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FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

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Mx^Hoxt

AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO
THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

^C^^.'^'

jDtficial flDcgan ot t^t SiuMbon ^ocittits

Audubon Department Edited By

ALICE HALL WALTER

AND

T. GILBERT PEARSON

VOLUME XX—IQ18

D. APPLE TON & COMPANY

IIAURISIURG, PA., AND NFW YORK CITV

INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME XX
BY AUTHORS

Abbott, Clinton G., Photograph by, 107; Sec-
retary's Reports, 106, 502.

Allen, Arthur A., Photographs by, 86, 87, 321;
Secretary's Reports, 85, 488; When the North
Wind Blows, 399.

Allen, A. F., see Stephens, Dr. T. C.

Allen, Clarence J., Acting Secretary, Report of,
509-

Allen, Glover M., Boston Region, 358, 427.

Allen, Mary Pierson, Christmas Census, 35.

Almy, Madeline E., Secretary, Reports of, 117,
509-

Andrews, Theodore, Christmas Census, 40.

Androbette, Norman, The Crow, 448.

Anthony, Mrs. Joseph, see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.

Arnold, Dr. W. W., A Bird Hospital, 259.

Arnold, W. D. I., President, Report of, 490.

Bagg, John S. and Aaron C, Christmas Census,

28.
Bailey, Henry Turner, The 'Stake-Driver' Again,

29S-.
Baldwin, Lizzie Thomas, Poem by, 172.
Bay, H. W., Paul Bittenbender, and Alvan

Wagner, Christmas Census, 37.
Beaumier, Wilfred, Bird-Houses, 315.
Beck, Herbert H., Elmer E. Kautz, and Abraham

Beck Miller, Christmas Census, 37.
Beck, H. H., Wild-Fowl of the Susquehanna

Flats, 357.
Beck, Rollo H., Photographs of Falkland Island

Bird-Life, i.
Beckwith, Helen, Corresponding Secretary,

Report of, 493.
Beebe, Ralph, Summer Records of Winter Birds

in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan 291.
Beers, Mrs. H. F., Secretary-Treasurer, Report

of, 500.
Benefiel, Dr. A. H., and Walter Bruce, Christmas

Census, 48.
Bennett, Elizabeth, Secretary, Reports of, 100,

497-
Berger, Mrs. C. L,, Report of, 492.
Bergtold, Dr. W. H., Christmas Census, 47;

Denver Region, 24, 235, 306, 432.
Berlin, Mrs. D., A True Bluebird Story, 318.
Betts, Mary, The Tanagers, 449.
Bicknell, E. P., Christmas Census, 31.
Bicknell, Mrs. F. T., I'hotograph by, 97.
Bicknell. Mrs. F. T, Mrs. Robert Fargo, Dr. E.

A. Dial, Mrs. W. H. Martz, Helen S. Pratt, Mrs.

Joseph .Anthony, L. !•-. Wyman, Mrs. C. H.

Hall, and .Mfrcd Cookman, Christmas Census,

49.
Biersach, Adolph, Secretary, Report of, 118.
Bittenbender, Paul, see Bay, H. W.
Blackinton, Katrine, Our Winter Bird Neighbors,

422.
Blair, Frank I)., Secretary, Reports of, 102, 497.
Blanchanl, (Jeorge C. Christmas Census, 20.
Blincoe, Ben J., Christmas Census, 41.
Blodget, (ieorge L., Christmas Census, 26.
Bohlman, H. T., Photograph by, 468.
Bomburger, .\., Secretary, Report of, 485.
Bonnig, C, The Bandit: \ Street Scene from

Hirildom, 20S.

(

Boulton, R. W., Jr., Christmas Census, 36.
Bourne, Thomas L., Christmas Census, 32.
Bowdish, Beecher S., Secretary, Report of, 482.
Bowen, .\lice B., Secretary, Report of, 77.
Bowers, John H., See Townsend, Manley B.
Brainerd, Barron, and Haskell B.Curry.Christmas

Census, 27; see Talbot, L. R.
Breder, C, Photography at Feeding-Stations, 140.
Brewster, William, A Blameless Cat, 207.
Bridge, Edmund and Lidian E., Christmas

Census, 28.
Bridge, Lidian E., and Annie M. Cobb, Christmas

Census, 27.
Briggs, Lawrence P., Birds I Have Seen, 189.
Bright, Harry G. Secretary, Report of, 94.
Brintnall, Mrs. A. W., Our Summer Boarders,

421.
Brown, Elizabeth G., Report of, 501.
Brown, Roy M., Christmas Census, 40.
Bruce, Walter, President, Report of, 506; see

Benefiel, Dr. A. H.
Bruen, Frank, see Smith, Elbert E.
Bryant, Harold C, Bird Horizons in the San

Francisco Bay Region, 420.
Burnham, Stewart H., Are Starlings as Hardy as

English Sparrows? 354.
Burns, Mary, Our Birds, 448.
Burtch, Verdi, A Day's Sport with the Red-backs

and Greater Yellow-legs, 335; A Wild Duck

Trap, 410; Notes on the Tree Swallows, 133;

The Warbler Wave of the Spring of 1917, at

Branchport, N. Y., 154.
Butler, Mrs. Jefferson, President, Report of, 89.
Butterwick, Claude A., Christmas Census, 38.
Button, Lily Ruegg, Christmas Census, 47.

Calvert, E. W., A Census from France — An
Addition to the Eighteenth Christmas Census,

154-
Campbell, Mamie L., A. L. Campbell, and O. I.

Gale, Christmas Census, 48.
Carlson, Fred C, Sidney E. Ekblaw, and Ed. L.

Ekblaw, Christmas Census, 41.
Carpenter, Jessie I., A Blackbird Chorus, lOo.
Carter, .Mice ^L, see Linton, M. .\lbert
Carter, John D.. see Linton, M. .\lbert.
Cartliilge, P. Gregory, How I Mothered .\ Pair

of IIummirigl>irds, 273.
Case, Clifford M., Christmas Census, 29.
Caskcy, R. C, see Fairbank, Edward.
Chapman, Frank M., F^ditorials by, 56, 160, 23S,

309, 3()3, 435: Notes on the Plumage of North

.American Birds, ig. 153, 222, 200, 349. 4i'>:

Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics: Down the

Coastline to Cuba, ^g^; Reviews by, 53, 54, 167,

108, 23.';. 307-
Chase, Richard ^^, and George P. Freelaiul.

Christmas Census, 34.
Cherrie, George K., Christmas Census, .'7.
Cliilds, Helen P., Secretary, l\e|M)rt of. 474-
Chute, Miss Eleanor, see Woodbury, .Mrs. Rohuxl.
Cleaves, Howard IL, Christmas Census, 33.
Clisc, James W., Nesting Records, 370.
Coast, Oscar R., \ Santa Barbara Hummer, 291.
Coates, Chas. P., Hird-Housi-s for a City Park,

184.

iii)

Index

Compton, M. I., Red Crossbills in Seattle, 41S.
Congdon, Frances, and Mabel L. Potter,

Christmas Census, 28.
Cookman, Alfred, see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.
Cox, Elizabeth, Christmas Census, 37.
Cox, Richard, Christmas Census, 49.
Cramer, \\'illiam G., Secretary, Report of, 482.
Crane, Mrs. G. H., Corresponding Secretary,

Reports of, g6, 493.
Curry, Haskell B., see Brainerd, Barron.

Dadisman, A. J., Christmas Census, 39; Feeding

the Blue Jays, 352.
Dana, Elizabeth A., Secretary, Report of, 92.
Danforth, Ralph E. and Stuart £., Christmas

Census, 36.
Daniels, Edward S., and Geo. F. Tatum, Yellow

Warbler vs. Cowbird, 226.
Daniels, Edward S., Photograph by, 128.
Danner, May S., and Mary King, Christmas

Census, 42.
Davis, Dorcas, Birds, 378.
Dawson. Giles E., and William Leon Dawson,

Christmas Census, 50.
Deeter, Anna P., and Mary E., Christmas Census,

38.
Denny, Mary C, Birds of the Far West, 376.
Dent, Paul, and Dent Jokerst, Christmas Census,

45-
Des Brisay, Mrs. M. B., Our Summer Visitors—

A True Story of Some Nova Scotian Birds, 301.
Dial, Dr. E. A., see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.
Dimock, Leila Allen, A Junior Class in the

Mountains, 323.
Doll, Caroline O., Secretary, Report of, 485.
Donaghho, Walter, Secretary, Report of, 484.
Dougherty, Margaret, Nature-Study and Audu-
bon Society, 186.
Dowd, Susan C, Means of Securing Interest in

Bird-Study, 313.
Dovynhour, Elizabeth, Secretary, Report of, 477.
Dreier, Theodore, Christmas Census, 30.
DuBois, A. D., Christmas Census, 47.
DuBois, Gerard, A. Feathered Patient, 317.
DuFour, see Van Arsdale, Mrs. Wm.
Dunbar, Lula, Mildred Elizabeth Lean, and

Robert Dunbar, Jr., Christmas Census, 43.
Dunham, Lieut, Carroll R., and Lieut. Ludlow

Griscom, U. S. R., Christmas Census, 46.
Dury, Francis, The Signal, 449.
Dwightf Dr. Jonathan, Reviews by, 235, 362, 433.

Eaton, E. E., see Eddy, William H.

Eaton, Warren F., Christmas Census, 27.

Eddy, William H., and E. E. Eaton, Christmas

Census, 32.
Edson, Wm. L. G., and R. E. Horsey, Christmas

Census, 34.
Egbert, Rose M., The Language of Robins, 300.
Ehinger, C. E., Christmas Census, 38.
Ekblaw, Ed. L., see Carlson, Fred C.
Ekblaw, Private George E., Christmas Census,

45-
Ekblaw, Sidney E., A Record of the Bald Eagle

from Champaign Co., Illinois, 421; The Blue

Grosbeak in Illinois, 421.
Eiitharp, Nina Ballard, Secretary, Report of, 508.
F.vans, Wm. Bacon, see Linton, M. Albert.
Evans, W. Conroy, A Winter House Wren, 159;

From Sunset to Sunrise with the Martins Dur-
ing the Flocking-Time, 296.
Ewing, Gifford, My F'irst Bird Tenants, 316.

Fair, Wm. W., Christmas Census, 36.

Fairbank, Edward, and R. C. Caskey, Christmas

Census, 35.
Fargo, Mrs. Robert, see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.
Farquhar, Arthur, and Charies Weiser, Christmas

Census, 38.
Farrar, Mayme, Corresponding Secretary, Report

of, 505.
Fearing, Albert S., How I F'irst Got Bird-Lork,

183.
Ferguson, Walker, Christmas Census, 44.
Ferman, R. II., see LaDue, H. J.
Finley, William L., Field Agent, Annual Report,

467.
Fisher, M. L., Christmas Census, 42.
Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. G. Clyde, and Ruth Anna,

Christmas Census, 30.
Floyd, Charles B., President, Reports of, 81, 486;

Bird-Walks, 279.
Flynn, Agnes, The Storj* of a Rose. 449,
Fogg, Ada Odiorne, President, Report of. 89.
Foltz, H. W., Secretary, Report of, 119.
Foot, Nathan Chandler, President, Report of,

81.
Forbush, Edward H., General Agent, Annual

Report, 469. Photograph by, 380.
Ford, Royal W., see Smith, Elbert E.
Fordyce, George L., C. A. Leedy, Willis H.

Warner, and Volney Rogers, Christmas Census,

43-
Foust, Elizabeth, Attracting Birds to My Home,

372.
Freeland, George P., see Chise, Richard M.
Freeman, Mrs. John, Mockingbird in Iowa, 352.
Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, Colored Plates by, facing

I, 125, 201, 269, 329, 393; Drawings by, 395,

396.

Gabrielson, I. N., and Kalmbach, E. R.,

Christmas Census, 39.
Gaines, Mrs. John, Secretary, Report of, 106.
Gale, O. I., see Campbell, Mamie L.
Galloway, Mary, A Family of Brown Thrashers,

299.
Ganier, A. F., Christmas Census, 40.
Gardner, Georgia B., Notes from Canandaigua, N.

Y., 351-

Gardner, Mrs. Arthur F., The Wren, A House-
breaker, 299.

Gavit, Joseph, Poem by, 234.

Getchell, Ella, An Oregon Oriole, 354; The Black-
chinned Hummingbird, 292.

Gibson, Dallas Vernett, Old Mother Robin and
Her Babes, 188.

Gibson Hamilton, see Van Dyke, Tertius.

Glover, Mrs. W. B., Secretary, Report of, 472.

Gloyd, Howard K., Memories of a Rainy Day,
356.

Goelitz, Walter A., A Unique Wren Nest, 295.

Gooch, John H., Christmas Census, 41.

Goold, Hattie, Secretary, Report of, 501.

Gorhfim, Mrs. D. W., The Birds I Watch from My
Window, 419.

Gormley, Liguori, see Macnamara, Charles, 25.

Graves, Frances Miner, Christmas Census, 29.

Green, Margaret S., Secretary, Reports of, 108,
502.

Greenleaf, Miles, L. O. Horsky, W. W. Marsh, and
S. R. Towns, Christmas Census, 47.

Gregory, Florence L., Secretary, Report of, 113.

Grew, Helen, Nestling Chipping Sparrows, 250.

Grey, Clifford R., References of Cliff Swallows in
Nesting, 447.

,Griswold, George T., Christmas Census, 29.

Groneman, Henry, Photographs by, 325.

Index

Hall, Mrs. C. H., see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.
Hall, W. W., Jr., Interesting Experiences, 250.
Hallett, George H., Jr., see Linton, M. Albert.
Handley, Harry and Chas O., Christmas Census,

39-
Hannum, W. E., Christmas Census, 40.
Hansen, Harold E., see Squires, W. A.
Harris, Harry, Kansas City Region 165 431.
Hartshorn, H. I., Sparrow Hawk and Starling, 225.
Hatfield, Edgar I., President, Report of, 05.
Hathaway, Harry S., Christmas Census, 29.
Haworth, George D., and H. N. Henderson,

Christmas Census, 43.
Hay, Helen J., Word from Scranton, Pa.
Haynes, Louise deF., Winter Mockingbirds, isg.
Heacock, Esther, Corresponding Secretary,

Report of, 121; Secretary, Report of, 510.
Henderson, H. N., see Haworth, George D.
Hill, F. Blanche, Secretary, Reports of, 115, 507.
Hill, Leonice, An Observation at First Hand, 66.
Hiller, G., A Collapsible Martin-House, 131.
Hiller, Marcia B., Secretary, Report of, 492.
Hillyer, Emily, The Cardinal, 448.
Hix, George E., Christmas Census 31.
Hoge, Milton H., Christmas Census, 33.
Hollister, N., A Sanctuary within a Sanctuary,

158.
Horlick, Bessie, see Van Arsdale, Mrs. Wm.
Homer, Charles, School Letters from Lawndale,

Pa., 182.
Horsey, R. E., see Edson, Wm. L. G.
Horsfall, R. Bruce, Colored Plates by, facing 190,

252, 380.
Horsky, L. O., see Greenleaf, Miles.
Houghton, Clarence, see Lawrence, Joseph S.
Howe, H. M., An Industry Awaits a Captain, 160.
Humason, MeUcent Eno, The Whip-poor-Will,

214.
Hunter, Katherine Upham, Spring Notes from a

New Hampshire Farm, 154.
Hyatt, Cameron, Corresponding Secretary,

Report of, 508.

James, Elizabeth F., Secretary, Report of, 92.
Jewett, Hibbard J., Memories of the Passenger

Pigeon, 351.
Job, Herbert K., Annual Report, 469.
Jokerst, Dent, see Dent, Paul.
Jones, Lynds, Oberlin Region, 22, 232, 431.
Jones, Henrietta 0., Corresponding Secretary,

Report of, 488.

Kalmhach, E. R., see Gabrielson, I. N.
Kautz, Elmer E., see Beck, Herbert H.
Kellogg, Clinton E., Secretar>'-Treasurer, Report

of, 487.
Kerth, H. M., Photograph by. 382.
Kimes, Edward D., Christmas Census, 42.
King, Anne Woodward, and Beth Rankin, A

Southern Christmas Census, 67.
King, Mary, see Danncr, May S.
Knevels, Mary Eastwood, Secretary, Rejwrts of,

93. 491-
Kuser, John Drydcn, Christmas Census, 34.

LaDue, H. J., and R. H. Ferman, Christmas

Census, 44.
Langdon, Roy M., Secretary, Reports of, 99, 495.
Langc, D. The Evening Grosbeak in Minnesota

in Midsummer. 227.
Lastreto, C. B., President, Reix)rt of, 74.
Latham, Roy, John Treadwell Nichols, and

Rolicrt Cushman Murphy. Christmas Census.

31-

Latham, Roy, Nighthawk in New York City, 353.

Latshaw, Mrs. John T. Secretary. Report of, 507.

Laughlin, J. A., Christmas Census, 45.

Lawrence, Joseph S., M. D., and Clarence Hough-
ton, Christmas Census, 32.

Lean, Mildred EUzabeth, see Dunbar, Lula.

Lear, Ameha, Communication from Canada, 249.

Lear, (ieorge, Christmas Census, 36.

Learned, Agnes M. A Rural Junior Audubon
Society, 64.

Leedy, C. A., see Fordyce, George L.

Leister, C. W., A Scene from the House-Life of
the Chestnut -sided Warbler, 297; The Black-
billed Cuckoo, 277.

Lepper, Henry W., see Stockbridge, Charles A.

Lewis, Clark L., Jr., and Edward G. Nichols,
Christmas Census, 35.

Lewis, Norman, A Word of Appreciation and a
Testimony to the X^alue of Bird-Study, 64; A
Three-toed Woodpecker, 181.

Lindsay. Mrs. Eugene I)., Pine Siskins near
Edmonds, Wash. 227.

Linton, M. Albert, Anna A Mickle, John D.
Carter, Alice M. Carter. Wm. Bacon Evans, and
George H. Hallett, Jr., Christmas Census, 35.

Long, William H., Christmas Census, 33.

Loveland, David, A Bird Story, 318.

Lundwall, Nelson, Christmas Census, 47.

Lunger, John B. Secretary, Reports of, 109, 504.

Macartney W. N., Golden-eye Duck Carrying
Young, 418.

Maclntyre, Emma May, The Lure of the Feather-
ed Songsters, 178.

Macnamara, Charles, and Liguori Gormley,
Christmas Census, 25.

Madison, H. L. Secretary, Report of, 483.

Marsh, W. W.. see Greenleaf. Miles.

Marshall, Elizabeth Lawrence, Notes on Robins'
Nests, 158.

Marshall. Louise Foucar, A Tragedy, 338.

Martz, Mrs. W. H , see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.

Mauterstock, Mrs. Jennie H.. President. Report
of, 85.

May, John B., ^^ D., Christmas Census, 27;
Some Rufled Grouse Notes, 161.

McAtce, Waldo, and Edward Preble, Christmas
Census, 39.

McCamant, Tom, My Back- Yard Feeding
Station, 183.

McConnell, Harry B., John Worley, and
Raymond Timmons, Christmas Census, 42.

McConnell, Mrs. .\nnie. Winter Mockingbirds,
160.

McConnell, Thos. L., High Mortality among the
Purple Martins in Western Pennsylvania dur-
ing .Xpril, 1917, 130; see Savage, L. F.

McCulloch, Bessie, Poem by, 05.

Mcllwraith Ornithological Club. Christmas
Census, 26.

Mellott. S. W., Christmas Census. 38-

Mcngel, Mr. and Mrs. G. Henry. Christmas
Census. 38.

Merrill, Janet, \'acation Observations. 68.

Me.sirow, Mrs. Mildred, Rei»rt of, 115.

Mickle, Anna .\.. sec Linton. M. .Mbcrt.

Miller. Abraham Beck, sec Beck, Herbert H.

Miller, .\nsil B.. Chrislm.as Census, 38; Photo-
graph by. .'7-': Robin Nesting on Ground, 302.

Miller. W. I)eW., Christmas Census, 36.

Miner, Mr. and Mrs. Leo D., anil Raymond W.
Moore, Christmas Census, 30-

Moore. .Mrs. Katherine .\.. .\cting Presi.lcnt,
Ke|x>rt "f. Ml.

Index

Moore, Mrs. Lora D., Secretary, Report of, 103.
Moore, Raymond VV., see Miner, Mr and Mrs.

Leo D.
Moorhead, Alice, Secretary, Report of, 104.
Morgan, May, Christmas Census, 44.
Morris, Elizabeth, Our Bird Exhibit, 371.
Morse, H. G., and D. C. Reed, Christmas Census,

43-
Munger, Edwin H., Christmas Census, 2g.
Munroe, Mrs. Kirk, Secretary, Report of, 489.
Murphy, Mildred H., My Friend, Jim Crow, 3ig.
Murphy, Robert Cushman, see Latham, Roy.
Myers, Harriet Williams, Secretary, Report of,

472.

Nation, Harold T., Honorary Secretary, Report

of, 499."
NetT, Johnson, Christmas Census, 45.
Nichols, E. G., and L. N. Nichols, Christmas

Census, 3:^.
Nichols, Edward G., see Lewis, Clark L.
Nichols, John Treadwell, see Latham, Roy,
Nichols, John Treadwell, Bird-Banding, 426;

Bird-Lore's Nineteenth Christmas Bird

Census, 416; New York Region, 359, 428;

Reviews by, 433.
Nicholson, G., Junior Audubon Work and the

English Sparrow, 68.
Nicholson, Nevin G., Cormorant in Western

Pennsylvania, 180.
Nolting, Frieda E., Amateur Photography, 373.
Norton, Arthur H., Field Agent, Annual Report

465-
Novak Frank, Christmas Census, 29.

Oberholser, Harry C, The Migration of North
American Birds, 16, 145, 219, 286, 345, 415;
Washington Region, 22, 164, 232, 303, 360, 428.

Oldys, Henr>', 'Pauperizing' the Birds, g.

O'Neal, R. F., Some Town Martins, 127.

Osborn, William P., Christmas Census. 34.

Otto, N. C, Cardinal in Wisconsin, 160.

Packard, Winthrop, Field Agent Annual Report,
463; Secretary -Treasurer, Report of, 478.

Palmer, Dr. T. S., Reviews by, 54, 168, 236, 307,
362, 434.

Pangbum, Clifford H., Christmas Census, 29.

Parker, John G., Birds and Bees, 293.

Pattee, Mrs. Bertha Tracer, Secretary, Report of,
476.

Pearson, Haydn S., Maine Notes, 418.

Pearson, T. Gilbert, Annual Report, 455;
Editorials by, 70, 194, 256, 322, 384, 450; Least
Tern, 3S0; Photographs by, 385, 386, 456, 462;
Slate-colored Junco, 252; The Raven, igo.

Pell, Walden and S. Morris, Christmas Census, 33.

Perkins, Edward H., Christmas Census, 28.

Perry, Elton, Photograph by, 398.

Pershing, II. A., Secretary, Reports of, 112, 505.

Retry, Dorothea K., The Starling Pushing North,
182.

Philo, Walter, Christmas Census, 34.

Pierce, Mrs. Clark, Northern Shrike Visits a
Feeding-shelf, 423.

Pinkham, Roger D., Actions of a Chimney Swift,
447-

Pittman, H. and E., Photographs by, 55, 409.

Poarmann, J. H., and Hugo H. Schroder, Christ-
mas Census, 44.

Potter, Julian K., Christmas Census, 35; Phila-
delphia Region, 21, 164, 230, 303, 359, 428;
Spotted Sandpiper Colonies, 282.

Potter, Mabel L., see Congdon, Frances.

Powers, Arthur, President, Report of, 95.

Pratt, Helen S., see Bicknell, Mrs. F. T.

Preble, Edward, see McAtee, Waldo.

Prescott, Hubert, How to Make and Erect Bird-
Houses, 138.

Pullen, H. F., Vice-President, Report of, 103.

Pumyea, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson D. W.. Christmas
Census, 36.

Quarles, E. .\., Cornell to Teach Conservation of
Wild Life, 71.

Raker, Mary E., Birds of the Far West, 374;
Christmas Census, 48; The Bohemian Wax-
wings in Oregon, 187.

Raymond, Olney M., Christmas Census, 33.

Reading, Gertrude, Report of, 480.

Reed, D. C, see Morse, H. G.

Reeves, Wvnell, Home Observations in the South,
i8s.

ReShore, Grace, Why Not Establish a Purple
Martin Colony This Year? 125.

Rice, Helen M., Christmas Census, 43.

Rice, Ward J., Christmas Census, 42.

Richards, Elizabeth, Secretary, Report of, 487.

Ringwalt, A. A., see Stockbridge, Charles A.

Ripple, Harry H., Christmas Census, 42.

Roads, Lctha E., Christmas Census, 42.

Robbins, C. A., see Tyler, Dr. Winsor M.

Robbins, Frank, see Tyler, Dr. Winsor M.

Roberts, George, Observations on a Food-Sh
423-

Roberts, Thos. S., M. D., Minneapolis Region,
23, 165, 232, 305, 360, 430; House Sparrows
Robbing Robins, 354; The Oven-bird in
Minnesota, 329.

Robinson, Donald H., Poem by, 444.

Robinson, Virginia C, Christmas Census, 45

Roehner, Theodore, Christmas Census, 31.

Rogers, Charles H., Bird-Lore's Eighteenth
Christmas Census, 25; New York City Region,
21, 163, 230; see Young, John P.

Rogers, Volney, see Fordyce, George L.

Roland, Conrad K., American Egret in Pennsyl-
vania, 426; Christmas Census, 37.

Rose, Mrs. M. G., Secretary, Report of, 73.

Ross, Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H., Christmas
Census, 26.

Russell, Private John W., Christmas Census, 40.

Rustin, EHne, The Robin, 182.

Sadler, Nettie M., Christmas Census, 34.
Samek, Blanche, Spring Migration in the 'Ramble,'

Central Park, New York City, 224.
Saunders, Aretas A., Christmas Census, 30.
Saunders, Margery, Anthony Saunders, and F.

A. Saunders, Christmas Census, 34.
Saunders, Wm. E., A New Feeding-slab, 14.
Sauvage, Noel, A Feeding-Station, 446.
Savage, L. F., and Thos. L. McConnell, Christmas

Census, 37.
Sawyer, Eclmund J., Photograph by, 297; Poems

by, 6g, 136, 213; Swallows Flocking, 296.
Schafer, James D., Christmas Census, 41.
Schoonhoven, George O., Secretary Report of, 78.
Schroder, Hugo H., Christmas Census, 44; see

Poarmann. J. H.
Scoville, George, and Theodore Spencer,

Christmas Census, 37.
Seelig, Grace, Secretary, Report of, 491.
Shaw, Henry, A Song Sparrow in January,

187.
Shaw, Mr. and Mrs., J. E. Norton, Christmas

Census, 28,

Index

Sheldon, Israel R., Some High-School Methods of

Bird-Study, 62.
Sheridan, J. J , The Size of Rooms in Martin-
Houses, 130.
Sihier, P. William, Christmas Census, 41.
Slate, John D., Christmas Census, 48.
Smith, E. E., Christmas Census, 43.
Smith, Elbert E., Royal W. Ford, and Frank

Bruen, Christmas Census, 29.
Smith, O. Warren, A Noteworthy Contest, 188.
Smith, Wilbur F., Holboell's Grebe in Connecticut,

143; Photographs by, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207.
Spencer, Theodore, see Scoville, George.
Squires, W. A., C. R. Thomas, and Harold E.

Hansen, Christmas Census, 50.
Stalker, Alex., Christmas Census, 47.
Stanwood, Maud, How we Made a Bird-Bath, 228.
Steadman, Marjorie, see Woodburj', Mrs. Roland.
Steele, P. H., Christmas Census, 47.
Stelzer, Theo. G., see Van Arsdale, Mrs. Wm.
Stephens, Dr. T. C, and A. F. Allen, Christmas

Census, 44.
Stevens, C. A., Christmas Census, 47.
Stockbridge, Charles A., A. A. Ringwalt, and

Henry W. Lepper, Christmas Census, 41.
Stone, C. F., Photograph by, 13.
Stone, Lucy B., Secretary, Reports of, 88, 489.
Styer, Elizabeth P., Winter Mockingbirds, 159.
S'' je, Dr. Eugene, Field Agent, Annual Report,

lalbot, L. R., and Barron Brainerd, Christmas

Census, 27.
Tatum, E. S., see Daniels, E. S.
Terry, H. J., Secretary-Treasurer, Report of, 480.
Thomas, C. R., see Squires, W. A.
Thomas, John W., Secretary, Report of, 117.
Thompson, A. H., An Audubon Library Exhibit,

316.
Timmons, Raymond, see McConnell, Harry B.
Tindie. Mildred A., Secretary, Report of, 115.
Tompkins, Earle, An Exercise in Bird-Study, 66.
Tonseth, Helen, D., Christmas Census, 48.
Towne, S. R., see Greenleaf, Miles.
Townsend, Alice Greenough, Secretary, Report of,

76.
Townsend, Manley B., and John H. Bowers,

Christmas Census, 26.
Townsend, Manley B., Secretary, Report of, 481.
Tully, Thomas, The Rabbit, 448.
Turner, Mrs. G. M., Retiring Secretary, Report

of, 82.
Tuttic, F. May, Snowy Owl in Iowa, 426.
Tuttic, H. F., Notes on the Nesting of the

Nashville Warbler, 269; Some Notes on the

Ruffed Grou.se, 342.
Tyler, Dr. Winsor M., Boston Region, 21,

163, 230, 302.
Tyler, Dr. Winsor M., C. A. Robbins, and Frank

Robbins, Christmas Census, 28.

Upton, Lucy H., Migrating Bobolinks in Atlanta,
181; Notes on the Flocking of Swifts in Fall,
447-

VanArsdale, Mrs. Wm., Bessie Horlick, L.
DuFour, and Theo. G. Stelzer, Christmas
Census, 44.

VanDyke, Tertius, and Hamilton Gibson,
Christmas Census, 36.

Vibert, C. W., Christmas Census, 30.

Vinal, William Gould, The Blue Jay, 245; Photo-
graph by, 247.

Volkman, Paul, Poem by, 178.

VosBurgh, Geo. W. H., IBooming of the .\merican
Bittern, 224.

Wagner, Alvan, see Bay, H. W.

Walbridge, Caroline C., Secretary, Reports of

no, 505.
Walter, .\lice Hall Editorials by, 57, 170, 239,

312, 364, 436; The Meat-Supply of the World,

438.
Walter, Frances K., Secretary, Reports of, 105, 502.
Wambole, John, A Good School-room Method, 183.
Warner, Willis H., see Fordyce, George L.
Watson, C. G., Notes from London, Ont., 229.
Watson, John D., Chri.stmas Census, 41.
Way, W. Scott, Secretary, Report of, 476.
Weatherill, Charlotte, Secretary, Report of, 491.
Webster, Leila J., Seen from the Window of a

Rural School in Vermont, 445.
Weiser, Charles, see Farquhar, Arthur.
Welty, Dr. Emma J., Secretary, Report of, 483.
Wetmorc, Alexander, Christmas Census, 45, 46.
White, Mrs. Kelton E., Secretary, Report of, 504.
Whitlock, Howard E., Secretary, Report of, 486.
Wicks, Gertrude P., Secretary, Report of, 497.
Wiggins, Mabel R., Christmas Census, 30.
Wilcox, LeRoy, Christmas Census, 32.
Willcuts, Indianola, Suggestions for Bird and

Arbor Day, 173.
Williams, Belle, Secretary, Report of, 484.
Williams, E. W., My Nuthatch Tenants and a

Pair of Red-headed Rufl'ians, 217.
Wilson, Etta S., Christmas Census, 43.
Winters, John II., President, Report of, 79.
Wood, Mrs. Wm. S., Our Back- Yard Visitors, 155.
Wood, Sheridan F., Christmas Census, 42.
Woodbury, Mrs. Roland, Eleanor Chute, Mrs.

James Steadman, and Majorie Steadman,

Christmas Census, 26.
Woodward, Magnolia, Secretary, Report of, 475.
Worden, Mona, Christmas Census, 27.
Worley, John, see McConnell, Haro' D.
Wright, Mabel Osgood, Three Years .-\fter — Some

Notes on Birdcraft Sanctuary, Fairfield, Conn.,

201; Homeland and the Birds, 406.
Wright, Horace W., Robins Repeatedly Using the

Same Nest, 156.
Wyatt, Elizabeth, How We Study Birds in Our

Room, 44s.
Wyman, L. E., see BickncU, Mrs. F. T.

Young, G. S., The Blue Jay Will Murder, 295.
Young, John 1*., and Charles H. Rogers, Christmas
Census, 34.

Ziegler, Edward K., Christmas Census, 37.

INDEX TO CONTENTS

Advisory Council, Bird-Lore's, 51.

Albatross, Black-browed, figured, 2.

Ani, figured, 396.

Arizona, 48.

Arkansas, 45.

Arthur's 'Birds of Louisiana,' reviewed, 235.

Audubon Bulletin, noticed, 308.

Audubon Societies, Annual Report of the National

Association of, 453; State, Affiliated with

National Association, 511.
Auk, The, reviewed, 235, 362, 433.

Beebe's 'Jungle Peace,' reviewed, 433; 'Tropical

Wild Life in British Guiana,' reviewed, 167.
Bicknell, Mrs. F. T., Photograph of, 98.
Bird Almanac, figured, 84.
Bird Census, Bird-Lore's Eighteenth Christmas,

25; Nineteenth, 416.
Bird Clubs, 73-123, 458; Reports of, 472.
Bird-Conservation, see Bird-Protection.
Bird-Day Book, noticed, 308.
Bird-Houses, 130, 131, 133, 134, 315; figured, 107,

121, 128, 132, 161, 185, 207, 314, 315.
Bird-Protection, 63, 70, 71, 77, 79, loi, 194, 198,

257, 264, 26s, 309, 323, 387.
Bird-Study, 62, 64, 66, 73-123, 245, 246, 256,

264, 313.
Bird's Bath, 228, 265; figured, 498.
'Birds of America,' reviewed, 53.
Birds' Songs, 311.
Bittern, American, 224, 295, 360; Least, 229,

360.
Blackbird, Red-winged, 160, 230, 232, 354;

figured, 337; Rusty, 230, 232, 428.
Bluebird, 24, 163, 230, 299, 318, 427; figured, 121.
Bluebird, The, noticed, 237.
Bobolink, i8i.
Bob-white, 164, 304.
Bunting, Indigo, 304; Snow, 22, 23, 164.
Buzzard, Turkey, 394.

California, 59, 50, 96, 105, 420, 472, 492, 501.

Cardinal, 160, 165, 229.

Catbird, 164, 231.

Cats, 264, 326.

Census, Bird-Lore's Eighteenth Christmas, 25;

Nineteenth, 416.
Chickadee, 423; figured, 400; Black-capped, 163;

Brown-capped, 164.
Colorado, 47.

Condor, The, reviewed, 54, 168, 236, 307, 362, 434.
Connecticut, 29, 95, 143, 472, 493. 500.
Coot, American, 231.

Cormorant, 180, 396; Double-crested, 361.
Cowbird, 226, 232; eggs, figured, 226.
Crane, Sandhill, figured, 409.
Creeper, Brown, 21, 165, 428; figured, 142.
Crossbill, Red, 25, 164, 418; White-winged, 25,

164.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 21, 277; figured, 277, 278;

Great Cuban, 397.

Dove, Mourning, 166, 230, 232, 394.

Duck, American Golden-eye, 165, 231, 418;
American Scaup, figured, 411, 413, 414; Bald-
pate, 231; Black, 165, 231; nest and eggs,
figured, 341; BufBe-head, 165; Canvasback,
165, 231, 304; figured, 410, 411, 412; Greater
Scaup, 165, 231; Green- winged Teal, 231; Lesser

Scaup 165, 231; Mallard, 165; Pintail, 231, 304;
figured, 468; Redhead, 165, 231; Ring-necked,
231; Ruddy, 165; Shoveller, 231; Wood, 432.

Eagle, Bald, 421, 429; Golden, 352.
Egret, American, 198, 359, 384, 426, 429; Reddish,
384; figured, 385; nest and eggs, figured, 385.
El Honero, reviewed, 237.

Feeding Birds, 14, 140, 183, 352, 423, 446; figured,

107.
Field Agents, 457; Reports of, 453.
Finch, House, 234, 338; Purple, 230, 304.
Florida, 475, 489.
Flicker, figured, 158, 230; Red-breasted, figured,

261.
Flycatcher, Crested, 304; Great-crested, 428;

figured, 207; Least, 304; Olive-sided, 429.
Frigate Bird, figured, 395, 396.
Fulmar, Giant, figured, 6.

Georgia, 40.

Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 22, 304, 351.

Goldfinch, 428; Arkansas, 432; Mexican, 432.

Goose, Canada, 163, 432.

Goshawk, 21, 22, 25, 163.

Grackle, Boat-tailed, 394; Bronzed, 232, 358
427, 431, 432; Great-tailed, 384; nest, figured,
386; Purple, 230, 231, 359, 429.

Grassquit, 397.

Grebe, Holboell's, 143; figured, 144, 413; Horned,
164, 360; Pied-billed, 22, 360, 429.

Grosbeak, Black-headed, figured, 259; Blue, 421,
431; Evening, 163, 227, 291; Pine, 164; Rose-
breasted, 304, 305; figured, 321.

Grouse, Pinnated, figured, 102; Ruffed, 23, 161,
342; figured, 162, 343, 492.

Gull, Bonaparte's, 304, 361; Dolphin, figured, 4;
Herring, 22, 233, 359, 428; Iceland, 25; Laugh-
ing, 396.

Harper's 'Twelve Months with the Birds and
Poets,' reviewed, 167.

Hawk, .\merican Rough-legged, 25, 234; Broad-
winged, 164, 429; Cooper's, 164; Duck, 230,
394; Ferruginous Rough-legged, 25; Marsh, 25,
230; figured, 336, 337; Red-shouldered. 164;
Red-tailed, 164, 429; Rough-legged, 22; Sharp-
shinned, 164, 428; Sparrow, 225, 394.

Heron, Black-crowned Night. 384; Blue, 166;
Great Blue, 231; Great White, 394; Green. 429;
Little Blue, 359; Little Green, 394; Louisiana,
384, 394; Night, 359; Ward's 384; nest, figured,
386; Yellow-crowned Night, 394.

Herrick's 'Audubon the Naturalist,' reviewed.

Hummingbird, figured, on nest, 292; Black-
chinned, 292; Calliope, figured, 261.

Idaho, 47.

Illinois, 41, 99, 421, 476, 491, 495.
Indiana, 112, 115, 477, 505. 507.
Iowa, 44, 352, 426,

Jay, Blue, 166, 245, 246, 248; figured, 272, 353,

29s, 352; Canada, figured, 247.
Junco, 427; Gray-headed, 233, 432; Slate-colored,

25, 429, 431; figured, 13, 122. 206. 254, facing

252.

(viii)

Index

Kentucky, 41, 95.

Killdeer, 22, 230, 232.

Kingfisher, 166; Belted, 232.

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 163, 165, 304.

Langdon, Roy M., Photograph of, 406.

Lark, Bleached Horned, figured, facing, 329; 347;
Breeding Areas of the American Races of the
Homed, 346; California Horned, 347; Chihua-
hua Horned, 347; Desert Horned, 345; Horned,
165, 231, 233. 345, 349- 430; figured, facing
329; Hoyt's Horned, 345; Island Horned,
figured, facing 329; Magdalena Horned, 347;
Merrill's Horned, 347; Mojave Horned. 347;
Montezuma Horned, 347; Pallid Homed, 345;
Prairie Horned, 164, 231, 345, 349, 400; figured,
facing, 329; Ruddy Horned, 347; figured, fac-
ing 329; Saskatchewan Homed, 345; Scorched
Horned, 347; Streaked, 347; Texas, 345;

Legislation, 70, 263, 309, 322, 387.

Longspur, 25; Lapland, figured, 401.

Lucas, Dr. Frederic A., Photograph of, 454.

Magpie, American, figured, facing 393; 415, 416;
Yellow-billed, figured, facing 393; 415.

Maine, 26, 77, 89, 418, 465.

Man-o'-war Bird, see Frigate Bird.

Martin, Cuban, 150; Gray-breasted, 150; Purple,
126-132, 147, 232, 296, 360, 429, 430, 431;
Western, 148.

Maryland, 38.

Massachusetts, 27, 28, 80, 81, 103, 117, 119,
463, 478, 486, S09.

McMahon, Walter Freeman, Obituary of, 452.

Meadowlark, 22, 164, 232, 233; Cuban, 397;
Eastern, 397; Western, figured, 260.

Merganser, American, 165; Hooded, 165; Red-
breasted, 165. 304.

Michigan, 43, 89, 106, 113, 291, 480, 506.

Migratory Bird Law, see Legislation; Treaty Act,

387.
Miller's 'Birds of Lewiston-Auburn (Maine),

and Vicinity,' reviewed, 307.
Minnesota, 23, 44, 227, 305, 329, 497.
Missouri, 45, 480, 504.
Mockingbird, 159, 160, 306, 352, 394.
Montana, 47.

Nebraska, 46. 47.

New Hampshire, 26, 100, 154, 481, 497.

New Jersey, 34, 35, 36, 92, 109, 115, 482, 504,

507-
New York, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 78, 82, 85, 93. 106,

108, no, lis, 154, 351, 486, 487, 488, 491, 492,

501, 502, 505.
Nighthawk, figured, 285; 353, 359.
North Carolina, 40.
North Dakota, 47.
Nuthatch, 420; Red-breasted, 21, 164, 165, 427,

428, 429, 431; White-breasted, 218, 422;

figured, 510.

Ohio, 42, 43, 88, 464, 482, 490.

Ontario, 25, 26, 229.

Oregon, 48, 187, 483.

Oriole, Baltimore, 304, 427 429; Bullock's, 306;
Oregon, 355.

Osprey, American, 304

Oven-bird, 329.

Owl, Gray Screech, figured, 67; Great Horned, 22,
23, 25, 163, 232; Longeared, 22; Richardson's,
291; Saw-whet, 163, 352; Screech, figured,
374; Short-eared, 166; Snowy, 24, 55, 163, 166.
426.

Patterson's 'How to Have Bird Neighbors,'

reviewed, 168.
Parrot, White-crowned, 397.
Pearsons' 'Tales from Birdland,' reviewed, 235.
Pelican, Brown, 194, 394, 396; figured, 456; nest,

figured, 462.
Penguin, figured, 3; Jackass, 7, 8.
Pennsylvania, 36, 37, 73, 79, 90, 104, 118, 121,

180, 426, 485, 490, 501, 510.
Pewee, Wood, 306.

Phainopepla, 222; figured, facing, 201.
Phoebe, 231, 232, 303,

Pigeon, Kelp, see Sheathbill; Passenger, 11, 351.
Pipit. American, 21, 231.
Plover, Ring-neck, 359; Upland, 303.
Plumage Law, Pennsylvania, 263.
Prairie Chicken, figured, 102.

Rail, Virginia, 304.

Raven, Northern, 190; figured, facing 190.
Redpoll, 25, 164, 165, 229, 291.
Redstart, 20, 303; American, 429.
Reports of Affiliated Organizations, 73-123.
Rhode Island, 28, 29, 483.

Robin, 25, 156, 158, 166, 230, 231, 234, 300, 302,
354. 358. 427. 431. 432; figured, 205.

Sanctuaries, Bird, see Bird Protection.

Sanderling, 361.

Sandpiper, Least, 22, 259, 361, 430; Pectoral, 232,
429; Red-backed, figured, 335; Solitary, 304,
361; Spotted, 282, 306, 361; nest and young,
figured, 283.

Sapsucker, Yellow-belUed, 23, 232, 427.

Season, The, 21, 163, 230, 302, 358, 427

Sheathbill, figured, 5.

Shrike, California, 288; Island, 288; Loggerhead,
288, 290, 394; figured, facing, 269; Migrant,
232, 288; Northern, 21, 23, 25, 163, 164, 401;
figured, 402, 403, 423; Southern Loggerhead,
288; White-rumped, 288.

Siskin, Pine, 22, 25, 227.

Skimmer. Black, 384.

Snipe, Wilson's, 166, 232, 361, 304.

Solitaire, Townsend's, 233.

South Carolina, 265, 484.

Sparrow, Bachman's, 305; Chipping, 230, 231,
232, 427; figured, 398; Clay-colored, 25;
English, 68, 354; Field, 163; Fox, 21, 23c, 232.
431; Henslow's, 304; House, 354; Lincoln's, 304.
432; Savannah, 230, 304, 428; Song, 187. 230,
428; figured, 136; Swamp, 232; Tree, 163, 105,
432; figured, 206, 404; Vesper, 230, 232, 304;
Western Tree, 25; White-crowned, 22; White-
throated, 163, 360, 427. 428, 431.

Starling, European, 225, 352, 354, 429.

Swallow, Bank, 296, 304, 359; Barn, 150, 296, 304,
432; European Chimney, 152; Rough-winged,
204, 296; Tree, figured. 133, 134, 135, 296,
304; White-bellied, 359-

Swift, Chimney, 22, 431.

Swope, Ur. Eugene, Photograph of, 465-

Tanagcr. Cooper's, 145; Hepatic, figured, fac-
ing, 125; 147, 153; Louisiana. 18, 10; Scarlet,
figured, facing, i; i6, 19, 304; Summer, figured,
facing, 125; 145, 153.

Teal, Blue-winged. 303, 432; Green-winged, 430.

Tennessee, 40, 475.

Tern, Caspian, 305; Least. 380; figured, 3S0; nest
and eggs figured, 3S2; Black, 428. 429.

Texas. 40. 384.

Thrasher. Brown, figured, 204, 300; 332. 239;
S.-ige. 3.U.

Index

Thrush, Hermit, 163, 431; Olive-backed, 304,
305. 431-

Titlark, 428.

Titmouse, Tufted, figured, 141.

Towhee, 232.

Townsend's 'In Audubon's Labrador,' re\iewed,
307-

Trafton's 'The Teaching of Science in the Elem-
entary School,' reviewed, 307.

Turnstone, Ruddy, 361.

Vermont, 26.

Vireo, Philadelphia, 304; Plumbeous, 306;
Solitary, 304; Warbling, 427; Yellow-throated,

304. 427-
Virginia, 3g.
Vulture, Black, figured, 386; Turkey, 232.

Warbler, Audubon's 25; Bay -breasted, 303, 304,
431; Black and White, 21, 303; Blackburnian,
figured, 154; Black-poll, 303, 427, 428, 429;
Black-throated Blue, 21, 303; Black-throated
Green, 303, 431; Blue-winged, 304; Canada,
303; Cape May, 21, 303; Chestnut-sided, 297,
303; figured, 298; Connecticut, 429; Kentucky,
304, 305; Macgillivray's, 306, 432; Magnolia,

303; Myrtle, 21, 166, 302, 303, 427, 428, 429,
431; Nashville, 269, 270, 271, 304; Prairie, 229;
396; Prothonotary. 304, 360; Tennessee, 304;
Virginia, 306; Wilson's, 304; Yellow, 226, 303;
Yellow Palm, 230, 302, 303, 427; Yellow-
throated, 396.

\\'ashington, 48, iii, 113, 227, 505, 506.

Water-thrush, Louisiana, 304, 361; Northern,
304-

Waxwing, Bohemian, 165, 187, 219, 223; figured,
facing 201; Cedar, 21, 163, 220, 223; figured,
facing 201.

West Virginia, 39, 484.

Whip-poor-will, 214; figured, 215, 216.

Wisconsin, 44, 509.

Woodcock, 21.

Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 352; Downy,
10, 23, 420, 423; figured, 405; Hairy, figured,
405, 432; Red-bellied, 351, 397; Red-headed, 22,
166, 218, 428.

Wren, Carolina, 304, 352; Bewick's, 431; House,
159, 232, 303, 306; nest, figured, 295; Long-
billed Marsh, 360.

Yellow-legs, Greater, 335; figured, 336, 337;
Lesser. 304, 430, 429.

^o</i -A^u-i'i, "/ucr/c

1. SCARLET TANAGER. Adult male 4. SCARLET TANAGER, Female

2. SCARLET TANAGER, Adult male molting 5. WESTERN TANAGER. Male

3. SCARLET TANAGER, Adult male in winter 6. WESTERN TANAGER, Female

(One-half natural size)

25irb=1lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Officiai. Organ of The Audupon Societies

Vol. XX January— February, 1918 No. 1

Photographs of Falkland Island Bird-Life

By ROLLO H. BECK

FOR the past five years RoUo H. Beck has been collecting and studying
marine birds along and off the coasts of southern South America for
Frederick F. Brewster and Dr. L. C. Sanford. His collections are now
deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, and in the November,
191 7, number of the 'Journal' of that institution he begins a recountal of his
experiences by an exceedingly interesting description of his visit to the great
bird colonies of the Falkland Islands.

Although these islands are treeless, they nevertheless possess a few species
of land-birds. Our own House Wren is represented by a closely related species.
There are also a Thrush about the size of our Robin, a Pipit, and several
Sparrows, all exactly or essentially like their representatives in the neighboring
parts of South America.

It is, however, chiefly as a resort of sea-birds that the Falkland Islands are
known to ornithologists. Penguins, Cormorants, Ducks, and Geese of several
species abound here, and there are Albatrosses, Fulmars and Skuas.

Beck landed at Port Stanley, the only town in the group, in October,
19 1 5, at the beginning of the subantarctic spring. From this point, he writes
that "it is possible to mount a horse and visit three species of Penguins on
their nesting-ground and return the same day. . . ."

From Port Stanley, Beck went by sloop to the doubtless well-named
Bleaker Island, about 75 miles farther south.

This island, he states, "is about twelve miles long by one wide and is devoted
wholly to sheep-raising, supporting about three thousand sheep." Here he found
the Gentoo Penguins landing on the south side of the island, walking a mile
over their accustomed path, passing at times through flocks of feeding sheep
— a strange association — to their nests within a few hundred yards of the water,
but on the opposite side of the island from that on which they landed.

Mr. Beck's article is illustrated with a large nuniljcr of admirable photo-
graphs, several of which, thanks to his courtesy and that of the .\merican
Museum 'Journal,' we are permitted to reproduce in Bikd-Lork.- -Editor.

Copyris^ht by R. 77. Beck
NESTING -SITE OF THE BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS
I'rom till' lime that a steamer leaves Valparaiso on tbe west coast on its return voyage to Europe
arounri the southern shores of South America and up as far as Buenos Aires on the east coast, there is
probably not a day during the winter season that Albatrosses may not be seen from its decks. While the
magnificent Wandering .\lbatross, with his incomparable flight, is often seen, the commonest species is
the Black-browed Albatross. There are several colonies of the Black-browed Albatross to be found in the
Falkland Islands, and one or two about Cape Horn. The illustration shows a typical nest placed hundreds
of feet above the tumultuous sea, close to the edge of a cliff on West Point Island in the Falklands. The
bowl-shaped nest of the Albatross resembles that of the Flamingo, being built mostly of mud picked up
near-by. Many nests are used year after year and are built up gradually to a considerable height. The
young Albatross grows slowly, and it is some months before it can step from its nest and sail away over
the ocean.

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'Pauperizing' the Birds

By HENRY OLDYS

INTEREST in birds has grown amazingly in recent years. The charm of
establishing friendly relations with these bright and attractive little crea-
tures and of becoming familiar with their pretty ways and varied songs is
making an appeal to young and old such as it never did before. Some are con-
tent with the old method of scattering a few crumbs on doorstep or window-sill
and placing rudely constructed nesting-boxes about the home. Those, however,
who are stirred by the always laudable ambition to attain the highest success
possible study carefully the question of catering to the varied tastes of dif-
ferent species. On the grounds of these more energetic bird-lovers, providing for
the birds is a much less simple matter. Elaborate tables are spread for the
feathered guests; certain selected shrubs, which furnish food, nesting-sites,
and shelter from enemies, are planted in profusion; nest-boxes of special sizes
and types are constructed or purchased and erected at suitable heights and in
carefully chosen localities; the pan of water is superseded by the concrete
pool; and many other devices of proved service are used to attract avian visi-
tors. Especially are these modern methods and contrivances used in the com-
munity bird sanctuaries which are beginning to dot the country in increasing
numbers.

That the beneficiaries of all this activity appreciate and respond to such
provision for their welfare is plainly evident to anyone who visits one of these
private or pubKc bird-havens and observes the throng of birds constantly about
food-tray and pool; or who is familiar with certain statistics published by the
United States Department of Agriculture, which show that while the average
density of birds nesting about homesteads in the eastern half of the United
States is approximately one pair to the acre, places where the birds find special
accommodations have as many as three, five, seven, even twelve, nesting pairs
to the acre. And ever before the eyes of those cognizant of the progress of the
movement is the remarkable achievement of Herr Graf von Berlepsch, who,
on his estate at Witzenhausen, in Thuringia, has induced more than 500 pairs
of birds to make their home annually on the 13-acre park surrounding his
castle — a bird population of forty pairs to the acre!

From the standpoint of increasing the birds, the measures taken are un-
questionably successful. Let it not be supposed that a greater number in one
place implies a decrease elsewhere — in other words, that the excess on tracts
where conveniences are supplied is drawn from other areas that are only nor-
mally attractive to birds. Birds are very local in their attachments. The same
pair, in the absence of interference, will nest year after year in the same spot.
And the banding experiments that have been conducted for some years by an
energetic organization tend to show the same tenacity as regards their winter
homes. Thus, Whitc-throaterl Sparrows banded on a farm at Thomasville,

(9)

lo Bird -Lore

Ga., were noted at the same spot in the following winter, having spent the
summer, as usual with their kind, at some point on our northern border or
in Canada. While it is possible that some are diverted from less to more desir-
able quarters, this trait of local attachment suggests that by far the greater
part responding to the offered hospitality are those which either are making
a first selection of a home or have been forced to abandon the old nesting-
place.

It must be remembered, also, that under the human surveillance and pro-
tection engendered by the interest underlying the bounty, more birds survive
the winter and more are raised to maturity. The casualties due to winter's
inclemency and to the dangers that beset growing birds are almost incalcu-
lable. Much of the increase in numbers among the species directly benefiting
by the new interest is undoubtedly due to this saving of bird-life.

So far all is well. The movement brings about a substantial increase in
our beneficial birds and a healthy growth of human interest in animated nature.
The desirability of each of these results cannot be seriously questioned. But
in the midst of our felicitations on the rapid spread of the movement there
comes a discordant note. From sources too sincere, too intelligent, too friendly
to birds to be ignored as born of ignorance or prejudice, comes a warning —
"You are doubtless enjoying yourselves, and your intentions are praiseworthy,
but you are pauperizing the birds and destroying their usefulness. If you
supply them with substitutes for their ordinary insect and weed-seed diet they
will give up their foraging habits and will no longer hold the enemies of agri-
culture and horticulture in check."

On its face this is a plausible indictment. A Downy Woodpecker, for
example, that obtains all his meals from the suet-basket will be diverted from
the insect-infested tree and his service to man and tree will cease. He will be
transformed from a very serviceable helper to an idle pensioner, and his
practical economic relation to man will be converted to a purely esthetic one.

But several factors are here ignored that are necessary to a broad and full
understanding of the question. In the first place, it is extremely unlikely that
any bird will satisfy his appetite only at the ready-spread table. With birds,
as with man, the appetite demands diversity of food. Doubtless the Downy
Woodpecker invoked as an example will help himself freely to the convenient
suet, especially in times of scarcity of his natural food; but he is no more likely
to feed on suet alone because of its ready accessibility than is a man to confine
his diet to chicken, if chicken be furnished him without cost. If a man were to try
such an experiment he would soon find himself loathing the \ery sight of chicken;
and it is probable that birds have a similarly discriminative sense, to force
them to seek that diversity of food which they need as much as man. Again,
one of the best established ornithological facts is the governance of birds almost
absolutely by habit. It is the habit of the Downy Woodpecker to dig in the
trees for certain insects to be found there. Pecking into suet ma\" form an

'Pauperizing' the Birds ii

agreeable diversion and in an emergency may even be a necessity, but it is
altogether unlikely that the ancestral method of feeding imposed on the birds
by ages of inheritance will lightly disappear, to be replaced by a different form.
It should be remembered in this connection that only as the nesting-boxes
supplied birds have approximated their natural nesting-places have the birds
been induced to accept them freely. Even so small a change as boring a bulg-
ing hole in the box, instead of a straight one, and beveling the lower edge of
the entrance-hole, increased the occupancy of boxes in the Berlepsch woods
from 50 to go per cent. If our supposititious Woodpecker, who is here doing duty
as representative of his entire class, were to give up his investigations of the
tree trunks and abandon himself to the luxury of unhmited suet-pecking, nature
would prod him with that sharp stick of instinct which she uses as a stimulant
to bird activities in lieu of a conscience, and he would find himself seized with
an irresistible desire to fly to some tree and explore its bark for the food hidden
beneath.

In the next place, the enormous number of birds must be considered — some-
thing of which few persons have an even approximately adequate conception.
The immense concourses of Passenger Pigeons, remembered by many now
living and so graphically described by Wilson, Audubon, and other early
ornithologists, are common knowledge. But that the Robins of America are
todayfar more numerous than the Passenger Pigeons ever were, and that many
other species outnumber them also — perhaps three to one — is not generally
appreciated. The gregariousness of the Pigeons, causing them to unite in a
few great flocks, made the number much more manifest than do the scattered
small bands and individuals of other birds. Yet when we reflect that Robins
nest over an area extending at its farthest limits from Mexico to the Arctic
Ocean and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and that in much of this \'ast
territory they are fairly crowded, it is easy to conjecture what an immeasurable
army they would make if gathered into one flock. How many who read this
article have even knowingly seen a Longspur? Yet on the morning after a wet
snowstorm that visited Minnesota some years ago, one million Longspurs
were found lying dead on the ground, having been brought down 1)\- tiio storm
out of a flock that was passing overhead through the night.

In view of the inconceivably great number of birds tliat pt)pulate tlu-
country, then, it should not be difficult to comprehend very readily that the
few hundred thousands or even millions that receive a varying j^roportion of
their food directly from man constitute an inconsiderable fraction of the
whole. If a million Longspurs ma\' be stricken dead in a night without pro-
ducing an appreciable increase of insects and weeds, surely we need have no
concern over the possible danger that our generosity may work serious injury
to agriculture.

Moreover, consideration must be given to the increase in the bird population
wrought by the greater protection resulting from active interest in the birds,

12 Bird -Lore

not only on sanctuaries but elsewhere, as, for instance, in converting many
thousands of boys from bird-destroyers to bird-protectors. What degree of
suppression of forces inimical to bird-Hfe is thus occasioned we cannot know
with exactness, but it must be very great. It is easily conceivable that the
quantity of insects and weed seed consumed by the birds thus preserved is at
least as great as any increase of these pests arising through feeding the birds.

Finally, the young birds raised on sanctuaries, public and private, are not
fed from the food-shelf while they are in the nest. They require a diet of soft-
bodied insects, which the parents must supply. The more young, the more
insects. If four broods are raised where formerly but one was the rule, four
times as many insects will be required for the purpose. This necessity of secur-
ing insects for the young will of itself prevent birds from incurring any grave
danger of being pauperized, and the greater quantity of insects needed for the
larger number of broods will obviate any diminution in the service to agri-
culture.

To this point the argument has been of an a priori character. But a post-
eriori conclusion may be drawn from three facts, one general, the other two
specific. The general fact is that on sanctuaries, not only do the plants (in-
cluding trees) show no deterioration from insect attack, but they seem to be
healthier and freer from such depredations than before the feeding of birds
was begun. It is largely for the purpose of benefiting the plant-life on estates
that sanctuaries are established. The specific facts are as follows: When, a
few years ago, E. H. Forbush, State Ornithologist of Massachusetts, increased
the number of birds in his orchard by the usual means, his little pensioners,
the following summer, saved his fruit crop (and, incidentally, that of his next
neighbor) from the attacks of a host of tent caterpillars and cankerworms that
ruined every other fruit crop in the region. Again, when a similar outbreak of
caterpillars stripped the trees of a large area in Germany so bare that the
summer woods resembled those of winter, the birds that Baron Berlepsch had
fed and housed so protected his estate that although it stood in the midst of
the devastated area the invading army could not get within a quarter of a
mile of it. These examples of the actual effect of sanctuary methods amply
support the theoretical conclusions previously reached.

We may, therefore, reassure ourselves and continue to enjoy our new in-
timacy with the birds with clear consciences. We shall not pauperize the
birds by our liberality and friendliness. On the contrary, we may rest with
confidence in the pleasant thought that, while instituting a delightful relation-
ship with our welcome guests and filling our homes with the added beauty of
their song and plumage we are increasing their general efiiciency and so in-
suring a greater degree of health and beauty to our lawns, trees, shrubs, and
flowers.

CAMERA PORTRAITS OF THE J UNCO
By C. F. Stone, Branchport, N. Y.

(is)

A New Feeding-Slab

By WM. E SAUNDERS. London, Ont.

SO MANY of Ihe readers of Bird-Lore are interested in feeding the
winter birds that this magazine ought to be a medium for the exchange
of ideas on that subject.
Few of us Hve where we are not troubled by the EngUsh Sparrows, which
therefore must be reckoned with before we can successfully feed our native
birds. I have done constant work in trapping Sparrows for two or three years,
and have been amazed to find that one can practically exterminate them in
his own back yard, even though they may be plentiful within a distance of a
hundred yards, or even less. But we are learning all the time that birds are
local in their habits, and this is only another proof added to the many that
have gone before.

I have used the large box-trap, originally recommended, I think, by the
Department of Agriculture, into which the Sparrows enter through spaces
left at the top. I have also used a trap of the Dodson type, and while both of

M^~^-

^11'^ I' l^-' rV .''U- iM'l >V. '^A -.k .1 ■■; ,||

THE SAUNDERS FEEDING-SLAB

these are moderately successful, yet I find that they make the Sparrows very
wary, and they do not give results that are at all comparable to those obtained
by the use of a plain trap consisting of a shallow open box in which the bottom
is replaced b} wire netting. This box is held up by a stick 7 or 8 inches long,
and a string attached to the stick leads to the living-room window. Millet seed is
kept constantly under the box, and the Sparrows feed under it safely; and when
a Sparrow gets the habit of coming to my yard at all, he soon finds the food-
supply, and I notice that the seed is diminishing daily. The supply, however,
is kept up, and some fine mornin/g I find one or more Sparrows under the trap,
when there is an opportunity to pull the string.

In the spring of igi6 I kept both a Dodson trap and a box-trap set through-
out April and May. The Dodson trap caught one Sparrow and the other caught
about twenty, and these were, of course, wary old birds. Another great
advantage of the box-trap is that it is used constantly by all the visiting and
resident native Sparrows as a food-supply, and they act as unconscious decoys
for the House Sparrow. The trap is, of course, perfectly safe for the natives,
as I never pull the string except for House Sparrows, and it is very amusing
to see the absolute disregard with which the Chippies and others steal my bait,
for to me the trap forms the best place for feeding native Sparrows.

(14)

A New Feeding-Slab 15

Constant trapping keeps the numbers of Sparrows down to the minimum,
but when in winter I put out food on horizontal platforms or perpendicular
slabs, using fat and nuts, not only do the Woodpeckers and others use it, but
ihe Sparrows find it a welcome source of food, and if they are undisturbed they
will eat two or three times as much as all the native birds put together. I was
so bothered in this way last winter that I was driven to invent the upside-
down slab shown in the illustration, with the very satisfactory result that while
the Chickadees, Woodpeckers, and Nuthatches use it freely, and apparently
like it just as well as any other method, the Sparrows never touch it at all. Not
only does one get ahead of the Sparrows, but the snow never covers the food,
as it does where the supply is on a horizontal platform; and for the northern
districts where there is a good deal of snow in winter, this is cjuite an imj)ortant
point.

The handle which projects from the center at one end of the slab is for the
purpose of supporting it. One may have two nails driven in it or two little
wooden sockets on the wall or on a tree, the socket or nail nearest to the feed-
ing-slab being below the handle, and the one farthest aw^ay being above; with
this arrangement one can pull the slab off, take it in for replenishment, and re-
place it again with equal convenience. This slab was exhibited at the last
meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union and was favorai)ly commented
on by many of those present.

For food, my j^lan is to get a bag or two of salted peanuts, grind them in a
meat-chopper, mix them with melted suet, and plaster the mass on the wood
with a spoon. As soon as cool it adheres perfectly, and one has the satisfaction
of knowing that the birds do not walk on their food before eating it, though
that satisfaction is probably limited to the human race and not shared by the
Ijirds themselves.

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

II. THE SCARLET AND LOUISIANA TANAGERS

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

See frontispiece

SCARLET TANAGER

The Scarlet Tanager {Piranga erythromelas) breeds in the United States and
southern Canada, north to Nova Scotia, southern Quebec, Ontario, and south-
eastern Saskatchewan; south to southern Kansas, Tennessee, northern Georgia,
and western South CaroHna. It winters in South America from Colombia to
Bolivia and Peru, and migrates through the Greater Antilles and Central
America. It is of casual occurrence during migration also west of Wyoming and
Colorado, and east to the Bahama Islands and the Lesser Antilles.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number
of years'
record

Miami, Fla

Mosquito Inlet, Fla

Dry Tortugas, Fla

Savannah, Ga

Atlanta, Ga

Long Island, Ala

Bay St. Louis, Miss

New Orleans, La

Point Bolivar, Tex

San Antonio, Tex

Aiken, S. C

Raleigh, N. C

Weaver\dlle, N. C

Variety Mills, Va

Washington, D. C '. 31

Waverly, W. Va

White Sulphur Springs, W. Va

Chattanooga, Tenn

Eubank, Ky

Helena, Ark

St. Louis, Mo

Onaga, Kans

Hartford, Conn

Providence, R. I

Boston, Mass

Springfield, Mass

Phillips, Maine 12

Durham, N. H 3

Rutland, Vt i 11

St. Johnsbury, Vt 17

Morristown, N. J 17

Englewood, N. J 15

New York City, N. Y 31

Alfred, N. Y 21

Ballston Spa, N. Y 17

Average date of
spring arrival

April 14
April 19
April 16
April 10
April 12

April 24
April 29
April 20
April 30
May I
April 28
May 2
April 26
April 18
April 26
April 27
May 7
May 9
May II
May II
May 12
May 17
May 15
May 14
May 17
IMay 9
May II
May 7
May 14
May 13

Earliest date of
spring arrival

April 2 2, 1911
April 17, 1902
March, 29 i89(
April I, 191 2
April II, 1904
April 4, 1910
April ID, 1902
April 6, 1893
April 22, 1907
April 12, 1890
April 21, 1914
April 19, 1911
April 17, 1894
April 21, 1 89 1
April 17, 1899
April 25, 1904
April 28, 1895
April 18, 1910
April 14, 1890
April 10, 1892
April 21, 1887
April 24, 1896
May 4, 1913
May 3, 1905
May 6, 1899
May 8, 1895
May 9, 1905
May 9, 1900
May 4, 1913
May 9, 1905
April 12, 1887
May 5, 1906
April 19, 1882
May 5, 1899
May 8, 1913

(16)

The Migration of North American Birds

SPRING MIGRATION, Continued

LOCALITY

Buffalo, N. Y

Philadelphia, Pa.

Renovo, Pa

Beaver, Pa

Oberlin, Ohio

Richmond, Ind. . .

Bicknell, Ind

Waterloo, Ind

Chicago, 111

Keokuk, Iowa

Grinnell, Iowa

Sioux City, Iowa . .

Detroit, Mich

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn.. .
Minneapolis, Minn.
Vermilion, S. D.. . .
Grand Forks, N. D.
Scotch Lake, N. B.
Quebec, Quebec. . .
Montreal, Quebec. .

Ottawa, Ont

London, Ont

Margaret, Man.. . .
Qu'Appelle, Sask.. .

Number

Average date of

Earliest date of

record

spring arrival

May 9

April 4, 1889

May 7

April 30, 1 791

May 5

April 29, 1915

May I

April 22, 1889

May I

April 24, 1913

May 7

April 15, 1911

May I

April 24, 1894

May I

April 19, 1889

May 4

April 28, 1901

May 2

April 26, 1896

May 6

April 27, 1888

May 13

May 6, 1906

May 5

April 29, 1906

May 7

April 29, 1899

May II

May 7, 1887

May 12

May 6, 1913

May 14

May 9, 1913
May 21, 1903

May 25

May 18, 1903

May 21

May 14, 1903

May 20

May 17, 1893

May 20

May 17, 191 2

May 5

April 30, 1901
May 24, 1909

June 6

May 26, 1909

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Montreal, Quebec

Ottawa, Ont

London, Ont

Phillips, Maine

Durham, N. H

Jefferson, N. H

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Boston, Mass

Providence, R. I

Hartford, Conn

Ballston Spa, N. Y...
New York City, N. ^'

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn

Minneapolis, Minn.. . .

Englewood, N. J

Morristown, N. J

Philadelphia, I'a.

Renovo, Pa

Beaver, Pa

Oberlin, Ohio

Waterloo, Ind

Bicknell, Ind

Detroit, Mich

Chicago, III

Sioux City, Iowa

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

September 4
September 14
September 9
August 10

September 19

September 6

September 28

August 29

September 25

September 19

September 2

September 10

September 27

October 7

September 27

September 21

September 19

September 22

September 15

October 3

()

September 27

Earliest date of
last one observed

September
October 3,
September
August, 15
October 5,
October 12
October 2,
October 3,
October 6,
October 17
September
October 5,
September
September
October 6,
October 22
October 14
November
October 13
September
October 2,
October 6,
October 14
October 5,
October 12
September

6, 1910
1914
25, 1902
1908
1899
, 1904
1914
1909
1904
, 1894
29, 19x4
1907

25. 1913
II. 1887
1906
, 1904
I 190O
3. 18^5
, IQOI
2b, 1801
1901
i8gi
I 1 900
1905
, 1900
25, IglO

Bird- Lore

FALL MIGRATION, COlllinuecl

LOCALITY

Grinnell, Iowa.
Keokuk, Towa
St. Louis, Mo.
Nebraska City. Xcl).

Onaga, Kans

Caddo, Okla

Washington, D. C..

I'lubank, Ky

Weaverville, N. C..

Raleigh, N. C

Athens, Tenn

Atlanta, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Tallahassee, Fla

Bay St. Louis, Miss.

New Orleans, La

Port Arthur, Tex.. . .

Number

of yeiirs'

record

4
4

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

September lo
September ig

August 2

September 28
September 16
October 8
October 2
September 26
September 28
September 2

October 6

September
September
October 14
September
.Vugust 18,
November
October 21
September
October 20
October 17
October 10
October 9,
September
October 1 2
October 16
October 7,
September

22, 1888

2.3, 1893
, 1906

18, 1900

1901
2, 1883
, 1891

22, 1886
, 1Q02
1887
, 1902

1899

15,1 908
1904
, 1901
1896
II, 1913

LOUISIANA (OR WESTERN) TANAGER
The breeding-range of the Louisiana Tanager {Piranga Iiidovkiana) extends,
in North America, north to southwestern Mackenzie, northeastern British
Columbia and southeastern Alaska; west to western British Columbia, Wash-
ington, and California; south to southern California, southern Arizona, and
central western Texas; and east to New Mexico, Colorado, and southwestern
South Dakota. It winters from central Mexico to Guatemala; and occurs
casually in migration east to Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York,
and Louisiana.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

Alpine, Tex

Albuquerque, N. M

Tombstone, Ariz

Laguna, Ariz

Potholes, Imperial Co., Calif

Los Angeles, Calif

Modesto, Calif

Onaga, Kans

Colorado Springs, C^)lo

Beulah, Colo

Denver, Colo

Boulder, Colo

Yuma, Colo

Custer City, S. D

Cheyenne, Wj'O

Columbia Falls, Mont

Rathdrum, Idaho

Meridian, Idaho

Portland, Ore

Tacoma, Wash

Banff, Alta

.\thabaska Landing, Alia.

Fort Chipewyan, Alta

Okanagan Landing, B. C . .

4 April 28

April 20

April 21

,•)

May 12

May 17

i,^

May 14

May 18

May 13

May 14

May 27

May 23

May 18

May 20

May 16

May 9

Mav 10

May 10

Earliest date of
spring arrival

May 6, 1901
April 22, 1914
April 8, 191 1
April 25, 1910
.\pril 29, 1910
April 14, 1907
April 14, 191 1
May 9, 191 2
May 12, 1882
May 7, 1911
May 1 1, 1913
May 5, 1904
May 10, 1904
May 24, 1897
May 21, 1888
May 13, 1897
May 12, 1903
May 13, 191 5
May 4, 1897
May 3, 1908
April 30, 1909
May 14, 1003
May 26, 1901
May 14, 191 1

The Migration of North American Birds

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Henry House, Alta

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Rapid City, S. D

Columbia Falls, Monl.. . .

Missoula, Mont

Cheyenne, Wyo

Ft. Laramie, Wyo.

Yuma, Colo

Boulder, Colo.
Beulah, Colo.

Denver, Colo.

Carson City, Nev

Modesto, Calif

Los Angeles, Calif

Onaga, Kans

Number . 1 » r

nf vpar.;' Average date of
rec^^d >^^t one observed

September 4

August 25

August 30
September 30

Earliest date of
last one observed

September
September
October 2,
September
September
September
September
October 5,
October 10
September
October 3,
September
August 24,
September
August 14,

10, 1895
12, igi3
1909

10, 1H94

11, 1915
5, 1884
I". 1857
1908

, 1909
10, 191 5
1909
18, 1876
1910
30, i8g.s
iQi.^

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FORTY-SIXTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Scarlet Tanager [Pininga crythromelas, Figs. 1-4). — The female Scarlet
Tanager after acquiring its first winter plumage is alike at all seasons and all
ages. Beyond saying, therefore, that our figure of it (Fig. 4) is too pale and
yellow, we may pass to the exceptionally interesting plumage changes of the
male.

The nestling of both sexes is dusky green, paler below, streaked indistinctly
with blackish. At the postjuvenal molt the tail and wing-quills are retained,
and a new plumage is acquired which resembles that of the female but has
the lesser wing-coverts black as in the male. The following spring this costume
(except the liight-feathers) is exchanged for that of the adult male (Fig. 1). This
is worn until after the breeding-season when it is molted for the adult winter
dress which resembles the female plumage but has the wings and tail black.
The molting bird presents a curious patchwork aj^pearance which has excited
the curiosity of many observers not familiar with the changes of plumage
through which this species passes. .\t ihe following spring the scarlet ho<|y
dress is regained.

Occasional orange-bodied birds of tills species are doubtless to be classed
as 'albinistic,' or individuals lacking the full share of pigment i)osse<>ied by thf
normally colored kinds.

Louisiana 'or Western 1 Tanager (/'/></».(,'(/ ludovidoiiii. Figs. 5, o). In
juNenal or iiolling plunuige bolli se.\es of this Tanager .ii<- duskv vfllowish

20 Bird - Lore

or brownish green, yellower below and more or less obscurely streaked; the
wings and tail are fuscous, and the former have two well-pronounced yellowish
bars, a diagnostic mark of this species in any plumage.

At the postjuvenal, or first fall molt, all but the tail and larger wing-feathers
are shed and a new plumage acquired which resembles that of the adult female
(Fig. 6), but has the rump and underparts somewhat yellower.

This plumage bears a strong resemblance to that of a female Scarlet Tanager,
but the dusky back (instead of uniform olive-green) and pronounced wing-
bars of the western bird serve to identify it. Still a Western Tanager seen in the
eastern United States could easily be mistaken for the Scarlet Tanager. (I
was surprised when preparing these notes, in the National Museum at Washing-
ton, to find a female Western Tanager labeled, "Highland Falls, N. Y. & juv.,
Dec. 21, 1 88 1, Edgar A. Mearns." The identification was a tribute to the
acuteness of the ornithologist who as a boy had taken this western species, at
his home near West Point, a capture which I subsequently recalled having seen
recorded.)

At the spring or postnuptial molt practically all the plumage is molted
except the tail, primaries, and secondaries, and the bird acquires a costume
much like that of the adult male in our plate. The back, however, is duller and
shows some of the feathers of the winter dress, while the new feathers are tipped
with olive, the head has less red, and the old wing and tail-feathers are brownish.

After the breeding-season (postnuptial molt) this plumage is completely
molted and the bird goes into adult winter plumage. This resembles that of
the adult in summer (Fig. 5), but the head is yellow washed with dusky,
without, or with but a trace of red, the back is edged with greenish, and, the
tertials are tipped with yellowish.

At the second spring molt only the wings and tail are retained, and the
bird passes into adult breeding plumage, which is not gained, therefore, until
its second year.

The plumage of the female presents but little change with age, sex or
season, but some adults in summer have more or less red on the anterior parts
of the head.

-%s

THE SEASON

V. October 15 to December 15

Boston Region. — Robins, Bluebirds,
White-throated Sparrows, and Myrtle
Warblers left this region on their usual
date, November i.

More than a month of beautiful autumn
weather followed before winter set in
with snow and steady cold, but during
this period the country was as barren of
bird-life as it was in the winter of 1907-08,
when no birds except the commonest
winter residents, and these in very small
numbers, remained in this vicinity. One
exception is to be noted: during November,
and to the present time (December 15),
Cedar Waxwings have occurred in flocks
of a dozen birds or more. A few Slate-
colored Juncos and Tree Sparrows are
wintering here.

Notwithstanding the absence of birds
in the country about Boston, Dr. C. W.
Townsend reports from Ipswich, Mass., a
normal population of water-birds. Snow
Buntings, Horned Larks, Ipswich Spar-
rows, and Myrtle Warblers. However,
C. A. Robbins writes that the Myrtle
Warbler, ordinarily a common winter
visitant, is absent from Wareham this
season.

None of the seven species of northern
birds which visited us last winter is pres-
ent this season. Northern Shrikes have
been seen occasionally in the country.
Now that winter has set in, they have
come into the town centers where House
Sparrows are plentiful. — Winsor M.
Tyler, M.D., Lexington, Mass.

New York City Region. — After an
early October less pleasant than usual
hereabouts, the latter part of the month
and November gaveu5, for the most part,
splendid autumn weather, though rather
cold. December has been marked by a
noteworthy amount of cold and frecjuency
of snowfall for so early in the winter.

