  being  unanimously  elected  as 
member  for  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  which 
he  retained  till  the  coronation  of  George  IV., 
when  he  was  created  a  peer.  "  Devoting  his 
brilliant  talents  and  extraordinary  acumen 
to  the  noblest  branch  of  liis  profession  —  the 
study  of  international  law  —  and  living  in 
times  when  a  general  war  called  all  this 
knowledge  into  action,  his  decisions  have 
passed  into  precedents,  equal,  if  not  superior, 
in  authority,  to  those  of  the  venerable  fathers 
of  the  science,  Puffendorf,  Grotius,  Vattel, 
&c."  He  was  an  accomplished  scholar,  a 
profound  reasoner,  and  an  uncompromising 
supporter  of  our  most  venerable  institutions. 
Died.  Jan.  23.  1836. 

STRABO,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian 
and  geographer,  was  born  at  Amasia,  in 
Cappadocia,  about  19  a.d.,  and  travelled 
through  Greece,  Italy,  Egypt,  and  Asia, 
endeavouring  to  obtain  the  most  accurate 
information  in  regard  to  the  geography, 
statistics,  and  political  conditions  of  the 
countries  which  he  visited.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  His  great  geograiiliical 
work,  in  seventeen  books,  contains  a  full 
account  of  the  manners  and  governments  of 
different  people. 

STKADA,Famiani'S,  an  Italian  historian 
and  modern  Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Rome 
in  1572.  He  joined  the  society  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  l>ecame  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  Ro- 
man college,  where  he  resided  till  his  death, 
in  1649.  His  most  famous  works  are,  a 
"  History  of  the  Wars  in  the  Netherlands  " 
and  "  Prolusioiies  Academicae." 

STRAFFORD,     Thomas    Wen'Twokth, 
Earl  of,  an  eminent  statesman  and  minister,  ', 
was  born  in  London,  in  1593.     After  having 
travelled  on  the  Continent,  he  was  knighted, 
and  made  custos  rotulorum  of  the  west  ri- 
ding of  Yorkshire.    In  1G21  he  was  chosen 
to  represent  the  county  ;  and  for  some  years 
he  was  one  of  the  most  active  friends  of  the 
popular  cause.      He  was,  however,  gained  ' 
over   by    the  court   in    1628 ;   was  made  a 
viscount ;  and  in  1632  he  was  sent  over  to  j 
Ireland  as  lord  deputy.     During  his  seven 
years'  government  there  he  exercised  great  , 
severity ;   but  on  visiting  England  in  1639,  ' 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  title  of  earl  of 
Strafford  and  the  dignity  of  lord  lieutenant.  [ 
But  the  counsels  he  gave  to  his  royal  mas-  ' 
ter  were  un  suited  to  the  times,  and  caused 
his  speedy  downfall.    He  was  impeached  by  i 
tlie  Commons,  and  brought  to  trial  in  March, 
1641.    He  defended  himself  with  eloquence 
and  dignity  j   and  though  no  moral  doubt 
existed  of  his  crime,  the   legal   proof  was 
defective  :  his  enemies,  therefore,  in  order  to  | 
secure  their  victim,  resorted  to  a  bill  of  at-  I 
tainder ;    and   the  unhappy  nobleman,  no 
longer  supported  by  his  sovereign,  perished 
on  the  scnffuld.  May  12.  1641.  I 

STRANGE,  Sir  Robkut,  an  eminent  en-  \ 
graver,    was    born    in    one   of   tlie   Orkney 
islands,  in  1721.     He  first  studied  painting  ;  ' 
but  having  entered  into  the   army  of  the 
Pretender  in   1745,  he  for  a  time  lived  in 
concealment,  and  afterwards  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  of  Le  Bas,  a  ce-  j 
lebrated  landscape  engraver  ;    and,  on   set-  I 
tling  in  London,  he  applied  himself  to  his-  | 
torical  engraving,  in  which  he  arrived  at  1 


str] 


^  |!ef»  UnibtvSal  2Si0srap!)B. 


[str 


great  excellence.  In  1760  lie  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  tlie  aca- 
demies of  Rome,  Florence,  and  Bologna  ;  he 
was  knighted  in  1787,  and  died  in  1792. 

STRATO,  a  philosopher  of  Lampsacus, 
whose  tenets  approached  nearer  to  those  of 
the  materialists  of  modern  times  than  those 
of  any  of  the  ancient  sages.  He  flourished 
in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

STRAUCHIUS,  ^GiDius,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  controversialist,  born  at 
Wittemberg,  in  1032.  He  was  a  zealous 
Lutheran,  and  wrote  fiercely  against  the 
Calvinists  ;  he  is,  however,  better  known  as 
a  mathematician  than  a  polemic  ;  and  his 
"  Breviarum  Chronologicum  "  is  a  very  ex- 
cellent work.     Died,  1()82. 

STREATER,  Robekt,  an  English  pain- 
ter, excelling  in  history,  architecture,  and 
landscape.  At  the  Restoration,  he  was  made 
serjeant-paiuter  to  the  king.  Born,  1624  ; 
died,  1680. 

STRIGELIUS,  ViCTORiNUS,  a  German 
divine  of  the  16th  century,  who,  in  the  con- 
troversies at  that  time  going  on  between  the 
different  sects  of  reformers,  attached  himself 
to  Melanchthon  and  Luther,  and  displayed 
great  moderation  and  good  sense.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Scholiae  Ilistorieae,"  "  Epi- 
tome Doctrinae  de  primo  Motu,"  &c.  Born, 
1524  ;  died,  lo69. 

STROEMER,  M.\rtin,  an  astronomer 
and  natural  philosoplier,  born  in  1707,  at 
Upsal,  where  he  succeeded  Celsius.  Died, 
1770. 

STROGONOFF,  Count  Alexander  de, 
a  wealthy  Russian  nobleman.  He  was  pre- 
sident of  the  Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts  at 
St.  Petersburgh,  and  employed  his  riches 
in  patronising  the  arts  and  its  professors. 
Died.  1811. 

STROZZI,  Philip,  a  celebrated  Floren- 
tine patriot,  who  after  the  death  of  pope 
Clement  VII.  undertook  the  hazardous  en- 
terprise of  restoring  the  liberties  of  his 
country,  and  the  expulsion  of  Alessandro 
de'  Medici.  For  this  purpose  he  drew  over 
to  his  party  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  called  the 
younger,  who,  on  the  6th  of  January,  1537, 
assassinated  his  relation,  and  then  escaped 
to  Venice.  The  perpetration  of  this  crime 
did  not  answer  the  object  of  those  who  con- 
trived it ;  for  Cosmo  de'  Medici  succeeded  to 
the  government,  and  the  authority  of  that 
family  became  fully  established.  Having 
been  taken  prisoner,  and  apprehending  he 
should  be  put  to  the  torture  to  force  a  dis- 
closure of  his  accomplices,  he  resolved  to 
anticipate  the  trial  by  a  voluntary  death, 
and  finding  a  sword,  which  had  been  negli 
gently  left  in  the  apartment  by  one  of  his 
guards,  he  plunged  it  into  his  breast,  and 
immediately  expired.  This  event  took  place  I 
in  1.5.'W. 

STROZZI,  Peter,  son  of  the  preceding,  I 
having  with  tlie  rest  of  the  family  taken 
refuge  in  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of  field  t 
marshal,  and  signalised  himself  by  his  ser-  j 
vices,  both  by  land  and  sea.    In  1.H8  he  was  j 
sent  to  Scotland,  with  a  body  of  Italians,  I 
to  act  against  the  English  ;  and  in  1558  he 
contributed  to  the  capture  of  Calais  ;  but  in 
the  same  year  he  received  a  mortal  wound 
at  the  siege  of  Thiouville His  son  Philip 


proved  equally  valorous  as  the  rest  of  his 
family,  hut  his  end  was  unfortunote,  for 
when  wounded  in  a  figlit  with  the  Spanish 
fleet,  off  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  he  was 
thrown  overboard  alive  by  order  of  the  ad- 
miral, and  perished,  in  1582. 

STROZZI.  Several  poets  of  this  name 
may  be  mentioned.  Titus  and  Hercules, 
fatlier  and  son,  natives  of  Ferrara,  both  of 
wliom  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury.  GiULio  Strozzi,  who  distinguished 

himself  by  a  fine  poem  on  the  origin  of  the 
city  of  Venice,  entitled  "  Venetia  aedificata." 

Died,  1636 Also  Nicholas  Strozzi,  who 

died  in  1654.  He  was  the  author  of  two 
tragedies,  "  David  of  Trebizonde  "  and 
"  Conradus  ;"  also  "  Idylls,"  "  Sonnets,"  &c. 

STRUENSEE,  John  Frederic,  a  cele- 
brated political  character,  was  born  at 
Halle,  in  Saxonj',  in  1737.  He  was  brought 
up  to  medicine,  and  became  physician  to  the 
king  of  Denmark,  whom  he  accompanied  on 
his  tour  to  Germany,  France,  and  England. 
Soon  after  the  marriage  of  Christiern  VII. 
with  the  princess  Matilda  of  England, 
Struensee  became  a  decided  favourite  of  the 
yoimg  queen ;  and  after  a  long  course  of 
conflicts  and  court  intrigues,  Count  Bern- 
storff  and  the  other  ministers  of  Christiern 
were  obliged  to  yield  to  him  and  his  friend 
Count  Brandt.  Taking  advantage  of  the 
extreme  imbecility  of  the  monarch,  he  gra- 
dually contrived  to  direct  the  whole  affairs 
of  government.  This  at  length  roused  the 
jealousy  of  the  principal  nobility,  who,  aided 
by  the  young  queen's  mortal  enemy,  the 
queen-dowager,  entered  into  a  conspiracy 
to  destroy  him  and  his  party,  which  they 
effected  in  the  following  manner.  On  the 
night  of  the  16tli  of  Jan.  1772,  they  suddenly 
aroused  the  king  iu  his  bed,  and  making 
him  believe  that  his  life  was  in  danger,  ob- 
tained his  order  for  arresting  the  queen, 
Struensee,  Brandt,  and  all  their  adherents  ; 
and  the  result  was,  that  they  were  tried  and 
convicted  as  traitors  on  the  most  prepos- 
terous charges.  Struensee  and  Brandt  were 
beheaded  and  quartered  ;  and  the  queen, 
who  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  Cronen- 
burgh,  would  have  probably  shared  a  simi- 
lar fate,  had  not  a  British  fleet  appeared  in 
the  Baltic,  and  conveyed  her  to  Zell,  where 
she  died  in  1776. 

STRUTT,  Joseph,  an  artist  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  in  1749,  at  Springfield,  in 
Essex,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Ryland  the  en- 
graver. Uniting  the  study  of  antiquities 
with  the  practice  of  his  art,  he  published, 
in  1773,  his  work  entitled  the  "Regal  and 
Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of  England,"  con- 
taining representations  of  the  English 
monarchs,  from  Edward  the  Confessor  to 
Henry  VIII.  This  was  followed,  among 
other  works,  chiefly  of  an  antiquarian  cast, 
by  his  "  Biographical  Dictionary  of  En- 
gravers," in  2  volumes  ;  and  his  "  Complete 
View  of  the  Dresses  and  Habits  of  tlie  People 
of  England."  In  1801  he  published  his  last 
and  favourite  work,  entitled  the  "Sports 
and  Pastimes,"  &c.,  with  numerous  plates. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Queen  Hoo 
Hall,"  "Ancient  Times,"  and  "The  Test  of 
Guilt."     Died,  1802. 

STRUVE,  George  Adam,   an  eminent 


str] 


a  iJJetD  BnittvM  25i'03rap!)». 


[STU 


German  jurist,  bom  in  1C19,  was  first  coun- 
sellor of  tlie  city  of  Brunswick,  was  em- 
ployed in  several  important  affairs  by  the 
princes  of  Saxony,  and  wrote  some  able 
works  on  the  feudal  and  civil  law.  Died, 
1692. 

STRUVE,  BuRCiiARn  Gotthelf,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  learned  and  indefa- 
tigable German  bibliographer.  His  talents 
attracted  much  notice  at  Jena,  where  he 
lectured  on  pliiiosopliy,  antiquities,  &c.  His 
works  on  history,  law,  and  philosophy,  are 
numerous,  and  highly  esteemed.  Born,  1671 ; 
died,  17!W. 

8TRYPE,  JoHX,  an  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian and  biographer,  was  born  at  Stepney, 
In  1(543  •  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
and  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  and  en- 
joyed the  living  of  I^ow  I^ayton  in  Essex, 
60  years,  although  he  was  never  inducted. 
During  his  residence  at  this  place,  he  ap- 
plied diligently  to  the  study  of  English  his- 
!  tory,  and.  by  procuring  access  to  numerous 
'  collections  of  manuscripts,  was  enabled  to 
throw  more  light  upon  the  period  of  the 
Reformation  than  any  writer  who  went  Ije- 
fore  him.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Ecclesias- 
tical Monuments  "  3  vols,  folio  ;  "  Annals  of 
the  Reformation,"  4  vols,  folio ;  and  an 
augmented  edition  of  Stow's  Survey  of  Lon- 
don, 2  vols,  folio.  He  also  wrote  the  lives  of 
the  archbishops  Cranmer,  Parker,  Grindall, 
and  Whitgift  ;  and  those  of  Sir  John  Cheke, 
Sir  Thomas  Smith,  and  Bishop  Aj'lmer. 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  hie  was 
rector  of  Hackney,  where  he  died  in  1797, 
aged  94. 

STUART,  Damel,  an  able  political 
writer,  known  for  many  years  as  the  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Morning  Post  and  the 
Courier,  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  17(i6  ;  hut 
removed  to  London  when  a  mere  lad,  his 
brothers,  under  whose  care  he  was  placed, 
being  established  there  in  connection  with 
the  press.  Through  their  means  he  became 
acfiuainted  with  the  spirit  and  views  of  dif- 
ferent parties ;  and  in  1795  he  purchased 
several  shares  in  the  Morning  Post,  of  which 
he  ultimately  became  sole  proprietor  and 
editor.  His  success  was  rapid  and  flattering. 
His  own  ready  pen,  aided  by  that  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  James) 
Mackintosh,  Coleridge,  Southey.aud  Words- 
worth, raised  the  reputation  of  the  paper 
beyond  that  of  any  contemporary  journal. 
In  1803  he  sold  the  Morning  Post,  and  having 
become  joint  proprietor  of  the  Courier,  he 
increased  the  fame  of  this  journal  by  the 
same  sagacity,  industry,  and  talent,  tliat  had 
raised  the  other.  In  181()  he  retired  into 
private  life,  and  for  thirty  years  enjoyed  in 
easy  competence  tlie  fruits  of  the  labours  of 
an  active  life.     Died,  184G. 

STUART,  GiLBEKT,  an  eminent  historical 
writer,  was  born  at  Edinburgli,  in  1742,  and 
received  his  education  in  that  university. 
He  studied  jurisprudence,  but  became  an 
author  by  profession.  In  his  22iid  year,  he 
published  a  "  Dissertation  concerning  the 
Antiquity  of  the  British  Constitution  ;"  for 
which  he  was  complimented  with  the  degree 
of  LIj.D.  His  next  work  was  a  "  View  of 
Society  in  Europe  ;"  but  being  disappointed 
of  the  professorship  of  law  at  Edinburgh,  lie 


807 


removed  to  London,  and  became  a  writer  in 
the  Monthly  Review.  He  however  returned 
in  1773,  and  commenced  the  Edinburgh 
Magazine  and  Review,  which  was  discon- 
tinued in  1776.  Besides  the  works  before 
mentioned,  he  wrote  "The  History  of  Scot- 
land," a  '-History  of  the  Reformation  of 
Scotland,"  &c.  Dropsy,  brought  on  by  a 
life  of  intemperance,  caused  his  death  in 

STUART,  IlBNRV  Benedict  Maria  Cle- 
ment, cardinal  of  York,  younger  brother 
of  Charles  Edward,  the  Pretender,  and  the 
last  deiicendant  of  the  royal  line  of  the 
Stuarts,  was  bom  at  Rome,  in  1725.  When 
the  last  grand  effort  for  the  restoration  of 
his  family  in  1745  proved  abortive,  he  took 
orders,  and  in  1747  pope  Benedict  XIV. 
raised  him  to  the  purple.  The  extraordinary 
•vents  arising  out  of  tlie  French  revolution 
had  the  effect  of  making  the  cardinal  depend- 
ant on  the  bounty  of  the  king  of  England  ; 
for  having  been  obliged  to  flee  to  Venice  when 
the  French  invaded  Italy,  he  was  indebted 
for  his  support  to  a  pension  from  the  English 
court.     Died,  1807. 

STUART.James,  commonly  called  Athe- 
nian Stuakt,  a  celebrated  traveller,  an- 
tiquary, and  delineator  of  Athenian  archi- 
tecture, was  born  in  London,  in  1713.  lie 
originally  gained  his  livelihood  by  painting 
fans  ;  but  having  made  himself  master  of 
Greek,  Latin,  and  the  mathematics,  he 
travelled  to  Italy  on  foot,  and  afterwards 
visited  Athens,  in  company  with  Nicholas 
Revett,  a  skilful  architect,  where  they  em- 
ployed themselves  in  making  drawings  of 
the  architectural  relics  which  have  escaped 
the  ravages  of  time  and  violence.  On  his 
return  to  England,  he  became  eminent  as 
an  architect,  and  was  appointed  surveyor 
to  Greenwich  Hospital  ;  became  F.R.S.  and 
F.S.  A.,  and  published  the  result  of  his  foreign 
labours  in  a  valuable  work,  entitled  "  The 
Antiquities  of  Athens,"  4  vols,  folio.  Died, 
1788. 

STUART,  James,  of  Duncara,  whose 
name  will  be  long  remembered  in  social  and 
political  circles,  was  a  scion  of  the  noble 
house  of  Moray,  and  was  born  1 776.  He  was 
bred  to  the  legal  profession,  and  became  a 
writer  to  the  signet  in  1798.  But  with  great 
aptitude  for  business,  he  became  engrossed 
in  political  engagements,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  vigour,  the  decision,  and  the 
boldness  with  which  he  maintained  Whig 
principles  in  opposition  to  what  was  then 
called  the  "dynasty  of  Dundas  "  in  Scot- 
land. In  consequence  of  his  prominent 
position,  he  became  exposed  to  unsparing 
invective  from  his  political  opponents  ;  and 
certain  truculent  pasquina<les  reflecting 
on  his  honour  and  courage  having  been 
traced  to  Sir  A.  Boswell,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Johnson's  biographer,  Mr.  Stuart  saw  him- 
self compelled  to  demand  satisfaction.  Sir 
Alexander  having  refused  all  apology,  the 
parties  met  near  Auchtertool,  in  Fife,  March 
26.  1822,  accompanied  respectively  by  the 
Honourable  John  Douglas  and  the  late 
Earl  of  Rosslyn,  when  the  baronet  received 
a  shot  in  the  neck,  which  next  day  caused 
his  death.  Mr.  Stuart  afterwards  stood  his 
trial  for  murder  before  the  high  court  of 


STU] 


^  i^ehj  ^afuibrr^al  3Stcgrai)f)y. 


[STU 


justiciary,  and  was  honourably  acquitted. 
After  his  triumphant  acquittal,  he  diversified 
his  professional  pursuits  witli  experiments 
in  farming  and  commercial  speculations, 
which  in  the  year  1825  proved  so  disastrous 
as  to  compel  him  to  embark  for  America. 
There  he  resided  for  tliree  years  ;  and  on 
his  return  to  England  he  published  an 
account  of  his  travels  in  the  United  States, 
■which  enjoyed  great  success.  Soon  after  the 
publication  of  that  work,  he  «indertook  the 
editorship  of  the  Courier  newspaiier,  and 
when  Lord  Melbourne  became  premier  in 
1835,  he  was  rewarded  for  his  devotion  to  the 
Whig  cause  with  the  office  of  inspector  of 
factories,  which  lie  held  till  his  death.  He 
was  also  chairman  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Assurance  Company.  In  bearing  and  man- 
ners, Mr.  Stuart  was  a  perfect  gentleman. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  and  his  eminent  social  qualities 
procured  him  a  hearty  welcome  wherever 
he  appeared.  Died,  1849,  preserving  to  the 
last  the  character  of  a  staunch  partisan,  a 
warm  friend,  and  an  honourable  man. 
,  STUART,  Joux,  A.M.,  F.R.S.  A.,  an  anti- 
quarian writer,  and  professor  of  Greek  in 
Marisclial  College,  Aberdeen,  was  born  at 
Castleton,  Kincardine,  in  1751.  He  was  the 
youngest  sou  of  John  Stuart,  of  Inchbrick, 
M.  D.,  and  lineally  descended  from  Walter 
Stuart  of  Morphie,  in  the  Mearns,  whose 
grandfather  Murdoch,  duke  of  Albany,  was 
grandson  of  Robert  the  Second,  by  Elizabeth 
JIure  of  Rowallan.  lie  was  a  profound 
antiquarian,  especially  on  all  subjects  con- 
nected with  Scottish  history,  and  was  tlie 
friend  and  correspondent  of  Pinkerton,  Clial- 
mers,  Jamieson,  Generals  Ilutton,  Ray,  &c. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  "  Account  of  Maris- 
chal  College  and  University,"  published  in 
Sir  John  Sinclair's  Statistical  Account  of 
Scotland;  "  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Dr.  Duncan 
Liddel,"  Aberdeen,  1790 ;  and  antiquarian 
essays  communicated  to  the  Royal  Anti- 
quarian Society  of  Scotland,  consisting  of 
"  Observations  upon  the  various  Accounts  of 
the  Progress  of  the  Roman  Arms  in  Scot- 
land," and  "  An  Account  of  the  Sculptured 
Pillars  in  the  Northern  Counties  of  Scot- 
land."   Died,  1827. 

STUBBS,  Geoi!GE,  a  painter,  was  born 
at  Liverpool,  in  1724  ;  studied  at  Rome  ; 
and,  on  his  return,  settled  in  London,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  painter  of 
animals,  particularly  horses.  He  was  an 
associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  and  pub- 
lished "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Horse,"  and 
a  "  Comparative  Anatomical  Exposition  of 
the  Structure  of  the  Human  Body,  with  that 
of  a  Tiger  and  a  Common  Fowl."  Died, 
1806. 

STUBBS,  or  STUBBE,  Joufr,  a  spirited 
lawyer  and  celebrated  political  writer,  was 
born  about  1541,  and  educated  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Lincoln's  lun.  When  the  Duke 
of  Anjou  became  a  suitor  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth, Stubbs,  who  had  become  a  Puritan, 
published  a  pamphlet  against  the  alliance, 
entitled  "  The  Discovery  of  a  gaping  Gulph, 
wherein  England  is  likely  to  be  swallowed 
up  by  another  French  Marriage."  For  this 
he  waa  condemned  to  have  his  right  hand 


cut  off;  and  when  the  barbarous  sentence 
was  executed,  Stubbs,  with  amazing  forti- 
tude, took  off  his  cap  with  liis  left  hand,  and 
cried  "  God  save  the  queen." 

STUKELEY,  William,  a  celebrated 
English  antiquary,  was  born  at  Holbeach, 
in  Lincolnshire,  in  1()87  ;  was  educated  at 
Bene't  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  devoted 
his  time  principally  to  medical  studies, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.  B.  He  then 
settled  at  Boston,  but  removed  to  London 
in  1717,  and  in  1720  was  admitted  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Ph3'sicians.  In  1726  he 
went  to  reside  at  Grantham,  where  he  ac- 
quired great  reputation  as  a  medical  prac- 
titioner ;  but  repeated  attacks  of  the  gout 
induced  him  to  relinquish  his  profession  and 
enter  into  holy  orders ;  and  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  All  Saints,  in  Stam- 
ford. In  1747  the  Duke  of  Montague  gave  him 
the  rectory  of  St.  George  the  Martyr,  Queen 
Square,  where  he  died,  1765.  Dr.  Stukeley 
pursued  his  antiquarian  researches  with  an 
unusual  degree  of  spirit  and  enthusiasm, 
and  he  made  important  accessions  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  earlj'  monuments  of  human 
art  and  industry  belonging  to  our  native 
country.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Itinera- 
rium  Curiosum  ;  or  an  Account  of  the  An- 
tiquities and  Curiosities  of  Great  Britain," 
2  vols,  folio  ;  "  Palaeographia  Sacra  ;  or  Dis- 
courses on  the  Monuments  of  Antiquity, 
that  relate  to  Sacred  History,"  4to.  ;  "An 
Account  of  Stonehenge,"  folio  ;  "Palaeogra- 
phia Britannica,"  4to. ;  "  The  History  of 
Carausius,"  2  vols.  4to.  &c. 

STURGEON,  William,  whose  career  pre- 
sents a  remarkable  illustration  of  the  suc- 
cessful pursuit  of  knowledge  under  difficul- 
ties, was  born  at  Whittingtou, in  Lancashire, 
1783,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker. 
In  1802  he  entered  the  Westmoreland  mi- 
litia ;  and  two  years  later  he  enlisted  in  the 
royal  artillery,  in  which  corps  he  remained 
about  20  years.  While  in  this  corps  he 
devoted  his  leisure  to  scientific  studies,  and 
appears  to  have  made  himself  familiar  with 
all  the  great  facts  of  electricity  and  magnet- 
ism, which  were  then  opening  to  the  world. 
His  earliest  essays  on  electro-magnetism 
appeared  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine  in 
1823  and  1824.  In  1825  he  published,  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  the 
description  of  a  complete  set  of  novel  electro- 
magnetic apparatus  ;  and  the  Society  of  Arts 
testified  their  sense  of  the  importance  of  this 
contribution  by  awarding  to  its  author  their 
large  silver  medal,  with  a  purse  of  30  guineas. 
He  continued  to  furnish  contributions  to 
the  Philosophical  Magazine  from  time  to 
time  ;  and  in  1830  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  "Experimental  Researches  in  Elec- 
tro-Magnetism, Galvanism,"&c.,  comprising 
an  extensive  series  of  original  experiments, 
and  exhibiting  an  improvement  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  positive  plates  of  the  galvanic 
apparatus,  which  has  not  yet  been  superseded. 
In  1836,  Mr.  Sturgeon  communicated  a  paper 
to  the  Royal  Society,  which  contains  the 
description  of  a  perfectly  original  magnetic 
electrical  machine,  in  which  a  most  inge- 
nious contrivance  was  adopted  for  uniting 
the  reciprocating  electric  currents,  develope<l 
so  as  to  give  them  one  uniform  direction. 


8TD] 


^  ^rtt)  BnibcrSal  33i0grajp!)i). 


[sue 


In  the  same  year,  the  great  industry  of  Mr. 
Sturgeon  was  rewarded  by  two  other  im- 
portant inventions.  The  first  of  these  was 
tliat  of  the  electro-magnetic  coil  machine, 
an  instrument  devised  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  a  succession  of  electric  shocks  in 
medical  treatment,  and  which  has  been 
generally  preferred  by  medical  men  to  all 
others  intended  for  similar  purposes.  The 
other  waa  an  electro- magnetic  engine,  for 
giving  motion  to  machinery.  Besides  these 
works,  Mr.  Sturgeon  edited  the  "  Annals  of 
Electricity,  Magnetism,  and  Chemistry  ; " 
and  published  a  treatise  on  electricity  and 
galvanism  ;  and  one  of  his  last  works  was 
the  publication,  in  a  collected  form,  of  his 
numerous  philosophical  memoirs,  in  one  vol. 

4to Soon  after  he  left  the  army  he  was 

appointed  to  the  chair  of  experimental  phi- 
losophy in  the  Honourable  East  In<lia  Com- 
pany's Military  Academy  at  Addiscombe, 
which  he  filled  for  many  years  with  great 
credit.  In  1842  he  became  superintendant 
of  the  Victoria  Gallery  of  practical  science 
at  Manchester  ;  but  this  institution  was  soon 
afterwarils  discontinued  ;  and  this  able  ex- 
perimentalist saw  himself,  in  the  decline  of 
life,  overwhelmed  with  difficulties,  which, 
however,  were  to  a  small  extent  mitigated 
by  a  government  pension  of  r>Ol.  a  year, 
awarded  to  him  in  1849.     Died,  18-.0. 

S  TUKGES,  John,  a  divine  and  tlieological 
writer,  chancellor  of  the  diocese  and  jire- 
bendary  of  Winchester  ;  of  which  cathedral 
I  chapter  he  was  for  nearly  half  a  century,  a 
useful  and  distinguished  member.  He  pub- 
lished "Considerations  on  the  present  State 
of  the  Church  Establishment,"  "Discourses 
on  the  Evidence  of  Natural  and  Revealed 
Religion,"  &c.  ;  but  lie  acquired  his  chief 
literary  notoriety  by  his  controversy  with 
the  polemical  historian  of  Winchester,  Dr. 
Milncr,  who  rei)lied  to  his  objections  in  his 
well-known  "I^etters  to  a  Prebendary." 
Dr.  Sturges  died  at  Alverstoke,  Hants,  in 
1807,  and  was  buried  iu  Winchester  ca- 
thedral. 

STURM,      CUKISTOPHER      CUKISTIAN,      a 

German  divine,  born  at  Augsburg.,  in  1740. 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  "  Re- 
flections on  the  Works  of  God,"  which  has 
been  frequently  reprinted  in  England  and 
other  countries,  as  well  as  in  his  own.  He 
also  published  "  Morning  Converse  with 
God,  for  every  Day  in  the  Year,"  &c.  Died, 
178(5. 

STITRMIUS,  JoHjr,  whose  learning  ac- 
qiiired  him  the  name  of  the  "  German  Ci- 
cero," was  born  in  1507,  at  Sleidan,  near 
Cologne.  His  talents  were  not  confined  to 
mere  scholastic  learning,  but  well  adapted 
to  politics  and  the  business  of  life,  of  which 
he  gave  many  striking  proofs.  He  formed 
an  academy  at  Strasburg  in  1537  ;  and  such 
was  his  fame,  that  the  emperor  Maximilian 
II.  was  induced  to  raise  it  to  an  university 
in  irAid,  of  which  Sturmius  was  the  first 
rector.  He  was  the  author  of  several  original 
works  and  translations  from  classic  authors. 

Died,   1.589 There    were    several   other 

ingenious  scholars  of  tliis  name,  among 
whom  should  be  noticed,  John  Ciiuistopiiek 
8TPKMIII.S,  author  of  "Mathesis  Juvenilis," 
2  vols.  ;  "  Physicae  Modernx  Compendium," 


"  Prtelecliones  Academicae,"  &c.  He  died 
at  Altdorf,  in  1703,  leaving  a  son,  Lkonahd 
Chkistopher  STUK.Mirs,  who  was  a  cele- 
brated engineer,  and  the  author  of  a  "  Com- 
plete Course  of  Architecture,"  16  vols.  Died, 
1719. 

STURT,  John,  an  engraver,  was  bom  in 
Ivondon,  in  IG-W.  He  is  principally  cele- 
brated for  the  extraordinary  minuteness  and 
beauty  of  his  letters.  The  most  curious  of 
his  works  is  the  "  Book  of  Common  Prayer," 
which  he  executed  on  silver  plates.  Each 
page  is  headed  with  a  vignette,  and  prefixed 
to  the  book  is  a  portrait  of  George  I.,  the 
lines  of  the  face  being  expressed  by  writing 
so  small,  as  scarcely  to  be  read  with  a  mag- 
nifying glass.  This  writing  consists  of  the 
Lord's  prayer,  the  decalogue,  the  prayers 
for  the  royal  family,  and  the  21st  psalm. 
Died,  1730. 

SUARD,  JoHK  Baptist  AKTUomr,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Besan^on,  in 
1733.  He  acquired  considerable  reputation 
as  the  editor  of  the  Journal  de  Paris,  and 
other  political  publications.  He  also  wrote 
a  "Life  of  Tasso,"  ond  contributed  largely 
to  the  Biographic  Universelle.    Died,  1817. 

SUAREZ,  Francis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was 
born  at  Grenada,  in  1.548  ;  was  appointed 
professor  at  Coimbra,  by  Philip  II. ;  and 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1617.  His  "Treatise  on 
Laws  "  has  been  highly  esteemed  ;  but  his 
"  Defensio  Catholicae,"  written  in  obedience 
to  the  papal  command,  against  the  English 
reformation,  was  burnt  at  St.  Paul's  by 
order  of  James  I. 

SUBTERMANS,  Jcstu-s,  a  portrait  and 
historical  pointer  of  Antwerp,  who  died  in 
1681. 

SUCHET,  Louis  Gabkiel,  duke  of  Al- 
bufera,  a  brave  and  skilful  French  general, 
was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1772,  and  entered  the 
army  as  a  volunteer.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  Italy  and  Switzerland  on  numerous  oc- 
casions ;  and,  before  the  end  of  the  year  1800, 
he  had  attained  the  rank  of  major-general. 
The  battles  of  Marengo  and  Austerlitz  added 
to  his  fame  ;  and  in  1808  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  troops  in  the  south- 
east of  Spain,  which  he  retained  till  the 
French  were  expelled  from  the  Peninsula. 
During  that  period  he  displayed  great  know- 
ledge of  the  art  of  war,  and  his  services  were 
rewarded  with  the  rank  of  marshal  and  a 
dukedom.  On  Napoleon's  return  from  Elba, 
the  frontiers  of  Savoy  were  intrusted  to  his 
defence.    Died,  1826. 

SUCKLING,  Sir  John,  a  poet  and  cour- 
tier, was  born  at  Whitton,  in  Middlesex,  in  | 
1609.     His  father,  who  was  comptroller  of  i 
the  royal  household,  sent  him  early  on  his 
travels,  and  he  served  a  campaign  in  the 
army  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.     On  his  re-  | 
turn  he  acquired  reputation  as  a  wit  and  a  j 
dramatist ;    and,  at    the  beginning  of  the  j 
Scotch  rebellion,  he  raised  a  troop  of  horse  ' 
for  the  king's  service,  but  their  conduct  in  I 
the    field    disgraced    both    themselves    and  I 
their  commander.    An  abortive  attempt  to  i 
effect  the  escape  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  j 
confined  in  the  Tower  under  articles  of  im- 
peachment from  the  Commons,  implicated 
Sir  John  so  seriously,  that  he  thought  it 
advisable  to  retire  to  France,  where  he  died  I 


sue] 


^  iJ^ciD  UnibtY^al  23i0(p:ap^L'« 


[SUL 


in  1641.  His  writings  consist  of  letters, 
plays,  and  poems  ;  the  last  of  wliicli  have 
obtained  a  place  in  standard  collections. 

SUETONIUS,  Caius  Tkanquillus,  a 
Latin  historian,  who  lived  in  the  Ist  and  2nd 
centuries  of  the  Christian  era.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  advocate,  obtained 
the  tribuneship  through  the  iniluence  of 
Pliny  tlie  Younger,  and  was  appointed  se- 
cretary to  the  emperor  Adrian.  His  "  Lives 
of  the  Twelve  Cajsars,"  and  "Notices  of 
celebrated  Grammarians,  Rhetoricians,  and 
Poets,"  are  extant,  and  still  held  iu  high 
esteem. 

SUETONIUS  PAUI.INUS,  a  celebrated 
Roman  general,  who  distinguished  liimself 
in  the  year  37,  by  reducing  the  revolted 
Mauritanians.  In  59  he  was  appointed  to 
the  government  of  Britain,  and  was  the  ge- 
neral who  vanquished  the  troops  of  the 
heroic  Boadieea. 

SUETT,  Richard,  a  celebrated  comic 
actor,  excelling  in  ludicrous  comedj'  and 
broad  farce.  He  was  a  native  of  London, 
trod  the  boards  of  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
while  a  mere  youth  ;  and,  after  improving 
himself  at  York  and  other  places,  made  his 
debat,  in  1781,  at  Drury  Lane,  where  he 
became  a  general  favourite.     Died,  1805. 

SUGER,  the  Abbt',  a  celebrated  French 
statesman,  was  born  at  Touri,  in  Beauce, 
in  1082.  He  was,  successively,  minister  of 
state  to  Louis  VII.  and  Louis  le  Gros  ;  and 
in  1122  was  made  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  though 
he  still  continued  to  act  in  his  political  cha- 
racter.    Died,  1152. 

SUIDAS,  a  Greek  writer,  supposed  to  have 
lived  in  the  10th  century,  was  the  compiler 
of  a  lexicon,  which  is  valuable  for  the  frag- 
ments it  contains  of  many  lost  works,  and 
the  information  it  gives  respecting  the 
authors. 

SULIVAN,  Sir  Richard  Joseph,  hart., 
was  born  in  Ireland,  and  sent  out  to  India 
early  in  life,  through  the  patronage  of  his 
relation,  Laurence  Sulivan,  at  that  time 
chairman  of  the  East  India  Compaiiy.  On 
his  return  he  made  a  tour  through  Ireland, 
Scotland,  and  Wales  ;  of  which  he  gave  an 
account  in  a  series  of  letters,  in  2  vols.  He 
also  wrote  an  "  Analysis  of  the  Political 
History  of  India,"  "  Philosophical  Rhap- 
sodies, being  Fragments  of  Ak her  of  Betlis," 
&c.  ;  but  his  most  important  work  was,  "  A 
View  of  Nature,  in  Letters  to  a  Traveller 
among  the  Alps,"  6  vols.  He  was  returned 
M.  P.  for  New  Romney,  in  1790,  and  for 
Seaford,  in  1802  ;  was  made  a  baronet  in  1804, 
and  died  in  180(5. 

SULLIVAN,  John,  an  American  general, 
who  served  with  reputation  in  the  repub- 
lican army  at  the  battles  of  Brandywine 
and  Germantown,  in  1777  and  1778,  and 
subsequently  against  the  Indians  ;  but  was 
deprived  of  his  command,  on  a  charge  of 
peculation,  and  lived  in  retirement  till  1788, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  congress, 
and  was  afterwards  judge  of  New  Hampshire. 
Born.  1741  ;  died,  1795. 

SULLIVAN,  James,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  successively  justice,  attorney- 
general,  and  governor  of  the  province  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  for  many  years 
president  of  the  liistorical  society  of  Mas- 

810 


sachusetts  ;  and  was  the  author  of  "  Observ- 
ations on  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  of  America,"  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Constitutional  Liberty  of  the  Press,"  &c. 
Died,  1808. 

SULLY,  Maximit.ian  de  Bethunk,  Duke 
of,  a  celebrated  French  statesman  and  war- 
rior, was  born  at  the  castle  of  Rosny,  in  1559, 
and  educated  iu  the  Protestant  faith.  At 
an  early  age  he  was  placed  about  the  person 
of  the  king  of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry 
IV.,  to  whom  he  e^r  continued  to  be  firmly 
attached.  While  at  Paris  with  the  prince, 
he  narrowly  escaped  being  one  of  the  victims 
of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  having 
been  preserved  by  the  president  of  the  col- 
lege of  Burgundy,  who  concealed  him  for 
tiiree  days.  In  tlie  service  of  the  young 
king  of  Navarre,  the  Baron  de  Rosny,  as  he 
was  then  styled,  distinguished  himself  on 
several  occasions  by  a  bravery  approaching 
to  rashness.  But  his  abilities  as  a  diplo- 
matist and  financier  were  no  less  remark- 
able. In  1586  he  concluded  a  treaty  with 
the  Swiss,  for  a  supply  of  20,000  troops  for  his 
master's  service  ;  in  1597  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  department  of  finance  ;  and, 
two  years  afterwards,  he  was  declared  super- 
intendant.  About  the  same  time  he  also 
negotiated  the  marriage  of  Henry  with  Mary 
de'  Medici.  In  his  embassy  to  England, 
after  the  death  of  queen  Elizabeth,  he  dis- 
played great  penetration  and  address,  and 
concluded  a  treaty  with  James  I.,  advan- 
tageous to  the  interests  of  both  countries. 
In  addition  to  his  other  offices,  he  was  ap- 
pointed grand  surveyor  of  France,  grand 
master  of  the  artillery,  governor  of  the 
Bastile,  and  superintendant  of  fortifications 
throughout  the  kingdom.  His  labours,  as 
minister  of  finance,  were  attended  with  the 
happiest  success ;  and  the  revenues  of  the 
government,  which  had  been  reduced  to  a 
state  of  complete  dilapidation,  by  the  com- 
bined effect  of  civil  anarchy  and  open  war- 
fare, were  by  his  care  restored  to  order,  re- 
gularity, and  affluence.  With  a  revenue  of  I 
35,000,000,  he  paid  oft',  in  10  years,  a  debt  of 
200,000,0(Xt,  besides  laying  up  35,000,000. 
Though  frequently  thwarted  in  his  purposes 
by  the  rapacity  of  the  courtiers  and  mistresses 
of  the  monarch,  he  nobly  pursued  his  career, 
ever  distinguishing  himself  as  the  zealous 
friend  of  his  country,  and  not  the  tempo- 
rising minister  of  his  master.  His  industry 
was  unwearied.  He  rose  every  morning  at 
4  o'clock,  and,  after  dedicating  some  time  to 
business,  he  gave  audience  to  all  who  solicited 
admission  to  him,  without  distinction  of  per- 
sons. After  his  return  from  his  mission  to 
England,  he  was  made  governor  of  Poitou, 
and  grand  master  of  the  ports  and  harbours 
of  Provence  ;  and  tlie  territory  of  Sully-sur- 
Loire  was  erected  into  a  duchy  in  his  favour, 
in  1G06.  After  the  death  of  Henry  IV., 
Sully  retired  from  public  affairs,  and  he  died 
in  1041.  His  "Memoirs,"  which  are  highly 
interesting,  have  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Mrs.  Charlotte  Lennox,  and  form 
8  vols. 

SULPICIA,  a    Latin    poetess,   who    was 
the  wif>  of  Calenus,  a  Roman  knight,  and  i 
flourished  about  A.  d.  90.    She  obtained  the 
name  of  the  Roman  Sappho,  and  appears  to  i 


:  8ul] 


91  ^etxj  ^iiibcriSal  3St00raj}]^o. 


[SDT 


I  have  merited  it,  if  we  may  take  the  opinion 

i  of  Martial  on  her  poem  on  "  Conjugal  Love." 

SULPICIUS  G  ALLUS,  one  of  the  earliest 

I  of  the  lloraan  agtronoiners.    Being  in  the 

I  army  of  Paulus  vEmilius,  in  Greece,  during 

j  the  year  1G8  B.C.,  hia  skill  enabled  him  to 

discover  that  an  eclipse  of  the  moon  would 

happen  on  the   night  previous  to   the  day 

fixed  for  giving  battle  to  Perseus,  king  of 

!  Macedon,  and  thus  preventing  the  panic  by 

!  which    the    soldiers   would   have   otherwise 

I  been  seized.    Ue  afterwards  filled  the  oihce 

I  of  consul. 

1      SULPICIUS  SEVERUS,  an  ecclesiastical 
j  historian  of  the  5th  century.    He  wrote  the 
I  "  Life    of   St.  Martin    of   Tours,"    and    an 
"  Abridgment  of  Ecclesiastical  History." 

SULZER,  an  ingenious  Swiss  writer,  was 
born  in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  in  1720  ;  and 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  royal 
college  of  Berlin.  He  ^.is  tlie  author  of 
"  Mural  Contemplations  of  the  Works  of 
Nature,"  an  "  Account  of  a  Journey  in  the 
Alps,"  and  '*  The  Universal  Theory,  or  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Fine  Arts,"  2  vols. 

SU.MOROKOF,  Alexan»ki{,  a  Russian 
poet  and  dramatist,  tlie  son  of  a  general 
officer,  was  born  at  Moscow  in  1727.  Ue 
was  educated  in  the  seminary  of  cadets  at 
Petersburgh  ;  and,  while  a  student,  wrote  a 
tragedy,  called  "  Koref,"  wliich  was  acted 
by  his  school Ifelows,  and  afterwards  i)er- 
formed  in  the  presence  of  the  court,  with 
such  applause,  as  encouraged  the  author  to 
proceed  in  his  dramatic  career.  Besides 
tragedies  and  comedies,  he  wrote  odes,  idyls, 
fables,  satires,  and  other  poems ;  together 
with  a  few  works  on  the  history  of  Russia. 
He  was  created  a  councillor  of  slate,  and 
honoured  wiili  other  marks  of  distinction. 
Died,  1777. 

SUSSEX,  H.R.  H.  Augustus  Fredkhick 
Duke  of,  was  the  sixth  son  of  king  George 
the  Third,  and  was  born  at  Buckingham 
Palace,  Jan.  27.  1773.  Having  made  some 
progress  in  liis  studies  in  England,  he  was 
sent  to  Gfittingen  to  complete  tliem  ;  thence 
he  went  to  Italy,  and  while  there,  and  still 
a  minor,  he  married  lady  Augusta  Murray, 
second  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Dunmore. 
This  marriage  gave  great  otfeuce  to  the  king, 
as  being  in  direct  opposition,  not  only  to  his 
own  views  lor  his  son's  establishment,  but 
also  to  the  enactments  of  the  royal  marriage 
act ;  and,,  after  the  usual  proceedings,  the 
prerogative  court  pronounced  the  marriage 
to  be  null  and  void.  The  young  couple,  how- 
ever, treated  this  sentence  as  a  mere  arbitrary 
stretch  of  power,  and  continued  to  reside 
together  as  man  and  wife.  The  lady  died  in 
183"J,  leaving  two  children,  the  elder  of  whom, 
Sir  Augustus  d'Este  (siuce  dead),  claimed  to 
be  considered  legitimate,  and,  consequently, 
the  inheritor  of  his  royal  father's  state  and 
titles  ;  and  lie  had  some  high  law  authorities 
on  his  side,  though  the  simide  question  would 
seem  to  be  —  "  Was  or  was  not  the  marriage 
I  Illegal,  as  being  opposed  to  12  Geo.  3.  c.  ll.V" 
I  If  it  was  contracted  in  direct  contravention 
of  that  act,  we  confess  that  any  further  ar- 
gument upon  the  subject  seems  to  ua  to  be  a 
mere  bandying  of  words.  This  marriage, 
and  his  unnecessarily  conspicuous  connection 
with  the  Whig  party,  completely  alienated 


the  young  prince  from  his  father,  and  of 
course  from  the  court  ;  and  he  had  arrived  at 
the  age  of  28  before  he  was  created  duke  of 
Sussex,  with  an  income  of  12,000/.  per  annum, 
which  was  subsequently  increased  to  18,000/. 
His  royal  highness  was  a  steady  friend  to 
art,  science,  and  literature  ;  and  his  presence 
as  chairman  at  dinners  or  meetings  for  the 
benefit  of  public  charities  might  always  be 
reckoned  on.  But  though  we  cheerfully 
confess  that  thus  far  the  duke  did  good  ser- 
vice to  humanity,  we  are  not  prepared  to 
imitate  or  to  quote  the  somewhat  too  em- 
phatic laudation  which  certain  ot  his  friends 
have  written  and  spoken  upon  the  subject  of 
his  peisonal  liberality.  We  have  reason  to 
believe  that,  with  much  goodness  of  heart,  the 
duke  had  also  much  hankering  after  that 
sort  of  applause  which  is  so  easily  obtained 
by  fluent  speech  and  affable  demeanour, 
where  these  are  displayed  by  a  personage  of 
his  rank.  Leaving  to  others  the  task  of 
criticising  the  politics  of  tlie  duke,  we  shall 
only  add,  that  though  but  moderately 
learned,  he  knew  how  to  value  learning  ;  his 
library  was  very  extensive,  and,  perhaps, 
the  richest  private  collection  in  England  in 
bibles,  in  various  tongues  and  of  various  edi- 
tions ;  and  that,  while  doing  much  good  by 
the  influence  of  his  name,  he  was  as  simple 
in  manner  and  as  regular  iu  conduct  as  any 
private  gentleman  in  the  kingdom.  By  his 
will  he  seemed  to  wish  to  be  as  much  sepa- 
rated from  his  family  in  his  death  as  he  had 
been  in  his  life,  for  he  gave  orders  that  he 
should  be  buried  at  the  cemetery  at  KensoU 
Green,  and  not  at  Windsor  !     Died,  Ajiril  21. 

1843,    aged    70.  His    daughter,    Mdlle. 

d'Este,  married  Sir  Thomas  Wilde,  who  in 
1850  became  lord  chancellor,  and  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron  Truro. 

SUTCLIFFE,  Matthew,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  born  in  Devonshire,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  ad- 
mitted a  civilian  in  l."82  ;  but  took  orders, 
and  became  dean  of  Exeter.  He  founded, 
at  Clielsea,  a  singular  college,  the  fellows 
of  which  were  to  be  employed  in  writing 
the  annals  of  their  times,  and  in  combat- 
ing tlie  errors  of  popery  and  pelagianism. 
Sutcliife  was  himself  the  first  provost ;  but 
the  establishment  fell  to  decay,  and  l>ecame 
at  last  an  asylum  for  invalid  soldiers,  being 
part  of  the  present  Chelsea  Hospital.  He 
was  an  eminent  controversialist,  and  wrote 
numerous  tracts  against  the  Catholic  pro- 
pagandists.   Died,  1629. 

SUTTON,  Thomas,  the  founder  of  the 
Cliarter  House,  was  a  wealthy  English  mer- 
chant of  the  age  of  Elizabeth.  He  was  born 
in  1532,  at  Knaith,  in  Liiicolnshire  ;  received 
his  education  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  On 
becoming  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick, 
he  was  made  master  of  the  ordnance  at 
Berwick,  where  he  signalised  himself  during 
the  rebellion  raised  by  the  Earls  of  Nor- 
thumberland and  VV^estmoieland.  On  ac- 
count of  his  services  at  that  period,  lie  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  oflice  of  master  general 
of  the  ordnance  in  the  north,  for  lite.  In 
1573  he  commanded  one  of  the  batteries, 
which  compelled  the  castle  of  Edinburgh  to 
surrender  to  the  English.     While  thus  em- 


suw] 


^  ^ctD  ^nihcvinX  iSiograplbw* 


[SWE 


I  ployed,  he  was  singularly  fortunate  in  a 
j  purchase  which  he  made  of  two  valuable 
]  manors  from  the  bishop  of  Durham,  on 
i  which  a  vein  of  coal  was  subsequently  dis- 
j  covered,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
I  immense  riclies  which  afterwards  flowed  in 
I  upon  him.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish  ar- 
I  niada  he  completely  equipped  a  ship  of  war 
i  at  his  own  expense,  called  by  his  own  name, 
I  and  sent  to  join  the  fleet  under  Drake.  His 
personal  exi)enditure  was  on  a  princely  stvle, 
!  till  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1602,  threw  him 
!  into  adegree  of  melancholy,  which  occasioned 
a  total  change  in  his  mode  of  living  ;  and  he 
I  then  resolved  to  dedicate  Ins  vast  wealth  to 
[  the  benefit  of  his  fellow-creatures.  He  nc- 
I  cordiiigly  purchased  from  the  Earl  of  Suffolk 
j  the  dissolved  monastery  of  tlie  Chartreux, 
I  called  Howard  House,  and  there  founded  a 
I  munificent  institution,  under  the  name  of 
j  the  Charter  House  ;  but  the  founder  scarcely 
!  lived  to  witness  the  completion  of  his  noble 
j  establishment.  He  died  in  1611,  and  his 
'  remains,  which  at  first  were  deposited  in 
I  Christchurch,  Newgate  Street,  were  after- 
wards removed  to  a  vault  prepared  for  them 
in  the  chapel  of  the  Charter  House. 

SUWARROW,  or  SUVARROFF,  Peter 
Alexis  Wasiliowitscu  (count  Riminisky, 
prince  of  Italisky),  a  celebrated  Russian 
field-marshal,  was  born  in  1730,  at  Suskoi, 
in  the  Ukraine,  and  educated  at  the  cadet 
school  of  St.  Petersburgh.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a  private  soldier ;  distinguished 
himself  during  the  seven  years'  war  ;  and, 
after  20  years  service,  was  raised  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  regiment.  In  1768  he  obtained 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  served 
several  campaigns  in  Poland,  receiving,  in 
reward  for  his  courage  and  conduct,  the 
crosses  of  three  Russian  orders  of  knight- 
hood. In  1773  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  division  of  troops  under 
Count  RomanzoflF,  and  completely  defeated 
a  portion  of  the  Turkish  army  at  Turtukey, 
killing  several  of  the  enemy  with  his  own 
hand.  Crossing  the  Danube,  he  afterwards, 
in  conjunction  with  the  force  under  Ka- 
menskoy,  routed  the  army  of  the  Turks 
with  great  slaughter,  and  captured  the  whole 
of  their  artillery.  In  1783  he  reduced  the 
Budziac  Tartars  under  the  Russian  yoke. 
AtOczakow  andFockzami  his  daring  valour 
was  equally  displayed  ;  and,  in  September, 

1789,  the  Austrian  troops,  under  the  Prince 
of  Saxe-Coburg,  being  surrovmded,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rimnik,  by  100,000  Turks,  owed 
their  preservation  to  his  timely  arrival  with 
10,000  Russians,  who  not  only  rescued  them 
from  a  destruction  that  appeared  inevitable, 
but  occasioned  the  utter  overthrow  of  the 
enemy.  The  next  and  most  sanguinarj'  of 
his  actions  was  the  storming  of  Ismail.     In 

1790,  this  strongly  fortified  town  had  resisted 
all  attempts  to  reduce  it  for  a  period  of  seven 
months,  when  Suwarrow  received  peremp- 
tory orders  from  Prince  Potemkin  to  take 
it  without  delay,  and  pledged  himself  to 
execute  the  task  assigned  him  in  three  days. 
Oi'  the  sacking  of  the  place  on  the  third,  and 
the  indiscriminate  massacre  of  40,000  of  its 
inhabitants,  of  every  age  and  sex,  the  ac- 
counts of  the  period  give  the  most  revolting 
reports.    The  announcement  of  his  bloody 


812 


triumph  was  made  by  the  general,  who  af- 
fected a  Spartan  brevity  in  his  despatches, 
in  the  words  "  Glory  to  God  !  Ismail  is  ours." 
Peace  being  proclaimed,  tlie  empress  had 
leisure  to  mature  her  designs  against  the 
devoted  kingdom  of  Poland  ;  and  Suwarrow 
was  selected  as  a  fit  instrument  to  carry 
them  into  execution.  He  marched,  accord- 
ingly, at  the  head  of  his  troops,  to  Warsaw, 
destroying  about  20,000  Poles  in  his  way, 
and  ended  a  campaign  of  which  the  un- 
principled partition  of  the  country  was  the 
result.  On  this  occasion  he  i-cceived  a  field- 
marshal's  baton,  and  an  estate  in  the  do- 
minions which  he  had  contributed  to  annex 
to  the  Russian  crown.  The  last  and  most 
celebrated  of  his  actions  was  his  campaign 
in  Italy  in  1799,  when  his  courage  and  genius 
for  a  while  repaired  the  disasters  of  the 
allied  forces.  Paul  gave  him  the  command 
of  the  Russian  forces  destined  to  net  with 
the  Austrians,  and  the  emperor  of  Germany 
created  him  field-marshal  and  commander- 
in  chief  of  the  Austrian  troops  in  Italy. 
After  gaining  several  brilliant  victories,  arid 
driving  the  French  from  all  the  towns  and 
fortresses  of  Upper  Italy,  the  plan  of  oi)e- 
rations  was  changed,  and  the  expected  re- 
inforcements from  Austria  did  not  arrive. 
The  Russian  hero,  however,  effected  a  mas- 
terly retreat  from,  Switzerland,  and,  entering 
Germany,  marched  to  Russia  by  order  of 
his  sovereign.  For  his  service  in  this  cam- 
paign he  was  created  a  prince,  by  the  title 
of  Italisky.  But  he  was  treated  by  Paul 
with  great  ingratitude,  which  deeply  affected 
his  spirits  ;  and  he  died  of  chagrin,  in  1800. 

SWAMMERDAM,  John,  a  celebrated 
naturalist  and  anatomist,  was  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  K337  ;  took  his  medical  degree 
at  Leyden,  but  apjilied  himself  chiefly  to 
anatomy  and  entomology,  formed  a  very 
valuable  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  ex- 
celled in  the  art  of  injecting  the  vessels  of 
disse>:ted  bodies  with  wax,  and  in  anatomis- 
ing the  mintitest  parts  of  insects.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  General  History  of  Insects," 
a  "History  of  the  Ephemeron,"  and  "  De 
Fabrica  Uteri  Muliebris."  Rendered  hyi>o- 
chondriacal  by  intensity  of  study  and  other 
causes,  he  became  totally  unfit  for  society, 
in  which  state  he  received  impressions  from 
the  mysticism  of  Antoinette  Bourignon, 
whom  "he  followed  to  Holstein.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  Amsterdam,  where  he 
died,  in  1680. 

SNVEDENBORG,  EmaiVUEL,  a  celebrated 
philosopher  of  the  18th  centurj',  who  was 
greatly  distinguished  for  his  valuable  con- 
tributions to  science,  but  is  now  more  espe- 
cially known  as  a  theological  writer.  He 
was  born  at  Stockholm  in  1688,  and  carefully 
educated  under  the  care  of  his  father, 
bishop  of  Skara,  in  West  Gothland,  in  the 
principles  of  the  Lutheran  Church.  After 
pursuing  his  studies,  and  taking  the  degree 
of  D.Ph.  at  Upsala,  he  went  on  his  travels, 
and  visited  the  universities  of  England, 
Holland,  France,  and  Germany.  On  his 
return,  he  was  ai)pointed  assessor  extraor- 
dinary to  the  College  of  Mines,  and  in  1719 
was  ennobled,  upon  which  occasion  his  name 
was  changed  from  Swedberg  to  Swedeatwrg. 
It  would  far  exceed  our  limits  to  attempt  to 


SWl] 


91  ^eto  Slm'bcr^aT  JJioflrapl^n, 


[swi 


give  a  list  of  his  numerous  works.    Suffice  it 
to  say,  that  some  recently  translated  into 
English,  have  attracted  great  attention,  and 
are  remarkable,  as  showing  that,  at  least  in 
medical  science,  lie  anticipated  some  of  the 
I  greatest  discoveries  of  modern  times.    He 
continued    his    scientific    studies    with    an 
ardour  that  placed  him  in  the  first  rank  of 
European  pliilosopliers,  until  the  year  1743, 
I  when,  as  lie  himself  affirms,  a  new  era  of  his 
life  commenced,  and  he  was  permitted  to 
hold  intercourse  with  tlie  inhabitants  uf  the 
invisible   world.      In   1747   lie  resigned  his 
I  office  in  the  mining  codege,  retired  from 
public  life,  and,  spending   liis  time  alter- 
nately in  Sweden    and    England,  devoted 
himself  to  the  publication  of  his  theological 
works.    These  are  in  themselves  sufficiently 
;  extensive  to  form  a  life's  work,  and  present 
throughout,  evidences  of  the  deepest  religious 
feeling.     The  style  of  composition   marks 
them  us  works  of  a  master  mind  ;  they  are 
I  filled  with  illustrations  from  the  scientific 
and  metaphysical  lore  of  tlieir  author,  and 
'  present,  perhaps,  as  complete  a  combination 
j  of  science  and  theology  as  is  any  where  to 
I  be    met    with.      Tliough    it    is    frequently 
I  affirmed  that  Swedcnborg  laboured  under  a 
;  delusion,  it  is  surpiisiiig  that  his  writings 
I  show  no  symptoms  of  aberration  ;   the  last, 
I  finished  but  a  few  months  before  his  death, 
I  being  singularly  clear,  logical,  and  free  from 
enthusiasm.     lie  was  always  regarded  as  a 
I  learned  and  pious  man  ;  and  it  would  appear 
I  that  the  story  of  his  insanity  rests  for  its 
I  support  upon  the  word  of  a  single  enemy. 
j  Thougli  it  is  not  our  place  to  give  judgment 
^  upon  his  opinions,  it  is   yet  our  duty  as 
biograpliers  to  say,  that  there  is  nothing  in 
his  writings  or  his  life  which  bears  out  the 
}  charge.    The  believers  in  his  doctrines  are 
!  now  become  a  numerous  body,  and  are  as 
j  intelligent,  as  pure  in  morals,  and   as  in- 
1  offensive,  as  any  body  into  which  the  Chris- 
t  tian  church  is  divided.    He  died  in  Loudon, 
in  1772. 

SWIFT,  Dr.  JoNATHAX,  dean  of  St.  Pa- 
trick's, a  celebrated  political,  satirical,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Dublin, 
in  l(j()7.  Of  a  life  so  various,  and  so  full  of 
business  as  Swift's,  it  is  difficult  to  select 
any  part,  consistent  with  the  limits  of  this 
work,  that  would  not  rather  excite  curiosity 
than  gratify  it ;  and  tliis,  indeed,  in  the 
course  of  our  present  labours,  we  have  fre- 
quently had  reason  to  regret  before.  Jona- 
than Swift  was  the  grandson  of  Thomas 
Swift,  vicar  of  Goodricli,  in  llcrefordsliire, 
who  married  Elizabeth  Dryden,  aunt  of  the 
poet,  and  by  her  had  six  sons.  One  of  these 
sons,  named  Jonathan,  who  was  bred  an 
attorney,  had  married  before  he  went  to 
reside  in  Ireland  ;  and,  dying  soon  after, 
left  his  widow  pregnant.  In  this  state  she 
went  to  live  with  her  brother-in-law,  God- 
win Swift,  an  attorney  at  Dublin,  where 
sh6  gave  birth  to  the  subject  of  this  article. 
When  Mrs.  Swift  returned  to  her  friends  in 
liCicestershire,  she  left  tliis  child  to  the  care 
of  his  uncle,  who  sent  him  first  to  the  school 
of  Kilkenny,  and  next  to  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where,  applying  himself  to  history 
and  poetry,  to  the  neglect  of  academical 
I»ur8uit8,  especially  mathematics,  he  was  at 


the  end  of  4  years  refused  the  degree  of  B.  A. 
and  even  at  the  end  of  7  years  he  was  only 
admitted  82>eciali  gratiA.  In  1C»8  he  lost 
his  uncle,  and  being  left  without  support,  he 
came  to  England,  where  he  waited  on  Sir 
William  Temple,  who  being  related  to 
Swift's  mother  by  marriage,  received  liim 
with  kindness,  and  made  him  his  companion. 
During  his  residence  with  that  celebrated 
statesman,  he  had  frequent  interviews  with 
king  William,  who  ottered  him  a  troop  of 
horse,  which  he  declined,  his  thoughts  being 
directed  to  the  church.  After  some  time 
he  quarrelled  with  his  patron,  and  went  to 
Ireland,  where  lie  took  orders,  and  obtained 
a  prelKjnd  in  the  diocese  of  Connor.  But  he 
soon  returned  to  Sir  William  Temple,  who, 
sinking  under  age  and  infirmities,  required 
his  company  more  than  ever.  During  the 
few  remaining  years  of  that  statesman's  life, 
they  therefore  remained  together  ;  and,  on 
his  death.  Swift  found  himself  benefited  by 
a  pecuniary  legacy  and  the  bequest  of  his 
papers.  He  next  accompanied  Lord  Berke- 
ley, one  of  the  lords  justices,  to  Ireland,  as 
chaplain,  and  obtained  from  him  the  livings 
of  Laracor  and  Rathbiggan,  on  the  former 
of  which  he  went  to  reside.  During  liis 
residence  there,  he  invited  to  Ireland  Miss 
Johnson,  the  lady  whom  he  has  rendered 
celebrated  by  the  name  of  Stella,  and  who 
was  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Temple's 
steward.  She  was  accompanied  by  a  Mrs. 
Dingley  ;  and  the  two  ladies  lived  in  the 
neighbourhood  when  Swift  was  at  home, 
and  at  the  parsonage-house  during  his  ab- 
sence ;  which  mysterious  connection  lasted 
till  her  death.  In  1701  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree,  and  entered  on  the  arena  of  public 
life  as  a  political  pamphleteer.  He  also 
published,  though  anonymously,  his  eccen- 
tric and  humorous  "  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  and 
the  "  Battle  of  the  Books."  On  the  acces- 
sion of  queen  Anne  he  visited  England, 
where  he  lived  during  a  great  part  of  that 
reign,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  power- 
ful writer  on  the  side  of  the  Tories.  Having 
become  intimate  with  Harley  and  Boling- 
broke,  he  exerted  himself  strenuously  in 
behalf  of  their  party,  taking  a  leading  share 
in  the  famous  Tory  periodical,  entitled  the 
Examiner,  while  with  his  battery  of  pamph- 
lets and  pasquinades,  always  replete  with 
bitter  sarcasm  or  bold  invective,  he  kept  up 
a  constant  and  galling  fire  on  their  political 
adversaries.  But  though  immersed  in  poli- 
tics, he  did  not  neglect  general  literature. 
In  1711  he  published  a  "  Proposal  for  correct- 
ing, improving,  and  ascertaining  the  English 
Tongue,"  in  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Oxford, 
the  object  of  which  was  to  establish  an  insti- 
tution to  secure  the  purity  of  the  language. 
A  bishopric  in  England  was  the  grand  object 
of  his  ambition  ;  but  Archbishop  Sharpe,  on 
the  ground,  it  is  said,  of  his  "Tale  of  a  Tub," 
having  infused  into  the  mind  of  queen 
Anne  suspicions  of  his  orthodoxy,  the  only 
preferment  his  ministerial  friends  could  give 
him,  was  the  Irish  deanery  of  St.  Patrick's, 
to  which  he  was  presented  in  1713.  He  ac- 
cordingly, though  by  no  means  willingly, 
returned  to  Dublin,  where  he  attended  to 
his  ecclesiastical  functions,  and  made  some 
important  reforms  in  the  chapter  of  St.  Pa- 


swi] 


^  ^tlu  miubcrsfal  ^Btaijiaplbl'* 


[SYD 


trick's.  Ill  1716  he  was  privately  married  [ 
to  Miss  Johnson  ;  but  the  ceremony  was  | 
attended  with  no  acknowledgment  which 
could  gratify  the  feelings  of  the  victim 
of  his  pride  and  cruelty.  The  ascendancy 
which  he  acquired  over  Miss  Hester  Van- 
homrigh,  another  accomplished  female,  was 
attended  with  circumstances  still  more  cen- 
surable. He  became  acquainted  with  this 
lady  in  l^ondon,  in  1712  ;  and  as  she  pos- 
sessed, with  a  large  fortune,  a  taste  for  lite- 
rature. Swift  took  pleasure  in  affording  her 
instruction.  The  pupil  became  enamoured 
of  her  tutor,  and  even  proposed  marriage  to 
him  ;  but  being  probably  at  that  time  en- 
gaged to  Stella,  he  avoided  giving  her  a 
decisive  answer.  This  affair  terminated  fa- 
tally ;  for,  ultimately  discovering  his  secret 
union  with  Stella,  the  unfortunate  lady 
never  recovered  the  shock,  and  died  in  14 
months  after,  in  1723.  It  was  about  this 
period  that  he  made  his  first  great  efforts 
to  better  the  condition  of  Ireland.  He  pub- 
lished a  "Proposal  for  the  universal  Use  of 
Irish  Manufactures,"  which  rendered  him 
highly  popular  ;  and  when  his  celebrated 
"Letters"  appeared,  in  which  he  so  ably 
exposed  the  job  of  Wood's  patent  for  a  sup- 
ply of  copper  coinage,  he  became  the  idol  of 
the  Irish  people.  Soon  after  this,  he  wrote 
that  admirable  compound  of  satiric  humour, 
"  Gulliver's  Travels ;"  and  the  next  event 
worthy  of  record  is  the  death  of  his  much 
injured  Stella.  And  now  the  fate  which  he 
had  often  apprehended  overtook  him  ;  the 
faculties  of  his  mind  decayed  before  his 
body,  and  a  gradual  abolition  of  reason  set- 
tled into  absolute  idiotcy.  After  three  years 
of  mental  suffering,  he  died  in  174.5,  aged  77; 
having  bequeathed  the  greatest  part  of  his 
fortune  to  a  hospital  for  lunatics  and  idiots. 
It  would  b*  useless  now  to  enumerate  his 
various  writings  ;  the  most  important  are, 
"The  Drapier's  Letters,"  "The  Tale  of  a 
Tub,"  and  "Gulliver's  Travels."  From 
each  and  all  of  these,  as  well  as  from  his 
domestic  history,  a  tolerably  correct  esti- 
mate of  his  real  character  may  be  drawn, 
difficult  though  it  be  to  delineate  a  character 
in  which  the  best  and  worst  of  human  pas- 
sions are  so  strangely  blended. 

SWIFT,  Deane,  a  relation  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  descended,  by  the  mother's  side, 
from  Admiral  Deane,  a  naval  officer  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Life,  Writings,  and  Cha- 
racter of  Dr.  Jonathan  Swift,"  and  died  in 
1783. 

SWINBURNE,  a  learned  traveller,  bom 
of  a  respectable  Catliolic  family  in  North- 
umberland. He  was  educated  on  the  Conti- 
nent ;  and  afterwards  made  a  tour  through- 
out the  greater  part  of  the  south  of  Europe, 
the  result  of  which  he  published  as  "  Travels 
in  Spain  "  and  "  Travels  in  the  Two  Sicilias." 
Died,  1803. 

SWINDEN,  JoHX  Heitry  van,  professor 
of  philosophy,  logic,  and  metaphysics  at 
Franeker,  and  afterwards  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy  at  Amsterdam,  was  born 
at  the  Hague,  in  1746.  In  180!  he  was  no- 
minated a  correspondent  of  the  French 
Institute  :  he  was  also  a  member  of  the 
executive  directory,  under  the  Batavian  re- 

814 


public,  and  counsellor  of  state  in  the  service 
of  the  king  of  the  Netherlands.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  scientific  works,  and  died 
in  J  823. 

SWINDEN,  Tobias,  an  English  divine, 
who  became  rector  of  Cuxton,  in  Kent, 
where  he  wrote  an  extraordinary  book,  en- 
titled "An  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Place  of  Hell."     Died,  1720. 

S  WINTON,  JoH.v,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 
was  born  in  1703,  at  Bexton  in  Cheshire  ; 
was  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ; 
became  chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at 
Leghorn  ;  and,  on  his  return,  was  elected 
keei)er  of  the  university  records.  He  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Universal  History, 
and  published  several  dissertations  on  Phce- 
nician  and  other  antiquities.     Died,  1777. 

SYBRECHT,  JoiiN,an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1630 ;  died  in 
London,  where  he  had  many  j'ears  resided, 
in  1703. 

SYDENHAM,  Charles  William  Pou- 
LETT,  Lord,  governor-general  of  Canada, 
was  the  son  of  Mr.  J.  Poulett  Thompson,  a 
London  merchant,  and  bom  in  1793.  When 
about  20,  he  became  resident  in  St.  Peters- 
burgh  as  the  correspondent  of  his  father's 
firm  :  and,  until  his  accession  to  public  office 
in  1830,  he  continued  to  be  connected  with 
the  mercantile  business.  His  political  life 
commenced  in  1826,  as  member  for  Dover  ; 
but  in  1830  being  returned  for  both  Dover 
and  Manchester,  he  gave  preference  to  the 
latter.  On  the  formation  of  the  reform 
cabinet  he  was  appointed  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  trade  and  treasurer  of  the 
navy  ;  he  became  president  of  the  board  of 
trade  in  1834  ;  and,  in  1839,  succeeded  Lord 
Durham  as  governor-general  in  Canada.  He 
arrived  in  Quebec  in  October,  1839,  assumed 
the  reins  of  government,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  her  majesty  conferred  on  him  the 
peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom,  by  the  title 
of  baron  Sydenham  of  Toronto.  Under  his 
administration  the  prosperity  of  Canada  was 
gradually  recovering,  but  he  did  not  live  to 
carry  into  execution  many  judicious  mea- 
sures for  the  colony  which  he  had  con- 
templated. Whilst  riding  near  Kingston, 
Lord  Sydenham  met  with  an  accident  by 
the  falling  of  his  horse,  and  died,  Sept.  19. 
1841. 

SYDENHAM,  Floyer,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  was  born  in  1710,  and  educated  at  ' 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  ; 
degree  of  M.  A.  in  1734.     He  translated  some 
of  the  works  of  Plato  into  English  ;  but  the 
want  of  patronage  involved  him  in  embar-  i 
rassments  ;  he  was  arrested  and  thrown  into 
prison  for  a  trifling  debt  due  for  his  frugal  1 
meals,  and  there  perished,  in  1788.  Such  was 
the  sympathy  which  his  sad  fate  excited,  that 
it  gave  rise  to  that  excellent  institution,  the  \ 
Literarv  Fund.  I 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy-  | 
sician,  was  bom  in  1624,  at  Winford  Eagle,  j 
in  Dorsetshire,  and  was  educated  at  Wad-  1 
liam  College,  Oxford.  After  studying  medi- 
cine  at  Montpelier,  he  returned  and  settled  I 
in  Westminster,  where  he  commenced  prac-  | 
tice,  and  attained  a.  high  reputation.  He  I 
died  in  1689.  Dr.  Sydenham's  improve-  | 
mtnts,  esi^ecially  in  the  treatment  of  febrile 


syk] 


^  fisfxi  tSinibtvihl  JSiosrapl^^. 


[SZE 


diseases,  form  an  era  in  the  history  of  medi- 
cine ;  and  hia  works  are  in  the  highest  esti- 
m.ition. 

SYKES,  Arthur  Ashlev,  an  English 
divine,  was  born  in  London  about  1G»4,  and 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  Corpus 
Cliristi  College,  Cambridge.  He  held,  suc- 
cessively, the  livings  of  Gwlmersham,  Dry 
Drayton,  and  Rayleigh  ;  became  a  preben- 
dary and  chancellor  of  Salisbury  cathedral  ; 
and  ultimately  obtained  the  deanery  of  St. 
Burien,  in  Cornwall,  and  a  prebend  at 
Winchester.  He  died  in  1750.  Dr.  Sykes 
was  distinguished  as  an  able  controversialist 
in  favour  of  the  Iloadleyan  or  low  church 
principles  ;  and  was  also  the  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," &c. 

SYLLA,  Lixius  Cornelius,  a  celebrated 
Roman  general  and  statesman,  was  de- 
scended from  a  branch  of  the  once  illus- 
trious family  of  the  Cornelii  ;  passed  his 
youth  in  dissipation  ;  and  having  obtained 
wealth  by  the  bequests  of  a  courtesan  and 
of  his  mother-in-law,  he  aspired  to  political 
di:>tinction,  and  in  107  b.  c.  he  was  chosen 
quaestor.  He  served  with  reputation  under 
Marius,  in  AfricA,  Pontus,  and  on  various 
other  occasions  ;  and  he  rose  to  the  con- 
sulship in  tlie  40th  year  of  his  age.  At 
its  expiration  he  set  sail  for  tlie  East ;  and 
having  landed  in  Thessaly,  and  received  the 
submission  of  several  Grecian  cities,  he  be- 
sieged and  took  Athens,  and  slaughtered 
multitudes  of  its  inhabitants.  He  tiicn 
proceeded  to  Asia,  and  after  repeatedly  de- 
feating Mithridates,  he  concluded  a  very 
advantageous  treaty  with  that  powerful 
enemy.  During  his  three  years'  absence 
from  Italy,  his  enemies  had  regained  the 
superiority  in  Rome.  Marius  had  been  re- 
called ;  the  blood  of  the  friends  of  Sylla  had 
been  shed  in  torrents  ;  he  himself  had  been 
proscribed,  and  his  property  conliscated. 
Meanwhile  Marius  died ;  and  as  soon  as 
Sylla  returned  with  his  victorious  army, 
they  entered  Rome,  and  began  the  dreadful 
work  of  retaliation.  At  length,  having 
glutted  his  vengeance  by  the  murder  or 
proscription  of  many  thousand  citizens,  and 
the  desolation  of  several  Italian  cities,  he 
celebrated  his  bloody  deeds  by  a  triumph, 
exceeding  in  splendour  any  that  preceded 
it,  and  caused  himself  to  be  named  dictatt)r, 
B.C.  81.  He  now  ruled  without  restraint, 
repealed  and  made  laws,  abolished  the  tri- 
buneship,  added  300  knights  to  the  senate, 
and  admitted  lO.fXX)  slaves  of  persons  pro- 
scribed to  the  rights  of  citizenship.  Having 
governed  the  Roman  world  two  years  as 
dictator,  he  voluntarily  laid  down  his  power, 
and  retired  to  private  life.  But  resuming 
his  early  habits  of  debauchery,  he  was  at- 
tacked with  a  disgusting  disease,  and  he  died, 
B.  c.  78.  aged  60. 

SYLVESTER  Joshua,  a  quaint  English 


poet,  known  in  his  day  as  the  "silver- 
tongued  Sylvester,"  was  born  in  1503  ;  and 
died  in  Holland  in  1618.  He  translated  into 
English  verse  "  Du  Bartas's  Divine  Weeks 
and  U'orks  ;"  and,  amongst  other  pieces, 
was  the  author  of  a  satire  against  tobacco, 
entitled  "Tobacco  battered  and  the  Pipes 
shattered,"  &c. 

SYMES,  Michael,  an  English  officer, 
who  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Burmese 
court,  at  Amerapoora,  in  1705,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  concluding  an  advantageous 
treaty  of  commerce  with  the  Burmese  em- 
peror. On  arriving  in  England,  Major 
Symes  published  the  account  of  his  "Em- 
bassy to  the  kingdom  of  Ava."  He  died, 
shortly  after  the  disastrous  retreat  of  Sir 
John  Moore's  army,  from  fatigue,  being  then 
colonel  of  the  G6th  regiment  of  infantry,  Jau. 
1809. 

SYMMONS.  Dr.  Charles,  was  born  in 
1749,  at  Cardigan,  which  town  his  father  re- 
presented in  three  successive  parliaments. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Inez"  and  "  Con- 
stantia,"  two  dramatic  poems  ;  a  metrical 
translation  of  the  ^neid,  and  a  "  Life  of 
Milton."  Dr.  Symmons  was  a  warm  admirer 
of   literature,   and    a    zealous   supporter  of 

the  Literary  Fund  Society.    Died,  182() 

Caroline  Symmons,  his  daughter,  was  re- 
markable for  precocity  of  talent.  Site  was 
born  in  17H8  ;  and  after  her  death,  which 
took  place  in  1812,  her  father  published  a 
collection  of  her  poems. 

SYNESIUS,  of  Cyrene,  an  ancient  father 
and  bishop  of  the  Christian  church,  who 
flourished  at  the  beginning  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury. The  works  of  Synesius,  consisting  of 
about  150  epistles  on  philosophical  and  po- 
lemical subjects,  are  in  high  esteem  with  the 
learned. 

SYNCELLUS,  Georoe,  a  monk  of  Con- 
stantinople, who  flourished  a.  d.  792.  A 
"  Chronography "  of  his  exists,  which  is 
valuable  as  furnishing  a  knowledge  of  the 
dynasties  of  Egypt. 

SYNGE,  Edward,  a  pious  prelate,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Synge,  bishop  of  Cork,  and 
born  there  in  1659.  He  became  archbishop 
of  Tuam,  and  wrote  several  useful  tracts  on 
practical  religion.     Died,  1741. 

SZALKAI,  Anthony  von,  a  Hungarian 
poet,  who  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
dramatic  literature  of  his  country.  His 
"  Pikko  Hertzeg  "  is  the  first  regular  piece 
composed  in  the  Hungarian  language  :  he 
also  wrote  a  travesty  of  the  .aCneid.  Died, 
1804. 

SZEGEDI,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  born  at  Eisenstadt,  in  1699.  lie  be- 
came, successively,  rector,  missionary,  and 
almoner-general ;  and  was  distinguislied  as 
well  by  the  purity  of  his  life,  as  by  his 
talents.  His  works  chiefly  relate  to  the 
laws  and  history  of  Hungary.  He  died  in 
1760. 


8U 


TAC] 


^  i$!cfio  HnilxcriSal  23i0srap!)2. 


[tal 


TACCA,  Peter  James,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian sculptor,  was  a  pupil  of  John  of  Bologna. 
Two  of  his  greatest  works  are  the  statue  of 
Ferdinand  III.,  grand-duke  of  Tuscany, 
with  four  slaves  chained  at  his  feet,  at  Leg- 
horn ;  and  the  equestrian  figure  of  Philip  IV. , 
at  Madrid.     Died,  1640. 

TACHARD,  Guy,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
accompanied  tlie  French  ambassadors  to 
Siam,  as  a  missionary.  In  1G88  he  returned 
to  Europe,  after  an  absence  of  two  years,  but 
went  again  to  India,  and  died  in  Bengal 
about  1694.  His  voyages,  in  2  vols.,  were 
published  at  Paris,  in  1689. 

TACITUS,  Caius  Cornelius,  a  highly 
celebrated  Roman  historian,  was  the  son  of 
Cornelius  Tacitus,  procurator  and  governor 
of  one  of  the  provinces  in  Belgic  Gaul, 
and  born  about  a.  d.  56.  He  early  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  poet  and  an  advocate, 
and  in  liis  twenty-first  year  married  the 
daughter  of  Julius  Agricola.  In  the  seventh 
year  of  Domitian  he  became  prajtor  ;  but 
soon  after  he  left  Rome,  and,  during  his 
absence,  Agricola  died.  In  tlie  short  reign 
of  Nerva,  he  succeeded  Virginius  Rufus  as 
consul,  A.  D.  97,  and  delivered  the  funeral 
oration  in  honour  of  his  predecessor.  Under 
Trajan,  Tacitus  enjoj'ed  great  distinction, 
and  lived  on  terms  of  friendship  witli  the 
younger  Pliny,  in  conjunction  with  whom 
he  pleaded  against  Priscus,  the  proconsul  of 
Africa.  It  was  at  this  period  that  he  pub- 
lished the  "  History  of  Rome,  from  Galba  to 
the  Death  of  Domitian,"  part  of  which  only 
has  escaped  the  ravages  of  time.  This  work 
was  followed  by  the  "Annals."  from  the 
year  of  Rome  767  to  the  death  of  Nero  in  821. 
He  also  wrote  "  The  Life  of  Agricola,"  "  The 
Manners  of  the  Germans,"  and  a  "  Dialogue 
on  Oratory."  No  name  stands  higher  for 
historical  reputation  than  that  of  Tacitus, 
and  his  writings  are  regarded  as  a  rich  re- 
pository of  political  and  philosophical  apho- 
risms. The  exact  date  of  his  death  is  not 
known,  but  it  is  generally  believed  to  have 
taken  place  about  a.  d.  135. 

TACITUS,  Marcus  Claudius,  a  patriotic 
Roman  emperor,  elected  to  the  imperial 
olfice  on  the  death  of  Aurelian,  a.  d.  275, 
when  in  his  75th  year.  He  was  descended 
from  tlie  great  historian  above  described, 
and  had  been  twice  consul  ;  but  he  reigned 
as  emperor  only  six  months,  in  which  short 
space  he  displayed  wisdom,  vigour,  and  a 
just  moderation. 

TACQUET,  Andrew,  an  able  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Antwerp,  in  1611.  He  pub- 
lished several  mathematical  works,  all  of 
which  were  collected  in  one  folio  volume, 
and  published  after  his  death,  in  1707. 

TAFFI,  Andrea,  an  Italian  artist,  bom 
at  Florence  in  1213.  He  introduced  into 
Italy  the  art  of  designing  in  Mosaic,  which 
he  learnt  from  some  Greeks  employed  at 
Venice.     Died,  1294. 

TAGLIACOZZI,  or  TALIACOTIUS, 
Gaspau,  an  eminent  Italian  surgeon,  ludi- 
crously alluded  to  by  the  author  of  Hudi- 


bras,  was  bom  at  Bologna,  in  1546,  where  he 
was  for  many  years  anatomical  professor. 
He  applied  himself  chiefly  to  curing  wounds 
of  the  ears,  lips,  &c.,  but  more  particularly 
the  nose.  Tliis,  which  has  obtained  the 
name  of  the  Taliacotian  process,  has  both 
been  performed  and  written  on  by  Mr.  Carpue 
and  Mr.  Travers.  It  appears,  also,  that  the 
operation  has  long  been  practised  in  India. 
Died,  15!I9. 

TALBERT,  Francis  Xavier,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  and  the  autlior  of  various  "  Elo- 
gies,"  was  born  at  BesanQon,  in  1725.  He 
obtained  some  preferment  in  tlie  church,  but 
lost  it  in  the  revolution,  removed  to  Poland, 
and  died  in  1803. 

TALBOT,  John,  Lord,  a  famous  warrior, 
was  the  second  son  of  Sir  Richard  Talbot,  of 
Goodrich  Castle,  in  Shropshire,  and  born  in 
1373.  In  the  first  year  of  Henry  V.,  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  where  he 
suppressed  a  rebellion,  and  brought  the 
chief,  Donald  Macmurrogh,  to  England. 
In  1420  he  attended  Henry  V.  to  France, 
and  was  presetit  with  him  at  his  two  sieges 
and  triumphant  entry  into  Paris.  In  the 
next  reign  he  laid  siege  to  Orleans,  where 
his  name  struck  terror  into  the  French 
soldiers  ;  but  the  appearance  of  Joan  of  Arc 
turned  the  scale,  and  the  English  army  re- 
treated. The  battle  of  Patai  completed  the 
disaster,  and  Lord  Talbot  was  made  prisoner. 
At  the  end  of  three  years  and  a  half,  he  was 
exchanged,  and  again  led  the  English  to 
victory.  He  took  a  number  of  strong  places, 
and  carried  his  arms  to  the  walls  of  Paris, 
for  which  he  was  created  earl  of  Shrew.-ibury, 
and  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  marshal  of 
France.  On  his  return  from  France  he  was 
again  sent  to  Ireland,  and  the  earldom  of 
Wexford  and  Waterford  were  added  to  his 
honours.  He  again  sought  fame  on  French 
ground,  was  made  lieutenant-general  of 
Aquitaine,  reduced  several  towns  to  obe- 
dience, and  was  marching  to  the  relief  of 
Chatillon,  when  his  usual  good  fortune  for- 
sook him,  and  he  and  his  son  fell  on  the 
field  of  battle,  July  20.  1453.  The  English 
on  this  occasion  were  wholly  routed,  and 
their  expulsion  from  France  soon  followed. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  Earl,  afterwards 
duke  of  Shrewsbury,  was  descended  from 
the  above,  and  born  in  1660.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  promoters  of  the  revolution,  for 
which  he  was  created  a  duke,  and  made  lord 
chamberlain,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  and  high 
treasurer.     Died,  1717. 

TALBOT,  Robert,  an  English  antiquary 
and  divine,  was  born  at  Thorp,  in  North- 
amptonshire ;  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  Wells  cathedral,  in 
1541  ;  and  died,  treasurer  of  Norwich  cathe- 
dral, in  1558.  He  paid  great  attention  to 
the  antiquities  of  his  native  country,  and 
was  the  first  English  writer  who  illustrated 
the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  by  a  commentary 
and  notes. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  lord  high  chancellor 
of  England,  was  the  son  of  William  Talbot, 


816 


tal] 


91  iJJclM  Hniijer^al  28taflrapT)i). 


[tal 


bishop  of  Durham,  and  was  born  in  1G84. 
He  was  an  excellent  lawyer,  and  a  man  of 
high  virtue  and  public  integrity.  Died,  1737. 
TALBOT,  Cathakine,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Talbot,  second  son  of  the  Bishop  of 
Durham,  was  born  in  1720,  and  died  in  1770. 
This  lady  was  no  less  distinguished  by  her 
amiable  life  than  by  her  talents ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Iteflections  on  the  Seven 
Days  of  the  Week,"  "Essays  on  various 
Subjects."  letters,  dialogues,  and  poems. 

TALIESIN,  termed  Ten  BituDD,  or  the 
Chief  of  the  Bards,  is  regarded  aa  the  most 
eminent  of  the  ancient  British  poets.  He 
lived  in  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century  ;  and 
his  name  has  been  handed  down  to  iiosterity 
in  conjunction  with  the  two  Merlins,  under 
the  appellation  of  the  three  principal  Chris- 
tian bards. 

TALLAIID,  Camilt.e  d'IIostitx,  Duke 
de,  a  celebrated  marshal  of  France,  was  bom 
in  16r)2.  After  having  distinguished  himself 
under  Turenne,  he  was,  in  1697,  sent  am- 
bassador to  England,  to  negotiate  concerning 
the  succession  to  the  crown  of  Spain  on  the 
death  of  Charles  II.  War  breaking  out  in 
1702,  he  was  honoured  with  a  marshal's  staff; 
and  after  he  had  defeated  the  imperialists 
before  Landau,  and  the  town  had  capitu- 
lated, he  announced  his  success  to  Louis 
XIV.  in  the  following  terms  :  "  I  have  taken 
more  standards  than  your  majesty  has  lost 
soldiers."  He  was  afterwards  opposed  to  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  and  taken  prisoner 
at  the  battle  of  Ilochstet ;  on  which  occasion 
he  said  to  the  duke,  "  Your  Grace  has  beaten 
the  finest  troops  in  Europe."  The  duke  re- 
plied, "  You  will  except.  I  hope,  those  who 
defeated  them."  Marshal  Tallard  remained 
in  England  till  1712,  when  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  was  created  a  duke.  In  1726  he 
was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  died  in 
1728. 

TALLEYRAND,  Ciiari.es  Maurice  pe 
Pkrigord,  Prince  de,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
17")4,  and  was  descended  from  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  houses  of  France.  As  he 
was  intended  for  tlie  church,  he  entered  the 
seminary  of  St.  Sulpiee  ;  and  his  ready  wit, 
insinuating  manners,  and  a  quick  penetra- 
tion into  the  real  characters  of  men,  caused 
him,  in  1780,  to  be  named  agent-general  for 
ecclesiastical  affairs.  The  duties  of  his  office 
did  not  occupy  all  his  attention  ;  and  Mira- 
beau,  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolu- 
tion, pointed  out  the  prelate  of  Autun  (for 
Talleyrand  then  occupied  that  bishopric)  as 
possessing  talents  equal  to  the  occasion,  and 
as  one  capable  of  reading  the  intricate  secrets 
of  cabinets  — a  prophecy  which  has  been 
fully  verified.  From  the  period  of  1789, 
when  he  was  deputed  by  the  clergy  of  his 
diocese  to  represent  them  in  the  assembly  of 
the  states  general,  he  dictated  laws  which 
rendered  him  a  favourite  with  the  people,  at 
the  same  time  that  he  laboured  to  insinuate 
himself  into  the  diplomatic  agency  of  the 
reigning  governments.  Acting  as  the  re- 
presentative of  the  clergy,  he  proposed  the 
suppression  of  the  payment  of  tithes,  and 
brought  forward  the  decree  which  gave  tlieir 
property  to  aid  the  service  of  the  state.  Deaf 
to  every  appeal  made  by  tliat  body,  he  ceased 
not  to  enforce  the  law  which  obliged  the 


clergy  to  swear  obedience  to  the  civil  power, 
and  officiated  in  his  pontifical  robes  at  the 
newly  erected  altar  in  the  Champ  de  Mars, 
on  the  14th  of  July,  1790,  where  he  was  the 
first  to  take  the  civic  religious  oath,  and 
advise  the  priests  to  follow  his  example.  He 
subsequently  consecrated  the  first  constitu- 
tional bishops,  and  for  this  was  excommuni- 
cated by  pope  Pius  VI.  He  then  gave  up 
his  bishopric,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  directory  for  the  department  of  Paris. 
He  proposed  to  the  directory  the  plan  of  a 
great  national  school  on  philosophical  prin- 
ciples ;  and  in  the  discussion  which  followed 
gave  the  first  ideas  for  the  Institution  in  aid 
of  the  arts  and  sciences,  which  was  estab- 
lished in  Paris  five  years  afterwards.  In 
1792  Talleyrand  was  sent  to  England  on  a 
secret  mission  ;  but  as  he  was  suspected  both 
by  the  Jacobins  and  the  emigrants,  his  pre- 
sence was  disapproved  of,  and  the  English 
minister  gave  him  and  the  French  ambas- 
sador, M.  de  Chauvelin,  orders  to  quit  the 
English  territories  within  24  hours.  He  then 
left  France  for  the  United  States,  and  there 
employed  himself  in  commercial  specula- 
tions, until  he  was  recalled  in  179(5  by  a 
decree  of  the  convention.  On  his  return  he 
was  appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and 
supported  himself  with  the  xitmost  saitg-froid 
imaginable  against  the  numerous  attacks  he 
received  from  men  of  different  parties.  He 
knew  the  desire  of  General  Buonaparte  to  be 
at  the  head  of  the  government ;  and,  with 
Sicyes  as  his  colleague,  he  became  the  main- 
spring in  directing  the  movements  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  first  consul.  He  was  the  ne- 
gotiator with  Austria  at  Luneville,  as  well 
as  with  England  in  the  treaty  of  Amiens. 
A  brief,  issued  by  pope  Pius  VII.,  having 
released  him  from  the  obligation  of  celibacy, 
he  married  Madame  Grandt ;  and  on  Napo- 
leon becoming  emperor,  he  made  him  grand 
chamberlain,  and  in  180(5  created  him  prince 
of  Benevento,  still  retaining  the  foreign  port- 
folio. In  March,  180(5,  he  opened  negotia- 
tions of  peace  with  Mr.  Fox,  which  failed 
with  the  death  of  the  latter  great  statesman. 
In  1807  he  was  made  vice-grand-elector ; 
and  superseded,  as  foreign  secretary,  by  De 
Champagny,in  consequence  of  his  opposition 
to  the  project  of  making  Joseph  Buonaparte 
the  king  of  Spain.  The  first  reverse  of  the 
French  arms  increased  Napoleon's  irritation 
against  his  clear-sighted  advisers,  and  he  was 
excluded  the  cabinet  and  placed  under  sur- 
veillance. To  the  secret  intrigues  of  his  re- 
sentful and  active  mind,  long  at  work,  it  is 
generally  understood  that  Buonaparte  owed 
his  fall  i  coupled  as  they  were  with  the  dis- 
asters of  the  last  ill-fated  campaigns  in 
Russia,  Germany,  and  France.  Buonaparte 
saw  his  error  when  too  late.  He  recalled 
Talleyrand;  but  the  seed  had  been  long 
sown,  and  was  mature  ;  the  web  was  not  to 
be  unwound.  No  one  can  tell  what  influence 
he  exercised  but  himself  ;  and  as  by  his  will 
he  has  strictly  prohibited  his  heirs  from 
publishing  his  memoirs  before  the  lapse  of 
30  years  from  the  day  of  his  death,  many  a 
grand  secret  in  diplomacy,  and  many  state 
mysteries,  must  till  that  period  arrives  be 
impenetrable.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  provisional  government,  on  Napoleon'* 


817 


tal] 


^  ^elo  Bniiicr^id  2StograpT)M. 