Individuals, at least, of certain Warblers
stayed remarkably late, as a Black-
throat cd Blue and a Cape .Ma> at f.ong

Beach, L. I., October 28 (seen by Walter
Granger and the writer), a Redstart (also
a Black-billed Cuckoo) at Mastic, L. I.,
November 4 (J. T. Nichols), and a Black
and White Warbler at Long Beach on
November 6 (J. M. Johnson). Fox
Sparrows seemed rather unusually com-
mon, singing freely, and Mr. Nichols
tells me that they and the Robins stayed
unusually late (into the first week of
December) at places on the western end
of Long Island where they do not winter.
Specimens received in November (the
earliest on the 5th, from northwestern
New Jersey) from outlying districts
indicate an invasion of Goshawks similar
to that of last winter, and at least six
or eight Northern Shrikes, already re-
ported from in and around the city, point
to a rather large southward movement of
that species, which was almost entirely
absent last winter when so many other
northern birds visited us. Several ad-
ditional Red-breasted Nuthatches were
seen, but I have heard of no record of any
of the boreal Finches, not even the Pine
Siskin. — Charles H. Rogers, American
Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

Philadelphia Region. — Character-
istic autumnal weather conditions pre-
vailed throughout October and November.
The first snow occurred November 28.

The Pipit was reported as very
abundant at numerous points over an
extended territory, being very common
from the iirst week in October to the
middle of November. Fox Sparrows and
Brown Creepers were perhaps more
plentiful than usual. Reports on the
autumn flight of Woodcock are some-
what contradictory; that the birds are
scarce, taking this region as a whole,
there can be no doubt, and a close season
for a term of years would not he amiss.
.\ Woodcock was found dead early in
November at South N'inclaml, N. J.,

(*l)

Bird -Lore

wliicli luul c'\i(lenlly llown against a
telephone wire. Boreal birds, such as
Siskins, Redpolls, Crossbills, and Even-
ing Grosbeaks, which wore so plentiful
late last autumn, arc as yet almost totally
absent. One of the surprises of the season
is the appearance of the Snow Bunting
in southern New Jersey (Corson's Inlet,
November ii, Wharton Huber; Salem,
early in November, Dr. Wharton). These
birds usually appear hereabouts after
blizzard-like weather conditions.

Goshawks appeared late in November
in considerable numbers; several have
already reached the hands of local ta.xi-
dermists. .\ flight of about fifty Hawks,
probably Broad-wings, was observed at
Germantown, Pa., iNTovember i, by
Arthur Emlen.

Other interesting records are: Rough-
legged Hawk, October 20, Lima, Pa.,
specimen examined, Delos Culver; Pine
Siskin,. November i, Ciwynned Valley,
Pa., Wharton Huber; White-crowned
Sparrow, October 25, Chester, Pa., John
Carter; Great Horned Owl, Juliustown,
N. J., November 17, Emory Bower; Blue-
gray Gnatcatcher, Camden, N. J., Octo-
ber 7, J. K. Potter. — JuLi.w K. Potter,
Camdcii, X. J.

Washington Region. — Notwithstand-
ing the unusually cold weather of October
and November, there was little out of
the ordinary to attract the interest of the
ornithological observer about Washington.
Eor the non-appearance of rare winter
l>irds, the relatively, if indeed not actually,
warmer weather of regions farther north
probably accounts. The low temperature
brought visions of many rare northern
visitors, but up to the present these have
wholly failed to materialize.

The migration during these two months
was apparently about normal, although
a number of birds stayed rather long,
and some winter residents did not appear
on time. The Chimney Swift was seen on
October 20, which is ten days beyond its
average autumn departure, and the Pied-
billed (irebe was observed on October 26,
u late autumn diile. One species, the

Least Sandpiper, ho\vc\er, l)roke all its
previous records for autumn lingering,
as C. H. M. Barrett reported one on
\o\cml)er 22, whereas the previous lat-
est occurrence was November i, igi7,
this latter in itself far beyond any other
date. The Herring Gull, on the other
hand, appeared on November 21, which is
in advance of its previous earliest record,
November 25, 1894.

Although in no sense remarkable, a
l>ong-eared Owl reported by I. N. Gabriel-
son, from East Falls Church, Va. , on
November 14, and a Connecticut Warbler
by A. Wetmore, at Washington, D. C,
on October 14, are probably of suflicicnl
interest to merit notice here.

Some species have been more than
ordinarily numerous this fall, among
which might be mentioned the Meadow-
lark and the Killdeer. Fully 100 of the
latter were noted by C. H. ^L Barrett
along the Anacostia River on November
21-24, ill which locality but a few are
commonly seen at this season. — Harkv
C. Oberholser, Biological Survey, Was/i-
iiiglon, D. C.

Oberlin Region. — A few Robins and
Blackbirds lingered in October until the
cold wave and snowstorm of the 30th and
31st, when they disappeared. This un-
seasonable storm established winter con-
ditions as far as the birds were concerned.
There followed nearly three weeks of
warm weather and fair skies, but no birds
returned to enjoy the belated 'Indian
Summer' weather. The usual Flickers
and other Woodpeckers were present,
and in the beech woods, where the crop
of beechnuts is abundant, there were
many Red-headed Woodpeckers who
seemed intent on spending the winter
there. This Woodpecker is not a regular
winter Ijird with us, but usually remains
when tlierc is an al)VUKlant crop of beech-
nuts.

As I writi', Oberlin is in tlie midst of a
second cold wave- willi attendant deep
snow for the region. Wliilc there has been
nothing out of the ordinary in the winter
bird-life thus far, I fully expect that

The Season

2.3

following this severe storm there will be
an invasion of the region by northern
species.

In the midst of this storm I found a
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker clinging to the
vines which cover one of the college build-
ings. He was complaining bitterly. Last
winter an individual of this species lived
for some time during the colder weather
in the same place. The Sapsucker is
not a winter bird of the region. — Lyxds
Jones, Oberlin, Ohio.

Minnesota. — Throughout October the
weather all over Minnesota was so cold
and stormy as to be almost unique in the
records of the state. During the very
first days, freezing temperatures pre-
vailed from the Iowa line northward,
with ice on the ponds and shallow lakes
and flurries of snow. Before the month
was over, nearly a foot of snow had fallen
and subzero temperatures had been
experienced in the northern part of the
state. The effect of these abnormal con-
ditions upon bird-life was, of course,
greatly to disarrange the usual migratory
movements. This was especially notice-
able in the case of water-birds. Many
of the Ducks (notably the Canvasbacks,
Redheads, and Teal), Rails, Coots,
Gallinules, shore-birds, and Herons left
much before their time because of the
ice that locked up their food-supply.
.\mong land-birds there was also a speedy
disappearance of species that usually
linger through October. The bulk of the
Robins, for instance, retreated a month
ahead of time and left an unusually heavy
crop of mountain-ash berries, wild grapes,
and other fruits almost untouched, es-
pecially in the northern half of the state.
They usually clean up the mountain-ash
berries pretty thoroughly before going.

I-'ollowing the tempestuous and un-
seasonable October came an eciually
unusual November, in the beautifully
mild and Indian-Summer-like character
of many of its days. Snow, ice, and chill
disappeared, but the birds that had earlier
tied in alarm did not return in any con
sideral)le number. At Ihion Lake, a

famous water-fowl resort in southwestern
Minnesota, and at various places north-
ward on both sides of the Minnesota-
Dakota boundary, there was an unpre-
cedented assemblage of Mallards, with
a sprinkling of Pintails, Scaups, Ring-
necks, and others. Many thousands were
at Heron Lake during the third w-eek of
November.

The mild November gave way sud-
denly, with the advent of December, to
bitter winter weather. Temperatures
far Ijclow zero liave prevailed all over the
state, and even as far south as Minne-
apolis several days together have occurred
without the mercur)''s rising to zero,
even at noon, with 15° and 20° below
mornings and evenings. Only light snows
have fallen thus far.

The winter bird student in Minnesota
must find his chief pleasure and excite-
ment atield in the Ijoreal visitants. So
far this winter there has been little else
but (lisappoinlment in this direction,
despite tlu' alninflanl food-supply that
awaits I hem and the frigid northern
weather of late. The usual influx of
Redpolls, Snow Huntings, and Lapland
Longspurs, and the roving flocks of Even-
ing and Pine Cirosbeaks and Hohemian
Waxw'ings have not appeared or have
eluded observation. .V Northern Shrike
on the campus of the University at Minne-
apolis in late November is the only win-
ter visitant that the writer has seen
thus far.

P. (). I'rykUind re|)()rls from Badger.
iiway up near Lake of the Woods, Novem-
ber 23: "In regard to the arrival of winter
birds, . . the nnl\- bird i)f tiie

kind that has come to my notice is the
Snow Bunting which I first saw on the
iTith inst. Last Wednesday .
there were tliree of us in company,
walking all ilay, and the only living
things that came to our notice were one
(ireat Horned Owl, one KulTed (lrousean<I
nne Downy Woodpecker not a rabbit
nor a s(|uirrel were seen. Tlie wolve-i will
iin<louble<lly have a hard chase for tlnir
living, and we have cjuite a lot of lluni
throughout tiie country." Under date of

Bird -Lore

December 13, Mr. Fryklund reports
nothing new except Snowy Owls.

Prof. Eugene Van Cleef, of Duluth,
reports December 12: "I have failed to
see any of the winter visitants and
wondered whether this was due to any
lack of observational powers. I have in-
quired of some people whom I felt ought
to know something about the situation
here and they report likewise the absence of
any visitants. S. George Stevens . . .
states that he has heard a flock of Red-
polls but has not seen them. . . I
would incidentally call your attention to
the fact that a year ago, i. e., October,
1916, we saw 'myriads' (taking this
word from our notes) of Bluebirds in the
city en route south. Whereas this year
we saw none within the city limits and
only a few outside. It would seem to be
an off year with the birds."

Dr. J. C. Hvoslef reports December 12,
from Lanesboro, Fillmore County, in the
extreme southeastern corner of the state:
"Your letter was received yesterday and
from it I learned that you have had about
the same experience in regard to the bird
migration this fall as I had myself in my
field of observation in and about Lanes-
boro."— Thos. S. Roberts, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Denver Region. — The period covered
by this report has not been entirely color-
less ornithologically. It is normally
quiet, with little bird-movement except
toward its end. This year it has been
quieter than usual because of the mild
weather, October and November, and
December up to date, giving the Denver
area nearly 75 per cent of the possible
sunshine, resulting in bright, warm days.
Vet most of the breeders did not linger,
but seemed, on the contrary, to leave
perhaps earlier than usual. And, notwith-
standing the mild autumn, some of our
winter birds appeared on time, or even
ahead of the schedule. The various

species and races of Junco came rather
earlier, driven down, perhaps, by the
more severe conditions in the neighboring
higher altitudes. The Slate-colored Junco
is very uncommon about Denver, and yet,
on November 11, the writer saw a large,
scattered flock of Juncos, which contained
many of the Slate-colored species about
two miles from the foot-hills, near the
mouth of Platte Canon.

The Clay-colored Sparrow and Audu-
bon's Warbler were common until the
third week in October, which is their
ordinary time of departure, and the
Northern Shrike arrived on time late in
the same month. It was a surprise to see
the Western Tree Sparrow as early as
October 24, even well out on the plains
(along the small creeks and in the weed-
patches adjacent thereto). This, in the
writer's experience, is at least two weeks
ahead of their usual arrival. The American
Rough-leg Hawk also was on hand two
weeks earlier than under ordinary con-
ditions, appearing the second week in
November. The Robin is about the only
bird which met the writer's expectations
by remaining longer than usual because
of the fine weather; this bird remains all
winter in the vicinity of Denver, but is
seldom seen in the city itself after the
middle of November, yet this year one was
noted in town on December 4. Three things
stand out in the local records for this
period: the comparatively large number of
adult male Marsh Hawks seen, the very
large number of Ferruginous Rough-leg
Hawks, and the considerable number of
Longspurs also, noted near the city and its
environs. It is over twenty years since the
writer has seen more than a stray Long-
spur of any sort close to Denver; how-
ever, this autumn a number of flocks were
noticed immediately south of Denver,
flocks which contained Chestnut-collared
and McCown's Longspurs, the latter be-
ing vastly in the majority. — W. H. Berg-
told, M.D., Denver, Colo.

Bird-Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census

THE ornithological feature of this winter, as shown by the Census reports,
is the invasion of the northeastern states by Northern Shrikes. Last
winter, memorable for the extensive southward movement of so many
northern species, but three Shrikes appeared in censuses from Ontario, New
England, New York, and New Jersey. This winter the number is twenty-five,
with several others recorded as seen recently but not on the census-day — in
other words, the species figures in about 35 per cent of the reports from the terri-
tory mentioned. The 'farthest south" is central New Jersey and southeastern
Pennsylvania, but there is only one record from the latter state and none west of
the Alleghanies except two birds seen near Denver. Furthermore, there are
several mentions of Migrant Shrikes from points in and around Connecticut;
this, in view of the rarity in winter of the Migrant and the unusual abundance
this year of the Northern, is a somewhat suspicious coincidence. On the other
hand, one or more of the former may have been recorded as the latter by ob-
servers thinking that any Laniiis seen in winter is necessarily borealis. There
has also been a marked southward movement of Goshawks and of Great Horned
Owls (see especially the Warwick, R. I., report); and a flight of Iceland Gulls
along the northeast coast — one, at least, reaching eastern Long Island. But
of the northern Finches so prevalent last year, the only occurrences are a few
widely scattered of Redpoll and Pine Siskin, of Red Crossbill in Maine and
Nebraska, Evening Grosbeak at Bennington, \'t., and Pine Grosbeak and
White-winged Crossbill at Newfane, Vt. There is no record of the Brown-
cap Chickadee in the Census, and we know of none elsewhere.

Many observers in the East and Middle West speak of an uncommonly
cold autumn and early winter and a general scarcity of birds, especially seed-
eaters. On the other hand, some birds are to a certain extent \\nntering north
of their custom, as indicated by many Belted Kingfisher records, Canada
Geese at two points in Massachusetts, three on Long Island and one in Iowa,
Grackles (probably all or most of them Bronzed) at eight points from Massa-
chusetts to southeastern Pennsylvania, and an occasional individual of other
species.

First place goes to the energetic Los Angelenos with 106 species observed
within a 15-mile diameter. Santa Barbara is second with q2, which is the
largest 'one-party' list.

Our sincere thanks are always due to our many friends who help make the
Census a success, but, as usual, there is a regrettably large number who pay so
little heed to our italicized requests as to leave several days between the tak-
ing and the posting of their censuses, send them to Harrisburg. or in some other
such way to cause the rejection of their reports. — Charles H. Rogers.

Amprior, Ont. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. CK-ar; 14 in. of snow; wind north-
west, strong; temp. min. 14°, max. 16°. Twelve miles on snowshoes. Observers separate.

(25)

26 Bird -Lore

Canada Ruffed Grouse, 2; (Barred?) Owl, 1 (seen Hying after sunset); Hairy Wood-
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Finch sp., 15; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10;
Black-capped Chickadee, 21; Golden-crowned Kinglet (an unusual winter resident), 4.
Total, 9 species, 60 individuals. Dec. 22,, Red-breasted Nuthatch and Northern Shrike.
Evening Grosbeaks and other northern species that were so common last year, have
been, so far this winter, entirely absent. — Charles Macn.amara and Liguori Gormley.

London, Ont. — Dec. 22; combined list of four parties hunting separately, 8 to 11.30
A.M. (one party, three observers), 2.30 to 5.30 p.m: (three parties, five observers);
covering on foot a stretch of country from the city west about 5 miles, following roughly
the course of the River Thames. Tcmj). 20° at 8 a.m., 26° at 2 p.m., 22° at 6 p.m.;
ground almost bare; wind very light soutiiwest. Horned Grebe, r; Herring Gull, 3;
American Merganser, 20; American Goldeneye, 10; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Screech Owl, i;
Great Horned Owl (?), i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay,
10; Crow, 1,500; Purple Finch, 50; Tree Sparrow, 18; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, i;
Cardinal, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Black-capped Chickadee, 42; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 12. Total, 21 species, 1,703
individuals. Others seen recently: Robin, Snow Bunting, Bronzed Grackle, and Wax-
wing. — McIl wraith Ornithological Club: C. G. Watson, J. F. Calvert, J. C.
MiDDLETON, K. Daly, G. Gillespie, E. M. S. Dale and J. R. McLeod.

Bucksport, Maine. — Dec. 26; 8 to 11.30 a.m. and 12.30 to 3.15 p.m. Clear; 14 in. of
snow; wind north, light; temp. 9° at start, 10° at end. Eight miles on foot. Herring
Gull, 12; Canada Ruffed (irousc, i; Goshawk, 1; Redpoll, 2; Chickadee, 8; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, to; Robin, 2. Total, 7 species, 36 individuals. — George L. Blodget.

North Bridgton, Cumberland Co., Maine. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. Clear; 2
ft. of snow; wind north, light; temp. 8° at start, 18° at return. Eight miles on foot.
Observers in pairs. Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 7; Purple Finch, i; Red Cross-
bill, i; Redpoll, 5; Goldfinch, 2; Pine Siskin, 27; Tree Sparrow, 3; Slate-colored Junco,
2; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 13; Black-
capped Chickadee, 41; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 13. Total, 14 species, 121 individuals.
A Goshawk is wintering in this vicinity but was not seen on this trip. — Mrs. Roland
Woodbury, Miss Eleanor Chute, INIes. James Steadmax and Miss Marjorie
Steadman.

Nashua, N. H. (to Merrimack, N. H., and back). — Dec. 22; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Partly
cloudy; 12 in. of snow; wind northwest, strong; temp. 32° at start, 36 ° at return. Four-
teen miles on foot, much of distance on snowshoes. Merganser, 6; Ruffed Grouse, i;
Mongolian Pheasant, 10; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 5;
Crow, 7; Starling, 297; Snow Bunting (pic';ed up dead), i; Tree Sparrow, 5; Slate-
colored Junco, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Black-capped Chick-
adee, 16. Total, 14 species, 353 individuals. Saw-whet Owl reported on Dec. 25,
Robin Dec. 26, and Golden-crowned Kinglet Dec. 28. I have seen no Redpolls this
winter; all seed-eating birds very scarce. I attribute this to the lack of food. The gray
birches did not seed this year. On these seeds the Sparrow tribe subsists in this latitude
(in winter). Ordinarily the snow is strewn with the seeds — this winter not a seed. —
Manlev B. Tdwxsend and (part of llie time) John H. Bowers.

Wilton, N. H. — Dec. 25; 8 to 11.30 a.m. Cloudy; 6 to 24 in. of snow; no wind;
temp. 40° to 42°. Hairy Woodpecker, i ; Downy Woodpecker, i ; Blue Jay, 5; Chickadee,
14; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 5 species, 23 individuals. — George G.
Blanchard.

Bennington, Vt. — Dec. 25; 0 to 11.30 a.m. Four-mile auto drive and back with a
2- mile walk through field and wood. Cloudy; bare ground to 10 in. of snow; wind west,
strong; temp. ^2^ . Observers together. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Pheasant, 3; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, i; Starling, 4; Tree Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, i; White-breasted

Bird-Lore^s Eighteenth Christmas Census 27

Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 8. Total, 9 species, 23 incli\'iflu;ils. On Xov. 2 and 3, a mixetl
flock of between 75 and 100 Bohemian Waxwings and Evening Grosbeaks was observed
in North Bennington. — Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H. Ross.

Newfane, Windham Co., Vt. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Clear; 3 feet of snow;
wind northwest, light; maximum temp, about — 10°. About 3 miles on foot. Ruffed
Grouse (B.n.iimbelliis), 6; Barred Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 20; Pine
CJrosbeak, 30; White- winged Crossbill, 15; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Black-cap
Chickadee, 2. Total, 8 species, about 80 individuals. — (Jeo. K. Cherrie.

Boston to Gloucester, Mass. — Dec. 22; i to 4 p.m. Clear; wind northwest, strong;
temp. 34°, falling to 20'. 'J'hirty miles by steamboat. Black Guillemot, i; Kittiwake,
50; Iceland Gull, 3 (cream-white with small black bill); Black-backed Gull, 15; Herring
Gull, 300; Bonaparte's Gull, 4; Red-breasted Merganser, 10; American Goldcneye,
6; Old-squaw, 14; Canada Goose, i. Total, 10 species, 504 individuals. — Lidian E.
Bridge and Annie I\I. Cobb.

Gloucester, Mass. — Dec. 24; 10 a.m. to 3.45 p.m. Cloudy to fair; old snow and ice;
wind southwest, brisk; temp. 40°. Observers together. HolbtcU's (irebe, 2; Horned
Grebe, i; Loon, 3; Black Guillemot, i; Iceland Gull, 32; Great Black-backed Gull, 25;
Herring Gull, 200; Red-breasted Merganser, 30; Black Duck, 2; Goldeneye, 44; Old-
squaw, 12; Scoter, 5; White-winged Scoter, 4; Northern Flicker, 5; Prairie Horned Lark,
(collected), i; Crow, 45; Starling, 100; Meadowlark, 2; Bronzed Grackle, i; Snow Bunt-
ing, 21; Ipswich Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow, 3; Northern Shrike, 3; Black-capped Chick-
adee, 2. Total, 24 species, 546 individuals. The remarkable flight of Iceland (iuUs
consisted chiefly of creamy white birds, for two only were in the pearl-gray adult
plumage. — L. R. Talbot and Barron Brainerd.

Brewster, Mass. (walks taken from a central point to favorable localities).— Dec. 27 ;
4 hours, Ix'twcen S.15 a.m. and 4 p.m. Clear, with slight Hurries of snow; wind north,
rather heavy; temp, about 15°; ground bare. About g miles. Black-backed Gull, i;
Herring Gull, 10; Black Duck, 85; American Goldeneye, 4; Canada Goose, i; Flicker.
6; Horned Lark, 6; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 8; Meadowlark, 15; (loldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow,
10; Slate-colored Junco, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 14; Chickadee, i; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
2. Total, 16 species, about 168 individuals. — Warren F. Eaton.

Cohasset, Mass. (Sandy Cove region, along shore and through the woods). — Dec.
27; 2 to 4 p.m. Overcast; i in. of fresh snow and a little still falling; wind northeast,
light; temp. 20°. Black-backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 50; Red-breasted Merganser, i;
Black Duck, 3; American Goldeneye. 4; White-winged Scoter, 10; Hairy Woodpecker,
1 ; Downy Woodpecker, i ; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 1; Tree Sparrow, 4; Slate-colored Junco,
3; Cedar Waxwing, 9; Myrtle Warbler, 10; Brown Creeper, i; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
4; Robin, 40. Total, 17 species, 148 individuals. (I consider this list as of value only as
showing the small number of birds present this winter in (■omi)arison with other years.)
— John B. May, M. D.

Cohasset, Mass.— Dec 28; 10.05 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy, with frequent snow-
flurries; wind variable, light; temp. 30°. Common Loon, 6; Black-backed Gull, 12;
Herring Gull, 120; Red-breasted Merganser, 27; Black Duck, no; American Goldcn-
eye, 9; Old-squaw, i; Brant, 3; Downy Woodpecker, i; Northern Flicker, 4; Horned
Lark, 7; Blue Jay. 3; Crow, 19; Purple Finch, 3; (loldlinch, i male; Tree Sparrow, 40;
Slate-colored Junco, 2s; Song Sparrow, 7; Myrtle Warbler. 30; Black-capped Chickadee,
50; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Robin, 33. Total, 22 species, 51S individuals. Harro.n
Brainerd and Haskki.i. B. Cirrv.

Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Mass.— Dec. 26; 8 to 11.30 a.m. and 1.30 lo 3.30
P.M. Clear; ground bare; winil norlhwesl. strong; temp. 22°, a little warmer at noon.
Five miles on foot. Herring Gull. .|o; ikildi)atc, 3 drakes; Night Heron. S; Sharp-shinned
Hawk, 1; Flicker, 2; Horned l.ark, s.s; Hli'i-' Jii.v. 0; Crow, i,!,; Meadowlark, 3,^; Gold

28 Bird -Lore

finch, i; Tree Sparrow, 28; Junco, g; Song Sparrow, 11; Myrtle Warbler, 7; Pine Warbler,
i; Mockingbird, i; Chickadee, 30; Robin, 2. Total, 18 species, about 270 individuals.
A small colony of Night Herons is here each winter. Apparently the same Mockingbird
was with us last winter. I have seen 14 other species, including the Northern Shrike and
the Migrant Shrike, this month. — Mona Worden.

Fairhaven, Mass. — Dec. 24; 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; wind
southwest, strong; temp. 40°. Area, 2 by >^ miles; upland, woods, marsh, beach. Obser-
vers together. Herring Gull, 40; Purple Sandpiper, 5; Downy Woodpecker, i; Flicker,
5; Horned Lark, 30; Crow, 13; Starling, 40; Goldfinch, 52; Junco, 36; Song Sparrow, 5;
Tree Sparrow, 9; Chickadee, 20; Robin, 12. Total, 13 species, 268 individuals. —
Frances Congdon and Mabel L. Potter.

Holyoke, Mass. (vicinity of Mt. Tom Range). — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Sky
overcast, with faint sun at times; 8 to 10 in. of snow; wind north, light; temp. 37° at
start, 42° at return. Five to 6 miles on foot. Observers together. Pheasant, i; Ruffed
Grouse, 5; Sparrow Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker,
i; Blue Jay, 18; American Crow, 14; Starling, 20; Tree Sparrow, 7; Black-capped
Chickadee, 15. Total, 11 species, 85 individuals. Have observed recently a Northern
Shrike and a flock of Horned Larks. — John S. Bagg and Aaron C. Bagg.

Mattapoisett, Mass. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. and 2.30 to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy,
some sleet; ground bare; wind northwest, moderate; temp. 43° to 36°. Observers to-
gether. Seven miles on foot. Horned Grebe, 2; Loon, 2; Herring Gull, 11; Merganser,
3; Black Duck, 3; Scaup, 7; Goldeneye, 7; Old-squaw, 23; Scoter, 80; White- winged
Scoter, 3; Surf Scoter, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 14;
Meadowlark, 2; Rusty Blackbird, 16; Tree Sparrow, i ; Song Sparrow, i ; Myrtle Warbler,
50; Brown Creeper, 8; Chickadee, 26; Robin, 4. Total, 23 species, 271 individuals. —
Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Norton Shaw.

Wareham, Mass. — Dec. 23; sunrise to sunset. Fair; ground generally bare, with
scattered patches of ice; wind northwest, light; temp. 14° at start, 28° at return. About
10 miles, mostly on foot. Observers together. Horned Grebe, i; Black-backed Gull, i;
Herring Gull, 45; Red-breasted Merganser, i; Black Duck, 154; American Goldeneye,
225; Old-squaw, 7; White- winged Scoter, 3; Surf Scoter, 10; Wilson's Snipe, i; Rufifed
Grouse, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Northern Flicker, 4; Horned Lark, 28; Blue Jay, 21; Crow, 20; Starling, 60; Meadow-
lark, 15; Goldfinch, 4; Snow Bunting, 5; Tree Sparrow, 130; Slate-colored Junco, 175;
Song Sparrow, 15; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, i; Myrtle Warbler, 7; Brown
Creeper, 4; Chickadee, 120; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 7. Total, 31 species, 1,073 '^^-
dividuals. — Dr. Winsor M. Tyler, C. A. Robbins and Frank Robbins.

West Medford, Lawrence Woods and part of West Side Middlesex Fells, Mass. — Dec.
23; 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 P.M. Clear; wind east, light; temp. 10° to 18°. Pheasant, 7;
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 9; Starling, 8 (300 in our trees Dec.
20 and 21); Redpoll, 3; Goldfinch, 2; Tree Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown
Creeper i; Chickadee, 7. Total, 12 species, 43 individuals. — Edmund and Lidian E.
Bridge.

Kingston and Narragansett Pier, R. L — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Overcast; a
little snow on ground; wind southwest, strong; temp. 35° at start, 40° at return. Hol-
boell's Grebe, i; Herring Gull, 19; Red-breasted Merganser, 2; Black Duck, 25; BuflBe-
head, 3; Rufifed Grouse, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Northern Flicker,
6; Horned Lark, 150; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 8; Meadowlark, 7; Goldfinch, 16; Tree
Sparrow, 16; Slate-colored Junco, 23; Song Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, 2; Myrtle
Warbler, 35; Mockingbird, i; Brown Creeper, 3; White- breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chick-
adee, 40; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4. Total, 24 species, 372 individuals. — Edward H.
Perkins.

Bird -Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census ig

Warwick, R. I. — Dec. 23; 9 a.m. to 3.45 p.m. Clear; 3 in. of snow; wind northwest,
light; temp. 18° at start, 36° at return. Ten miles on foot. Herring Gull, 16; Red-
breasted Merganser, 20; Scaup, 2,000; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 8; Blue Jay, 7; American Crow, 29; Goldfinch, 15; Starling,
500; Tree Sparrow, 34; Song Sparrow, 3; Swamp Sparrow, i; Snow Bunting, 12;
Northern Shrike, i; Myrtle Warbler, 9; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch,
i; Chickadee, 25; Robin, 6. Total, 21 species, 2,594 individuals. Juncos absent, Myrtle
Warblers and Chickadees uncommon, in comparison with last year. Providence taxi-
dermists have had more than 50 Goshawks, 18 Great Horned Owls and 3 Snowy Owls
brought in. — Harry S. Hathaway.

Bristol, Conn. (Northwestern Section). — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy, then
clearing at 9 o'clock, clouding over again and snow-squalls, partly clear at noon; 10 to

12 in. of old snow; wind north, very light, later becoming fresh and ending at north-
west, keen, with a dirty, streaky sky; temp. 38° at start, 34° at finish. About 11 miles
on foot. Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay,
41; Crow, 38; Starling, 730; Meadowlark, 2: Tree Sparrow, 13; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow,
i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total.

13 species, 846 individuals. — Elbert li Smith, Royal W. Ford and Frank Bruen.
Fairfield, Conn. (Birdcraft Sanctuary and Fairfield Beach). — Dec. 25; sunrise to sun-
set. Cloudy; temp. 34°; 4 in of snow. Herring Gull, 120; Red-breasted Merganser, 2;
Black Duck, 150; Lesser Scaup, 7; American Goldeneye, 3; Old-squaw, 40; White-
winged Scoter, 15; Black-crowned Night Heron, 7; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Barred Owl, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 7; American Crow, 15; Starling, 300; Meadowlark, i;
Purple Finch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 17; Junco, 35; Song Sparrow,
8; Northern Shrike, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 5; Brown Thrasher, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
2; Chickadee, 3; Robin, i. Total, 26 species, 755 individuals. — Frank Novak, Warden.

Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 24; 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear; 5 to 10 in. of snow and crust;
temp, zero to 24° above; wind light. Ten-mile walk. Excellent observations. Variable
country, but no heavy timber — open bottom lands and swamps along the Connecticut
River north from Hartford. Merganser, 65 -|-; Red-breasted Merganser, i; Ring-neck
Pheasant, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 11; Flicker, i; Prairie Horned Lark, flock of 16; Blue Jay, 6; Crow,
Soo-j-; Starling, 8; Meadowlark, 3; Purple Finch, flock of 12; Goldfinch, 5; Tree
Sparrow, 500 -f; Song Sparrow, 2; Swamp Sparrow, 3; Migrant Shrike, i; Brown
Creeper, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 6. Total, 22 species, 1,154+ indi-
viduals.— Geo. T. Griswold.

Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; 8 in. of snow; wind north-
west; temp. 32°. Hairy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 12; Starling, 56; Gold-
finch, 16; Tree Sparrow, 6; (Migrant?) Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, i; Chickadee, 10;
Robin, I. Total, 10 species, iii individuals. — Clifford M. Case.

West Hartford, Conn.— Dec. 23; 7 to 10 a.m. and 2 to 4.30 p.m. Clear; still; 9 in. of
crusted anow; temp, at start 0°, at return 18°. Nine miles of very hard tramping. Birds
inactive. Ruffed Grouse, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 100; Starling, 200; Redpoll, 12; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow,
15; Junco, 10; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Black-capped Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, i. Total, 14 species, 347 individuals. — Edwin H. Munger.

New Haven, Conn, (from a window of the New Haven Hospital).— Dec. 25. Snow-
ing; wind north, light; temp. 30°. Downy Woodpecker, 1; Starling. 3. Total, 2 species, 4
individuals. — Clifford H. Pangbikn.

New London, Conn, (to Niantic and Black Point).— Dec. 27; S.50 a.m. to 5.20 p.m.
Clear; ground mostly bare; wind northwest, light; temp. 11° at start. Fifteen miles on
foot. Horned Grebe, 3; Common Loon, 3; Herring Gull. 172; Red-breasted MerKanter,

30 Bird -Lore

7; Hhuk Duck, 2; JialdpaLe, 10; Scaup sp. , 200; American (joldciicyc, 18; Bufflehead, 1;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Kingfisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 15;
Meadowlark, 7; Goldfinch, 34; Tree Sparrow, 34; Junco, 22; Song Sparrow, g; Myrtle
Warbler, 12; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 12; Robin, i;
Bluebird, 7. Also 200 unidcntilu'd Ducks. Total, 25 species, about 678 individuals. —
I'"UANCES Miner Gr.-wes.

Norwalk, Conn. — Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to i p.m. and 2 to 5 p.m. Partly cloudy, a
few light showers in the morning; wind southwest, light; temp. 34°; about 10 in. of snow.
Twelve miles on foot. Herring Gull, 14; Black Duck, 3; Scaup, 500; Goldeneye, 3; Old-
squaw, 42; White- winged Scoter, 6; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 5;
Horned Lark, 36; Blue Jay, 14; Crow, 7; Starling, 104; Meadowlark, 4; Purple Finch,
4; Goldfinch, 2; White-throated Sparrow, i ; Tree Sparrow, 6; Field Sparrow, i; Junco, 7;
Song Sparrow. 14; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped
Chickadee, 8; Robin, i. Total, 24 species, 788 individuals. — Aretas A. Saunders.

South Windsor, Conn. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; 5 to 10 in. of snow;
temp. 7,2°; wind light. Twelve-mile walk. Herring Gull, 2; Merganser, 2; Black Duck, i;
Ruffed Grouse, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Saw- whet Owl, i; Screech
Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, i; Prairie Horned Lark,
50; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 200; Starling, 25; Meadowlark, 2; Tree Sparrow, 200; Junco, i;
Song Sparrow, 2; Swamp Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 4; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 12. Total, 24 species, 527 individuals. I took a three-
day census and the additional species included i Goshawk and i Migrant Shrike. — C.

W. ViBERT.

Douglaston, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 23; 9 a.m. to i p.m. Clear; 4 or 5 in. of snow; wind
northwest, light; temp. ig° at start, 34° at return. Observers together. Black-backed
Gull, 2; Herring Gull, 90; (Goldeneye?) Duck, 15; Ducks (other than the supposed
Goldeneyes), 16; (Short-eared?) Owl, i (flying over marsh); Belted Kingfisher, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 3; Crow, 35; Fish Crow, 75 (identified by their calls while feeding upon a
garbage-dump with House Sparrows and Starlings) ; Starling, 400 (nearly all in one flock) ;
Meadowlark, 7; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 24; Junco, 14; Song Sparrow, 24; Swamp
Sparrow, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 2 (one sang). Total, 17 species, about 716 in-
dividuals.— Mr. and Mrs. G. Clyde Fisher and Ruth Anna Fisher.

East Marion, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 26; 9.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground nearly bare;
wind northwest, light; temp. 20° at start, 23 ° at return. The chief territory covered was
about a half-mile of shore along Peconic Bay and a piece of cedar and oak woods with
adjoining fields. Horned Grebe, i; Herring Gull, 150 + ; Scaup, 5; Old-squaw, 15;
Surf Scoter, 20; Belted Kingfisher, i ; Downy Woodpecker, i ; Flicker, 4; Horned Lark, 3 ;
Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 21; Starling, 70; Purple Finch, i; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 50;
Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, i; Myrtle Warbler, 25; Black-capped Chickadee, 8; Robin, 2.
Total, 20 species, about 417 individuals. An unusually small number of water-fowl
were near enough to shore for identification. A Migrant Shrike was seen on Dec. 6. —
Mabei. R. Wiggins.

Ft. Salonga, L. I., N. Y., near Smithtown. Covered most of the territory within a
radius of 2 miles of Sunken Meadow. — Dec. 27; 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Clear; 3 in. uf
snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 14° at start, 18° at return. Black-backed Gull, i;
Herring Gull, loi; Ring-billed Gull, 19; Bonaparte's Gull, i; Black Duck, one flock of
1,500-t-, 7 single; Green-winged Teal, i; Scaup, i; American Goldeneye, 34; Old-squaw,
21; .American Scoter, 10; White-winged Scoter, 36; Surf Scoter, 3; Canada Goose, i;
Brant, i; Black-crowned Night Heron, i; Wilson's Snipe, i; Goshawk (?), i;
Red-tailed Hawk, i; Bald Eagle, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 300 + ; Starling, 100; Grackle, 3; Tree Sparrow, 57; Junco,
200-t-; Song Sparrow, 17; Myrtle Warbler, 16; Chickadee, 144; Robin, 1; Bluebird,

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 31

7. Total, 133 species, 2,700+ individuals. The Green-winged Teal arrived two months
ago in some fresh- water ponds and has remained there ever since with a few tame Mal-
lards. It is a fine male.— Theodor Dreier.

Hempstead, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 23; 8 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. and (after dark) 5.30 to 6.30
P.M. Clear; about 6 in. of frozen snow; average temp. 24°. Herring Gull, 27; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i;
Long-eared Owl, i; Screech Owl, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Horned Lark, flock of 58;
Blue Jay, 21; Crow, 190; Starling, 58; Goldfinch, 8; Savannah Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow,
47; Slate-colored Junco, 92; Song Sparrow, 29; Towhee, 4 together; Winter Wren, i;
Brown Creeper, 5; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 11; Robin, 2. Total, 23 species,
569 individuals. The four Towhees, three males and a female, allowed one to get within
a few yards; also heard them call several times. They were seen several times before in the
same place, oak shrubbery in a pine grove. The Savannah Sparrows, together, also
permitted close approach so they could be accurately identified. They were also seen
Dec. 15, and on the same date 3 Mourning Doves. Other occurrences that seemed unusual
to me were: 2 Hermit Thrushes seen Dec. 9, and 2 Woodcock and i Fox Sparrow, Dec.
16. — Theodore Roehxer.

Long Beach, Nassau Co., L. I., N. Y. — -Dec. 20. Moderating after severe weather;
temp. 35° at daylight and nightfall; ponds and marshes frozen; some remaining snow;
wind southwest, light; morning gray, some half-sunshine in afternoon; a broad swell on
the ocean breaking into a high, steady surf. Horned Grebe, 4; Loon, i; Black-backed
Gull, numerous, at one time fully 100 adults in sight; Herring Gull, abundant; Red-
breasted Merganser, several pairs and single birds; Black Duck, innumerable, lying off
shore in straggling beds extending with little interruption for several miles along the
beach, very few in flight; Red-legged Black Duck, a perfectly fresh bird found dead on the
shore; Mallard, a drake, with Black Ducks; Pintail, 5 drakes, with Black Ducks; Greater
Scaup, two single birds, male and female, and well out three flocks of Scaups, 17 to 70;
Goldeneye, i female; Old-squaw, 20; American Scoter, an adult; Surf Scoter, flock of 20 —
several small flocks of Scoters were almost certainly of both these species; White-winged
Scoter, two flocks of 20 and 30; all Ducks in continuous flight were going east — larger num-
bers approximate; Sanderling, 2 together; Canada Geese, 5 passing out to sea, southeast;
Brant, 2 with Gulls on a sand-bar and one on the ocean shore, shot by a gunner — an
immature bird; Sparrow Hawk, i ; Rough-legged Hawk, a pair; Horned Lark, frequent in
small flocks; Starling, common, one flock of about 200; Meadowlark, i; Ipswich Spar-
row, i; Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 3; Seaside Sparrow (?) — a Passerherbulns, quite certainly
this, but identification not technical; Tree Sparrow, small flock; Song Sparrow, several;
Myrtle Warbler, locally numerous. A Northern Shrike seen at Hewlett, less than 3
miles from Long Beach. Total, 30 species. The best Long lU-ach bird-day for the season
that I have ever known. — L. P. Bicknell.

Long Beach, Nassau Co., L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 23; 10.05 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear; ground
bare, frozen; ponds and pools frozen, cakes of ice on the beach at Point Lookout; in-
coming tide; wind northwest, light; temp. 30° to 35°. Loon sp., i; Black-backed Gull, 5;
Herring Gull, 2,000; Red-breasted Merganser, 6; Black Duck, 3; Scaup, 6; Old-squaw,
22; .\merican Scoter, i; Sanderling i (flew by with strong, vigorous flight); Rough-
legged Hawk, 2 together; Short-eared Owl, i; Crow, 15; Starling, 5 (in the village); Tree
Sparrow, i; Junco. i; Song Sparrow, 8; Myrtle Warbler, 4. Total, 17 species, about
2,083 individuals. The weather was too mild and calm lor many water-fowl. — George
E. Hix.

Orient, L. I., N. Y.— Dec. 24; O.45 a.m. to 2 p.m. (three observers); 3.30 p.m. until
dark (Latham). Cloudy most of the day, with brief periods of sunshine; a little frozen
snow on the ground; brisk westerly winds, veering slightly toward south after noon,
becoming light with a tra(c of rain toward evening; temp. 31° at h A.M.. rising above

32 Bird -Lore

the freezing-point by midday, and thawing perceptibly in the sun. Country visited:
Sound and Gardiner's Bay coasts, dune beaches, plowed fields, salt meadows, frozen
swamps and lagoons, red cedar groves, deciduous woods on lowlands and hills. Horned
Grebe, 4; Common Loon, 3; Glaucous Gull, 2; Iceland Gull, i; Black-backed Gull, 6;
Herring Gull, 280; Red-breasted Merganser, 60; Mallard, i (in gunner's bag); Black
Duck, 16; Greater Scaup, 100 (some in gunner's bag); American Goldeneye, 5; Buffle-
head, 65; Old-squaw, 200; White- winged Scoter, 525; Surf Scoter, 115; Virginia Rail,
I (dead); Pheasant, i (in gunner's bag); Bob- white, 7 (in gunner's bag); Marsh Hawk,
i; Cooper's Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Long-eared Owl, 2; Screech Owl, 2; Kingfisher,
2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 8; Horned Lark, 600; Blue Jay, 2; American Crow,
465; Starling, 125; Meadowlark, 12; Cowbird, 44; Rusty Blackbird, 3; Grackle, 11;
American Goldfinch, 20; Snow Bunting, 295; Savannah Sparrow, i; White-throated
Sparrow, i; Tree Sparrow, 75; Field Sparrow, 9; Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 60;
Northern Shrike, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 215; Carolina Wren, 2; Wren sp., i; Black-
capped Chickadee, 20; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5; Robin, 34. Total, 49 species (includ-
ing 4 dead), 3,212 individuals. The Virginia Rail was found by a wood road, frozen
with its head tucked under its wing-coverts; it was so thin that it exemplified the adage,
but it had not been long dead. At least two of the Horned Larks closely observed
appeared to be Prairie Horned Larks, although most were the usual form. The uni-
dentified Wren was not a Carolina and probably not a Winter Wren. On Dec. 23, Mr.
Latham saw: Canada Goose, 5; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Rough-legged Hawk, i;
Turkey Vulture, i (latest Long Island record); Fox Sparrow, i; Brown Creeper, i.
On Dec. 22, Double- crested Cormorant, i; Fish Crow, i. On Dec. 25, Red-winged
Blackbird, 7. — Roy Latham, John Treadwell Nichols and Robert Cushman
Murphy.

Speonk, L. I., N. Y. — Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind southwest
to west, moderate; temp. 31° to 42°. Herring Gull, 17; Great Blue Heron, i; Black-
crowned Night Heron, 1; Marsh Hawk, i; Rough-legged Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i;
Belted Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Horned Lark, 33; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 7;
Starling, 28; Meadowlark, 55; Tree Sparrow, 70; Song Sparrow, 6; Northern Shrike, i;
Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
12. Total, 20 species, 260 individuals. — Le Roy Wilcox.

Albany, N. Y. (western outskirts). — Dec. 23; 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear; 4 to 10 in. of
snow; wind south, light; temp. 6° at start, 22° at return. Six miles on foot. Observers
together. Downy Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 150; Starling, 150; Tree Sparrow,
50; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 2. Total, 9 species, 372 individuals. On Dec. 25, 12 Song Sparrows (one sang)
and a Robin — both rare here in winter. — Joseph S. Lawrence, M.D., and Clarence
Houghton.

Geneva, N. Y. (Lake-shore and S. Main St. region, within city limits). — Dec. 24; 9
a.m. to 12.30 P.M. and 2 to 5 p.m. CI )udy; breeze southwest, light; temp. 40° to 50°.
Observers together only in the forenoon. Horned Grebe, 7; Herring Gull, 13; Ring-billed
Gull, i; American Merganser, 4; Redhead, 7,000; Canvasback, 500; Lesser Scaup, 9;
Greater Scaup, 700; American Goldeneye, 8; Bufflehead, 4; Old-squaw, 2; Ring-neck
Pheasant, 7; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-
headed Woodpecker, i; Crow, 13; Tree Sparrow, 5; Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 2; Cedar
Waxwing, 30; Brown Creeper, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Chickadee, 8; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 2; Robin, i. Total, 26 species, about 8,347 individuals. — William
H. Eddy and E. H. Eaton.

Hamburg, N. Y. — Dec. 23; 8.45 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. Clear to slightly cloudy; ground
lightly covered with fresh snow, some old drifts still remaining; wind southwest, light;
temp. 22° at start, 34° at return. Eight miles on foot through three large wood-lots, one

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 33

small swamp and intervening farm-land. Ruffed Grouse, i ; Barred Owl, i ; Hairy Wood-
pecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Red-headed Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay. 7; Crow, 7;
Purple Finch, 22; Goldfinch, 35; Snow Bunting, one flock of 250; Tree Sparrow, 45;
Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 12; Golden-crowned King-
let, 4. Total, 15 species, about 407 individuals. Small flock of Red Crossbills noted here
Nov. 29. — Thomas L. Bourne.

New Rochelle, N. Y. (Beechmont Park, Mount Tom Road and several other streets).
— Dec. 28; 9.30 A.M. to 12.30 P.M. and 2 to 3 p.m. Cloudy; 5 in. of snow; no wind; temp.
27° to 34°. Herring Gull, 7; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay,
3; American Crow, 5; Starling, 37; Goldfinch, 4; Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, i; Brown
Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Robin, 5. Total, 12 species, 74 individuals. —
Olney M. Raymond.

New York City (Pelham Bay Park region around City Island station). — Dec. 22;
II A.M. to 3.15 P.M. Clear; 8 in. of snow; wind west, fairly strong; temp. 40°. Obser-
vers together. Great Black-backed Gull, i; Herring Gull, ioo-|-; Duck sp., i; Bob-
white, 8; Pheasant, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker,
i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Crow, 14; Starling, 45; Red- winged Blackbird, i; Meadow-
lark, 3; Purple Finch, i brown; Goldfinch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 10; Slate-colored Junco, 9;
Song Sparrow, 4; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4. Total, 20 species,
about 218 individuals. — Walden Pell, 2nd, and S. Morris Pell.

New York City (Clason Point, Unionport and Bronx Park). Trolley used between
Unionport and Bronx Park. — Dec. 25; 12 to 4.15 p.m. Cloudy; 4 in. of wet snow; wind
northwest, light; temp. 32°. Herring Gull, 450; Black Duck, 55; Scaup, i; Black-
crowned Night Heron, 48; Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Downy W^oodpecker,
5; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 52; Starling, 450; Meadowlark, 23; Grackle, 29; White-
throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 100; Junco, 33; Song Sparrow, 44; Fox Sparrow, 2;
Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, i. Total, 21
species, 1,314 individuals. About 100 more Ducks on the Sound, too far away for identi-
fication. On Dec. 21, 2 Northern Shrikes were seen in Van Cortlandt Park. — E. G.
Nichols and L. N. Nichols.

New York City (Bull's Head to Richmond, via Greenridge, Staten Island). — Dec. 27;
9 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. Clear; snow on ground; wind northwest, fresh; temp. 15°, rising.
Herring Gull, 10; Great Blue Heron, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 2; Crow, 8; Starling, 11; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 18;
Junco, 35; Song Sparrow, 14; Cardinal, i. Total, 12 species, 104 individuals. — Mjlton

H. HOGE.

New York City (Staten Island, West New Brighton to Richmond to Bull's Head to
West New Brighton). — Dec. 26; 8.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Clear; about 3 in. of snow; wind
westerly, light; temp. 15° to 25°. Herring Gull, 150; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow
Hawk, 3; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, 12;
.\merican Crow, 80; Starling, 24; Meadowlark, 30; Goldfinch, 13; Pine Siskin, ^S; Tree
Sparrow, 46; Slate-colored Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 30; Brown Creeper, 3; Cardinal, 7;
White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Robin, 3. Total, 20 species, 428
individuals. — W^illiam H. Lonc;.

New York City (Richmond Valley to Oakwood Heights, Staten Island;. — Dec. 23;
7.15 A.M. to s P.M. Clear; ground snow-covered; dead calm; temp. 12° to 33°. Black-
backed Gull, i; Herring Gull, 5,092; Black Duck, 5; Greater Scaup, i; Goldeneye, 6;
Bufllehead, 27; Purple Sandpiper, i; Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Red-shouldered
Hawk, 3; Sparrow Ilawk, 4; Screech Owl, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 3; Northern Flicker, 2; Horned Lark, 13; Blue Jay, 6; American Crow, 30;
Starling, 42; Meadowlark, 22; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 4; Song Sparrow, 10;
Swamp Sparrow, 1; Northern Shrike, 2 (one sangj; Myrtle Warbler, 1; White-

34 Bird - Lore

breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, g. Total, 27 species, 5,294 individuals. —
Howard H. Cleaves.

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. — Dec. 2(3; y a.m. to i p.m. Clear; no wind; temp. 20°; 8 in. of
snow. Observers together. Barred Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 500; Starling, 10; Tree Sparrow, 5; Junco, 2;
Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Chickadee, 2; Golden-crowned King-
let, 3. Total, 13 species, about 550 individuals. — Margery Sauxders, Anthony
Saunders and F. A. Saunders.

Rochester, N. Y. (Highland and Durand-Eastman Parks and vicinities). — Dec. 28
7 A.M. until dark. Cloudy, with snow- flurries; ground frozen with about 5 in. of snow
wind northwest, 25 miles per hour; temp. 13° at start, 3° at finish. Herring Gull, 18
Ring-billed Gull, 3; Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Crow, 8; Tree
Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 2; Cedar Waxwing, 4; Brown Creeper, i. Total, 9
species, 41 individuals. — Wm. L. G. Edson and R. E. Horsey.

Rochester, N. Y. (Cobb's Hill and Highland Park). — Dec. 27; 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
Clear; 5 in. of snow; wind variable, light; temp. 15° at start, 20° at return. Observers
together. Herring Gull, 6; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Northern Flicker, i; Crow, 9;
Tree Sparrow, i; Slate-colored Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, i; Northern Shrike, i; Brown
Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Robin, i. Total, 11 species, 29 individuals.
The Song Sparrow was studied with an 8.x glass at 25 feet. The streaks and spots on its
breast were observed and its note of alarm was heard several times. — Richard M.
Chase and George P. Freeland.

Schenectady, N. Y. (Central Park and vicinity). — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 2 p.m. Cloudy
and dull; wind northwest, strong; temp. 31°; about 7 in. of snow. Distance covered,
about 7 or 8 miles. Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 30; Brown Creeper, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Black-capped Chickadee, 12. Total, 6 species, 53 individ-
uals.— ^Walter Philo.

Syracuse, N. Y. — Dec. 26; 10.45 ^■^^- to 3.20 p.m. Route from Fayetteville to Kirk-
ville through woods. Fair; no wind; ground covered with snow; temp. 22°. Downy.
Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 7; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Chickadee, 9. Total, 6 species, 31 individuals. — Nettie M. Sadler.

Tarrytown, N. Y. — Dec. 28; 9.30 to 11.30 a.m. and 1.30 to 4.30 p.m. Overcast;
6 in. of crusted snow; wind northwest, calm to brisk later north; temp. 25°. About 8
miles on foot. Sparrow Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 5; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 8; Starling, 50+; (Purple ?) Grackle, 20 (first
record for this time of year); Goldfinch, 30 -|-; Tree Sparrow, 60; Song Sparrow, 3;
Migrant Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped
Chickadee, 16. Total, 15 species, 209+ individuals. — William P. Osborn.

Sandy Hook, N. J., and Lower New York Bay. — Dec. 22; 8.15 a.m. to 4.40 p.m.
Mostly clear; ground bare; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 33° at noon. Ten miles by
steamboat, 6 on foot. Observers together after 11 a.m. Holboell's Grebe, i; Black-
backed Gull, 3 adults; Herring Gull, 1,000; Bonaparte's Gull, i; Black Duck, 10; Golden-
eye, i; Old-squaw, 2; White-winged Scoter, 14; Downy Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 8;
American Crow, 50; Fish Crow, 75; Starling, 70; Meadowlark, i; Snow Bunting, 3;
Ipswich Sparrow, 5; Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 2 (one seen excellently, P. caiidacutus — C. H.
R.); White-throated Sparrow, 9; Tree Sparrow, 10; Junco, 38; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal,
8; Cedar Waxwing, 3; Northern Shrike, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 35; Brown Thrasher, i
(seen excellently — J. P. Y.); Carolina Wren, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 2 (one sang);
Hermit Thrush, 2; Robin, loOk Total, 30 species, about 1,465 individuals. — John P.
Young and Charles H. Rogers.

Bemardsville, N. J. — Dec. 22; 11 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. and 3 to 5 p.m. Clear; 15 in. of
snow; no wind; temp. 28°. Common Pheasant, 4; Great Horned Owl, i; Downy Wood-

Bird -Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 35

pecker, 3; (Prairie? — Ed.) Horned Lark, 12; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 15; Starling, 2; Tree
Sparrow, 9; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chick-
adee, 5; Robin, 2. (Pheasant and Cardinal reported, not personally seen.) Total, 15
species, loi individuals. — J. Dryden Kuser.

Camden, N. J. ( and vicinity). — Dec. 23; 10.30 .v.m. to 3 p.m. Clear; ground bare;
wind northwest; temp. 30°. Herring Gull, 6; Bob-white, 6; Marsh Hawk, i; Red-
tailed Hawk, 6; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Barn Owl, i; Short-eared
Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 10; Starling, 50; Horned
Lark, 3; Meadowlark, 6; White-throated Sparrow, 8; Tree Sparrow, 10; Field Sparrow, i;
Junco, 20; Song Sparrow, 15; Cardinal, 2; Winter Wren, i; Tufted Titmouse, i; Robin,
2. Total, 24 species, 158 individuals. — Julian K. Potter.

Englewood Region, N. J. (Palisades Park, to Nordhoff , to Teaneck, through Engle-
wood to Englewood Cliffs, and along foot of Palisades to Edgewater). — Dec. 22; 8 .\.m.
to 4.30 P.M. Clear; 8 in. of snow; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 30° to 40°. Fifteen miles
on foot. Herring Gull, 300; American Merganser, 4; Black Duck, 15; Marsh Hawk, i;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Duck Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 10; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 15; Starling, 90; Red-winged
Blackbird, i female; Meadowlark, 6; Goldfinch, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 23; Tree
Sparrow, 21; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 33; Fox Sparrow, 3; Brown Creeper, 10; White-
breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped Chickadee, 3; Robin, i; Blue-
bird, 2. Total, 27 species, about 574 individuals. — Cl.\rk L. Lewis, Jr., and Edward
(i. Nichols.

Hackettstown, N. J. — Dec. 28; 8.10 to 11.30 a.m. Cloudj^; remainder of a i6-in.
drifted snow; wind south. Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 4; Starling, 18;
Purple Finch, 21 (most of these are part of a flock of about 40 which feed at my home);
Tree Sparrow, 35; Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 2. Total, 11 species, about loi individuals. Flock of (Prairie?
— Ed.) Horned Larks seen Nov. 17. — Mary Pierson Allen.

Moorestown, N. J. — Dec. 25; 6.45 a.m. to 5.20 p.m. Cloudy, with rain at intervals
through the morning; ground bare; wind westerly, light, becoming fresh; temp, at start
4oK°, at return 36°. Two parties covering different sections, and conveyed by auto-
mobiles. First party returned at 12.30 p.m.; second party traveled by auto 53 miles and
walked about 8. Herring Gull, 38; American Merganser, 10; Killdeer, 2; Marsh Hawk, 2;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, 7; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Kingfisher, 2; Hairy
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 5; Horned Lark, 11; Blue Jay, 20;
Crow, 717; Starling, 313; Red- winged Blackbird, 2; Meadowlark, i; Goldfinch, 10;
White-throated Sparrow, 26; Tree Sparrow, 81; Field Sparrow, 2; Junco, 272; Song
Sparrow, 35; Cardinal, 15; Mockingbird, i; Carolina Wren, 2; Winter Wren.
4; Brown Creeper, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Chickadee sp., 10; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
0; Robin, 4. Total, 32 species, 1,623 individuals. Total area covered was within a
diameter of 14 miles. — M. Albert Linton, Anna A. Mickle, John D. Carter. .\lki:
M. Carter, Wm. Bacon Evans and George H. Hallett, Jr.

Morristown, N. J. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; about a foot of old snow;
wind west, li^?hl; temp. 36°. Route, out the Lake Road to the Lake Road Bridge, thence
through Speedwell Park and Collinsville to the town's disposal beds, reluming along
the Erie tracks and through Evergreen Cemetery — about 6 miles. Observers together.
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 48; Crow, 15; Starling, 48;
Purple Finch, 20; Goldfinc4i, 20; Tree Sparrow, 62; Field Sparrow, i(seen at dose range,
also two characteristic notes heard); Junco, 60; Song Sparrow, 0; Cardinal, 4; (3 males,
I female); Brown Creeper, i; While-breasted .\uthatch, 8; Tufled Tilmousc. 2; Chick-
adee, 9; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Robin. ?. Total. iS speries. 300 individuals. —
i'.DW \Ki) i'viKHANK and K. C. Caskiv.

36 Bird -Lore

Mount Holly, N. J. — Dec. 23; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear; no wind; temp, at start 14°,
on return, 30°. Ten miles on foot. Observers together. Duck sp., 8; Turkey Vulture,
7; Cooper's Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 5;
Downy Woodpecker, 22; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 5,000 + ; Starling, 500 + ; Goldfinch, 7;
White-throated Sparrow, 10; Tree Sparrow, 25; Field Sparrow, 6; Junco, 500 + ; Song
Sparrow, 8; Cardinal, 10; Northern Shrike, i; Brown Creeper, 27 (number too high? —
Ed.); White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, 18; Chickadee sp., 9; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 4; Hermit Thrush, i; Robin, 3. Total, 25 species, 6,188 individuals. —
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson D. W. Pumyea.

New Brunswick, N. J. — Dec. 24; 9 a.m. to 1.45 p.m. (S.T.D.), 9.30 a.m. to i p.m.
and 3.30 to 4.20 P.M. (R. E. D.) Partly cloudy; 5 in. of snow; wind southerly, moderate;
temp. 36° to 43°. The observers covered different ground. Herring Gull, 8; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, 2; Cooper's Hawk, i; Goshawk, 7 [?-Ed.]; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Belted
Kingfisher, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 15; American
Crow, 433; Fish Crow, 36; Starling, 300; Purple Finch, 6; Goldfinch, i; White-throated
Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 4; Junco, 28; Song Sparrow, 14; Cardinal, 7; Winter Wren, 2;
Brown Creeper, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Robin, 3. Total, 23 species, 889 individuals. —
Ralph E. Dan forth and Stuart T. Danforth.

Plalnfield, N. J. (to Ash Swamp and back). — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 3.35 p.m. Overcast,
drizzling rain from 7.45 to 10 a.m.; about 8 in. of snow; little wind; temp. 38° at start,
37° at return. About 12 miles on foot. Ring-necked Pheasant, 4 (flock); Cooper's
(or Sharp-shinned?) Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow
Hawk, i; Barred Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 9;
Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 24; American Crow, 125; Starling, 65; Meadowlark, 22; Goldfinch,
5 (flock); White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 24; Junco, 24; Song Sparrow, 14;
Cardinal, 7; Carolina Wren, 2 together; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
7; Tufted Titmouse, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 8. Total, 25 species, 362 individuals. —
W. De W. Miller.

Princeton, N. J. (Mercer St. to Stony Brook, and 3 miles along the brook). — Dec. 26;
10.45 A.M. to 5. P.M. Clear; crisp snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 22° at start, 24° at
return. Observers most of time together. Ruffed Grouse, i; (Ring-necked?) Pheasant,
i; Mourning Dove, 9; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, i; Northern Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 8; American Crow, 200; Starhng, 8; Tree
Sparrow, 100; Slate-colored Junco, 150; Song Sparrow, 40; Cardinal, 18; Northern
Shrike, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped Chickadee.
20; Bluebird, 11 (one flock). Total, 19 species, about 579 individuals. Three Song
Sparrows singing softly at noon; 14 Cardinals in i flock. — Tertius van Dyke and
Hamilton Gibson.

Vineland, N. J. (Six miles northeast of Vineland). — Dec. 25; 10.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.
Light rain, sometimes mixed vdth snow, all day; wind northwest, light; temp. 39°.
Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 5; Starling (?), 25; Meadowlark, 3; Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 130;
Song Sparrow, 2; Chickadee sp. , 1. Total, 8 species, 218 individuals. — Wm. W. Fair.

Ardsley, BUUside and Roslyn, Pa. — Dec. 23; 12.30 to 4.30 p.m. Clear; 5 in. of snow;
wind west, light; temp. 32°. About 6 miles. Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, about 1,000; Starling, 28; Purple Grackle,
2; Tree Sparrow, 62 (in song); Junco, 17; Song Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, i. Total, 11 species,
about 1,123 individuals. — George Lear.

Beaver, Pa. (Beaver's Hollow, Dutch Ridge Road, Gypsy Glen). — Dec. 26; n a.m.
to 5.15 P.M. Clear; 3 in. of snow; wind west, light; temp. 23°. Bob-white, 6(one covey);
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Redpoll, 4; Tree Sparrow, 135; Song
Sparrow, 9; Junco, 63; Cardinal, 3; Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped Chickadee, 9;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6. Total, 12 species, about 249

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 37

individuals. The Redpolls were studied for 30 minutes at 15 feet, and all distinguishing
characteristics noted. — W. R. Boulton, Jr.

Buckingham (near Doylestown), Pa. — -Dec. 26; 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear; 5 in. of snow;
wind west; temp. 24°. Walked 5 miles. Bob-white, 2; Cooper's Hawk, i; Sparrow
Hawk, 3; Saw- whet Owl, i; Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, i; Crow,
18; Starling, 20; Canadian [Tree?-Ed.] Sparrow, 2; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal,
i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i. Total, 15 species, about 65 in-
dividuals.— Elizabeth Cox.

Forty Fort, Luzerne County, Pa. (to Trucksville and return). — ^Dec. 26; 9.30 a.m. to
4.30 P.M. Clear; 4 in. of snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 15°. Eleven miles, covering
river-flats, meadow, mountain, valley and swamps. Observers together. Sparrow Hawk,
i; Crow, 10; Starling, 2; American Goldfinch, 25; Tree Sparrow, 5; Chickadee, 2.
Total, 6 species, about 45 individuals. — H. W. Bay, Paul Bittenbender and Alvan
Wagner.

Haverford, Pa. (to Darby Creek and back). — Dec. 24; 10.30 a.m. to 4.45 p.m. Clear at
start, showery at return; 2 in. of snow, melting fast; wind southwest, moderate; temp.
37° at start, 41° at return. Eight miles on foot. Observers separate in a.m., together in
P.M. Red-tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Crow, 15; Starling, 4; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 2; Junco,
44; Song Sparrow, 13; Cardinal, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i;
Carolina Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total, 15 species, loi individuals. —
GuRDON ScoviLLE and Theodore Spencer.

Limerick, Pa. (to Linfield, Limerick Center, Stone Hills, and back). — Dec. 24; 10
A.M. to 4 P.M. Cloudy; from 6 to 12 in. of snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 32° to 36°.
Sixteen miles on foot. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 3 ; Cooper's Hawk, i ; Red-tailed Hawk, i ;Red-
shouldered Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, 12; Horned
Lark, i; Crow, numerous; Starling, 6; Meadowlark, i; Tree Sparrow, 29; Junco, 53;
Song Sparrow, 9; Northern Shrike, i. Total, 15 species, about 125 individuals-!- Crows.
— Edward K. Ziegler.

Lititz, Pa. (northern Lancaster Co., upper waters of the Hammer Creek). — Dec. 23;
8 A.M. to 5 P.M. Clear; temp. 2°; ground covered with snow; wind, none. Bob-white, 76
(seven coveys); Ruffed Grouse, 2; Turkey Vulture, 28; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Red-
shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Flicker,
3; Blue Jay, 18; Crow, about 2,000'; Goldfinch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 68; Slate-colored Junco,
82; Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 16; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 6. Total, 20 species, 346 individuals + Crows. —
Herbert H. Beck, Elmer E. Kautz and Abraham Beck Miller.

McKeesport, Pa. — Dec. 23; 7.15 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Mostly cloudy; light snow on
hillsides; no wind; temp. 20° to 36°. Fifteen miles on foot. Observers together except
for four hours. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 11; Flicker, i; Crow, 3;
Tree Sparrow, 80; Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 37; Towhee (female; heard and watched at
40 ft.), i; Cardinal, 12; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted
Titmouse, 25; Black-capped Chickadee, 14. Total, 13 species, 204 individuals. —I.. F.
Savage and Thos. L. McConnell.

Oaks, Montgomery Co., Pa. (Perkiomen Creek, from Mill Grove to Skippack—
Schuylkill River). — Dec. 24; 8.15 a.m. until 5 p.m. Cloudy; preposterous attempts at
rain throughout the day; 4 in. of snow; wind west; temp. 36° at start, 32° at return.
Covered a rough triangle 6 miles around. American Merganser, j; Red-tailed
Hawk, 2 (adult and immature); Sparrow Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, 2; Hairy
Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, i; Crow, 300-I-; Starling, 25 -f;
Meadowlark, i5-ffflo(k); Tree Sparrow, 20-I-; Junco, 30 + ; Song Sparrow, 5-I-:
Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper 10; White-breasted Nuthatch. 2; Tufted Titmouse,

38 Bird- Lore

IO+; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5 + . Total, 18 species, about 454 individuals. —
Conrad K. Roland.

Reading, Pa. — Dec. 23; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; 8 to 10 in. of snow; wind north,
light; temp. 10° at start, 35° at return. Observers together. Downy Woodpecker, 10;
Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 20; Starling, 20; White-throated Sparrow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 10;
Slate-colored Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Black-capped Chickadee, 10. Total, 11 species, 119 individuals. — Anna P. and Mary
K. Dektkr.

Reading, Pa. — Dec. 23; 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; 8 in. of snow; wind northwest, light
temp. 10° to 32°. Observers together. Sparrow Hawk, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6
Blue Jay, 14; Crow, 25; Starling, 14; Meadowlark, 2; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 5
Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 27; Cardinal, 15; Carolina Wren, i; Brown Creeper, i; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 10. Total, 15 species, 167 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs.
G. Henry Mengel.

Springs, Pa. — Dec. 25; 8.15 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Mostly clear; snow in patches; wind
southwest to northwest, light; temp. 42° to 34°. Walked 5 miles. Ruffed Grouse, i;
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 3; Tree Sparrow, 12; Junco, 9;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 6. Total,
9 species, 45 individuals. — Ansel B. Miller.

Telford, Pa. — Dec. 25; 8.15 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Raining at start, but clearing at
10.15 A.M. followed by brisk north wind; temp. 34°; 8 in. of snow. Bob- white, 15 (covey);
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Great Horned Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 4; American
Crow, 20; Starling, 6; Tree Sparrow, 17; Slate-colored Junco, 13; Song Sparrow, 11;
Brown Creeper, 3; W^hite-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Black-capped Chickadee, i; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 15. Total, 14 species, 115 individuals. Also one unidentified Hawk. —
Claude A. Butterwick.

West Chester, Pa. — Dec. 25; 11.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy, slight rain at start,
flurries of snow; ground covered with snow and ice; no wind; temp. 36° at start, 30°
at return. Eleven miles on foot. Turkey Vulture, 3; Cooper's Hawk, i ; Red-tailed Hawk,
4; Screech Owl, i; Downy W^oodpecker, 13; American Crow, 115; Starling, 15; Purple
Crackle, 2; Tree Sparrow, 50; Slate-colored Junco, 75; Song Sparrow, 45; Cardinal,
13; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 4. Total, 14 species, 344 individuals. —
C. E. Ehinger.

York, Pa. (to Wrightsville, along Susquehanna Rive). — Dec. 27; 7 a.m. to 12.30
P.M. Clear; 4 in. of crusty snow; calm; temp. 18° at start. Six miles on foot. Observers
together. American Merganser, 3; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Wood-
pecker, 11; Northern Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 53; Starling, i; Tree
Sparrow, 10; Slate-colored Junco, 21; Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 15; Cedar Waxwing,
3; Carolina Wren, 5 (singing); Brown Creeper, i; Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped
Chickadee, 12 (singing); Hermit Thrush, i. Yesterday a Crackle was observed, and
on Dec. 15 a male Towhee was positively identified where these observations
were made. Total, 18 species, 157 individuals. — Arthur Farquhar and Charles
Weiser.

Chevy Chase, Md. (northeast to Rock Creek and back). — Dec. 25; 7.30 a.m. to i
P.M. Sky darkly overcast; snow in sheltered locations; wind north, light; temp. 40° at
start, 35° at return; rain 10 to 12 a.m., snow in p.m. Eight or 9 miles on foot. Bob-white,
2; Turkey Vulture, 4; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Screech Owl, 2;
Hairy Woodpecker, i ; Downy Woodpecker, 1 1 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, i ; Sapsucker,
2; Blue Jay, 21; American Crow, 36; Fish Crow, 25; Starling 15 (first time the Starling
has been noted in Chevy Chase; they first appeared Dec. 16); Purple Finch, 3; White-
throated Sparrow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 2; Chipping Sparrow, i; Junco, 107; Song Sparrow,
4; Cardinal, 22; Mockingbird, 8; Carolina Wren, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Tufted

Bird -Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 39

Titmouse, 15; Carolina Chickadee, 4; Bluebird, 10. Total, 26 species, about 319 in-
dividuals.— S. W. Mellott.

Washington, D. C. (from a point 3V2 miles south of Congress Heights to Wood-
ridge, D. €.)• — 8:30 A.M. to 5 P.M. Fair; winds light, variable, becoming southerly in
P.M.; temp. 16° to 39°. Herring Gull, i; Bob-white, 17; Turkey Vulture, 34; Cooper's
Hawk, i; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 6; Broad-winged Hawk, i;
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Barred Owl, 2; Kingfisher, i; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 5; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, 10,000; Fish Crow, 91; Starling,
14; Red- winged Blackbird, 2; Meadowlark, 6; Purple Finch, 3; Goldfinch, 51;
White-throated Sparrow, 16; Tree Sparrow, 226; Junco, 327; Song Sparrow, 34;
Swamp Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 28; Migrant Shrike, i; Mockingbird, 3; Carolina
Wren, 5; Brown Creeper, i; Tufted Titmouse, 12: Carolina Chickadee, 12; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 4; Hermit Thrush, i; Bluebird, 14. Total, 36 species, 10,938 individ-
uals.— I. N. Gabrielsox and E. R. Kalmbach.

Washington, D. C. (Wellington to New Alexandria, Va. ; Arlington, Va. to Wash-
ington, D. C). — Dec. 26; 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. Clear; wind northwest, light but penetrating;
light snow covering ground; temp. 25° to 30°. Distance 12 miles. Hooded Merganser, 15;
Mallard, 50; Black Duck, 25; Redhead, 100; Canvasback, 500; Greater Scaup, 500;
Lesser Scaup, 6,000 (two sizes, as well as color reflections of heads); Goldeneye, 30;
Bufiflehead, 12 (all ducks through telescope, 25 diameters); Bob-white, 32 (7, 8, 16, i);
Turkey Vulture, 10; Marsh Hawk, i; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Cooper's Hawk, i;
Red-tailed Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Broad-winged Hawk, i; Bald Eagle, 3;
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 11; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Flicker, 2;
Blue Jay, 5; Common Crow, 300; Fish Crow, 7; Starling, 5; Rusty Blackbird, 60;
Purple Finch, 2; Goldfinch, 30; White-throated Sparrow, 25; Tree Sparrow, 150; Junco,
300; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 20; Migrant Shrike, i; Myrtle Warbler, i; Carolina
Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 11; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted
Titmouse, 15; Carolina Chickadee, 40; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 150; Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, 2; Bluebird, 50. Total, 45 species, 8,458 individuals. Ducks in three flocks, and
actual number probably exceeded ten or twelve thousand. — Mr. and Mrs. Leo D.
MiNKR, and Raymond W. Moore.

Mount Vernon to Dyke, Va. (by way of Dogue Creek). — Dec. 26; 8.30 a.m. to 5.15
P.M. Clear; 2 in. of snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 23° at start, 26° at finish. Twelve
miles on foot. Observers together. Red-breasted Merganser, 25; Black Duck, 6; Canvas-
back, 300; Lesser Scaup, 10; American Goldeneye, 2; Ruddy Duck, 75; Bob- white, 15;
Turkey Vulture, 8; Marsh Hawk, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Red-shouldered Hawk,
i; Bald Eagle, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 6;
Blue Jay, 16; Crow, 83; Fish Crow, i; Red-winged Blackbird, i; Meadowlark, 19;
Goldfinch, 11; White-throated Sparrow, 13; Tree Sparrow, 29; Junco, 156; Song
Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 8; Migrant Shrike, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 4; Mockingbird, 3; Caro-
lina Wren, 4; Winter Wren, 3; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Tufted Titmouse, 18; Carolina Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 13; Ruby-
crowned Kinglet, i; Hermit Thrush, i; Bluebird, 16. Total. 39 species, about 855 in-
dividuals.— Waldo McAtee and Edward A. Preble.

Grafton, W. Va. (McGee to Benton Ferry).— Dec. 25; 7.30 a..m. to 3.30 p.m. Cloudy
and snowing until noon; 2 in. of ^now at noon; wind west, light; temp. 20° at start, 35°
at end. Eight miles on fool. Bob-white, 6; Screech Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5;
.\mcrican Crow, 2; Chipping Sparrow, i; Slate-colored Junco, 70; Song Sparrow, 8;
Cardinal, 16; Carolina Wren, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 4. Total, 11 species,
about 120 individuals. — A. J. Dadisman.

Lewisburg, W. Va. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; 4 in. of snow (snow clinging to
the undcri^Towili made the ol)<;rrv,Tti<Mi dilTicull and disagreeable for thejib^ervers^ ;

40 Bird - Lore

no wind; temp. 8° at start, 26° at return. Fifteen miles on foot. Observers hunted
separately. Bob-white, 17 (2 coveys); Mourning Dove, 8; Turkey Vulture, 4; Red-
tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy
Woodpecker, 11; Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 14;
Northern Flicker, 4; Prairie Horned Lark, 31; Blue Jay, 21; Crow, 248; Meadowlark, 2;
Goldfinch, 8; Tree Sparrow, 208; Slate-colored Junco, 438; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 2;
Carolina Wren, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 32; Tufted Titmouse, 29; Bluebird, 6.
Total, 24 species, 1,096 individuals. — Harry and Chas. O. Handlev.

Boone, N. C. — Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy early, clearing in middle of
forenoon and becoming warm in middle of day — one of several mild days following two
weeks of unusually cold weather and an unusual snowfall for the season; ground bare on
southern slopes, 2 to 5 in. of snow in wooded valleys and on northern slopes; temp, at
8.30, 30°. Bob- white, 2; Ruffed Grouse, i; Great Horned Owl, i (heard just before day) ;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, i; American Crow, 15; Field
Sparrow, 2; Junco, 29; Song Sparrow, 4; Carolina Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
8; Tufted Titmouse, 19; Chickadee, 7. Total, 14 species, 95 individuals. — Roy M.
Brown.

Lexington, N. C. — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; i}4 in. of snow; wind north-
east to north, moderately strong; temp. 25° to 35°. Eight miles covered. Bob-white,
10; Turkey Vulture, 12; Northern Flicker, i; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 8; Purple Finch, 2;
Goldfinch, 13; White-throated Sparrow, 25; Field Sparrow, 42; Slate-colored Junco,
103; Song Sparrow, 40; Cardinal, 20; Migrant Shrike, i; Pine Warbler, 2; Carolina
Wren, 9; Bewick's Wren, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Carolina Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned
(?) Kinglet, 2; Hermit Thrush, i; Bluebird, i. Total, 21 species, 307 individuals. —
Theodore Andrews.

Atlanta, Ga. (Headwaters of North Utoy Creek and Procter Creek). — Dec. 22;
6.30 to 8.30 a.m. and i to 4.30 p.m. Clear; wind northwest, light; ground mostly
bare, a little ice and snow in shaded north exposures; temp. 39° at start, 50° at end.
Twelve miles afoot. Killdeer, i; Dove, 2; Turkey Vulture, i; Cooper's Hawk, i; (Red-
shouldered?) Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 3; Red-winged
Blackbird, 2; Meadowlark, 8; Goldfinch, 9; White-throated Sparrow, 27; Chipping
Sparrow, i; Field Sparrow, 40; Junco, 132; Song Sparrow, 8; Swamp Sparrow, i; Fox
Sparrow, 4; Towhee, 3; Cardinal, 6; Loggerhead Shrike, i; Pine Warbler, 12; Mocking-
bird, 2; Carolina Wren, 5; Bewick's Wren, i; Brown-headed Nuthatch, 2; Carolina
Chickadee, 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 6; Hermit Thrush, i;
Bluebird, i. Total, 32 species, 299 individuals. One Sparrow Hawk seen from ofl&ce
building in heart of city, where he has hunted for three years. Song Sparrows and White-
throats were in song. Dec. 8 to 18 was a cold spell of unprecedented length, with snow
and ice for over a week. — W. E. Hannum.

Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga. — Dec. 24; all day. Clear; ground bare, patches of snow
and ice in woods; wind southwest, light; temp. 20° to 50°. Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 3; Meadowlark, 6; Purple Finch, 15; White-throated
Sparrow, 12; Chipping Sparrow, 10; Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 8; Swamp Sparrow, 5;
Towhee, 7; Cardinal, 2; Myrtle Warbler, 3; Pine W^arbler, 20; Mockingbird, 4; Carolina
Chickadee, 35; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 2; Robin, 15; Bluebird, 25. Total, 20 species,
about 230 individuals. — Private John W. Russell.

Nashville, Tenn. (Bellemeade, Glendale Hills and 40-acre reservoir). — Dec. 23;
8 a.m. to I P.M. Clear; little snow; no wind; temp. 25° to 40°. Four miles on foot.
Mallard, 8; Killdeer, 3; Bob-white, 6; Black Vulture, 24 (together); Turkey Vulture, 2;
Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Screech Owl, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Hairy
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 5; Pileated Wood-
pecker, i; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 6; Flicker, 25; Prairie Horned Lark, 75 (2 flocks);

Bird -Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 41

Crow, 12; Meadowlark, 50; Bronzed Grackle, i; Purple Finch, 4; Goldfinch, 3; White-
crowned Sparrow, 4; White-throated Sparrow, 60; Field Sparrow, 14; Song Sparrow, 9;
Fox Sparrow, 2; Jiinco, 60; Towhee,8; Cardinal, 15; Myrtle Warbler, 3; Mockingbird,
12; Carolina Wren, 4; Bewick's Wren, 2; Winter Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Tufted Titmouse, 4; Carolina Chickadee, 8; Hermit Thrush, 2; Bluebird, 8. Total, 39
species, about 460 individuals. — A. F. Ganiee

Bardstown, Ky. — Dec. 22; 9.30 to 11 a.m. and 2 to 4 p.m. Cloudy; wind southeast,
at times rather strong; temp. 39° to 48°. About i,yi. miles. Black Vulture, 2; Cooper's
Hawk, i; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, i; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 21; Prairie Horned Lark, 17; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 34; White-
throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, i; Field Sparrow, i; Slate-colored Junco, 61; Song
Sparrow, 7; Towhee, i; Cardinal, 8; Cedar Waxwing 30; Myrtle Warbler, 16; Tufted
Titmouse, 21; Carolina Chickadee, 23; Robin, 125; Bluebird, 11. Total, 23 species, about
401 individuals. — Ben. J. Blincoe.

Albion, 111. ( to point 7 miles west and return.) — Dec. 25; 9.15 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy;
4 to 5 in. of snow; wind north, light, increasing in afternoon; temp, about 30°.
(Cooper's?) Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Bob- white, 3 together; Downy Woodpecker, 15;
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 8; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 25; Junco, 150 (or more);
Song Sparrow, i; Brown Creeper, i; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Carolina Chickadee, 15. Total,
13 species, 231 individuals. — John H. Gooch.

Chicago, 111. (Jackson Park — -Riverside to Willow Springs along the DesPlaines
River). — Dec. 23; 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy with slight rain; temp. 35° to 45°.
Horned Grebe, i; Herring Gull, 27; Ring-billed Gull, 10; Cooper's Hawk, i; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 15; Crow, 45; Lapland Longspur, 10; Tree
Sparrow, 75; Song Sparrow, 20; Junco, 4; Cardinal, 12; Carolina Wren, 2 (in full song);
Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Chickadee, 3; Robin, 2. Total, 18
species, about 250 individuals. — James D. Watson.

Port Byron, 111. (3 to 5 miles southeast). — Dec. 23; 8.15 a.m. to 3.20 p.m. Cloudy;
ground bare, ice in the creeks; wind south, moderate; temp. 40° at start, 48° at return.
Bob- white, 6 (covey); Rough-legged Hawk, 2; Screech Owl, i (heard at 6 p.m.); Great
Horned Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, 20; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 8; Northern Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 25; Crow, 10;
Tree Sparrow, 50; Slate-colored Junco, 100; Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, i; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 16; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Chickadee, 30. Total, 18 species, about
297 individuals. — J. J. Schafer.

Rantoul, 111. (2 miles through woods). — Dec. 25; 12 m. to 2 p.m. Slightly cloudy;
wind northeast, strong; temp. 20°. Bob-white, 12; Prairie Hen, 14; Cooper's Hawk, i;
Red-tailed Hawk, i; Rough-legged Hawk, 3; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, i; Flicker, i; Horned Lark, 50;
Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 200; Meadowlark, 3; Goldfinch, 12; Longspur, 150; Tree Sparrow, 12;
Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Red-breasted
Nuthatch, 12; Tufted Titmouse, 18; Black-capped Chickadee, 7; Bluebird, 2. Total,
25 species, 560 individuals.— Fred C. Carlson, Sidney E. and Ed. L. Kkblaw.

Fort Wayne, Ind. — Dec. 26; 8.45 a.m. to 12 m. Fair; wind east, light; temp. 14";
ground bare. About 7 miles on fo9t. Duck sp., 2; Sparrow Hawk, i; Barred Owl, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, i; Blue Jay, 8; American Crow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 12;
Slate-colored Junco, 24; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 13; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Tufted Titmouse, i; Black-capped Chickadee, 5. Total, 14 species, about 04 individuals.
— P. William Sihler.

Fort Wayne, Ind. — Dec. 23; 7.45 a.m. to \ p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; no wind; temp.
33°. Kight miles on foot. Observers together. Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Wood-
pecker, 13; Flicker, 2; Prairie Horned Lark, 4; Blue Jay, 17; .\merican Crow, 25;

42 Bird - Lore

American Goldfinch, 30; Tree Sparrow, 71; Slate-colored Junco, 35; Song Sparrow, 4;
Towhee, 2; Cardinal,;; Carolina Wren,i; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch,
9; Black-capped Chickadee, 5. Total, 16 species, 230 individuals. — Chas. A. Stock-
BRinc.E, A. A. RiNGWALT and Henry \V. Lepper.

Lafayette, Ind. (Tecumseh Trail to Wabash Valley Sanitarium and back through
Happy Hollow). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground bare; wind north,
raw and cold; temp, thawing slightly in sun in sheltered spots. Seven miles on foot.
Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, i; Crow, 7; Goldfinch, 14;
Tree Sparrow, 50; Junco, 25; Cardinal, 6; Brown Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 22.
Total, 10 species, 133 individuals. — M. L. Fisher.

Roachdale,Ind. — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy, ground bare; wind southwest,
moderate; temp. 40° to 46°. Eight miles on foot. Barred Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker,
4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 4; Bluejay,6; American Crow, 240; Tree Sparrow,
7; Slate-colored Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 5; Carolina Wren, 2; Brown
Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Black-capped Chickadee, 11. Total, 14 species, about
340 individuals. Also one large, unidentified Hawk. — Ward J. Rice.

Cadiz, Ohio. — Dec. 23; 9.15 a.m. to 1.20 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare to 2 in. of snow
in the woods and on northern slopes, and remains of great drifts in places; wind south-
east, light; temp. 27° to 36°. Walked 7 miles. Bob-white, 15; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy
Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 9; Crow, 5;
Goldfinch, i; Tree Sparrow, 2; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 8; Carolina
Wren, 2 (sang); White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 16 (sang); Chickadee,
5; Bluebird, i. Total, 17 species, 112 individuals. — Harry B. McConnell, John
WoRLEY' and Raymond Timmons.

Canton, Ohio. — Dec. 23; 7 a.m. to 3.45 p.m. Cloudy; ground with numerous snow-
patches; wind southeast, light; temp. 26° to 38°. Ground covered, 10 miles. Marsh
Hawk i; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Tree Spar-
row, 250; Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Tit-
mouse, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, 2. Total, 10 species, 287 individuals.- — Edward D.

KiMES.

Canton, Ohio. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; wind north, light; ground bare;
with patches of snow; temp. 17°. Five miles on foot. Observers together. Downy
Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 5; Tree Sparrow, 40; Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 5;
Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Chickadee, 2.
Total, 10 species, 82 individuals. — May S. Danner and Mary King.

Crestline, Ohio. — Dec. 28; 9.30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Light clouds, flurries of snow; ground
almost bare; temp. 5° at start, 10° at return; wind north, very sharp. Walked 9 miles.
Nearly all the birds found on south side of the woodlands. Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy
Woodpecker, 7; Red-headed Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 8;
Blue Jay, i; Crow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 52; Slate-colored Junco, 35; Song Sparrow, 2;
Cardinal, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 4; Black-cajjped Chickadee.
I. Total, 14 species, 133 individuals. — Sheridan F. Wood.

Delaware, Ohio.— Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground lightly snow-covered;
temp. 22°. Great Horned Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-
headed Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 2; Crow. 3; Junco, 4;
Song Sparrow, 2; Towhee, 2; Cardinal, 6; Titmouse, i; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2.
Total, 13 species, 30 individuals. Blue Jays and Cardinals seem very scarce this winter.
— Harry H. Hipple.

Hillsboro, Ohio. — Dec. 22; 9.30 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; 8 in. of snow, drifted; wind
northeast, slight; temp. 25°. Mourning Dove, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered
Hawk, i; Kingfisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 7; Yellow-bellied Sapsuckcr, i; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 8-|-;

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 43

Meadowlark, i; Tree Sparrow, 20; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Slate-colored Junco,
125; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 15; Winter Wren, 2; Carolina Wren, i; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Black-capped Chickadee, 12; Robin, i. Total, 23
species, 248 individuals. — Letha E. Roads.

Huron, Ohio. — Dec. 23; 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy with snow and rain; wind south,
fresh; temp. 33°. Observers together. Herring Gull, 10; Merganser, 5; Bald Eagle, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 5; Northern Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 4; Bronzed Crackle, 2; Tree
Sparrow, 37; Slate-colored Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 8; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Chickadee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 15
species, 92 individuals. — H. G. Morse and D. C. Reed.

Laceyville, Ohio, (g miles west of Cadiz). — Dec. 23; 10 a.m. to i p.m. Cloudy, with
rain in the evening; ground partly covered with snowdrifts; wind east and southeast;
temp. 22° in morning, 40° at noon. Red-tailed Hawk, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Screech
Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Crow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 25;
Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 3; Cedar Waxwing, i; Carolina Wren, i; White-
breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 5. Total, 15 species, 80 in-
dividuals. I found the winter residents very scarce compared with other winter censuses.
— E. E. Smith.

Oberlin, Ohio (radius of 6 miles south and west of town). — Dec. 27; g a.m. to ^ p.m.
Cloudy; ground barely covered with snow; wind northeast, sharp, snappy; temp. 24°
at start, 32° at return. About 15 miles on foot. Herring Gull, 3; Mallard, i female;
Bob-white, 3; Marsh Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Screech Owl, 4; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 6; Blue Jay, 8; Goldfinch,
15 + ; Tree Sparrow, 75 + ; Slate-colored Junco, 13; Cardinal, 8; Winter Wren, i; Brown
Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Red-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted Titmouse,
2; Chickadee, 3; Robin, i. Total, 22 species, 165+ individuals. — Helen M. Rice.

Wilmington, Ohio. — Dec. 23; 9 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Walked about 8 miles. Ground
partly covered with snow; temp. 32° to 40°; wind southeast to west; cloudy. Black
Vulture, 18; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Great Horned Owl, i; Owl (un-
identified), i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 11; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, 33; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 13; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 28; Gold-
finch, 59; Tree Sparrow, 30; Junco, 84; Song Sparrow, 19; Fo.k Sparrow, i; Towhce,
26; Cardinal, 31; Nuthatch, 5; Titmouse, 25; Chickadee, 9; Golden-crowned King-
let, 6. Total, 22 species, 439 individuals. The Black Vulture is becoming common
in Clinton and Warren Counties. This is the first time we have seen the Fo.\
Sparrow wintering in this locality. Out of the 26 Towhees, 3 were females, the first time
we have known the females to winter here. This was immediately following two week'^
of severe winter, temperature as low as 20° below zero. — George D. Haworth and
H. N. Henderson.

Youngstown, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground slightly snow-covered;
wind northwest; temp. 22°. Walked about 15 miles;by automobile 20 miles. Observers were
sejjaratcd some of the time. Ruffed Grouse, 3; Red-tai.ed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i;
Barred Owl, i; Screech Owl, t; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, ih; Red-
headed Woodpecker, 12; Red bellied Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 41; Goldfinch, 2; Tree
Sparrow, 67; Slate-colored Junco, 51; Song Sparrow, 14; Towhce, 5; Cardinal, 29;
Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 30; Tufted Titmouse, 22; Chickadee,
139; (iolden-crowned Kinglet, 7. .\mong additional species seen the previous week were.
Hooded Merganser, Tileatcd Woodpecker, Pine Siskin and Carolina Wren. Total, 21
species, 453 individuals.— George L. Fordvck, C. .\. I.ei-dy, Wii.i.is M. Warner and
VoLNEY Rogers.

Detriot, Mich. (Palmer Park and Belle Isle). — Dec. 24; 8 a..m. to 12 m. and 2 to 4
i'.\i. (Inufly, with misty rain; ground bare; no wind; temp. 42° 1044". Herring Gull, 20;

44 Bird - Lore

Merganser, 14; Scaup, 20; American (ioldeneye, 53; Barrow's Goldeneye, 10; Redhead,
6; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Slate-colored Junco, 20; Blue Jay, 4;
Crow, 3; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 2.
Total, 14 species, 177 individuals. — Etta S. Wilson.

Lauderdale Lakes, near Elkhom, Wis. — Dec. 26; 10 .^.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2.30 to
3.15 P.M. Partly cloudy, ground bare; wind east, shifting to southeast, brisk; temp. 21°
at start, 27° at finish. Five miles on foot. Observers together. Mallard, 1 1 ; Hairy Wood-
pecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 7; Tree Sparrow, 12; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 2. Total, 7 species, 39 individuals. This winter is remarkable for
the absence of the Black-capped Chickadee, only one having been seen since Oct. 25;
very plentiful here in previous winters. — Lula Dunbar, Mildred Elizabeth Lean
and Robert Dunbar. Jr.

Racine, Wis. (Lake front, 3 miles up river and back). — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 2.30 p.m.
Cloudy, sun shining dimly at times; no snow; wind south, light; temp. 20°. Ten miles
on foot. Observers in two groups. Herring Gull, 105; American Scoter, 4; Downy
Woodpecker, 19; Blue Jay, 25; Crow, 48; Red-breasted Nuthatch, i. Total, 6 species,
202 individuals. — Mrs. W^m. Van Arsdale, Miss Bessie Horlick, Miss L. Du Four
and Theo. G. Stelzer.

Waukesha, Wis. — Dec. 26; 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Morning cloudy, afternoon clear;
ground bare; wind east, light; temp. 20° at start, 30° at return. Ten miles on foot.
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 5. Total, 3 species, 11 individuals.
Remarkably few birds in this vicinity this winter. — May Morgan.

Mankato, Minn. — Dec. 25. Cloudy, clearing before noon; snow in patches; temp.
— 4° to +10°. Screech Owl, i; Great Horned Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy
Woodpecker, 10; Pileated Woodpecker, i; Blue Jay, 4; Crow, i; Tree Sparrow, 50;
Slate-colored Junco, 35; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 7.
Total, II species, about 120 individuals. — Walker Ferguson.

St. Peter, Minn. — Dec. 28; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground covered by light snow;
wind northwest, medium; temp. 6° below zero. Five mile tramp; woods, fields and river-
bottom. Observers together. Wilson's Snipe, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Wood-
pecker, 7; Blue Jay, 6; Tree Sparrow, 5; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7;
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 26. Total, 9 species, 63 individuals.
Flushed the Snipe twice; was able to approach within 15 feet of it. — H. J. LaDue and
R. H. Ferman.

Bettendorf, Iowa. — Dec. 22; 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., Bettendorf and vicinity; 2 to
4.30 P.M., Suburban Island. Partly cloudy; ground bare; wind south, light; temp. 34°
at start, 40 ° at return. Nine miles on foot. Canada Goose, 3; Screech Owl, i; Hairy
Woodpecker, 23; Downy Woodpecker, 13; Red-headed Woodpecker, 23; Flicker, 2;
Blue Jay, 21; American Crow, 6; Red- winged Blackbird, 350; Tree Sparrow, 69;
Slate-colored Junco, 38; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 18; Tufted Titmouse, 21; Black-capped Chickadee, 30. Total, 17
species, 609 individuals. — ^HuGO H. Schroder.

Davenport, Iowa. — Dec. 23; i to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind south, light;
temp. 40° at start, 48° at return. Five miles on foot. Observers together. Hairy Wood-
pecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 16; Red- winged Blackbird,
1,500; Tree Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 100-f; Towhee, i; Cardinal, 4; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 25; American
Robin, 2. Total, 13 species, 1,664 individuals. An unusual number of Red- winged
Blackbirds this autumn and winter — flocks of thousands on several dates. — J. H.
Poarmann and Hugo H. Schroder.

Sioux City, Iowa (Stone Park and vicinity). — Dec. 23; 8.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear;
wind southeast, light; temp. 31° to 40°. Observers together. Five to 7 miles afoot.

Bird -Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 45

Red-tailed Hawk, i; Western Horned Owl, i; Downy Woodpecker, 12; Flicker, 4;
Blue Jay, i; Crow, 14; Goldfinch, 4g; Pine Siskin, i;JTree Sparrow, 82; Junco, 15; Cardinal,
6; Brown Creeper, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9; Chickadee, 31; Bluebird, i. Total,
15 species, 231 individuals. — Dr. T. C. Stephens and A. F. Allex.

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. (woods and river nearby). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to i p.m.
Cloudy; ground bare and frozen; wind northeast; temp. 15°. Cooper's Hawk, i; Downy
Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Prairie Horned Lark, 2; Blue
Jay, 6; Crow, 20; Redpoll, 8; Goldfinch, 40; Pine Siskin, 26; Tree Sparrow, 10; Junco, 50;
Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Tufted Titmouse, 10; Chickadee, 6; Bluebird, 5. Total, 19 species, 200 individuals. —
Private George E. Ekblaw.

Marionville, Mo. — Dec. 26; entire day. Wind cold, strong. Red-tailed Hawk, 2;
Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker i; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, i; Flicker, i; Prairie Horned Lark, 20; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 100; Meadowlark, 2;
Goldfinch, i; White-throated Sparrow, 3; Field Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 20;
Cardinal, 4; Mockingbird, i; Winter Wren, i; White-breasted Nuthatch, i; Tufted
Titmouse, 5; Chickadee, 8; Robin, 15; Bluebird, 6. Total, 22 species, about 225 in-
dividuals.— Johnson Neff.

Marshall, Mo. — Dec. 22; 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind light, south;
temp, at start 36°. Distance, 8 miles. Bob- white, 5; Marsh Hawk, i; Cooper's Hawk,
i; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Hairy W'oodpecker, 5; Northern
Downy Woodpecker, 12; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 8; Northern Flicker, 7; Blue Jay,
rs; American Crow, 22; American Goldfinch, 63; Tree Sparrow, 35; Slate-colored
Junco, 63; Cardinal, 32; Carolina Wren, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 14; Black-capped
Chickadee, 12. Total, 18 species, 314 individuals. Note the shortage of seed-eating
birds, the absence of occasional visitants, as well as of some of the regulars. — J. A.
Laughlin.

Marysville, Mo. (west, north, and east of town and back). — Dec. 26. Cloudy;
wind southeast, strong; temp. 27° at start, 28 °at finish. Fourteen miles on foot; three
types of country in vicinity. Red-tailed Hawk, i; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Northern
Flicker, i; Blue Jay, i; American Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 56; Slate-colored Junco, 130;
Cardinal, 2; Brown Creeper, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 17. Total, 10 species, about
215 individuals.— Virginia C. Robinson.

Salem, Mo. — Dec. 25; 10 to 11.50 a.m. and 2 to 4.20 p.m. Cloudy; ground and trees
covered with ice; wind, chill northeast, brisk; temp. 25° in morning, 30° in evening.
Twelve miles on foot. Observers together. Duck sp., i; Wilson's Snipe, i; Turkey
Vulture, i; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy
Woodpecker, 8; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed Woodpecker, 11; Flicker, 5;
Prairie Horned Lark, 17; Blue Jay, 38; Crow, 108; Red-winged lilackbird, 2; Meadowlark,
16; Rusty Blackbird, 30; Bronzed Crackle, i; Purple Finch, 2; American Goldfinch,
25; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 167; Field Sparrow, lo; Slate-colored
Junco, 348; Song Sparrow, 4; Towhee, 3; Cardinal, 13; Loggerhead Shrike, i; Myrtle
Warbler, i; Carolina Wren, 3; Winter Wren, i; Bewick's Wren, 2; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 25; Carolina Chickadee, 12; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i;
Robin, 7; Bluebird, 6; Total, 37 species, 888 individuals. — Paul Dent and Dent

JOKERST.

Dewitt, Ark. — Dec. 20; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Clear; ground bare; wind light, south; temp.
40" to 60°. Five miles through heavy bottom-woods and cultivated fields. Mallard,
300; Mourning Dove, 14; Turkey Vulture, 9; Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 6; yellow-bellied Sapsuckcr, 2; Pilcated Woodpecker, 4; Red-
bellied Woodpecker, 15; Flicker, 5; Blue Jay, 15; Red- winged Blackbird, 60; Meadow-
lark, 14; Rusty Blackbird, 450; Bronzed Crackle, 76; Goldfinch, 29; Whltc-throatcd

46 Bird - Lore

Sparrow, y6; Field Sparrow, i6; Junco, 150; Song Sparrow, 31; Swamp Sparrow, 7;
Fox Sparrow, 2; Towhee, i; Cardinal, 6; Cedar Waxwing, 50; Migrant Shrike, i; Myrtle
Warbler, 19; Pipit, 4; Mockingbird, 7; Brown Thrasher, i- Carolina Wren, 9; Bewick's
Wren, i; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Tufted Titmouse, 17; Carolina
Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 7; Hermit Thrush, 2; Robin, 13; Bluebird, 6.
Total, 40 species, 1,463 individuals. — Alexander Wetmore.

Aransas Pass, San Patricio Co., Texas. — ^Dec. 24; daylight until dark. Fair and
calm; temp. 72". Country visited: Mesquite prairies, fresh- water ponds, live-oak
groves, bays and beaches. Loon, i; Herring Gull, 25; Ring-billed Gull, 50; Laughing
Gull, 25; Caspian Tern, 20; Royal Tern, 2; Gull-billed Tern, 50; P'orster's Tern, i;
Florida Cormorant, 20; White Pelican, 5; Brown Pelican, 100; Gadwall, 2; (Green-
winged?) Teal, 2; Shoveler, 2; Pintail, 1,000; Redhead, 75; Canvasback, 2; Lesser
Scaup, 300; Ring-necked Duck, i (collected); (Hutchin's?) Goose, 6; Lesser Snow Goose,
35; (Ward's?) Heron, 10; Egret, i; Little Blue Heron, 100; Yellow-crowned Night Heron,
3; Least Sandpiper, 6; Red-backed Sandpiper, 15; Semipalmated and Western Sand-
piper, 100; Sanderling, 2; Greater Yellowlegs, 4; Lesser Yellowlegs, i; Western Willet,
i,ooo-|-; Long-billed Curlew, 4; Hudsonian Curlew, i; Black-bellied Plover, 25; Killdeer,
4; Semipalmated Plover, 2; Piping Plover, i; Snowy Plover, 2; Turnstone, 8; Mourning
Dove, i; Mexican Ground Dove, i; Inca Dove, 6; Turkey Vulture. 25; Black Vulture, 8;
Marsh Hawk, 10; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Audubon's Caracara, 4;
Red-bellied Woodpecker, i; Flicker, 5; Phoebe, 4; Texas Horned Lark, 8; Red-eyed
Cowbird, 3; Rio Grande Meadowlark, 75; Great-tailed Grackle, 250; Goldfinch sp., i;
Savannah Sparrow, i; Field Sparrow, 2; Gray-tailed Cardinal, 10; Tree Swallow, 6;
Loggerhead Shrike, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 25; Pipit sp., 15; Mockingbird, 10; Black-
crested Titmouse, 2; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 4; Hermit Thrush subsp. , i. Total, 68
species, 3,497 individuals. Seen also on preceding and following days: Horned Grebe, 4;
Pied-billed Grebe, i; Red-breasted Merganser, 50; Hooded Merganser, 2; Mallard, i;
Baldpate, 4; White-fronted Goose, 11; Wood Ibis, 3; Louisiana Heron, 4; Black-crowned
Night Heron, 2; Long-billed Dowitcher, i; Horned Owl, i; making a grand total of 80
species. Census gives no idea of the extreme abundance of shore-birds, which have been
protected in Texas for three years. Shoveler and Forster's Tern much commoner than
census would indicate. — Lieut. Carroll R. Dunham, U. S. R., and Lieut. Ludlow
Griscom, U. S. R.

Eagle Lake, Texas. — Dec. 27; 8.30 a.m. to 12 m. and i to 4 p.m. Clear; wind light,
south; temp. 55° to 65°. Walked 9 miles through marsh, cultivated lands, live oaks
and scrub. Green- winged Teal, 15; Shoveler, 12; Coot, 8; Wilson's Snipe, 6; Least Sand-
piper, 2; Killdeer, 8; Quail, 12; Mourning Dove, i; Turkey Vulture, 15; Black Vulture,
30; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Downy Wood-
pecker, i; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 3; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 8; Yellow-shafted
Flicker, 10; Phoebe, 5; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 2; Cowbird, 15; Red- winged Blackbird, 150;
Meadowlark, 12; Brewer's Blackbird, 300; Great-tailed Grackle, 75; Goldfinch, 30;
Vesper Sparrow, 4; Harris's Sparrow, i; White-crowned Sparrow, 100; White-
throated Sparrow, 5; Song Sparrow, 5; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Fox Sparrow, 2; Arctic
Towhee, 5; Green-tailed Towhee, i; Cardinal, 40; Cedar Waxwing, 40; Shrike, 2; Myrtle
Warbler, 8; Yellow-throat, 7; Pipit, 75; Mockingbird, 50; Brown Thrasher, 30;
Carolina Wren, 6; House Wren, i; Long-billed Marsh Wren, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 3;
Plumbeous Chickadee, 4; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 3; Hermit Thrush, 3; Robin, 7. Total,
51 species, 1,045 individuals. — Alexander Wetmore.

Fremont, Neb. — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Wind south, raw; temp. 18°; no snow.
Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 3: Prairie Horned Lark, 10;
Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 4; Red Crossbill, i; Western Meadowlark, i; Goldfinch, 2; Tree
Sparrow, 15; Slate-colored Junco, 6; Brown Creeper, 2; Cedar Waxwing. i; Chick-

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 47

adee, 12; Golden-crownccl Kinglet, 4; Robin, i. Total, 16 species, 72 individuals. — -Ln,v
RuEGG Button.

Omaha, Neb. — Dec. 27. Clear; no wind; ground bare; temp. 30°. Trips in four
directions through parks partly wooded and cemeteries right about the city. Mallard,
(male), i; Wilson's Snipe, 2; (Broad- winged?) Hawk, i; Long-eared Owl, i; Barred Owl,
2; Screech Owl, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 5: Downy Woodpecker, 16; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, i; Flicker, 17; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, i; Goldfinch, i; Harris's Sparrow, 6; Tree
Sparrow, 7; Slate-colored Junco, 261; Song Sparrow, i; Cardinal, 9; Brown Creeper, 3;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 47; Golden-crowned Kinglet, i. Total, 22 species,
462 individuals. — Miles Greenleaf, L. O. Horsky, W. W. Marsh and S. R. Towxe.

Fargo, N. D. — Dec. 23; 11.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Mostly cloudy; wind south, very light,
shifting to north and starting to storm; very little snow on fields, 3 to 4 in. in woods;
temp. 30°. Fields and woods along river; 12 to 14 miles on foot. Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Horned Lark? (flying at a distance), 2; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7;
Chickadee, i. Total, 5 species, 15 individuals. — O. A. Stevens.

Bozeman, Mont. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 12 m. and 2.30 p.m. to 4 p.m. Fair to cloudy;
a trace of snow; calm; temp. 19° at start, 34° at return. Seven miles on foot. Belted
Kingfisher, i; Red-shafted Flicker, 2; Magpie, 10; Clarke's Nutcracker, i; Redpoll, 40;
Western Tree Sparrow, 16; Mountain Song Sparrow, i; Bohemian Waxwing, 75; Long-
tailed Chickadee, 17. Total, 9 species, 163 individuals. — Nelson Lundwall.

Missoula, Mont. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; no wind; freezing; ground
bare. Six- mile circuit. Belted Kingfisher, 2; Batchelder's Downy Woodpecker, i;
Red-shafted Flicker, 5; Magpie, 2; Bohemian Waxwing, 1,000 or 1,200 in flocks averag-
ing perhaps 200 each; Dipper, 3; Long-tailed Chickadee, 8. Total, 7 species, 21 in-
dividuals -)- Waxwings. — A. D. DiBois

Meridian, Idaho (irrigated farm lands). — Dec. 23; 8 a..\i. to 2.45 p.m. Dark
cloudy, raining about half the time; ground bare; grass growing a little; no wind;
temp. 42° (?) at start, 48° (?) at return. Eleven miles on foot. Mallard, 155 (6
flocks); Shoveler (?), 3 (each one alone; only one seen at all well); Great Blue
Heron, 2; Wilson's Snipe, 3; Killdeer, 12 (flock); Bob- white, 13 (covey and one bird
heard in another place); Chinese Pheasant, 44; Western Mourning Dove, i; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, 4 (2 or 3 may have been some other kind); Hawk sp. (large), i;
Long-eared Owl, 2; Short-eared Owl, 3; Red-shafted Flicker, 18; (Pallid?) Horned Lark,
193; Magpie, 259; Blackbird sp., 3; Western Meadowlark, 33 (nearly all singing);
House Finch, 180; Pale Goldfinch (?), 31; Gambel's Sparrow, 65; Shufeldt's Junco,
258; Merrill's Song Sparrow, 51; White-rumped Shrike, i; Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 3.
Total, 24 species, about 1.302 individuals. — .\lex. Stalker.

Denver, Col. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12.15 P-M-. 8 miles by auto to eastern edge of city;
2.30 to 5.15 P.M., 14 miles by auto, south along Platte River. Clear; ground bare; temp.
A.M., 28°, noon, 46°, and 5 p.m., 36°. South wind a.m., north wind p.m., both mild and
light. Great Blue Heron, i; Ring-necked Pheasant, 26; .\merican Rough-legged Hawk.
2; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, i; Red-shafted Flicker, 4; Desert Horned
Lark, 40; Magpie, 30; Red-winged Blackbird, 125; Meadowlark. 8; House Finch. 12;
Tree Sparrow, 100; Slate-colored Junco, i; Montana Junco, i; Pink-sided Junco, 2:
Gray-headed Junco, i; Song Sparrow, 8; Northern Shrike. 2; Long-tailed Chickadee, 1,.
Total, 19 si)ecies, about 370 individuals. — W. H. liKRCTOLU.

Fort Morgan, Col. (a cross-country walk of 5 miles and in returning following a
river 6 miles ). -Dec. 25; 8.30 a.m. to 4 I'.m. Clear; very lilllo snow scattered about;
light west wind; temp. 30° at start, 45° at return. Klevcn miles on foot. Wilson's
Snipe, 14; Western Goshawk, i; Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk, i; Belled Kingfisher,
1; Red-shafted Flicker, 3; Desert Horned Lark, 10; .American .NLigpie, 14; Piflon Jay,
5; Western Tree S|)arrow, 125 (3 flocks); i flock of 40 I'ink-sided and ( Iray-hcadrd

48 Bird - Lore

Juncos; Northern Shrike, i; Oregon Chickadee, 5. Total, 12 species, about 232 In-
dividuals. The Goshawk was seen coming up the river toward me as he was pursuing
the Kingfisher. Just as the latter was close to me I stood up to get a better view, when the
Hawk instantly halted in mid-air and retreated as the Kingfisher flew on past me. It
was a rather exciting picture. — P. H. Steele.

Sacaton, Arizona (from Santan Day School on Pima Indian Reservation to Gila
River and return in circular route). — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground bare,
plenty of feed for all; very calm; temp, average, 65°. Killdeer, 16; Gambel's Quail. 500;
Mourning Dove, 31; Turkey Vulture, 6; Western Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Roadrunner, 4;
Gila Woodpecker, 6; Red-shafted Flicker, 9; Red- winged Blackbird subsp., 30; Western
Meadowlark, 60; Brewer's Blackbird, 80; Western Vesper Sparrow, 50; White-crowned
Sparrow, 270; Intermediatejunco, 40; Texas Cardinal, 14; Western Blue Grosbeak (male),
i; White-rumped Shrike, 6; Palmer's Thrasher, 18; Lead-colored Bush-tit, 11. Total,
19 species, 1,156 individuals. The Blue Grosbeak was studied with 8x glasses at close
range; dark blue in color: bluish bill, very strong and wide. — John B. Slate.

Spokane, Wash, (to Long Lake and back). — Dec. 23; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground
bare; stiff north breeze; temp. 32° at start, 35° at return. Thirty miles by auto, 3 miles
on foot. Observers together. Pied-billed Grebe, i (collected); Belted Kingfisher, i;
Red-shafted Flicker, 6; American Magpie, 2; American Red Crossbill, 8; Willow Gold-
finch, 4; Oregon Junco, 25; Merrill's Song Sparrow, 2; Slender-billed Nuthatch, i; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 4; Pygmy Nuthatch, 6; Oregon Chickadee, 10; Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 7; Western Robin, i; Western Bluebird, 5. Total, 15 species, 83
individuals. The weather so far this winter has been invariably mild, snowless and almost
frostless, so that the usual flocks of birds from the north are mostly absent. — Fred-
erick Greenwood, Dr. A. H. Benefiel and Walter Bruce.

Multnomah (near Portland), Ore., to Columbia Slough (near Vancouver), Wash. —
Dec. 23; 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. Clear; wind westerly; temp. 40°. Thirty miles by auto., 7 on
foot. Observers together. Glaucous- winged Gull, 12; Herring Gull, 87; Mallard, 45;
Canada Goose, 43; Great Blue Heron, i; Killdeer, i; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 2; Ken-
nicott's Screech Owl, i; Northwestern Flicker, 9; (Streaked?) Horned Lark, 51; Stellar's
Jay, 7; Western Meadowlark, 27; Brewer's Blackbird, 35; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 2;
Oregon Junco, 241; Rusty Song Sparrow, 19; Oregon Towhee, 11; Western Winter
Wren, i; Western Golden-crowned Kinglet, 11; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 15; Western
Robin, 5; Western Bluebird, 5. Total, 22 species, about 630 individuals. — Mamie E.
Campbell, A. L. Campbell and O. I. Gale.

Portland, Ore. — Dec. 23; 9.30 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. and 1.45 to 5 p.m. Fair, after
several days' hard rain; light wind, mostly northeast; ground bare; average temp. 41°.
Glaucous-winged Gull, 13; California Gull, 18; Mallard, 8; Bufiiehead, 4; Canada
Goose, 100; Great Blue Heron, 2; American Coot, 25; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Desert
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Northwestern Flicker, 6; Western Crow, 87; Northwestern Crow, 2;
Western Meadowlark, 14; Willow Goldfinch, 50; Nuttall's Sparrow, 2; Golden-crowned
Sparrow, 13; Oregon Junco, 115; Rusty Song Sparrow, 18; Yakutat Fox Sparrow, i;
Oregon Towhee, 7; Oregon Chickadee, i; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Western Robin,
30. Total, 23 species, 520 individuals. — Mary E. Raker.

Portland, Ore. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to i p.m. and 1.45 to 4.30 p.m. Ground bare; rain
throughout day; temp. 43° to 58°. California Gull, 6; Mallard, 4; Blue-winged Teal, 5;
Bufllehead, 100; Canada Goose, 1; American Coot, 10; Ring-necked Pheasant, 5;
Desert Sparrow Hawk, i; Belted Kingfisher, 2; Harris's Woodpecker, i; Northwestern
Flicker, 2; Willow Goldfinch, 4; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 12; Oregon Junco, 70; Rusty
Song Sparrow, 16; Oregon Towhee, 7; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 4; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 2; Western Robin, 30; Varied Thrush, 2. Total, 20 species, 277 individuals. —
Helen D. Tonseth.

Bird- Lore's Eighteenth Christmas Census 49

Diablo, Calif, (within about i mile radius from post office). — Dec. 22; 7 a.m. to
5 P.M. Heavy fog all day; light west wind; temp, at start 33°, at return 42°. Killdeer,
23; California Quail, 85; (Cooper's?) Hawk, i; Western Red-tail, 4; Desert Sparrow
Hawk, 5; Nuttall's Woodpecker, 7; California Woodpecker, 42; Red-shafted Flicker, 45;
Anna's Hummingbird, 6; Ash- throated Flycatcher, i; Black Phoebe, 5; California Jay,
42; Western Meadowlark, 57; Brewer's Blackbird, 75; Green-backed Goldfinch, 7;
Nuttall's and Gambel's Sparrows, 250; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 650; Western Tree
Sparrow, 250; Oregon Junco, 250; Samuel's Song Sparrow, 100; Forbush's Sparrow, 2;
Oregon Towhee, 32; California Towhee, 36; California Shrike, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 2;
Audubon's Warbler, 25; Pipit, 150; Vigors's Wren, 27; Slender-billed Nuthatch, 5;
Plain Titmouse, 68; Bush-tit, 56; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 15; Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 23;
Western Bluebird, 18. Total, 34 species, about 2,366 individuals. — Richard Cox.

Los Angeles, Calif, (within a diameter of 15 miles, including Hyperion, Nigger Slough,
and some of the city parks and cemeteries). — Dec. 21; 7 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Clear; north
wind, light; temp. 63° at start, 70° at return. Nine members of the Los Angeles Audubon
Society, in seven parties. Territory reached by street car and automobile; observations
taken on foot. Western Grebe, 3; Eared Grebe, 4; Pied-billed Grebe, 13; Glaucous-
winged Gull, 3; Western Gull, 106; Herring Gull, 16; California Gull, 748; Ring-billed
Gull, 222; Short-billed Gull, 2; Heermann's Gull, 14; Bonaparte's Gull, 354; Forster's
Tern, 3; Farallon Cormorant, 27; White Pelican, i; California Brown Pelican, 35;
Baldpate, i; Green-winged Teal, 2; Cinnamon Teal, 6; Shoveler, 6; Pintail 2; Redhead,
29; Canvasback, 23; Lesser Scaup, 17; Surf Scoter, 240; Ruddy Duck, 6; Bittern, i;
Great Blue Heron, 10; Egret, 7; Black-crowned Night Heron, 2; Sora, i; Coot, 552;
Northern Phalarope, 20; Least Sandpiper, 25; Western Sandpiper, 30; Sanderling, 225;
Greater Yellowlegs, 2; Spotted Sandpiper, i; Hudsonian Curlew, 36; Killdeer, 98; Snowy
Plover, 22; Valley Quail, 272; Ring-necked Pheasant, i; Band-tailed Pigeon, 2; Mourning
Dove, 10; Turkey Vulture, 24; Marsh Hawk, i; Sharp-shinned Hawk, i; Cooper's
Hawk, i; Western Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Pigeon Hawk, i; Desert Sparrow Hawk, 16;
Barn Owl, i; Short-eared Owl, i; Burrowing Owl, 4; Roadrunner, 2; California Cuckoo,
i; Belted Kingfisher, 2; Willow Woodpecker, i; Red-breasted Sapsucker, i; Red-shafted
Flicker, 31; Black-chinned Hummingbird, i; Anna's Hummingbird, 53; Cassin's King-
bird, 3; Say's Phoebe, 9; Black Phoebe, 41; California Horned Lark, 200; California
Jay, 33; Western Crow, 16; San Diego Redwing, 77; Western Meadowlark, 107; Brewer's
Blackbird, 534; California Purple Finch, 5; House Finch, 897; Willow Goldfinch, 26;
Green-backed Goldfinch, 57; Lawrence's Goldfinch, 6; Western Savannah Sparrow, 52;
Belding's Sparrow, 14; Large-billed Sparrow, 2; Western Lark Sparrow, 14; Gambel's
Sparrow, 23s; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 40; Western Chipping Sparrow, 4; Thurber's
Junco, 42; San Diego Song Sparrow, 89; San Diego Towhee, 17; Anthony's Towhee,
75; Phainopepla, i; California Shrike, 33; Hutton's Vireo, 9; Audubon's Warbler, 314;
Pacific Yellowthroat, 11; Pipit, 273; Western Mockingbird, 45; California Thrasher,
10; San Diego Wren, 8; Western House Wren, 10; Western Marsh Wren, 4; Plain
Titmouse, 10; California Bush-tit, 208; Pallid Wren-tit, 40; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 21;
Western Gnatcatcher, 8; Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 12; Western Robin, 21; Western Blue-
bird, II. Total, 106 species, 6,988 individuals.— Mrs. F. T. Bickneli. and Mrs. Robert
Fargo, Dr. K. A. Dial and Mrs. W. H. Martz, Miss Helen S. Pratt, Mrs. Joseph
Anthony, Mr. L. E. Wyman, Mrs. C. H. Hall and Mr. Alfred Cookman.

San Francisco County (Golden Gate Park to Lake Merced), Calif.— Dbc. 23; 8.30
a.m. to 6 P.M. Cloudy, light southwest wind, 50° to 55°. Observers in two parli«s.
Western Grebe, 9; Holbcell's Grebe, i; Eared tlrcbc, 57; Pied-billed Grebe, 11; Common
Loon, i; Glaucous-winged Gull, 6; Western Gull, 5,000; Herring Gull, 5.000; Ring-
billed (iull, 5,000; California Gull, i; Heermann's Gull, i; Bonaparte's Gull, 2: Farallon
Cormorant, j; Mallard. 500; Baldpate, 46; Green-winged Teal, 150; Sh.ncl.T, ;;;

so Bird - Lore

Pintail, _>; Canvasback, 20; Lesser Scaup, 75; American Goldeneye, 1; Buffleliead, 0;
Whistling Swan, 2; Great Blue Heron, 9; Black-crowned Night Heron, i; Sora, i; Coot,
800; Killdeer, 185; California Quail, 337; Cooper's Hawk, i; Western Goshawk, 3;
• Western Red-tailed Hawk, i; Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk, 2; Desert Sparrow
Hawk, 3; Western Belted Kingfisher, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 6; Anna's Hummingbird,
22; Black Phoebe, 5; California Jay, i; Bi-colored Blackbird, 463; Brewer's Blackbird,
18; Western Meadowlark, 35; Western Purple Finch, i; California Linnet, 2; Green-
backed Goldfinch, i; Bryant's Marsh Sparrow, 2; Gambel's Sparrow, 1,200; Nuttall's
Sparrow, 1,200; Santa Cruz Song Sparrow, 100; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 12; Sierra
Junco, 55; Lincoln's Sparrow, i; Yakutat Fox Sparrow, 4; San Francisco Towhee, 5;
California Shrike, i; Hutton's Vireo, 2; Audubon's Warbler, 475; Salt Marsh Yellow-
throat, 6; Pipit, 70; Vigors's Wren, 5; Western Winter Wren, 2; Tule Wren, i; Santa
Cruz Chickadee, 16; Coast Bush-tit, 49; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, i; Dwarf Hermit
Thrush, 7; W^estern Robin, 2. Total, 67 species, 9,868 individuals. On December 24,
the following, also, in the near vicinity: American Bittern, i; Western Sandpiper,
(flock); Least Sandpiper; Hudsonian Curlew, i; Western Mourning Dove; Marsh
Hawk; California Woodpecker; Western Crow; Western Bluebird, (irand total, 76
species, for two days. — W. A. Squires, C. R. Thomas, and Harold E. Hansen.

Santa Barbara, Calif. (Mission Canyon, Steams Wharf, Laguna Blanca, west to La
Patera — 12 miles over all). — Dec. 26; 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Partially overcast to clear:
light rain the preceding evening; temp. 51° at 6 a. m. Forty miles by automobile and on
foot. Observers together. Western Grebe, 7; Horned Grebe, i; Eared Grebe, 20; Pied-
billed Grebe, 7; Glaucous- winged Gull, 3; Western Gull, 600; California Gull, 250;
Ring-billed Gull, 150; Heermann's Gull, 40; Bonaparte's Gull, 60; Royal Tern, 6;
Farallon Cormorant, 2,500; Brandt's Cormorant, 500; California Brown Pelican, 60;
Mallard, 3; Baldpate, 60; Green-winged Teal, 40; Cinnamon Teal, 3; Shoveler, 1,000;
Pintail, 2,000; Canvasback, 90; Lesser Scaup, 300; White-winged Scoter, 300; Surf
Scoter, 40; Ruddy Duck, 400; Bittern, i; Great Blue Heron, 6; Sora, i; California Black
Rail, I ; Coot, 1,000; Least Sandpiper, 200; Red-backed Sandpiper, 3; Western Sandpiper,
100; Sanderling, 250; Spotted Sandpiper, 3; Black-bellied Plover, 50; Killdeer, 40;
Snowy Plover, 4; Valley Quail, 10; Mourning Dove, 2; Turkey Vulture, 7; White-tailed
Kite, i; Marsh Hawk, i; Western Redtail, 4; Golden Eagle, i; Duck Hawk, 3; Sparrow
Hawk, 8; Barn Owl, i; Burrowing Owl, 2; Belted Kingfisher, i; Nuttall's Woodpecker, i;
California Woodpecker, 14; Red-shafted Flicker, 20; Anna's Hummingbird, 10; Say's
Phoebe, 8; Black Phoebe, 6; California Horned Lark, 200; California Jay, 6; San Diego
Redwing, 700; Western Meadowlark, 200; Brewer's Blackbird, 400; House Finch, 200;
Willow Goldfinch, 2; Green-backed Goldfinch, 2; Western Savannah Sparrow, 200;
Belding's Marsh Sparrow, 20; Large-billed Marsh Sparrow, 5; Western Lark Sparrow, 5;
Gambel's Sparrow, 800; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 40; Sierra Junco, 10; San Diego
Song Sparrow, 20; Spurred Towhee, i; Anthony's Towhee, 6; Tree Swallow, 5; California
Shrike, 14; Hutton's Vireo, i; Dusky Warbler, i; Audubon's W^arbler, 500; Tule Yellow-
throat, 20; Pipit, 400; Western Mockingbird, 2; Western House Wren, i; Tule Wren, 6;
Plain Titmouse, 4; Bush-tit, 40; Pallid Wren-tit, 3; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 8; Western
Gnatcatcher, 2; Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 6; Western Robin, 1; Western Bluebird, 8.
Total, 92 species, about 14,000 individuals. The California Black Rail, the first I have
ever seen at Santa Barbara, was flushed at close range in the Estero, within the city
limits. On the 24th: Pacific Loon; Parasitic Jaeger; Herring Gull; Baird's Cormorant;
Old-squaw (a female narrowly scrutinized); Wilson's Snipe; Cooper's Hawk; Red-bellied
Hawk; Pigeon Hawk, California Screech Owl; and Auburn Caiion Wren. For two days,
103 species. This small list is due in part to an unusually dry season, in part to the recent
destruction (by fire) of much of the neighboring chaparral, but most of all to the absence
of preliminary scouting trips. — Giles E. Dawson and William Leox Dawson.

Bird-Lore's Advisory Council

WITH some slight alterations, we reprint below the names and
addresses of the ornithologists forming Bird-Lore's 'Advisory
Council,' which were first published in Bird-Lore for
February, 1900.

To those of our readers who are not familiar with the objects of the Council,
we may state that it was formed for the purpose of placing students in direct
communication with an authority on the bird-life of the region in which they
live, to whom they might appeal for information and advice in the many diffi-
culties which beset the isolated worker.

The success of the plan during the seventeen years that it has been in
operation fully equals our expectations. From both students and members of
the Council we have had very gratifying assurances of the happy results
attending our efforts to bring the specialist in touch with those who appreciate
the opportunity to avail themselves of his wider experience.

It is requested that all letters of inquiry to members of the Council be
accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope for use in replying.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
UNITED .STATES AND TERRITORIES

Al.aska. — Dr. C. Hart Merriam, 1919 i6th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Arizona. — Harriet I. Thornbcr, Tucson, Ariz.

California. — Joseph Grinnell, University of California, Berkelej-, Calif.

California. — Walter K. Fisher, Palo Alto, Calif.

Colorado. — Dr. W. H. Bergtold, 1159 Rose St., Denver, Colo.

Connecticut. — J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn.

Delaware. — S. X. Rhoads, Haddonfield, N.J.

District of Columbia. — Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. Nat'l. Mus., Washington, f). ('

Florida. — Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City.

Florida, Western. — R. W. Williams, Jr., Talahassee, Fla.

Georgia. — Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga.

Illinois, Northern.— B. T. Gault, Glen Ellyn, 111.

Illinois, Southern. — -Robert Ridgway, U. S. National Museum, Washington, iJ. (. .

Indiana. — .\. W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis, Ind.

Iowa. — C. R. Keycs, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

Kansas. — University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans.

Louisiana. -Prof. George E. Beyer, Tulanc University, New Orleans. La.

Maine. — .\. H. Norton, Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine.

Massachusetts. — William lirewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Michigan. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College, Mich.

Minnesota. — Dr. T. S. Roberts, Millard Hall, University of Minn.. .Minneapolis, .Minn.

Missouri. — O. Widmann, 5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo.

Montana. — Prof. J. M. Elrod, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.

Nebraska.— Dr. R. H. Walcett, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Nevada. Dr. A. K. Tisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of .\gr.. Washington. D t

Ni:w II AMi'siiiKr . i)r (i. M. Allen, Boston Soi . \al. Hist., Boston.

52 Bird -Lore

\ew Jersey, Northern. — Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City.

New Jersey, Southern. — Witmer Stone, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

New Mexico. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, T). C.

New York, Eastern. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

New York, Western. — E. H. Eaton, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.

North Dakota. — Prof. O. G. Libby, University, N. D.

North Carolina. — Prof. T. G. Pearson, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

Ohio. — Prof. Lynds Jones, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

Oklahoma. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of -Vgr., Washington, D. C.

Oregon. — W. L. Finley, Milwaukee, Ore.

Pennsylvania, Eastern. — Witmer Stone, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Pennsylvania, Western. — W. K. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island. — H. S. Hathaway, Box 1466, Providence, R. I.

South Carolina.- — Dr. P. M. Rea, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C.

Texas. — H. P. Attwater, Houston, Texas.

Utah. — Prof. Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Vermont. — Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt.

Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C.

Washington. — Samuel F. Rathburn, Seattle, Wash.

West Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C.

Wisconsin. — H. L. Ward, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.

CANADA

Alberta. — G. F. Dippie, Calgary, Alta.

British Columbia. — Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.

Manitoba. — -Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich, Conn.

Nova Scotia. — Harry Piers, Provincial Museum, Halifax, N. S.

Ontario, Eastern. — James H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont.

Ontario, Western. — W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.

Quebec. — E. D. Wintle, 189 St. James Street, Montreal, Canada.

MEXICO
E. W. Nelson, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

WEST INDIES
C. B. Cory, Field Museum, Chicago, III.

GREAT BRITAIN
Clinton G. .\bbott, Rhinebeck, New York.

2^oofe ji^etDS! anb IHebietosf

Birds of America. Editor-in-Chief, T.
Gilbert Pearson; Consulting Editor,
John Burroughs; Managing Editor,
George Gladden; Associate Editor,
J. Ellis Burdick; Special Contributors,
Edward H. Forbush, Herbert K. Job,
William L. Finley, L.Nelson Nichols;
Artists, L. A. FuERTES, R. B. Horsfall,
R. I. Brasher, Henry Thurston.
Nature Lovers' Library, The University
Society, Inc., New York City, 191 7.
Three vols. 4to. Vol. I, xviii + 272
pages; Vol. II, xiv + 271 pages; Vol.
Ill, xviii -f 289 pages.

These handsome, well-made volumes
contain descriptions of the plumage, nest
and eggs, a statement of the range, and
description of the habits of the birds of
America north of Mexico.

The descriptions of plumage and out-
line of distribution are based upon
Ridgway's standard 'Birds of North and
Middle America. ' Species not as yet treated
in that work are here described by R. I.
Brasher.

The biographies, as the title-page
indicates, are from a variety of sources.
Some have been contributed by well-
known ornithologists of wide experience
and contain much original matter. Others
have been compiled from various works.
They average three-fourth of a page in
length, and, so far as these limits permit,
usually present a pleasing and satisfactory
sketch of the life history of the species.
The absence of migration dates, however,
detracts from their practical value for the
field student. A similar omission is found
in the text devoted to nests and eggs.

These volumes are profusely illustrated
with photographs of birds from nature,
from mounted specimens, and from draw-
ings, both uncolored and colored. It is to
be regretted that, in justice to the bona
fide wild-life photographer, the photo-
graphs of living birds are not clearly dis-
tinguished from those of mounted ones.
It is true that photographs of Habitat
(iroups and other subjects in the .Vmcrican
.VTuseiim, obvioii<;ly depict mounted speri

mens. It is equally obvious that photo-
graphs by Allen, Finley, Bohlman, and
Job, for example, portray wild birds.
But there are others, attributed to contrib-
utors who are included in the book's
'.\dvisory Board' under the head of
'Naturalists' or 'Wild Life Photographer,'
which are quite as obviously made from
mounted birds placed amid more or less
appropriate surroundings out-of-doors.
The inclusion of these 'faked' pictures in a
work of this nature is unfair not only to
the reader, but to every honest bird pho-
tographer.

The uncolored drawings of birds by
Brasher, Horsfall, and Thurston vary
much in character. Some are excellent,
while others betray an evident unfamili-
arity in life with the species figured, and
few show that genius for bird portraiture
which characterizes the work of Fuertes.

The colored plates of birds are by the
last-named artist and were drawn by
him to illustrate Eaton's standard work
on the 'Birds of New York,' in which they
originally appeared. We fail, however, to
find any statement to this effect, and the
inclusion of Mr. Fuertes' name on the
title-page of the work with that of the
artists who have made drawings for this
work leaves one to infer that his draw-
ings, in spite of the reference on them to
the New York State Museum, also were
made for it. As a matter of fact, we are
informed that these drawings by Fuertes
were included in this work without his
knowledge, and that he has instituted
proceedings against the publishers of it for
the unauthorized use of his name. — F. M. C.

.\udubon the Naturalist: .\ History of
His Life and Times. By Francis
Hobart Herrick, Ph.D., Sc. D. In
two volumes, illustrated. D. .Vppleton &
Co., New York; London, 191 7. 8vo. Vol.
I,xi +451 pages, Vol. II,xiii -+-494 pages.

In these two notable volumes Pro-
fessor Herrick has shown that a min<l
trained tn thr pursuit of ornith<->lni;ic.Tl

(S3)

Bird- Lore

biography may be employed to equal
advantage in the study of the biography
of an ornithologist. His work is charac-
terized by keen, patient, persistent,
thorough search for information bearing
directly or indirectly on his theme, by
breadth of knowledge, both ornithological
and historical, which gives him a clear
perception of the significance and relations
of facts and events, by facility of expres-
sion, and by a sympathy with his subject
which does not, however, handicap his
judgment or predetermine his point of
\iew.

Add to this equipment an evident
interest in his task which has made it a
labor of love, and it is clear that the fruit
of this labor must be given high rank in
the literature of biography. Taken in
connection with Audubon's 'Journals,'
published by his granddaughter, Maria R.
Audubon (Scribner, 2 vols.), Professor
Herricks' scholarly memoir gives us as
complete, adequate, and faithful a history
of Audubon's life as we may ever expect
to have.

Among the surprising amount of new
information concerning Audubon's early
life which Professor Herrick has unearthed,
the discovery of the place and date of
Audubon's birth of course stands pre-
eminent.

Heretofore the evidence available has
led to the generally accepted belief that
Audubon was born at Mandeville, La.,
on May 5, 1780. Professor Herrick, how-
ever, presents data which prove that the
great naturalist first saw the light at Les
Cayes, Haiti, April 26, 1785.

From this date to the day of his death,
January 27, 1851, Professor Herrick gives
us a detailed history of the remarkable
life of this remarkable and lovable man.

Through it all runs the exhibition of
those traits which are shown only by the
man born with that intense interest in
birds which gives them at all times and in
all places first claim to his attention.
Whether as a schoolboy in France, as a
youthful farmer in Pennsylvania, as a
merchant in Kentucky, or as a teacher
of drawing in Cincinnati, Audubon's

inherent love of birds is constantly in
evidence. There were no fellow ornith-
ologists, no one to stimulate or encourage
him — indeed, his ornithological pursuits
were the immediate cause of disaster in his
commercial ventures — nor had he up to
this time (1820) conceived the idea of
his stupendous undertaking. But the
germ was there, nothing could prevent its
growth, and it finally carried him trium-
phant through all the hardships and difli-
culties of ornithological exploration and
the even greater trials of ornithological
publication.

To everyone the history of Audubon's
life must possess the combined fascina-
tion of biography and romance; but to the
ornithologist it is a thrilling demonstra-
tion of the impelling power contained in
an inborn love of bird-life. No manual or
textbooks of ornithology can ever teach
him the lesson which he may read in
every chapter of this work, the lesson
that, given a geniune love of birds, he has
stored within him a potential force which
will enable him to develop his talents to
the utmost limit of achievement. — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Condor. — The number of 'The
Condor,' for November, 191 7, contains two
general articles, several brief notes and
editorials, and the index of the volume.
The principal articles comprise 'The
Birds of Molly Island, Yellowstone
National Park,' by M. P. Skinner, and a
description of 'A New Subspecies of Gco-
Ihlypis beldingi' by Harry C. Oberholser.
Molly Island is a small island in the south-
eastern arm of Yellowstone Lake, 20 miles
off the usual tourist route, and consequentl}-
not often visited. The birds include
about 700 White Pelicans and 1,000
California Culls which utilize the island
as a nesting-ground, and a few Caspian
Terns which have been observed in spring
but thus far not found actually breeding.
Yellowstone Lake, while one of the im-
portant breeding-places of the White
Pelican and California Gull, is not the
most eastern nesting-ground as intimated.

Book News and Reviews

since both species breed as far east as
North Dakota. Under the name Geo-
thlypis beldingi goldmani, Oberholser has
separated the Yellowthroat of the cen-
tral part of the Peninsula of Lower
California and has selected a specimen
from San Ignacio as the type of the new
form.

The short notes include two records of
the breeding of the Sierra Junco at Berke-
ley in 19 1 7, some additional observations on
the occurrence of Goshawks in California

during the winter of igi6. and other notes
of interest.

This number concludes Vol. XIX,
which contains 198 pages and shows a
reduction of 20 per cent from the size of
the previous volume. Doubtless present
high prices of paper and press work are
responsible for the decrease in the number
of pages, but it is to be hoped that it will
not be necessary again to reduce the
volume below the limit attained a year
or two ago. — T. S. P.

SNOWY OWL
Photograph by H. and E. Pittmaii

I'ho accompanying photograph of a Snowy Owl was taken in Saskatchewan dur-
ing the severe winter of 1915-16. During that winter 1 must have seen nine or ten
different birds of this species — more than I have ever seen in a season before or since.

\ large straw-pile was left for the young cattle, with two portable granaries to
provide shelter. By making a detour it was possible to reach the long catlle-barn from
the house without going in sight of the straw-pile, and from the barn it was possible to
reach the granaries unseen; it was from one of these that the i)holograi)hs were taken.
The Owl, and later on another one, stayed around tiic l)uil(lings and corrals two or three
weeks. — H. H. Pittman, Hartney, ^Manitoba.

Bird - Lore

2^irti=1Lare

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributingEditor.MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX Published February 1,1918 No. 1

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, one dollar aud lifty cents a year;
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents,
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1918, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bust Is Worth Two in the Hand

With the appearance of this number,
Bird-Lore enters upon its twentieth
year. During the two decades of its
existence the organization for which it
stands has become a firmly established,
powerful influence in the conservation of
bird-life and in the dissemination of
knowledge concerning the value of these
winged protectors of our crops and "most
eloquent expression of Nature's beauty,
joy, and freedom."

Adequate laws for the protection of
birds have been passed and their enforce-
ment assured. Scores of bird-refuges and
nesting-grounds have been guarded by
Audubon wardens and their once per-
secuted inhabitants, now certain of pro-
tection, are returning to their own, and
so increasing that those who come after
us may be promised those sights in the
bird world of which an earlier generation
has written. How this preservation of the
most attractive of Nature's forms would
have delighted the man for whom our
Society is named and whose most recent
biography is reviewed in this number of
Bird-Lore!

But first among the notable achieve-
ments of the Audubon Association is its
work in the schools. During the last
three years alone over half a million
children have been enrolled in its Junior
Classes and have received systematic
instruction in the value and beauty of
birds. The limit to which this profoundly
important phase of the Association's work

may be developed is set only by the
extent of the resources which may
be devoted to it. If the Association
had nothing else to its credit but this
awakening of the child's mind to the up-
lifting influences of an acquaintance with
birds, it would be eminently deserving
of the support which the public has so
generously accorded it.

The clouds of war should not be per-
mitted to cast their shadow over this work.
Howev'cr much we may be called upon
to give for the honor of our country and
the freedom of mankind, our children
should not be deprived of even a frac-
tional part of their heritage in nature.

Six young men from the American
Museum's Department of Birds and
Mammals have answered their country's
Call to Colors. Anthony is a lieutenant
of artillery; Boyle has been in France for
months, the first of the group to reach
there; Chapin, Empey and Griscom are
lieutenants of infantry; and Leo Miller,
a lieutenant of aviation.

It is an honor-roll of which the Museum
may well be proud. All but one of these
men have had more or less, several of them
exceptional, experience in zoological ex-
ploration, and we cannot but feel that the
spirit which led them cheerfully to accept
the hardships and dangers they have
encountered in the pursuit of their pro-
fession as naturalists has prompted them
eagerly to offer their services in this call
to a higher duty. We are sure that it
will enable them to meet the vital tests of
endurance and courage which await
them.

This we do know, that their experience
in the field helped prepare them for their
entrance examinations as well as for the
subsequent courses of study and training
through which they received their com-
missions.

We commend to Bird Clubs for discus-
sion the possible relation between the
unfavorable climatic conditions which
prevailed over so wide an area last
spring and the existing scarcity of winter
birds.

Cije ^ububon Societies;

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

A NEW YEAR'S GREETING

" 'Tis always morning somewhere, and above
The awakening continents, from shore to shore
Somewhere the birds are singing evermore!"

— Henry W. Longfellow

A STEP FORWARD

The year 19 18 brings with it many new problems but an equal number of
possibilities in the way of real progress. It has long been the wish of the School
Department that our State Audubon Societies might be more closely brought
together, so that, individually, each might share the benefit of a knowledge
of what all collectively are doing. At present, many valuable leaflets, bulletins
and larger publications are being issued by State Audubon Societies which do
not reach the audience of which they are worthy.

There could not fail to be an added zeal in our State Audubon work if
more intimate exchanges of reports and observations of bird-study were pos-
sible. Take, for example, the recent bulletins in magazine form, published by the
Illinois Audubon Society. Here is a wealth of carefully prepared, recent observa-
tions and lines of work carried on in the state, which would be valuable and
most suggestive to any other State Audubon Society. These bulletins
certainly show a decided step forward in the recognition of workable material
and live observation. Without attempting to review them, a brief outline of
the different aspects of bird-study with which they deal may suggest to other
State Societies an improved point of departure. First, these bulletins are charm-
ingly illustrated with pictures showing the discriminating photographer and
nature-lover. Second, certain broad fields of study are definitely approached,
covering areas within the state which deserve particular notice either on account
of their natural beauties and advantages or their possibilities of reclamation
and ultimate productivity. Thus 'The Ozark Region of Illinois' is described
historically in connection with its ecological and ornithological significance,
as one of several tracts, which should be put "under the public care at a time
when purchase would incur but little expense," and the Illinois Audubon
Society is particularly named as the proper sponsor of a movement to pre-
serve this tract as "a refuge for wild life and as a source of pleasure to coming
generations." SimilarK-, an artirlo dealing with farm and orchard sur\ey>,

(57)

ss Bird - Lore

"primitive" areas, comparison of nesting records, the invasion of new areas, and
town or city bird censuses maps out definite work to be profitably done in
home surroundings, whether rural or urban.

The adventures of a party of Boy Scouts on a trip of discovery down the
Kmbarras River, the work of teachers of zoology and nature-study, of local
Bird Clubs, and of museums and individual observers ivlio have things of
value to report are given sj)ace in a most helpful way. The underlying objects
of the Illinois Audubon Society itself are not overlooked, for both legis-
lative and educational matters of moment are brought clearly to the atten
tion of the reader. It is well worth while to publish such parts of the state
and federal game laws as should be made familiar to everyone, whether
adult or child, and it is equally of value to collate a bird bibliography
especially applicable to the study of birds in the home state of an Audubon
Society as is done in these bulletins. The editorials also, are to the point and
practical, and are written evidently to aid the farmer as well as the teacher
or scholar. Check-lists of Illinois birds, arranged according to orders and com-
parative local seasonal lists, place within the reach of every child and Audubon
Society member information which otherwise might be unattainable by reason
of expense or lack of acquaintance with the nature-books in libraries or actual
working lists of reliable ornithologists. Altogether, the appearance of these
bulletins is most hopeful for a broader, and far more practical and coordinated
grasp of bird-study in relation to Audubon Society ends and aims.

From time to time the School Department will bring to the notice of its
readers publications of this nature, and, in doing so, invites the cooperation
of State Societies in sending copies of such publications for inspection. The
success of nature-study undoubtedly depends much upon the united effort of
State Audubon Societies and their friends with that of teachers and pupils.
Again, the emphasis must be laid upon unity, not only of purpose, but also of
action. — A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils
Exercise XXXVII: Correlated with Physiology and Spelling

THE BIRD'S STORE OF ENERGY

In 1915, we commenced a series of simple studies in structure. The plan of
a bird was discussed, some of the most striking features of its skeleton, namely,
lightness, compactness, and stability were noted, and the adaptation of the
beak and tail and the development and use of feathers were briefly touched upon.
All of these parts of a bird's structure are important in its flight, search for
food, and nest -building, but they arc no{ the parts which first of all ]")roduce its

The Audubon Societies 5g

energy. We know that, of all living creatures, birds have the greatest amount
of energy and are most tireless in their activities. The secret of this fund of
power must be sought in the organs of digestion and circulation.

One might suppose that a much larger body would be needed to generate as
much energy as a bird needs, and that a framework of elephantine size, for
example, would be productive of far greater speed in flight and endurance in
cold, storms, or continuous exertion. That this is not only not the case, but is
(juite unnecessary and even impracticable. Nature has demonstrated during
untold ages; for we have now at hand so many of her former experiments in
various types of flying monsters for comparison, that we can safely be assured
that the modern bird, endowed with flight, has been developed along the most
effective and economical Hues, to take its part in the world-complex of living
organisms.

Just how this has been brought about, the study of comparative anatomy
tells us, for without it, some of the peculiarities of the bird's structure would be
an insoluble puzzle. In this exercise, therefore, let us search for some of the
reasons why a bird is able to produce and keep up so great an amount of motor-
power, or energy, observing that this energy is most strikingly expressed in the
form of motion and heat in the case of a bird. When one calls to mind a Hum-
mingl)ird, poising on wings which vibrate so rapidly that they cannot be
clearly seen, it is certain that there must be a remarkably perfect mechanism
for transmitting the energy which sustains such rapid, and long-continued
motion. Great wheels chained to roaring waterfalls and belted to smaller
wheels, which in turn move giant gangway saws or huge millstones, scarcely
produce an amount of power which will cause more rapid motion.

Again, if one considers a bird like the Penguin, which nests in Antarctic
regions, incubating its single egg and rearing its nestling young successfully
with no other aid than a particularly warm blanket of fat which keeps in the
heat of its body so that it does not succumb to the cold and freeze, it is clear
that the energy necessary to keep up and conserve this body heat must be prac-
tically never-failing.

The temperature of our own bodies as ordinarily taken by placing a tem-
perature-bulb under the tongue, is normally 98.6° F. On the surface of the
skin the temperature varies around 90° F., while inside the body, in the li\er,
it rises as high as 107° F.

Birds normally maintain a tem[)erature of over 100° F, in general 10° to
12° higher than our own, which is an indication of the rapid rate at whicli t hex-
generate heat. It is useful to remember that no other living organisms have so
high a body-temperature. Now the c|uestion arises: What produces this
wonderful amount of motion and heat, and having once produced it, what keeps
it up? \ fire will burn l"iercel\- when lirsl kindled, but it soon dies down unless
replenished. In a similar manner, as fuel must be conslanlly supplied to keep
uj) a lire, so fuel in the form of food must l)e supplied to ki-ej) up the energy

6o Bird - Lore

necessary to maintain the heat of the body or any of its activities such as
motion, locomotion, or, in man, an activity like the power of thinking.

Food, then, is the real source of the bird's unsurpassed energy, and, con-
sequently, the food-habits of birds form one of the most important and in-
structive chapters in their life-history. In this exercise there is not space to
ilcvote to the kinds of food birds eat, since our object now is to gain some idea
of how food is transmitted into a sufficient amount of energy to maintain the
tireless activities of birds. It is evident that whatever the process of taking
in and digesting food is, it must be governed by certain regulations.

Some of these regulations in the case of birds are:

1. Capacity for a rapid, large, and frequent intake of food.

2. Capacity for rapid and thorough digestion.

3. Capacity for rapid elimination of all waste material.

All of the powerful apparatus necessary to keep up the bird's food- factory
must, moreover, conform to the requirements of its general structure, which,
we have recalled, are lightness, compactness, and stability. In other words,
the bird must at one and the same time keep up a maximum of food-producing
energy with a minimum of apparatus. It is a wonderful problem worked out
in some of Nature's most perfect ways.

Watching a bird eat, perhaps the most surprising thing is the amount it
eats and the rapidity with which it eats. Although a bird may occasionally
get choked or have a pain from such hasty and unlimited eating, it is prob-
able that its digestion is so carefully regulated that few upsets of this kind occur.
Nature has provided birds with two very eflfective contrivances to take care of
the large amounts of quickly gulped food, namely a crop and a gizzard. The
crop, you may recall, is between the mouth and the stomach, a sort of half-way
reservoir where food can be stored until the stomach is ready to take charge of
it. Now a bird's stomach is made up of two parts, a proventriculus or glandular
stomach, resembling the human stomach, with gastric juices to aid in breaking
up particles of food, and a gizzard or grinding-mill, as it might be described,
from its thick walls and content of stones, swallowed by the bird for the actual
purpose of grinding its food. Following the digestive apparatus on farther
through its tortuous windings, we discover that as soon as all of the use-
ful parts of the food-materials in the stomach have been broken up and
passed on into the blood to be circulated throughout the body, the refuse or
non-usable parts, are rapidly pushed along out of the food-tube to make room
for a fresh supply. This well-nigh perfect system of digestion insures to the
bird the ability to produce, by means of an unusually large amount of food,
the immense motor-power which it requires for its daily activities. Could we
examine in detail this digestive outfit, we should understand far more clearly
the value of birds as the friends of man and the guardians of forests and fields.
At the same time, we should be more than ever impressed with Nature's
ability to perfect a plan in a special manner for a particular purpose. Although

The Audubon Societies 6i

it is too long and complicated a story for us, as yet, to follow through, we can
learn it bit by bit, as we study more and more into the subject of the bird's
structure.

When we come to the circulatory system of the bird, which goes hand in
hand with its digestive system, the same economy of apparatus is found,
without loss of thoroughness. In birds, the blood is kept pure and moving rapidly,
especially to the relatively huge flight muscles, for it is very necessary to have
constantly on hand fresh, air-purified blood in sufficient quantity to aid in pro-
ducing the energy which must be ceaselessly transmitted into heat and motion
and other uses.

If you could look at the heart of a fish and the heart of a reptile and the
heart of a bird, with all the arteries, veins, and tiny tubes called capillaries
that go into them, you would have one of Nature's interesting stories before
you. It is something to look forward to as you study more, and though it is in
places difiicult to discover all the reasons for the different ways in which the
blood of fishes, reptiles, and birds circulates, there is always a reason and it can
be found out by careful study.

A point to emphasize now is the practical working of the bird's internal
machinery and, as already said, this centers around food. With the bird, it is
always food and more food. In fact, food is the mainspring of all life, and this
we are coming to realize in these days of stress and war, as never before in this
generation. If the food-relations of different races and classes of men could be
more equally adjusted, it is probable that the major woes of mankind would dis-
appear, for the demand for food and for more food is constantly upper-
most in our daily fife, with the increase and spread of population. Birds have
then a problem quite Hke our own to face, which should lend interest and
sympathy to our study of and relations with them. It is a modern philosopher
who says: "The haps and mishaps of the hungry make up natural history."

In this year of 1918 we are all called upon to conserve and to produce more
food than ever before. The birds can help uS if we will help them. One way
to take hold of this question of the food-relations of birds and man is to classify
the different kinds of food and food-habits — first, of birds and, second, of man.
A simple scheme with reference to birds, as follows, may be suggestive to you.
in making out a similar scheme for man:

1. Fish-eating birds.

2. Vegetarian birds. Weed-seed, fruit, grass and tender weeds.

3. Insectivorous birds.

4. Carnivorous birds.

5. Birds which eat more than one kind of food.

b. Birds which vary their food during the diiTer«nt seasons of the year.

7. Birds which eat carrion or are of scavenger habit.

8. Birds which feed in flocks and reasons for the kinds of damage thty may un-
wittingly do to crops.

62 Bird -Lore

I). Birds which distribute seeds: useful to man; harmful to man.

10. Birds as guano-producers. Actual money-value to man.

11. Birds as guardians of forests; as pruners of vegetation.

12. Birds in relation to destructive insect pests; fungous pests.

Refer to Useful Birds and Their Frotection by E. H. Forbush; Birds in Their Relation
to Man, by Weed and Dearborn; and bulletins of the United States Department of
Agriculture on Economic Ornithology.

1. Kinds of food of different races of men.

2. Distribution of staple articles of food, such as wheat, corn, rye, barley, sugar-
cane, vegetables, fruits, rice and other cereals, cofYee, tea, cacao, cncoanul, dates, figs, fish,
and shell-fish.

3. Supply of milk, cream, fats, and meat and necessity for any or all of these.

4. Which kinds of food are most indispensable to life?

5. Which kinds properly cooked and properly eaten will produce the most energy?

6. Which kinds are produced in the greatest abundance?

7. Which kinds are used by the greatest number of people?

8. Which kinds of food preferred by man do birds eat?

9. Which kinds used by man do birds protect?

10. Which kinds are capable of being improved? How?

11. Which kinds can be grown in a home-garden? Which, only in large and si)ecially
cultivated areas?

12. How can man best help birds so that they in turn may help him best?

See Crop Zones and Life-Zones of the United Stales, by D. C. Hart Merriam; Bulletin
No. 10, 1898, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Work of Luther Burbank; Wild Bird
Guests, by Ernest Harold Baynes. — A. H. W.

FOR AND FROM ADULT AND YOUNG
OBSERVERS

SOME HIGH-SCHOOL METHODS OF BIRD-STUDY

In response to inquiries concerning our work, I wish to inform you of what
we are doing here in the way of interesting the students in birds and bird-
study.

During the first two weeks in February I showed a set of lantern-sUdes to all
our first-year classes and encouraged them to form a Junior Audubon Society.
The slides showed types of winter birds and methods of attracting birds. In
my talk I emphasized the economic importance of birds.

Since that time, under the direction of Miss Amy E. Hale, about forty
students have formed a society. They are to send their names this week.

This past week, through the direction of the South County Rod and
Gun Club and the State Bird Commission, thirty-live students have dis-
tributed 300 pounds of scratch-feed and the Boy Scouts each carried a bag
of grain when they started on their hike. The newspapers have reported

The Audubon Societies

6,S

this, and some wholesome aid has been given to interesting the people in lind-
ing the birds.

Miss Hale in her Introductory Science Classes has planned extra work for
credit in recognizing and keeping records of birds and bird migrations. Several
have started records of this kind. I hope that the stories and records of this
work will be worth sending to you later. — Israel R. Sheldox, Principal,
Westerly High School, Westerly, R. I.

BIRD CONSERVATION IN CEMETERIES AND PARKS

Bird-lovers generally are beginning to realize what wonderful opportunities
for bird conservation are to be found in our city cemeteries and, possibly, even
in the small city parks, wherever the vagrant cat problem is not too much

neglected. Philadelphia, with the
largest natural park in the world,
has just decided to utilize the
wonderful resources for increasing
the bird-life about the city, a very
necessary consideration with all
the added vegetable - gardens
under cultivation this year. In-
secticides are necessary and help-
ful, but the best insect-destroy-
ers of all do not come in bottles
or packages, but in nests and bird-
boxes.

Under the encouragement of
Mrs. W. Hersey Thomas, a stu-
dent of birds and insect life, the
children in the Friends' Schools
of Philadelphia and Germantown
have this past spring made a
number of Bluebird and Wren-
boxes, and, with the cooperation
of the Park Commission, forty of
these boxes have already been
erected in Fairmount Park. al)out
Chamounix, and on the upper
part of Lincoln Drive. .More
will follow next year. Feeding-stations for winter care of tin- birds will
.soon !)(' put up, and bird-patrols among the school-children will look atler
them.

This nio\-emcnl, if consistently dcxelopcd, should succeed in increasinu the

IIK (.IkAklJ .WENUK JLMOk
M'DUBON SOCIKTV

64 Bird - Lore

knowledge of birds and their usefulness to man better than mere class-room
work and could well be made part of the regular curriculum in our schools.

Every child interested means one less unconscious destroyer of bird-life
and one more active helper in its conservation.