[tal 


abdication  in  1814,  and  exercised  that  func- 
tion till  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons; 
when  he  was  appointed  foreign  minister, 
made  a  peer  as  Prince  Talleyrand,  and 
finally  sent  ambassador  to  tlie  congress  of 
Vienna.  On  Napoleon's  return  from  Elba, 
the  latter  attempted,  vainly,  to  attach  him 
to  his  fortunes  ;  but  his  sagacious  instinct 
prevailed.  He  remained  steady  to  the  new 
dynasty,  and  urged  the  personal  declarations 
against  Napoleon  of  the  13th  and  2oth  of 
Marcli,  1815.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
he  returned  to  Paris  with  Louis  XVHL, 
and  was  re-appointed  foreign  minister  ;  but 
he  resigned  rather  than  put  his  name  to  the 
treaty  for  the  occupation  of  France.  He 
from  that  time  till  the  fall  of  Charles  X. 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  opposition 
in  the  Chamber  of  Peers  ;  and  on  Louis 
Philippe  becoming  king,  in  1830,  he  was  sent 
ambassador  to  England,  in  which  capacity 
he  remained  till  1837.  Tliroughout  the 
varying  situations  in  which  he  was  placed, 
much  as  he  may  be  charged  with  duplicity 
and  selfishness,  one  prevailing  sentiment 
may  be  remarked  —  a  strong  and  unceasing 
interest  for  his  country's  greatness.  His 
sincerity  was  always  questionable  ;  but  his 
firmness  of  character,  his  diplomatic  supe- 
riority, his  infinite  resources,  the  clearness 
of  his  views,  the  brilliancy  of  his  wit,  and 
the  elegance  of  his  language,  all  combined 
to  form  a  being  capable  of  influencing  the 
destinies  of  a  nation.  He  died  at  Paris,  in 
the  84th  year  of  his  age,  on  the  17th  of  May, 
1838. 

TALLIEN,  one  of  the  most  prominent 
characters  in  the  French  revolution,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  17G9,  and  was  the  son  of 
the  maitre-d'hotel  to  the  Marquis  de  Bercj', 
to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  education. 
Previously  to  the  revolution  he  had  been 
clerk  to  an  attorney  ;  but  he  commenced  his 
political  career  as  secretary  to  the  deputy 
Broustaret,  and  neglected  no  means  to  bring 
himself  into  notice  as  the  violent  opponent 
of  the  king  and  hia  ministers,  and  thereby 
gradually  acquired  considerable  influence. 
He  was  deeply  concerned  in  the  terrible 
commotions  of  the  10th  of  August,  1792 ; 
and  was  at  that  time  the  constant  advocate 
for  violent  measures.  He  strongly  urged 
the  immediate  trial  of  Louis  XVI.,  added 
new  charges  to  tlie  accusation  against  him, 
voted  for  his  death,  and  on  the  day  of  his 
execution  he  was  president  of  the  conven- 
tion. At  length,  however,  after  taking  a 
part  in  most  of  the  sanguinary  proceedings 
which  occurred  during  the  ascendancy  of 
Robespierre,  he  became  more  moderate,  and 
it  was  mainly  to  his  courage  and  eloquence 
that  the  downfall  of  the  tyrant  was  effected. 
He  had  formed  an  attachment  for  Madame 
de  Fontenai,  a  lady  of  great  personal  charms, 
whose  family  name  was  Cabarus  ;  but  the 
connection  had  been  broken  off,  and  she  was 
thrown  into  a  dungeon  by  Robespierre.  The 
tyrant,  being  afraid  of  Tallien,  offered  her 
life  and  liberty  if  she  would  betray  him. 
But,  though  her  lover  had  been  faithless,  she 
rejected  the  proposal  ;  and  sent  privately 
this  note  to  Tallien  ;  "  The  minister  of 
police  has  announced  to  me  that  to-morrow 
I  am  to  appear  at  the  tribunal,  that  is  to 


81S 


say,  that  I  am  to  ascend  the  scaffold.  I 
dreamt  last  night  that  Robespierre  was  no 
more,  and  that  my  prison  doors  were 
opened.  A  brave  man  might  have  realised 
this  dream  ;  but,  thanks  to  your  cowardice, 
no  one  remains  capable  of  its  accomplish- 
ment." Tallien  answered,  "  Be  as  prudent 
as  I  shall  prove  brave  ;  and,  above  all,  be 
tranquil."  The  next  day  he  hurried  to  the 
tribune,  and,  after  an  animated  picture  of 
tlie  atrocities  which  had  taken  place,  and 
which  he  ascribed  to  Robespierre,  he  sud- 
denly turned  to  the  bust  of  Brutus,  and,  in- 
voking the  genius  of  the  Roman  patriot,  he 
drew  a  dagger  from  his  bosom,  and  swore 
that  he  would  bury  it  in  the  tyrant's  heart, 
if  the  representatives  of  the  people  had  not 
courage  to  order  his  immediate  arrest.  The 
moment  was  critical  ;  the  fate  of  Tallien 
hung  on  a  thread  ;  but  the  assembly  joined 
him,  and  the  miscreant  perished  on  the 
scaffold.  Tallien,  wlio  now  married  Ma- 
dame de  Fontenai,  continued  to  be  an  active 
member  of  the  legislature  till  1798,  when  he 
accompanied  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  as  one 
of  the  literati  attached  to  the  expedition  ; 
but,  after  Buonaparte  left  that  country, 
Menou  obliged  him  to  return  also  ;  and  the 
vessel  in  which  he  sailed  being  captured  by 
the  English,  he  was  taken  to  London.  On 
revisiting  his  native  country,  he  was  taken 
but  little  notice  of  by  Buonaparte  ;  but  he 
eventually  obtained  the  office  of  French 
consul  at  Alicant,    Died.  1820. 

TALLIS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English 
musician  of  the  Kith  century.  He  filled  the 
situation  of  organist  of  the  chapel  royal 
under  Henry  VIII.,  as  well  as  under  his 
tliree  immediate  successors  ;  and  parts  of 
his  composition  are  still  used  in  our  cathe- 
drals.    Died,  1.585. 

TALMA,  Fraxcois  Joseph,  the  most 
eminent  tragic  actor  France  ever  produced, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  17G3,  but  spent  his 
childhood  in  Flanders  and  iSngland,  where 
his  father  was  a  dentist.  When  9  years  of 
age  he  was  sent  to  Paris  to  be  educated,  be- 
came passionately  fond  of  the  drama,  and, 
returning  to  England,  formed  one  of  an 
amateur  French  company,  which  performed 
at  Hanover  Square  Rooms,  and  was  at  one 
time  on  the  point  of  appearing  on  the  boards 
of  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  to  which  he  was 
strongly  urged  by  several  distinguished  per- 
sons. Circumstances,  however,  led  him  to 
Paris,  where  he  entered  the  royal  school  for 
declamation,  and  in  1787  made  his  debut 
at  the  Theatre  Fran?ais,  in  the  character  of 
Seide,  in  Voltaire's  "  Mahomet."  He  was 
received  with  applause,  and  from  that  mo- 
ment devoted  himself  with  zeal  and  perse- 
verance to  the  study  of  his  art.  He  sought 
the  society  of  distinguished  literati  and 
artists  ;  studied  history  for  the  purpose  of 
becoming  acquainted  with  the  manners  and 
customs  of  nations,  and  the  characters  of 
remarkable  individuals  ;  and  made  himself 
master  of  the  attitudes,  costumes,  expres- 
sion, and  drapery  of  the  ancient  statues.  For 
many  years  he  continued  at  the  summit  of 
his  profession,  and  acquired  by  it  a  hand- 
some fortune.    He  died  in  182(5. 

TALMONT,  DE  LA  Trimoille,  Prince 
de,  a  French  royalist  officer  in  the  war  of 


tam] 


^  i^ehj  Unihtv^aX  ^iastiq?ffVi' 


[tas 


La  Vendt^e.  He  distinguished  himself  by 
liis  courage  on  many  occasions,  but  was 
ultimately  taken  prisoner,  and  executed  in 
frojit  of  his  own  castle  of  Laval,  iu  171>3. 

TAMBRONL  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet 
and  historian,  bom  at  Bologna,  in  1773.  In 
ISO!)  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Leghorn, 
and  afterwards  at  Rome.  He  «Tote  "  Com- 
pendio  delle  Storie  di  Polonio,"  &c.    Died, 

1824 His  sister,  Clotilda,  was  noted  for 

her  acquaintance  with  Greek  literature,  and 
in  17!»4  the  Greek  professorsliip  at  Bologua 
was  bestowed  on  her.    Died,  1817. 

TAMERLANE,  or  TIMOUR,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  Oriental  conquerors, 
was  born  in  133.^  at  Kersch,  in  the  territory 
of  the  ancient  Sogdiana,  and  early  in  life 
displayed  extraordinary  courage  and  enter- 
prise. Having  gained  a  number  of  followers 
of  a  similar  disposition,  he  made  himself 
master  of  Balk,  the  cajiital  of  Khorasan  ; 
after  which  he  made  an  easy  conquest  of 
the  province  of  Candahar.  He  next  sub- 
dued the  whole  of  ancient  Persia,  and  then 
took  Bagdad.  Flushed  with  his  success,  he 
marched  into  India,  where  he  took  Delhi, 
the  capital,  and  thus  gained  possession  of 
immense  treasures.  But  while  he  was  en- 
gaged in  this  expedition,  Bagdad  revolted, 
on  which  he  hastened  back,  delivered  the 
city  up  to  pillage,  and  put  to  death  above 
80,(KX)  persons,  lie  also  invaded  Syria,  and 
took  Damascus.  In  this  splendid  career 
the  Greek  emperor  and  some  inferior  princes 
implored  his  assistance  against  Bajazet, 
emperor  of  the  Turks,  whom  he  marched 
against,  and  after  a  battle  of  three  days  the 
Turkish  emperor  was  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner.  Tamerlane  fixed  the  seat  of  his 
vast  empire  at  Samarcand,  where  he  received 
the  homage  of  numerous  sovereigns,  and 
among  the  rest  the  ambassadors  of  the  em- 
peror Manuel  Paleologus  and  Henry  III., 
king  of  Castile.  He  died  in  1405.  Tamer- 
lane conducted  his  government  alone  and 
without  favourites,  but  was  in  the  highest 
degree  fierce  and  fanatical  in  his  religion  ; 
and,  although  no  conquests  were  ever  at- 
tended with  greater  cruelty,  devastation, 
and  waste  of  human  life,  he  affected  the  title 
of  benefactor  to  mankind.  Happily,  his  am- 
bition was  too  gigantic  for  its  consequences 
to  last,  and  his  dominions  rapidly  became 
divided  as  before. 

TANDY,  James  Napper,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  who  rendered  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  government  by  his  seditious  prac- 
tices, and,  to  avoid  being  arrested,  took  re- 
fuge in  France.  The  executive  directory 
gave  him  a  commission,  as  general  of  bri- 
gade in  the  expedition  against  Ireland,  in 
August,  1798,  under  General  Rey.  He  was 
afterwards  taken  at  Hamburgh,  and  being 
brought  to  Ireland,  was  tried  and  convicted 
as  a  traitor.  He  was,  however,  allowed  to 
retire  to  France,  and  died  at  Bourdeaux,  in 
imi. 

TANNAIIILI,  Robert,  a  Scottish  poet, 
was  born  at  Paisley,  in  1774,  and  bred  a 
weaver.  He  read  tlie  works  of  Burns  with 
enthusiasm,  and,  like  many  more  of  his 
countrymen,  he  burned  to  emulate  him  : 
and  though  he  fell  immeasurably  short  of 
his  model,  he  produced  some  very  delight- 


818 


ful  songs,  and  other  lyric  effusioni.    Died, 

1810. 

TANNER,  Thomas,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  bom  at  Market  I^vington,  in  Wiltshire, 
in  1674 ;  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  and 
ultimately  reached  the  episcopal  bench,  as 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  wrote  "  Notitia 
Monastica,  or  an  Account  of  all  tlie  Religious 
Houses  in  England  and  Wales,"  "Bibiiotheca 
Britanuico-llibernica,"  and  contributed  to 
the  last  edition  of  Wood's  Athente  Oxonicn- 
sis.    Died.  1735. 

TANSILLO.  Lcioi,  an  Italian  poet,  bom 
about  1.510.  Having  composed  some  poems 
of  a  licentious  character,  pope  Paul  V. 
placed  all  his  works  in  the  Index  Purga- 
torius,  or  list  of  prohibited  books  ;  upon 
which  the  poet  made  the  best  reparation  in 
his  power  by  writing  a  derout  poem,  and 
this  had  the  desired  effect.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  sonnets,  songs,  some  comedies,  and 
'•  The  Nurse,"  which  lias  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  Roscoe.  He  died,  in 
154)8,  judge  of  Gaeta. 

TARLETON,  Richarp,  a  celebrated  ac- 
tor and  jester,  was  born  at  Condover,  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  the  author  of  a  dra- 
matic performance,  called  "  The  Seven 
Deadly  Sins  ;"  and  many  of  his  witticisms 
have  been  printed  in  different  jest-books. 
Died.  1.58P. 

TARQUINIUS,  Bumamed  PRiscrs,  or 
TAKyiiN  THK  Elder,  fifth  king  of  Rome, 
was  the  son  of  Greek  parents,  and  born  in 
the  town  of  Tarquinii,  in  Etruria.  His 
name  was  Lucumon  Demaratus,  whicth  he 
changed  on  going  to  Rome,  by  the  advice  of 
his  wife  Tauaquil.  lie  had,  in  the  course  of 
a  long  and  prosperous  reign,  reached  his  80th 
year,  when  he  was  assassinated  by  the  sons 
of  his  predecessor,  b.  c.  578. 

TARQUINIUS,  surnamed  SltErbus,  or 
TAR(ji'ii'f  THE  Proud,  king  of  Rome,  was  a 
tyrant  and  usurper,  who  rendered  himself 
odious  to  the  Romans  by  his  pride  and 
cruelty.  His  son,  Sextus  Tarquinius,  hav- 
ing ravished  Lucretia,  occasioned  that  well- 
known  revolution  which  put  an  end  to  the 
monarchy,  and  established  the  republic  of 
Rome. 

TARTINI,  Giuseppe,  an  excellent  Italian 
musician  and  composer,  was  born  in  1092,  at 
Pirano,  in  Istria.  He  was  sent  to  study  the 
law  at  Padua  ;  but  having  married  without 
the  consent  of  his  parents,  they  discarded 
him,  and  he  became  a  player  on  the  violin. 
A  singular  story  is  told  respecting  one  of  his 
most  celebrated  compositions.  One  niglit 
he  dreamed  that  he  had  made  a  compact 
with  the  devil,  and  bound  himself  to  his 
service.  To  ascertain  the  musical  abilities 
of  his  associate,  he  gave  him  his  violin,  and 
desired  him  to  play  a  solo,  which  Satan  exe- 
cuted in  so  masterly  a  manner,  that  Tartini, 
awaking  in  the  ecstasy  which  it  produced, 
and  seizing  his  instrument,  endeavoured  to 
recal  the  delicious  sounds.  His  efforts  were 
so  far  effectual  as  to  produce  the  piece  gene- 
rally admired  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Devil's  Sonata."  He  held  the  situation  of 
leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  cathedral  of 
St.  Anthony  at  Padua  ;  and  died  in  1770. 
Besides  his  numerous  musical  compositions, 
Tartini  wrote  several  treatises  on  the  science. 


4Aa 


TAS] 


^  ^cto  ?am'l)eri?aT  33t0srajp^i?. 


[tay 


TASKER,  William,  an  English  divine 
and  poet,  was  born  in  ])evonshire,  and  died 
in  1800.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Odes  of 
Pindar  and  Horace,  translated  into  English 
Verse,"  3  vols.  8vo.  ;  "Ode  to  the  Warlike 
Genius  of  Britain,"  and  "  Letters  on  Phy- 
siognomy." 

TAS.MAN,  Abel  Jaxssen,  a  Dutch  navi- 
gator and  geographical  discoverer  in  the 
17th  century,  was  employed  on  exploratory 
voyages  by  Van  Dieman,  the  Dutch  gover- 
nor-general in  the  East,  and  made  many 
important  discoveries  in  Australia  and  the 
surrounding  islands. 

TASSIE,  James,  an  ingenious  modeller, 
was  born  near  Glasgow,  and  brought  up  as 
a  stonemason,  but  having  acquired  from 
Dr.  Quin,  a  physician  in  Dublin,  the  art  of 
imitating  gems  in  coloured  pastes,  he  came 
to  London,  where,  by  dint  of  talent  and 
perseverance,  he  obtained  both  fame  and 
fortune.    Died,  1799. 

TASSO,  Beu.vakdo,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Bergamo,  in  149."?.  He  was  of  a  good 
family,  and  was  successively  in  the  service 
of  the  Prince  of  Salerno  and  the  Dukes  of 
ITrbino  and  Mantua.  His  chief  poem  is 
"  Amadis  de  Gaul,"  in  100  cantos.  Died, 
15(59. 

TASSO,  ToRQUATO,  son  of  the  preceding, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  poets  that  Italy 
ever  produced,  was  born  at  Sorrento,  in 
1544.  His  works  show  him  to  have  been  a 
philosopher,  an  orator,  a  logician,  a  critic, 
and  a  poet  excelling  in  every  kind  of  com- 
position. His  chief  works  are  "  Rinaldo," 
"  Aminta,"  and  "  Gerusalemme  Liberata," 
an  epic  poem  in  24  books,  which  has  been 
considered  by  able  critics  to  be  the  richest 
and  most  finished  poem  since  the  age  of 
j  Augustus.  While  he  was  at  the  court  of 
Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara,  he  incurred 
that  prince's  anger  by  his  passion  for  the 
Princess  Leonora,  of  Este,  his  patron's 
sister  ;  and  being  somewhat  disordered  in 
his  intellects,  he  was  ungenerously  shut  up 
in  a  madhouse  for  seven  years,  where  he 
underwent  the  most  illiberal  treatment. 
The  remonstrances  of  several  Italian  princes 
at  length  procured  his  release  ;  and  wlien 
Cardinal  Aldobrandini  ascended  the  papal 
chair  by  the  name  of  Clement  VIII.,  he 
invited  him  to  Rome,  resolving  to  confer 
upon  him  the  laureate  crown  in  the  capitol. 
While,  however,  the  preparations  were  going 
on  for  this  ceremony,  the  poet  was  taken  ill, 
and  died  in  1595. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Modena,  in  1505.  His  writings  dis- 
play a  fund  of  genuine  humour  ;  and  some 
of  them,  especially  the  mock  heroic  poem, 
entitled  "  SecchiaRapita,"  or  the  "  Rape  of 
the  Bucket,"  are  most  highly  esteemed  by 
his  countrymen.     Died,  l(iH5. 

TATE,  Francis,  an  English  lawyer  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  who  acquired'  great 
reputation  as  a  Saxon  scholar  and  antjquary. 
He  was  made  a  Welsh  judge  in  the  reign  of 
James  I. 

TATE,  Naiium,  a  poet,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin, in  1C52,  and  was  educated  in  the  college 
of  his  native  city.  On  coming  to  London  he 
assisted  Dryden  in  some  of  his  works  ;  and 
succeeded  Shadwell  as  poet   laureate.    He 


820 


altered  Shakspeare's  play  of  Lear,  and  wrote 
several  poems  ;  but  he  is  best  known  by  the 
Version  of  the  Psalms,  which  he  executed  in 
conjunction  with  Brady. 

TATIUS,  king  of  the  Sabines,  who  made 
war  against  the  Romans,  and  by  treachery 
gained  possession  of  the  capitol.  He  was 
murdered  at  Lavinium,  B.  c.  742. 

TAUSEN,  JoHN^,  styled  the  Danish  Lu- 
ther, was  born  in  1499.  He  had  embraced 
the  monastic  life,  but  quitted  the  convent, 
and  zealously  promoted  the  doctrines  of  the 
Reformation.  He  ultimately  became  bishop 
ofRibe.     Died,  1.5C1. 

TAVERNIER,  Jeax  Baptiste,  a  tra- 
veller, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1605.  He  went 
through  Turkey,  Persia,  and  the  East  Indies, 
six  times,  and  died  at  Moscow,  in  1G89.  His 
"  Collection  of  Travels,"  in  6  vols.,  is  greatly 
esteemed,  and  has  been  translated  into 
English. 

TAYLOR,  Brook,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician and  philosopher,  was  born  at  Ed- 
monton, in  Middlesex,  in  1(385.  He  pub- 
lished a  variety  of  scientific  treatises,  and 
died  in  1731. 

TAYLOR,  Lieut.-gen.  Sir  Hkrbert,  en- 
tered the  army  in  1793,  and  served  in  the 
campaigns  of  that  and  the  following  year. 
He  was  present  at  the  sieges  of  Valenciennes 
and  Dunkirk,  and  at  numerous  otlier  affairs 
of  minor  importance,  and  in  1795  he  returned 
to  England,  having  the  appointment  of  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  commander-in-chief.  He 
subsequently  was  appointed  private  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  York,  in  which  capacity  he 
continued,  until  appointed  to  the  same  office 
to  George  III.  As  military  secretary.  Sir 
Herbert  did  very  much  towards  bringing  the 
army  into  its  present  state  of  excellent  dis- 
cipline, and  a  state  of  comfort  little  thought 
of  in  former  years  ;  and  as  private  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  York,  George  III.,  and  Queen 
Charlotte,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  he  was 
executor  to  the  will  of  the  first,  trustee  to  the 
private  property  of  the  second,  and  warmly 
patronised  by  the  third,  who  made  him 
master  of  St.  Katherine's  Hospital  in  the 
Regent's  Park.  In  addition  to  his  military 
services.  Sir  Herbert  on  several  occasions  was 
intrusted  witli  political  missions,  in  which 
he  displayed  considerable  tact,  and  gave 
great  satisfaction  at  home.  Born,  1775; 
died,  1839. 

TAYLOR,  Jane,  the  daughter  of  an  artist 
in  London,  was  born  in  1783,  and  very  early 
in  life  gave  evident  indications  of  poetic 
talent.  Her  first  publication,  "  The  Beggar 
Boy,"  appeared  in  1804 ;  and  from  that 
time  forward  she  continued  to  publish,  oc- 
casionally, miscellaneous  pieces  in  verse. 
The  principal  of  these  are,  "  Original  Poems 
for  Infant  Minds  "  and  "  Essays  in  Rhyme 
on  Morals  and  Manners,"  She  also  wrote  a 
prose  tale,  entitled  "  Display,"  which  met 
with  much  success.    Died,  1823. 

TAYLOR,  Jkremy,  an  eminently  learned 
and  pious  prelate,  was  born  in  1613,  at 
Cambridge  ;  and  having  entered  into  orders, 
attracted  the  notice  of  Archbishop  Laud, 
who  made  him  his  chaplain,  and  obtained 
for  him  the  rectory  of  Uppingham.  In  1042 
he  was  created  doctor  of  divinity  at  Oxford, 
at  which  time  he  was  chaplain  in  ordinary 


tat] 


^  iim  BmhtxiKl  38t0grapl)i». 


[tay 


to  Charles  I.,  whom  he  attended  in  some  of 
his  campaigns,  and  aided  l>y  several  writings 
in  defence  of  tlie  church  of  England.  After 
the  parliament  proved  victorious,  his  living 
being  sequestrated,  he  retired  into  Wales, 
where  he  was  kindly  received  by  the  Earl  of 
Carbery,  under  whose  protection  he  was 
allowed  to  exercise  his  ministry,  and  keep  a 
school.  In  this  obscure  situation  he  wrote 
those  copious  and  fervent  discourses,  whose 
fertility  of  composition,  eloquence  of  ex- 
pression, and  comprehensiveness  of  thought, 
have  rendered  him  one  of  the  first  writers  in 
the  English  language.  He  was  twice  im- 
prisoned by  the  republican  government  ;  but 
at  the  Restoration  lie  was  made  bishop  of 
Down  and  Conuor,  and  vice-chancellor  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Among  his  nu- 
merous works  are,  the  "Golden  Grove,  or 
Manual  of  Daily  Prayers,"  "  Treatises  on 
Holy  Living  and  Dying,"  "  Ductor  Dubi- 
tantium,  or  Rule  of  Conscience,"  and  "  Li- 
berty of  Prophesying,"  a  work  on  behalf  of 
toleration.    He  died  in  1C()7. 

TAYLOR,  JoHX,  usually  called  the  Water 
Poet,  from  his  being  a  waterman,  was  bom 
in  Gloucestershire,  about  iri80.  In  l.Wt!  he 
served  in  the  fleet  under  the  Earl  of  Essex, 
and  was  i)rescnt  at  the  attack  upon  Cadiz. 
After  his  return  Jie  plied  on  the  Thames, 
and  was  for  many  years  collector  for  the 
lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  of  his  fees  on  the 
wines  imported  into  London.  lie  also  styled 
himself  the  king's  water  poet,  and  the  queen's 
waterman.  When  the  civil  wars  began  he 
retired  to  Oxford,  where  he  kept  a  public 
house,  as  he  afterwards  did  near  Long  Acre. 
At  this  place  he  manifested  hirf  loyalty  by 
assuming  for  a  sign,  the  "  Crown  in  Mourn- 
ing," which  proving  oftensivc,  he  substituted 
his  own  portrait.  In  those  days,  when  pun- 
sters were  less  plentiful  than  at  present,  his 
"right  merrie  conceits"  were  doubtless  very 
attractive,  though  they  cut  but  a  sorry  figure 
when  contrasted  with  tl»e  witty  effusions  of 
the  Magnus  Apollo  of  our  own  limes.  Died, 
16M. 

TAYLOR,  Jonx,  an  eminent  Unitarian 
divine,  was  born  in  Lancashire,  in  1C04.  He 
was  educated  at  Whitehaven  ;  and,  after  of- 
ficiating some  years  to  a  congregation  at 
Norwich,  he  accepted  the  office  of  divinity 
tutor  at  the  newly  founded  academy  of 
Warrington.  His  most  important  works 
are,  the  "  Scripture  Doctrine  of  Original 
Sin,"  the  "Scripture  Doctrine  of  Atone- 
ment," a  "  Hebrew  Concordance,"  and  a 
"  Sketch  of  Moral  Philosophy."     Died,  1 761. 

TAYLOR,  JoHX,  a  divine  and  civilian, 
was  born  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1704.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  degree  of  liL.D.  In  1742  he 
became  a  member  of  Doctors'  Commons, 
and  two  years  afterwards  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  Lincoln  ;  but  in  17,51  he  en- 
tered into  orders,  was  presented  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Lawford,  in  Essex,  and  became  a 
canon  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's.     Died,  1766. 

TAYLOR,  Silas,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  born  at  Harley,  in  Shropshire,  in  1624. 
On  leaving  Oxford  university,  he  entered 
into  the  parliamentary  army  ;  and  after- 
wards became  sequestrator  of  the  estates  of 

831 


the  loyalists  in  Herefordshire,  but  con- 
ducted himself  with  mo<leration.  At  the 
Restoration  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  stores 
at  Harwich.    Died,  1678. 

TAYLOR,  Thomas,  a  learned  Grecian, 
commonly  termed  the  Platoiiist,  was  born 
in  1758,  and  placed,  at  nine  years  of  age, 
at  St.  Paul's  Scliool,  with  a  view  to  orders  ; 
but  he  changed  liis  mind  wlien  15,  and  went 
to  a  relation,  an  officer  at  the  port  of  Sheer- 
ness.  There  a  celebrated  dissenter  instructed 
him  in  the  rudiments  of  Latin  and  Greek, 
and  he  applied  himself  wiih  indefatigable 
ardour  to  the  study  of  Greek,  csi)ecially 
the  works  of  the  Platonic  sophist.  Having 
contracted  an  early  love  marriage,  he  was 
compelled  to  become  under-usher  in  a  school, 
and,  subsequently,  clerk  to  a  banker,  for  sub- 
sistence ;  but  he  still  found  time  to  pursue 
his  early  studies.  He  afterwards  gave  public 
lectures  in  Greek  and  on  the  Platonic 
writers,  which  introduced  him  to  the  favour 
of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  who  furnished  the 
funds  for  his  great  work,  the  excellent  trans- 
lation of  Plato.  To  a  mind  constituted  like 
that  of  Mr.  Taylor's,  no  diction  could  be 
too  obscure,  no  theory  too  speculative,  no 
doctrine  too  recondite  ;  his  whole  course  of 
reading  nourished  his  inherent  love  of 
mysticism  and  metaphj'sical  subtlety.  The 
pure  philosophy  of  the  academic  schools  and 
the  wild  reveries  of  cabalistic  sects,  each  in 
their  turn  engaged  his  attention,  and  re- 
ceived his  tribute  of  admiration.  Popular 
tastes  and  feelings,  he  altogether  disre- 
garded ;  but  lived,  as  it  were,  among  the 
sages  of  antiquity,  and  propagated  their 
tenets  with  all  the  ardour  of  a  sincere  vo- 
tary. His  translations  are  very  voluminous  i 
the  most  important  are  the  works  of  Aris- 
totle, Plato,  and  Pausanias.     Died  in  1835. 

TAYI>OR,  Willi  AM,  adistinguishcd  critic, 
translator,  and  Utlih-ateur,  was  the  only 
son  of  an  eminent  merchant  of  Norwich, 
where  he  was  born,  1765.  He  was  originally 
destined  for  his  father's  business  ;  but  his 
early  bias  for  literary  pursuits  proved  so 
strong,  that  his  father  gave  way  to  his  incli- 
nations, and  after  one  or  two  somewhat 
lengthened  sojourns  in  France  and  Germany, 
he  gave  himself  up  almost  entirely  to  the 
*'  cultivation  of  the  Muses"  and  of  politics. 
He  first  became  known  by  a  vigorous  trans- 
lation of  Burger's  "  Lenore  ;  "  and  stimu- 
lated by  the  success  whicli  followed  his  first 
attempt,  he  made  various  other  translations 
from  the  same  author,  and  from  time  to 
time  contributed  specimens  of  other  German 
poets  to  different  magazines  and  periodicals. 
In  1798  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Southey,  which  soon  ripened  into  the 
warmest  friendship  ;  and  in  1802  he  became 
the  editor  of  the  Norwich  Iris,  which  he 
made  the  organ  of  liis  peculiar  political 
and  religious  opinions  ;  but  he  soon  aban- 
doned this  speculation,  and  henceforth 
engaged  in  the  business  of  "  reviewing,"  for 
which  he  found  a  main  vent  in  the  Monthly 
Review,  then  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Griffihs.  Mr.  Taylor  wrote  few  separate 
works.  Among  these,  however,  should  be 
mentioned  his  "  English  Synonymes  ;  "  and 
in  1830  he  published  a  "Survey  of  German 
Poetry,"  consisting  chiefly  of  his  collected 

4  AS 


tay] 


^  i^cio  ?Sntl)friSaI  SSto^rapIji?. 


[tet 


translations,  with  explanatory  notes.  Died, 
183(5.  A  "  Memoir  of  his  Life  and  Writings" 
M-as  publislied  by  Mr.  llobberds  in  1843. 

TAYLOR,  William  Cooke,  LL.D.,  an 
eminent  writer  on  miscellaneous  subjects, 
was  born  at  Youghal,  1800.  After  prose- 
cuting his  studies  at  tlie  university  of  Dublin 
with  great  distinction,  he  repaired  to  the 
metropolis,  and  entered  upon  a  literary 
career,  which,  for  constancy  of  application, 
and  variety  of  subject,  lias  had  few  equals 
in  modern  times.  Being  literally  a  writer 
for  his  daily  bread,  little  profound  tliought 
or  originality  of  speculation  was  to  be  looked 
for  in  his  writings  ;  but  the  care  and  dili- 
gence which  he  bestowed  on  every  subject  lie 
undertook,  amply  atoned  for  the  absence  of 
these  higher  qualities,  and  he  has  left  a 
name  in  the  literary  liistory  of  his  country 
which  will  not  soon  be  forgotten.  In  his 
zeal  for  the  promotion  of  education,  he  had 
acquired  such  vast  information,  that  his 
opinion  was  eagerly  souglit.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  184C,by  the  British  government,  to 
inquire  into  tlie"  system  of  education  on  the 
Continent ;  and  he  was  just  on  the  eve  of 
being  placed  in  a  position  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  lord- lieutenant  of  Ireland,  to 
carry  out  his  views,  when  he  was  cut  off  by 
the  pestilence  that  ravaged  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  1849.  Among  his  chief  works 
are,  his  "  Manuals  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
History,"  "Life  and  Times  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel,"  "  History  of  Mohammedanism,"  "  Re- 
volutions and  Remarkable  Conspiracies  of 
Europe  ;"  and  his  last,  and  perhaps  his  most 
important,  work,  "Tlie  History  of  the  House 
of  Orleans,"  published  only  a  few  weeks 
before  his  death.    Died,  1849. 

TAYLOR,  Zachaky,  president  of  tlie 
United  States,  was  born  in  Virginia,  1786. 
His  father,  who  had  fought  at  the  side  of 
Washington  during  all  the  war  of  independ- 
ence, at  its  conclusion  settled  in  Kentucky, 
and  conducted  his  family  to  their  forest- 
home,  where  his  son,  amid  the  perils  of 
savnge  life,  had  ample  opportunities  of  de- 
veloping tliose  military  qualities  of  which  he 
afterwards  gave  so  signal  a  proof.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  witli  Englaud  in  1807, 
he  hastened  to  join  the  army,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  guard  the  banks  of  the  Wabash. 
In  1812,  while  in  command  of  the  garrison  of 
Fort  Henderson,  consisting  only  of  62  men, 
he  was  suddenly  attacked  at  midnight  by 
a  hostile  party,  who  succeeded  in  setting 
Are  to  the  fort.  But  Taylor,  with  his  hand- 
ful of  men,  extinguished  the  flames,  and 
forced  the  enemy  to  retreat.  For  this  ex- 
ploit he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major. 
In  the  war  against  the  Indians,  both  in 
Florida  .ind  Arkansas,  he  jiassed  successively 
through  all  the  grades  of  his  profession,  till 
he  reached  the  rank  of  general.  Nominated 
in  1846  to  the  command  of  a  corps  of  obser- 
vation on  the  frontiers  of  Mexico,  an  attack 
of  the  Mexicans  gave  him  an  opportunity  of 
crossing  the  Rio  Grande,  and  of  gaining  his 
first  battle  at  Palo- Alto.  The  victorj^  of 
llescca,  Palma,  Monterej',  and  Buena-^sta 
jnoved  him  ut  once  a  valiant  soldier,  and  an 
able  general,  and  marked  him  out  to  the 
sutfrages  of  his  countrymen  for  the  presi- 
dency.   Chosen  in  Nov.  1848,  he  entered  on 


his  high  office  in  March,  1849  ;  but  he  had 
only  filled  the  chair  of  Washington  and 
Jefferson  for  sixteen  months,  when  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  by  cholera,  and  died,  to 
the  great  regret  of  liis  countrymen,  July, 
1850. 

TCHING  TCHING  KONG,  a  noted  Chi- 
nese admiral  in  the  17th  century,  known 
in  Europe  by  the  name  of  Koxinga.  His 
father  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Mantchou  Tartars,  Tching  Kong  swore  im- 
placable vengeance  against  the  insidious 
invaders  ;  and  after  attacking  their  coasts, 
and  committing  great  cruelties  on  the  pri- 
soners whom  he  took  in  battle,  he  esta- 
blished himself  on  the  island  of  Formosa, 
and  made  a  treaty  with  the  English,  with  a 
view  to  their  aid  against  the  Mantchous. 
He  died  in  1670,  and  Formosa  was  recon- 
quered in  1683. 

TEGNER,  EsAiAS,  an  eminent  Swedish 
poet  and  divine,  was  born,  1782  ;  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  Greek  literature  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Lund  in  1812,  and  in  1824  created 
bishop  of  Wexiae.  Ilis  poetry  is  chiefly 
founded  on  the  romantic  legends  of  the 
North,  which  he  has  succeeded  in  making 
popular  far  beyond  the  limits  of  his  native 
land.     Died,  1847. 

TEIGNMOUTH,  John  Shore,  Lord,  was 
born  in  Devonshire,  1751.  Himself  the  son 
of  a  supercargo,  and  the  grandson  of  a  cap- 
tain in  the  East  India  Company's  marine, 
he  was  destined  from  his  youth  to  the  service 
of  the  same  employers.  Having  finished  his 
education  at  Harrow  and  Hackney,  he  went 
to  Bengal  in  1769  as  a  cadet ;  in  1773  he  was 
appointed  Persian  translator  and  secretary 
to  the  provincial  council  of  Moorshedabad  ; 
and  his  diligence  and  abilities  being  now 
duly  appreciated,  he  was  nominated  a  mem- 
bef  of  the  general  committee  of  revenue,  an 
oflfice  which  brought  him  into  friendly  rela- 
tions with  Warren  Hastings,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  England  in  1785.  In  1786  he 
returned  to  Calcutta  as  a  member  of  the 
supreme  council,  and  so  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  numerous  reforms,  financial  and 
judicial,  which  he  introduced,  that  in  1793  he 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India, 
having  in  the  preceding  year  been  created  a 
baronet.  In  1797  he  quitted  his  high  office, 
and  returned  to  England  with  the  title  of 
Lord  Teignmouth,  where  he  entered  on  a 
career  of  practical  philanthropy  which  com- 
pletely eclipsed  even  the  splendours  of  his 
early  life.  He  became  a  member  of  what  is 
known  as  "  The  Clapham  Sect,"  which  num- 
bered among  its  adherents  Wilberforce, 
Claikson,  Z.  Macaulay,  I.  Milner,  and  Gran- 
ville Sharpe;  and  closed  a  long  life,  passed  in 
works  of  charity  and  mercy,  Feb.  14th,  1834. 
He  was  the  first  president  of  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  established  in  1804  ; 
he  was  also  president  of  the  Asiatic  Society  ; 
and  though  he  never  acquired  great  celebrity 
as  an  author,  he  published  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Sir  W.  Jones,  together  with  a 
memoir,  besides  various-ipamphlets  on  reli- 
gious questions.  A  memoir  of  his  life  and 
coirespondeuce  was  published  b\'  his  son  in 
184.-.. 

TEISSIER,  Antoixe,  a  learned  French 
advocate,    born    at    Montiielier,    iu    1632. 


OF 


tek] 


^  fim  mnibtriKl  28t00rap1^i). 


[tem 


Being  a  Protestant,  he  was  forced,  by  the 
revocation  of  tlje  edict  of  Nantes,  to  emi- 

frate  ;  and  became  liistoriograplier  to  the 
'russian  court.  lie  wrote  some  very  valu- 
able works,  viz.  "  The  Lives  of  Illustrious 
Princes,"  "  On  the  Social  Duties  of  Man," 
"  Instructions,  Moral  and  Political,"  &c. 
Died,  1715. 

TEKELI,  Eaieeic,  Count  de,  a  Hunga- 
rian nobleman,  was  born  in  IGoS,  and  took 
the  command  of  his  countrymen  in  their 
struggle  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  Austria. 
He  defeated  the  Imperialists  in  several 
battles  ;  but,  after  many  vicissitudes,  he 
was  compelled  to  seek  an  asylum  in  Turkey, 
and  died  at  Constantinople,  in  1705. 

TELL,  William,  a  renowned  champion 
in  the  cause  of  Swiss  liberty,  was  a  native 
of  Burglen,  in  the  canton  of  Uri.  He  was 
distinguished  by  his  skill  in  archery,  liis 
strength,  and  courage.  The  tyrannical  des- 
potism of  the  Austrian  governor  of  Switzer- 
land, Herman  Gesler,  was  intolerable  ;  he 
pushed  his  insolence  so  far,  as  to  require 
the  Swiss  to  uncover  their  heads  before  his 
hat  (as  an  emblem  of  his  sovereignty) ; 
and  condemned  Tell,  who  refused  to  com- 
ply with  this  mandate,  to  shoot  an  apple 
from  the  head  of  his  own  son.  Tell  was 
successful  in  his  attempt,  but  confessed 
that  a  second  arrow,  whicli  he  bore  about 
his  person,  was  intended,  in  case  he  had 
failed,  for  the  punishment  of  the  tyrant, 
and  was  therefore  retained  prisoner.  'iVhile 
he  was  crossing  the  lake  of  the  Four  Can- 
tons, or  lake  of  Lucerne,  in  the  same  boat 
with  Gesler,  a  violent  storm  threatened  the 
destruction  of  the  skiff.  Tell,  as  the  most 
vigorous  and  skilful  helmsman,  was  set 
free  ;  and  he  conducted  the  boat  success- 
fully to  the  shore,  but  seized  tlie  oppor- 
tunity to  spring  upon  a  rock,  pushing  off 
the  barque.  He  had  fortunately  taken  his 
bow  with  him  ;  and  when  tlie  governor 
finally  escaped  the  storm,  and  reached  the 
shore.  Tell  shot  him  dead  on  the  road  to 
Kussnacht.  This  event  was  the  signal  for 
a  general  rising,  and  a  most  obstinate  war 
between  the  Swiss  and  Austrians,  which 
was  not  brought  to  a  close  until  1499.  Tell 
is  supposed  to  have  lost  his  life  during  an 
inundation  in  1350.  This  is  the  story  which 
has  been  handed  down,  but  some  have 
disputed  it.  However,  it  is  certain  that 
Tell  contributed  to  emancipate  his  country  ; 
and  there  are  many  local  customs  referring 
to  the  events  here  related,  which    render 

the  tradition  probable The  memorable 

event  above  described  is  said  to  have  hap- 
pened on  the  7th  November,  1307  ;  and 
the  citizens  having  chosen  for  their  leaders 
three  gentlemen  of  approved  courage  and 
abilities,  namely,  Werner  of  Schwitz,  Wal- 
ter Furst  of  Uri,  and  Arnold  Melchthal  of 
Underwalden,  they  secretly  agreed  together 
that  they  should  surprise  and  demolish 
the  castles  in  which  the  imperial  governors 
resided.  This  resolution  being  effected,  these 
three  places  joined  again  in  a  league  for 
ten  years,  which  gave  birth  to  the  Helvetian 
confederacy. 

TELLIER,  Michael,  a  distinguished 
Jesuit,  was  born  in  Normandy  in  1643.  He 
became  confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  and  pro- 


cured from  the  pope  the  celebrated  consti- 
tution called  Unigenitus  ;  but  in  the  next 
reign  he  was  banished  to  La  Fleche,  where 
he  died  in  1719.  He  was  a  violent  bigot, 
though  a  man  of  regular  morals  ;  and  much 
of  the  odium  wliich  fell  on  the  society  of 
St.  Ignatius  may  be  attributed  to  his  im- 
prudent zeal. 

TEMPELHOF,    George    FnEnEnic,    a 
German   officer,    author  of  "  The  Prussian  i 
Bombardier,"   "The   Elements   of  Military  I 
Tactics,"  the  "  History  of  the  Seven  Years'  | 
War,"  &c.    In  the  beginning  of  the  revo-  i 
lutionary  war  with  France,  he  had  the  com-  i 
mand  of  all  the  Prussian  artillery  ;  and,  in 
1802,  he  received  the  order  of  the  red  eagle 
from  Frederick  William  III.,  who  nominated  ' 
him  lieutenant-general  and  military  tutor  I 
to  the  young  princes,  his  brothers.    Died,  ' 
1807.  I 

TEMPESTA,  Antonio,  a  painter,  was  j 
born  at  Florence,  in  1.555.  He  was  a  discti)le  ; 
of  Strada,  and  excelled  in  landscaiies,  ani-  I 
mals,  and  battles.     Died,  1630.  1 

TEMPESTA,  Peter,  whose  real  name  [ 
was  MoLVN,  but  who  received  the  soubriquet 
of  Tempesta  from  his  frequent  delineation  , 
of  storms  and  shipwrecks,  was  a  native  of  , 
Haerlem.  He  went  to  Rome,  and  on  chang-  \ 
ing  his  religion  was  made  a  chevalier  ;  but  ; 
was  condemned  to  be  hanged  for  the  murder  j 
of  his  wife,  which  sentence  was  changed  to  \ 
perpetual  imprisonment.  After  remaining 
in  conrinement  10  years,  he  effected  his  escape.  ' 
Died,  1701.  j 

TEMPLE,  Sir  William,  provost  of  Trinity 
C()lle{je,  Dublin,  had  been  secretary  to  Sir 
PhilipSidney,  who  died  in  his  arms.   Hewas  ! 
afterwards  knighted,  and  made  a  master  of  i 
chancery.     Died,  1626.  j 

TEMPI>E,  Sir  JouN,  son  of  the  preceding,  - 
was  bom  in   London,  and  eductated  under  | 
his  father  at  Dublin.     He  studied  the  law,  j 
and  became  master  of  the  rolls  and  a  privy  i 
councillor  in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.     Sir  John  wrote,  from  his  own  observa- 
tions, "  A  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion  iu 
1641." 

TEMPLE,    Sir    William,    an    eminent 
statesman,  the  son  of  Sir  John  Temple,  was  I 
born  in  London,  in  1628.    He  was  instructed  ! 
by  the  learned  Dr.  Hammond,  his  maternal  I 
uncle,  and  completed  his  studies  at  Emanuel  [ 
College,  Cambridge.     In  his  25th  year  he  i 
commenced  his  travels,  and  passed  six  years 
in  France,  Holland,  Flanders,  and  Germany,  j 
In  1665  he  went  on    a    secret    mission  to 
Munster,  after  which  he  was  employed  in  I 
forming  the  triple  alliance  between  England, 
Sweden,  and  Holland.     He  next  became  the 
resident  minister  at  the  Hague,  and  in  that 
capacity  promoted  the  marriage  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange  with  Marp^,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  which  union  took  place  in 
1677.   A  change  of  politics  at  home  led  to  the 
recal  of  Temple    in    1669,  who,  refusing  to 
assist  in  the  intended  breach  with  Holland,  i 
retired  from  public  business  to  Sheen,  and  i 
employed  himself  in  writing  his  "  Observa-  j 
tioiis  on  the  United  Provinces,"  and  part  of 
his   "Miscellanies."      In  1674,  Sir  William 
Temple  was  again  ambassador  to  the  states- 
general,  in  order  to  negotiate  a  general  paci- 
fication.   In  1679  he  was  appointed  secretary 


tem] 


^  S^fiu  ?amljn-i^al  23tnjiraj)^i). 


[ten 


of  state  ;  but  the  next  year  he  resigned  that 

situation,   and  retired  to  liis  country   seat 

in   Surrey,  where   he  was  often  visited   by 

Charles  il.,  James  II.,  and  William  III. 

Died.  17(X>. 

I      TEMPLEMAN,  Peter,  a  physician,  bom 

I  at  Dorchester,  in  1711  ;  was  educated  at  the 

;  Charter  House,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 

j  bridge  ;  and  took  his  degree  at  Leyden.     He 

'  practised  in  London  ;    but  a  fondness  for 

I  literature  and  the  company  of  literary  men 

!  diverted  his   attention  from  his  profession  ; 

and  having,  in  17;">3,  obtained  a  situation  in 

!  the  British  Museum,  as  keeper  of  the  reading- 

i  room,  he  from  that  time  devoted  his  whole 

1  attention  to  pursuits  more  congenial  to  his 

disposition.     He  wrote  some  medical  works, 

I  and  translated  Norden's  Travels  in  Egypt. 

!  Died,  1709. 

i      TENIERS,  David,  the  Elder,  a  celebrated 
'  painter  of  the  Flemish  school,  was  born  at 
I  Antwerp,  in   1582  ;  studied  under  Rubens, 
'  and  afterwards  at  Rome.     On  his  return  to 
t  his    native    country,    he    occupied    himself 
,  principally  in  the  delineation  of  fairs,  rustic 
I  sports,  and  carousals,  &c.,  which  he  exhibited 
i  with  such  truth,  humour,  and  originality, 
!  that  he  may  be  considered  the  founder  of  a 
:  style  of  painting,  which  his  son  afterwards 
j  brought    to    perfection.      His    pictures    are 
usually  of  a  small  size,  and  are  considered 
very  valuable.     Died,  1649. 
!      TENIERS,  DAVin,  the  Younger,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Brussels,  in  ICIO. 
In  his  youth  such  was  his  facility  of  imi- 
tating the  styles  of  various  masters,  that  l»e 
was    called    the    Proteus    and    the  Ape  of 
painting.     He  confined  himself  principally 
to  the  same  kind  of  subjects  as  his  father, 
but  excelled  him  in  correctness  and  finish. 
Died,  1694.    The  younger  Teniers  rose  to  the 
highest  reputation  in  his  profession,  and  was 
patronised  by  Christina  of  Sweden,  the  king 
of  Spain,  and  other  illustrious  personages. 

TENISON,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, a  learned  and  pious  prelate,  was 
'  born  at  Cottenham,  in  Cambridgeshire,  in 
I  1636,    and    graduated    at    Coriius    Christi 
!  College  ;   obtained  the  living  of  St.  Peter 
I  Mancroft,    Norwich  ;    and    was    afterwards 
I  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Martin's- 
J  in-the  Fields,  where  he  founded  a  paroiOiial 
'  school  and  library.     He  distinguished  him- 
I  self  so  much  by  his  zeal  in  favour  of  Pro- 
'  testantism,  both  before  and  after  the  revo- 
!  lution,    that    in    1()91    he    was    consecrated 
bishop    of   Lincoln,    from   whence    he  was 
i  raised  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  in  1694,  and 
I  held  the  primacy  with  moderation,  firmness, 
i  and  ability,  till  his  death,  in  1715.     He  pub- 
lished "The  Creed  of  Hol)l)e3  examined," 
"  Baconiana,  or  Remains  of  Sir  F.  Bacon," 
"  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  Tracts,"  and  various 
sermons. 

TENNANT,  Smithson,  F.R.S.,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  was  born  at  Selby,  in  York- 
shire, in  1761  ;  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
1  burgh,  and  took  his  degree  at  Cambridge,  in 
1790.  He  was  chosen  professor  of  chemistry 
at  Cambridge,  in  1813  ;  and  was  killed  by  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  at  Boulogne,  in  February, 
1815.  His  discoveries  api>e*r  in  tlic  Transac- 
tions of  the  Philosophical  Society,  and  are 
higiily  useful. 


TENNANT,  William,  an  eminent  poet 
and  philologist,  was  a  native  of  Anstruther, 
in  Fifeshire  ;  the  town  where  Dr.  Chalmers 
first  saw  the  light.  Lame  in  both  limbs  from 
his  childhood,  he  early  entered  on  the  path 
of  study  ;  and  gradually  amassed  those  vast 
stores  of  literary  wealth,  which  ultimately 
raised  him  to  public  honour.  After  filling 
the  office  of  parochial  schoolmaster  in  various 
places  in  Scotland,  he  was  in  1810  elected 
classical  teaciier  of  the  Dollar  Academy  ; 
and  in  1837  was  presented  to  the  chair  of 
oriental  languages  in  the  university  of  St. 
Andrew's,  whicli  he  filled  with  credit  till  his 
death.  As  apoct,ProfessorTennant  rose  into 
eminence  by  his  "  AnsterFair,"  published  in 
1812.  and  since  often  reprinted  ;  and  this  was 
followed  by  his  tragedy  of  "Cardinal  Bea- 
ton," and  various  smaller  poems,  marked  by 
much  originality  and  poetic  power.  Died, 
1843. 

TENTERDEN,  Charles  Abbott,  Lord, 
the  son  of  a  hairdresser,  was  born  at  Canter- 
bury in  1762,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  King's  School  of  that  city.  In  1778  he 
was  elected  to  a  scholarship  in  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  soon  alike 
distinguished  for  scholastic  attainments  and 
for  purity  of  moral  conduct  ;  and,  having  the 
good  fortune  to  be  appointed  tutor  to  the 
son  of  Judge  BuUer,  this  gentleman  took 
great  interest  in  his  welfare,  and  with  his 
characteristic  acuteness  of  observation,  ad- 
vised Abbott  to  turn  his  attention  to  the 
law,  and  not  to  the  church,  for  which  he 
had  hitherto  designed  liimself.  Acting  on 
this  advice,  he  spent  some  time  in  the  office 
of  Sandys  and  Co.,  and  then  placed  himself 
under  the  tuition  of  a  special  pleader,  Mr. 
(afterwards  Baron)  Wood.  After  practising 
some  time  as  a  special  pleader  he  was  called 
to  the  bar,  being  then  in  the  33d  j-ear  of  his 
age,  and  went  the  Oxford  circuit.  His  prac- 
tice soon  became  extensive,  and  for  twenty 
years  he  steadily  pursued  his  way,  acquiring 
both  fortune  and  reputation,  and  making 
himself  known  to  the  profession  not  merely 
as  a  skilful  pleader,  but  also  as  a  learned 
and  accurate  writer.  His  "Treatise  of  the 
Law  of  Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen,"  pub- 
lished in  1802,  is  still  considered  the  standard 
work  upon  maritime  law.  In  1815  his  in- 
cessant and  arduous  labour  had  begun  to 
have  a  serious  effect  npon  his  health  and 
spirits.  His  sight,  too,  was  impaired,  and  it 
is  said  that  but  for  the  dissuasion  of  his  friends 
he  would  have  wholly  retired  from  the  pro- 
I  fession.  He  had  as  far  back  as  1808  refused 
j  a  seat  on  the  bench,  his  professional  emolu- 
I  ments  at  that  time  being  far  greater  than 
those  of  ajudge.  But  when,  in  1816,  he  was 
again  offered  promotion,  his  health  had  lie- 
come  so  unequal  to  the  toils  of  practice,  that 
he  closed  with  the  offer,  and  was  made  a 
puisne  judge  in  the  common  pleas.  This 
took  place  in  February,  and  in  the  following 
May  he  was  removed  to  the  king's  bench, 
on  the  death  of  Mr.  Justice  Le  Blanc.  In 
1818,  on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Ellenborough, 
he  became  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
I  bench  ;  and  though  his  inflexible  Toryism 
j  rendered  him  unpopular  with  a  portion  of 
I  the  public,  it  was  admitted  by  men  of  all 
ranks  and  parties,  that  a  more    impartial 


ter] 


^  j2cij)  Hnibevi^al  JSiofiraplbi?. 


[the 


chief  justice  had  never  presided  in  that  court. 
During  the  premiership  of  Mr.  Canning  lie 
was  raised  to  the  peerage,  but  did  not  long 
enjoy  his  title  ;  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that 
his  last  words  were,  "  Gentlemen  of  the  jury, 
you  mav  retire."    Died,  ]H;^2. 

TERENCE,  or  PUBT.IUS  TERENTIUS, 
a  celebrated  Latin  writer  of  comedies,  was 
born  at  Carthage,  about  A.  D.  194.  He  was 
brought  a  slave  to  Rome  in  his  youth,  but 
falling  into  the  hands  of  a  generous  master 
named  Terentius  Luennus,  he  gave  him  a 
ffood  education,  and  afterwards  his  liberty. 
His  poetical  talents  procured  him  tliefriend- 
Bhip  of  Scipio  and  I.wlins;  and  for  one  of 
his  plays,  "  The  Eunuch,"  he  received  8000 
sesterces.  Terence  was  a  great  admirer  of 
Menander,  and  went  to  Greece  to  collect 
his  works,  but  died  on  his  passage  home, 
cither  at  sea.  or  at  Stymphalis,  in  Arcadia. 

TERPANDER,  a  Lesbi.an  poet,  who  flou- 
rished in  the  seventh  century,  B.C.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  an  addi- 
tional string  to  the  lyre. 

TERRASSON.  Of  this  name  there  were 
several  ingenious  French  writers  in  the  17th 
and  18th  centuries ;   the  most  eminent  of 

whom   were  Jeax  and   Antoine The 

former  was  Iwm  nt  Lyons,  in  1(570  ;  and  had 
the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best  prac- 
tical philosophers  of  the  age.    Died,  17')0. 

Antoine  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1705. 

He  composed,  by  order  of  the  chancellor 
D'Agiiesseau,  the  "  History  of  Roman  Juris- 
prudence ;"  for  which  he  was  named  censor 
royal  and  professor  in  the  royal  college. 
Died.  1782. 

TERRY,  Daniei.,  a  comedian  of  con- 
siderable ability,  was  born  at  Bath,  about 
1780.  and  was  articled  to  Mr.  Wyatt,  the 
I  architect,  with  whom  he  remained  five  years, 
I  and  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  drama. 
His  first  attempts  were  not  very  encouraging  ; 
but  when,  in  1806,  he  appeared  on  the  Liver- 
pool stage,  he  found  favour  with  the  public  ; 
as  he  did  also  afterwards  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  became  a  leading  actor.  Through 
the  interest  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  he  obtained 
an  engagement  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre, 
in  1812 ;  and,  after  remaining  there  two 
seasons,  he  appeared,  first  at  Covent  Garden, 
but  soon  after  at  Drury  Lane,  where  he 
j  continued  till  1825,  generally  playing  in  the 
summer  at  the  Haymarket.  He  then  entered 
into  partnership  with  Mr.  Yates  in  the  pro- 
prietorsliip  of  tfie  Adelphi  Theatre ;  but 
being  indebted  to  Sir  Walter  Scott  for  the 
capital  embarked  in  it,  and  the  baronet's 
affairs  being  at  that  time  in  an  embarrassed 
state  through  the  failure  of  Constable  and 
Co.  of  Edinburgli,  he  found  it  necessary  to 
sell  his  share.  He  then  went  over  to  the 
Continent,  but  mental  anxiety  destroyed  his 
health,  and  he  died  in  June.  1828. 

TERRY,  EnwARD,  an  English  traveller, 
born  about  1590.  He  accompanied  Sir 
Thomas  Roe,  ambassaflor  to  the  Great  Mo- 
gul, in  lfil5  ;  and  on  his  return  published 
an  account  of  the  observations  he  had  made 
during  his  two  vears'  residence  abroad. 

TERTULLIAN,  Qiiintus  Skptimitjs 
Fi.onENs,  a  celebrated  father  and  defender 
of  the  primitive  Christian  church,  who  flou'- 
rished  under  the    reigns   of  the    emperors 


Severus  and  Caracalla.  He  died  about  245. 
Among  his  works  arc,  "An  Apology  for 
the  Christians,"  a  "Treatise  against  the 
Jews,"  and  the  five  books  of  Marcion. 

TESSIER.  M.,  an  eminent  Frenclx  writer 
on  agriculture,  to  which  he  had  devoted  a 
long  life,  died  at  Paris,  in  December,  1837, 
aged  94.  During  the  period  of  revolutionary 
anarchy,  this  gentleman  lived  in  retirement 
in  Normandy,  still  however  actively  engaged 
in  his  favourite  pursuit.  He  was  the  editor 
of  the  "  Annals  of  French  Agriculture,"  a 
voluminous  periodical  work.  He  was  also 
the  early  patron  of  Cuvier,  being  the  first  to 
discover  his  talents,  and  introduce  him  to  the 
scientific  world. 

TESSIN,  NicoDEMrs,a  senator  of  Sweden, 
principally  celebrated  for  his  architectural 
works,  was  born  at  Nikoping,  in  1(554.  He 
held  several  high  appointments  in  the  go- 
vernment, and  numerous  public  edifices 
were  erected  from  his  designs.    Died,  1718. 

TESSIN,  Charles  Gustavus,  Count  de, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Stockholm, 
in  1695  ;  and  on  entering  the  arena  of  public 
life,  became  a  man  of  extensive  influence, 
assisted  at  the  most  secret  deliberations  of 
the  states,  and  was  nominated  president  of 
the  assembly  of  nobilitj'  in  the  diet  of  1738. 
He  was  subsequently  ambassador  to  various 
foreign  courts,  had  the  direction  of  foreign 
affairs  as  president  of  the  chancery  ;  and  at 
the  same  time  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
tlie  prince  royal,  afterwards  Gustavus  III.,  I 
to  whom  he  addressed  a  series  of  letters  re- 
lative to  morals,  politics,  &c.  In  1700  he  re-  j 
signed  all  his  employments,  and  died  in  1770.  ' 

TESTI,  Fi'LVio,  an  eminent  lyric  poet, 
and  accounted  the  Horace  of  modern  Italy.  J 
He  was  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1.593,  of  a  noble  ; 
family  ;  was  thrown  into  prison  in  conse-  i 
queiice  of  having  entered  into  a  corre-  | 
spondence  with  Cardinal  Mazarin  ;  and  is  \ 
supposed  to  have  been  there  put  to  deatlj,  ; 
in  104(5. 

TETZEL,  John-,  a  Dominican  monk  of 
the   16th  century,  was  bom  at  Piern  upon  \ 
the  Elbe.     Being  appointed,  in  1517,  to  vend  ! 
the  indulgences  issued  by  pope  Leo  X.  for 
the    completion    of    St.  Peter's    church    at  I 
Rome,  he  represented  them    as  possessing 
the  virtue  of  pardoning  all  sins,  past,  pre- 
sent, and  future.    This  first  roused  the  in- 
dignation of  Luther,  and  may  truly  be  said 
to  have  been  the  primary  cause  of  the  Re- 
formation.    The   papal   government,  seeing 
the  mischief  likely  to  accrue  from  the  indis- 
creet zeal  and  bigotry  of  Tetzel,  so  severely 
rebuked  him,  that  he  is  said  to  have  died  of  i 
a  broken  heart,  in  1519.  i 

THALES,  the  chief  of  the  seven  sages  of  . 
Greece,  born  at  Miletus,  b.  c.  640,  founded 
the  Ionic  sect  of  philosophers,  and  died  b.  c. 
545.  He  was  an  excellent  geometrician  and 
astronomer,  fixed  the  revolution  of  the  sun 
at  3(55  days,  and  was  the  first  Greek  who 
predicted  "a  solar  eclipse.  He  also  united 
moral  and  political  wisdom  to  the  researches 
of  science,  and  exemplified  his  knowledge 
of  mankind  by  numerous  pithy  aphorisms. 

THELLUSSON,  Peteu  Isaac,  a  native 
of  Geneva,  who  settled  as  a  merchant  in 
London,  where  he  acquired  a  prodigious 
fortune,  and  died  in  1798.    He  left  about 


the] 


^  j^efitJ  Hm'bcrsial  aSurgrap!;!?. 


[the 


100,000/.  to  his  family  ;  and  the  remainder 
of  his  property,  considerably  above  half  a 
million,  is  to  accumulate  during  the  lives  of 
his  three  eons  and  the  lives  of  their  sons  ; 
when,  if  there  are  none  of  his  descendants 
and  name  existing,  the  whole  is  to  be  added 
to  the  sinking  fund.  This  singular  will 
being  contested  by  the  heirs  at  law,  was 
established  by  a  decision  of  the  House  of 
Lords  in  1805 ;  it,  however,  occasioned  the 
passing  of  an  act,  restraining  the  power  of 
devising  property  for  the  purpose  of  accu- 
mulation to  21  years  after  the  death  of  the 

testator. His  eldest  son  was  raised  to  the 

peerage  bv  the  title  of  baron  Rendlesham. 

THEMISTIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  orator, 
peripatetic  philosopher,  and  critic,  who  died 
A.D.  38G.  More  than  30  orations  of  The- 
mistius  are  still  extant. 

THEMISTOCI.es.  an  illustrious  Athe- 
nian, equallv  celebrated  as  a  warrior  and  a 
statesman,  was  born  about  S-TO  B.  c.  He  was 
licentious  in  his  youth,  but  was  reclaimed 
from  his  follies  by  the  love  of  glory.  He 
persuaded  his  countrymen  to  make  war  upon 
jEglna,  and  by  his  management  raised 
Athens  to  a  great  naval  power.  He  gained 
the  famotis  battle  of  Maratlion,  and  10  years 
afterwards  defeated  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  off 
Salamis.  He  rebuilt  the  walls  of  Athens, 
fortified  the  Piraeus,  and  prevented  the  Spar- 
tans from  gaining  an  ascendancy  in  the 
Amphictyonic  council.  Notwithstanding  his 
great  serxices,  however,  the  popular  favour 
was  withdrawn  from  him,  and  he  was 
banished  for  5  years.  He  sought  an  asylum 
at  the  court  of  Artaxerxes,  where  he  was 
hospitablv  received  ;  and  died,  b.  c.  470. 

THEOBALD,  Louis,  a  dramatic  critic 
and  poet,  known  as  the  commentator  on 
Shakspeare,  and  as  the  original  hero  in 
Pope's  "  Dunciad."  where  its  splenetic  author 
placed  him,  more  for  having  published  an 
edition  of  Shakspeare  immediately  after  the 
appearance  of  his  own,  thap  for  the  sin  of 
dnlness,  which  he  makes  the  ostensible  cause. 
He  was  a  native  of  Sittingboume,  Kent ;  and 
died  in  1744. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet, 
who  flourished  at  Syracuse,  b.  c.  282.  Of  his 
various  works  we  have  only  the  "  Idyls " 
and  "  Epigrams  ;"  the  former  of  which  are 
i  remarkable  for  their  pleasing  simplicity  and 
sweetness. 

THEODORET,  an  ecclesiastical  historian 
and  a  father  of  the  church,  was  born  at 
Antioch  about  the  year  3S6.  In  420  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Cyrus,  in  Syria,  where  he 
laboured  assiduously  in  converting  a  rude 
people,  and  opposing  the  errors  of  Nestorius. 
Died,  4.57. 

THEODORIC,  sumamed  the  Great,  king 
of  the  Ostrogoths,  was  born  near  Vienna,  in 
458.  He  made  great  accessions  to  his  do- 
minions, and  governed  with  extraordinary 
viaour  and  ability.     Died,  t)26. 

THEODOSIUS,  sumamed  the  Great,  the 
last  Roman  emperor,  was  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity, and  a  renowned  general  and  legis- 
lator ;  born,  335  ;  died,  395.  His  sons,  Ar- 
cadius  and  Honorius,  made  a  division  of  the 
empire  into  East  and  West ;  Arcadius  being 
the  first  emperor  of  the  East,  and  Honorius 
of  the  West. 


ssa 


THEODOSIITS  II.,  son  of  Arcadius,  whom 
I  he  succeeded  in  the  empire  of  the  East.  He 
was  famous  for  a  code  of  laws,  styled  after 
him  the  "  Theodosian  Code."    Died,  4.50. 

THEODOSIUS,  a  mathematician  of  Tri- 
poli, who  lived  in  the  first  century  ;  and  is 
supposed  by  Suirias  to  be  tlie  same  with 
Tlieodosius  of  Bythinia,  of  whom  Strabo 
speaks  as  being  a  skilful  astronomer  and 
mathemati<'ian. 

THEOGNIS,  a  Greek  poet,  was  a  native 
of  Megara,  and  born  about  5.50  b.  c.  He 
wrote  a  series  of  moral  precepts  in  verse. 

THEON,  of  Alexandria,  a  philosopher  and 
mathematician  in  the  time  of  Tlieodosius 
the  Great,  was  father  of  the  celebrated 
Hypatia. 

THEOPHANES,  GEonoE,  a  Greek  his- 
torian, was  born  at  Constantinople,  of  a 
noble  family.  Leo,  the  Arminian,  exiled 
him  to  Samothrace,  where  he  died  in  818. 

THEOPHANES,  PitOKOPOViTCH,  a  Rus- 
sian historian,  was  born  in  lf<81.  He  was 
archbishop  of  Novogorod,  and  died  in  1786. 
He  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,"  and 
some  theological  treatises. 

THEOPHILE  DE  VIAUD,  a  French 
poet,  born  in  1,")90,  at  Clerac  in  the  Agenois. 
His  satires  and  epigrams  are  spirited  and 
witty,  but  several  of  his  pieces  are  offensive 
to  decency  and  relipon  ;  and  on  that  score 
he  suftered  two  years'  imprisonment.  Died, 
1C20. 

TIIEOPHn.irS,  a  celebrated  bishop  of 
Antioch,  who  flourished  in  the  2nd  century. 
He  was  the  first  who  used  the  term  Trinity 
to  express  tlie  three  persons  in  the  Godhead, 
the  third  of  whom  he  denominates  "  Wis- 
dom." 

THEOPHRASTUS,  a  celebrated  Greek 
philosopher,  was  bom  in  Eresius,  in  Lesbos, 
B.C.  371.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Plato,  and 
afterwards  of  Aristotle,  tlie  latter  of  whom 
he  succeeded  as  master  of  the  peripatetic 
school,  where  he  had  2000  scholars.  He  is 
said  to  have  delivered  his  country  twice 
from  the  oppression  of  tyrants  ;  and  died  at 
the  age  of  85,  lamenting  the  brevity  of  human 
life.  Several  of  his  works  are  extant  ;  the 
principal  of  which  are,  the  *'  History  of 
Plants,"  the  "  Treatise  on  Stones,"  and  the 
"Moral  Characters  of  Men." 

THERAMENE8,  an  illustrious  Athenian, 
was  one  of  the  30  tyrants,  but  so  zealously 
opposed  his  colleagues  in  their  barbarities, 
as  to  excite  their  hatred.  Accordingly, 
Critias  denounced  him  to  the  senate,  and 
when  he  perceived  a  disposition  on  the  part 
of  the  judges  to  acquit  the  accused,  he  sur- 
rounded the  tribunal  with  his  creatures,  and 
denounced  sentence  of  death  against  The- 
ramenes  by  his  own  authority.  Socrates 
endeavoured  to  save  the  life  of  his  friend, 
but  in  vain  ;  and  Theramenes,  finding  him- 
self overpowered  by  his  enemies,  drank  off 
the  fatal  draught  prepared  for  him,  to  the 
health  of  Critias.    This  occurred,  B.  C.  408. 

THESPIS,  a  Greek  poet,  bom  at  Icaria, 
in  Attica.  He  is  considered  the  inventor  of 
tragedy,  from  his  having  introduced  actors 
in  addition  to  the  chorus,  and  was  the  author 
of  several  tragedies. 

TIIEVENOT,  Melchiskdec,  an  eminent 
traveller,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1631.    He 


travelled  in  various  parU  of  Europe  ;  and  ticated  in  the  family.  On  the  death  of  this 
on  his  return  devoted  himself  entirely  to  lady,  the  widower,  after  a  due  interval, 
study,  and  to  the  promotion  of  the  interests     offered  her  his  hand,  which  she  accepted 


of  literature,  by  collecting  books  and  manu- 
scripts, and  by  carrying  on  a  correspondence 
with  the  learned,  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
He  was  appointed  royal  librarian,  published 
i  liis  "  Voyages  and  Travels,"  and  died  in 
10!>2. 


and  during  a  union  of  3()  years,  till  his  death 
in  1792,  she  accompanied  him  on  various 
journeys  to  different  parts  of  the  Continent. 
The  French  revolution  had  now  commenced; 
and  Mrs.  Thicknesse,  in  company  with  seve- 
ral other  Englisli  ladies,  was  imprisoned,  but 


TIIEVENOT,  Joiiy  de,  nephew  of  the     fortunately  escaped  the  guillotine  through 
preceding,  was  bom  at  Paris,  in  ltj;5.3.    Being     the  death  of  Robespierre,  who  had  sent  an 
enabled  to  gratify  his  love  of  travelling,  he     order  for  their  execution.     She  ended  her 
visited  several  parts  of  Europe,  and  after-     long  and  exemplary  life  at  her  house  in  the 
wards  explored  many  countries  in  the  East.     Edgeware  Road,  London,  in  1824.    Slie  was  > 
On  his  second  oriental  tour,  as  he  was  re-     personally  intimate  with  the  leading  wits  of  1 
turning  from  Ilindostan,  through  Persia,  he     her  own  time,  and  spoke  several  languages  , 
died  near  Tauris,  in  1(>«>7.  j  with  fluency  and  elegance.     Her  principal 

THIBAUT,  Antok  Justus  Friederich,  works  are,  "Biographical  Sketches  ofLite- 
a  celebrated  German  jurist,  was  born  at  ;  rary  Females  of  the  French  Nations,"  3  vols. 
Hameln,  in  Hanover,  1702 ;  studied  succes-  and  a  novel,  entitled  "The  School  of 
sively  at  Gottingen,  KOnigsberg,  and  Kiel ;  i  Fashion,"  2  vols.  | 

and  afterdisplaying  great  ability  as  a  private  j      THIERS,  Johk  Baptist,  a  French  ec- 
teacher  of  law  of  Jena,  was  appointed  to  the     clesiastic,  was  born  at  Chartres,  in  1636,  and  ] 
chair  of  civil  law  at   Heidelljerg  in   1805,     died  at  Mans,  in   1703.      He  wrote  several 


where  he  remained  till  his  death  in  1810. 
A  list  of  his  various  works  would  be  too  long 
for  our  columns  ;  but  his  chief  title  to  fame 
rests  on  his  "  System  des  Pandekten-rechts, 


books,  particularly  "  A  History  of  Perukes,' 

being  an  invective  against  those  ecclesiastics 

who  adopted  that  ornament.     His  l)est  per-  I 

formance  is  "  Traiti?  des   Superstitions  qui  j 


which  has  passed  through  numerouseditions,  I  rejrardent  les  Sacramens,"  4  vols, 


and  is  regarded  as  an  authority   by  most 
German  law  vers. 

THICKNESSE.  Philip,  the  son  of  a 
clergyman,  and  brother  to  the  master  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  was  born  in  1720.  He 
entered  the  army  when  young,  and  went 
to  Georgia,  with  governor  Oglethorpe  ;  after 
which  he  served  in  the  West  Indies,  and,  on 
his  return  to  England,  obtained  a  captain's 
commission.      He  first  married    a    French 


THIRLBY,  Styax,  a  learned  critic,  born 
at  Leicester,  in  1602.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
temperate habits ;  and  though  he  studied 
divinity,  physic,  and  civil  law,  he  never 
applied  himself  to  either  as  a  profession. 
Through  the  interest  of  Sir  Edward  Walpole, 
he  obtained  a  small  sinecure  pla(;e  in  the 
custom-house  ;  and  died  in  1753.  His  edition 
of  Justin  Martyr,  with  notes  and  emenda- 
tions, is  esteemed  a  valuable  performance. 


lady  ;  and,  on  becoming  a  widower,  he  ob-        THISTLEWOOD,    Aktiiuk,    memorable 
tained  the  hand  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Touchet,  !  as  the  leader  of  the  "  Cato  Street  "  conspi- 
rators in  1820,  was  the  son  of  a  respectable 


heiress  of  the  ancient  barony  of  Audley  ; 
and  her  fortune  enabled  him  to  purchase 
the  office  of  lieutenant-governor  to  Land- 
guard  Fort.  By  this  lady  he  had  one  son, 
with  whom,  on  his  succeeding  to  the  title 
and  estate  of  his  mother's  family,  he  had 
some  very  unpleasant  disputes.  About  17C1, 
Mr.  Thicknesse  lost  his  second  consort,  and 
shortly  after  married  Miss  Anne  Ford,  by 
whom  he  had  a  numerous  family.  After 
travelling  through  France,  Italy,  and  Spain, 
he  settled  in  Wales,  and  next  at  Bath  ;  but 
at  the  commencement  of  the  French  re- 
volution he  went  abroad  again,  and  died 
near  Boulogne,  in  1792.  He  published  se- 
veral works,  the  most  curious  of  which  is 
an  account  of  his  own  life,  with  the  follow- 
I  ing  title,  "  Memoirs  and  Anecdotes  of  Philip 
'  Thicknesse,  late  Lieutenant-governor  of 
Landguard  Fort,  and  unfortunately  Father 
to  George  Touchet,  Baron  Audley,"  2  vols. 

THICKNESSE,  Annk,  a  lady  of  great 
beauty  and  acquirements,  the  daughter  of 
John  Ford,  an  eminent  solicitor  and  clerk 
of  the  arraigns,  was  born  in  1737.  She 
eloped  from  her  father's  house,  in  order  to 
avoid  a  disagreeable  marriage ;  and  her 
talents  and  personal  attractions  having  early 
introduced  her  into  the  world  of  fashion,  she 
took  advantage  of  that  circumstance  to  give 
three  concerts  at  tlie  Opera  House,  by  whi'  h 
she  realised  15(X)i.,  and  acquiring  the  patron- 
age of  Lady  Thicknesse,  she  became  dome«- 

827 


farmer  near  Lincoln,  and  was  born  in  1772. 
He  obtained  a  lieutenant's  commission  in 
the  supplementary  militia,  in  1797,  and 
shortly  after  married  a  young  lady  with  a 
considerable  fortune,  but  who  died  about  18 
months  after  their  union.  After  squandering 
his  property  in  habits  of  dissipation  and 
gambling,  he  left  Lincoln  for  London,  and 
from  thence  made  occasional  voyages  to 
America  and  France,  where  he  probably 
contracted  that  spirit  of  discontent  which  in- 
fluenced his  future  conduct.  He  married 
again,  and  thereby  improved  his  circum- 
Btanees  ;  but  he  had  now  become  a  gambler 
by  profession,  and  had  also  connected  himself 
with  disaffected  characters,  which  drew  on 
liim  the  notice  of  government.  When  the 
riots  in  Spa  Fields  took  place,  he  was  arrested 
as  one  of  the  ringleaders  ;  but  after  being 
kei)t  some  time  in  confinement,  he  was  libe- 
rated, there  being  no  proof  of  Iiis  guilt. 
Shortly  after,  he  sent  a  challenge  to  the 
home  secretary.  Lord  Sidmouth,  as  the 
author  of  the  bad  treatment  he  had  received 
during  his  confinement ;  which  occasioned 
his  subsequent  detention  in  prison  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  Burning  witli  rage,  he 
madly  became  the  principal  agent  in  the 
Cato  Street  conspiracy,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  murder  several  members  of  the  ad- 
ministration, while  at  a  cabinet-dinner  at 
Lord  Ilarrowby's,  and  excite  an  insurrection 


,  THO] 


11  -BtiM  HnitJfrM  3St0ffrapIjn. 


[tho 


in  the  metropolis.  Information,  however, 
having  been  given  to  tlie  ministers  by  a  spy 
employed  for  the  purpose,  a  party  of  police 
ofiicers,  with  a  company  of  tlie  gnards  ready 
at  liand,  if  wanted,  proceeded  to  the  place  of 
meeting—  a  room  over  some  stables  in  Cato 
1  Street  —  where  the  wretched  conspirators 
were,  at  the  time,  preparing  for  their  dia- 
bolical enterprise.  As  soon  as  the  officers 
had  effected  an  entrance,  Tliistlewood  seized 
a  sword,  and  killed  the  foremost  of  them, 
named  Smithers,  on  tlie  spot.  But  he  and 
his  coadjutors  (who  were  all  ignorant  per- 
sons, of  the  lowest  grade  in  society)  were 
quickly  secured  ;  and  being  brought  to  trial, 
were  condemned,  and  suffered  as  traitors. 
May  1.  1820. 

THOMAS,  Anthoxv  Leonard,  an  emi- 
nent French  writer,  was  born  in  1732,  at 
Clermont,  in  Auvergne.  He  was  a  professor 
in  the  college  of  Beauvais,  at  Paris  ;  and 
afterwards  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 
Died,  1785.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Rt-- 
flexions  Historiques  et  Litteraires  sur  le 
Poeme  de  la  Religion  Naturelle  de  Vol- 
taire," and  "  Essai  sur  le  Caractere,  les 
MoDurs,  et  I'Esprit  des  Femmes." 

THOMAS,  Elizabeth,  a  female  writer, 
to  whom  Dryden  gave  the  appellation  of 
Corinna,  but  whom  Pope  placed  in  the 
Dunciad,  was  born  in  1675,  and  died  in  17.30. 
Her  poems  and  letters  were  printed  after  lier 
death,  with  a  memoir  written  by  herself, 
and  well  seasoned  with  romantic  incidents. 

THOMAS,  John,  a  learned  and  liberal 
prelate,  was  bom  at  Carlisle,  in  1712.  He 
studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  and, 
on  leaving  the  university,  he  lived  in  the 
family  of  Sir  William  Clayton,  as  tutor  to 
his  son.  Having  been  ordained,  he  became 
rector  of  Bletchingley,  in  Surrey,  and  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  his  patron.  He  was, 
successively,  chaplain  to  the  king,  preben- 
dary of  Westminster,  and  vicar  of  St.  Bride's, 
Fleet  Street,  In  17G8  he  succeeded  Bishop 
Pearce  in  the  deanery  of  Westminster,  and, 
in  1774,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Rochester. 
Died,  1793. 

THOMAS,  Robert,  M.  D.,  a  physician, 
resident  at  Salisbury  :  author  of  "  The 
Modern  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  other 
esteemed  medical  works.  Died,  Sept.  1835, 
aged  82. 

THOMAS,  WiLLTAM,  a  native  of  Wales, 
who  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  after  which 
lie  became  clerk  of  the  council  to  Edward 
VI.,  who  gave  him,  though  a  layman,  some 
ecclesiastical  preferments,  of  which  he  was 
deprived  in  the  next  reign ;  and  being  ac- 
cused of  treasonable  practices,  was  executed 
at  Tyburn,  in  15.53.  He  was  the  author  of 
"The  History  of  Italy,"  and  some  other 
works  of  minor  importance. 

THOM,  Walter,  an  historical  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  at  Ber^^e,  in  the 
county  of  Kincardine,  14th  April,  1770.  He 
commenced  business  as  a  manufacturer  in 
his  native  town,  but  not  succeeding,  he  came 
to  Aberdeen,  and  adopted  literature  as  a 
profession.  During  his  residence  in  Aber- 
deen, he  published  "  The  History  of  Aber- 
deen," in  2  vols.  12mo.  Aberdeen,  1811 ;  and 
the  "Annals  of  Pedestrianism,"  1  vol.  8vo. 
1813.    He  afterwards  went  to  Dublin,  where 


he  was  engaged  as  editor  of  the  Dublin  Cor- 
respondent, which  he  conducted  for  some 
years.  He  was  the  author  of  several  articles 
in  Brewster's  Encyclopaedia,  and  contributed 
portions  of  the  Statistical  Account  and  Ge- 
neral Report  of  Scotland,  for  Sir  John  Sin- 
clair, and  also  to  Mr.  Shaw  Masson's  Agri- 
cultural and  Statistical  Account  of  Ireland, 
and  various  other  works.  He  died  at  his 
house  in  Dublin,  16th  June,  1824,  aged  54. 

THOMAS,  William,  an  eminent  prelate, 
was  born  at  Bristol,  in  1613.  He  suffered 
much  during  tlie  rebellion,  but  afterwards 
became  precentor  of  St.  David's  ;  he  was 
also  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  pre- 
ceptor to  his  daughter,  afterwards  Queen 
Anne.  In  1665  he  was  made  dean  of  Wor- 
cester, whence  he  was  removed  to  the  see  of 
St.  David's,  and  died,  bishop  of  Worcester, 
in  1689. 

THOMAS,  William,  a  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1670,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  Scliool,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  obtained  the  living  of  Exal, 
in  Warwickshire  ;  and  in  1723  was  presented 
to  the  rectory  of  St.  Nicliolas,  in  Worcester. 
Died,  1738.  He  published  among  other 
works  "  An  enlarged  edition  of  Dugdale's 
Warwicksliire,"  2  vols.  ;  and  a  "  Survey  of 
Worcester  Catliedral."  He  had  made  col- 
lections for  a  history  of  Worcestershire, 
wliich  fell  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Treadway 
Nash,  and  served  as  the  foundation  of  his 
work. 

THOMASSIN,  Louis,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, was  born  in  1619,  at  Aix,  in  Provence. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory,  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Saumur,  whence  he  was  called  to  Paris, 
where  he  taught  in  the  seminary  of  St. 
Magloire,  with  great  reputation.  He  wrote 
many  works  ;  but  the  most  important  are, 
"  De  la  Discipline  Ecclesiastique  "  and 
"  Dogmata  Theologica."  The  former  of 
these  was  so  much  esteemed  at  Rome,  that 
pope  Innocent  XI.  invited  him  to  the  papal 
court,  with  the  promise  of  a  cardinal's  liat, 
but  Louis  XIV.  refused  his  sanction.  Died, 
1695. 

THOMSON,  Ale.yaxdee,  a  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  ;  author  of  "  Tlie  British 
Parnassus  at  the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,"  a  poem  in  four  cantos;  "The 
Paradise  of  Taste,"  a  poem ;  ''  Pictures 
of  Poetry,  Historical,  Biographical,  and 
Critical,"  &c.  Died,  at  Edinburgh,  1803, 
aged  41. 

THOMSON,  Dr.  Andrew,  an  eminent 
modern  divine  and  leader  in  the  national 
church  courts  of  Scotland,  was  born  at 
Sanquhar,  in  Dumfriesshire,  in  1779.  He 
was  ordained  minister  of  the  parish  of 
Sprouston,  in  1802  ;  removed  to  the  East 
Church  of  Perth,  in  1808,  where  he  laboured 
assiduously  and  successively  till  1810,  when 
he  received  a  presentation  from  the  magis- 
trates and  council  of  Edinburgli  to  the 
New  Grey  Friars'  church  in  that  city.  Elo- 
quent, indefatigable,  and  zealous,  he  came 
prepared  to  the  discussion  of  every  subject, 
making  an  impression  on  the  public  mind 
which  has  but  few  parallels  in  the  history 
of  ministerial  labours.  In  1814  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  St.  George's  church,  where,  labour- 


THO] 


^  ^fiD  ^iiifanM  iStngrapl^jj' 


[tho 


ing  in  his  vocation  with  surpassing  energy, 
lie  rapidly  extended  his  reputation,  and  ac- 
quired extraordinary  influence.    Died,  1831. 

THOMSON,  Anthohy  Todd,  M.D.,  a  dis- 
tinguished medical  writer  and  practitioner, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh.  1778,  where  his  father 
had  settled,  after  having  long  held  au  im- 
portant office  in  America.  He  was  educated 
at  the  high  school  and  university  of  his 
native  city  ;  and  while  prosecuting  his  me- 
dical studies,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
speculative  society,  where  he  formed  the 
acquaintance  of  I.ord  Brougham,  and  many 
other  eminent  i)ersons,  wliosc  friendship  he 
enjoyed  till  his  death.  In  1800  he  settled 
as  a  general  practitioner  in  Chelsea,  and 
practised  there  for  25  years  with  great  suc- 
cess, laying  the  basis  of  his  future  reputa- 
tion by  the  most  indefatigable  study,  and 
publishing  his  "Conspectus,"  a  work  of 
Euroiiean  fame,  and  his  "  London  Dispen- 
satory, "  no  lesa  distinguished  ;  editing,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Burrowes,  the  Me- 
dical Repository  ;  and  gaining  "golden 
opinions"  by  the  amiability  of  his  charac- 
ter, no  less  than  by  his  professional  skill. 
In  1826  he  became  one  of  the  first  professors 
■Sf  the  University  of  London,  and  held  the 
chairs  of  materia  medica  and  medical  juris- 
prudence till  his  death.  About  this  period, 
also,  he  commenced  practice  as  a  physician  ; 
aud  he  took  advantage  of  the  greater  leisure 
thus  procured,  to  write  his  lectures  on  "  Ma- 
teria Medica,"  which  were  afterwards  pub- 
lished in  2  vols.,  and  to  plan  various  otlier 
works  which  he  afterwards  gave  to  the  world, 
besides  contributing  many  articles  and  re- 
views to  different  medical  journals.  Dr. 
Thomson  was  a  votary  of  literature  no  less 
than  of  science  ;  and  his  last  works  were,  a 
translation  of  Sal  varte's  Philosophy  of  Magic, 
Omens,  and  apparent  Miracles,  and  an  edi- 
tion of  Thomson's  Seasons,  with  numerous 
explanatory  notes.  Died,  July  3rd,  1849. 
Uis  "  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin  "  was 
a  posthumous  publicatiou. 

THOMSON,  James,  a  distinguished  and 
highly  popular  poet,  the  son  of  a  Scotch 
clergyman,  was  born  at  Ednam,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, in  17tK) ;  and  was  educated  at 
Jedburgh  and  at  Edinburgh.  Relinquish- 
ing his  views  in  the  church,  he  went  to 
London,  where,  in  1726,  he  published  his 
"Winter."  In  1727  appeared  his  "Sum- 
mer," which  he  addressed  to  Bubb  Dodding- 
ton.  This  was  followed  the  year  after  by 
"Spring,"  and  in  1730  by  "  Autumn."  In 
the  course  of  these  publications  Thomson 
produced  "  Sophonisba,"  a  tragedy  ;  and  a 
"Poem  on  Sir  Isaac  Newton."  Not  long 
after  this  he  was  selected  as  the  travelling 
associate  of  Mr.  Talbot,  and  was  thus  occu- 
pied for  3  years,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
visited  most  of  the  European  courts.  On 
his  return  lie  was  rewarded  with  the  post 
of  secretary  of  briefs  by  the  Lord  Chancellor 
Talbot,  which  was  nearly  a  sinecure.  About 
this  time  he  published  his  poem  of  "Liberty," 
with  the  cool  reception  of  which  he  was 
much  disappointed.  Soon  after,  by  the  death 
of  Lord  Chancellor  Talbot,  Thomson's  office 
was  vacated,  and  Lord  Ilardwick,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  seals,  gave  it  to  another  ;  but 
he  was  indemnified  by  the  office  of  surveyor- 


general  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  a  pen- 
sion from  the  Prince  of  Wales.  In  1738  he 
produced  a  second  tragedy,  entitled  "  Aga- 
memnon," which  was  followed  by  "  Edward 
aud  Eleanora,"  "  Tancred  and  Sigismunda," 
and  "  Coriolanus  ;"  the  masque  of  "  Alfred," 
in  conjunction  with  Mallet ;  and  the  poems 
of  "Liberty"  and  "The  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence."   He  died  at  Richmond,  in  1748. 

THOMSON,  Rev.  John,  a  distinguished 
landscape  painter,  was  bom  at  Dailly,  in 
Ayrshire,  1778  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  mi- 
nister of  that  parish  in  18t)0,  and  was  trans- 
lated to  Duddingstone,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
180.5,  where  he  remained  till  his  death. 
From  his  boyhood  he  evinced  a  strong  pre- 
dilection for  art,  which  increased  with  his 
years  ;  and  having  early  become  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  he 
produced  an  infinite  variety  of  landscapes, 
which  have  placed  him  on  a  level  with  the 
best  artists  of  his  native  land.    Died,  1840. 

THOMSON,  William,  a  poet  and  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Brougli,  in  Westmore- 
land ;  graduated,  A.  M.,  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1738 ;  became  dean  of  Raplioe, 
in  Ireland  ;  and  died  in  1766.  He  published 
two  volumes  of  poems,  among  which  those 
entitled  "  Sickness,"  and  the  "  Hymn  to 
May,"  have  received  the  meed  of  public 
approbation. 