[To these practical suggestions, the School Department can add only its unreserved
approbation. Concrete work with a definite end in view will help to raise the standard
of bird-study more than any other one thing. For further advice in this matter, see
Circular No. 2, 'Cemeteries as Bird-Sanctuaries,' National Association of Audubon
Societies. — A. H. W.]

A WORD OF APPRECIATION AND A TESTIMONY TO THE
VALUE OF BIRD-STUDY

I get the American Boy, Boys' Life, Boys' Magazine, Youths' Companion
and many other magazines, but Bird-Lore has always been my favorite
paper. I started getting it November-December, 1914. I enjoy reading it
through again and again. I wouldn't stop getting it for the world.

My favorite pastime is bird-study. I am just 13 years old but have seen,
mostly in Hampden, 104 species of wild birds, including the Wood Duck,
Snowy Owl, Great Blue Heron, Woodcock, Little Green Heron and Bittern.
All of these were seen in Hampden. The Robin, Bluebird, Song Sparrow, Crow
and Junco are already here from the South, and to-day I put up a ten-room
and a three-room Swallow house and a two-room and a one-room Bluebird
house. I already had out several houses and two big lunch-counters. Today
I put out a cement bird-bath.

I will be mighty glad when I get the next issue of Bird-Lore. — Norman
Lewis, Hampden, Maine.

[It is pleasant to know that Bird-Lore is so much appreciated, especially when it is
compared with such admirable publications as those cited above. One reason for the
strong appeal which this magazine makes is the fact that it is based almost entirely upon
actual observation of living birds. In no study is there a wider opportunity for keen
observation, careful discrimination, and esthetic appreciation. Again the controversy
comes to mind of the value of bird- and nature-study for purposes of culture and utility.
It hardly seems that any other study is better adapted to these ends. — A. H. W.]

A RURAL JUNIOR AUDUBON SOCIETY

As the teacher of Junior Bird Class 783, Hudson, Mass., I would like to tell
you a little of our work.

During the year we held twenty-nine meetings. The average attendance
was eight. May 6 we had an exhibition in the primary room of our rural church,
which was attended by interested friends, who examined carefully the work of
the children. A collection of forty nests, belonging to the class, was shown. Our
oldest member gave us the Audubon motto beautifully lettered. Another
member had a most interesting collection of feathers, each mounted on a card.

The Audubon Societies 65

with the name of the species to which it belonged, while another sliowed a
'Book of Birds' which she had worked on all winter. The Leaflets made a great
display and represent many, many hours of work. A short program, given by
the children, consisted of original papers, poems by various authors, etc.

On our first bird-walk we observed eight species, and on our last walk for the
year, twenty-three. The older members keep weekly lists. At our last meeting
one member had twenty-six species. The number of species observed by the
class is forty-three. It has been a great surprise that the pupils could so easily
see and hear such a large number of species.

One member saw a Junco with nesting material in its bill, and later in the
season I saw and heard the Junco singing its simple trill. A pair of White-
breasted Nuthatches nested near my home and brought their three babies to
the winter feeding-station.

The lessons in the School Department are greatly enjoyed by the class.
They are now learning the one about types of nests. The second year's work
has started well, fifteen children being enrolled at the second meeting.

This report tells nothing of the joy of the children over each new species,
nor of my own in the class as a whole. Some of the members are looking for-
ward to years of work together.— Agnes M. Learned, Hudson, Mass.

[From the Clinton Daily Item the following description of the reasons for the
organization of this Junior Class is taken. The article, together with the teacher's
letter, brings out several points of distinct value: First, the formation of the Society as a
natural and spontaneous outgrowth from a Sunday-school class in which a live interest
in nature had been awakened, is distinctly unusual and wholly to be commended. Second,
the exhibition held in the children's room in the church, to which "interested friends"_
were invited who "examined carefully the work of the children," is an example of pains-
taking, concrete work, individually helpful and rewarding to teacher and pupil alike.
Third, the value of weekly bird-walks with individual lists not only taken and kept, but
compared in the class, is brought out. Fourth, the joy and comradeship of this Junior
Audubon Society, and the desire of many of its members to continue bird-study, are
evidently a natural outcome of sympathetic teaching and willing working. — A. H. W.]

THE CHICKADEE

There's a little bird singing up in the tree,

"Chickadee — Chickadee — Chickadee — dee."

He wears a black cap and has a black throat.

The rest of him's grey. Can you hear his clear note?

He does not.keep still very long, you may know,

And he keeps hopping 'round, in the rain or the snow.

He's happy all day, if warm or if cold;

He comes near the house, but is not very bold.

He gets very tame if you treat him just right.

And will stay near your house from morning 'till night.

— By a member of the Hudson Junior Bird Class,
Bessie McCulloch, VIII Grade.

66 Bird -Lore

AN OBSERVATION AT FIRST HAND

1 am writing to tell you about a bird I have seen. One night after school I
was playing in the yard and a Cedar Waxwing lit on the ground l)y a stone.
I thought it seemed very tame and so I tried to see how close I could come to it
before it flew. So I went up to it. It did not seem afraid, so I picked it up in
my hands. It did not struggle. I carried it into the old wash-house in a basket
and fed it on seeds. It got so it flew all around and then I carried it across the
road and let it go and it flew away. — Leonice Hill, AshviUe, Maine.

[Perhaps this bird was exhausted from a storm, or was not well, for even birds can
be ill, or it may have been a young bird, strayed from its mates. Cedar Waxwings arc
accustomed to go in flocks, usually small but sometimes, as has been lately reported, in
numbers as large as twenty-five or thirty or more. — .\. H. W.]

AN EXERCISE IN BIRD-STUDY

Dear Jerome:

In the paper there was a notice to feed the birds. There are a great many
birds in your woods, and when you go to the camp you could feed all the wild
birds. You ought to read the story of ^^ Freckles'' and do the same as he did.
When I go out there we will take a walk in the woods and see the birds. The
snow is very deep out there, and the birds can't find anything to eat. I will
write and tell you about our bird-club sometime. — Earle Tompkins, East-
hampton, Mass.

[The teacher who sent this article, simply asked her class to write something about
birds, after reading the scene in" Freckles" which describes his interest in birds. She writes:
"In addition to the club in my own school, I have been starting bird-study in tlie other
public schools of the town. As an experiment, we took only grades 5 to 7 and have
ten clubs. The Superintendent has furnished a substitute for my room, and I have
done it without extra pay, for the experience. I hope sometime to get into this work
altogether." Again, a teacher who is full of enthusiasm and a desire to make bird-study,
not only successful, but general in the middle grades, shows how possible it is to i)ul
this study on a practical and, at the same time, pedagogical basis. It is much to be
desired that more experienced teachers can go into the work of organizing bird-clubs.—
A. H. W.]

MAKING BIRD-BOXES

I am going to make a bird-box for the l)irds. When the cold weather comes
they like to have a house to go into. In our room we have made forty-one bird-
boxes. Many boys and girls have made one, and they have put up forty-one
bird-boxes. In our room some of the boys and girls have joined the Audubon
Society. — Edith Strigel, Lawndale, Fa.

[This brief chronicle of work accomplished suggests the cjuestion of how many
birds seek bird-boxes as places of shelter during the time when they arc not nesting.
Who can answer this question from personal observation? — .\. H. W.]

The Audubon Societies

A SOUTHERN CHRISTMAS CENSUS

We are two little girl-sisters who are living in Georgia now with our papa
and mama.

We were born in Knoxville, Tenn., on Chestnut Hill, where there are a great

many birds, and Aunt M ■ W who loves birds, taught us their

names. When I was two and a half years old I could name twelve birds.
. Aunt M came from Tennessee to spend Christmas with us.

This morning we took little sister B- and walked through Inman

Park where there are a great many evergreen trees called water oaks. We were
looking for birds for our Christmas Census. We saw: 12 Blue Jays, 6 Towhees,
5 Cardinals, 2 Mockingbirds, 25 in all. We heard a Flicker and a Carolina
Wren and thought we heard a Bewick Wren.

The weather is so warm that we have the windows open. — Anne Wood-
ward King (age 5 years), Beth R.\nkin King (age 2 years), Atlanta, Ga.

[This census is dated December 25, 1916, and being published a year later, as it is,
comparisons with this year's weather, which is unusually severe up to the time of writ-
ing, December 12, as well as with the occurrence of winter birds this season, will be help-
ful. The fact that one of these little girls learned to name twelve birds before she was
three years old suggests the appeal of birds to very small children. A boy friend, James
York, learned to recognize many birds from a picture-book almost as soon ashe could
talk.— A. H. W.]

A SNAPSHOT OF A GRAY SCREECH OWL

Note. -The contriinilor of this picture, Wolfrid Rudycrd Boulton. Jr.,
writes from Beaver, Pa.: "A snaj^shot of a gray Screech Owl thai wintered
in our orchard. Its mate was rult)us. .\ pair of I'"lickers raised a brood oi si.\
young ones in the same hole this season.'

[This observation of double tenantry during a season might often be duplicatetb
no doubt, if Junior .\udubon members were on the lookout liuriug oil seasons of the year-
The Screech Owl, one of our small Owls, is (|uite ((.ninion thmuL-lioul a wide area, and

68 Bird- Lore

is always an interesting as well as useful neighbor. Just why its weird, tremulous call
should lead superstitious people to think it forbodes trouble, it is hard to say, unless
it is the survival of a tradition among country folk handed down for centuries. — A. H. W.l

VACATION OBSERVATIONS

This summer I spent part of my vacation at Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H.
One morning when I was out on the lake I saw an Eagle flying not far above
us. That afternoon as I was enjoying a motor-boat ride to Centre Harbor, I
saw two Bald-headed Eagles resting on the limbs of a dead tree. We were so
close to them that we could easily see the white spots on their heads which I
was told is the reason for calling them bald-headed. A little further along we
passed near two Loons. Our view of them was very short, as they soon went
under water, which is their custom when danger approaches.

Another day we went across the lake to visit the Libby Memorial Museum,
which contains specimens of all the birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish which
inhabit the surrounding country. I recall particularly the handsome feathers
of the wild Ducks and Pheasants, also those of the Partridge and Woodcock.
If any of your readers should visit that part of the country, I hope they will
go to the Libby Museum at Luftenbrough. It is worth while. — Janet Merrill,
(age 12 years. Grade VIII), Methuen, Mass.

["Written by a member of the Methuen Junior Audubon Society," says the letter
of the organizer of the Society which accompanied these observations. "The writer is very
observant and enthusiastic, and ... I am anxious to encourage these traits in the
other thirty members of our flourishing Club. They read Bird- Lore at the meetings."
To those acquainted with the bird-life about Lake Winnepesaukee, these notes on the
Bald-headed Eagle and Loon will bring back delightful memories of similar observations
on red-letter days. — A. H. W.j

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK AND THE ENGLISH SPARROW

We have just got up a bird club in our room, but we haven't named it yet.
I would like it to be an Audubon Society. We had a bird club here for children
and adults last year. There were about twenty-five adults and twelve boys.

We had Prof. Randolf from Youngstown, Ohio, give a lecture on his experi-
ences with the birds, using lantern-slides to illustrate it. The club has broken
up now although I don't know the reason.

I listed 121 different species of birds last year and have 41 this year so far.

We are in a good place to look for birds, as Grove City is situated a mile and
a half from Barmore Lake, and on the banks of Wolf Creek. Lots of Wild
Ducks visit these waters. A Wood Duck has nested for several years along
Wolf Creek, 2 miles out from town.

As I sit here and write I have to tap the window every few minutes to
keep the English Sparrows from eating the food that I have set out for other
birds. I have had Robins, Chipping Sparrows, Song Sparrows, and Chickadees

The Audubon Societies

visit my feeding-liouse, in a town of 5,000. I am eleven years old. — Nevin
G. Nicholson, Grove City, Pa.

[Readers of the School Department v\all be interested, it is hoped, to report on the
amount of interference with other birds, caused by the EngHsh Sparrow at winter feed-
ing-counters. All such observations will be gladly received and compared. — \. H. W.]

The boys of the Junior Audubon Nature-Study Club, Bellefontaine, Ohio, dec-
orated a tree for the birds on December 23. Pop-corn, suet, cranberries, bread, etc., were
hung on the tree, with Xmas bells. — Daniel McMillen, President, Bellefontaine, Ohio.

BIRDS ON A STATUE

I watched some birds across a city street

.\flrighted at the sound of coming feet.

They scorned the teamster's proffered grain to share,

V'iewing each lure askance as though a snare,

While little children brought their crumbs in vain.

Eager some mark of confidence to gain.

Distrustful of each human move, at last

They flew upon a statue where they passed

Long restful minutes on the arms and head

That, never having moved, they knew were dead.

O what a travesty on gentle Man!

That even little birds have learned to scan

Him first, if he indeed be flesh and bone.

Or. harmkss bronze, or cold protecting stone.

-F. J. Sawykk.

^]^e Butrution .Societies;

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Butcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$3 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron
Ss.ooo constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

A WARNING!

There is great danger that, in the face
of the numerous calls on the time and
means of the people of this country to
help fight the battle of civilization, the
necessity of conserving our wild bird-
and animal-life may, in a measure, be
lost sight of. In fact, there are many
signs that this tendency has already
developed. Numerous bird- clubs and other
organizations of a similar character have
recently reported the suspension of
activities.

It is perfectly natural that many good,
patriotic people who have theretofore
warmly supported bird-protective efforts
should now feel that all their available
resources must be given to the defense
of their country and to the alleviation of
human suffering.

But if the friends of bird-protection arc
to some extent temporarily suspending
their interest in the cause, it is most
certainly true that the enemies of wild
life are very much alive, and the time
has come when those of us more actively
engaged in wild-life conservation should
set the danger-signals flying from every
hill. Never since this Association began
its organized work, thirteen years ago in
Januar\-, ha\c there been so Tnan\- indica-

tions of concerted effort to break down
bird- and game-restrictive measures as
right now.

Let me cite a few exmaples: Gunners
in several of the eastern counties of Mass-
achussetts have combined, and, by the
assistance of certain officials in Wash-
ington whose names need not be called,
have begun a dangerous move to throw
open the spring shooting of wild fowl in
that territory. Exactly similar efforts
are being made by the coastwise gunners
of New Jersey. The very existence of
Klamath Lake and Malheur Lake as
Federal bird reservations is today hang-
ing in the balance. These contain the
most important breeding colonies of
Ducks and Geese in the northwestern part
of United States.

Down in the mountains of northern
New Mexico is one of the largest breed-
ing territories of Ducks in the Southwest.
For weeks this office and the Game Pro-
tective Association of New Mexico have
been exerting the utmost efforts to pre-
vent this breeding area, known as Stink-
ing Lake, from being leased to a company
of eastern gunners for exploitation.

The most important inland winter-
ing-phuc for Ducks in the eastern United

(70)

The Audubon Societies

States is Big Lake, the Federal reserva-
tion in eastern Arkansas. As this is being
written, a communication lies before me
stating that, backed by commercial
interest, it would seem that every man,
woman, and child in all the country sur-
rounding this great lake has recently
signed a petition asking that, at least for
the duration of the war, all prohibition of
shooting be suspended, so that Ducks may
here be killed for food. From Virginia come
reports of efforts being made to suspend
the law so as to permit the netting of
wild water-fowl.

When we consider the enormity of the
food problems which may confront this
country, the danger that lies behind these
cunningly conceived moves is very appar-
ent.

The Migratory Bird Treaty Bill passed
the United States Senate on July 30, but
thus far it has been absolutely impossible
to induce Congressman Flood, Chairman
of the Foreign Relations Committee of the
Senate, to report the bill for senatorial
action. If this is not done at the present
session of Congress, all the efforts which
the bird-protectors have made the past
two years to get this treaty measure con-
cluded will come to naught. There is
every indication that tremendous pres-
sure has been brought to bear on the
Foreign Relations Committee to induce
its inactivit\'.

What are the friends of the birds going
to do in this country? The time has come
when the situation should squarely be
faced. Are we going to say that we have
no more time and money to give to help
preserve the birds that make it possible
to grow the crops of the land and to
preserve our diminishing supply of wild
game-birds? Are we going to say that
the birds must shift for themselves until
the enemy is conquered? In other words,
are we going to abandon the work of a
generation because of anxiety regarding
conditions across the sea?

Where can we get more valuable workers
to help win the war than we have in our
groves and fields? The wild birds ask for
nothing more than to be let alone. This
Association, in common with other organi-
zations and individuals, has for years
been standing as best it could between
our Wild Life and the greed of mankind,
and it would be an everlasting calamity
if the work of all these years should be
wiped out or nullit'ied to a horrible e.xtent
for the lack of earnest volunteer workers,
or a few thousand dollars with which to
fight the battles for the birds, and yet
this is a possibility.

There never has been a time when the
friends of conservation should more
loyally support the efforts for bird-
protection than today.

CORNELL TO TEACH CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE

By E. A. QUARLES, Director
department u[ Game lireedinf, American Game Protective .\ssociation

The recent announcement by Cornell expect to engage in the many forms of
University of the establishment of a field and executive work that the con-
course of intensive instruction in the con- servation movement has already developed,
scrvation of wild life is welcome news. such as, for instance, stale secretaryships
Commencing February 18, 1Q18, there will of Au(lul)()n Societies, game jirotcctivc
be given at this institution what will be associations, bird-lecture work, etc. This
known as the Long- and Short-term course will require four years' work for
Courses in wild-life conservation. completion and will lead to the degree of

The Long-term Course is designed for Bachelor of Science. The usual Cornell

those who wish to make a life-work of entrance examinations will be rei|uircd of

conservation, and it is designed especially those seeking to take it.

for ilu- Iraininu nl imii :in.| women who The Short term CourM-, ior wlii.li

Bird- Lore

entrance examinations are not required,
is designed more particularly for the
following:

1. Those who wish to receive instruc-
tion in the principles of game breeding and
preserving, with the idea of fitting them-
selves for the position of gamekeeper.

2. Those who wish to take up the breed-
ing of game as a commercial pursuit.

Lectures and laboratory work in this
course will be given from February i8
to May II, and the entire work of the
course will be completed September i,
the interval between the end of the lectures
and the closing of the course being spent
on a game-breeding experiment farm which
has just been established at Cornell under
authority of an act passed by the New
York Legislature at its last regular session.

For the benefit of many who will be
interested to know the facts leading up to
Cornell's unique action, the following
brief history is given: To Herbert K. Job,
director of the Department of Applied
Ornithology of the National Association of
Audubon Societies, is due the credit for
first putting in operation the teaching of
wild-life conservation in an American
institution of learning. This work was
in the Connecticut State Agricultural
E.xperiment Station at Storrs.

Later, Charles E. Treman, of Ithaca,
N. Y., a trustee of Cornell University,
suggested informally that the installation
of a game-breeding experiment farm at
the University would be of great value
in increasing the game-supply of the state.
No definite steps were taken, however,
to bring about action on the suggestion.

Three years ago, those in charge of the
Department of Game Breeding and Pre-
serving of the American Game Protective
Association found that the movement to
supplement the supply of wild game by
producing it under intensive methods in
captivity was heavily handicapped through
the lack of men experienced in game-
breeding and scientific game-preserv-
ing. Men qualified for such work are
usually termed gamekeepers. The
principal source of supply for such workers
was Great Britain, but that countrv was

not able to furnish a sufficient number of
men to meet the demand.

Finding itself faced with such a serious
check to a movement so promising to the
betterment of wild-life conservation work,
the American Game Protective Associa-
tion set about finding a solution for the
problem.

It took little reasoning to suggest that
the utilization of the many excellent
schools of poultry husbandry promised the
best and quickest solution. The Cornell
School was fixed upon as an institution of
splendid promise after a thorough in-
vestigation.

Cornell had to be convinced, however,
and so an opening wedge was used in the
ofifer, two years ago, to give a lecture on
the technique of game-breeding before
the Department of Poultry Husbandry.
This was accepted, and it resulted in an
invitation for a second lecture and a
series of talks on game-breeding during the
following session.

These lectures, fourteen in number, were
given last December and were attended
by more than 1,500 persons. The lecturers
were Messrs. Herbert K. Job, Harry T.
Rogers, and E. A. Quarles. Several of
these lectures were repeated the February
following, during Farmers' Week at
Cornell, when nearly 4,500 farmers from
the entire United States were in atten-
dance at the University.

The situation was now ripe for the
movement to establish a game-breeding
experiment farm at Cornell and install a
course of instruction in game-breeding and
wild-life conservation. A bill appropriat-
ing $15,000 to purchase the farm was in-
troduced and, strongly backed by the
National Association of Audubon Societies,
through its secretary, T. Gilbert Pearson,
and the American Game Protective
.Association, it was passed and received
the approval of Governor Whitman.

The farm has been selected. Taking
title awaits the approval of the Attorney-
general. It is located within easy walking
distance of Cornell and possesses unusual
advantages for the purpose for which it is
to be employed. This course of instruc-

The Audubon Societies

tion has all been laid out and awaits only
the approval of the Cornell authorities for
announcement.

Among those who will take an active
part in the lecture work may be mentioned
Messrs. T. Gilbert Pearson, Herbert K.
Job, E. H. Forbush, Ernest Harold
Baynes, and Clinton G. Abbott, well-
known lecturers on birds; Louis Agassiz
Fuertes, Dr. A. K. Fisher, W. L. McAtee,
Bradford A. Scudder, and many others
equally well-known. The work on game-
breeding and preserving will be con-

ducted by Messrs. Job, Rogers, MacVicar,
Burnham, Quarles, and others. From the
Cornell faculty will be drawn such men as
Dr. Arthur A. Allen, whose work in
economic ornithology is so well known;
Dr. J. G. Needham, the well-known
biologist. Prof. James E. Rice, and others.
Conservationists may well look upon the
work proposed as one of the most impor-
tant that has yet been undertaken in con-
nection with the national movement to
increase the country's wild life.

BIRD LECTURES

Herbert K. Job, of the Association's
Department of Applied Ornithology,
will devote part of his time this winter
and spring to giving public lectures, both
on general topics of wild bird-life and on
the practical aspects of attracting and
propagating wild birds and game. A
descriptive circular of these lectures will
be mailed, either by Mr. Job or from this
office, to those who desire it. The lectures

are illustrated, either with motion pic-
tures or from Mr. Job's wonderful col-
lection of colored lantern-slides. All fees
received are used in support of the work
of this Assoication, and it is hoped that
these lectures will be in great demand by
our friends. Detailed information may be
obtained by writing Mr. Job at _'qi Main
Street, West Haven, Conn.

REPORTS OF AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS

Audubon Society of Sewickley Valley (Pa.)- — Birds in this valley have
noticeably multiplied since the organization of this Society on Apfil 28, 19 14,
at the home of Mary Roberts Rinehart, and we feel that a goodly percentage
of credit in their increase is due to the efforts of our Society.

Our activities for the past year include such efforts as interesting and educat-
ing the children through propaganda work in the schools; lectures for all ages;
field outings for every member; bringing together the members of two Audubon
Societies at a large annual dinner; and legislati\e work for the protection of
Herons and migratory birds.

The work among the school-children has resulted in several Junior Audubon
classes, and in the springtime they made several excursions with their U>aders
into the fields and woods. The study of birds is also included in the school
curriculum, and a practical turn is given to this study by the making ot
bird-houses, of which over seventy were turned out by one school last
spring.

A lecture in Sewickley, on November 17, by Mrs S. Louise Patleson, of
Cleveland, on 'How to Have Bird Neighbors,' was of especial interest, as her
bird- and feeding-boxes were so simple that an unskilled chiUl could make ihera.

Mr. Oldvs, from Washington. D. C. was again with us this spring, and gave

74 Bird -Lore

a lecture on 'Bird Friends' and several informal talks illustrated with stuffed
bird si)ecimens. He also conducted several outings.

One of the most enjoyable affairs of the year was the second annual meeting
of the Western Pennsylvania Audubon Society and the Audubon Society of
Sewickley Valley, at a dinner in the Fort Pitt Hotel, in Pittsburgh, at which
several hundred members were present. Several notable speakers addressed
the gathering, including Mr. Norman McClintock, who illustrated his address
with his wonderful moving pictures of birds. A new committee has been
appointed to erect bird-houses and winter feeding-stations along the miles of
bridle-path through woodland and field.

A very interesting article, taken from the Ladies' Home Journal, on 'The Des-
Iructiveness of Cats on Bird Life,' was published by this Society in the local
weekly paper. The Audubon posters for the encouragement of birds in our
war gardens have been displayed in the shop windows of the neighborhood.
The Society joinefl in the general protest to Congress in defense of the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act, and many assurances of support were received. A bill before
the Legislature at Harrisburg was so amended, on protest by this Society, that
full protection to the Herons in this State is now assured. The Society now
numbers 235 members and feels that it has had a very successful year. — (Mrs.)
M. G. Rose, Secretary.

Audubon Society of the Pacific. — This Society was organized January 25,
1917. Though the active members number only 80, and the war has called some
away, the organization has already earned recognition by scientific organiza-
tions and several departments of our state and Federal governments.

The need had long been felt for a sustained supervision over a wider area of
the Pacific Coast than had as yet been attained by any local and already-existing
State Audubon Society. The organization of the Audubon Association of the
Pacific was for the purpose of meeting this necessity. The organiza-tion was
hardly completed before many and important tasks were clamoring for atten-
tion. In the first few weeks of its existence the Association was instrumental
in securing the defeat of the notorious 'Flicker Bill' in Legislature at Sacra-
mento. This was an attempt by pseudo-sportsmen to put some useful insectiv-
orous and song-birds on the roll of their hapless victims, the game-birds. The
preservation of certain harmless Hawks, Owls, and Kingfishers, which had
heretofore been included among the destructive species to bird and fish-life
in the Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, was taken up with the Directorate
of the Park and met with a cordial and ready approval. The passage of the
Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act was urged upon representatives from the
seven California counties at present included in the membership of the Associa-
tion. All these lawmakers expressed approval of the measure and promised to
support it.

The Association is carrying on a world-wide investigation as to the des-

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

truction of birfl-life by waste oil on the ocean. It is hoped that some information
will be forthcominj^ in the near future, and that measures maybe inaugurated
for the suppression of this scourge to the ocean avifauna, which has assumed
alarming proportion off our California coast. An investigation as to the killing
of birds at the lighthouses of the Pacific Coast is also under way, and some
thirty-six letters have been received from lighthouse keepers in answer to a
list of questions sent out. The study of these letters promises to shed some new
light on the destruction of birds at such places and also some interesting
facts as to the migrating habits and routes of travel of our Pacific Coast

migrants.

Lectures have been given at

the monthly meetings, the sub-

.^^^^ .^^^ jects presented covering interesting

W^^L ^tt^^X ttB^S^I^^^^tB features of research on matters

II^^Btoj^S^Hj^ /^Vi^^^^ ornithological, both in local and

^HPI^ .^^Bm^HHr '^^EIH foreign tields. The list of speakers,

a veritable scientific galaxy, in-
cludes Grinnell, Storrer, Bryant.
^__ Loomis, Kvermann, Maillard, and

^Wf9^-4^^m^ /te "^S'WS ' * others. Frequently, lantern illus-
^^^^ .««lfc- ^ trations were by cinematogra])hs

k ^^^^^^ f^ -^^^^Jl and slides, taken by members

P^^ ...^^/^ ^1 themselves.

^^ - -^^^ ' "• Field-trips under the guidance

of some local expert have been
made at fre(|uent intervals. These
trips have j)roved most attractive,
as well as educational, careful
notes of each trip being secured
by the 'historian" appointed for
the day. These are read at the
following open meeting of the Association, after which they are printetl
and filed with the Library records.

The trip of August 3 to the Farallon Islands was of more than i)assing in-
terest. These Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, 25 miles off the Golden Gale,
and are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce. They are well
known as of si)ecial ornithological interest, being the nesting-place for ocean-
going birds and teeming with bird-life in the breeding-season, and once being a
favorite haunt for egg-poachers, as recorded in the encyclopedias. The Federal
Government prohibits visitors to the Islands, but, in recognition of the Associa-
tion's work, honored it as a special guest, taking us to and from the light-
house tender. It seemed to the members of the .Association that the super-
abundance of Western Gulls was probably a factor in the evidently stead\-

CHASE LnilJCJOllX .\MJ AMV 1,. y.\
INTERVIEW l\f; A BARV PUFFIN

76 Bird - Lore

decrease of the once amazingly abundant Murre population, and that measures
for lessening the Gull myriads might be advisable. The Association has also
asked the Federal authorities to extend the closed season on the Islands to the
end of August, as many young birds and some brooding ones were evidently
disturbed and endangered by our visit on August 3. We subscribe, through the
National Association, for the magazine, Bird-Lore, which we place in the hands
of every member. — C. B. Lastreto, President.

The Bird Club of Long Island. — ^During the past year the Club has
acquired an additional membership of 159 — 138 being annual subscribers and
21 life members. This gives the Club a total enrollment of 535, and thus
presents a very satisfactory increase over the membership list of the previous
year. It may be noted also that the Club is represented in no less than fifty-
four localities on Long Island, and has therefore a more extended influence
than ever before.

The Treasurer's statement shows receipts, including the balance of last year,
in the sum of $1,248.43, leaving a credit on July i, after the payment of all
necessary expenses, of $1,047.64, of which the sum of $780 is represented in an
interest-bearing certificate issued by the New York Life Insurance and Trust
Company, this amount, however, being for investment by our Finance Com-
mittee, and covering life-membership fees, as under a previous ruling of the
Executive Committee these are retained and only the income may be applied
toward general expenses.

The activities of the Club have been pursued along nearly the same lines
as during the previous season. More than 1,000 enamel and Hnen signs, printed
in English and Italian, were posted on trees and fences, threatening all persons
with arrest and prosecution who molested birds or destroyed their nests. The
public and private schools now enrolled as unit members show a total attend-
ance of some 2,235 children who receive, under the same arrangement as last
year, through the National Association of Audubon Societies, such printed
matter as it may issue, including leaflets and pictures of bird-life, and thus
acquire a knowledge of the usefulness of birds and an interest in their protection.
Bird buttons were distributed to the children attending pubhc schools, and
also given to the employees on private estates, in order to arouse their sympathy
and support and instil in the minds of all, especially those of foreign birth, the
fact that birds must not be harmed or injured in any way. A publicity com-
mittee of seven was also instituted to collect and publish information and answer
inquiries; these are numerous and indicate a widespread desire on the part of
many to cooperate in extending the good work which the Club was intended to
perform.

A larger membership, however, is desirable in order to provide an adequate
income to carry out the useful purposes for which our Club was organized and
also permit the Executive Committee to undertake the development of certain

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

'W *K

.;,.c' : .- 'ir^;^**^.:.

COL. THEODORE ROUaE\ ELT, PRESIDENT OF THE Lu.\u l.-LAXD BIRD CLUB, TALKING
WITH CAPT WM. SPRINKLE, AUDUBON WARDEN AT PASS CHRISTIAN, MISSISSIPPI.

■&

plans in view. It is therefore urged that an active interest may be shown to
increase our list of subscribers to at least 1,000, and that our birds may be pro-
tected, their wanton destruction checked, and information distributed as to
the best methods of attracting them, while their economic value may be taught
to the landowner and farmer in every part of our Island. This great service The
Bird Club of Long Island is anxious to perform if means are forthcoming from
a larger membership to enable it to accomplish those benefits to the community
that its limited resources render impossible at this time. With the present
scarcity of labor, the necessity of bird-protection becomes more and more
evident, and this was never more apparent than at the present moment.
— Alice Greenough Townsend, Secretary.

Bird Conservation Club (Maine). — Our Bangor Club, which was started
three years ago by a half-dozen ladies who were especially interested in bird-
study and conservation, grew rapidly for the first year, and during the last two
years has increased more slowly but steadily. Our membership is now 75.

Our activities have not included great undertakings, but we know that we
have influenced the sentiment of our community. We have had printed some

78 Bird- Lore

conservation posters, planned lo interest and enlighten, and these wc have had
distributed broadcast over the state, to school-rooms, post-offices, town halls,
wherever our members have wandered. Also, we have had printed some cloth
reservation posters. These we have used in vicinity of Bangor, where we have
persuaded many owners of large estates or woodlands to reserve their property
as bird sanctuaries and to forbid all shooting and hunting.

We have communicated with all the granges of our county and distributed
much literature to them. Thus we hope to reach the ears and hearts of the
farmers, to whom bird-conservation is so important.

Wc are not allowed to form clubs in the public schools of the city, but we
have offered prizes for bird-houses, and the manual training departments of
the schools have turned out a great many nesting-boxes which we have assisted
the boys and girls to place. The Club itself has placed eight to ten dozen
nesting-boxes, and we have been rewarded by many bird tenants — Martins,
Bluebirds, Wrens and Tree Swallows.

During the winter months we have fed the winter birds. Last winter several
hundreds pounds of suet were placed by the Club and by individual members,
as well as large quantities of dry feed for the seed-eating birds. Not many
species of birds brave our Maine winters, but Hairy and Downy Woodpeckers,
Chickadees, and both White- and Red-breasted Nuthatches were daily pen-
sioners of our bounty, and several other kinds came occasionally to our feeding-
stations. We have also been visited by flocks of Pine Grosbeaks, Evening
Grosbeaks, Bohemian Waxwings, and Redpolls.

In the last two years our Club has planted nearly a hundred trees in the
various parks of the city: fruit-bearing trees, mountain-ash, and wild crab-
apple to furnish food for our winter birds, and evergreen trees to furnish them
needed shelter.

During the winter we held regular monthly meetings, when we have listened
to many interesting papers and discussions. Occasionally we have secured
speakers of some note. The meetings have been very well attended. During
the spring season, and again in the fall, we have held numerous field meetings,
which have been delightful and conducive to increase interest.

W^e have tried to 'do our bit' by writing letters to our Congressmen in both
State and National Legislatures whenever any measures bearing on bird-pro-
tection were up for consideration.

We have done something in the past, and we hope to do more in the future.
— Alice B. Bowt.n, Secretary.

Birdlovers' Club of Brooklyn (New York). — During the season of
19 1 0-17 the Birdlovers" Club of Brooklyn held monthly meetings from
October to May and conducted monthly field trips to Prospect Park under
the leadership of members of the Club. Addresses were given on various
phases of bird-study and identification in the field by Dr. Edward W. Vietor

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 79

and Edward F. Fleischer. Howard H. Cleaves, of the Staten Island Museum,
gave an interesting address on his recent trip to the Virginia coast, with
beautiful lantern slides of the bird-life of that region.

The Club sent typewritten letters to all Senators and Representatives at
Washington in favor of the Migratory Bird law, and many individual members
wrote both Senators and Representatives.

A bird-glass was presented as a prize to the boy or girl doing the most
efficient work in bird-study in the Children's Museum. This competition
aroused much interest among the school-children in the study of local
birds.

The study collections of the Children's Museum Bird-Room were materially
increased and improved by a fund of nearly $200 raised by the Birdlovers'
Club. These study collections are used continually for intensive study by
groups of Audubon members. The Birdlovers' Club maintains, through
Doctor E. W. Victor, a monthly Bulletin, posted in the Brooklyn Museum
and in the Children's Museum, of the birds of Prospect Park. Up to the
present time the Club has identified a total of 168 species of birds in Prospect
Park.

One interesting inquiry came to the Club from Russia, the heart of the war
zone, for material on the subject of bird-conservation. — George O. Schoon-
HOVEN, Secretary.

Blair County (Pa.) Game, Fish and Forestry Association. — The conser-
vation and propagation work of the Association, as applied to wild birds, was
carried forward during the past year in the same effective manner as that
of previous years.

Realizing that it is education that forms the common mind, the Association
ofifered prizes to the school-children of the county who would erect bird-boxes
and have them first occupied in the spring. The children entered spiritedly
into the contest, with results that were countywide. The sum of S25 was
appropriated for bird-boxes that were presented to the schools of the county,
hundreds of houses being built by the Association on Government specifica-
tions and sold broadcast for 25 and 30 cents each, or the bare cost price. The
sum of $42 was appropriated and invested in grain, which was carried to all
sections of the county during the severe winter months and used to feed
game-, song- and insectivorous-birds. The .\ssociation also invested S33 in
barberry and bayberry trees, planted in selected spots to furnish feed for
birds.

The Blair County Clul) is inslniincnlal in liaxing the county closed to
Quail and Ring-necked Pheasants for the 1917 season, and made an earnest
effort to have Ruffed Grouse protected for a year, but in this was unsuccessful.
Several hundred notices, calling attention to the sUite law regarding the ilis-
turhiiig of wild birds or their nests, were |)(>ste(l in all parts ol the county, and

Bird- Lore

several prosecutions were made and convictions secured for the killing of wild
birds, with excellent effect on the irresponsible element that causes such des-
truction. And what is probably most important in the organization's work, it
has educated an unthinking public to a point where there is a protective thought
for the wild bird. — John H. Winters, President.

SIGN AND BIRD-BOX ERECTED BY BLAIR COUNTY, PENN-
SYLVANIA, GAME, FISH AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE PASS CLOSE BY THIS SPOT.

Brookline (Mass.) Bird Club. — The report of the Brookline Bird Club
for this year might well be a repetition of last year's work. Though the war has
stopped the proposed publishing of the work of the Club to date and drawn
very heavily upon the time and energy of the Directors, progress can be
reported in all lines of effort.

The membership of the Club — nearly 600 — is the largest since the organiza-
tion came into existence.

The lectures and 'round-table talks prove as popular as formerly, and much
information and instruction is obtained by those attending. This year, the
Directors are endeavoring to develop these meetings so that more members
will take an active part and become contributors to it, thus offering an
opportunity for questions and the relating of bits of interesting bird-
experiences.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations m

We are especially glad to be able Lo report that, through the efforts of the
Club, Horace Taylor was again engaged to lecture to the children in the public
schools. We believe that this will now become a permanent feature of the
nature-study work, and the Superintendent of Schools states that an appro-
priation will be asked for next year to continue this good work.

The Forestry Department of the town, whose activities are closely inter-
woven with those of the Bird Club, continues its very practical bird-welfare
work. Mr. Lacey, the Superintendent and Bird Warden, reports that his sixty
feeding-stations, scattered about the town, will be maintained again this com-
ing winter. Permanent, solid shelters are being set up at these stations, and
last year's results will justify the expenditure of public money in this manner.
The several hundred nesting-boxes which were placed about the town ha\-c
been reset and many of them located to better advantage. The laws regarding
shooting within the town (now a reservation) are well observed, and public
sentiment leans strongly toward their enforcement. These all contribute to the
very healthy interest in birds and their protection that increases every year,
and we are more and more impressed by the real interest displayed by those
who are taking up the subject of ornithology as beginners, even among the
older people, and how true it is that those once actually interested seldom, il
(!ver, lose this interest. — Charles B. Floyd, President.

Brush Hill (Mass.) Bird Club. — The most important move on the ])ail
of the Club during the past year was to extend our active membership list
so as to include the entire township of Milton; up to last April only resi-
dents of the Brush Hill and Blue Hill sections of the town were eligible as
a ctive members. This has resulted in bringing in many new members from the
more densely settled parts of Milton and has made the Club a town affair,
rather than a sectional one.

We had a talk last November by Mr. Floyd, President ot the Brookline Bird
Club, on the organization of his Club and its activities, municijial or otherwise.
During the winter Messrs. Adams, Horton, and Wall F. McMahon, the latter
from the National Association of Audubon Societies, gave us illustrated lec-
tures on local topics. In April, when we made the change in the ct)nstitulion,
we had Mr. Baynes give his j^opular illustrated lecture at the Town Hall.

During the past two years we ha\ e prosecuted a vigorous campaign against
the English S])arrow, hiring an em])loyee of the State Fish and (iame Com-
mission to exterminate these birds wherever possible in our section of the [own.
This was made possible by the cooperation of the Board of Selectmen, who
a])iK)inte<l him a special officer, with permission to shoot an\where on the public
land of the town. We obtained written ])ermils from most of the lan(lowner>
in our section. .\s a result, over i,()oo Sparrows were shot la>t year and over
()oo the year before, when we instituted the plan and had but a short time to
act. This almost exterminates the local llocks, but the fact that their places

S:- Bird - Lore

are taken every fall by migrations from the neighboring cities makes a yearly
campaign necessary.

Our business manager, Dr. Harris Kennedy, secured a good collection of
the skins of common perching birds of this neighborhood last spring, and has
had them preserved in individual celluloid tubes which are unbreakable,
hermetically sealed, but perfectly transparent. These are to be used as a cir-
culating library by members of the Club, for study or reference, as the case may
be. The collection was purchased by means of a fund collected from some of
the Club's members for that purpose.

Naturally, the war has made itself felt here, and there has been a very notice-
able slackening of interest among the Club members. We hope, however, that
we can keep the organization running fairly strong despite this fact. We are
about to start a 'fall drive' in the town in an attempt to materially increase our
active membership. — Nathan Chandler Foot, President.

Buffalo (N. Y.) Audubon Society. — The eighth year of this organization
closed May i8, 19 17, with a paid-up membership of 264. There were four
meetings of the Society and six meetings of the Executive Committee for the
transaction of business during the year.

Through the courtesy of Henry R. Howland, Superintendent of Natural
Sciences, cards of admission to four lectures were sent to each member. The
lectures of the year were as follows: October 16, Mrs. S. Louise Patterson;
November 23, Ernest Harold Baynes; December 5, Edward C. Avery; De-
cember 8, T. Gilbert Pearson; February 24, Guy A. Bailey; March 23, Dr.
Arthur A. Allen; March 30, Chnton G. Abbot; May 18, CHnton E. Kellogg.

For the second year the Audubon Society furnished money to pay dues to
make each boy and girl on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation a member of a
Junior Audubon Circle. Membership in the National Association of Audubon
Societies and in the Erie County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals was continued.

The financial report of the year ending May 18, 19 17, follows: Receipts,
$932.28; disbursements, $629.65. On hand. May 18, $302.63. To this will be
added more than $50 from 'Notes of the Audubon Society,' published in the
Express, not yet paid in. The Bird Almanac netted the Society $68.71. The
copies that remain unsold may be obtained free from Miss Mary Ellis, 763
Bird Avenue, by members of the Society or by teachers who have formed
Junior Audubon Circles. The postage is 5 cents for BufTalo. For the seventh
year 'Notes of the Audubon Society' have (since March 8) appeared weekly in
the Illustrated Sunday Express. One-half value of published articles is returned
to the writers. The Junior Audubon work is very prosperous. The Director,
Miss Mary Ellis, is untiring in the work; and as many Circles have been formed
during this as in past years. The Migration Calendars in the Express have been
in charge of Miss Caroline L. Doll, whose efificient service is appreciated by

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 8^;

many readers in western New York. At the direction of the Executive Com-
mittee, the Secretary prepared an article on 'How to begin Bird Study,' and
mailed it to twelve newspapers in Erie County, outside of Buffalo. Copies of
papers containing the printed article were returned by the publishers to the
Secretary.

Four bird identification walks, free to members of the Audubon Society,
were conducted by the Secretary in May. Nineteen bird talks were given by
members during the year, under the auspices of the Society: C. B. Hersey
gave three, H. C. DeGroat gave two, and the Secretary gave fourteen. Ten new
lantern-slides have been added to the set owned by the Society. There are now
sixty-five slides, all in perfect condition. Seven members of our Society were
sustaining members of the National Association of Audubon Societies the past
year. The Tri-State Bird Contest for 19 16 was won by western New York.
Owing to the much-regretted death of Rev. Reuben F. Randolph, who orig-
inated the Tri-State Contests, a challenge from New York has not been
accepted for 19 17.

The past year has furnished an opportunity to every member of the Society
to help further protective legislation. Calls were received as follows: August,
1916, to protest against an extension of an open season on wild-fowl in any part
of the county; September, 1916, to help save Lake Malheur, Ore., as a bird res-
ervation; February, 1917, to help in passing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act;
March, 1917, to endorse the State Legislature imposing a tax on cats. The
response of members to these calls for help have been most gratifying.

Realizing the need of educating the general public regarding bird helpfulness
to man, bird laws, and how to have laws enforced, 25,000 copies of a circular
fully explaining these points have been printed and distributed in more than
100 schools of Buffalo and western New York. Additional circulars are in the
hands of the Secretary, Miss C. A. Doll, 587 Ellicott Street. Upon request they
will be sent, to the number of 100 or less, to persons or places where they would
be helpful. Members are asked to give thought to this offer. A special meeting
of the Audubon Society, held May 5, led to a change in the administration
of the affairs of the Society. At the annual meeting of May 18 a new constitu-
tion was adopted. Officers and Directors were elected as follows: President,
Dr. Channing E. Beach; Vice-President, Dr. Anne E. Perkins; Secretary, Miss
Caroline L. Doll; Treasurer, Miss Harriet S. Baker; Directors, Miss Mary
Ellis, James Savage, J. M. Overfield, Jr. According to the new constitution of
the Society, the annual meetings are to be held the third week in F« bruarv .
Dues are payable fin advance) March i of each year.

The Secretary has received a most courteous response from all ncwspapcrb
when requested to give publicity. The appreciation of the Society is due to
our printer, Charles AL Nicholson, of 84 Ellicott Street, for the interest he has.
for seven years, shown in rendering prompt and accurate service at a very
moderate price. In closing a ser\-ice of eight years, on arcount of the removal o|

o4ttnanac ^.

J3JZ

COVER OF A LARGE BIRD CALENDAR ISSUED BY THE BUFFALO AUDUBON SOCIETY

(84)

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 85

her home from Buffalo to Riverside, Cal., your Secretary desires to express her
sincere appreciation to the Society for the freedom that has been permitted
her; for the confidence shown in her; for the loyal responses to her many re-
quests for assistance; for the many kind words expressed; and for the goodly
amount of work accomplished through the united efforts of the members.
Under the new officers, with its large membership, healthy bank account, and a
splendid foundation on which to build, the Audubon Society of Buffalo should
render additional service to its members and to its larger field of work — all
western New York. — Mrs. G. M. Turner, Retiring Secretary.

Burroughs Junior Audubon Society (Kingston, N. Y.). — Our Society
was organized in the fall of 19 15 with about 80 members. Each year new
members have been added. Our meetings have been held monthly, at
which time different birds, their habits, etc., were discussed. During the
past year we visited John Burroughs, the naturalist, at his home in West Park,
N. Y., saw and inspected 'Slabsides' and enjoyed a most profitable experience.
Mr. Burroughs himself was a guest at one of our meetings and told many inter-
esting stories of his acquaintance with birds. His granddaughter is a member
of our Club, and this week was elected Secretary.

Last February we hired Edward Avis to give his lecture-recital 'Birdland.'
This was illustrated with stereopticon-views, and various birdcalls were given
by him. With the proceeds of this lecture we purchased several additional
books for the bird library, Victrola bird-records, field-glasses, bird-houses, etc.
Some of the boys are making feeding-stations now for the coming winter. Just
before school closed we donated $30 to the Red Cross.

Last April, on State Bird Day, we gave the little playlet which was pub-
lished in Bird-Lore, in the school assembly.

We are trying to create a wider interest in birds and hope to make the com-
ing year the most successful one we have had. — (Miss) Jennie H. Mauter-
STOCK, President (Honorary).

Cayuga (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Seven morning trips for the study of birds
completed the fourth successful year of the Cayuga Bird Club. These trips
were held in the Bird Club Sanctuary Saturday mornings, from April to June,
and were well attended, requiring three or four sections each morning. L. A.
Fuertes, A. A. Allen, Mrs. A. A. Allen, and C. W. Leister acted as leaders, and,
owing to the retarded vegetation, unusual numbers of birds were seen.

The number of public lectures was this year reduced, but the activities of
the Club in other ways surpassed previous years. The annual Field-Day,
usually held in the Bird Club Sanctuary, was this year altered so that the Club
might cooj)erate with the city authorities in the establishment of a new park
in Six-Mile Creek Glen. Benefiting by their previous experience in the
Sanctuary, the 700 or 800 school-children ably assisted in the building of the

Bird- Lore

DEDICATING THE AkCH Al IHK hMRANlh (Jl- THE CA\ L (. A lilKI' lEL b

Photograph by A. A. Allen.'

\.NL i I vkv.

paths, the clearing of brush, and the planting of wild flowers in this new park.
The Bird Club, with the help of Mr. Bush, the manual- training instructor,
instituted a bird- house competition in which about 75 boys took part. Excel-
lent nesting-boxes were built by the boys, and these were put up in the new park
as one feature of the exercises.

Another successful enterprise with which the Cayuga Bird Club cooperated
was the establishment of a program of wild-life conservation in connection with

RUSTIC RRIDGR AND FEEDING-ARCH, CAYUGA RIRD SANCTUAR>-
PhotoKraph by A. A. Allen.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 87

Farmers' Week at Cornell University. The program consisted of a series of
lectures by eminent authorities in the various fields of wild-life conservation
and an elaborate exhibit, and was concluded by a banquet tendered to the
visiting conservationists. It is planned that this program shall become a per-
manent feature of the annual gathering of the farmers of the state at the State
College of Agriculture at Cornell University.

LOUIS AGASSIZ TUERrKb Al THE lUbklKs AktH EN-
TRANCE OF CAYUGA BIRD CLUB SANCTUARY
PhotoRraph by A. A. Allen.

Equally successful was the movement to construct a suital)k' arch at llic
entrance to the Bird Club Sanctuary. A concrete arch was designed b\' Presi-
dent Fuertcs, and funds for its construction raised by public subscription.
The ground had been prepared for it on the previous annual Field-Day, when
the children, with great eagerness, had placed their names in a steel bo.x to be
incorporated in (he foundation of the arch. Upon the completion of the arch.

Bird- Lore

appropriate dedication-exercises were held, and the arch, which had been con-
cealed by large American flags, was unveiled.

The usual work of feeding the birds in winter was carried on by the Club in
its Sanctuary, and several hundred pounds of grain were given to the Ducks on
Cayuga Lake. Through the generosity of James S. Taylor, a rustic feeding arch,
similar to the one erected near the rustic bridge in the Sanctuary, was placed
in the city cemetery, and this will henceforth be maintained.

Upon the resignation of the Treasurer, Mrs. S. A. Munford, because of
leaving the city, a vote of appreciation for her efficient services was extended to
her. Mrs. A. A. Allen was elected to the vacancy. The officers of the club are:
Hon. President, Dr. Andrew D. White ; President, L. A. Fuertes; Vice-Presidents,
Mrs. J. H. Comstock, Mrs. A. W. Smith, W. D. Funkhouser; Secretary, Dr.
A. A. Allen; Treasurer, Mrs. A. A. Allen. — A. A, Allen, Secretary.

Columbus (Ohio) Audubon Society .^Beginning in October with a very
successful bird-protective exhibit at the Public Library, the Columbus Audu-
bon Society has held a meeting each month. Three illustrated lectures were
given. Sixteen field-trips have been taken, and $150 worth of prizes were
distributed in the bird-house contest in March.

In January, Ernest H. Baynes lectured on 'How to Attract Wild Birds.'
In February, Prof. Lynds Jones talked of the 'Value of the Quail to the Farmer.'
At the beginning of the garden season Prof. Hobert Osborn, of the Ohio State
University, lectured on the relation of birds to injurious insects.

During the Bird Exhibit 39 new names were added to the membership.

OLUMBUS Audubon Sogiety

BIRH EXHIBIT OF \\\V. COMM KUS, OH lo AIDl'HON SOCIKIV.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 89

Over 90 people joined the Club at the time of Mr. Baynes' lecture. The field-
trips have been the means of attracting 35 more, making an addition of 171
new members.

Among the 3,000 visitors to the October Exhibit were about 400 students
from the State School for Deaf Mutes. These children eagerly grasped
everything explained to them. They afterward wrote creditable essays on what
they had seen, some of them closing with "I wish to hear the song of birds."
Many pupils and teachers from the State School for the Blind attended Mr.
Baynes' lecture and are planning to make bird-houses for the next contest.

Space was given the Audubon Society for an exhibit at the State Fair in
August, in order to reach the farmers. The farmers showed more appreciation
of the display of birds and their nests, weed seeds, winter foods, etc., than did
the city people. One country woman remarked, reminiscenth', "Oh, yes, I
know the Quail; he hollers nice." The men were glad to get the National
Association's 'war' posters to put up on their farms. Many of them told of
feeding the winter birds. People from nearby towns asked for information about
starting bird clubs and were interested in the bird books displayed. Besides
the 'war' posters given out to the farmers, the Boy Scouts put up numbers of
them in the parks and surrounding country. — Lucy B. Stone, Secretary.

Cumberland County (Maine) Audubon Society. — November 3, 19 16, in
the first snowstorm of the season, a little band of seven people gathered at
the Natural History Rooms to form a society for the study and protection of
the birds. Though small in number, the enthusiasm was great. Those present
were made a committee of the whole to obtain new members, and though
not yet a year old, we have an active membership of 107. We met once a
month until June, when outdoor walks took the place of indoor meetings.

On January 7, Arthur H. Norton, the well-known ornithologist of our own
city, gave an illustrated talk on 'The Mockingbird' that was wintering in one
of our parks. In February, letters were sent to our Congressmen in regard to
the Migratory Bird Treaty, and replies from them, promising their support,
were received. In April, Ernest Harold Baynes gave us a much-enjoyed lecture,
and in May, Mr. Bisbee, of our own city, gave us an illustrated lecture.

No 'war' bird posters have been put up as yet, but we are now working for
that, as well as arranging for the winter feeding of the birds. We have all
enjoyed the work and meetings, and feel that a foundation has been laid for
much good work in the future. Our later reports will prove if this be so and il
we are doing our part to keej) the birds with us. — .\i).\ Odioknk Foc.c,
President.

Detroit (Mich.) Audubon Society. — The Detroit .\udubon Society was
organized May <S, igiO, at the home of Mrs. Edward V. Rush, who became the
Society's most eflkient Secretarv. The program for the winter iiuluded an

Qo Bird -Lore

interesting lecture by J. H. McGillvray,of the Public Domain, on 'Forestry and
Birds.' A fine series of slides illustrated the work the Game Commission and the
Forest Scouts are doing in the state. The Society joined with the Conservation
Department of the Federation of Women's Clubs in holding an exhibit of bird-
houses and bird-shelters made by the boys of the manual training classes of the
public schools. A beautifully illustrated talk on shore-birds was given by G. L.
Abbott, of Grosse Pointe Shores, at this time.

Field-outings were held during the months of October, November, and De-
cember. The Chairman of the Field Committee, Mrs. F. W. Robinson, secured
the cooperation of the Commissioner of Parks and Boulevards in an effort to
feed the birds on Belle Isle during the winter. Two shelters were built at his
direction and placed in locations chosen by the Committee. The result was a
decided increase in the number of winter birds on Belle Isle. The children of
the Junior Leagues made weekly trips all winter to carry food for the birds.
On February lo they found a Bluebird feeding, making the earliest Bluebird
record for Detroit, so far as we know.

Six Junior Leagues, with an enrollment of 174, were organized by Miss
Gertrude Gilmore, Chairman of the Junior Leagues Committee. Two new
Leagues and many new members have been added this fall. This work was
begun in the school-gardens of the city.

The Detroit Audubon Society responded to the call to help save the Migra-
tory Bird Law from ruin.

Nicholas Woods, of the Game Committee, had the Michigan state law
relating to birds translated into several languages and posted in the foreign
districts. The President has given twenty-five talks, most of them with slides,
before schools, Hbraries, and clubs. Much interest and enthusiasm for birds
and their protection has been shown, especially among the school-children. —
Mrs. Jefferson Butler, President.

Doylestown (Pa.) Nature Club. — The Doylestown Nature Club has
increased in membership and activities to a marked degree since the report
sent to the National Association of Audubon Societies last October. Our
membership now numbers 167. At the regular meetings which take place on
the second and fourth Mondays in the month, the following subjects were
studied and presented: The Wind in Poetry, Water Fowl, A Study of Roots,
Ferns in their Native Haunts, Emerson as a Poet of Nature, Luminosity of
Insects and Other Organisms, Poisonous Plants, Birds of Prey, Nature's
Highways and Byways, Seed Travelers, Wonders of the Sea, Serpents, A
Symposium, Nature's Calendar. A talk on 'Sweet Peas up to Date,' was given
among a thousand hybridized sweet peas at W. Atlee Burpee's Seed Farm,
Doylestown, in June by the sweet pea expert, George W. Kerr.

C. F. Choflfner, founder of the Liberty Bell Bird Club, gave a stereopticon
lecture on the value of birds in the public school, to which the school children

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

were invited. An illustrated lecture on the constellations was given by William
Henry Frome in the open on a perfectly clear moonlight night in July. A huge
screen was erected in a field on a hill on which the pictures were plainly
seen after dark, the members being seated on the ground. At the conclusion
of the lecture, thirteen brave members slept on straw under the open sky,
along the Neshaminy Creek, at Dark Hollow, a place rich in Indian
legends, remote from the habitations of men, with a mangy dog and a flash-
light for protection. By a huge campfire, a midnight feast was prepared,
also a 5 o'clock breakfast the next morning. Dr. Edward William Geil, the

DOYLESTOWN, PA., NATURE CLUB.

noted traveler and lecturer, will give a talk before the Nature Club in
January on 'Ants and Ant Hills.' Dr. Henry C. Mercer, of Moravian Pottery
fame, is booked for the lecture on 'Historic Trees,' in November. Most of the
Club's lectures are given in the public school to create an interest among the
pupils in nature studies. The Nature Club for two years has made a plea for
the protection of wild flowers by posting notices along the roads. May 12,
the annual sunrise walk, to study the migration of Warblers, was enjoyed by
50 members, with a gypsy breakfast afterward in the woods at 6 o'clock. For
nine years, the Nature Club has been taking these sunrise walks, and no matter
what the condition of the weather at 4 a.m., a large percentage of the mem-
bers has been readv to start at that time.

Bird- Lore

The annual canal-boal trip was taken Saturday, September 22, with 76
people on board. The route, from New Hope to Point Pleasant, Pa., along the
Delaware Valley, was most interesting, abounding in fall flowers, ferns and
beautiful grasses on the banks of the canal, and attractive bungalow homes lent
much interest to the scene. While an informal talk on 'Rock Formation,'
a Victrola and ukulele music varied the monotony of speed-locomotion by
jiiules.

We have indorsed every bill presented relating to bird-protection. Efforts
have been made to have an ordinance in Doylestown taxing pet cats and
eliminating stray ones in the interest of birds, but the Club has only been able
so far to agitate the matter through the press and create more of a sentiment for

\ ( Asm. I><-U TRIP OF THE DOYLESTOWX, PEXXS VLVAXIA, NATURE CLUB.

bird-protection. The Bird Sanctuary of the Nature Club is situated at Fonthill,
the estate of Dr. Henry C. Mercer, and comprises 10 acres. A third of it is
wooded, with plenty of water, and berries, fruits and weeds allowed to grow
wild for bird-food. Many bird-boxes, for nests, and feeding-boxes are placed
in appropriate places, and in winter systematic feeding of the birds is done. An
old stone house built in 1755, situated in the heart of the Bird Sanctuary, has
been loaned to the Nature Club by Dr. Mercer, and a museum of natural
science has been started there with many interesting specimens. — Elizabeth
F. James, Secretary.

Englewood (New Jersey) Bird Club. — Last April the Englewood Bird
Club entered the third year of its activities with a large membership, one-third
of which is Junior — that is, under eighteen years of age.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 93

During the past months men of reputation in the bird world have inspired
us. Among them, Charles C. Gorst, of Cambridge, Mass., by his remarkable
imitations of bird-songs; Howard H. Cleaves by his 'Experiences in Wild Bird
Photography;' Herbert K. Job, by his helpful talk and wonderful motion-
pictures; and Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, who pointed to us the way of 'The
Making of a Bird Sanctuary.'

From time to time letters have been written our Congressmen relative to the
passage of such bills as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Cat License Bill,
etc., in the good cause of bird-conservation.

A specially delightful feature of the spring was a series of bird-walks under
the competent leadership of Howard H. Cleaves of the Staten Island Museum,
Charles H. Rogers of the American Museum of Natural History, and others.
When nearly 40 members tumble out of bed to meet at a remote station of the
town at 6 a. m., the enthusiasm may be taken for granted, but — (addendum)
— Dr. Frank M. Chapman was our leader!

Recently the following officers were elected: President, Dr. Frank M. Chap-
man; Vice-President, W^illiam M. Shackford; Secretary, Miss Irene A. Hackett;
Treasurer, Howard Barton. — (Miss) Elizabeth A. Dana, Secretary.

Forest Hills Gardens (N. Y.) Audubon Society. — A noticeable increase
in the number and variety of the birds visiting the Gardens and remaining
there to make their nests is the most important thing to record for the spring
and summer of 19 17. It is believed that this increase is due to the fact
that in Forest Park the underbrush has been cleared away and the natural
cover so destroyed that the birds have taken refuge in the Gardens where the
shrubbery has grown rapidly and where there is abundant food, water and
protection. Only the vagrant cat remains a problem, especially to the little,
low-nesting birds.

The Society lost its efficient President, E. A. Quarles, and gained a genuine
bird- and nature-lover and knower in Fritz Hagens. Two lectures, one by
Neil Morrow Ladd, President of the Greenwich Bird Protection Association, and
one by Mr. Button of the State College of Agriculture, N. Y., were given dur-
ing the year. But the main efforts of the Society were concentrated on an exhibit
of local birds which was held during the Easter holidays at the schoolhouse.
Besides the specimens of stuffed birds, there were charts and other educational
matter loaned by the American Museum of Natural History, the Children's
Museum of Brooklyn, and the National Audubon Society. Some one of the
trustees was in charge each day, and each afternoon there was some sort of
entertainment. One day Mrs. Schoonover, from the Children's Museum of
Brooklyn, gave a talk, and another time the Garden Society gave a copy of
Reed's 'Bird Guide' to the l)()y and girl able to name the most birds out of a
possible list of twenty-five.

A feature of our work which is continuous throughout the year is the

(^4 Bird -Lore

lamp-post bulletins which give items of bird news and siiow appropriate
pictures.

The Society made a particular effort to provide adequate winter feeding
during the early spring snow- and sleet-storms which meant starvation and
death to the birds unfortunate enough to be caught at that season. It also
distributed free loo pounds of chick-feed, and at different times put out
15 pounds of suet in especially designed wire baskets. — Mary Eastwood
Knevels, Secretary.

Frankfort (Ky.) Bird Club. — Our Club was organized in July, 19 16,
following a lecture by Ernest Harold Baynes. In October, Mrs. McBrayer
Moore, President of the Bird Club of Versailles, Ky., a neighboring town, came
before the Club and gave an interesting talk on the different characteristics
of birds, as well as on the separate functions of the wings, tail, feet, and bill of a
bird. Mrs. Elizabeth King Smith, of Lexington, Ky., addressed the Club in
January of this year, telling her experiences with birds during the last fifteen
years. In April, another speaker from Lexington, Mrs. W. L. Maclain, gave
an interesting talk on the songs of birds.

Last winter many persons became interested in feeding the birds during
snowy weather, due largely to a campaign waged in the interest of the feathery
tribe by members of the Club and by friendly newspaper articles. The Boy
Scouts put out a good many seeds. The school-children in general were much
interested, and a feeding-station was established in the cemetery.

Several bird-walks were conducted by older members of the Club for the
Junior members, and many of the children taking manual training made bird-
houses. Audubon buttons and printed matter on birds were furnished each
Junior member. Another Bird Club was organized by a member of the Frank-
fort Club, a teacher in a suburban school, and all the pupils evinced much
interest.

At one time in the late winter, while snow was still on the ground, large
flocks of Robins arrived in Frankfort, and several bird-lovers entertained
literally hundreds in their backyards for several days. One member of the Club
solved the problem of how to take care of the birds when the snow was on the
ground in January, by sweeping the snow from the roof and sill of her library
bay-window, which was directly below the sill of an upstairs window, and fill-
ing the window-sill and roof with bread-crumbs, hominy, rice, and hemp seed.
The ground-feeders were not forgotten and reveled in all the bird-seed they
could eat, feeding on a snow-cleared path. She reported the following birds as
her visitors: a Blackbird, Crow, Yellow-hammer, Chewink, Blue Jay, Mocking-
bird, several Cardinals, Tomtits, Chickadees, Fox Sparrows, Woodpeckers.
Juncos, and the ubiquitous English Sparrows. — Harry G. Bright, Secretary

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 95

Glenville (W. Va.) Normal Bird Club. — Our Club was officially organized
March 30, 1917. We have an enrollment of 52 members, and at least 30 of
these are young teachers, while a large majority of the rest expect to teach.

During the last five years we have studied birds in connection with a
Nature-study Course offered in the Normal School. A study of birds is
required of all Nature-study students and comprises nearly one-third of the
course.

Beginning in the early spring and continuing until sometime in June, we
make two bird-study trips every Saturday morning. The first group starts at
5.30 and the second one at 8 o'clock. These trips are under the guidance of
the biology teacher, E. R. Grose, who is a most efficient student of birds.

Last winter there were four feeding-boxes put up by members of our Club,
and two of these were so arranged as to be seen from the windows of the Train-
ing School.

Miss Ina Barnes, Supervisor of Training, contemplates organizing a Junior
Bird Club in the Training School this year.

Our Club has ordered a number of the cloth 'Warning Notices' and is going
to post them about our town and in the rural community surrounding it. We
feel that many people take no action against the mistreatment of birds through
sheer ignorance of the law concerning them.

We have also distributed the following publications of the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies among our members: 'Audubon Movement,'
'Formation of Bird Clubs and Audubon Societies,' 'Women and the Birds,'
and 'Cemeteries as Bird Sanctuaries.' — Edgar I. Hatfield, President.

Hartford (Conn.) Bird-Study Club. — The past season has been a busy
one for the members of our Club, as a copy of our Year Book will indicate.
We have held twenty-four indoor meetings and twenty field meetings.
Despite the number of persons engaged in the great war's activities, our
average attendance at both indoor and outdoor meetings has been good. As
heretofore, the greater part of talent for our indoor meetings has been supplied
by our own members. During the season, however, we have been favored with
illustrated lectures by Charles Crawford Gorst and Clinton G. Abbott, which
were largely attended and much enjoyed.

Many rare and unusual birds have been seen on our outings, among which
might be mentioned the Little Blue Heron, Whistling Swan, Widgeon, Gadwall
and Canvasback Ducks, White-rumi)e(l and Pectoral SandpijK'rs, Golden and
Black-bellied Plover, Pileated Woodpecker, Snowtlake, Evening Grosbeak,
both varieties of Crossbills, and Connecticut Warbler. On one of our field-
trips we were privileged to see a female Worm-eating Warbler on her nest
within a few feet of us, and located not 60 feet from the nest of a Whip-poor-
will. The nest of a Rough-winged Swallow was also observed.

Over 40 pounds of bird-seed have been fed at one windowsill feeding-tray

96 Bird- Lore

to a flock of Evening Grosbeaks — the location being in the city where houses
are close together.

The Club drew up and presented to our last Legislature what it considered
a model cat license bill, but was unsuccessful in having it enacted as a law. We
are not discouraged, however, and shall make another effort at our next legis-
lative session to have the bill become a law. Largely through the efforts of our
Club, a joint field meeting was held in May of this year at 'Birdcraft Sanctuary,'
Fairfield, at which meeting twenty different nature clubs were represented by
upward of 300 people. At this meeting the Connecticut Federation of Bird
and Nature Clubs was formed and a constitution adopted. This Federation
had been in process of completion for nearly five years.

Our Club is now planning the organization of junior departments for the
benefit of the younger people located in the many suburbs of Hartford, in order
that meetings may be held in close proximity to the homes of the children, with
the idea in mind that to preserve the bird-life of the future we must cultivate
the junior nature-lover of today along the right lines. Many bird-boxes have
been erected by Club members during the year, with varied success. Personally,
I have had nesting in my front yard four varieties of birds, within an area of
50 feet square, in boxes which I erected for their use.

We would appreciate suggestions from anybody who may be interested
concerning the organization and operation of junior departments above
referred to. — Arthur Powers, President.

Los Angeles (CaL) Audubon Society. — The activities of the Los
Angeles Audubon Society have been directed the past year along the lines
of the economic value of birds. We have been addressed by the following
speakers: Mrs. Wm. Folger, past President of the North Dakota Audubon
Society; Dr. L. B. Bishop, of New Haven, Conn.; Mrs. Hatch, of Imperial
Valley; Mrs. H. D. Moore, of Seattle; Dr. Mary Hart, of Alaska; Mrs. Charles
A. Wiley, of the Forestry Department; Prof. Alfred Cookman, of Long Beach;
Dr. Emily Hunt, Pasadena; and Mrs. G. H. Schneider, one of our own members,
and now holding the office of 'official speaker' of our society, who reported
active bird work among the Boy Scouts, schools, clubs, etc.

We have had, besides the indoor meetings, nine field-day trips to beaches
and canons, and one reciprocity program for women's clubs in the District
Federation. A charming playet, 'The California Woodpeckers' Convention,'
was given. It was written by our able President, Mrs. F. T. Bicknell, and
Mrs. Robert Fargo. We have created the new offices of Official Speaker,
Custodian, District Federation Secretary, Historian, and District Press
Chairman. Our President has been appointed District Chairman of Birds,
and our honorary member, Mrs. Harriet Williams Myers, Chairman of the
National Federation.

At each indoor meeting we have had interesting reports of the birds seen at

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

LOS ANGELES AUDUBON MEMBERS STUDYING THE TULE WREN AT DOMINGUE/^

SLOUGH.
Photograph by Mrs. F. T. Bicknell.

the previous field-day; have held nine Board meetings through the year; ha\c
had our annual pilgrimage to Fellowship Hill, and the usual day in June with
the Pasadena Society, as their guests. We are working hard to secure a cat
license for our city. We have been able to secure protection for water-birds at
Silver Lake, near Los Angeles. In legislative work we have helped secure pro-

A LOS AN(;EL1.- Al III HON ME.MHER TOSIING ONE OK THE NATIONAL AS.SOCIA-
TION'S' WAR" NOTHKS IN THE CLEVELAND 1-OREST RESERVE L\ THE SAN JACINTO
.MOUNTAINS, CALIEORNIA.

MRS. F. T. BJCKNELL,
President of the Los Angeles Audubon Society

(98)

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 99

tection for Blackbirds, Meadowlarks and Flickers, and the amendment
to the hunting license limiting the age of applicants to not less than fourteen
5'ears.

We have had notices of meetings posted in all libraries and have joined
with the Pasadena Socipty and all interested in birds and formed an 'Audubon
Council' at which, after an enjoyable luncheon, we discuss all Audubon matters
and find this of material benefit.

At the State Federation Meeting of Women's Clubs in Pasadena, our Society
participated, and on request furnished an attractive exhibit of a mounted
black cat, amid trees and shrubs, holding an Oriole in its mouth, and a nearby
poster announced it to be 'The Birds' Worst Enemy.'

We have added a number of rare mounted birds to our Museum — birds
found disabled or dead — and have also secured over $150 to build a bird
fountain in Exposition Park. The President has had over five dozen 'war
posters' put up during the summer. During the field-trips, and 'trail' trips
conducted through the summer, there have been observed 125 species and 4,310
individual birds. — (Mrs.) George H. Crane, Corresponding Secretary.

Majrwood (111.) Bird Club. — Our Club was organized March 6, 1917, at
the home of Samuel A. Harper, its founder and President. An able lawyer,
a successful business man, a social worker, two women active in club and
civic affairs, a minister, and a grade school principal compose its directorate.
Active membership numbers a few less than 100 persons. Meetings are held in
the village hall. The Club is a sustaining member of the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies and a contributing member of the Illinois Audubon
Society,

As a mark of recognition, the Club has elected to honorary membership
three sons of Illinois who have attained eminence as ornithologists: Robert
Ridgway, Benjamin T. Gault, and Ruthven Deane. Other honorary members
are the presidents of the village School and Library Boards, and the teachers of
Junior Audubon Classes in Maywood and Melrose Park schools.

The Club printed and distributed two circulars containing information about
nesting-boxes and the security of their tenants from cats and English Sparrows.
Copies of articles on the protection and encouragement of birds were distributed
at meetings, village ordinances relating to these matters were reprinted in tlu-
local papers, and items on the Club and its work and on the cat were contrib-
uted. At the request of the Club, Dr. W. A. Evans wrote, in the Chicago
Tribune, a health article on cats entitled, 'Cats Only a Menace.' Ten copies of
the Biological Survey poster, 'Feed the Birds This VVinter,' were displayed as
soon as they came off the press. The Maywood Public Library is adding a few
bird books each month, selecting titles from a list submitted by the Club.

This spring, the Maywood Twentieth Centur>- Club offered prizes to school-
children for the Ix'st three essays on hirHs written by girls and for the best

loo Bird -Lore

three nesting-boxes made by boys. The contest was a great success. The Bird
Club will urge the women to hold this contest each spring. Supplementing this,
the Maywood Bird Club fostered the making of nesting-boxes by the boys
during and after school hours. Over night, it seemed, bird-boxes grew on trees
and posts and buildings everywhere until there were more houses than bird
families.

Maywood now has a model cat ordinance, framed by the Club and passed
by the unanimous vote of the village Board. The opposition, by a futile petition
to the Circuit Court to enjoin the village Board from enforcing the ordinance,
gave it statewide pubHcity and thereby made it a precedent. Being based on
the law relating to public nuisances, it declares stray and unrestrained cats to
be a source of damage to gardens and a menace to public health and bird-life.
It provides for the killing of all stray cats and the confinement of all other cats
between 7 p. m. and 9 a. m. every day from April i to September 30, inclusive.
All persons are given the right to kill any and all cats trespassing on their
premises. Fines are imposed for violations. The Maywood Bird Club asked the
Illinois Audubon Society to assume the responsibility of securing an amendment
to the Illinois statutes which will enable villages and cities to pass ordinances
compelling the licensing of cats.

April 3 is now a red-letter day in Maywood. This spring it was John Bur-
roughs' eightieth birthday. On that day, in honor of Burroughs and Audubon,
the Club organized Junior Audubon Classes and created the Burroughs Associa-
tion of Junior Audubon Classes as a department of the Club through which to
assist them. When school closed in June, 12 classes, with an enrollment of 330
children, had been organized. The Club is now putting the matter before each
of the remaining 50 teachers with the hope that every school-boy and girl in
Maywood and Melrose Park will soon be wearing a button with a Robin on it.
As protection and encouragement naturally follow enlightenment on bird-life,
and as bird-lore greatly adds to the joy of living, the Club considers the
organization and moral and material support of these classes of first importance.
— Roy M. Langdon, Secretary.

Meriden (N. H.) Bird Club. — Our Club began the year by issuing its
Third Annual Report. This document is in the form of a book containing 114
pages and 32 half-tone illustrations from photographs. The following im-
portant letters, recently received by our General Manager, also appear in
the Report:

My Dear Mr. Baynes:

I have heard with sincere interest of your campaign in behalf of American birds,
and want to give myself the pleasure of expressing my great interest and of wishing
you the most substantial success. Cordially yours,

(Signed) Woodrow Wilson.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations loi

My Dear Mr. Baynes:

I wish you all possible success in your movement. Few things mean more for the
attractiveness and beauty of the country life than the establishment of these bird
clubs, and this entirely apart from their general utilitarian significance.

The Meriden Bird Club has been an example of inspiration to all of us, and I
earnestly hope its example will be followed throughout the country.

Sincerely yours, (Signed) Theodore Roosevelt.

Through our influence, bird clubs have been formed recently in Topeka,
Kans.; San Antonio, Texas; Yonkers and Millbrook, N. Y.; Northfield, Brad-
ford, and Lunenburg, Mass.; and at Wellesley College; and many clubs previ-
ously organized have been persuaded to join the National Association of
Audubon Societies.

The Club has had interesting lectures by Herbert K. Job, Robert Cushman
Murphy, Henry Oldys, Lawrence Smith, and Ernest Harold Baynes.

The students and faculty of Kimball Union Academy have shown unusual
interest in our work this year, and the senior class has pledged itself to support
the Bird Club in every possible way.

For the third successive year, the Congregational Church at Meriden
recognized 'Bird Sunday.' Services were held in the Sanctuary as usual, and
Mr. Baynes delivered a sermon on 'Our Bird Allies in the World's War.' Mr.
Wilfred Barnes furnished violin music, and the pastor. Rev. Noble O.
Bowlby, conducted the service. The offering was divided between the Church
and the Bird Club.

In August, the Ben Greet Players gave two performances of 'As you Like
It' on the stage in the Sanctuary, and the Club made a net profit of $85.

In September, the General Manager delivered a lecture for the benefit of
the local branch of the Red Cross Society.

'Sanctuary Day' was held on Monday, October 8, and sixteen women,
sixteen men, and two horses worked in the Sanctuary with a view of making it
more attractive, both to the bird tenants and their human visitors.

Our members have put up thirteen war posters supplied by the National
Association of Audubon Societies. — (Miss) Elizabeth Bennett, Secretary.

Minneapolis Branch, Minnesota Game-Protective League. — Most of the
work being done by the Minneapolis Branch is more or less a duplication of the
work done during igi6.

Briefly, the new work accomplished by our League the past \ear is as fol-
lows: During thelastsessionof the Legislature, eleven out of twelve bills in which
we were interested were passed. Among the most important of these were: .\
close season on the Ruffed Grouse for three years; the cutting in half of the open
season and bag limits on Prairie Chickens or Pinnated Grouse, Sharp-tailed
Grouse and Quail; stoj^ping of shooting from automol)iles; an Alien Gun Law
similar to that in force in the State of Pennsylvania; the age-limit taken from

I02

Bird- Lore

the Hunter's License Law providing that all persons over fourteen years of age,
instead of twenty-one, must take out a license to hunt; protection of bear, gray
and black fox squirrel which have not had protection in the past in Minnesota;
and a law providing for the codification and revision of the Game and Fish
Laws to be presented to the next session of the Legislature; also, an appro-
priation of $15,000 for the maintenance of a State Game Farm for two years.
Upon this appropriation being made, the Minneapolis Branch turned over to
the State, on May i, 1917, the Big Island Game Farm where more than 3,000

W^^wf^

■'-•Vrff-.-^v

PINNATED GROUSE, OR PRAIRIE CHICKENS, AFTER BEING CURED OF JIGGERS AND
READY TO LEAVE THE HOSPITAL.

birds were reared and distributed this year. The Minneapolis Branch main-
tained the same number of paid employees as given in the Annual Report,
with the exception of the Big Island Game Farm where I am now employed by
the State as Superintendent of Game Propagation.

Since the MinneapoHs Branch started, in March, 19 15, with a paid Field
Secretary, much work has been accomplished, especially in the way of establish-
ment of game refuges. The Refuge Law was passed in 19 15 through the efforts
of the Minneapolis Branch. The Minnetonka Game Refuge, covering 69,000
acres, was the first refuge established under this law. There are now more than
2,000,000 acres in game refuges, which include the Superior National Forest

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 103

and State Parks. Minnetonka Refuge recently has been increased to 85,000
acres, which makes about 100,000 acres in game refuges now cared for and
patrolled under the auspices of the Minneapolis Branch. Public sentiment
in favor of wild-1'fe conservation has been very noticeable during the past
two years, especially in regard to the protection and care of the song and
insectivorous birds and in game-breeding. The Hterature and books put out bv
the National As ociation of Audubon Societies has probably done more in
helping to create this sentiment than anything else. Several hundred copies of
the Bulletin on 'The Breeding of Upland Game Birds and Aquatic Fowl,'
written by Mr. Job, were distributed throughout the state. Without these
Bulletins it is not likely that game-breeding in Minnesota would have
received the attention that it has. Many of the notices put out by the
National Association of Audubon Societies during the past year, against
the slaughter of birds, were received and posted by wardens employed by our
I.eague.

The war has stopped the taking up of any new work during the past few
months, but the regular work of the League will be carried on as usual so far
as is known now. — Frank D. Blair, Secretary.

Natural History Society of British Columbia (Victoria, B. C, Canada). —

This year, for the first time, a Bird Section of the Society was formed, with
Dr. Hasell as President and Henry F. Pullen as Vice-President. Several
interesting round-table talks were given, illustrated by museum skins. The
most interesting of these were by Frank Kermode, Director of the British
Columbia Museum, Dr. Hasell, and Arthur S. Barton.

Note was made from time to time throughout the year of the scarcity of
birds in this section of the country. This was supposed to have been caused by
the severe winters of 1915-16 and 1916-17. From all over Vancouver Island
similar reports arrived. All bird-life has been scarce, but especially the insect-
eating migrants, such as the Warblers, Song Sparrows, Wrens, and Humming-
birds.

Last winter there was an invasion of Western Horned Owls, caused, it is
said, by unusual scarcity of rabbits in the northern interior. These birds
attacked almost everything, but their favorite prey was the Chinese Pheas-
ants which formerly were very numerous here. They were reported to have
killed cats, puppies, and many species of birds. Hundreds of the Owls were
shot, but some remained in the vicinity until spring. — H. F. Pullen, Vice-
President.

Newburyport (Mass.) Bird Club. — As the result of a lecture delivered
in this city by Mr. Baynes, the Newburyport Bird Club came into existence,
and was formally organized in November, 19 16, as a branch of the Conserva-
tion Department of the Women's Club. It ha<^ since become an indcpendeni

I04 Bird -Lore

society of about 70 members and seeks to cooperate with the State and National
Audubon Societies in their aims and work.

The first year of the Club has been an interesting and successful one. Its
individual members have endeavored to attract, feed, house and water the
birds, and many of the school-children have become interested in this phase of
the work. One of our members keeps a most accurate record of his observa-
tions the year round, and by comparing the records of several successive
seasons has gathered some valuable information in regard to bird-life in our
community.

Winthrop Packard gave an interesting illustrated lecture in the fall of 1916.
Last spring we were favored by an afternoon with C. C. Gorst, whose wonderful
gift of imitating bird-notes was much enjoyed and appreciated. This talk was
inspirational as well as educational. One or two members addressed the Club
during the winter months. In connection with the Gorst lecture there was an
exhibition of Audubon leaflets, colored by the school-children under the direc-
tion of the Teacher of Art. This was honor work, and only the best 150 were
selected. These leaflets, neatly mounted, adorned portions of the wall in the
hall where the lecture was held. There were also specimens of bird-houses made
by some of the school-boys. This small exhibit was afterward transferred to the
Public Library for the summer, as an encouragement to the children and an
incentive to further work.

A small, enthusiastic bird-class took walks in the spring, during a period
of six weeks, under the direction of the well-informed members of the Club.
Much pleasure and profit resulted therefrom.

This organization supported the passage of the Migratory Bird Law,
through the Massachusetts Congressmen, at Washington. The cat and
Sparrow questions have been discussed, but although some traps are in
use, no genuinely satisfactory method of dealing with the problem has been
found.

The Club hopes to continue doing good work through the coming year and
especially to interest the children in a much greater degree. — (Mrs.) Lora
D. Moore, Secretary.

The North East (Pa.) Nature-Study Club. — Our Club was organized
May 8, 19 16, and has a membership of 25 enthusiastic men and women, boys
and girls. The President and Vice-President are men of wide experience and
careful study, which they are willing to share with others.

The regular meetings are held monthly from September to June, inclusive,
one of the most interesting features being the specimens brought by each
member, either labeled with a description of the same or for identification. As
many as forty specimens are often presented at one meeting — some of them
rare and beautiful and their display made possible only by the combined
efforts of many. They include flowers, ferns, leaves, fungi, galls, berries

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 105

seeds, vines, mosses, lichens, birds and their nests, butterflies, moths, insects,
frogs and bats.

The Club divided into groups to mal^^e a special study of one subject dur-
ing the summer months and then report. The fern group studied under the
direction of L. B. Cushman, who has a collection of at least twenty different
species of fern growing on his private grounds. Two high-school girls did
splendid work in the moth and butterfly field, having about fifty specimens
mounted and ready to exhibit and describe. The different stages of the worm
and the chrysalis, or cocoon, were also shown.

Robert Cushman, an entomologist stationed in the Lake Erie fruit-belt
by the Government, spoke to the Club on the subject of 'Flowers and In-
sects.' Our Vice-President addressed the high-school students on 'The Pro-
tection of Our Songbirds.' The Club has placed two scientific magazines and
a book on 'Moths' in the public library.

Members of the Club who travel often give us observations from other
places, and word-pictures of Florida and the Adirondacks were made much more
vivid to us by reason of our mutual knowledge of scientific terms. — (Miss)
Alice Moorhead, Secretary.

Pasadena (Cal.) Audubon Society. — Our Society held seven meetings
during the year, about six weeks apart, one of them in the afternoon, five in
the evening, and the last was an all-day picnic outdoors.

At the first meeting Mrs. Harriet Williams Myers, Secretary of the Cali-
fornia Audubon Society, gave a talk on the recent progress of Audubon work;
Miss Ahce Lockwood, of Sierra Madre, read a paper entitled, 'Our Feathered
Friends as Weed-Destroyers.' At the second meeting we had an illustrated
lecture on bird-life by Mrs. Granville Ross Pike, Bird Chairman for the Fed-
erated Clubs of the State of Washington, and lecturer for the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies.

Wilfred Smith, one of the Directors of the California Audubon Society,
and at that time its Acting President, was the speaker at our third meeting, and
at our fourth, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, President of the Alaska Cruise Club, gave
us a lecture on the 'Customs and Superstitions of the Alaska Indians,' with
remarks upon the bird-life of that country. Mrs. William Folger, formerly
president of the North Dakota Audubon Society, gave a delightful talk at
our fifth meeting on the birds about her Dakota home.

At the sixth meeting, we enjoyed a talk by John J. Fredericks, 'IVeasurer
of the California Audubon Society, on the subject of his then-recent work in
the cause of birds among the legislators at the state Capitol. The seventh
meeting was the picnic, where our entertainers were three members of the Los
Angeles Audubon Society. At all these meetings there were, besides the
above, prepared pajjcrs or informal talks, or both, by our members.

Our Society has had made and placed on the roof of a tall bank building of

io6 Bird -Lore

Pasadena a Martin box consisting of thirty rooms, in three stories. At Christ-
mas time we placed a 'Birds' Christmas Tree' in one of our parks, in close
proximity to the large municipal Christmas tree. We thought this might add
to the children's interest in birds. In the winter we contributed $200 each to the
California Humane Association and the California Audubon Society, to aid
them in important legislative work then pending. We were able to give this sum
of S400 through the generosity of Mrs. E. W. Brooks, since deceased, who was
always a true friend to the birds.

We are annual members of the American Humane Association, The Cali-
fornia Humane Society, Pasadena Humane Society, the National Association
of Audubon Societies, the California Audubon Society, and the British Royal
Society for the Protection of Birds.

Some of our members, in small groups, but not as a Society, have taken bird-
walks now and then during the year, especially in the spring. A number of
the National Association's 'war' posters have been put up. — (Miss) Frances
K. Walter, Secretary.

Port Huron (Mich.) Bird Club. — The Club has had the pleasure of hear-
ing two public speakers during the year 1916-17. On October 20, 1916, Walter
Tripp, of Forest, Ont., gave an interesting talk on 'My Bird Friends.' Prof.
Hegner, of Ann Arbor, in connection with the Teachers' University Extension
Course, gave a lecture illustrated by the stereopticon, February 8, 19 17. In
March, a bird-house campaign was started and work was zealously done by the
school-children. On April 7, the exhibition of bird-houses was held in the Public
Library, and prizes were awarded for best workmanship in high-school,
seventh and eighth grades, and below the seventh grade. Prizes, also, for
feeding-, drinking- and bathing-devices were open to all grades. The school
having the most entries was given an Audubon Chart, thus stimulating
interest in bird-study. Prizes were also given for bird stories. There were
115 entries in the exhibit, and the increasing number of bird-houses seen
around the city shows splendid interest in the welfare of the birds. A fine present
of bird food was given to the different schools, to be fed by the children to
the birds in the winter-time when food is scarce. — Mrs. John Gaines,
Secretary.

Rhinebeck (N. Y.) Bird Club.~The Rhinebeck Bird Club was just two
years old when, on November 21, iqi6, it became officially affiliated with the
National Association of Audubon Societies. In that time it had grown from
nothing to a vigorous club with the sentiment of the whole village aroused to a
keen interest in its bird-life. During the last year it has, perhaps, been not
quite so active, owing to the absence of the President on military duty and other
urgent demands upon its members. Nevertheless, the usual program has been
maintained, including public lectures, work in the schools, and publications.

I. PLACING SEEDS FOR BIRDS.

2. CHICKADEE AT FEEDING STATION.

//MffiS^

3. CHICKADEE AT SULT STICK AND SUET 4- CHICKADEE AT FOOD HOTPER.

BASKET.

Photographs by Clinton G. Abbott, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

(107)

ro8 Bird -Lore

Herbert K. Job, William L. Finley, and Maunsell S. Crosby have been the
lecturers so far this year.

One of the difficulties of the Club is the absence of a hall large enough to
accommodate all those who desire to attend the lectures; for Mr. Finley two
sessions were necessary. Junior Audubon work is flourishing in the schools,
262 Junior members being recorded at the last annual meeting. A contest in
bird-feeding devices and nesting-boxes made by school-children brought forth
so much excellent material that the judges had a hard task to select the prize-
winners. In addition, commercially manufactured bird-boxes are always for
sale at the headquarters of the Club and have been extensively purchased by
members. Winter bird-food, amounting to ton figures, has also been used by
members. For small users, the food is put up in 5- and lo-pound bags, marked
with the name of the Club.

In the way of publications, the Club has distributed its Annual Year-Book,
which this year included a reprint of twenty-two neswpaper articles by the
President, Maunsell S. Crosby. The booklet has proved of such value that it is
being used as a textbook on birds in some of the schools of Dutchess County.
At the proper seasons, the Club sent to its members and to all school-children
tables of spring and fall migrations and nesting dates, also compiled by the
President from his observations. Finally, illustrated Rhinebeck Bird Club
'stickers' for letters and parcels have been distributed broadcast through the
town. — Clinton G. Abbott, Secretary.

Rockaway (N. Y.) Bird Club. — In November, 1916, we completed the
organization of the 'Rockaway Branch of the National Association of Audubon
Societies' by forwarding our fee to the home office and becoming formally
affiliated with the National work.

We have had two public meetings during the year, both of them lectures
illustrated by stereopticon views. The first speaker was Herbert K. Job, of
the National Association, and, it being our first attempt, the lecture was held
in a small hall. We were delighted to find it filled to overflowing, with corridor
and all available spaces occupied by standees. With this encouraging
outlook, we held the second lecture by Baynes in a much larger hall. There
was a splendid attendance and several dollars were added to our almost
empty treasury.

The monthly programs have brought forth several interesting and valuable
papers and talks on such subjects as 'Conservation as Applied to State Forest
Land in the Adirondacks,' 'A Visit to Fairfield (Connecticut) Sanctuary,'
'Bird Migration,' 'Bird-Routes and Time-Tables.' An interesting part of each
program is the round-table talks and the question-box with which we usually
conclude our meetings. Bird-houses have been made and placed, several bird-
baths made, feeding-stations established and kept supplied all winter, and ice
in fresh-water ponds broken and the water made accessible to winter residents.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations log

On January i, 19 17, when members were replenishing a birds' Christmas
tree, several varieties of birds were seen drinking at a hole made in the ice
within a few minutes of its being opened. Among these were Robins and a Red-
breasted Nuthatch that passed the winter in the vicinity.

One of the most fortunate events that has occurred so far in the history of
the Club is the establishment, by Mrs. Daniel Lord, of her estate 'Sosiego' as a
bird sanctuary. The estate is bordered on one side by the salt-marshes near the
ocean, and has a large fresh-water pond and a wood which has long since been
appropriated by the Black-crowned Night Heron and the Little Green Heron as
a sanctuary peculiarly their own. Members of the Club are privileged to visit
the estate at any time for observation and study. We have taken an active
interest in the Migratory Bird Law at Washington and have endorsed and cir-
culated the petition for legislative work on the 'Robinson Act' for licensing of
cats in New York state.

On June 16 the Club joined the Woman Citizens' League of Flushing, L. I.,
in a bird-walk and basket picnic, ending with a talk on birds by Dan Beard.
In the same month we sent a special contribution of $5 to the National Associa-
tion in response to an appeal for money to carry on the work of further protect-
ing the song-birds from ruthless slaughter. The Club received and placed in
various haunts of the birds, both in Queens and Nassau Counties, 600 of the
National Association's 'war' posters, printed on cloth, and is expecting to post
100 more of these when they arrive. The English Sparrow discussion has been
frequent and animated, but, without organized and united effort of the entire
community, it is nearly useless to attempt anything.

The townspeople, as a whole, do not seem keenly interested in Nature, but
the Club hopes to reach many of these indifferent people through its various
Junior Audubon Clubs, several of these having already been started by teacher-
members of the regular society. If we can get enough of these formed, we will
at least rest assured that we have laid a firm foundation for thorough and suc-
cessful work in the future. — Margaret S. Green, Secretary.

Rumson (N. J.) Bird Club. — Owing to the war, there has been a re-
stricted activity in the affairs of the Rumson Bird CIul) this past year of 1017.
We, however, have not been altogether inactive.

In January, we had a very interesting lecture entitled 'Wild Birds and How
to Attract Them,' by Ernest H. Baynes, of Meriden, N. H. The lecture was held
at the residence of the President of the Club. There was a good attendance,
composed of all the prominent members.

In February, a lecture was given by the well-known bird imitator, Edward
Avis, in the People's Lecture Course at Oceanic, \. J., the expense oi the lecture
being defrayed by the President of the Rumson Bird Club. Becchcr S. Bowdish,
Secretary of the New Jersey Audubon Society, was present at this lecture and
spoke, particularly urging the boys and girls to engage in a contest for the con-

no Bird- Lore

struction of bird-houses, for which suitable prizes were awarded. There were
three prizes, all in gold, which were presented to the successful contestants
in March.

In April, Chapman's book, entitled 'Travels of Birds,' was distributed
among the individual members of the Club.

We have endeavored to support the efforts of the National Association and
have posted 250 parchment circulars in regard to bird-protection. This was
done under the supervision of the Rev. Arthur A. McKay, of Oceanic, a part
of the Borough of Rumson. Mr. McKay is at the head of the Boy Scouts in
Rumson, and the boys were employed to distribute these circulars.

We have distributed approximately 150 bird-houses this fall, comprising
those for Flicker, Nuthatch, Wren, and Bluebird, among the members of the
Club. We expect to go still further with this work in the year of 1918.

It is the aim of the Executive Committee of the Rumson Bird Club to en-
deavor to stimulate interest in birds and their protection, particularly among
the natives of the borough. Unfortunately, the Club has not had very much
success at present in exciting much interest among the children of the wealthy
summer residents. The Executive Committee is convinced that native
children will be more receptive and show more interest in birds and their pro-
tection if some kind of stimulus can be placed before them. This we hope
to do by offering yearly prizes for bird-house construction, engaging some well-
known lecturer to speak as a part of the regular Oceanic Course of Entertain-
ment, and always at the expense of the Rumson Bird Club. — John B. Lunger,
Secretary.

Saratoga (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Our Club has held nineteen meetings dur-
ing the year. The following addresses and talks have been given :

September, 1916, 'Forestry and Its Importance in Preserving Wild Life,'
Prof. Samuel N. Spring, Cornell School of Forestry. November, 19 16, 'Birds
of Saratoga County,' S. R. Ingersoll, Ballston Spa, connected with Federal
field-work; the meeting on this date was held with the Junior League at the
High School Auditorium. March, 1917, 'Bird Migration,' S. R. Ingersoll.
March, 19 17, 'Birds of Texas,' Mrs. James W. Lester, a Club member. July,
1917, 'Birds and Trees of Florida,' Mrs. Adelaide Deubon, a Club member.
August, 1917, 'The Human Side of Birds,' Dr. Caline S. May, New York
City. At the March 15 meeting, the President, Waldo L. Rich, reported hav-
ing written members of the Senate regarding passing of the cat ordinance.
April 5, 1917, 'Bird Sanctuaries,' Gilbert Benedict. May 17, 1917, 'Meth-
ods of Teaching Children How to Work with Best Results,' Miss McCluskey.

The Bird Club enjoyed a visit to the country home of one of its members,
a short trip by trolley.

The importance of bird-protection has often been emphasized. The Juniors
built a Martin-house for our city park. Last November our Club joined the

Reports of Affiliated Organizations ttt

National Audubon Society. Our President has reported forty pairs of Martins
in his garden this summer.

Mr. Ingersoll told us that the most beautiful bird he had ever seen was a
Redstart, which was pure white except the wings, which were yellow, a very
rare case. — Caroline C. Walbridge, Secretary.

Seattle (Washington) Audubon Society. — The second year of our
Society has been one of success, both in the increase in membership and in
interest shown.

There are now 132 active members. Regular monthly meetings are held in
the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce and Commercial Club, where lectures
have been given by Samuel F. Rathbun, Prof. Trevor Kincaid, Miss Mc-
Carney, and others. We have had a number of 'bird-walks' which have been
well attended and much pleasure and knowledge derived therefrom. The public
school teachers have entered into the work whole-heartedly, and too much
praise cannot be given them for the work that they are doing with the school-
children.

Our chief activity during the year was a bird-exhibit which was given in
conjunction with the manual training department of the city schools. Bird-

nOOTH OF SEATTLE AUDUBON SOCIETY AT SPRING
COLLECTION C)|- BIRD SKINS LOANED BY I'ROI-.

•BIRD E.XHIBIT." loi;
TREVOR KINCAID.

112

Bird - Lore

houses by the hundreds were exhibited, also bird-nests. Great interest was
manifested, and the exhibition was visited by several thousand people, the hall
being crowded all day and evening. The advertising was unique, bird-houses
by the hundred being hung up at street-corners and electroliers in the business

EXHIBIT IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. BIRD-BOXES MADE BY PUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILS
UNDER DIRECTION OF PROF. B. W. JOHNSON.

district, each carrying a banner advertising the exhibition. The boys sold a
great many houses, and the Society received an accession in memberhip.

Efforts are being made to have bird-houses and drinking-fountains placed
in the public parks, and the Society hopes that the time is not far distant when
the cats will be licensed, to which end we hope to secure the cooperation of
the Humane Society.

Addresses before the Parents-Teachers' Associations have been made by
local members. A call for literature on bird conservation came to us from far-
oflf Russia, and these things have given us courage and enthusiasm for the work
of the coming year. — (Mrs.) Katherine N. Moore, Acting President.

South Bend (Ind.) Humane Society. — The South Bend Humane Society
has about loo slides of birds, and during the year these have been used in a
number of the schools.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 113

The Bird Club in this city has been more or less active and has had monthly
meetings and numerous bird-walks. Quite extensive bird-work has been done
in the public schools through the aid of the teachers. Once a week every teacher
in the lower grades gives talks on the birds and animals, and a great many
of the buildings are ornamented with hundreds of bird pictures in the halls
and rooms, so that the children are being continually educated by the eye
as well as the ear.

This spring we had an essay contest at which over 500 essays on birds and
animals were submitted. This winter the Society expects to give quite a number
of illustrated bird-talks.

A few days ago the writer gave a bird-talk for the benefit of the Red Cross
Society with the result that the sum of $40 was secured for the work.

During the year the National Association of Audubon Societies formed a
number of Junior Audubon classes in the schools of South Bend. These did
good work. — H. A. Pershing, Secretary.

South Haven (Mich.) Bird Club. — This Club was temporarily organ-
ized in August, 191 7, under the direction of Ernest Harold Baynes, following
one of his lectures, and the presentation of the Bird Masque, 'Sanctuar>\'
We permanently organized in October, with 36 members enrolled. We meet
once a month; short papers and informal discussions make very enjoyable
evenings. We joined the National Association, placed the magazine Bird-
Lore in our library, asked our local paper to publish a list of bird books to
be found at the library, and for a few weeks caused to be published, one day
a week, a few suggestions for the care and protection of our early migrants.
Our Christmas Census contained 14 species and 151 individuals. At the 'Scott
Club' (our local ladies' literary club) we celebrated John Burroughs' birthday,
April 3^ by giving a bird program, decorating the rooms with spring flowers
and buds, nests and forty mounted specimens of birds and a hundred or so
colored plates, bird-houses, bird-music, bird-poetry and bird-papers, filled two
hours' time and much interest was taken.

Many of our members added more houses for the spring arrivals, and some
have successfully trapped the English Sj^arrow. A Mockingbird gladdened the
heart, eyes, and ears of our President all winter and well into the spring, when
she spent much lime in her garden.

May 5 a small party of our members spent a delightful day in the woods,
by creeks and lakes, and identified 52 species of birds. We are trying to get
our Council to secure an ordinance for the control of stray cats.

We are young, very young, and a little proud, so far. for a one-year-old. —
Florence L. Gregory, Secretary.

Spokane (Wash.) Bird Club. — Our organization has been in existence
for three years. Early in the present year we had an illustrated lecture by

114

Bird- Lore

Prof. Hungate of the Cheney Normal School on^ 'The JEconomic |Value of
Birds.'

One of the regular meetings was planned for the pur])osc of making the
members acquainted with each other. Instead of the usual formal program^
contests were arranged, requiring the identification of local birds.

Last spring several bird-trips were planned by the committee appointed for
that purpose, the one on Decoration Day to Glen Tana Farms being the most

A VIEW OF PORTION OF EXHIBIT MADE BY SPOKANE BIRD CLUB AT THE INTERSTATE
STATE FAIR, SEPTEMBER, 1917.

largely attended and the most successful from the standpoint of the number
and variety of birds seen.

The Bird Club exhibit at the Interstate Fair, held the first week in Sep-
tember, was greatly appreciated, judging from the favorable comments of the
large crowds that stopped to examine this display.

The members of the Bird Club feel that they have accomplished a good work
this year by helping to establish a much-needed city museum. One floor of a
down-town business block has been rented, and a large collection of stuffed
birds, birds' eggs, and other interesting material has been assembled for the
instruction of the public. A curator has been placed in charge, and the
museum is kept open each afternoon of the week. The Bird Club now
holds its fortnightly meetings in these rooms. — Gertrude Kaye, Secretary-
Treasurer.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 115

Sussex County (N. J.) Nature-Study Club. — This Club will, in November,
celebrate its eleventh birthday, and, although organized for the study of Nature
in general, from the first, birds caught and have held our interest, and our
'bird-walks' still prove the most popular feature of our work. While this has
not been a banner year in the number of birds seen, we have been pleased with
a number of the rarer ones — Pine and Evening Grosbeaks, several species of
Ducks, Lawrence and Mourning Warblers, and White-crowned Sparrow. The
food-shelves provided by the individual members attract the usual winter
visitors, many of whom become tame enough to eat from the hand. The in-
creasingly large flocks of Starlings are causing apprehension. Three years ago
only here and there was a stray one to be seen.

Our Club has endeavored to comply with all recjuests sent by the National
and State Audubon Societies relating to legislative work, and have posted in
various places in our county the 'war' posters provided by the National
Association. During the year one moving- picture entertainment was given at
the county-seat, Newton. This consisted of an exhibition of reels from the
National Audubon Society. Every month a report of the Club-meeting is sent
to the county papers, and the interesting bird items contained in these reports
have, we believe, done their part toward rousing the interest of the people of
Sussex County in birds — their great value and the necessity of becoming their
protectors. As in many communities, there still exists in the hearts of some of
our hunters an antagonism for the Audubon Society, but a lack of sympathy
for the law-breaker is fast causing enforced respect, if not honest abandonment
of ruthless killing. — F, Blanche Hill, Secretary.

Vassar College (N. Y.) Wake-Robin Club. — During the past year the
activities of our Club have not been so extensive as formerly, because of the
necessity found in all organizations in college of economizing both in time and
money, as a result of our war-preparedness program. We led the birds on the
campus during the winter In the spring the Club made its annual visit to
John Burroughs at 'Slabsides,' where, after a picnic lunch, Mr. Burroughs
spoke to us informal])- on the birds. — (Miss) Mildred .\. Tindle, SecreUiry.

Vigo County (Ind.) Bird Club. — The plea of the birds was first heard in
Terre Haute in .\ugust of i()i6. Their messenger, Ernest H. Baynes, the
naturalist of Meriden, N. H., on a Chautauqua tour, organized the Vigo
County Bird Club, whose aim was to foster bird-presersation and -study and
further the movement for bird sanctuaries. The officers were: President.
Mrs. Sara Messing Stern; X'ice-President, Assistant Superintendent of School>
Tilley; Treasurer, .Mrs. William Cheney; Secretary, Miss .\manda Lolzc.

The regular program for the \ear, under the direction of Prof. Tilley,
whose suggestions were most helpful, was as follows: 'Biography of John
.Audubon;' 'Fall Migration;' '.\ study of vacated nests' (found by the meml)er>

ii6

Bird -Lore

JOHN BURROUGHS, AT SLABSIDES, ENTERTAINING THE VASSAR COLLEGE
WAKE ROBIN CLUB.

and brought to the meeting) ; 'Our Winter Birds;' 'Physiological Parts of a Bird ;'
a stereopticon lecture on 'Winter Haunts.' Many additional features were
accomplished through the aid of Prof. Tilley and Prof. Howard Sandison
of the Indiana State Normal School. A contest was conducted among the
school-children for the making of novel and practical bird-houses. These were
exhibited in the windows of the prominent stores and the awards made at the
Public Library.

Many of the public schools made charts of their districts. The children
located as many bird-nests as possible and marked their location on the chart.
They then watched the progress of the brooding and, as the eggs were laid,
colored the marks on the chart accordingly and classified the species. This
slight research work aroused great interest among the little people. Miss Rose
Griffith, head of the art department of the pubhc schools, stimulated further
interest by introducinga course of bird- and nest-drawing into the curriculum
of her department.

A vigorous newspaper campaign was conducted against the wearing of bird
ornaments or feathers as adornment. The general publicity, so graciously
given us by the newspapers, was of great aid in our first year's work. They
accorded space for articles written monthly by Club members, the subject each
month being the birds inhabiting these parts at the time. The Bird Club was

Reports of Affiliated Organizations 117

instrumental in having the Congregational Church bring to the city Mrs.
Theron Colton, of Chicago, who gave an interesting and illuminating talk on
'Birds and Their Nests,' illustrating her lecture with some fifty specimens and
enlivening it with her interpretation of bird-calls.

Many other activities, too numerous for mention, were carried on. As we of
the Vigo County Bird Club look back upon our first year's work, we feel most
happy at the results our efforts have obtained, and we look forward eagerly to
another year's work and study of the little feathered brothers. — (Mrs.)
Mildred Mesirow.

Wellesley College (Mass.) Bird Club. — Our Club is only six months old,
but it combines with the enthusiasm of youth very definite purposes. Its
objects are to encourage the study of birds and to conserve and develop the
bird-life of the college grounds. The need of conservation was the immediate
motive for the organization of the Club, the restoration of the birds to the
campus being called for by the ravages of the gypsy moth. The Club was
organized early in the spring of igiy and was launched very happily upon its
course by Ernest Harold Baynes, with a lecture on 'Wild Bird Guests.'

During the spring the Bird Club organized and conducted a series of earh'
morning bird-walks and kept posted on its bulletin board a record of spring
arrivals. Each member of the Club was provided with a check-list of the Mas-
sachusetts Audubon wSociety,and in several cases these lists included more than
70 birds observed.

The Club is also working in close cooperation with the Faculty Committee
on the Conservation and Development of the College Grounds (one member
of this Committee being a member of the Executive Committee of the Club).
This Committee, by means of a generous gift of an interested alumna, had, dur-
ing the preceding fall, established more than a dozen winter feeding-stations
at various points on the campus, and had erected posts for nearly 100 nesting-
boxes. The Bird Club was presented with 75 'Wellesley' bird-boxes by their
designer, John C. Lee, of Wellesley. In the care of these feeding-stations and of
the nesting-boxes, the Bird Club will render valuable assistance to the cause of
conservation. .Mready, in the first season, more than half the boxes were
occupied by nesting birds.

The restoration of birds to the college grounds and their protection will hr
an active stimulus to the study of birds. The Club, therefore, in its many plans
for the future, keci)s steadily in mind measures that will assist in their conserva-
tion. It is their aim to make, each year, some permanent contribution to this
cause, such as a bird-bath, a drinking-fountain, or a bit of planting that will
provide both food and shelter. In this way the interest of the Club will find
permanent expression, and the beauty of the campus will be preserved and
increased for future generations. — Madfiinf F. .\lmy, Srcretary.

ii8 Bird -Lore

Western Pennsylvania Audubon Society. — The Society's outings the
past year under the enthusiastic leadership of the 'Country Rambler,' Edmund
W. Arthur, were very popular. These are all-day affairs (Saturday). Arriving
at the appointed place, the Chairman appoints leaders of small groups and
assigns them a territory. In the mid-afternoon all groups unite and the leaders
report the discoveries made by his or her group. Usually a silent period was
observed, all listening for bird- voices.

The lectures arc, as a rule, free to members, with a small fee for visitors.
The lecturers during the past year were Henry Oldys, Washington, D. C;
Mrs. S. Louise Patteson, Cleveland, Ohio; George L. Fordyce, Youngstown,
Ohio; T. Walter Weiseman, Emsworth, Pa.; W. S. Thomas, Pittsburgh, Pa.;
W. E. Clyde Todd, Beaver, Pa.; and T. S. Briggs, of Norristown, Pa.

A union dinner of our Society and the Sewickley Valley Audubon Society
is an annual affair in March. Members are thus enthused to get out notebooks
and field-glasses and take to the highways and hedges. Last March 580 bird-
lovers dined and were addressed by the President of the societies, Charles B.
Horton, and by Witmer Stone, of Philadelphia, Pa., President of the state So-
ciety. Greetings were received from Walt F. McMahon, representing the
National Association of Audubon Societies. Mr. Norman McClintock, of Pitts-
burgh, exhibited his wonderful motion pictures of bird-life — proclaimed by
authorities to be the finest ever taken. The Society has increased the interest
in bird-study in the schools and created a desire for bird-knowledge in thou-
sands of people. All over western Pennsylvania, bird-shelters, feeding-stations,
and nesting-boxes have been erected; food-bearing shrubs and trees have been
planted; cat facts have been made known; and appeals for bird-feeding at
times of heavy snow-fall have been made in the daily papers. The officers of
the Society are as follows: President, Charles B. Horton; Vice-President,
Fred L. Homer; Second Vice-President, E. J. Robinson; Third Vice-Presi-
dent, R. H. Santens; Treasurer, T. Walter Weiseman. — John W. Thomas,
Secretary.

Wild Life Protective Society of Milwaukee. — Realizing the immense value
of junior work in connection with wild-life protection and conservation, our
main activities were centered about the school-children and their schoolrooms
with the idea of organizing a strong army of defense — inculcating into every
boy's and girl's mind the noble spirit of wild-life protection. In other words, we
hoped to accompHsh by constructive measures what restrictive measures had
failed to do.

Our plan was to organize in every school, whether public, private, or
parochial, a bird club comprising the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grades.
The teachers of the different grades selected one of their number to act as
director of the club and the children elected a president and secretary. Each
member of these clubs was then presented with a l)utton emblematic of the

Reports of Affiliated Organizations iic>

parent society and showing their affiHation with it. Each club was also presented
with a No. i Audubon Bird Chart to be used in their daily or weekly work,
and especially for object study. The future conduct of these clubs is, of course,
left largely to the directors and the principals of the various schools, our
Society being at all times ready to assist them by word and counsel.

With the assistance of a large chart, slides, and films, I talk to these clubs
from time to time and help to keep alive the interest. We have now some 8,000
children enrolled in these affiliated bird clubs, and we have only started. Have
also had made a set of slides for use in our local movie houses. We have found
these to be of great value in carrying on this work and earnestly recommend
this method of propaganda to all our fellow conservationists. This has been
almost our entire effort the past year, and we hope to continue the work this
coming year. I believe that education is the only real solution of this great
problem, and that to educate the children and teach them the first ethics
of wild-life conservation is the greater and more important obligation of all
lovers of our feathered friends. — Adolph Biersach, Secretary.

Williamstown (Mass.) Bird Club. — Our Club was started in January,
1917, after a lecture by Mr. Baynes. In the spring there was a lecture for the
school-children, given by Mr. Packard. On Arbor and Bird Day there were
addresses by Prof. S. F. Clarke and Judge Fenney.

Letters were written by Prof. Clarke and by Judge Fenney to our legis-
lators, in regard to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

The Club was made a member of the National Association of Audubon
Societies by the sending of $5 to the Massachusetts agent, Winthrop Packard.
A special contribution of $5 was sent to the Massachusetts Audubon Society
for the protection of our native birds, made necessary at that time by the
unusual amount of the shooting of birds by foreign laborers, who plead the
excuse of the high cost of meat.

A beginning has been made toward a collection of bird-skins, and the follow-
ing ones have been purchased: Tree Swallow, pr.; Red Poll, pr.; Tree Sparrow,
pr.; Evening Grosbeak, pr.; Chickadee, pr.; Pine Finch, i)r.; Hudsonian
Chickadee, pr.

The Bird Box Committee was authorized to sj^end vSi5 on nesting-boxes.
About fifty boxes were put up in various parts of the village and many of them
were occupied. Some members of the Club were active in reducing the number
of English Sparrows, and more members fed the winter birds with seeds and
suet.

The Club has a membership of 57 anrl a balance in ihe l)ank of S47. -Mary
L. Fkrnald, Secretary.

Winston-Salem (,N. C.) Audubon Society.- Our May meeting was held
on the lawn at Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Folt/'s liomc on West Second Street.

120 Bird -Lore

There was a very large attendance, including several visitors, and three new
members were added to our roll. This was our first outdoor meeting, and it was
so thoroughly enjoyed by all present that we decided to hold more of them.
We met at 4.30 p.m., Dr. Schallert, the President, presiding. After the business
had been attended to. Dr. Schallert read a very gratifying report of our
Society from the last annual report of the National Association of Audubon
Societies. He also told us of his experience in providing nesting-boxes
for the birds at his home. Upon invitation it was decided to hold our next
meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Victor Craigen, two miles out of the city, near the
Bethania Road.

Our kind host and hostess then conducted the company over their spacious
grounds of several acres, where we were shown the nests of various birds,
including the Robin, Cardinal, Thrush, Catbird, Bluebird and Carolina
Wren, some on trees and bushes, some in nesting-boxes, and some on their
back piazza. Also a goodly number of birds were seen and heard during the
evening, and they seemed to fear no danger from the gathered company.
We returned by way of some well-laden service berry and cherry' trees, the
delicious ripe fruit of which constrained us to linger long by the way, and when
we finally reached the lawn again, we were refreshed with most excellent
lemonade before we adjourned to our homes.

Our June meeting was held with our enthusiastic members, Mr. and Mrs.
Craigen, at their beautiful new home northwest of the city, near Reynolds.
The afternoon was warm but clear, and a goodly company were in attendance.
We first adjourned to the fine springs at the foot of a steep hill north of the
dwelling, and after drinking of the excellent water, we started on our tramp of a
half-mile through the woods and fields, along streams of running water bordered
with beautiful ferns and wild flowers of many varieties, the latter being ex-
plained to us by our botanical friend, Dr. Schallert.

Among the birds' nests found and examined we remember especially thai
of a Chipping Sparrow in an old apple tree; a Chewink whose nest with five
brown spotted eggs was right on the ground; a nest of Flycatchers on a dog-
wood limb that was so full of fluffy youngsters that it seemed to be overflowing;
a Mourning Dove that was sitting on her two cream-white eggs in a rough-
looking nest in a wild plum tree, but she flew away on our approach. When we
returned to the house, almost every lady had quite a collection of wild flowers
and medicinal herbs.

Sitting on the large front piazza in the cool evening breeze, the business
session was attended to, and then we bid our kind hosts adieu, and in motor
cars sped away to our city homes.

We have a number of Junior Audubon Societies organized in our city schools,
and some of them are doing splendid work. We are going to try to extend our
work to the country schools this fall and hope to have good results.

We had one excellent illustrated lecture during the year by R. E. Parker,

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

121

State Secretary of the Audubon Society of Nortli Carolina. — H. W. Foltz,
Corresponding Secretary.

Wyncote (Pa.) Bird Club.— In the history of the Wyncote Bird Club
the past year has been the most successful because the Club has become more
of a community activity. This has been in spite of the fact that in these war
days so many more pressing duties are demanding our attention. Our Presi-

Ifl.LI-.lilkl) Al liOX MADE BY WYNCOTL UIKD i UK.

dent, E. H. Tarry, who has done so much for our birds and for our Bird Club,
expects any day to go to camp at his country's call; our fornur President,
Ernest Corts, is already in camp, and we will unqucstionabK" miss their able
assistance.

Over loo Wren and Bluebird houses have been made and erected in the
neighborhood. On a Junior walk in early spring we put up some of the5e
houses in an old orchard and within fifteen minutes saw Bluebirds enter
one of them.

Adult and Junior walks were conducted frequently in the spring, usually
going by autos to some woods over a mile from Wyncote. These trips are vrr\

122 Bird -Lore

popular, and sometimes our trusty Fords are filled to overflowing. We had
our usual picnic in June, with a Ijird-walk first and then lunch in the woods.
In July, 47 members went in two big automobile trucks to visit the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, lo miles away.

JUNCOS IKEDIXC; OX WINDOW SILL. \V^•.\^0■rI•.
PENNSVL\ANL\, BIRD ("LIH.

Prizes were awarded for: (i) Bird photographs; (2) imitations of bird
songs; (3) essay on 'Wild Life;' (4) first bird (other than English Sparrow or
Starling) to hatch young in box made by competitor; (5) first person on whom
a wild bird alights (not awarded).

A Sparrow trap was bought by the Club, and the English S[)arr()w popula-

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

tion has considerably diminished. Some have tried eating them and endorse this
as a good way to aid food-conservation.

Several feeding-stations were kept constantly supplied with food last winter,
and the State Game Commission helped us in this by donating $io to the cause.

We have had some good lectures this year, one by Samuel Scoville, Jr.,
Stafif Naturalist of the Boy Scouts of Philadelphia and Counties; Rev. Herbert
Westwood, of Mt. Airy, who used the Pennsylvania State Museum Slides; and
Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, Secretary of the State Game Commission, who used stuffed
specimens of our common birds to illustrate his interesting talk. In December,
70 of us went to hear Ernest Harold Baynes, the founder of our Club, in his
ever-interesting and impressive lecture on 'Wild Birds.'

At one meeting the entertainment was almost entirely by the Juniors.
Their interest is a great source of encouragement to the Club. We feel that
especially in these strenuous times the Bird Club gives a needed recreation
and has another purpose than helping the birds. — Esther Heacock, Cor-
responding^ Secretary.

JOIN THIS ASSOCIATION

AND

HELP THE CAUSE OF BIRD-PROTECTION!

^ftr^

The Educational Leaflets

OF THE

National Association of
Audubon Societies

^ The best means of learning the birds of your
neighborhood, and of teaching your children.
^ Each leaflet describes the habits and utility of
one bird, and contains a detached colored plate and
an outline sketch of its subject.
^ The Colored Plates are faithful portraits of the
birds, yet treated artistically, as is shown by the ex-
amples in the border. No better pictures of their
kind exist. (Plates not sold separately.)
^ The Outlines are unshaded copies of the plates,
intended to be colored — the best method of fixing
facts in a young mind.

^ These leaflets, 94 in number, are sold at 3 cents
each. A list of these Leaflets, and other publica-
tions, will be sent on request to the

National Association of Audubon Societies

1974 Broadway, New York City

>fS«^

/^\

SUBSCRIBE TO THE MAGAZINE

BIRD - LORE

COLORED PLATES ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF A YEAR

1. SUMMER TANAGER, Adult male

2. SUMMER TANAGER, Young male

3. SUMMER TANAGER, Female

4. HEPATIC TANAGER. Male

5. HEPATIC TANAGER, Female

t One-half natural size)

2^irt=lLore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol XX March— April, 1918 No. 2

Some Notes on Martin Colonies

I. WHY NOT ESTABLISH A PURPLE MARTIN COLONY

THIS YEAR?

By GRACE ReSHORE, Dowagiac, Mich.

IF YOU love the companionship of birds, plan to establish a Purple Martin
colony this year on your home grounds.
Several years ago, a bird-loving friend said to me one April day, "I
see, on the wires about the city, hundreds of Martins that I think would nest
and spend the summer here if they could find suitable nesting-places."

For years we have had one colony in the cornice of one of our business
blocks; the space is limited, and when the young birds return to the home
nesting-place, after their winter in South America, they are obliged to move
on to find and make new homes for themselves. The old birds will, if the nests
suit them, return each year to the old home and bring their family with them,
who in turn will make for themselves new homes in the same locality, if suit-
able places can be found.

In my innocence and ignorance, I wrote Ernest Harold Baynes, a well-known
authority on the subject, that there were Martins in the town, but that I
had never seen them about our place — did he think I could get them to locate
there? He replied that I had never seen them, probably for the reason that I
had never had anything there to attract them; that, if I would put up a Martin-
house, they would, without doubl, inspect it within an hour: they would
come and look it over, and, if it suited, would take possession probably the
tirst year. (Two houses are better than one, as the Martins like company.)

Mr. liaynes stated that there were many good Martin-houses on the market,
but he had ne\ er been able to see that the birds showed any preference. They
would be as ai)t to locate in a simjjle homemade affair as in a more elaborate
one, and if the house were well located in the open, with the pole on which it
was mounted made cat-i)roof, I would, without doubt, liaxe tlu' pleasure of
seeing the house used and hearing the Marlins' jolly nuisic all siunnier.

126 Bird -Lore

About that time, I saw in Bird-Lore a cut, with accurate measurements
and directions for making a ten-room Martin-house. I took the cut to a local
carpenter, asking him to make me two of the houses, following the same general
plan as illustrated in the cut, which he did. I do not think the houses would be
winners in a beauty contest, but, as Mr. Baynes said, the Martins are not
critical.

I secured a 20-foot pole from the local telephone company, and, before
painting it, I covered a part of the lower half of the pole with a sheet of tin,
thus making it cat-proof. I then fastened the house on the pole with heavy
angle irons, getting the first one up late in the afternoon of May i.

The next morning I heard an unusual bird-note and looked out to locate it:
sure enough, there were six or eight of the Martins circling over and around the
new house. They soon alighted on it and looked into the rooms. More came,
until it seemed to me that all of the Martins in the city must be there on a tour
of inspection, but they did not remain long.

In a day or two I put up the second house, and that, also, was, in its turn,
promptly looked over. There would be a day or so at a time when I did not see
any birds around, but nearly every day a few would come and fly back and
forth from one house to the other, then go away.

By the middle of the month, a few pairs came to stay; probably they were
the young, immature birds from the old colony. I could not see much differ-
ence in the birds, as all looked alike. The young male and adult female look
very much the same — backs a dusty black and breasts gray. The full-plumaged
male does not have the complete dress of shining purple-black until his
second postnuptial molt.

My success encouraged others to erect houses for them, and we now have
in the city nine or ten houses of from eight to twenty rooms, all of which are
occupied partly or in full. For the last two years I have had 'capacity' houses.
During the middle of a hot day they will seem to be away for several hours,
but morning and evening they can be seen and heard most of the time.

It is said that a Martin will eat a thousand mosquitoes in a day. While I can-
not say that I miss any yet, I know that the Martins get a large part of their
food at or near the house, and all of their food is obtained from the air as they fly
about. The only time you see Martins on the ground is when they are gather-
ing materials for their nests. Straw, dry leaves, shavings, mud, and a few green
leaves for lining the nest seem to be the materials most used, and from the
inspection of the nests when the houses are taken down for the winter, one
could not give them a first-class recommendation either as housekeepers or
nest-builders.

They nest only once during the season, and that rather late, as it must be
warm enough for plenty of insects to be in the air for food for the young birds.

Plan to start a colony this year ; get your house ready and put it up the last
of April or the first of May. Any boy can make one. Mount it away from trees

Some Notes on Martin Colonies 127

or buildings, put it up 15 or 16 feet from the ground, and see if it will not
attract some of the birds flying over, who will come down and inspect it and,
perhaps, locate. You will be repaid for your effort by their jolly music during
the summer.

The Martins leave rather early in the season — soon after the young learn
to fly. The time of their coming varies with the season — April 15 is as early
as they have come to stay in southern Michigan.

11. SOME TOWN MARTINS

By R. F. O'NEAL, St. Louis, Mo.

For several seasons we have had a colony of Purjjlc Martins in a rather
thickly settled residence part of St. Louis. It seems that they have found their
surroundings congenial enough, and that they are not at all disturbed by the
noise and bustle that are a part of city life.

At first there was a four-family box, then two of them. For two summers
it has been a sixteen-family settlement and the home of ten to twenty Martins.
The small boxes — about 25 feet above the ground — are on scantlings fastened
to a frame garage about 25 feet from the rear of the house and on the line of a
brick-paved and, at times, very noisy alley. The large box is on an upright
that rises from the center of the roof. Within 300 feet there are five garages
tenanted mainly with not always silent Fords, and there is nothing of the
'Sleepy Hollow' kind in this stretch of alley. So much for the social disposition
of these cheerful birds.

The first box was not put up until the Martins had been flying about for
some time, and they came to it at once. On March 31, 1914, a lone male came
to the box about 7 o'clock in the morning, sat on the upper perch for a little
while, then flew away. It seems that the males always come first, and the first
to put in his appearance in 191 5, came on April 6. Others were flying about in
a leisurely way, and it is possible that they had l)een in the neighborhood
for several days. In 1916, the date of arrival was March 30, again at about 7
o'clock in the morning. The winter of 191 6 17 was a mild one, a good part of
March being rather springlike, and one or two came about 0 o'clock on the
morning of the 15th.

A somewhat pecuHar feature in the domestic situation of these birds is
the fact that the little colony for several seasons has been made up almost en-
tirely of females. There have been visitors from time to time, sometimes mak-
ing up a mixed compan\- of some twenty-tive, but for three summers there were
seldom more than two males that seemed to he taking part in building the nests
and bringing up the young birds. Sometimes two females gave their attention
to one apartment, anfl it seemed probable that they were using a single nest,
as is common with some of the domestic fowls.

At first, the dirt of the fledglings is made up of the coniniou latch that is

128

Bird- Lore

easily swallowed and quickly digested. Later, when the young are well grown,
it seems that dragon-flies are much sought, and these are crammed down the
throats of the voracious youngsters — wings, legs, and all, without trimming,
pruning, or macerating of any kind. Catch on the wing and feed as caught —
this seems to be the Martins' way of providing for their young.

While highly specialized along certain lines, as in their manner of seining the
air for gnats and other minute flyers, the Martins are not all-round experts by
any means. They are very solicitous for the safety of their young, but they are
not apt at meeting some unusual conditions, and the fledgling that falls to the

SOME TOWN MARTIN HOMES
Photographed by Edward S. Daniels

ground is usually lost. And that first plunge, that trying of wings without even
the experience that comes of instinct, with even chance of reaching a landing or
dashing against a wall — this is the supreme test in which a Martin lives or dies.
They are real artists in some respects, but are utterly lacking in the skill
that enables some of the ground-birds to pound a hard beetle into a luscious
morsel. They know nothing of the engineering tactics shown by the House
Wren when she takes a stifif 6-inch twig through a hole the size of a quarter.
The straw that olTers slight resistance is allowed to fall to the ground, and they
seem to waste a good deal of time in building very ordinary nests. The young
birds usually come out in July, and, if the first flight is successful, soon learn {o

Some Notes on Martin Colonies 129

disport themselves with remarkable ease and grace. They usually leave for
other climes about September i, but they sometimes get away earlier. And
that long flight may be from New England to Brazil — but what is that to
these free-lances of the air!

There seems to be a rather general impression that Martins are very partic-
ular as to the size of their quarters, and especially as to the size of the openings
through which they are to come and go. There are reasons why this is partly
true; there are reasons, too, why it is true only in part. The habits of animals
and birds are controlled largely by instincts that lead them to seek dark corners
in inaccessible places, mere existence being the first consideration, comfort and
convenience not having much part in the matter. Wild creatures can exist under
most uncomfortable conditions, but they should not be forced to do so. If we
set out to attract the birds and offer artificial homes as inducements, we should
also consider their comfort and happiness, as well as their safety, even if in so
doing we run counter to some of their ways. Shame on the bird-lover who would
inveigle a pair of Wrens into a tomato can, only to be roasted, with their little
ones, in the broiling sun of the long summer days!

The dimensions of our smaller boxes are, approximately, 15 x g>^ x 1 1 inches.
This gives the lower apartments about 6 x S}4 inches, with height of 5 inches.
The slanting roof, which has a break on each side for ventilation, gives the
upper apartments the advantage of greater height. The openings are 2 x 2
inches, the height being increased by slight arch, with perches about ij4 inches
from the box. An extra perch, much liked by the birds, is on slender uprights
and about 6 inches above the roof. The large box — the centerpiece of the set —
has the upper perch, also upper and lower perches on the four sides, and eight
apartments, each about 83/4 x 14)4 inches. This box fronts in four directions
and has sixteen openings, about 2X x ^^}4 inches. Not much to the liking of
the birds at first, not at all in accordance with the ideas of the critics of this
kind of architecture, it has been a kind of playground, and several broods have
been brought uj) in it.

With the ordinary boxes, if the several apartments are occupied, there is
not room at night for the pair and their fledglings, and the result is that some
of them are crowded almost to sufl'ocatit)n. Just here il is that the large box
has served as a sort of overflow l)ungalow, alTording da\'time shelter in in-
clement weather and comfortable sleeiMiig-quarters for home folks and guests
through the warm summer nights.

It was the intention to let the birds give grace and charm to the i)icture,
but they stole away early, without notice of the time of their departure.

OftheMartiiisit maybesaid that they are birds of good cheer. When perched
about their homes, and also in their r(K)ms, they have a kind of rolling warble,
winding up with a smacking of the mouth, and repeated ad Jincni, if not ad
hifniitum. Tluir nott-, when on the wing, is clear and far-carrying, and seems
lo mean thai tlu-v are having a verv good time. .\n occasit)nal jiarl ot their

13© Bird -Lore

noisy ways, heard usually when they have gone into their chambers, is a sort
of subdued chuckle, with sound suggestive of the grinding of molars, that seems
to be an expression of good feeling and contentment.

Such are some of their usual notes, but there is one other that is perhaps best
of all. This is their loud, clear, exultant call, uttered when the bird is perched,
with an air of great alertness, when his fellows are cleaving the air for the sheer
pleasure of artistic flying — the ringing 'come-home' call and the joyous welcome
to the swift flyer that is first to reach the goal.

III. THE SIZE OF ROOMS IN MARTIN-BOXES

By J. J. SHERIDAN, St. Joseph. Mo.

It seems to me some steps should be taken to unify sentiment on building
bird-nesting boxes for Purple Martins. An exhibition of bird-boxes being held
at our public library this week shows the greatest variety of ideas as to the
proper size to construct these boxes, one handsome structure containing forty
apartments had the rooms 3^ x 5 inches in dimensions, while another had them
about 10 inches each way. That this condition should be corrected in some
manner goes without saying, but the leading authorities are as widely apart.
For example, in your January-February issue of 1914, a writer on 'How to
Start a Purple Martin Colony' says the rooms should be 8 x 8 x 10 inches,
while Mr. Ned Dearborn, a Government expert, says the rooms should be
6x6x6 inches. An authority on the subject says the Purple Martin is 7.8
inches in length. If this is a fact, then it stands to reason a room should be at
least large enough to admit the entire bird, and 8x8 inches would be none too
large. There is no doubt but the bird will adapt himself to 6 x 6-inch quarters
if he can do no better, but he will abandon the restricted quarters when he
can find rooms large enough to accommodate him. I can recall several
instances where this has happened. My boxes are built with rooms 8x8x6
inches, and I think this compromise will come as near meeting the require-
ments of the birds as any size I have seen mentioned — at least my colonies
stay with the boxes, and that is a good argument.

IV. HIGH MORTALITY AMONG THE PURPLE MARTINS IN
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA DURING APRIL, 1917

By THOS. L McCONNELL, McKeesport, Pa.

The old saying about the arrival of spring birds bringing good weather has
no foundation upon actual facts. The warm spell in March, 191 7, brought
back the Purple Martins ahead of time, and the subsequent cold rainy weather
almost annihilated the early migrants. Insectivorous birds that feed, like the
Swallows, entirely on the wing and not ofT the trees or on the ground, require
warm, fair weather.

Some Notes on Martin Colonies 131

On May 20 the writer removed seven dead male Purple Martins of mature
I^lumage from his bird-house at Kittanning, Pa. This colony is about twenty
years old, and for years has been made up of about fourteen pairs of older
birds, all in high plumage, and this is the first year that many birds in second-
season plumage are in evidence. Last year's young birds do not return until
May, and usually cannot get room in a well-established colony, hence seeking
new homes. It is estimated that between one-third and one-half the older
Martins perished during April.

Upon going back over the daily weather reports for March, April, and May
for Pittsburgh, Pa. (45 miles south of Kittanning), the following exceptional
conditions were found:

It rained almost continuously from April 4 to 8, inclusive, with the highest
temperature for each day under 50°, except on the 5th, when it climbed to 61°.
From the 9th to nth, inclusive, it was fair and cold, the highest daily tem-
peratures being 40°, 34°, and 49°. During the remainder of the month there were
shorter periods when the Martins were unable to feed.

The fact that all the dead birds found were males leads to the conclusion
that the high mortality must have been early in the season, as the males
precede the females in migration. The date of arrival for the Kittanning
colony is not known, but it is known that the Martins returned seven to ten
days ahead of their usual time throughout the state. The first Martin, male,
reached McKeesport on March 26, and many first arrivals were seen on the
24th at Waynesburg, Pa.

Referring to the mortality among the Martins at McKeesport, the writer's
present home, there are now only six to eight birds where sixteen to twenty were
seen in previous years. The two big local colonies are nearly wiped out.

While this calamity is only a light killing when compared to the almost total
destruction of Purple Martins throughout the New England States in 1903,
had the bad weather come two or three weeks later there would have been
few Martins left to replenish our colonies.

V. A COLLAPSIBLE MARTIN-HOUSE

By G. HILLER. Cincinnati, Ohio

For the benefit of some of your readers, I enclose herewith pictures of
a 'Homemade Martin-House,' made of soap-boxes, the lower story being
somewhat smaller, thus giving the effect of a Swiss cottage. The house is
hinged together and collapsible. The removable pins in the hinges allow the
house to be taken apart for cleaning. The side of the house where the
openings are for the nesting chambers is provided with hinged [torches, thus
making it possible to kcej) the house closed to Sparrows until the proper
tenants, the Martins, arrive. The partitions inside are worked in grooves,
thus allowing a thorough cleaning. The pole or |)ipe is made of two

132

Bird- Lore

pieces, 2 and i^ inches in diameter respectively, with a collar near
the top from which three thin cables run to as many cement anchor
posts. The house has a 2-foot pipe fastened to the bottom, fitting snugly
in the main pole, the latter resting on a firm cement base, 5 feet in the
ground, with a steel shafting in center extending 3 feet above base, over
which the main pole slips in place. In winter, the pole with house is taken
down to be put in a safe place indoors, to preserve it from the ravages of winter.
While we have other bird- houses in our garden, this is, by far, the prettiest of
all, and its cost is very Httle.

COI.LAPSI BI.E MARTIN HOUSE

A MARTIN HOME IN CINCINNATI

Notes on the Tree Swallow

By VERDI BURTCH

With photographs by the author

HIRTY years ago Tree Swallows
were very common over Lake Keuka,
at Branchport, N. Y., and from
early spring, often before the ice had left
the lake, until mid-September, these grace-
ful Swallows coursed over the marsh and
skimmed over the waters of the lake, their
beautiful, irridescent blue backs gleaming
in the sun. In those days there were,
bordering on the lake and marsh, many
old willow, elm, and maple stubs with
their deserted Woodpecker holes, and in
these the Swallows made their nests.

As the years passed, the old stubs were
cut, or crumbled and fell until all were
gone, and the Swallows, after spending the
early spring with us, passed on to some more favorable locality to rear their
young.

In the spring of 191 5 I saw a pair of Tree Swallows investigating a box that

M.\LE TREE SWALLOW
Watching female as she leaves the nest,
almost turning over as she swings away.

I had put up on my lot for Bluebirds
the lake, and, although the Swal-
lows hung around it for several
days, it did not seem to suit them
exactly and was not used. How-
ever, their presence about the box
gave me an idea which I carried out
the following spring, when I made
boxes purposely for the Swallows,
[)lacing them on the sides of posts
which were driven out in two or
three feet of water in the marsh.
This was done April 28, when
there must have been twenty or
more pairs of Tree Swallows living
about.

The very next da\' I saw a
Swallow enter one of the boxes,
and on May 4 a pair of Swallows
were carrying nesting materials
into one of them. This same dav

This box was more than ;o rods from

M.\LK TREK SW.VLI.OW

(133)

134 Bird -Lore

I grafted an old Downy Woodpecker's nest on to the top of another post
which was driven out in the water, and before I had rowed my boat 15 feet away
from it, a female Tree Swallow had alighted and was peering into the hole,
while her mate was hovering overhead. The hole seemed to suit, as they
almost immediately took possession and began to carry nest materials into it.

A TREE SWALLOW FAMILY.— THE MOTHER RETURNS

Although they began nest-building thus early, it was done in a rather desultory
manner, and they did not appear in real earnest until the latter part of May.
By June 20 they were feeding young, both parents working diligently and
supplying an abundance of food, various small dragon-flies forming a large part
of it. Both parents were seen carrying excreta from the nest, flying with it out
over the water, where they dropped it 5 or 6 rods from the nest.

A record of a typical half-hours' observation at the nest June 30 follows:
Female feeds young while the male sits on top of the stub resting and yawning
several times, then he flies away and soon returns with a small dragon-fly,
which he takes into the nest and almost immediately reappears with excreta
which he carries out over the water, dropping it some distance away. Soon
he comes again with another dragonfly, alights at the hole, but flies away again
without entering; does this several times, then enters. Appears in the opening,
where he remains several minutes until the female comes. She goes in and stays
there. Soon he comes back with a dragon-fly, goes part way in, backs out again,
and waits for the female to crowd out past him when he goes in.

Of the nine boxes placed in the marsh this year, five were occupied.

Notes on the Tree Swallow

135

After the nesting-season is over, the Tree Swallows, with hundreds of Barn,
Cliff, and Rough-winged Swallows, gather in the evenings over the waters of
the lake and creek, where they skim lightly over the surface of the water or
fly high in the air, gathering their suppers from the hosts of insects flying there.
At night they roost in the cat-tails, many of them close to the water's edge. A
few alight at a time, those already there welcoming the others with soft twitter-
ings as they come ; then there are constantly some flying up to take a few more
turns in the air, and one too many will alight on the same leaf, causing it to
bend to the water, when all fly up and ahght in another place. So it is really
quite dark before all get settled for the night.

The fishermen here use an acetylene light with reflector, and we sometimes
get one of these and row down the creek, and, by going carefully and throwing
the light on the cat-tails, the Swallows can be seen, with heads tucked under
their wings, asleep. Rowing carefully along, we were able to pick them from
the flags with our hands.

The Tree Swallow is very fond of the water and will be found most abundant
about a lake or stream where there are many dead trees, with their old Wood-
pecker holes, and, as I have shown, they can be easily induced to use boxes
put up by man.

:^^

FEMALE LOOKING OUT IROM NEST

^WVH\,

TO THE SONG SPARROW

By EDMUND J. SAWYER

'Ground Bird' we called you in our barefoot days,
When Spring impelled us on our truant ways.
How well we knew and loved those happy lays

You caroled from the 'pussy-willow' bough !
In feather, form, and note you are the same;
Old Time has overlooked you, soul and frame;
The flight of years has changed you but in name;

'Ground Bird' of old, we call you Song Sparrow now

Now flitting and skulking by the brook,
Calling and peering from the grassy nook.
Hopping and hiding, you have every look

Of sprightly youth you had in days of yore.
Your merry song, so sweet, so glad and free;
Your pose atop the fence or willow tree; '
Your long, loose tail, abob— all bring to me

The days that were, the days that are no more.
(136)

To the Song Sparrow

From morn till night you sing, unlike the Thrush
Remote within the woodland's shade and hush,
Nor like the soaring Lark whose songs outgush

But reach us faintly like the songs in dreams.
Banks of the tinkling stream, the grassy dell.
The homely wayside nooks of field and fell —
Familiar places that we love so well —

These are at once thy chosen haunts and themes.

Of gorgeous birds in fabled happy lands.

Or flying over palms on coral strands.

Where tropic seas and isles the view commands.

Let others sing; their splendors 1 despise.
The Eden of your songs my feet have trod;
The Heaven that you praise is just the sod;
Yet somehow 1 seem nearer to my God,

Brown bird, with you, my Bird of Paradise!

137

<il.fe

How to Make and Erect Bird-Houses

By HUBERT PRESCOTT. Ashland, Ore.

PEOPLE are beginning to understand more clearly the relationship of
birds to mankind, and, as a result, they are putting forth greater effort
toward the protection and preservation of bird-life.

One good method of bird preservation is the building of bird-houses, and, as
far as individual effort is concerned, a good deal of it has been directed in this
line. Some have met with success and some with failure, the reason for the
failures being that a very large percentage of the bird-houses built are worthless
because they are wrongly constructed.

It is well that we should put up houses for the birds, but first we must under-
stand a little of bird nature so that we may better know what kind of houses
are suitable.

Originally, birds which nested in cavities either used cavities in trees caused
by rotting of the heart of the tree, or they made their own nest cavities or used
those made by other birds or animals.

The Woodpecker is, perhaps, the best example of a bird which digs its own
nest cavity. If we will observe we will find that the holes made by Woodpeckers
for nesting purposes are generally facing the east or south, and, if in a hori-
zontal or slanting limb, they will always be on the underside.

Facing the east or south they are less exposed to storms than they would be
if they were facing the north. They are on the underside of a limb for the same
purpose, and also as a protection against animals or other birds, being then
difficult of access and out of view. On observation we will find that the bottom,
or floor, of the nest cavity of a Woodpecker is 6 inches or more below the
entrance-hole. This serves several purposes: It gives the bird room to sit
without blocking the entrance; it serves as a protection against enemies; and it
prevents the young from leaving the nest too soon.

Thus, as a result of natural selection, birds have acquired the instinct to
build in nest cavities of this kind, and if we apply a few of these particulars in
building bird-houses, much better results will be obtained than we would get
otherwise.

One of the greatest, yet most common mistakes is making bird-houses like
the houses of human beings, with the entrance on a level with the floor.

Birds do not value things from the esthetic standpoint. They prefer an
old weather-worn bird-house to a highly painted one which shows skillful
workmanship. The kind of nesting-site they choose is of vital importance to
them, and they select it for the protection and service it affords. Bird-houses
can be made out of hollow trees, kegs, slabs, and boards of any kind.

Another very common mistake is that of making the bird-houses or rooms
too large. For small birds which nest in solitary pairs, such as Wrens, Chicka-
dees, Bluebirds, etc., a room 4 inches wide by 5 inches long by 7 inches high

(138)

How to Make and Erect Bird-Houses

139

is large enough. For Flickers, Owls, Sparrow Hawks and other larger birds,
the rooms should be about 6 inches wide by 7 inches long by 14 inches high.
For Martins and other birds which nest in colonies, a bird-house can contain
as many rooms as desired, each room having about the same dimensions as
given for the first.

It is a good idea to have the side or the top of the bird-house hinged or
removable, so that the old nest can be cleaned out, thus making room for a new

rj^. I

ns- L

SUGGESTIONS lOR BIRD BOXES

one for the following summer, and the birds will return to rear a bnxjd year
after year.

A bird-house should not be placed less than 0 feel from the ground — 10
feet or above is j)referable. They can he jjlaced on barns, sheds, fence-posts, or
hung from trees.

Birds always prefer houses more or less in the open, so that they can detect
any intruders which may come (hat way. They should not be placed amid the

T40 Bird -Lore

ihick foliage and branches of trees— not that the bird-house should be placed
in a conspicuous place, but the view from it should be clear.

A very suitable method is to bore a hole in a barn or shed and place the bird-
house on the inside. This is especially suited for observation and experimental
purposes.

Several different types of very satisfactory bird-houses are shown in the
accompanying diagrams. Figures i, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, are for birds nesting in
solitary pairs; 7 and 8 for birds which nest in colonies.

These are a few of the main particulars in building and erecting bird-houses,
and with a little effort directed in the right way, we may forever have these
feathered songsters about us, to add life and grace to our surroundings, to
fill the air with song, and to glean the foliage of harmful insects.

Photography at Feeding-Stations

By C. BREDER, Jr., Newark, N. J.

A NATURAL outlet for the city-dwelling bird-lover's enthusiasm is
the establishment of a back-yard feeding-station. As the location of
my home is not the least suburban, all the birds that deigned to visit
mine were gladly welcomed. Blue Jays, Slate-colored Juncos, Hairy and
Downy Woodpeckers, and Brown Creepers were among the more regular
visitors, and I considered myself rather successful. With the coming of these
birds came the desire to record their visits photographically. This was not
easily accomplished because of their unusual timidity, due to the man-made
surroundings and the daily onslaughts of the horde of House Sparrows that
infested the place. Seeing that the photographs that could possibly be taken
would be few and far between, with the probable result of driving the birds
off altogether, the idea was partly given up, but still the desire to picture our
winter residents hung on.

Early in the fall of 1916 the idea struck me of establishing a woodland feed-
ing-station for photographic purposes — going to the birds if the birds would
not come to me. A companion nature-lover and myself, on October i, decided
to take a bird walk through some rather unfamiliar territory in the nearby
countryside. After about one hour's trolley-ride into the suburbs and fifteen
minutes' stiff hiking, we came to a beautiful bit of wooded farmland. Several
trips were made to it before the winter set in, and we found it well supplied with
bird-life and were enabled to add a number of new names to our lists. On
the 14th we decided at just what points to establish the much-talked-of feeding-
stations.

The first opportunity to do this came on the 21st. We went armed with a
brace and bit, and suet that had been run through a meat-chopper. Stations
were located at five points. One was in a large dead chestnut tree. It consisted

Photography at Feeding-Stations

141

of ten holes, 5 s inch in diameter, arranged in the form of a triangle. While
no bird photographs were taken there, it was used very much by the birds of
the vicinity. Another was located in a dead sapling of the same species, but
for some unknown reason the birds refused to use it, except in the very cold-
est weather. A third was in the cracked limb of another blighted chestnut,
about 10 feet from the ground. It held more food than the rest and was always
emptied before the others. For a long time it was a mystery as to what manner
of creature could dispose of so much food in such a short time. Blue Jays were
suspected, but not many were in
this neighborhood, and nothing could
be proved against them. It was not
until the winter had begun to break
up that we learned that we had
been feeding a flock of about five
Crows. I believe a feeding-station
for Crows is unique, even if it is
unintentional. Many Brown Creep-
ers were attracted to suet forced
into the crevices in the bark of a
living oak. Some photographs of
Brown Creepers on it were taken by
my companion, but they proved to be
a little too perfect examples of pro-
tective coloration. The fifth and last
station was only a fence-post with an
ample crack into which suet was
forced. It was to this that by far
the most birds were attracted, and
where the balance of the studies were
taken.

The hunting-season opened, and on
November 11 we saw only a solitary
Song Sparrow, and it was not before the iSlh that all the suet was gone. We
replenished it that day, but still the only birds we saw were two Song Sparrows
and two Brown Creepers. Our next trif) was on December 2, and the hunting
season was to be over on the 15th. Already the great number of 'sportsmen'
that infested the woods was beginning to thin out, and the birds were returning
to the section. It was this day that I first saw the birds at the food. On the
oak tree were two Brown Creepers and a White-breasted Nuthatch. I refilled
the stations twice before the 2},r(\, when I took my trusty old plate camera. I
focused on the fence-post, but the birds kejU their distance, and 1 took home
no portraits. I used an i-lec trie (k-vice to operate the shutter from a distance
for all of these pictures.

TUKTKD TITMOUSE

142

Bird- Lore

The (lay after Christmas, a t)iting cold day, I had the camera set by q
oxlock. Forty minutes later I took my first feeding-station picture — a Brown
Creeper. There were two on the post at the time, but one was out of range of
the lens. A Downy wanted the food but feared the staring Cyclops that guarded
the treasure. He would swoop down and make me believe that he was about
to alight, when off he would go, only to make another similar swoop. The
single Creeper was the only picture I took that day.

On December 30, two White-breasted Nuthatches tried the same maneuvers
as the Downy, keeping me on the jump for naught. A Brown Creeper was 'fuss-

BROWN CREEPER

ing' around also, but refused to get in a position worth wasting a plate on.
But then something happened. A hurried chattering cry — a flutter of wings —
something landed on top of the post and was gone again, flitting up into the
tree behind which I was hiding. Then I saw it to be a Tufted Titmouse. But
that is not all. I had pushed the button in that fraction of a second that he
was on the post-top. The most that I could hope for on the plate was a blur
of wings. On developing it I was more than delighted. Later a Hairy tried
diving for the food, l)ut without success for either him or me. That ended my
year's experiences. It began to snow a little, and I could not have stood still
a moment longer because of the intense cold.

The next trip taken when the sun made bird photography possible was
January 6. Numbers of Chickadees were around the empty post when I
arrived, and picked up the crumbs that dropped from my hand as I stuffed the

Photography at Feeding-Stations 143

crack with suet. Three photographs were taken of these confiding Httle fellows,
but one turned out a complete failure. Another Brown Creeper picture was the
day's remaining bit of success.

On the 27th, Tufted Titmice chattered at my attempts but refused to have
their image imprisoned in a piece of 4 x 5-inch glass, despite all my coaxing.
February 10 the last attempt was made but without success.

In this way the winter of the past year was spent pleasantly, healthfully,
and profitably — pleasantly by association with nature, healthfully by outdoor
activity in all sorts of weather, and profitably by the making of valuable ad-
ditions to my knowledge of bird-life. Of all the exposures made, only two
were failures, and both those because of some accident in manipulating the
camera. This year more elaborate preparations will be made and better
results looked for.

Holbcell's Grebe in Connecticut

By WILBUR F. SMITH. South Norwalk, Conn.

^ I ^HE largest number of Holboell's Grebes that I have known to be in

I this section occurred in the spring ol 1916, and as none of the books
-*- to which I have access give much information concerning their food
habits or their behavior when on land, I was glad when exceptional circum-
stances gave me an opportunity to observe both at close range.

The first Grebe reported was found on March 19, on the snow far from the
shore, and, as so often happens, the party finding it ran for a gun and shot it.
Fortunately I was able to save the skin for Birdcraft's Museum.

On March 24 the ice began to break up in Rowayton harbor, and, in a small
open space near the docks, just behind some fishermen's boats in which they
were repairing an engine, two of these Grebes were feeding. They fished con-
tinually, and hunger may have had something to do with their apparent lack
of caution, boldness, or confidence in man, as at times they came up within
15 feet of the boat in which the men were working.

One of the men told me that he saw one catch a large smelt, and that when
he went on deck in the night "they were still fishing and seemed to be always
fishing." While I watched them they were feeding on small tlounders, and
occasionally they would catch one too large to handle in the open water, where-
upon they would swim into shallow water or to the edge of the ice, and strike
and pound the fish into condition to eat.

On March 26 three of us went to Rowayton to sec the Grebes. We found
that the ice had gone farther out of the harbor and that the Grel)es were fishing
farther ofT shore, where three more had joined them. .\ number of Herring
Gulls were sitting around on the ice and lloating down on detached cakes, and,
as it jiroved, watihing the Gri-bes as intently as we were, h)r when a Grebe

144 Bird - Lore

would come up with a fish, one or more of the Gulls would pounce upon it for
the food, and the Grebe would have to dive to escape with its prize. Generally
they saved their fish by coming up at a considerable distance, though the Gulls
succeeded in worrying a fish from the Grebes at times.

They were wonderful divers, at times seeming to 'just disappear,' but, when
really fishing, they would throw themselves forward and almost out of the
water with the violence of their effort, and I wondered if the depth of water had
anything to do with the manner of diving. With watch in hand, we timed them
under water, and on two occasions one Grebe was down fifty-five seconds —
forty-five to fifty-five seconds was the average.

HOLBCELL'S GREBE

Photographed by Wilbur S. Smith

On April 15 one was seen in Saugatuck Bay, and on April 20 one was found
in a yard in the east end of town. I liberated it, first photographing and study-
ing its actions and posture on land. It sat forward on its breast, and it seemed
to me the bird realized its helplessness, for, when placed on the lawn with no
one near, it made no effort to escape and kept up a constant calling. A small
child with a stick could have killed it, though it struck viciously with its long
bill when anyone came within reach, but the blow did not have the force or
power of that of a Heron of equal size.

From its actions one might have thought it was wounded, but when it saw
the salt water — possibly first sensed it — a marked change took place in the
Grebe's actions, and it struggled violently to escape. Placed on the ground
some distance from the shore it went floundering along, propelled by wings and
feet, until it reached the water, when it was the perfection of graceful motion.
It dove and preened and dove again, raised high on its feet and shook itself
and flapped its wings, dove again, and then headed for open water at a pace
that proved it to be in good condition.

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

III. THE SUMMER AND HEPATIC TANAGERS, MARTINS,*
AND BARN SWALLOWS

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

(See Frontispiece)

SUMMER TANAGER

There are two subspecies of the Summer Tanager, an eastern and a western,
which of course occupy separate areas in summer but which mingle more or
less during the migrations and in winter.

The Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra rubra) breeds in the eastern United
States, north to Delaware (formerly to New Jersey), southern Ohio, southeast-
ern Wisconsin, and southeastern Nebraska; west to eastern Kansas and cen-
tral Texas; and south to northeastern Mexico, southeastern Texas, southern
Mississippi, and central Florida. It winters in Central and South America,
south to Guiana, Ecuador, and Peru, and north to Yucatan and central Mexico.
It is also of casual occurrence north to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Ontario; and is accidental in the Bahama Islands.

Cooper's Tanager (Piranga rubra cooperi) breeds in the southwestern
United States and northern Mexico, north to central New Mexico and central
Arizona; west to southeastern California; south to northern Durango and
central Nuevo Leon; and east to central western Texas and eastern New Mexico.

In the following migration tables all records of Cooper's Tanager are indi-
cated by an asterisk (*) ; all the others, therefore, should be considered as
referring to the eastern Summer Tanager.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITV

Amelia Is., Fla.. .

Chipley, Fla

Tallahassee, Fla. .

Savannah, Ga

Kirk wood, Ga.. . .
Charleston, S. C.
Long Island, Ala.

Hilo.xi, Miss

New Orleans, La.
Brownsville, Te.x.
San .\nlonio, Tc.x.
Kerrville, Te.x. . .
Gainesville, Tex..

Number

of years'

record

4
13

7
4

If)

Average date of
spring arrival

April i,^
April 5
April 5
.\pril g
.April 1 1
.■\pril i,^
.\pril I 7
.\|)ril 4
.\pril 5

.\pril 10
.\pril 1 I
.\prii 14

Earliest date uf
spring arrival

April 12, 1916
March 21, 1886
March 30, IQ02
March 29, 1916
April 3, 1894
April 5, 191 2
.\pril 12, 1916
March ,?i, 1904
.\pril I, 1904
February 1 1. 185^
.\pril 8, 1890
.\l)ril 5, 1913
.\pril 10, 1S85

*The Purple Martin and Barn Swallow were figured in Bird-Lork for September-October, 1017,
bctore this Si-cond Series wa.s i)i;Kun. They an- treated here to make our miRration records of the
Swallows of North .Atmrica iDinplcte. The remaining species of the family were litjured and treated
in BiKO-I.oKK for .November- 1 )i-t ember, 1917. -Kditok.

(145) •

146

Bird - Lore

SPRING MiGR.VTiON, Continued

LOCALITY

State College, N. M
Tombstone, Ariz.*. .

Tucson, Ariz.*

Fort Mojave, Ari/..*

Kaleigh, N. C

Weaverville, N. C...
\'ariety Mills, Va.. .
Washington, D. C
Waverly, W. Va. , . .

Athens, Tenn

Eubank, Ky

Helena, Ark

Lawrence, Kans

Denver, Colo

Philadelphia, Pa.. .
Sing Sing, N. V. .
Chillicothe, Ohio. . .
Bloomington, Ind.. .