THOMSON,  William,  an  industrious 
writer  and  compiler,  was  born  in  1746,  at 
Burnside,  in  Perthshire  ;  was  educated  for 
the  church,  became  minister  of  Monivad,  and 
ultimately  settled  in  London  as  an  author 
by  profession.  His  compilations  were  ex- 
tremely numerous,  and  he  prei>ared  for  the 
press  many  works  of  other  authors  ;  he  was 
also  the  editor  of  several  periodical  pub- 
lications, as  the  English  Review,  the  Political 
Magazine,  the  Whitehall  Evening  Post,  and 
the  Annual  Register.  Among  his  original 
works  are,  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon,"  a  novel; 
"  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  Asia,"  2  vols.  Died, 
1817. 

TIIORESBY,  Ralph,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  topographer,  was  born  at  Leeds, 
in  1058.  He  was  educated  at  the  school  of 
his  native  place,  after  which  he  went  to  ' 
Rotterdam  to  learn  the  Dutch  and  French 
languages,  to  fit  him  for  mercantile  pur- 
suits. On  the  death  of  his  father  he  suc- 
ceeded to  a  large  concern,  but  he  found 
leisure  to  cultivate  his  taste  for  antiquarian 
pursuits,  and  produced  the  "  Topography  of 
Leeds,"  "  Vicaria  Leodiensis,"  &c.  Died, 
1725. 

THORNHILL,  Sir  James,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  was  born  in  1C7C,  at  Wey- 
mouth, in  Dorsetshire  ;  and,  after  studying 
in  this  country,  greatly  improved  himself  on 
the  Continent.  On  his  return,  he  was  much 
engaged  in  the  decoration  of  palaces  and 
public  buildings.  Among  his  principal 
works  are,  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's,  the  refec- 
tory and  saloon  at  Greenwich  Hospital,  the 
hall  at  Blenheim,  and  some  of  the  apart- 
ments at  Hampton  Court.  He  displayed 
great  judgment  in  treating  allegorical  com- 
pbsitions,  and  he  was  by  no  means  an  in- 
different architect.    Died,  1734. 

THORNTON,  Bonn  el,  a  humorous  writer 
and  poet,  was    bom  in  London,  in  1724  ; 

4  a 


THO] 


^  ^flu  Wiiiihn'Sal  MiOQV^^liV. 


[thu 


and  -was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  Christchurch,  Oxford.  He  made  lite- 
rature his  profession,  and  was  on  terms  of 
intimacy  with  many  of  the  wits  of  the  age, 
united  with  the  elder  Colman  in  the  Con- 
noisseur, and  was  a  fertile  contributor  to 
the  periodicals  of  the  day.  He  also  pro- 
jected an  exhibition  of  sign  paintings  ;  and 
brought  out  a  burlesque  "Ode  for  St.  Ce- 
cilia's Day,"  which  afforded  much  amuse- 
ment. In  176(5  he  published  a  translation  of 
Plautus ;  and  the  year  following  a  poem,  en- 
titled "  The  Battle  of  the  Wigs,"  in  ridicule 
of  the  dispute  between  the  licentiates  and 
fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Died, 
1768. 

THORNTON,  Samuei,,  of  Clapham  Park, 
Surrey,  was  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land for  the  long  period  of  53  years,  and  an 
active  M.  P.  nearly  40  j'ears.     From  1784  to 
1800  he  represented  the  town  of  Kingtiton- 
;  upon-Hull,  and  from  1807  to  1818  the  county 
of  Surrey.  His  sagacious  counsels  had  always 
i  great  influence  at  the  Bank  of  England,  and 
{  when  the  memorable  stoppage  of  cash  pay- 
j  ments  occurred  in  1797,  he  was  the  governor. 
!  In  the  various  duties  he  had  to  perform, 
whether  as  a  bank  director,  a  member  of 
parliament,  a  governor  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital, or  as  the  head  of  a  mercantile  firm,  he 
was  able,  zealous,  and  indefatigable.    Died, 
July  3. 1838,  aged  83. 

THORNTON,  Thomas, lieutenant  colonel 
of  the  West  York  militia,  a  noted  sportsman 
and  writer  on  field  sports.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  A  Sporting  Tour  through  France,"  2 
vols.  4to.,  and  "A  Sporting  Tour  through  the 
North  of  England  and  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland."    Died,  1823. 

THORNTON,  John  Robert,  a  celebrated 
botanist,  the  younger  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  about  1758,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  Shortly  after  this,  having  ac- 
quired an  important  accession  of  fortune 
by  the  death  of  his  brother,  he  resolved  to 
make  medicine  his  profession,  and  became 
a  member  of  Guy's  Hospital.  After  study- 
ing three  years  in  London,  he  visited  the 
Continent ;  and,  returning  to  the  metropolis, 
commenced  practice  with  considerable  suc- 
cess. In  1798  he  published  a  work  in  support 
of  the  Brunonian  system,  entitled  "  The 
Philosophy  of  Medicine,  or  Medical  Extracts 
on  the  Nature  of  Health  and  Disease,"  in  5 
vols.  Soon  after,  he  brought  out  a  work, 
called  "  The  Philosophy  of  Politics,"  &c.  3 
vols. ;  but  he  derives  his  chief  fame  from  his 
magnificent  "  Temple  of  Flora,  or  Garden  of 
the  Botanist,  Poet,  Painter,  and  Philoso- 
pher."    Died,  1837. 

THORPE,  JoH»f,  a  physician  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Penshurst,  in  Kent,  in 
1682,  and  settled  at  Rochester,  of  which 
city    he    published    some    curious    ancient 

illustrations.    Died,  1750 His  son,  Joha- 

Thorpe,  born  in  1713,  devoted  great  part  of 
his  life  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Registrum  Rofiensi "  and 
other  works  relating  to  Rochester.  Died, 
1792.  • 

THORWALDSEN,  Albert,  the  great 
Danish  sculptor,  was  the  son  of  a  carver  on 
wood,  but  though  the  circumstances  of  the 
parent  were  narrow,  the  boy,  having  early 


mo 


shown  great  talent  for  drawing,  was  gra- 
tuitously and  well  educated  at  tlie  Copen- 
hagen Academy  of  Arts.  Here  he  studied 
so  effectually  that  he  obtained  two  gold 
medals  and  a  travelling  studentship,  which 
entitles  the  fortunate  competitor  to  a  salary 
for  3  years.  Thus  far  fortunate,  Thorwald- 
sen  proceeded  to  Rome,  where  he  worked 
with  zeal  and  energy,  but  where  he  is  said 
to  have  been  for  some  time  bo  overwhelmed 
by  the  magnificence  of  ancient  art,  by  which 
he  saw  himself  surrounded,  as  to  have  broken 
up  not  a  few  of  his  earlier  works  as  soon  as 
they  were  completed.  Though  modesty  and 
a  difficulty  of  giving  self-satisfaction  are 
proverbially  characteristic  of  great  and  true 
genius,  yet  modesty  may  be  carried  to  a 
fatal  excess  ;  and  such  was  very  nearly  the 
case  in  the  present  instance.  The  now  ex- 
ulting, now  despairing,  young  sculptor  was 
preparing  to  return  home,  his  three  years' 
allowance  being  completely  exhausted,  when 
most  happily  the  clay  model  of  his  Jason 
was  seen  by  that  princely  patron  of  art,  the 
late  Heniy  Philip  Hope,  who  ordered  the 
marble  statue  of  him  at  a  price  which  utterly 
set  aside  all  his  thoughts  of  returning  home. 
The  Jason  once  completed,  and  by  Mr. 
Hope's  means  made  known,  Thorwaldsen's 
fortune  was  virtually  made  ;  orders  at  vast 
prices  poured  in  upon  him  from  all  parts  ; 
and  the  splendid  works  completed  by  him 
from  the  commencement  of  1800  to  the  close 
of  1837,  place  him  in  the  first  rank  of  modern 
sculptors.  His  countrymen  were  justly  proud 
of  him,  and  honoured  him  with  a  public 
funeral.     Died,  March  24.  1844,  aged  73. 

THOU,  James  Augitstus  de,  or  THUA- 
NUS,  a  celebrated  historian,  was  the  son  of 
Christopher  de  Thou,  first  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris  ;  was  born  in  that  city, 
in  1553  ;  and  died  in  1017.  The  "  History 
of  his  own  Times,"  from  1545  to  1007,  is 
written  in  pure  Latin,  and  with  gieat 
fidelity. 

THOU,  Frajtcis  Augustus  de,  son  of  the 
preceding,  inherited  the  virtues  and  intelli- 
gence of  his  father  ;  but  having  been  privy 
to  the  secret  correspondence  carried  on  be- 
tween Cinqmars  and  the  court  of  Spain,  he 
was  beheaded,  at  Lyons,  in  1042. 

THROSBY,  John,  a  writer  of  local  topo- 
graphy, was  born  in  1740,  and  was  for  many 
years  parish-clerk  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester. 
He  wrote  several  works  relative  to  the  "  His- 
tory and  Topograpliy  of  Leicester  "  audits 
vicinity.     Died,  1803. 

THRASYBULUS,  a  renowned  Athenian 
general  and  patriot,  the  deliverer  of  his 
country  from  the  yoke  of  the  thirty  tyrants, 
flourished  294  r..  c. 

THUCYDIDES,  a  Greek  historian,  waa 
born  at  Athens,  409  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  He  was  of  noble  birth,  and  on 
arriving  at  maturity  entered  into  the  army  ; 
but  failing  in  an  expedition  with  which  he 
had  been  intrusted,  he  was  banished  ;  and 
in  his  exile  he  wrote  the  "  History  of  his 
Times  ;"  a  work  which  far  excels  that  of 
Herodotus  in  sweetness  of  style,  grace,  and 
elegance  of  expression.  He  was  afterwards 
recalled,  and  died  at  Athens,  b.  c.  391. 

THTJNBERG,  Charles  Peter,  a  Swedish 
physician  and  traveller,  who  was  employed. 


THU] 


^  ^ctD  ?antl)friinl  2Stosrapl)j?, 


[tie 


in  1775,  by  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
to  proceed  in  a  medical  capacity  to  Japan. 
While  there  he  was  allowed  to  explore  tlie 
curiosities  of  tliat  interesting  country  : 
thence  he  proceeded  to  Ceylon  ;  and,  on 
his  return  to  Sweden,  he  succeeded  Linnaeus, 
whose  pupil  he  had  originally  been,  in  the 
professorship  of  botany  at  Upsal.  lie  was 
also  a  member  of  many  philosophical  so- 
cieties in  Europe  and  America,  and  died  in 
1828. 

TIIUIIIX)E,  JoHX,  a  statesman  and  poli- 
tical writer,  was  a  native  of  Essex,  and  born 
in  1016.  He  was  secretary  of  state  during 
the  protectorate  ;  and  though  immediately 
after  tlie  Kestoration  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  high  treason,  yet  such  was  Charles 
the  Second's  opinion  of  liis  talent  and  in- 
tegrity, that  he  afterwards  often  invited  him 
to  take  part  in  his  administration,  which  he 
thought  proper  to  decline.  Died,  1668.  llis 
state  papers  iiave  been  published,  and  form 
a  very  valuable  collection. 

TllURLOVV,  Edwako,  lord  high  chan- 
cellor of  Great  Britain,  was  born  in  1732, 
:  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1758.    He  lilled 
j  the  offices  of  solicitor-general  and  attorney- 
!  general,  was  chosen  M.  P.   for  Tamwortli, 
I  and  became  a  warm  and  powerful  supporter 
!  of  the  ministry  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
He  retired  from  office  in  1783,  but  resumed 
it  again  on  the  dissolution  of  the  coalition 
ministry,  and  continued  to  hold  the  seals 
under  the  premiership  of  Mr.  Pitt  till  1792. 
Died,  18()«. 

THUROT,    Fkancis,    a    French    naval 
officer,  born  in  1727.    Having  rendered  him- 
self conspicuous  by  his  courage  and  success 
while  in  command  of  a  privateer,  he  was 
invited  to  enter  into  tlie  royal  navy,  and 
intrusted  with  the  command  of  Ave  frigates 
and  a  corvette,  destined  to  make  a  descent 
on  the   British  coasts.     He  sailed  on   this 
expedition,   Oct.  15.  1759,   and   arriving    at 
j  Carrickfergus  Bay,  in  Ireland,  Jan.  10.  fol- 
1  lowing,  the   troops  were    lauded,  and    the 
j  place  surrendered  in  a  few  days.    Thurot 
'  thought  proper,  however,  to  re-embark  his 
I  troops  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  France,  his 
I  vessels  were  attacked  by  an  English  squa- 
dron, and  he  fell  in  the  engagement,  Jan. 
20.  1760. 

THYNNE,  Francis,  a  herald  and  anti- 
quary of  the  16th  century,  was  the  son  of 
William  Thynne,  the  editor  of  Chaucer,  and 
steward  of  the  household  to  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  educated  at  Tunbridge  School,  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  1602  was  made 
Lancaster  herald.  Hearne  published  "  A 
Discourse  of  the  Duty  and  Office  of  an 
Herald  of  Arms,"  written  by  Thynne,  who 
also  continued  Holinshed's  Chronicle  j  and 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Dover  Castle  and  the 
Cinque  Ports,"  which,  with  many  other  pro- 
ductions, remain  in  MS.     Died,  1611. 

TIARKS,  JouN  Lewis,  F.  R.  S.,an  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  Jever,  in  1789  ;  studied 
at  Gottingen ;  and,  coming  to  London  in 
1810,  became  assistant  librarian  to  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  In  1816  hi?  visited  Germany,  and 
on  his  return  received  the  appointment  of 
British  astronomer  to  the  American  bound- 
ary line  commission,  in  carrying  out  which 


the  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent.  He 
died  in  1837. 

TIBERIUS,  Ci.Ainiius  Nero,  emperor 
of  Rome,  was  born,  b.  c.  42,  and  succeeded 
Augustus.  He  displayed  his  real  character 
in  his  cruelty  to  his  mother  Livia  and  his 
wife  Julia,  and  iu  the  murder  of  many  of 
the  senators.  He  also  caused  Germanicus 
to  be  poisoned,  and  committed  numerous 
excesses.  In  the  midst,  however,  of  all  his 
tyranny,  he  often  exhibited  gleams  of  strong 
sense,  and  of  a  judicious  attention  to  the 
public  welfare.  But  his  crimes  infinitely 
exceeded  his  virtues,  and  he  died  at  Mise- 
num,  A.  D.  37,  universally  execrated. 

TIBERIUS,  CoxsTANTiNE,  raised  by  his 
merit  to  the  throne  of  the  Eastern  empire, 
became  the  father  of  his  people,  and  is 
equally  extolled  for  Ids  valour,  his  love  of 
justice,  and  his  clemency.    He  died,  582. 

TIBULLUS,  AuLUS  Alijius,  a  celebrated 
Latin  elegiac  poet  and  critic,  born,  43  b.  c.  ; 
died,  A.  D  17.  This  author  has  usually  been 
printed  in  the  same  volume  with  Catullus 
and  Propertius. 

TICKELL,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  essayist, 
was  born  in  1686,  at  Bridekirk,  in  Cumber- 
land ;  and  became  fellow  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  Through  the  friendship  of 
Addison,  he  was  made  under-secrctary  of 
state,  and  was  afterwards  appointed  secre- 
tary to  the  lords  justices  of  Ireland.  Some 
of  his  pieces  are  in  the  Spectator ;  besides 
which,  he  wrote  "The  Prospect  of  Peace," 
"  The  Royal  Progress,"  and  other  poems  ; 
and  translated  the  first  book  of  the  Iliad. 
Died,  1740. 

TICKELL,  Richard,  a  poet  and  political 
writer,  who  died  in  1793.  His  principal 
piece  was  a  pamphlet  called  "  Anticipation." 

TIEDEMANN,  Dieteich,  an  eminent 
writer,  was  bom  in  1748,  at  Bremervorde,  in 
the  duchy  of  Bremen,  and  died  iu  1803. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  Languages,"  "  System  of  the  Stoic 
Philosophy,"  an  "Investigation  of  Man," 
"  The  first  Philosophers  of  Greece,"  and 
"  The  Spirit  of  Speculative  Philosophy." 

TIEDGE,  Chkistupuek  Augu.stus,  a 
German  elegiac  poet,  born  in  1752  ;  his  chief 
works  are,  "  Urania,"  "  The  Echo,  or  Alexis 
and  Ida,"  "Denkmale  der  Zeit,"  &c.  His 
latter  years  were  passed  at  Diesden.  Died, 
1841. 

TIERNEY,  Geoeoe,  a  distinguished 
statesman  and  political  writer,  was  bom  in 
London,  in  1756  ;  received  his  education  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  designed  for  the  bar. 
At  the  commencement  of  his  public  life, 
Mr.  Tierney  attached  himself  to  the  Whigs, 
and  in  1796  he  was  elected  M.  P.  for  South- 
waik.  He  soon  proved  himself  an  able 
debater,  and  was  one  of  the  most  formi- 
dable opponents  of  Mr.  Pitt.  In  1806  he 
lost  his  seat  as  member  for  Southwark,  and 
afterwards  successively  represented  Ath- 
lone,  Bandonbridge,  Appleby,  and  Knares- 
borough.  During  a  debate  in  the  year  1798, 
some  words  spoken  in  the  house  were  the 
cause  of  a  duel  between  him  and  Mr.  Pitt,  in 
which,  however,  neither  party  was  wounded. 
When  Mr.  Addington  became  minister,  in 
1802,  he  made  Mr.  Tiemey  treasurer  of  the 
navy.    In  180G,  under  the  Grenville  admi- 


4  B 


til] 


^  iJSftu  mxihtt^Kl  3Ut09Tapf)i). 


[tim 


nistration,  he  became  president  of  the  board 
of  control,  but  went  out  of  office  early  in  the 
following  year,  on  the  resignation  of  the 
ministry.  On  the  formation  of  the  Canning 
ministry,  he  was  appointed  to  the  master- 
ship of  the  mint ;  from  which  he  retired, 
with  Lord  Goderich,  in  1828,  and  died  in 
1830. 

TILLEMANS,  Peter,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, was  a  native  of  Antwerp  ;  he  came  to 
England  in  1708,  and  was  employed  by 
several  noblemen  in  taking  views  of  their 
seats,  huntings,  races,  and  horses.  Died, 
1734. 

TILLEMONT,  Sebastian  lb  Nain  de, 
a  French  historian  and  critic,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1637.  His  "History  of  the  Em- 
perors" and  "Ecclesiastical  History"  are 
written  with  great  fidelity  and  clearness. 
Died,  1698. 

TILLI,  Michael  Angelo,  botanist  and 
physician,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1655. 
His  greatest  worJi  is  the  "  Catalogus  Horti 
Pisani,"  printed  at  Florence,  1723.  Died, 
1740. 

TILLOCH,  Alexander,  was  bom  at 
Glasgow,  in  1759.  His  father  was  a  tobac- 
conist, and  it  was  his  intention  to  bring  up 
his  son  to  the  same  trade  ;  but  his  mind  was 
bent  on  mechanical  improvements,  and  at 
length,  though  totally  uiiinstructed,  he 
formed  the  idea  of  printing  with  stereo- 
typed plates.  He  began  his  experiments  in 
1781 ;  and  having  succeeded  in  them,  Mr. 
Foulis,  a  printer,  of  Glasgow,  joined  him, 
and  a  patent  was  taken  out  in  their  names. 
Circumstances,  however,  induced  them  to 
lay  it  aside  for  a  time,  and  it  was  never  af- 
terwards renewed  by  them  as  a  speculation. 
In  1787,  Mr.  Tilloch  quitted  Scotland  for 
London,  and  soon  after  purchased  the  Star, 
an  evening  paper,  of  which  he  became  the 
editor,  and  carried  it  on  till  within  four 
years  of  his  death.  In  1797  he  projected 
and  established  the  Philosophical  Magazine, 
which  he  carried  on  for  a  number  of  years 
with  great  credit  ;  and,  only  15  days  before 
his  death,  he  had  obtained  a  patent  for  an 
improvement  on  the  steam-engine.  Yet 
amidst  these  avocations  he  found  time  for 
theological  studies,  and  published  some  pa- 
pers on  the  Prophecies.  In  1823  he  printed 
an  octavo  volume,  entitled  "  Dissertations 
on  the  Apocalypse;"  and  he  was  latterly 
engaged  in  superintending  "  The  Mechanic's 
Oracle."  Some  years  before  his  death  the 
university  of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D. ;  and  he  preached  occa- 
sionally to  a  dissenting  congregation  in  Gos- 
well  Street  Road.    Died,  1825. 

TILLOTSON,  a  distinguished  English 
prelate,  was  the  son  of  a  clothier  at  Sowerby, 
near  Halifax,  and  born  in  1630.  His  father, 
who  was  a  strict  Calvinist,  brought  him  up 
in  the  same  principles,  and  sent  him  to 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge.  At  the  Restoration 
he  conformed  to  tlie  established  church, 
was  made  king's  chaplain,  and  presented  to 
a  prebend  of  Canterbury.  When  Charles  II., 
in  16/2,  issued  a  declaration  for  liberty  of 
conscience,  for  the  purpose  of  favouring  the 
Roman  Catholics,  he  preached  strongly 
against  it,  but  was,  nevertheless,  advanced 
to  the  deanery  of  Canterbury,  and  obtained 


a  prebend  in  St.  Paul's,  He  warmly  pro- 
moted the  exclusion  bill  against  the  Duke  of 
York ,  and  refused  to  sign  the  address  of  the 
London  clergy  to  the  king, on  his  declaration 
that  he  would  not  consent  to  it.  At  the 
execution  of  Lord  William  Russell  he  at- 
tended him  with  Dr.  Burnet ;  and,  though 
afterwards  decided  friends  to  the  Revolu- 
tion, both  these  divines  urged  that  nobleman 
to  acknowledge  the  unlawfulness  of  resist- 
ance. After  the  Revolution,  he  was  ap- 
pointed clerk  of  the  closet ;  and,  on  the 
deprivation  of  Sancroft,  in  1691,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Canterbury.  Died,  1694. 
His  sermons  rank  amongst  the  most  popular 
in  the  English  language,  and  were  at  one 
time  regarded  as  a  elandard  of  finished 
oratory. 

TILLY,  Jonir  Tzerklas,  Count  of,  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  generals  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Brabant,  and  born 
in  1559.  He  rose  by  degrees  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  the  league,  and  in  the 
seven  years'  war  was  appointed  generalis- 
simo of  the  imperial  troops.  His  character 
for  military  talents  and  bravery  was  of  the 
highest  kind,  but  he  stained  his  laurels  by 
uncalled-for  cruelty.  After  gaining  36  bat- 
tles, he  was  entirely  defeated  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  at  Brettenfield,  Sept.  7. 1631  ;  and 
being  wounded  by  a  cannon-ball  in  a  subse- 
quent engagement,  he  died  in  1632. 

TILLY,  Alexander  de.  Count,  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  born  in  1754.  He  entered  young 
into  tlie  army,  and  was  a  zealous  royalist 
from  the  commencement  of  the  French  re- 
volution. In  1792  he  exerted  his  best  abili- 
ties in  defence  of  Louis  XVI.,  subsequently 
emigrated,  returned  with  the  Bourbons  in 
1814,  was  compelled  to  leave  France  again 
on  Buonaparte's  escape  from  Elba,  and  put 
an  end  to  his  own  existence  at  Brussels,  in 
1816.  He  was  the  author  of  some  spirited 
political  essays,  "  (Euvres  melees,"  "De  la 
Revolution  Fran^aise  en  1794,"  &c. 

TILLY,  Lieutenant-general  the  Count  de, 
was  also  a  native  of  Normandy,  but  of  a 
different  family  from  the  preceding.  Be- 
coming a  partisan  of  the  revolution,  he  was 
made  a  colonel  of  cavalry  in  1792  ;  was  sent, 
in  1793,  to  oppose  the  Vendeans,  over  whom 
he  gained  some  advantages ;  subsequently 
commanded  the  army  of  the  Sambre  and 
Meuse  ;  and  was  governor  of  Brussels,  in 
1796.  He  served  in  Austria,  Prussia,  Poland, 
and  Spain,  under  the  imperial  government ; 
and  having  accepted  an  appointment  during 
the  hundred  days,  was  not  employed  after 
the  second  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 
Died,  1822. 

TIM^US,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
was  a  native  of  Locris,  in  Greece,  and  is 
styled  by  Plato  "a  most  diligent  inquirer 

into  all  the  works  of  nature." .TiMJius, 

a  Greek  historian,  banished  from  Sicily  by 
Agathocles,  tyrant  of  Syracuse.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  Wars  of  Pyrrhus,"  a  "  Gene- 
ral History  of  Sicily,"  &c.  — -  Tim^eus,  the 
Sophist,  author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Platonic 
Phrases,"  who  is  supposed  to  have  flourished 
about  A.  D.  400. 

TIMOLEON,  an  illustrious  Greek,  was 
bom  at  Corinth,  about  four  centuries  before 


tim] 


^  ^eti)  BniUviKl  Mia^npf)^, 


[tip 


the  Cluistian  era.  He  early  exhibited  marks 
of  intrepid  courage  and  a  hatred  of  tyranny; 
which  he  carried  to  such  a  pitch,  that,  ac- 
cording to  Plutarch,  he  stood  by  while  his 
brother  Timophunes,  who  would  not  resign 
his  usurped  autliority,  was  assassinated. 
Wiien  tlie  Syracusans  solicited  the  aid  of 
the  Corinthians  against  an  invasion  of  the 
Carthaginians,  he  was  appointed  to  command 
the  auxiliary  forces,  and,  by  a  happy  mixture 
of  valour  and  prudence,  succeeded  not  only 
In  restoring  Syracuse  to  liljerty,  but  he 
brought  tlie  whole  island  of  Sicily  into  a 
more  prosjierous  and  tranquil  state  than  it 
had  been  in  for  many  years.  He  fixed  his 
abode  at  Syracuse,  and   lived  as  a  private 


citizen,  distinguished  only  by  his  influence 
"     ■  ■  ■  to  his     ■  ■  ""■    ' 

B.  c.  ;W5. 


and  the  respect  paid 


virtues.    Died, 


TIMON,  a  Greek  poet  and  philosopher  of 
Peloponnesus,  was  the  disciple  of  Pyrrho, 
and  lived  in  the  third  century  n.  c.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  comedies,  tragedies,  and 
satiric  dramas ;  besides  his  satires,  called 
"  Sillse,"  which  are  still  in  part  extant. 

TIMON,  the  Misantlirope,  was  born  near 
Athens,  b.  c.  420.  It  is  related  of  him  that 
he  took  a  great  pleasure  in  Alcibiades  ;  and 
being  asked  the  reason,  said,  "  because  I 
foresee  that  he  will  one  day  be  the  ruin  of 
the  Athenians." 

TIMOTEO,  DA  UnBiNo,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  bora  at  Urbiuo,  in  1470,  and 
died  in  1524. 

TIMOTHEUS,  the  most  celebrated  lyric 
poet  and  musician  of  antiquity,  was  a  native 
of  Miletus,  in  Caria,  and  flourished  at  the 
court  of  Philip  and  his  son  Alexander.  To 
him  is  attributed  the  completion  of  the  lyre 
by  four  additional  strings. 

TINDAL,  Matthew,  a  controversial 
writer,  was  born  at  Beer-ferris,  in  Devon- 
shire. He  received  his  education  at  Oxford, 
and  was  induced  to  turn  Romanist  in  the 
reign  of  James  II.,  but  returned  to  the  wor- 
ship of  the  church  of  England,  and  took  the 
oaths  at  the  Revolution.  Died,  1733.  His 
works  are,  "The  Rights  of  the  Christian 
Church  "  and  "  Christianity  as  Old  as  the 
Creation." 

TINDAL,  Nicholas,  nephew  to  the  fore- 
going, a  divine,  miscellaneous  writer,  and 
translator  and  continuator  of  Rapin's  His- 
tory of  England.    Born,  1687  ;  died,  1774. 

TINDAL,  Sir  Nicholas  Conynoham, 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  was  born  in  1777,  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  having  become  a 
student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  commenced 
practice  as  a  special  pleader,  and  in  1809  was 
called  to  the  bar.  He  entered  parliament 
in  1824,  as  member  for  the  Wigton  district 
of  burghs ;  and  in  1826  he  was  made  solicitor- 
general,  and  knighted.  When  Sir  John 
Copley,  who  had  represented  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  was  raised  to  the  office  of 
lord  chancellor,  in  1827,  Sir  Nicholas  Tindal 
contested  with  Mr.  Bankes  the  honour  of 
representing  his  alma  mater,  and  was  re- 
turned by  a  considerable  majority.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  was  promoted  to  the 
chief  justiceship,  which  position  he  occupied 
till  his  death.  Died,  July  6.  1846, in  the  70th 
year  of  his  age. 


aia 


TINDAL  or  TYNDALE,  Wu.liam,  one 
of  the  reformers,  was  born  in  1500  ;  studied 
at  Oxford  ;  but  was  obliged  to  leave  that 
university  on  account  of  having  imbibed  the 
doctrines  of  Luther.  He  then  withdrew  to 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  a  degree,  and 
soon  after  went  to  reside  as  a  tutor  in  the 
family  of  Sir  John  Welch,  near  Bristol. 
While  in  this  capacity,  he  translated  Eras- 
mus's **  Enchiridion  Militis  Christiani,"  into 
English  ;  but,  in  consequence  of  his  opinions, 
articles  were  preferred  against  him  before 
the  chancellor  of  the  diocese,  and  he  received 
a  reprimand.  Upon  this  he  withdrew  to 
London,  and  next  to  Antwerp,  where  he 
translated  the  New  Testament  into  English. 
This  version  was  printed  in  1526,  and  the 
greater  part  being  sent  to  England,  the  pre- 
lates Warham  and  Tunstall  bought  up  all 
the  copies  they  could  procure,  and  caused 
them  to  be  burnt.  By  means  of  the  money 
thus  received,  Tyndale  was  enabled  to  print 
a  new  edition  in  1534  ;  after  which  he  began 
a  translation  of  the  Old  Testament,  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  Miles  Coverdale  ;  but  they 
proceeded  no  farther  than  the  Pentateucli. 
Through  the  interference  of  the  English 
government,  Tyndale  was  apprehended  at 
Antwerp,  and,  in  1.536,  being  brought  to  trial 
at  Augsburg,  he  was  condemned  to  the  stake, 
whicli  sentence  he  quietly  endured,  being 
first  strangled  and  then  burnt.  His  last 
words  were,  "  Lord,  open  the  king  of  Eng- 
land's eyes ! " 

TINTORETTO,  a  celebrated  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  Giacomo  Robusti, 
was  born  at  Venice,  in  1512.  He  studied 
under  Titian,  the  style  of  whose  colouring 
he  endeavoured  to  unite  with  the  compo- 
sition of  Michael  Angelo ;  and  though  he 
was  far  inferior  to  either  of  those  great 
masters,  he  rose  to    high    reputation,  and 

was  much  employed.      Died,  1594 His 

daughter  Maria,  who  died  in  1.590,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  portrait  painter. 

TIPPOO  8AIB,  sultan  of  Mysore,  the  son 
of  Hyder  Allj',  was  born  in  1749,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  1782.  He  continued 
the  war  in  which  his  father  was  engaged 
with  the  English,  until  the  peace  of  Paris 
(1783),  which  deprived  him  of  the  assistance 
of  the  French ;  and  the  alliance  of  the 
Mahrattas  with  the  British  induced  him  to 
sign  the  treaty  of  Mangalore,  in  1784,  on  ad- 
vantageous terms.  He,  however,  never  ceased 
to  cherish  the  hope  of  expelling  the  British 
from  Hindostan,  and  carried  on  repeated 
wars  with  our  native  allies.  At  length  the 
Marquis  Cornwallis,  in  1792,  compelled  him 
to  sue  for  a  peace,  which  was  granted  on  his 
paying  a  large  sum  of  money,  ceding  part  of 
his  territories,  and  giving  up  his  two  sons  to 
the  English  as  hostages.  Still  implacable, 
he  continued  his  plots  against  the  English. 
The  result  was  a  second  and  final  war,  which 
terminated  in  1799,  by  his  death  at  the 
storming  of  Seringapatam. 

TIPTOFT,  JoHx,  earl  of  Worcester,  a 
patron  of  learning  in  the  15th  century,  was 
appointed  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  by  Henry 
VI.,  and  afterwards  became  lord  hijjh  con- 
stable and  lord  hi^h  treasurer.  After  this 
lie  went  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  and 
on    his   return   presented   many   valuable 


tik] 


^  |2clD  ^nihtr^aX  3SiograpIji;. 


[tom 


manuscripts  to  the  university  of  Oxford. 
On  the  temporary  reverse  of  fortune  ex- 
perienced by  Edward  IV.  and  the  house  of 
York,  he  was  accused  of  cruelty  in  liis  I.ish 
administration,  particularly  towards  two 
infant  sons  of  the  Earl  of  Desmond,  and 
condemned  to  lose  his  head  on  Tower  Hill, 
which  sentence  was  executed,  Oct.  18.  1470. 
He  wrote  many  works,  and  was  the  great 
1  patron  of  Caxton  the  printer. 
I  TIRABOSCHI,  GiROLAMO,  an  eminent 
Italian  author,  was  bom  at  Bergamo,  in 
1731 ;  entered  into  the  society  of  the  Jesuits  ; 
was  librarian  and  counsellor  to  the  Duke  of 
Modena,  who  knighted  him  ;  and  died  in 
1794.  His  chief  production  is,  "  The  His- 
torv  of  Italian  Literature,"  16  vols.  4to. 

TISCHBEIN,  the  name  of  several  German 
artists,  of  tlie  18th  century,  all  possessing 
considerable  merit,  but  none  of  them  suffi- 
ciently eminent  to  demand  a  separate  notice 
here. 

TISSOT,  SiMOx  An-drew,  an  eminent 
physician  and  medical  writer,  was  born  at 
Grancy,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  in  1728.  He 
was  chiefly  distinguished  by  his  successful 
treatment  of  the  confluent  small-pox.  He 
wrote  several  excellent  professional  works, 
was  three  years  medical  professor  at  Pavia, 
and  refused  advantageous  oiFers  made  him 
by  the  kings  of  England  and  Poland  to  quit 
Lausanne,  where  he  died  in  1797.  His  works 
were  collected  by  himself,  and  form  10  vols. 

TITIAN,  or  TIZIANO  VECELLI,  an 
unrivalled  portrait  and  landscape  painter, 
was  born  in  1480,  at  Capo  del  Cadore,  in 
Friuli  i  was  a  pupil  of  Zucchati  and  Bellini, 
and  improved  his  original  style  by  studying 
the  works  of  Giorgione.  He  was  patronised 
and  highly  honoured  by  Charles  V.,  who  on 
one  occasion,  when  the  painter  dropped  his 
pencil,  took  it  up,  and  said,  "Titian  merits 
to  be  served  by  Casar."  He  lived  to  the  age 
of  96,  his  powers  continuing  undiminished 
almost  to  the  last ;  his  works  are  conse- 
quently numerous,  but  they  still  retain  their 
rank  among  the  highest  efforts  of  tl\e  art. 
He  chiefly  resided  at  Venice,  where  he  died 
of  the  plague,  in  1576. 

TITUS  VESPASIANUS,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, was  bom  a.  d.  40  ;  and  though  his 
youth  was  tainted  with  the  vice  of  dissipa- 
tion, he  happily  disappointed  the  gloomy 
predictions  of  the  people  when  he  came  to 
the  throne,  a.  d.  79,  by  the  wisdom  and 
beneficence  of  his  government.  The  Ro- 
mans did  not,  however,  long  enjoy  the 
blessings  of  his  administration,  Titus  having 
been  seized  with  a  violent  fever,  which 
carried  him  off  in  the  41st  year  of  his  age, 
after  a  reign  of  little  more  than  two  years, 
A.D.  81. 

TOBIN,  John',  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
born  at  Salisbury,  in  1770,  and  bred  to  the 
law ;  but  the  stage  had  more  attractions 
for  him  than  the  attorney's  desk.  He  was 
the  author  of  "The  Honey  Moon"  and 
»  Curfew."    Died,  1804. 

TOD,  James,  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Company  ;  author 
of  "Annals  of  Rajast'han"  and  "Travels 
in  Western  India,"  the  latter  of  which  was 
scarcely  completed  when  he  died,  Nov.  1835. 
Colonel  Tod  surveyed  Rajpootana,  and  com- 


pleted his  magnificent  map  in  1815  ;  and  it 
was  by  him" that  the  name  of  Central  India 
was  originally  given  to  that  important  and 
interesting  tract  of  country.  He  was  a  sound 
scholar,  indefatigable  in  researcli  and  en- 
thusiastic in  his  zeal  to  benefit  the  people 
for  whom  he  laboured. 

TOFINO  DE  SAN  MIGUEL,  a  Spanish 
astronomer,  was  born  at  Carthagena,  in 
1740  ;  entered  the  naval  service,  and  became 
brigadier-general  of  the  marine  forces. 
During  the  American  war  he  was  employed 
in  surveying  the  Spanish  coasts,  and  died  in 
1806.  He  is  the  author  of  "Astronomical 
Observations  made  at  Cadiz,"  and  other 
works. 

TOLAND,  JoHx,  a  deistical  writer,  was 
born  in  1669,  at  Londonderry,  in  Ireland. 
He  was  originally  a  Roman  Catholic,  but 
became  a  dissenter,  and  lastly  a  sceptic. 
In  1696  he  published  "  Christianity  not 
Mysterious  ; "  a  work  which  excited  much 
notice,  and  gave  rise  to  an  almost  intermi- 
nable controversy.  This  was  followed  by 
various  other  publications,  political,  po- 
lemical, and  philosophical  ;  besides  "Na- 
zarenus,  or  Jewish,  Gentile,  and  Mahometan 
Christianity,"  "  Pantheisticon,"  "  Tetra- 
dymus,"  "Amyntor, "  and  a  "Life  of 
Milton."  Toland  was  employed  on  secret 
missions  to  various  German  courts,  and 
received  many  valuable  presents,  particu- 
larly from  Prince  Eugene.     Died,  1722. 

TOLER,  JoHX,  Earl  of  Norbuky,  chief 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  Ire- 
land, was  bom  in  1745,  at  Beechwood,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1770 ;  appointed  king's  counsel  in 
1781,  solicitor-general  in  1789,  attorney- 
general  in  1798,  during  which  year  he  wa» 
actively  engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
Irish  rebels  ;  and  was  advanced  to  the  chief 
justiceship  of  the  common  pleas  in  1800, 
with  the  title  of  lord  Norbury.  This  high 
office  he  retained  till  1827,  when,  on  his  re- 
tirement, he  obtained  a  pension  of  3046?.,  and 
was  advanced  to  the  title  of  viscount  Glan- 
dine  and  earl  of  Norbury.  He  died  in  1831. 
He  was  an  able  judge  ;  but  he  was  chiefly 
known  from  his  reputation  for  wit  and 
drollery,  and  was  consequently  compelled 
to  appear  as  the  parent  of  many  an  illegiti- 
mate pun  in  the  newspapers.  It  is  perfectly 
true,  however,  that  "  Lord  Norbury's  jokes  " 
were  sprinkled  very  thickly  with  his  law, 
and  the  Dublin  court  of  common  pleas  was 
often  thronged  with  idlers  attracted  by  the 
amusement  which  was  to  be  found  in  the 
sallies  of  wit  and  repartee  so  freely  bandied 
about  from  judge,  counsel,  and  witnesses. 

TOLIilUS,  James,  a  physician,  was  bom 
near  Utrecht,  in  1030.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  eloquence  and  Greek  at  Branden- 
burg, and  died  in  1696.  Among  his  works 
are,  "Epistolse  Itiuerariaj "  and  "Fortuita 
Sacra."  In  this  last  he  evinced  an  extra- 
ordinary degree  of  credulity,  by  supposing 
that  the  secret  of  the  philosopher's  stone 
was  concealed  xmder  the  mythology  of 
paganism. 

TOMLINE,  George,  an  eminent  English 
prelate,  whose  family  name  was  Prettyman, 
was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  in  Suffolk, 
in  1750.    He  was  senior  wrangler  at  Cam- 


tom] 


a  fim  Wmberi^al  38t0jirajpljy. 


[tor 


bridge,  in  1772 ;  and  having  been  chosen  a 
fellow  of  Pembroke  College  in  1781,  he  served 
the  office  of  moderator.  He  had  been  the 
academical  tutor  of  Mr.  Pitt,  who,  on  becom- 
ing chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  made  him 
his  private  secretary,  gave  him  the  living  of 
Sudbury,  and  a  prebend  of  Westminster, 
and,  in  1787,  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Ijincoln  ; 
from  which,  in  1820,  he  was  translated  to 
that  of  Winchester.  In  1799  he  published  a 
work,  entitled  "  Elements  of  Christian  The- 
ology," 2  vols. ;  and  in  1812  appeared  his 
•'  Refutation  of  the  Charge  of  Calvinism 
against  the  Church  of  England."  He  also 
published  the  "Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Pitt."  He  took  the  name  of  Tomline, 
in  consequence  of  a  person,  to  whom  he  was 
almost  unknown,  having  bequeathed  him  a 
very  considerable  fortune  on  that  special 
condition. 

TOMLINS,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  a  poetess, 
novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born 
in  Loudon,  in  1768.  She  wrote  "  The  Victim 
of  Fancy,"  and  other  novels ;  "  Tributes  of 
Affection,"  and  much  fugitive  poetry  in  vari- 
ous periodicals.  She  also  translated  the  first 
history  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte  that  ever 
appeared  in  this  country,  and  part  of  An- 
quetil's  Universal  History.    Died,  1828. 

TONE,  Theobald  Wolfe,  an  Irish  re- 
volutionary politician,  and  founder  of  the 
"  Society  of  United  Irishmen,"  was  born  in 
Dublin,  in  17(53,  and  was  bred  to  the  bar. 
In  1790  he  published  a  pamphlet,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  expose  the  mismanagement 
of  the  English  government  regarding  Ire- 
land ;  and,  in  1793,  he  established  the  society 
above  mentioned.  He  afterwards  became 
involved  in  a  treasonable  correspondence 
with  France,  but  made  a  sort  of  compromise 
with  the  British  government,  and  was  al- 
lowed to  withdraw  himself.  He  accordingly 
went  to  America  in  179o,  from  whence  he 
proceeded  to  France  in  the  following  year. 
By  his  persuasions,  the  French  directory 
fitted  out  an  expedition,  consisting  of  17  sail 
of  the  line,  13  frigates,  &c..  with  14,000  troops 
on  board,  and  upwards  of  40,000  stand  of  arms, 
besides  artillery  and  warlike  stores.  Tone 
was  appointed  chef  de  brigade,  under  Ge- 
neral Hoche,  the  commander-in-chief.  They 
set  sail  Dec.  15.  1796  ;  but,  before  they  had 
all  reached  their  destination  (Bantry  Bay), 
a  hurricane  arose,  in  consequence  of  which 
three  ships  of  the  line  and  a  frigate  only  re- 
mained together.  This  bold  attempt  being 
thus  frustrated  by  the  elements,  the  scattered 
ships  made  the  best  of  their  way  back  to 
France,  and  Tone  was  foiled  in  all  his  future 
endeavoiurs  to  persuade  the  French  govern- 
ment to  undertake  another  expedition  on  a 
large  scale.  But  he  still  persevered  in  those 
plans  which  he  conceived  would  lead  to  a 
separation  of  Ireland  from  Great  Britain  ; 
and  he  at  length  embarked  in  one  of  those 
petty  armaments,  the  inefficiency  of  which, 
he  thought,  perhaps,  might  be  remedied  by 
his  own  courage  and  experience.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  in  the  Hoche,  after  fighting 
bravely  in  a  desperate  action,  was  tried  by 
a  military  commission,  and  sentenced  to  be 
hanged.  The  execution  of  his  sentence, 
however,  he  avoided,  by  cutting  liis  own 
throat  in  prison,  Nov.  19.  1798. 


TOOKE,  John  Horne,  a  politician  and 
philologist,  who  for  many  years  was  known 
by  his  family  name  of  Home,  was  born  in 
Westminster,  in  1736  ;  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Eton  Schools,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1 760  was  inducted 
to  the  cliapelry  of  New  Brentford.  The 
clerical  profession  being  little  suited  to  his 
habits  and  feelings,  he  took  an  active  part  in 
politics,  and  became  the  partisan  of  Wilkes  ; 
till,  on  founding  the  "  Society  for  supporting 
the  Bill  of  Rights,"  a  quarrel  arose  between 
them,  each  charging  the  other  with  venality 
and  hypocrisy.  In  1771  he  was  fiercely 
attacked  by  Junius ;  but  he  defended  him- 
self with  spirit  and  success  against  that 
formidable  writer.  Resigning  his  living 
at  Brentford,  he  studied  the  law  at  the  Tem- 
ple, but  his  ecclesiastical  character  proved 
an  obstacle  to  his  being  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  was  a  warm  opponent  of  the  Ame- 
rican war ;  and,  in  1775,  was  prosecuted, 
and  sentenced  to  a  year's  imprisonment 
and  a  fine,  on  the  charge  of  having  libelled 
the  king's  troops  in  America.  He  defended 
himself  with  his  characteristic  spirit  and 
acuteness ;  and  out  of  this  circumstance 
arose  his  "  Letter  to  Dunning."  which 
formed  the  basis  of  his  subsequent  philo- 
logical work,  "  The  Diversions  of  Purley," 
published  in  1786.  In  1790  he  stood,  in- 
effectually, as  candidate  for  Westminster,  as 
he  did  again  in  1796.  In  the  year  1794  he 
was  committed  to  the  Tower  on  the  charge 
of  high  treason,  founded  on  the  presumed 
objects  of  the  corresponding  societies  to  over- 
throw the  constitution  ;  but  had  the  good 
fortune,  along  with  the  other  persons  accused 
at  the  same  time,  to  be  acquitted  ;  and  he 
appears  to  have  been  much  more  cautious 
afterwards  in  the  choice  of  his  companions. 
In  1801  he  was  returned  to  parliament  for 
Old  Sarum,  but  he  sat  only  during  that 
session,  a  bill  being  passed  to  render  clerical 
persons  ineligible  as  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  for  the  future.  His  latter  days 
were  cheered  by  easy  circumstances,  and  he 
died  at  Wimbledon,  in  1812,  aged  76. 

TOOKE,  Rev.  William,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  1744,  at  Islington.  He  was 
originally  a  printer  ;  but,  in  1771,  he  obtained 
episcopal  ordination,  and  was  appointed 
minister  of  the  church  at  Cronstadt.  In  1774 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  factory  at  St. 
Petersburgh  ;  and,  after  residing  there  many 
years,  he  returned  to  his  own  country,  and 
died  in  1820.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Va- 
rieties in  Literature,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  Life  of 
Catharine  II.,"  "  A  View  of  the  Russian 
Empire,"  "  A  General  History  of  Russia," 
and  translations  of  Lucian  and  Zollikoffer's 
Sermons  and  Prayers. 

TOPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  a  zea- 
lous advocate  for  the  Calvinism  of  the  church 
of  England,  was  born  at  Famham,  in  Surrey, 
in  1740;  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  and  died, 
vicar  of  Broad  Henbury,  in  Devonshire,  in 
1778.  Toplady  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
Wesley,  and  brought  a  large  share  of  meta- 
physical acuteness  into  the  Calvinistic  con- 
troversy.   His  works  form  6  vols. 

TORDENSKIOLD,  Petek,  whose  family 
name  was  Wkssel,  was  a  celebrated  Danish 


admiral,  born  in  1691,  at  Drontheim,  in  Nor- 
way ;  anfl  was  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1720.  For 
his  gallant  exploits  his  sovereign  gave  him 
the  nameof  Tordenskiold,  compounded  from 
words  signifying  thunder  and  sliield.  Among 
his  achievements  were  the  capturing  of  a 
Swedish  squadron  in  the  port  of  Dynekiln, 
and  the  taking  of  the  town  of  Marstrand  and 
the  citadel  of  Carlstein. 
I  TORELLI,  GirsEi-PE,  an  Italian  writer, 
I  was  bom  at  Verona,  in  1721.  Besides  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  languages,  he 
was  well  acquainted  with  French,  Spanish, 
and  English  ;  and  lie  had  also  an  extensive 
knowledge  of  antiquities  ;  but  hia  favourite 
study  was  the  mathematics,  of  his  profi- 
ciency in  which  a  proof  has  been  given  in 
his  edition  of  the  works  of  Archimedes, 
printed  in  folio,  at  Oxford.  He  died  in 
1781.  Torelli  translated  ^sop's  Fables  into 
Latin,  and  the  first  two  books  of  the  ^neid 
into  Italian. 

TORENO,  Count  Jose  de,  known  also  as 
the  Vicomte  de  Mattarosa,  a  distinguished 
Spanish  statesman  and  historian,  was  horn 
at  Oviedo,  1786  ;  bore  a  share  in  all  the 
troubles  of  his  country  in  the  early  part  of 
this  century  ;  and  was  repeatedly  proscribed 
I  by  the  despotic  advisers  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
But  on  the  accession  of  the  queen  he  once 
more  returned  to  Madrid,  where  he  was 
nominated  minister  of  finance,  and  soon 
afterwards  of  foreign  affairs,  which  he  held 
till  1835.  His  latter  years  were  spent  at 
Paris,  where  he  published  his  interesting 
"  Histoire  de  Soul&vement  d'Espagne." 

TORF^US,  THERMoniis,  a  Danish  his- 
torian, was  born  in  Iceland,  in  1640  ;  edu- 
cated at  Copenhagen,  and  was  afterwards  ap- 
pointed historiographer  for  Norway.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Historia  Rerum  Norvegi- 
arum,"  2  vols.  ;  "  Series  Dynastarum  et 
Begum  Daniaj,"  and  "Historia  Vinlandia3 
AutiqufE." 

TORQUEMADA,  Thomas  de,  the  first 
inquisitor-general  of  Spain,  whose  memory 
is  rendered  infamous  for  barbarity,  was  born 
in  1420.  He  was  a  monk  of  the  order  of 
St.  Dominic,  became  inquisitor-general  in 
1483,  and  died  in  1498.  During  the  exercise 
of  his  power,  in  the  course  of  16  years,  it  is 
said  that  no  less  than  8800  victims  were 
committed  to  the  flames,  90,000  were  con- 
demned to  perpetual  imprisonment  and  other 
severe  punishments,  and  above  800,000  Jews 
were  banished  from  Spain. 

TORRE,  FiLipro  del,  an  Italian  prelate 
and  antiquary,  who  was  bom  at  Ciudad  de 
Friuli,  in  1657.  He  became  bishop  of  Adria, 
where  he  died  in  1717.  His  principal  writings 
are,  "  Monumenta  veteris  Antii,"  "Tauro- 
bolium  Antiquum,"  and  "  De  Annis  Imperii 
M.  Antonii  Aurelii  Heliogabali." 

TORRE,  Giovanni  Maria  dklla,  an 
eminent  natural  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Rome  ;  studied  at  the  Clementine  College  ; 
became  professor  of  philosophy  and  the 
mattiematics  at  Ciudad  de  Friuli  ;  and  after- 
wards, settling  at  Naples,  was  appointed 
librarian  to  the  king,  superintendant  of  the 
royal  printing  office,  and  keeper  of  tlie 
museum.  He  made  great  improvements  in 
the  magnifying  power  of  microscopes,  and 
published  works  on  "  Natural  Philosophy," 


"  Microscopical   Observations,"   &c.     Died, 
1782. 

TORRENS,  Sir  Henhy,  adjutant-general, 
was  born  at  Londonderry,  in  1779  :  received 
his  education  in  the  military  academj'  at 
Dublin  ;  entered  as  an  ensign  in  the  52nd 
regiment  of  foot ;  and,  going  to  the  West 
Indies,  was  early  distinguished  for  bravery 
in  actual  service,  and  for  courage  in  en- 
during hardships.  He  afterwards  served 
in  Holland,  where  he  was  wounded  ;  next 
proceeded  to  join  tlie  army  in  Egypt ;  thence 
embarked  at  a  port  of  the  Red  Sea  for 
Bombay  ;  but  being  seized  with  a  coup-de- 
soleil,  he  was  obliged  to  take  his  passage  to 
England.  The  ship  touched  at  St.  Helena, 
where,  recovering  his  health  and  spirits,  he 
married  Miss  Patton,  the  governor's  daughter. 
He  was  present  at  the  attack  on  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  gave  his  testimony  on  the  trial  of 
General  Whitelock  in  a  manner  that  evinced 
his  judgment  and  integrity.  He  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley, 
.and  accompanied  him  to  Portugal.  In 
Marcli,  1820,  Sir  Henry  was  made  adjutant- 
general,  in  which  situation  he  revised  the 
army  regulations,  and  introduced  many 
essential  improvements.    Died,  1828. 

TORRICELLI,  Evangklista,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  mathematician,  was  bom  in 
1608,  at  Facnza  ;  began  his  education  under 
the  Jesuits  there,  and  completed  it  at  Rome  ; 
was  invited  to  Florence  by  Galileo,  and 
succeeded  that  eminent  man  as  professor  of 
mathematics.  The  grand-duke  also  ap- 
pointed him  his  mathematician.  He  wrote 
several  geometrical  works,  and  to  him 
science  is  indebted  for  the  invention  of  the 
barometer. 

TORRIGIANO,  Pietro,  a  Florentine 
sculptor,  of  great  eminence,  was  born  in 
1472.  Being  a  fellow  student  with  the  fa- 
mous Michel  Angelo  Buonarotti,  a  dispute 
arising  from  a  jealousy  with  respect  to 
their  comparative  proficiency,  terminated  in 
blows ;  one  of  which,  from  the  hand  of 
Torrigiano,  broke  the  bridge  of  his  anta- 
gonist's nose.  While  in  the  zenith  of  his 
reputation  he  went  to  England,  which  he 
afterwards  quitted  for  Spain,  and  there  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Inquisition,  being  de- 
nounced as  guilty  of  impiety  and  sacrilege 
in  breaking  to  pieces  a  statue  of  the  Virgin, 
which  he  had  himself  executed  for  a  noble- 
man, who  afterwards  refused  to  pay  him  an 
adequate  price.  He  was  condemned  to  the 
stake,  but  avoided  the  torture  of  a  public 
execution  by  starving  himself  in  prison, 
previously  to  the  celebration  of  the  auto  da 
f&,  in  1522.  The  beautiful  tomb  of  Henry 
VII.,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  is  the  work  of 
Torrigiano. 

TORRIJOS,  Don  Jose  Maria,  a  Spanish 
patriot,  who  served  against  the  French 
during  the  war  of  independence,  and,  gra- 
dually passing  through  the  inferior  posts, 
obtained  the  rank  of  colonel  on  the  field  of 
battle.  He  was  in  dissrace  after  the  return 
of  Ferdinand  VII.  ;  biit,  in  1820,  the  Cortes 
made  him  field-marshal,  and  chief  com- 
mandant of  Navarre  and  the  Basque  pro- 
vinces. When  the  French  invaded  Spain, 
Torrijos  held  out  to  the  last :  he  signed  the 
capitulation  of  Carthagena  after  Cadiz  had 


:  tor] 


^  ^cto  ^ntberiSal  3Bi03TapTby' 


[tow 


surrendered,  and  gave  up  hia  arms  to  General 
Mina ;  but  having  subsequently  resolved 
to  renew  hia  efforts  for  the  liberation  of 
Spain,  he  quitted  his  asylum  at  Gibraltar, 
and  on  repairing  to  Malaga,  he  and  his 
companions  were  made  prisoners,  tried  by  a 
court-martial,  and  shot. 

TORRINGTON,  Geokoe  Byno,  Viscount, 
was  the  son  of  Jolm,  the  fifth  Viscount 
Torrington,  and  was  born  in  London,  in 
1768.  He  was  entered  a  midshipman  on 
board  the  Thunderer  at  10  years  of  age,  and 
was  present  in  the  action  between  Admiral 
Keppel  and  the  Count  d'Orvilliers,  on  the 
27th  July,  1778.  He  joined  the  flag-ship  of 
Sir  Edward  Hughes,  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
was  in  the  actions  with  M.  Souffcrin.  In 
June,  1795,  lie  was  made  post-captain  ;  in 
1797  he  had  the  command  of  the  Galatea 
frigate,  in  which  he  captured  a  French  cor- 
vette, and  some  armed  vessels  ;  but  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  resign  the  command  in 
1802.  In  December,  1812,  his  uncle,  tlie 
fourth  viscount,  died,  to  whose  title  his 
father  succeeded  ;  but  he  dying  14  days  after, 
Captain  Byng  became  Viscount  Torrington. 
He  at  that  time  commanded  the  Warrior,  in 
which  ship  he  conveyed  the  Prince  of  Orange 
from  the  Downs,  in  Nov.  1813,  and  landed 
him  at  Schwelling.  After  that  service,  he 
convoyed  a  fleet  of  merchant  ships  to  the 
West  Indies.  During  that  period  a  pro- 
motion took  place,  which  made  him  rear- 
admiral  of  tlie  blue,  and  he  was  made  vice- 
admiral  in  1821.    He  died  in  1831. 

TORSTENSON,  Leonardo,  Count,  a 
celebrated  Swedish  general,  was  born  in 
1595 ;  commenced  his  career  as  page  to 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  was  rapidly  pro- 
moted for  his  military  talent  by  that  mon- 
arch, and  distinguished  himself  on  numerous 
occasions  during  the  tliirty  years'  war. 
Died,  1054. 

TOSCANELLA,  Paul,  an  astronomer  of 
the  15th  century.  He  erected  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Florence  the  famous  gnomon,  of 
which  father  Ximenes  published  a  curious 
description.    Died,  1490. 

TOTILA,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths  in  Italy, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  541.  He  overran 
Italy,  and  took  possession  of  Rome.  At 
length  the  emperor  Justinian,  resolving  to 
free  Italy,  recalled  Belisarius  from  the  Per- 
sian war,  and  dispatched  a  powerful  army 
to  its  relief,  under  the  able  and  valiant 
Narses,  with  which  he  advanced  directly 
towards  Rome.  The  opposing  forces  met, 
and  a  furious  battle  took  place  ;  the  army  of 
Totila  was  totally  vanquished,  and  being 
overtaken  in  his  flight  by  a  party  of  Gepidse, 
their  commander,  Asbad,  ran  him  through 
the  body  with  a  lance  ;  and  with  him  ex- 
pired the  revived  glory  of  the  Goths  in  Italy, 
A.  D.  552. 

TOTT,  Francis,  Baron  de,  a  French 
negotiator  and  officer,  was  born,  in  1733,  at 
Chamigny,  and  after  having  served  in  the 
army,  was  employed  in  the  French  embassy 
at  Constantinople.  In  1767  he  was  appointed 
consul  in  the  Crimea.  He  subsequently 
went  back  to  Constantinople,  and  was 
charged  by  the  grand  seignor  to  carry  into 
effect  various  important  reforms  in  the  mili- 
tary department.    He  was  promoted  on  hia 


return  to  France,  but  emigrated  in  1790,  and 
died  1793. 

TOURNEFORT,  Joseph  Pitton  de,  an 
eminent  botanist,  was  bom  in  1()56,  at  Aix, 
in  Provence.  He  manifested  very  early  in 
life  a  love  of  botany  ;  studied  medicine  and 
anatomy  at  Montpelier  ;  travelled  in  various 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia  ;  was  professor  of 
physic  in  the  royal  college,  and  of  botany  in 
the  king's  garden  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1708. 
The  method  established  by  Tournefort  was 
founded  upon  the  varieties  of  the  petals  of 
flowers,  taken  in  conjunction  with  the  fruit ; 
and  it  soon  became  highly  popular  from  its 
facility.  Among  his  works  are,  "Voyages 
in  the  Levant,"  "  Elements  of  Botany, '  and 
a  "  History  of  Plants  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Paris." 

TOUSSAINT  L'OTJVERTURE,  a  cele- 
brated negro  chieftain,  of  great  courage, 
intelligence,  and  activity,  was  born  in  1745, 
at  St.  Domingo.  His  early  years  were  spent 
in  slavery  on  the  estate  of  Count  Noe,  where 
his  excellent  conduct  attracted  the  attention 
of  M.  Bayon  de  Libertas,  the  agent  of  the 
estate,  who  taught  him  reading,  writing,  and 
arithmetic.  When  the  general  rising  of  the 
blacks  took  place,  the  abilities  and  courage 
of  Toussaint  soon  raised  him  to  the  highest 
rank  among  them.  By  his  wise  and  vigorous 
measures,  he  succeeded  in  expelling  the  Eng- 
lish, reducing  the  Spanish  part  of  the  island, 
and  restoring  peace  and  order  in  the  colony; 
for  which  the  central  assembly  of  St.  lio- 
mingo  voted  him  the  dignity  of  president  for 
life.  The  first  care  of  Toussaint  was  to  form 
a  system  of  civil  policy  suited  to  the  state  of 
tlie  colony  ;  for  which  purpose  he  introduccid 
many  useful  regulations,  tending  to  improve 
the  moral  state  of  the  blacks,  and  to  induce 
habits  of  industry  among  them.  By  these 
means  the  colony  began  to  revive,  and  was 
rapidly  advancing  in  prosperity  under  the 
administration  of  this  negro  chief,  when  sud  ■ 
denly  the  whole  state  of  affairs  was  changed. 
Anxious  to  recover  so  valuable  a  colony, 
Buonaparte,  in  1801,  despatched  General 
Leclerc  with  a  fleet  and  army  :  a  desperate 
contest  ensued  ;  and,  after  a  short  but  brave 
resistance,  Toussaint  was  overcome.  He 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  France,  and  died  in 
the  fortress  of  Joux,  in  1803. 

TOWERS,  Joseph,  a  political  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born,  in  1737,  in 
Southwark,  where  his  father  was  a  dealer  in 
second-hand  books.  He  was,  successively,  a 
printer,  a  bookseller,  and  a  preacher  among 
the  Unitarians  ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  died 
in  1799.  Among  his  works  are,  "  British 
Biography,"  a  "Life  of  Frederic,  King  of 
Prussia,"  "A  Vindication  of  the  Political 
Opinions  of  Mr.  Locke,"  "  Observations  on 
the  Rights  and  Duties  of  Juries,"  and  many 
political  and  other  tracts.  He  also  con- 
tributed to  Dr.  Kippis's  edition  of  the  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica. 

TOWGOOD,  Matthew,  a  dissenting 
minister,  bom  in  1750,  at  Axminster,  in 
Devonshire,  where  his  father  was  a  physi- 
cian. He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Dissen- 
ter's Apology,"  "  High-flown  Episcopal  and 
Priestly  Claims  freely  examined,"  &c.  In 
1701  he  became  the  head  of  an  academy  at 


tow] 


^  JJcfio  Winibtr^Kl  SStOfirajj^M?. 


[tre 


Exeter,  for  the  education  of  dissenting 
ministers  ;  and  died,  aged  92,  in  1792. 

TOWNLEY,  Chaules,  an  English  an- 
tiquary and  collector,  was  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at  Townley  Hall,  in  Lancashire.  He 
resided  many  years  at  Rome,  where  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  collecting  the  remains  of 
ancient  art ;  and  having  formed  a  museum, 
replete  with  valuable  manuscripts,  medals, 
vases,  urns,  &c.,  he  purchased  two  houses  in 
Park  Street,  Westminster,  for  their  recep- 
tion. The  Townley  marbles  are  now  in  the 
British  Museum,  of  which  Mr.  Townley  was 

a  trustee.    Died,  180.5 His  uncle,  Joun 

Townley,  was  an  officer  in  the  French  ser- 
vice, and  honoured  with  the  order  of  St. 
Louis.  He  translated  Hudibras  into  French, 
and  died  in  1782. 

TOWNSEND,  JoHtf,  founder  of  the  deaf 
and  dumb  asylum,  was  bom  in  London,  in 
1757.  He  settled  as  a  minister  to  an  inde- 
pendent congregation  at  Kingston,  in  Sur- 
rey, whence,  in  1784,  he  removed  to  Ber- 
mondsey,  where  he  continued  to  reside 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  With  the 
assistance  of  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Mason,  paro- 
chial minister  of  Bermondsey,  he,  in  1792, 
founded  tlie  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  children  of  indigent  parents  ;  which 
excellent  charity  obtained  such  efficient 
patronage,  that,  in  1807,  an  edifice,  since 
much  enlarged,  was  erected  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  late  Duke  of  Gloucester.  Mr. 
Townsend  also  actively  assisted  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Missionary  Society,  the  Fe- 
male Penitentiary,  and  other  religious  and 
charitable  associations  ;  besides  instituting 
a  congregational  school,  for  the  gratuitous 
I  education  of  the  children  of  necessitous  dis- 
senting ministers.  He  was  a  coadjutor  with 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Mason  in  his  "  Family  Bible," 
and  was  the  author  of  "  Hints  on  Sunday 
Schools  and  Itinerant  Preaching,"  "Nine 
Discourses  on  Prayer,"  &c.    Died,  182(5. 

TOWNSEND,  Joseph,  a  physician,  di- 
vine, and  writer,  was  bom  about  1740  ;  was 
educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ; 
studied  physic  under  Dr.  CuUen,  at  Edin- 
burgh, but  became  chaplain  to  Lady  Hun- 
tingdon, and  obtained  the  living  of  Pewsey, 
Wilts.  He  was  eminent  as  a  scholar,  mine- 
ralogist, and  conchologist ;  and  was  the 
author  of  "  Travels  in  Spain,"  "  The  Phy- 
sician's Vade  Mecum,"  "A  Guide  to  Health," 
"  Sermons,"  and  "  The  Character  of  Moses 
as  an  Historian  established."    Died,  1816. 

TOWNSON,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  distinguished 
clergyman  of  the  established  church,  was  a 
native  of  Essex,  and  born  in  1715.  Through 
the  influence  of  Dr.  Porteus,  bishop  of  I^on- 
don,  he  obtained  some  valuable  church  pre- 
ferment, of  which  the  livings  of  Hatfield, 
Peverill,  and  Mai  pas  were  a  part.  He 
published  several  devotional  tracts  of  great 
merit,  a  series  of  sermons  on  the  Gospels, 
and  a  posthumous  treatise  on  evangelical 
history.    Died,  1792. 

TRADESCANT,  Johx,  a  Dutch  natu- 
ralist, traveller,  and  antiquary,  who,  after 
visiting  various  parts  of  Europe,  settled  in 
England,  established  at  Lambeth  a  garden 
of  exotics,  and  was  appointed  gardener  to 
Charles  I.  He  died  about  16.52.  His  son 
John,  who  died  in  1CG2,  published,  with  the 


833 


title  of  "Museum  Tradescantium,"  a  de- 
scription of  his  father's  collection  of  curio- 
sities, which  have  since  formed  the  nucleus 
of  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford. 

TRAILL,  RoBEUT,  a  presbyterian  divine, 
was  born  at  Ely,  in  the  county  of  Fife,  in 
1642.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  but 
afterwards  went  to  Holland,  whence  he  re- 
turned in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  suf- 
fered imprisonment  under  the  conventicle 
act.  On  gaining  his  liberty,  he  removed 
to  London,  and  became  minister  to  a  con- 
gregation of  dissenters.  He  was  a  rigid 
Calvinist,  and  his  works  are  very  popular 

among  persons   of  that  persuasion Dr. 

James  Tkaill,  his  grandson,  conformed  to 
the  established  church,  and  became  bishop 
of  Down  and  Connor.    Died,  1783. 

TRAJAN,  a  Roman  emperor,  celebrated 
in  history  for  his  mild  and  equitable  govern- 
ment, and  for  his  valour  in  the  field.  He 
was  born  a.  d.  52,  and  died  in  117.  During 
his  reign  the  Roman  empire  was  at  its 
greatest  extent. 

TRAPP,  Joseph,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
born  in  1679,  at  Cherington,  in  Gloucester- 
shire ;  was  educated  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  at  which  university  he  was  profes- 
sor of  poetry ;  became  evening  lecturer  at 
St.  Martin's  church,  London  ;  rector  of  llar- 
lington,  Middlesex  ;  and  died  in  1747.  His 
principal  works  are,  a  blank  verse  trans- 
lation of  Virgil's  uEneid,  "  Prselectiones 
Poeticas, "  "  Sermons,  "  "  Mi  cellaneous 
Poems,"  "Abramule, "  a  tragedy;  and  a 
Latin  translation  of  jfilton's  Paradise  Lost. 
He  was  strongly  attached  to  high  church 
principles,  was  an  eloquent  preacher,  and, 
besides  the  works  before  mentioned,  was  the 
author  of  several  polemical  treatises. 

TRAVIS,  GEOiiGE,  an  English  divine, 
who  dfttinguished  himself  by  some  acute 
letters  to  Mr.  Gibbon,  in  which  he  strenu- 
ously maintained  the  genuineness  of  the 
controverted  passage  in  1  John,  chap.  v.  7. 
Died,  1797. 

TREBY,  Sir  Geokge,  an  able  judge  and 
lawyer,  was  born  at  Plympton,  in  Devon- 
shire, in  1644 ;  became  a  commoner  of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  studied  in  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar. 
He  also  sat  in  parliament  for  his  native 
place  ;  and,  in  1681,  was  appointed  recorder 
of  London,  and  knighted.  Of  this  office  he 
was  deprived  in  1685,  but  recovered  it  at  the 
revolution,  and  successively  became  solicitor 
and  attorney-general,  and  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas.    Died,  1702. 

TR-EilBIJEY,  AiiRAiiAM,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  born  in  1700,  at  Geneva. 
After  having  been  tutor  to  the  families  of 
Lord  Bentinck  and  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
he  returned  in  1757  to  his  native  city,  where 
he  became  one  of  the  members  of  the  great 
council.  He  first  acquired  notice  as  a  na- 
turalist by  his  "Memoirs  on  Fresh  Water 
Polypes,"  and  was  admitted  into  the  Royal 
Society,  and  other  learned  bodies.  He  also 
wrote  "  Instructions  from  a  Father  to  his 
Children  on  Nature  and  Religion,"  "  In- 
structions on  Natural  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion," and  "Inquiries  into  the  Principles  of 
Virtue  and  Happiness."    Died,  1784. 

TRENCIIAllD,  John,  a  political  writer 


tre] 


^  llclu  Sluifafr^al  MiaQrnn\)\j, 


[tro 


of  tlie  Whig  party,  son  of  a  seci-etary  of  state 
to  William  III.,  was  bom  in  1669,  in  Somer- 
setshire ;  quitted  the  bar,  and  was  appointed 
commissioner  of  forfeited  estates  in  Ireland  ; 
and  died  in  1723.  lie  wrote  "  The  Natural 
History  of  Superstition  "  and  various  politi- 
cal tracts  and  pamphlets  ;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Gordon,  was  the  translator  of 
Tacitus  and  Cato's  Letters. 

TRENCK,  FKEnERic,  Baron  von,  a  Prus- 
sian oflSeer,  celebrated  for  his  adventures 
and  misfortunes,  was  born  in  172(>,  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  and  made  such  rapid  progress  in 
liis  studies,  that,  at  the  age  of  17,  he  was 
presented  to  the  king  as  a  student  who  was 
well  worthy  the  royal  patronage.  Frederic 
rapidly  advanced  him  in  the  army,  and 
manifested  much  regard  for  him  ;  but  the 
accomplishments  of  Trenck  having  won  the 
heart  of  the  Princess  Amelia,  the  king's 
sister,  he  resolved  to  punisli  him.  He  was 
imprisoned  in  the  fortress  of  Galtz,  but  con- 
trived to  effect  his  escape.  He  then  visited 
the  north  of  Europe,  Austria,  and  Italy.  In 
1758  he  was  seized  at  Dantzie,  and  was 
conveyed  to  Magdeburg,  where,  loaded  with 
irons,  he  was  for  years  incarcerated.  On 
procuring  his  liberation,  in  1763,  he  withdrew 
to  Vienna  ;  after  which  he  went  to  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  where  literature,  politics,  and  com- 
merce alternately  engaged  his  attention. 
He  next  went  to  reside  at  his  castle  of 
Zwerbeck,  Iti  Hungary,  and  while  there  he 
published  his  own  "  Memoirs."  In  1791  he 
settled  in  France  ;  and  in  1794,  having  been 
charged  with  being  a  secret  emissary  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  he  closed  liis  eventful  career 
under  the  axe  of  the  guillotine. 

TRESHAM,  Henry,  a  painter  and  poet, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
West,  of  Dublin.  He  resided  in  Italy  14 
years,  durin»  which  he  greatly  improved 
himself  in  the  art,  and  made  a  valuable 
collection  of  articles  of  virtCl,  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  became  a  royal  aca- 
demician. He  was  the  author  of  three 
poems,  "  The  Sea-sick  Minstrel,"  "  Rome  at 
the  close  of  the  Eigliteenth  Century,"  and 
"  Britannicus  to  Buonaparte." 

TRESSAN,  Louis  Elizabeth  de  la 
Veugxe,  Count  de,  a  distinguislied  French 
officer  and  writer,  was  born  in  1705,  at 
Mons  ;  entered  the  army  in  1723  ;  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  valour  during  several  cam- 
paigns, particularly  at  the  battle  of  Fonte- 
noy  ;  was  appointed  grand  marshal  of  the 
court  of  Stanislaus  at  Lorraine  in  1750 ; 
was  admitted  into  the  French  academy  in 
1781,  and  died  in  1783.  His  works,  published 
in  12  vols.,  contain  his  miscellaneous  pieces, 
and  his  translations  of  Amadis  de  Gaul,  the 
Orlando  Furioso,  and  several  old  French 
romances.  He  did  not,  however,  wliolly 
confine  himself  to  subjects  of  mere  amuse- 
ment, but  produced  a  "Treatise  on  Elec- 
tricity," and  some  other  works  pf  science. 

TRIBONIAN,  a  celebrated  Roman  law- 
yer, was  born  about  the  beginning  of  the 
6th  century,  at  Sida,  in  Pamphylia  ;  obtained 
reputation  at  the  bar ;  and  rose,  through  a 
succession  of  state  offices,  to  those  of  a  prae- 
torian prefect,  and  ccnisul.  The  emperor 
Justinian  intrusted  to  him  the  superintend- 
ence of  his  new  code  of  laws,  the  result  of 


which  was  the  celebrated  Digest  and  Pan- 
dects, which  would  have  transmitted  his 
name  with  honour  to  posterity,  had  not  his 
rapacity  and  venality  been  at  least  e<iual  to 
his  talents.     Died,  547. 

TRIMMER,  Sarah,  a  literary  lady,  of  an 
active  and  intelligent  mind,  the  daughter  of 
Joshua  Kirby,  who  wrote  on  perspective, 
was  bom  in  1741,  at  Ipswich,  and  was  early 
initiated  in  classical  as  well  as  in  English 
literature.  She  wrote  a  variety  of  useful 
works,  well  calculated  to  promote  the  dif- 
fusion of  education,  and  died  in  1810. 

TRISSINO,  Giovanni  Giorgio,  an  Ita- 
lian poet,  was  born  in  1478,  at  Vicenza  ;  was 
educated  at  Rome  and  Milan  ;  was  employed 
by  Leo  X.  and  his  successor,  Clement,  on 
various  diplomatic  missions,  and  died  in 
1558.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Tlie  Deliver- 
ance of  Italy  from  the  Goths,"  an  epic 
poem  ;  a  treatise  on  the  "  Art  of  Poetry," 
and  the  tragedy  of  "  Sophonisba." 

TRISTAN  L'HERMITE,  Francis,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  was  born  at  Souliers, 
in  La  Marche,  in  1601,  and  died  in  1649. 

TRIVET,  Nicholas,  an  English  Domi- 
nican, was  the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Trivet, 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  was  the  author  of 
"  Annales  Regum  Angliie."    Died,  1328. 

TROGUS  POMPEiUS,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, was  born  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  and 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  in  whose 
court  his  father  was  an  officer.  Trogus 
wrote  a  "  Universal  History,"  of  which  there 
is  an  abridgment  by  Justin. 

TROLLOPE,  Anthony,  a  barrister-at- 
law,  the  husband  of  the  celebrated  Mrs. 
Trollope,  whose  sketches  and  novels  have 
attained  so  much  popularity.  Died  at  Bruges, 
1835. 

TROMP,  Martin  Harpertzoon  tan,  a 
celebrated  Dutch  admiral,  was  born  in  1.597, 
at  Brill  ;  began  his  naval  career  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  a  combat 
with  an  English  privateer,  on  board  which 
he  continued  two  years.  He  subsequently 
entered  the  service  of  the  states-general,  and 
became  admiral  of  Holland.  He  defeated 
the  Spaniards  in  1637  and  1639  ;  fought  with 
great  gallantry  against  the  English,  during 
the  war  which  began  in  1652  ;  and  was  killed 

in  the  engagement  in  1653 Cornelius 

TnoMP,  son  of  the  preceding,  who  was  bora 
in  1629,  and  died  in  1691,  emulated  the  fame 
of  his  father,  particularly  in  the  fourth  day's 
action  in  the  Downs,  in  June,  1666.  After 
the  conclusion  of  peace,  in  1675,  Tromp 
made  a  visit  to  Loudon,  where  he  was 
honourably  received  by  Charles  II.,  who 
created  him  a  baronet. 

TRONCHIN,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  bora  in  1709,  at  Geneva  ;  and 
being  maternally  related  to  Lord  Boling- 
broke,  he  was  sent  to  England,  to  be  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge.  He  studied  medicine 
under  Boerhaave,  at  Leyden  ;  and  having 
taken  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  he  first  settled  at 
Amsterdam,  and  afterwards  at  his  native 
•city  ;  but  subsequently  removed  to  Paris,  on 
being  appointed  physician  to  the  Duke  of 
Orleans.  Tronchin  was  a  man  of  consum- 
mate skill  in  his  profession,  and  of  great 
benevolence.    He  was  the  friend  of  Voltaire, 


TRO] 


^  ^tto  UnihtrUKl  ma^vupf)^. 


[tuc 


Rousseau,  and  many  other  celebrated  cha- 
racters, who  have  eulogised  his  talents  and 
his  virtues  in  their  writings.     Died,  1781. 

TROTTER,  Thomas,  M.D.,  an  eminent 
medical  writer,  was  a  native  of  Roxburgh- 
shire, and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh.  After  being  duly  qualified,  he 
was  appointed  a  surgeon  in  the  navy,  in 
1782  ;  obtained  his  doctor's  degree  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1788  ;  was  appointed  physician 
to  the  royal  hospital  at  Portsmouth,  in  1793, 
and,  in  the  following  year,  physician  to  the 
fleet.  He  introduced  many  improvements 
into  the  medical  discipline  of  tlie  navy  ;  was 
indefatigable  in  his  endeavours  to  mitigate 
the  pernicious  effects  of  the  scurvy  ;  and  was 
completely  successful  in  repressing  a  putrid 
fever  which  broke  out  among  the  French 
prisoners  taken  on  the  1st  of  June,  1794.  On 
his  retirement  from  the  public  service,  he 
settled  at  Newcastle  as  a  physician  ;  and 
died  there  in  1832.  lie  wrote  many  useful 
works,  of  which  the  following  are  the  prin- 
cipal :  "  Medical  and  Chemical  Essays," 
"Medica  Nautica,  or  an  Essay  on  the 
Diseases  of  Seamen,"  a  "  Practical  Treatise 
on  Nervous,  Bilious,  Stomach,  and  Liver 
Complaints,"  an  "Essay  on  Drunkenness," 
a  "  Review  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
British  Navy,"  "The  Noble  Foundling,"  a 
tragedy  ;  a  volume  of  poems,  &c. 

TROY,  Francis  de,  a  French  painter, 
was  born  at  Toulouse,  in  1645  ;  and  died, 
at  Paris,  in  1730.  His  principal  perform- 
ances are  in  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  of  Paris,  and 
the  church  of  St.  Genevifeve,  in  the  same 
city. 

TRUCHET,  John,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, was  born  in  1657,  at  Lyons.  On 
entering  into  the  order  of  Carmelites,  he 
obtained  the  name  of  father  Sebastian  ;  but, 
notwithstanding  his  monastic  life,  he  de- 
voted a  considerable  part  of  his  time  to 
scientific  and  mechanical  pursuits,  particu- 
larly hydraulics,  which  occasioned  liis  being 
consulted  in  the  making  of  the  grand  canal 
of  France.  He  also  contributed,  by  his  dis- 
coveries, to  the  improvement  of  various 
manufactures. 

TRUEBA,  Don  Telesforo  de,  a  Spa- 
niard, who,  on  the  overthrow  of  the  consti- 
tutional party,  came,  with  his  mother,  to 
England,  where  he  was  educated.  He  was 
a  man  of  very  considerable  talent,  as  may 
be  seen  by  his  having  written  dramas  in 
Spanish,  French,  and  English,  which  were 
produced  at  the  different  national  theatres 
with  success.  Amongst  his  English  dramatic 
pieces  were  the  popular  farces  of  "  Call 
again  To-morrow "  and  "  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Pringle  ;"  besides  some  comedies,  which  were 
not  equally  successful.  He  also  wrote  "  The 
Castilian,"  "  The  Incognito,"  "  Paris  and 
London,"  "  Salvador  the  Guerilla,"  and 
other  novels  ;  and  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  many  of  the  periodicals.  In  1834  he  re- 
turned to  Spain,  with  many  of  his  more  dis- 
tinguished countrymen,  and  was  soon  after 
elected  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Procu- 
radores,  and  secretary  to  one  of  the  com- 
mittees.    Died,  aged  31,  1835. 

TRUMBULL,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
statesman,  was  born  at  East  Hempstead,  in 
Berkshire,  in  1638.    He  studied  at  Oxford, 


840 


and  having  taken  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws, 
was  admitted  a  civilian  in  the  Commons. 
After  this  he  was  employed  in  state  affairs, 
and  in  1C84  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. He  went  on  diplomatic  missions  to 
France  and  Constantinople  ;  was  subse- 
quently made  a  lord  of  the  treasury  and 
secretary  of  state  ;  and  died  in  171C.  Sir 
William  was  the  friend  of  Dryden  and  the 
patron  of  Pope,  in  whose  correspondence  are 
many  of  his  letters. 

TRUSLER,  Dr.  JoHx,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1735  ;  was  brought  up  as  an  apothe- 
cary, but  got  into  orders,  and  for  a  time 
officiated  as  a  curate.  He  published  abridg- 
ments of  popular  sermons,  printed  in  imita- 
tion of  manuscript,  for  the  use  of  the  pulpit : 
this  turned  out  a  profitable  speculation,  and 
led  to  his  commencing  business  as  a  book- 
seller, by  which,  and  the  numerous  compi- 
lations he  produced,  he  realised  a  good  for- 
tune.    Died,  1820. 

TRYPHIODORUS,  a  poet,  who,  accord- 
ing to  Suidas,  was  a  native  of  Egypt,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  lived  during  the  5th  cen- 
tury. He  is  called  the  Grammarian  ;  and 
wrote  a  poem,  in  Greek,  on  the  destruction 
of  Troy. 

TSCHIRNER,  Henry  Theophilus,  an 
eminent  German  theologian  and  pulpit 
orator,  was  born,  in  1778,  near  Chemnitz  ; 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Wittemberg  ; 
and  died  in  1828.  He  wrote  "  The  Fall  of 
Paganism,"  "  Christian  Apologetics,"  "  A. 
Treatise  on  Catholicism  and  Protestantism, 
considered  in  a  Political  Point  of  View,"  &c. 

TSCHIRNHAUSEN,  Ehrenfked  Wal- 
THEK  VON,  a  German  geometrician  and 
experimental  philosopher,  was  born  in  1651, 
in  Lusatia,  and  was  lord  of  Killengswald 
and  Stolzenberg,  in  that  country.  He 
studied  at  Leyden ;  and,  after  having 
served  in  the  army,  and  travelled,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  He 
established  several  glass  houses  to  improve 
the  glass  used  for  optical  instruments,  con- 
structed an  enormous  burning  mirror,  gave 
rise  to  the  manufacture  of  Saxon  porcelain, 
and  discovered  a  particular  kind  of  curve, 
endowed  with  very  remarkable  properties, 
called,  after  him,  Tschirnhausen's  Caustics. 
He  wrote  "De  Medioina  Mentis  et  Cor- 
poris," and  some  plulosophical  papers.  Died, 
1708. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  metaphysical 
writer,  was  born  in  1705,  in  London  ;  and 
was  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford  ; 
tlien  studied  at  the  Inner  Temple,  but  was 
not  called  to  the  bar.  His  great  work  is 
"  The  Light  of  Nature  pursued,"  7  vols.,  of 
which  the  first  half  was  published  by  him- 
self, under  the  fictitious  name  of  Edward 
Search,  esq.,  and  the  remaining  volumes  : 
were  printed  after  tlie  death  of  the  author, 
which  occurred  in  1774. 

TUCKER,  JosiAH,  a  shrewd  writer  on  | 
political  economy,  was  born  in  1712,  at 
Langham,  in  Caermarthenshire  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College.  Oxford  ;  and 
was  successively  curate  of  All  Saints  and 
rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Bristol,  minor  canon 
and  prebendary  in  the  cathedral,  and  dean 
of  Gloucester.  During  the  American  war  he 
published  many  pamphlets,  and  strenuously 


TUC] 


^  ^fU)  ^KuilJcriSfal  MiaQvn^^yi, 


[TDK 


recommended  the  separation  of  the  colonies 
from  Great  Britain,  as  conducive  to  their 
mutual  interest.  He  died  in  1799.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  on  Civil  Govern- 
ment," "  Sermons,"  "  Elements  of  Com- 
merce," and  "  An  Apology  for  the  Church  of 
England." 

TUCKER,  St.  Geokoe,  an  American 
lawyer  and  statesman,  distinguished  in  his 
own  country  by  the  title  of  "  The  American 
Blackstone,"  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the 
independence  of  the  United  States,  and  bore 
a  part  in  its  accomplishment,  not  oxily  with 
his  pen,  but  his  sword.    Died,  1828. 

TUCKEY,  JAMii:s  Hinostox,  a  nautical 
writer,  was  born  in  1778,  at  Greeuhill,  in  the 
county  of  Cork  ;  entered  the  navy  at  an  early 
age,  went  to  India  in  1794,  was  employed  in 
surveying  the  coast  of  New  South  Wales, 
was  taken  prisoner  by  tlie  French  in  1805, 
and  remained  in  captivity  till  1814.  He  was 
then  selected  to  command  the  expedition  for 
exploring  the  river  Congo,  where  he  died,  in 
1816.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Maritime  Geo- 
graphy," 4  vols. 

TULL,  Jethro,  an  agricultural  writer, 
was  a  native  of  Oxfordshire,  and  born  about 
1680.  He  studied  at  the  Temple,  and  was 
admitted  a  barrister ;  but,  returning  from 
his  travels,  he  settled  on  his  paternal  estate, 
and  devoted  himself  to  agriculture.  TuU  is 
the  inventor  of  the  horse-hoeing  system  of 
husbandry,  on  which  he  wrote  a  valuable 
volume.  This  was  reprinted  by  Mr.  Cobbett, 
and  warmly  espoused  by  him. 

TULHUS  HOSTILIUS,  the  third  king 
of  the  Romans,  who  succeeded  Numa  Pom- 
pilius,  and  died,  b.  c.  640. 

TULLY,  Geoeoe,  a  learned  divine ; 
author  of  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Government 
of  the  Thoughts,"  and  several  sermons  and 
tracts  against  popery.    Died,  1697. 

TULLY,  TuoiiAS,  a  learned  divine  and 
controversial  writer,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  in 
1620,  and  died  in  1676.  Dr.  TuUy  wrote 
"  Logica  Apodeictica,"  "  Prsecipuorum  The- 
ologia,"  and  several  controversial  pieces 
against  Dr.  Bull  and  Mr.  Baxter,  on  the 
subject  of  justification. 

TULP,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  physician 
and  distinguished  patriot,  was  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1593.  He  not  only  rose  to  emi- 
nence in  his  profession,  but  being  elected 
burgomaster  of  Holland  at  a  very  advanced 
age,  he  so  strenuously  encouraged  his  coun- 
trymen in  their  resistance  to  the  unprin- 
cipled invasion  of  Holland  by  Louis  XIV., 
in  1672,  that  a  silver  medal  was  struck  to  his 
honour,  with  the  motto,  "  Vires  ultra  eor- 
temque  senectaj." 

TUNSTALL,  or  TONSTAL,  Cuthbert, 
an  eminent  English  prelate,  was  born  at 
Hatchford,  in  Yorkshire,  about  1474.  He 
held  various  appointments,  legal  and  eccle- 
siastical ;  in  1516  he  was  made  master  of  the 
rolls,  and  the  same  year  was  sent  ambassador, 
with  Sir  Thomas  More,  to  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  then  at  Brussels.  In  1522  he  was 
made  bishop  of  London,  in  the  following 
year  appointed  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  and 
in  1530  he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Dur- 
ham. Under  Edward  VI.  he  was  sent  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  remained  till  the  acces- 
sion of  ilary,  when  he  obtained  his  release, 


841 


and  was  restored  to  his  bishopric.  He  con- 
ducted himself  with  great  moderation  during 
this  sanguinary  reign,  and  would  not  suiter 
any  Protestants  to  be  molested  in  his  diocese. 
On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  was  again 
deprived,  and  committed  to  the  custody  of 
Archbishop  Parker,  at  Lambeth,  where  he 
died  in  1559. 

TUNSTALL,  Jame.s,  a   learned  divine, 
was  born  about  1710,  and  died  in  1772.    Dr. 
Tunstall  wrote  "  Discourses  upon  Natural  | 
and  Revealed  Religion,"  and  other  works.      j 

TURBERVILE,    Gkouge,    an    English  j 
poet,  was  born  at  Whitchurch,  in  Dorset-  i 
shire,  about  1530.    After  being  educated  at  . 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford,  he 
went  as  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Randolph, 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Russia,  of  which 
country  he  wrote  a   description,  in    three 
poetical  epistles.    He  published  "  Songs  and  [ 
Sonnets,"    translations    of    the    "  Heroical 
Epistles  of  Ovid,"  and  "Tragical  Tales." 
Died  about  1600. 

TURENNE,  Henry  de  la  Touk  d'Au- 
VERONE,  Viscount  de,  an  illustrious  French 
commander,  born  in  1611,  at  Sedan,  was  the 
second  son  of  the  Duke  of  Bouillon,  and  of 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  I.,  prince  of 
Orange.     He  studied  the  art  of  war  under 
his  uncle,  Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau,  and,  in 
1634,  received  the   command  of  a  French 
regiment.      Having,    by  repeated    services, 
obtained  a  marshal's  baton  with  the  chief 
command    of   the    army  in    Germany,   he 
crossed    the  Rhine,  and    after    a    train  of 
skilful  operations    and    brilliant  victories, 
concluded  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees.    In 
1667,  Turenne  renounced  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion, which  measure  is  rather  supposed  to 
have  proceeded  from  ambitious  than  pious 
motives.    On  the  renewal  of  the  war  with 
Holland,  in  1672,  he  took  forty  towns  in  less 
than  a  month,  drove  the  Elector  of  Branden- 
burg to  Berlin,  and  compelled  the  imperial  j 
army  to  recross  the  Rhine.     He  sullied  his  j 
glory,  however,  by  his  barbarous  conduct  in  I 
the  Palatinate,  which  country  he  utterly  j 
devastated  by  lire  and  sword.    In  1675  he  j 
was  opposed  to  Montecuculi,  and  they  were  j 
about  to  come  to  an  engagement  at  Sassbach,  | 
in  Baden,  when  Turenne,  while  reconnoitring  1 
for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  place  for  the 
erection  of  a  battery,  was  killed  by  a  cannon- 
ball,  July  27.  1675. 

TURGOT,  Axne  Robert  Jacques,  an 
eminent  French  statesman,  was  born  at 
Paris  in  1727.  He  studied  at  the  Sorbonne, 
and  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  relin- 
quished the  clerical  profession,  and  in  1761 
was  appointed  iutendant  of  Limoges,  which 
office  he  held  for  twelve  years.  In  1774  he 
was  made  comptroller  general  of  the  finances, 
and  did  much  to  free  commerce  from  its 
many  fetters,  and  to  encourage  industry  ; 
but  his  benevolent  views  were  thwarted  by 
intrigues,  and  he  was  removed  in  1776.  Died, 
1781. 