Odin, 111

St. Louis, Mo

Number

of years'

record

13
16

10
24

Average date of
spring arrival

April
April

April 20
April 23
April 27
May I
April 29
April 17
April 19
April 14
May 9

May 10
April 25
April 26
April 25
April 24

Earliest date of
spring arrival

May
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
May
May
May
May-
April
April
April
April

7, 1915
IS, 1911
22, 1909
25, 1861

6, 1888

20, 1894

21, 1906
18, 1896
25, 1904
10, 1906
IS, 1891

7, 1907
I, 1906
12, 1873

7, 1884

8, 1885
24, 1904
18, 1886
21, 1895

9, 1909

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

Sing Sing, N. Y

September 18

September 14

October 4
September 20

October 2
September 24
September 28

September 21
September 16

September 24
October 19

September 26, 1SS5
September 30, 1884
October i, 1904
September 28, 1885
October i, 1889
October 5, 1906
September 19, 1906
September 19, 1884
October 7, 1891
October 30, 1886
September 18, 1909
October 14, 1902

Philadelphia, Pa

Chillicothe, Ohio

Bloomington, Ind

Odin, 111

St. Louis, Mo

Washington, D. C

Variety Mills, Va

Weaverville, N. C

Raleigh, N. C

Spencer, W. Va

Athens, Tenn

2
10

ft
6

4
3

3
4

Eubank, Ky

Charleston, S. C

Kirkwood, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Tallahassee, Fla.
Fcrnandina, Fla.

Liloxi, Miss

Helena, Ark. . . .

October 10, 1890
October 14, 191 1
September 16, 1902
October 20, 1908
October 26, 1904
October 20, 1906
October 3, 1912
October 2, 1895
October 27, 1899
September 15, 191 5
October 10, 187^

New Orleans, La

Chloride, N. M.*

San Francisco River, Ariz
Whetstone Mountains, A
Rincon, Ariz.*

riz.*

September 27, 190S
September 23, 1907
October 11. 1907

San Clemente Is., Calif.*. . . .

The Migration of North American Birds

147

HEPATIC TANAGER

The Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatka) is one of the Mexican V)irds which
reaches the United States only along the southwestern border. Owing to its
limited distribution and to its frequenting the less inhabited parts of the United
States there are comparatively few data on its migration. The range of the
typical subspecies {Piranga hepatka hepatka), the only one occurring in the
United States, extends from central western Texas, central New Mexico, and
northwestern Arizona south over the table-land of Mexico to Guatemala.
Another race, the Mexican Hepatic Tanager {Piranga hepatica dextra), occupies
eastern Mexico from the state of Vera Cruz north to Nuevo Leon.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

Earliest date of
spring arrival

Hachita Grande Mountain, N. M.

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz

Tombstone, Ariz

Paradise, Ariz

.April 27

May 19, 1892
April II, 1902
April 20, 191 2
April 24, 19 13

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Apache, X. M

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.
Tombstone, Ariz

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

September 2

Seiitcmber 14, 1886
()ct()l)cr 25, 1907
September 20, 1913

PURPLE MARTIN

The Purple Martin has a wide distribution and is well known wherever it
lives. It is the earliest spring migrant to enter the United States from the south,
so early, in fact, that we can with difficulty believe that it does not pass the
winter in the United States. There is apparently, however, a period of a month
or two during December and January when it is not iound even in southern
Florida, although it appears sometimes as early as January 20, and has been
seen as late as December 18. The latter, however, must be regarded as an
unusually late date. There are two subspecies, both (^f which summer in the
United States.

The Purple Martin {Prague siihis subis) breeds in temperate North .Xmerica,
north to Xova Scotia, New Brunswick, northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and
Montana; west to Idaho and Arizona; south to Tepic and Vera Cruz, Mexico,
and to .southern Florida; migrates through Central .America and northern
South America; winters in Hra/.il; and occurs accidentally on the Hernuida
Islands and in Crcat Biil.tin.

148

Bird - Lore

The Western Martin {Progne siibis hespcria) breeds in the Pacific Coast
region of North America from southwestern British Columbia to southern
Lower California; and occurs during migration in Central America. Its winter
home is not known, but is presumably South America. In the following mi-
gration tables an asterisk (*) indicates the records belonging to the Western
Martin.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Orlando, Fla

Melrose, Fla

Tallahassee, Fla

Savannah, Ga

Charleston, S. C. .

Carrollton, Ala

Biloxi, Miss

New Orleans, La

Kerr\'ille, Tex

( iaines.ville, Tex

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.

Stockton, Calif.*

Raleigh, N. C

New Market, Va

Washington, D. C

Mardela Springs, Md

French Creek, W. Va..

Eubank, Ky

Athens, Tenn

Helena, Ark

Onaga, Kans

Loveland, Colo

Morristown, N. J

Berwyn, Pa

Oberlin, Ohio

Fort Wayne, Ind..

Chicago, 111

St. Louis, Mo

Keokuk, Iowa. . . .
Sioux City, Iowa . .

Lincoln, Neb

Jewett City, Conn.

Block Island, R. I

Boston, Mass

Norway, Maine. .

Tilton, N. H

Rutland, Vt

New York, N. Y

Saratoga Springs, N. Y

Detroit, Mich

.^nn Arbor, Mich

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn..

Sioux Falls, S. D..

Larimore, N. D

Great Falls, Mont

15
14
23
13

3
30

3
14
16

6
II

9
18
16
20
22,

Average date of
spring arrival

February 8
February 4
February 20
March 18
March 3
March 9
February 13
February 14
February 24
March i

March 6
April 22
March 28
April I
March 31
April II
March 21
March 21
March 4
April 6
April 22
April 17
April 19
April 8
April 4
April 1 2
March 21
March 30
April 13
April 9
April 13
April 1 7
.\pril 29
April 21
April 25
April 26
April 18
April 16
.\pril 19
.\pril 1 2
.\pril 13

April 9 I

.\pril 19
May 6
May 14

Earliest date of
, spring arrival

January 27, 1913
January 20, 1901
January 29, 191 i
March 5, 1911
February 16, 1907
March 9, 1888
January 29, 191 2
January 31, 1894
February 11, 1909
February 27, 1889
April 22, 1902
March i, 1879
March 16, 1907
March 14, 1898
March 9, 1908
March 18, 1889
April 9, 1890
March 14, 1887
March 17, 1907
February 18, 1897
March 26, 1900
April 21, 1887
.\pril 8, 1890
March 27, 1913
March 25, 1910
March 19, 1907
March 23, 1884
March 15, 1888
March 17, 1903

.•\.pril 4, 1900

April 3, 1900

April 5, 1912

April 10, 1915

April 6, 1907

April 16, 1914

April 20, 1906

April 16, 1915

March 21, 1907

April 6, 191 2

April 5, 191 2

March 23, 1907

March 29, 1897

Feb. 14, 1890!

April I, 1888

April 9, 19 ID

April 19, 1886

May 10, 1906

t .\cciiiental at this early (late.

The Migration of North American Birds

149

SPRING MIGRATION, Continued

LOCALITY

Tacoma, Wash.*

Scotch Lake, N. B..

Chatham, N. B

Quebec, Quebec. . .
Montreal, Quebec.

London, Qnt

Ottawa, Ont

Margaret, Man

Aweme, Man

South Qu'Appelle, Sask..

Red Deer, Alta

X'ancouver, B. C*

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

April II
May 2
May 10
May 5 .
May 2
April 17
April 24
May 1 1
May II
May 17
May 2T,
May 10

Earliest date of
spring arrival

April I, 1Q05
April 21, iQoo
May 2, 1887
April 26, 1 901
April 9, 191 1
April 9, 1900
April 13, 1909
May 2, 19 1 4
April 25, 1896
May 5. 1904
May 7, 1893
May 6, 1889

FALL MIGRATION

LO( ALITV

Number

of years'

record

.\verage date of
last one observed

Late.st date of
last one observed

Scotch Lake, N. B

August 29

September 12, 1912
September 6, 1894

Quebec, Quebec. . .

Montreal, Quebec.

.\ugUSt 2 2

September 25, 1897

Ottawa, Ont

August 21

September 12, 1907

Margaret, Man

.\ugust 20, 191 1

Aweme, Man

August 13

September 11, 1897

South Qu'Appelle, Sask.. .

.\ugust II

.\ugust 25, 191 1

I.cwiston, Maine

.\ugust 20

September 4, 1901

Lancaster, N. H.

September 2, 1909

I'ilton, N. H

August 20

.\ugust 24, 1907

Rutland, \'t

September 4, 1914

Howard, Mass. ...

August 2 2

September 12, 1908

Block Island, R. I.

September 5

September 15, 1914

Hartford. Conn

September 27, 1901

(lent'va, X. V

September 2

Sei)tember 12, 1915

Saratoga Springs, N. V..

i.S

August 13

.\ugust 27, 1902

\ icksburg, Mich

1 1

.\ugust 30

September 16, 1907

.Madison, Wis

.\ugust 25

September 6, 1912

Lanesboro, Minn

September i

September 21, 191 1

Sioux Falls, \. D.

.August 24

September 2, 1910

Morristown, N. J. .

.\ugust 31

September 11, 1911

Berwyn, Pa

.\ugust 29

Sei)tember 24. 1896

Obci-lin, Ohio.

.\ugust 20

Sei)teml)er 30, 1907

Indianapolis, Ind..

September i 2

October 3, 1913

Chicago, 111

Sci)tember i 2

September 27, 1906

Keokuk, Iowa

September \

October 1 1, 1892

Concordia, Mo.

September 2

September 1 1, 1913

St. Louis, Mo.. .

September 20

September 24, 1897

Lincoln, Neb

Sei)lember 10, 1890

Washington, D. C.

August 25

September 14, 1889

.\ew Market, Va.. .

.\ugusl 14, 1915

Raleigh, .\. C

()

August 20

Sei)teml)er 9, 1907

Krench Creek, W. Va.

August 9

.\ugust lO, 1891

I'ubank, Kv

.\ugUSt 2()

September 4, 1887

Kno.\villc, Tenn.

September 13

October s, 1889

( >naga, Kans

.\ugusl 20

September 2&, 189O

Charleston, S. C.

October 0, 19 1 1

Bird- Lore

FALL MIGRATION, Continued

LOCALITY

Savannah, Ga.. .
Tallahassee, Fla.

Orlando, Fla

Carrollton, Ala..

Biloxi, Miss

New Orleans, La

.Vustin, Tex

Tombstone, Ariz
Stockton, Calif.*

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

September 18

August 24
August 23
October 8
September i 7

Latest date of
last one observed

August 30, 1909
September 27, igoi
December 18, 191 ^
August 28, 1886
October 9, 1910
October 22, 1894
September 28, 1893
September 10, 1909
September 6, 1878

CUBAN MARTIN

The Cuban Martin {Prague cryptoleuca) is a native of the island of Cuba,
but is of accidental or occasional occurrence in southern and central Florida.
The only authentic records for the United States are one specimen taken at
Cape Florida on May 18, 1858, and another specimen, without date, obtained
at Clearwater, Fla.

GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN

The Gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea) ranges from northeastern
Mexico and extreme central southern Texas, south through Mexico, Central
America, and South America, to Bolivia and southern Brazil. The only records
for the United States are a specimen taken at Rio Grande, Tex., on April 25,
1880, and another obtained at Hidalgo, Tex., on May 18, i88g.

BARN SWALLOW

The Barn Swallow {Hirundo erythrogastris) is one of the most familiar and
widely distributed North American birds. It breeds north to central Quebec
(southern Ungava) , southern Manitoba, northern Mackenzie, and northwestern
Alaska; south to North Carolina, Arkansas, southern Texas, Guanajuato,
Jalisco, and Tepic, Mex. It winters from southern Mexico, through Central
America and South America to Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. In migration it
passes through the Bahamas and the West Indies, and is of accidental occurrence
in Greenland, the Bermuda Islands, and the Galapagos Islands.

Si-RING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of Earliest date of
spring arrival spring arrival

Dry Tortugas, Fla.. .

April 8, 1890
April II April 9, 1916
April 5 March 26, 1905
April 10 April 3, 1909

Amelia Is., Fla

Savannah, Ga

Charleston, S. C

The Migration of North American Bird:

151

SPRING MIGRATION, continued

LOCALITY

Biloxi, Miss

New Orleans, La

Eagle Pass, Tex

Gainesville, Tex

Albuquerque, N. M

Tombstone, Ariz

Fresno, Calif

Raleigh, N. C

New Market, Va

Washington, D. C

Cambridge, Md

White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.

Athens, Tenn

Eubank, Ky

Onaga, Kans

Boulder, Colo

Morristown, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa

Oberlin, Ohio

Richmond, Ind

Chicago, 111

Concordia, Mo

Keokuk, Iowa

Lincoln, Neb

Jewett City, Conn

Providence, R.I

Woods Hole, Mass

Boston, Mass

Phillips, Maine

Tilton, N. H

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Ballston Spa' N. Y.

New York, N. \'

Ann Arbor, Mich

Madison, Wis

Minnca|)olis, Minn

X'ermilion, S. D

(Irand Forks, N. I)

Cheyenne, Wyo

'I'erry, Mont

Crea't Falls, Mont

.Meridian, Idaho

I'ortland, Ore

Jacoma, Wash

I'ictou, N. S

St. John, N. B

North River, P. E. I.
(^)uebec, (Quebec ...
.Montreal, Quebec

Ottawa, Ont

i.istowel, Ont

.\wcme, Man

Indian Head, Sask.

Carvel, .\lta

Okanagan Landing, H. C.
Fort Chipewyan, Mack
Nulato, Alaska

Number

of years'

record

3
6

27
6
8
6

23
13
22

5
8

3
30
20

6
17
24

5
13

Average date of
spring arrival

April 3
April I
February 28
March 30

April 10
March 14
.-\pril 14
April 15
April 14
April 1 1
April I 2
April 14
April 10
April 1 7
May 5
April 1 9
April 18
April 1 2
April 15
April ig
April 21
April iQ
April 24
April ig
April 25
April 15
April 22
April 28
April 27
April 26
April 28
April 20
April iS
April 22
April 26
May 2
May 12

May 1 1
May 15
May 13

Earliest date of
spring arrival

April

May

Mav

April

Ai)ril

April

2()

April

May

Mav

May

Mav

March 27. 1904
March 20, 1895
February 9, i88;
March 21, 1886
April 5, 1914
March 20, 1909
March 4, 1914
April 2, 1888
April 5, 1888
March 30, 1890
April 3, 1913
April 3, 1892
April 8, 1906
April I, 1 89 1
April II, 1899
April 21, 191 2
.\pril 5, 1890
April II, 1 91 6
March 30, 1897
April I, 1893
April 4, 1897
April 17, 1914
April 3, 1903
.\pril 18, igoo
.\pril 3, i8g2
April 16, 1906
April I, 1894
.Ypril 14, 1904
April 25, 1908
.\pril 18, igi.s
.\pril 14, 1890
.\pril 16, 1891
April 2, 1882
April 7, 1 888
.\pril 14, 1 90 1
April 9, 1908
April 29, 19 1 2
May II, 1908
.\pril 21, 1889
May 5, 1894
May I 2, i8qo
.\pril 25, 1914
April 13, 1897
April 24, 1908
May I, 1895
April 23, 1890
May 7, 1887
Ajjril 22, 1906
.\pril 25, 1804
.Vpril I 7, 1 900
.\pril 15, 1890
May 2, 1915
NLiy 7, 1903
May 6. 191 5
.•\pril 26, igoh
May 20, 1827
May 13, 1807

Bird -Lore

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Sitka, Alaska

Pictou, N. S

St. John, N. B

North River, P. E. I

Quebec, Quebec

Montreal, Quebec

Ottawa, Out

Aweme, Man

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Orono, Maine

Tilton, N. H

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Woods Hole, Mass

Providence. R. I

Hartford, Conn

New York, N. Y

Ann Arbor, Mich

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn

Great Falls, Mont

Meridian, Idaho

Seattle, Wash

Newport, Ore

Morristown, N.J

Philadelphia, Pa

Renovo, Pa

Oberlin, Ohio

Richmond, Ind

Chicago, 111

Grinnell, Iowa

Concordia, Mo

Lincoln, Neb

Washington, D. C

Raleigh, N. C

French Creek, W. Va

Athens, Tenn

Onaga, Kans

Caddo, Okla

Boulder, Colo

Frogmore, S. C

Savannah, Ga

De Funiak Springs, Fla

Amelia Is., Fla

Biloxi, Miss

New Orleans, La

San Mateo Mountains, N. M

San Pedro River, Mex., Bound. Line

Ariz

Fresno, Calif

Number

of years'

record

Average date of I
last one observed I

Latest date of
last one observed

6
28
14
7
4
6

6
13
19

7
5

9
9
4
5
24

September 11
September 6

August 29
September 6
September 10
September 14
September 5
August 28
September i
September 18
August 29
September 20
September 3

September 16
August 29

September 14
September 18

September 10
September 9
August 30
September 18
September 19
September 4
September 8
September 20
October 2
September 8
August 26
August 22
September 4
September i 7

September 23
September 20
October 15

October i
October 24

September 28

August 22,

September

August 23,

September

August 31,

September

October i,

September

October 9,

September

October 12

September

October i,

October 17

September

October 15

October 13

September

October 11

October 5,

September

August 24,

September

October 5,

September

October 27

September

December

October 19

November

September

1912
I, 1894

22, 1893
15, 1887
1894

8, 1912
29, 1910

28, 1907
20, 1907
10, 1890
1911

3, 1915
1894
19, 1904
1900

23, 1904

9, 1915
26, 1915
8, 1887

4, 1889

15. 1914
, 1915

16, 1900

1905
, 1915

29, 1908
, 1906

, 1906

15, 1914

16, 1885
, 1909
1899
19, 1912
16, 1880
1889
15, 1902
1893

19, 1883
29, 1909
28, 1885
, 1910
26, 1909

13, 1905
, 1905
3, 1896

20, 1906

October 15, 1892
October i, 1905

EUROPEAN CHIMNEY SWALLOW

The European Chimney Swallow {Hirundo rustica) is a familiar bird in
Europe, where it takes the place of our Barn Swallow. In one or more of its
forms it occurs in summer or winter over nearly all of Europe, Asia, Africa, and
the East Indies, and travels occasionally to Australia. The typical subspecies,
Hirundo rustica rustica, finds a place in the list of North American birds only
by reason of its accidental occurrence in southern Greenland.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FORTY-SEVENTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra, Figs. 1-3).— At the first fall (postjuvenal)
molt the young male acquires a plumage which closely resembles that of the
female (Fig. 3) but is somewhat more ruddy, with saffron under tail-coverts
and a tinge of red on the crown. The extent of the spring (first prenuptial)
molt varies greatly among different individuals. Some birds gain a wholly
red body and retain only the primaries and secondaries of the winter plumage.
Others acquire only a few red body feathers. Between these extremes there is
every degree of intergradation, the bird shown in our plate (Fig. 2) representing
a not infrequent plumage of this Tanager in its first breeding dress. Birds in
this plumage present a most striking appearance and are sometimes reported
by inexperienced observers as 'new' or 'strange' species.

At the second fall (first postnuptial) molt, the adult plumage, with wings
and tail as well as body red, is donned, and thereafter (unlike the Scarlet
Tanager) the bird shows no further change in color.

The female passes from the nestling or juvenal plumage into one resembling
that of the adult (Fig. 3). This, it will be observed, is much yellower than that
of the female Scarlet Tanager, the wings and tail especially being less fuscous.

Hepatic Tanager {Piranga hepatica, Figs. 4, 5). — The nestling of this species
is olivaceous above, paler below, and is obscurely streaked with blackish. At
the postjuvenal molt, the male in passing into first winter plumage, becomes
much like the adult female (Fig. 5). A plumage essentially like this, but with
a few more red feathers on the head and throat, is worn by at least some birds
in their first breeding dress. I have not a large enough number of specimens
to state whether all young males wear this plumage, which corresponds to the
first breeding dress of the Summer Tanager.

The adult plumage is apparently secured at the first postnuptial or second
fall molt, and is thereafter retained. It may be like that of our plate (Fig. 4),
or still show traces of the olive-green dress of immaturity.

After the postjuvenal molt the female presents no color changes in plumage.

-^^

(153)

^otes from JFielti anti ^tutip

A Census from France^ — An Addition lo
the Eighteenth Christmas Census

Northeastern France. — Dec. 12; 10
A.M. to 4:20 P.M. Cloudy; wind light;
temp, about 40°. Partridge, 71; Wood
Pigeon, 4; Skylark. 38; Rook, 800; Carrion
Crow, 5; Jackdaw, 100; Magpie, 32; Jay,
11; Starling, 83; Goldfinch, 2; Chaffinch,
i; Yellow Bunting, 41; Wren, 3; Tree
Creeper, i; Marsh Tit, 7; Blue Tit, 3;
Great Tit, 15; Redbreast, 4; Blackbird, 3.
Total, 19 species, about 1,225 individuals.
— E. W. Calvert, Canadian Expedi-
tionary Forces.

The Warbler Wave of the Spring of
1917 at Branchport, N. Y.

The weather last May was very un-
seasonable at Branchport, N. Y., and the
Warblers were a week late, the bulk arriv-
ing May 20. Even then it was cold, and I
think it was on this account that they were

THE BLACK BURNI AN WAkHl.hk
Photographed by Verdi Burlch

SO tame and kept in the lower branches of
the trees and even on the ground instead
of in the tree-tops as usual.

Many Cape Mays and Tennessees were
seen. This was unusual, as some migra-

tions pass without our seeing a single one.
The streets were full of Redstarts and
Blackburnians. The Redstart, in parti-
cular, was noticed by many people who
usually take no interest in birds, and many
came to me asking about the beautiful
little black-and-orange-colored bird that
they had seen.

A friend who was working on a new
cottage by the lake said that a Redstart
alighted on his shoulder, also on his hat
and on a rule that he held in his hand,
then it flew up and hung before his face
on rapid-beating wings. A neighbor
brought to me a beautiful male Black-
burnian which he found fluttering against
the window in his barn. Another neighbor
brought a dead male Chestnut-side that
her cat had brought in; and I have no
doubt that hundreds were killed by cats
while they were so close to the ground.

May 20 a male Blackburnian spent
nearly the entire day on my lawn and in
the garden. He was very busy all of the
time, hopping over the ground like a
Chipping Sparrow and seemed to be pick-
ing up minute insects. It was difficult tc
get a photograph of him, not that I could
not get near enough, for he came up verj'
close to me, even passing between my feet.
The trouble was that he came too close,
and although I had him on the ground-
glass many times, sharp and life-size, and
made my exposures in 7^ second, he was
so lively that when I developed my plates
I found my Blackburnian out of focus.
Many times he was within a few inches of
my hand as I was on my knees holding my
camera near the ground. I used eight
plates in all, at a distance of from 2 to
6 feet, and got just one good picture. —
X'erdi Burtch, Branchport, N. Y.

Spring Notes from a New Hampshire
Farm

"There is a gorgeous riot of color fly-
ing up in front of the tractor; come to the
meadow and see!"

54)

Notes from Field and Study

^SS

This invitation lured me to the great
meadows bordering the Connecticut River
whence a sullen 'chug-chug' announced
the progress of a farm tractor. That the
machine was 'doing its bit' on a New
Hampshire farm the increasing acres of
brown furrows showed plainly — the large
green wheels rose and dipped over the
undulating land. I followed them and so
made my discovery of a power in the
tractor not advertised in commercial
catalogues; for even as the Pied Piper
charmed the rats of Hamehn with his
strange notes, so did this throbbing engine
draw the birds. They hopped and flew
ahead of the wheels; there were large birds
and small birds, birds of brilliant and of dull
plumage. Ours is an old farm, dating from
Colonial days, when the pioneers left
their hill homes (secure from prowling
Indians), to raise, in common, crops on
these fertile river meadows. Until this
spring of 19 17 no other power than horse
or ox has moved the plow, yet now, when
the novel monster moves over the acreage,
the birds, with indifference, just keep be-
yond the wheels — their attitude is absolute
unconcern. I kept my eyes on the ground in
front of the tractor where the birds were
hunting grubs and bugs. The dark, rain-
filled clouds overhead intensified the color-
ing of the feathered gleaners — it was as
though a flock of tropic butterflies were
balancing on the dun earth. Here four Scar-
let Tanagers, gorgeous in their red and
black, fairly burned the soil; there several
dainty Canadian Warblers e.xplored; be-
yond, tiny Redstarts, fan-tails spread, like
shuttlecocks dyed flame and black, flew
up and down, up and down, in ceaseless
play. Satiny, soft-hued Kingbirds, au-
dacious Bobolinks, Field Sparrows, and
other birds garnered on the ground, while
above, the Swallows skimmed and di|)i)cd
past the steaming funnel. Then the clouds
dropped rain and I left the river-rimmed
meadows to hurry for the distant house.
But I soon forgot the raindrops, for between
the stables and the corn-barn I came upon
a band of Warblers feeding on the ground.
There were male Chestnut-sided Warblers
picking up invisible bits; one bird let me

stand beside him while he pecked in the
road. Some very friendly Black-throated
Blue Warblers and a Black-throated
Green Warbler picked up their supper,
chicken-like, at my feet. There were Red-
starts everywhere, both male and female;
they fluttered into the cow-stables,
allowing the herdsman to catch them. One
moved between the ponderous hind feet
of the work horses, flying onto their
driver's boot. These Redstarts were very
confiding with me, and I watched in
fascination the Japanesy little Warblers.
One Redstart, feeding beside me, would
dart into the air to the height of my head
— once, plop! down he came on my hat-
brim and hopped around it !

This bewildering springtime brought its
tragedies; such confidence was sometimes
betrayed — witness an exquisite dead Parula
Warbler (a female), and a handsome male
Magnolia Warbler, and one of the Red-
starts— these last, with their heads
snapped off and lying beside their bodies.

I have always known and observed the
bird-life about me, but never do I recall
such myriads of birds. To a patriotic
farmer's wife it seems a hopeful sign that
our feathered friends in strong battalions
will help us feed the world and win the war.
— ^Katharine Upham Hunter, West
Claremont, N. H., May 24, June 3, 15.
1917.

Our Back-Yard Visitors

Perhaps many city people think bird-
study is a too far distant subject to take
up, that in order to study and know the
birds one must be out-of-doors the whole
time, or else take many trips to the woods
or country. But such is not the case, for
if one keeps his eyes open he can see many
of these bird treasures in his own garden.
In looking over our lists, it is surprising
to find that until June i, 191 7, we have
seen about fifty different kinds of birds in
our yard, and probalily then have not seen
all that were there, as many of the observa-
tions were short ones.

Throughout the winter we were regularly
visited by three Chickadees, three or four

iS6

Bird -Lore

Nuthatches, two to four Downy Wood-
peckers, occasionally a Crow and Pine
Siskins, and one unwelcomed Sharp-
shinned Hawk. February 27 brought the
first Robin, which was again seen on the
28th, but a cold spell after that probably
caused him to seek warmer quarters. This
is the earliest date, for the Robin. March
18, Purple Crackles fed in the yard, and a
flock of them has since nested in a small
cemetery about two blocks away. A day
later, Juncos and Bluebirds put in their
appearance.

April brought us a visit from a single
Meadowlark, a number of Brown Creepers
and Chipping Sparrows, a pair of which
have nested in our pear tree. Flickers
occasionally find their way here, and a pair
of them have a nest in a stump in the
cemetery with the Crackles. Early one
morning we saw two Hermit Thrushes.
White-throated sparrows were quite
numerous during migration, and both
Kinglets were seen.

The May visitors were much more
numerous about the middle of the month.
One rainy morning, a flock of four Purple
Finches created havoc by picking off many
blossoms, particularly from the plum trees.
Their work seemed to be in direct con-
trast to that of the Orioles which were
among the blossoms at the same time. The
next morning was fair, and the Finches
were still around, not in the fruit trees,
however, but eating the seeds of the elm.
The change in the weather had caused
them to change their diet, but why I do
not know. Barn and Tree Swallows were
seen flying overhead, as were also numerous
Hawks. House Wrens are nesting with us,
and Swifts can be seen at any time.
Hummingbirds are occasionally seen, and
we welcomed visits from the Oven-bird,
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Scarlet Tanager,
Rose-breasted Crosbeak, and Hairy Wood-
pecker. A Least Flycatcher, Warbling
Vireo, and Yellow-throated Vireo sing in
the trees continually, and, we presume
they are nesting in the vicinity.

The Warbler migration. May 17 to
June I, brought a number of interesting
visitors in the order named: Black and

White, Yellow, Redstart (numerous),
Black-throated Creen, Black-throated
Blue, Magnolia, Wilson's, Canada, Ten-
nessee, Bay-breasted, Blackburnian,
Nashville, and Blackpoll.

Other visitors have been a Red-breasted
Nuthatch, which took a few meals from our
suet, Song Sparrows and Catbirds, a
Black-billed Cuckoo, an Olive-backed
Thrush, and numerous Coldfinches, of
which we had the pleasure of seeing eight
male birds at one time, in an elm.

This concludes the May migration seen
in our yard. So far in June the Night-
hawk is the only new arrival.

It is quite surprising when looking over
the notes to find that so many birds have
visited us this year. With the exception of
the Meadowlark, which was seen in the
lot back of our yard, all of the birds
mentioned have been seen in the yard or
flying overhead.

Probably many others of our city folks
who think they cannot study the birds
will see just as many, or perhaps more, if
they keep their eyes open and give a few
spare moments to the things that are going
on in birdland in their own yards. — Mr.
and Mrs. William S. Wood, Kingston,
N. Y.

Robins Repeatedly Using the Same Nest

In the summer of 1916, at Jefferson
Highland, N. H., a Robin, for her second
nesting, built in the woodbine climbing on
the front of our cottage, which faces
northeast, placing her nest upon a sub-
stantial crossing of stout stems of the vine
close to the shingles and under a project-
ing cornice about 12 feet from the ground.
Its position secured to the occupant com-
plete protection from falling rain and all
drip from the roof. So well placed was the
nest that a casual observer would have
said of the location, "How discreetly
chosen!" The Robins proceeded very
quietly and confidently all through the
nesting period, scarcely' sounding any
shrill cries of alarm over our movements
day by day, and they brought up their
brood successfully. This was a July nest-

Notes from Field and Study

157

ing. It is likely that the pair had brought
up a first brood somewhere near in
June.

Very soon after the young were on the
wing from their home in the woodbine,
we perceived that the mother was again
occupying her nest, and our continued
observation showed that she laid a second
set of eggs in it and brought up a second
brood, which got on the wing in August.
The impression conveyed at the time was
that she had found such full satisfaction
and contentment in hef chosen site that
she was drawn back to it for her next
nesting.

When we returned to the cottage on
June I of the following summer, 191 7, we
discovered that a Robin had built the
nest for her first brood on a horizontal
beam of the covered piazza on the south-
east side of the house, placing it snugly
up in the corner where the beam joins the
house. So little did this mother Robin
give heed to our movements, and so little
did we hear any loud cries of alarm during
the entire nesting, that we felt quite sure
that our woodbine-nesting Robin of the
previous summer was again with us, and
that she had again made choice of a well-
protected site, this time under the roof of
the piazza, thereby showing the same dis-
cretion which had guided her the pre-
vious season. At this time the woodbine
had not yet put forth its leaves. The
last year's nest, however, was still rest-
ing securely in the vine, but was fully
exposed to view. Two birdlings were
raised, and these left the nest on June 16.
Ten days later we perceived that the Robin
was again occupying her nest on the piazza
beam without having made any attempt
to reconstruct it or build anew. Again
it was apparent that she liked this chosen
location so well that she at once returned
to it for her second nesting, as soon as
slu- 1i;h1 sufliciently cared for the first
brood, thus showing an indisposition to
choose some other location. This second
nesting proceeded successfully. On July 7
there were three young which the parent
birds were feeding, and on the 20th, towards
evening, the birdlings left the nest, or,

rather, one was seen taking short flights
about the piazza and the other two seemed
ready to use their wings. But we were
apprehensive the next morning whether
these two had gotten safely away, since
we found the nest had been pulled from its
place by some agency we could not with
certainty determine, and lay empty and
broken upon the floor. We kept no cat, and
there was but one, to our knowledge, in
the immediate neighborhood. This one
may Jiave been the culprit. With our
hope that the birdlings had already safely
flown before this catastrophe came was
united a regret that the nest had been de-
stroyed, for we felt it would have been very
interesting to learn whether this Robin was
of so constant a nature in her satisfaction
with a well-chosen site that she would
retain it for a third nesting. The oppor-
tunity for this test was lost.

But there came, perhaps, the better
proof of her constancy when, six days
later, we perceived that the old nest in the
woodbine on the front of the house was
again in use. There was no remaining
question with us now. Our piazza-nest-
ing Robin, which manifested her tenacity
to a location there by twice using the same
nest for two broods, was indeed the wood-
bine-nesting Robin of 19 16 which had used
the same nest for two successive nestings
in the vine. She had now returned to her
first well-chosen site, to her old nest, still
in a full degree of preservation, and at this
time well screened from view by the
thick leafage of the vine, for her third
nesting of the season. Three eggs were
laid, and three birdlings were hatched and
grew to maturity. They left the nest on
August 27.

Thus we have the interesting fact of a
Robin building but two nests for the
rearing of five broods in two successive
seasons, and during t he second season, after
rearing two broods in the same nest,
returning to her old nest of the previous
year, in which she had then reared two
broods, for raising her third brood. Such
an example of constancy and conservation
is, perhaps, rare. In this instance it was
doubtless due first to her good judg-

158

Bird- Lore

ment in selecting locations, and then to
her full contentment and sense of satis-
faction arising from her daily experience of
living undisturbed and not being inter-
fered with in any way.

Her mate, as may be supposed, gave us
much song early and late and between-
whiles. His night perch was just across
the road where is a wooded hillside. One
evening in early July, when I was record-
ing the order of the evensong of all the
bird voices within reach of me, this mate
sang his final song at 7.50, and a very
pretty little response came from the
mother on her nest in the woodbine, just
a few softly given notes expressing 'good
night,' and there was silence. — Horace
W. Wright, Boston, Mass.

Notes on Robins' Nests

For three summers now we have been
visited by Robins which are very poor nest-
builders. I imagine it is the same pair
each year which has not improved in their
method, and realize, perhaps, that Fate,

FLICKER AT NEST IN 1111. LUjN> CAGE

in the guise of my father, will take care of
them. The first summer, a hard wind-
storm during the night loosened the badly
constructed nest, built in an apple tree, and
the four little birds fell to the ground.
The distress of the parent birds attracted
my father. The baby birds were apparently
dead, but finding one showed signs of
life, he carried them all into the house,
wrapped them in flannel (only one had a
few feathers appearing) and put them on
the hearth of the kitchen stove. Then he
went out and patched up their nest,
finally tying it with a piece of black silk,
the old birds all the time regarding the
affair with great interest. The little birds,
when thoroughly warm, revived and were
returned to the nest, and three lived to
grow up.

The next year the Robins built on a
board which I had nailed under the eaves,
and the nest, when the young were half-
grown, being most inadequate and shaky-
looking, another board was nailed under
the first, making the shelf wider. This
summer the Robins built over a little
water-pipe, and, again, when the
young birds looked in imminent
danger of falling, an under board,
with low rail-effect in front, was
put up for protection. If the old
birds noticed while it was being
erected, no outcry was made, and
while the little front board almost
hid the nest, the male Robin, with-
out an instant's hesitation, on
perceiving the change, flew up and
fed the young birds as before. —
Elizabeth Lawrence Marshall,
Jamestown, R. I.

A Sanctuary within a Sanctuary

Although the entire 169 acres
of the National Zoological Park
at Washington, D. C, constitutes
a carefully preserved sanctuary
for native wild birds, some sum-
mer visitants this past season,
apparently not satisfied with
the protection afltorded by the
Park authorities, found added

Notes from Field and Study

LION'S CAGE IX THE XATIOXAL Z0"L0GICAL PARK AT WASHIXGTOX IX WHICH
A PAIR OF FLICKERS AND A PAIR OF HOUSE WRENS NESTED

security by nesting within the outdoor
enclosure of an African lioness. The
lion's cage is 20 by 30 feet and 10 feet
high, joins the building on one side, and is
otherwise completely enclosed by steel
bars 3)4 inches apart at the most open
places. In holes in a stump of an old
tree within this enclosure a pair of Flickers
and a pair of House Wrens nested and
reared their broods in safety. The
Flicker hole is 6>^ feet above the ground,
and the Wren's nest about 6 inches
higher, on another branch.

Visitors to the Park were quick to find
interest in this novel sight, and crowds
enjoyed watching the Flickers dart be-
tween the bars of the cage to feed their
eager young, while the Wrens fussed,
scolded, and sang from their own par-
ticular branch of the snag. The lioness,
an unusually active animal, offered no
objection to the intruders. Surely a place
safer from nest-hunting boys or predatory
animals could hardly be found than that
selected by these two pairs of birds, and
this lion's cage has every claim to tin-
title of a model bird sanctuary. — X.
HOLMSTER, Nalional Zoological Park,
Washington, D. C.

A Winter House Wren

Not far from my home in Evanston
lives a florist who has a large green-
house. One day last fall he left the
front door open all day. Toward evening
he closed it and soon heard a House
Wren's song inside. The bird evidently
flew in through the open door. It
seemed very content, and so was allowed
to remain. In the zero weather of January
it was delightful to go in and hear the
cheerful song of the Wren. It also helped
the florist, in a large measure, to keep the
insects in check. — Conroy Evans, Evans-
ton, III.

Three Winter Mockingbirds

\ mockingbird was seen here the lirst
week in January. It was feeding on honey-
suckle and pokeberries and apples hang-
ing on the tree, and was quite shy. —
I'.i.iZABKTU I'. Styer, ConcordvUlc, Pa.

It seems worthy of note that among our
bird-guests there is a Mockingbird. For
several years we have heard of a single
male being at Sandy Hook, and now he
seems to have chosen this side of the

i6o

Bird -Lore

river for a winter abode. Perhaps the
constant firing at the proving-ground got
on his nerves! He is eating the berries
on a spikenard shrub near the house, and
also drinking at the bird-bath. Yester-
day (November 28, 191 7) we saw him
chasing three Cardinals who are our con-
stant visitors, much to our distress. —
Louise deF. H.4Ynes, Highland, N. J.

On November 30, a mild, still day, a
Mockingbird was about our place all
morning. For some little time he was
resting on the bushes some 12 feet from
the plate glass window

Four of us had a perfect view of him.
I have seen him several times during the
fall, but not close enough to be sure of his
identity until the 30th. — Mrs. Annie B.
McCoNNELL, Watch Hill, R. I.

Cardinal in Wisconsin

On December 24 a Cardinal was seen
here in the neighborhood of our smallest
lake — Wingra. The day was mild until
noon, but a raw, cold wind was blowing
from the north when, somewhere between
3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the
Cardinal was observed.

While this is the first time I have seen
this rare visitor, he has been seen by sev-
eral different people since late November.
On one of these days, in early December,
the thermometer registered 20° below
zero. — N. C. Otto, Madison, Wis.

A Blackbird Chorus

On a perfect Sunday afternoon in
spring, we went to the cottonwood trees
at the edge of the meadow and sat down
on some flat rocks in the sun. Almost
immediately a flock of Red-winged Black-
birds flew into the trees close by and began
an anthem. They did not seem to be in
any more of a hurry than we were, and
they gave us a concert wonderful to hear
and free of charge. We all sat watching
and listening, much as one would to a
symphony orchestra. In fact, we dis-
covered that it was a sort of orchestra.

The accompanists struck up a three-bar

introduction in two-part time, and, after
the third bar, others joined with soft
whistles. Instantly, the music was punc-
tuated with the liquid notes of the more
polished singers, while the steady accom-
paniment consisted mostly of a soft
chip - chip - chip - chip - chee-chip - chip - chip
chip-chee, the oka-ree — oka-lee rising above
the music of the orchestra e.xactly like the
notes of an opera singer or the voices of
the choir as they take up their parts in
the proper places.

The finale was by the orchestra, in
several 'selectious,' with a crescendo
flourish, as of measures played after the
singers are through, and having a dis-
tinct time rhythm. Often there was a
pause by the entire company as if, hav-
ing finished a 'number,' they were rest-
ing before beginning another.

We had noticed, when listening to them
at a distance, that they did not all sing
alike. There was a clearer and more defi-
nite note heard above the accompanying
chorus of chirps and whistles.

It actually seemed as though the main
body acted as an orchestra while a few
birds did the real singing. They sang there
for fully half an hour, with little pauses
that strongly suggested the rests between
performances of an orchestra of stringed
instruments at any musical entertainment.
— Jessie I. Carpenter, Boulder, Colo.

An Industry Awaits a Captain

Birds benefit agriculture by destroying
caterpillars and other pests. The bird
population can be increased greatly by
simple means, one of which is the setting
out of nesting-homes, not so much to
facilitate nesting as to give protection from
cats, snakes, and other enemies, and a
refuge from extreme cold. The good done
thus has been made so clear that the
farmers in some parts of Europe have set
out nesting-homes of their own initiative.
Much information on this subject is
given in a little book 'How to Attract and
Protect Wild Birds' (National Association
of Audubon Societies).

In order to have any appreciable ceo-

Notes from Field and Study

i6i

nomic effect, nesting-homes must be set
out, not in tens but in hundreds of thou-
sands, if not in millions, and hence they
must be made cheaply enough to permit
this. The experiments of the Bedford
Audubon Society, of Bedford Hills,
N. Y., show that gourds fulfil the needs of
the case, in being both very attractive
to the birds and extremely cheap, so
cheap that over 2,000 of them have been
sold within the last two years to people
living in and about Bedford Township.
They were first brought here for this
purpose by Wm. G. Borland.

These gourds, when tried in competi-
tion with more than 600 shingle boxes,
of a form approved by several of the most
competent American authorities, proved
much the more attractive, 50 per cent of

NESTING-BOX AND GOURDS

those examined having been nested in
during the first year against only ig per
cent of the boxes.

These gourds, strung with marlin and
ready for hanging, with the proper holes
for entrance and draining, cost us only 10
cents apiece. But a properly organized
industry ought to turn them out much
more cheaply, probably at a cost of not
over 6 cents each, because our cost was
based on unfavorable conditions, working
in an amateur way, with no special ap-
pliances, wholly by adult liand-labor, on
a small scale, and at a great distance
from North Carolina, where our gourds
were raised, so thai our frciglil charges
were excessive.

A gourd lasts four years, and |)crlia|)S

longer. Papier-mache gourds would last
much longer, and might, perhaps, be made
at an even lower cost, to judge from the
cost of papier-mache pails, but here
actual experiments are needed to show
whether a finish could be given them
which would attract the birds.

The cost of raising and curing the
gourds themselves is very small, and the
only additional expense is that of clean-
ing them out and cutting and stringing a
few holes, so that the total cost is small
enough to permit distributing them on a
scale of real importance to agriculture.
The preparation would naturally be done
in winter, and therefore under favorable
labor conditions.

Here, then, seems to be an industry
awaiting a captain. The work to be done
is, first, to diffuse among the farmers
the knowledge of the benefit from
setting up nesting-homes and winter
feeding, so as to create an active
demand; and, second, to organize in
^ the South an industry for preparing
and delivering these gourds. — H. M.
Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y.

Some Ruffed Grouse Notes

The Ruffed Grouse, in spite of three
centuries of persecution, is still fairly
common in some parts of Massachu-
setts. Even within 10 miles of Boston
it is met occasionally by the haunters of the
isolated woodlands which persist almost in
sight of the gilded dome. The wise policy
of the Metropolitan Park Commission in
setting aside hundreds of acres of un-
developed land has done much to pre-
serve our wild life, while the town of
Brookline has been a pioneer in prohibiting
shooting at all times anywhere within the
town boundaries.

The accompanying photograph, was
taken at Waban, Mass, May 13, 1Q16, in a
small plot of second-growth woodland,
adjoining on one side a large cornfield
and on another side the Metropolitan
Park Road along the Charles River. Quail
are sometimes seen in the cornfield, and
Plicasants are i)ccoming very common

l62

Bird- Lore

through the entire neighborhood, but the
Grouse was a surprise.

From my house in Waban I heard the
harsh cackling of the cock Pheasants daily
in these woods, and their dusting-places
were frequently seen. On the afternoon of
May 12 I started out to look for a Pheas-
ant's nest, near where the cackling seemed
most frequent.

I had hardly gone 200 feet from the edge
of the cornfield clearing when, to my sur-
prise, I saw a hen Pheasant sitting among

RUFFED GKULbE SITTING
Waban, Mass., May 13, 1916

the dead oak leaves at the base of a small
chestnut tree. She sat very close, not leav-
ing her thirteen greenish tinted eggs until
I had crept^up to within 6 feet of her. I
regret to state that she never came back
to the nest. The only other Pheasant's
nest I have found was also immediately
deserted, though in this case there was only
one egg, and we almost stepped on the
mot her[ without seeing her. The nest was
not touched or disturbed in any way, as

the eggs were plainlj' visible as soon as the
hen flushed.

I considered myself in great luck to have
found the nest before the bird flushed from
it, as her protective coloration makes dis-
covery difficult, but even better luck was
in store. A few minutes later, at the base
of a small second-growth oak, within
150 feet of the Pheasant's nest, I found a
second nest, and, to my surprise and de-
light. Mother Grouse was at home. She
flushed when I was about 10 feet away, but
was back on the eggs in about an hour.
There were eleven eggs in this nest, quite
different in appearance from the Pheas-
ant's eggs, being smaller and buflFy in
color.

The next morning I returned to the
woods with camera, tripod, and a 15-foot
extension cord for releasing the shutter.
The Pheasant's nest was unoccupied, and
I snapped the eggs, then approached the
Grouse's nest. The mother was less timid
today, but I could not quite snap her
before she flushed. I therefore set up the
camera, took a couple of pictures of the
eggs, and left for an hour's walk by the
river. Returning I found Mother Partridge
as you see her in the picture.

She was still sitting on May 20, when I
last saw her, but upon my return from a
brief visit to my camp in New Hampshire,
some broken shells showed that the young
had been successfully hatched. Later, a
friend told me that he saw a brood of
Ruffed Grouse, tiny downy chickens, about
May 30 in these same woodlands, and I
trust the family is still intact and will
increase in the neighborhood.

The previous fall we had posted the
district pretty thoroughly with 'No Shoot-
ing' signs, and many birds had crossed
the river to seek sanctuary from the gun-
ners. The river being in the Metropolitan
Park, is a bird reservation, and is re-
sorted to yearly by American Mergansers,
Golden-eyes, and, occasionally, Wood
Duck, Black Duck, and Teal. — John B.
May, M.D., 'Winnetaska,' Ashland, N. H.

THE SEASON

VI. December 15 to February 15

Boston Region.^ — The present winter
has proved the most severe season recorded
from this region by the weather bureau.
Low temperatures have been phenomenal,
both on account of protracted periods of
cold, during which the thermometer has
remained at zero or below, and on account
of the extremely low temperature (15°
and 20° below zero) which has accom-
panied the cold waves. The ground was
covered with snow and ice from November
28 (the first snowfall) until the thaw of
February 12-15 removed a large part of
the snow.

Fortunately, there were very few birds
here to suffer from these unfavorable
weather conditions. Although flocks of
Cedar Waxwings continued to appear
through the winter and Black-capped
Chickadees were present in normal
numbers, wintering Juncos and Tree
Sparrows were rare. From the observa-
tions of several members of The Nuttall
Ornithological Club it appears that most
of the Tree Sparrows of this region are
collected south of Boston, and although
many, of course, are wintering along the
seacoast, the inland country to the west
and northwest of Boston is nearly de-
serted.

The harshness of the winter brought one
novelty — during the arctic weather, Snow
Buntings, of late years a rarity except on
the seacoast, came familiarly in flocks of
dozens into the country roadways and
even into the streets of Lexington, where
they fed on horse-droppings. — Winsor M.
Tyler, M.D., Lexington, Mass.

New York City Region. — Till this
winter, the local weather bureau's lowest
recorded temperature was -6°, touched
several times, but that record has been
broken on two occasions, -13° being
reached on December 30, and -7° in
January. Furthermore, remarkably cold
weather has been almost continuous. How-
ever, it has not been an unduly stormy

winter, but, in the lack of warm spells,
the snow that has fallen has stayed, so
that the ground was not bared from the
time of the first snowfall, late in November,
till a general thaw which began in the
second week of February. Naturally, ice-
thickness broke all records; people walked
across the Hudson from upper New York
City.

On the whole, birds have been scarce
these last six weeks, both in species and
individuals, so that it has been customary
to list about sixteen species in a day's
tramp instead of the ordinary twenty-odd.
There has been a particular scarcity, at
least in northern New Jersey, but less so
in the city and eastward, of White-
throated and Tree Sparrows and Juncos,
and I know of no record since December for
Field Sparrow (except one on Long Island
by E. P. Bicknell,) Golden crowned King-
let, Hermit Thrush (except on Sandy
Hook), or Bluebird. On the other hand.
Downy Woodpeckers, Goldfinches, White-
breasted Nuthatches, Black-capped Chick-
adees, and others have been in wonted
abundance, and it is remarkable that on
Long Island, with so much ice, Canada
Geese have been much less scarce than
usual in winter. The presence of the
Northern Shrike in exceptional numbers
has been a feature of the season; in a dozen
trips, since December 20, the writer has
seen six, whereas he had previously not
averaged one a winter. Many Goshawks
have been taken around the outskirts of
our Region (in Connecticut and north-
western New Jersey), but I have heard of
none nearer by. There has also been an
unusual southward movement of Owls,
indicated hereabouts by several Great
Horned (apparently of one or more north-
ern races), a Snowy trapped at Wilton,
Conn., and one claimed to have been seen
by a Coast Guard on Long Beach, Nassau
County, L. I., and rather more Saw-whels
than usual. I know of no record, anywhere
near this Region, of Fvening Grosbeak,

^'J)

1 64

Bird -Lore

Pine Grosbeak, Red Crossbill, White-
winged Crossbill, Redpoll, or Brown-
capped Chickadee. — Charles H. Rogers,
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City.

Philadelphia Region. — This vicinity
came in for its full share of the abnormal
cold of December and January. All re-
cords of the local weather bureau for long-
continued cold were broken. The depar-
ture from normal averaged, for the two
months, almost -8°. The Delaware River,
above Philadelphia, was frozen from shore
to shore, and ice was said to be i8 inches
thick a short distance up the river (Tor-
resdale. Pa.), the thickest in the memory
of the local rivermen.

As for the birds, there appeared to be
about the same number of species present
as in late November, but a decided falling-
off in the number of individuals was ap-
parent. This was no doubt due to some
extent to the deep snows, which forced the
birds into restricted areas where food was
obtainable. For instance, a small flock of
Meadowlarks which had taken winter
quarters on a nearby river-meadow could
not be found. After repeated attempts
to locate them had failed, they were
finally discovered some distance away
feeding on the top of a heap of compost.
They were very loath to leave and came
back as soon as the opportunity offered.
With them were numbers of Horned Larks
and Song Sparrows.

The Northern Shrike was the only
species from the North that appeared in
sufficient numbers to break the monotony
of the ordinary list of the common winter
birds.

A brief but characteristic report for
the two months might be summed up in
the words: bitter cold, birds scarce. —
Julian K. Potter, Camden, N. J.

Washington Region. — Notwithstand-
ing one of the severest winters in local
annals, there were few of the more northern
winter residents about Washington during
December and January. The common and
regular winter birds have been about as

numerous as usual, although more un-
equally distributed, owing perhaps to the
cold weather and almost continuous cover-
ing of snow in the country districts. Very
noticeable, however, has been the almost
entire absence of the Red-breasted Nut-
hatch, which is normally a more or less
common winter resident.

Hawks have been present in more than
ordinary numbers, many of them resorting
to places in the immediate suburbs of the
city, particularly the lower part of the
Potomac Park. Here the Red-tailed Hawk,
which is considered a rather rare bird about
Washington, has been seen regularly.
Other species observed during December
and January were the Red-shouldered
Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Bald Eagle,
Marsh Hawk, Cooper Hawk, Sharp-
shinned Hawk, and Sparrow H-awk, and
most of these have been reported as more
or less common.

In the District of Columbia, that is,
the environs of the city of Washington,
the Bob-white has been, it is a pleasure
to say, unusually numerous. In view of
the severe weather, interested persons took
measures to save the birds from starva-
tion by systematically feeding them, and
with gratifying results.

A flock of Prairie Horned Larks, rather
large for this vicinity, consisting of several
hundred individuals, with a slight sprink-
ling of Horned Larks, were by several
observers noted in the vicinity of Arling-
ton, Va., on January 24 and on several
subsequent dates. The Prairie Horned
Lark has also been reported from other
places in the Washington region.

The European Starling has been much
in evidence, moving in flocks all winter,
and has appeared in a number of places in
various directions from Washington. It
is perhaps also worthy of note that the
Horned Grebe was observed by Mr. B. H.
Swales, on December 6, 12, 13, and 14,
191 7, in the Potomac River, opposite the
lower end of Potomac Park, and a Cat-
bird in the same place on December 6,
1917.

Of the more uncommon winter visitors
there are few to record. A single Snow-

The Season

165

bunting, noted by C. H. M. Barrett, along
the Anacostia River, on December 19,
1917; one American Crossbill, seen by
E. A. Preble, near Cleveland Park, on
December 15, 1917; and a single Northern
Shrike, observed in Potomac Park, on
December 28, 191 7, about comprise the
list.

Perhaps the most interesting ornith-
ological feature of this winter has been
the large number of various kinds of
Ducks. These have remained in the Po-
tomac River, from the Potomac Park
down to Dyke and beyond, so long as the
river or a portion of it was free from ice.
In fact, the Ducks have been much more
numerous this season than for many
years; and, off Dyke alone, observers
have frequently seen flocks aggregating
several thousand. When undisturbed
they often approach near the shore, but
habitually keep to the middle portion of
the river. The species thus far reported
this winter are twelve, as follows: Ameri-
can Merganser, Red-breasted Merganser,
Hooded Merganser, American Golden-
eye, Buffle-head, Greater Scaup, Lesser
Scaup, Canvasback, Redhead, Ruddy
Duck, Black Duck, and Mallard. — Harry
C. Oberholser, Biological Survey, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Minnesota.— Until the beginning of the
second week in February, uninterrupted
low temperatures prevailed all over
Minnesota. The cold has been unusually
severe, and there have been no intermis-
sions, not even for a day, as is usual in
January. No snow of any account has
fallen, and as a result the ground is deeply
frozen and the ice on lakes and sluggish
streams is between 2 and 3 feet thick.
The gorge of the Mississippi River below
St. Anthony Falls has been daily filled
with a dense mist which rose from the
water's surface in great swaying wis])s
and floated away over the top, making t he-
chasm seem like some great, dim, and
mysterious steam-vent from regions un-
seen. Between February 8 and 13 came a
break in these arctic conditions, and for
the first time since last N<)\cnil)(.'r, molting

temperatures at noontime appeared. The
scanty snow disappeared in exposed
places, and on February 12 a venture-
some Horned Lark was reported near
Minneapolis. A considerable flock of
Cedar Waxwings appeared in the out-
skirts of St. Paul, feeding on mountain-
ash berries (Miss C. K. Carney). But on
the 14th came the severest blizzard of the
season, with wind 45 miles an hour,
blinding snow, and, the following morn-
ing, a temperature of 10° below.

In spite of all this severe weather, there
have been occasional reports of Robins
seen in the vicinity of the Twin Cities^
stray birds that for lack of migrating
instinct, or other reasons, failed to depart
with their more normal fellows.

Frank A. Bovey reported seeing a Car-
dinal several times during January on his
grounds at Lake Minnetonka, some 15
miles west of Minneapolis. This is a rare
event. From Lanesboro has come the
report that the Brown Creeper and the
Golden-crested Kinglet have survived the
winter (Hvoslef).

A single flock of Bohemian Waxwings at
Christmastime, a Shrike January 22, and a
flock of 50 Redpolls February 10, all at
Duluth, with Pine Grosbeaks in Carlton
County about December 2$ (Van Cleef),
comprise all the winter visitants thus far
reported.

An occasional Red-breasted Nuthatch,
Junco, and Tree Sparrow has been seen
in the southern part of the state.

Chickadees and all our regular winter
birds are still scarce. — Thos. S. Roberts.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Kansas City Region. — The outstand-
ing feature of the season's work was the
finding of three forms of the Red-winged
Blackbird wintering here. The aggregate
number of individuals was below normal,
but the presence of Agctaius phanicfus
fortis, A. p. arctolcgus, and .1 . p. prcdatorius
(formerly A. p. phceniceus) is, as far as the
writer knows, unusual. The three forms
were present in about equal abundance,
as indicated by specimens taken.

The wintering Ducks and Cicesc were

i66

Bird - Lore

driven further on by the severe weather
conditions of late December and early
January, the last seen being Canada Geese,
Mallards and Canvasbacks on the Mis-
souri River on Christmas Day. A hybrid,
apparently the common one of Mallard X
Black Duck, was taken on December 8.
It may be worthy of note that the water-
fowl flights at this point have shown a
decided increase since the passage of the
Migratory Bird Law. It may not be
generally known that the sportsmen of
this section have opposed the spirit of
this law with more effect than those of
any other part of the country.

A troop of perhaps fifty Short-eared
Owls spent several weeks prior to early
December on an extensive tract of land
recently formed by the meandering of the
great river. This tract, embracing a thou-
sand acres or more, is overgrown with
typical bottom-land vegetation, bordered
by thickets of young willows, and affords
ideal roosting-places for these Owls. An
unusual feature of their stay at this time
was their feeding on the Tree Sparrows
that frequented the willows in droves.
Every pellet examined contained some
token of the Sparrows. The fact of this
unusual diet being resorted to, as well as
the favorable locality being refused as a
winter roost, may be accounted for by the
absence of favorite rodent-prey on this
new ground.

Blue Jays and Red-headed Woodpeckers
have been here in greater numbers than
usual, perhaps because of an abnormal
crop of acorns, notably of the shingle
oak.

A lone Kingfisher was noted on February
17, rattling disconsolately along the
course of a frozen stream. On this date
were seen the only Crossbills of the winter
— a flock of five.

The usual crowd of Sparrows braved the
rigors of the severe winter in the deep
shelter of the Missouri River bottoms. Not
so many Harris's Sparrows, however,
were seen as during previous winters.

Myrtle Warblers, which have been met
with nearly every winter in the timbered

bluff regions feeding on poison ivy drupes ,
were not present this winter. — Harry
Harris, Kansas City, Mo.

Denvkr Region. — The weather con-
ditions in this region during these two
months have been most enjoyable and
pleasant; there has fallen a goodly amount
of snow in our neighboring mountains and
foothills, but not an excessive depth in
the immediate vicinity of Denver. There
have been several spells of low tem-
peratures during this time, the minimum
in Denver having been 15° below zero.
Notwithstanding the proximity of the
cold mountains, and the spells of low
temperatures, there has been a good deal
of 'open water* about the Denver Region,
a condition probably permitting a Great
Blue Heron and a Kingfisher to stay here
all winter, the first having been seen near
Denver on December 25, and the latter
on January i. The 'open water,' as is well
known, also encourages Wilson's Snipe to
remain during what would appear, other-
wise, to be an unfavorable season; one
was seen here on January i, and another
by Dr. A. K. Fisher on January 23. This
latter day was a very mild one, and it
seems strange to be able to record the
occurrence, during its afternoon, of a Snowy
Owl at the edge of the mountains about
16 miles west of Denver, one having been
seen there by one of the writer's friends.

Dr. Fisher and the writer also saw a
Mourning Dove near the city on January
23, which in this locality is an unusual
record for January. Robins have been
more common in the city during the
period now under consideration than in
any other similar period during the writer's
twenty-four years of observation here;
individuals of this species were seen in
December and in every week since
January first. Individuals of our ordinary
winter bird-population have been common,
and this population is well reflected in the
Christmas Census for Denver, as given in
the January-February (1918) number of
Bird-Lore. — W. H. Bergtold, M.D.,
Denver, Colo,

25oofe jl^ehjs; anb iHebietos;

Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana.
Zoological Contributions from the Trop-
ical Research Station of the New York
Zoological Society. By William Beebe,
Directing Curator, and G. Inness
Hartley, Research Associate, and Paul
G. Howes, Research Assistant. With
an Introduction by Col. Theodore
Roosevelt. Vol. I. New York Zoo-
logical Society, in Broadway, New
York City. 191 7. 8 vo. xx + 504
pages, numerous illustrations.

Mr. Beebe is to be congratulated on the
privilege of heading what, so far as the
reviewer knows, is the first expedition to
leave this country in search, chiefly, of
facts concerning birds rather than their
skins. The museum man and the pro-
fessional collector are obliged to bring
back specimens. The former, for the ex-
hibition halls and laboratories of the insti-
tution he represents, and which requires,
furthermore, some tangible, appraisable
results for the money expended; the latter,
to ensure the success of his enterprise or, at
least, to assist in defraying his expenses.
To Mr. Beebe, therefore, belongs the
credit of impressing those in authority in
the organization which already owes so
much to his labors, with the value of
researches, to the outcome of which no
pecuniary valuation could be attached, but
which might result in securing information
of high scientific importance.

We hope that the showing he and his
associates make in this report (which
should be considered a report of progress)
will lead to the sending of many similar
expeditions.

Taking a region (about Bartica, British
Guiana) whose bird-life is fairly well
known, where faunal problems are not
complicated by altitude, and hence where
intensive collecting is not essential, Mr.
Beebe and his associates devoted six
months (March to August, 1916), to a
study of various problems, chiefly orni-
thological, which presented themselves.

Specimens were collected when they
were needed for identification or study, but
no attempt was made to amass a collection,

each man feeling wholly free to devote his
entire time to observation without the
necessity (ever present in the collector's
mind) of securing at least so many speci-
mens a day.

As a result of this method, we have in
this preliminary report so many additions
to our knowledge of the habits of South
American birds and so many suggestions
in regard to further subjects for investiga-
tion, that we cannot begin to enumerate
them in this review, which indeed is
designed to comment on Mr. Beebe's
unique undertaking rather than to detail
its outcome.

We can only hope that he will return in
safety from his service as an aviator in
France and, with additions to his staff,
be spared to continue his studies in the
jungles of British Guiana.

Meanwhile we advise every student of
tropical life to secure this volume.— F.M.C.

Twelve Months with the Birds and
Poets. By Samuel A. Harper. Ralph
Fletcher Seymour [Chicago?]. 12 mo.
295 pages.

Devoting a chapter to each month in
the year, the author pleasantly inter-
weaves his own observations and appre-
ciation of birds with those of the orni-
thologist and poet. His reading has evi-
dently carried him far afield in both the
science and sentiment of ornithology,
and, combining the results of these excur-
sions with his own, he has written a vol-
ume which contains much of interest for
both bird students and general readers.

It is a little difficult to reconcile his
fondness for the English Sparrow with a
genuine love of the birds in whose ways wc
find some expression of those traits which
we commend in mankind, but at best wc
may credit him with the courage to cham-
pion a member of the feathered race whose
friends arc found chiefly among those un-
familiar with other forms of bird-life.

Excellent taste has been shown in the
makeup of this book, which may well

07)

i68

Bird - Lore

find its way to the library of the nature-
lover.— F.M.C.

The Book of Birds, Common Birds of
Town and Country and American
Game Birds. By Henry VV. Henshaw.
With Chapters on 'Encouraging Birds
around the Home' by F. H. Kennard;
'The Mysteries of Bird Migration,' by
Wells W. Cooke; and 'How Birds Can
Take Their Own Portraits,' by George
Shiras, 3d. Illustrated in natural colors,
with 250 paintings by Louis Agassiz
FuERTES. National Geographic Society,
Washington, D. C. Royal 8 vo. viii +
195 pages; many illustrations in color
and black and white.

The Editor of the National Geographic
Magazine has here brought together the
various articles on birds which have ap-
peared in that publication and with which
the readers of Bird-Lore are doubtless
familiar.

It is difficult to overestimate the educa-
tional value which these admirable articles
have already exerted, and we cannot
therefore be too thankful that they should
now be presented in a form which makes
them readily accessible. — F.M.C.

How TO Have Bird Neighbors. By
S. Louise Patteson. Photographs by
the Author. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston,
New York, Chicago. i2mo. viii -)- 128
pages; numerous illustrations.

In this book the author recounts her
experiences with bird neighbors in a man-
ner well designed to hold the attention of
the boys and girls to whom it is dedicated
and for whom it is written, as well as those
children of maturer years who find per-
petural youth in association with birds.
Numerous photographs from nature add
greatly to the value and realism of the
text.— F.M.C.

Ornithological Magazines

The Condor. — The January number of
'The Condor' contains seven general ar-
ticles, two of which relate to the nesting
habits of waterfowl. Munro describes the
habits of 'The Barrow Golden-eye in the
Okanagan Valley, B. C.,' with notes on
their nests. He attributes the birds' pref-
erence for strongly alkaline lakes to the
presence of certain small crustaceans which

form the principal food of this Duck. In
a charming account of 'A Return to the
Dakota Lake Region,' Mrs. Bailey touches
on the various species of waterfowl met
with, including the White-winged Scoter,
which was found on the Sweetwater chain
of lakes.

Squires and Hanson contribute a com-
prehensive review of 'The Destructon of
Birds at the Lighthouses on the Coast of
California,' based- on reports from thirty-
seven stations, only ten of which report any
destruction at all, and even here the de-
struction is slight and is confined mainly to
waterfowl and shore-birds. Wetmore, in
'A Note on the Tracheal Air-sac in the
Ruddy Duck,' states that further examina-
tion of birds in the field shows that this
air-sac is a secondary sexual character
found only in males, and that the birds
habitually keep the sac inflated, even
while diving.

The remaining articles comprise three
local lists of rather unusual interest.
Mailliard gives an account of 'Early
Autumn Birds in Yosemite Valley' with a
list of twenty-three species that have
apparently not heretofore been recorded
from the floor of the valley. He overlooks
the fact that Ray collected eggs of Anna's
Hummingbird in i8q8, and that Muir
reported Lewis' Woodpecker from the
valley a number of years ago. In 'Notes on
Some Birds from Central Arizona,'
Swarth summarizes the results of his ob-
servations during a trip along 'The Apache
Trail' between Phoenix and Globe in the
summer of 191 7. Among other interesting
records he was able to add two species,
Bendire's Crossbill and the Indigo Bunt-
ing, to the state list, making the number of
species now known from Arizona 375.
The concluding article, by Quillin and
HoUeman, contains a list of eighty-two
species of 'Breeding Birds of Bexar County,
Texas.' In one of the brief notes Grinnell
calls attention to the fact that so far as
now known the White-rumped Petrel on the
California coast is^Beal's Petrel {Occano-
droma leucorhoa bcali), and that there is no
record of Kaeding's Petrel (0. /. kaedingi)
having been taken in the state. — T.S.P.

Editorial

i6g

2^irti=1Lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX Published April 1, 1918 No. 2

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, one dollar and tifty rents a year;
outside the L'nited States, one dollar and seventy-five cents,
postage paid.

COPYKIGHTED, 1918. BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bust Is Worth Two in the Hand

The cause of nature-study has lost one
of its earliest and most effective advocates
in the death of Mrs. Frank N. Doubleday,
which occurred in Canton, China, February
22, 1918. Under the name of "Neltje
Blanchan" Mrs. Doubleday made nu-
merous contributions to the literature of
popular ornithology, botany, and horti-
culture. Her first and most important
book, 'Bird Neighbors,' was published in
1898, and at once met with a wider sale
than any other bird-book which had then
appeared.

Mrs. Doubleday's book on 'How to
Attract Birds' was among the first formal
treatises on this subject in which she was
deeply interested. 'Birds Every Child
Should Know' further expressed her desire
to popularize bird-study, and she was
doubtless largely responsible for the atten-
tion paid birds by 'Country Life in Amer-
ica,' of which the firm founded by Mr.
Doubleday is the publisher. It was natu-
ral that a person with Mrs. Doubleday's
broad sympathies and active, constructive
mind should offer her services to her
country. Since the outbreak of the war
she had been continuously engaged in relief
work, and at the time of her death she
was traveling with her husband in behalf
of the Red Cross.

In Ajjrii, iSO;, Riibcrt Ridgway l)eiainc
connected with the Smithsonian Institu-
tion at Washington, and the present
month, therefore, marks the conclusion of

his fiftieth year in the service of the
Government. A half a century takes us
back almost to the date of publication
(1858) of the Pacific Railroad report on the
birds of North America by Baird, Cassin
and Lawrence, or, in other words, to
the birth of systematic ornithology in
America.

It was to Ridgway that Baird, claimed
by growing executive cares, handed the
torch which he had lighted, and during the
five decades which Ridgway has borne it,
it has steadily increased in power, until to-
day it shines without a rival in the world of
ornithology.

Ridgway, in a memorial to Baird
presented before the Annual Congress
of the American Ornithologists' Union
in 1887, and published in 'The Auk' the
following January, states that until the
middle of 1864, when he was in his four-
teenth year, he was unacquainted with
the name of a single living naturalist
and with only general or superficial
works on natural history. At the sugges-
tion of a lady living in his native town of
Mt. Carmel, 111., he wrote to the Com-
missioner of Patents at Washington en-
closing a life-size, colored drawing of a
pair of Purple Finches with the name
"Roseate Grosbeak, Soxia rosea."

In due time he received a reply from
Professor Baird, then Assistant Secretary
of the Smithonian Institution, commend-
ing "the unusual degree of ability as an
artist" shown in his drawing, which was
identified as that of a Purple Finch, and
offering to aid the young ornithologist by
"naming your drawings, or in any other
way. "

It is interesting to remember that, just
about twenty-five years before, Baird had
appealed to Audubon for aid in identifying
a bird and had received a reply essentially
similar to the one just quoted, .\clually,
as well as scienlilKally, Baird, therefore,
formed the connecting link between .\u-
dubon and Ridgway.

Three years later Baird called Ridgway
to Washington to start the career which
has made him foremost among systematic
ornithologists.

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

ARE YOU DOING YOUR PART?

A year goes quickly in these momentous times, and before these words are in
type, Spring will once more be with us, and Bird and Arbor Day in its train.
We have had many pleasant programs in times past for this occasion, many
happy gatherings of teachers, pupils, and parents, and, it is to be hoped, really
fruitful results from the observance of this annual nature-festival.

This season our eyes are strained toward one goal, namely, winning the
war, and it is both right and imperative that we turn every effort in that direc-
tion. Of all the yearly hoHdays and anniversary days which we are accustomed
to celebrate, no day lends itself so well to the great conservation movement
of the present as Bird and Arbor Day. Without vegetation, trees, shrubs,
plants, grains, and grasses of all kinds on land, and marine vegetation in water,
there could be no life and no means of sustaining life on this earth, for without
vegetation animals must perish, a truth which is emphasized by Arbor Day
instructions. Now you and I may at present seem to be very far removed,
on the one hand, from any natural disaster which would cut off all life-supplies
for man and beast, and, on the other hand, from real extremity in the matter
of food, by reason of impending crises in national and international affairs.
If we are in this complacent attitude of mind, it shows how small our compre-
hension is of the true situation. We must realize two facts clearly, and we must
realize them now: first, that there are just as many, and probably more, de-
structive agencies at work in forest and field now than before the war, since
millions of human workers have left their accustomed duties to go to the front,
and, second, that the last surplus bushel of wheat in this country has already been
shipped abroad, so that we must redouble our efforts to conserve and use
substitutes for what we have until another harvest.

Here is the plain statement of the case. With fewer and fewer men left to
keep up agriculture and forestry, insects, field-mice, gophers and other pests
are likely to increase more rapidly, while, at the same time, the actual food-
supphes of the world, which must feed every living creature until more can
be grown, are smaller and more unevenly distributed.

This coming Bird and Arbor Day, let us say less and do more. Let us put
greater effort into plans for safeguarding crops and timber and make that
effort count for something beyond patriotic programs. Instead of planting a
tree or so about our schools, let us turn our energies to studying how to in-
crease and conserve the food and fuel supplies in our own neighborhoods. This

(170)

The Audubon Societies 171

is a subject for State Audubon Societies, as well as for teachers and scholars,
to take up actively. Let our Audubon Societies reach out, on the one hand,
to the schools and, on the other, to the homes for support in this matter. Take
as a slogan: Food and Fuel — Friends and Foes, and, with this as a text, spread
accurate information about local food and fuel supplies, and their feathered
guardians and insect enemies.

The New Jersey Audubon Society, among others, publishes excellent bird-
study leaflets, in which the value of birds and their status under the game-
laws of that state are presented. The United States Department of Agriculture
prints reams of authentic information, not only about birds, but also about
insects, forests, crops, and many kindred subjects.

Not illustrated bulletins from Departments of Agriculture alone will do
what is needed. Practical demonstrations and experimental observation-
plots, as well as careful cultivation and inspection of areas ordinarily tilled or
held in reserve must form the backbone of this movement.

Junior Audubon Societies represent a respectable army in point of numbers,
and, under the leadership of their various state organizations, a mighty move-
ment could well be organized along the following Hnes of endeavor:

1. Canvass a definite locality, preferably a home or town area, and learn the pres-
ent condition of food and fuel supplies.

2. Study these supplies with four ends in view, viz.,

a. Comparison with former abundance.

b. Actual present location and condition.

c. Methods of increase and conservation.

d. Special agents affecting these supplies, such as birds, insects, animals, fire,

frost, average rainfall, temperature, storms, human depredations.

3. Bring reports to school of home-conditions, whether farming areas in rural dis-
tricts or lawns and back yards in towns and cities.

4. Make charts, colored to show the location of food and fuel areas. Uncultivated
or neglected areas should be shown in a special color.

5. For your Bird and Arbor Day program, present a graphic, practical report of
the conditions in your neighborhood, with suggestions for improvement, illustrative
material showing the benefits of conservation, and a series of comparative pictures taken
from magazines or other sources, which shall point the moral of intensive cultivation
and protection of small areas.

6. Present a set of simple instructions in forestry, arboriculture, and horticulture,
suitable for boys and girls.

7. Do your part by engaging in active service. Children can learn the value as well
as the fun of discovering waste wood about farm and dwelling, and picking it up for
kindling next winter's fires. They can also help in the garden, by working a little here
and a little there, for it is a happy, joyous kind of play, really, to be in a garden with the
vegetables, weeds, fruit-bushes and trees and all the strange feathered, winged, running,
crawling, buzzing folk which frequent it. Make work a play whether indoors or out, and
make duty a joy. Do your part, whether young or old, by discovering the opportunities
to learn new methods of doing things, new comliinations of food, new ways of saving,
new ideas about your share and my share in this world now so rapidly changing. Move
on ahead or you will be left behind. — \. \l. \V.

172 Bird -Lore

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils
Exercise XXXVIII: Correlated with English, Reading, and Agriculture

"The world is all before me; but I ask

Of Nature that with which she will comply —

It is but in her summer's sun to bask,
To mingle with the quiet of her sky,

To see her gentle face without a mask,
And never gaze on it with apathy."

". . . . The green hills
Are clothed with early blossoms, through the grass.

The quick-eyed lizard rustles, and the bills
Of summer-birds sing welcome as ye pass;

Flowers fresh in hue, and many in their class.
Implore the pausing step, and with their dyes

Dance in the soft breeze in a fairy mass;
The sweetness of the violet's deep-blue eyes,

Kiss'd by the breath of heaven, seems colour'd by its skies."

— Byron.

Although Byron is not generally thought of as a poet of nature, in these few
lines he expresses much of the true nature-lover's delicate attunement to the
pure and quiet joy of "the green hills," the "early blossoms," "soft breeze,"
and "summer birds" which "sing welcome" to the passer-by. Only a poet
could express so beautifully the appeal of the fresh spring flowers, which
'Hmplore the pausing step," perhaps only a poet could have phrased the wish
to see the gentle face of nature "without a mask and never gaze on it with
apathy."

A SPRINGTIME HERMIT

By LIZZIE THOMAS BALD'WIN. Jamestown, N. Y.

One April morn, when skies were gray, I watched. A little king dropped down;

And I had wished a sunny day. Upon his head a ruby crown,

I wandered where God's acre fair His royal song rose, glad and clear.

Calls birds to matins, men to prayer. My preening bird awoke to hear.

He answered low; then swelled to theme —

Within a darkling evergreen An overture to Love's sweet dream.
A bird did sit, and there did preen

His wings. 'Twas he who soon goes north Dear hermit thrush! My cup runs o'er

And there his matchless hymn pours forth With rapt'rous song ne'er heard before.

In forests dim, on mountains high, Thou'st sung! And shall I ever say,

As Love's full song mounts toward the sky. Ah, me! What's in a rainy day?

The Audubon Societies
Suggestions for Bird and Arbor Day

173

By INDIANOLA WILLCUTS

[Note. — A resourceful teacher from Holyoke, Minn., has contributed the followinf^
successful method of arranging Bird and Arbor Day exercises.^ — A. H. W.]

PROGRAM

I. Songs — "The Woodpecker" ) Modern

"The Owl" >Music Series

j (Primer)
II. Game — "If I were."

III. Poem— "I Used to Kill Birds," H. W. Longfellow.

IV. Readings — (from six bird charts).
V. Game — "The Farmer's Friends."

VI. Comparison of adjectives.

VII. Name fifty birds.

VIII. Game — "I saw a," "I saw an."

IX. Best story (read).

X. Game^"Bird Calls, Songs and Whistles."

XI. Rhymes.

XII. Reading — -"The Magpie's Nest."

XI 11. Dramatization — "Cock Robin's Wedding."

GET READY FOR BIRD DAY

Arrange your daily work in school for the month before Bird Day, in such a way that
when the day comes your program is ready without having had any rush or much extra
work.

Send out invitations, ilcktograph a good numi)er of Rfd-hcaded Woodpeckers

174

Bird - Lore

(Reed's 'Bird Guide,' or Audubon Educational Leaflets). Color these carefully and cut
out. Paste a cut-out on the lower left corner of a piece of white drawing-paper or good
cardboard, s^ by 4>^ inches. Print or write the following:

BIRD

CONCERT!