TURNER,  Dr.  Edward,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
professor  of  chemistry  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  was  born  at  Jamaica,  in  1797  ; 
was  educated  in  England,  graduated  as 
doctor  of  medicine  in  Edinburgh,  and  after- 
wards spent  two  years  at  Gottingen,  under 
Professor  Stromeyer,  in    close    application 


tub] 


^  0sbi  2anil)n*^al  ISiosrHpT)!). 


[twe 


to  the  kindled  sciences  of  chemistry  and  ! 
mineralogy.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  London  University  on  its 
foundation  in  1828  ;  and  from  his  talents  and 
indefatigable  exertions,  his  moral  qualities 
and  amenity  of  temper,  he  was  admirably 
calculated  for  the  situation  he  so  ably  filled. 
As  a  writer  he  will  long  be  known  by  his 
'•  Elements  of  Chemistry."    Died,  1837. 

TURNER,  Fkancis,  bishop  of  Ely,  was 
one  of  the  seven  bishops  prosecuted  for  re- 
j  sisting  the  royal  authority  in  ecclesiastical 
!  affairs  under  James  II.  ;  yet  he  refused  to 
j  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  III., 
and  was  consequently  deprived  of  his  bene- 
fice.   Died,  1700.    He  wrote  "  Animadver- 
!  sions  on  Naked  Truth,"  and  was  answered 
]  by  Marvell,  who  gave  him  the  title  of  "  The 
I  Divine  in  Mode."    The  bishop  was  also  the 
author  of   a    "  Vindication  of  Archbishop 
Bancroft    and    the    rest    of    the    deprived 
Bishops." 

TURNER,  Samuel,  a  traveller  and  diplo- 
matist, was  born  in  Gloucestershire,  about 
1749.  He  entered  the  military  service  of  the 
East  India  Company,  and  having  attracted 
the  favourable  notice  of  Governor  Hastings, 
was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  congratulate  the 
new  potentate  of  Thibet,  in  1783.  In  the 
war  with  Tippoo  Saib,  this  officer  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  Seringapatam; 
and  being  afterwards  sent  ambassador  to  the 
sovereign  of  Mysore,  acquitted  himself  so 
much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Company, 
that  they  rewarded  lum  with  a  handsome 
present.  He  returned  to  England,  and  pub- 
lished his  "Account  of  an  Embassy  to  the 
Court  of  the  Teshoo  Lama  in  Thibet,"  &c. 
Died,  1802. 

TURNER,  SirAUOx,  the  well-known  his- 
torian of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  was  born  in 
London,  1768.  He  was  principally  educated 
at  Pentonville,  and  having  chosen  the  law 
for  his  profession,  he  was  articled  to  an  at- 
torney in  tlie  Temple  at  the  age  of  1.5.  The 
death  of  his  master  before  his  articles  of 
clerkship  were  expired  left  him  free  to  decide 
on  his  future  career  ;  but  at  the  suggestion  of 
an  old  client,  who  promised  him  support,  he 
took  up  the  business,  and  notwithstanding 
the  great  amount  of  time  occupied  by  his 
literary  pursuits,  he  continued  to  conduct  a 
large  professional  business,  which  he  trans- 
mitted to  his  family.  His  chief  works,  or 
rather  series  of  works  (for  they  were  pub- 
lished separately"),  are,  the  "  History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  earliest  Period  to  the  Death  of 
Elizabeth,"  and  the  "  Sacred  History  of  the 
World;"  they  have  been  repeatedly  reprinted, 
and  may  be  now  said  to  form  part  of  the 
standard  literature  of  the  country.  Shortly 
before  his  death  he  published  a  poem,  en- 
titled "  Richard  III."    Died,  1847. 

TURNER,  William,  an  English  natu- 
ralist and  divine  of  the  16th  century,  was 
born  at  Morpeth,  in  Northumberland  ;  was 
educated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  be- 
came dean  of  Wells,  and  died  in  1568.  He 
wrote,  among  other  things,  a  "  History  of 
Plants,"  wliich  is  the  earliest  English  herbal. 
TURPIN,  FitA.NCis  Henry,  a  French 
historian,  was  bom  at  Caen,  in  Normandy, 
in  1709.  He  wrote  "  La  France  illustre,  ou 
le  Plutarque  Fran^ais,"  4  vols.  ;   and  other 


works  on  biography  and  history.  Died, 
1799. 

TUSSAUD,  Madame,  the  well-known  pro- 
prietress of  the  wax-work  collection  in  the 
metropolis,  was  born  in  Berne,  1760.  Adopted 
by  her  uncle,  M.  Curtius,  an  artist  in  Paris, 
she  repaired  thither  early  in  life,  and  soon 
became,  under  his  care,  so  proficient  in  the 
fine  arts,  that  she  received  the  appointment 
of  drawing-mistress  to  the  family  of  Louis 
XVI.,  whose  sufferings  she  witnessed,  and 
in  some  measure  participated.  In  1802  she 
came  to  England,  and  commenced  her  exhi- 
bition, travelling  with  it  from  town  to  town  ; 
but  in  1812,  while  crossing  over  to  Ireland, 
the  vessel  in  which  she  had  embarked,  was 
wrecked,  and  her  goodly  collection  fell  a 
prey  to  the  waves.  Nothing  daunted  by  this 
disaster,  the  enterprising  artiste  began  the 
world  anew,  with  what  success,  all  who  have 
beheld  her  interesting  exhibition,  which  is 
justly  considered  one  of  "  the  sights"  of  the 
metropolis,  can  testify.    Died,  April  16. 1850. 

TUSSER,  Thomas,  an  early  georgical 
poet,  was  born  about  1515,  at  Rivenhall,  in 
Essex.  After  having  been  a  chorister  at 
St.  Paul's,  he  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
at  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  spent  10 
years  at  court  under  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Paget,  and  then  became  a  farmer  in  Suffolk, 
where  he  composed  a  book  on  husbandry, 
and  dedicated  it  to  his  patron.  His  work  is 
in  homely  verse,  and  is  entitled  "Five  Hun- 
dred Points  of  Good  Husbandry."  Died, 
about  1580. 

TUTCHEN,  JOHX.  a  political  writer,  dis- 
tinguisiied  for  his  boldness  and  virulence. 
At  the  time  of  Monmouth's  rebellion,  he 
published  a  pamphlet  in  his  favour,  for 
which  he  was  tried,  and  sentenced  by  Judge 
Jeffries  to  be  whipped  through  all  the  prin- 
cipal market  towns  in  the  west  of  England. 
He  petitioned  the  king  that  his  sentence 
might  be  commuted  to  hanging,  and  he  was 
at  length  pardoned.  Yet,  so  forgetful  was 
he  of  tlie  favour  he  had  been  shown,  that,  on 
the  death  of  James  II.,  he  wrote  an  invec- 
tive against  the  unfortunate  monarch.  Died, 
1707. 

TUTHILL,  Sir  George,  was  a  physician 
of  some  eminence,  whose  practice  latterly 
had  been  chiefly  confined  to  diseases  of  the 
brain,  though  at  one  time  he  was  a  popular 
lecturer  on  the  practice  of  physic.  At  the 
time  of  Buonaparte's  c!etention  of  the  English 
during  the  short  peace  of  1801,  Dr.  Tuthill 
and  his  lady  were  among  the  number ;  but 
after  several  years'  captivity  they  obtained 
their  liberty,  the  lady  having  purposely 
encountered  the  chief  consul  and  his  suite 
on  their  return  from  hunting,  and  presented 
a  memorial  which  had  been  prepared  for  the 
occasion.     Died,  1835. 

TWEDDE,  John,  a  highly  accomplished 
scholar,  was  born  in  1709,  at  Threepwood, 
near  Hexham  ;  was  educated  first  at  Hart- 
forth  School,  Yorkshire  ;  next  under  Dr. 
Parr  ;  and,  lastly,  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  gained  several  prizes  at  the  uni- 
versity, became  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  began  his  travels  in  1795,  witli  a 
view  to  accomplish  himself  as  a  diplomatist; 
and,  after  remaining  abroad  four  years,  died 
suddenly  at  Athens.     It  was  known  that 


842 


TWi] 


^  ^ctjj  Mntljcr^al  JJt0ffrap!)fi. 


[xys 


he  had  amassed  large  materials  with  a  view 
to  publication  ;  but  the  manuscripts  of  the 
observations  which  lie  made  in  his  journey 
were  unfortunately  lost. 

T  WISS,  Horace,  whose  name  will  long  be 
remembered  in  social,  literary,  and  political 
circles,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Francis  Twiss, 
esq.,  author  of  a  verbal  index  to  Shakspeare, 
and  of  Frances,  second  daughter  of  Roger 
Kemble,  the  father  of  the  illustrious  family 
of  the  Kembles  and  the  Siddonses.  Called 
to  the  bar  in  1811,  he  travelled  the  Oxford 
circuit  for  some  years,  and  became  one  of  its 
most  distinguished  leaders ;  but  he  sub- 
sequently attached  himself  to  the  equity 
courts,  and  Jiad  he  continued  to  devote  him- 
self exclusively  to  his  profession,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  he  would  have  attained  to 
forensic,  or  even  judicial,  eminence.  His 
political  life  commenced  in  1820  as  member 
for  Wootton  Bassett.  lie  represented  this 
borough  for  ten  years,  during  which  he 
reaped  great  distinction  for  his  business 
talents,  and  his  speeches  in  favour  of  Catho- 
lic emancipation  and  law  reform.  On  the 
formation  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington's  admi- 
nistration in  1828,  he  was  appointed  under- 
secretary to  the  colonies,  having  previously 
been  counsel  to  the  admiralty  and  judge 
advocate  during  Lord  Liverpool's  admi- 
nistration. In  1830  he  sat  for  Newport  ;  but 
the  reform  bill,  which  he  earnestly  opposed, 
may  be  said  to  have  cut  short  his  parlia- 
mentary career,  for  though  he  represented 
Bridport  from  1835  to  1837,  he  could  not 
establish  a  durable  hold  on  the  constituency, 
and  all  his  subsequent  attempts  to  obtain  a 
seat  in  parliament  proved  abortive.  From 
this  period  he  devoted  his  talents  to  the 
press.  He  occasionally  contributed  leading 
articles  to  the  Times  j  and  to  him  is  owing 
the  plan  now  generally  adopted  by  the  daily 
press,  of  giving  a  summary  of  the  speeches  in 
the  Houses  of  Parliament  in  addition  to  the 
reports.  In  1844  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  vice-chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster. From  an  early  age,  Mr,  Twiss  had 
been  devoted  to  literary  pursuits.  When  a 
young  man,  he  gained  great  distinction  by 
slight  dramatic  productions,  poetry,  and 
jeux-d'esprit  of  every  description  ;  and  these 
were  followed  at  intervals  by  various  other 
publications,  chiefly  on  constitutional  sub- 
jects ;  but  his  literary  fame  rests  on  his  ela- 
borate "Life  of  Lord  Eldon,"  which  will 
long  be  consulted,  not  merely  as  one  of  the 
best  biographies  ever  written,  but  as  a  reper- 
tory of  the  most  remarkable  political  trans- 
actions of  the  era  to  which  it  refers.  In 
private  life,  Mr.  Twiss  was  no  less  esteemed 
than  in  the  world  of  literature  and  politics. 
In  feeling  he  was  a  perfect  gentleman.  His 
amiable  manners  aud  convivial  talents  made 
him  every  where  a  welcome  guest ;  while  his 
own  hospitality  was  unboundedly  shared  by 
a  wide  circle  of  friends,  among  whom  were 
many  of  the  most  distinguished  persons  in 
the  country.    Died,  1849. 

TWISS.  RiCHAUi),  an  English  traveller, 
bom  in  1747,  was  a  man  of  fortune,  and 
spent  several  years  in  visiting  various  parts 
of  the  Continent.  He  died  in  1821.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Travels  through  Spain  and 
Tortugal,"  "  A  Tour  in  Ireland,"  "  A  Trip 


843 


to  Paris  in  1792,"  "Anecdolea  of  Chess," 
and  "  Miscellanies." 

TWY8DEN,  SirRooER,  the  second  ba- 
ronet of  the  family,  was  born  at  East  Peck- 
ham,  in  Kent,  in  1597.  His  father.  Sir  Wil- 
liam, accompanied  James  I.  to  England, 
and  was  created  a  baronet.  Sir  Roger,  who 
was  an  excellent  antiquary,  suffered  severely 
from  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause. 
Besides  contributing  to  Philpot's  Survey  of 
Kent,  and  the  publication  of  the  "  Decern 
Scriptores,"  he  was  the  author  of  "  The  His- 
torical Defence  of  the  Church  of  England." 
Died,  1672. 

TYCHSEN,  Glaus  Gerharp,  a  celebrated 
Danish  scholar,  was  born  in  1734,  at  Ton- 
dern  ;  and  became  professor  of  oriental 
languages,  and  librarian,  at  Rostock.  lie 
wrote  several  able  works  on  the  Hebrew, 
Arabic,  and  Syriac  tongues.    Died,  1815. 

TYRREL,  James,  an  historian  and  poli- 
tical writer,  was  born  in  1642,  in  London  ; 
was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ; 
studied  in  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar,  but  never  practised  i)r()fes8ion" 
ally.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  General  His- 
tory of  England,"  and  other  works.  Died, 
1718. 

TYRT^US,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  cele- 
brated for  his  martial  strains,  who  flourished 
about  B.  c.  C80,  is  said  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Miletus,  and  to  have  settled  at  Athens. 
He  was  lame,  and  blind  of  one  eye.  In  the 
war  between  the  Lacedaemonians  and  Mes- 
seniana,  the  Spartans  applied  to  the  Athe- 
nians for  a  general  ;  and  the  latter,  it  is 
supposed,  in  derision,  sent  them  Tyrtajus. 
The  bard,  however,  so  inspired  the  Si)artans 
by  his  warlike  songs,  that  they  reduced  the 
Messenians  to  subjection.  He  was  accord- 
ingly treated  with  great  respect,  and  granted 
the  rights  of  citizenship  ;  and  the  martial 
airs  of  Tjrtseus  were  constantly  played  in 
the  Lacedaemonian  army  as  long  as  that 
republic  existed. 

TYRWHITT,  Thomas,  an  eminent  scho- 
lar and  critic,  was  born  at  Westminster,  in 
1730,  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford.  In  175G  he  was 
under-secretary  in  the  war  department  ; 
and,  in  1762,  clerk  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  but  he  resigned  his  situation  in  1768, 
in  order  to  devote  himself  to  literature. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Anti- 
quarian Societies,  and  one  of  the  curators  of 
the  British  Museum.  Among  his  works 
are,  editions  of  "Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales,"  5  vols.,  and  "Rowley's  Poems," 
the  latter  of  which  he  proves  to  be  the  com- 
position of  Chatterton  ;  also  "Dissertatio  dc 
Babrio,"  "  Notes  on  Euripides,"  &c.  Died, 
1786. 

TYSON,  Edward,  a  physician,  was  born 
at  Bristol,  in  1649  ;  and  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  the  Royal 
Society  ;  and  he  was  physician  to  Bedlam 
and  Bridewell  Hospitals.  Dr.  Tyson  was  a 
very  skilful  anatomist  and  an  able  writer  : 
he  published  "  The  Anatomy  of  a  Porpoise," 
"  Tiie  Anatomy  of  a  Pigmy,  compared  with 
that  of  a  Monkey,  an  Ape,  and  a  Man,  with 
a  Philosophical  Discourse  concerning  the 
Pigmies  of  the  Ancients;"  and  several  clever 


TYS] 


^  i^etD  ^uibcrM  MiaQtK^l)v. 


[dda 


essays  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 
Died.  1708. 

TYSSENS,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp  in  162.5.  In  historical  com- 
position, it  is  said,  he  was  very  little  in- 
ferior to  Rubens.    Died,  ]()92 There  were 

also  two  other  painters  of  some  note,  of  the 
name  of  Tyssens,  but  less  eminent  than  the 
preceding. 

TYTLER,  James,  an  eccentric,  laborious, 
and  able  writer,  was  bom  at  Brechin,  in 
Scotland,  in  1747.  His  first  work,  entitled 
"  Essays  on  the  most  important  Subjects  of 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion,"  was  printed 
by  the  author  himself,  without  any  manu- 
script or  notes  whatever,  but  just  as  the  ideas 
arose  in  his  mind.  His  other  principal 
works  are,  "  A  System  of  Geograph}',"  a 
"  Geographical,  Historical,  and  Commercial 
Grammar,"  a  "  History  of  Edinburgh,"  and 
a  poetical  translation  of  Virgil's  Eclogues. 
He  also  edited  several  periodical  works,  viz. 
the  Historical  Register,  the  Gentleman 
and  Lady's  Magazine,  the  Weekly  Review, 
&c.,  and  contributed  largely  to  the  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica.  Having  joined  the 
society  of  the  "  Friends  of  the  People,"  at 
the  close  of  the  last  century,  he  was  outlawed, 
and  died  in  America  in  1805. 

TYTLER,  William,  an  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1711  ;  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  his  native  city  ;  followed  the 
profession  of  writer  to  the  signet ;  and  died 
in  1792.  His  principal  work  is,  "  An  Histo- 
rical and  Critical  Inquiry  into  the  Evidence 
produced  against  Mary,'  Queen  of  Scots." 
He  was  also  a  contributor  to  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Edinburgh  Antiquarian  Society, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  vice-presidents. 

TYTLER,    Alexander     Fraser,     lord 
Woodhouselee,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  1747,  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  city  he 
was  educated.    After  having  been  professor 
of  universal  history  at  the  university,  and 
judge  advocate  for  Scotland,  he  was  raised  to 
the  bench,  and  took  his  seat  as  Lord  Wood- 
houselee, in  1802  ;  and  on  the  elevation  of 
Lord  Hope  to  the  president's  chair  in  1811,  ! 
he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  jus-  ' 
ticiary.    Among  his  works  are,  "Decisions 
of  the    Court    of   Session,"    a   treatise    on  I 
"  Martial  Law,"  "  Outlines  of  a  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Universal  History,"  "  Elements 
of   General  History,"  "  An  Essay  on  the  [ 
Principles  of  Translation,"  "  An  Historical  j 


and  Critical  Essay  on  the  Life  of  Petrarch," 
and  "Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Lord  Kaimes."    Died,  1813. 

TYTLER,  Patrick  Fraser,  an  eminent 
historian,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born, 
1790.  After  the  usual  curriculum  of  a  Scotch 
education,  he  was  enrolled  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  advocates  in  1813.  But  he  soon 
turned  from  the  law  to  the  pursuit  of  let- 
ters, his  first  adventure  being  a  volume 
of  travels  in  France  in  1814  or  1815.  But 
the  work  which  first  gave  him  a  place  of 
note  in  the  world  of  letters,  was  his  "  Life  of 
the  Admirable  Crichton "  —  an  erudite, 
pleasing,  and  ingenious  book,  which  reached 
a  second  edition  in  1823.  The  same  year 
saw  the  publication  of  another  volume  of 
the  same  stamp — "An  Account  of  the  Life 
and  Writings  of  Sir  Thomas  Craig,  of  Ric- 
carton,  including  Biographical  Sketches  of 
the  most  eminent  Legal  Characters,"  &c. 
But  the  work  by  which  his  name  has  become 
most  widely  known,  and  by  which  it  will  go 
down  to  after  generations,  is  his  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  the  first  volume  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1828,  and  the  ninth  and  last  in  1843. 
During  the  composition  of  his  great  work,  he 
found  leisure  to  give  several  others  to  the 
world.  He  contributed  to  Mr.  Murray's 
Family  Library  one  of  the  most  delightful 
of  all  his  writings,  3  vols,  of  "Lives  of 
Scottish  Worthies"  (1832-3).  For  the  Edin- 
burgh Cabinet  Library,  he  wrote  an  "  Histori- 
cal View  of  the  Progress  of  Discovery  on  the 
more  Northern  Coasts  of  America"  (1832), 
the  "  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh"  (1832),  and 
the  "  Life  of  Henry  VIII."  (1837) ;  besides 
editing  various  otlier  works,  the  materials 
for  which  he  had  collected  in  the  state 
paper  office.  A  pension  of  200?.  a  year  was 
conferred  upon  him  a  few  years  ago,  during 
the  administration  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Mr. 
Tytler's  constitution  was  never  robust,  and 
it  gradually  gave  way  under  the  exhausting 
labours  of  a  literary  life.  During  a  linger- 
ing illness  of  mind  and  body,  he  wandered 
over  the  Continent  in  search  of  health,  and 
returned  to  England,  only  to  die  in  the  land 
for  the  illustration  of  whose  annals  he  had 
done  much  and  contemplated  more.  Died 
at  Great  Malvern,  1849. 

TZETZES,  John,  a  Greek  poet  and  critic 
of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  "  Allegories 
on  Homer,"  "  Miscellaneous  Histories,"  &c., 
and  was  celebrated  in  his  time  for  his  pro- 
digious memory  and  great  acquirements. 


u. 


XJBALDINT,  Petruccio,  a  celebrated 
illuminator  on  vellum,  in  the  Kjth  century, 
was  a  native  of  Florence,  and  came  to  Eng  • 
land  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  His  "  Vita 
di  Carlo  Magno,"  which  appeared  in  1581, 
is  said  to  be  the  first  Italian  book  printed  in 
this  country.  He  also  wrote  a  "  Description 
of  Scotland"  and  "  The  Lives  of  Illustrious 
Females  in  England  and  Scotland." 


TIDAL,  Nicholas,  bom  in  Hampshire, 
in  150G  ;  became  headmaster  of  Westmin- 
ster School,  and  was  notorious  as  a  discipli- 
narian. He  wrote  several  school  books,  and 
some  comedies  in  Latin,  but  none  of  the 
latter  are  extant. 

UDAL,  John,  a  learned  orientalist,  au- 
thor of"  A  Key  to  the  Holy  Tongue,"  being 
the  first  Hebrew  Grammar  printed  in  Eng- 


UDl] 


^  ^eU)  Winilittial  ^iasvn^l^yi* 


[UEQ 


land.    He  was  a  rigid  puritan,  suffered  much 

persecution,  and  died  in  prison  in  l.'>y2 

His  son  Ephraim,  who  held  the  living  of 
St.  Augustine's,  Watling  Street,  till  deprived 
of  it  at  the  rebellion,  was  a  zealous  episco- 
palian ;  and  was  alike  remarkable  for  the 
extent  of  his  learning  and  the  rectitude  of 
his  life.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Sacrilege,"  and  died  in  1()47. 

UDINA,  Giovanni  da,  an  Italian  painter, 
bom  in  1489,  was  a  pupil  of  Giorgione  and 
Raphael,  and  excelled  in  the  grotesque. 
Died.  1502. 

UILKENS,  James  Albert,  a  Dutch  na- 
turalist, was  born  near  Groningen,  in  1772. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are,  an  "Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Physics,"  a  "  Discourse 
on  the  Perfections  of  the  Creator  considered 
in  the  Creature,"  4  vols.  ;  and  a  "  Manual  of 
Technology."  In  1815  he  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  rural  economy  at  Groningen, 
and  died  in  1825. 

ULLOA,  Don  Antonia,  a  Spanish  ma- 
thematician, and  commander  of  the  order  of 
St.  Jago,  was  born  at  Seville,  in  171(5,  and 
I  died  in  1795.  He  was  one  of  the  mathema- 
I  ticians  employed  in  measuring  a  degree  of 
i  the  meridian  in  Peru,  in  1735  ;  and  remained 
j  there  10  years.  On  his  return,  he  was  taken 
;  prisoner  by  the  English,  but  was  soon  re- 
I  leased.  He  published  his  "  Travels,"  and  a 
!  phvsico-historical  work  on  South  America. 
i  Died,  1795. 

ULLOA  Y  PEREIRA,  Lnuis  de,  a  Spa- 
nish poet,  who  gained  great  reputation  by 
1  his  sonnets  in  the  reign  of  Philip  IV.    Died, 
16G0. 

ULPHILAS,  or  WULFILAS,  a  Gothic 
bishop  of  the  4th  century.  He  was  deputed 
by  the  Goths,  in  377,  to  obtain  leave  from 
the  emperor  Valens  to  settle  in  one  of  the 
Roman  provinces.  He  translated  tlie  Evan- 
gelists, and  some  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
into  the  Gothic  language. 

ULPIAN,  DoMiTius,  an  eminent  Roman 
civilian,  the  tutor,  friend,  and  minister  of 
the  emperor  Alexander  Severus,  who  made 
him  his  secretary  and  afterwards  praetorian 
prefect.  Having  offended  the  soldiery  by 
his  reforms,  they  broke  out  into  open  mutiny, 
and  Ulpian  was  murdered  by  them,  in  226. 
Ulpian  has  obtained  the  praise  of  all  llie 
heathens  ;  but  the  Christians  accuse  him  of 
a  determined  enmity  to  them,  which  he 
carried  so  far  as  to  collect  all  the  edicts  and 
decrees  of  the  preceding  sovereigns  against 
them. 

ULUGH-BEIGH.  or  OLEG  BEK,  a 
Tartar  prince  of  the  15th  century,  celebrated 
for  his  astronomical  knowledge,  was  grand- 
son of  Tamerlane,  and  was  born  in  1393. 
His  real  name  was  Mohammed  Taragai. 
He  formed  a  seminary,  chiefly  for  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  astronomy,  constructed 
an  observatory  at  Samarcand,  and  was  a 
patron  of  learning.  After  a  reign  of  40 
years  he  was  put  to  death,  in  1449,  by  one 
of  his  sons  who  had  rebelled  against  him. 
Science  is  indebted  to  him  for  a  series  of 
observations  on  the  fixed  stars ;  and  his 
works  on  chronology,  geography,  and  as- 
tronomy were  published  in  l>atin  by  Greaves. 
UNDERWOOD,  T.  K.,  an  artist  and  geo- 
logist.   He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Narrative 


of  Memorable  Events  in  Paris  during  the 
Capitulation  in  1814,"   and  "  Anecdotes  of  j 
Buonaparte's  Journey  to,  and  Return  from,  I 
Elba."    Died,  near  Paris,  1835.  j 

UNZER,  John  Augustus,  a  German  ! 
physician,  and  an  able  writer  on  medicine 
and  physiology,  was  born  at  Halle,  in  1727. 
After  engaging  in  practice  at  his  native 
place  and  at  Hamburgh,  he  established  him- 
self at  Altona,  and  arrived  at  the  height  of 
professional  reputation.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  A  New  Doctrine  concerning  the  Move- 
ments of  the  Soul  and  of  the  Imagination," 
"  Thoxights  on  Sleep  and  Dreams,"  "  On  the 
Sensitive  Faculties  of  Animated  Bodies,"  a 
"  Manual  of  Medicine,"  and  "  The  Physi- 
ology of  Animal  Nature."    Died,  1799. 

UPTON,  James,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  Cheshire,  in  1070,  and  died  in  1749. 
He  published  an  excellent  edition  of  "  As- 
cham's  Schoolmaster,"  with  notes ;  also 
"  Aristotle's  Art  of  Poetry,"  and  "Dionysius 

of  Halicarnassus  on  Rhetoric." His  son, 

James,  was  born  at  Taunton,  and  educated 
at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  after  which  he 
became  rector  of  Risington,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, and  prebendary  of  Rochester.  His 
works  are,  an  edition  of  "  Epictetus  ; "  an- 
other of  "Spenser's  Faerie  Queene"  and 
"Observations  on  Shakspeare."    Died,  1700. 

URBAN  VIII.,  a  celebrated  pope,  whose 
family  name  was  Maffei  BAiiBKKiNi,  was 
born  at  Florence,  in  1508.  He  studied  the 
law  at  Pisa ;  after  which  he  entered  into 
orders,  and,  in  1006,  attained  the  rank  of 
cardinal.  In  1023  he  was  elected  to  the 
papal  chair ;  and  proved  himself  a  zealous 
advocate  for  the  interests,  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral, of  the  Roman  church.  He  was  also 
a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  the  college 
"  De  Propaganda  Fide."  No  less  than  74 
cardinals  were  created  by  this  pontiff.  Died, 
1044. 

URBAN,  Ferdinand  de  St.,  an  eminent 
artist,  born  at  Nancy,  in  1054.  He  became 
first  architect  and  director  of  medals  to  pope 
Innocent  XL,  for  whom  and  for  his  two 
immediate  successors,  he  executed  a  great 
number  of  moulds  or  matrices  of  exquisite 
beauty.     Died,  1738. 

URFE',  IIoNoiiE  r>\  a  French  romance 
writer,  was  born  in  1657,  at  Marseilles.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier  during  the 
wars  of  ihe  league,  and  as  a  negotiator  at 
Turin  and  Venice.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
romance  of  Astrrea,  which  was  o-ice  exceed- 
ingly popular  in  France.    Died,  1C25. 

URQUHART,  Sir  Thomas,  of  Cromarty, 
in  Scotland,  was  a  philologist  and  mathe-  [ 
matician.  He  was  a  cavalier  officer  among  1 
the  followers  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  present  | 
at  the  battle  of  Worcester  ;  relative  to  which  ', 
he  published  a  piece,  entitled  "  The  Disco-  j 
very  of  a  most  rare  Jewel,  found  in  the  I 
Kennel  of  Worcester  Streets,"  &c.  He  was  ■ 
also  the  author  of  a  work  on  trigonometry  ; 
but  the  performance  which  he  regarded  as  . 
his  most  admirable  invention  was  called  j 
"  Logopandecteision,  or  an  Introduction  to  [ 
the  Universal  Language."  \ 

URQUIJO,    Mariano    Louis,    Chevalier 
de,  a  Spanish  statesman,  born  in  Old  Castile,  i 
in  1708.     He  passed  some  of  his  early  years  ■ 
in  England,  and  is  supposed  to  have  there  ac-  , 

4C  3 


URS] 


^  f^elu  Bnihtv^al  aStnjjrapTjg. 


[VAD 


qnired  those  liberal  notions  in  politics,  which 
he  afterwards  displayed.  During  the  minis- 
try of  Godoy,  he  became  secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs  ;  but  having  at  length  offended 
the  royal  favourite,  he  was  disgraced  in  1800, 
and  for  several  years  closely  confined  in  the 
citadel  of  Pampeluna.  On  the  accession  of 
Ferdinand  in  1808,  he  was  set  at  liberty  ; 
followed  the  royal  family  to  Bayonne,  was 
afterwards  minister  of  state,  and  died  in 
1817. 

URSINUS,  Zachart,  one  of  the  early 
reformers,  was  born  at  Breslaw,  in  Silesia, 
in  1534.  He  studied  at  Wittemberg,  where 
he  acquired  the  friendship  of  Melanchthon, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  the  conference  at 
Worms.  lie  afterwards  became  master  of 
the  school  at  Breslau  ;  then  went  to  Heidel- 
berg, wliere  he  obtained  a  professorship ; 
and  died,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Newstadt, 

in  1577 Tliere  were  several  other  divines 

of  the  name  of  Ursinus  ;  among  whom  may 
be  mentioned  Joux  Henry,  author  of  the 
"  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Cliurches  of  Ger- 
many," &c.,  who  died  at  Ratisbon,  in  16G7. 

His  son,  George  Henry,  was  eminent 

as  a  philologist,  and  published  some  able 
works  on  etymology,  &c.    Died,  1707. 

URSUS,  Nicholas  Ratmarus,  a  Danish 
mathematician,  who  died  in  1600.  He  in- 
vented an  astronomical  system  so  like  that 
of  Tycho  Brahe  as  to  bring  him  into  a  dis- 
pute with  that  astronomer  respecting  the 
right  of  discovery. 

USHER,  James,  a  celebrated  prelate  and 
historian,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1580  ;  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  and  took  orders 
in  1601.  Soon  after,  he  visited  England  to 
purchase  books  and  MSS.  for  Trinity  College 
library  ;  and,  during  his  stay  in  London, 
Oxford,  and  Cambridge,  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Sir  T.  Bodley,  Sir  Robert 
Cotton,  Camden,  Selden,  and  other  learned 
men.  In  1620  he  was  made  bishop  of  Meath, 
and  in  1624  was  raised  to  the  archbishopric 
of  Armagh.  The  rebellion  drove  him  from 
his  see,  and  deprived  him  of  every  thing  but 
his  library  and  his  liberty.  To  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  he  was  warmly  attached,  and  fre- 
quently preached  before  that  monarch  at 
Oxford.  He  died  in  1656,  at  Ryegate,  in 
Surrey.  Archbishop  Uslier  is  the  author  of 
many  learned  works  ;  among  which  may  be 
mentioned,  "  De  Ecclesiarum  Christianarum 
Successione  et  Statu,"  "  Britannicarum  Ec- 
clesiarum Antiqxiitates,"  "  Annals  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,"  and  "  Chronologia 
Sacra." 

USTARIZ,  Jerome,  a  Spanisli  writer  on 


political  economy,  who  died  about  the  middle 
of  the  18th  century.  His  "Theory  and 
Practice  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  "  has 
been  translated  both  into  the  French  and 
English  languages,  and  is  regarded  as  a 
valuable  work. 

USTERI,  Leonard,  a  Swiss  writer  on 
education,  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  1741.  The 
reform  in  the  schools  and  gymnasiums,  ef- 
fected in  1773,  were  chiefly  owing  to  his  ex- 
ertions. He  was  keeper  of  the  public  library, 
and  member  of  the  philosophical  society  at 
Zurich.     Died,  1789. 

UTENIIOVIUS,   Charles,  a  polemical 

and  political  divine,  bom  at  Ghent,  about 

i  1536.    On  the  death  of  queen  Mary  he  vi- 

j  sited  England,  and  wrote  in  defence  of  the 

j  reformed  religion,  and  of  Elizabeth's  right 

I  to  the  throne,  which  raised  him  high  in  her 

favour.     He  died  at  Cologne,  towards  the 

end  of  the  16th  century. 

UVEDALE,  Ror.ERT,  LL.D.,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born  in  London,  in  1642  ;  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  good 
classical  scholar,  and  became  master  of  the 
Foundation  School,  at  Enfield,  where  his 
botanical  garden  was  cultivated  with  great 
care,  and  contained  a  number  of  choice  ex- 
otics. Dr.  Uvedale  assisted  Dryden  and  his 
associates  in  translating  Plutarch's  Lives. 
The  date  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

UWINS,  David,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  bom  in  Lon- 
don, in  1780.  After  going  through  a  regular 
course  of  hospital  instruction,  and  completing 
his  studies  at  Edinburgh,  he  commenced 
practice  as  assistant-physician  to  the  Fins- 
bury  Dispensary ;  subsequently  settled  at 
Aylesbury ;  and,  returning  to  London  shortly 
after  he  had  married,  was  elected  physician 
to  tlie  City  Dispensary  in  1815.  He  parti- 
cularly directed  his  attention  to  mental  dis- 
eases ;  and  an  essay  on  "  Insanity  and  Mad- 
houses," in  the  Quarterly  Review  for  July 
1816,  established  liis  power  as  a  medical 
writer.  He  also  wrote  "Reports"  in  the 
Monthly  Magazine,  and  afterwards  became 
editor  of  the  Medical  Repository.  In  1828 
he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  lunatic 
asylum  at  Peckham,  and  published  a  work 
on  "  Insanity,"  which  was  eagerly  read.  But 
his  last  production,  a  pamphlet  on  "  Homoeo- 
pathy," is  supposed  to  have  injured  his  pro- 
fessional reputation.  He  died  in  September, 
1837. 

UZ,  John  Peter,  an  eminent  lyric  poet 
of  Germany,  who  held  the  office  of  assessor 
of  the  tribunal  at  Nuremberg.    Died,  1796. 


VACCA,  Flaminio,  an  Italian  sculptor 
of  the  16th  century,  who  was  employed  by 
Sixtus  v.  in  restoring  and  beautifying  the 
public  edifices  of  Rome,  of  the  antiquities  of 
which  city  he  wrote  a  memoir. 

VADE,  John  Joseph,  a  French  farce  and 
song  writer,  was  a  native  of  Ham,  in  Picardy. 


He  was  the  first  who  introduced,  on  the 
French  stage,  the  coarse  but  expressive  lan- 
guage of  the  Parisian  mob  ;  and  his  comic 
operas,  &c.  exhibit  all  the  low  humour  and 
vivacity  of  that  class,  whose  manners  he  de- 
lighted in  representing.  He  died,  aged  37,  in 
1757. 


vah] 


^  llctD  Bnihtr^Kl  SSiOffrap^w. 


[VAL 


VAHL,  MAETiif,  a  Norwegian  botanist, 
was  born  at  Bergen,  in  1749  ;  studied  natural 
history  and  botany  under  Linnxus  ;  and 
travelled  over  various  parts  of  Europe  and 
Africa.  On  his  return,  he  became  professor 
of  botany,  and  inspector  of  the  botanic 
garden  at  Copenhagen  ;  and  died  in  1804. 
He  wrote  "Symbolaa  Botanicas,"  "Eclogas 
Americante,"  "  Enumeratio  Plantarum," 
and  was  the  continuator  of  the  "Flora 
Danica." 

VAILLANT,  JoHx  Foi,  a  celebrated 
Frencli  medallist,  was  bom  at  Beauvais,  in 
1632.  He  first  studied  medicine,  and  took  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  physic,  but  quitted  that 
profession  for  the  study  of  antiquities,  and 
was  employed  by  Colbert  to  travel  in  quest 
of  medals  for  the  royal  cabinet.  In  1674  he 
sailed  from  Marseilles  for  Italy,  but  was 
taken  by  the  Algerines,  and  kept  in  slavery 
about  five  months,  when  he  obtained  his 
liberty,  and  twenty  medals  which  had  been 
taken  from  him.  On  his  voyage  home,  the 
ship  was  chased  by  another  corsair,  and 
the  dread  of  being  again  captured  induced 
him  to  swallow  his  medals,  which  fortu- 
nately did  him  no  serious  injury.  He  after- 
wards travelled  into  Persia  and  Egypt,  in 
I  quest  of  medals  and  antiquities,  greatly 
augmented  the  treasures  of  the  king's  cabinet, 
and  published  some  excellent  works  on  nu- 
mismatology.   Died,  1706 Joujf  Francis 

I  Foi,  his  son,  followed  the  pursuits  of  his 
I  father.    Died,  1708. 

j      VAILLANT,    Sebastian,    who    distin- 
guished   himself  as  an  able  botanist,  was 
born  in  16G9,  at  Vigny,  near  Pontoise.    He 
j  was  first  a  musician,  next  a  surgeon,  and 
I  afterwards  secretary  to  Fagon,  physician  to 
Louis  XIV.    By  the  interest  of  his  patron  he 
I  became  director  of  the  royal  gardens,  where 
I  he  was  made  professor  and  demonstrator  of 
t  plants.    His  great  work  is  the  "  Botannicon 
j  Parisiense."    Died,  1722. 

VALAZE,  CiiAKLEs  Eleoxork  du  Fkiche 
I  DE,  a  native  of  Alengon,  bom  in  1751  ;  one 
I  of  the  Girondists  in  the  French  National 
j  Convention,  who,  opposing  the  sanguinary 
violence  of  Robespierre,  were  suppressed  anil 
I  destroyed  by  him.    When  arrested  on  tlie 
31st  of  May,  1793,  with  his  colleagues,  he 
was  offered  means  of  escape,  but  refused. 
At  the  moment  that  Herman,  the  president 
of   the  revolutionary  tribunal  pronounced 
I  sentence  of  death  on  him  and  his  friends,  on 
j  the  charge  of  federalism,  he  poniarded  him- 
self.   His  body,  at  the  instance  of  the  exe- 
crable Fouquier  Tinville,  was  carried  to  the 
scaffold,    and    beheaded.      The  convention 
granted  a  pension  to  his  widow  and  children, 
on  the  fall  of  Robespierre. 
I      VAL  CARCEL,  Don  Pio  Antonio,  count 
'  de  Lunares,  a  learned  Spanish  antiquarian, 
,  was  bom  in  1740,  and  died  in  1800.    lie  left 
I  some  erudite  dissertations  on  the  inscrip- 
tions of  Saguntum,  and  those  of  Carthagena 
j  and  Almazarron,  in  the  Moorish  kingdom  of 
Murcia. 

VALCKENAER,  Louis  Caspar,  an  able 
philologist  and  critic,  was  born  at  Leeu- 
warden,  in  Friesland,  in  1715  ;  and  became 
professor  of  natural  history,  Greek,  and 
antiquities,  at  the  university  of  Leyden, 
where  he  died  in  1785.    His  works  arc  nu- 


847 


merous  and  erudite.  —  His  son,  Johx  Valck- 
ENAER,  who  was  profcssor  of  jurisprudence 
at  Franeker,  having  joined  the  party  against 
the  house  of  Orange,  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  in  France,  but  returned  to  Holland 
at  the  invasion  of  that  country  by  the  French, 
in  1795,  and  took  a  very  active  part  in  politics. 
He  was  subsequently  employed  in  diplomatic 
missions  to  Prussia,  Spain,  and  Paris.  Died, 
1820. 

VALDES,  or  VALDESSO,  John,  a  Spa- 
nish military  ofiBcer,  who  served  under 
Charles  V.  and  was  knighted  ;  but  he  quitted 
the  army  and  retired  to  Naples,  where  he 
formed  a  religious  sect,  and  died  in  1540. 
He  wrote  "Considerations  on  a  religious 
Life." 

VALDEZ,  Juan  Melendez,  a  Spanish 
poet,  was  born  at  Ribera,  in  Estremadura. 
He  wrote  many  pieces  of  Anacreontic  poetry, 
and  filled  high  offices  in  the  legal  adminis- 
tration of  his  country.    Died,  1817. 

VALDO,  Peter,  founder  of  the  sect 
called  the  Vaudois,  or  Waldenses,  in  the 
12th  century,  was  born  at  Vaux,  in  Dau- 
phiny,  and  acquired  a  fortune  as  a  merchant 
of  Lyons.  The  sudden  death  of  a  friend 
had  such  an  effect  on  his  mind,  as  to  induce 
him  to  sell  his  property,  give  the  produce 
of  it  to  the  poor,  and  devote  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  acts  of  piety.  Like  the  Quakers, 
he  taught  that  the  luity  might  conduct  the 
ofiBces  of  religion  without  the  intervention 
of  priests  ;  but  a  heresy  so  obnoxious  to  the 
ecclesiastics  soon  met  with  the  direst  per- 
secution ;  Valdo  and  his  followers  fled  to 
the  mountains  of  Dauphiny  and  Piedmont ; 
and  the  Waldenses  were  everywhere  exter- 
minated, except  in  the  three  valleys  of 
Piedmont,  where  a  remnant  of  them  still 
exists. 

VALENS,  Flavius,  a  Roman  emperor, 
bom  in  Pannonia,  about  a.  d.  328,  and  ad- 
mitted to  a  share  in  the  imperial  authority 
by  his  brother  Valentinian,  in  364,  when  he 
took  the  "government  of  the  East.  He 
perished  in  a  revolt  of  the  Persians  and 
Goths,  whom  he  had  previously  subdued, 
A.  D.  378. 

VALENTIN,  Moses,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  born  at  Colomiers,  in  Brie,  in  1600.  His 
pieces  are  highly  esteemed.    Died,  1032. 

VALENTINE,  Basil,  an  alchemist  and 
chemical  author  in  the  16th  century.    He 
published  "  Currus  triumphalis  Antimonii,"  , 
and  similar  works. 

VALENTINIAN  L,  Flavius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  the  elder  brother  of  Valens,  born 
in  321,  in  Pannonia ;   succeeded  Jovian  in  | 
364,  defeated  the  Alemanni  and  the  Quadi,  | 

and  died  in  375 Valentinian  II.,  his 

son,  succeeded  to  the  empire  with  his  brother 
Gratian,  in  375  ;  and  had  Italy  as  his  share. 
He  was  dispossessed  by  Maximus,  but  was 
afterwards  restored;  and  died,  as  is  sup- 
posed, by  strangulation,  in  392 Valen- 
tinian III.,  Flavius  Placidius,  emperor  of 
the  West,  was  bom  in  419,  at  Ravenna. 
Having  intrigued  with  the  wife  of  the  pa- 
trician Maximus,  he  was  assassinated,  in 
revenge  for  the  dishonour,  in  455. 

VALERIAN,PuBLiusLiciNius,aRoman, 
who  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers 
in  Rha^tia,  in  254.    He  was  defeated  and 


val] 


^  ^tla  HniberiSal  Mia^vKpl)^, 


[van 


taken  prisoner  near  Edessa,  by  Sapor,  king 
of  Persia,  wlio  ordered  him  to  be  flayed 
alive. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 
After  having  served  in  Asia,  under  Sextus 
Pompey,  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  com - 
Ijosition  of  his  "  Dicta  et  Facta  Memorabilia," 
a  collection  of  anecdotes  and  observations. 
On  the  revival  of  literature,  it  was  one  of 
the  earliest  books  which  issued  from  the 
press  after  the  invention  of  printing. 

VALETTE,  JoH>  Parisot  de  la,  grand- 
master of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
was  born  in  1494,  and  succeeded  to  the 
grand-mastership  in  1.557.  He  and  his 
knights  gallantly  repulsed  Solyman,  tlie 
Turkish  sultan,  in  his  attempt  to  take  Malta, 
in  15Co,  compelling  the  besiegers  to  retire 
with  a  loss  of  30,00(J  men.    Died,  1568. 

VALLA,  Laurexce,  one  of  the  revivers 
of  literature  in  the  15th  century,  was  born  at 
Rome,  in  1406  ;  became  eminent  as  a  pro- 
fessor at  several  universities,  and  engaged  in 
many  literary  controversies  with  Poggio  and 
others.  Of  his  numerous  writings,  his  trea- 
tise "  De  Elegantiaj  I-atini  Scrmonis  "  still 
maintains  its  reputation.    Died,  1457. 

VALLANCY.  or  VALLANCE,  a  writer 
on  the  antiquities  of  Ireland,  was  born  in 
1721.  During  his  residence  in  Ireland,  as 
an  officer  in  a  corps  of  engineers,  he  assi- 
duously devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
language,  topography,  and  antiquities  of 
that  country  ;  made  a  survey  of  the  island, 
for  which  he  received  lOOO;.  ;  and  wrote  a 
"  Grammar  and  Dictionary  of  the  Irish 
Language,"  "Collectanea  de  Rebus  Iliber- 
nicis,"  &c.  He  attained  the  rank  of  a  ge- 
neral, was  a  member  of  several  scientific 
institutions,  and  died,  aged  90,  in  1812. 

VALLE,  PiETEO  DELLA,  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller of  the  17th  century,  was  born  at  Rome, 
in  1586,  of  a  noble  family.  His  travels, 
though  not  free  from  credulity  and  a  love 
of  the  marvellous,  are  highly  interesting. 
He  visited  Turkey,  Egypt,  Arabia,  Persia, 
and  India,  passing  upwards  of  11  years  in 
these  countries,  and  studying  the  languages 
and  manners  of  the  inhabitants.  At  Bagdad 
he  married  a  beautiful  Georgian,  wlio  ac- 
companied him  on  his  travels  until  her 
death,  at  Mina,  in  Caramania,  in  1022.  Her 
death  so  affected  him,  that  he  caused  her 
body  to  be  embalmed,  and  took  it  about 
with  him  until  his  return  to  Rome,  where 
he  buried  it  with  great  magnificence,  and 
pronounced  the  funeral  oration  himself. 
Died,  1652. 

VALLI,  EusEBius,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician,  born  at  Pistoia,  in  1762.  He  tra- 
velled to  Smyrna  and  Constantinople,  in 
order  to  make  his  observations  on  the  plague; 
and  tried  the  bold  experiment  on  himself,  to 
determine  the  efficacy  of  vaccination  as  a 
preservative  from  that  dreadful  malady. 
At  length  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  imprudence  ; 
for  in  September,  1816,  having  gone  to  the 
Havannah,  to  add  to  his  observations  on  the 
yellow  fever,  he  purposely  exposed  himself 
to  the  influence  of  the  contagion,  and  caught 
the  disease,  of  which  lie  died.  His  works  on 
the  subjects  he  so  closely  investigated  are 
considered  valuable. 


VALPERGA  DI  CALUSO,  Thomas  des, 
a  Piedmontese  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  born  at  Turin,  in  1730.  He  first 
served  in  the  navy,  but  quitted  the  pro- 
fession of  arms  'for  that  of  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  devoted  much  of  liis  attention  to  science. 
He  was  member  of  the  grand  council  and 
director  of  the  observatory  of  the  university 
of  Turin,  a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
&c.    Died,  1815. 

VALPY,  Dr.  Richard,  F.  A.  S.,  an  emi- 
nent classical  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey, 
and  born  in  1754.  At  10  years  of  age  he  was 
sent  to  the  college  of  Valognes,  in  Normandy, 
where  he  remained  five  years  ;  thence  to  the 
grammar  school  at  Southampton  ;  and  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Oxford,  liaving  been 
appointed  to  one  of  the  scholarships  founded 
in  Pembroke  College  for  tlie  natives  of  Jersey 
and  Guernsey.  From  Oxford  he  removed 
first  to  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  afterwards 
(1781)  to  Reading,  where  he  had  been  unani- 
mously elected  headmaster  of  the  school 
founded  by  Henry  VII.  His  unwearied  in- 
dustry in  discharging  tlie  duties  of  a  public 
instructor  was  not  confined  to  the  school- 
room ;  all  the  hours  he  could  spare  were 
spent  in  his  study,  and  numerous  elementary 
works  of  acknowledged  excellence  were  the 
result  of  his  praiseworthy  exertions.  About 
six  years  before  his  death  he  retired  from 
his  scholastic  labours,  when  his  youngest 
son,  the  Rev.  F.  Valpy,  was  elected  as  his 
successor.     Died,  1836. 

VALPY,  Edward,  an  eminent  scholar, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  and,  after  hav- 
ing been  assistant  several  years  in  the  school 
at  Reading,  obtained  the  mastership  of  the 
grammar  school  at  Norwich.  He  was  rector 
of  All  Saints,  Thwaite,  and  vicar  of  St. 
Mary,  Walsham,  Norfolk.  He  published 
"  Elegantise  Latinse  "  and  other  classical 
works.     Died,  18.32. 

VANBRUGH,  Sir  John',  a  dramatist  and 
architect,  descended  from  a  Flemish  family 
resident  in  England,  was  born  in  1672,  and 
entered  into  the  army.  In  1697,  his  comedy 
of  "The  Relapse"  was  represented;  and, 
in  the  following  year,  he  produced  "The 
Provoked  Wife"  and  "  ^sop,"  afterwards 
altered  by  Garrick.  When  Betterton  and 
Congreve  obtained  a  patent  for  erecting  a 
theatre  in  the  Haymarket,  Vanbrugh  wrote 
the  "  Confederacy,"  the  most  witty  and  li- 
centious of  his  productions.  As  an  archi- 
tect, Vanbrugh  was  selected  to  build  Blen- 
heim House  ;  and  that  structure,  as  well  as 
Castle  Howard,  affords  proof  of  skill  and 
genius.  He  obtained  the  office  of  claren- 
cieux  king-at-arms  ;  and,  in  1714,  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  also 
appointed  comptroller  of  the  board  of  works 
and  surveyor  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  Died, 
1723. 

VANCE,  George,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
who  during  the  latter  period  of  his  life  re- 
sided in  Sackville  Street,  Piccadilly,  was 
distinguished  for  his  abilities  in  difficult 
cases,  particularly  in  diseases  of  the  stomach 
and  liver.  He  acquired  great  reputation  for 
his  skill  early  in  life,  and  was  one  of  the 
resident  surgeons  of  Haslar  Hospital,  near 
Gosport,  for  17  years.    His  death  occurred  j 


van] 


^  i^eto  ^Sniber^al  ISiograp^B. 


[van 


in  consequence  of  an  accident  which  hap- 
pened to  him  while  in  attendance  on  one 
of  his  patients,  a  Mr.  Broadley,  residing  in 
Lower  Grosvenor  Street.  Mr.  Vance  had  on 
a  previous  visit  to  this  gentleman  found  him 
in  a  state  of  such  excitement  as  to  recom- 
mend his  being  placed  under  the  charge  of  a 
competent  attendant,  which  had  accordingly 
been  done  ;  but  at  his  next  visit,  while  in  the 
act  of  walking  up  the  stairs,  Mr.  Broadley 
suddenly  rushed  from  his  room,  and  coming 
in  violent  collision  with  him,  he  was  preci- 
pitated to  the  bottom.  He  survived  this 
melancholy  event  only  six  days  ;  "  thus  ter- 
minating," as  his  friend  Dr.  Willis  truly 
observed,  "  a  life  of  ardent  devotion  to  the 
duties  of  his  profession,  and  of  exemplary 
conduct  in  all  the  social  relations  of  life," 
March  27.  18.37. 

VANCOUVER,  George,  a  circumnavi- 
gator, and  captain  in  the  British  navy.  He 
served  as  a  midshipman  under  Captain 
Cook  ;  and  a  voyage  of  discovery,  to  ascer- 
tain the  existence  of  any  navigable  com- 
munication between  the  North  Pacific  and 
North  Atlantic  oceans  being  determined 
on,  he  was  appointed  to  command  it.  "  Van- 
couver's Voyage"  was  afterwards  published 
by  him.    Died,  1798. 

VANDALE,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  theolo- 
gian, was  bom  in  1638.  Among  his  various 
works  are,  dissertations  "  On  the  Progress 
and  Origin  of  Idolatry,"  "  On  True  and 
False  Prophecy,"  &c.    Died,  1708. 

VANDAMME,  Dosiinique,  a  French  ge- 
neral, born  in  1771.  He  entered  the  military 
service  very  young,  and  was  made  general 
of  division  in  1799,  after  distinguishing  him- 
self in  the  revolutionary  campaigns  of  the 
Rhine.  He  served  in  most  of  Napoleon's 
campaigns  with  Austria  in  1806-7-9  ;  but  was 
not  in  the  Russian  campaign  of  1813,  having 
been  disgraced  in  consequence  of  some  dis- 
pute with  Jerome  Buonaparte.  But  he  had 
the  command  of  the  32d  division  in  1813. 
With  that  corps  he  fell  into  an  ambuscade 
at  Kulm,  his  forces  were  nearly  all  cut  to 
pieces,  and  himself,  being  made  prisoner, 
was  sent  to  Kasan,  near  Siberia.  He  was 
restored  to  freedom  by  the  peace  of  1814, 
but  ordered  to  quit  Paris  in  24  hours.  He 
joined  Buonaparte  during  the  hundred 
days,  and  served  in  Grouchy's  division  at 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  He 
made  a  skilful  retreat,  and  offered  the  pro- 
visional government  to  defend  Paris  with 
the  80,000  troops  he  had  saved  and  collected  ; 
but  was  compelled  by  the  negotiations  to 
retire  behind  the  Loire.  In  1810  he  was 
banished  by  ordonnance  to  Ghent,  and  af- 
terwards fixed  his  residence  in  the  United 
States.  By  a  subsequent  ordonnance  he 
was  permitted  to  re-enter  France,  and  put 
on  half-pay  in  1824.     He  died  in  1830. 

VANDERVELDE,  William,  called  the 
Old,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  born  atLeyden, 
in  1610.  He  excelled  in  marine  subjects, 
and  with  his  son,  whose  pursuits  in  art  were 
similar  to  his  own,  he  came  to  London,  and 
received  a  pension  from  Charles  II.  At  the 
great  naval  flght  between  tlie  Duke  of  York 
and  the  Dutch  admiral  Opdam,  Vander- 
velde  sailed  between  the  hostile  fleets  in  a 
light  skiff  to  mark  their  positions  and  observe 


849 


their  operations  ;  and  in  this  manner  he  is 
said  to  have  been  also  a  spectator  of  the 
memorable  three  days'  engagement  between 
Monk  and  De  Ruyter.  Died,  1693.  His 
son,  known  as  young  Vandcrvelde,  died  in 
1707. 

VANDYCK,  Sir  Anthony,  the  most  emi- 
nent of  all  portrait  painters,  was  bom  at 
Antwerp,  in  1598.  He  received  his  first  in- 
structions from  Van  Balen,  but  afterwards 
became  the  favourite  pupil  of  Rubens,  who 
advised  him  to  apply  wholly  to  portrait 
painting,  and  to  visit  Italy.  Accordingly  he 
set  out  for  that  country,  where  he  studied  the 
colouring  of  Titian  with  such  success  as  to 
excel  Rubens  in  his  tints,  and  almost  to 
become  the  rival  of  the  great  master  whose 
art  he  imitated.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  he  came  to  England, 
obtained  a  pension,  and  was  knighted.  He 
lived  in  a  splendid  style,  kept  the  first  com- 
pany, and  was  himself  a  liberal  patron  of  the 
arts. 

VAN  DYK,  Hahry  Stoe,  a  poetical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1798.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Theatrical 
Portraits,"  "  The  Gondola,"  a  series  of  tales, 
and  "  Songs,"  set  to  music.  He  also  contri- 
buted to  Dr.  Bowring's  Batavian  Anthology. 
Died,  1828. 

VANE,  Sir  Henry,  the  son  of  a  baronet 
who  was  secretary  of  state,  and  treasurer 
of  the  royal  household,  was  born  in  1612  ; 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ; 
after  which  he  resided  for  a  time  at  Geneva, 
and  returned  a  republican  and  puritan.  He 
then  emigrated  to  America,  and  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts  ;  but  becoming 
involved  in  religious  disputes,  he  returned 
to  England,  and  was  appointed  joint  trea- 
surer of  the  navy.  In  1640  he  was  elected 
member  of  parliament  for  Hull,  and  took 
an  active  part  against  the  royalists.  He  I 
was  the  principal  mover  of  the  solemn  j 
league  and  covenant,  and  also  of  the  self- 
denying  ordinance  ;  but  he  did  not  sit  on 
the  king's  trial ;  and  he  resisted  Cromwell  I 
to  such  a  degree,  that  the  usurper  sent 
him  to  Carisbrook  Castle.  He  afterwards 
strenuously  exerted  himself  to  establish  a 
republican  government,  until  the  Resto- 
ration put  an  end  to  all  further  contest. 
On  this  event  he  had  considered  himself  in 
no  danger,  but  he  was  arrested  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower.  Although  accused 
only  for  transactions  that  occurred  after 
the  king's  death,  he  was  found  guilty,  and 
beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  in  1662.  After  de- 
scribing his  execution,  Mr.  Forster  says  of 
him,  "  one  of  the  greatest  and  purest  of  men 
that  ever  walked  the  earth,  to  adorn  and 
elevate  his  kind,  liad  left  the  world  which 
was  not  worthy  of  him." 

VANINI,  LuciLio,  a  Neapolitan,  whose 
writings  were  deemed  atlieistical,  was  born 
in  1585.  After  travelling  through  Germany, 
Holland,  and  England,  he  went  to  Toulouse, 
where  he  was  arrested,  and  condemned  by 
the  parliament  to  be  burnt  alive.  He  wrote 
"  Amphitheatrum  Sterna!  Providentise " 
and  "  De  Admirandis  Naturae  Arcanis,"  for 
which  latter  work  he  suffered  in  1619. 

VANliOO,  John    Baptist,   an  eminent 


van] 


^  ^eln  WinibtviKl  l5i03vapT;jj, 


[VAU 


painter,  was  bom  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  in 
1(584.  He  became  painter  to  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  and  realised  a  good  fortune,  which 
he  lost  in  tlie  Mississippi  scheme.  He  then 
came  to  England,  and  was  the  fashionable 

portrait  painter  of  tlie  day.    Died,  1740 

His  brother,  Charles  Andkkw,  whose  per- 
formances are  to  be  found  in  the  churches  of 
Paris,  was  also  a  celebrated  painter.  Died, 
176.5. 

VAN  MANDER,  Charles,  a  painter, 
poet,  and  biographer,  was  born  in  Holland, 
in  1548  ;  wrote  several  dramatic  productions 
and  "  Lives  of  the  Painters,"  and  excelled 
both  in  liistorical  and  landscape  painting. 
Died,  ir>0.5. 

VAN  MILDERT,  Dr.  William,  bishop 
of  Durham,  a  learned  and  pious  prelate,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1705  ;  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  entered  into 
holy  orders  in  1788,  as  curate  of  Sherbourn 
and  Lewknor,  Oxfordshire.  He  was  after- 
wards curate  of  Witham,  in  Essex,  and  in 
1796  obtained  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-le- 
Bow,  London.  His  abilities  as  a  preacher 
soon  attracted  public  notice,  and  the  atten- 
tion of  learned  men  was  particularly  called 
to  his  "  Boyle's  Lectures,"  which,  in  tracing 
the  rise  and  progress  of  infidelity,  and  in 
refuting  its  principles,  display  an  extent  of 
reading  and  a  force  of  judgment  never  ex- 
celled. He  was  soon  after  presented  with 
the  vicarage  of  Farningham,  Kent,  by  Arch- 
bishop Sutton,  and  he  subsequently  became 
preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  and  regius  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Oxford.  In  1819  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Llandaff,  and  dean  of 
St.  Paul's  in  the  following  year.  He  then 
resigned  his  station  at  Oxford,  which  he 
had  filled  in  the  most  efficient  manner  ;  and 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  Shute  Barrington,  in 
1826,  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Durham. 
As  a  theological  writer.  Dr.  Van  Mildert 
stands  in  the  first  class  ;  his  "  Life  of  Water- 
land"  is  a  luminous  and  comprehensive 
performance,  filling  up  a  chasm  in  our  eccle- 
siastical history  ;  and  many  of  his  sermons 
are  perfect  specimens  of  pulpit  eloquence 
and  logical  reasoning.  While  defending  in 
his  place  in  parliament  those  institutions  by 
wliich  the  church  and  state  are  connected, 
he  was  invariably  listened  to  with  profound 
attention  ;  but  the  grand  excellences  of  his 
character  were  manifested  in  his  unbounded 
charity,  and  in  his  deep,  habitual,  and  per- 
vading sense  of  religion.   Died,  Feb.  21. 1836. 

VANNI,  Carlos,  a  Neapolitan,  born  in 
1778,  who,  apostatising  from  the  liberal 
principles  of  the  junta  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  sold  himself  to  their  opponents, 
and  became  a  spy  of  the  ultra  royalists  in 
1775.  In  this  capacity  he  betrayed  the  sons 
of  some  distinguished  families  to  the  scaf- 
fold, under  pretence  of  holding  a  lodge  of 
political  freemasons,  at  a  place  where  he 
seduced  and  betrayed  them.  This  wretch 
destroyed  himself  at  Sorrento,  in  1799,  leav- 
ing a  paper  expressive  of  his  remorse. 

VANSOMER,  Paul,  a  portrait  painter, 
was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1576  ;  and  died  in 
1621.  He  resided  in  England  many  years, 
and  was  greatly  encouraged  by  the  nobility 
and  gentry. 


VAN  SWIETEN,  Gerard,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  born  at  Leyden,  in  1700.  He 
went  to  reside  at  Vienna,  and  there  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  medical  school,  established 
chemical  lectures  in  one  of  the  hospitals, 
enlarged  the  botanical  garden,  and  prevailed 
upon  the  government  to  rebuild  the  univer- 
sity. His  principal  work  is  a  "  Commentary 
on  the  Aphorisms  of  Boerhaave,"  5  vols.  4to. 
Died,  1772. 

VARGAS,  Louis  de,  a  Spanish  painter, 
born  at  Seville,  in  1502.  Some  of  his  per- 
formances, particularly  his  portraits,  are 
allowed  to  possess  very  great  merit.  Died, 
1.568. 

VARIGNON,  Pierre,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  was  bom  at  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1654.  He  became  geometrician 
in  the  academy,  and  professor  in  the  college 
of  Mazarin,  where  he  died  in  1722.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Projet  d'une  nouvelle  Me- 
chaiiique,"  "  Des  nouvelles  Conjectures  sur 
la  Pesanteur,"  "Nouvelle  Mt'clianique  en 
Statique,"  2  vols.,  "  Un  TraitiJ  du  Mouve- 
ment  et  de  la  Mesure  des  Eaux  Courantes," 
"De  Cahiers  de  Mathtmatiques,"  &c. 

VARIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  who  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace.  Some 
of  his  fragments  are  in  the  Corpus  Poe- 
tarum . 

VARRO,  Marcus  Terentius,  a  Roman 
writer,  was  born,  b.  c.  118  ;  and  died,  B.  C.  29. 
He  dedicated  to  Cicero  a  treatise  on  the 
Latin  language,  and  he  wrote  another,  "  De 
Re  Rustica,"  which  are  extant,  with  some 
fragments  of  his  Menippean  Satires. 

VASARI,  George,  an  Italian  painter 
and  architect,  was  born  at  Arezzo,  in  1514  ; 
and  died  at  Florence,  in  1578.  He  wrote  the 
"Lives  of  Celebrated  Painters,  Sculptors, 
and  Architects." 

VAT  TEL,  Emmerich,  a  celebrated  writer 
on  international  law,  was  born  atNeufchatel, 
in  1714.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Law  of  Nations,  or  the  Principles  of 
Natural  Law  applied  to  tlie  Conduct  of 
States  and  Sovereigns,"  2  vols.  4to.  This 
work  was  particularly  admired,  from  the 
predilection  of  the  author  for  English  au- 
thorities, while  several  of  the  maxims  of 
Puffendorf  and  Grotius  are  ably  refuted. 
Died,  1767. 

VAUBAN,  Sebastien  le  Prestre,  Seig- 
neur de,  a  marshal  of  France,  and  the  most 
celebrated  engineer  that  country  has  pro- 
duced, was  born  in  1633.  He  went  into  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  and  rose  to  the  high- 
est honours  of  his  profession.  In  1668  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Lisle  ;  ten  years 
afterwards  commissioner-general  of  fortifi- 
cations, and,  in  1703,  a  marshal.  He  carried 
the  art  of  fortifying,  attacking,  and  defend- 
ing towns  to  a  degree  of  perfection  unknown 
before  his  time.  He  fortified  above  three  hun- 
dred citadels,  erected  thirty-three  new  ones, 
had  the  management  of  fifty-three  sieges, 
and  was  present  in  one  hundred  and  forty 
battles.  His  works  have  a  high  character, 
but  some  have  been  published  with  his 
name,  the  genuineness  of  which  are  doubted. 
Died,  1731. 

VAUBLANC-VIENNOT,  Vixcext  Ma- 
rie, Count  de,  was  born  in  1756.  In  1791 
he  was  appointed  deputy  to  the  legislative 


I  VAU] 


^  ^cfa)  Bniiitx^id  aBiajprapfji?, 


[VEN 


assembly,  where  he  became  a  distinguished 
advocate  of  the  royal  cause.  The^)owers 
assumed  by  the  popular  clubs  were  arraigned 
by  him,  and  he  obtained  a  decree  of  accu- 
sation against  Marat.  He  was  not  elected  a 
member  of  the  convention,  and,  tliough  pro- 
scribed, he  had  the  gowl  fortune  to  escape 
the  guillotine.  In  1805  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  count,  and  commandant  of  the 
legion  of  honour,  and  was  appointed  prefect 
of  the  Moselle.  On  tlie  restoration,  he  was 
named  minister  of  the  interior,  and  dis- 
played extraordinary  talents  and  activity. 

VAUGELAS,  Claude  Favre  de,  an  ele- 
gant French  writer,  was  bom  at  Chanberry, 
in  1585,  and  held  a  situation  in  the  house- 
hold of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.  His  character 
as  a  philologist  was  so  high,  that  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  in  his  favourite  design  of  forming 
a  complete  dictionary  of  the  French  tongue, 
thought  it  advisable  to  put  the  whole  under 
his  superintendence.  He  was  so  fastidious 
in  regard  to  style,  as  to  spend  30  years  in  a 
translation  of  Quintus  Curtius.  His  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  Remarquea  sur  la  Langue 
Fran^oise." 

VAUGHAN,  Henky,  a  poet,  bom  in  1621, 
at  Newton,  in  Brecknockshire.  He  adopted 
the  appellation  of  the  Silurist,  wrote  a  va- 
riety of  poems,  chiefly  devotional,  and  died 

in  1695 His  brother,  Thomas  Vaughax, 

was  an  alchemist,  on  wliich  occult  subject 
he  wrote  some  extravagant  books,  under  the 
name  of  Eiigenius  Philalethes.     Died,  1666. 

VAUGHAN,  Sir  John,  a  celebrated  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Cardiganshire,  in  1608. 
From  Christchurch  College,  Oxford,  he  re- 
moved to  the  Inner  Temple,  where  he  con- 
tracted an  intimacy  with  Selden,  who  made 
him  one  of  his  executors.  During  the  civil 
war  he  lived  in  retirement,  but,  in  1G68,  he 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas. 
Died,  1674. 

VAUGHAN,  Sir  Joun,  D.  C.  Tv.,  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  his  twenty- 
fourth  j'car,  and  in  seven  years  more  had  so 
greatly  distinguished  himself  that  he  was 
made  a  serjeaut.  He  gained  this  rank  at 
this  unusually  early  age,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, while  Shepperd,  Best,  and  Lens  were 
in  the  zenith  of  their  powers  and  reputation; 
and  he  maintained  his  position  subsequently 
with  such  opponents  as  Copley  (afterwards 
Lord  Lyndhurst),  Wilde,  and  Denman.  He 
was  made  a  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  1827, 
and  in  1834  he  became  a  judge  of  the  com- 
mon pleas  and  a  privy  councillor.  In  pri- 
vate he  was  as  amiable  as  in  public  he  was 
able.     Born.  1772  ;  died,  1839. 

VAUGILVN,  William,  an  ingenious 
Welsh  poet,  was  born  in  Carmarthenshire, 
in  1577  ;  and  was  the  author  of  a  variety  of 
miscellaneous  poems,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  "  De  Sphserarum  Ordine,"  "  The  Golden 
Grove  Moralised,"  "The  Golden  Fleece," 
&c.    Died,  1640. 

VAUX,    the  name  of   a  noble    English 

family,  originally  of  French  extraction . 

Nicholas,  the  first  Lord  Vaux,  was  a  gallant 
officer,  and  ranked  deservedly  high  in  the 
favour  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  was  present 
with  him  and  the  French  monarch  in  the 
"field  of  the  cloth  of  gold,"     Died,  1530. 


851 


His  son,  Thomas,  inherited  his  father's 

valour,  and  was  besides  a  poet.  He  attended 
Henry  VIII.  to  Calais  and  Boulogne,  was 
made  governor  of  Jersey,  and  died  in  1522. 

VEGA,  Loi-EZ  DE  LA,  or  LOPE  FELIX 
DE  VEGA  CARPIO,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
poet,  was  born  at  Madrid,  in  1562.  After 
studying  at  Alcala,  he  entered  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Duke  of  Alva,  at  whose  instance 
he  wrote  the  heroic  pastoral  of  "  Arcadia." 
Soon  after  this  he  married  ;  but,  on  the  loss 
of  his  wife,  he  embarked  in  the  Armada, 
prepared  for  the  invasion  of  England.  In 
tills  voyage  he  wrote  a  poem,  called  "  Her- 
mosura  de  Angelica,"  to  which,  when  pub- 
lished, he  added  the  "Dragontea,"  an  in- 
vective against  Drake  and  Queen  Elizabeth. 
In  1590  Lope  married  a  second  lime,  and 
again  became  a  widower,  on  which  he  en- 
tered into  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He  still, 
however,  cultivated  poetry,  and  scarcely  a 
week  passed  without  seeing  a  drama  from 
his  prolific  muse.  Honours  and  wealth 
flowed  in  upon  him,  and  he  was  absolutely 
idolized  by  the  whole  nation.  At  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1635,  the  highest  honours 
were  paid  to  his  remains,  and  all  the  poets 
of  the  age  vied  in  encomiastic  tributes  to 
his  memory. 

VELASQUEZ,  DiEoo  Velasquez  de 
SiLVA,  an  eminent  Spanish  painter,  was 
born  at  Seville,  in  l.'i94.  His  earliest  sub- 
jects were  taverns,  conversations,  and  en- 
tertainments ;  but  he  afterwards  made  Ca- 
ravaggio  his  model.  By  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Rubens  he  went  to  Italy,  and,  while 
there,  so  greatly  improved  himself  in  the 
grand  essentials  of  the  art,  that,  on  his  re- 
turn, he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  his  pro- 
fession.    Died,  KMiO. 

VENDOME,  Louis  Joseph,  Duke  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  great  grandson 
to  Henry  IV.  He  was  born  in  1654,  served 
in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Holland,  took 
Barcelona  in  1697,  was  very  successful 
against  the  imperialists  in  Italy,  contribuied 
greatly  to  the  establishment  of  Pliilip  II. 
on  the  Spanish  throne,  by  the  victory  of 
Villaviciosa,  in  1710  ;  and  was  admitted  to 
the  honours  of  a  prince  of  the  blood-royal. 
Died,  1712. 

VENERONI,  JoHX,  a  grammarian  of 
the  18th  century,  whose  real  name  was  Vig- 
neron,  which  he  Italianised  in  order  to  pass 
for  a  native  of  Florence,  though  he  was 
born  at  Verdun.  He  taught  Italian,  with 
reputation,  at  Paris,  where  he  published  a 
grammar  and  dictionary  of  that  language. 

VENIUS,  or  VAN  VEEN,  Oxno,  a  Dutch 
painter,  was  born  at  Leyden,  in  1556.  He 
studied  under  Zucchero,  and  was  the  first 
who  explained  to  tlie  Flemish  artists  the 
principles  of  light  and  shadow,  which  his 
pupil,  Rubens,  afterwards  carried  to  perfec- 
tion.   Died,  1633. 

VENN,  Henry,  an  English  divine  of  Cal- 
vinistic  principles,  was  born  at  Barnes,  in 
Surrey,  in  1725  ;  and  died  at  Clapham,  in 
1796.  He  was  the  author  of"  The  Complete 
Duty  of  Man,"  "Mistakes  in  Religion  ex- 
posed," and  "  Sermons." 

VENTENAT,  Stephen  Peter,  an  emi- 
nent French  botanist,  born  at  Limoges,  in 
1757.     He  became  chief  librarian   of  the 


VEN 


^  ^etj  ?auit)cr^al  SSinfirapTjg. 


[VER 


Pantheon,  and  a  member  of  the  Institute. 
In  1799  he  publiahed  "Tableau  du  R6gne 
Vegetal,"  4  vols.  ;  and  other  works  on  the 
science.     Died,  1808. 

VENTIMIGLIA,  Giuseppe,  prince  of 
Belmont,  born  in  1761,  a  Sicilian  liberal 
nobleman,  of  great  taste  and  munificence, 
and  the  great  supporter  of  the  Sicilian  con- 
stitution established  under  English  auspices 
in  1812.     Died,  1814. 

VERB,  Edwahd,  earl  of  Oxford,  a 
courtier  poet  in  Elizabeth's  time,  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  In 
1588  he  held  the  office  of  lord  higli  chamber- 
lain, and  as  such  sat  upon  the  trial  of  Mary- 
queen  of  Scots  ;  he  had  also  a  command  in 
the  fleet  serving  against  the  Spanish  armada. 
There  is  a  specimen  of  his  versification  in 
Percy's  Reliques  of  Antient  Poetry,  and 
another  in  England's  Parnassus. 

VERE,  Sir  Fisancis,  a  renowned  English 
general  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  was 
born  in  1554.  He  fought  witli  great  gallantry 
on  many  occasions,  in  various  parts  of  the 
Continent  ;  but  we  can  only  find  room  for 
the  mention  of  his  last  great  exploit.  He 
defended  Ostend  for  the  Dutch  with  1700  men 
against  the  Spanish  army  of  12,0(M),  com- 
manded by  Albert,  archduke  of  Austria, 
whom  he  obliged  to  raise  tlie  siege  in  March, 
1602,  after  having  been  8  mouths  before  the 
place.    Died,  1008. 

VERE,  Sir  Houace,  baron  of  Tilbury, 
younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1565.  He  served  with  his  brother  in  the 
Netherlands,  and  had  a  considerable  share 
in  the  victory  near  Nieuport,  and  in  the  de- 
fence of  Ostend.  In  the  reign  of  James  I. 
he  commanded  the  forces  sent  to  the  assist- 
ance of  the  elector  palatine  ;  on  which  occa- 
sion he  effected  a  memorable  retreat  from 
Spinola,  the  Spanish  general.  He  was  the 
first  person  raised  to  the  peerage  by  Charles  I. 
Died,  16a5. 

VERELST,  Simon,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  who  excelled  in  flowers  and  fruits. 
He  visited  England,  and  died  in  1710. 

VERGIL  or  VIRGIL,  Polydore,  an 
eminent  historical  writer  in  the  10th  century, 
was  born  at  Urbino,  in  Italy.  He  was  an 
ecclesiastic,  and  was  the  last  person  sent  by 
the  popes  to  this  country  to  collect  the  tribute 
called  Peter's  pence.  At  the  request  of 
Henry  VIII.  he  wrote  a  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," which,  considered  as  the  production 
of  a  foreigner,  is  highly  creditable  to  him. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  De  Rerum  In- 
ventoribus,"  &c.    Died,  1555. 

VERGNIAUD,  P.  V.,  born  in  1758  ;  one 
of  the  chiefs  of  the  Girondist  party  in  the 
French  revolution,  remarkable  for  the  bril- 
liant energy  of  his  oratory  ;  who,  with 
Gensonne  and  Gaudet,  opposed  the  sangui- 
nary measures  of  Robespierre  ;  and  being 
beaten  in  the  struggle  with  him,  were  accused 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  sent 
to  the  guillotine.  Verguiaud,  like  many  of 
his  colleagues,  refused  to  escape  ;  he  had 
prepared  a  subtle  poison  for  himself,  but 
as  there  was  not  enough  for  all  his  fellow 
victims,  he  generously  resolved  to  suffer  with 
them. 

VERHEYEN,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch 
physician  and  anatomist,  author  of  "Cor- 


poris Humani  Anatomia."  Born,  1648 ; 
died,  mo. 

VERNES,  Jacob,  a  Genevese  divine,  bom 
in  1728.  He  was  tlie  author  of  "  Lettres  sur 
le  Christianisme  de  J.  J.  Rousseau,"  "  Choix 
IJtteraire,"  24  vols.  ;  "  Conference  Philoso- 
phique,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Sermons,"  2  vols. 
Died,  1791. 

VERNET,  Claude  Joseph,  a  French 
painter,  was  born  at  Avignon,  in  1712.  He 
was  highly  esteemed,  and  became  the  first 
marine  painter  in  Europe.    Died,  1789. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  brave  English 
admiral,  bom  in  Westminster,  in  1084,  was  a 
son  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  William  III. 
After  a  variety  of  service  under  different 
commanders,  he  was  made  vice-admiral  of 
the  blue  in  17"9,  and  sent  with  a  squadron  to 
Spanish  America,  where  he  took  Porto  Bello, 
and  destroyed  the  fortifications  ;  but  in  1741 
he  proved  unsuccessful  in  an  attack  upon 
Carthagena.     Died,  1757. 

VERNON,  Robert,  a  distinguished  patron 
of  the  fine  arts,  was  born,  1774.  Originally 
a  dealer  in  horses,  he,  by  his  integrity, 
prudence,  and  assiduity,  amassed  a  large 
fortune,  which  he  liberally  expended  in 
assisting  struggling  talent  and  in  befriend- 
ing men  of  genius.  His  munificent  gift  to 
the  nation  of  the  "  Vernon  Gallery,"  a  col- 
lection of  pictures,  the  works  of  modern 
British  artists,  on  which  he  is  said  to  have 
laid  out  150,OOOZ.,  has  gained  for  him  a  lasting 
name.    Died,  22nd  May,  1849. 

VERSCHURING,  Henry,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  born  at  Gorcum,  in  1G27. 
He  principally  excelled  in  battle  pieces  ; 
and,  in  order  to  insure  accuracy,  he  actually 
made  a  campaign  in  1672.  Accidentally 
drowned.  1690. 

VERSTEGAN,  Richard,  an  ingenious 
writer  on  English  antiquities,  was  bom  in 
London,  of  Dutch  parents,  and  resided  at 
Antwerp.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Restitu- 
tion of  decayed  Intelligence  concerning  the 
Antiquities  of  the  noble  and  renowned  Eng- 
lish Nation,"  "  Antiquitates  Belgic®,"  and 
an  essay  "  On  the  Regal  Government  of 
England."    Died,  1635. 

VERTOT  D'AUBGEUF,  Bex^  Auberi 
de,  a  French  historian,  was  bom  at  Ben- 
netot,  in  Normandy,  in  1655.  He  entered 
into  the  order  of  Capuchins  ;  but  the  aus- 
terities of  that  society  not  agreeing  with 
his  health,  he  was  induced  to  exchange  it 
for  the  Premonstratenses,  in  which  he  be- 
came prior  of  the  monastery  ;  but  this  he 
also  quitted,  and  settled  at  Paris  as  a  secular 
ecclesiastic.  His  talents  soon  procured  him 
distinction,  and  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  duke  and  duchess  of  Orleans,  his- 
toriographer of  the  order  of  Malta,  and 
commander  of  Santery.  His  chief  works 
relate  to  the  revolutions  of  Portugal,  Sweden, 
and  Rome  ;  but  though  they  are  lively, 
elegant,  and  interesting,  he  wanted  the  ne- 
cessary industry  and  research  to  render  them 
valuable  as  historical  documents. 

"STSRTUE,  George,  an  eminent  engraver 
and  antiquary,  was  born  in  London,  in  1684. 
Having  acquired  the  patronage  of  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller  and  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  he  soon 
rose  into  note,  and  was  employed  by  most  of 
the  nobility  wh6  patronised  the  arts.    The 


I 


VES] 


^  ^cto  Bniber^Kl  3StflgrapTji). 


[VIL 


works  of  Vertue  are  extremely  numerous  ; 
and  they  are  valuable  on  account  of  their 
accuracy,  though  deficient  in  spirit.  He 
made  many  journeys  through  England,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  took  drawings  of 
churches,  monuments,  and  ruins  ;  employing 
himself  al«o  in  collecting  "  Anecdotes  of 
Painting  in  England,"  which  were  subse- 
quently published  by  Lord  Orford  in  5  vols. 
4to.    He  died  in  175G. 

VESALIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  ana- 
tomist, was  bom  at  Brussels,  iu  1514.  Wlien 
only  18,  he  composed  his  treatise,  "  De  Cor- 
poris Human!  Fabrica  ; "  and  subsequently, 
by  his  lectures  and  demonstrations  at  Pans, 
Pisa,  Bologna,  &c.,  he  acquired  great  repu- 
tation. He  at  length  became  physician  to 
Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.  of  Spain  ;  but, 
when  in  the  height  of  his  fame,  he  suddenly 
engaged  in  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  This 
journey,  it  is  said,  had  been  imposed  on  lum 
by  way  of  penance  for  having  caused  the 
death,  by  opening  the  body,  of  a  young 
nobleman  whom  he  had  attended  and  sup- 
posed to  be  dead ;  but  having  made  an 
incision,  he  discovered  his  error  when  too 
late.  As  he  was  returning  from  Jerusalem, 
to  occupy  the  chair  of  medicine  at  Padua, 
left  vacant  by  tlie  death  of  Fallopius,  in 
15G3,  he  was  shipwrecked  on  tlie  island  of 
Zaute,  and  there  died,  from  the  eflfects  of 
hunger  and  hardship,  in  the  following  year. 

VESLINO,  Joux,  an  eminent  writer  on 
natural  history  and  anatomy,  born  at  Min- 
den,  in  Germany,  in  1598.  He  studied  at 
Vienna,  and  afterwards  took  a  journey  to 
Palestine,  where  he  employed  himself  in 
botanical  researches.  Returning  to  Europe, 
he  obtained  the  professorship  of  anatomy  at 
Padua  ;  but  he  quitted  that  office  to  become 
keeper  of  the  botanic  garden.  He  after- 
wards visited  Egypt,  but  died  soon  after  his 
return,  in  1649.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works  on  the  subject  of  his  botanical  re- 
searches in  the  East. 

VESPASIAN,  T1T0S  Flavius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  ascended  the  throne  a.d.  70,  and  died 
in  79.  He  displayed  throughout  his  reign  a 
love  of  justice  and  moderation,  publicly  dis- 
countenanced vice  and  immorality,  and  was 
a  patron  of  learned  men. 

VESTRIS,  Gaetano  Apoline  Baltha- 
zar, a  celebrated  professor  of  the  art  of 
dancing,  born  at  Florence,  in  1729 ;  made 
his  debftt  at  the  Parisian  opera  in  1748  ; 
and  for  many  years  was  at  the  head  of  his 
profession  in  that  gay  capital.  He  retired 
with  a  pension  in  1781,  and  died  in  1808. 

VESTRIS,  Marie  Rose  Goukgaud  Du- 
GAZON,  a  distinguished  French  actress  in 
tragic  characters,  and  in  the  higher  walks  of 
comedy.    Died,  1804. 

VICCARS,  John,  a  fanatical  writer  during 
the  Commonwealth,  was  bom  in  London,  in 
1582,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  His  tirades 
against  church  and  king  have  the  following  j 
quaint  titles :  "  God's  Ark  overtopping  the 
World's  Waves,"  "  The  Burning  Bush  not 
consumed,"  and  "  God  in  the  Mount,"  which 
were  afterwards  published  togetlier,  under 
the  general  title  of  tlie  "Parliamentary 
Chronicle."  His  violent  rhapsodies  were 
satirically  alluded  to  by  the  author  of 
Hudibras. 


VICENTE,  Gil,  the  earliest  and  most 
celebrated  of  the  Portuguese  comic  poets. 
Born.  1480  ;  died,  1657. 

VICTOR,  SeATUS  Aurelius,  a  Roman 
historian,  who  lived  in  the  4th  century.  He 
was  prefect  of  Pannonia  in  3(51,  and  consul 
with  Valentinian  in  309.  His  works  are, 
"  Origo  Gentis  Romans:,"  "De  Viris  Illus- 
tribus  Urbis  Romaj,"  "  De  Caisaribus  llis- 
toria;,"  and  "  De  Vita  et  Moribus  Impera- 
torum  Romanorum  excerpta." 

VICTORIUS,  or  VETTORI,  Peter,  an 
eminent  Italian  scholar,  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1499.  When  the  revolution  took 
place  in  his  native  city,  lie  went  to  Rome, 
and  resided  there  till  Cosmo  de'  Medici 
invited  him  home,  and  appointed  him  to 
the  Greek  and  Latin  professorship.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  Terence, 
Sallust,  and  otlier  ancient  authors  ;  "  Varise 
Ixictiones,"  and  Latin  poems  and  orations. 
Died,  1585. 

VIDA,  Marcus  Hiergnvmus,  a  modem 
Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Ci-emona,  about 
1480.  After  studying  in  his  own  country 
lie  went  to  Rome,  where  his  poem,  entitled 
"ScuccliioB  Ludus,"  or  the  game  of  chess, 
procured  him  the  patronage  of  Leo  X.,  who 
suggested  to  him  his  celebrated  "  Christiad." 
Clement  VIII.  made  Vida  apostolical  sec- 
retary, and  afterwards  bishop  of  Alba,  in 
which  capacity  he  attended  tlie  Council  of 
Trent.    Died,  1507. 

VIETA,  Francis,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Fontenay,  in  Poitou, 
in  1540,  and  died  in  1C03.  He  was  the  first 
who  used  letters  iu  algebra  to  designate 
known  quantities. 

VIGEE,  L.  G.  B.,  a  French  Jiomme  de 
lettres,  born  in  1755.  At  the  revolution  he 
espoused  its  cause,  and  published  an  "  Ode 
to  Liberty  ; "  was  deprived  of  his  own  under 
the  reign  of  terror ;  sung  the  praises  of 
Maria  Louisa  and  the  king  of  Rome  under 
Napoleon,  and  the  glories  of  tlie  Bourbon 
lily  under  Louis  XVIII.  and  Cliarles  X. 

VIGNOLA,  or  GIACOMO  BAROZZIO, 
a  celebrated  Italian  architect,  was  born  in 
1507,  at  Vignola.  While  studying  at  Rome, 
he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Primaticcio, 
who  took  him  to  Paris,  where  he  made  the 
bronze  casts  at  Fontainebleau.  Returning 
to  Italy,  he  designed  the  church  of  Petro- 
nius,  at  Bologna,  and  built  some  elegant 
palaces  in  that  city.  Settling  afterwards  at 
Rome,  he  was  appointed  architect  to  the 
pope,  and  succeeded  Michel  Angelo  as 
superintendant  of  St.  Peter's.  Died,  1573. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  work  "  On  the  Five 
Orders  of  Architecture,"  &c. 

VILLA-FRANCA,  Prince  Joseph,  a  Sici- 
lian,born  in  1764.  In  1811  he  was  a  member 
of  the  baronial  chamber,  which  prepared 
the  Sicilian  constitution  of  1812,  in  which  he 
was  president  of  tlie  chamber  of  peers ;  in 
1813,  foreign  secretary  ;  and,  on  the  fall  of 
the  constitution  in  1814,  he  retired  to  Tus- 
cany. On  the  Neapolitan  constitution  being 
proclaimed  in  1820,  he  was  president  of  the 
junta.  When  it  was  subverted  by  Austria, 
he  again  withdrew  into  private  life. 

VILLALPANDI,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
Spanish  Jesuit,  was  born  at  Cordova,  in 
1552 ;  he  applied  his  mathematical  know- 


vil] 


^  flcJu  ^Hfm'bcriSaT  BtograpT;!). 


[VIR 


ledge  to  the  elucidation  of  the  scriptural 
history,  and  a  description  of  Solomon's 
temple.  Calmet's  Dictionary  contains  some 
account  of  tliis  curious  inquiry,  with  several 
engravings  in  illustration  of  it.  Died, 
1608. 

VILLARS,  Louis  Hkctor.  Duke  dc,  mar- 
shal of  France,  was  born  at  Moulins,  in  1(553. 
After  gaining  great  reputation  by  a  variety 
of  services,  he  was,  in  1704.  sent  to  Languedoc 
against  the  insurgents  of  the  Cevennes,  and 
on  his  return  1o  Paris  he  was  made  a  duke. 
He  contended  against  Marlborough,  in  the 
celebrated  battle  of  Malplaquet,  in  1712  ; 
defeated  tlie  Austrians  at  Denain,  forced 
Eugene  to  raise  the  siege  of  Landrecy,  and 
took  several  fortresses.  On  the  death  of 
Louis  XIV.,  Villars  was  made  member  of 
the  regency  (171.5),  and  minister  of  state,  and 
was  also  admitted  into  the  French  academy. 
He  died  in  17*4. 

VILLARS,  MoxTFACCOX  de,  a  French 
abb<?,  who  attracted  much  attention  at  Paris, 
both  by  his  talents  as  a  preacher  and  by  his 
lively  conversation.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
book  entitled  "  Le  Compte  de  Gabilis,"  for 
which  he  was  ultimately  forbidden  the 
pulpit,  and  his  book  prohibited.  It  was 
from  this  work  that  Pope  took  the  ma- 
chinery of  his  Rape  of  the  Lock.  The  abb^ 
was  killed  by  a  band  of  robbers,  in  1775. 

VILLENEUVE,  N.,  a  French  admiral, 
born  in  1771.  He  had  the  command  of  the 
combined  French  fleet  at  Cadiz,  which  was 
defeated  by  Lord  Nelson  at  Trafalgar.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  British  conqueror 
on  that  occasion,  and  brought  to  England. 
Napoleon  was  dissatisfied  witli  his  alleged 
disobedience  of  orders  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
France,  being  ordered  to  remain  at  Rennes, 
he  destroyed  himself,  according  to  Napo- 
leon's statement  to  Barry  O'JIeara  ("  Voice 
from  St.  Helena"),  by  running  a  long  pin 
into  his  heart :  he  had  first  purchased  some 
anatomical  engravings  of  that  organ,  in 
order  to  effect  the  purpose  with  more  in- 
stantaneous certainty. 

VILLOISON,  Jeax  Baptiste  Gaspard 
d'Axse  de,  a  celebrated  French  scholar,  was 
bom  at  Corbeille-sur-Seine,  in  1750.  He  de- 
voted his  time  in  bringing  to  light  valuable 
but  forgotten  Greek  manuscripts  ;  for  which 
purpose  he  visited  the  principal  libraries  in 
Europe,  and  travelled  to  the  East.  He  pub- 
lished the  "Greek  Lexicon  to  Homer  by 
ApoUonius,"  from  a  manuscript  in  the  li- 
brary of  St.  Germain-des-Prds  ;  also  "  Anec- 
dota  Graeca,"  "  Epistolae  Vinarienses,"  part 
of  the  Old  Testament,  from  a  translation 
made  by  a  Jew  in  tlie  5)tli  century,  &c.  ;  but 
his  most  important  discovery  was  a  copy  of 
Homer,  of  the  lOtli  century.  He  suffered 
considerably  in  his  property  during  tlie  re- 
volution ;  but  on  the  restoration  of  order  he 
resumed  his  literary  career,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  Buonaparte  professor  of  ancient 
Greek.     Died,  1805. 

VINCE,  Samuel,  F.R.S.,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer,  was  a  native 
of  Fressingfleld,  in  Suffolk.  His  parents 
were  in  a  humble  station  of  life  ;  but  by  the 
generositj'  of  Mr.  Tilney,  of  Harlestou,  who 
had  seen  proofs  of  his  abilities,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 


8.-A 


soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  superior 
acquirements ;  and  he  eventually  became 
Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  and  experi- 
mental philosophy.  His  works  on  astronomy 
and  the  mathematical  sciences  generally, 
are  numerous  and  important ;  the  principal 
are,  "  A  complete  System  of  Astronomy," 
.3  vols.  4to.  ;  "  Elements  of  Conic  Sections," 
treatises  on  Fluxions,  Hydrostatics,  "Trigo- 
nometry, &c.  ;  "  The  Credibility  of  Chris- 
tianity vindicated,"  "  A  Confutation  of 
Atheism  from  tlie  Laws  of  the  Heavenly 
Bodies,"  &c.  He  obtained  preferment  in 
the  church,  and  at  tlie  time  of  his  decease 
was  rector  of  Kirkby  Bedon,  vicar  of  South 
Creak,  and  archdeacon  of  Bedford.  Died, 
1821. 

VINCENT,  Thomas,  a  pious  Noncon- 
formist minister,  who,  during  the  great 
plague  in  London,  in  1665,  distinguislied 
himself  by  his  zeal  in  attending  persons  at- 
tacked with  that  maladv.  He  wrote  "  God's 
Terrible  Voice  in  the  City  by  Plague  and 
Fire,"  an  "  Explanation  of  the  Catechism," 
and  other  religious  books.     Died,  1671. 

VINCI,  Leoxakdo  da,  an  illustrious 
Italian  painter,  was  born  in  1452,  and  is 
allowed  to  have  been  one  of  the  greatest 
geniuses  of  his  country.  He  possessed  cor- 
rectness of  design,  taste,  and  great  powers  of 
expression  ;  and  composed  a  great  number 
of  discourses  upon  several  curious  subjects, 
none  of  which,  however,  were  published,  but 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Painting."  He 
died  in  1520,  at  Fontainebleau,  in  the  arms  of 
Francis  I. 

VINCI,  Leonardo  da,  an  eminent  mu- 
sical composer,  born  at  Naples,  in  1690.  He 
was  poisoned  by  the  relation  of  a  Roman  lady 
of  rank,  of  whose  favours  he  had  boasted. 

VINER,  Charles,  an  able  English  law- 
yer, was  born  in  1680,  at  Aldersliot,  Hants. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  Vinerian  profes-  j 
sorship  at  Oxford,  and  the  compiler  of  a  '■ 
"  General  Abridgment  of  the  Laws  of  Eng- 
land," originally  printed  in  24  vols,  folio. 
Died,  1756. 

VIOTTI,  GiovAXM  Battista,  a  cele- 
brated violinist,  was  born  near  Crescentino, 
in  Piedmont,  in  17.55  ;  and,  in  his  21st  year, 
was  made  first  violinist  at  the  royal  chapel 
in  Turin.  He  afterwards  visited  Berlin  and 
Paris.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  took  refuge  in  England ;  and, 
from  the  year  1794  till  1798,  was  leader  in 
the  orchestra  of  the  Italian  Opera.  Ha\-ing 
received  an  order  from  the  alien  office  to 
quit  the  country,  he  retired  to  Holland,  and 
thence  to  Hamburgh.  In  1801  he  returned 
to  London,  engaged  in  the  wine'  trade,  and 
lost  the  whole  of  his  property.  After  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  Louis  XVIII. 
invited  him  to  preside  over  the  Academic 
Royale  de  Musique,  at  Paris.  In  1822  he  set- 
tled finally  in  London,  and  there  remained 
till  his  death,  in  1824.  He  was  author  of  a 
great  variety  of  music  for  the  violin,  and 
the  first  performer  of  his  age. 

VIRGIL,  or  PUBLIUS  VIRGILIUS 
MARO,  the  prince  of  Latin  poets,  was  bom 
at  Andes,  near  Mantua,  about  70  years  b.  c. 
His  first  years  were  spent  at  Cremona  ;  he 
next  studied  at  Milan,  and  lastly  at  Naples, 
where  he  learnt  Greek  under  Farthenius, 


vir] 


^  jlcto  fSnihtviaX  Miosrap^^. 


[viv 


and  philosophy  from  Syio  the  Ei>icurean.  [ 
Physic    and    mathematics    constituted    liis  j 
favourite  objects,  and  he  embraced  the  doc-  j 
trine  of  Plato.     He  removed  to  Home  when 
his  country  was  partitioned  out  among  the 
soldiers  after  the  battle  of  Philippi.    There,  [ 
by  means  of  his  friend  Maecenas,  he  was 
introduced  to  Augustus,  wlio  restored  to  him 
his  estate.    On  this  occasion   he  wrote  his 
first   "  Eclogue  ;"   and,  on   completing  tlie  | 
"Bucolics,"  he  undertook  the   "  Georgics." 
After  these  were  tinished,  and  had  been  read 
by  Augustus,  he  began  the  "  JEneid,"  at  the 
request  of  tlie  emperor.    This  great  poem 
lias  left  the  palm  of  superiority  undecided 
between  Homer  and  Virgil.    The  poet  was 
engaged  11  years  upon  this  immortal  work, 
but  died,  without  revising  it,  at  Bruudusium, 
B.  c.  19,  aged  51.    He  left  the  greatest  part  of 
his  property  to  Maecenas,  Tusca,  and  Au- 
gustus.    His  remains  were  interred  on  the 
road  leading  from  Naples  to  Puteoli. 

VIRGINIA,  daughter  of  the  centurion 
L.  Virginius.  Appius  Claudius,  to  obtain 
possession  of  her  person,  bribed  a  man  to 
claim  her  as  the  daughter  of  his  slave,  when 
Appius,  as  judge,  ordered  her  to  be  delivered 
into  his  hands.  Virginius,  who  was  at  the 
camp,  being  informed  of  this  infamous  out- 
rage, hastened  to  Rome,  and,  in  the  presence 
of  Appius  and  the  Roman  people,  plunged  a 
knife  into  his  daughter's  bosom.  He  then 
returned  to  the  camp,  where  he  harangued 
the  soldiers,  who  instantly  marched  to  Rome. 
Api)iiis  destroyed  liimself  in  prison,  and  the 
ottiee  of  decemvir  was  abolished  b.  c.  449. 

VIBIATIIUS,  an  illustrious  Lusitanian 
chief,  who,  in  his  patriotic  endeavours  to 
throw  off  the  yoke  of  Rome,  repeatedly  de- 
feated the  Roman  armies,  and  for  14  years 
successfully  defended  his  country  and  a  part 
of  Spain.  He  was  at  last  murdered  by  his 
servants,  who  had  been  bribed  by  Csepio,  the 
Roman  general,  b.  c.  40. 

VISCONTI,  John  Baptist  Anthony,  an 
Italian  antiquary,  was  born  at  Vernazza,  in 
1722,  and  educated  at  Rome.  He  succeeded 
Winckelmann  as  commissary  of  antiquities, 
in  1768  ;  had  the  chief  management  in  form- 
ing the  museum,  under  popes  Clement  XIV. 
and  Pius  VI.  ;  and  died  in  1784. 

VISCONTI,  Eknius  Quikinus,  eldest 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Rome,  in 
1751,  and  was  intended  by  his  father  for  the 
cljurch  ;  but  having  formed  an  attachment 
to  a  lady  whom  he  wished  to  marry,  he  re- 
fused to  enter  into  orders.  His  knowledge 
of  archaeology  was  superior  to  that  of  his 
father,  and  his  general  talents  were  of  the 
highest  order.  He  was  aiipointed  conservator 
of  the  Pio -Clementine  museum  ;  and  when 
the  French  took  possession  of  Rome,  and 
established  a  provisional  government  in  1797, 
he  was  nominated  minister  of  tlie  interior. 
He  afterwards  retired  to  France,  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute,  professor  of  archis- 
ology,  and  surveyor  of  the  museum  of  anti- 
quities. Among  his  works  ure,  "  Grecian 
Iconography,"  "  Roman  Iconography,"  and 
the  "  Description  of  the  Pio-Clementiue 
Museum."     Died,  1818. 

VITRUVIUS,  Maucus  Pollio,  a  cele- 
brated writer  on  architecture,  who  flourished 
in  the  reigns  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus, 


and  is  supposed  to  have  been  bom  at  Formin, 
in  Campania.  His  excellent  work,  "  De 
Architecturu,"  has  been  often  published. 

VIVES,  JoH.v  Loi'is,  one  of  the  revivers 
of  literature,  was  born  at  Valencia,  in  Spain, 
in  1492.  He  studied  at  Paris  and  Louvain, 
after  which  he  visited  England,  and  in  1517 
was  chosen  one  of  the  first  fellows  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford.  He  was  also  em- 
ployed in  tlie  education  of  the  Princess  Mary, 
for  whose  use  he  composed  his  "  De  Ratione 
Studii  puerilis  "  and  "  De  Institutione  Foe- 
minae  Christianae  ; "  but  venturing  to  argue 
and  write  against  Henry  tlie  Eighth's  divorce 
from  Catharine,  he  was  disgraced  and  impri- 
soned. On  regaining  his  liberty  he  repaired 
to  Brussels,  where  he  married,  and  remained 
for  the  rest  of  his  life,  occupied  as  a  teacher 
of  the  belles  lettres.    He  died  in  1.541. 

VIVIAN,  RicuAKD  HussEV,  Lord,  was 
born  in  1775,  the  eldest  son  of  John  Vivian, 
esq.,  of  Truro,  Cornwall,  warden  of  the 
Stanneries.  In  1793,  at  the  early  age  of  18, 
he  commenced  his  glorious  military  career 
as  ensign  in  the  20th  infantry.  His  active 
service  commenced  within  three  months  of 
his  joining  his  regiment,  which  formed  part 
of  Lord  Moira's  army  on  the  coast  of  France; 
and  for  the  following  two  years  he  was 
present  at  various  battles  and  affairs  of  out- 
posts, in  which  his  zeal,  courage,  and  conduct 
were  especially  conspicuous,  in  Holland  and 
in  the  West  Indies.  In  1808  he  sailed  in 
command  of  the  7th  dragoons  for  Corunna, 
which  he  reached  in  November  of  that  year, 
and  had  the  perilous  and  difficult  honour  of 
covering  the  but  too  well-known  retreat  of 
Sir  John  Moore  in  January,  1809,  the  7tli 
dragoons  having  been  left  at  I/Ugofor  several 
hours  after  the  march  of  tlie  main  army. 
Unlike  his  unfortunate  chief,  he  reached 
England  in  safety,  received  the  brevet  of 
colonel  in  1812,  and  in  1813  embarked  with 
his  regiment  for  the  Peninsula.  From  this 
time  to  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  in  which  he 
commanded  the  sixth  brigade  of  cavalry, 
consisting  of  the  1st  dragoons  and  10th  and 
18th  hussars,  he  was  continually  iu  active 
and  efficient  service.  In  the  advance  upon 
Toulouse,  on  the  8th  of  April,  1814,  he  was 
severely  wounded  in  the  right  arm  while 
making,  as  the  Duke  of  Wellington's  de- 
spatch remarked,  "  a  most  gallant  attack 
upon  a  superior  body  of  the  enemy's  cavalry, 
which  was  driven  through  the  village  of 
Crais  d'Orade."  In  June,  1814,  he  returned 
to  England,  received  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  was  appointed  to  the  staff  at 
Brighton,  and  had  a  splendid  piece  of  plate 
presented  to  him  by  the  officers  of  the  7th 
hussars.  In  1830  he  was  made  lieut.-general, 
and  in  1837  colonel  of  the  1st  dragoons. 
Subsequently  to  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
which  turned  the  swords  of  so  many  warriors 
into  ploughshares,  the  gallant  subject  of  this 
article,  who  was  created  a  baronet  in  1828, 
when  he  also  had  a  grant  of  arms  alluding 
to  his  services,  took  an  active  part  in  politics, 
both  as  a  debater  in  the  house  and  in  his 
character  of  master-general  of  the  ordnance, 
to  wliich  oflice  he  was  appointed  in  1835.  He 
was  called  to  the  house  of  peers  by  patent, 
dated  August,  1841.  Died,  October  1842, 
aged  67. 


viv] 


^  ^tby  Bnibzr^sil  23tO(rrapTjy. 


[vol 


VIVIANI,  ViNCENTio,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian mathematician,  was  born  at  riorence, 
in  1621.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Galileo, 
after  wliose  deatJi  he  was  much  employed 
in  public  works  by  the  Grand-duke  of  Tus- 
cany, who  appointed  him  his  first  mathema- 
tician and  chief  engineer.  He  restored  a 
part  of  the  lost  works  of  AristsEUs  and  Apol- 
lonius,  and  wrote  several  valuable  treatises 
on  geometry,  &c.    Died,  1703. 

VOET,  or  VOETIUS,  Gisbert,  a  Dutch 
theologian,  was  born  at  Heusden,  in  1593. 
Having  studied  at  Leyden,  he  first  settled 
as  a  minister  at  his  native  place,  where  he 
remained  till  1634.  He  afterwards  went  to 
tltreclit,  where  he  was  professor  of  divinity 
and  the  oriental  languages.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  attacks  on  the  Arme- 
nians ;  and  when  tlie  Cartesian  philosophy 
was  engaging  the  public  attention,  he  wrote 
against  Descartes  witli  much  asperity  and 
illiberality.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Se- 
lectEB  Disputationes  Theologies,"  5  vols.  4to.; 
and  "Politica    Ecclesiastica,"    4  vols.   4to. 

Died,  1677 Paul  Voet,  his  son,  who  also 

died  in  1677,  was,  successively,  professor  of 
logic,  metaphysics,  and  civil  law,  at  Utrecht; 
was  the  author  of  several  learned  works  on 

theology  and  jurisprudence Johx  Voet, 

son  of  Paul,  professor  of  law  at  Leyden,  was 
the  author  of  a  valuable  "  Commentary  on 
the  Pandects."    Died,  1714. 

VOISENON,  Claude  IlExnY  Fusee  de, 
a  French  dramatist  and  poet,  was  born  near 
Melun,  in  1708  ;  was  educated  for  the  eccle- 
siastical profession,  and  became  grand-vicar 
of  Boulogne.  He  was  of  a  lively,  humorous 
disposition,  and  conscientiously  refused  the 
bishopric  of  Boulogne,  from  a  sense  of  his 
unfitness  for  the  episcopal  oflice  ;  but  chose 
to  pursue  those  studies  for  which  by  nature 
he  was  qualified.  In  17()3  he  was  admitted 
a  member  of  the  French  academy,  and  he 
spent  his  life  in  literary  pursuits,  too  freely 
mingled  with  licentiousness.  Like  Piron.  he 
had  his  days  of  dissoluteness  and  his  mo- 
ments of  devotion.  He  wrote  "Literary 
Anecdotes,"  comedies,  and  fugitive  poetry  ; 
and  died  in  1775. 

VOITURE,  VixcENT,  a  celebrated  French 
wit  and  poet,  born  at  Amiens  in  1598.  His 
manners  were  highly  agreeable,  and  he  be- 
came master  of  the  ceremonies  to  Gaston, 
duke  of  Orleans.  In  1634  he  was  admitted 
into  the  French  academy,  and  was  subse- 
quently sent  on  a  mission  to  Spain,  where 
he  was  much  caressed,  and  where  he  com- 
posed some  verses  in  such  pxire  and  natural 
Spanish,  that  they  were  universally  ascribed 
to  Lopez  de  Vega.  Under  the  administra- 
tion of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  Voiture  was  in 
the  zenith  of  his  reputation,  and  enjoyed 
large  pensions ;  but  gambling,  and  other 
vicious  habits,  kept  him  poor.  He  wrote 
verses  in  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian  ;  but 
liis  letters  were  the  chief  basis  of  his  literary 
reputation,  and  in  their  day  were  extrava- 
gantly admired.     He  died  in  1648. 

VOLKOFF,  Theodore,  a  Russian  dra- 
matist, was  born  at  Gostroma,  in  1729.  He 
wrote  several  plays,  and  erected  a  theatre 
Rt  Jaroslav,  where  his  success  was  sucli, 
that  the  empress  Elizabeth  sent  for  him  to 
St.  Petcrsburgh,  and    appointed   hira    first 


850 


actor  of  the  Russian  theatre.  In  1759  he 
was  sent  to  establish  a  national  theatre  at 
Moscow ;  and  Catharine  II.  bestowed  on 
him  an  estate,  with  a  patent  of  nobility. 
He  died  in  1763,  and  his  funeral  obsequies 
were  celebrated  with  great  magnificence. 

VOLNEY,  Constaxti.ve  Francis 
Chassebceuf,  Count  de,  peer  of  France,  a 
celebrated  French  writer,  was  bom  at  Craon, 
in  Brittany,  in  1755.  He  was  educated  at 
Angers,  and  studied  medicine  at  Paris  ;  but 
coming  into  possession  of  a  small  estate,  he 
was  enabled  to  gratify  his  ardent  love  of 
travel.  He  spent  nearly  three  years  in 
Egypt  and  Syria ;  and  on  his  return  to 
France,  in  1787,  published  his  "  Voyage  en 
Syrie  et  en  Egypte,"  2  vols.,  which  was 
translated  into  tlie  English  and  other  lan- 
guages, and  procured  him  an  extensive  re- 
putation. He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
states-general;  was  confined  nearly  a  twelve- 
month during  the  reign  of  terror  ;  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  history  at  the  normal 
school  in  1794 ;  went  to  America  in  the 
following  year,  and  resided  there  till  1798  ; 
was  created  a  senator  and  count,  during 
Napoleon's  consulship  ;  and,  on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  designated  a 
member  of  the  chamber  of  peers.  In  all 
situations,  however,  he  was  the  defender  of 
liberal  principles.  Among  his  principal 
works  are  his  "  Ruins,  or  Meditations  on  the 
Revolutions  of  Empires,"  "  Lectures  on  His- 
tory," and  "  New  Researches  on  Ancient 
History."    Died,  1820. 

VOLPATO,  GiovAJTSi,  an  eminent  Italian 
engraver,  born  at  Bassano,  in  1733.  He  was 
a  self-taught  artist,  and  acquired  a  degree  of 
excellence  in  his  profession  rarely  equalled. 
He  was  engaged  to  make  engravings  from 
the  paintings  of  Raphael  at  the  Vatican. 
Died,  1802.  Volpato  wrote  the  "  Principles 
of  Design,"  and  Raphael  Morgan  was  his 
pupil  and  son-in-law. 

VOLTA,  Alessandro,  a  celebrated  ex- 
perimental philosopher,  was  born  at  Como, 
in  1745.  He  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame 
by  two  treatises,  which  described  a  new 
electrical  machine  ;  was  for  30  years  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  at  Pavia,  was 
made  an  Italian  count  and  senator  by  Na- 
poleon, and  died  in  1826.  Volta  directed 
his  attention  particularly  to  the  subject  of 
galvanism,  or  animal  electricity,  in  which 
science  he  made  many  discoveries  and  im- 
provements ;  but  the  great  invention  which 
immortalises  his  name  is  the  Voltaic  pile, 
or  electrical  column.  His  works  form  5 
vols.  8vo. 

VOLTAIRE,  Feaxcis  Marie  Arouet 
DE,  the  most  celebrated  literary  character 
of  his  age,  was  born  at  Chatenay,  near  Paris, 
in  1694,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
Jesuit's  college  of  Louis  XIV.  Here  he  dis- 
played talents  which  warranted  the  liighest 
expectations  ;  and  having  recited  from  me- 
mory, a  poem  of  Rousseau,  before  the  cele- 
brated Ninon  de  I'Enclos,  she  was  so  pleased 
with  the  talent  of  the  boy,  tliat  she  left  him 
a  legacy  of  2000  livres  to  purchase  a  library. 
His  father  intended  him  for  the  law,  but  he 
declined  to  follow  the  profession,  and  assi- 
duously cultivated  his  taste  for  literary 
pursuits.    In  1716  he  was  imprisoned  in  the 


vol] 


^  l^clu  Bnihnial  38{0firajpf)i.i. 


[votT 


Bastile,  on  an  unfounded  suspicion  of  Imving 
written  a  libel  on  the  government ;  and, 
wliile  there,  he  formed  the  plan  of  the 
"  Ilenriude,"  and  completed  the  tragedy  of 
"CEdipus,"  which  was  represented  in  1718 
with  singular  success.  A  second  unjust  con- 
finement in  the  Bastile  induced  him  to  take 
up  his  residence  in  England  for  three  years, 
where  he  was  favourably  received,  and  ob- 
tained a  most  liberal  subscription  for  his 
"Henriade."  On  his  return  to  France  in 
1730,  he  published  his  "  Brutus,"  which  was 
followed  by  "Zara,"  the  most  affecting  of 
his  tragedies.  His  next  work,  the  "  Lettres 
Philosophiqucs,"  gave  such  offence  by  its 
profaneness,  that  tlie  parliament  of  Paris 
condemned  the  book  to  be  burnt,  and  war- 
rants were  issued  for  apprehending  the 
author,  lie  therefore  passed  some  years  in 
concealment  at  Cirey,  near  Vassi,  in  Cl\am- 
pagne,  where  he  was  treated  with  the  greatest 
kindness  by  the  mistress  of  the  estate,  the 
Marchioness  du  Chatelet,  and  wrote  his 
"Elt'mens  de  la  Philosophic  de  Newton," 
to  make  his  countrymen  acquainted  with 
the  great  discoveries  of  the  English  philo- 
sopher. He  also  produced  the  plays  of 
"Alzira"  and  "  Mahomet,"  which  last  was 
censured  as  immoral  and  irreligious  ;  but 
his  "  Meropc,"  brought  out  in  1743,  was 
received  with  such  applause,  that  the  poet 
became  a  favourite  at  court,  and  was  ap- 
pointed gentleman  of  the  bedchamlier  and 
historiographer  of  France.  In  174tj  he  ob- 
tained admission  into  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, on  which  occasion  he  broke  through 
the  old  custom  of  panegyrising  Cardinal 
Richelieu  j  but  this  innovation  created  him 
BO  many  enemies,  that  he  retired  to  Lune- 
Tille,  and  did  not  return  to  Paris  till  1749. 
The  year  following  he  went  to  Berlin,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  who 
made  him  one  of  his  chamberlains,  and 
gave  him  a  pension.  The  greatest  intimacy 
for  a  time  subsisted  between  them  ;  but  he 
I  at  length  drew  upon  himself  Frederic's  dis- 
\  pleasure,  and  quitted  Prussia,  carrying  with 
'  him  the  poetical  works  of  the  king,  who 
I  caused  him  to  be  arrested  on  the  road,  till 
'  the  fugitive  manuscrijit  was  restored.  Vol- 
:  taire  then  went  to  Colmar,  whence  he  re- 
',  moved  to  Geneva,  and  afterwards  settled 
I  at  Femey,  a  village  in  the  Pays  de  Gex, 
where  he  resided  during  the  remainder  of 
I  his  life,  with  his  niece,  Madame  Denis.  He 
also  induced  many  ingenious  artizans  to 
I  settle  there,  whose  works  he  sent  to  Russia, 
Germany,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Holland.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1778  he  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  received  with  many 
flattering  marks  of  distinction  ;  but  his  in- 
cessant literary  labours,  and  the  cliange 
from  his  accustomed  manner  of  life,  affected 
his  health  so  much,  that  he  observed,  "I 
have  come  to  Paris  to  find  my  glory  and 
my  grave."  Having  taken  a  large  dose  of 
opium,  without  the  advice  of  his  physician, 
it  is  thought  to  have  hastened  his  death, 
which  took  place  May  30.  1778.  Besides  his 
poetical  works,  he  wrote  an  "  Essay  on  Ge- 
neral History,"  the  "Age  of  Louis  XIV.," 
"Life  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,"  "  History 
of  the  Czar  Peter  the  Great,"  the  romances 
of  "  Candide,"  "  Zadig,"  and  some  others. 


His  collected  works  form  70  vols.  Svo.  He 
had  stupendous  talents,  but  there  were 
many  parts  of  his  character  by  no  mtaus 
great  or  estimable. 

VOLTERRA,  Daniel  de,  an  Italian 
painter  and  sculptor,  who  was  employed, 
under  the  jjontiticate  of  Paul  IV.,  to  cover 
the  nudities  of  some  of  tlie  figures  in  the 
Last  Judgment  of  Micliel  Angelo,  which 
obtained  for  liim  the  ludicrous  title  of  Brag- 
ghettone.     Died,  1.566. 

VOPISCUS,  Flavius,  a  native  of  Syra- 
cuse, who  flourished  A.  D.  304.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  Aurellan,  Tacitus,  Florianus, 
Probus,  Firmius,  Cams,  &c. 

VORSTIUS,  CoMKAD,  a  theological  writer, 
was  born  at  Cologne,  in  156'J.  James  I.  of 
England  caused  his  book,  "  Tractatus  Theo- 
logicus  de  Deo,"  to  be  burnt,  and  complained 
to  the  states  against  the  author,  who  waa 
banislied  from  Holland,  and  died  at  Tonin- 
gen,  in  1622. 

VOS,  Mahtin  dk,  a  painter,  was  bom  at 
Antwerp,  about  1.534,  and  died  there  in  1604. 
He  painted  history,  portraits,  and  land- 
scapes, in   a  very  fine  style Simon  de 

Vos,  another  artist  of  Antwerp,  was  born 
in  1603,  and  died  about  1670.  He  painted 
historical  subjects  and  portraits,  but  ex- 
celled in  hunting  pieces. 

VOSS,  John  Henky,  one  of  the  chief 
modern  philologists,  was  bom  at  Mecklen- 
burg, in  17.51  ;  studied  under  Heyne,  at  Got- 
tiugen,  with  great  distinction  ;  and,  after 
holding  various  appointments  in  different 
parts  of  Germany,  obtained  the  chair  of  phi- 
lology in  Heidelberg  in  1809,  which  he  held 
till  his  death.  His  translations  of  Homer, 
Virgil,  Hesiod,  and  Theocritus  are  regarded 
by  many  as  real  substitutes  for  tlie  originals  ; 
that  of  Sliakspeare,  though  full  of  spirit,  is 
on  the  wjiole  not  so  successful.  The  sim- 
plicity and  natural  charms  of  his  own 
idyllic  poems,  more  especially  his  "  Luise," 
have  never  been  surpassed  by  any  German 
poet.     Died,  1826. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard  John,  an  eminent 
critic  and  philologist,  was  professor  of  cliro- 
nology  and  eloquence  at  Leyden,  and  of 
history  at  Amsterdam.  His  works  are  fre- 
quently referred  to  as  authorities,  particu- 
larly the  following  :  "  De  HLstoricis  Grae- 
cis,"  "  De  Historicis  Latinis,"  and  "  Ars 
Historica."     Bom,  1.577  ;  died,  1649. 

VOSSIUS,  Isaac,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  l^eyden,  in  1618,  and,  possessing 
great  natural  talents,  very  early  acquired 
a  high  reputation  among  the  learned.  In 
1670  he  came  to  England,  and  obtained  from 
Charles  II.  a  canonry  of  Windsor,  and  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from  the  university 
of  Oxford.  He  died  in  1688.  His  works  are 
numerous  and  erudite.  He  was  rude  in  his 
manners,  and  sceptical  in  his  religions  no- 
tions, but  so  credulous  in  other  matters, 
that  Charles  II.  said,  "  he  is  a  strange  man 
fur  a  divine,  for  there  is  nothing  which  he 
refuses  to  believe,  except  the  Bible." 

VOUET,  Simon,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1,582  ;  and, 
after  a  residence  of  14  years  in  Italy,  was 
sent  for  by  I^ouisXIII.  to  assist  in  the  deco- 
rations of  the  Louvre  and  the  Luxembourg. 
Died,  1649. 


VRO] 


^  ^tio  ^iTtbcrsal  SStosrajplbS* 


[WAH 


VROON,  Henry  Cokkelius,  a  Dutch 
painter,  bom  at  Haerlem,  in  1566.  He  was 
famous  ill  sea  pieces,  and  drew  the  designs 
for  the  tapestry  in  the  House  of  Lords,  re- 
presenting the  details  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanisli  armada. 

VULSON,  Maec  de,  sieur  de  la  Colom- 


bifere,  a  writer  on  heraldry.  Having,  while 
lie  resided  at  Grenoble,  in  1681,  surprised 
liis  wife  with  a  gallant,  and  killed  them 
both  on  the  spot,  he  rode  post  to  Paris  to 
solicit  a  pardon,  which  he  obtained.  Died, 
1658.  His  works  on  the  heraldic  science 
are  much  esteemed. 


w. 


WAGE,  Robert,  an  Anglo-Norman  poet 
of  the  12th  century.  He  was  a  native  of 
Jersey,  and  became  chaplain  to  Henry  II., 
king  of  England,  who  gave  him  a  canonry 
in  the  cathedral  of  Bayeux.  He  wrote,  in 
Norman-French  verse,  a  history  of  England, 
an  account  of  the  Norman  conquest,  and 
some  romances. 

WADING,  or  WADDING,  Luboe,  an 
Irish  ecclesiastic,  born  at  Waterford,  in 
1588.  He  held  a  divinity  professorship  in 
the  university  of  Salamanca  ;  but  having 
accompanied  the  Bishop  of  Carthagena  to 
Rome,  he  continued  to  reside  there  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  refused  a 
cardinal's  hat,  and  founded  the  college  of 
St.  Isidore  for  Irish  students  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order  ;  but  he  is  said  to  have  greatly 
encouraged  the  Irish  rebellion  in  1641.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis," and  edited  the  works  of  Duns  Scotus, 
Calaisio's  Concordance,  &c.    Died,  1657. 

WADING,  Petkr,  a  learned  Irish  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Waterford ;  became  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Gratz,  in  Styria  ;  was 
the  author  of  numerous  metrical  and  other 
works  in  the  Latin  language,  and  died  in 
1644. 

WADHAM,  Nicholas,  the  founder  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  was  born  in  1536, 
in  Somersetslure,  and  was  educated  at 
Christchurch  College.  He  died  in  1610,  and 
the  seminary  which  bears  his  name  was  com- 
pleted in  1613. 

WADSTROM,  Chakles  Bern,  a  Swedish 
traveller  and  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Stockholm,  in  1746.  Having  visited  Africa, 
with  a  view  to  acquire  information  that 
might  lead  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade, 
he  was,  on  his  return  to  Europe,  examined 
at  the  bar  of  the  English  House  of  Commons 
upon  that  subject ;  and  he  afterwards  pub- 
lished his  "Observations  on  the  Slave  Trade," 
&c.    Died,  1799. 

WAFER,  Lionel,  an  English  voyager, 
was  originally  a  surgeon  in  the  navy.  Hav- 
ing accompanied  Dampier,  the  circumnavi- 
gator, and  quarrelled  with  him,  he  was  left 
on  shore  on  the  isthmus  of  Darien  ;  but, 
owing  to  his  medical  skill,  the  Indians  treated 
him  kindly,  and  gave  him  his  liberty  when 
an  English  vessel  arrived  on  the  coast.  On 
his  return,  in  1690,  he  published  an  interest- 
ing account  of  his  adventures. 

WAGENAAR,  John,  a  Dutch  historian, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1709.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  "  History  of  Holland,"  21 
I  vols.,  for  which  he  was  appointed  historio- 


grapher to  his  native  city.  He  also  wrote 
"  The  present  State  of  the  United  Provinces," 
12  vols.  &c.     Died,  1773. 

WAGENSEIL,  John  Christopher,  an 
eminent  German  scholar  and  polemic,  was 
born  at  Nuremberg,  in  1633.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Altorf;  where,  in  1667,  he  was 
made  professor  of  history  and  jurisprudence. 
His  "  Tela  Ignea  Sathanas,"  a  controversial 
treatise,  in  refutation  of  the  Jewish  writers 
on  the  Christian  religion,  is  a  work  of  great 
ability.    Died,  1705. 

WAG  HORN,  Lieut.  Thomas,  R.N.,  whose 
name  will  be  for  ever  associated  with  the 
great  achievement  of  steam  communication 
between  England  and  India,  was  born  at 
Chatham,  1800.  At  12  years  of  age  he  was 
appointed  a  midshipman,  and  before  he  had 
completed  his  17th  year  he  passed  in  navi- 
gation for  lieutenant.  After  a  short  cruise 
he  volunteered  for  the  Arraean  war,  and 
having  received  the  command  of  the  East 
India  Company's  cutter.  Matchless,  and 
seen  much  service  by  land  and  sea,  he  re- 
turned to  Calcutta  in  1827.  From  this  period 
lie  turned  his  attention  to  the  great  project 
he  had  had  long  secretly  at  heart  —  a  steam 
communication  between  England  and  India; 
and  the  ardour,  perseverance,  and  firmness 
with  which  he  worked  it  to  completion,  have 
gained  him  a  name  among  the  benefactors 
of  his  race.  But  we  regret  to  say  that  fame 
was  all  that  he  achieved  by  his  arduous  and 
long-continued  exertions  ;  for  the  gigantic 
operations  in  which  he  had  been  engaged 
exhausted  his  resources,  and  he  met  with 
but  scanty  assistance  from  those  whom  every 
consideration  of  humanity  and  liberality 
should  have  induced  to  lend  him  a  helping 
hand.     Died,  1850. 

WAGSTAFF,  William,  F.R.S.,  a  hu- 
morous writer,  was  born  at  Cublington,  in 
Buckinghamshire,  in  1685.  He  practised 
medicine  in  London,  and  became  physician 
to  Bartholomew's  Hospital.    Died,  1725. 

WAGSTAFFE,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
was  born  in  Warwickshire,  in  1645.  He 
practised  physic  for  some  time,  and  in  1693 
was  consecrated  a  nonjuring  bishop.  He 
published  several  sermons,  and  an  able 
"  Vindication  of  King  Charles  I.,  proving 
him  the  Author  of  the  Icon  Basilik^."  Died, 
1712. 

WAHLENBERG,  George,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born  in  the  province  of  War- 
meland,  in  1784.  He  visited  the  remote 
parts  of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  and 
most  of  the  northern  countries  of  Europe, 


858 


WAl] 


^  iBe&j  ^ffm'fteriiat  3SiO0rajpf)j.K 


[WAL 


I  for  the  purpose  of  making  botanical   and 

I  geological  researches ;    and    on    his  return 

j  to  Upsal,  where  he  was  superintendant  of 

the  museum  of  science,   he    published  his 

"Flora  Lapponica,"  " Flora  Carpethorum," 

"  Flora  Upsaliensis,"  and  "  Flora  Suecica," 

besides    some    geological    treatises.      Died, 

1814. 

!      WAILLY,    CiiAnLEs    pe,    nn    eminent 

French  architect,  was  bom  in  1729,  at  Paris  ; 

studied  at  Rome  ;    was  a  member  of  the 

Institute,    and    a    founder    of  the    Society 

of  the  Friends  of  the  Arts.    He  died  in  1798. 

Among  the  buildings  which  he  designed  are, 

the  Spinola  palace  at  Genoa,  the  mansion 

I  of  Ormes  In  Touraine,  and  the  Od^ou  at 

:  Paris. 

I  WATTHMAN,  a  well-known  alderman 
and  M.P.  for  London,  was  bom  near  Wrex- 
j  ham,  in  Denbighshire,  in  1765  ;  served  his 
I  apprenticeship  to  his  uncle,  a  linendrapcr 
'  at  Bath  ;  and  for  many  years  carried  on 
!  that  business  in  Fleet  Street,  London.  He 
I  obtained  much  notoriety  as  a  city  orator, 
I  and  by  strenuously  advocating  popular 
i  rights  on  all  occasions,  was  regarded,  by  a 
1  large  class  of  the  citizens  as  a  champion 
!  of  freedom.  He  consequently  not  only  ob- 
'  tained  a  civic  gown,  but  filled  the  office  of 
I  lord  mayor,  and  was  elected  four  times  to 
I  represent  the  city  of  I»ondon  in  parliament. 
I  He  died  in  1833,  and  his  friends  erected  an 
'  obelisk  to  his  memory,  opposite  to  that  raised 
in  honour  of  Mr.  Wilkes,  at  the  foot  of  Lud- 
gate  Hill. 

WAKE,  Sir  Isaac,  an  able  diplomatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  at  Billing, 
in  Northamptonshire,  in  1575.  He  became 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  and,  in 
16()4,  was  chosen  public  orator  of  that  uni- 
versity. He  was  afterwards  employed  as 
ambassador  to  several  foreign  courts  ;  and, 
in  1619,  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
He  wrote  several  works,  the  principal  of 
which  was  lus  "  Rex  Platonicus."  Died, 
16.'52. 

WAKE,  William,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, a  learned  and  exemplary  prelate,  was 
born  at  Blandford,  in  Dorsetshire,  in  1657, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  Having  entered 
into  orders,  he  soon  distinguished  himself 
by  the  zeal  with  which  he  espoused  the 
Protestant  cause,  though  in  opposition  to 
the  wishes  of  tiie  court  ;  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly well  received  by  William  III.  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  was,  succes- 
sively, king's  chaplain,  rector  of  St.  James's, 
Westminster,  and  dean  of  Exeter.  In  1705 
he  was  advanced  to  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln  ; 
and,  in  1716,  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury  ;  in  which  station  he  distin- 
guished liimself  by  his  moderation,  firmness, 
and  liberality.  He  endeavoured  to  promote 
a  union  of  the  English  and  Galilean  churches, 
for  which  he  was  grossly  calumniated, 
though  the  measure  was  well  meant,  and, 
had  it  taken  eifect,  the  papal  power  would 
have  been  greatly  weakened.  He  published 
a  translation  of  the  "  Epistles  of  the  Apos- 
tolical Fathers,"  an  "  Exposition  of  the 
Church  Catechisms,"  and  three  volumes  of 
"  Sermons."    Died,  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  an  eminent 
scholar  and  critic,  was  born  at  Nottingham, 


bTyl) 


in  17.56.  He  took  his  degree  of  B.A.  at 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  in  1776,  and  at 
the  same  time  was  elected  to  a  fellowship. 
On  entering  into  orders,  he  served  a  curacy 
at  Stockport,  in  Cheshire,  and  next  at  Liver- 
pool ;  but  he  grew  dissatisfied  witli  the  doc- 
trines of  the  church  of  England,  and  left  it 
to  become  classical  teacher  in  the  academy 
at  Warrington.  In  1790  he  removed  to  the 
dissenting  college  at  Hackney,  his  con- 
nection with  which  ended  in  about  a  year. 
Soon  after  this  he  published  a  pamphlet 
against  Public  Worship,  which  startled 
many  of  his  most  ardent  admirers,  and  was 
answered  chiefly  by  dissenters.  He  wrote 
some  pamphlets  against  government,  of 
wliich  no  notice  was  taken,  until  his  letter 
to  the  Bishop  of  Llandaflf  appeared,  when 
the  attorney-general  instituted  a  prosecution 
against  him  and  the  publisher.  Mr.  Wake- 
field was  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned  two 
years  in  Dorchester  gaol,  from  which  he  was 
liberated  in  May,  1801,  but  died  of  a  fever  in 
September  following.  The  principal  of  hia 
works  are,  a  "  Translation  of  tlie  New  Testa- 
ment," 2  vols.  ;  "  Tragediarum  Graecarum 
Delectus,"  2  vols.;  an  edition  of  "Lucretius," 
3  vols.  ;  an  "Inquiry  into  the  Opinions  of 
the  Christian  Writers  of  the  Three  first  Cen- 
turies, concerning  the  Person  of  Jesus 
Christ,"  4  vols.  ;  and  the  "  Silva  Critica." 

WAKEFIELD,  Pbiscilla,  well  known 
by  the  many  ingenious  works  which  she 
wrote  to  promote  juvenile  improvement. 
She  was  the  original  promoter  of  banks  for 
the  savings  of  the  poor,  which  are  now  be- 
come so  general.  She  resided  for  many 
years  at  Tottenham,  in  Middlesex  ;  but  died 
at  Ipswich,  in  Suffolk,  in  1832,  aged  82. 

WALBAUM,  John  Julius,  a  German 
physician  and  naturalist,  was  born  at  Wol- 
fenbuttcl,  in  1724.  He  settled  at  Lubeck, 
where  he  attained  great  reputation,  pub- 
lished several  valuable  works,  and  died  in 
1799. 

WALDENSIS,  Thomas,  an  English  Car- 
melite, whose  real  name  was  Netter,  was 
born  at  Walden,  in  Essex,  about  1367.  He 
studied  at  Oxford  ;  and,  in  1409,  was  sent  by 
Henry  IV.  to  the  council  of  Pisa.  Henry  V. 
reposed  entire  confidence  in  him  ;  and  he 
became  no  less  a  favourite  with  the  young 
monarch,  whom  he  attended  to  France,  and 
died  there  in  1430. 

WALES,  William,  a  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  was  bom  about  1734 ;  went  to 
Hudson's  Bay,  in  1769,  to  observe  the  transit 
of  Venus  ;  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in  two 
voyages  round  the  world ;  became  mathe- 
matical master  at  Christ's  Hospital,  and 
secretary  to  the  Board  of  Longitude  ;  and 
died  in  1798.  Among  his  works  are,  "  As- 
tronomical Observations  on  the  Southern 
Hemisphere,' '  a  treatise  on  the  "  Discovery 
of  the  Longitude  by  means  of  Timepieces," 
and  an  "  Inquiry  into  the  Population  of 
England  and  Wales." 

WALKER,  Adam,  a  lecturer  on  astro- 
nomy and  a  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a 
native  of  Westmoreland,  and  bom  in  1731. 
His  father  was  a  woollen  manufacturer,  in 
which  business  he  was  placed  at  an  early 
age,  and  his  turn  for  mechanics  very  soon 
developed  itself  in  the  construction  of  models 


wal] 


^  iStlu  WinibtvSKl  33i0grap]^y. 


[WAL 


of  corn  mills,  paper  mills,  &c.  After  showing 
great  perseverance  in  obtaining  knowledge 
from  books,  under  the  most  disadvantageous 
circumstances,  and  being  successively  an 
nsher  and  a  schoolmaster,  he  became  a  lec- 
turer on  experimental  philosophy,  visiting 
most  of  the  principal  cities  and  towns  in  the 
kingdom  in  that  capacity.  At  length,  in 
1778,  he  fixed  his  abode  in  the  metropolis, 
and  continued  to  read  a  course  of  lectures 
every  winter,  at  his  house  in  George  Street, 
Hanover  Square.  He  wrote  an  "  Analysis 
of  his  Lectures,"  a  "  System  of  Familiar 
Philosophy  in  Licctures,"  a  "  Treatise  on 
Geography,"  "  Remarks  on  a  Tour  through 
Germany,  France,  and  Italy,"  "  A  Tour  to 
the  Lakes,"  &c.  His  mechanical  skill  was 
apparent  in  his  Eidouranion,  or  transparent 
orrery,  and  the  revolving  lights  on  the  rocks 

of  Scilly.    Died,  1821 His  son,  William, 

M'as  also  a  public  lecturer  on  astronomy. 
Born,  17(56  ;  died,  1816. 

WALKER,  Clemeitt,  a  political  writer 
of  the  17th  century,  was  born  at  Cliffe,  in 
Dorsetshire  ;  was  educated  at  Christchurch, 
Oxford  ;  and  became  M.P.  for  Wells.  Being 
a  zealous  Presbyterian,  he  was  violently 
hostile  to  the  Independents,  against  whom 
he  published,  in  1648,  "  A  History  of  Inde- 
pendency." He  also  attacked  the  Protector 
in  a  treatise  called  "  Cromwell's  Slaughter 
House."  He  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
and  died  there  in  1651. 

WALKER,  Sir  Edward,  an  historian  and 
herald,  was  born  at  Netherstowey,in  Somer- 
setshire. He  was  made  clerk  of  the  privy 
council  in  1644,  and  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood ;  attended  Charles  II.  in  his 
exile,  and  was  appointed  by  him  garter-king- 
at-arms.  Died,  1677.  He  wrote  "  Iter  Caro- 
linum,  or  an  Account  of  the  Marches,  &c.  of 
King  Charles  I.,"  "  Military  Discoveries," 
"Historical  Discourses,"  &c. 

WALKER,  GeokcxK.  was  born  of  English 
parents,  at  Tyrone,  in  Ireland  ;  and  is  cele- 
brated for  his  stubborn  defence  of  Ix)ndon- 
derry  against  James  II.  He  enjoyed  much 
favour  with  William  III.,  whom  he  accom- 
panied throughout  his  Irish  campaigns,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in  1690. 

WALKER,  Jon.N^,  a  lexicographer,  was 
born  in  1732,  at  Frieru  Barnet,  in  Hertford- 
shire. He  was  at  one  time  master  of  an 
academy  at  Kensington,  and  subsequently  a 
lecturer  on  elocution,  which  art  he  had 
originally  studied  with  a  view  to  the  stage. 
His  principal  works  are,  a  "  Pronouncing 
Dictionary,"  a  "  Rhyming  Dictionary," 
"  Elements  of  Elocution,"  and  a  "  Rhetorical 
Grammar."    Died,  1807. 

WALKER,  John,  a  physician  and  geo- 
graphical writer,  was  born  in  1750,  at  Cock- 
ermouth,  in  Cumberland.  After  passing 
through  various  occupations,  he  rose  to  some 
eminence  as  a  medical  practitioner  ;  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  decease,  he  w^as  at  the  head 
of  the  London  Vaccine  Institution.  He 
published  "Elements  of  Geography,"  a 
"Universal  Gazetteer,"  and  some  medical 
treatises.     Died,  1830. 

WALKER,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  per- 
former of  some  note  in  the  time  of  Garrick, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1698.  He  had  all 
the  physical  requisites  for  a  good  actor ;  ex- 


celled in  Macheath,  Hotspur,  Falconbridge, 
&c.,  and  was  in  high  favour  with  the  public. 
Died,  1743. 

WALKER,  THOJrAS,  a  barrister  and  po- 
lice magistrate,  was  bom  in  1784.  Having 
a  natural  turn  for  humorous  anecdotes,  and 
mixing  much  in  society,  this  gentleman 
hoarded  up  the  smart  sayings  and  witty 
conversations  which  fell  from  his  clever  com- 
panions in  their  hours  of  relaxation  ;  and  at 
length  he  resolved  to  make  the  world  ac- 
quainted with  the  "fond  conceits"  with 
which  his  brain  was  stored.  Hence  arose 
the  weekly  periodical,  called  "  Tlie  Ori- 
ginal," of  which  26  numbers  only  made  their 
appearance.  In  consequence  of  indisposition 
he  went  over  to  the  Continent,  and  while  at 
Brussels  was  attacked  rather  suddenly,  and 
died  Jan.  20. 1836. 

WALKER,  William,  a  learned  divine  of 
the  17th  century,  was  bom  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  be- 
came master  of  the  free  school  at  Louth,  and 
next  of  that  at  Grantham  ;  and  had  the  credit 
of  instructing  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  of  English  Parti- 
cles," "  Tropschematologia  Rhetoricae,"  "Ex- 
planation of  Lilly's  Grammar,"  and  "  Idio- 
matologia Anglo-Latina."  Died,  1684. 

WALL,  John,  an  eminent  physician,  was 
born  in  1708,  at  Powick,  in  Worcestershire  ; 
was  educated  at  Worcester  Grammar-school, 
and  at  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  and,  settling 
at  Worcester  as  a  medical  practitioner,  he 
first  made  known  the  virtues  of  the  Malvern 
waters,  and  contributed  to  establish  the 
porcelain  manufactory.    Died,  1776. 

WALL,  Martin,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  who  was  also  an  eminent  physician, 
was  born  in  1744,  and  was  educated  at  New 
College,  Oxford.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Par- 
sons, in  1785,  he  was  elected  clinical  pro- 
fessor of  that  university,  and  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  at  Oxford,  where  he 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  medical  skill, 
and  was.  much  esteemed  for  his  social  qua- 
lities.   Died,  1824. 

WALL,  William,  who  for  upwards  of 
half  a  century  was  the  incumbent  of  Shore- 
ham,  in  Sussex,  was  the  author  of  a  valuable 
work,  entitled  the  "  History  of  Infant  Bap- 
tism." He  also  wrote  "  Critical  Notes  on 
the  Old  Testament,"  2  vols.  &c.  Died,  1728. 
WALLACE,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated 
Scotch  patriot  and  hero,  was  the  younger 
son  of  Sir  Malcolm  Wallace  of  Ellerslie, 
in  Renfrewshire,  and  born  in  1276.  He  pos- 
sessed great  strength  and  undaunted  cou- 
rage ;  and  being  indignant  at  seeing  his 
country  enslaved  by  Edward  I.,  he  resolved 
to  undertake  its  liberation.  His  success  at 
the  head  of  a  small  band  of  followers  in- 
duced many  of  the  barons  to  join  him;  and 
he  gained  a  splendid  victory  over  Earl 
Warenne,  at  Cambuskenneth,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Forth.  He  was  appointed  regent ; 
but  his  elevation  having  excited  jealousy 
among  the  nobles,  he  resigned  the  regency. 
Edward  having  been  informed  of  his  suc- 
cesses, hastened  home  from  Flanders,  and 
with  a  large  army  defeated  the  Scots  at 
Falkirk,  which  compelled  Wallace  to  retreat 
to  the  mountains,  and  resort  to  his  original 
system  of  predatory  warfare.     For    seven 


wal] 


^  ^ebi  mixihtv^aX  MiaQVHp\m, 


[wal 


!  years  he  continued  to  harass  the  English  ; 
I  but,  in  1305,  he  wa3  betrayed  into  the  hands 
[  of  Edward,  by  Sir  John  Moateith,  who  sent 
him  in  chains  to  London,   wliere  he  was 
I  executed  as  a  traitor.    The  lieroic  deeds  of 
I  Wallace  have  been  the  frequent  theme  of 
j  the  poet  and  the  historian,  and  his  memory 
is  still  cherished  in  Scotland  with  affection. 
WALLENSTEIN  or  WALSTEIN,  Al- 
bert WiNCESLAUS,  duke  of  Friedland,   a 
celebrated  German    general,  was   born    in 
Bohemia,  in  158*.    He  obtained  an  immense 
fortune  by  marriage,  which   he  applied  to 
the  raising  of  a  formidable  army  for  the 
service  of  the  emperor.    These  were  paid 
partly  from  his  own  resources  and  partly 
from   plunder  ;    and  for  several    years   he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  successes  in  the 
north  of  Germany  ;  for  which  he  was  re- 
warded   with  the  dukedoms  of    Mecklen- 
burg and  Friedland.    In  1632,  Wallenstein 
was  declared  head  of   the  Catholic  army, 
with  power  to    act    independently  of   the 
council.    He  was  at  first  successful  against 
Gustavus,  but  was  ultimately  defeated  at 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Lutzen,  where  the 
'  death  of  the  Swedish  monarch  dearly  pur- 
'  chased  tlie  victory.    He  was  at  length  ac- 
cused of  treason,  and  perished  by  the  trca- 
!  chery  of  some  of  his  own  officers.    Wallen- 
stein possessed  much  prudence,  knowledge 
of  mankind,  and  cunning,  especially  the  art 
of  fathoming  the  intentions  of  others  and 
concealing  his  own.     Towards  those   who 
were  dependent  on  him  he  was  severe,  and 
not  unfrequently  cruel ;  but  he  was  lavish 
to  those  whom  he  wished  to  gain  over  to 
his  purposes. 

WALLER,  Edmund,  an  English  poet, 
was  bom  at  Coleshill,  in  Warwickshire,  and 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament  when  in  his  17th  year ; 
and  at  the  age  of  23  he  married  a  rich  heiress, 
who  died  soon  after,  and  left  him  an  infant 
daughter.  Waller  then  paid  his  addresses 
to  Lady  Dorothea  Sidney,  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Leicester,  whom  he  has  immortalised 
under  the  poetical  name  of  Sacharissa  ;  but 
though  die  admired  his  verses,  she  slighted 
his  offers,  and  married  the  Earl  of  Sunder- 
land. He  then  espoused  a  lady  of  the  name  of 
Bresse,  by  whom  he  had  13  children.  In  the 
long  parliament  he  represented  Agmon- 
desham,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  treat  with  the  king ;  but  in 
1643  he  was  taken  up  for  a  plot,  when,  to 
save  his  life,  he  made  a  confession,  and 
after  a  year's  imprisonment,  and  paying  a 
fine  of  10,00(M.,  obtained  his  liberty.  He 
then  went  to  France,  and  resided  there  till 
he  found  himself  getting  to  the  end  of  his 
resources,  when  he  applied  to  Cromwell, 
who  gave  him  leave  to  return,  and  restored 
his  estate.  Waller  repaid  the  favour  by  a 
panegyric  on  the  Protector ;  but  he  was 
equally  lavish  of  his  praise  on  Charles  II., 
with  whom  he  was  a  favourite  ;  as  he  also 
was  with  James  II.  ;  and  he  appears  to 
have  taken  advantage  of  his  intimacy  with 
that  monarch  to  give  him  very  sound  ad- 
vice. He  now  turned  his  thoughts  to  devo- 
tion, and  composed  "Divine  Poems."  He 
died  at  Beaconsfleld,  in  1687,  aged  82.    His 


intellectual  powers  were  of  a  superior  order  ; 
he  was  at  once  a  prompt,  elegant,  and 
graceful  speaker,  while  the  wit  and  pleasant- 
ness of  liis  conversation  made  him  a  favourite, 
even  with  those  whom  his  abject  pliancy 
must  have  disgusted.  English  versification 
is  much  indebted  to  him  ;  and  for  ease, 
gaiety,  brilliancy,  and  wit,  lus  amatory 
poetry  has  not  been  surpassed. 

WALLER,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
general  of  the  parliamentary  army  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  1597,  in 
Kent,  and  was  educated  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford.  On  his  re- 
turning from  Germany,  where  he  had  served 
as  a  volunteer  against  the  emperor,  he  was 
elected  for  Andover  as  a  member  of  the  long 
parliament.  He  opposed  the  court,  and,  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  was  made  second 
in  command  under  the  Earl  of  Essex.  The 
west  of  England  was  the  scene  of  his  prin- 
cipal exploits  ;  and  in  the  early  part  of  his 
career,  he  fought  with  signal  success,  but 
was  ultimately  defeated.  The  self-denying 
ordinance  removed  him  from  service,  and  he 
became  so  much  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the 
republicans,  that  he  was  twice  imprisoned. 
He  died  in  10G8.  He  wrote  "  Divine  Medi- 
tations" and  a  "  Vindication  of  liis  Character 
and  Conduct." 

WALLERIUS,  John  Gottscualk,  an 
eminent  Swedish  chemist  and  mineralogist, 
author  of  "  Systema  Mineralogicum,"  "  Che- 
mia  Physica,"  and  other  excellent  works  on 
those  sciences.    Died,  1785. 

WALLI8,  JoHx,  an  eminent  English 
mathematician  and  divine,  was  born  in  1616, 
at  Ashford,  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel College,  Cambridge.  He  was  chosen,  in 
1640,  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Ox- 
ford, and  made  keeper  of  the  archives  there, 
in  1658  ;  was  one  of  the  earliest  members  of 
the  Royal  Society  ;  and,  after  a  long  life  de- 
voted to  science  and  his  clerical  duties,  died 
in  1703.  His  mathematical  works  are  in- 
cluded in  three  volumes,  and  his  "  Sermons  " 
form  a  fourth. 

WALMESLEY,  Charles,  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic divine,  and  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  a  monk 
of  the  Benedictine  order,  and  vicar  apostolic 
of  the  western  district  of  England.  He  died 
at  Bath,  in  1707,  aged  76.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  the  author  of 
several  mathematical  treatises. 

WALPOLE,  Sir  Robert,  earl  of  Orford,  a 
celebrated  statesman,  was  born  in  1676,  at 
Houghton,  his  father's  seat  in  Norfolk,  and 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  entered  parliament  in  1701 , 
as  member  for  Castle  Rising,  which  borough 
his  father  had  represented ;  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  elected  for  Lynn.  In 
1708  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  ;  in 
1700,  treasurerof  the  navy  ;  and,  in  1710,  one 
of  the  managers  of  Saeheverell's  trial ;  but, 
on  the  dissolution  of  tlie  Whig  ministry,  he 
was  dismissed  from  all  his  offices,  expelled 
the  house,  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  on 
the  charge  of  breacli  of  trust  and  notorious 
corriiption.  This  was  looked  upon  as  a 
mere  party  proceeding  by  a  majority  of  the 
people,  and,  on  the  accession  of  George  L, 
the  ^Vhig8  being  again  in  the  ascendant,  he 


wal] 


^  i^etD  Unibtx^Kl  Btogtapl^s. 


[wal 


=! 


I  was  made  paymaster  of  the  forces,  and,  sub- 

I  sequently,  prime  minister.    In  consequence 

I  of  disputes  with  his  colleagues,  however,  he 

I  was  induced  to  resign  in  1717,  and  he  re- 

1  mained  in  opposition  till  1720,  when  he  once 

1  more  became  paymaster  of  the  forces.    His 

j  reputation  as  a  financier  induced  all  eyes  to 

'  be  directed  towards  him  on  the  occurrence 

of  the  unprecedented  disasters  arising  from 

I  the  bursting  of  the  South  Sea  bubble  ;  and 

j  Lord   Sunderland  being  obliged    to  retire, 

j  Walpole  was  again  raised  to  the  high  situ- 

I  ation  of  premier,  which  he  retained  for  two- 

and  twenty  years,  in  spite  of  incessant  attacks 

I  from  political  enemies  of  the  most  splendid 

I  talents.    In  1742  he  resigned,  and  was  created 

!  Earl  of  Orford.    He  was  an  able  financier,  a 

good  tactician  in  debate,  a  most  serviceable 

minister  to  the  house  of  Brunswick,  and  a 

zealous  friend  of  the  Protestant  succession. 

He  died  in  1745. 

WALPOLE,  Horatio,  Lord,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  1678,  held  various 
offices  under  the  government,  and  was  an 
able  diplomatist,  was  created  a  peer  in  1756, 
I  and  died  in  1757.  He  wrote  an  answer  to 
Bolingbroke's  Letters  on  History,  and  some 
political  pamphlets. 

WALPOLE,  Horace,  earl  of  Orford,  the 
youngest  son  of  Sir  Robert,  was  born  in 
1718,  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  In  1741,  Jie 
entered  parliament,  successively  represent- 
ing Callington,  Castle  Rising,  and  Lynn. 
But  it  was  soon  apparent  that  he  took  no 
delight  in  senatorial  proceedings,  and  in 
1768  he  retired  wholly  from  public  business. 
Literature  and  the  fine  arts  were  the  great 
Bources  of  his  delight,  and  much  of  his  ex- 
istence was  pleasingly  dedicated  to  the  em- 
bellishment of  his  villa  at  Strawberry  Hill, 
near  Twickenham,  and  to  the  formation  of 
a  splendid  collection  of  the  relics  of  an- 
tiquity. He  also  established  a  private  press, 
and  printed  several  works  there.  In  1791 
he  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  but  never  took 
his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords.  His  princi- 
pal works  are,  "The  Castle  of  Otranto," 
"  Historic  Doubts  of  the  Life  and  Reign  of 
Richard  III.,"  "  The  Mysterious  Mother,"  a 
tragedy  ;  "  Catalogue  of  Royal  and  Noble 
Authors,"  and  "  The  Anecdotes  of  Painting 
in  England."    Died,  1797. 

WALSH,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 
was  born  at  Waterford,  in  Ireland,  and 
graduated  as  M.D.  at  Edinburgh.  He  com- 
menced his  professional  career  as  physician 
in  a  West  India  packet,  and  had  much  ex- 
perience in  the  treatment  of  the  yellow 
fever,  which  at  that  time  was  raging  in 
Jamaica.  He  afterwards  served  as  an  army 
surgeon  in  Ireland  during  the  rebellion,  and 
in  the  expeditious  to  Holland  and  Copen- 
hagen. With  the  49th  regiment  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Canada,  was  afterwards  attached 
to  the  6th  dragoons,  and  sent  to  Spain  ;  and, 
having  accompanied  the  Walcheren  expe- 
dition, he  was  promoted  to  the  stalf,  went  to 
the  Continent  as  physician  to  the  forces,  and 
ended  his  medico-medical  career  at  the 
battle  of  Waterloo.  Dr.  Walsh  published 
"  A  Narrative  of  the  Expedition  to  Holland," 
and  "Bagatelles,  or  Poetical  Sketches." 
Died,  1832. 


862 


WALSH,  William,  a  minor  English  poet 
of  the  17th  century.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Dryden  and  the  patron  of  Pope,  held  a  situ- 
ation in  the  household  of  queen  Anne,  and 
died  in  1708.  His  poems  are  chiefly  of  an 
amatorv  character. 

WALSINGHAM,  Sir  Eraxcis,  an  emi- 
nent statesman  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was 
born  at  Chislehurst,  in  Kent.  After  receiv- 
ing his  education  at  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  acquired  an  excellent  know- 
ledge of  languages,  he  was  several  times 
employed  on  missions  to  France ;  and,  in 
1573,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  state,  and  knighted.  In  1583  lie  went  on 
an  embassy  to  James,  king  of  Scotland  ;  and 
three  years  afterwards  sat  as  one  of  the  com- 
missioners on  the  trial  of  the  unfortunate 
queen  Mary.  He  was  a  man  of  subtle  policy, 
sparing  neither  time,  trouble,  nor  expense  in 
carrying  such  measures  as  he  thought  likely 
to  serve  the  cause  of  the  queen  and  embarrass 
her  enemies.  It  has  been  said,  that  "he 
outdid  the  Jesuits  in  their  own  bow,  and 
over-reached  them  in  their  equivocation," 
and  that  he  kept  53  agents  and  18  spies  in 
foreign  courts.    He  died  in  1590,  aged  89. 

WALSINGHAM,  Thomas,  an  English 
chronicler  of  the  15th  century,  was  a  native 
of  Norfolk,  and  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Alban's. 
He  was  appointed  historiographer  royal 
about  1440,  and  wrote  "  A  History  of  Eng- 
land, from  1273  to  the  death  of  Henry  V." 

WALTER,  JoHfT,  whose  name  is  inse- 
parably connected  with  the  gigantic  achieve- 
ments of  the  press  in  modern  times,  was 
the  son  of  Mr.  John  Walter,  printer  to 
the  customs,  and  for  many  years  chief 
proprietor  of  the  Times  newspaper.  He 
was  born  in  1773,  and  having,  on  the 
completion  of  his  education,  made  himself 
acquainted  with  all  the  technicalities  and 
routine  of  a  large  printing  establishment, 
he,  in  1803,  became  a  joint  proprietor  and 
exclusive  manager  of  the  Times  ;  and  from 
this  period,  during  the  long  course  of  44 
years,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  moral  and 
material  improvement  of  what  has  been  so 
justly  termed  "  the  fourth  estate  "  of  the 
realm.  Besides  being  among  the  first  to 
impart  to  the  daily  press  its  vast  range  and 
celerity  of  information,  its  authentic  accu- 
racy, and  its  universal  correspondence,  he 
was  the  first  to  bring  the  steam-engine  to 
its  assistance.  This  took  place  Nov.  29th, 
1814  ;  and  familiar  as  the  discovery  is  now, 
it  was  not  made  without  an  amount  of  risk, 
labour,  and  anxiety,  which  few  men  could 
have  undergone.  Mr.  Walter's  success  in 
the  establishment  of  the  Times  as  the  "lead- 
ing journal  "  was  attained  not  so  much  by 
his  own  brilliant  abilities,  as  by  the  discern- 
ment with  which  he  sought  out,  and  the 
munificence  with  which  he  rewarded,  talent, 
wherever  it  could  be  found,  and  by  the  in- 
tuitive sagacity  with  which  he,  from  time 
to  time,  felt  the  pulse  of  the  nation  and  pre- 
scribed accordingly.  In  adopting  this  course 
he  necessarily  exposed  himself  to  the  charge 
of  inconsistency,  and  incurred  the  hostility 
of  all  party  politicians  and  class  interests; 
but  for  these  sacrifices  he  was  amply  com- 
pensated, in  witnessing  the  growing  success 
of  that  great  organ  of  public  opinion,  which 


wal] 


^  lirtD  Slnibcr^al  33iogiapr)t). 


[war 


it  had  been  his  glory  to  found,  and  his  chief 
pleasure  to  assist  and  advise.  Mr.  Walter 
sat  in  parliament  from  1832  to  1837  for  Berk- 
shire, where  his  estate,  Bearwood,  was  situ- 
ated ;  in  1840  he  contested  Southwark  un- 
successfully ;  in  April,  1841,  he  was  returned 
for  Nottingham  ;  and  it  is  a  curious  circum- 
stance that  Mr.  Walter's  vote  in  parliament 
may  be  said  to  liave  sealed  the  fate  of  the 
Xlelbuurne  administration,  which  he  had 
long  been  combating  in  the  press  (the  motion 
of  want  of  conttdence,  which  led  to  its  over- 
throw, being  carried  only  by  a  majority  of 
one).    Died,  1847. 

WALTHER,  BERtfAUD,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer of  Nuremberg,  in  the  15th  century. 
He  studied  under  and  assisted  Regiomonta- 
nus,  and  is  regarded  as  the  first  discoverer 
of  the  regular  effect  of  atmospheric  refrac- 
tion.   Died,  15(>4. 

WALTON,  Brian,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
born  at  Cleveland,  in  Yorkshire,  in  IGOO.  He 
suffered  considerably  at  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war,  on  which  he  fled  to  Oxford, 
where  he  formed  the  plan  of  a  "Polyglot 
Bible,"  which  was  published  in  C  vols,  folio., 
and  to  which  he  principally  owes  his  literary 
reputation.  In  IGfJO  he  was  preferred  to  the 
Bee  of  Chester,  but  died  in  London  the  year 
following. 

WALTON,  IzAAK,  of  piscatory  fame,  was 
born  in  1593,  at  Stafford,  and  kept  a  lineu- 
drai)er'8  shop  in  London,  first  in  the  Royal 
Exchange,  and  afterwards  at  the  comer  of 
Chancery  Lane,  Fleet  Street ;  but  about  1C32 
he  married  the  sister  of  Bishop  Ken,  and 
in  the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars  quitted 
the  metropolis,  and  went  to  reside  at  Win- 
chester, where  he  died  in  l(iA3.  His  "  Com- 
plete Angler"  has  long  afforded  delight  not 
only  to  those  who  are  fond  of  that  "  inno- 
cent recreation,"  but  to  general  readers,  and 
has  passed  through  numerous  editions.  He 
was  also  a  biographer  ;  and  his  Lives  of 
Hooker,  Bishop  Sanderson,  Wotton,  Donne, 
and  Herbert  exhibit  him  as  such  in  a  highly 
favourable  light. 

WANLEY,  Natuaniel,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, residing  at  Coventry  ;  author  of 
"  The  Wonders  of  the  Little  World,  or  the 
History  of  Man."    Died,  about  1090. 

WANLEY,  Humphry,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Coventry,  in  1C72,  and 
educated  at  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  on  leav- 
ing which  university  lie  became  secretary 
to  the  Society  for  Promoting  Chriatian 
Knowledge,  and  afterwards  librarian  to 
the  Earl  of  Oxford,  in  whose  service  he 
died  in  1726.  Mr.  Wanley  formed  a  cata- 
logue of  Saixon  manuscripts  for  Dr.  Ilickes's 
Tliesaurus,  and  made  numerous  collections 
relative  to  archaeology  and  bibliography. 

WARBECK,  Peter,  or  Perkin,  an  indi- 
vidual whose  real  history  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  speculation,  made  his  appear- 
ance in  England,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
and  assumed  the  character  and  title  of 
Richard  duke  of  York,  the  younger  son  of 
Edward  IV.,  supposed  to  have  been  mur- 
dered in  the  Tower,  together  with  his  bro- 
ther, by  order  of  Richard  III.  Having  been 
acknowledged  by  Margaret,  duchess  of 
Burgundy,  as  her  nephew,  he  proceeded  to 
claim  the  crown  of  England,  and,  landing 


in  Cornwall,  was  joined  by  some  thousands 
of  insurgents.  He  laid  siege  to  Exeter ; 
but,  on  the  approach  of  the  royal  army,  he 
fled  to  Beaulieu  Abbey,  in  Hampshire,  which 
sanctuary  he  was  induced  to  quit,  under  the 
promise  of  a  pardon,  and  he  was  sent  in 
custody  to  the  Tower  of  London.  He  was 
there  treated  as  an  impostor,  and  eventually, 
in  1499,  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered. 
Henry  VII.  published  an  alleged  confession 
of  the  captive,  purporting  that  he  was  the 
son  of  one  Warbeck  or  Osbeck,  a  converted 
Jew  of  Tournay  ;  but  many  have  asserted 
that  he  was  an  illegitimate  son  of  Edward  IV. 

WARBURTON,  Jou.v,  an  English  an- 
tiquary and  herald  ;  author  of  "  Vallum 
Romanum."    Born,  1082  ;  died,  IIK). 

WARBURTON,  William,  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  a  very  eminent  theological 
writer,  critic,  and  controversialist,  was  born 
at  Newark-upon-Trent,  in  1098.  His  works 
are  very  numerous  ;  but  those  for  which  he 
is  most  celebrated  are,  "  A  Critical  and 
Philosophical  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of 
Prodigies  and  Miracles,  as  related  by  His- 
torians," "  The  Alliance  between  Church  and 
State,"  "The  Divine  Legation  of  Moses," 
"  Vindication  of  Mr.  Pope  s  Essay  on  Man," 
and  editions  of  Shakspeare,  Pope,  &c.  Dr. 
Warburton  was  a  man  of  vigorous  faculties, 
a  mind  fervid  and  vehement,  supplied  by  in- 
cessant and  unlimited  inquiry,  with  wonder- 
ful extent  and  variety  of  knowledge  ;  but  he 
was  so  proud  of  his  literary  powers,  that  he 
treated  all  who  opposed  him  with  contemptu- 
ous superiority  and  haughty  disdain.  He 
commenced  his  clerical  career  in  1726,  as 
vicar  of  Griesley,  in  Nottinghamshire  ;  was 
api>ointed,  in  1740,  preacher  to  the  society  of 
I^incoln's  Inn  ;  and  rapidly  advanced  in  his 
profession,  becoming  bishop  of  Gloucester  in 
17.W.    He  died  in  June,  1779. 

WARD,  Edward,  a  burlesque  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
century,  wJio  wrote  "  The  London  Spy,"  and 
turned  Don  Quixote  into  Iludibrastic  verse. 

WARD,  John,  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Gresham  College,  was  born  in  London  in 
1679,  and  died  in  1758.  He  wrote  the  "Lives 
of  the  Gresham  Professors,"  "  Lectures  on 
Oratory,"  2  vols.  &c. 

WARD,  Robert  Plumer,  the  well  known 
author  of  "  Tremaine,"  was  born  in  London, 
1705.  His  father  was  a  Spanish  merchant 
resident  at  Gibraltar,  where  his  son  Robert 
passed  his  early  years.  When  about  eight 
years  of  age,  he  was  sent  to  England.  He 
received  his  education  at  Walthamstow, 
where  he  had  the  late  Mr.  Justice  Park  for  a 
schoolfellow  ;  thence  he  was  transferred  to 
Christchurch,  Oxford ;  and,  after  a  short 
period  of  continental  travel,  was  called  to  the 
bar  by  the  Hon.  Society  of  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple, in  1790.  For  some  years  he  went  the 
western  circuit,  spending  his  long  vacations 
at  the  house  of  his  elder  and  only  surviving 
brother  in  tlie  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  here  he 
wrote  his  "  Inquiry  into  the  Foundation  and 
History  of  the  Law  of  Nations  in  Europe." 
&c.,  wliich  was  published  in  1795,  and  proved 
successful  both  as  a  work  of  literature  and 
as  a  professional  speculation.  He  was  now 
frequently  employed  in  cases  before  the 
privy  council ;  and  the  works  relating  to 


803 


war] 


^  ilchj  ^ixihtiiKl  ^StaQTajp^B. 


[WAK 


international  and  maritime  law,  which  he 
produced  from  time  to  time,  secured  him  the 
friendship  of  Lord  Grenville,  Sir  W.  Scott, 
and  Lord  Eldon,  who  offered  him  a  judgeship 
in  the  admiralty  court  of  Nova  Scotia.  This 
offer,  however,  he  declined ;  and  in  1802, 
through  tlie  influence  of  Pitt  and  Lord  Mul- 
grave,  to  whom  he  was  related  by  marriage, 
he  was  elected  to  parliament  for  Cocker- 
mouth,  aided  the  premier  both  by  his 
speeches  and  his  pen,  and  had  just  been 
nominated  to  a  Welsh  judgeship,  in  1805, 
when  he  relinquished  it  for  the  under- 
secretaryship  of  foreign  affairs,  Lord  Mul- 
grave  being  his  chief.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  1806,  he  retired  into  the  country,  and 
occupied  himself  in  rural  pursuits  ;  but  on 
the  formation  of  tlie  Portland  ministry,  in 
1807,  he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of  tlie 
admiralty,  exclianging  tliis  office  in  1811  for 
the  clerkship  of  the  ordnance,  which  he  held 
till  1823.  He  then  retired  from  parliament 
and  from  public  life.  But  now  that  his 
political  life  was  over,  and  he  found  himself 
without  any  other  occupation  than  the 
auditorship  of  the  civil  list  —  a  sinecure 
appointment,  —  he  once  more  resumed  the 
pen,  and  wrote  "  Tremaine,"  which,  though 
published  anonymously,  produced  a  great 
sensation  in  literary  circles,  and  became 
exceedingly  popular.  This  was  followed,  in 
1827,  by  "  De  Vere,"  which  was  hardly  less 
successful ;  and  after  some  years  spent  in  re- 
tirement and  on  the  Continent,  he  returned 
to  his  literary  labours,  and  published  succes- 
sively his  "Illustrations  of  Human  Life," 
"  Pictures  of  the  World,"  "  Historical  Essay 
on  the  Revolution  of  1688,"  and  "De  Clif- 
ford," a  novel  in  4  vols.  Mr.  Ward  was  thrice 
married.  His  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Plumer 
Lewis,  of  Gilston  Park,  in  Herts  ;  and  shortly 
after  his  marriage  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Plumer  before  that  of  Ward.  Died  at  Oke- 
overHall,  Stafford,  1846,  aged 81.  His  "Me- 
moirs and  Literary  Remains"  have  been 
published  by  the  Hon.  E.  Phipps. 

WARD,  Setii,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  a 
learned  prelate,  chiefly  distinguished  for  his 
skill  in  mathematics  and  astronomy.  He 
was  public  spirited  and  munificent,  con- 
tributing to  several  liberal  undertakings, 
besides  founding  and  endowing  a  college  of 
matrons  for  10  clergymen's  widows.  Born, 
1617  ;  died,  1689. 

WARE,  Sir  James,  an  eminent  antiquary 
and  historian,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1594, 
and  died  in  1666.  He  wrote  "  De  Frsesulibus 
Hibernioe,"  the  "  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Ireland,"  and  several  other  works. 

WARE,  James,  an  eminent  surgeon  and 
oculist,  was  born,  about  1756,  at  Portsmouth. 
After  having  been  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
at  Cambridge,  he  formed  a  partnership  in 
the  metropolis  with  Mr.  Wathen,  which 
continued  till  1791  ;  after  whicli  he  practised 
on  his  own  account,  and  attained  a  first-rate 
reputation.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Ob- 
servations on  Ophthalmia,"  "  Remarks  on 
Fistula  Lachrymalis,"  and  "  Chirurgical 
Observations."    Died,  1815. 

WARDLAW,  Henry,  bishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, and  founder  of  the  university  there, 
was  preferred  to  tliat  see  by  pope  Benedict 
XIII.  in  1404.     Though  a   man  of  strict 


864 


morals  and  great  simplicity  of  character,  he 
was  a  still  greater  enemy  to  what  he  believed 
to  be  heresy  than  to' immorality ;  and  he 
accordingly  condemned  to  the  stake  those 
who,  unhappily  for  their  temporal  peace, 
questioned  the  doctrines  of  the  Romish 
church.     Died,  1440. 

WARHAM,  William,  an  English  prelate 
and  statesman,  was  born  in  Hampshire,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  School,  and  New 
College,  Oxford.  He  successively  became 
master  of  the  rolls,  lord  chancellor,  bishop  of 
London,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In 
1515  he  resigned  the  great  seal  on  account  of 
the  differences  between  him  and  Wolsey, 
and  died  in  1532.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Erasmus,  and  a  great  patron  of  literature. 

WARING,  Dr.  Edward,  an  eminent 
English  mathematician.  He  wrote  "Mis- 
cellanea Analytica,"  "  Meditationes  Alge- 
brnicse,"  "Meditationes  Analyticae,"  "An 
Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Human  Know- 
ledge," and  other  works.  Born,  1735  ;  died, 
1798. 

WARNER,  Dr.  Fkrdistando,  an  English 
divine,  and  a  theological,  biographical,  his- 
torical, and  medical  writer.  Born,  1703  j 
died,  1768.  His  principal  publications  are 
"  A  System  of  Divinity,"  5  vols.;  an  "Eccle- 
siastical History  of  England,"  2  vols. ;  "The 
Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More,"  and  "  The  His- 
tory of  Ireland.". His  son,  John  Wakner, 

published  a  translation  of  the  "  History  of 
Friar  Gerund,"  from  the  Spanish,  2  vols.  ; 
and  a  work  on  prosody,  entitled  "Metro- 
nariston." 

WARNER,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  bom 
at  AVestmiuster,  in  1585.  He  was  successively 
prebendary  of  Canterbury,  dean  of  Lichfield, 
and  bishop  of  Rochester  ;  suffered  much  for 
his  loyalty  in  the  rebellion,  but  recovered 
his  episcopal  seat  at  the  Restoration  ;  and 
died  in  1666.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
college  at  Bromley,  Kent,  for  the  widows  of 
clergymen. 

WARNER,  Richard,  a  botanist,  born  in 
London,  in  1711 ;  died,  1775.  He  wrote 
"  Plantse  Woodfordienses,"  &c.  ;  and  at  hia 
death,  bequeathed  his  library  to  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  had  received  his 
education. 

WARNER,  William,  an  English  poet  of 
the  16th  century  ;  author  of  "  Albion's  Eng- 
land," a  poem  written  in  an  elegant  style. 
Born,  1558  ;  died,  1609. 

WARREN,  Charles,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, was  a  native  of  London,  and  for 
many  years  held  a  distinguished  rank  in  his 
profession.  He  was  the  first  who  effectually 
removed  the  difficulties  of  engraving  on  steel. 
Died,  1823. 

WARREN,  Sir  John  Borl  ase,  an  eminent 
naval  officer,  was  born  in  1754.  in  Cornwall ; 
was  educated  at  Winchester  School,  and  at 
an  earlj'  age  entered  the  navy.  During  the 
American  war  he  performed  several  gallant 
actions,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  post-captain. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  French  revo- 
lutionary war,  he  equally  distinguished  him- 
self ;  particularly  in  capturing,  off  the  coast 
of  Ireland,  the  Hoche  man-of-war,  and  six 
frigates  laden  with  troops  for  the  conquest  of 
that  island.  After  the  peace  of  Amiens,  he 
was  appointed    ambassador   to   Russia,   in 


war] 


^  i9ebj  ainibfri^al  Biosrapfjj). 


[WAT  j  I 


which  post  he  remained  until  1805.  lie 
attained  the  rank  of  admiral  in  1810,  and 
died  in  1822. 

WARREN,  Sir  Peter,  an  able  English 
admiral,  entered  the  navy  when  very  yonng, 
and  gradually  rose  to  the  rank  of  commodore. 
In  1745  lie  commanded  a  squadron,  witli 
which  he  attacked  and  took  possession  of 
Louisbourg  ;  and  in  1747  he  fell  in  with  a 
French  squadron,  which  he  completely  de- 
feated, capturing  several  of  tlieir  men-of-war. 
This  last  exploit  rendered  him  very  popular, 
and  he  was  returned  MJ*.  for  Westminster. 
Died,  17.'.2. 

WARTON,  Dr.  Joseph,  son  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Warton,  professor  of  poetry  at 
Oxford,  was  born  in  1722,  at  Dunsfold,  in 
Surrey  ;  was  educated  at  Winchester  School, 
and  Oriel  College,  Ojtford  ;  became  curate  of 
Chelsea,  and  rector  of  Tamworth  ;  and,  in 
1760,  was  advanced  to  the  station  of  head- 
master at  Winchester,  where  he  presided 
with  high  rejmtalion  nearly  SO  years.  In 
1788  lie  obtained  a  stall  in  the  cathedral  of 
Winchester,  and  tlie  rectory  of  Fasten,  which 
he  exchanged  for  Upham.  In  1793  he  re- 
tired from  the  school  to  his  rectory  of  Wick- 
ham,  in  Hampshire,  where  he  died  in  1800. 
His  chief  works  are,  an  "  Essay  on  the  Writ- 
ings and  Genius  of  Pope  "  and  translations 
from  Virgil. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1728  ;  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Winchester  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Oxford  ;  and  in  his  20lli  year  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  "Triiimph 
of  Isis,"  a  poetical  vindication  of  Oxford 
against  the  reflections  of  Mason.  His  "  Ob- 
servations on  Spenser's  Fairy  Queen,"  pub- 
lished in  1754,  made  him  advantageously 
known  as  a  critic,  and  prepared  the  way 
for  his  election,  in  1757,  to  the  professorship 
of  poetry  at  Oxford,  which  he  filled  for  10 
yearX  with  great  ability.  The  first  volume 
of  hi^  "  History  of  English  Poetry  "  was 
published  in  1774,  and  the  second  and  tliird, 
respectively,  in  1778  and  1781.  His  plan  was 
extensive,  including  the  period  from  the 
11th  to  the  18th  century  ;  but  when  he 
had  gone  as  far  as  the  Elizabethan  writers, 
he  suspended,  and  ultimately  abandoned, 
the  undertaking.  He  succeeded  Whitehead 
as  poet-laureate,  and  died  in  1790.  Besides 
the  works  above  noticed,  he  wrote  some 
elegant  poems,  and  ijerformed  various  other 
literary  labours. 

WARWICK,  Sir  Philip,  a  political  and 
historical  writer,  was  born  in  Westniinster, 
in  1008  ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva  ; 
became  a  member  of  the  long  parliament, 
but  was  expelled  the  house  for  joining  the 
king,  to  whom  he  was  secretary  ;  took  up 
arms  in  the  royal  cause,  was  knighted  by 
Charles  II.,  and  died  in  1082.  He  was  the 
autlior  of  a  "  Dibcourse  on  Government " 
and  some  interesting  "Memoirs  of  King 
Charles  I." 

WASHINGTON,  George,  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  of  America,  was 
born  in  17.'i2,  in  Westmoreland  county, 
Virginia.  His  father  died  when  he  was 
only  10  years  of  age  ;  but  his  elder  brother 
having  married  a  connection  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
proprietor  of  the  northern  part  of  Virginia, 


George  was  introduced  to  the  acquaintance 
of  that  nobleman,  who  gave  him,  when  in 
In  his  18th  year,  an  appointment  as  surveyor 
of  a  certain  portion  of  the  before-mentioned 
territory.  At  the  nge  of  20  he  was  a  major 
in  the  colonial  militia,  and  in  1755  he  served 
under  the  unfortunate  General  Bruddock, 
on  whose  fall  he  conducted  the  retreat  in  a 
masterly  manner.  He  held  the  command  of 
the  Virginian  troops  till  1758,  when  he  gave 
in  his  resignation  on  account  of  ill  health. 
He  now  served  his  country  as  a  senator,  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  assembly  for 
Frederick  county,  and  afterwards  for  that 
of  Fairfax.  When  the  breach  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  was  widened 
by  mutual  animosity,  the  eyes  of  his  coun- 
trymen were  fixed  upon  Mr.  Washington  ; 
and  accordingly,  in  June,  1775,  lie  took  the 
command  of  the  army  of  America,  at  Cam- 
bridge, in  New  England.  Of  the  particulara 
of  tliat  gicat  revolution  it  is  impossible  here 
to  give  a  detail  ;  sufiice  it  to  observe,  that 
to  his  intrepidity,  prudence,  and  modera- 
tion, the  Anierieaus  were  almost  wholly 
indebted  for  that  independence  wliich  was 
secured  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded in  1783.  Soon  after  this  event,  Wash- 
ington resigned  his  comniis.sion  to  congress, 
and  retired  to  his  seat  of  Mount  Vernon  ; 
a  retreat  from  the  toils  of  public  life,  wliich 
he  afterwards  quitted  with  sincere  regret. 
In  1789  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
United  States,  and  was  received  at  Phila- 
delphia with  tiie  applause  which  he  so  well 
merited.  He  delivered  his  inaugural  ad- 
dress on  the  30th  of  April,  and  throughout 
his  administration  lie  acted  up  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  promises  therein  contained.  As 
before,  in  his  military  capacity,  so  now  in 
his  civil,  he  declined  receiving  anything  be- 
yond his  actual  exjienditure  in  his  oflicial 
character.  He  well  knew  that  he  was 
chosen  as  the  man  of  the  nation,  the  guar- 
dian of  the  universal  weal,  and  in  no  in- 
stance did  he  act  or  appear  otherwise.  His 
incessant  application  to  business  impaired 
his  robust  constitution,  and  in  179(5  he  re- 
signed his  office ;  on  which  occasion  he 
published  a  valedictory  address  to  his  coun- 
trymen, replete  with  the  most  excellent 
advice  for  their  future  conduct,  and  with  the 
soundest  views  of  their  political  state.  He 
died,  Dec.  14.  17i>9,  in  the  G8th  year  of  his 
age  ;  and  left,  for  the  admiration  of  posterity, 
a  character  unexcelled  for  disinterested 
patriotism,  uudeviatiug  consistency,  and 
firmness  of  purpose,  temjered  with  un- 
afi'ected  humanity. 

WATELET,  Claude  Henry,  a  cele- 
brated French  writer  on  the  fine  arts  and 
belles  lettres.  He  held  the  office  of  re- 
ceiver-general of  the  finances,  and  died  in 
1780. 

W^ATERIIOUSE,  Enw.inn,  a  miscella- 
neous writer;  born  in  1019  ;  died,  1070.  He 
wrote  an  "  Apology  for  I^earning  and 
Leariie<l  Alen,"  "  Defence  of  Arms  and  Ar- 
moury." &c. 

WATERLAND,Da.viel,  a  learned  divine 
and  controversialist,  was  born  in  1683,  at 
Wasely  in  Lincolnshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  master.    At  his  death  in  1740,  he 


86.5 


was  chancellor  of  York,  archdeacon  of 
Middlesex,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  vicar  of 
{  Twickenham.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A 
i  History  of  the  Athanasian  Creed,"  "  Scrip- 
I  ture  vindicated,"  "  A  Defence  of  Christ's 
:  Divinity,"  and  "  A  Review  of  the  Doctrine 
I  of  the  Eucharist." 

I  WATERLOO,  AxTiioxY,  an  eminent 
I  Dutch  painter,  who  lived  in  the  early  part 
I  of  the  17th  century,  and  excelled  in  land- 
I  scaoes. 

I      WATSON,  David,  a  leamed  editor,  best 
known  as  a  translator  of  Horace,  was  born  in 
'  Scotland,  in  1710.    He  led  an  irregular  life, 
and  died  in  great  poverty,  in  175(3. 

WATSON,  Hexky,  Colonel,  a  mathema- 
tician and  engineer,  was  born  at  Holbeach, 
in  Lincolnshire,  in  173.).  He  greatly  dis- 
tinguislied  liimself  at  the  taking  of  tlie  Ha- 
vaunah,  and  afterwards  went  to  India  as 
chief  engineer.    Died,  1780. 

WATSON,  Richakd,  a  celebrated  English 
prelate,  was  born  in  1737,  at  Heversham,  in 
Westmoreland  ;  became  a  sizar,  and  after- 
wards a  fellow,  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;    was   chosen,  in   17(54,   professor    of 
clieniistry  ;  an<l  in  1771  he  succeeded  to  that 
of  divinity.    He  early  distinguished  himself 
by  a  display  of  his  political  opinions,  in  a 
sermon  preached  before  the  university,  which 
I  was  printed  under  the  title  of  the  "Prin- 
ciples of  the  Revolution  vindicated,"  and 
I  excited  an  unusual  degree  of  public  attention, 
i  In  177<!  he  printed  "  An  Apology  for  Chris- 
'  tianity,"  wliich  he  addressed  to  Gibbon.     In 
I  1782  he  was  advanced   to  the   bisliopric  of 
LlandalT,  with  permission  to  hold  the  arch- 
I  deaconry  of  El^',  lus  professorship,  and  otlier 
ecclesiastical  preferments.    On  tlus  promo- 
i  tion,  he  published  a  letter  to  the  Archbishop 
I  of  Canterbury,  containing  a  plan  for  eqnal- 
I  ising  chnrcli  revenues.    In  179G  the  bishop 
1  appeared  a  second  time  as  the  defender  of 
1  revealed  religicm,  in  his  "  Apology  for  the 
Bible,"   designed  as  an  answer  to  Paine's 
!  Age  of  Reason.    He  was  also  the  antlior  of 
I  "Chemical    Essays,"   5   vols.;    "Sermons," 
:  and  "  Theological  Essays."    Died,  181(i. 
j      WATSON,    RoBKRT,    an    historian,    was 
born  at  St.  Andrew's  in  Scotland,  in  17.50. 
He  obtained  the  professorship  of  logic,  rhe- 
toric,   and    belies  lettres    at  St.   Andrew's, 
I  where  he  also  became  principal  of  the  uni- 
j  versity,  and  died  in  1780.     Dr.  Watson  wrote 
[  "The  History  of  Philip  11.;"  and  commenced 
that  of  Philip  III.,  which  was  completed  and 
I  published,  for  the  benettt  of  his  family,  by 
j  Dr.  Thomson. 

WATSON,    Sir    William,    a    physician, 

born  in  London,  in  1715,  was  distinguished 

I  for  his    knowledge   of   natural    philosophy 

and    his  discoveries    in    electricity.      Died, 

1787. 

WATT,  James,  a  celebrated  natural  phi- 
losopher and  civil  engineer,  was  born  at 
Greenock,  in  Scotland,  in  173{),  and  began 
life  as  a  mathematical  instrument  maker ; 
in  which  capacity  he  was  employed  by  the 
university  of  Glasgow,  and  he  subsequently 
established  himself  in  that  city.  But  he 
soon  turned  his  attention  to  the  steam-en- 
gine, in  which  he  made  the  most  important 
improvements,  He  subsequently  entered 
almost  wholly  upon  the  business  of  a  civil 


engineer,  particularly  in  planning  and  sur- 
veying canals ;  to  aid  him  in  which,  he  in- 
vented a  new  micrometer,  and  a  machine 
for  drawing  in  perspective.  In  1774  he  re- 
moved from  Glasgow  to  Soho,  near  Bir- 
mingham, where  he  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Mr.  Boulton,  in  the  business  of 
constructing  steam-engines,  which  they  car- 
ried to  the  height  of  perfection.  After  having 
given  ample  proofs  of  great  mental  endow- 
ments, Mr.  Watt  retired  from  business  with 
a  handsome  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to 
enjoy  the  evening  of  a  well-spent  life  with  [ 
ease  and  comfort,  in  the  bosom  of  his  family. 
Died,  1819. 

WATT,  Robert,  a  physician  and  biblio- 
grapher, was  born  in  1774,  in  Ayrshire  ;  be- 
came president  of  the  faculty  of  physicians  ' 
and  surgeons  at  Glasgow,  and  died  there,  in 
1819.  He  compiled  the  "Bibliotheca  Bri- 
tannica,"  and  some  medical  treatises.  | 

WATTE  AU,  ANTOijr«,  an  eminent  French  I 
painter,  was  born  in  1C84,  at  Valenciennes,  j 
He  commenced  as  a  scene  painter  at  Paris, 
but  his  admirable  genius  soon  raised  him 
above  that  humble  occupation  ;  and  having 
produced  a  picture  which  gained  the  prize 
at  the  academy,  his  ardour  for  the  art  in- 
creased, and  he  speedily  rose  to  fame.  Died, 
1721. 