.\T THE

SCHOOLHOUSE

MONDAY AFTERNOON

[Date]

[Time]

IJird Day in the various states is not on the same day, so be careful of the date.

Have a program for each guest. Use white drawing-paper 63^ by 6 inches. On 6-
inch side fold a 2-inch lap, leaving a 43/4 by 6-inch space under the lap, on which print
or write the program.

On the lap, paste a Scarlet Tanager cut-out (Bird Guide or Educational Leaflet).
Below, paste the words "Bird Day," cut from red paper oblongs }ihy yi inch.

During the month preceding Bird Day, hektograph large copies of birds and let
children color them. Arrange them artistically around the room as soon as finished.

Hektograph on Manila drawing-paper two concentric circles, the outer, 8 inches in
diameter, the inner, 7 inches, in which has been traced a Cardinal (Perry Picture Co.)
It is necessary to hektograph two copies; in one the bird faces the left, in the other, the
right. Color, cut out, and paste the two together. Cut two strips of Manila paper 12
by yi inches, paste together, insert one end between the two circles, and paste so that
the bird will be standing in the right position. Hang one in each window.

Arrange the front of the room as a stage, with three or more evergreens on each side
of the stage, back of which the birds may stand. In every part of the stage where it is
possible, place branches of trees to which twisted bits of pink paper have been
pasted to represent pink blossoms of fruit trees. Cut the papers 4 by 3 inches with
corners rounded, twist at center and paste on to bare twigs. Let the children do this.

In the song, "The Woodpecker," let the boys tap on their desks when they sing
"Rap," etc.

In Art Song Cycles I and II, published by Silver, Burdett & Co., may be found
beautiful bird-songs. Typical songs may be found in "A Little Book of Bird Songs,"
published by Longmans, Green & Co., and also, in "Songs about Birds," published by
A. W. Mumford, 536 South Clark St., Chicago.

An attractive but inexpensive way to make costumes for the "birds" is this:

Ask each child to bring an old stocking, the top of which will go over the head easily.
Cut off leg, to make a snug cap, then sew up, and cut, being sure that the cap comes
well over the forehead. Buy rolls of cheap crepe paper in colors to represent "birds"
as near as possible.

For Red-headed Woodpecker, for example:

1. Place cap on head.

2. Fit the edge of the end of roll of red crepe paper close to edge of cap. Cut it off a
little below the child's neck in the back.

3. Pleat corners at front until paper fits head like a bonnet. Sew pleats, but do not
let them meet under the chin.

4. Sew end of black paper onto red at back of neck. Cut off at waist-line, rounding
the lower corners.

The Audubon Societies 175

5. Place end of white crepe paper under child's chin. Fasten one corner to pleats on
left side of red cap; pin the other corner to pleats on right side. Cut off at waist, round
ing corners.

6. Sew a short red bib over the white. Keep paper up around neck for a high collar.

7. Cover lap in back with black strip, lengthwise.

8. Make pointed bill, three-sided, of stiff paper 9 inches long.

9. Use yellow circles for eyes.

10. Leave opening at one side so the whole goes on like a bonnet.

11. Let "birds" go stocking-footed, or with stockings pulled over their slippers or
shoes.

Fathers and mothers enjoy games on a program. The one described below is easily
devised.

"IF I WERE A — "

1. Use stiff cards 8 by 18 inches.

In right end mount a bird, one well colored by a child. Print, for e.xample, "handsome
Mr. Blue Jay" or "funny nimble Nuthatch" on their respective cards.

Have ten or fifteen such cards.

Place cards on chalk-tray.

Teacher: "Earl, if you were a bird, what bird would you like to be?"

Earl (with his chosen card held by both hands so that each one in the room may
see it): "If I were a bird, I'd be the handsome Mr. Blue Jay."

Each child, in turn, takes card to his desk, after repl>'ing to the teacher's question.

To replace the cards on chalk-tray, when all have been drawn, use this question and
answer:

Teacher: "Earl, what bird were you?"

Earl: "I was the handsome Mr. Blue Jay," (places card on tray).

THE FARMER'S FRIENDS

2. Prepare charts 9 by 24 inches.

Paste at top a picture of a bird, a Chickadee, for example. Below print its common
articles of diet. Have ten such charts.

Let child with pointer stand near chart and say:

"The Chickadee is 5K inches long. It likes suet and bread crumbs. It helps the
farmer because it eats canker-worms, plant-lice, caterpillars, etc." (from the chart).

ADJECTIVE GAME

3. Use chart paper, 24 by 18 inches.

Let an apt child color a Bronze Crackle, a Red-winged Blackbird, and a Crow.
Cut out and mount one beneath the other in a vertical row on left side of chart. Oppo-
site Bronze Crackle print "black"; opposite Red-winged Blackbird "blacker"; and
opposite Crow, "blackest." Then the child reads: "The Bronze Crackle is black; the
Red-winged Blackbird is blacker; but the Crow is blackest."

Teacher covers the Red-winged Blackbird. Child reads, "The Bronze Crackle is
black, but the Crow is blacker."

Have three black objects near-by to compare. Vary the charts. Use tall, taller,
tallest for water-birds, small, smaller, smallest, and large, larger, largest, etc., for lano-
birds. Compare height of two or three children. Si.x or eight charts are not too many.

It is a good idea to have fine wire nails, 8 inches apart at intervals along the top ot
the blackboard. Punch all charts 4 inches on each side of center. Hang on nails.

176 Bird -Lore

NAMING FIFTY BIRDS

4. Mount pictures of fifty birds at least (Audubon or Perrj' Pictures) on attractive
gray mounts. In various ways draw attention to them the month before Bird Day.
During the last week let the pupils see who can name all of them. On Bird Day hang
them across the front of the blackboard on a wire. Let the child who named them per-
fectly in school point to and name them. Parents are surprised by this exhibition.

TO PLAY THE GAME, "SEE, SAW, A, AN, ETC."

5. Use cards 6 by 12 inches. Print "I saw a," "I saw an," "I see a," "I have seen
an," etc. on them.

Place these, with mounted pictures, on chalk-tray.

Let each child draw two cards to read, for example, "I saw an Oriole," and read them
aloud. Another, "I have seen a Flamingo," etc. Parents learn the use of "see," "saw"
"a," "an," etc. Ask the child why he said "an Oriole."

"BIRD-CALLS, SONGS, AND WHISTLES"

6. Child steps to front of room and says: "Chick-a-dee-dee."

Next child stands by his side, says: "Chick-a-dee-dee, adding, "Bob-white, Bob-
white." Third child stands in the line, sings: "Chick-a-deedee," "Bob-white, Bob-
white" and adds the whistled notes of the White-crowned Sparrow.

Continue until all the children who can find a bird to imitate are in line. The fif-
teenth child, should give the fourteen sounds made before him and add a new one of
his own.

RHYMES

7. Cards 18 by 12 inches (18-inch side is top). Print such a rhyme as the following,
omitting the last word:

"When little field-mice go out for a walk.
They'd better look out for the hovering ."

At center of lower edge of card punch a hole. Fasten a card-hook to picture of a
Hawk. Child reads rhyme, chooses bird, and hangs it into the hole in the card when he
says the word "Hawk."

Hang ten or twelve such cards on nails 8 inches apart on edge of blackboard. Stand
the bird pictures in chalk-tray so that they may be easily available for selection.

There are fine rhymes in 'Babes and Birds' bj' Jessie Pope, published by H. M. Cald-
well Co., New York and Boston.

A good reading is "The Magpie's Nest" (Art Literature Reader II). Let one child
represent the Lark, one the Magpie, and so on, having one for the book itself, but read
each part from the book just as in a reading-class.

If you can possibly do so, dramatize "Cock Robin's Wedding" (see July, 1915, issue
of "Something To Do," 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass.).

Dress "birds" in costumes described in this article. Teach calls, whistles, etc., of
birds or use some tiny tin whistles found in prize candies.

A pretty way to introduce the guests at the wedding is to have a short song about each
guest, as he or she arrives. I used "Songs about Birds." One child sang several as solos.
If some tot dances well, let her represent a bird whose song has light music, dancing to
her place around the stage. Have an "Owl" on a ladder and a "Whip-poor-will" on a
high bench, etc.

If you cannot secure the "Wedding," use one of the following playlets: "Who
Stole the Bird's Nest?" (Poems by Grades, Primary); "Laura and the Birds" (Brooks'

The Audubon Societies 177

Reader II); "The Cat and the Birds" (Brooks' Reader II); "The Tongue-cut Sparrow"
(Japanese Fairy Tales I, by Teresa Williston). Little girls and boys dress in kimonos
for the latter and many "birds" are along the roads.

Read "Why the Woodpecker's Head is Red," from "Book of Nature Myths" by
Florence Holbrook. Let children rewrite it. Have the best story read on "Bird Day."

Make at least six beautiful reading-charts about birds with bird-pictures pasted on
them.

If you have the "Audubon Bird Charts" let a child name the birds on them.

These birds make fine outlines to hektograph for the children to color.

I USED TO KILL BIRDS
By Henry W. Longfellow

I used to kill birds in my boyhood,

Bluebirds and robins and wrens,
I hunted them up in the mountains,

I hunted them down in the glens;
I never thought it was sinful —

I did it only for fun,
And I had rare sport in the forest,

With the poor little birds and my gun.

But one beautiful day in the springtime,

I spied a brown bird in a tree.
Merrily swinging and chirping,

As happy as bird could be;
And raising my gun in a twinkling,

I fired, and my aim was too true,
For a moment the little thing fluttered,

Then off to the bushes it flew.

I followed it quickly and softly.

And there to my sorrow I found,
Right close to its nest of young ones,

The little bird dead on the ground !
Poor birdies! For food they were calling;

But now they could never be fed.
For the kind mother-bird who had loved them.

Was lying there bleeding and dead.

I picked up the bird in my anguish,

I stroked the wee motherly thing.
That could never more feed its dear young ones.

Nor dart through the air on swift wing.
.\nd I made a firm vow in that moment,

When my heart with such sorrow was stirred.
That never again in my lifetime.

Would I shoot a poor innocent bird!

[Other suggestions for Bird and Arbor Day exercises may be found in preceding years
of Bird Lork, in the issues of March- .Xpril. H is most desirable that great emphasis be
placed this spring ujjon practical plans for increasing anfi conserving food- and fuel-

178 Bird -Lore

supplies. An attractive exercise is to let a class or several classes illustrate the principal
trees of the locality, showing branches, some of which will be in flower, and a group of
other pupils illustrate the birds which nest in the respective trees. A chart representing
a tree census of the neighborhood would make an excellent background for the pupils
as thej' stand on the stage and exhibit and name the trees. — A. H. W.]

FOR AND FROM ADULT AND YOUNG
OBSERVERS

[Note. — The Editor of the School Department desires to assure its readers that con-
tributions are not delayed in publication without reason. In order to combine articles
in as helpful a form as possible, or to include a certain number of articles and cuts in a
certain space, it becomes necessary to hold matter over. In this section the emphasis is
upon migration, late winter experiences, and school-room methods].

THE BLUEBIRD

Hark ! and look

Just over the brook,
What is it I hear

In March's wind so drear?
Is it not my friend

The Bluebird I hear
Singing his spring song

So soft and clear?
— Paul Volkman (Age 12 years), Naperville, III.

THE LURE OF THE FEATHERED SONGSTERS

Many people believe that birds may be studied only in summer. They
class quick, merry chirps or sweet prolonged notes with balmy May days or
bright June days. These people only study and enjoy birds halfway, for is
not this world still inhabited with featliered songsters during the six months
of autumn and winter?

It is easier to study birds in winter, that stay all the year, as they cannot
be confused with April migrants.

March 3, 191 7, was a brisk, wintry day, with just enough snow on the
groimd to remind one of Christmas. Not many people would venture into the
depths of snow-covered birdland, but, instead, went to pleasure-houses.
They were unaware that the world's most lovely pleasure-ground lay open
to them, and that they were even invited to this land that morning as the sun
rose. Who invited them? The black- winged Crow told of the world's beauty
by his lusty cawing.

A party of three, including an instructor, was lured into this land of ever-
lasting beauty and joy.

The Audubon Societies 179

We had the pleasure of meeting a number of the large Sparrow family. They
were the Fox Sparrow, Tree Sparrow and Song Sparrow. We heard the clear,
sweet song of the Song Sparrow ring out over snow-covered meadows, and felt
that our trip was worth while, even if this were its only pleasure. But it was
not the only pleasure nor the greatest, for after a while we heard a loud chirp-
ing and, looking up, saw a large flock of Starlings. The chirping stopped
abruptly, and we then heard the song of the Starling. At length the great flock
rose and sailed across the leaden sky like a black cloud. I was delighted, for it
was the first time I had ever seen a flock so large.

Later in our walk we heard the Downy Woodpecker and the Chickadee.
Looking up, we saw, sailing over stately snow-laden hemlocks, which over-
hung a rippling silver brook, a Crow, the messenger of spring. He blended
oddly with the silent study in black and white, the view of nature in repose.

Farther on we saw the little friend of the north, the Snowbird, hopping
over his native element and pecking happily at a withered brown bean-vine.
A short distance from him we saw the female Cardinal perched on a low bush.
To our great joy, she flew down from the bush to the little stream under it and
drank of its cold, crystal water. All this took place just beyond a rail-fence.
At the fence was a clump of trees heavily laden with the snow. We were just
turning away from the trees and the scene of recent discovery when we heard
the wild clear cry of the male Cardinal. We were held breathless while those
true notes of nature were sung by our little friend's mate. Every chord of our
minds was entirely thrilled. Those few notes of the untaught bird expressed
more of nature's wonderfulness than can be written on paper. They made one
feel as though being a bird were the only life worth living. This half-minute of
our walk was worth more to us than a day of ordinary indoor bird-study.

The only way to really study a bird or anything in nature is to go to the
woods or fields and see it as it really is, not as others see it. Those who know
nothing of nature have missed half the joy of life. — Emma May MacIntyrk
(Age 14 years), Secretary of the "Wake-Robin" Club, West Philadelphia, Pa.

[To see nature as "it really is" is surely worth many days of plodding indoor study.
The plea for outdoor study is more than ever worthy our attention in these strained,
unnatural times. — A. H. W.)

A SPRING NOTE FROM THE TEACHER OF THE WAKE-
ROBIN CLUB

Our first spring walk was taken on March 3, with two of my oldest pupils,
and original members of the Wake-Robin Club. The snow was 5 or 6 inches
deep, but they wished to go. I myself had been exploring the snow-white
country two days previously, and had found out rare birdland secrets. I was
delighted to have these pupils go. My happy hunting-grounds are the creek
valleys, where there is woodland, field, swamp, meadow, and bushes. I haunt
the near-by creek section particularly.

i8o Bird -Lore

On two occasions, both snowy days, I saw seven Cardinals. I never before
saw Cardinals there, and after I found them, I was attracted irresistibly to the
place. I shall never forget the tirst one that favored me with a glimpse of his
beautiful self. I was watching a flock of Fox Sparrows when the Cardinal, a
male, flew out from their midst and alighted on a tall weed, about two feet from
the ground, a bit of flame showing red against pure white snow. I remained
transfixed until he flew. I saw flocks of Cardinals in Florida last winter, but
to me this single rosy specimen, seen in depths of winter, made the most vivid,
startling picture I ever feasted eye on in the bird-world.

I am learning to know the birds in this near-by creek valley quite well.
Here, on these snowy days, February 19, 1 saw a Meadowlark; later, the Blue-
bird. Last week I saw the Carolina Wren and heard that clear and wonderful
song. It seems all too loud to issue from a bird of its small dimensions. I
caught a glimpse of a Winter Wren.

The Chickadees and Downy Woodpeckers, Juncos, Tree Sparrows, and Fox
Sparrows are in the same locality. I have seen more winter birds this year than
ever before, but when I took the class out they always seemed to beat a retreat.
Along a two-mile stretch of road we counted thirteen nests of the Red-eyed Vireo,
and I was able to show them the nest of a Goldfinch that had withstood the
storms of winter. — Clara J. Clair, Philadelphia.

[The above record dates back to March, 191 7, but we may gain all the more benefit
from it by comparing it with observations made this spring. In addition to work with
the children of the Wake-Robin Club, this teacher conducted a six-weeks' course in
bird-study in the Philadelphia Normal School, having the students out for two hours
or more each morning. It is to be hoped that sometime Miss Clair will tell us of her
experiences with Hummingbirds during the nesting-season. — A. H. W.]

CORMORANT IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

During the spring migration, when the Ducks were returning north, Mr-
Kennedy, two boys, and myself happened to be at Barmore Lake. It was a
good thing we happened to be there that morning or we would have missed a
rare find. As we went around a corner of a vacant summer cottage, we saw a
bird located on the top of a dead stub, several rods from us. It was about three
feet long and three feet from wing to wing. It stayed there awhile, and then it
was a beautiful sight to see it pose in mid-air a few seconds, then flying down
the lake, where it lit. We watched it swim and dive and made sure of its identi-
fication before going away. We saw it once more that morning. It was flying
northwest. Mr. Kennedy said, "You had better take another look as you wiH
probably never seen another Cormorant in this part of the country." — Nevin
G. Nicholson (Age 1 2 years) , Grove City, Pa.

[The writer of the above note says: "Last spring I had a pleasant experience which I
thought might interest the readers of Bird-Lore. I am twelve years old. Last year I
listed 173 different species of birds, the rare ones being a Least Bittern, Cormorant, and

The Audubon Societies i8i

Barrow's Golden-eye Duck. Mr. James Kennedy, one of the best authorities on birds
and wild life in this section, and also a Director of the "Wild Life League,"' was always
with us when we saw these rare birds, else we could not have identified them ourselves.
This year I have succeeded in getting a Junior Audubon Society in our room at school.
I think it will be successful as our teacher is quite interested in the birds." Having studied
birds from the age of seven in his home township, "an area of i8 square miles," the above
record of 1 73 species is all the more interesting and valuable. If each observer would keep
accurate yearly records about his own premises even, or in his own town or county,
much information, at present not verified with sufficient accuracy to be strictly reliable,
might be sifted and made useful for purposes of comparison in other sections. In many
ways a concentrated, limited-area study has the advantage o\cr unlimited wandering. —
A. H. W.]

A THREE-TOED WOODPECKER

Three years ago 1 saw an Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker and made a de-
scription of it. I did not find out its name till the other day. According to
Reed's "Wild Birds of New England" this species is not very common in Maine.

I am fourteen years old and enjoy bird-study very much. Bird-Lore is a
great help. — Norman Lewis, Hampden, Maine.

MIGRATING BOBOLINKS IN ATLANTA

In April we were daily watching eagerly for spring migrants. On the 20th
a watchman reported that on the previous night he had heard the loud call
("hollering") of migrating birds at intervals, and morning showed that we had
a visit from a flock of Bobolinks. They took for headquarters a field of red
clover, which had been planted in winter grain the previous year. Several
males at one time would sway each on top of stalks of grain, thus being above
the level of the field, and each would joyfully sing his heart out. The Bobo-
links were with us until May 11, but evidently the personnel of the flock
changed. At first, among fifty birds, only a few females were seen; later, when
the flock numbered one or two hundred, about one in ten was a female; still
later there was one female to five males while just before their disappearance,
when not many birds were left, there were five or ten females to every male.
During this period of time there were Bobolinks in widely separated parts of the
city. — Lucy H. Upton, Providence, R. I.

[Readers of Bird-Lore will be glad of this record from the pen of Miss Upton,
especially since it gives data on the confusing point of the order of migration among
species. In Dr. Arthur .\llen's monograph on the Red-winged Blackbird, it is said with
regard to that species that "the normal migration (at Ithaca, N. V.) can l)e divided into
seven periods according to sex, age, and nature of the l)irds (whether resident or migrant t,
as follows:

1. Arrival of "vagrants."

2. Arrival of migrant adult males.

3. .Arrival of resident adult males.

4. Arrival of migrant females and immature males.

5. Arrival of resident adult females.

1 82 Bird -Lore

6. Arrival of resident immature males.

7. Arrival of resident immature females."

By the term "vagrants" is meant stray birds of either sex which may have wintered
not far south of the locality studied, and which do not properly belong to the host of
long-distance migrants whose first appearance is generally two weeks later.

"Vagrants," if seen, appear in February, but the migrants do not arrive until
March. Since the Bobolink is closely related to the Red-winged Blackbird, belonging to
the same family group, the observations of Miss Upton become all the more significant
in the light of Dr. Allen's authoritative statements which are based on most careful
studies.— A. H. W.]

THE ROBIN

I'm glad I am a Robin,

I'm glad that I can sing,

I'm glad that spring is fresh and sweet,

I'm glad for everything.

— Eline Rustin.

SCHOOL LETTERS FROM LAWNDALE, PA.

I. ABUNDANCE OF ROBINS IN 1915

We have been doing a great deal in helping the birds. Nearly all the children
in the Lawndale School are making bird-houses. The boys and girls in our room
have at least forty-one houses put up. We have a great many Robins here
this spring. I think that the Purple Martins are very scarce. In our room we
account for the birds we see each day by writing them on the blackboard.
We have about ten different kinds on the board to-day. There are a great many
Woodpeckers around. Some of the boys and girls in our room formed an
Audubon Society. They each received a button with a Robin on it. They are
also getting a few pictures of different kinds of birds to color. — Charles
Horner.

[From season to season, the constant observer notes a difference in the numbers of
some of the more common and abundant species. The Robin is particularly interesting
in this connection, showing, as it is likely to do, considerable variation in abundance,
at definite points of observation. How many of our readers have accurate data about
this matter?— A. H. W.]

II. THE STARLING PUSHING SOUTH

I am writing a few lines about the birds. In our school-room the boys and
girls have made forty-one bird-boxes and put them out. There are birds in
some of them. This morning when coming to school, I saw two Robins. There
are all kinds of birds in Lawndale.

I will name some of them. They are the Wren, Robin, Meadowlark, Blue-
bird, Purple Martin, and Starling. There are many more birds besides these.
I am going to join the Audubon Society. — Dorothea K. Petry.

The Audubon Societies 183

[Note the occurrence of the Starling wherever it has been observed in the United
States. The above was written in 1915. A report of the number of Starlings now about
Lawndale would be appreciated in this Department. — A. H. W.]

III. A GOOD SCHOOL-ROOM METHOD

We are writing about birds. There are a great many around now. Every
day the girls and boys write on the board how many birds they have seen and
what kind they are. We have forty-one bird-boxes. Some of them have eggs
in them.

Some of us have seen birds carry food into the boxes. One boy says that he
thinks he has young birds in his box. We put pans of water out for the birds
to drink. Some of the boys and girls throw out crumbs of bread. — John
Wambole.

[This exercise of writing on the blackboard in the school-room the names of birds
seen is excellent. It helps pupils to spell correctly, to remember what they see, to have
a common interest in the birds about them, and it also stimulates competition and a
desire for discovery. — A. H. W.]

HOW I FIRST GOT BIRD-LORE

I was so interested in birds that a friend of my sister gave me some old copies
of Bird-Lore. I read them so many times that I could almost tell everything
in them. My mother decided to give it to me for a Christmas present, and I
have had it three years now.

I am writing this so that other Bird-Lore readers will lend the magazine to
bird-lovers and so that many people will know how interesting it is. — Albert
S. Fearing (Age 12 years).

MY BACK-YARD FEEDING-STATION

This summer I started putting out food for the birds and since then my
back-yard feeding-station has been one of my greatest interests. I started in
July and my first welcome visitor was a White-crowned Sparrow, and for a
long time that variety of bird was my only visitor. Then competition com-
menced and, of course, then I began to work harder because I wanted to have
more birds than my competitor, a boy living next door to me. My friend had
the advantage of position. Across the street from him is a garden with many
shrubs and other attractions for birds. My friend immediately took away
my most common visitor, a White-crowned Sparrow with a nest, but I am
glad to say not all of my birds.

Then began my worst trouble and the only troul)lc llial discouraged mc for a
while, worse than even cats and rats, both of which I have been bothered with —
the English Sparrow. To me one EngHsh Sparrow means no harm, although I
would rather not have any, but when it comes in numbers, such as ten and
up, then there is trouble. It not only keeps other birds away l:)ut the amount

1 84

Bird - LoTt

of food eaten makes it impossible to iceep up the food-station on account
of the expense. This may sound foolish but a boy with a dollar a month allow-
ance can't afford to spend twenty-five cents a week on food for birds. Now let
me tell you that, although it is the greatest pleasure I ever had — putting out
food for the birds — it, like anything else, has its cares and worries.

Finally a family of Juncos visited my friend's food-station and later
visited mine. Then was the first and last time I have seen a Junco bathe. It
was a young one. I guess Juncos are not much given to bathing.

Then I went to the beach, arid when I got back there was not a single bird
in the neighborhood. After waiting a long time I saw a Junco. Then I put out
food, and in a few days there were about twenty back again, for we have counted
nearly that many. Then came Song Sparrows and, once, a Towhee. Then again
came the troublesome English Sparrow, and I abandoned the lunch-counter
for a while. When I once again started in the Juncos and a Song Sparrow
came back, and to-day the Towhees. On the whole, I think a food-station is
a thing of great pleasure and advise others to try it. — Tom McCamant (Age
13 years), Portland Oregon.

[This record of practical experience ought to be of value to others. — A. H. W.]

BIRD-HOUSES FOR A CITY PARK

Dr. R. J. Terry, the local president of the Bird-Lovers' Club here, suggests
that I send the enclosed prints.

Your magazine, to the best of my knowledge, has never printed anything
from this locality.

The Martin-house shown was constructed by the several boys grouped about

I'AkK., ST. LOUIS

The Audubon Societies

185

A 'MISSION' MARTIN HOUSE

it. It is a replica of a Spanish mission, containing sixteen rooms of size given in
U. S. Bulletin No. log. There are over five hundred tiles upon the roof, each one
of which was made from rough stock lumber.

The large group of houses were built from slabs, the waste product of a
walnut lumber firm having a contract to make gunstocks for the armies of
France and England.

All the houses were built to be placed in Forest Park, the home of thousands
of 'house-nesting' birds. — Chas. P. Coaxes, Instructor in Manual Training
(Marquette School), St. Louis Schools, St. Louis, Mo.

[Communications are printed as soon as space permits. If delays seem long the
Editor of the School Department begs the reader's favor. The good work described
above is in line with progress. — A. H. W.]

HOME OBSERVATIONS IN THE SOUTH

My papa loves the birds and feeds them on the window-sill every winter.
We had twelve different kinds of birds that ate from our window. One day a
Mockingbird came for his breakfast while mamma was jilaying the piano.
He turned his head first to one side then the other and looked at her for a long
time. I think he was trying to learn the tune so he could whistle it to his mate
while she sits on her nest this spring. One day I went for a walk with papa
and we met two Mockingbirds that kept scolding us. We looked in a small
pine bush and saw a pile of twigs. Papa held me up and I saw four little birds
in the nest, and they had no feathers on them but they wore real black. About
a week later we went to the nest again and when papa held me up the little

i86

Bird - Lore

birds were covered with feathers and seemed afraid of me. Three days later
we saw one of the old birds feeding the young ones, but could not find the other
old bird. A few days after this we went again to look for our birds and found a
new nest and the mother bird sitting on the nest but she flew off and began to
scold when we went near. Papa held me up and I saw three green eggs covered
with brown spots. Late this fall one morning I saw the mamma and papa and
seven children birds eating holly berries from a tree in our yard. It is nearly
Christmas now, and we see our family of Mockingbirds most every day. —
Wynell Reeves (Age 7 years), Winston-Salem, N. C.

[Accompanying this straiglitforward statement of bird-records about home, is a note
saying that the article was prepared solely by the young observer. It may be of interest
to southern readers to know that Mockingbirds have been seen more frequently in the
North this season than usual. The ability of other species to imitate sounds is a question
of much interest. How many species other than the Mockingbird can you name, which
imitate sounds? — A. H. W.]

NATURE-STUDY AND AUDUBON SOCIETY

We have seventy-six members in our society and most of them have been
members for three years. We have a meeting once every two weeks, at which the
officers take charge and different members help prepare the program.

SOME OF THE MEMBERS OF THE JUNIOR AUDUBON SOCIETY OF PEORIA, ILL.

When the weather is pleasant, we have some of our meetings out-of-doors,
and we go on field-trips, six or eight at a time, with our leaders, to look for
birds and listen to their songs and calls.

Our school-building is near the edge of the city, and there is a field just back
of the school which has many trees and a creek running through it. Many birds
live there.

The Audubon Societies 187

We love birds and are glad to learn more about them and to help protect
and feed them. — Margaret Dougherty, President, Russell Planck,
Secretary, Columbia School, Peoria, III.

[The teacher who sent this picture and letter writes: "We have a large and enthusi-
astic society composed of the children of the fifth and sixth grades. In a contest among
the Junior Audubon Societies of the state last year, our club won second prize for their
study of birds, and their efforts in protecting them. The si.x excellent books about birds
which they received encouraged and helped them in their bird-study this year. They have
been keeping close watch of the birds as they return, and are learning their songs and
calls." The value of careful study combined with enthusiasm is told in this brief report.
Distinguishing the songs and call-notes of birds is evidence of a high grade of work. — -
A. H. W.]

A SONG SPARROW IN JANUARY

January i, 1917, was a "red-letter day" for me. I was putting up bird-
houses with a friend of mine, when I heard a familiar song. I looked up, and
on the top of a maple tree I saw a Song Sparrow. Two days later I saw it
again. — Henry Shaw, Jr., (Age 11 years), Morristown, N. J.

["Red-letter day," the very phrase suggests the delightful discoveries always
awaiting the bird-lover, like this of a Song Sparrow in midwinter. Many people have
found bird-study unusually attractive this last winter, because the severity of the weather
in some sections made birds more than ordinarily dependent for food upon the hosj^i-
tality of man. With harbors and rivers frozen solidly for weeks, flocks of Gulls and
Ducks were at times practically deprived of accustomed food-supplies. In one instance.
Herring Gulls came some distance inshore to pick up corn muffins thrown out by a bird-
lover who happened to have nothing else at hand to offer. th?m^ The habit of Gulls and
Terns of alighting on floating drift, buoys or any available foothold at sea, has become
of immediate benefit to man. More than once in the present war, ships have discovered
their proximity to mines by spying Gulls over them. — A. H. W.)

THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING IN OREGON

On the afternoon of February 7, 1917, I saw a rather rare visitant, the
Bohemian Waxwing. While on a bird walk I stopped to observe some birds
that were feeding on wild hawthorn berries, not far from Mt. Tabor Park,
and while there I saw a flock of eighteen Bohemian Waxwings. I am very
certain that there is no mistake as to their identity, for they corresponded in
every detail to the description in Florence M. Bailey's "Birds of Western
United States."

On Januar\' 24, I saw, in this vicinity, one bird thai 1 thoughl was a Bohe-
mian Waxwing, but I was not al)S()lule]\- certain, as I did not know then the
distinguishing marks lor which to look. However, when I saw the tlock of
eighteen on February 7, 1 noted particularly ihe size, larger than the Cedar
Waxwing, which is (|uite common here in sunmier; tin- white wini^ coverts,
and broader hand of yellow on the tail.

On I'ebruarv cj, 1 again noted tweUi- Bolu'inian Waxwings, prohablx' ol the

i88

Bird- Lore

same flock noted previously, as it was in the same vicinity. I think these birds
were probably migrating, and not in their usual course, as they are considered
rare in this part of Oregon. — Mary E. Raker (Age 13 years), Portland, Oregon.
[Bohemian Wiixwings have been seen in Massachusetts this winter. .\ possible
first record in Rhode Island was not sufiicicnlly well established to be recorded. — A. H. W.]

A NOTEWORTHY CONTEST

A FEW OF THE CONTESTANTS WITH THEIR HANDIWORK

This photograph was taken immediately after the close of our first bird-
house contest. There were nearly a hundred entries and an exhibition that
would have done your heart good. The results have been permanent, I think.
There was a prize offered for the boy who first reported a bird building in one
of the houses which had been on exhibition. The first bird to settle was a Blue
bird, and the lad who erected the house received a check for five dollars. —
0. Warren Smith, Washburn, Wis.

[Two other most attractive photographs were sent by this contributor, a minister who
has done much excellent work among the young people of Washburn. If there was
available space for the illustrations which are received with articles sent to this Depart-
ment it would be a pleasure to print them all. — A. H. W.]

OLD MOTHER ROBIN AND HER BABES

Old Mother Robin built her nest one spring, about eleven years ago, in

the old pine tree in front of Grandma G 's house. She made it of strings,

grass, twigs, and mud. When she had it about the right shape, she laid four
little blue eggs in it. In about two weeks there were four little birds instead of
the eggs.

The Audubon Societies 189

When the Httle birds were old enough to fly, she crowded them out of the
nest on to the limb. One of the little birds went to the ground and sat there.
The old bird flew down to the little bird and talked to him. Then she hopped a
few inches away, and the little bird hopped to her. She continued this a few
times, after which she went about three feet away ; but the little bird did not come.
She then hopped about half-way back, and chirped; still the little bird did
not come. By this time she was provoked, and rushed back, and pecked him
on the head. Then she flew to the fence, and the little bird flew up to her. She
then flew away to let him take care of himself. — Dallas Vernett Gibson
(Age II years).

BIRDS I HAVE SEEN

Crow. — March 12, 1914, in a tree on west of street, on my way to school.
Color, black.

Robin. — March 24, 1914, in a cherry tree between our house and the one
next door. Color, brown on back and light red on breast.

Dove. — March 22, 1914, on one of the buildings down town. Color, purplish
blue and brown and red.

Sparrow. — March 23, 1914, in front of the hotel. Color, brownish gray.

Phoebe. — March 24, 1914, at the place next door. Color, brown and black.

Woodpecker. — March 24, 1914, at the first farm east of town. Color, red
and black.

Flock of Wild Geese. — April i, 1914, flying south. Color, brown and black.

Bobolink. — April 11, 1914, on our lot back of the barn. Color, black and
yellow.

Blackbird. — April 16, 1914, on the top of a barn. Color, black and brown. —
Lawrence P. Briggs (Age 10 years), Apulia Station, N. Y. (Member of class
524-)

[The teacher of this class writes: "This is the manner in which the pupils report their
observations. These different reports make up the school bird calendar.

"In this report the Blackbird T believe to be a Cowbird from the description, but as I
did not see it myself I am not positive."

As a method of reporting birds, the above has certain points in its favor. It is
always desirable to note the locality where one sees a bird, even rather minutely, as
detailed particulars suggest the nature of its habits in perching, singing, flying or search-
ing for food and nesting. The date of a record is also an indispensable part of an accurate
report, and as careful descriptions as one can make of the color and appearance of the
bird seen.

In addition to theses [xiints, the size, form of bill, heatl, wings, and tail, kind of feet
expressed by noticing whether a bird walks, hops, clings, clutches, paddles, wades, or
runs are very essential matters which in reality are often of more assistance in identi-
fication than color, since colors appear very dilTerent in changing light and shade.

\ daily bird calendar and, also, a (lower calendar are line additions to any school-
room. Teachers everywhere will find them well worth the time and trouble given to
keepinu' them accurately. — A. H. \V.|

THE RAVEN

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

'^e J^ational S^isiomtion of iSlububon ^otittita

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 95

One July morning, in company wilh Edward H. Forbush and William P.
Wharton, I landed on a small wooded island off the coast of Maine to visit a
group of Herons said to be nesting there. Clambering up the rocky shore, we
proceeded, with some difficulty, through the thick underbrush of the ever-
green forest until the heronry was reached. Here the trees were more scatter-
ing, and the sun's rays, breaking through, were ripening the thousands of goose-
berries that covered the network of vines below. A few pairs of Great Blue
Herons were found, and their nests and young soon discovered. The main
colony, however, consisted of Black-crowned Night Herons. Approaching a
tree where one of their nests was located, I was surprised to find on the ground
beneath, the remains of four young birds about one-third grown. The flesh
had been picked from the bones, but these were in no way broken, which pre-
cluded the possibility of the mischief having been done by a predatory animal,
if indeed any such existed on the island. While we stood about discussing the
matter, a cry so wild and unusual rang through the damp woods that in an
instant our attention was riveted on the sound. Presently it was repeated and
was quickly answered from two other directions.

At once we began a search, which soon resulted in finding that the calls
emanated from a family of young Ravens, now well grown, but still attended
by their parents. The evidence that the Ravens had destroyed these young
Herons was indeed scant. However, I believe all the members of the party,
knowing something of the habits of these birds, still regard it as probable that
it was the Raven family that had raided the big stick nest in the evergreen
trees. That something was feasting liberally on young Night Herons was quite
plain, for we found the fresh skeleton remains of at least a dozen of these birds,
and a more thorough search of the colony might possibly have revealed others.
This was on Bradbury Island, in the year 1914.

A few days before this. Ravens and a Raven's nest were found on Heron
Island. On another occasion, in company with Arthur H. Norton, I was shown
a large nest in an evergreen on No-Man's-Land Island, which we were told
had been occupied by a pair of Ravens every spring for many years. Ravens
may be found also on Old Man, Black Horse, and, in fact, on almost any of the
uninhabited islands along the Maine coast.

In a little opening in the woods back of the Lake Hotel in Yellowstone Park,
Wyoming, the garbage from the hotel tables is dumped. Thousands of tour-
ists annually visit this dump to see the bears that come out to feed there in the

(190)

NORTHERN RAVEN
Order-PASSERBs Famlly-CoRviD.t

Genus-CoRvus Speclss-coRAX principalis

National Association of Audubon Societies

The Raven 191

evening. This garbage-heap affords another interest to the bird-student, for
Gulls come up from the Lake and settle here in quest of food, and not infre-
quently the hoarse croak of the Raven may be heard in the trees nearby. In
fact, these great black birds come at irregular intervals all during the summer
to pick up such scraps of food as strike their fancy.

In August, 1916, 1 saw a Raven feeding her three young with scraps picked
up at a garbage-heap back of a hotel on the western verge of the Glacier National
Park in Montana. Although aware that she was being watched, the old Raven
would unhesitatingly come to the garbage-heap, walk around until she found
something that suited her taste, and then fly with it to the trees 50 yards away.
Apparently she would not suffer her young to leave the shelter of the forest.
The wide range of the croaks and cries made by their young was astonishing.

Anyone who may chance to be in the mountains of western North Carolina
and may desire to see Ravens can usually have his wish gratified by going
out to some of the remote settlements and visiting the places where cattle are
slaughtered for market. Sometimes as many as eight or ten Ravens gather
around a slaughter-pen and with evident impatience await their opportunity
for a banquet.

From the above references it may be seen that the Raven has a wide range
in the United States. In fact, there are few states north of South Carolina and
Louisiana where it may not be seen, although its range is far more restricted
than in former times. Many of the early writers speak of seeing Ravens in
territories not now inhabited by them. For example, Thomas Lawson, Gentle-
man, who visited the coast country of Carolina in the year 1700, writes of seeing
it there. Today Ravens rarely, if ever, occur east of the mountainous portions
in the CaroHnas.

Regarding the habits and manners of the Raven during the nesting-season,
John James Audubon has given this description in his usual picturesque lan-
guage:

"Their usual places of resort are the mountains, the abrupt banks of rivers,
the rocky shores of lakes, and the cliffs of thinly-peopled or deserted islands.
It is in such places that these birds must be watched and examined, before one
can judge of their natural habits, as manifested amid their freedom from the
dread of their most dangerous enemy, the lord of creation.

"There, through the clear and rarified atmosphere, the Raven spreads his
glossy wings and tail, and, as he onward sails, rises higher and higher each bold
sweep that he makes, as if conscious that the nearer he approaches the sun, the
more splendent will become the tints of his plumage. Intent on convincing his
mate of the fervour and constancy of his love, he now gently glides beneath
her, floats in the buoyant air, or sails by her side. Would that I could describe
to you, reader, the many musical inflections by means of which they hold con-
verse during these amatory excursions! These sounds doulHless express their
pure conjugal feelings, confirmed and rendered more intense by long years of

192 Bird- Lore

happiness in each other's society. In this manner they may recall the pleasing
remcmljrance of their youthful days, recount the events of their life, and
express the pleasure they enjoy.

"Now, their matins are over; the happy pair are seen to glide towards the
earth in spiral lines; they alight on the boldest summit of a rock, so high that
you can scarcely judge their actual size; they approach each other, their bills
meet, and carresses are exchanged as tender as those of the gentle Turtle Dove.
Far beneath, wave after wave dashes in foam against the impregnable sides of
the rocky tower, the very aspect of which would be terrific to almost any other
creatures than the sable pair, which for years have resorted to it, to rear the
dearly-cherished fruits of their connubial love. Midway between them and
the boiling waters, some shelving ledge conceals their eyrie.

"To it they now betake themselves, to see what damage it has sustained
from the peltings of the winter tempests. Off they fly to the distant woods for
fresh materials with which to repair the breach; or on the plain they collect
the hair and fur of quadrupeds; or from the sandy beach pick up the weeds
that have been washed there. By degrees, the nest is enlarged and trimmed,
and when everything has been rendered clean and comfortable, the female
deposits her eggs, and begins to sit upon them, while her brave and affection-
ate mate protects and feeds her, and at intervals takes her place. All around
is now silent save the hoarse murmur of the waves, or the whistling sounds
produced by the flight of the waterfowl traveling towards the northern regions."

In general appearance the Raven closely resembles a Crow, but it is larger.
A Crow rarely is more than 1 8 or 20 inches in length and has an expanse of
wings of less than 3 feet. A Raven is 2 feet long from bill- tip to tail- tip and
measures 4 feet or more across when its wings are spread to their lull capacity.
A close inspection of the two birds reveals a certain marked difference in the
shape of the feathers of the neck, those of the Crow being rounded at the ends,
while those of the Raven are sharply pointed. In flight the two birds may
usually be distinguished, as the Raven has a way of sailing at times to an
extent rarely, if ever, equaled by a Crow. The well-known caw of the Crow is
replaced in the case of the Raven by a croak so deep, so unlike any other sound
in nature, that once heard it is not easily forgotten.

As indicated above, Ravens build their nests on the ledges of cliffs or in
trees. These usually are bulky, and as additional materials are brought year
after year, they grow in some instances to be very large affairs. The eggs
range in number from two to seven. In color they are olive or greenish, thickly
spotted and blotched with olive-brown. Twenty days of brooding are required
to hatch them.

The Raven's food consists of a wide variety of objects, but evidently
animal matter predominates. They eat grasshoppers, beetles, lizards, mice,
and young birds. They are scavengers and feast upon dead animals, both
large and small.

The Raven 193

In August, 1916, while working about Malheur Lake in the deserts of
southeastern Oregon, we found Ravens much in evidence. During a day's
travel of perhaps 30 miles about the Lake, I saw at least a dozen individuals.
Usually only one or two would be seen at a time. One that kept in front of
us for some distance, alighting at intervals on the posts of a barbed-wire fence
carried an object in its beak at which it would peck and pull whenever it
perched. Once, just as it took wing, my companion fired a shot from his re-
volver, with a view of startling the bird and causing it to drop its prey. The
experiment succeeded, and, picking up the object, we found it to be a section
of a rabbit's backbone about 2 inches in length.

Writing of the Raven's feeding habits, Alexander Wilson said: "It is fond
of birds' eggs, and is often observed sneaking around the farmhouse in search
of the eggs of the domestic poultry, which it sucks with eagerness; it is likewise
charged with destroying young ducks and chickens, and lambs, which have
been weaned in a sickly state. The Raven, it is said, follows the hunters of
deer for the purpose of falling heir to the offal; and the huntsmen are obliged
to cover their game, when it is left in the woods, with their hunting frocks, to
protect it from this thievish connoisseur, who, if he has an opportunity, will
attack the region of the kidneys, and maybe the saddle, without ceremony."'
Throughout all ages certain birds have been famous, and very often much
significance is attached to their presence. They have been regarded as aff'ect-
ing the lives of human beings by bringing joy or sorrow. Thus the Cuckoo is
the ancient marriage bird; the Eagle stood for strength and vigor; the Bittern
represented desolation; and, in our own country, we have the Bluebird for
happiness. The Raven, which has a wide distribution throughout the world,
has more or less typified the coming of calamity. It has been one of the favorite
birds of literature. In the ancient Hebrew writings we find that the Raven was
the first bird that Noah sent out Irom the Ark. When Elijah was a refugee
and was hiding by the brook Cherith, we are told that the Ravens came daily
and brought him food. Despite the fact that it appears to have been useful
to some of the early Hebrews, Moses wrote down in his law that this was an
unclean bird.

Shakesi)eare was fond of referring to the Raven. Thus, when Lady Macbeth
was told that Duncan was coming, she said, while laying her plans to kill him:

The Raven himself is hoarse

That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan

Under my battlements."

In our modern American literature surel\- nothing so weird or depressing
has ever been written as Poe's 'Raven.'

Two sub-sjK'cies of the large Raven are recognized in this country: One,
the American Raven, loiiiid in western United States and south to Guatemala,
the other known as the Northern Raven inhabiting eastern North America.

Ravens are supjmsed to live to a great age.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Dtjtcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome. . nr-u

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York..

DEATH TO THE PELICAN!

During January there began a great
outcry against the Brown Pelican at vari-
ous points along the Gulf Coast of the
United States. Those who have been show-
ing the most active interest in starting a
war on these big picturesque birds are
people financially interested in commercial
fisheries. The claim is being put forth
that Pelicans are eating up the fish at such
a rate that the birds must be destroyed
if we are going to have sufiicient food to
feed our people and win the war against
the Kaiser.

The Evening Independcnl of St. Peters-
burg, Fla., has championed these food
conservators of the Tampa Bay country.
The articles which appear in its pages
tend to show that the Federal and state
governments have done a very foolish
thing in seeking to protect birds that are
so terrifically destructive to fish. Editori-
ally this paper says:

"It is time that the Government was in-
formed as to the destruction that is being
wrought by Pelicans in southern waters.
The Pelicans are protected by a National
law and therefore are thriving and increas-
ing in number, and it will be only a few
years until the people will have to choose
between the Pelicans and the fish. The

(

Pelican is no earthly use to anybody and
serves no useful purpose. The fish are
needed to help supply the deficiency in
food.

"One Pelican will consume 100 to 300
small fish in a day. Multiply that by the
thousands of Pelicans in this section, and
you have some idea what the Pelicans do
to destroy fish. It is a tremendous price
the Government is paying to satisfy a few
sentimentalists who want to save the
birds."

Captain Barney Williams, Deputy Fish
Commissioner at St. Petersburg, has
advanced a plan which he thinks will take
care of the matter locally. His plan is to
destroy all the eggs laid by Florida Peli-
cans for a period of five years, and then
let them have one year in which to bring
forth their young.

The Evening Independent announces its
hearty approval of this plan.

At the last two sessions of the legislature
of Texas, bills were introduced which had
for their purpose the authorization for
people to kill Gulls and Pelicans along the
coast of that state, because of their
alleged destruction to food-fishes. From
this source fresh complaints are now com-
ing. They claim that fishermen should be

194)

The Audubon Societies

195

relieved of the presence of the Pelican,
because it greatly interferes with their
business.

It is but natural that the Pelican op-
ponents should file complaints with the
United States Food Commission in Wash-
ington, and as a result the Association
received the following letter under date
of January 21, 19 18.

Dear Sir:

We are receiving many very definite
requests from the Gulf of Mexico district
that the Government take steps to exter-
minate the Pelican.

"The recommendations in this matter
are very largely grounded on the follow-
ing statement of apparent facts:

"i. That the birds in question annually
destroy millions of pounds of food-fish.

"2. That the birds interfere very
materially with the operations of the fisher-
men and result in very largely reduced
catches of food-fish in all the fishing dis-
tricts.

"3. The Pelican serves no useful pur-
pose whatever, and is not a scavenger,
never having been known to eat fish that
have been washed ashore, etc.

"While we are not at present consider-
ing any recommendations in this matter,
we would very much like to have a full
expression of opinion from your society on
the subject and any data which you can
provide us with regarding the Pelican,
and as answer to the very definite state-
ments which are coming to us, as before
mentioned."

Very truly yours,
United States Food Administration.
Per Keneth Fowler.

Upon receipt of this letter, a copy of it
was sent to a number of observers who
have had more or less opportunity to
study the feeding-habits of these birds,
and their replies, in due time, were filed
in Washington. These were quite suffi-
cient to convince the Food Administra-
tion that at least for the present there was
no need for beginning a war of extermina-
tion on the Brown Pelican.

Since Mr. Fowler's letter was written,
new and additional pressure has been
brought to bear on the Food Administra-
tion, and the question at the present writ-
ing is a very live one. As a result the
Association is now planning to go some-
what th<ir<)Ughly into the subject of the

feeding-habits of the birds during the
coming summer.

The following are a few of the letters
collected by the Association bearing on this
subject. The first three are written by men
who have been employed for many years
to guard Pelican colonies and who there-
fore have had unusual opportunities to
study the fishing-habits of these birds.
We feel that their letters should be pub-
lished and thus be made a permanent
record.

In Defense of the Pelican

"It would appear that, through the
efforts of the market fishermen, the Food
Commission is seriously thinking of tak-
ing steps to exterminate the Pelican as a
great destroyer of food-fish.

"In defense of this grand old bird I
wish to say that I am a native of Florida,
have lived here continuously for fifty
years, and have noted very carefully the
changes of conditions along these lines.
Before the advent of the railroads there
were vast quantities of fish and many
thousands of birds, but with the emigra-
tion to the state came along the market
fishermen who have plied their trade with-
out restrictions until there have become
fewer fish and consequently fewer Pelicans.

"If the Food Commissioner could visit
the fishing districts of Florida and see the
vast destruction of fish caused by the
fishermen, he would no doubt take im-
mediate steps to stop this wanton waste
of the best food-fish that the waters of the
state afford. They drag their seines on the
beaches, and I have seen, day after day,
tens of thousands of food-fish left on the
banks to die because they were too small
to sell, and the fishermen were too lazy
to put them in the water again.

"My business as Inspector of Federal
Reservations takes me among these men.
and I have noted these conditions many
times, and have several times brought the
matter before the Fish Commissioner and
the County Solicitor, with a view of having
these people prosecuted for the very acts
of which they now accuse the Pelican.
Il is a well-known fact that the Pelican
can catch only such fish as are on the
surface of the water, and, with one excep-
tion— the mullet — ^the food-fish of Florida
are what arc known as bottom-fish, and
cannot be caught by the Pelican.

■'.\t least twice each year, in the breed-
ing-season of these birds, I visit their nest-
ing-places and carefully note the species
of fish they l)ring to their young. These

iq6

Bird- Lore

consist almost entirely of menhaden and
other small, bony fish that they catch far
out in the ocean.

"The Pelican is a harmless, very inter-
esting and companionable old fellow, a
very great attraction to the many thou-
sands of persons that annually visit both
coasts of Flo ida, and its extermination
would not in my opinion better the fisiiins
conditions in Florida.

"Referring again to the fishermen, I
may mention that although more lish
have been killed by the cold water this
winter than ever known before, fishermen
are making unusually large catches on the
East Coast, and I have heard no complaints
against the Pelican from this quarter."
(Signed) B. J. Pacetti,
Inspector of Federal Bird Reservations.

"I am sorry to hear that this question
has been brought up again about the
Pelicans destroying food-fish. I am not
very familiar with conditions on the Gulf
Coast, but I know it is not the case here.
.\nswering these questions in order —

"i. The Pelicans here feed almost
entirely on menhaden which are not a
food-fish.

"2. The birds have been known to
take a few fish out of set nets sometimes,
if left too late in the morning. This is
the only interference they have been
guilty of, and this has never been serious.

"3. As to their not being useful as
scavengers, one has only to pay a visit
to the fishhouses during a good run of fish,
and they will see the birds gathering in all
the foul fish thrown overboard, which
would otherwise float ashore, create a
nuisance, and be a menace to health.
Regarding the reduced catches of fish,
this is caused mainly by the fisherman's
own greediness. There has been no law-
framed yet that the fishermen have not
broken. The chief trouble is that the size
of mesh in nets has been steadilv reduced
until now they are catching fish unfit for
market, and unless something is done soon,
the fishing business will be a thing of the
past, especially if the new ruling of the
food control is adopted to take ofT all
restrictions for the period of the war.

"There is more damage done to fish
by one small school of porpoises than ail
our birds, and yet they are not condemned,
and if we destroy the Pelicans, the other
water-birds would also have to go, as
most of them eat fish. When I first came
to this country, in 1881, these waters were
teeming with fish of all kinds — evidently
the birds had not reduced them any at
that time — but after netting started it was
soon possible to see a difference.

"At present, fishing is getting to be so

poor in these waters that many of the
fishermen are leaving for other points.

"In view of the foregoing I cannot see
a good reason for condemning these birds
at present. The fishermen are catching out
the fish, and if we destroy the birds it
will be a bare country indeed. There are
so many people that find pleasure in see-
ing them. They would miss the bird-life
very much indeed.

"Several years ago I sent the Depart-
ment of Agriculture a supply of fish
gathered at the Island, and it will be on
record as to what kinds are mostly used
here to feed young. .\t that time we found
they used mostly menhaden, a few thread
herring, butterfish, porgies, and other
sea-fish; there were very few river-fish,
such as mullet, sea-trout, whiting, or
others.

"I enclose clipping that bears on this
question. It will be seen from this that
the restrictions were the cause of the
reduced catches, as the Pelicans do not go
that far, and the birds were never known
to catch the kinds mentioned here.

"If the Food Administration will in-
vestigate this, I can show them the reason
for the reduced catches. I can show them
sea-trout brought in (caught in seines),
6 inches long, which, if allowed to grow
would be 24 inches in two years, and
weigh fifteen pounds. Is it any wonder
that the fish are giving out? We have good
laws to protect the fish, but the large
dealers always manage to break them."
(Signed) P. Kroegel, Warden,
Pelican Island Bird Reservation, Fla.

"In reply to your communication I
would state that from my close observa
tion of the Pelican and his habits, I cannot
understand how one could say that he
destroys millions of pounds of food-fish.
I find that he lives chiefly on small mullets
and sardines, which are not classified as
food-fish in this section. How the birds
could interfere materially with the fisher-
men is not within my power to say, since
I know of no way that they could. The
number of Pelicans in this section today
is 50 per cent less than three years ago.

"What really is destroying the food-
fish and shrimp today, more than any
other known enemy, is the shrimp-seines,
that in their search for shrimp catch
millions of small fish which are left to
die upon the shores. This is one of the
greatest enemies that we have today. In
the operation of the seines, millions of
fish are caught in the meshes, and while
hauling them for hundreds of yards through
the water, they become entangled in the
seinc-meshes and are frequently dead,
even before the haul is complete. It will

The Audubon Societies

197

only be a question of time when the food-
tish of this section will be destroyed by the
seines, and not the Pelican."

(Signed) Capt. William M. Sprinkle,
Warden, Breton Island Bird Reservation,
La.

"While it is not possible to point out
the positive benefit done by Pelicans, it is
certain that the damage done by them is
by no means so great as claimed. Pelicans
feed indiscriminately upon whate\'er fishes
are available, hence make only a minor
proportion of their diet of fishes custom-
arily used as food for man, since these
fishes themselves are in the minority
among fishes in general. The Pelicans'
habit of feeding only in shoal water also
prevents them from destroying some of the
valuable fishes; in fact, most commercial
fishes are caught in depths of water which
are untouched by Pelicans.

"Finally, there must be kept in mind
the risk of disturbing the balance of nature.
In the course of ages Pelicans and their
living environment have become fitted to
each other in such a waj' that the existence
of neither the birds nor their prey was
endangered. No one can predict what
might occur were the balance seriously
disturbed."

(Signed) E. W. Nelson,
Chief, U . S. Biological Survey.

"I am not surprised to learn that the
fishermen of the Gulf region are using the
Food Administration to advance their
attack on the Pelican. As a nature-lover who
does not reduce every living creature to
terms of dollars and cents, I am, of course,
unalterably opposed to their demands.
The colonial nesting-habits of Pelicans
would make it possil)le practically to e.xter-
minate them in a season, anri before we
take a step which never could be undone,
and rob our coasts of their most interesting
and picturesciue form of life, we should be
absolutely sure that we are right and that
the Pelican is as destructive as it is said
to be. I claim that the case against it is
not i^roven for the following reasons:

"/•"irv/, on the east coast of I'lorida —
a region with which I am familiar — fish
were far more abundant when Pelicans
were more numerous.

"On the coast of I'eru — a region I also
know from personal experience — Pelicans
are more abundant than in any other pari
of the world, with no decrease in the food-
fish of that region.

"Second, in east Florida waters, Peii-
( ans, in my experience, feed chiclly on
inedible fish — like menhaden.

"I'liird, Pelicans feed in the main on
fish too small to be marketed and a \er\'

large proportion of which would not live to
reach maturity, if they were not taken by
Pelicans.

''Fourth, Pelicans take a fish here and
another there, and cruise over a com-
paratively wide area, so that at the most
their total catch has no appreciable effect
on the local fish-life.

"It would be far more to the point if
fishermen were to observe the laws de-
signed to protect fish and not blame the
Pelican for conditions which they have
brought about through their own short-
sightedness."

(Signed) Frank M. Chapman.

"There was a large gathering in this
city of the various people interested in
fish and the Food Commissioners of
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia,
and Florida. A resolution was introduced
along the lines suggested in your letter to
exterminate all fish-eating birds. I was
requested to answer this statement, based
on the fact that for many years I have
hunted, fished and cruised over a large part
of the Gulf.

"My firm belief is that nature provided
the bird as a valuable adjunct to the fish.
An immense amount of the food for the
various game-fish which thrive in the
waters of the Gulf are represented by
minnows and other small fish which are
unsuitable for food. Many of these fish
cannot capture their food when it is on
the surface of the water. The various Gulls
and Terns drive these small fish under the
water where they are promptly used as
food by mackerel, trout, redfish, and vast
numbers of other game- and table-fish.

"The same applies in regard to the
sardines, or menhaden, which are very
plentiful in the waters of the Gulf. None
of these small fish are edible, and by
countless millions they furnish food to
what we call food-fish. .-Mmost without
exception, where you find quantities of
birds, you find quantities of bait of all
kinds. Repeatedly have I seen schools of
shrimp running right along the surface of
the water, where it was rliflicult for the
game-fish to capture them because they
skim right along the surface, but on the
appearance of a few Gulls, these shrimp
would be driven below the surface and
furnish food to all varieties of table-fish.

"The principal charge I have heard
against the Pelican is his consumplicm of
inullet. My judgment is that this is
rather limited in comi)arison with his con-
sumption of sardines, and with the wonder-
ful reproductive powers of the mullet,
the small amount consumed by the Pelican
does not seriously interfere with our food
supply.

198

Bird -Lore

"Nature itself seems to have provided
that birds and fish each work to help the
other, and my plea against the extermina-
tion of the bird seems to have fallen on
very fertile soil, because, without a single
exception, every fisherman present cor-
roborated the statements made, and the
importance of the conservation of bird-
life, due, first, to their enormous destruc-
tion of insects of every character, and,

second, to the fact which I emphasize, that
they are of very great assistance to the fish
in driving their food where it can be readily
caught.

"I hope this brief information will be of
some value to you, and would appreciate
corroboration of my views from your
records."

fSigned) John M. Parker,

New Orleans, La.

EGRET PROTECTION THREATENED

Every year the Association collects,
from its members and friends, contribu-
tions to be used for the specific purpose of
extending protection to the white Egrets
that are killed to get the 'aigrette' for the
millinery trade. This support in the past
has been sufficiently generous to enable the
Association to accomplish a number of
notable results. For example, the passage
of the law in New York state which pro-
hibits the sale of these feathers, as well as
the feathers of other native protected
birds within the borders of the Common-
wealth.

Also, the Association was able to wage
a campaign in Pennsylvania for the pas-
sage of a law which made it illegal to sell
these trophies in that state. Similar
campaigns have been conducted else-
where, and now the laws of fourteen states
prohibit merchants from dealing in these
feathers. We have been able to cooperate
with the State Game Protective officials
in New York and elsewhere in bringing
numbers of law-breakers to justice, who
were forced to pay large fines for illegally
selling aigrettes.

Every spring, men are employed to
guard the few remaining breeding colonies
of these birds, in so far as it has been
possible to locate them in the southern
states. This exceedingly dangerous warden
work is carried on by guards hired during
the spring months for the purpose. There
is not the slightest doubt but what the
Egrets in the South Atlantic States would
today be on the very verge of absolute
extinction but for the efforts of the Asso-
ciation.

Sometimes money is slow in coming in,
and the birds not infrequently have suffered

as a result. The Association cannot hire a
man and send him into the swamps to
guard a colony of birds unless it has money
to pay for this service, and there have been
a number of instances in recent years
when, through lack of funds to employ
wardens, colonies of Egrets have been
shot for their feathers, and the unattended
young left to perish in the nests.

It now appears that a number of colonies
will have to be left unguarded the pres-
ent spring because of lack of funds. In
several instances $100 is enough to save
a colony through the breeding-season; in
other cases $50 is a sufficient amount. If
the bird-lovers of the country want this
interesting bird spared and brought back
in numbers, the Association has the
machinery and experience with which to
do it.

We hope that these remarks will be
read by some members who may at once
feel disposed to contribute something to
this work.

The following record shows a list of the
contributions, for Egret protection efforts,
which were received between October .20,
1917, and March i, igi8.

Contributors to the Egret Fund

Balance unexpended from 1Q17,

as per Annual Report .... $870 15

Adams, William C i 00

Allen, Miss Gertrude 15 00

.\llen, Mary P 15 00

.\mes, Mrs. J. B 5 00

Ayres, Miss Mary A 5 00

Barclay, Miss Emily 5 00

Beall, Mrs. LA 5 00

Bignell, Mrs. Effie i 00

Blackwelder, Eliot i 00

Bond, Miss Mary Louise .... i 00

Bonham, Miss Elizabeth S. . . . 5 00

The Audubon Societies

199

Bonham, Mrs. Horace S25 00

Boynton, Mrs. C. H i 00

Brent, Mrs. Duncan K 2 00

Brock, Mrs. Robert C. H. . . . 5 00

Brooks, Mrs. Shepherd 5 00

Brown, D. J 2 00

Burgess, E. Phillips 3 00

Burt, Miss Edith 2 00

Bush, W. T 5 GO

Busk, Fred T 5 00

Button, Conyers 10 00

Carse, Miss Harriet 2 00

Clark, Mrs. Louise 2 00

Clarke, Mrs. E. A. S 5 00

Cox, John L T 00

Cristy, Mrs. H. \V 2 00

Cummings, Mrs. H. K i 00

Curie, Charles 5 00

Cutter, Ralph Ladd 5 00

Dabney, Herbert 2 00

Daniels, Mrs. E. A i 00

Day, Miss Carrie E 5 00

De Forest, Mrs. Robert W. ... 5 00

de la Rive, Miss Rachel .... 5 00

Dexter, Stanley W 5 00

Dwight, Mrs. M. E 2 00

Eaton, Mary S 5 00

Emery, Miss Georgia Hill ... 25 00

Emery, Miss Georgiana i 00

Emery, Miss Louisa J i 00

Emmons, Mrs. A. B 5 00

Emmons, Mrs. R. W., 2d ... 10 00
Ensign, Charles S. (In Memo-

riam) 2 00

Ettorre, Mrs. F. F i 00

Evans, William B 4 00

Faulkner, Miss F'annie M. . . . 10 00

Forbes, Mrs. M. J 5 00

Franklin, Mrs. M. L 10 00

Friedman, Mrs. Max 2 00

Fries, Miss Emilie i 00

Fuguet, Stephen 5 00

Galpin, Miss Ruth 5 00

Gilbert, Mrs. Frederick M. . . 5 00

Godeflroy, Mrs. E. H 10 00

(joodwin, George R 5 00

GrifFin, Mrs. Solomon B 3 00

Haskell, Miss Helen P 2 00

Hathaway, Harry S 2 00

Hopkins, Miss Augusta D. . 3 00

Horr, Miss Elizabeth . 5 00

Horton, Miss F. E 2 00

Hoyt, Miss G. L. . . 5 00

Hugleson, Mrs. Walter 10 00

Hunter, William T., Jr. i 00

Jewett, William K.. . 5 00

Jones, Miss Ella H. 3 00

Jopson, Dr. and Mrs. John 11. 1 00

Jordan, A. H. B 20 00

Kennedy, Mrs. John S. 10 00

Kerr, Mrs. T. B i 00

Knowlton, Mrs. Myra R. . . . S3 00

Kuhn, Arthur K 5 00

Lagowitz, Miss Harriet L. . . . i 00

Lehman, Meyer H 2 50

Lewis, Edwin J., Jr i 00

Lincoln, Mrs. Lowell 2 00

McGowan, Mrs. John E 5 00

Mann, James R i 00

Marrs, Mrs. Kingsmill 5 00

Marsh, Spencer S i 00

Mason, G. A 5 00

Mason, H. L., Jr 5 00

Montell, Mr. and Mrs. F. M. . . 2 50

Moore, Alfred 5 00

Mott, Miss Marian 5 00

Nice, Mrs. Margaret M 3 00

Osborne, Arthur A i 00

Parker, Mrs. W. R 3 00

Patton, Mrs. Margaret S. . . . 5 00

Peck, Dr. Elizabeth L i 00

Penfold, Edmund lo 00

Phelps, Miss Frances 10 00

Rhoads, S. N i 50

Richards, Mrs. L. S 5 00

Righter, William S 5 00

Robbins, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. . . 20 00

Saunders, Charles G 2 50

Schweppe, Mrs. H. M i 00

Sexton, Mrs. Edward B 5 co

Shaw, Mrs. G. H 5 00

Shoemaker, Henry W 10 00

Simpson, Miss Jean W 5 00

Small, Miss A. M 3 00

Spachman, Miss Emily S. . . . 2 00

Spalter, Mrs. F. B i 50

Spong, Mrs. J. J. R 50 00

Sturgis, F. K 5 00

Thorndike, Mrs. Augustus ... i 00

Timmerman, Miss Edith E. i 50

Toussaint, Mrs. L. H 3 00

Tower, Ellen M 5 00

Tower, Mrs. Kate D.. i 00

Townley, Mrs. John L. i 00

Tyler, W. G 2 00

Vaillant, Mrs. G. H. . 3 00

Van Name, Willard (i 15 00

Vermilye, Miss J. T 2 00

Von Zedlitz, Mrs. Anna 2 00

Walker, Miss Mary .\. 2 00

Wharton, William P. 100 00

Whitney, Miss Ellen F. i 00

Wilkins, Miss Laura i 50

Willcox, Miss M. .\. . 10 00

Williams, (ieorge F. 5 00

Williams, Mrs. Sydney M. 2 00

Wilson, Mrs. G. (i. . i 00

Woodward, Dr. S. B. 5 00

Wright, Miss Mary .\. 2 00

Total

Si,()oo 05

200

Bird - Lore

NEW LIFE MEMBERS

Enrolled from October 20, 1917, to March 1, 1918

Abell, Mrs. Edwin F.
Ackley, Miss Adeline E.
Agassiz, G. R.
"A Friend"
Allerton, Mrs. S. W.
Anderson, Frank Bartow
Ashmun, Mrs. B. I.
Bancroft, Wilder D.
Bassett, Mrs. Robert J.
Batchcller, Robert
Bemis, Albert F.
Blanchard, Miss Sarah H.
Boericke, Harold
Bourn, W. B.
Branch, Miss Effie K.
Buhl, Arthur H.
Burrall, Mrs. E. M.
Chapin, Mrs. Charles A.
Chase, Miss Helen E.
Codman, Miss Catherine A.
Coe, Miss Ella S.
Coe, Thomas Upham
Cole, Miss Ella M.
Colfelt, Mrs. Rebecca McM.
Collins, Mrs. Charles H.
Comstock, Mrs. Robert H.
Coolidge, T. Jefferson
Corrigan, James W.
Cranston, Miss Louise
Crocker, C. T.
Curtis, Roy A.
Dabney, F. L.
Dimock, Mrs. Henry F.
Dobyne, Miss Margaret M.
Ellis, William D.
Emery, Miss Georgia Hill
Eustis, Mrs. Herbert H.
Everett, Edward H.
Follin, M. D.
Folson, Miss M. G.
Garvan, Francis P.
Gifford, James M.
Glassell, Andrew
Godfrey, Miss Adelaide E.
Gordon, Mrs. Donald
Grasselli, C. A.
Hanna, H. M., Jr.
Hanna, Miss Mary

Hecker, Frank J.

Hill, Mrs. James J.

Hinckley, Mrs. M. V.

Hunnewell, Mrs. Arthur

Huntington, H. E.

Hyde, Mrs. Clarence M.

Iselin, Columbus O'D.

Jaffray, Robert

Jordan, Miss Jeannette A.

Kimball, Mrs. Arthur R.

Longyear, John M.

McCormick, Mrs. R. S.

McOwen, Frederick

Miller, Charles Kingsbury

Morrill, Miss Amelia

Morris, Effingham

Morse, Mrs. Waldo G.

Mudd, Dr. Harvey G.

Olds, R. E.

Osborn, Frederick

Pagenstecker, Albrecht

Perkins, William H.

Richardson, Mrs. Charles F.

Rockwood, Mrs. George I.

Rogers, Miss Ella A.

Shead, Mrs. Lucia W.

Silsbee, Thomas

Smith, Frank A.

Starkweather, Mrs. J. X.

Stone, Charles A.

Talcott, George S.

Troescher, A. F.

Tuttle, Arthur J.

Upham, Frederic W.

Upmann, Albert

Vaux, Miss Meta

Wallace, Col. Cranmore N.

Warner, Lucien C.

Weeks, Hon. John W.

Whitfield, Miss Estelle

Whitman, William

Williams, Mrs. C. Duane

Winchester Repeating Arms Co.

Wood, Walter

Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius
During the same period there have also
been enrolled 245 new sustaining members
and :i;^ new contributors.

1 . PHAINOPEPLA, Adult Male

2. PHAINOPEPLA. Female

3. BOHEMIAN WAXWING, Adult

4. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Adult

5. CEDAR WAXWING. Adult

6. CEDAR WAXWING, Young
(One-half natural size)

2^irb=1lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XX May— June, 1918 No. 3

Three Years After*

SOME NOTES ON BIRDCRAFT SANCTUARY, FAIRFIELD, CONN.
By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

I'^HERE are many projects connected with all ethical movements,
covering some phases of general nature-study and bird-j^rotection,
that are born of waves of enthusiasm and public acclaim and then,
lacking both nourishment and practical motive, cease to be.

At the public opening of Birdcraft Sanctuary, over three years ago, en-
thusiasm there was and much praise for all the details of construction, but
certain ultra-practical folk put the question, "Exactly what do you expect to
accomplish in these ten acres that may not be compassed in any similar piece of
ground, without so much {^reparation and expense?" Also, "Will not the
nearby public in a short time tire of the limited museum exhibit and cease to
come?"

To both these Cjueries the answer was "We shall see; tinn' only can ])rove.''
Then those three ha\ing this side of the work in charge spent a greater ])arl of
the lirst year in following the natural course of events in the Sanctuary, as
well as taking note of the people who visited the museum ; the various comments
upon the work already done being a guide to what should be developrd to
meet the popular needs, as well as those of l)ir(l-i)rotection.

It did not take us long to I'md that the general public can best l)e taught
to name the birds accurately from seeing them at close range in the museum,
for it requires a special aptitude to group markings and color scheme as shown
ill a flitting wild bird, e\en when seen through a lield-glass.

Hut when half-a-dozen birds are studied at short range through the picture
groujjs in the cases, the novice has a series for mental comparison out-of-
doors.

Straightway we added a second unit to tlu' nni>eum, to carry out in gn-ati-r
detail the seasonal scheme of the first room.

*Uiiii) I.ORK for Jiily-AuKUst, ims, |>ul)iishcil a pajx-r liy Mrs WriKlit u|>i>n itii- intc|>li»n aii<l matinif
of Kinlcraft Sanctuary, owned by the .'\u<liil>on Society of the Slate of ("onnectirut.

LD ORCHARD FROM THE OVERLOOK
Photographed by Wilbur F. Smith

BIRnCRAl' I lUNCAi.dU , WAKDKN'S HOME > - ■ > . \1 M I I I 1. 1, KowM wi

THE CONNECTICUT AUDUBUN SOCIETY

Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright

(202)

Three Years After

203

In the second unit there are three large picture groups: (i) One of Ducks
and other Shore-birds of the New England coast. (2) A wood scene, with per-
spective glimpses of hills and meadows, against which are grouped many of
the birds of prey and the chief mammals of Connecticut, shown because of
the relation of some to the destruction of game-birds, i. e., a gray fox is shown
stalking some Quail while the fox cub in its den is nosing the remains of a
RufTed Grouse, etc. (3) A picture group of the Sanctuary itself is used to
show all the birds that have either nested therein, rested there during the
migrations, or been its winter guests. The value of this group is to show
students the scope of bird-life that may be found in the neighborhood, as the

•■fyi??^j

A VlMlOk

records kept by the warden place the (lisi)lay upon a scientific basis and
eliminate anything like guesswork.

The arrangement of our little museum aimsal doing awa\' with iheconfusion
that falls upon the amateur when \isiting great collections, for we limit our-
.sclves to lairds common to Connecticut, and, in addition lo the picture grt)ups,
we are developing three "study cases" wherein the birds are shown in |)airs,
or male, female and immature, and plainly labeled.

Have people tired of the exhibit? No. Those who came at tir>l from mere
curiosity, came again with interested friends. Teachers make \isits a rewani
of merit for their Junior Classes, and automobilists leave the i)ost-road lo "lake
in Hirdi raft." Our last annual record of visitors was 6,200 peo|)le, a small nuni-
l)er for a tit\ nui>eum. but \erv signiticant for a rural, cottage affair. The use

204

Bird - Lore

TilE IHKASHKR IN MOLTING IIME
Photographed by Wilbur F. Smith

of the tfround inside the so-callefl cal-proof fence is confined to accredited

adult l)ir(l-slu(leiUs admitted l)y personal card. To carry out the purpose of the

place, there must be a degree of quiet that
cannot be had in a semi-public resort.
Neither is general bird photography
allowed; birds can be disturbed and
driven from their haunts by rearranging
the surroundings of their nests as surely
as by shotguns or egg-collectors.

The record of birds seen in 191 7 was
as follows: Species seen, 147. Species
nesting in Sanctuary, 24 — with 102 indi-
vidual nests, as listed below: Robin, 22;
Wrens, 13; Song Sparrow, 13; Field
Sparrow, 11; Catbird, 8; Brown Thrash-
ers, 5; American Goldfinches, 2; Cedar

^- '~'HBH Waxwing, i; Bluebirds, 2; Maryland

'^' Bh^ Yellow-throats, 3; Blue-winged Warbler,

I ; Towhee, 3 ; Great-crested Fly-catcher,
i; Chat, i; Black-billed Cuckoo, 2;
Phoebe, i ; Wood Pewee, i ; Flicker,

4; Rose-breasted Grosbeak, i; Screech Owl, i; Red-eyed Vireo, 2; Chimney

Swift, 2; Quail, i covey of 7.

One-hundred and thirty birds killed b}- natural causes were brought in by

children. Permission having been given
us l)y the State Commission of Fish and
Game to retain these birds, they were

||| j^ ^^^^H mounted by the warden, who is a

taxidermist, for the museum, and dupli-
cates kept as "skins" for exchange.

If this great annual loss of bird-life
could be more frecjuently saved from
waste by this method, it would be pos-
sible to form small collections for school
study without taking the life of a bird.

The indi\idual birds and mammals
taken in the Sanctuary are as follows (we
have a state permit to destroy any bird
that is detrimental to the Sanctuary),
during 1917-1918:

English Sparrows, 269; European
THE THRASHER THAT WINTERED Starlings, 542. Thcsc two spccics destroy

Photographed by Wilbur F. Smith thc UCStS t)f Uiorc UScful birds and COn-

Three Years After

205

A ROBIX TENANT

I liicL .i,iy» after hatching this liird lost his wife a
raised the brood alone
Photofiraphed by Wilbur !•'. Smith

thereafter

sume, not only the natural
food of native species, but
great quantities of the
grain, berries, etc., for
winter feeding.

Purple Crackles, 28;
Crows, 12. These birds
break up nests, we find,
while the Crow we have
proven to be an egg and
squab thief to such a
degree that, whatever
good he may do under
other conditions, he is an
impossibility in a Sanctu-
ary. We use the old
country way of placing
l)oison in hens' eggs, by
punching a small hole in
one end and stirring in
the poison with a straw.

I'HorcxiKAi'iiiNr. a robin ri:N\Nr

Hy Wilbur K. Smith

2o6

Bird - Lore

Hide ihc cti^s where \vc will, the Crows always line! and eat them, proving
equally their menace to poultry-raisers. This method would be unsafe in
any but land enclosed like the Sanctuary. We also trapped: Sparrow Hawks,
4; Red-shouldered Hawks, ,:;; Long-eared Owls, 2; Barred Owls, i; Screech
Owls, i; Sharp-shinned Hawks, 4; Cooper's Hawks, 3; Northern Shrikes,
14 (26 seen). (All birds of prey are caught in a trap with padded jaws, so that
harmless and protected species like the Owls may be liberated unhurt.)

The Red-shouldered Hawks are always set free when caught, as the warden
finds them great destroyers of rodents, and has as yet failed to see them harry
the birds.

A CHRISTMAS SHKAI' FOR THE J UNCUS AM) 1 RKK SPARROWS

The Northern Shrikes, next to the Sharp-shinned Hawks, have proved the
most ruthless harriers of our winter birds in the Sanctuary. They also gave ex-
hibits of their "butcher bird" habits by impaling victims on the barbs ot the fence.

Valuable and precise data on the cat question has been collected during these
three years, when 107 cats have been taken in the enclosed grounds of Bird-
craft, 24 having worked their way between the barbs and over the top of the
"cat-proof fence! While 50 of these cats might be classed as homeless wan-
derers, the others were well-fed adult cats in whom the bird-hunting instinct
was so dominant that they would take great risks to satisfy it. This type
of cat, together with Crows, we are convinced, causes quite as great losses to
poultry-raisers as all the Hawks combined.