WATTS,  Dr.  Isaac,  a  celebrated  dissent- 
ing divine  of  the  independent  persuasion, 
eminently  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
piety,  was  bom  at  Southampton,  in  1674, 
and  educated  at  the  free  school  there,  and 
next  at  an  academy  near  London,     He  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Chauncey  as  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation in  the  metropolis  ;  but  nearly  the  j 
last  40  years  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  i 
family  of  his  friend.  Sir  Thomas  Abney,  at  ! 
Stoke  Newington.     Among  his  works,  most  | 
of  which  still  maintain  their  original  popu-  \ 
larity,  are  "Psalms  and  Hymns,"  a  treatise  \ 
on  "  Logic,"  and  his  "  Improvement  of  the  | 
Mind."     Died,  1748. 

WAYNFLETE,  William,  a  munificent 
prelate  of  the  loth  century,  whose  real  name  j 
was  Piitteii,  was  born  at  Wainfleet,  in  Lin- 
colnshire ;  and  was  educated  at  Winchester  ! 
School,  and  at  Oxford.     He  was  made  pro-  | 
vost  of  Eton,  in  1442  ;  bishop  of  Winchester, 
in  1447  ;  and  lord  chancellor,  in  14.5(5.    Died,  | 
1480.     He  was  the  founder  of  Magdalen  Col-  I 
lege,  Oxford,  and  of  a  free  school  at  his  | 
native  place.  | 

WEBIJ,  Philip  Carteret,  a  very  distin- 
guished English  antiquary  and  law-writer,  j 
Born,  170«  ;  died,  1770.  | 

WEBBE,  Samukl,  an  eminent  English  mu-  | 
sician,  particularly  celebrated  for  his  glees,  j 
was  born  in  1740,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  i 
cabinet  maker,  but  he  abandoned  his  trade, 
and  gained  a  subsistence  by  copying  music.  ' 
By  study  and   perseverance  he  became  an 
excellent  composer,  and  also  acquired  several 
languages.    Died,  1810.     His  glees  and  part  i 
songs  lorm  three  volumes,  and  are  much 
admired. 

WEBBER,  JoHjr,  an  artist,  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1751,  who  in  Cook's  last  voyage  was 
appointed  draughtsman  to  the  expedition. 
Died,  1703. 

WEBER,  Cakl  Maria  vox,  one  of  the 
most  eminent   of  modern   composers,  was 


webJ 


^  iietu  Huiljertfal  SBwampf)!). 


[WEL 


bom  in  17SC),  at  Eutin,  in  Holstein,  and  was 
liberally  educated.  He  made  professional 
tours  throngli  various  parts  of  Germany, 
and  was  successively  chapel-master  at  Bres- 
lau  and  at  Carlsrulie,  and  comluctor  of  the 
opera  at  Prague.  In  1816  he  accepted  an 
invitation  to  form  a  German  opera  at  Dres- 
den, and  was  appointed  direct«>r  of  niusic  to 
the  court.  llis  "  Der  Freischutz"  was 
brought  out  in  1821  at  Berlin,  and  rapidly 
attained  a  high  degree  of  popularity  through- 
out Europe.  He  visited  I^ondon  in  182i}, 
and  produced  the  opera  of  "Oberon  »"  but 
Itis  healtii  was  greatly  impaired,  and  he 
died  on  the  .")th  of  June, 
r  WEBER,  Hknry  Wii.mam,  an  archao- 
logist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  in 
1783,  at  St.  Petersburgh,  of  German  parents  ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  at  Jena  ; 
settled  in  Scotland,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  literary  pursuits,  and  died  in  1818.  Among 
his  publications  are,  "  Metrical  Romances  of 
the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth 
Centuries,"  "  The  Battle  of  Flodden  Field," 
a  poem,  &c. 

WEBSTER,  Noah,  LL.I>.,  a  very  emi- 
nent and  useful  American  author,  was  born 
in  West  Hartford,  United  States.  His  an- 
cestor, John  Webster,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
English  settlers  in  Hartford,  and  was  sub- 
sequently governor  of  Connecticut.  Noah, 
his  father,  and  two  more  Websters,  were  in 
the  army  on  tlie  occasion  of  Burgoyne's 
expedition  to  Canada.  Restored  to  more 
peaceful  pursuits,  he  continue<l  his  studies, 
and  in  1781  was  called  to  the  bar.  Though 
he  had  considerable  professional  employ- 
ment, his  active  mind  could  not  be  sathsfled 
without  diffusing  some  portion  of  its  ener- 
gies through  the  medium  of  the  press,  and 
ne  published  the  "First  Part  of  a  Gram- 
matical Institute,"  "  Sketches  of  American 
I  Policy,"  and  several  other  works,  and  also 
I  established  and  conducted  a  daily  paper  in 
New  York.  But  all  these  labours  are  com- 
paratively insignificant  when  contrasted 
with  his  elaborate  English  Dictionary,  which, 
notwithstanding  it  contains  some  very  se- 
rious mistakes  on  the  subjects  of  etymology 
and  the  analogy  of  languages,  is  a  stupen- 
dous monument  of  ability  and  industry. 
Died,  Mav  28.  184.S  ;  aged  85. 

WEBSTER,  Thomas,  professor  of  geology 
in  the  London  University,  was  a  native  of 
the  Orkneys,  and  educated  as  an  architect. 
Having  become  acquainted  with  Count 
Ilumford,  whom  he  assisted  in  his  researches 
into  the  principles  of  domestic  economy, 
he  abandoned  his  original  profession,  and 
engaged  in  philosophical  pursuits.  His 
favourite  study  was  geology  ;  and  a  paper 
on  the  "  Freshwater  Beds"  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  which  appeared  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Geological  Society,  in  1814, 
not  only  brought  him  into  notice  in  that 
department  of  science,  but  obtained  for 
him,  in  the  first  instance,  the  offices  of 
keeper  of  the  society's  museum  and  drafts- 
man, and,  subsequently,  house-secretary 
and  curator.  His  last  literary  occupation 
was  the  "  Encyclopaidia  of  Domestic  Eco- 
nomy "  (published  by  Longman  and  Co.). 
Died,  Dec.  2«!.  1844,  aged  71. 
WEDGWOOD,     JosiAU,    an    ingenious 


improver  of  the  English  pottery  manufac- 
ture, was  born  near  Newcastle-under-Line, 
in  1730,  and  died  in  1705.  He  not  only 
exercised  his  ingenuity  very  beneficially 
in  his  particular  trade,  but  he  was  versed 
in  several  branches  of  natural  philosophy, 
invented  the  pyrometer,  and  was  the  pro- 
jector of  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal.  He 
was  public-spirited,  enterprising,  and  bene- 
volent. 

WEEVER,  Joiix,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  a  native  of  Lancashire,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  published  a  work  of  great 
curiosity  and  value,  entitled  "Funeral  Mo- 
numents," and  died  about  16.32. 

WEIGEL,  Chimstiax  EnREXFniED,  a 
German  physician  of  the  18th  century,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  chemical  and  botanical 
knowledge.  He  wrote  "  Observationes  Bo- 
tanicaj,"  "Flora  Pomerano-Rugica,"  &c. 

WEIGEL,  EnKAKD,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  of  the  17th  cen- 
tupsr.     Died.  1690. 

WEIMAR,  Anne  Amelia,  Duchess  of, 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  was  '< 
born  in  1700,  and  was  distinguished  by  her  ! 
talents,  and  the  patronage  she  afforded  to 
literature  and  the  arts.  The  ruin  of  her  I 
family  and  other  miseries,  produced  by  the  ' 
French  invasion  of  Germany,  clouded  her  | 
latter  davs.     Siie  died  in  1807'. 

WEINBRENNER,  Fredkric,    an    emi-  | 
Bent  German  architect,  born  at  Carlsrulie,  i 
in  1766.     After  studying  in  Italy,   and  tra- 
A'clling  over  the  Continent  for  the  purpose 
of  examining  works  of  art,  he  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  founded  an  institution 
for  the  study  of  painting,  modelling,  poetry,  i 
the  fine  arts,  and   archaeology  ;    and  from  ' 
this  school  issued  many  distinguished  artists. 
He  erected  several  splendid  edifices  at  Carls- 
rulie, Leipsic,  and  other  places,  and  wrote 
treatises   on  diilercnt  branches  of  science.  ( 
Died.  182R.  | 

WEISSE,  Christian  Feli.y,  a  German 
poet  and  dramatist,  born  at  Annaberg,  in 
Saxony,  in  1726.  He  wrote  the  "Children's 
Friend,"  and  many  other  poi)iilar  works  for  , 
the  amusement  and  instruction  of  youth  ; 
besides  songs,  dramas,  and  poems.  Died,  j 
1804.  I 

WELD,  Thomas,    an  English    cardinal, 
was  born  in  1773,  at  Lulworth  Castle,  Dor-  I 
8et:5hire,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas  | 
Weld,  esq.,  founder  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
College  at  Stoneyhurst,  in  l,ancasliire.     He  : 
succeeded  to  his  ancestral  estates  in  1810  ;  ! 
but,  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1815,  he 
took  orders,  and  was  some  years  afterwards  j 
consecrated    coadjutor  bishop    of    Canada.  > 
Being  in  Italv  with  his  daughter.  Lady  de 
Clifford,  in  1829,  pope  Pius  VIII.  elevated 
him  to  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal.    For  many 
years  previous  he  had  devoted  the  whole  of 
his  time,  and  a  great  part  of  his  fortune,  to  j 
pious  and  charitable  purposes  ;  and  he  now  i 
relinquished     his    estates    to     his    brother,  I 
Joseph  Weld,  esq.,  who,  in   1830,   received  i 
Charles  X.  of  France,  and  his  family,  as  | 
guests  at  Lulworth  Castle,  previous  to  tlieir  ! 
removal  to  Holyrood  House.    He  died,  April  j 
10.  1837. 

WELLESLEY,  Richard  Colley,  Mar-  ! 
quis,    a  distinguished  nobleman,   who    for  I 


wel] 


^  ^ftu  mntbnM  3St0srajp]^M. 


[wel 


more  than  half  a  century  ranked    among 
the  very  first  of  British  statesmen   and  di- 
plomatists, was  the  eldest  child  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Mornington,  and   a  native  of  Ire- 
land, being  bom  in  Dublin,  in  Jnne,  1760. 
At  an  early   age  lie  was  placed  at  Eton, 
and  in  due  time  transferred  to  Oxford  ;  and 
it  appears  that  at  both  those  great  seats  of 
learning  his  superior  classical  attainments 
not  only  attracted  the  notice  of  his  contem- 
poraries, but  far  excelled  the  generality  of 
even  the  most  eminent  amongst  that  learned 
body.    Ilis  father  dying  just  before  he  at- 
tained   his  majority    in    1781,    the    yonng 
I  Earl  of  Mominjrton   took   his  seat  in   the 
Irish  House  of  Peers  ;  but  it  was  not  till 
!  after  his  entrance  into  the  British  House  of 
j  Commons  (first  as  member  for   Beeralston, 
and  subsequently  for  New  Windsor)  that  his 
I  statesman -like  qualities  could  find  ample 
:  room  for  their  development.   He  was  created 
a  Britisli  privy  councillor  in  1793  ;  and  in 
1797  he  succeeded  Lord  Cornwallis  in  the 
government  of  India,  having  been,  at  the 
same  time,  raised  to  the  British  peerage  by 
the   title  of  Baron   Wellesley,   in  right   of 
which  he  continued  to  sit  in  the  House  of 
I  Lords.      Accompanied    by    his    illustrious 
brother.  Colonel  Wellesley,  afterwards  Duke 
of  Wellington,  he  arrived  at  a  most  critical 
j  period  for  the  safety  of  our  Eastern  empire, 
i  to  take  the    supreme    command.      Buona- 
parte   had    accomplished    the  conquest  of 
Egypt,  and  was   supposed  to  meditate   an 
attack  upon   our  Indian  possessions.    The 
spirit    of    Tippoo    Saib,    sovereign    of   the 
Mysore,    rankled    under    his    losses  ;    and 
emissaries    from    the    French    government 
!  encouraged   him  in  his  secret  plans  for  the 
j  recovery  of  the  district  of  Coimbatoor  and 
the  hill  fortresses  which  he  had  been  com- 
!  pelled  to  surrender.    The  first  step  taken 
[  by  his  lordship  was  to  secure  and  fortify  the 
I  island  of  Perim,  which  commands  the  en- 
i  trance  to  the   Straits  of  Babelmandeb  ;  the 
next  was  to  negotiate  with  Tippoo  for  the 
;  purpose   of  inducing  liim   to  abstain  from 
I  intercourse  with  the  French.    The  sultan, 
1  however,  entertained    a   strong    conviction 
!  that  his  true  interests  would  be  promoted 
by  an  alliance  with  the  Directory  of  France. 
This  being  evident  to  the  governor-general, 
he  determined  to  strike  an  immediate  blow, 
and  the   army,  under  General  (afterwards 
Lord)  Harris,  was  ordered  to  invest  Serin- 
gapatam.    Tlie  siege  lasted  a  month,    the 
]  town  was  taken  by  assault,  the  sultan  slain, 
i  and  his  dominions  partitioned.    The  gover- 
nor-general was  immediately  raised  a  step 
in  the  Irisli  peerage,  when  he  received  the 
title  of  Marquis  Wellesley.    Following  up 
the  energetic  measures  he  had  so  success- 
fully commenced,   we  soon  find  the  noble 
marquis    engaged    in    making  a  viceregal 
progress  through    the    northern    provinces 
of  India,  visiting  the  native    princes,  re- 
dressing   grievances,    and    laying    upon   a 
broad   basis  the  foundations  of    that  vast 
and  mighty  empire  which  has   ever  since 
been  the  admiration  and  envy  of  the  world. 
We,    of    course,    pass    over    the    various 
j  achievements  by  which,  under  the  gover- 
'  nor-general's  direction,  his  illustrious  bro- 
ther and  other    British    commanders  suc- 


ceeded in  bringing  to  a  successful  termina- 
tion the  desperate  wars  in  wliich  they  were 
engaged.      At  length,  in  1805,  he  was,  at 
his  own  request,  recalled  from  the  govern- 
ment in  India  ;   the  East  Ihdia   Company 
having,  in   the  course  of  his  wise  admini- 
stration, and  by  the  policy  of  his  financial 
plans,  raised  their  revenue  from  seven  mil- 
lions to  upwards  of  fifteen  millions  annually. 
On  his  return  the  ministers  of  the  crown,  as 
well  as  the  East  India  Company,  expressed 
the  deep  sense  they  entertained  of  his  splen- 
did services ;  but  as  there  were  many  who 
thought  his  administration  had  been  need- 
lessly expensive,  and  that  his  conduct  was, 
in    some    instances,    unjust   to  the   native 
princes,  articles  of  impeachment  were  pre- 
sented against  him  by  Mr.  Paull,  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons  :  they  were,  how- 
ever, soon  withdrawn,  and  a  vote  obtained 
in   his  favour.      In   1809  his  lordsliip  was 
appointed  ambassador  to  the  supreme  central 
jimta  of  Spain  ;  but  dissensions  in  the  British 
cabinet,  and  the  fact  that  on  the  Peninsula 
military  services  were  more  required  than 
diplomatic  negotiations,  caused  his  speedy 
return.     On  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land, the  Perceval  government  was  formed, 
and  the  Marquis  Wellesley  was  prevailed 
upon  to  accept  the  office  of  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs.     This  he  held  from  Dec. 
1809,  till  Jan.  1812  ;    but  diff'ering  from  his 
colleagues  on  the  Roman  Catholic  claims, 
and  on  other  material  points,  he  withdrew 
from  the  government.     On  the  formation  of 
Lord  I-iverpool's   administration,  after  Mr. 
Perceval  had  been  assassinated.,  his  lordship 
remained  in  opposition  ;  during  which  time 
he  repeatedly  called  the  attention  of  parlia-  j 
merit  to  the  situation  in  which  his  illustrious 
brother  was  placed  in   the  Peninsula.    He  1 
described  the  conduct  of  the   Spanish   go-  \ 
vernment  as  feeble,  irrcgtilar,   and   ill-di-  j 
reeled  ;  while  he  depicted  the  system  adop-  j 
ed  by  the  British  ministers  as  "  timid  with-  | 
out  prudence,  and  narrow  without  economy 
—  profuse  without  the  fruits  of  expenditure, 
and  slow  without  the  benefits  of  caution."  j 
In    December,    1821,    Lord   Wellesley  was  ' 
appointed    lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,    Sir 
Robert    Peel    being    the    home    secretary,  j 
This,  while    it    raised    the    hopes    of    the  ' 
Roman  Catholics,  naturally  disappointed  the 
Protestants  ;  and  his  arrival  was  converted 
into  a  signal  for  the  renewed  jealousy  and 
rancour  of  both  parties.     His  duties  were,  I 
consequently,  most  arduous  ;  and  it  is  but 
bare  justice  to  say,  that  throughout  his  vice-  i 
regal  career  he  e\'inced  great  wisdom,  discre-  ! 
tion,  and    impartiality.      His    brother  the 
duke  having  come   into  power,  the  noble 
marquis,  in  1828,  resigned  his  post,  and  con-  ; 
tinned  oiit  of  office  till  Lord  Grey  took  the  \ 
head  of   the    government,  when  a  second  | 
time,  in  1833,  he  was  appointed  to  the  lord-  I 
lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  having  for  a  short  , 
time   previously  filled  the    office  of   lord- 
steward.    During  the  administration  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  1834-.?,  Lord  Wellesley  held  no 
official  appointment  ;  but  on  the  formation 
of  the  second  Melbourne  ministry,  in  April 
183.5,  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  lord- 
chamberlain.     His  lordship,    however,  re- 
signed it  in  the  course  of  the  same  year  and  , 


wel] 


Sr  ^tln  Bnibtr^Kl  38iogrfltiTji». 


[WES 


never  afterwards  filled  any  public  employ- 
ment. He  had  at  that  period  attained  the 
very  advanced  age  of  77,  his  health  began 
to  decline,  and  he  thought  the  time  had  at 
length  arrived  for  that  season  of  repose 
which  it  is  so  desirable  should  intervene 
between  the  cessation  of  active  pursuits  and 
the  close  of  human  existence.  His  death 
took  1)1  ace  on  tlie  2(!th  of  September,  1842,  his 
lordship  being  in  the  83rd  year  of  his  age. 
He  had  been  the  subject  of  five  successive 
sovereigns  —  namclv,  George  II.,  George 
III.,  George  IV.,  William  IV.,  and  Victoria. 
His  father,  as  before  observed,  died  in  1781, 
but  his  motlier  survived  her  husband  during 
the  long  period  of  half  a  centuiy.  Slie  died 
in  18.'il,  at  the  advanced  age  of  89  jears. 
She  lived  to  see  four  of  her  sons  attain  to 
seats  in  the  House  of  Lords  by  means  of 
their  own  unaided  merits,  and  in  reward  of 
public  services  never  surpassed  by  any  set  of 
men,  and  certainly  never  equalled  by  the 
members  of  an  individual  family. 

WEIiLS,  EuwAitD,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  Corsham,  in  Wiltshire,  about  1G.5.'>, 
and  died  in  1730.  lie  published  a  valuable 
work  on  the  "Geography  of  the  Old  and 
I  New  Testament,"  2  vols.  ;  a  "  Course  of 
Mathematics  for  Young  Gentlemen,"  3  vols.; 
and  some  other  works. 

WELSTED,  LEONArn,  an  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Born, 
1689  ;  died,  1749. 

WELLWOOD,  Sir  Uexry  Moxcreiff, 
bart.,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  was 
born  at  Blackford,  near  Stirling,  in  1750. 
He  was  inducted  at  St.  Cuthbert's,  Edin- 
burgh, in  1775,  and  took  an  a«tive  part  in 
the  government  of  the  Scottish  churcli,  of 
which  he  was  an  able  and  zealous  pastor. 
Died.  1827. 

WELL  WOOD,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, was  born  near  Edinburgh,  in  1652, 
and  died  in  1716.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Memoirs  of  English  Affairs  from  1588  to 
the  Revolution." 

WERKMEISTER,  Andrews,  an  emi- 
nent German  composer,  and  writer  on 
music  ;  author  of  "Mnsicaa  Matliematicae," 
"  Ilarmonologia  Musica,"  &c.  Born,  1645  ; 
died.  1706. 

WERNER,  AuRAnAM  Gottmeb,  a  cele- 
brated German  mineralogist,  born  in  Upper 
Lusatia,  in  1750.  His  treatise,  "  On  the  ex- 
ternal Characteristics  of  Fossils,"  procured 
him  tlie  professorship  of  mineralogy  at 
Freyburg,  where  his  lectures  on  geology  and 
mineralogy  were  attended  by  students  from 
various  parts  of  Europe.  He  was  also  keeper 
of  the  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  mines  in  Saxony.  His  cabinet 
of  minerals,  consisting  of  100,000  specimens, 
and  which  was  unrivalled  for  completeness 
and  arrangement,  he  sold  for  40,000  crowns, 
reserving  tlie  interest  of  33,000  to  revert,  at 
the  death  of  his  sister,  to  the  Mineralogical 
Academy  of  Freyburg.  To  him  the  science 
is  highly  indebted  for  its  systematic  arrange- 
ment ;  and  he  may,  in  fact,  be  considered 
the  Linnaaus  of  mineralogy.    Died,  1817. 

WERNER,  Fkedekic  Ludwio  Zacha- 
RiAS,  a  German  dramatist,  born  at  Konigs- 
berg,  in  1708,  and  studied  philosophy  under 
Kant,    In  1801  he  published,  at  Berlin, "  The 

869 


Sons  of  the  Valley,"  which  was  followed  by 
"The  Templars  in  Cyprus"  and  "The 
Brethren  of  the  Cross."  He  was  very  ec- 
centric in  his  thoughts  and  habits,  and 
occupied  himself  with  many  romantic  pro- 
jects. At  length,  in  1811,  he  embraced  tlie 
Catholic  faith,  studied  theology,  and  was 
ordained  a  priest.  He  wrote  several  tra- 
gedies and  religious  pieces,  and  died  in  1823. 

WERNER,  Jostrn,  an  eminent  Swiss 
painter,  especially  excelling  in  miniature. 
Born,  ICW;  died,  1710. 

\\ERNER,  Paul  de,  a  celebrated  Prui- 
sian  general,  bom  in  1707.  He  displayed 
great  bravery  at  the  head  of  his  troops  at 
the  battles  of  Prague,  Kollin,  Breslau,  &c., 
and,  in  1759,  he  drove  General  de  Ville  out 
of  Silesia,  and  raised  the  siege  of  Colberg. 
He  was  alterwards  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Russians,  and  the  most  advantageous  offers 
were  made  him  by  the  czar  Peter  III.  to 
induce  him  to  enter  into  his  service,  but  he 
rejected  them,  and,  returning  to  Prussia, 
was  again  successfully  emi)loy ed  in  liis  coun- 
try's service  ;  and  died  in  1785. 

WESLEY,  Samiel,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  in  16()2,  at  Whitchurch,  in  Dorset- 
shire ;  was  admitted  a  servitor  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  ;  and,  on  taking  orders, 
obtained  the  living  of  South  Ormesby,  in 
Lincolnshire,  and  afterwards  the  rectories 
of  Epworth  and  Wroote.  He  wrote  a  vo- 
lume of  poems,  entitled  "Maggots,"  "The 
Life  of  Christ,"  an  heroic  poem  ;  "The 
History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  in 
verse,"  3  vols.  &c.    Died,  1735. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  eldest  son  of  tlie 
preceding,  was  born  at  Epworth,  about 
1692 :  was  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christchurch,  Oxford  ;  became  usher  in 
Westminster  School,  and  in  1732  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  the  grammar-school  at 
Tiverton,  where  he  died  in  1739.  He  was  a 
rigid  high-churchman,  and  wholly  disap- 
proved of  the  conduct  of  his  brothers  John 
and  Charles.  He  was  the  author  of  "The 
Battle  of  the  Sexes,''  and  other  poems. 

WESLEY,  John,  son  of  Samuel  Wesley 
the  elder,  was  born  at  Epworth,  in  1703. 
In  1730,  while  at  Oxford,  he  and  his  bro- 
ther, with  a  few  other  students,  formed 
themselves  into  a  small  society  for  the  pur- 
pose of  mutual  edification  in  religious  ex- 
ercises. So  singular  an  association  excited 
considerable  noticCf  and,  among  other  names 
bestowed  upon  the  members,  that  of  Me- 
thodists was  ai)plied  to  them.  Mr.  Wesiey, 
with  some  others,  went  to  Georgia,  in 
America,  in  1735,  with  a  view  of  con- 
verting the  Indians.  After  a  stay  there  of 
two  years,  he  returned  to  England,  com- 
menced itinerant  preacher,  and  gathered 
many  followers.  The  churches  being  shut 
against  him,  he  built  spacious  meeting- 
houses in  London,  Bristol,  and  other  places. 
For  some  time  he  was  united  with  Mr. 
Whitfield  ;  but  ditferences  arising,  on  ac- 
count of  the  doctrine  of  election,  they  se- 
parated, and  the  Methodists  were  denomi- 
nated according  to  their  respective  leaders. 
Mr.  Wesley  was  indefatigable  in  his  la- 
bours, and  almost  continually  engaged  in 
travelling  over  England,  Wales,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland.    His  society,  though  consist- 


WES] 


^  |5cSm  ^aitiljcr^al  3Bt0sraj)Ijii. 


[WES 


ing  of  many  thousands,  was  well  organised, 
and  he  preserved  liis  influence  over  it  to 
the  last.  He  published  some  volumes  of 
hymns,  numerous  sermons,  political  tracts, 
and  controversial  treatises.  In  Wesley's 
countenance,  mildness  and  gravity  were 
pleasingly  blended,  and  in  old  age  he  ap- 
peared extremely  venerable  :  in  manners, 
he  was  social,  polite,  and  conversible  :  in 
the  pulpit,  he  was  fluent,  clear,  and  argu- 
mentative. The  approach  of  old  age  did 
not  in  the  least  abate  his  zeal  and  diligence  : 
he  was  almost  perpetually  travelling  ;  and 
his  religious  services,  setting  aside  his  lite- 
I  rary  and  controversial  labours,  were  almost 
beyond  calculation.  He  died,  March  2.  1791, 
in  the  89th  year  of  his  age. 

WESLEY,  Chari.es,  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  a  minister  also  among  the 
Methodists,  and  of  respectable  talents  as  a 
scholar  and  a  poet ;  born  1708  ;  died,  1788. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musician, 
was  the  younger  son  of  the  preceding 
Charles  Wesley,  and,  consequently,  nei)hew 
to  the  celebrated  John  Wesley,  the  founder 
of  his  sect.  The  musical  precocity  of 
Samuel  Wesley  was  astonishing.  When 
only  three  years  old  he  could  play  and  ex- 
temporise freely  on  the  organ  ;  and  he  be- 
came, by  the  time  he  had  arrived  at  man- 
hood, not  only  one  of  the  most  astonishing 
extemporaneous  players  in  Europe,  but  a 
fine  composer  and  an  excellent  classical 
scholar.  In  1787,  from  an  accidental  fall, 
which  had  nearly  proved  fatal,  Mr.  AVes- 
ley  so  seriously  injured  his  head,  that  for 
seven  years  after  he  remained  in  a  low  de- 
sponding state,  and  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life  was  subject  to  periodical  attacks 
of  nervous  irritability.  During  his  intervals 
of  health  he  prosecuted  the  science  of  music 
with  the  utmost  ardour  ;  he  composed  many 
pieces,  and  was  much  engaged  in  public 
performances  on  the  organ.  His  compo- 
sitions are  grave  and  masterly  ;  his  melodies 
sweet,  varied,  and  novel.  He  possessed  re- 
markable energy  of  mind,  with  a  simplicity 
of  character  rarely  united.  Died,  Oct.  11. 
1837,  a?ed71. 

WEST,  Bexjamix,  a  celebrated  painter, 
was  bom  in  1738,  near  Springfield,  in 
Pennsylvania,  of  Quaker  parents.  After 
exercising  his  pencil  in  diflferent  parts  of 
America,  he  went  to  Italy  in  17<iO,  and 
came  to  England  in  1763.  One  of  his  ear- 
liest friends  was  Dr.  Drummond,  archbi- 
shop of  York,  who  introduced  the  young 
American  artist  to  George  III.,  by  whose 
order  he  executed  his  picture  of  "  The 
Departure  of  Regulus  from  Rome,"  and 
Whose  patronage  he  enjoyed  above  40  years. 
On  the  death  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  in 
1791,  Mr.  West  was  elected  president  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  which  chair  he  enjoyed, 
with  the  exception  of  a  short  interval,  till 
his  death,  in  1820.  His  "  Death  of  General 
Wolfe"  was  among  the  first  of  his  produc- 
tions that  attracted  public  notice  ;  and 
among  his  last  and  best  were,  "  Djeath  on  the 
Pale  Horse"  and  "  Christ  healing  the  Sick." 

WEST,  Gilbert,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  in  170i),  was  educated 
at  Christchurch,  Oxford.  He  obtained  the 
offices  of  clerk  to  the  privy  council,  and 

870 


treasurer  of  Chelsea  College  ;  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Poems"  and  "  Observations  on 
the  Resurrection  ;  "  and  translated  some  of 
the  Odes  of  Pindar.    Died,  1756. 

WEST,  Thomas,  a  topographical  writer, 
was  born  at  Ulverston,  in  Lancashire,  where 
he  died,  in  1779.  He  wrote  "  The  History  of 
Fumess"  and  "  A  Guide  to  the  Lakes." 

WESTALL,  RicJiAnD,  an  eminent 
draughtsman  and  designer,  born  in  1765, 
was  apprenticed  to  an  engraver  in  heraldry 
on  silver,  &c.;  but  his  genius  soared  higher 
than  this  humble  department  of  the  arts, 
and  having  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
in  1786  he  commenced  his  splendid  career, 
imparting  to  his  water-colour  paintings  a 
brilliance  and  vigour  before  unknown. 
About  this  time  he  formed  a  friendly  inter- 
course with  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Thomas) 
Lawrence,  which  continued  through  life. 
Mr.  Westall  produced  many  excellent  his- 
torical paintings  ;  but  he  is  best  known  as 
the  designer  of  Boydell's  superb  editions  of 
Milton  and  Shakspeare,  and  as  the  illus- 
trator of  numerous  other  works.  From  the 
great  facility  with  which  his  ready  talent 
enabled  him  to  produce  book  designs,  he 
was  led  into  a  greater  degree  of  mannerism 
than  any  of  his  contemporaries  -,  but  still  he 
produced  many  beautiful  specimens  of  his 
superior  taste  and  judgment.  Like  his 
friend  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  he  was  fa- 
voured by  royal  patronage,  his  last  occupa- 
tion being,  in  giving  her  present  majesty 
(then  Princess  Victoria)  lessons  in  drawing 
and  painting.  He  died,  aged  71,  Dec.  4. 
1836. 

WESTALL,  William,  a  younger  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  like  him  an  eminent 
artist,  was  born   in  1782.    In  early  life  he 
accompanied  Captain  Flinders  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world,  on  his  return  from  which 
he  illustrated  Captain  Flinders'  work,  and 
opened  an  exhibition  in  Brook  Street,  con- 
sisting of  representations  of  the  chief  objects 
he  had  witnessed  when  abroad.  In  1813  he  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
"  Though  little  celebrated,"  says  a  contempo- 
rary, "for  his  oil  pictures,  he  had  a  pleasant 
feeling  for  landscajje  nature,  lake  scenery  | 
more  especially."    He  worked  largely  for  i 
booksellers ;  and  many  volumes,  for  which  I 
he  supplied  matter  of  fact  illustrations  from  1 
his  own  drawings,  as  well  as  from  the  slight  ] 
sketches  of  artists  and  amateurs,  evince  his  j 
skill,  and  the  taste  and  readiness  with  which  I 
he  worked.     Among  other  works  which  he  ' 
published  may  be  mentioned,  "  A  Series  of 
Views  of  Picturesque  and  Romantic  Scenery 
in  Madeira,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,"  &c. 
fol.   1811-14;     "Views  of   the  Caves  near 
Ingleton,    &c.     in    Yorkshire,"     fol.     1818 ;  | 
"Britannia  delineata,"  "Views  in  London 
and  its  Environs,"  1825  ;  "  Picturesque  Tour 
of  the  Thames,"  &e.    Died,  Jan.  22.  1850.        I 

WESTON,  Stephen,  an  eminent  classical  j 
scholar  and  orientalist,  was  born  at  Exeter,  j 
in  1747  ;  educated  at  Eton,  and  Exeter  Col-  i 
lege,  Oxford ;  obtained  the  living  of  Man-  j 
head,  Devon,  in  1777  ;  but  resigned  his  eccle-  | 
siastical  preferment  in  1790,  and  thenceforth 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  | 
We  can  here  find  space  for  the  enumeration  j 
of  only  a  few  of  his  works ;  among  which 


may  be  mentioned,  "  A  Specimen  of  the 
Conformity  of  tlie  European  Languages,  par- 
ticularly the  English  with  the  Oriental  Lan- 
guages,^' "  Letters  from  Pari?,"  2  vols.,  "  Spe- 
cimen of  a  Chinese  Dictionary,"  besides 
various  translations  from  the  Chinese  and 
Persian,  in  prose  and  poetry  ;  sermons, 
tales,  and  works  relative  to  philology, 
divinity,  and  antiquities.    Died,  1830. 

WESTON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  comic 
actor,  who  performed  at  the  Ilaymarket  and 
Covent  (iarden  Theatres.  In  "  Jerry  Sneak," 
"  Abel  Drugger,"  and  characters  of  a  similar 
stamp,  he  was  very  successful ;  but  he  ruined 
his  health  and  prospects  by  dissipation,  and 
died  in  distress,  in  ]77(). 

WESTON,  William,  rector  of  Campden, 
in  Gloucestershire,  where  he  died  in  17G0, 
was  the  author  of  two  very  learned  works, 
one  entitled,  "  An  Enquiry  into  the  Rejec- 
tion of  the  Christian  Miracles  by  the 
Heathens  ;"  the  other,  "  Dissertations  on 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  Wonders  of 
Antiquity." 

WETSTEIN,  John  James,  a  learned  the- 
ologian, was  born  in  1693,  at  Basle  (where 
several  others  of  his  family  also  distin- 
guished themselves  by  their  acquirements). 
He  devoted  himself,  with  great  ardour  and 
perseverance,  to  the  restoration  of  the  purity 
of  the  text  of  the  New  Testament  ;  and, 
after  collating  the  various  Greek  manu- 
scripts wliich  lie  met  with  in  his  travels  and 
researches,  came  to  the  conclusion,  "  that  a 
variety  of  readings  were  no  objection  to  the 
general  authenticity  of  the  text."  In  sup- 
port of  this  opinion,  he  publishe<l  his  "  Pro- 
legomena ad  Nov.  Test.  Grseci  editionem  ac- 
curatissimam  &  vetustissimis  Codd.  MSS. 
denuo  procurandam."     Died,  1754. 

WETHERELL,  Sir  Charles,  a  distin- 
guished chancery  lawyer,  was  the  son  of  the 
learned   Dean   of  Hereford,  who  for  more 
than  half  a  century  was  master  of  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford.    He  was  born  in  1770, 
received  his  education  at  Magdalen  College, 
and    in    1794  was  called  to  the    bar.    For 
many  years  he  practised,  though  but  with 
moderate  success,  at  the  common  law  bar  ; 
i  and  he  resolved  on  quitting  the  courts  of 
king's  bench  and  common  pleas  soon  after 
Lord  Eldon  received  the  great  seal.    In  1818 
Mr.  Wetherell  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament 
as  member  for  Shaftesbury  ;  and  though  lie 
displayed  much  talent  and  energy  in  debate, 
i  "  his  slovenly  attire,  uncoutii  gestures,  patch- 
work   phraseology,     fanciful     illustrations, 
'  odd  theories,  recondite  allusions,    and  old 
I  fashioned  jokes,  tempted  men  to  call  him  a 
j  buffoon  when  they  ought  to  have  admired 
his  ingenuity,  reverenced  his  learning,  and 
honoured  his  consistency."    From  1820  to 
I  182*)   Sir    Charles    represented    the    city  of 
Oxford  ;  subsequently  he  sat  for  Plympton  ; 
i  and  in  1830  he  was  elected  for  Boroughbridge, 
which  was  disfranchised  by  the  reform  act. 
In  1824  his  just  ambition  was  gratified  in 
j  being  appointed  solicitor-general,    and  re- 
!  ceiving  the  honour  of  knighthood.     Three 
years  afterwards    he    succeeded    Sir   John 
Copley  as  attorney-general,  but  on  Mr.  Can- 
j  ning  assuming  the  reins  of  government  he 
resigned.      He  again,  however,  came  into 
I  oflSce  in  1828,  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 


871 


but  remained  only  1.")  months,  being  inve-  | 
terately  opposed  to  Catholic  emancipation,  ! 
and  determined,  as  he  expressed  himself,  to  j 
have  no  connection  with  "  the  scarlet  indi- 
vidual whose  seat  is  on  the  seven  hills."    To  t 
the    latest    moment    of   his    parliamentary  j 
career  his  zeal  for  Protestantism   and   his  I 
opposition  to  reform  —  either  whig  or  radi-  j 
cal  —  knew    no   abatement;    and  amidst  a  ; 
torrent  of  eloquence,  learning,  drollery,  and 
enthusiasm,  he  closed  his  senatorial  life,  ex- 
claiming, "This  is  the  last  dying  speech  and 
confession  of  the  member  for  Boroughbridge." 
Sir  Charles  held   the  office  of  recorder  of 
Bristol  ;  and  it  was  expected  that  his  great 
unpopularity,  as  the  marked  opponent  of  the 
reform  bill,  would  render  him  particularly  ! 
obnoxious  in  that  city,  when  he  appeared  | 
there  to  hold  the  Michaelmas  sessions  for 
1831.    This  was  intimated  to  him,  but  he  was 
unwilling  to  shrink  from  the  discharge  of  a  j 
public  duty, and  (after  consulting  Lord  Mel- 
bourne, the  premier)  he  resolved  to  proceed  i 
to  Bristol  as  usual.     When  Sir  Charles  en- 
tered the  city,  his  carriage  was  surrounded  by  ] 
an  infuriated  mob,  who  hooted  at  and  pelted  '< 
him  with  stones  ;  a^d  it  was  with  the  utmost 
difficulty   that  he  and  the  other  corporate 
authorities  who  accomi)anicd  him  escaped 
without  sustaining  mortal  injury.    Of  the 
disgraceful   riots    and    burnings    that    took  j 
place  on  the  following  day  and  night,  it  is 
sufficient  here  to  observe,  that  the  subject 
of  this  memoir  escaped  the  deadly  peril  that  | 
was  designed  for  him,  and  continued  to  fulfil 
the  duties  of  his  office  until  his  death  in  184(}, 
aged  7(>. 

WEWITZER,  Ralph,  a  comic  actor,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  wit  and  powers  of  repartee, 
was  a  native  of  London,  and  originally  a 
jeweller ;  but  the  admirable  manner  in 
which  he  personated  Jews,  Frenchmen,  &c., 
proved  that.  In  venturing  on  the  stage,  he 
had  not  mistaken  his  forte.  He  died,  a 
pensioner  on  the  Theatrical  Fund,  in  1824, 
aged  76. 

WEYSE,  Christopher  Ernest  Frede- 
rick, a  dramatic  and  lyric  composer  of  great 
eminence,  was  born  at  Altona,  in  1774.  From 
his  relations  who  were  musical,  he  received 
instructions  from  his  very  infancy  ;  and  his 
fine  natural  capacity  was  thus  so  much  im- 
proved, that  in  1799,  when  he  was  barely  25 
years  old,  the  Allgemeine  Musikalische  Zei- 
tung,  a  very  high  musical  authority,  said  of 
him,  "  He  is  one  of  the  first  performers  on 
the  pianoforte  now  living  ;  in  his  fantasias 
he  unites  the  science  of  Bach  and  the  inex- 
haustible genius  of  Mozart ;  if  he  can  succeed 
in  reaching  the  taste  of  the  latter,  the  art 
cannot  be  carried  to  greater  perfection." 
Though  to  his  musical  studies  he  added  a 
very  diligent  and  extensive  cultivation  of 
philosophy,  astronomy,  medicine,  and  lan- 
guages, his  compositions  were  very  numerous 
and  various.  lie  composed  "Floribella" 
and  "  Kenilworth,"  two  admirable  operas; 
"An  Adventure  in  the  Garden  of  Rosen- 
berg," a  very  spirited  comic  operetta  ;  almost 
innumerable  songs,  so  popular,  that  they  are 
every  where  sung  by  the  peasantry  of  Swe- 
den, where  he  found  constant  patronage. 
But  it  was  chiefly  in  oratorios  and  other 
sacred  music  that  he  excelled  j  of  which  his 


WHA 


^  ^fix)  Winibtv^aX  ^Siotjiajpljn. 


[WHI 


"Ambi-osian  Chaunt,"  "Pentecost,"  "The 
Sacrifice  of  Jesus,"  &c.  are  excellent  speci- 
mens.    Died,  1842  ;  aged  68. 

WHALLEY,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rugby, 
in  Warwickshire,  was    born  in    1722,  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  be- 
came  head-master  of  the  grammar-school 
I  attached  to  Clirist's  Hospital,  and  was  rector 
i  of  St.  Margaret  Pattens,  London.     He  was 
I  the  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  writing  History," 
I  an  "  Inquiry  into  the  Learning  of  Sliak- 
j  speare,"  &c.    Died,  1791. 
I      WHAPtTON,  Hexkv,  an  English  divine, 
I  antiquary,  and  historian,  was  born  in  1604, 
at  Worsted,  in  Norfolk.    He  was  author  of 
"Anglia  Sacra,"  2  vols.,  and  various  other 
works. 

WHARTON,  Thomas,  Marquis  of,  was 

born    in    1640,  sat  in  several    parliaments 

j  during  the  reigns  of  Charles  and  James  IL, 

!  in  which  he  strenuously  opposed  the  court, 

j  and  at  the  Revolution  he  was  made  a  privy 

j  councillor.     Being  a  zealous  Whig,  and  a 

I  firm  supporter  of  the  Hanoverian  succession, 

he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  marquis  by 

George  I.     Died,  1715. 

WHARTON,  Philip,  Duke  of,  son  of  the 

preceding,  was  born  in  1669,  and  very  early 

!  gave  signs  of  those  talents  which  he  after- 

j  wards  displayed  in  a  manner  that  more  dis- 

!  graced  than  honoured  their  possessor.    After 

j  having,  during  his  travels,  accepted  the  title 

of  duke  from  the  Pretender,  lie  returned  to 

England,  and  evinced  the  versatility  of  his 

political    principles  by  becoming   a  warm 

championof  the  existing  government.    Hav- 

I  ing  impoverished  himself  by  extravagance, 

he  again  changed  his  politics,  and,  retiring 

to  tlie  Continent,  intrigued  with  tlie  Stuarts. 

He  died  in  indigence,  in  Spain,  1731.    His 

poems,    letters,    and   miscellaneous   pieces 

form  2  vols. 

WHEATEEY,  Chakles,  a  divine  of  the 
church  of  England,  and  author  of  a  "  Ra- 
tional Illustration  of  the  Common  Prayer." 
Died,  1742. 

AVHE  ATLE  Y,  Francis,  a  painter  of  some 
eminence,  born  in  London,  in  1747  ;  died, 
1801.  He  was  a  self-instructed  artist,  at- 
tained celebrity  as  a  portrait  painter,  and 
excelled  in  the  representation  of  rural 
scenes. 

WHELER,  or  WHEELER,  Sir  George, 

a  divine  and  traveller,  was  born  in  1650,  at 

Charing,  in  Kent ;  was  educated  at  Lincoln 

Hall,  Oxford,  travelled  into  Greece  and  Asia 

Minor,   became   a  prebendary  of   Durham, 

j  vicar  of  Basingstoke,  and  rector  of  Houghton- 

j  le-Spring,  and  died  in  1723-4.     Besides  his 

j  "  Journey  into  Greece,"  a  valuable  and  au- 

]  thentic  work,    he  wrote  "  The    Protestant 

Monastery "     and    "  An    Account    of    the 

Churches  of  the  Primitive  Christians."     He 

I  built  a  chapel  on  his  estate  in  Spitalfields, 

which  still  bears  his  name. 

WHISTON,  William,  a  learned  divine 
and  mathematician,  was  bom  at  Norton,  in 
Leicestershire,  in  1667.  He  studied  at  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  his 
college,  and  entered  into  holy  orders.  In 
1703  he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  but  having  conceived 
douDts  concerning  the  doctrine  of  the  Tri- 
j  nity,  and,  at  length,  adopted  Arian  opinions, 

672 


he  was  expelled  from  the  iniiversity  in  1710, 
and  deprived  of  his  office.  He  then  removed 
to  the  metropolis,  and  gave  lectures  on  as- 
tronomy ;  but  was  prosecuted  as  a  heretic, 
though  the  proceedings  were  ultimately  ter- 
minated by  a,n  act  of  grace  in  1715.  Being 
refused  admission  to  the  sacrament  at  his 
parish  church,  he  opened  his  own  house  for 
public  w^orship,  using  a  liturgy  of  his  own 
composition  ;  and  towards  the  close  of  his 
life  he  became  a  baptist.  Having  subse- 
quently distinguished  himself  by  an  abor- 
tive attempt  to  discover  the  longitude,  and 
by  his  professed  opinions  relative  to  an  ap- 
proaching millennium  and  the  restoration 
of  the  Jews,  he  died  in  1752.  His  principal 
works  are,  "A  New  Theory  of  the  Earth, 
from  its  Original  to  the  Consummation  of 
all  Things,"  "  Praelectiones  Astronomicse," 
"  Prailectiones  Pliysico  -  Mathematicae,  " 
"The  Works  of  Josephus, "  4  vols;  and 
"  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life,"  3  vols. 

WIIITAKER,  Edward,  ".was  bom  in 
1750;  studied  at  Christchurch  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  obtained  the  livings  of  St.  Mildred's, 
and  All  Saints,  Canterbury  ;  afterwards  kept 
an  academy  at  Egham,  in  Snrrcy  ;  and,  not 
long  before  liis  death,  he  was  very  instru- 
mental in  establishing  that  useful  institu- 
tion, the  Refuge  for  the  Destitute.  His 
principal  works  are,  "A  general  and  con- 
nected View  of  the  Prophecies,"  "  Family 
Sermons,"  3  vols.  ;  and  "  An  Abridgment  of 
Universal  History,"  2  vols.  4to. 

WIIITAKER,"  John-,  an  eminent  divine 
and  historian,  was  born  at  Manchester,  in 
1735  ;  and  died,  rector  of  Ruan  Lanyliorne, 
Cornwall,  in  1808.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "A  History  of  Mancliester," 
a  "  Vindication  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots," 
3  vols.  ;  "  The  Course  of  Hannibal  over  the 
Alps,"  2  vols.  ;  and  "  The  Origin  of  Govern- 
ment." 

WHITBREAD,  Samuel,  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  was 
the  son  of  the  eminent  brewer  in  Chiswell 
Street,  London,  and  born  in  1758.  He  re- 
presented Bedford  in  parliament  many 
years,  and  was  one  of  the  most  vigorous 
opponents  of  Mr.  Pitt.  He  also  conducted 
the  impeachment  of  Lord  Melville,  and  was 
uniformly  in  opposition  to  the  govern- 
ment. In  a  fit  of  insanity,  supposed  to  be 
occasioned  by  liis  overianxious  attention  to 
business,  and  particularly  to  the  intricate 
concerns  of  Drury  Lane  Tlieatre,  with  which 
he  was  connected,  he  destroyed  himself  in 
1815. 

WHITE,  Gilbert,  a  divine  and  natu- 
ralist, was  born  at  Selborne,  in  Hampshire, 
in  1720.  He  resided  on  his  paternal  estate 
in  his  native  village,  devoting  his  leisure  to 
literature  and  the  study  of  nature  ;  and  the 
fruit  of  his  researches  appeared  in  his  popu- 
lar work,  "  The  Natural  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  Selborne."    Died,  1703. 

WHITE,  Henry  Kikke,  a  youthful  poet 
of  great  promise,  was  born  at  Nottingham, 
in  1785,  and  from  his  infancy  manifested  an 
extraordinary  love  of  learning.  He  was  first 
placed  with  a  stocking-weaver,  from  which 
business  he  was  removed  to  the  office  of  an 
attorney,  where  he  devoted  all  his  spare 
time  to  the  acquirement  of  Latin  and  Greek  j 


wni] 


^  i^ctD  Bnibtv^Hl  3SiDgrapI)M. 


[tvhi 


and  at  length,  throngh  the  generosity  of 
Mr.  Wilberforce,  he  was  admitted  a  student 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  There 
he  applied  himself  to  his  studies  with  such 
unremitting  labour,  that  his  constitution 
sunk  under  the  effort,  and  he  died  in  18')6. 
The  "  Remains  of  Ilcury  Kirke  White,"  con- 
sisting of  poems,  letters,  and  fragments,  have 
been  edited  by  Southey. 

WHITE,  the  Rev.  IIe.vky,  a  clergyman 
of  the  church  of  England,  long  known  as 
one  of  the  most  eminent  literary  characters 
of  Lichfiehl,  and  who  in  his  younger  days 
was  the  acquaintance  and  friend  of  Miss 
Seward  and  Dr.  Johnson.    Died,  1836. 

WHITE,  Jamks,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
■was  a  native  of  Iieland,  and  was  educated 
at  the  university  of  Dublin,  lie  was  the 
author  of  "  Conway  Castle,  and  other 
Poems  ;  "  "  Earl  StronglK)w,"  a  roman(;e  ; 
"Adventures  of  John  of  Gaunt,"  3  vols.  ; 
"  Richard  Cccur  de  Lion,"  3  vols.  &c.  Died, 
1799. 

WHITE,  Jekemy,  a  Nonconformist  mi- 
nister, who  wrote  a  remarkable  hook  on  the 
"Restoration  of  all  Things,"  in  which  he 
maintained  the  doctrine  of  universal  re 
dcmption.    Died,  1707. 

WHITE,  or  WIIYTE,  Jonx,  bishop  of 

Winchester,  born  at  Faniham,  in  Surrey, 

in  1511.    In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  was 

sent  to  the  Tower  for  opposing  the  Reform- 

I  ation,  but  Queen  Mary  released  him,  and 

'  made  him  a  bishop.    Died,  1,500. 

I      WHITE,  John,  usually  styled  the  "  Pa- 

'  trlarch  of  Dorchester,"  was  highly  esteemed 

\  for  his  preaching  and  sauclity.    Born,  1574  ; 

I  died,  lfi48. 

I      WHITE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  divine  and 
orientalist,  was  born  at  Stroud,  in  Glouces- 
tershire, in  1746  ;  was  educated  at  Wadham 
College,  Oxford  ;  and  was  elected  Laudian 
,  professor  of  Arabic,  in    177.5.      Having,   in 
j  1781,  as  Bampton  lecturer,  delivered  a  set  of 
I  sermons  on  the  evidences  of  Christianity, 
I  which  were  highly  approved  of,  he  was  pre- 
'  sented  to  a  prebend  at  Gloucester,  and  took 
[  the  degree  of  D.  D.  ;  though  it  afterwards 
j  appeared  he  was  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Bad- 
cock    and  Dr.  Parr  in   the  composition  of 
them.    In  18(X)  he  published  his  "Diates- 
saron,"  or  a  Harmony  of  the   Gospels  in 
'  Latin,  which  was  followed  by  his  "  ^gyp- 
'  tiaea,  or  Observations  on  certain  Antiquities 
i  of    Egvpt;"    "  Griesbach's    Greek    Testa- 
i  ment,"  &c.    Died.  1814. 

WHITE,    Sir   Thomas,   founder    of   St. 

I  John's  College,  Oxford,  was  born  at  Read- 

I  ing,  in  1492  ;    became   an   opulent  London 

tradesman  ;  and,  in  i5r>S,  he  served  the  office 

of  lord  mayor,  and  received  the  honour  of 

knighthood  for  preserving  the  peace  of  the 

city  during  Wyatt's  rebellion.    He  died  in 

15()f). 

I      WHITE,  Thomas,  an  English  philosopher 

]  of  the  ]7th  century,  chiefly  known  as  the 

friend    and    correspondent  of   Hobbes  and 

Descartes.    Died,  169B. 

WHITEHEAD,  George,  a  Qiiaker,  bom 
at  Orton,  in  Westmoreland,  in  1B36.  He 
endured  with  patience  much  persecution 
for  his  zealous  attempts  at  proselytism  ;  but 
he  continued  to  persevere,  and,  after  the 
Revolution,  he  procured  for  the  members  of 


873 


his  sect  the  legal  allowance  of  an  affirmation 
instead  of  an  oath»     Died,  172.5. 

WnilTEHEAD,  John,  a  physician  and 
methodist  preacher,  who  attended  Mr.  John 
Wesley  in  his  last  illness,  preached  his 
funeral  sermon,  and  published  "Memoirs  of 
his  Life,"  2  vols.    Died,  1804. 

WHITEHEAD,  Paul,  author  of  the  sa- 
tires entitled  "The  State  Dunces,"  "The 
tiymnasiad,"  and  "  Manners."  He  was 
deputy-treasurer  of  the  exchequer  chamber. 
Died,  1774. 

WHITEHEAD,  W'ili.iam,  a  poet,  was 
bom  at  Cambridge,  in  1715,  was  educated 
at  Winchester  School  and  Clare  Hall,  and 
succeeded  Cibber  as  poet  laureate.  He  wrote 
the  tragedies  of  "  The  Roman  Father  "  and 
"Creusa,"  the  comedy  of  "The  School  for 
Lovers,"  several  elegant  poems,  &c.  Died, 
178.5. 

WHITEFIELD,  or  WHITFIELD,  Geo., 
founder  of  the  Calvinistic  Methodists,  was 
born  in  1714,  at  Gloucester,  where  his  father 
kept  the  Bell  Inn.  While  at  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  he  joined  the  Wesleys  and 
their  associates,  and  on  being  ordained  dea- 
con, he  soon  became  a  popular  preacher.  In 
17;}8  he  went  to  Georgia,  where  his  conduct 
gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  colonists,  and 
he  returned  to  England  to  procure  subscrip- 
tions for  building  an  orphan  house  in  that 
settlement.  On  obtaining  priest's  orders, 
and  repairing  to  London,  the  churches  in 
which  he  preached  were  incapable  of  holding 
the  assembled  crowds  ;  he  therefore  adoi)ted 
the  design  of  preaching  in  the  open  air, 
which  he  did  to  vast  assemblages  of  people, 
who  came  from  all  parts  to  hear  him.  In 
1739  he  again  embarked  for  America,  and 
made  a  tour  through  several  of  the  provinces, 
where  he  jM-eached  to  immense  audiences, 
and  returned  to  England  in  1741.  After 
visiting  many  parts  of  England,  Wales, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  and  displaying  a  de- 
gree of  intrepidity  and  zeal  that  overcame 
all  difficulties,  he  made  a  seventh  voyage  to 
America,  and  died  at  Newbury  Port,  in  New 
England,  Sept.  .W.  1770. 

WHITEIIURST,  John,  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic, born  at  Congleton,  in  Cheshire,  in 
1713 ;  was  distinguished  by  his  superior 
construction  of  hydraulic  machines,  ther- 
mometers, barometers,  &c.    Died,  1788. 

WHITELOCK,  Bn.sTFODE,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  statesman,  born  in  1605.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  for  drawing 
up  the  charges  against  the  Earl  of  Strafford; 
but  though  he  adhered  stedfastly  to  the  re- 
publicans, he  rendered  various  services  to 
learning  and  religion  during  that  dreadful 
period,  and  took  no  part  in  the  proceedings 
against  Charles  I.    Died,  ]G7«. 

WHITGIFT,  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Great  Grimsby,  in 
Lincolnshire,  in  15.53,  and  having  been  gra- 
dually advanced  to  the  primacy,  as  successor  , 
to  Grindal  in  1,583,  he  filled  the  situation 
with  orthodox  firmness,  and  was  regarded 
both  by  Catholics  and  Puritans  as  a  perse- 
cutor.    Died,  1603. 

WHITLOCK,  Elizabeth,  a  sister  of  the 
Messrs.  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Siddons,  was  born  j 
in  1761 .    Allured  by  the  success  of  her  sister,  | 
she  chose  the  histrionic  art,  and  after  a  little  . 


WHi] 


^  |lel»  ^nitin'^al  28i0jarap]55« 


[WIL 


practice  in  the  country,  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in  1783, 
the  same  year  that  John  and  Stephen  made 
their  debuts  in  London.  In  1785  she  mar- 
ried Mr.  Whitlock,  manager  of  the  Newcastle 
Theatre,  and  in  1792  she  accompanied  her 
husband  to  America,  where,  in  1799,  he  died. 
Though  far  excelled  by  her  sister,  whom  slie 
greatly  resembled  in  person,  she  was  a  good 
tragic  actress,  and  realised  a  fortune  by  her 
profession.    Died,  18;5f5. 

WHITTINGHAM,  Sir  Samuel  Ford, 
a  lieutenant-general  in  the  British  service, 
passed  through  tlie  various  gradations  as  a 
cavalry  officer,  and  was  appointed  deputy  as- 
sistant quarter-master-general  in  the  army 
under  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  1809.  lie 
afterwards  served  with  the  Portuguese  army, 
and  was  subsequently  emploj'ed  in  America. 
But  the  chief  scene  of  his  services  was  with 
the  Spanish  troops  during  the  Peninsular  war, 
having  been  aide-de-camp  to  General  Cas- 
tanos,  and  afterwards  serving  under  the  Duke 
of  Albuquerque.  He  consequently  shared  in 
the  battles  of  Baylen,  Barossa,  andTalavera, 
in  the  latter  of  whicli  lie  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1812,  after  having  raised  and 
disciplined  a  large  corps  of  Spanish  troops, 
he  was  appoijited  to  the  command  of  them, 
as  major-general  ;  and,  in  junction  with  tlie 
British  army  at  Alicant,  he  was  success- 
fully opposed  to  tlie  French  under  Marshal 
Suchet  ;  after  which  he  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  command  of  a  division  of  infantry, 
under  Sir  John  Murray,  and  subsequently 
under  Lord  W.  Bentinck.  As  a  reward  for 
his  services,  the  prince  regent  appointed 
him  one  of  his  aides-de-camp,  and  he  re- 
ceived tlie  honour  of  kniglithood.  He  was 
also  invested  with  the  grand  cross  of  the 
order  of  San  Ferdinando  by  the  king  of 
Spain,  who,  on  Napoleon's  escape  from  Elba, 
in  1815,  sent  expressly  for  Sir  William.  In 
1819  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Do- 
minica ;  but  in  1822  his  services  were  trans- 
ferred to  India,  as  qnarter-master-general 
of  the  king's  troops,  and  subsequently  as  a 
major-general.  On  returning  from  India  in 
1835,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  forces  in  the  Windward  and  Leeward 
Islands  ;  but  he  was  permitted  to  resign  this 
post  in  1839,  in  order  to  take  the  command 
in  chief  at  Madras,  where  he  arrived  in 
August,  1840,  and  died  in  January,  1841. 

WHITTINGHAM,  William,  a  divine, 
who  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  was  dean  of 
Durham,  in  which  cathedral  he  committed 
sad  outrages,  by  mutilating  or  removing  the 
statues,  monuments^  and  other  ancient  re- 
mains, under  an  idea  that  they  savoured  of 
popery.    Died,  1579. 

AVHITTINGTON,  Sir  Richakd,  a  citizen 
and  mercer,  and  "  thrice  lord  mayor  of 
London,"  was  an  extensive  benefactor  to  the 
metropolis,  though  the  marvellous  stories 
connected  with  his  name  are  groundless 
fictions.  His  almshouses  for  13  poor  men 
form  an  interesting  object  on  Highgate  Hill, 
and  near  them  stands  the  famous  stone 
which  commemorates  his  return  to  London 
at  the  time  the  church  bells  so  invitingly 
recalled  him,  in  tones  which  he  was  fain  to 
believe  assured  him  of  future  civic  honours. 
His  last  mayoralty  was  in  1419. 


WHITWOP.TH,  Charles,  Earl,  an  able 
diplomatist,  was  bom  in  1754,  at  Seabnrne 
Grange,  in  Kent,  and  was  educated  at  Tun- 
bridge  School.  He  was  ambassador  to  Po- 
land in  178<5.  and  to  Russia  in  1788,  at  which 
court  he  resided  12  years.  In  1801  he  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  Denmark,  was  sent  as 
j)lenipotentiiiry  to  Paris  in  1802,  went  to 
Ireland  as  viceroy  in  1814,  and  died  in  1825. 

WICKIJJ  F,  or  WYCLIFFE,  John,  an 
English  divine  of  the  14th  century,  who  has 
received  the  appellation  of  the  "  Morning 
Star  of  the  Reformation,"  was  born  about 
1324,  at  a  parish  in  Yorkshire,  whence  he 
takes  his  name.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
was  the  first  who  opposed  the  authority  of 
the  pope,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  bisliops,  and 
the  temporalities  of  the  church.  AVickliff 
also  translated  the  Scriptures,  and  in  1381 
he  ventured  to  attack  the  doctrine  of  tran- 
substantiation,  in  a  piece  entitled  "  De  Blas- 
phemia,"  which  being  condemned  at  Oxford, 
lie  went  tliitherand  made  a  declaration  of  his 
faitli,  professing  his  resolution  to  defend  it 
witli  liis  blood.    Died,  1384. 

WIELAND,  Chiustophkr  Martin,  an 
eminent  German  novelist  and  essayist,  was 
born  in  1733,  at  Biberach,  in  Suabia.  Like 
Goethe  and  Schiller,  lie  resided  chiefly  at 
Weimar.  His  works  form  42  vols.,  and  are 
too  multifarious  to  enumerate  ;  they  include 
histories,  tales,  poems,  essays,  and  numerous 
translations  ;  among  the  latter  are  the  works 
of  Sliakspeare.  His  chief  poetical  production 
is  his  epic  romance  "  Oberon,"  in  12  cantos, 
published  in  1780.    Died,  1813. 

WIFFEN,  Jeremiah  Holme,  a  celebrated 
Quaker  poet,  was  born  in  1792,  and  brought 
up  to  the  profession  of  a  schoolmaster,  in 
which  he  was  for  some  years  engaged.  The 
work  on  which  his  poetical  fame  mainly 
rests  is  a  translation  of  Tasso,  in  which  he 
adopted  the  Spenserian  stanza  ;  but  he  wrote 
many  other  works,  and  was  a  contributor  of 
poetry  to  some  of  the  most  popular  Annuals. 
Among  his  productions  we  must  name 
"  Aonian  Hours,  and  other  Poems  ;"  also,  a 
translation  of  poems  from  the  Spanish  of 
De  la  Vega  ;  a  series  of  stanzas  illustrative 
of  the  portraits  at  Woburn  Abbey,  entitled 
"Tlie  Russells,"  and  his  able  prose  work, 
•'  The  History  of  the  Russell  Family,"  which 
he  traces  up  to  the  heathen  chiefs  three 
centuries  before  the  time  of  the  conquering 
Rollo.  With  a  liberality  befitting  his  wealth 
and  station,  the  Duke  of  Bedford  appointed 
him  to  the  situation  of  private  secretary  and 
librarian  ;  and,  under  the  patronage  of  his 
grace,  surrounded  as  he  was  by  rare  books, 
paintings,  sculpture,  and  objects  of  vertu,  lie 
spent  his  hours  in  an  enviable  state  of  mental 
luxury  ;  for  lie  was  not  a  mere  book  worm, 
but  had  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts  generally  ; 
and,  while  he  was  an  admirer  of  all  that  is 
good  in  morals,  he  well  appreciated  whatever 
was  beautiful  in  creation.  He  died  in  1836. 
His  sister  is  the  wife  of  Mr.  Alarie  Watts, 
both  poets,  and  well  known  in  the  literary 
world. 

WILBERFORCE,  William,  a  distin- 
guished philanthropist,  was  born  in  1759, 
at  Hull.  He  completed  his  education  at 
Cambridge,  and  there  obtained  the  friend- 
ship of  Mr.  Pitt.    He  was  elected  M.P.  for 


874 


wil] 


^  i^m  UnibniKl  38i0ffrapTjn. 


[wil 


Hull  directly  he  was  of  age.  The  next 
year  (1787),  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
exertions  for  tlie  abolition  of  the  slave  trade, 
which,  after  a  long  warfare  and  many  strug- 
gles, was  finally  decreed  by  the  British  legis- 
lature in  1807.  Mr.  Wilberforce  approved 
the  principles  of  the  French  revolution,  as 
they  exhibited  themselves  at  its  commence- 
ment ;  and,  on  the  motion  of  M.  Brissot,  in 
Augtist,  1792,  was  voted  the  right  of  French 
citizenship.  But,  in  ISOI,  he  denounced 
the  designs  of  Buonaparte,  and  supported 
all  the  ministerial  measures  of  vigorous  op- 
position to  France.  In  his  exertions  to 
emancipate  the  hapless  African  from  the 
chains  of  slavery,  Mr.  Wilberforce  never 
relaxed  ;  and  he  lived  to  see  the  second  read- 
ing of  the  "Emancipation  Act"  carried  by 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  published  a 
"  Practical  View  of  the  prevailing  Religious 
Systems  of  Professed  Christians,"  and  an 
"  Apology  for  the  Christian  Sabbath."  Died, 
aged  VS,  in  18.'«. 

WILCOCKS,  Joseph,  a  philanthropist 
and  ingenious  writer,  was  the  son  of  the 
Bishop  of  Rocliester,  and  born  in  172.'$.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Roman  Conversations  " 
and  "  Sacred  Exercises."    Died,  1791. 

WILD,  Henry,  a  tailor  of  Norwich,  who 
made  himself  master  of  the  Hebrew,  Arabic, 
and  other  Oriental  languages  ;  and  was  in- 
debted to  Dr.  Prideaux  for  a  place  in  the 
Bodleian  library.  He  translated  from  the 
Arabic,  Mahomet's  Journey  to  Heaven. 
Born,  1684  ;  died,  1735. 

WILDBORE,  Charles,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  who  was  entirely  eelf-taught 
both  in  his  favourite  science  and  in  the  lan- 
guages.   Died,  ]80;5. 

WILFORl),  Fraxcis,  an  eminent  orien- 
talist, was  a  native  of  Hanover,  and  went  to 
India  in  1781,  as  an  officer  witli  tlie  foreign 
troops  sent  there  by  the  British  government. 
He  became  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Asiatic  Society  of  Calcutta,  and  published 
many  valuable  memoirs  on  tlie  history  and 
antiquities  of  Hindostan,  in  the  Asiatic  Re- 
searches.   Died,  1822. 

WILKES,  Jou.v,  an  alderman  of  London, 
distinguished  for  tlie  violence  of  liis  political 
conduct,  was  born  in  the  metropolis,  in 
1727.  He  received  a  liberal  education  ;  and, 
after  travelling  on  the  Continent,  married 
a  lady  of  fortune,  and  became  a  colonel 
of  the  Buckinghamshire  militia.  In  17(51 
he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Aylesbury  ;  but  on 
publishing  an  offensive  libel  in  No.  45.  of  his 
periodical  paper,  the  North  Briton,  a  general 
warrant  was  issued  by  the  secretary  of  state 
to  seize  liim  and  his  papers,  and  he  was 
committed  to  the  Tower.  In  a  few  days 
after,  however,  he  was  brought,  by  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  before  Chief-justice  Pratt  of 
the  common  pleas,  who  decided  that  general 
warrants  were  illegal,  and  he  was  conse- 
quently discharged,  amidst  the  general  re- 
joicings of  the  populace.  In  the  meantime 
Wilkes  incurred  another  prosecution  for 
printing  an  obscene  poem,  called  an  "Essay 
on  Woman  ;"  and,  for  not  appearing  to  re- 
ceive judgment,  was  outlawed.  He  then 
went  to  France,  where  he  resided  till  1708, 
when  lie  was  elected  for  Middlesex  ;  but  was 
prevented  from  taking  his  seat,  and  com- 


mitted to  the  king's  bench  prison,  which 
occasioned  dreadful  riots  in  St.  George's 
Fields.  He  had  now  attained  the  height  of 
his  popularity  ;  a  large  subscription  was 
entered  into  to  pay  his  debts  ;  and  in  1774, 
the  year  of  his  mayoralty,  he  was  again 
elected  for  Middlesex,  and  permitted  to  take 
his  seat  without  further  opposition.  He  died 
in  1797. 

WILKIE,  Sir  David,  a  painter  of  dis- 
tinguished merit,  was  born  near  Cupar  in 
Fifeshire,  in  1785,  his  father  being  a  minister 
of  the  Scotch  church.  In  1805  he  came 
to  London,  and  soon  attracted  notice  by 
the  excellence  of  his  earliest  efforts ;  his 
career  of  fame  commencing  with  his  "  Vil- 
lage Politicians,"  "  Blind  Fiddler,"  "  Rent 
D.ay,"  &c.  His  reputation  was  now  esta- 
blished, and  in  1811  he  was  made  a  royal 
academician,  'from  which  period  he  regu- 
larly produced,  and  as  regularly  sold  at 
increasing  prices,  his  most  celebrated  pic- 
tures, of  which  we  shall  merely  mention 
a  few;  as  "Distraining  for  Rent,"  "The 
Penny  Wedding,"  "Blind  Man's  Buff," 
"  The  Village  Festival  "  (now  <in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery),  "  The  Reading  of  the  Will," 
and  "Chelsea  Pensioners  reading  the  Ga- 
zette of  the  Battle  of  Waterloo"  (painted 
for  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  in  1823,  for 
1200Z. ).  In  consequence  of  ill-health,  brought 
on  by  close  ai)plication  and  some  serious 
pecuniary  losses,  a  continental  tour  was 
recommended  by  his  physicians ;  and  he 
accordingly  visited  Italy  and  Spain,  where 
he  remained  till  1828.  But  his  love  of  art 
and  his  habitual  industry  could  neither 
be  restrained  by  the  injunctions  of  phy- 
sicians nor  the  entreaties  of  friends  ;  and, 
accordingly,  several  finished  pictures,  alto- 
gether different  from  his  former  style  of 
execution,  soon  appeared.  Upon  this  "  total 
change  "  of  style  and  choice  of  subjects  it 
has  been  remarked,  that,  in  departing  from 
the  principle  of  the  Flemish  and  Dutch 
scliools,  and  adopting  that  of  the  Spanish, 
"he  determined  on  the  hazardous  experi- 
ment of  resting  his  future  fame  on  a  style 
utterly  opposite  to  that  in  which  he  then 
stood  unrivalled  amidst  European  artists." 
In  January,  183<),  on  the  death  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Lawrence,  he  was  appointed  principal 
painter  in  ordinary  to  (ieorge  IV.,  whose 
portrait  in  the  Highland  costume,  and 
"  His  Majesty's  Reception  at  Holyrood 
House,"  he  was  at  that  time  occupied  in 
painting.  On  the  accession  of  William  IV. 
the  royal  favour  was  continued  to  him,  and 
he  was  knighted  in  1836.  Queen  Victoria 
honoured  him  with  sittings  for  his  splendid 
picture  of  her  majesty's  "First  Council;" 
and  by  the  queen's  command  he  went  to  the 
Turkish  capital  to  paint  the  portrait  of  the 
sultan.  This  was  his  last  and  fatal  mission. 
On  his  return  on  board  tlie  Oriental  steamer, 
after  having  touched  at  Malta  and  Gibraltar, 
he  was  taken  suddenly  ill,  and  died  in  Gib- 
raltar Bay,  aged  5(),  June  1.  1841  ;  the  last 
sad  offices  of  committing  his  body  to  the 
deep  being  rendered  necessary  by  the  strict 
orders  of  the  governor,  who  could  not  allow 
it  to  be  brought  on  shore.  Among  the 
principal  pictures  painted  by  Sir  David,  in 
his  second  or  Spanish  style,  may  be  named 


wil] 


^  |2cto  Winibtv^nl  "MiaQmi^l)]}. 


"  The  Maid  of  Saragossa,"  "  The  Guerilla's 
Departure"  and  "Keturn,"  "John  Knox 
preaching,"  "  Columbus,"  "  Peep-o'-day- 
Boy's  Cabin,"  "  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  escap- 
ing from  Lochleven  Castle,"  "  The  Cotter's 
Saturday  Night,"  "  The  Empress  Josephine 
and  the  Fortune-teller,"  and  "  The  Dis- 
covery of  the  Body  of  Tippoo  Saib  "  (painted 
for  the  widow  of  Sir  David  Baird,  at  1300/.). 
He  also  produced  many  celebrated  portraits. 
As  a  man,  Sir  David  VVilkie  had  the  cha- 
racter of  being  mild  and  unassuming  ;  as  an 
artist  no  difficulties  could  daunt  him,  nor 
could  any  labour  be  too  great  for  him  to 
undertake  with  a  view  to  the  attainment  of 
excellence. 

VVILKIE,  WiLLiA.\r,  a  Scotch  poet ;  au- 
thor of  "  The  Epigoniad."  Born,  1721 ;  died, 
1772. 

WILKINS,  Sir  Cuarles,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  an 
eminent  oriental  scholar,  was  a  native  of 
Somersetshire.  He  went  to  Bengal,  in  the 
civil  service,  in  1770.  While  thus  employed, 
he  directed  his  attention  to  the  study  of  the 
Sanscrit  language,  and  followed  it  up  with 
such  perseverance,  that  he  translated  the 
Bhagavad  Gita  into  English,  which  Warren 
Hastings,  then  governor-general,  presented 
to  the  court  of  directors,  and  prefixed  to  it 
an  elegant  dissertation.  Mr.  Wilkins  also 
possessed  great  mechanical  ingenuitj',  and 
prepared  with  his  own  hands  the  first  Bengali 
and  Persian  types  employed  in  Bengal. 
After  residing  15  years  in  India  he  returned, 
but  continued  to  pursue  his  oriental  studies, 
and  published  a  translation  of  the  Hitopa- 
desa,  or  the  Fables  of  Vishnoo  Sarma  ;  and 
in  1800  he  was  made  librarian  of  the  valuable 
1  collection  of  MSS.  which  the  court  of  direc- 
I  tors  possessed  through  the  conquest  of  Se- 
1  ringapatam.  lie  was  also  appointed  visitor 
in  the  oriental  department  for  the  com- 
pany's colleges  at  Haileybury  and  Addis- 
combe.  In  1808  Sir  Charles  produced  his 
excellent  "  Sanscrit  Grammar  ;"  he  also 
edited  and  enlarged  Richardson's  Dictionary 
of  the  Persian  and  Arabic  languages,  in  2 
vols.  4to.  He  was  a  member  of  the  French 
Institute,  admitted  to  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.C.L.  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  and 
was  a  knight  of  the  Guclphic  order.  Born, 
1751  :  died,  1836. 

WILKINS,  David,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  1685,  who  became  archdeacon  of 
Suffolk,  and  published  "Leges  Saxonies," 
"Concilia  Magnaj  Britanuiaj,"  4  vols.  &c. 
Died,  1745. 

WILKINS,  John,  bishop  of  Chester  in 
the  17tli  century,  was  born  in  1614,  at  Faws- 
ley,  in  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  married  Oliver  Cromwell's 
sister,  and  was  appointed  warden  of  Wad- 
ham  College,  and  master  of  Trinity  College  ; 
and  though  he  was  deprived  of  these  prefer- 
ments at  the  Restoration,  he  afterwards 
found  favour  in  the  siglit  of  Charles  II., 
and,  in  1668,  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Chester,  He  was  the  founder  of  that  asso- 
ciation which  afterwards  became  the  Royal 
Society,  produced  several  mathematical  and 
theological  works,  and  died  in  1672. 

WILKINS,  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect. His  chief  buildings  are  St.  George's 
Hospital,  the  London  University,  the  Uni- 


versity Club  House,  and  the  National  Gal- 
lery, which  last  has  probably  provoked  more 
caustic  criticism  than  has  been  bestowed  up- 
on the  works  of  any  previous  architect.    His 
additions  to  some  collegiate  buildings,  both 
in  England  and  Ireland,  show  great  taste  and 
learning.    Though  popular  opinion  was  in 
unison  with  the  general  expressed  condem- 
nation of  tlie  National  Gallery,  Mr.  Wilkins 
had,  on  other  occasions,  given  convincing 
proof  of  his  abilities  as  an  architect.    His 
very  numerous  and  extensive  engagements  ! 
in  his  profession  did  not  prevent  him  from  , 
being  an   author  of  some  voluniinousness.  i 
Born,  1778  ;  died,  1839. 

WILLDENOW,  Charles  Louis,  a  cele-  j 
brated    botanist,  born    at    Berlin,  in   1765. 
After  having  filled  the  professorial  chair,  he  ' 
was  made  director  of  the  botanic  garden  at 
Berlin,  which  he  vastly  improved,  and  also 
presented  to  the  museum,  a  zoological  cabinet  ' 
of  his  formation.     In  1811  he  was  invited  to 
Paris  by  Humboldt,  to  classify  and  describe 
the  multitude  of  new  plants  brought  by  that 
traveller  from  America.    Among  his  prin-  | 
cipal  works  are,  "  Prodromus  Florte  Beroli- 
nensis,"     "Ek'mens    de    Botanique,"    and 
"  Species  Plantarum,"  which  was  not  quite 
completed  when  he  died,  in  1812. 

WILLIAM  I.,  king  of  England,  sur- 
named  the  Conqueror,  was  the  natural  son 
of  Robert  I.,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  of 
Arlotta,  the  daughter  of  a  tanner  at  Falaise, 
where  he  was  born  in  1024.  He  reigned  as 
duke  of  Normandy  till  the  death  of  Edward 
the^  Confessor,  when,  pretending  that  the 
crown  had  been  bequeathed  to  him  by  that 
monarch,  he  fitted  out  a  large  expedition, 
and  landed  on  the  coast  of  Sussex.  As  soon 
as  the  troops  were  disembarked,  he  burnt 
the  vessels  exclaiming,  "  See  your  country." 
Harold  opposed  him,  but  was  defeated  and 
slain  at  Hastings ;  after  which  William 
marched  to  London,  and  was  crowned  at 
Westminster,  on  Christmas  Day,  1066.  His 
first  measures  were  mild  and  judicious  ;  but 
during  his  absence  in  Normandy,  the  English 
being  treated  like  a  conquered  people,  showed 
a  disposition  to  rebel ;  upon  which  he  adopted 
the  feudal  system  with  all  its  injustice  and 
severity  ;  dividing  the  land  into  baronies, 
expelling  the  rightful  owners  from  their 
possessions,  and  giving  them  and  the  church 
dignities  to  foreigners.  He  also  introduced 
the  Norman  language,  and  ordered  tliat  all 
law  pleadings  and  statutes  should  be  in  that 
tongue  ;  and,  in  order  to  prevent  nightly 
meetings  and  conspiracies,  he  instituted  the 
curfew,  or  "  cover  fire  bell."  To  gratify  his 
passion  for  the  chase,  he  laid  waste  the  New 
Forest  in  Hampshire,  where  he  demolished 
villages,  churclies,  and  convents,  and  ex- 
pelled the  inhabitants  for  30  miles  round. 
In  1078  he  finished  the  Tower  of  London. 
In  1087  he  invaded  France,  where  he  com- 
mitted great  ravages,  and  was  about  to 
march  to  Paris,  but  died  in  consequence  of  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  and  was  buried  in  the 
abbey  of  St.  Gervais,  near  Rouen. 

WILLIAM  II.,  surnamed  Rt'iTS,  from 
his  red  hair,  was  the  second  son  of  the  Con- 
queror, and  was  born  in  1060.  He  succeeded 
to  the  English  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1087  ;  bought  the  dukedom  of  Nor- 


mandy  of  liia  brother  Robert,  who  joined  the 

crusaders ;   and,  after  au  unquiet  reign   of 

nearly  13  years,  Jie  was  accidentally  killed 

while  hunting  in  the  New  Forest ;  au  arrow 

shot  by  a  French  gentlerean,  nam«d  Walter 

Tyrrel,    having  glanced  from  a  tree,  and 

I  pierced  his  heart.    This  event  took  place, 

I  August  2.  ]  100.     He  is  described  as  having 

been  cruel,  perfidious,  and  rapacious  in   a 

high  degree.   The  Tower  of  London,  London 

I  Bridge,  and  Westminster  Hall  were  built  in 

his  reign. 
I      WILLIAM  III.,    of   Nassau,    prince    of 
I  Orange,  and  king  of  England,  was  born  at 
the  Hague,   in  1650.      He  was  the  son   of 
I  William,  prince  of  Orange,  and  of   Hen- 
I  rietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Charles  I.      He 
I  married    tlie    princess    Mary,    daughter    of 
I  James  I.,  duke  of  York  ;  and  succeeded  to 
the  stadtholdership  in   1(572.    In   1G88,  tlie 
arbitrary   measures    of  James  II.   induced 
many  disaffected  nobles  and  others  to  invite 
over  the  Prince  of  Orange  ;  who  gladly  em- 
braced  the  occasion,  and  landed,  without 
opposition,  in  Torbay,  Nov.  5.  the  same  year, 
and  was  crowned  April  11.  lt)89.    The  year 
following  William  went  to  Ireland,  where 
he  defeated  James  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 
In  1091  he  headed  the  confederated  army  in 
the  Netherlands  ;  took  Namur  in  1695  ;  and 
in  1697  he  was  acknowledged  king  of  Eng- 
land by  the  treaty  of   Ryswick.     On  the 
death  of  Mary,  in  1693,  the  parliament  con- 
firmed to  him  the  royal  title.     His  death, 
which  occurred  March  8.  1703,  was  accele- 
rated by  an  injury  he  had  sustained  in  a 
fall  from  his  horse. 

WILLIAM  IV.,  king  of  England,  known 
before  his  accession  to  the  throne  as  William 
Henry,  duke  of  Clarence,  was  the  third  son 
of  George  III.,  and  was  born  August  the 
21st,  1765.  At  14  years  of  age  he  entered 
the  navy  as  a  midshipman  on  board  the 
Prince  George,  a  98-guu  ship,  commanded 
by  Admiral  Digby ;  and,  at  the  king's  es- 
pecial desire,  he  was  placed  on  the  same 
footing,  in  every  respect,  with  other  youths 
of  the  same  rank  in  the  eervice.  Within  12 
months  of  his  having  been  at  sea,  Pnnce 
William  Henry  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
present  with  Admiral  Rodney  at  the  capture 
of  the  Caraccas  fleet,  commanded  by  Don 
Juan  Langara.  When  the  Spanish  admiral 
was  brought  on  board  the  Prince  George  as 
a  prisoner,  and  was  told  that  one  of  the 
midshipmen,  whom  he  saw  actively  engaged 
in  his  duty,  was  an  English  prince  of  the 
blood,  he  exclaimed,  "  Well  may  England 
be  mistress  of  the  sea,  when  the  son  of  her 
king  is  thus  employed  in  her  service  I  " 
The  prince  served  nearly  all  the  residue  of 
his  time  as  a  midshipman  in  tlie  West  Indies, 
and  off  the  coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada; 
and  many  characteristic  anecdotes,  honour- 
able to  hid  bravery  and  humanity,  are  re- 
lated of  him  during  the  period  of  his  naval 
career.  He  was  afterwards  removed  to  the 
Warwick  of  50  guns,  commanded  by  Lord 
Keith,  and  was  present  wlien  that  oflficer 
captured  the  frigates  I/Aigle  and  La  Sopliie, 
and  the  Terror  sloop-of-wtir,  oft"  the  Dela- 
ware, in  17t>2.  He  then  joined  Lord  Hood, 
who  was  in  quest  of  the  i'rench  fleet  under 
Vaudreuil,  aud  first  became  acquainted  with 


877 


Nelson  on  board  the  Barfleur.     In  June, 
1783,   Lord    Hood's    squadron    returned    to 
England  ;   and  in  the  summer  of  1785,  the 
prince,  having  served  the  regular  time  as  a 
midshipman,  was  appointed  third  lieutenant 
of  the   Hebe  frigate.    In   1786,  as  captain 
of  the  Pegasus  of  28  guns,  he  sailed  for  Nova  I 
Scotia  ;  whence  he  proceeded  to  the  Leeward  I 
Islands    station,    aud    remained    for    some 
months  under  the   orders  of  Nelson,  then 
captain  of  the  Boreas  frigate  ;  when  a  strong  | 
and  lasting  friendship  (iiouourablc  to  both) 
sprang  up  between   them.      In    December, 
1787,  the  prince  returned  to  England,  and 
was  appointed  to  command  the  Andromeda 
frigate,  in   which  he  again   sailed   for  the 
West  Indies.     On  his  arrival  at  Port  Royal 
he  received  the  congratulations  of  the  house 
of  assembly,  who  voted  1000  guineas  for  a 
diamond  star  to  be  presented  to  him,  as  a 
mark  of  the  high  sense  they  entertained  of 
his  conduct  while  formerly  on  that  station. 
In   1789  he  was  created  duke  of  Clarence, 
and  earl  of  Munster  in  Ireland,  took  his 
seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  was  made 
rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in  1790.    From  the 
time,  however,  he  received  his  flag,  the  Duke 
of   Clarence   saw    no    more    active    service 
afloat,  though  he  repeatedly  expressed  his 
most  anxious  wishes  to  be  employed.    In 
1811  he  succeeded  Sir  Peter  Parker  as  admiral 
of  the  fleet.    In  that  capacity  he  hoisted  his 
flag  for  the   last  time,  for  the  purpose  of 
escorting  Louis  XVIII.  to  France  ;  and  on 
board  the  Impregnable  he  received  the  em- 
peror of  Russia  and  the  king  of  Prussia, 
with  their  splendid  cortege.   For  many  years 
the  duke  lived  the  life  of  a  private  English 
gentleman,  residing  at  Bushy  Park,  of  which 
he  had  been  appointed  ranger,  on  the  death 
of  the  Countess  of  Guildford,  in  1797.    [His 
connection  with  Mrs.  Jordan  has  been  given 
at  sufficient  length  in  our  biographical  me- 
moir of  that  lady.]    After  the  death  of  the  I 
Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales,  in  1817,  a  new  i 
era  took  place  in  the  position  and  prospects  [ 
of  the  Duke  of  Clarence  ;  and  on  the  11th  ^ 
of  July,  1818,  he  married  the  Princess  Ade-  ! 
laide  Louisa  Theresa  Caroline  Amelia,  the  ' 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe  Mein- 
ingen.     Two  female  children,  the  eldest  of 
which  died  on  the  day  of  her  birth,  and  the  ' 
youngest  when  only  three  months  old,  were  ; 
their  only  offspring.     Having  become  heir-  ! 
presumptive  to  tlie  throne,  in  1827,  by  the  i 
death  of  the  Duke  of  York,  his  royal  high-  \ 
ness  received  an  additional  parliamentary  ! 
grant,  which  raised  his  income  to  40,000/. 
a  year.     He  was  also  appointed  lord  high  I 
admiral  of  England,  a  post  revived  for  the 
occasion,  after  having  been  in  abeyance  just  i 
100  years,  in  which  important  station  he  was 
highly  popular ;  but  owing  to  some  objec-  I 
tions  made  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  (wlio,  1 
with  his  colleagues,  came  into  oflSce  soon  after  i 
the  death  of  Mr.  Canning)  to  the  expenses  of  , 
his  royal  highness's  progresses,  he  resigned  ' 
the  office.  On  the  26th  of  June,  1830,  the  Duke  | 
of  Clarence  succeeded  his  brother,  George  IV.,  i 
as  king  of  England,  and  was  crowned,  with  j 
his   royal  consort,  in   Westminster  Abbey, 
September  the  8th,  1831.    A  marked  differ-  ! 
ence  was  soon  observable  in  the  conduct  of 
William  IV.  and  his  predecessor.    The  se-  | 


wil] 


^  ^^IB  Winibtv^KX  MiOQvn^f^yi* 


[wil 


eluded  habits  and  fastidious  retirement  that 
had  distinguished  tlie  last  jears  of  his  bro- 
ther's life,  gave  place  to  an  obvious  desire  of 
popularity  on  the  part  of  the  new  mouarch  ; 
while  the  Wellington  administration  was 
succeeded  by  that  of  Earl  Grey,  under  whom 
the  reform  of  parliament  was  eifected.  Po- 
litical animosities  were  at  their  height ;  but 
still  the  king  was  on  the  popular  side,  and 
the  court  offered,  in  every  respect,  an  example 
worthy  of  imitation.  In  May,  1837,  his  ma- 
jesty was  taken  ill,  and  in  four  weeks  from 
tliat  time.  June  29. 1837,  "  he  died  in  a  gentle 
sleep."  Sincere  and  honourable  were  the 
encomiums  pronounced  upon  him  at  his 
death  by  men  of  all  parties  ;  and  perhaps 
we  could  not  paint  his  true  character  more 
justly  than  in  the  brief  and  expressive  lan- 
guage of  Lord  Grey: — "A  man  more  sin- 
cerely devoted  to  the  interests  of  his  country, 
and  better  understanding  what  was  necessary 
for  the  attainment  of  that  object,  there  never 
did  exist ;  and  if  ever  there  was  a  sovereign 
entitled  to  the  character,  his  majesty  may 
truly  be  styled  a  rATiuox  king  !  " 

[The  following  are  the  names,  &c.  of  the 
Fitz-Clarence  family: — 1.  Sophia,  lady 
T>K  LiSLEY  and  Dudley  ;  married,  Aug.  13. 

1825;  died,  April   10.  1837 2.  George, 

earl  of  Munstek,  viscount  Fitz-Clarence,&c. ; 
born,  Jan.  16.  1794  ;  married  Mary  Wind- 
ham, daughter  of  the  late  Earl  of  Egremont, 
Oct.  18.  1819 3.  Captain  Henry  Fitz- 
Clarence  ;   died  in   India,  in   1817 4. 

Lady  Mary  Fox  ;  born,  Dec.  19. 1798  ;  mar- 
ried, June  19.  1824 .'5.  Lord  Frederick 

Fitz-Clarence  ;  born,  Dec.  9. 1799  ;  married 

Lady  Augusta  Boyle,  May  19.  1821 

6.  Elizabeth,  countess  of  Errol;  born,  Jan. 

18.  1801  ;  married,  Dec.  4.  1820 7.  Lord 

Adolphus  Fitz-Clarence  ;  born,  Feb.  18. 

1802 8.  Lady  Augusta  GoRDo?f ;  born, 

Nov.  20.  1803;  married,  July  5.  1827 9. 

The  Rev.  Lord  Augustus  Fitz-Clarence  ; 
born,  March  1.  1805 10.  Amelia,  vis- 
countess Falkland  ;  born,  Nov.  5.  1803  ; 
married,  Dec.  27.  1830.] 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  king  of  the 
Netherlands  and  count  of  Nassau.  After 
studying  at  Leyden,  and  travelling  for  a 
few  years,  this  illustrious  prince  entered 
upon  a  military  career,  in  which  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  gallant  though 
unsuccessful  opposition  to  the  arms  of  re- 
volutionised France.  At  Wagram  and  at 
Jena  he  was  conspicuous  for  both  skill  and 
courage,  and  he  made  a  most  noble  defence 
when  the  last  French  revolution  of  1830 
caused  Belgium  to  be  severed  from  Holland. 
Attentive  to  encouraging  the  commerce  and 
promoting  the  welfare  of  his  subjects,  he 
necessarily  was  very  popular,  till  he  proposed 
in  1839  to  marry  the  Countess  d'Outrement. 
That  lady  being  both  a  Belgian  and  a  Ca- 
tholic, the  proposed  union  was  so  unpopular, 
that  his  majesty,  resolute  not  to  have  his 
will  disputed  upon  a  point  so  purely  personal, 
abdicated,  married  the  lady,  and  settled  at 
Berlin.  Even  while  on  the  throne,  the  ex- 
king  had  been  among  the  most  extensive  and 
sagacious  of  all  the  commercial  men  of  his 
nation,  as  will  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that 
he  has  left  property  to  the  amount  of  above 
13,000,000  sterling.    Died,  Dec.  1843,  aged  72. 


WILLIAM  II.,  king  of  Holland,  better 
known  in  England  as  the  prince  of  Orange, 
son  of  William  I.,  was  born  in  1792,  at  the 
very  moment  when  revolutionary  France 
invaded  the  Netherlands,  and  thus  com- 
pelled the  young  prince  to  be  brought  to 
England,  where  he  passed  the  first  period  of 
his  life.  Educated  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
Howley,  late  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he 
at  19  j'ears  of  age  joined  Lord  Wellington  in 
Spain  as  extra  aide-de-camp,  and  in  this 
capacity  he  followed  the  fortunes  of  the 
British  army  from  1811  to  1814,  and  gained 
great  distinction  at  the  sieges  of  Ciudad 
Rodrigo  and  Badajoz,  as  well  as  in  the  battles 
of  Salamanca  and  Vittoria,  the  Pyrenees, 
and  the  Nivelle.  After  the  expulsion  of 
the  Fiench  from  Holland  in  1813,  the  young 
prince  was  designated  as  the  husband  of  the 
Princess  Charlotte  of  AVales  ;  but  she  evinced 
the  most  decided  objection  to  the  imion  ; 
and  many  years  subsequently,  when  Prince 
Leopold,  who  afterwards  became  lier  hus- 
band, was  elected  to  the  throne  of  Belgium, 
the  coincidence  was  remarked  that  he  should 
have  been  successful  against  his  princely 
competitor  in  obtaining  from  him  both  a 
kingdom  and  a  wife.  During  the  whole  of 
the  campaign  of  1815  he  commanded  the 
army  of  the  Netherlands,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  Waterloo,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded.  After  this  event  he  chiefly  re- 
sided in  Brussels,  till  the  revolution  of  1830, 
separating  Belgium  from  Holland,  compelled 
his  departure  for  the  Hague.  The  abdication 
of  his  father  (see  above)  in  1840,  raised  him 
prematurely  to  the  throne,  and  he  continued 
to  govern  with  great  prudence  and  modera- 
tion, till  his  death  in  March,  1848,  a  few- 
days  after  the  outbreak  of  the  third  revolu- 
tion of  that  country,  wliich  it  had  been  his 
fate  to  witness. 

WILLIAMS,  Anxa,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  who  having  lost  her  sight  by 
a  cataract,  was  received  under  the  hospitable 
roof  of  Dr.  Johnson,  where  she  died  in  1783, 
aged  77. 

WILLIAMS,  Sir  Charles  Hanbuey,  an 
English  stateman  and  poet,  was  born  in 
1709  ;  represented  the  borough  of  Monmouth 
in  several  parliaments ;  was  ambassador  to 
Berlin  in  1744,  and  afterwards  to  St.  Peters-  j 
burgh  ;  and  wrote  various  poems,  which 
are  more  remarkable  for  their  ease  and  viva- 
citv,  than  for  their  moral  tendency.  Died, 
1759. 

AVILLIAMS,  Daniel,  a  Presbyterian  mi- 
nister, was  born  at  Wrexham,  in  Denbigh- 
shire, in  1G44,  and  died  in  1716.  He  founded 
the  library  in  Redcross  Street  for  dissenting 
ministers. 

WILLIAMS,  David,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  1738,  in  Cardiganshire  ; 
became  a  dissenting  minister  ;  but,  adopting 
the  deist's  creed,  he  opened  a  chapel,  near 
Cavendish  Square,  for  the  ditfusion  of  his 
new  opinions.  In  a  short  time,  however, 
this  temple  of  infidelity  was  deserted  ;  and 
the  preacher  had  recourse  to  private  teaching 
and  literary  speculations.  It  is  worthy  of 
record,  that  Mr.  Williams  was  the  founder 
of  the  Literary  Fund  Society,  and  that,  at 
the  close  of  his  life,  he  was  himself  an  object 
of  the  bounty  of  that  excellent  institution. 


wil] 


^  l^cto  Uni\itriKl  23i0flraplji». 


[wil 


His  chief  works  are,  "  Lectures,  on  Edu- 
cation," 3  vols-  !  "  Lectures  on  Political 
Principles,"  a  "  History  of  Monmouthshire," 
2  vols.  4to.  ;  and  "  Lectures  on  the  Principles 
and  Duties  of  Religion  and  Morality."  Died, 
1816. 

WILLIAMS,  Griffith,  bishop  of  Ossorj', 
was  borr.  in  Wales,  in  158i) ;  became  chaplain 
to  the  king,  prebendary  of  Westminster,  and 
then  dean  of  Bangor.  lu  1G41  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  see  of  Ossory,  but  the  rebellion 
breaking  out  the  same  year,  lie  was  obliged 
to  fly  to  England.  He  suffered  much  for  his 
loyalty  ;  but  at  the  Restoration  recovered 
his  bishopric,  and  died  at  Kilkenny,  in  1C72. 
He  wrote  "  Seven  Golden  Candlesticks,  hold- 
ing the  Seven  Lights  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," and  other  works  of  a  similar  character. 

WILLIAMS,  IIki.ex  Mauia,  a  modern 
writer  on  history,  politics,  and  general  lite- 
rature, was  born  in  the  north  of  England, 
in  17C2,  and  was  introduced  to  the  public 
notice  by  Dr.  Kippis.  In  1790  she  settled 
at  Paris  ;  and  soon  after  appeared  her  "  Let- 
ters from  France,"  the  object  of  which  was 
to  recommend  the  doctrines  of  the  Giron- 
dists ;  and  consequently  on  their  fall  she 
was  arrested,  imprisoned,  and  nearly  shared 
tiieJr  fate.  Besides  her  poems  and  many 
works  of  minor  importance,  she  engaged 
in  an  English  translation  of  the  "Personal 
Narrative  of  the  Travels  of  Humboldt  and 
Bonpland  in  America,"  G  vols.  ;  she  also 
wrote  a  "  Narrative  of  Events  in  France  in 
1815,"  &c.    Died,  1827.  * 

WILLIAMS,  John,  archbishop  of  York, 
and  lord  keeper  under  James  I.  ;  an  eminent 
tlieological  writer.    Born,  1582  ;  died,  165(). 

WILLIAMS,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
born  in  1634 ;  became  chaplain  to  William 
and  Mary,  who  gave  him  a  prebend  at 
Canterbury,  and  in  1696  promoted  him  to 
the  bishopric  of  Chichester.    He  died  in  1709. 

WILLIAMSON,  Sir  Joshph,  a  statesman, 
was  born  about  1630,  at  Bridekirk,  in  Cum- 
berland. In  1674  he  became  principal  secre- 
tary of  state  ;  but,  in  1768,  he  was  sent  to 
the  Tower,  for  granting  commissions  to 
popish  recusants.  The  king,  however,  re- 
leased him  the  same  day,  and  Sir  Joseph 
resigned  his  place  soon  after.  He  died  in 
1701,  leaving  a  valuable  collection  of  manu 
scripts,  with  6000Z.,  to  the  college  where  he 
had  been  educated :  he  also  founded  a  ma- 
thematical school  at  Rochester. 

WILLIAMSON,  Hugh,  an  American 
physician,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
1735,  and  received  his  education  at  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia ;  but  relinquished  the 
clerical  profession,  for  which  he  had  been 
intended,  and  turned  his  attention  first  to 
mathematics,  and  subsequently  to  medicine. 
After  visiting  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  at 
which  latter  university  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  M.D.,  he  returned  and  practised 
in  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  American  Philoso- 
phical Society,  1769,  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus  over  the  solar  disc  ;  and  he  attracted 
considerable  attention  by  his  observations  on 
the  remarkable  comet  whicli  then  made  its 
appearance,  as  he  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  comets,  instead  of  being  ignited  masses, 
are  inhabited  planets,  a. He  was  appointed 


to  the  medical  staff  of  the  revolutionary 
army  ;  and,  at  the  restoration  of  peace,  he 
became  a  member  of  congress.  Among  his 
chief  works  are,  "The  History  of  North 
Carolina,"  2  vols. ;  and  "  Observations  on  the 
Climate  of  America."    Died,  1819. 

WILLIS,  Dr.  Bkowne,  an  English  anti- 
quary, who  made  and  published  a  "  Survey 
of  the  Cathedrals  of  England,"  and  wrote 
other  works.  He  was  born  at  Blandford,  in 
Dorsetshire,  in  1682  ;  died,  1760. 

WILLIS,  Francis,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, distinguished  for  his  skill  in  the  treat- 
ment of  mental  disorders,  was  a  native  of 
Lincolnshire,  and  received  his  education  in 
Brazenose  College,  Oxford,  of  which  lie 
became  a  fellow.  He  took  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  in  1740,  entered  into  holy  orders,  and 
obtained  the  living  of  St.  John's,  Wapping. 
He  then  studied  medicine,  and,  devoting  his 
attention  to  maniacal  diseases,  established 
a  private  asylum  for  lunatics  at  Greatford, 
in  Lincolnshire.  The  anomaly  of  a  clergy- 
man keeping  a  madhouse  being  sharply 
animadverted  upon  by  the  faculty,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  take  his  degrees,  and  properly 
qualified  himself  as  a  physician.  When 
George  III.  was  seized  with  the  malady 
which  for  a  time  suspended  the  royal  func- 
tions. Dr.  Willis  was  called  in,  and,  in  op- 
position to  the  other  physicians,  pronounced 
it  as  his  decided  opinion,  that  his  majesty 
would  recover.  The  doctor  was,  in  conse- 
quence, intrusted  with  the  principal  care  of 
the  royal  person  ;  and  the  result  confirmed 
the  accuracy  of  his  judgment.  His  success 
was  rewarded  with  a  handsome  gratuity 
from  parliament,  and  a  vast  accession  of 
professional  practice  very  naturally  flowed 
in  upon  him.     He  died  in  1807. 

WILLIS,  Thomas,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated physicians  of  his  time,  was  born  at 
Great  Bedwin,  Wilts,  in  1621,  and  died  in 
Westminster,  in  1675.  His  medical  and 
philosophical  works  have  been  printed  in 
2  vols. 

WILLUGHBY,  Fraxcis,  a  celebrated 
naturalist,  born  in  1635.  He  paid  particular 
attention  to  ornithology  and  ichthyology, 
and  formed  a  rich  museum  of  animal  and 
fossil  productions.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Ray,  who  arranged  and  published  his  works 
after  his  decease.    Died,  1672. 

WILMOT,  John  Eardley,  a  learned 
judge,  was  born  at  Derby,  in  1709  ;  and, 
passing  through  the  ordinary  legal  promo- 
tions, became  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas  in  1776.    Died,  1792.     His  "  Notes  of 

Opinions"  were  published  in  1802 His 

son,  John  Wii>mot  Eardley,  born  at  Derby, 
in  1748,  was  an  eminent  chancery  lawyer, 
and  died  in  1815.  He  wrote  "  A  Treatise  on 
the  Laws  and  Customs  of  England,"  "  Me- 
moirs of  his  Father,"  "  Life  and  Letters  of 
Bishop  Hough,"  &c. 

WILSON,  AivEXANr)F.R,'a  celebrated  orni- 
thologist, was  born  at  Paisley,  in  176(J.  lie 
was  brought  up  as  a  weaver,  but  his  poetical 
disposition,  and  relish  for  the  quiet  and  se- 
questered beauties  of  nature  beginning  to 
assume  almost  the  character  of  a  passion,  he 
gave  utterance  to  his  feelings  in  verse  ;  and 
he  longed  for  an  opportunity  to  disenthral 
himself  from  the  bondage  of  trade.    After 


having    been    prosecuted    and    imprisoned 
for  libelling  the  master-weavers  of  Paisley, 
during  a  violent  dispute  which  had  broken 
out  between    them    and    the   journeyman, 
Wilson  emigrated    to    America,  where    he 
landed  in  July,  1794,  with  his  fowling-piece 
in  his  hand,  and  only  a  few  shillings  in  his 
pocket,  without  a  friend  or  letter  of  intro- 
I  duction,  or  any  definite  idea  in  what  manner 
he  was  to  earn  his  future  livelihood.    In  the 
varied  occupations  of  a  weaver,  pedlar,  and 
I  schoolmaster,  he  toiled  on  for  upwards  of 
;  8  years,  during  which  time  he  tasked  his 
powers  to  the  very  utmost  in  his  efforts  at 
t  eelf-improvement ;  and  among  the  acquire- 
ments he  thus  obtained   were    the  arts  of 
drawing,    colouring,     and    etching,  which 
afterwards  proved  of  such  incalculable  use 
I  to  him  when  bringing  out  his  "  Ornitho- 
logy."    In  October,   1804,  he  set  out  upon 
;  an  expedition  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara  ;  and, 
i  wading  on  through  the  mud  and  snow,  en- 
!  cumbered  with    his  gun   and    fowling-bag, 
the  latter  of  which  was  of  course  always  in- 
creasing in  bulk,  he  arrived  safely  at  home, 
after  an  absence  of  59  days,  during  which 
he  had  walked  1260  miles.    From  this  time 
forward,  Wilson  applied  his  whole  energies 
to  his  ornithological  work,  drawing,  etching, 
I  and  colouring  all  the  plates  himself;   and 
Mr.  Bradford,  a  bookseller  of  Philadelphia, 
having  agreed  to  run  all  the  risk  of  publica- 
tion, in  1808  the  first  volume  of  his  "  Ame- 
1  rican   Ornithology"   made  its  appearance. 
Another  and  another  volume  followed,  and 
!  their  indefatigable    author  travelled   from 
one  end  of  the  American  continent  to  the 
other,  for  the    purpose  of   obtaining    sub- 
scribers to  his  work,  as  well  as  to  increase  his 
stores  of  ornithological  curiosities.    In  1811 
he  thus  writes  to  his  brother  ;  "  the  ambition 
of  being  distinguished  in  the  literary  world 
j  has  required  sacrifices  and  exertions  from 
j  me  with  winch  you  are  unacquainted  ;  and 
i  a  wish  to  reach  the  glorious  rock  of  inde- 
!  pendence,  that  I  migiit  from  thence  assist 
my  relations,  who  are  struggling  with  and 
i  buffeting  the  billows  of  adversity,  has  en- 
!  gaged  me  in  an  undertaking  more  laborious 
and  extensive  than  you  are  aware  of,  and 
I  has  occupied  every  moment  of  my  time  for 
;  several  years.    Since  February,  1810, 1  have 
1  slept  for  several   weeks  in    the  wilderness 
alone,  in  an  Indian  country,  with  mj'  gun 
and  my  pistols  in  my  bosom  ;    and  have 
I  found  myself  so  reduced  by  sickness  as  to 
I  be  scarcely  able  to  stand,  when  not  within 
,  800  miles  of  a  white  settlement,  and  under 
!  the  burning  latitude  of  2.5  degrees.    I  have, 
by  resolution,  surmounted    all    these    and 
j  other  obstacles,  in  my  way  to  my  object, 
I  and  now  begin  to  see  the  blue  sky  of  inde- 
pendence open  around  me."     Honours  as 
well   as  profit  soon  after  began  to  pour  in 
upon  him  ;    he  was   a  member  of  several 
learned    societies,    and    there    was    not    a 
crowned  head  in  Europe  but  had  then  be- 
come a  subscriber  to  the  "  American  Orni- 
thology."   But  his  end  was  fast  approaching. 
He  was  attacked  with  a  fatal  dysentery  in 
August,  1813,  which  carried  him  off  in  a  few 
days. 

WILSON,    AnxnuR,    an    historian,    was 
secretary  to  Robert,  earl  of  Eosex,  and  after- 


wards steward  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  He 
wrote  a  pedantic  and  partial  history  of  the 
"  Life  and  Reign  of  James  I."    Died,  1642. 

WILSON,  Florenx'E,  a  Scotch  writer, 
was  born  at  Elgin,  in  Scotland,  in  1500,  and 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen. 
He  went  to  Paris,  and  taught  philosophy  in 
the  college  of  Navarre,  but  returned  to  his 
native  country,  where  he  died  in  1557. 
He  wrote  a  treatise,  "De  Trauquillitate 
Anima;." 

WILSON,  RicHART),  an  eminent  English 
landscape  painter,  was  born  in  1714,  in 
Montgomeryshire.  He  began  his  career  as 
a  portrait  painter,  which  line  he  quitted,  by 
the  advice  of  Zuccarelli,  and  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  studied  landscape  painting  with 
a  success  that  obtained  for  him  the  apel- 
lation  of  the  English  Claude.  The  first 
picture  he  exhibited  was  Niobe,  and  in  1765 
he  produced  a  view  of  Rome.  Although 
whatever  came  from  his  easel  bore  the  stamp 
of  elegance  and  truth,  yet,  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  life,  he  was  doomed  to  undergo 
neglect,  and  he  was  reduced  to  solicit  the 
office  of  librarian  to  the  Royal  Academy, 
of  which  at  its  establishment  he  had  been 
chosen  one  of  the  first  members.   Died,  1782. 

WILSON,  Sir  Robert,  a  distinguished 
general  oflBcer,  who  played  also  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  party  politics  of  his  time,  was 
born  in  London,  1777.  Educated  at  West- 
minster and  Winchester,  he  went  into  a 
solicitor's  offlce,  with  a  view  to  qualify  him- 
self for  the  law ;  but  an  accidental  intro- 
duction to  the  Duke  of  York  induced  him  to 
exchange  the  desk  for  the  field,  and  in  1793 
he  went  to  Flanders  as  a  volunteer,  and 
bore  a  distinguished  part  in  all  the  cavalry 
actions  of  that  campaign.  During  the  re- 
bellion in  Ireland  he  served  on  the  staff;  in 
1799  he  made  the  campaign  in  Holland,  and 
the  following  year  he  took  part  in  Aber- 
crombie's  expedition  to  Egypt.  He  after- 
wards published  an  accoimt  of  this  expedi- 
tion, which  derived  especial  popularity  from 
its  charges  of  cruelty  against  Buonaparte 
towards  the  prisoners  at  Jaffa.  In  1805  he 
accompanied  Sir  D.  Baird  to  the  Brazils, 
and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  On  his  return  he  accom- 
panied Lord  Hutchinson  to  the  Continent  j 
on  a  secret  mission.  He  was  attached  to  the  ! 
combined  armies,  and  present  in  all  the  j 
operations,  battles,  and  actions,  from  Pultusk 
to  Friedland.  We  next  find  this  active  I 
officer  in  Lisbon,  where,  in  1808,  he  super-  j 
intended  the  levy  of  the  Portuguese  refugees  ;  j 
and  he  subsequently  commanded  a  legion  in  ' 
Spain,  and  wound  up  a  career  of  great  gal- 
lantry and  peril  in  the  Peninsula  by  a  suc- 
cessful engagement  with  the  French  at 
Bainos.  His  reputation  for  courage  and 
ability  was  still  further  increased  by  the 
German  and  Russian  campaigns  of  1812, 
1813,  and  1814  ;  and  the  emperor  Alexander 
testified  his  admiration  of  his  exploits  by 
hanging  the  cross  of  St.  George  round  his 
neck  in  the  presence  of  the  assembled  army. 
After  the  peace  in  1815  he  visited  Paris, 
where  he  drew  upon  himself  great  notoriety 
by  aiding  in  the  escape  of  I^avalette,  as 
detailed  in  our  sketch  of  that  remarkable 
personage.    In  consequence  of  this  act  he  i 


wil] 


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increased  the  displeasure  of  the  prince  re- 
gent, and  his  conduct  at  the  funeral  of 
queen  Caroline  having  completed  his  disgrace 
at  headquarters,  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
army  in  1821,  and  all  the  foreign  orders  he 
had  received  were  resumed  by  their  respec- 
tive sovereigns.  But  a  public  subscription 
was  made  to  indemnify  him,  and  after  the 
lapse  of  a  few  years  he  was  restored  to  his 
rank.  Sir  R.  Wilson  sat  from  1818  to  1831  in 
parliament  for  Southwark ;  in  1841  he  at- 
tained the  full  rank  of  genernl,  and  in  1842 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Gibraltar,  and 
had  just  returned  from  that  post  after  seven 
years  of  command,  when  he  died,  suddenly, 
May  9.  184y. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man,  an  excellent  prelate,  and  eminent 
writer  in  theology  ;  bom,  1603  ;  died,  1755. 
His  works  consist  of  "  Religious  Tracts " 
and  "  Sermons,"  with  a  short  "  History  of 
the  Isle  of  Man." 

WILSON,  Thomas,  son  of  the  bishop, 
born  in  1703 ;  was  rector  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Walbrook,  46  years;  and  published  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Ornaments  of  Churches  con- 
sidered." Died,  1784.  His  warm  patronage 
of,  and  ridiculous  attachment  to,  the  cele- 
brated female  historian,  Catherine  Macauley, 
to  whom,  while  living,  he  erected  a  statue  in 
his  church,  is  well  known. 

WILSON,  William  Rae,  I^L.D.,  chiefly 
known  by  his  "  Travels  in  the  Holy  Land," 
was  bom  in  1774.  At  an  early  age  lie  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  late  Duke  of  Kent, 
who  remained  his  steady  patron  through  life, 
and  who  furnished  him  with  every  species 
of  recommendation  likely  to  facilitate  his 
travels  in  the  East.  He  w.is  one  of  the  first 
of  a  class  of  travellers,  since  become  nume- 
rous, whose  object  has  been  to  illustrate  the 
statements  of  holy  writ  by  observations  on 
the  scenery  and  manners  of  those  parts  of 
the  world  in  which  its  events  transpired.  In 
all  his  works  he  preserved  a  religious  tone 
of  sentiment,  with  a  strong  bias  against  the 
Roman  Catholic  Clmrch  ;  but,  on  the  whole, 
his  writings  display  an  unusual  freedom 
from  false  colouring  and  affectation.  Died, 
June  2nd.,  1849. 

WIMPEN,  Felix  de,  a  French  military 
officer,  born  in  1745.  He  served  with  the 
French  troops  during  the  war  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  ;  be- 
came a  member  of  the  tiers  6tat,  and  i)ro- 
f)Osed  the  establishment  in  France  of  what 
le  termed  a  royal  democracy ;  defended 
the  fortress  of  Thionville,  in  1792,  against 
the  Austrian  and  emigrant  armies  ;  was  de- 
feated at  Vernon  by  the  royalists  ;  retired 
to  Bayeux,  where  he  remained  in  obscurity 
till  1799,  when  the  first  consul  gave  him  a 
pension. 

WINCKELMANN,  Joinv  Justus,  a  Ger- 
man historian,  was  born  at  Gnessen,  in  1620, 
and  died  in  1697. 

WINCKELMANN,  Johk  Joachim,  a 
celebrated  German  antiquary,  born  in  1718. 
He  had  a  great  taste  for  the  arts,  and  wrote 
many  works  on  subjects  connected  with 
sculpture,  painting,  &c.  Having  embraced 
the  Catholic  faith,  he  took  a  journey  to 
Italy,  to  survey  the  treasures  of  art  at  the 
Vatican,  and  the  relics  discovered  at  Her- 


culaneum.  He  was  made  keeper  of  the 
pope's  cabinet  of  antiquities ;  and  while 
returning  from  Germany,  which  country  he 
had  visited  in  1768,  he  was  basely  assassin- 
ated by  a  wretch  named  Archungeli,  with 
whom  he  had  fallen  in  company  at  Trieste. 
His  murderer  was  soon  after  taken,  and 
executed  on  the  wheel. 

WINDHAM,  Joseph,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, was  bom  at  Twickenham,  in  1739 ; 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  went  to  Rome,  and  there  took 
xlrawings  of  the  monuments  of  antiquity  ; 
composed  the  principal  part  of  the  "  Ionian 
Antiquities,"  published  by  the  Dilettanti 
Society,  and  assisted  Stuart  in  his  work  on 
Athens.     Died,  1810. 

WINDHAM,  William,  an  eminent  se- 
nator, was  born  in  1750,  and  entered  par- 
liament in  1782.  Till  the  French  revolution 
he  acted  with  the  opposition  ;  but  in  1794  he 
joined  Mr.  Pitt,  and  was  appointed  secre- 
tary at  war,  which  office  he  held  till  1801, 
when  he  vigorously  opposed  the  ephemeral 
peace  of  Amiens.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
Mr.  Windham  became  secretary  of  state  for 
the  war  department,  but  went  out  of  place 
again  the  following  year.    Died,  1810. 

WING,  Vincent,  an  astrological  writer. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  "  Celestial  Har- 
mony of  the  Visible  World,"  an  "  Ephemeris 
for  30  Years,"  "  Computatio  Catholica,"  and 
"  Astronomia  Britannica."    He  died  in  1668. 

WINGATE,  Edmund,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  born  in  l.TOS,  in  York- 
shire ;  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
and  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  went  to  France,  to  in- 
struct Henrietta  Maria  in  the  English  lan- 
guage ;  espoused  the  popular  side  in  the 
civil  war  ;  was  an  M.  P.  ;  and  died  in  165G. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Natural  and  Ar- 
tificial Arithmetic,"  "  The  Exact  Surveyor," 
"  Ludus  Mathematicus,"  "  Maxims  of  Rea- 
son," and  an  "  Abridgment  of  the  Statutes." 

WINSLOW,  James  Eenignus,  a  cele- 
brated Danish  anatomist,  was  born  in  1669, 
at  Odensee ;  settled  in  France ;  and,  in 
1743,  succeeded  M.  Munald  as  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology,  at  the  Royal  Bo- 
tanic Garden.  His  principal  work,  which 
still  preserves  its  reputation  undiminished, 
is  "  An  Anatomical  Exposition  of  the  Struc- 
ture of  the  Human  Body."    Died,  1760. 

WINSOR,  Fkedekic  Albekt,  an  enter- 
prising projector,  to  whom  the  public  is 
indebted  for  the  beautiful  gas  lights  which 
now  illuminate  our  streets,  &c.  ;  made  his 
first  public  experiments  at  the  Lyceum, 
in  the  Strand,  in  1803.  He  afterwards 
lighted  with  gas  the  walls  of  Carlton  Palace 
Gardens,  on  the  king's  birthday  in  1807  ; 
and,  during  1809  and  1810,  he  lighted  one  side 
of  Pall  Mall,  from  the  house  which  he  then 
occupied  in  that  street.  He  followed  up  his 
object  with  great  perseverance,  and  at  length 
obtained  a  charter  of  incorporation  for  a 
gas-light  and  coke  company.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  some  misunderstand- 
ing with  the  parties  with  whom  he  was 
associated  he  did  not  obtain  his  expected 
remuneration.  In  1815  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  also  erected  gas-works,  and  es- 
tablished a  company.    Died,  1830. 

WINSTANLEY,    William,  a    literary 


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barber,  who  wrote  the  "  Lives  of  the  Poets," 
"Select  Lives  of  England's  Worthies," 
"  Historical  Karities,"  &c.  He  died  about 
1690. 

WINTER,  Jonx  Wilt.iam  be,  a  Dutch 
admiral,  was  born  in  1750.  Having  been 
an  active  partWan  in  the  revolution  which 
broke  out  in  1787,  he  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  in  France,  when  the  party  of  the 
stadtholder  prevailed.  In  France  he  entered 
the  army,  served  under  Dumouriez  and 
Pichegru,  and  in  a  short  time  rose  to  the 
rank  of  general  of  brigade.  In  1795,  when 
Pichegru  invaded  Holland,  De  Winter  re- 
turned to  his  country,  where  the  states- 
general  made  him  vice-admiral  and  com- 
mander of  tlie  naval  forces  at  Texel.  Here, 
with  29  vessels,  of  which  16  were  ships  of  the 
line,  he  was  completely  defeated  by  Duncan, 
Oct.  7.  1797.     Died,  1812. 

WINTER,  Peter  vox.  an  eminent  Ger- 
man musician,  bom  at  Manheim,  in  17.54, 
and,  at  the  age  of  10  years,  was  appointed  a 
member  of  tlie  orchestra  of  the  elector.  He 
composed  a  variety  of  operas,  oratorios,  and 
other  pieces  of  vocal  and  instrumental  music, 
many  of  wliich  possess  very  considerable 
merit.    Died,  1825. 

WINWOOD,  Sir  RAi.rn,  a  statesman, 
was  born  about  1.5C5,  at  Aynhoe,  in  North- 
amptonshire. He  was  twice  envoy  to  Hol- 
land, and  was  secretary  of  state  in  1G14, 
till  his  decease  in  Kil".  He  wrote  "  Me- 
morials of  Affairs  of  State  in  the  Reigns  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  King  James  I.,"  3  vols. 
folio. 

WISE,  Fkaxcis,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  at  Oxford,  in  1695.  He  was  the  author 
of  mauy  ingenious  works,  principally  on 
subjects  connected  with  the  antiquities  of 
tliis  country.     Died,  1762. 

WISHART,  Geokge,  a  Scotch  Protestant 
martyr,  was  born  at  the  commencement  of 
the  16th  century.  He  embraced  the  Pro- 
testant faith  while  travelling  in  Germany, 
and  resided  for  some  years  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  taught  at  Bene't  College.  In  1544 
he  returned  to  his  native  land,  and  exerted 
himself  zealously  in  preaching  tire  doctrines 
of  the  Reformation  ;  for  which,  in  1546,  he 
was  condemned  to  the  flames. 

WITHER,  George,  a  poet,  whose  works 
have  lately  been  brought  into  repute  by  Sir 
Egerton  Brydges  and  others,  was  born  in 
1588,  at  Bentworth,  in  Hampshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  In 
1613  he  was  committed  to  prison  for  his 
satires,  called  "  Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt." 
In  the  civil  war  he  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major'-general ; 
but  having  published  a  piece,  called  "Vox 
Vulgi,"  he  was  again  incarcerated  after  the 
Restoration.    Died,  1667. 

WITHERING,  WiLLTAM,  a  physician 
and  writer  on  botany,  was  born  in  1741,  at 
Wellington,  in  Shropshire  ;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  practised  at  Stafford,  and  afterwards 
at  Birmingham  ;  and  died  in  1790.  His  chief 
work  is,  "  A  Systematic  Arrangement  of 
British  Plants  ;"  but  he  wrote  several  others, 
and  the  native  carbonate  of  barytes  was 
discovered  and  first  described  by  him. 

WODHULL,  Michael,  a  poet,  born  at 
Thenford,  in  Northamptonshire.    He  lived 


on  his  paternal  estate,  and  amused  his  leisure 
hours  with  literature  ;  he  wrote  some  mis- 
cellaneous poems,  and  translated  the  tra- 
gedies of  Euripides. 

WODROW,  Robert,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  born  in  1679,  at  Glasgow  ;  studied  at  the 
university  of  that  city,  of  which  he  after- 
wards became  librarian  ;  and  attained  great 
popularity  as  a  preacher.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land."   Died,  1734. 

WOFFINGTON,  Margaret,  a  celebrated 
actress,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1718.  Her 
first  appearance  in  London  was  at  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  in  1738,  in  the  character  of 
Sir  Harry  Wildair,  in  which  she  was  emi- 
nently successful,  as  she  generall3'  was,  in 
fact,  in  whatever  parts  she  assumed.  Her 
attractions  in  private  life  were  also  uni- 
versally acknowledged,  and  lier  society 
sought  by  persons  of  rank  and  talents.  Died, 
1760. 

WOLCOT,  Jotix,  a  humourist  and  satiric 
poet,  known  by  the  name  of  Peter  Pindar, 
Was  born  in  1738,  at  Dodbrook,  in  Devon- 
shire, and  was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  an 
apothecary  at  Truro,  who  ultimately  left 
him  the  bulk  of  his  property.    Having  taken 
the    degree    of   M.D.,   he   accompanied   Sir 
William  Trelawney  to  the  government  of  j 
Jamaica,  as   physician.    While  residing  at 
that  island  lie  took  orders,  and  was  presented  ' 
with  a  living.    On  his  return  to  England  j 
he  settled  at  Truro,  whence  he  removed  to  I 
Helston  ;  and  it  was  while  he  resided  in  i 
Cornwall  that  he  drew  from  obscurity  the  ' 
painter  Opie,  with  whom,  in  1780,  he  came  to 
London.    After  his  arrival  in  the  metropolis 
he  soon  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by  his 
satires,  which  rapidly  succeeded  each  oth»r, 
and  were  highly  popular.    Among  his  most 
finished  works  are,  "  Lyric  Odes  to  the  Royal 
Academicians  "   and  "  The   Lousiad."     In 
the  decline  of  life  he  became  blind,  and  died 
In  1819.    His  works  have  lost  much  of  their 
interest,  owing  to  the  temporary  and  per- 
sonal nature  of  the  subjects  ;  but  they  ex- 
hibit a  racy  humour  and  freshness,  often 
imitated,  but  rarely  equalled. 

WOLF,  Frederich  Augustit.s,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  modern  German  scholars,  was 
born  near  Nordhausen,  in  17.59 ;  studied  at 
GOttingen,  and  was  successively  professor  of 
philology  at  Halle  and  Berlin.  His  com- 
mentaries on  the  classic  authors  are  models 
of  learning  and  critical  sagacity  ;  but  he  is 
chiefly  known  in  England  for  his  attempts 
to  prove  that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  did  not 
proceed  from  one  hand,  but  were  the  works 
of  several  rhapsodists,  subsequently  put 
together  and  made  up  into  the  two  epics 
bearing  the  name  of  Homer.  He  was  a  great 
antagonist  of  Heme.    Died,  1824. 

WOLF,  or  WOLFIUS,  Cukistiax,  an 
eminent  German  mathematician  and  philo- 
sopher, who  filled  the  professor's  chair  in 
the  university  of  Halle,  and  was  eventually 
created  a  baron  of  the  empire.  His  principal 
works  are,"  Elementa  Matheseos  UniverssB," 
5  vols.,  "  A  System  of  Philosophy,"  23  vols,, 
and  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Nature  and 

Nations,"    3   vols There    were    several 

other  learned  Germans  of  the  name  of 
WoLFii^s JoHX  CiiRiSTorHEK,  a  diviuc 


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and  philologist,  born  in  1683.  He  was  author 
of  many  works  on  Hebrew  and  Greek  litera- 
ture, and  bequeathed  a  vast  collection  of 
rabbinical  and  oriental  books  to  the  rnblic 
library  at    Hamburgh,  where    he  died,   in 

1739 Jerome,   an    eminent   critic    and 

classical  scholar,  who  died  at  Augsburg,  in 
1680 Joiix,  an  historical  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  who  was  employed  as  a  diplo- 
matist, and  at  his  death,  in  IGOO,  was  go- 
vernor of  Mindelsheim. 

WOLFE,  CnAi!i-E.s,an  Irish  divine  and 
a  poet  of  great  promise,  was  born  in  1701, 
at  Dublin  :  was  educated  at  Iligli  Abbey 
School,  Winchester,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  obtained  the  curacy  of  Ballyclog, 
which  he  exchanged  for  that  of  Castle  Caul- 
field  ;  and  died,  of  consumption,  in  1823. 
Among  other  pieces  possessing  very  con- 
siderable merit,  he  wrote  the  well-known 
"  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Sir  Jolin  Moore,"  com- 
mencing, "  Not  a  drum  was  heard  ;"  which 
acquired  much  posthumous  celebrity,  and 
was  pronounced  by  Lord  Byron,  "'Ihe  most 
perfect  ode  in  the  language." 

WOLFE,  Jamks,  the  son  of  Lieutenant- 
general  Edward  AVolfe,  was  bom  at  Wester- 
ham,  in  Kent,  in  1726.  He  entered  early  into 
the  army,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery  and  the  decision  of  his  character  on 
many  occasions  during  the  German  war. 
On  his  return  from  the  Continent,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  expedition 
against  Quebec.  The  enterprise  was  great 
and  hazardous;  but  General  Wolfe,  adhering 
to  his  own  plan  of  operations,  surmounted 
all  obstacles,  and  on  the  heights  of  Abraham 
encountered  the  enemy  ;  when,  in  tlie  mo- 
ment of  victory,  he  received  a  ball  in  the 
wrist  and  another  in  the  body,  which  obliged 
him  to  be  carried  into  the  rear.  There, 
while  in  the  agonies  of  death,  being  roused 
by  the  sound  of  "  They  run  !"  lie  eagerly 
asked,  "  Who  nm  ?"  and  being  told  the 
French,  he  exclaimed,  "  I  thank  God,  and 
die  contented."  Died,  1759.  A  monument 
was  erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

WOLLASTON,  Wilmam,  an  ethical  and 
theological  writer,  was  born  in  16.59,  at 
Cotton  Clanford,  in  Staffordshire  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Sidney  College,  Cambridge  ;  took 
orders  ;  but  having  come  into  possession  of 
considerable  property,  he  relinquished  the 
clerical  profession,  and  devoted  his  time  to 
literary  researches.  His  principal  work  is, 
"  The  Religion  of  Nature  delineated." 
Died,  1724. 

WOLLASTON,  Wilt.tam  Hide,  a  phy- 
sician and  experimental  philosopher,  was 
great-grandson  of  the  foregoing,  and  born  in 
17()6.  His  want  of  patronage  as  a  physician 
induced  him  to  give  up  his  profession  in 
disgust,  and  devote  himself  to  scientific 
pursuits,  the  result  of  which  was,  that  he 
became  one  of  the  most  eminent  cliemists 
and  experimentalists  of  modern  times. 
Among  his  discoveries  in  mineralogy  are 
the  two  metals,  palladium  and  rliodium, 
and  the  method  of  rendering  platina  malle- 
able, by  the  last  of  which  he  is  said  to  have 
gained  SOfiOOl.  He  invented  a  sliding  scale 
of  chemical  equivalents,  a  goniometer,  and 
the  camera  lucida.    His  papers  in  the  Philo- 


sophical Transactions  are  namerous.  Died. 
1828. 

WOLSEY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  cardinal 
and  minister  of  state  under  Henry  VlII., 
was  the  son  of  a  butcher  at  Ipswich,  in 
Suffolk,  and  born  there  in  1471.  After 
finishing  his  education  at  Oxford,  he  became 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  Marquis  of  Dorset ; 
was  subsequently  domestic  chaplain  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  and,  on  going  to 
court,  he  gained  the  favour  of  Ilenry  VII., 
who  sent  him  on  an  embassy  to  the  emperor, 
and  on  his  return  made  him  dean  of  Lincoln. 
Henry  VIII,  gave  him  the  living  of  Tor- 
rington,  in  Devon,  and  afterwards  appointed 
him  register  of  the  garter  and  canon  of 
Windsor.  He  next  obtained  the  deanery  of 
York,  and,  attending  the  king  to  Tournay, 
in  France,  was  made  bishop  of  that  city. 
In  1514  he  was  advanced  to  the  see  of  Lin- 
coln, and  the  year  following  to  the  arch- 
bishopric of  York.  Insatiable  in  the  pursuit 
of  emolument,  he  obtained  the  administra- 
tion of  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  the 
temporalities  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's, 
soon  after  which  he  enjoyed  in  succession 
the  rich  bishoprics  of  Durham  and  Winches- 
ter. By  these  means,  his  revenues  nearly 
equalled  those  of  the  crown,  part  of  which 
he  expended  in  pomp  and  ostentation,  and 
part  in  laudable  munificence  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  learning.  He  founded  several 
Icctnies  at  Oxford,  where  he  also  creeled  the 
college  of  Christchurch,  and  built  a  palace 
at  Hampton  Court,  which  he  presented  to 
the  king.  He  was  at  this  time  in  the  zenith 
of  power,  and  had  a  complete  ascendancy 
over  the  mind  of  Henry,  who'  made  him 
lord  chancellor,  and  obtained  for  him  a 
cardinalship.  He  was  also  nominated  the 
pope's  legate  ;  but  having  given  offence  to 
the  king,  by  not  promoting  his  divorce,  he 
fell  into  disgrace,  and  his  property  was  con- 
fiscated. In  1530  he  was  apprehended  at 
York,  but  was  taken  ill,  and  died  on  his  way 
to  London,  exclaiming,  "  Had  I  but  served 
my  God  as  faithfully  as  I  have  served  my 
king,  he  would  not  have  given  me  over  in 
my  grey  hairs." 

WOOD,  Anthoxt,  an  eminent  English 
biographer  and  antiquary,  was  born  in  1632, 
at  Oxford,  and  was  educated  at  Merton  Col- 
lege. His  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  Ox- 
ford," which  was  translated  into  Latin  by 
Dr.  Fell,  appeared  in  1674,  and  his  "  Athenas 
Oxonienses"  was  published  in  1691.  An 
attack  upon  Lord  Clarendon,  in  the  last  of 
these  works,  subjected  him  to  a  sentence  of 
expulsion  from  the  university,  and  his  pre- 
judices in  favour  of  Jacobitisra  rendered  him 
an  object  of  hatred  to  the  other  party.  Died, 
1695. 

WOOD,  James,  proprietor  of  the  Old 
Gloucester  Bank,  —  a  miUionaire,  whose 
riches  and  parsimonious  eccentricities  en- 
title him  to  a  place  among  the  "  remarkable 
characters "  of  the  age,  —  was  born  at 
Gloucester  in  1756,  and  succeeded  to  the 
bank,  which  had  been  there  established,  in 
1716,  by  his  grandfather.  In  conjunction 
with  the  bank,  he  kept  a  shop  to  tlie  day  of 
his  death,  and  dealt  in  almost  every  article 
that  could  be  asked  for ;  nothing  was  too 
trifling   for  "Jemmy  Wood"  by  which  a 


SS-i 


woo] 


^  0t^  ^ixihtriKl  ^t03ntpi^i). 


[woo 


penny  could  be  turned,  and  nothing  too 
extensive  for  him  to  supply  —  a  farthing 
rushlight,  or  a  merchant's  shipping  order. 
He  was  a  bachelor,  and  spent  the  whole 
week  in  his  banking-shop,  or  rather  his 
shop-bank  (for  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that 
the  business  of  the  "Old  Gloucester  Bank  " 
was  transacted  at  one  end  of  liis  multifa- 
rious chandlery  store)  ;  he  entertained  no 
company,  visited  none,  took  his  country 
walk  of  a  Sunday  in  order  to  enjoy  a  frugal 
meal  in  the  open  air,  and  ever  made  it  his 
especial  care  not  to  diminish  his  wealth  by 
attending  to  the  calls  of  humanity.  He  died 
April  20.  1S3G,  leaving  Iiis  vast  property 
to  be  divided  between  his  four  executors, 
viz.  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Matthew  Wood,  of 
London  (but  wlio  is  not  related  to  him);  Mr. 
John  Chadborne,  of  Gloucester  (his  attor- 
ney) ;  Mr.  Jacob  Osborne,  and  Mr.  John 
Surnam  of  Gloucester  (his  two  clerks).  In 
preparation  for  the  probate  of  this  will,  the 
personal  property  of  the  deceased  was  sworn 
under  900,0l)0Z.;  but  Mr.  James  Wood,  of 
Islington,  who  is  stated  to  be  one  of  nine 
cousins  of  the  deceased,  entered  a  caveat 
against  the  probate.  A  codicil  was  after- 
wards discovered,  by  which  various  legacies 
are  bequeathed  to  his  kindred,  besides  a  very 
large  sum  to  the  corporation  of  Gloucester  ; 
this  codicil,  however,  was  not  satisfactorily 
authenticated. 

WOOD,  Alderman  Sir  Matthew,  bart., 
M.P.,  was  the  son  of  a  serge  manufacturer 
at  Tiverton,  and  had  but  a  limited  scholastic 
education,  as  at  the  early  age  of  11  years  he 
was  employed  in  his  father's  business,  and 
at  14  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Newton  of 
Exeter,  his  cousin,  who  carried  on  a  very 
extensive  business  as  a  chemist  and  druggist. 
After  serving  his  time,  and  being  for  a  few 
3'ear3  employed  as  a  traveller  in  the  drug 
trade,  he  commenced  business  on  his  own 
account  in  London,  at  first  as  a  chemist,  and 
subsequently  as  a  hop  merchant,  in  which 
latter  trade  he  acquired  a  very  handsome 
fortune.  After  serving  some  minor  offices 
in  the  city,  Mr.  Wood  was,  in  rotation, 
elevated  to  the  mayoralty  in  1815,  and  gave 
such  great  and  universal  satisfaction  in  that 
high  office  that  he  was  re-elected  in  1816  ;  a 
departure  from  the  ordinary  course  that  was 
unprecedented  during  several  previous  cen- 
turies. During  his  second  mayoralty  he 
gained  a  still  higher  position  in  public  favour 
by  his  humane  conduct  in  saving  the  lives 
of  three  poor  Irishmen  who  were  sentenced 
to  be  hanged,  on  the  perjured  testimony  of 
three  police  officers,  named  Brock,  Vaughan, 
and  Pelham.  So  great  was  the  public  ad- 
miration of  Mr.  Wood's  conduct  on  this 
occasion,  that  the  livery  actually  sent  his 
name  up  a  third  time  for  the  mayoralty  ; 
but  the  court  of  aldermen  deeming  this  too 
irregular,  passed  his  name  over.  During 
his  second  mayoralty  he  was  elected  M.P. 
for  London,  and  from  that  time  till  his 
death  he  was  invariably  returned,  and  on 
all  occasions  save  one  at  the  head  of  the  poll. 
Of  Mr.  Wood's  conduct  as  a  magistrate  it  is 
not  possible  to  speak  too  highly;  but  we  can 
by  no  means  give  the  like  unqualified  praise 
to  his  course  as  a  senator,  for,  in  his  place 
in  parliament,  he  displayed  more  obstinacy 


than  candour,  more  zeal  than  wisdom.  He 
gained  great  notoriety  for  the  zeal  with 
which  he  attached  himself  to  the  fate  and 
fortunes  of  the  ill-starred  queen  Caroline. 
His  political  course  obtained  him  the  friend- 
ship of  a  maiden  lady,  sister  of  the  wealthy 
Mr.  James  Wood,  banker,  of  Gloucester.  At 
her  death  she  bequeathed  him  a  handsome 
property,  and  her  brother  subsequently  left 
him  a  fourth  of  his  vast  fortune,  which,  in- 
dependent of  land,  and,  after  being  much 
diminished  by  litigation,  produced  the  for- 
tunate alderman  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion of  money.  He  was  created  a  baronet 
during  the  Melbourne  administration,  in 
1837.    Died,  Sept.  25.  1843,  aged  7G. 

WOOD,  Robert,  an  accomplished  scho- 
lar, was  born  in  17 Ki,  at  Riverstown,  county 
of  Meath  ;  made  the  tour  of  Greece,  Egypt, 
and  Palestine,  in  1751  ;  and  was  appointed 
nnder-secretary  of  state  in  1759.  He  wrote 
a  "  Description  of  the  Ruins  of  Balbec,"  the 
"  Ruins  of  Palmyra,"  &c.    Died,  1771. 

WOODD,  Basil,  a  clergyman  of  the  church 
of  England,  distinguished  as  a  most  active 
member  of  bible  and  missionary  societies, 
and  other  religious  associations.  He  was 
born  at  Richmond,  in  Surrey,  in  17G0  ;  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  be- 
came rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill,  and 
morning  preacher  at  Bentinck  chapel ;  and 
died  in  1831.  His"  Advice  to  Youth,"  "Th^ 
Duties  of  the  Marriage  State,"  &c.  are  well 
known. 

WOODDESON,  Richard,  an  eminent 
civilian,  was  born  in  1745,  at  Kingston,  in 
Surrey  ;  was  educated  at  Pembroke  and 
Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford ;  and  chosen 
Vinerian  professor,  on  the  resignation  of  Sir 
Robert  Chambers.  He  wrote  "  Elements  of 
Jurisprudence,"  "  A  Systematic  View  of  the 
Laws  of  England,"  and  "A  Brief  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Rights  of  the  British  Legislature." 
Died,  1822. 

WOODFALL,  William,  a  printer  and 
parliamentary  reporter,  who  became  in  some 
measure  a  public  character  from  his  being 
exposed  to  a  prosecution  as  publisher  of  the 
famous  "  Letters  of  Junius."  Being  gifted 
with  a  wonderfully  retentive  memory,  he  re- 
ported the  debates  in  parliament  with  great 
ability  and  precision,  and  was  the  first  who 
introduced  them  to  the  public  after  their 
present  fashion.    Died,  1803. 

WOODHOUSE,  Robeht,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  elected  Lucasian  professor  in  1820, 
Plumian  professor  in  1822,  and  keeper  of  the 
observatory  in  1824.  He  wrote  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Analytical  Calculation,"  "A  Trea- 
tise on  Trigonometry,"  another  ou  "Plane 
Astronomv,"  &c.    Died,  1827. 

WOODVILLE,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Sir 
John  Grey,  who  was  slain  in  the  battle  of 
Bernard's  Heath.  After  his  death  she  applied 
to  Edward  IV.  for  the  restoration  of  his 
estate,  wlien  that  monarch  fell  in  love  with, 
and  married  her.  The  princess  Elizabeth 
was  the  fruit  of  this  marriage,  who  married 
Henry  VII.,  and  thus  united  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster. 

WOODVILLE,  William,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  bom  in  1752,at  Cockermouth; 
studied  at  Edinburgh;  and  settled  in  London, 


•woo] 


^  IJffitj  HiuberiJaT  28i0():rai)T)in 


[WOR 


where  he  became  physician  to  the  Middlesex, 
Dispensary  and  the  Smallpox  Hospital,  lie 
was  tlie  author  of  "  Medical  Botany  "  and 
the  "History  of  the  Smallpox  Inoculation." 
Died,  1805. 

WOODWARD,  nEJfisy,  a  celebrated  co- 
median, was  born  in  Loudon,  in  1717,  and 
was  unrivalled  in  such  parts  as  Marplot,  Sir 
Andrew  Aguecheek,  &c.  As  a  composer  of 
pantomimes  also  he  had  great  merit,  and  he 
was  the  author  of  some  few  dramatic  pieces. 
Died,  1777. 

WOODWARD,  Jony,  a  physician  and 
naturalist,  was  born  in  Eterhyshire,  in  ICCi. 
In  1C92  he  became  professor  of  physic  at 
Gresham  College  ;  and  in  1090  published  an 
"  Essay  towards  a  Natural  History  of  tlie 
Earth."    Died,  1728. 

WOOIiSTON,  Thomas,  a  deistical  writer, 
was  born  in  1&>9,  at  Northampton,  and  be- 
came a  fellow  of  Sidney  College,  Cambridge. 
His  first  work,  "  The  Old  Apology  for  tlie 
Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion  revived," 
was  meant  to  prove  that  tlie  actions  of  Moses 
were  typical  of  Christ  and  the  church  ;  but 
he  gradually  became  a  deist,  and  his  "  Six 
Discourses  on  Miracles  "  subjected  him  to  a 
prosecution,  and  he  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 
Died,  1732. 

WORDSWORTH,  William,  one  of  the 
greatest  poets  of  our  age  and  country,  was 
born  at  Cockermouth,  in  Cumberland,  April 
7th,  1770.  He  received  the  rudiments  of  liis 
mental  culture  at  Hawkshcad  School,  and 
in  the  year  1787  was  entered  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  Having  completed  his 
studies  and  taken  his  academical  degree,  he 
made  the  tour  of  France  and  Switzerland, 
at  a  period  when  the  revolution  in  France 
had  attained  its  grand  crisis  ;  and  its  influ- 
ence upon  the  fiery  imagination  and  sensi- 
tive mind  of  Wordsworth  was  no  less  for- 
cible than  that  produced  upon  those  of  his 
friends  and  frequent  companions,  Coleridge, 
Southey,  and  Lloyd.  The  earnest  thoughts 
that  had  been  generated  by  his  continued 
meditations  upon  this  theme  found  an 
utterance  in  his  "  Descriptive  Sketches  "  and 
"  Evening  Walk,"  both  of  which  made  their 
appearance  in  1793.  In  1797  he  had  con- 
ceived a  plan  for  the  regeneration  of  English 
poetry.  In  1798  he  published,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Coleridge,  a  collection  of"  Lyrical 
Ballads."  The  majority  of  these  productions 
were  from  his  own  pen.  This  book  so  far 
from  making  converts  to  Wordsworth's  pe- 
culiar way  of  thinking,  met  everywhere 
with  the  bitterest  contempt  and  ridicule. 
The  Edinburgh  Review  denounced  his 
theory  as  puerile,  and  stigmatised  his  verses 
as  a  species  of  second-rate  nursery  rhymes. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Wordsworth  in 
his  zeal  to  redeem  the  English  muse  from 
a  corrupted  and  inane  pliraseology,  like 
other  re-actionists  of  a  sterner  character, 
pushed  his  favourite  theory  too  far.  Still 
many  of  his  readers  sympathised  with  liis 
views  ;  and  through  their  encouragement  he 
was  induced  to  publish  other  two  volumes  of 
poetry  in  1807.  In  1814  appeared  his  great 
work,  "  The  Excursion,"  which,  according 
to  a  contemporary  critic,  is  "brimful  of 
splendid  thoughts  clothed  in  splendid  lan- 
guage, while  it   breathes   a   spirit   of  en- 


lightened benevolence  and  charity,  which 
seem  wondrous,  grand,  and  beautiful  in  their 
drapery  of  glowing  eloquence  when  tested  by 
the  poet's  own  theory."  About  the  period 
of  tiie  publication  of  the  "  Excursion," 
Wordsworth  obtained  the  situation  of  dis- 
tributor of  stamps,  which  oflSce  he  retained 
during  the  lapse  of  28  years,  retiring  in  1842 
upon  a  pension  of  300/.,  while  his  son  filled 
the  vacancy  thus  occasioned.  Several  works 
followed  the  "  Excursion,"  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  "  White  Doe  of  Ryl- 
stone  ;"  and  in  1842  appeared  a  volume  con- 
taining several  poems  written  in  the  poet's 
early  youth,  accompanied  by  others  written 
in  his  old  age.  In  1843  he  succeeded  his 
friend  Southey  as  poet-laureate.  It  would 
be  almost  impassible  to  exaggerate  or  over- 
estimate the  importance  of  the  influence 
whicli  Wordsworth,  in  conjunction  with 
Coleridge,  has  exercised  in  the  formation  of 
the  intellectual  characteristics  of  the  pre- 
sent age.  Many  of  our  greatest  thinkers 
have  sat  at  the  feet  of  Coleridge,  that 
"  old  man  eloquent  ; "  while  the  whole  of 
the  poetry  that  has  issued  from  the  English 
press  for  years  has  been  tinctured  and  co- 
loured by  the  genius  of  Wordsworth.  "  Dur- 
ing the  last  30  years,"  says  a  contemporary 
critic,  "  the  regenerative  power  of  his  genius 
has  so  operated  upon  the  public  taste,  that  the 
pure,  the  simple,  and  the  good  are  now  the 
more  regardecl  elements  of  poetrj',  while  the 
Laras,  Giaours,  and  the  other  distempered 
objects  of  a  feverish  imagination  are  ceasing 
to  be  among  the  attractive  imagery  of  song. 
Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  triumpli  of  his 
genius  is  its  conquest  over  that  very  Review 
which  scorned  and  sneered  at  him  in  the 
beginning  of  his  career ;  for  his  spirit  now 
undoubtedly  pervades  this  very  organ  which 
scoffed  at  him  so  bitterly,  and  even  rejected 
his  language  as  too  puerile  for  the  nursery. 
For  many  years,  Wordsworth  enjoyed  the 
inestimable  privilege  of  receiving  that  guer- 
don of  love  and  admiration  while  living, 
which  are  too  frequently  brought  into  opera- 
tion for  no  other  purpose  than  that  of  scat- 
tering garlands  upon  the  tomb  of  genius. 
Thousands  of  his  admirers  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  the  poet's  sanctuary,  Rydal  Mount ;  and 
not  a  few  crossed  over  from  other  lands  to 
catch  a  glimpse  of  tliat  great  man  who  has 
filled  the  world  with  his  fame.  Died,  1*50. 
Ilis  noble  autobiographical  poem,  "  The 
Prelude  on  the  Growth  of  a  Poet's  Mind," 
was  a  posthumous  publication. 

AVORLRIDGE,  Thomas,  a  portrait 
painter  and  engraver,  whose  etchings  after 
Rembrandt  are  peculiarly  excellent.  He 
published  a  book  of  gems  from  the  antique. 
Died,  17()fl. 

WORMIUS,  Olaus,  an  able  Dutch  phy- 
sician and  antiquary,  was  born  in  1588  ;  was 
made  a  canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Lunden  by 
Christian  IV.  as  a  reward  for  his  medical  ser- 
vices ;  and  died  in  1054.  His  principal  works 
relate  to  Danish  and  Norwegian  history  and 
antiquities. 

WORSDALE,  James,  a  painter  and  dra- 
matic writer.  He  was  pupil  to  Sir  Godfrey 
Kneller,  whose  niece  he  married.  His  dra- 
matic performances  obtained  much  tempo- 
rary notoriety.    Died,  1767. 


wor] 


^  ^ctu  Sffniijer^al  Ui0srajpl)n, 


[WRE 


WORSLEY,  Sir  Riciiaijd,  bart.,  was  born 
in  1751,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  ;  and  became 
governor  of  the  island,  comptroller  of  his 
majesty's  household,  and  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Newport.  He  resided  in  Italy  many 
years,  and  made  a  large  collection  of  an- 
tiquities, of  which  a  catalogue  was  published, 
imder  the  title  of  "  Miisajum  Worsleianum." 
Sir  Richard  also  wrote  the  "  Ilistory  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight."    Died,  1805. 

WORTIIINGTON,  William,  a  learned 
divine,  was  born  in  Merionethshire,  in  1703  ; 
M-as  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford  ; 
and  obtained  prebends  in  the  cathedrals 
of  Asaph  and  York.  His  principal  works 
are,  an  "Essay  on  tlie  Scheme  of  Redemp- 
tion," "On  the  Historical  Sense  of  the 
Mosaic  Account  of  the  Fall  of  JIan,"  and 
"  Tlie  Scripture  Theory  of  the  Earth."  Died, 
1778. 

WOTTON,  Sir  Hejtry,  a  diplomatist  and 
political  writer,  was  born  in  15()8,  at  Bough- 
ton  Hall,  in  Kent  ;  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  Oxford  ;  became  secretary  to 
the  Earl  of  Essex,  whom  lie  accompanied 
on  his  expedition  against  the  Spaniards, 
and  into  Ireland  ;  and,  on  the  fall  of  that 
nobleman,  he  went  to  reside  at  Florence. 
James  I.  employed  him  on  various  missions 
to  Italy  and  Germany.  He  was  made  provost 
at  Eton  College  in  1024,  and  died  in  ICSO. 
He  wrote  "  Elements  of  Arcliitccture,"  "  The 
State  of  Cliristendom,"  and  "  Reliquiae  "\Vot- 
tonianae." 

WOTTON,  William,  an  English  divine, 
critic,  historian,  and  miscelluneous  writer, 
of  great  learning  ;  born,  1060  ;  died,  1720. 
His  chief  works  are,  "  Reflections  ui)on  An- 
cient and  Modern  Learning  "  and  "  The  His- 
tory of  Rome  from  tlie  Death  of  Antoninus 
Pius  to  the  Deatli  of  Severus  Alexander." 

WOUVERMANS,  PuiLir,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  born  at  Haerlem,  in  1(!20.  His 
hunting  pieces,  landscapes,  and  battle  scenes, 
are  admirable.    Died,  1088. 

WRAXALL,  Sir  Natiiaxiel  William, 
bart.,  an  eminent  traveller  and  historical 
writer,  was  born  at  Bristol,  in  17.51.  He 
entered  into  the  civil  service  of  the  East 
India  Company,  and  in  1771  acted  as  judge- 
advocate  and  paymaster  of  the  forces  for 
the  presidency  of  Bombay.  Next  year  he 
returned  to  England,  and  then  travelled  on 
the  Continent,  visiting  almost  every  country 
from  Naples  to  Lapland.  He  published  se- 
veral tours,  the  "  History  of  the  House  of 
Valois,"  "  Memoirs  of  tlie  Courts  of  Berlin, 
Dresden,  Warsaw,  and  Vienna,"  "  The  His- 
tory of  France,"  6  vols.  8vo.  &c.  In  1813  he 
was  created  a  baronet,  and,  in  1815,  he  pub- 
lished his  last  work,  "  Historical  Memoirs  of 
his  Own  Time,"  2  vols.  Svo.  In  these  me- 
moirs, which  contain  a  fund  of  anecdote, 
was  a  libel  on  Count  Woronzow,  the  Russian 
ambassador  ;  for  which  Sir  Nathaniel  was 
sentenced  to  a  fine  and  six  months'  imprison- 
ment. He  died  at  Dover,  while  on  his  way 
to  Naples,  in  1831,  aged  80. 

WREDE,  Field-marshal  Prince,  an  emi- 
nent Bavarian  soldier  and  statesman,  whose 
fate  it  was  to  be  a  most  formidable  foe  to 
the  gigantic  military  genius  under  whom  he 
had  obtained  the  earliest  distinction  due  to 
his  gallantry  and  skill.    In  1805  lie  served 

886 


as  a  Bavarian  lieutenant-colonel  against 
Austria  and  as  the  ally  of  France,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  so  much,  that  Napoleon 
personally  conferred  upon  him  the  then 
much  coveted  grand  cross  of  the  legion  of 
honour.  In  the  subsequent  actions  of  that 
war  he  still  further  distinguished  himself, 
and  Mas  created  a  field-marshal  when  dan- 
gerously wounded  at  the  decisive  battle  of 
Wagram.  In  tlie  memorable  campaign 
against  Russia,  too,  the  contingent  army 
furnished  by  Bavaria  to  France  was  com- 
manded by  him  ;  and  covered  the  retreat  of 
the  French  with  such  dogged  determination, 
as  to  lose  nearly  the  wliole  of  its  cavalry. 
In  1813,  tlie  political  state  of  things  in 
Europe  made  it  impossible  for  Bavaria  to 
remain  attached  to  the  emperor's  cause,  but 
to  share  liis  inevitable  ruin  ;  and  Marshal 
Wrede,  as  Bavarian  plenipotentiary,  signed 
the  treaty  by  which  Bavaria  declared  herself 
separated  from  the  confederation  of  the  j 
Rhine,  and  also  from  the  cause  of  the  em- 
peror. Shortly  afterwards,  Wrede,  at  the 
head  of  a  combined  Bavarian  and  Austrian 
army,  made  a  gallant  and  skilful,  though 
unsuccessful  attempt,  to  intercept  Napoleon 
at  Hanau,  after  the  battle  of  Leipzig.  In 
1814  he  was  activelj'  engaged  in  France,  and 
with  his  usual  gallantry  ;  and,  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war,  he  was  elevated  to  the 
rank  of  a  prince,  and,  shortly  afterwards, 
nominated  an  honorary  knight  grand  cross 
of  the  English  order  of  the  Bath.  The  ter- 
mination of  the  war  did  not  terminate  his 
services  to  his  country.  As  minister  of  state, 
and  inspector  general  of  the  army,  he  ren- 
dered most  important  benefits.  Born,  1707  ; 
died,  183!). 

WREN,  Sir  Christopher,  a  celebrated 
architect  and  mathematician,  was  born  at 
East  Knoyle,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1632  ;  studied 
at  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  was  cliosen  a 
fellow  of  All  Souls,  in  1653;  was  appointed 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresliam  College, 
in  1057  ;  and,  in  1601,  was  nominated  to  the 
Savilian  professorship,  and  created  LL.D. 
His  fame  as  an  arcliitect  had  by  this  time 
widely  spread  ;  and  he  received  a  commis- 
sion, in  1003,  to  produce  designs  for  the  re- 
storation of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  then  one  of  i 
the  most  remarkable  Gothic  edifices  in  the  I 
kingdom.    To  prepare  himself  for  the  ex-  j 
ecution  of  this  great  undertaking,  he  made 
a  visit  to  France,  in  1005,  and  then  finished  j 
the  designs  ;  but  while  they  were  under  con-  ] 
sideration,  the  cathedral  was  destroyed  by 
the  fire  of  1600.    Wren  had  now  an  oppor-  i 
tunity  for  signalising  his  talents  by  the  erec-  ■ 
tion  of  an  entirely  new  structure.    The  con-  j 
temporaneous  destruction  of  fifty  parochial  \ 
churches    and  many  public  buildings   also  i 
furnished  an  ample  field  for  his  genius  ;  and  j 
he  would  have  had  the  honour  of  founding,  i 
as  it  were,  a  new  citj',  if  the  design  which  he 
laid  before  the  king  and  parliament  could 
have  been  adopted  ;   but    private    interests 
prevented  its  acceptance.    On  the  death  of  j 
Sir  John  Denham,  he  succeeded  to  the  office 
of  surveyor  of  the    works  ;    and,  in  1674, 
received    the    lionour    of  knighthood.    His 
greatest  performances  were  the  Monument, 
Greenwich  Hospital,   Hampton  Court,    St. 
Mary-le-Bow  ;   St.    JCichael,  Cornhill ;    St. 


wre] 


^  llffio  Bnibtv^Kl  Btograplbe* 


[WTC 


Dun&tan  in  the  East;  St.  Magnus,  London 
Bridge;  St.  Stephen,  Walbrook  ;  and,  above 
i  all,  St.  Pttiirs  cathedral,  which    he    lived 
I  to  8ee  completed.    In  1(>80  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  was  after- 
wards appointed  architect  and  commissioner 
of  Chelsea  Hospital,  and  comptroller  of  the 
!  works  at  Windsor.     He  was  elected  M.  P. 
'■  for  the  borough  of  Plympton,  in  IGSo,  and 
i  for  Weymouth,  in  17(X).     After  having  long 
been  the  highest  ornament  of  his  profession, 
he  was,  in  1718,  to  the  disgrace  of  the  admi- 
nistration, deprived  of  the  survey orship  of 
the  royal  works,  merely  from  political  mo- 
tives ;  he  was  then  in  the  85th  year  of  his 
age.    He  died,  Feb.  25.  1723.  aged  90,  aud 
was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

WREN,  CuRisTOPnEK,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  col- 
;  lected  memoirs  of  his  family,  which  in  1750 
were  published  by  Dr.  Stephen  Wren,  his 
son,  under  the  title  of"  Parentalia." 

WREN,   Matthew,    a   learned   prelate, 

successively    bishop  of  Hereford,  Norwich, 

and  Ely.    During  the  civil  war  he  was  im- 

}  peached  by  the  Commons,  and  sent  to  the 

;  Tower,  where  he  lay  18  years,  without  any 

j  trial.   At  the  Restoration,  he  visited  his  dio- 

I  cese,  and  built  a  new  chapel  in  Pembroke 

Hall,  Cambridge.    Died,  1G67. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,    a   mathematician, 
born  at  Garveston,  in  Norfolk  ;  to  whom  is 
attributed  the  discovery  of  the  true  method 
of  dividing  the  meridian  line.    Died,  Itilo. 
I      WRIGHT,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  painter, 
;  usually  styled  "  Wright  of  Derby,"  was  born 
in  that  town  in  1784.     He  was  first  placed 
I  under  Hudson,  the  portrait  painter  ;  after- 
I  wards  visited  Italy,  where   he  made  great 
I  advances  in  his  profession;  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1755,  and  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy.     He  settled  at  Derby, 
painted    many   admirable    landscapes,  &c., 
and  died  in  1797. 

WRIGHT,  Walter  Rodwell,  author 
of  "  HoroB  lonicoe,"  descriptive  of  the  Isles 
of  Greece,  wliich  Lord  Byron  has  warmly 
eulogised.  He  died  in  182i>,  at  Malta,  where 
he  held  the  situation  of  president  of  the 
court  of  appeal. 

WURMSER,  Daoobeht  Sioismoxd, 
Count,  an  Austrian  tield-marshal,  who  dis- 
played great  bravery  and  skill  in  the  wars 
with  France.  He  drove  the  republican 
troops  out  of  Alsace  in  1798,  took  Manheim 
in  1794,  and  contended  successfully  against 
the  French  in  Italy  in  179Q,  but  was  at  length 
obliged  to  submit  to  the  superior  numbers 
of  the  enemy,  at  Mantua,  after  an  obstinate 
defence  and  the  loss  of  24,000  men.  He  died 
in  1797,  aged  80. 

WYAT,  Sir  Thomas,  a  distinguished 
courtier,  statesman,  and  poet,  was  born  in 
1503,  at  Allington,  in  Kent;  was  educated 
at  Cambridge  and  Oxford,  became  a  fa- 
vourite of  Henry  VIII.,  and  was  employed 
by  him  on  various  missions,  and  died  in 
1541.  His  poetical  works  consist  of  odes, 
love  elegies,  &c.,  and  possess  a  considerable 
degree  of  elegance. 

WYATT,  .J\mes,  an  eminent  architect, 
was  born  at  Burton,  in  Staffordshire,  about 
1748,  and  studied  architecture  and  painting 
at  Rome.    On  his  return  to  England,  he 


erected  the  Pantheon  in  Oxford  Street,  and 
he  succeeded  Sir  William  Chambers  as  sur- 
veyor-general to  the  board  of  works.  He  also 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  for  some  time  sat  as  president  of  that 
institution.  Fonthill  Abbey,  Kew  Palace, 
and  many  other  edifices,  owe  whatever  merit 
they  possess  to  his  skill  as  an  architect.  He 
died  in  1813. 

WYATT,  R.  J., an  accomplished  sculptor, 
was  born  on  the  3rd  of  May,  1795,  in  Oxford 
Street,  London,  where  his  father,  Edward 
Wyatt.  was  then  settled.  At  an  early  age  he 
was  articled  to  Charles  Rossi,  R.  A.,  for  the 
term  of  seven  years  ;  and  during  that  term 
his  services  at  the  Royal  Academy  were  so 
successfully  prosecuted,  as  to  entitle  him  to 
the  award  of  two  medals  upon  ditferent 
occasions.  At  the  time  Wyalt  was  under 
the  tuition  of  Rossi,  he  executed  a  monument 
in  the  church  of  Esher,  in  memory  of  Mrs. 
Hughes,  and  another  in  the  chapel  at  St. 
John's  Wood.  When  Canova  visited  this 
country,  he  became  so  far  interested  in 
Wyatt,  as  at  once  to  promise  him  his  pro- 
tection and  the  permission  to  work  in  his 
studio  at  Rome.  Thither  he  proceeded  in 
the  early  part  of  the  year  1821,  after  having 
spent  some  time  in  Paris  under  the  cele- 
brated Italian  sculptor  Bozio  ;  and  so  de- 
votedly did  he  prosecute  the  labours  of  his 
profession,  that  only  once  in  tliis  lengthened 
term  of  nearly  30  years  did  he  revisit  his 
native  country,  and  that  occasion  was  in  the 
year  1841.  It  was  during  Wyatt's  visit  to 
England,  in  1841,  that  he  was  honoured  by 
the  queen  with  a  commission  for  his  statue  of 
Penelope,  which  in  Rome  was  considered  the 
best  of  his  works.  His  group  of  "  Ino  and 
the  Infant  Bacchus,"  a  statue  of"  Glycera," 
"  Musidora, "  a  statue  ;  two  statues  of 
Nymphs,  and  "Penelope,"  a  charming 
statue,  the  property  of  her  majesty,  are  all 
works  of  high  merit.  The  industry  of  Wyatt 
was  singularly  constant.  In  summer,  long 
before  five  in  the  morning,  he  was  to  be  seen 
on  his  way  to  the  Caffe  Greco,  wliere  artists 
of  all  nations  assemble  ;  and  in  winter,  long 
before  daylight,  he  was  to  he  seen  at  the 
same  place  reading  the  papers  by  the  light 
of  a  taper  wiiich  he  always  carried  with 
him  for  that  purpose.  At  daylight  he  was 
in  a  studio,  and  not  only  thus  early,  but 
he  also  remained  at  work  sometimes  until 
midnight.  Died  suddenly  at  Rome,  May 
29.  1850. 

WYCHERLEY,  Wir.LiAM,  a  dramatic 
writer,  and  man  of  fashion  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II.,  was  born  in  1G40,  at  Cleve,  in 
Shropshire  ;  studied  the  law  ;  but  having  a 
taste  for  poetry  and  the  drama,  he  came 
into  notice  as  the  author  of  "Love  in  a 
Wood,"  a  comedy,  and  obtained  through  I 
it  the  patronage  of  the  Duchess  of  Cleve- 
land, the  profligate  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
and  the  monarch  himself.  He  at  length 
lost  tlie  king's  favour  by  clandestinely 
marrying  the  Countess  of  Drogheda,  a 
young,  rich,  and  beautiful  widow  ;  and  al- 
though at  her  death  she  settled  her  fortune  ! 
on  him,  yet  his  title  being  disputed,  the  ! 
law  expenses  produced  embarrassment  and 
arrest,  and  he  remained  in  confinement  7 
years.     He  was  at  last  released  from  prison  : 


wyd] 


^  ^f&)  Wini^tY^Rl  3St05riqi5y. 


[WYT 


by  James  II.,  who  gave  him  a  pension  of 
200Z.  per  annum.  He  was  the  author  of  tlie 
Comedies  of  the  "  Plain  Dealer,"  the  "Gen- 
tleman Dancing  Master,"  and  the  "  Country 
Wife  ;  "  besides  poems,  &c.    Died,  1715. 

WYDEVILLE,  or  WOODVILLE,  Ax- 
THONV,  Earl  Rivkrs,  an  accomplished  no- 
bleman of  the  15th  century,  was  horn  in 
1442.  In  consequence  of  his  sister  having 
been  married  to  Edward  IV.,  he  shared  in 
all  the  vicissitudes  which  befel  that  warlike 
and  luxurious  monarch,  and  became  go- 
vernor of  Calais  and  captain-general  of 
the  king's  forces.  He  was  also  made  go- 
vernor of  Prince  Edward,  and  chief  butler 
of  England.  On  the  death  of  the  king,  the 
earl  assembled  a  body  of  troops,  with  the 
intention  of  crowning  his  nephew  ;  but  his 
design  was  defeated  by  the  machinations  of 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  afterwards  Richard 
III.,  who  caused  the  gallant  nobleman  to 
be  beheaded,  without  trial,  in  the  castle  of 
Pontefract,  June  13.  1483. 

WYKEUAM,  William  of,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  lord  high  chancellor  of 
England,  was  born  in  1324,  at  Wickham,  in 
Hampshire,  of  respectable  parents,  but  poor, 
and  was  indebted  for  his  education  to  Ni- 
cholas ITvedale,  governor  of  Winchester 
castle.  On  the  completion  of  his  studies, 
lie  became  private  secretary  to  his  patron, 
and  was  by  him  eventually  recommended  to 
the  notice  of  Edward  III.  The  talents,  di- 
ligence, and  integrity  he  displayed  in  the 
service  of  the  king  raised  him  gradually 
to  a  distinguished  place  in  the  royal  favour  ; 
and  being  appointed  surveyor  of  his  works 
at  Windsor,  under  his  directions  that  splen- 
1  did  structure  was  completed.  He  now  gra- 
dually, but  rapidly,  rose  to  the  highest 
dignities  both  in  church  and  state.  In  1.357. 
,  lie  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Pulham, 
I  in  Norfolk,  to  which  was  added  a  prebend 
j  in  the  church  of  Lichfield  ;  and  in  1300  he 
was  made  dean  of  the  collegiate  church  of 
I  St.  Martin  le  Grand,  London.  He  was  also 
successively  appointed  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal,  secretary  to  the  king,  and  governor  of 
the  great  council.  In  VMiH  he  was  advanced 
;  to  the  bishopric  of  Winchester,  and  in  the 
I  following  year  was  made  chancellor  of 
England.  These  high  dignities  he  sustained 
with  honour  and  ability,  dedicating  a  large 
portion  of  his  temporalities  to  the  improve- 
\  ment  of  his  cathedral.  Owing  to  the  in- 
fluence of  a  party,  headed  by  John  of 
Gaunt,  who  were  strongly  opposed  to  the 
increasing  wealth  and  influence  of  the 
clergy,  he  was  compelled  to  resign  the  seals 
in  1371 ;  but  the  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held  by  the  people  generally,  compensated 
for  the  loss  ;  and  on  the  accession  of  Ri- 
chard II.  he  was  restored  to  his  dignities 
and  emoluments.  In  1386  he  completed  his 
munificent  foundation  of  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  in  the  chapel  of  which  is  still  to  be 
seen  his  crozier,  or  pastoral  staff,  supposed 
to  be  the  only  one  in  England.  He  also 
built  and  endowed  St.  Mary's  College,  at 
Winchester;  and  having,  in  1301,  a  second 
time  resigned  the  chancellorship,  he  de- 
voted the  remainder  of  his  life  to  the  su- 
perintendence of  his  nobler  establishments, 
and  the  exercise  of  Christian  benevolence. 


He  died,  Sept.  24.  1404,  and  was  buried  in 
Winchester    cathedral,    where    a  splendid  j 
monument  is  erected  to  the  memory  of  its 
wortliy  and  munificent  benefactor. 

WYNANTZ,  JoHX,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  born  at  Haerlem,  in 
10(50.  He  was  the  instructor  of  Philip  Wou- 
vermans,  and  is  famous  for  the  boldness  of 
his  designs  and  the  delicacy  of  his  tints. 
Died,  1670. 

WYNDHAAf,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  was  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
and  born  in  1687.  Having  been  elected 
M.  P.  for  the  county,  he  soon  became  con- 
spicuous as  one  of  the  ablest  senators  in  the 
house.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of 
war,  and  afterwards  chancellor  of  tlie  ex- 
chequer ;  but  being  displaced  on  the  death 
of  queen  Anne,  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
opposition,  and  signalised  himself  by  his 
defence  of  the  Duke  of  Ormond  and  the 
Earls  of  Oxford  and  Strafford,  when  im- 
peached by  the  Commons.  He  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  in  1715,  on  the  charge 
of  being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  the  ] 
Earl  of  Mar,    but  was    never  brought    to 

trial.  Died,  1740 His  eldest  son,  Charles 

Wyndham,    became    Earl    of    Egremout,  I 
and  died  in  1763.  j 

AVYNN,  Right  Hon.  Charles  Watkins 
Williams,  M.P.  for  Montgomeryshire,  a  dis- 
tinguished M.P.,  and,  at  the  time  of  l>is  death, 
the  oldest  member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  ' 
having  sat  for  Montgomeryshire  since  1797,  | 
and  about  a  year  previously  for  Old  Sarum.  j 
He  held  the  olflces  of  secretary-at-war  (in  ( 
the  Grey  administration)  and  chancellor  of  | 
the  duchj-  of  Lancaster  from  December,  1834,  ■ 
to   April,  18.35.    Next  to  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
perhap?,  there  was  no  parliamentary  cha-  ! 
racter    more    prominent    than    Mr.  Wynn, 
whose  age  and  experience    made   him  an  ■ 
oracle    upon    questions    of    privilege    and  ; 
doubtful  points  of  precedent  and  order,  even  \ 
amid  the  infirmities  of  accumulated  years.  I 
At  one  period  he  was  nearly  chosen  to  fill 
the  speaker's  chair.    He  was  the  fast  friend 
of  the  poet  Southey,  attached  to  literature, 
an  able  exponent  of  political  measures,  and 
altogether   a  man  to  be  respected  and  es- 
teemed during  a  lengthened  career,  in  which  | 
every  thing   praiseworthy  and    honourable  : 
attached  to  his  name.    Died,  1850.  I 

WYNNE  JoHX  HuDDLESTOX,  a  miscel-  | 
laneous  writer,  was  born  in  Wales,  in  1743  ;  ! 
followed  the  business  of  a  printer  in  London 
for  a  time,  then  obtained  a  commission  in 
the  army,  and  eventually  sat  down  as  an 
author  by  profession.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  A  General  History  of  the  British 
Empire  in  America,"  2  vols.;  "A  General 
History  of  Ireland,"  2  vols.;  and  "Fables 
for  the  Female  Sex."    He  died  in  1788. 

WYTTENBACH,  Daxiel,  a  learned  phi- 
lologist, was  born  at  Berne,  in  1746  ;  studied 
at  Marpurg  and  Gcittingen,  obtained  the 
professorsliip  of  philosophy  and  literature 
at  the  Remonstrants'  College  at  Amster- 
dam ;  and  was  siibsequently  appointed  phi- 
losophical professor  at  the  Athenaeum  in 
that  city.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Epistola- 
Critica,"  "  Precepta  Philosophise  Logicae," 
and  an  edition  of  the  "Moral  Works  of 
Plutarch."    Died,  1820. 


xan] 


^  ^ebi  aTnifafrtfal  SBiOfivapl^e. 


[yat 


XANTIPPUS,  a  Lacedaemonian  general, 
who  defeated  the  Romans  under  Regulus. 

XAVIER,  St.  Francis,  styled  "  Tlie 
Apostle  of  the  Indies,"  a  celebrated  Spanish 
missionary,  was  born  at  the  castle  of  Xavier, 
in  Navarre,  in  loOC  ;  studied  at  Paris  ;  and 
became  one  of  the  most  zealous  disciples  of 
Ignatius  Loyola,  with  whom  he  formed  an 
intimate  friendship.  He  was  sent  by  John 
III.,  king  of  Portugal,  to  the  East  Indies,  to 
preach  the  gospel ;  arrived  at  Goa  in  }r>42, 
and  propagated  the  Christian  faith,  not  only 
in  that  city,  but  in  Japan  and  the  neigh- 
bouring islands.  He  was  proceeding  to  China 
as  a  Christian  missionary  when  he  died,  iu 

I  1552. 

XENOCRATES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
remarkable  for  the  severity  of  his  manners, 

I  and  his  incorruptible  integrity,  was  born  at 
Chalcedon,  B.C.  4()0.  lie  was  sent  on  an 
embassy  to  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  and 

I  afterwards  to  Antipater,  neither  of  whom 

j  could  corrupt  him  by  presents.  Notwith- 
standing this,  the  Athenians  were  so  un- 
grateful, that  they  caused  him  to  be  sold  as 
a  slave,  because  he  was  too  poor  to  pay  the 
taxes.  Demetrius  Phalerens,  however,  dis- 
charged the  debt,  and  gave  him  his  freedom. 
Died,  B.  c.  314. 

XENOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
born  at  Colophon,  was  founder  of  the  Eleatic 
sect,  and  became  a  preceptor  in  the  Pytha- 
gorean school  ;  but  added  many  new  opinions 
of  his  own  to  that  philosophy,  particularly 
on  the  immutability  of  matter.  Died,  b.  c. 
456. 

XENOPHON,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
philosopher,  soldier,  and  historian,  was  born 
B.  c.  450.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Socrates, 
whose  doctrines  he  imbibed,  and  whom  he 
accompanied  to  the  Peloponnesian  war.  He 
afterwards  went  to  the  court  of  Cyrus,  with 
whom  he  was  in  great  favour ;  but  when 
that  prince  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cu- 
naxa,  Xenophon  and  10,000  Greeks  eifected 
their  march  home,  in  spite  of  all  opposition. 
After  this  he  went  into  Asia  with  Agesilaus, 
king  of  the  Lacedaemonians  ;  and,  in  his 
absence,  tlie  Atlienians  passed  a  decree  of 
banishment  against  him  ;  on  which  he  with- 
drew to  a  retreat  iu  Elis,  near  Olympia, 


i  where  he  employed  himself  in  composing 
1  works  on  history  and   philosophy,   and  in 
rural  occupations  and  amusements,  until  his 
death,  b.  c.   StiO.    The  principal  of  Xeno- 
phon's  works  which  are  extant  are,  the  "  Cy- 
1  ropaedia,"  or  the  life,  discipline,  and  actions 
of  the  elder  Cyrus  ;  seven  books  of  the  "  Ex- 
t  pedition  of  the  Younger  Cyrus  into  Persia, 
I  and  of  the  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Greeks;"  four  books  of  [the  "Memorabilia 
I  of  Socrates,"  and  the  "  Hellenica,  or  Grecian 
History."    His  style  has  always  been  ad- 
mired for  sweetness,  Attic  purity,  and  sin- 
I  gular  clearness. 

j      XERXES,  the  fifth  king  of  Persia,  and 
second  son  of  Darius  Hystaspes.     He  con- 
quered Egypt,  and  then  turned  his  arms 
!  against  Greece,  with    an    army  of  800,000 
[  men,  and  lOO  ships.     He  was  slain  by  Ar- 
tabanus,  the  captain  of  his  guards,  B.  c.  4ii5. 
XIMENES  DE  CISNEROS,  Fkancisco, 
!  a  celebrated  Spanish  prelate  and  statesman, 
I  was  born  at  Torrelaguna,  in  Old  Castile,  in 
1437,  and  died  in  1517.    After  having  filled 
I  various  benefices,  he  became  a  monk  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  and  attained  great  reputa- 
tion as  a  preacher.     When  he  was  raised  to 
the  archbishopric  of  Toledo,  he  continued  to 
preserve  the  austere  habits  of  the  cloister. 
He  subsequently  became  prime  minister  and 
a    cardinal,   and  few  men    have  displayed 
j  more  ability  or  firmness.    He  founded  the 
1  university  of  Alcala. 

j  XIMENES,  Fhancis,  one  of  the  12  friars 
who  first  preached  Christianity  to  the  Mexi- 
cans. During  his  residence  in  Mexico,  he 
[  collected  a  great  deal  of  information  relative 
j  to  the  plants  and  animals  of  that  country, 
I  and  published  a  treatise  on  the  subject, 
I  which  is  allowed  to  possess  considerable 
i  merit. 

XIMENES,  RoDERic.  archbishop  of  To- 
ledo in  the  13th  century  ;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Spain." 

XYPHILIN,  Jonjf,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople in  the  11th  century,  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition  and  exemplary  manners. 

Died,  1075 His   nephew,  of  the    same 

name,  was  the  author  of  a  Greek  abridg- 
ment of  Dion  Cassius,  and  is  often  con- 
founded with  his  uncle. 


Y. 


YALDEN,  Thomas,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1(571,  and  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  where  he  formed 
an  intimacy  with  Addison  and  Sacheverel, 
which  lasted  through  life.  He  obtained  the 
rectories  of  Charlton  and  Cleanville,  in 
Herefordshire  ;  and,  in  1713,  was  appointed 
preacher  to  Bridewell  Hospital,  on  the  re- 
signation  of  Dr.  Atterbury.     Among   his 


poetical  pieces  are,  "  The  Temple  of  Fame," 
"  The  Conquest  of  Namur,"&c.  Died,  1736. 
YATES,  Fhedkkick  Henry,  a  popular 
and  versatile  actor,  first  made  his  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  in  a  piece  called  "  The 
Actor  of  All  Work,"  in  1817.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  engaged  at  Covent 
Garden,  subsequently  may  be  said  to  have 
performed  in  every  line  of  character  from 


tat] 


^  ^eia  SanilJCijSaT  3Sio0rap]^H« 


[you 


Shakspeare's  tragedy  to  the  broadest  farce, 
and  it  was  not  easy  to  decide  whether  his 
pathos  or  his  iiumour  were  most  admirable. 
As  manager  of  the  Adelphi  Theatre  his  taste 
and  skill  were  also  universally  allowed. 
Died,  June  21.  1842,  aged  45. 

YATES,  Richard,  a  comic  actor,  who  for 
many  years  was  a  public  favourite  in  "  Fon- 
dlewife,"  in  the  Old  Bachelor,  and  similar 

characters.    Died,  1796 His  wife,  Anna 

Makia,  was  a  tragic  actres  of  great  ability  ; 
and  on  the  deatii  of  Mrs.  Gibber,  in  17(5.5,  she 
for  a  time  became  the  unrivalled  heroine  of 
the  stage.    Died,  1787. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  a  poetical  and  dra- 
matic writer,  was  born  about  17.56,  at  Bris- 
tol. She  was  originally  a  milk-woman ; 
but,  under  the  auspices  of  Hannah  More,  a 
volume  of  her  productions  was  published  by 
subscription  in  178.5,  the  jiroflts  of  which 
enabled  her  to  open  a  circulating  library  at 
the  Hot  Wells.  Her  principal  publications 
are,  "  Poems  on  various  Subjects,"  Earl 
Godwin,"  a  tragedy,  and  "The  Royal  Cap- 
tives," a  romance. 

YEATES,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  oriental 
scholar ;  author  of  excellent  grammars  of 
the  Hebrew  and  Syriac,  and  a  most  laborious 
editor  and  translator  of  portions  of  tlie  Scrip- 
ture, as  well  as  a  variety  of  biblical  labours 
of  considerable  ingenuity,  industry,  and 
value.  In  early  life  he  was  a  member  and 
secretary  of  the  Society  for  promoting  Con- 
stitutional Information,  but  for  many  years 
previous  to  his  death  he  took  no  part  in 
politics.     Born,  17(58  ;  died,  1839. 

YEATS,  Thomas  Pattinson,  an  eminent 
entomologist ;  author  of  "  Institutions  of 
Entomology,"  &c.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  died  in  1782. 

YELVERTON,  Sir  Henky,  an  eminent 
English  judge,  born  in  1,5(5(5.  He  successively 
filled  the  offices  of  solicitor-general,  attorney- 

feneral,  and  judge  ;  published  "Reports  of 
pecial  Cases,"  and  died  in  1630. 
YORK,  Fredekick,  Duke  of,  second  son  of 
George  III.,  was  born  August  16.  176.'?,  and 
in  the  February  following  he  was  elected 
prince-bishop  of  Osnaburg,  in  Germany. 
In  1780  he  was  appointed  a  brevet-colonel  in 
the  British  army,  and  went  to  the  Continent 
in  order  to  study  military  tactics  in  tlie 
school  of  the  great  Frederick  at  Berlin.  In 
1784  he  was  created  Duke  of  York  and  Al- 
bany ;  returned  from  the  Continent  in  1787  ; 
took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords  in  the 
same  year ;  and,  in  1789,  fought  a  duel, 
which  had  nearly  proved  fatal  to  him,  with 
Colonel  Lennox,  afterwards  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond. In  1791  he  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  tlie  British  army  in  Flanders, 
in  1793  ;  and,  after  alternate  success,  was 
expelled  from  that  country  by  tlie  French. 
Nor  was  he  more  fortunate  in  1799,  when  he 
was  employed  in  Holland,  being  under  the 
necessity  of  signing  a  disadvantageous  con- 
vention. In  1809  a  series  of  charges  were 
preferred  against  him  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons by  Colonel  Wardle,  for  having  suffered 
a  female  favourite,  named  Mary  Anne 
Clarke,  to  influence  him  in  the  disposal  of 
commissions  in  the  army  ;  but  as  nothing 
occurred  to  implicate  the  duke  in  the  corriipt 


transactions  between  Mrs.  Clarke  and  the 
persons  to  whom  she  sold  her  services,  he 
was  acquitted.  Ilis  royal  highness,  how- 
ever, thought  proper  to  resign  his  post  of 
commander-in-chief,  but  he  was  reinstated 
about  two  years  after  by  the  prince  regent ; 
and  from  that  time  he  exercised  the  most 
rigid  impartiality  in  the  distribution  of  pro- 
motion, wliile  he  attended  to  the  rights  and 
comforts  of  the  soldier,  and  enforced  at  the 
same  time  the  necessity  of  strict  discipline 
and  subordination.  He  was  humane,  frank, 
affable,  and  benevolent ;  but  a  passion  for 
high  play  was  fatal  to  his  own  repose,  and 
threw  a  shade  over  his  manly  and  generous 
character.     Died,  January  5.  1827. 

YORKE,  Admiral  Sir  Joseph  Sidney, 
K.C.B.,  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in 
1780,  and  was  in  the  actions  with  Lord  Rod- 
ney of  the  9th  and  12th  of  April,  1782.  He 
was  made  lieutenant  in  1789,  and  appointed 
master  and  commander  to  the  Rattlesnake  ; 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  post-captain  in 
1793  ;  continued  in  active  employ  on  various 
services;  and,  in  1805,  he  received  tlie  honour 
of  knighthood.  In  1810,  Sir  Joseph  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  seat  at  the  admiralty  board, 
was  made  vice-admiral  in  1814,  and  became 
admiral  of  the  blue  in  1830.  During  his 
parliamentary  career  he  was  distinguished 
by  his  honest  zeal  for  the  interests  of  his 
profession,  and  by  his  irresistible  good 
humour,  whicli  often  proved  successful  in 
appeasing  the  angry  feelings  of  debate.  He 
had  been  with  Captains  Bradley  and  Young 
to  Spithead,  and,  on  their  return,  the  vessel 
was  upset  in  Stokes  Bav,  and  all  perished, 
May  .5.  lasi. 

YOUNG,  Sir  Aretas  Willtam,  Colonel. 
This  officer  entered  the  army  in  1795,  as 
ensign  ;  and  became  a  captain  in  the  13th 
foot  tlie  following  year,  l;y  purchase.  His 
first  active  duty  was  in  Ireland,  during  the 
rebellion  ;  his  next  in  Egypt.  1801  ;  and, 
for  several  j'ears  after,  in  Sicily  and  at  Gib- 
raltar, he  acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Fox.  In  1807  he  obtained  the  rank  of  major 
in  the  47th,  and  was  present  at  the  battles 
of  Vimiera,  Talavera,  Busaco,  Badajoz,  &c. 
In  1813  he  was  promoted  to  a  lieut.-colonelcy 
in  the  3rd  West  India  regiment,  stationed 
at  Trinidad  ;  and,  in  181.5,  he  was  sent  to 
join  the  expedition  against  Guadaloupe,  and 
received  one  of  the  badges  of  the  order  of 
Merit,  presented  by  Louis  XVIII.  He  was 
next  selected  to  command  the  troops  in 
Grenada,  where  his  conduct  gave  the  highest 
satisfaction  ;  and  on  his  being  ordered  back 
to  Trinidad,  the  council  of  assembly  pre- 
sented him  with  a  sword,  value  100  guineas. 
From  this  time  to  the  final  disbandment  of 
the  3rd  West  India  regiment,  in  1825,  he 
administered  the  government  at  various 
times  during  the  absence  of  Sir  Ralph 
Woodford,  and  was  rewarded  for  the  "  can- 
dour, intcgritj',  and  impartiality  which  had 
marked  his  administration,"  by  150  guineas 
for  a  sword,  and  a  piece  of  plate,  value  250Z. 
In  182G,  Lieut.-colonel  Young  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  protector  of  slaves  in  Deme- 
rara  ;  in  1831  he  was  made  lieut. -governor 
of  Prince  Edward's  Island  ;  and,  in  1834,  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  Died, 
1835. 


you] 


^  iitio  ^nibtviKl  ISt05iajp^3?. 


[tsa 


YOUNG,    Arthur,    an    eminent  writer 
I  on  agriculture,  was  born  in   1741,  at  Brad- 
;  field,  in  Suffolk.    With  a  desire  to  improve 
British  husbandry,   he  made  innumerable 
j  experiments    at  home,   and   also   travelled 
I  over  the  greatest  part  of  Great  Britain,  Ire- 
;  land,  France,  Spain,  and  Italy.    In  1770  he 
published  his  "  Farmer's  Calendar,"  which 
i  became  a  popular  work  ;   and  also  a  period- 
i  leal,  entitled   the  "  Annals  of  Agriculture." 
I  On  the  establishment  of  the  Board  of  Agri- 
1  culture  he  was  appointed  secretary,  which 
office  he  held  till  his  deccaae,  in  1820.    Be- 
sides the  works  already  mentioned,  he  pub- 
lished hia  "  Tour  in  England,  Ireland,  and 
France." 

YOUNG,  Edward,  a  poet  and  miscella* 
neous  writer,  was  born  in  1679,  at  Upham, 
Hants,  and  was  educated  at  Winchester 
School,  and  New  College,  Oxford.  Though 
designed  for  th«  law,  he  chose  the  clerical 
profession,  and,  in  1718,  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king.  Ills  poetical  repu- 
tation he  had  already  established  by  the 
poems  of  "  The  Last  Day,"  "  Tlie  Force  of 
Religion,"  and  the  "Love  of  Fame,"  and 
the  tragedies  of  "  The  Revenge  "  and  "  Bu- 
siris."  His  "  Night  Thoughts,"  which  abound 
in  sublime  passages,  though  sometimes  rather 
obscure,  are  supposed  to  liave  been  prompted 
by  the  death  of  his  wife,  whom  he  lost  in 
1741.  As  a  prose  writer,  he  is  chiefly  known 
by  his  "  Centaur  not  Fabulous  "  and  "  Con- 
jectures on  original  Composition."  His  fame, 
however,  rests  altogetlier  on  his  poetry,  par- 
ticularly his  "Night  Thoughts."  Died, 
1765,  aged  83. 

YOUNG,  Matthew,  an  Irish  mathema- 
tician and  divine,  was  bom  in  1750,  in  the 
county  of  Roscommon ;  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where,  in  1786,  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy  ;  was  raised 
to  the  see  of  Clonfert,  by  Marquis  Corn- 
wallis,  and  died  in  1800.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  An  Analysis  of  the  Principles  of  Natural 
Philosophy"  and  "The  Method  of  Prime 
and  Ultimate  Ratios." 

YOUNG,  Dr.  Thomas,  F.R.S.,  and  F.L.S,, 
a  celebrated  physician  and  natural  philo- 
sopher, was  born  at  Milverton,  in  Somer- 
setshire, in  1774  ;  was  educated  at  Gottin- 
gen  and  Edinburgh  ;  became  physician  to 
St.  George's  Hospital,  and  foreign  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  man  of  great  literary  and  sci- 
entific acquirements.  His  chief  works  are, 
"  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Philoso- 
phy," an  "  Introduction  to  Medical  Litera- 
ture," a  "  Practical  and  Historical  Ti>eatise 
on  Consumptive  Diseases,"  and  "  Element- 
ary Illustrations  of  the  Celestial  Mechanics 
of  La  Place."  Dr.  Young  contributed  to 
Hodgkin's  Caligraphia  Graeca,  Dalzell's 
Collectanea  Majora,  and  the  Supplement 
to  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  He  also 
interested  himself  greatly  in  the  discoveries 
made  by  Belzoni  in  Egypt,  and  engaged  in 
researches  concerning  Egyptian  hierogly- 
phics ;  upon  which,  and  various  other 
learned  subjects,  he  published  his  observa- 
tions.    Died,  1829. 

YOUNG,  Sir  William,  a  political  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  17.50,  at 
Charltou  House,  near  Canterbury  ;  studied 


891 


at  Eton,  Cambridge,  and  Oxford  ;  was  an 
M.P.  for  St.  Mawes.  in  1783  ;  and  died  in 
1815,  governor  of  Tobago.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  The  History  of  Athens,"  "  The 
West  India  Common-place  Book,"  and 
"  The  Rights  of  Placemen."  He  also  edited 
the  "  Contemplatio  Philosophica "  of  his 
maternal  grandfather,  Dr.  Brook  Taylor. 

YPSILANTI,  Prince  Ale.yandkk,  the 
first  active  agent  in  the  Greek  revolution, 
son  of  Demetrius,  hospodar  of  Wallachia, 
was  born  at  Constantinople,  in  1792.  About 
the  year  1805,  Ypsilanti's  fother  received  a 
summons  from  the  grand  seignior  to  repair 
to  Constantinople,  and  judging  that  obe- 
dience to  the  command  might  cost  him  his 
life,  he  determined  on  retirmg  into  Russia. 
The  son,  adopting  the  military  profession, 
entered  into  the  Russian  army  ;  was  a  cap- 
tain of  hussars,  when  a  ball,  at  the  battle 
of  Dresden,  carried  away  his  right  hand  ; 
attained  the  rank  of  major-generul,  and  was 
made  aide-de-camp  to  the  emperor.  In  1820 
he  became  acquainted  with  the  Hetaireia, 
of  which  association  he  eventually  became 
tlie  leader.  When  he  saw  that  the  breaking 
out  of  the  insurrection  in  Greece  could  no 
longer  be  delayed,  he  resolved  to  plant  in 
Moldavia  the  standard  of  revolt.  He  crossed 
the  Pruth  with  a  few  attendants,  and  in 
March,  1821,  he  issued  a  proclamation,  an- 
nouncing that  Greece  had  kindled  the  torch 
of  freedom,  and  thrown  off  the  yoke  of  ty- 
ranny. The  emperor  Alexander,  to  express 
publicly  his  disapprobation  of  the  undertak- 
ing of  the  Hetairists,  summoned  Ypsilanti 
to  make  his  defence  ;  and,  as  he  did  not 
obey,  he  caused  his  name  to  be  struck  from 
the  rolls  of  the  Russian  army.  After  sus- 
taining repeated  defeats,  Ypsilanti  gave  up 
the  cause  of  Greece.  Having  crossed  the 
frontiers,  he  was  arrested  in  "Transylvania, 
and  long  held  captive,  as  a  prisoner  of  state, 
in  the  fortress  of  Mungatseh.  He  died  at 
Vienna  in  1828,  aged  36.  Ypsilanti  un- 
doubtedly possessed  the  necessary  courage, 
but  his  ridiculous  pride  and  tenaeiousness 
of  ceremony  due  to  his  rank  rendered  him 
wholly  unfit  for  the  duties  of  a  patriot 
chieftain. 

YRIARTE,  Don  Juan  de,  a  learned 
archasologist,  was  a  native  of  Teneriffe, 
and,  on  going  to  Spain,  he  obtained  the 
post  of  royal  librarian  at  Madrid.  He 
published  "  Palajographia  Graeca,"  &c.  Died, 
1771. 

YRIARTE,  Don  Thomas  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  born  in  1750,  studied  at 
Madrid,  held  an  official  situation  under  the 
government,  and  was  editor  of  the  Madrid 
Mercury.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Comedies," 
"LaMusica,"  a  poem;  "Literary  Fables," 
and  "  Moral  Epistles."    Died,  1798. 

YSABEAU,  or  ISABEAU,  Alexander, 
a  French  revolutionary  statesman,  was  a 
deputy  from  the  department  of  Indre  and 
Loire  to  the  National  Convention  ;  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  was  sent,  in  1793, 
with  Tallien,  as  an  agent  to  Bourdeaux ; 
was  appointed,  in  1798,  commissionary  sub- 
stitute of  the  Directory  in  the  administration 
of  the  post-office  of  Brussels,  which  he  lost 
in  1814  ;  and  died,  in  obscurity  and  poverty, 
at  Paris,  in  1823. 


ysa] 


^  ^t^  Bnihti'Sal  SStofftapl^i)' 


[ZAM 


YSAURE,  or  ISAURE,  Clemence,  a 
lady  of  Toulouse,  wlio  in  the  14th  century 
instituted  the  Floral  gameSj  wJiich  were 
annually  solemnised  there  in  the  month  of 
May  ;  for  which  she  also  provided  a  fund 
for  prizes  to  be  given  to  the  successful  can- 
didates for  poetical  fame. 

YVES,  CiiAULES  St.  an  eminent  French 
oculist,  born  near  Rocroy,  in  1667.  He  was 
a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Lazarus,  but 


becoming  distinguished  for  his  medical  skilU 
he  left  the  convent,  and  settled  in  Paris, 
where  he  practised  with  great  success.  Died, 
17;«. 

YVETEAUX,  Nicholas  Vauqueun,  a 
native  of  Normandy,  who  was  tutor  to  Louis 
XIII.  He  afterwards  led  a  life  of  literary 
retirement,  and  wrote  several  poems,  and  a 
treetise  in  verse,  entitled  "  Institution  d'un 
Prince."    Born,  1559  ;  died,  1649. 


ZABAGLIA,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect, was  born  at  Rome,  in  1674,  and  dis- 
played such  mechanical  abilities  while  em- 
ployed as  a  carpenter  at  the  Vatican,  that  he 
•was  appointed  arcliitect  of  St.  Peter's.  Died, 
1750.  He  invented  the  method  of  transfer- 
ring fresco  paintings  from  the  plaster. 

ZABAREI,LA,  Francesco,  a  distin- 
guished Italian  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at  Pa- 
dua, in  1339.  He  was  an  eminent  professor 
of  the  canon  law  ;  and  arrived,  successively, 
at  the  dignities  of  bishop  of  Padua,  arch- 
bishop of  Florence,  and  a  cardinal.  He  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  council  of  Constance, 
and  w^as  the  author  of  a  variety  of  learned 
and  elaborate  treatises  on  matters  connected 
with  ecclesiastical  policy.    Died,  1417. 

ZABARELLA,  James,  an  astrologer,  was 
of  the  same  family  as  the  cardinal,  and  born 
at  Padua,  in  1533.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries 
on  Aristotle,"  &c.    Died,  1589. 

ZACCARIA,  Francesco  Antonio,  a 
learned  Jesuit,  born  at  Venice,  in  1714.  He 
wrote  "  The  Literary  History  of  Italy," 
14  vols.  ;  "  Literary  Annals  of  Italy,"  3  vols.  ; 
"  The  Lapidary,  and  Numismatic  Institu- 
tion," 2  vols.  ;  "  Library  of  Ancient  and 
Modem  Literary  History,"  6  vols.  &c.  Died, 
1795. 

ZACCHIAS,  Paolo,  a  medical  writer  of 
the  17th  century,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1584, 
became  physician  to  pope  Innocent  X.,  and 
•wrote  several  professional  treatises.  Died, 
1659. 

ZACHARIA,  Justus  Frederic  William, 
a  German  poet,  was  born  at  Frankenhausen, 
in  Thuringia,  in  1726  ;  studied  at  I>eipsic  ; 
and  was  appointed  professor  of  poetry  in  the 
Caroline  College  at  Brunswick.  His  poetical 
works  are  distinguished  by  a  lively  satiric 
turn,  and  form  6  vols.  8vo.     Died,  1777. 

ZACUTUS  LUSITANUS,  a  Portuguese 
physician,  born  in  1575.  He  was  educated 
as  a  Christian,  though  bom  of  Jewish  parents ; 
but  after  having  practised  20  years  at  Lisbon 
with  great  reputation,  he  became  alarmed 
at  the  decree  of  exile  issued  by  Philip  II. 
against  the  Jews,  in  1625,  and  fled  to  Am- 
sterdam, where  he  embraced  the  faith  of  his 
ancestors.  He  wrote  several  medical  works, 
and  died  in  1642. 

ZAIONCZEK,  Joseph,  a  Polish  general, 
was  born  in  1752,  at  Kaminieck.  In  the 
diets  from  1788  to  1792,  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  his  country's  freedom,  and  was  among  the 
foremost  who  fought  for  it  in  1792  and  1794. 


892 


I  He  commanded  at  Praga,  when  the  suburb 

of  Warsaw  was  taken   by  assault.     Being  I 
I  made  prisoner,  and  sent  to  the  fortress  of 
!  Josephstadt,  he  remained  there  till  after  the 
I  death  of  the  empress  Catharine  ;  when,  on 
;  being  liberated,  he  entered  into  the  French 
j  army,  and  was  in  active  service  from  1797  till 
I  1S12,   in    the  various    campaigns   of   Italy, 
1  Egypt,  Prussia,  Poland,  and  Russia.    When 
I  the  congress  of  Vienna  assigned  Poland  to 
I  Russia,  the  emperor  Alexander  conferred  on 
him  the  office  of  viceroy,  with  the  title  of 
prince.    With  these  favours  the  patriotism 
of  Zaionczek  vanished,  and  he  became  the 
devoted  slave  of  the  sovereign  who  had  ex- 
alted him.    He  died  in  1826. 

ZAKRZEWSKI,  N.,  a  deputy  of  Posen, 
born  about  1767  ;  a  brave  and  liberal  Pole, 
who,  in  1792  and  1794,  distinguished  himself 
among  his  popular  countrymen  in  their 
efforts  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of  Russia.  On 
the  Russians  being  driven  out  of  Warsaw  in 
1794,  he  •was  appointed  president  of  the 
national  council :  but  when  that  city  fell 
into  tlie  hands  of  Suwarrow,  the  implacable 
Catharine  caused  him  to  be  arrested,  and 
imprisoned  with  Mostowski,  Potocki,  and 
otlier  patriots,  at  St.  Petersburgh,  wJiere  he 
remained  till  the  accession  of  the  emperor 
Paul  set  him  at  liberty. 

ZALEUCUS,  a  renowned  legislator  of  the 

Locrians,    who    flourished    about    500   B.C. 

Having  made  a  law  to  punish  adulterers 

1  with  the  loss  of  sight,  lie  refused  to  exonerate 

!  his  own  son  when  convicted  of  the  crime, 

I  but  proved  the  strength  of  his  paternal  feel- 

i  ings  by  submitting  to  the  loss  of  one  of  his 

own  eyes,  instead  of  exacting  the  penalty  of 

both  from  the  offender. 

ZAMBECCARI,  Count  Francesco,  a  ce- 
lebrated Italian  aeronaut,  born  at  Bologna, 
in  1756.  His  experiments  and  researches 
were  chiefly  directed  to  the  means  of  guiding 
balloons  in  the  air,  by  availing  himself  of 
currents  at  different  heights,  by  employing 
oars,  and  by  the  occasional  diminution  and 
augmentation  of  the  gas.  He  perished  in 
making  one  of  these  experiments  in  1812,  the 
balloon  which  conveyed  him  having  en- 
tangled itself  in  a  tree,  and  caught  fire. 

ZAMBECCARI,  Joseph,  a  learned  Flo- 
rentine physician,  of  the  17th  century,  whose 
researches  -were  principally  devoted  to  the 
anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  brute  cre- 
ation. 
ZAMOSKI,  John,   a    distinguished   Po- 


zan] 


^  ^fto  Bni^trinX  38iO0rapIj». 


[ZEN 


lander  in  the  16th  century.  After  studying 
at  Paris  and  Padua,  and  becoming  rector  of 
the  university  at  tlie  latter  city,  he  returned 
to  Poland,  in  17.W,  and  was  one  of  tlie  am- 
bassadors sent  to  Paris  to  olFcr  the  Polish 
crown  to  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards 
Henry  III.  of  France.  When  Stephen  Bat- 
tori  came  to  the  throne,  he  gave  liis  niece  in 
marriage  to  Zamoski,  whom  he  also  made 
chancellor  of  the  realm  and  general  of  his 
armies.  He  di.stinguished  himself  as  a  war- 
rior, and  rescued  from  the  Muscovite  yoke 
many  of  the  Polish  provinces.  He  also 
founded  colleges,  and  jjatronised  the  arts  ; 
and  at  his  death,  in  1005,  he  was  honoured 
with  the  title  of  defender  of  his  country  and 
the  protector  of  the  sciences. 

ZANCHIUS,  Bash,,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
was  born  at  Bergamo,  in  1501.  He  became 
a  canon  regular,  and  was  made  keeper  of 
the  Vatican  library ;  but  ended  his  days  in 
prison,  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  in  1560. 

ZANCHIUS,  Jerome,  was  born  at  Al- 
zano,  in  151C  ;  and  having  formed  a  close 
intimacy  with  the  celebrated  Peter  Martyr, 
while  they  were  canons  regular  of  St.  Gio- 
vanni di .  Laterano,  the  conversation  and 
example  of  this  distinguished  convert  to  the 
reformed  church  ultimately  produced  such 
an  effect  on  the  mind  of  Zanchius,  as  induced 
him  to  throw  off  the  monastic  habit  and 
abjure  the  Romish  faith.  He  was  accord- 
ingly under  the  necessity  of  quitting  Italy, 
and,  after  seeking  a  refuge  first  at  Geneva, 
and  next  at  Strasburg  and  Chiayenna,  he 
accepted  the  divinity  professorship  at  Hei- 
delberg, in  15fi8  ;  where  he  settled  under  the 
immediate  patronage  of  Frederic  III.,  elector 
palatine,  at  whose  instigation  he  composed 
his  great  treatise  against  Antinomianism. 
The  death  of  this  prince,  in  1578,  occasioned 
his  resignation,  and  he  removed  to  Newstadt ; 
but  he  returned  to  Heidelberg  in  1585,  and 
died  there  in  1590.  His  treatise  "On  the 
Doctrine  of  Predestination  "  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Dr.  Toplady. 

ZANICHEIiLI,  John  Jerome,  a  celebra- 
ted Italian  physician  and  natural  pliiloso- 
pher,  was  born  at  Modena,  in  1662.  He 
pursued  his  scientific  researches  with  great 
assiduity,  undertaking  many  journeys,  mak- 
ing collections  of  curious  fossils,  shells,  &c., 
and  publishing  various  works.    Died,  1729. 

ZANOTTI,  Francisco  Maria,  a  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1692,  and 
became  librarian,  secretary,  and  president  of 
the  academy  of  his  native  city.  He  was  at 
first  a  Cartesian,  but  afterwards  became  a 
zealous  defender  of  Newton's  system.  He 
was  a  good  Latin  and  Italian  poet.  Died, 
1777. 

ZAPPI,  GiAMBATiSTA  FELICE,  an  Italian 
lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in  1067,  and 
died  in  1719.  His  sonnets  have  been  greatly 
admired.  The  poetical  talents  of  his  wife 
Fattstin A,  who  was  the  daughter  of  the  cele- 
brated Carlo  Maratti,  rivalled  those  of  her 
husband. 

ZARCO,  John  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese 
navigator  of  the  15th  century.  He  disco- 
vered the  islands  of  Porto  Santo  and  Ma- 
deira ;  and  was  made  governor  of  a  part 
of  the  latter  island,  where  lie  founded 
Funchal. 


ZAZIUS,  Ulric,  a  learned  professor  of 
law  at  Friburg  in  the  IGth  century.  Among 
his  principal  works  are,  "  Iiitellectus  Legum 
singulares,"  "  De  Origine  Juris,"  "  Traetatus 
de  Judaeorum  Infantibus  Baptizandis,"  and 
"  Epitome  in  Usus  Feudales."     Died,  1535. 

ZEA,  Don  Fkaxcisco  Antonio,  one  of 
the  founders  and  vice-presidents  of  the 
republic  of  Columbia,  was  born  in  1772, 
at  Antioquia,  in  New  Grenada.  In  1820 
he  arrived  in  England  on  a  diplomatic  mis- 
sion, and  remained  here  as  the  agent  of  the 
Columbian  government  till  his  death,  in 
1822. 

ZENDRINI,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian mathematician,  particularly  excelling 
in  the  knowledge  of  hydraulics,  was  born  at 
Saviore,  in  1679,  and  settled  at  Venice  as  a 
physician.  His  profound  knowledge  of  hy- 
draulics obtained  for  him  the  appointment 
of  chief  engineer  to  the  Venetian  reiiublic, 
with  the  superintendence  of  all  the  rivers, 
ports,  &c.  He  was  also  employed  by  the 
Austrian  government,  and  the  rei>ublic  of 
Lucca  ;  and  many  works  of  great  importance 
were  executed  by  him.    Died,  1747. 

ZENO,  of  Elea,  a  Greek  philosopher,  was 
born  B.  c.  403,  at  Elea,  in  Magna  Graecia, 
and  was  a  disciple  of  Parmenides.  The  in- 
vention, or  at  least  the  development,  of 
dialectics,  is  ascribed  to  him.  His  native 
city  having  fallen  under  the  dominion  of  a 
despot,  he  endeavoured  to  deliver  it,  but 
failed  ;  and,  being  put  to  the  torture,  he  ia 
said  to  have  bitten  off  his  tongue,  in  order 
to  prevent  himself  from  betraying  his  com- 
panions. 

ZENO,  founder  of  the  Stoic  sect,  was 
born  about  b.  c.  302,  at  Citium,  in  the  isle  of 
Cyprus,  and  quitted  mercantile  pursuits  to 
become  a  philosopher.  After  having  received 
the  lessons  of  Crates,  Stilpo,  Xenocrates,  and 
Polemon,  he  himself  opened  a  school  of  phi- 
losophy in  the  Stoa,  or  porch,  whence  his 
followers  acquired  the  name  of  Stoics.  His 
integrity  was  so  great,  that  the  Athenians 
intrusted  him  with  the  keys  of  the  citadel, 
and  honoured  him  with  a  crown  of  gold  and 
a  statue  of  brass.  He  taught  for  nearly  50 
years,  lived  to  the  age  of  98,  and  then 
strangled  himself,  B.C.  264. 

ZENO,  Apostolo,  the  father  of  the  Ita- 
lian opera,  was  born  at  Venice,  in  1669.  He 
established  the  academy  of  the  Animosi  at 
his  native  city,  in  1696,  and  commenced,  in 
1710,  the  celebrated  periodical  work  called 
"  II  Giornale  di  Letterati."  He  wrote  "  Ob- 
servations on  the  Italian  Historians,"  2  vols. 
4to  ;  and  his  dramatic  works  were  printed 
in  1744,  in  11  vols.     Died,  1750. 

ZENO,  Nicholas  and  Anthony,  two 
celebrated  Venetian  navigators  of  the  14tli 
century,  to  whom  the  discovery  of  America, 
prior  to  the  voyage  of  Columbus,  has  been 
attributed.  Washington  Irving,  however, 
considers  that  they  merely  visited  Green- 
land, and  that  the  rest  of  their  story  is  a 
fabrication. 

ZENOBIA,  queen  of  Palmyra,  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  women  ever  invested  with 
royalty,  was  instructed  by  the  celebrated 
Longinus,  and  spoke  the  Latin,  Greek,  and 
Syrian  languages  with  fluency.  She  was 
married  to  Odenatus,  king  of  Palmyra,  in 


ZEU] 


^  ^cto  mnibcrifaX  SStograpIji). 


[ZOP 


whose  labours  of  war  and  government  she 
liad  participated,  and  after  whose  death  she 
assumed  the  sovereignty.  But,  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Aurelian,  that  warlike  prince 
marched  against  her,  and  laid  siege  to  Pal- 
myra, which  she  defended  to  the  utmost  ex- 
tremity; but,  in  attempting  lo  escape,  was 
taken,  and  carried  to  Rome  to  grace  his 
triumpli;  and  died  there,  in  private  life,  about 
the  year  3()0. 

ZEUXIS,  a  celebrated  painter  of  an- 
tiquity, was  a  native  of  lleraclea,  believed  to 
have  been  born  about  b.  c.  407,  and  died  b.  c. 
400.  He  brouglit  to  perfection  the  manage- 
ment of  light  and  sliade,  and  is  allowed  to 
have  excelled  in  colouring.  He  gained  such 
immense  wealth  by  his  pictures,  that  at  last 
he  ostentatiously  gave  them  away,  on  the 
ground  that  no  attainable  price  was  equal  to 
their  real  value. 

ZIEGENBALG,  Bahtholomew,  a  cele- 
brated Protestant  missionary,  who  was  sent 
to  India  in   1706,  visited  the  territories  of 
the  Great  Mogul,  and  returned  to  Copen- 
hagen   in    181.5.     After  completing  a  dic- 
1  tionary  of  the  Malabar  language  he  visited 
1  England,    was     handsomely    received     by 
i  George  I.,  and  embarked  for  India,  under 
I  the  direct  countenance  of  the   East  India 
;  Company,  in  1816.     While  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  his  pious  labours,  he  was  attacked 
with  a  fatal  disease,  and  died  in  1819. 

ZIETEN,  John  Joacium  vok,  a  Prussian 
general,  who  distinguished  himself  greatly 
in  the  seven  years'  war,  particularly  at 
the  battle  of  Prague,  and  the  storming  of 
the  heights  of  Torgau.  Born,  1C99  ;  died, 
1785. 

ZIMMERMANN,  Joiix  George,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  was  born  at  Brugg,  in  the 
canton  of  Berne,  in  1728.  His  writings  re- 
commended him  to  the  friendship  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  he  was  appointed,  by 
the  regency  of  Hanover,  physician  to  his 
Britannic  majesty.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  French  revolution,  Zimmermann  wrote 
zealously  against  the  Illuminati,  and  took 
pains  to  form  societies  for  the  purpose  of 
counteracting  them.  The  principal  of  his 
works,  the  "  Treatise  on  Solitude "  and 
"  Essav  on  Natural  Pride,"  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English.  Wliile  his  mind  was 
in  a  state  of  agitation  from  these  causes,  the 
approach  of  the  French  towards  Hanover  in 
1794  almost  subverted  his  reason.  He  could 
think  of  nothing  but  the  pillage  of  his  house 
and  ruin  of  his  fortune,  and,  under  tlie  morbid 
irritation,  literally  wasted  away,  and  died  in 
1795. 

ZIMMERMANN,  Eberiiahd  Ahoustus 
William  vox,  a  German   naturalist,  was 
born  at  Weltzen  ;  in  1743  ;  studied  at  Got- 
tingen  and  Leyden  ;  and  obtained  the  pro- 
fessorship of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Caro- 
line College  at  Brunswick.     His  first  work 
i  was  a  treatise  on  the  "  Analysis  of  Curves  ;" 
I  and  in  1777  he  published  "  Specimen  Zoo- 
1  logiaj,"  the    outline  of   his  "  Geographical 
I  History  of  Man  and  Quadrupeds,"  3  vols. 
He  visited  England  three  times,  and  printed 
here,  in  1787,  his  "  Political  Survey  of  the 
Present  State  of  Europe  ;"  and  he  subse- 
quently employed  his  pen  in  opposing  the 
revolutionary   statesmen    of   France ;    for 


S04 


which  he  was  ennobled  by  the  emperor 
Leopold  II.  After  this  he  published  several 
geographical  works ;  one  of  the  l>est  of 
which  was  a  "  General  Survey  of  France 
and  of  the  United  States  of  America,"  2  vols. 
Died,  1815. 

ZINCKE,  CnEisTiAX  Frederic,  a  cele- 
brated painter  in  enamel,  was  born  at 
Dresden,  abojit  1684.  He  came  to  England 
in  1706,  studied  under  Boit,  whom  he  far 
surpassed  ;  and  was  patronised  by  the  royal 
family.     Died,  1767. 

ZINZENDORFF,  Nicholas  Loris,  Count, 
a  German  chief  of  the  sect  of  Ilernhutters, 
which  he  intrcd  iced  into  England  by  the 
title  of  Moravians,  where  several  congrega- 
tions of  them  still  remain.  He  was  born  at 
Dresden,  in  1700  ;  and  died  in  London,  in 
1760. 

ZISCA,  John,  a  famous  Bohemian  patriot, 
who  defended  his  country  against  the  em- 
peror Sigismund,  and  performed  prodigies  of 
valour  after  he  had  lost  both  his  eyes.  He 
headed  the  sect  of  tlie  Hussites  after  the 
death  of  John  Huss,  and  died  in  1424. 

ZOEGA,  George,  an  eminent  Danish 
archaeologist,  who  resided  for  many  years  at 
Rome  as  consul  for  Denmark,  and  was 
much  esteemed  by  Pius  VI.  Among  his 
works  are,  a  treatise  "  De  Origine  et  Usu 
01)eliscorum,"  "Nummi  ^gyptii,"  and  tlie 
"  Ancient  Basso  Relievos  of  Rome."  Born, 
1753  ;  died,  1809. 

ZOILUS,  a  Thracian  rhetorician,  who 
lived  in  the  3rd  century  before  the  Christian 


i  era,  and  whose  hypercriticisms  on  the  works 
of  Homer,  Aristotle,  Plato,  and  others,  have 
given  him  a  very  unenviable  distinction.  So 
severe  and  indiscriminate,  indeed,  were  his 
censures,  that  his  name  has  become  a  by- 
word, designative  of  illiberal  and  captious 
pretenders  to  criticism. 

ZOLLIKOFER,    George    Joachim,   an 
eminent  Swiss  divine,  born  at  St.  Gall,  in 
1730.      He  was  educated    at    Bremen    and  i 
Utrecht ;  after    which    he    became,  succes- 
sively, pastor    to  congregations  at  Murten, 
Monstein  in    the    Grisons,     Isenburg,    and  j 
Leipsic  ;     distinguishing    himself    at    each  ' 
place    by  great    purity  of   character,    elo- 
quence, and  general  abilities.    His  "Devo- 
tional Exercises  "  and  "  Sermons". have  been 
translated  into  English. 

ZONARAS,  John,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
compiled  a  "Chronicle,  or  Annals  from  the 
Creation  to  A.  d.  1118."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  Commentaries  on  the  Apostolic 
Canons." 

ZONCA,  "Victor,  an  able  mathematician 
of  Italy,  in  the  17th  century,  who  published 
a  collection  of  curious  inventions  in  me- 
chanics, entitled  "  Novo  Teatro  di  Machini 
ed  Ediflci." 

ZOPPO,  Mark,  an  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1451.  He 
was  the  disciple  of  Andrew  Mantegna,  whose 
style  he  imitated.    Died,  1517.  | 

ZOPYRUS,  one  of  the  courtiers  of  Darius, 
the  son  of  Hystaspes.  It  is  asserted  that 
he  cut  off  his  nose  and  ears  at  the  siege  of 
Babylon,  and  went  over  to  the  Babylonians, 
pretending  that  the  Persians  had  thus  in- 
humanly treated  him.  Thinking  he  would 
be  stimulated  by  revenge,  they  gave  him  the 


zor] 


^  ]J2eto  Bnibtvi^X  33i0i3TapIjM. 


[zwi 


command  of  their  army,  which  he  treache- 
rously betraveil  to  Darius. 

ZOROASTEll,  a  celebrated  eastern  plii- 
losopher.  Tlie  history  of  Zoroaster  is  in- 
yolved  in  much  obscurity ;  some  asserting 
that  there  was  but  one  of  that  name,  the 
Zerdusht  of  the  Persians,  while  others  speak 
of  several,  and  carry  the  name  back  to  the 
patriarchal  ages.  The  most  credible  suppo- 
sition is,  that  there  was  a  Zoroaster,  a  Perso- 
Median,  in  the  time  of  Darius  Hystaspes, 
and  also  another  who  lived  at  a  more  remote 
period,  and  who  taught  the  Babylonians 
astronomy.  Zoroaster,  or  Zerdusht,  was  the 
reputed  founder,  but  more  trnly  reformer,  of 
the  Magian  religion,  aud  lived  under  the 
reign  of  Darius  Ilystaspes.  He  is  said  to 
have  predicted  tlie  coming  of  the  Messiah  in 
plain  and  express  words  ;  and  that  the  wise 
men  of  the  East,  who  came  to  worship  our 
Saviour  on  account  of  his  star,  were  liis 
disciples. 

ZOUCH,  Richard,  an  eminent  civilian, 
born  at  Anstey,  in  Wiltshire,  about  1.590. 
He  was  educated  at  \^■inclle8ter  and  New 
College,  Oxford  i  became  principal  of  St. 
Alban's  Hall,  warden  of  the  cinque  ports, 
and  judge  of  the  admiralty  ;  wrote  nume- 
rous works,  in  Latin,  on  civil,  military,  and 
maritime  jurisprudence  ;  and  died  in  1(M50. 

ZOUCn,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  divine  and  bio- 
grapher, was  born  at  Sandal,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  1737  ;  received  his  education  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  became  rector  of  Scray- 
ingham  and  prebendary  of  Durham  ;  refused 
the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  in  1808,  on  account 
of  his  advanced  age  ;  and  died  in  1816. 
Among  liis  works  are,  "The  Crucifixion,"  a 
Seatonian  prize  poem;  "An  Inquiry  into 
the  Prophetic  Character  of  the  Romans," 
Memoirs  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Dean  Sudbury, 
Sir  George  Wheler,  &c. 

ZRINYI,  Nicholas,  a  Hungarian  poet, 
of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  an  epic  poem, 
in  15  books,  called  the  "  Zrins'as,  or  the 
Syren  of  the  Adriatic  ;"  which,  though  rude 
and  monotonous,  has  bocn  praised  for  its 
religious  feeling  and  patriotic  spirit. 

ZSCHOKKE,  Hexkv,  whose  name  oc- 
cupies en  important  place  in  the  annals  of 
German  literature  and  Swiss  history,  was 
born  at  Magdeburg,  1771.  He  commenced 
life  as  a  strolling  player,  but  afterwards 
found  means  to  study  philosojihy  and  di- 
vinity at  Frankfort-on-thc-Oder  ;  and,  after 
many  years  of  travels  and  varied  adven- 
tures, he  devoted  himself  to  the  education 
of  youth,  and  fixed  his  residence  in  Swit- 
zerland in  1792.  Here  he  rendered  great 
political  services  to  his  adopted  country  ; 
and  for  more  than  40  years  sent  forth,  at  in- 
tervals, from  his  peaceful  retreat  at  Aarau, 
various  works  of  philosophy,  history,  criti- 
cism, and  fiction  ;  displaying  at  once  the 
versatility  of  his  acquirements,  his  fertile 
imagination,  and  a  power  and  felicity  of 
expression  attained  by  few.  His  chequered 
life  had  given  him  a  deep  insight  into  the 
springs  of  human  action  ;  and  few  writers 
have  more  largely  contributed  to  entertain 
and  improve  their  fellow-men.  His  chief 
productions  are,  "  Miscellen  ftlr  die  neueste 
Weltkunde,"  "History  of  Switzerland," 
"Bilder   aus   der  Schweitz,"  "Das    Gold- 


macherdorf,"  "Stunden  der  Andacht,"  &c. 
His  works  have  been  collected  in  40  vols., in- 
cluding his  autobiography,  which  has  been 
translated  into  English.    Died,  1848. 

ZUCCARELLI,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
Italian  painter,  born  at  Florence,  in  1710. 
He  came  to  England  about  17."i2,  and  met 
with  such  encouragement,  that  he  saved  a, 
handsome  independence,  and  returned  to  his 
own  country,  where  lie  died  in  1788. 

ZUCCHERO,  Taddeo,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  bom  at  Urbino,  in  1529,  who  at- 
tained to  great  proficiency  in  the  art,  and 
died  in  his  27th  year His  younger  bro- 
ther, FKKnKRico,  born  in  15  W,  resided  several 
years  in  England,  wheie  he  grew  into  liigh 
repute,  and  painted  the  portrait  of  queen 
Elizabeth.  Previous  to  his  coming  to  this 
country  he  had  given  great  offence  to  pope 
Gregory  XIII.  by  caricaturing  several  dis- 
tinguished persons  connected  with  the  papal 
court ;  but  his  friends  in  England  succeeded 
in  restoring  him  to  favour  at  Rome  ;  and, 
on  his  return,  he  established  an  academy  of 
painting  in  that  city,  which  he  continued  to 
superintend  till  his  death  in  1(!09. 

ZUMALACARREGUI.  Tuomas,  Don,  a 
distinguished  Spanish  military  commander, 
first  entered  the  army  as  a  guerilla  ofl3cer, 
under  Mina,  when  the  French  invaded 
Spain;  but  being  opposed  in  politics  to  the 
new  constitutional  government,  he  took  an 
early  opportunity  of  joining  the  army  of 
the  Faith  under  Quesada  ;  and,  on  the  rising 
of  the  Navarrese,  became  gcneral-in-chief 
of  the  trooi>8  and  partisans  attached  to  the 
cause  of  Don  Carlos.  In  this  service  he  dis- 
played the  greatest  skill  and  bravery,  per- 
forming the  most  brilliant  exjdoits,  and 
keeping  in  check  the  regular  army  of  Donna 
Maria,  which,  under  various  generals,  was 
sent  to  oppose  him.  Bom  at  a  village  near 
Villafranca,  1789;  died,  from  a  wound  he 
received  in  battle,  IS.'Jo. 

ZUMBQ,  Gaetano  Jilio,  a  celebrated 
modeller  in  wax,  was  born  at  Syracuse,  in 
Sicily,  in  1()5().  His  profound  knowledge  of 
anatomy,  combined  with  his  skill  in  execut- 
ing his  works  in  coloured  wax,  obtained  the 
admiration  of  connoisseurs.  Some  of  his 
specimens  represent,  with  astonishing  accu- 
racy, the  different  stages  of  decomposition 
which  take  place  in  the  human  body.  He 
died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

ZURITA,  Jerome,  a  Spanish  historian, 
was  a  native  of  Saragossa.  After  having 
been  employed  in  various  offices  at  home, 
and  on  a  mission  to  Germany,  he  was  ap- 
pciinted  historiographer  of  Arragon.  Born, 
1512  ;  died.  1.-.81. 

ZIIRLAUBEN,  Beat  FinEi.E  Axtoixe 
Jeax  DojiixiQiE,  baron  de  la  Tour  Cliaiil- 
lon  de,  a  Swiss  officer  and  author.  lie  was 
born  at  Zug,  in  1750  ;  rose  to  the  rank  of 
lieuteuant-gencral,  spent  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  in  literary  pursuits,  and  <lied  in  1793. 
He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Swiiis  and  their 
Allies,"  a  "Military  History  of  the  Swiss  in 
the  French  Service,"  and  a  "  Picturesque 
Tour  in  the  Thirteen  Cantons." 

ZWINGLI,  or  ZUINGLIUS,  Ulric,  one 
of  the  most  enlightened  and  tolerant  of  the 
Protestant  reformers,  was  born  at  Wilder- 
hausen,  in  Switzerland,  in  1484.     In  1513 


zwi] 


^  ^^tu  Winihtt^aX  Biagrapfin. 


[zwi 


he  was  made  preacher  at  Einsidieln,  and 
in  1518  he   became  rector  of  Zurich.     He 
opposed  Indulgences  in  Switzerland  at  the 
same  time  that  Luther  did  in  Saxony,  but 
he  went  farther  in  the  work  of  reform  iition, 
particularly  in    simplifying    the    mode    of 
worship,  and  explaining  the  doctrine  of  the  | 
eucharist.     He  showed  a  spirit  far  in  ad-  ! 
vance  of  the  age,  raising  his  voice  against  I 
the  corruptions  and  abuses  that  had  crept 
into  the  church,  and  declaring  himself  for  [ 


the  use  of  the  Scriptures  in  their  genuine 
form,  without  regard  to  the  prescribed  texts 
and  lessons.  In  1524  he  had  the  gratifica- 
tion of  seeing  his  doctrines  adopted  by  the 
great  council  of  Zurich,  and  his  influence 
among  the  Swiss  Protestants  continued  to 
be  powerful  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Open  war  having  broke  out  between  tlie 
Catholic  and  Protestant  cantons,  a  battle 
ensued,  in  which  Zuinglius  was  among  the 
slain,  Oct.  5.  1531. 


Or  THT 

UNIYERSIfY 

or 


THE   END. 


Spottiswoodks  and  SiiAl^, 
New-street-  Square. 


89G 


m 


AN  ALPHABETICAL  CATALOGUE 


NEW  WORKS 

In  general  and  MISCELLANEOUS  LITERATURE, 

PUBLISHED  BY 

Messrs.  LONGMAN,  BROWN,  GREEN,  and  LONGMANS, 

PATERNOSTER  ROW,  LONDON. 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX. 


Agrriculture  and  Rural 
Affairs. 

Pages 

Bayldonoii  ValiilngRents,  etc.       -        -      6 

Crocker's  Land  Surveying         -        -        •      8 

Johnson's  Farmer's  Encyclopedia    .        -     16 

Loudon's  Kncyclopiediii  of  Agriculture    -     18 

,,        Self-Jnstruction  for  Farmers, etc.  17 

,,        (Mrs.)  Lady'sCoutitry  Companion  17 

Low's  Elements  of  Agriculture  -        -     18 

^,      On  Landed  Property       -        -        -     18 


Arts,  XKanufactures,  and 
Architecture. 

Bourne's  Catechism  of  the  Steam  Engine  g 

Brande's  Dictionary  of  Science,  etc.      -  6 

Budge's  Miner's  Guide      -        •         •        -  6 

Cresy's  Encycl.  of  Civil  Engineering       -  g 

D'Agincourt's  History  of  Art  -        -        -  23 

Dresden  Gallery        _        -        -        -        .  9 

Eastlake  on  Oil  Painting           -        -        •  10 

Evans's  Sugar  Planter's  Manual      -        -  10 

Gwilt's  EucyclopicdiB  of  Architecture      -  11 

Humphreys' Illuminated  Books        -        -  1.5 

Jameson's  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art      -  15 

Loudon's  Rural  Architecture  -        -        -  18 

Moseley's  Engineering  and  Architecture  22 

Scoflfern  on  Sugar  Manufacture         -        -  26 

Steam  Engine  (The)  ,  by  the  Artisan  Club  5 
Tate  on  Strength  of  Materials  -        -        -29 

Twining  on  Painting         -        •        -        -  31 

lire's  Dictionary  of  Arts,  etc.       -        -  31 

BiogTapby. 

Foss'g  Judges  of  England  -        -  -  10 

Grant  (Mrs.)  Memoir  and  Correspondence  11 

Head's  Memoirs  of  Cardinal  Pacca  -  13 

Humphreys's  Black  Prince         -        •  -  14 

Kindersley's  De  Bayard    -        -        -  -  16 

Maunder'sBiographicalTreasury    -  -  21 

Soulhey's  Life  of  Wesley  -        -        -  -  29 

,,         Life  and  Correspondence  -  28 

Stephen's  Ecclesiastical  Biography  -  29 

Taylor's  Loyola  -        -        -        -  -  30 

Townsend's  Twelve  eminent  Judges  -  31 

Waterton's  Autobiography  and  Essays  -  31 


Books  of  General  Utility. 

Acton's  (Eliza)  Cookery  Book  -  -  6 

Black's  "Treatise  on  Brewing    •  .  .  6 

Cabinet  Lawyer  (The)      -        -  -  _  7 

Foster's  Hand-book  of  Literature  -  -  11 


Pages 

Hints  on  Etiquette 13 

Hudson's  E.\ecutor's Guide      -        -        •14 

„        On  Making  Wills        ...    14 

Loudon's  Self  Instruction        .        .        ■     17 

,,        (Mrs.)  Amateur  Gardener         -     I7 

Mauuder's  Treasury  of  Knowledge  .       .     20 

,,  Scientilicand  LitcraryTreasury  20 

„  Treasury  of  History         -        -    20 

,,  Biographical  Treasury     .        -     21 

,,  Natural  History      •         •        -     20 

Pocket  and  the  Stud  -        -        -        .12 

Pycroft's  Course  of  English  Reading       .    24 

Reece's  Medical  Guide     -         ...     26 

Rich's  Companion  to  the  Latin  Dictionary  25 

Riddle's  Latin  Dictionaries  and  L«zicou       25 

Rowton's  Debater     -----    26 

Short  Whist 26 

Stud  (The)  for  Practical  Purposes  -     12 

Thomas's  Interest  Tables  -        -        -    30 

Tbomsou'sManagement  of  Sick  Room    -    30 
,,  Interest  Tables        -        •         .30 

Webster's  Encycl.  of  Domestic  Economy     32 


Botany  and  Gardening-. 

Callcott's  Scripture  Herbal 
Conversations  on  Botany 
Evans's  Sugar  Planter's  Manual 
Hoare  On  the  Grape  Vine  on  Open  Walls 
Hooker's  British  Flora 

,,        Guide  to  Kew  Gardens 
Lindley's  Introduction  to  Botany    - 
Loudon's  HortusBritannicus    - 

,,        Encyclopaedia  ofTrees&  Shrubs 
»»  It  Gardening- 

„       Eneyclopnedia  of  Plants      - 
,,        Self-Instruction  for  Gardeners 
„        (Mrs.)  Amateur  Gardener 
Rivers's  Rose  Amateur's  Guide 
Schleiden's  Botany,  by  Lankester    . 


Chronology. 

Allen  on  the  Rise  of  the  Royal  Prero- 
gative, etc.          -        ....  5 
Blair's  Chronological  Tables    -        .        .  g 
Bunsen's  Ancient  Egypt           -        -        _  7 
Haydn's  Book  of  Dignities      -        -        -  12 

Commerce  and  Mercantile 
Affairs. 

Banfield  and  Weld's  Statistics  *  •      6 

Gilbart's  Treatise  on  Banking  -  .11 

Gray's  Tables  of  Life  Contingencies  -    11 

Lorimer's  Letters  to  a  Master  Mariner  •    I7 


London:  Friuted  by  M.  Maso.n,  Ivy  Lane,  ratesaogter  Bow. 


M'Culloch's  Dictionary  of  Commerce  -  19 

Steel's  Shipmaster's  Assistant           -  -  29 

Symoiis' Merchant  Seamen's  Law    -  -  29 

Thomas's  Interest  Tables          -        -  -  3(1 

Thomsou'sTables  of  Interest   -        •  •  'M 


Criticism,  History,  and 
IVIemoirs. 

Blair's  Chron.  and  Historical  Tables 
Bunseu's  Ancient  Egypt  .        -        - 

Coad's  Memorandum         -        -        * 
Conybeare  and  Howson's  St.  Paul  - 
Dandolo's  Italian  Volunteers  - 
Deunistoun's  Dukes  of  Urbino 
Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction 
Eastlake's  History  of  Oil  Painting 
Foss's  Judges  of  England  .        -        - 

Foster's  European  Literature  -        -        - 
Gibbon's  Roman  Empire   ■        "        "        " 
Grant  (Mrs.)  Memoir  andCorespoiidence 
Hamilton's  (Sir  William)  Essays     - 
Harrison  On  the  English  Language 
Head's  Memoirs  of  i;ardinal  Paccu  - 
Holland's     (Lord)      Foreign     Reminis- 
cences -        -        - 
Humphreys's  Black  Prince        -        .        - 
Jeffrey's  (Lord)  Contributions 
Kemble's  Anglo-Saxons  in  England 
Macaulay's  Essays    -        -        -         -        - 

„  History  of  England 

Mackintosh's  Miscellaneous  VVorks 
M'CuUoch's  Dictionary,  Historical,  Geo- 
graphical, and  Statistical       -        -        . 
Mauuder's  Treasury  of  History 
Merivale's  History  of  Rome     -         -        - 
Mosheim's  Ecclesiastical  History     - 
Mure's  Ancient  Greece  .         .        _ 

Rich's  Companion  to  the  Latin  Dictionary 
Riddle's  Latin  Dictionaries 
Rogers's  Essays  from  the  Edinburgh  Rev. 
Schmitz's  History  of  Greece    - 
Smith's  (S.)  Lectures  on  Moral  Philosophy 
Southey's  The  Doctor  etc.        -        -        - 
Stephen's  Essays        .        .        -        -        , 
Sydney  Smith's  Works     -        -        -        - 
"Taylor's  I,oyola         -        -        -        -        - 
Thirlwall's  History  of  Greece   •        •        . 
Tooke's  Histories  of  Prices       -        -        - 
Towusend's  State  Trials    -        .        .        - 
Twining's  Philosophy  of  Painting    - 
Twiss  on  the  Pope's  Letters     -        -        . 
Zumpt's  Latin  Grammar    ■        -        -        . 


Geograpby  and  Atlases. 

Butler's  Ancient  and  Modern  Geography  7 

,,      Atlas  of  General  Geography        -  7 

Erman's  Travels  through  Siberia     -        -  10 

Hall's  Large  Library  Atlas        -       -        -  12 

,,       Railway  Map  of  England         -         -  12 

Johnston's  General  Gazetteer           -        -  16 

M'CuUoch's  Geographical  Dictionary      -  19 

Murray's  Encyclopijedia  of  Geography      -  22 

Sharp's  British  Gazetteer           -        .        -  26 


Juvenile  Books. 

Amy  Herbert  -.---.  27 
Corner's  Children's  Sunday  Book  -  -  8 
Earl's  Daughter  (The)  -  -  -  -  27 
Gertrude  ...----27 
Gower's  Scientific  Phenomena  -  -  U 
Howitt's  Bov's  Country  Book  -  -  -14 
„       Children's  Year  -        -        -     14 


Laneton  Parsonage  -----  27 

Mrs.  Marcet's  Conversations    -        -       '9>  "2 

Margaret  Percival     -----  27 

Marryat'sMasterman  Ready     •        -        -  20 

,,        Privateer's-Mau          -        -        -  20 

,,        Settlers  in  Canada      -        -        -  20 

„        Mission;  or,  Scenes  in  Africa  20 

Pycroft's  Course  of  English  Reading        -  24 

Twelve  Years  Ago :  a  Tale       -        -        .  ai 


Medicine. 

Bull's  Hints  to  Mothers            ...  6 

„      Management  of  Children         -        .  7 

Copland's  Dictionary  of  Medicine    -        .  8 

Latham  On  Diseases  of  the  Heart    -        -  17 

Moore  On  Health,  Disease,  and  Remedy  21 

Pereira  On  Food  and  Diet         -        -        -  24 

Beece's  Medical  Guide      -       •        -       -  25 


Miscellaneous 
and  Creneral  Iiiterature. 

Allen  on  Royal  Prerogative  -  .  -  5 
Coad's  Memorandum  ...  -  7 
Dresden  Gallery  -----  9 
Dunlop'sHistory  of  Fiction  .  -  -  9 
Gower's  Scientific  Phenomena  -        -    11 

Graham's  English      -        -  -        -    11 

Grant's  Letters  from  the  Mountains  -  11 
Haydn's  Beatson's  Index  .        -        -12 

Hooker's  Kew  Guide  •  -  -  -  13 
Howitt's  Rural  Life  of  England        -        -     14 

,,  Visits  to  Remarkable  Places  -  14 
Jardine's  Treatise  of  Equivocation  -  .15 
Jeffrey's  (Lord)  Contributions  -  -  16 
Kay  on  Education,  etc.  in  Europe  -  -  16 
Loudon's(Mrs.)  Lady'sCountry  Companion  17 
Macaulay's  Critical  and  Historical  Essays  18 
Mackintosh's  (Sir  J.)  Miscellaneous  Works  19 
Maitland's  Church  in  the  Catacombs  -  19 
Pascal's  Works,  by  Pearce  -  -  -  24 
Pycroft's  Course  of  English  Reading  -  24 
Rich's  Companion  to  the  Latin  Dictionary  25 
Riddle's  Latin  Dictionaries  and  Lexicon  25 
Rowtoiv's  Debater  -----  26 
Seaward's  Narrativeof  his  Shipwreck  -  26 
Sir  Roger  De  Coverley      -  -        -    27 

Southey's  Common-Place  Books      -        -    2S 

„  The  Doctor  etc.  -  -  -  28 
S  tow's  Training  System  -  -  -  -  29 
Sydney  Smith's  VVorks      -  -        -    27 

Townsend's  State  Trials  -  -  -  -  31 
Willoughby's  (Lady)  Diary  -  -  -  32 
Zumpt's  Latin  Grammar    -       -        -        -    32 


natural  History  in 
General. 

Callow's  Popular  Conchology    - 
Doubleday's  Butterflies  and  Moths 
Ephemera  and  Young  on  the  Salmon 
Gosse's  Natural  History  of  Jamaica 
Gray  and  Mitchell's  Ormtholog)- 
Kirby  and  Spence's  Entomology 
Lee's  Taxidermy         .         .        .        . 
,,     Elements  of  Natural  History  - 
Maunder's  Treasury  of  Natural  History 
Tarton's  Shells  of  the  British  Islands 
VVaterton's  Essays  on  Natural  History 
Westwood's  Classification  of  Insects 
Youatt's  The  Dog     -        -        -        . 
,,        The  Horse         -        _        _ 


TO  Messrs.  LONGMAN  and  Co.'s  CATALOGUE. 


3 


ITovels  and  VTorks  of 
Fiction. 

Pagres 

Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction      .       -       -      9 

Head's  Metamorphoses  of  Apnleins         -     12 

Lady  Willoujfhbv's  Diary  -        -        -     32 

Macdnnald's  Villa  Verocchio    -        -        -19 

Marryat's  Masterman  Heady  -         -     2() 

„        Privateer'g-Maii         -        -        -    20 

„        Settlers  in  Canada    -        -         -     20 

,,       Mission;  or,  Scenes  in  Africa  -    20 

Mount  St.  Lawrence  -        -         -        -22 

Sir  Roijer  de  Coverley        •        -        -        -    27 

Southey's  The  Doctor  etc.        -        -        -    28 

Twelve  Years  Aj{0:  a  Tale        ...    31 


One  Vol.  Encyclopsedias 
and  Dictionaries. 

Blaine's,  of  Rural  Sports  -        -        -        -  B 

Brande's,  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art  6 

Copland's,  of  Medicine     -        -        -         -  8 

Cresy's,  of  Civil  Enifinceriug    -        -        -  8 

Gwilt's,  of  Architecture    -        -        -        -  11 

Johnson's  Farmer     -----  16 

Johnston's  Geographical  Dictionary         -  16 

Loudon's, of  Treesand  Shrubs          -        -  13 

,,         ofGardening-     .        .        -        -  18 

I,         of  Au;riculture  -        -        .        -  18 

„         of  Plants 18 

,,         of  Rural  Architectnre      -        -  18 

M'Culloch's  Geographical  Dictionary     -  19 

,,          Dictionary  of  Commerce        -  19 

Murray's  Encyclopaedia  of  Geography       -  22 

Ure's  Arts,  Alanufactures,  and  Mine's      •  31 

Webster's  Domestic  Economy          -        -  32 


Poetry  and  tbe  Drama. 

Aikin's  (Dr.)  British  Poets        ...  5 

BailUe's  (Joanna)  Poetical  Works  -        -  5 

Flowers  and  their  Kindred  Thouifhts        -  23 

Fruits  from  the  Garden  and  Field      -        -  23 

Goldsmiths  Poems, illustrated           -        -  11 

Gray's  Elegv,  illuminated         -        -        -  23 

Key's  Moral  of  Flowers    -        -        -        .  13 

„    Sylvan  Musings        -        -        -        -  13 

L.E.L.'s  Poetical  Works          -        -        -  16 

Linwood's  Anthologia  Uzonieusis    -        -  17 

Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome    -        -  19 

Moutgoraerv's  Poetical  Works          •         -  21 

Moore's  Irisli  Melodies    -        -         -        -  21 

,,      LallaRookh         -        .        _        .  22 

,,      Poetical  Works    -        -        -        -21 

„       Songs  and  Ballads       -        -        -  21 

Shakspeare,  by  Bowdler    -        ...  26 

,•          's  Sentiments  and  Similes        -  H 

Southey's  Poetical  Works          .         -        -  29 

,,         British  Poets     -        •         .        -29 

Swain's  English  Melodies         -       -        -  29 

Taylor's  Virgin  Widow     -        -        _        -  30 

Thomson's  Seasons,  illustrated         -        -  30 

.,    with  Notes,  by  Dr.  A.  T.  Thomson  30 

Watts's  Lyrics  of  the  Heart     -        -        -  32 

Winged  Thoughts     -----  22 


Political  Economy  and 
Statistics. 

Banfiold  and  Weld's  Statistics  .        .      6 

Gilbart's  Treatise  on  Banking  -        -        -    11 
Gray's  Tables  of  Life  Contingencies         -     11 


Pages 
Kay  on  the  Social  Condition,  etc.of  Europe  16 
Lainf's  Notes  of  a  Traveller  -  -  -  J7 
M'Culloch'sGeographical.Statistical.and 

Historical  Dictionary  -         .        -    19 

M'Culloch's  Dictionary  of  Commerce      -    19 

„      On  Taxation  and  Funding        -     19 

,,      Statistics  of  the  British  Empire    19 

Marcet's  Conversations  on  Polit.  Economy  19 

Tooke's  Histories  of  Prices      -       -       -    31 


Keligrions  and  Moral 
IVorkSf  etc. 


Amy  Herbert     -.----  27 

Bloomfieid's  Greek  Testament           -        -  6 

„           Annotations  on  ditto    -        -  6 

,,           College  and  School  ditto     -  6 

,,           Lexicon  to  Greek  Testament  g 

Book  of  Ruth  (illuminated)       -        -        -  J5 

Callcott's  Scripture  Herbal       '        '        '  7 

Convbeare  and  Howsoa's  St.  Paul   .        -  g 

Cook's  Edition  of  the  Acts       -        -        -  8 

Cooper's  Sermons      -        -         "        "        -  8 

Comer's  Sunday  Book       -        •        *        -  8 

Dale's  Domestic  Liturgy           -         ■        •  8 

Discipline           -..-.-  g 

Earl's  Daughter  (The)      -        -        -        -  27 

Ecclesiastes  (illuminated)        -        -        -  23 

Elmes's  Thought  Book      -        -        -        -  lo 

Englishman's  Hebrew  Concordance        -  10 

„              Greek  Concordance           -  10 

Gertrude    -------  27 

Hook's  (Dr.)  Lectures  on  Passion  Week  13 

Home's  Introduction  to  the  Scriptures  -  13 

„      Compendium  of  ditto           >        -  13 

Howson's  Sunday  Evening        -        -        -  14 

Jameson's  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art      -  15 

„           Monastic  Legends    -        -        -  15 

,,          Legends  of  the  Madonna          -  15 

Jeremy  Taylor's  Works     -        -        -        -  16 

Lanetou  Parsonage   -----  27 

Letters  to  my  Unknown  Friends       -        *  17 

,,      on  Happiness        -        -        -        -  17 

Maitiand's  Church  in  the  Catacombs        -  19 

Margaret  Percival       -----  27 

Marriage  Service  (illuminated)         -        -  23 

Maxims,  etc.  of  the  Saviour     -         -        -  15 

Miraclesof  Our  Saviour            -        -        -  1.5 

Moore  on  the  Power  of  the  Soul     -         -  21 

„      on  the  Use  of  the  Body         -        -  21 

,,      on  .Man  and  his  Motives       -         -  21 

Morell's  Philosophy  of  Religion       .        -  22 

Mosheim's  Ecclesiastical  History    -        -  22 

Mount  St.  Lawrence         -        .        .         -  22 

Neale's  Closing  Scene      -        -        •        -  22 

,,      Resting  Places  of  the  Just-        -  22 

Newman's  (J,  H.)  Discourses          -        -  22 
Paley's  Evidences,  etc.,  by  Potts     -        .22 

Parables  of  Our  Lord         -        -        -        •  IS 

Pascal's  Works,  by  Pearce        -        .        -  24 

Readings  for  Lent    -----  ig 

Robinson's  Lexicon  of  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment -------  25 

Sermon  on  the  Mount  (The)    -        -       -  23 

Sinclair's  Journey  of  Life          -        -         -  27 

,,        Business  of  Life        -        -        -  27 

Sketches  (The) 27 

Smith's  (G.)  Perilous  Times    -        -        -  28 

„                Religion  of  Am  lent  Britain  -  28 

1,                 Sacred  Annals     -        -        -  27 

„                Doctrine  of  the  Cherubim   -  27 

„         (J.)  St.  Paul's  Shipwreck     -        -  28 

,,       (S.)  Lectures  on  Moral  Philosophy  27 

Solomon's  Song  (illuminated)  -        -        -  23 

Southey's  Life  of  Wesley          -        .        -  29 

Stephen's  (Sir  J.)  Essays  -        -        .        -  29 


CLASSIFIED  INDEX. 


Sydney  Smith's  Sermons 
Tayler's  (Rev.  C.  B.)  Margaret 

,,  ,,  Lady  Mary      . 

Taylor's  (J.)  Thumb  Bible 

,,       (Isaac)  Loyola 
Toraline's  Introduction  to  the  Bible 
Turner's  Sacred  History 
Twelve  Years  Ago    -        -        -        - 
Twiss  on  the  Pope's  Letters    - 
Wilberforce's  View  of  Christianity 
Willoughby's  (Lady)  IJiary 
Wisdom  of  Johnson's  Rambler,  etc. 


Xtnral  Sports< 


Blaine'sDictionarvof  Sports 
The  Cricket  Field  '- 


Pages 
-    27 


Ephemera  on  Angling        -        -        . 

,,         's  Book  of  the  Salmon 
Hawker's  Instructions  to  Sportsmen 
The  Hunting  Field 


Loudon's  (Mrs.)  Lady'sCottDtryCompanion  I7 

Pocket  and  the  Stud         -        •        -        -  12 

Practical  Horsemanship  -        -        -        -  12 

Pulman's  Fir-Fishing       ...        -  24 

Ronalds's  FlV-Fisher          -        ...  25 

Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk        -        -        -  12 

The  Stud,  for  Practical  Men     -        -        -  12 

Wheatley's  Rod  and  Line          -        -        -  32 


The  Sciences  in  General 
and  nXatlieniatics. 

Bourne's  Catechism  of  the  Steam  Engine  6 

Brande's  Dictionary  of  Science,  etc.      -  6 

Conversations  on  Mineralogy           -        -  7 
DelaBecheontheGeologyot'Cornwall,etc.  9 

„        's   Geological'Observer  -        -  8 

De  la  Rive's  Electricity   ....  9 

Dixon's  Fossils  of  Sussex        -        -        ■  9 

Gower's  Scientific  Phenomena         -        -  11 


Pages 
Herschel's  Outlines  of  Astronomy  -  -  13 
Humboldt's  Aspects  of  Nature        -        -     14 

„  Cosmos  ....    14 

Hunt's  Researches  on  Light  -  •  -  15 
Marcet's  Conversations  -  -  -  19,  20 
Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  -  -  21 
Moseley's  Practical  Mechanics         -        -     22 

,,  Engineering  and  Architecture  22 
Owen's  Comparative  Anatomy  -  -  -  23 
Peschel's  Physics  ...  -  -  24 
Phillips's  PalaeoaoicFossilsof  Cornwall,  etc.24 

,,  Mineralogy,  by  Miller  &  Brooke  24 
Portlock's  Geologv  of  Londonderry  -  24 
Schleiden's  Scientific  Botany-  -  •  26 
Smee's  Electro-Bletallurgy  -  -  -  27 
Steam  Enjfine  (Ure),  by  the  Artisan  Club  5 
Tate  on  Strength  of  Materials  -        -    29 

Thomson's  School  Chemistry  -        -    30 


Veterinary  Medicine. 


The  Hunting  Field   - 
The  Pocket  and  the  Stud 
Practical  Horsemanship    - 
Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk      - 
The  Stud  for  Practical  Purposes 
Youatt's  The  Dog     -        -  .      - 
„         The  Horse 


Voyagres  and  Travels. 

Chesney's  Euphrates  and  Tigris 
Erman's  Travels  through  Siberia     - 
Forbes's  Datromey  -        -        -        -        - 
Forester  and  Biddulph's  Norway 
Head's  Tour  in  Rome       -        -        -        . 
Humboldt's  Aspects  of  Nature 
Laing's  Notes  of  a  Traveller     -        .        . 
Power's  New  Zealand  Sketches 
Richardson's  Overland  Journey 
Rovings  in  the  Pacific       -        -        -        _ 
Seaward's  Narrative  of  his  Shipwreck     - 
Snow's  Arctic  Voyage      -        -         .        . 


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GRAY  AND   MITCHELL'S   ORNITHOLOGY.— THE  GENERA 

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RATURE,  AND  ACADEMICAL  REFORM,  Contributed  to  The  Edinburgh  Review  by  Sir 
William  Hamilton,  Bart.    With  additional  Notes  and  Appendices.  [In  the  press. 

HARRISON.— ON    THE   RISE,  PROGRESS,    AND  PRESENT 

STRUCTURE  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE,  By  the  Rev.  M.  Harrison,  M.A.,  late 
Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford.    Post  8vo.  8s.  fid.  cloth. 

HARRY  HIEOVER.— THE  HUNTING-FIELD. 

By  Harry  Hieover,  Author  of  "Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk;  or,  Spectacles  for  Young 
Sportsmen."  With  Two  Plates,  one  representing  "The  Right  Sort  j"  the  other,  "The 
Wrong  Sort."    Fcap.  8vo.  5».  half  bound. 

HARRY  HIEOVER.— PRACTICAL  HORSEMANSHIP. 

By  Harry  Hieover,  Author  of  "  Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk;  or.  Spectacles  for  Young 
Sportsmen."  With  2  Plates,  one  representing  "  Going  like  Workmen  ;"  the  other,  "  Going 
like  Muffs."    Foolscap  Svo.  bs.  half-bound. 

HARRY  HIEOVER.— THE  STUD,  FOR  PRACTICAL  Pur- 
poses AND  PRACTICAL  MEN:  being  a  Guide  to  the  Choice  of  a  Horse  for  use  more 
than  for  show.  By  Harry  Hieover,  Author  of  •' Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk."  With  2  Plates, 
one  representing  "A  pretty  good  sort  for  most  purposes;"  the  other,  '•'Rayther'  a  bad 
sort  for  any  purpose."    Foolscap  8vo.  5«.  half-bound. 

HARRY  HIEOVER.— THE  POCKET  AND  THE  STUD; 

Or,  Practical  Hints  on  the  Management  of  the  Stable.  By  Harry  Hieover,  Author  of 
"Stable  Talk  and  Table  Talk  ;  or.  Spectacles  for  Young  Sportsmen."  With  a  Portrait  of 
the  Author  on  his  favourite  Horse  "  Harlequin."    2d  Edition.  Foolscap  Svo.  5s.  half-bound. 

HARRY  HIEOVER.— STABLE  TALK  AND  TABLE  TALK; 

Or,  SPECTACLES  for  YOUNG  SPORTSMEN.  By  Harry  Hieover.  New  Edition.  2  vols. 
Svo.  with  Portrait,  24».  cloth. 

HAWKER.— INSTRUCTIONS  TO  YOUNG  SPORTSMEN 

In  all  that  relates  to  Guns  and  Shooting,  By  Lieut.  Col.  P. Hawker.  9th  edition,  corrected, 
enlarged,  and  improved  ;  with  Eighty-five  Plates  and  Woodcuts,  by  Adlard  and  Branston, 
from  Drawings  by  C .  Varley ,  Dickes,  etc.    Svo.  21».  cloth. 

HAYDN.— THE  BOOK  OF  DIGNITIES; 

Or,  Rolls  of  the  Offi<  ial  Personages  of  the  British  Empire,  from  the  Earliest  Periods  to  the 
Present  Time:  comprising  the  Administrations  of  Great  Britian  j  the  Offices  of  State,  and 
all  the  Public  Departments  ;  the  Ecclesiastical  Dignitaries  ;  the  Functionaries  of  the  Law  ; 
the  Commanders  of  the  Army  and  Navy;  and  tlie  Hereditary  Honours  and  other  Dis- 
tinctions conferred  upon  Families  and  Public  Men.  Being  a  New  Edition,  improved  and 
continued,  of  BEATSON'S  POLITICAL  INDEX.  By  Joseph  Haydn,  Compiler  of  "The 
Dictionary  of  Dates,"  and  other  Works.    In  One  very  large  Volume,  Svo.     [/n  the  Spring, 

HEAD.— THE  METAMORPHOSES  OF  APULEIUS: 

A  Romance  of  the  Second  Century.  Translated  from  the  Latin  by  Sir  George  Head, 
Author  of  "  A  Tour  of  Many  Days  iu  Rome ;"  Translator  of  "  Historical  Memoirs  of  Cardi- 
nal Pacca."     Post  Svo.  V2s.  cloth. 


PUBLISHED  BY  MESSRS.  LONGMAN   AND  Oo.  13 


HEAD.— HISTORICAL  MEMOIRS  OF  CARDINAL  PACCA, 

Prime  Minister  to  Pope  Pius  VII.     Written  by  Himself.    TrHUslated  from  the  Italian,  b 
George  Head,  author  of  "  Rome:  a  Tour  of  Many  Days."    2  vols,  post  8vo.2U.  cloth. 


SIR  GEORGE  HEAD.— ROME:   A  TOUR  OF  MANY  DAYS. 

By  Sir  Georjfe  Head.    3  vols.  8vo.  36».  cloth. 

SIR  JOHN  HERSCHEL.— OUTLINES  OF  ASTRONOMY. 

By  Sir  John  F.  W.  Herschel,  Bart. etc.  New  Edition;  with  Plates  and  Engravings  on  Wood. 
8vo.l8<.  cloth. 

MRS.  HEY.— THE  MORAL  OF  FLOWERS; 

Or,  Thoughts  gathered  from  the  Field  and  the  Garden.  By  Mrs.  Hey.  Being  a  New 
Edition  of  "The  Moral  of  Flowers;"  and  consisiting  of  Poetical  Thoughts  on  Garden  and 
Field  Flowers,  accompanied  by  Drawings  beautifully  coloured  after  Nature.  Square  crown 
8vo.  uniform  in  size  with  Thomion''i  Seasons  illustrated  by  the  Etching  Club,  21«.  cloth. 

MRS.  HEY.— SYLVAN  MUSINGS; 

Or,  the  Spirit  of  the  Woods.  By  Mrs.  Hey.  Being  a  New  Edition  of  "The  Spirit  of  the 
Woods  ;"  and  consisting  of  Poetical  Thoughts  on  Forest  Trees,  accompanied  by  I)rawlng:8 
of  Blossoms  and  Foliage,  beautifully  coloured  after  Nature.  Square  crown  8vo.  uniform  in 
size  with  Thomson's  Seasons  illustrated  by  the  Etching  Club,  2U.  cloth. 

HINTS  ON  ETIQUETTE  AND  THE  USAGES  OF  SOCIETY: 

With  a  Glance  at  Bad  Habits.  By  tiyooyoq.  "Manners  make  the  Man."  NewEdition, 
revised  (with  Additions)  by  a  Lady  of  Rank.    Foolscap  8vo.  2*.  6rf.  cloth. 

HOARE.  — A  PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON  THE  CULTIVA- 
TION OF  THE  GRAPE  VINE  ON  OPEN  WALLS.  By  Clement  Hoare.  NewEdition. 
8vo.r«.6<f.  cloth. 


LORD  HOLLAND'S  FOREIGN  REMINISCENCES.— FOREIGN 

REMINISCENCES.  By  Henry  Richard  Lord  Holland.  Comprising  Anecdotes,  and  an 
Account  of  such  Persons  and  Political  Intrigues  in  Foreign  Countries  as  have  fallen 
within  his  Lordship's  Observation.  Edited  by  his  Son,  Henry  Edward  Lord  Holland. 
With  Fac-simile.    Post  8vo.  lUt.  6<<. 


HOOK  (DR.  W.  F.)— THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  OUR  LORD'S 

MINISTRY;  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  principal  Events  of  Passion  Week.  By  Walter 
Farquhar  Hook,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Leeds,  Prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to 
the  Queen.     NewEdition.    Foolscap 8vo.  6«.  cloth. 

HOOKER— KEW  GARDENS: 

Or  a  Popular  Guide  to  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens  of  Kew.  By  Sir  William  Jackson  Hooker, 
K.H.  D.C.L.  F.R.A.  &  L.S.  etc.  et^-.  Director.  New  Edition;  with  numerous  Wood- 
Engravings.    16mo.  price  (jd.  sewed. 

HOOKER  AND  ARNOTT.— THE  BRITISH  FLORA; 

Comprising  the  Phteuogamous  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  the  Ferns.  The  Sixth  Edition 
(1850),  with  Additions  and  Corrections,  and  numerous  Figure^,  illustrative  of  the  Umbel- 
liferous Plants,  the  Composite  Plants,  the  Grasses,  and  the  Ferns.  By  Sir  W  J.Hooker, 
Y.K.\.  and  L.S.  etc.,  and  G.  A.  Walker  Arnott,  LL.D.F.L.S.  and  R.S.  Ed.;  Regius 
Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  In  One  very  thick  Volume,  12mo.  with  12 
Plates,  14*.  cloth;  or  with  the  Plates' coloured,  price  21*. 

HORNE  (THE  REV.  T.  H.)— AN  INTRODUCTION  TO-  THE 

CRITICAL  STUDY  AND  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE  HOLY  SCRIPTURES.  By  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Hartwell  Horne,B.D.  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  New  Edition,  revised 
and  corrected.  5  vols.  8vo.  with  Maps  and  Fuc-similes,  3/.  '6s.  cloth ;  or  bl.  bound  in  calf 
by  Hayday. 

HORNE  (THE  REV.  T.  H.)-A  COMPENDIOUS  INTRODUC- 
TION TO  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  BIBLE.  By  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hartwell  Home,  B.D.of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  Being  au  Analysis  of  his  "Introduction  to  the  Critical  Study 
and  Knowledge  of  the  Holy  Scriptures."  New  Edition.  12mo.  with  Maps  and  Engravings, 
'Jt.buards. 


14  NEW  WORKS  AND  NEW  EDITIONS 

HOWITT— THE  CHILDREN'S  YEAR. 

By  Mnry  Howitt.  With  Four  Illustrations,  engraved  by  John  Absolon,  from  Original 
Designs  by  Anna  Mary  Howitt.    Square  16mo.5«.  cloth. 

HOWITT.— THE  BOY'S  COUNTRY  BOOK; 

Being  the  real  Life  of  a  Country  Boy,  written  by  Himself:  Exhibiting  all  the  Amusements, 
Pleasures,  and  Pursuits  of  Children  in  the  Country.  Edited  by  William  Howitt,  author  of 
•«  The  Rural  Life  of  England,"  etc.   New  Edition.    Fcap.  8vo.  with  40  Woodcuts,  64.  cloth. 

HOWITT,— VISITS  TO  REMARKABLE  PLACES; 

Old  Halls,  Battle-Fields,  and  Scenes  illustrative  of  Striking  Passages  in  English  History  and 
Poetry.    By  William  Howitt.    New  Edition  ;  with  40  Woodcuts.      Medium  8vo.  21*.  clo'th. 
SECOND  SERIES,  chiefly  in  the  Counties  of  DURHAM  and  NORTHUMBERLAND,  with  a 
Stroll  along  the  BORDER.    Witli  upwards  of  40  highly-finished  Woodcuts,  from  Drawings 
made  on  the  spot.    Medium  8vo.  21».  cloth. 

HOWITT.~THE  RURAL  LIFE  OF  ENGLAND. 

By  William  Howitt.  New  Edition,  corrected  and  revised.  With  Engravings  on  Wood  by 
Bewick  and  Williams;  uuiforrawith  yitits  to  Remarkable  Places.     Medium  8vo.21j. cloth. 

HOWSON— SUNDAY  EVENING: 

Twelve  Short  Sermons  for  Family  Reading.  1.  The  Presence  of  Christ;  2.  Inward  and 
Outward  Life;  3.  The  Threefold  Warning;  4.  Our  Father's  Business;  .5.  Spiritual  Murder; 
6.  The  Duty  of  Amiability;  7.  Honesty  and  Candour;  8.  St.  Peter  and  Cornelius  ;  9.  The 
Midnight  Traveller;  10.  St.  Andrew;  U.  The  Grave  of  Lazarus  ;  12.  The  Resurrection  of  the 
Body.  By  the  Rev.  J.  S.  How-son,  M.A.,  Principal  of  the  Collegiate  Institution,  Liverpool, 
and  Chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland.    Foolscap  8vo.2«.  6d.  cloth. 

HOWSON  AND  CONYBEARE.— THE  LIFE  AND  EPISTLES 

OF  SAINT  PAUL.  By  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Howson,  M.A.,  and  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Conybeare,  M.A. 
2  voU.4to.  illustrated  by  W.  H.  Bartlett.  [See  p.  8. 

HUDSON— THE  EXECUTOR'S  GUIDE. 

By  J .  C .  Hudson,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Legacy  Duty  Office,  London  :  author  of  •  •  Plain  Directions 
for  Making  Wills,"  and ''The  Parent's  Hand-Book."  New  Edition.  Foolscap  8vo.5«. cloth. 

HUDSON.— PLAIN  DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAKING  WILLS 

In  conformity  with  the  Law,  and  particularly  with  reference  to  the  Act  7  Wm. IV.  and  IVict. 
c.  26.    To  which  is  added,  a  clear  Exposition  of  the  Law  relating  to  the  Distribution  of  Per- 
sonal Estate  in  the  case  of  Intestacy  ;  with  two  Forms  of  Wills,  and  much  useful  Information, 
etc.    By  J.  C.  Hudson, Esq.    New  Edition,  corrected.    Fcap.  8vo.2«.6rf.  cloth. 
•»•  Tht  above  Two  Works  may  be  had  in  One  Folume,  price  Is.  cloth. 

HUMBOLDT— ASPECTS  OF  NATURE, 

In  DiflFerent  Lands  and  Different  Climates  ,  with  Scientific  Elucidations.  By  Alexander  Von 
Humboldt.  Translated,  with  the  Author's  sanction  and  co-operatiou,  and  at  his  express 
desire,  by  Mrs.  Sabine.  ]6mo.  6».  cloth:  or  in  2  vols.  3*.  6d.  each  cloth;  2j.  6</.  each 
sewed. 

BARON  HUMBOLDT'S  COSMOS; 

Or,  a  Sketch  of  a  Physical  Description  of  the  Universe.  Translated,  with  the  Author's 
sanction  and  co-operation,  under  the  superintendence  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Edward  Sabine, 
F.R.S.  For.  Sec.  R.S.  New  Edition.  Vols.  I.  and  II.  16mo.  3s.  6rf.  each  cloth;  2s.  6rf. 
each  sewed:  or  in  post.8vo.  price  12*.  each.  Vol.  III.  Part  I.  post  8vo.  6».  cloth :  or  in 
16mo.  2s.  6rf.  sewed  ;  3».  6rf.  cloth. 

SENTIMENTS  AND  SIMILES  OF  SHAKSPEARE. 

A  Classified  Selection  of  Similes,  Definitions,  Descriptions,  and  other  remarkable  Passages 
in  Shakspeare's  Playa  and  Poems.  With  an  elaborately  illuminated  Border  in  the  charac- 
teristic Style  of  the  Elizabethan  Period,  and  other  Embellishments  ;  bound  in  very  massive 
carved  and  pierced  covers,  containing  in  deep  relief  a  medallion  Head  of  Shakspeare.  The 
Illuminations  and  Ornaments  designed  and  executed  by  Henry  Noel  Humphreys,  lllumina- 
tor  of  "  A  Record  of  the  Black  Prince,"  etc.    Square  post  8vo.  [yearly  ready. 

HUMPHREYS.— A  RECORD  OF  THE  BLACK  PRINCE; 

Being  a  Selection  of  such  Pas.sages  in  his  Life  as  have  been  most  quainilv  and  strikingly 
narrated  by  the  Chroniclers  of  the  Period.  Embellished  with  highlv-wroiight  Miniatures 
and  Borderings,  selected  from  various  Illuminated  MSS.  referring  to  Events  connected  with 
English  History.  By  Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Post  8vo.  in  a  richly  carved  and  deeply 
pierced  binding,  21s. 


PUBLISHED  BT  MESS&S.  LONGMAN   AND  Co.  15 

HUMPHREYS.— THE  BOOK  OF  RUTH. 

From  the  Uoly  Scriptures.  Embellished  with  brilliant  coloured  Borders,  selected  from 
some  of  the  finest  Illuminated  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum,  the  Bibliotheque  Nutionale, 
Paris,  the  Soaue  Museum,  etc.;  and  with  highly-finished  Miniatures.  The  lUuminationR 
executed  by  Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Square  foolscap  8to.  in  deeply  embossed  leather 
covers,  "Jl*. 

IIUMPHREYS.-MAXIMS  AND  PRECEPTS  OF  THE  SAVIOUR: 

Bein)^  a  Selection  of  the  miist  beautiful  Christian  Precepts  contained  in  the  Four  Gospels; 
illustrated  by  a  series  of  Illuminations  of  original  character,  founded  on  the  Passages— 
"  Behold  the  Fowls  of  the  Air,"  etc.,  ••Consider  the  Lilies  of  the  Field,"  etc.  The 
Illuminations  executed  by  Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Square  foolscap  8vo.  21*.  richly  bound 
in  stamped  calf ;  or  3Us.  iu  morocco,  by  Hayday. 

HUMPHREYS— THE  MIRACLES  OF  OUR  SAVIOUR. 

With  rich  and  appropriate  Borders  of  original  Design,  a  series  of  Illuminated  Figures  of 
the  Apostles  from  the  Uld  Masters,  six  Uluininated  Miniatures,  and  other  Embellishments. 
The  Illuminations  executed  by  Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Square  foolscap  8vu.  iu  massive 
carved  covers,  21*.;  or  bound  in  morocco,  by  Hayday,  30«. 

HUMPHREYS.— PARABLES  OF  OUR  LORD. 

Richly  Illuminated,  with  appropriate  Borders,  printed  in  colours  and  in  black  and  gold  ; 
with  a  Uesii?!!  from  one  of  the  early  German  Engravers.  The  Illuminations  executed  by 
Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Square  foolscap  8vo.  21».  in  massive  carved  covers;  or  30». 
bouuii  in  morocco. 

HUMPHREYS  AND   JONES.— THE  ILLUMINATED   BOOKS 

OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES  :  a  series  of  Fac-similes  of  the  most  beautiful  MSS.  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  printed  in  gold,  silver,  and  colours,  by  Owen  Jonef;  selected  and  described  by 
Henry  Noel  Humphreys.  Elegantly  bound  in  antique  calf.  Royal  folio,  10/.  10».;  imperial 
folio  llarge  paper},  16'/.  16«. 

HUNT.— RESEARCHES  ON.  LIGHT: 

An  Examination  of  all  the  Phenomena  connected  with  the  Chemical  and  Molecular  Changes 
produced  by  the  Inrtuence  of  the  Solar  Rays  ;  embracing  all  the  known  Photographic  Pro- 
cesses, and  new  Discoveries  in  the  .Art.  By  Robert  Hunt,  Keeper  of  Mining  Records, 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology.    Svo.  with  Plate  and  Woodcuts,  10«.6d.  cloth. 

MRS.  JAMESON'S  LEGENDS  OF  THE   MONASTIC  ORDERS 

As  represented  in  the  Fine  Arts.  Containing  St.  Benedict  and  the  early  Benedictines  in 
Italv,  France,  Spain,  and  Flanders;  the  Benedictines  in  England  and  in  Germany;  the 
Ret'ornied  Benedictines;  early  Royal  Saints  connected  with  the  Benedictine  Order ;  the 
Aujjustines;  Orders  derived  from  the  Augustine  Rule  ;  the  Mendicant  Orders  ;  the  Jesuits; 
and  the  Order  of  the  Visitation  of  St.  Mary.  Forming  the  Second  Series  of  Saered  and 
Legendary  Art.  With  Eleveu  Etchings  by  the  Author,  and  S4  Woodcuts.  Square  crown 
Svo.  28».  cloth. 

MRS.  JAMESON'S  SACRED  AND  LEGENDARY  ART; 

Or,  Legends  of  the  Saints  and  Martyrs.  First  Series.  Containing,  Leg^ends  of  the 
Angels  and  Archangels ;  the  Evangelists  and  Apostles;  the  Greeli  and  Latin  Fathers;  the 
Magdalene;  the  Patron  Saints;  the  Virgin  Patronesses;  the  Martyrs;  the  Bishops;  the 
Hermits;  and  the  Warrior-Saints  of  Christendom.  Second  Edition  (1850),  printed  in 
One  Volume  for  the  convenience  of  Students  and  Travellers;  with  numerous  Woodcuts, 
and  Sixteen  Etchings  by  the  Author.    Square  crown  Svo.  28».  cloth. 

MRS.  JAMESON'S  LEGENDS  OF  THE  MADONNA, 

As  represented  in  the  Fine  Arts.  Forming  the  Third  and  cunchiding  Series  of  Sacred 
and  Legendary  Art.  Bv  Mrs.  Jameson,  Author  of  "Characteristics  of  Women,"  etc. 
With  Etchings  by  the  Author,  and  Engravings  ou  Wood.     Square  crown  Svo. 

\_In  the  prets. 

JARDINE.— A  TREATISE  OF  EQUIVOCATION. 

Wherein  is  largely  discussed  the  question  Whether  a  Catholicke  or  any  other  Person  before 
a  magistrate,  being  demanded  upon  his  Oatli  whether  a  Preiste  were  in  such  a  place,  may 
(notwithstanding  his  perfect  knowledge  to  the  contrary)  without  Perjury,  and  securely  in 
conscience,  answer  No:  with  this  secret  meaning  reserved  in  his  mynde  That  he  was  not 
there,  so  that  any  man  is  bounde  to  detect  it.  Kdited  from  the  Original  Manuscript  in  the 
Bodleian  Lil>rary,  by  David  .hirdine,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Esq.,  Barrister  at  Law  ;  Author 
of  the  '•Narrative  of  the  Gunpowder  Treason,"  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  the  "Criminal 
Trials."  U»  the  press. 


16  NEW  AVOllKS  AND  NEW  EDITIONS 

JEFFREY  (LORD).— CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  EDINBURGH 

RRVIEW.  By  Francis  Jeffrey,  late  One  of  the  Judges  in  the  Court  of  Session  in  Scotland. 
Second  Edition.    3vols.8vo.  42». cloth. 

BISHOP  JEREMY  TAYLOR'S  ENTIRE  WORKS: 

With  the  Life  by  Bishop  Heber.     Revised  and  corrected  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Page  Eden, 

Fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford.    Vols.  II.  III.  IV.  V.  VI.  VII  .and  VIII.  8vo.l0*.6rf.  each, 

cloth. 

*,*  In  coitrte  of  publication  in  10  vols,  price  hnlf-a-gtiinea  each.     Vol.  I.  (the  last  in  order 

of  publicationj  will  contain  Bishop  Heber'*  Life  of  Jeremy\Taylor,  extended  by  the  Editor. 

\_Fol.  IX.  is  in  the  press. 

READINGS  FOR  EVERY  DAY  IN  LENT. 

Compiled  from  the  Writings  of  Bishop  Jeremy  Taylor.  By  the  Author  of  "Amy  Herbert," 
"The  Child's  First  History  of  Rome,"  etc.    Fcap.  8vo.  o».  cloth. 

JOHNSON.— THE  WISDOM   OF   THE    RAMBLER,  ADVEN- 

TURER,  AND  IDLER.  Comprising  a  Selection  of  110  of  the  best  Essays.  By  Samuel 
Johnson,  LL.D.    Foolscap  Svo.  7«.  cloth. 

JOHNSON.— THE  FARMER'S  ENCYCLOPJiDIA, 

And  DICTIONARY  of  RURAL  AFFAIRS  :  embracing  all  the  recent  Discoveries  in  Agri- 
cultural Chemistry;  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  unscientific  Readers.  By  Cuthbert 
W.Johnson,  Esq.,  F.R.S.  Barrister-at-Law,  Editor  of  the  "Farmers'  Almanack,"  etc. 
8vo.  with  Wood  Engravings,  21.  lOs.  cloth. 

JOHNSTON.— A  NEW  DICTIONARY  OF  GEOGRAPHY, 

Descriptive,  Physical,  Statistical,  and  Historical:  Forming  a  complete  General  Gazetteer 
of  the  World.  By  Alexander  Keith  Johnston,  F.R.S.E.  F.R.G.S.  F.G.S. ;  •Geographer  at 
Edinburgh  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty;  Author  of  "The  Physical  Atlas  of  Natural  Phe- 
nomena."' In  One  very  large  Volume  of  1,440  pages,  comprising  nearly  Fifty  Thousand 
Names  of  Places.  8vo.  36s.,  cloth.;  or  strongly  half>bound  in  russia,  with  flexible  back, 
price  41». 

KAY.— THE    SOCIAL    CONDITION   AND    EDUCATION    OF 

THE  PEOPLE  IN  ENGLAND  AND  EUROPE:  shewing  the  results  of  the  Primary 
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KEMBLE.— THE  SAXONS  IN  ENGLAND: 

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KINDERSLEY.  —  THE    VERY    JOYOUS,    PLEASANT    AND 

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KIRBY    AND    SPENCE.— AN    INTRODUCTION    TO    ENTO- 

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L.  E.  L.— THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  LETITIA  ELIZABETH 

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LAING.— OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    SOCIAL    AND    POLL 


LATHAM.— ON  DISEASES  OF  THE  HEART. 

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LEE.— TAXIDERMY. 

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LEE.— ELEMENTS   OF    NATURAL    HISTORY;    OR,   FIRST 

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LETTERS  ON  HAPPINESS,  ADDRESSED  TO  A  FRIEND. 

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LETTERS  TO  MY  UNKNOWN  FRIENDS. 

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LINDLEY.— AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  BOTANY. 

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LINWOOD  (W.)— ANTHOLOGIA  OXONIENSIS; 

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Curaiite  Gulielmo  Linwood,  M.A.  >£disChristi  AJummo.  8vo.]4».  cloth. 
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more  of  airiness  and  variety,  the  Antholog^in  m  not  inferior  in  poetical  spirit ;  while  in 
classical  purity  and  correctness  it  has  perhaps  aslightadvantage."—ChTistian  Remembrancer. 

LORIMER.— LETTERS  TO  A  YOUNG  MASTER  MARINER 

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LOUDON.— THE  AMATEUR  GARDENER'S  CALENDAR: 

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LOUDON— THE  LADY'S  COUNTRY  COMPANION; 

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LOUDON'S  SELF-INSTRUCTION  FOR  YOUNG  GARDENERS, 

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LOUDON'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  AGRICULTURE: 

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LOUDON'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  PLANTS: 

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LOUDON'S    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    COTTAGE,  FARM,  AND 

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LOW.— ON  LANDED  PROPERTY,  AND  THE  ECONOMY  OF 

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MACAULAY.— CRITICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  ESSAYS  Con- 
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MACAULAY.— THE  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND, 

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MACAULAY.— LAYS  OF  ANCIENT  ROME. 

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MACDONALD.— VILLA  VEROCCHIO;  OR,  THE  YOUTH  OF 

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out  for  himself  the  hi^hett  place  among  the  great  ma»tfr-miiids  of  hit  age The 

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MACKINTOSH'S  (SIR  JAMES)  MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS; 

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MCULLOCH.— AN  ACCOUNT,  DESCRIPTIVE,  AND  STATIS- 

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MARCET.-CONyERSATIONS  ON  CHEMISTRY: 

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MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS   ON  POLITICAL    ECONOMY: 

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MAUNDER— THE    SCIENTIFIC    AND   LITERARY    TREA- 

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MAUNDER'S  TREASURY  OF  KNOWLEDGE, 

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11 


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[in  theprets 


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I 

n-  I  I 


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26 


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THE  LIFE  AND  CORRESPONDENCE  OP  THE  LATE  ROBERT 

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