Three Years After

207

It can he easily seen that by feeding and housing more than an average
number of birds in a given area, their natural enemies are attracted and
increased, so that it is of little avail to create a so-called Sanctuarv unless
constant protection from a resident warden is supplied.

In addition to general supervision, our warden makes his rounds early in
the morning and at twilight, on the lookout for unusual happenings and new
arrivals. Predaceous mammals, and the like, must be looked for, and his catch
of detrimentals for the past year includes
21 rats, I skunk (who helped himself to
eggs meant for the Crows), i weasel, and
17 striped snakes, we having decided to
destroy these because of the harm that
we have found that they did in breaking
up the nests of Song and Field Sparrows,
while the small Owls and Red-shouldered
Hawks can be trusted to keep down
such rodents as the snakes would destroy.

One lesson can be learned through
our experience by those wishing to put
u{) Ijird- houses — do not place them at
random or too near together as if your
garden was a salesroom. With a few
gregarious exceptions, birds like privacy,
and one house should not be within sight
of another. Then, too, the houses of
simplest construction find the readiest
tenants. A long, squared box with the
proper ojjening at top and a few chips
and shavings inside will suit a Flicker or
Screech Owl as well as the elaborate
von Berlepsch construction, proving that
American birds, like American people,
have no use for German Kiiltiir.

We have found a double reason
for clearing out bird-boxes during the
winter. In half a dozen cases the white-footed or deer mouse has made a .soft
nest in them, and in one Wren box a family of ten was wintering. This house
and contents, carefull\- mounti-d, is an object of interest in one t)f the stud\-
cases.

Among the notable birds thai iiave adojjted our home-made houses is the
Great-crested Flycatcher, who was (|uite at home in a decaxed ap|)Ie stub
with a bark roof.

A natural brush-heap, su|)plemented from lime lo time, is i)arlicularl\

l,Ki:.\r (RliSTED 1LV( atchkr
ITS NESTINC.-BOX
PhotoKraphcd by \Vill)ur !•'. Smith

\M>

20S

Bird- Lore

aUraclivc [o the lirowii Thrashers, who arc last hecomiiiK regular visitors
to the feeding-shelf in spile of alleged shyness. A j)air of Thrashers made up
their mind to winter with us. The female succumbed after Christmas, during
the first zero weather, but the male lived on, roosting in some salt hay that
packed pipes under the north porch, feeding upon cornbread, meat-scraps, and
the like and sunning every day under the shelter of a bank.

On Monday, .-Xpril i, he began to sing in a broken fashion, while on the
loth he burst into full soiii^I This seems to me an im])orlant record, as the

KlI.KASlXCi A LONG-EARED OWL— A SIl li\ IN EXPRESSION
IMiotnfjraphcd by Mabel Osgood Wriglil

migrant Thrashers are not due until the last week t)f April and rarely sing
until Ma\' i.

During the winter si.x Acadian Owls were recorded. One was picked up in
a half-frozen stale and after being thawed out, was put in a cage and fed
with pieces of English Sparrows and Starlings that the warden caught for
it. After a time the cage was placed in the cellar, which is light and above
freezing temperature. The Owl was let fly about, so that it might keep its
wing action until the weather was mild enough to liberate it safely. The
cellar had been overrun with meadow mice and white-foots. Suddenly the
warden discovered that the little Acadian was catching them as cleverly as
the most experienced cat or human mouse-catcher. In a short time the cellar

Three Years After

209

WARDEN' MOWING A TRAIL THROUGH A I HH KM itl IINK STEEI'LK \\\:><\\
Photographed by Wilbur F. Smith

was cnlircl}' clocUicd and when the Owl was set free in March, he had paid
well for his board and lodging.

The having of a bird student as warden in Birdcraft makes it a gathering-
place for those who have tales to tell of their local experiences, and allows these
stories either to be proven by him or disproved with authority. This also helps
the warden to keep in touch with local bird-life through the specimens brought

Kl.liUI\i.> 1^1. A NO

2IO

Bird - Lore

in for mouiiling and he is able to control, in a measure, illegal shooting hy refus-
ing to mount the specimens shot and reporting them to the county warden.

As an instance of establishing a local record — word was brought to him
during the January zero weather that from three to live Wilson's Snipe were
living in a marsh meadow one-fourth of a mile away. The first impulse was to
laugh at the report, but as the boy's story was backed up by others, our
warden went to investigate. The Snipe were there and a record established,
the secret of the open bit of marsh being the exhaust-steam pipe from a
nearby factory which kept open ground for the Snipe through this bitter
winter.

First and last, Birdcraft is proving itself a place to answer truly the ques-
tions of the bird-lover and student, questions asked both by eye and tongue,
and to help its visitors think for themselves. Is not this "making good"?

Little by little native butterflies and moths will appear in the study case and
some of the vanishing wild flowers find their natural habitats in the Sanctuary,
so that the economic relation between flowers, insects, and birds, may be made
])lain, but this will be another story. Nature's plan is eternity!.

ONE PIPE FOR TWO.— A CHICKADEE SHARES THE WARDEN'S CORN-COB

A Blameless Cat

By W^ILLIAM BREWSTER

"Sans pew cl sans reproche" might be said of her no less appropriately than
it was of the illustrious Chevalier Bayard in days of old. What matters it
that she catches no mice, since birds are similarly immume from her attack!
She sits beside me now, this maltese-and-white pussy, gazing intently at the
two dogs lying at my feet, whose eyes are correspondingly fixed on her. Just
how and why she came to be so installed — nay even cherished — in a household
not overgiven to favoring such a pet may interest Bird- Lore's readers. It
happened thus.

Like many another elsewhere in New England, the grassy dooryard, looked
upon from southern windows of our old farmhouse at Concord, Mass.,
is shaded by large elms and partly enclosed within moss-grown stone walls
overrun by poison ivy and fringed with barberry, elder, and other bushes. It
has also bordering flower-beds and two pools of water, one deep enough to
harbor iish, frogs, and turtles, the other shallow enough for birds to drink and
bathe in fearlessly. From it a lane, similarly walled and leaf-screened, leads to
woodlands not far away. Thus conditioned and environed, the dooryard does
not fail, of course, to attract various birds and other creatures, including some
ungiven to venturing equally near human habitations. Chipmunks inhabit it
numerously at every season — although not seen in winter, when hibernating
underground. They have troubled us increasingly within recent years by dig-
ging up and eating the bulbs of crocuses, tulips, and other early-flowering
plants. These depredations became so frequent and widespread last spring
that we could no longer tolerate them. The chipmunks might easily have been
shot or trapped but were not, for their familiar and ever-pleasing presence
was even more valued than that of the flowers they destroyed. How to safe-
guard the latter without losing the former was therefore the problem lh;U must
be solved. We first tried small-meshed wire netting, spread out flat over the
beds, Init it impeded plant-growth, and the squirrels soon learned to burrow
under it. Their evident fear of prowling cats, who sometimes justifled it 1)\-
preying on them, was next thought of as something that might be employed
to our advantage. For obvious reasons, no living cat was desired about the place,
hut the stuffed skin of what once had been one would perhaps serve ciuite as
well or better. So the maltese-and-white pussy mentioned in the |>relude to
this narrative was purchased from the M. Abbott Frazar Company, Boston
taxidermists. Admirably mounted, in an altitude characteristic of all her tribe
when on the watch for prey, and having glaring yellow eyes, she was so very
liftlike that to come on her suddenly amid rank herbage seldom failed to
startli- niLinlKTs of our household ignorant or forgetful of her presence there.
As for the chipmunks, the merest glimpse of her sutYiced to till them with such
abiding terror that for days afterward they dared not return to any spot where

(211)

212 Bird -Lore

she had been eiuounlered. It might have proved otherwise with them had we
not fre(iuently moved her from place to ])lace, always so screening her that she
could he \iewed from one direction only— a i)lan equally necessary to adopt
in dealing with scarecrows, unless one be willing to have them contemptuously
ignored bv intelligent Crows, as hai)])ens so often in New England corntlelds
and elsewhere.

Tims managed, our stufied cat safeguarded the bulbs through that entire
spring, yet banished the chipmunks no further than to neighboring stone walls,
along which they cyntinued to scamper freely, or to a well-curb still nearer
the house, whereon they loved to bask in warm sunlight. Her effect on birds
then nesting in or near the dooryard was different and less jileasing. For
whenever it became known to them that she was lurking there, Robins, Cat-
jjirds, Wrens, Song Sparrows, Orioles, and others asssembled, fluttering as
close about her as they dared, uttering cries of alarm or protest which sometimes
swelled into clamor so disturl)ing that we had to remove her from their sight.

After thus accomplishing all that had been desired of her at Concord, the
inanimate juiss was taken to Camljridge later in the year, and there rendered
similar useful service by preventing certain birds from eating fruit which we
did not care to let them have. Numerous Starlings, especially coxeting that of
our Parkman's apjile tree, were kept away from it by the cat until at length one
of tluni found opportunity to watch the placing of her in the tree. What he
then saw must have been correctly interpreted and also ])romptly communicated
to the other members of the flock, for they soon returned to resume their
interrupted feast and thereafter took no ap])arent notice of the cat. All this
transpired within my view. It suggested that Starlings may not only observe,
but also reason, shrewdly. Doubtless there are many other birds no less
gifted with such intelligence.

The foregoing testimon)' should convince at least some of those who read
it that a stuffed cat may be better worth her keej) than a living one — especially
in limes of food scarcity like these. If, during the continuance of her allotted
nine lives, such an animal may occasionalh^ have employed a dolorous voice to
shatter midnight cjuiet, or needle-pointed claws to transfix defenceless little
birds or beasts, what does it matter now? .\11 such transgression must of
necessity date back to a more or less remote ])ast and hence need give no present
concern to anvone.

The Lark

By EDMUND J. SAWYER

He little knew the modest Lark who said,
^'He sings inspired at high heaven s gate.''

The bird to his own native soil is wed

And sings because enraptured with his mate.

Far more than sky, with sun or starry train,

Green fields, or barren brown, to him are worth.

He seeks no closer view of heav'n to gain;
He soars but for a better view of earth.

'-i'Mt^Htu,

(Hi)

The Whip-poor-will

By MELICENT ENO HUMASON, New Britain, Conn.
Willi I'hotoK'raphs by Leslie \V. Lee

0\E evening, just before dusk, as a friend and I were scrambling over
a rocky wooded ledge, after a long day's tramp in the mountains,
we were suddenly surprised by a low chuckling purr. Gazing through
the dim light, at the spot whence came the sound, we saw a dusky shape quietly
glide into the trees, with the planing, sidelong swoop of a bat. Stealthily it
alighted on a limb almost directly above a hollow of dry chestnut-oak leaves
in which lay two white spotted eggs.

So here was the Whip-poor-will, in this lonely deserted place, on this high
mountain ridge at the top o' the world, with apparently no neighbors to intrude.

We departed from the site as quickly and noiselessly as possible, leaving
her to return in peace; then we rested on a Hchen-mottled rock about 50 feet
away.

It was truly dusk now. The lights in the little cottages of the valley below
glittered with friendly eyes; a wagon rattled down the stony road on its home-
ward journe}-; a dog howled long at some imaginary foe in the thicket; a Scarlet
Tanager uttered his deep chip-chur-r-r; the Wood Thrushes tinkled their
evening bells; and then, close at hand, a full-throated whip-poor-will, whip-
poor-will, many times repeated (once we counted 267 calls, without a second's
intermission) , betokened felicity and happy companionship on the ledge.

Early the next morning we climbed the stony path, bordered by maple-
leaved viburnum and dogwood, to the abode of our newly discovered residents.

Instead of going directly to the nest of the Whip-poor-will, we made a wide
detour around her, approaching her from the rear, over a large rock, which bore
convenient depr essions in the shape of steps.

Long grass grew in the crevices of our excellent staircase, and shiny-berried
Solomon's seal stretched yearningly toward the light.

Climbing, then descending this rock, we mounted another, from the farther
end of which we surveyed the scene — brilliant now in the morning light — of
the night before.

Three trees formed the background and wings, namely, the yellow oak, the
chestnut oak, and the pignut hickory. W^e glanced into the 'spotlight' formed
by the flickering sun. There were no eggs to be seen !

Using our glasses, what had at first appeared to be the end of the rotten
liml) now shaped itself into a brooding bird. Soon we clearly defined the
whiskers, the shut eyes, the sagging mouth. Caught in its sleep, I declare!
At the snap of a twig the 'limb' took wings, and, repeating the sound of the
night before, fluttered, almost stupidly, to a branch only a few feet away from
the eggs. There, the W^hip-poor-will stolidly blinked at us and seemed not
afraid.

(214)

The Whip-poor-will

215

My companion quickly descended the rock toward the eggs, set up his 5 x 7
camera on a tripod, took a picture of the eggs — I cannot say nest, then draped
the camera with sassafras leaves, set it, and came away, carrying with him the
bulb, attached to tubing 25 feet long. Then we crouched behind the stair-
case and awaited proceedings.

Would the Whip-poor-will venture down from her perch, we wondered, with
that fierce machine staring at her, 26 inches from her brooding-place?

wnir-i'(H)k u iij. i.kooi.iN^,

Though we tried to conceal ourselves behind the rock, her eye was upon us,
and though she did not tly to safer distance, neither did she Ijudge an inch
from her location.

We dropped the bulb where we were so insufliciently concealing (?) our-
selves, and strolled to the ledge where we had lingered the previous evening.
Immediately we were settled, in recuml)eiit and ap|)areiitly unconcerned posi-
tions, the Whip-poor-will Hew back lo her nest.

I'ully twenty minutes after her interru|)tion, my com|)anion stealthily
stole u]) the 'back stairs' again, bulb in hand, antl ])eering, with glasses, over
the edge, s|)otted her and sna|)ped. Once, twice, the click resounded 1 could

2l6

Bird -Lore

hear it where I was so anxiously awaiting — but the Whip-poor-will did not
quiver a whisker.

For sixteen days after our discovery of the eggs, we tramped up that rocky
path to our destination, the home of the Whip-poor-will, a three-mile walk
each way. By this time we were exceedingly fond of her; in fact, contrary to
our general custom, we had killed a six-foot blacksnake which was stealthily
crawling upon her unawares, and we awaited the advent of her babies with
much solicitation and joy.

The sixteenth day, the Whip-poor-will whirred up, and there, in the de-
pression of the chestnut-oak leaves, were two little Whip-poor-will babies.

WHIP-POOR-WILL TWINS

Their beaks and heads were plentifully besprinkled with egg-shells, little
particles of which were quite imbedded in their fur. Perhaps one will dis-
pute the possibility of W'hip-poor-wills bearing fur, but I can at least assure
you that these infants bore no resemblance to the young of most birds. In-
stead of being pink, with only wisps of feathers protruding from their skin,
they were completely covered with a nice soft down, which might be likened
to that of a chick. Fragments of shell were scattered on the leaves about them.

After taking a picture of the youngsters, while the mother fluttered wildly
about us, cackling in guttural notes, we hurriedly left the trio.

The next day we revisited the site and found that the young Whip-poor-wills
were begirming to look like their mother, especially around the beak, and that

The Whip-poor-will 217

they were rather inclined to crawl out of their shallow home. A day later we
again walked three miles to pay our respects to the Whip-poor-will family,
but no trace of it remained save a few white chips of egg-shells and two stray
feathers from the faithful bird who had reared so tenderly her 'babes in the
woods.' Doubtless she had carried them to a safer retreat in the forest
depths beyond.

My Nuthatch Tenants and a Pair of Red-Headed Ruffians

By R. W. ■WILLIAMS

TAKOMA PARK is a town of approximately 3,000 population, partly in
the District of Columbia and partly in Maryland. The boundary of
my front yard is the line between the District and Maryland, my home
being wholly within the state. The yard is 100 feet wide and about 175 feet long.
A small stream flows through a part of the premises in the rear. Neighbors,
whose places are about the area of my own, have a goodly supply of shade
trees, largely oaks. I have ten oaks in the yard, the majority standing in a
cluster to the east of the house. In the winter I feed the birds, and during that
season am the host to Jays, White-throated and Song Sparrows, Juncos,
Cardinals, Downy Woodpeckers, Tufted Titmice, Carolina Chickadees, White-
breasted Nuthatches, and, occasionally, a Purple Crackle. One morning in the
latter part of last February, I saw at the same time six male Cardinals sitting
in a small tree in the back yard. At the time of the events about to be narrated,
a pair of Flickers were contentedly housed, and raised their brood, in a box
on one of the oaks in the cluster.

In March last I made a bird-box out of four light boards about 15 inches
long and 6 inches wide, with projecting top and inserted bottom. The three
exposed sides and top I covered with bark. A hole about \)/2 inches in diameter
was bored rather close up under the projecting top. Sometime in the latter
part of the month I nailed this box about 25 feet up on the south side of the
main trunk of one of the oaks in the cluster. During the last days of the month
a pair of White-breasted Nuthatches were frequently seen on and around the
box, and by the end of the first week in April I was most agreeably surprised
to find that they had settled themselves there for the season.

Their antics were comical. I frequently observed one or the other of ihcni
on top of the box or on a nearby limb, swinging its body from side to side for
several minutes at a time, until I wondered if it possibly could escape dizzi-
ness. But they seemed never to tire of this performance and certainly were
physically none the worse for it.

At first they were fairly noisy, but after a while, I suppose when incui)ation
began, they became, and until the young were hatched they continued to be,
(|uii't. I'earing that so unusual a tenant might descTt the box if disturbed, I

2i8 Bird -Lore

was never able definitely to determine when the eggs were deposited, or, for
that matter, much of anything that transpired within the box. They had
not long hatched the young, however, before I discovered that fact by observ-
ing the i)arents carrying food to them.

Bright and happy days for the birds, old and young, ensued, until one
morning before breakfast (May 9) two Red-headed Woodpeckers arrived on
the scene and inspected the box. I did not attach much signiticance to this
and contented myself, before leaving for my office, with frightening them
away by vigorous gesticulations and by small sticks thrown at them. These
methods seemed to suffice for the time. Later in the day, however, I
received a message that the Woodpeckers were enlarging the entrance and
possessing the box, throwing out the young Nuthatches — three having already
been cast to the ground — and altogether evicting the parents, which, grief-
stricken, were looking on from nearby stations. The red-headed ruffians were
at the box when I reached home that afternoon but they disappeared at my
approach. I procured my gun and took a position from which I would be sure
to reach them if they returned. I had not long to wait. One of them alighted
at the entrance of the box. I fired and the bird fell to the ground directly under
the box. Both of the Nuthatches flew to the base of the tree and, clinging
there within a foot of the ground, regarded the Woodpecker for more than a
minute, with exhibitions of keen satisfaction and exultation.

I found another of the young Nuthatches dead a few feet away from the
tree. None of the young birds was mutilated to any extent, from which cir-
cumstance it seems probable that the Woodpeckers were not in quest of food,
but distinctly bent on mischief.

The following morning another Red-head appeared, and 1 promptly dis-
patched him. But, alas, the home of the Nuthatches had been desolated, and,
while for a day or two they would sit upon the box for a few minutes and
occasionally look in the entrance, they never went in, and finally abandoned the
place. I shortly removed the box as the sight of it kept alive in me distressing
recollections of this pathetic incident.

As I write this, some months afterward, 1 can add that, although the Nut-
hatches abandoned the box and its immediate vicinity, they remained in the
neighborhood thereafter and are still here, occasionally feeding on the sun-
flowers in my garden. Provision will be made for them during the coming
winter, and a box will be erected for them in the spring. Red-headed Wood-
peckers, beware!*

*In justice to Red-headed Woodpeckers as a race, I should say that by no means are they all so
demoniacal as those above mentioned. There are good and bad in all races, avian or human, and the
race should not be condemned for the misdeeds of some individuals.

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

IV. THE WAXWINGS AND PHAINOPEPLA

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

(See Frontispiece)

BOHEMIAN WAXWINQ

The North American breeding-range of this boreal bird {BombyciUa garrula)
extends north to northern Mackenzie and northern Alaska; west to western
Alaska and western British Columbia; south to Washington and Montana;
and east to northeastern Manitoba. It winters east to Nova Scotia, and south,
though irregularly, to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, southern
Illinois, Kansas, Colorado, and southern California. It is of casual occurrence
in Arizona.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Hiinlf, Alta

Fort Simpson, Mack..
Fort AndeJrson, Mack
Dawson, Yukon

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

April 7
May iS

Earliest date of
spring arrival

March 21, 1914
April 25, i860
May 10, 1863
May 24, 1899

LOCALITY

N'umber

iif years'

record

Shelter Island, N. Y. . . .

(leneva, N. Y

Bennington, Vt

Scotch Lake, N. B

Montreal, Quebec

Youngstovvn, Ohio

New Bremen, Ohio

Chicago, III

Ann Arbor, Mich

Ottawa, Ont

Sioux City, Iowa

La Crosse, Wis

Minneapolis, Minn

Lincoln, Neb.

Faulkton, S. 1)

.Margaret, Man

Boulder, Colo

Ciilmer, Wyo

Terry, Mont

Gait, Calif

Camp Harney, Ore

Walla Walla, Wash

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Average date of
last one observed

.\pril 20
April 13

February 28

March 18
March 20
March 18
.April I

.Mar(h jj
.\pril 1

March 20

February 2S

Latest date of
last one observed

May 12, 1887
.\pril 27, 1910
April 25, 1915
.April 28, 1905
.\pril 27, 1857
May 14, 1908
January 22, 1910
April 18, 1911
March 10, 1888
March 30, 1897
.'\pril I, 191 2
April 5, 1905
April 25, 187b
March 6, 191 1
March 17, 191 7
.\])ril 10, i90()
.\|)ril 14, 1917
.March 7, 1870
March 31, 1904
March 14, 191 1
March i, 187(1
March 3, 1881
March 22, 1907

(219)

220

Bird - Lore

FALL MIGRATION

Number
LOCALITY of years'
record

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

Moose Camp, Kenai Peninsula,

\laska

October 8, iqos

Iknhel, Alaska

August 8, 1914

LOCALITY

Geneva, N. Y

Dighton, Mass

Lynn, Mass

New Haven, Conn

Ottawa, Ont

Ann Arbor, Mich

New Bremen, Ohio

Chicago, 111 , . .

La Crosse, Wis

Superior, Wis

Minneapolis. Minn

Sioux City, Iowa

Ames, Iowa

Aweme, Man

Lincoln, Neb

Halsey, Neb

Manhattan, Kans

Big Sandy, Mont

Terry, Mont

Fort Bridger, Wyo

Boulder, Colo

Fort Mojave, Ariz

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Walla Walla, Wash

Camp Harney, Ore

Daggett, Calif

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
first one observed

January 3

December b
January 21

December 14
February 7

November 3
November 17

November 6
Decembar 15

November 7

Earliest date of
first one observed

January 9, 1913
December 26, 1885
February 18, 1877
February 11, 1875
November 11, 1883
December 12, 1869
Januarj' i, 1910
November 22, 1906
December 22, 1909
September 20, 1902
October 9, 1888
January 21, 1912
November 21, 1879
October 20, 1903
November 8, 1910
October 27, 1906
December 6, 1879
October 23, 1906
October 25, 1895
December 8, 1857
November 6, 1910
January 10, 1871
October 18, 1905
November 19, 1881
November 23, 1875
December 13, 1910

CEDAR WAXWING

The Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) breeds north to northern Nova
Scotia, northwestern Quebec, northern Ontario, central Manitoba, central
Alberta, and central British Columbia; and south to southern Oregon, Arizona,
northern New Mexico, Kansas, northern Arkansas, and western North Caro-
lina. It winters in most of the United States, and south to Mexico, Cuba, and
Panama. It isof accidental or casual occurrence in Jamaica, the Bahama Islands,
the Bermuda Islands, and England. It breeds late in the spring, and in many
localities is of very irregular occurrence; hence its migratory movements are
somewhat unsatisfactory to trace.

The Migration of North American Birds

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Orlando, Fla

Tallahassee, Fla

Savannah, Ga

Charleston, S. C

Autaugaville, Ala.. . .

Biloxi, Miss

New Orleans, La

Helena, Ark

Brownsville, Tex

San Antonio, Te.x.. . .

Kerrville, Te.x

Bonham, Tex

Huachuca Mts., Ariz.
Los Angeles, Calif.. . .

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

May 9
April 27
May 5
May 18

May 5
May 9
May II

May 6
May IS
May 17

May 22

Latest date of
last one observed

May
May
May
June

May
May
May
May
May
May
May
June
May
May

15, 1911
8, 1903

14, 1915
3, 1910

25, 1914

26, 1910
19, 1900

23, 1904

24, 1912

25, 1885

23, 1911
3, 1887
6, 1902

24, 1908

LOCALITY

Bennington, Vt

Wells River, Vt

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Durham, N. H

Tilton, N. H

Portland, Maine

Phillips, Maine

Scotch Lake, N. B

Halifax, N. S

Pictou, N. S

Charlottetown, P. E. L. .
Montreal, Quebec

Quebec, Quebec

.\weme, Man

Terry, Mont

Indian Head, Sask

Sandy Creek, Alta

Carvel, Alta

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

May 12
May 20
April 23
May 8
April IS
April 24
May 24
June 2
May 30
June 2

April I '

May 29
May 28
June 3
May 30

April 30
June I

Earliest date of
spring arrival

March 29, 191 1
April 17, 1905
February 10, 1915
April 10, 1898
March 9, 1915
February 6, 1889
April 10, 1905
May 9, 1889
March 2s, 1890
May 23, 1889
June 21, 1900
March 29, 1889
January 2s, 1892
April 15, 1899
May 21, 1901
May 31, 1906
May 27, 1903
May 14, 1903
April s, 1909
May 26, 1906

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Charleston, S. C

Kirk wood, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Tallahassee, Fla

Montgomery, Ala

Autaugaville, .\la.

Helena, Ark

Bay St. Louis, Miss.

Gainesville. Tex

.\ustin, Tex

Thirty miles south of Fort .Xpacho,

Ariz

Los .'Vngclcs, C'alit.

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
fall arrival

October 13
October 20

November 7
Octol)cr 19
November (>

September : 7

Earliest date of
fall arrival

October 12, 1908
October 18, 1898
September 18, 1910
October 19, 1901
October 20, 1913
October 26, 1913
November 13, 1S96
October 13. 1898
November 17, 1885
October 25, 1S93

September 11, 1S73
.August 26, 1907

222

Bird -Lore

FALL MIGRATION, continued

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of,
last one observed

Montreal, Quebec

C'harlottetown, P. K. I.. .

Halifax, N. S

Scotch Lake, N. B

Ellsworth, Maine

Phillips, Maine

Portland, Maine

Tilton, N. H

Durham, N. H

Wells River, Vt

Aweme, Man

Athabaska Landing, Alia
Okanagan Landing, H. C

Missoula, Mont

Bozeman, Mont

S
7
3
3
3
i6

September 19

September 25

September 21
October 2
October 4
October 7
September 20
September 20

September 5

September 16

October 25
October 22
September
October 10
October 3,
September
October 21
October 10
October 20
October i,
October 8,
September
September
October 13
September

1908
1901

10, 1902
, 1902
1912
25, 1909

, 1914
, 1906
, 1900
1914
1907

1 1 , 1 903

15, 1913
, I 916
29, 1912

PHAINOPEPLA

The Phainopepla {Pliaiiiopepla 11 i tens) breeds north to central western Texas,
New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and central California (casually
to central Nevada and northern California) ; and south to the Mexican States
of Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Puebla, and Vera Cruz. It winters locally from
central California and southern Arizona south at least to the southern limit of
its breeding range.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Tucson, Ariz

Tule Wells, Yuma Co., Ariz

Tombstone, Ariz

Santa Barbara, Calif

Fresno, Calif

*Probably wintering.

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

March 24

.\pril 24
April 13

Earliest date of
spring arrival

February 5, 191 6
February 12, 1894
January 14, 191 2*
April 7, 1910
March 26, 1906

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FORTY-EIGHTH PAPER

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Phainopepla {Phainopepla nitens, Figs, i, 2). — On leaving the nest, the
male, as well as the female, Phainopepla bears a general resemblance to the
adult female, but is browner with duller and narrower margins to the wing-
feathers. The postjuvenal molt is apparently usually complete, the primary
coverts being sometimes retained, and the male now acquires a black plumage
which, however, differs from that of the adult in having the body feathers,

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds 223

especially below, margined with grayish, the wing-coverts and inner quills
with white.

With the advance of the season these markings disappear, and by the follow-
ing summer young and old are essentially alike.

Bohemian Waxwing {Bomhycilla garrula, Figs. 3,4). — In general appearance
the nesthng of this species differs from the adult much as the young of the Cedar
Waxwing does. In the single specimen seen (Biological Survey, No. 165, 808,
Yukon River, July 29, 1899. W. H. Osgood) the wings have red tips and in
their yellow-and-white markings resemble those of the average adult. It is
evident that this is not always the case, since some specimens, in what is other-
wise adult plumage,. are without either red tips or yellow markings on the wing-
quills.

According to Dwight, the postjuvenal molt "involves the body plumage
and wing-coverts, but not the remiges or rectrices."

The well-developed plumage of the nestling above mentioned indicates
that the first winter dress cannot certainly be distinguished from that of the
adult, and also that the character of the wing-markings is individual rather
than due to age. It is shown at its full development in Fig. 3, but specimens
having only narrow white tips on the wing feathers, as in Fig. 4, are not in-
frequent.

There is no spring molt and, as with the Cedar Waxwing, the slight difference
between winter and summer plumage is due to wear and fading.

In addition to its larger size, the Bohemian Waxwing differs from the Cedar
Waxwing in its generally grayer underparts, the abdomen being like the lower
breast and not yellow; chestnut under tail-coverts, white wing-markings and,
usually, blacker throat; all differences sufficiently pronounced to be observ-
able in life.

Cedar Waxwing ( Bomby cilia cedrorum, Figs. 5, 6). — The sexes of this beauti-
ful bird are alike in plumage, but the young, on leaving the nest, have a smaller
crest and wear a dress easily distinguishable from that of their parents. As
Fuertes' drawing shows (Fig. 6), this nestling or juvenal plumage, is decidedly
streaked with whitish. The streaks are more pronounced below than on the
back, the abdomen is whitish instead of yellow, and there is less black about
the bill than in the adult. As a rule the secondaries are without the 'wax' tips,
but rarely traces of them appear.

At the postjuvenal or fall molt, all but the tail and main wing-feathers of
this plumage are shed and the winter plumage is acquired. This is similar to
that of the adult, but it is probable that the size and number of the 'wax' wing-
tips increase with age, while the occasional presence of these appendages on
the tail-feathers possibly indicates advanced age, though it may be due to
exceptional vigor of the individual possessing them.

There is no spring molt, and the slight ditTerences botwein winter and
summer plumage are due to wear and fading.

^otes from JTtelti ant l^tutip

Booming of the American Bittern
With pen sketches by the author

I have read several accounts of the
booming of the Bittern, which I have had
the pleasure of witnessing three different
times, but none of them were accom-
panied by satisfactory illustrations. As I
have heard the notes, they sound like
chunk-chiink-a-lunk-plunk, and at a dis-
tance very closely resemble the noise
produced by driving a large wooden stake
in marshy ground with a large iron mall.

At the first note — chunk — the bird stands
erect, with the bill pointed well up.
.\fter delivering it, the body seems to echo
the effort, with a slight jar. With chunk,
the second note, the bill is dropped slightly
and a little force added, and the note
echoed, as it were, in the body a little
harder. At a — the third note — the bill is
dropped down a little more, the head
drawn slightly back, the whole body
thrown very slightly forward, and after
the delivery, echoed as before with a most
noticeable jar of the body. Lunk, the
fourth note, is delivered with about the
same force as the last, but with the bill
down about level, and head and whole
body thrown a little more forward,
echoed as before by the jar of the body,
which by this time becomes quite violent,
accompanied by a very slight ruffling of
the plumage. Plunk, the fifth and last
note on the bar is delivered with consider-
ably more force, and with the whole body,
especially the bill and head, thrown, or
jerked, violently forward, apparently as

far as the bird can reach. The echoing of
the note in the body is very pronounced,
with a return immediately to the first
position to repeat the whgle series again,
and not only the second time, but, in
one case (May, 1917), six times. As a rule,
I think, it is repeated only four times.

I had discovered a slough in the north-
eastern part of Illinois, where I started a
Bittern early in April, so I kept watch on
the place, and one day, as if in answer to a
mental wish, the bird stepped out in
plain view and good light, and gave me a
real entertainment; in fact, acted as if
trying to outdo himself for my especial
benefit. After each act he would seem to
rest, at least wait two or three minutes,
and then give me the next act, and so on
until I tired of watching — if that could be.
— Geo. W. H. vos Burgh, Columbus,
Wis.

Spring Migration in the 'Ramble,'
Central Park, New York City

Writing of one of his boyhood friends,
Henry James says, in 'A Small Boy and
Others,' "He opened vistas, and I count
ever as precious anyone, everyone, who
betimes does that for the small straining
vision." In my own case I always re-
member gratefully as one who "opened
vistas" a frail young woman in a raincoat
whom I saw one very stormy day in the
spring of 191 7 in the bird section of the
American Museum of Natural History in
New York City. We were both looking at
birds' nests, and being the only two persons

BOOMING OF THE BITTERN

This series of five positi^qns is repeated six limes

Drawn t)y Geo. \V. H. vos Burgh

(224)

Notes from Field and Study

225

in that part of the building, we began
quite naturally to talk. I remember that
I was bewailing my fate because, after
having spent six very delightful weeks
on a farm in the Berkshires — from the
middle of March to the end of April — here
I was obliged to return to my home in the
city just at the time when Spring was offer-
ing her most interesting treasures to a
lover of flowers and birds.

"When you have tramped the fields and
woods in April," I went on, "when you
have hunted down the first hepaticas,
trailing arbutus, violets, bloodroot, saxi-
frage, and wake robin — when you have
heard the Song Sparrow's cheery outburst
and the Red-winged Blackbird's vibrant
note of spring — when you've seen the
early Bluebirds perching on the dusky
red berry-cones of the sumach, the ground
all white with newly fallen snow, the
electric blue of the birds making stunning
contrast to the red berries against a white
background — then you'll admit that it's
not easy to extract much comfort from
looking at dry-as-dust stuffed specimens
in a museum."

She laughed sympathetically and said,
"Why don't you try the 'Ramble' in
Central Park for birds? I can't promise
you any trailing arbutus, but you will find
large numbers of birds migrating through
in spring and fall."

The next morning found me in Central
l^ark bright and early, and every morning
thereafter for the month of May. Of
course, I missed some of the earliest mi-
grants, but in spite of my late start, I was
able to get a list of more than seventy
species of birds, one of them being that
rare creature, the Mourning Warbler. The
record for a single day's observation, so
. far as I know, was forty-five species, and
the season record for the largest total
obser\'ed was ninet_\-onc b\' Dr. M. P.
Denton.

Not the least interesting part of the daily
excursion was the opportunity of meeting
other bird-lovers who had discovered the
'Ramble.' The mere fact that you carried
a pair of bird-glasses was introduction
enough ioT these enthusiasts, and I hc_\'

unhesitatingly stopped you to exchange
notes about their latest find and yours.
There was the Clergyman from New Jersey
who came two or three times a week and
insisted that the country was not nearly
so good for birds as the 'Ramble.' There
was the Famous Surgeon who stole away
from an.xious patients for an hour almost
every day to refresh his own weary soul.
There was the Biologist who "loved every
bit of life," as she put it, and never missed
a chance to study it. There was the Board-
ing-house Lady who came each morning
after her marketing to forget her material
cares by quoting Dr. van Dyke's "The
Woodnotes of the Veery" and by hunting
for that elusive bird. There was the Naval
Reserve Man who had left Yale to enlist,
who came every morning for the week that
he was on leave and "hoped his boat would
be ordered where there would be interest-
ing birds to watch." There was the Park
Policeman who was the first to see the
Black-billed Cuckoo (on whose pronuncia-
tion we could not agree). There was the
Park Gardener who never forgot to show
newcomers the roost of the Black-crowned
Night Heron. And, oh, there were lots of
others of us, but you must come and see
for yourself. And among us all was the
keenest good-natured rivalry as to who
should be the first to see the new arrivals
from the South; and woe betide you, a
newcomer, if you had seen some species
which an old hand at the game had missed,
or if you claimed to have seen a bird some
days before it was due. So, if you would
have new vistas open before you, if you
want one of the best things of spring,
even if you are city-bound, you have only
to go to the 'Ramble' and join the bird
colony. — Blanche Samek, New York
City.

Sparrow Hawk and Starling

On March 26, 1918, back of the
American Museum of Natural History,
\ew York City, a Sparrow Hawk was
seen, with an adult Starling for its victim.

When first observed, the two birds were
on the ground, the Hawk on top of the

2 26

Bird - Lor«

Starling, and showing every evidence of a
good grip. The Starling seemed fairly
exhausted but jerked around spasmodically
every time the Hawk made a move, which
was sometimes merely to change its
position, but more often to nip the side of
the Starling under its wing. The Hawk's
wings were continually si)read so as to
prevent the Starling from overturning
him.

The abo\c actions were continued for
about ti\c minutes, wlicn t lie Hawk

three feet, no injury could be seen. U
there was one it was well concealed by
feathers. — II. 1. H.\rtshorn, Newark, N. J .

Yellow Warbler vs. Cowbird

A N'ellow Warbler's nest containing two
eggs of the Cowbird was found by the
writers in the Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, in Maj^, 191 7. Tt was an un-
usual one for this species to build, in that
a (luaiititx' of newspaper was used in its

COWBIRD'S EGGS BURIED IN THE 'CELL.\R' OF A \ EI.I.OW
Photographed by E. S. Daniels

WARBLERS NEST

was frightened away by a move of the
observers and, although he stayed in the
vicinity of the Museum awhile, his
courage was not equal to his fear of dis-
turbance, and he did not return for his
supper as long as the Starling was being
observed.

The Starling, in the meantime, ap-
parently recovered somewhat and flew to a
nearby window-ledge. Its flight, although
weak, was straight, so it was obvious that
no flight-bones were broken, and when the
bird was viewed at a distance of about

construction. The nest was also not as
compact as is usually built by this species,
being very looselj' constructed, and as we
watched it from time to time, we were fear-
ful that the nest would fall apart before
the young were old enough to leave it.
When first noted it was of normal size
and contained one Cowbird egg, which in
a few days was covered by a small piece
of paper. The second foreign egg was laid at
a slightly higher level. Then the Warblers
began to work in earnest, rapidly building
a thick false bottom to the nest and raising

Notes from Field and Study

227

the walls. The female bird laid four
eggs and brought off a brood of three
Warblers, one of the eggs evidentl}- being
infertile. The accompanying photograph
shows the size and construction of the nest,
which has been opened sufficiently to show
both of the unhatched Cowbird eggs. —
E. S. Daniels and Gko. F. Tatum, SI.
Louis, Mo.

The Evening Grosbeak in Minnesota
in Midsummer

Last summer, during the months of
June and July, Mrs. Langeand I occupied
a forester's cabin within a quarter of a
mile of the international boundary line
between Minnesota and Ontario. Our
cabin was located on the rocky shore of
North Lake, which is one of a chain of
deep, cold lakes running east and west
in a general direction, and including Gun-
flint Lake, Little (iunflint, North Lake,
and South Lake.

(Jn July 15, IQ17, we saw a male Even-
ing Grosbeak in full breeding plumage at
the east end of Gunflint Lake. The bird,
when first seen, was sitting on a bare patch
of gravel in front of a settler's cabin. After
he had been picking gra\'el or small insects
for a very short time, he flew to the roof
of a nearby house, remained there a few
minutes, and then flew away into the
timber on the Minnesota side. The bird,
when first seen, was sitting only a few
yards south of the Canadian line, but flew
into the mixed timber on the Minnesota
side. Mrs. Lange and myself stood within
20 feet of the bird, which displayed his
plumage in the open all the time that we
observed him. A week later, on Sunday,
July 22, we went to the place, thinking
that we might see the bird again, and that
we might possibly fmd the nest. We spent
several hours looking through the young
growth of si)ruce, balsam, and poplar, but
we saw no signs of the Evening Grosbeak.

Two settlers who live near the east end
of (iunflint Lake, one on the Minnesota
side, and one on the Ontario side, told me
that they had seen these birds there for
several years. .\lt hough we moved around

on these lakes quite a little and saw many
northern Warblers and an abundance of
Hermit Thrushes, this was the only speci-
men of the Evening Grosbeak that we
observed.

I am not sure whether this is the first
notice of the Evening Grosbeak in Min-
nesota during the summertime, or whether
the bird has been found before along the
international boundary. The place where
the bird was seen was about 30 miles
north of Lake Superior. It seems likely
that the Evening Grosbeak nests very
sparingly along the international border
in northeastern Minnesota.

The timber in this region consists
principally of spruce, balsam, birch, and
poplar. There are some open spots where
fire went through some years ago, but a
large portion of the region still contains
the original growth of timber, except that
the scattered pine has been logged out. —
I). Laxck, .S7. Paid, Minn.

Pine Siskins near Edmonds, Wash.

The Canadian observer who reported
Pine Siskins from British Columbia in
the November-December, 1Q17, HiRU-
LoRE prompts me to send in my observa-
tions of this bird.

Each winter, for three \ears, I have seen
near Edmonds, Wash., large flocks of
Siskins, but I did not know that their
appearance was unusual. On November
4, 191O, I noted a flock of about three
hundred, and from that date on until
March 24, 1917, they came to our fruit-
farm early and late, day after day.

Possibly one reason why I observed
large numbers of them so often is the
presence of fifteen alder trees in a ravine
just south oi our house. In the Middle
West 1 have been accustomed to think i>f
the alder as a good-sized bush, but here
alder trees are larger than the average
«<>ttonwood or birch of the East. Our
alders are from 50 to 00 feel high, an<l some
more than 18 inches lhrt)Ugli. I'heir
spreading tops, loaded with fruit calkins.
otTer a templing breakfast to huntlreds of
the little twitt<Ters.

22(1

Bird -Lore

When I am outdoors caring for the
chickens, I always know when the Pine
Siskins are coming, for way off to the
northward I hear a whir-r-r and a swish,
and then the chattering and murmuring of
the rover band as they whirl over the tall
house and settle in the alder tops. We
come and go from the kitchen or pass
along the path beside the alders but noth-
ing disturbs them. Some, like Chickadees,
hang with their heads downward; others
sit upright and pick at the catkins.
Suddenly a well-understood signal from
the leader sends them off like a gust of
dead leaves. Although the birds are
never silent, I have not heard anything
that I could call a song. Each time that
I have an opportunity to listen to them I
search for words that will describe the
chatter they make. As the band rises up-
ward and then swoops downward, I think
I hear a grindstone turning rapidly, and
the blade held against its surface makes the
same shrill, thin sound that the birds
utter.

Not until December 8 last year did I
see or hear a Pine Siskin. I suppose the
warm sunny days, which continued up
to December i, delayed their coming.
The first band was small, numbering about
f fifty. They stayed some time in the alder
tops and all the while sent forth their per-
sistent twitter. Although I have examined
flocks of these birds with a strong glass, I
have not seen other species with them. —
Mrs. Eugene D. Lindsay. Edmonds,
Wash.

How We Made a Bird-Bath

.\ natural cavity in the rock in front of
our house, on the coast of Maine, filled
with rainwater, was an ideal place for sail-
ing small boats. Two generations of
children had called this 'The Puddle,' and
here we blissfully poked our boats about
with sticks, and wet our feet.

How often we had watched the Robins,
Song Sparrows, and 'Wild Canaries' drink-
ing there in the days when bird-study was
almost unknown and only a few birds
were familiar to us. When we grew up and

graduated from puddle-boats to real
boats upon the sea, the birds continued to
drink there, but we noticed that the rocky
sides were too steep to permit their bath-
ing comfortably, although they made
desperate efforts to get in all over.

I conceived the idea of filling the cavity
with cement, nearly to the top, where the
sides were more slanting, and this scheme
my brother carried out. We made a fine,
smooth, white floor, about 3 inches from
the top, after fiUing the cavity solidly,
])ressing it closely into all the cracks and
crevices on the sides to prevent the water
getting down underneath. Before the
surface dried, each member of the family
made an impression of the right hand in it,
cutting our own initials beside it, and our
'date crank' cut in the year. When this
bath was flooded to a depth of 2 inches, il
was so pretty that we were delighted.

A Robin was the first bird to christen
the pool, and he seemed to appreciate it.
Before he bathed, he rushed from one end
of the pool to the other, then turned around
and rushed back. This he did repeatedly.
After he had waded about to his heart's
content, he took a good bath. If birds
ever sit down, that is what this Robin did,
and he was apparently' well pleased with
himself as he sat half submerged, soaking
in the cool water. He took ten minutes for
his bath.

With a garden hose and a broom we keep
the pool clean and filled with fresh water.
The birds love it and in warm weather
flock to it in large numbers. We put in
the cement floor in August; sometime in
the second week and after that date we
counted thirty-three different kinds of
birds that bathed in it. There were others
that drank only. Of these were a family of
American Crossbills. A male and four
females would come, dipping and twitter-
ing from a nearby piece of woods, alight in
a large spruce tree by the pool, assure
themselves that there were no prowling
cats about, and then drink quickly and be
off. It was noticeable that Mr. Crossbill
usually drank from a small rock-pool near
the large one where his wife and daughters
regaled themselves, and that sometimes he

Notes from Field and Study

229

sat in the tree and watched operations.
(It may have been that he had visited it
before unattended.) At such times he
was the first to take flight, and the famil}',
after a few hurried sips, trailed off reluc-
tantlj' behind him. Excepting the Thrushes,
these Crossbills seem to be the most timid
of all the birds who visited the pool. They
came and went in numbers and usually
made two trips a day to drink.

The Thrushes patronized the pool late
in the day, and in the chilly twilights of
September we frequently saw a Hermit
Thrush taking a bath.

Last summer it was not unusual to see
Song Sparrows and Warblers splashing
about together, seeming to agree that 'the
more the merrier.' — Maud Stanwood,
Hartford, Conn.

Notes from London, Ont.

It is some two years since any notes
have appeared in Bird-Lore from London,
Ont., and the following items may, there-
fore, be of interest to Bird-Lore readers.

The bird-lovers of our city have
organized under the name of the Mc-
Ilwraith Ornithological Club. Our organi-
zation, as well as our meetings, is very
informal, but an increased interest in birds
is already apparent.

Cardinal. — It is not many years since
this bird was of very rare or accidental
occurrence in this vicinity. We now look
upon it as one of our permanent residents
and a very welcome addition indeed. Dur-
ing the winter 1916-17 one of our Club
members had eight feeding at his place.

Redpoll. — It is a long time since Red-
polls have been as common as they were
during the winter 1916-17. They were
noted on every trip taken in the country
between December 16 and March 23.

Northern Shrike. — When taking the
Christmas Census for 1916, one of these

birds was found just west of the city at the
'Coves.' This was the first one recorded for
about three years. It remained all winter,
and about March 21 began to sing. It
had a great variety of notes, and we were
very much delighted at the opportunity
afforded of hearing this rare visitor in
song. Strange to say while making the
Christmas Census for 191 7, a Northern
Shrike was found in the exact locality
favored by the one last year, and we are
led to wonder if it is not the same bird.

Least Bittern. — One of these birds
was noted on May 30, 19 17, in a fringe of
willows bordering a small pond. This is
only the second or third time this bird
has been reported from London. It was
under observation for some minutes at a
distance of 30 or 40 feet, and, with the aid
of field-glasses, identification was not
difficult.

Prairie Warbler. — This was a new
record for our county and was also made
on May 30, 191 7. The song, which we did
not recognize, zee, zee, zee, zee, zee, begin-
ning low and becoming higher and louder,
first drew our attention. We approached
very cautiously, but the bird seemed to
ignore our presence and continued sing-
ing and feeding in a small dead tree by the
edge of the same pond. We got within
12 or 15 feet of it, so that every mark was
clearly seen, even to the chestnut patch
on the back.

On this trip we also saw a Gray-cheeked
Thrush and heard it sing, and recorded an
Olive-sided Flycatcher, calling from the
top of a tall tree, a Philadelphia Vireo, and
Wilson's Warbler, all of which are rather
rare migrants with us.

A note from the 1916 season that might
be of interest is the nesting of the Golden-
crowned Kinglet, a bird which very seldom
stays with us during the summer. — C. G.
Watson, Secretary, London, Ont.

THE SEASON
VII. February 15 to April 15, 1918

Boston Region. — During the monlli
following February 15, seven snowstorms
delayed the advance of spring, until the
earliest birds were ten days overdue.
Between March 18 and 20 the first grou])
of migrants arrived in full force — Red-
winged and Rusty Blackbirds, Bronzed
Grackles, Song Sparrows, and Bluebirds.
Two days later there began a remarkably
heav}' flight of Fox Sparrows and J uncos,
with a few Cowbirds — the Fox Sparrows
appearing at their normal date, the Juncos,
migrating earlier than usual, hurried for-
ward, evidently, by the general movement
of birds toward the north.

Cold weather again delayed migration
until, on April 2, Vesper Sparrows entered
this region and were soon present in full
breeding numbers. Another period of low
temperature followed with a fall of 6
inches of snow on April 12, some of which
still remains on the ground (April 15).

So far the present spring has been, on
the whole, the kind of spring we New
Englanders must expect — a slow yielding
of winter, with periods of summer weather,
during which the birds appear suddenly
in large numbers, alternating with days of
storm and cold, when migrating birds are
at a standstill.

The failure of other Sparrows to mo\e
north during the favorable weather chosen
by the Vesper Sparrows is to be noted;
there are very few Field and Savannah
Sparrows and Purple Finches here even
now (.\pril 20), and no Chijiping Sparrows.
Flickers are in great abundance. A possible
explanation is the menace of Starlings to
the southward of this region.

There was a prominent winter migra-
tion of Robins late in February-; as usual
the resident Robins appeared about our
houses the latter part of March. — Winsor
M. Tyler, M. D., Lexington, Mass.

New York City Rec.ion. — 'I'he weallier
of late February and March was about

normal, ihougli with, perhaps, even more
high wind than usual in March, especially
on Sundays. The early migrants arrived
at just about their average times. The
first Bluebirds came well before the close
of February, but the first real spring Sun-
day was March 3, when migrating Song
and Fox Sparrows, Robins, and Bluebirds
were much in evidence, the first Grackles
were seen, and a Marsh Hawk and a Duck
Hawk seen up the Rahway Valley were
probably migrating. Later March
migrants arrived with similar promptness,
and Uucks (Black Ducks, Pintails, etc.)
were plentiful on inland waters.

The Northern Shrikes dwindled greatly
in numbers in the latter part of the winter;
the last was seen on March 28 (W. DeW.
Miller, at Plainiield, N. J.).

Fox Sparrows were perhaps less than
ordinarily numerous, and certainly dis-
appeared northward in a great hurry.

Early April was cooler than is usual in
this region, and the migration slowed up.
noticeably, so that birds were everywhere
about the city found scarce on Sunday
the 7th, though the first Yellow Palm
Warblers were noted on that day on Long
Island and in New Jersey, and a Robin was
observed gathering nest-material (J. T.
Nichols, on Long Island). During the
following week, a five-day storm, with a
great deal of northeast gale, hail, and (dur-
ing most of two days) heavy snowfall, kept
the migration practically at a standstill. —
Charles H. Rogers, American Museum
of Natural History, New York City.

Philadelphia Region. — The tempera-
lure of February averaged about normal,
while that of March was somewhat warmer
than usual, from the i8th to the 22d being
especially springlike. Early migrants
arrived about on time: Killdeer, February
Id; Mourning Dove, March 17; Flicker,
February 27; Red- winged Blackbird,
Rusty Blackbird, and Purple Crackle,

( 230)

The Season

2.^1

February 24; Fox Sparrow, March 7;
Robin, March 2; Bluebird, February 24.

The Northern Shrike was last noted
February 16. Long-eared Owls were last
observed at their winter roost March 3.

During the second and third weeks of
March there were a good many Ducks on
the Delaware River. On March 17 a flock
of about two hundred and fifty were
observed, composed of Mergansers, Pin-
tails, Scaups, Black Ducks and several
Redheads. Again this spring the Wood
Duck has been a comnjon sight at some
points.

A great Blue Heron was seen February
24, and an early Brown Thrasher March 3 1 .

Taken as a whole, February and March
offered very few unusual sights to the bird
student. — Julian K. Potter, Camden,
N. J.

Washington Region. — Of all the
months, February and March offer,
generally speaking, least to attract the
ornithological observer in the vicinity of
Washington. Most of the interest in
winter residents has waned, and but few
spring migrants put in their appearance.
This year, however, these months have
been unusually interesting by reason of the
large numbers and great variety of Ducks
that have frequented the Potomac River.

In our last report mention was made
of the thousands of Ducks of various
species that occurred on the river during
the winter. Species seen in February and
March, additional to those reported in
December and January, are: Green-
winged Teal, Pintail, Baldjiatc, Ring-
necked Duck, and Shoveller, making a
total of 17 kinds of Ducks observed thus
far this season. Of these the most numer-
ous have been the Greater Scaup, Lesser
Scaup, Golden-eye, Canvas-back, Black
Duck, and Redhead. The Baldpate, in
recent years, has been one of the rarer
Ducks, and there arc apparently only two
previous definite records for the carliir
part of the year, these being February 1 1,
i8q9, and March 31, igu. Six individuals
of this species were seen by Mr. Raymond
W. Moore at Hclnionl, \'a., on .Manh 30.

The Shoveller, for which no previous de-
finite spring dates have been obtained,
was observed on the Anacostia River on
March 24 by Lieut. Ludlow Griscom; and
12 individuals were seen at Belmont,
Va., on March 30 by Mr. Raymond W.
Moore. A few species of Ducks remained
considerably beyond their normal time of
departure, such as the Mallard, the usual
date of de{)arture of which is March 17,
but which was seen at Dyke, Va.,on March
31. Two lingered beyond their previous
known latest dates: the Green- winged
Teal until March T)"^ (latest previous date,
March 25, 1917); and the Canvas-back
until March 30 (latest pre\ious date,
March 25, 1881).

The severe winter gave place, about
the middle of February, to much milder
weather, and indications point to an earlier
spring than we have had in this region for
the past two or three years. Its effect is
already noticeable on the bird-life, al-
though some of our common species, like
the Carolina Wren, Red-headed Wood-
pecker, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Winter
Wren, and Red-breasted Nuthatch, are
more than ordinarily scarce. A number of
the early migrants have occurred con-
siderably ahead of their schedule. The
American Coot was seen at Belmont, Va.,
on March 9, its earliest previous record
being March 14, 1910; the Phoebe appeared
on March 3 (average date, March 10);
the American Pipit on March 10, at
Kensington, Md., (average date, March
21); Purple Crackle on February 13
(average date, February 20); Vesper
Sparrow on March 1 1 (average date,
March 24); ("lii|)i)ing Sparrow on ALirch
18 (average date, Ahirch 26); and the
Catbird, seen along the ,\nacostia River by
Mr. C. .M. Shaw on March 14 (average
date, .\pril 21). \ very few Robins have
remained all winter, but only in the most
sheltered places. The first certain migrants
ai)|ieare<l on February 13.

The following notes on other s|)ecies
may also be worthy of mention in this
connection: Homed i-arks and I'rairic
Horned Larks, mostly in small flocks con-
taining bolh forms, were reported by Mr.

2^2

Bird- Lore

I'lancis Harper as comim)n (liroiiKlu)ut
l'>I)riiary at Cam]) Mcadc, Md. A large
lompaiiN of Vox Sparrows, numhoring
some 150 indixiduals, was observed at
Falls Chiirih, \a., March 15, 1918, by
Mr. I. N. Ciabrielson; and a small flight of
Red-tail Hawks, numbering 20 individuals,
was noted at the same i)laLC by the same
observer on Marrh 6, igiS. The (Ircat
Horned Owl, which is regarded as a rare
bird in this vicinity, was found by Mr.
Raymond W. Moore at Kensington, Md.,
several times between March 0 and 10,
probalily nesting in that vicinity. A single
!>ronzed Cirackle,abird of rare and irregular
occurrence in this vicinity, was seen in the
grounds of the Agricultural Department
on March 18, and, possibly the same
individual, on one or two subsequent
dates in the same vicinity. — Harry C.
Oberhoj.ser, Biological Survey, Wasliiiig-
loii, D. C.

Oberun Region. — i'he 1918 season
opened with the arrival of Crows, Blue-
birds and Robins on February 14, which
is the earliest date in the historj' of this
r(gion. 'F'licre was no further movement
uiilil a Killdcer appeared on the 2 2(1.
On the lirst day of March there was a
considerable movement of Crows, Blue-
birds, Robins, and Song Sparrows, fol-
lowed two days later by the first Meadow-
lark, Bronzed Crackles, and Mourning
Doves. During this period of unseasonable
warmth the resident Woodpeckers, White-
breasted Nuthatches, and Tufted Titmice
began their courting.

The ne.xt migration nioxcincnt oc( urrcd
on March 13, willi the arrival of the
Rusty Blackbird and Towlicc, and a
decided increase of tiie Mcadowlark and
Bronzed Gracklc. On I he lOlli (he Red-
winged Blackbird and Mourning Dove
became common, and the Migrant Shrike
and Cow bird arrived. The ne.xt day Blue-
birds became common and the Fo.\
Sparrow arrived. The rest of March
witnessed the usual scattering arrivals of
Field Sparrows on the 20th, Pha-be on
the 2ist, and Belted Kingfisher on the 23d,
with an increase of earlier arrivals.

The largest wave thus far began on
March 31 and e.xtended to April 8. The
Turkey Vulture and Vesper Sparrow came
on the 31st, Pectoral Sandpiper on the ist.
Swamp Sparrow and Bittern on the 2d,
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker on the 3d,
Wilson's Snipe and Brown Thrasher on
the sth, Chipijing Sparrow on the 6th,
House Wren on the 7th and Purple Martin
on the Sth; and a decided increase of
species which had arrived earlier.

While the weather of the latter half of
I'cbruary and nearly the whole of March
was unusually warm and bright, the mi-
grations, after the first arrivals on Feb-
ruary 14, were late and slow. Ducks were
conspicuous by their almost entire absence,
and Woodcock and Wilson's Snipe were
not found until it was unusually late for
them. Vesper Sparrows usually come in a
great swarm on the first day, but even at
this writing thej' are less common than
usual.

The exceptionall}' hard winter brought
about almost an extinction of the Bob-
white. Until December there were numer-
ous coveys on all sides of town. Now only
a single pair can be located in the whole
region. — Lynus Jones, Ohcrliii, Ohio.

Minnesota Region. — The third week
of February was a continuation of our
unusually severe winter, a temperature of
14° below being recorded on the 20th and
2ist. But from this time began a remark-
ably mild and beautiful spring, broken by
only a single setback which occurred
March g, when a terrific blizzard, with a
very heavy snowfall, swept the entire
stale. lUit warm days followed immediate-
ly, and this snow quickly disappeared,
except up north, and a spring, a week
or ten days ahead of the ordinary, was
ushered in to continue until the present
date. Robins appeared in numbers in
the vicinity of the Twin Cities in the
middle of March and reached the "Range"
country above Duluth, where much snow
and ice still lingered, by the end of the
month. On March 25, the ice went out of
the Mississippi River for some distance
above St. Anthony I-alls (Minneapolis)

The Season

233

ten days or two weeks ahead of time, and
that day several Herring Gulls were seen
cruising up and down the gorge, looking for
food among the floating ice-masses. On
March 31 a nest of the Horned Lark,
containing young birds just hatched, was
found at Cambridge, Isanti County, some
forty miles north of Minneai)olis, by
Lawrence Lofstrom. This bird will nest
as soon as the ground is bare of snow,
regardless of temperature, and many of
the earlier nests are destroyed by freez-
ing weather and snows.

Hy the end of the first week in April,
tlie ice in the large lakes in the latitude of
Minneapolis was adrift and rapidly i)rcak-
ing up. Farther north it was still inlact.
The intense cold and absence of snow the
past winter caused ice to form on all still
or sluggish water to the thickness of nearly
three feet. The quiet manner in which this
great ice-sheet became honeycombed and
disapjieared was most fortunate. I'liick.
solid ice, loosened from the land, and
heavy winds sometimes work terrible
havoc along the shores of our larger
lakes.

On March 17, at Minneapolis, Robins
were passing by in large companies; Blue-
i)irds had paired and were examining
possible tenements; Phoebes were sim-
ilarly occupied; flocks of Rusty Blackbirds
were making music in the groves; male Red-
wings were conspicuous in the swamps;
Song Sparrows were everywhere; a few
Hermit Thrushes were silently searching
the coverts; Flickers were beginning their
noisy love-making, and the bushes were
full of Juncos and Tree S[)arrows. From
I his time on the regular procession of I he
earlier migrants thai move on a tempera-
ture rather than a fixed schedule, arrived
in the usual order but a week or so ahead
of time, in correspondence with the earlier
season: I-'ox Sparr(>ws, .\pril .s~0; I'ied-
l)illcd CIrebcs, April q; and on .\pril i.j.
N'ellow-headed Blackbirds, a .Migrant
Shrike, a Kingbird, Lesser Vellowlegs,
.Myrtli- Warblers, and many Coots; also,
on the i4lh, many Blue-winged Teal,
Shovellers, I'intails, ISaldpates. and (iail
walls in a large slough, some ten miles I'mni

Minneapolis, where they were feeding and
seemingly mated.

By the middle of April, vegetation w.is
fairly started, hepatica, bloodroot. Nut-
tail's pasque flower, the catkin-l)earing
trees, and the hazelnut being in full
bloom.

Up in northern Minnesota conditions
are still, at this date, much more wintry.
Piles of snow yet remain in sheltered places,
the nights are cold, and the Duluth Harbor
is piled high with thick masses of winter
ice driven in from the frigid waters of Lake
Sujierior. Only the hardier migrants, like
the Robin, the Song Sparrow, and the
Red-wing have ventured thus far. — Thds.
S. Roberts, Zooloi^ical Museum, Ihii-
vrrsily of M iniirsola, .\f luihti /xilis.

Di'.NVEii Region. — We are told that
there is no accounting for taste; sometimes
I think that there is no accounting for the
seasonal distribution of our birds. I had
anticipated an early return of our birds
this season because of the mild local
weather conditions in the West. N'et,
Hawks were nol earl\- in getting here but,
rather, were a little behind the usual
schedule, for it was not until .\pril 7 that
many Red-tailed, Ferruginous, Rough-
legged and Sparrow Hawks were seen in
the southern outskirts of the city. On the
other hand the first Sage Thrasher I saw
was on time (.•\i)ril 7), though one of my
friends reports having seen one nearly a
month earlier. Last year at this time there
were many Townsend's Solitaires in the
\arious parks of the city, \et I lia\e
utterl\- failed to see e\-en one sinei' last
autumn. At I lie pvesenl writing (.\|)ril
IS), all I he spe( ies and subspecies of
Juncos wintering here have left, except
(he (iray-headed, which is an unusual
situation, sime they linger ordinarily
well on toward (he end of .\pril. it is
always a matter of interest (o no(e each
winter lli.it. while a few Meadowlarks
ri-inaii\ in I he rural disi rids about I )en\-er,
it is seldom or never that oni" is seen in
wind-r in our p irks, or within (he ci(y
l)roper; (his spei ies reached (he \icinity
of m> iioine about April 1, a dale close lo

234

Bird- Lore

the average of the past eight years. I
had anticipated and expected seeing them
two weeks earlier. The American Rough-
legged Hawk and the Northern Shrike
were prompt in leaving on time, while the
Mountain Bluebird was late in arriving,
both in the outskirts and in the parks and
city. All these remarks are based purely
on my own personal observations and
records, which might easily conflict with
those of someone who had more time and
opportunity for field work. The gist of all
these remarks is that birds which I had
looked for early arrived on time, or perhaps
a little late, while species which I thought
would leave for the North early, departed
as usual, hence my opening paragraph.

While driving about in the outskirts
of the city on April 3, during a fairly heavy
snowstorm, I was surprised to see several
different flocks of Robins, at different
times, migrating nortlnvard, despite the
storm. It is probable that the storm was

l)urely local, producing little, if any, effect
on the birds as they traveled north. A
heavy, extended snowstorm does otherwise:
on April 9, 1913, the weather in Denver
was ideal, and we had our usual number of
Robins in our parks, but that night there
occurred a heavy snowfall extending over a
large area adjacent to Denver, and the
next day was clear and cloudless. The
city was found, at daylight, to be full of
Robins. They remained all day in the
city, began leaving shortly after sunset
that night, and one could hear them call-
ing, as they winged away, until late in the
evening — in fact I heard them from my
sleeping-porch until nearly midnight. The
next day Denver's Robin population was
again at its normal level.

The mild weather here in March seemed
to accelerate the nesting of three species:
the Pine Siskin (March 22), the House
Finch (March 24), and the Robin (April
i). — W. H. Bergtold, Denver, Colo.

TO AN UNSEEN SINGER

(Acrostic)

Why do you tempt me when I may not come?
Have you no heart beneath that liquid voice,
Insistent singer? Do you e'en rejoice,
Persisting when the sleeping world is dumb?

Persuade me not to try to find your home!
Oh leave me to my work, for tho' my choice,
O Temptress, were to follow you, the price
Restrains me. Go, whence-ever you may come!

Would you be quieted, or louder call
If I should tell you that I toss, awake,
List'ning to catch your song across the brake —
Losing e'en that, and sleeping not at all?

— Joseph Gavit

%ook J^m^ mh iHebietoj;

The Birds of Louisiana. By Stanley
Clisby Arthur, Ornithologist, Depart-
ment of Conservation. Bulletin No. 5,
Department of Conservation, Slate of
Louisiana, New Orleans, January, 1918.
8 vo. 79 pages; photographs and line cuts.

The present paper hias been prepared,
the author states, "in response to numerous
requests from schools, nature teachers,
bird lovers, and others. It is based in part
on original observation, and also upon
the lists of Louisiana birds by Beyer and
by Kopman, and upon Howell's 'Notes on
the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana.' "

It treats of 368 species and subspecies
from a somewhat general point of view,
there being practically no exact dates of
arrival and departure of the migrator}'
species. Brief descriptions of plumage
and notes upon numbers and haunts make
it a popular exposition of the Louisiana
avifauna rather than a scientific treatise
upon it. As such it should reveal to the
residents of the state the wealth of their
bird life and the responsibility resting
upon them for the conservation of the
water-fowl which winter in their waters.
— F. M. C.

Tales From Birdland. By T. Gilbert
Pearson. Illustrations by Charles
Livingston Bull. Doubleday, Page
& Co., Garden City, New York. iquS.
12 mo. 237 pages; 46 line cuts and half-
tones.

In story form Mr. Pearson here recounts,
sometimes the individual experiences, at
others the more generalized history of a
number of well-known birds. The method
followed, while not obviously intended to
convey reference book information con-
cerning the species treated, seems much
l)etter designed to hold the attention of
youthful readers than a more formal pres-
entation of the same facts.

We especially like the local (olor of t lie
stories fr<mi the Siuitli, in u lii< h .Mr.
Pearson achieves a success that suggests
that he may later give us the feathered
counteriiarf of Hrer Rabbit.

Mr. Bull's drawings add much to the
attractiveness and value of the book. —
F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — The January issue opens
with an obituary notice of Dr. Edgar A.
Mearns, by Dr. Chas. W. Richmond,
accompanied by an excellent portrait of
this indefatigable ornithologist who was
one of the school that bridges the gap
between the older and younger men who
have devoted themselves to their favorite
study.

Mr. Richard C. Harlow's 'Notes on the
Breeding Birds of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey' is to be commended to the atten-
tion of oologists, as it contains information
that is really worth publishing. The
earlier breeding of the Virginia Rails of
inland marshes, as compared with those of
the salt marshes, is interesting. May it
not be that the sea-breezes are responsible
for a cooler and later season?

In 'Uncolored Prints from Havell's
Engravings of Audubon's "Birds of
America,"' Mr. Henry Harris calls atten-
tion to the part played by Mr. Havell in
the production of the plates of this monu-
mental work, and two of them, in half-
tone, are shown.

Mr. Horace W. Wright writes on the
'Labrador Chickadee {Penllicsles Itiid-
sonicKs iii^riaiits) in its Return Flight
from the Fall Migration of ioi6,' and .Mr.
H. Mousley, in a brief sketch, records
'The I5reeding of the Migrant Shrike at
Ilalley, Quebec, 1916.' .\n annotated
list of 'The Birds of Walla Walla and
Columbia Counties, Southeastern Wash-
ington,' is begun by Mr. Lee R. Dice.

'A Revision of the Races of Toxoslotmi
ridivivum (Clambel),' by Mr. Harry C.
( )l)erholser, reduces them to three. Mr.
Obcrholser also has a fourth instalment
of his 'Notes on North .\nierican Birds.'

The account of the 'i'liirtv lifth Stated

35)

236

Bird - Lore

Meeting of the A. O. U.,' from the pen of
Dr. T. S. Palmer, marks a new era in the
fortunes of the Union. Our previous
Secretary, Mr. John H. Sage, who has
faithfully served in this capacity ever
since the infancy of the organization, has
been elected to the i)residency, and we may
well hope that his mantle has fallen u|)on
as willing shoulders.

Among the many items that may be
found among the closing pages of this
issue, special attention should be directed
to the list of members 'called to the
colors' which doubtless will be muih
extended if our Secretary is given the
names of those who should be added to t his
honor roll by those who can furnish the
information.

The April issue of 'The Auk,' while
lacking in illustrations, contains a large
amount of information. Many readers will
be interested in 'The Evening (Irosbeak
{Ilfspcriphoua vcspertina) in Maine, with
Remarks on its Distribution,' by Mr.
Arthur II. Norton. This striking and
irregular wanderer from the Northwest is
a bird that always justly excites the
imagination of field observers.

Mr. Frederic H. Kennard discusses
'Ferruginous Stains on Water-fowl,' and
shows that a difference in feeding habits
accounts for some species being stained and
others not, for 'diggers' have stains and
'croppers' do not. The stain itself is
o.xide of iron, occurring in the water where
the birds gather to feed.

'A Study of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo,'
by Clara K. Bayliss, is a picturesque
account of the growth and habits of young
birds in a nest under observation; 'The
Description of the Voice of Birds,' by Dr.
Reuiien M. Strong, contains some useful
hints concerning this most difi'icult sul)-
jcct; and 'Ipswich Bird Notes,' l)y Dr.
Charles W. Townsend, adds something
to his earlier list of the birds of this jiart of
Massachusetts.

Mr. Harry C. Oberholser, in 'Notes on
the Subs|)ecies of Ni<)>icniiis amfricaniis
Bechstein,' reaches the conclusion (earlier
advanced by Dr. L. B. llishop) that this
Curlew is represented by two r;i(t's,

amcricanus and occidentalis. We must con-
fess we are far from being convinced that
the question is correctly settled, in spite
of the array of localities, dates, and
figures iMCsented. Mr. Oberholser also
presents a fifth instalment of 'Notes on
North American Birds,' and a compilation
entitled 'Third Annual List of Proposed
Changes in the A. O. U. Check-List of
North American Birds.' However, let
not the rank and file despair, for the
A. O. U. committee has never yet failed
to reject less than about 50 per cent of all
l)roposed changes.

Mr. Richard C. Harlow continues his
list of the birds of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, and Mr. Raymond L. Dice con
linues his on the birds of southeastern
Washington. 'A New Species of Loon
(Gavia viridigularls) from Northeastern
Siberia' is descriljcd by Dr. J. Dwight.

The various departments closing the
issue are full of valuable items of informa-
tion, and the list of those A. O. IJ. members
tailed to the colors i'^ muih extended. —
J. D.

The Condor. — An interesting memorial,
by W. K. Fisher, of Lyman Belding,
one of California's pioneer naturalists,
forms the opening article of the March
number of 'The Condor.' It is accom-
panied by an excellent portrait and a
bibliography of 48 titles contributed by
Joseph Orinnell. This is followed by an
account of the habits of 'The Salt Marsh
Vellow-throats of San Francisco,' by G.
W. Schussler. Attention is called to the
fact that the practice of truck gardeners of
cutting wire-grass in the vicinity of Lake
Merced for binding vegetables proi>ably
results in the destruction of numbers of
eggs and young and forces the birds to
nest in the inaccessible tules in the lake or
in the thickets higher up toward the banks.
The continued article by Mrs. Bailey on
' Tlic Return to tlie Dakota Lake Region'
is devoted mainly to the birds along
Phalarope Slough and those ol)served from
the farmhouse.

Ray contributes an interesting account
of I lie hinls of the Tahoc region cnlilled.

Book News and Reviews

237

'Six Weeks in the High Sierras in Nesting
Time,' and shows that some of the birds
begin to nest the middle of May when snow
is still on the ground. A month later
(June 12) nests and eggs of Mountain
Chickadees, Sierra Creepers, Williamson's
Sapsuckers, Blue-fronted Jays, and Sierra
Juncos were found at the base of Pyramid
Peak, at an altitude of 8,000 feet, when
the region was covered with deep snow.
Under the title 'The Scarlet Ibis in Texas,'
Sell reviews the mass of data relating to
the local occurrence of this species and
accounts for no less than nine mounted
specimens said to have been obtained in
the state. If these records are authentic,
the bird is evidently not so rare in Texas
as has been supposed.

'The Subspecies of the Oregon Jay' have
recently been examined by Oberholser
and Swarth independently, and the differ-
ences in the conclusions reached by these
two ornithologists are commented on
briefly by Swarth. In 'Bird Notes from
Forrester Island, Alaska,' made in igi/,
Willett adds fifteen species to the island
bird-list, including the Pink-footed Shear
water and Brandt's Cormorant, recorded
for the first time from Alaska. As a rcsuil
of Held work in 191 7, in Mono and Inyo
Counties, in the region east of the Sierras,
Grinnell is able to add seven birds to the
California list. Two of these, the Inyo
Slender-billed Nuthatch {Silla c. tanuis-
siina) from the Panamint Mountains, and
a Hermit Thrush {Hylocichla g. polionola)
from the White Mountains, are described
as new subspecies; positive evidence is
produced for the first time of the breeding
of the Hroad-tailed Hummingbird in Cali-
fornia, and the Roi ky Mountain Pigmy
Owl, White-breasted Woodpecker. Chest-
nut-collared Longspurand Mountain Tow-
hee are species new to the state. -']'. S. P.

V.\. iloRNKKu. — This recent addition
tit the list of ornithological magazines is
the organ of the Ornithological Society
of La I'lata. It lakes its name from
iiirnariiis rii/us, the Oven-bird, one of
the most characteristic and well-known
species of Argentina.

riuis far only the first number of 'El
Hornero,' dated October i, 191 7, has
reached us. It outlines the admirable
aims of the Society it represents for the
protection of birds and for arousing an
interest in them in Argentina and the
neighboring countries, and contains a
number of technical and popular articles.

Roberto Dabbene, the well-known
Curator of Ornithology in the Museo
Nacional at Buenos Aires, and president
of the Society, presents a summary, with
illustrations and a key, of the Swifts of
Argentina, and also contributes a paper on
a collection of birds from the island of
Martin Garcia in the Rio de la Plata.
M. Doello-Jurado writes at length on
the birds of Puerto Deseado off Patagonia.
His extended notes on nesting-habits are
accompanied by excellent photographs.

Under the title 'Formacion del "Gabi-
nete del Rey," ' Felix F. Outes gives some
most interesting historical data concerning
the earliest notices of South American
birds and bird collections. Manuel Selva
discusses in a suggestive manner a
classification of birds based on haunts and
nesting habits, and there are shorter notes
by Pedro Serie, Hector Ambrosetti, and
Roberto Dabbene which, together with
several pages of news items, show that
' 101 Hornero' is not lacking in material for
its pages.

We wish this magazine and the Society
of which it is the organ every possible
success. — F. M. C.

Book News

Students of the coloration of i)irds will
be interested in an article by iJr. W. H.
Longley, entitled 'Studies upon the Bio-
logical Significance of Animal (\»loration.'
which appeared in 'The .\merican Natu-
ralist' for May, 191 7 (pp. .'57--'85).

"I'he Pluebird,' pul.li^-iud at Cleveland.
( )liio, announi es that on and after .April
I its yearly subscription |)rice will bo
increased to Si. 50, that single copies will
be 15 cents, and that no free copies will
be distributed.

23S

Bird - Lore

2^irti=lLore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributinK Editor, MABP:L0SG00D WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX

Published June 1, igi8

No. 3

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United Stales, one di. liar anil tiftvrentsa year;
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents,
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, I918. BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in I be Busb Is Worth Two in the Hand

When the Birdcraft Sanctuary and
Museum was evolved under the direction
of Mabel Osgood Wright, some three
years ago, we unreservedly expressed our
belief that, in its field, the enterprise was
one of the most important practical steps
to promote an interest in the study of
birds with which we were familiar.

It required, indeed, very little imagina-
tion to see the bright future which lay
ahead of this novel attempt to combine a
museum of dead birds with an exhibit of
live ones. Nevertheless, we read with much
satisfaction Mrs. Wright's report of the
development of this enterprise and of its
growing hold upon the locality in which it
is situated.

Birdcraft, having passed the experi-
mental stage, is now a convincing demon-
stration of what may be accomplished
with a comparatively small outlay in any
suburban community.

It was not necessary to acquire square
miles of territory — ten acres were enough
— nor was a large and imposing edifice
essential. A modest building, enlarged as
circumstances required, has answered
every purpose.

Herein lies Birdcraft's chief value as an
object lesson — it was not planned on a
scale which prohibits duplication.

What we now hope to see is the adop-
tion of the Birdcraft idea throughout the
country. Here is a mark for every public
spirited nature-lover, Audubon Society,
and bird club to aim at. One is not re-

quired to advocate the adoption of a
theory, for the greatest doubter must admit
that Birdcraft has passed the theoretical
stage.

Here is an abiding place for the local
natural history society, and a focal point
in every phase of community life which has
to do with nature. The value to any
organization of a home where its interests
may be developed and its possessions
deposited is too well known to require
comment. But we perhaps do not at first
realize how greatly any group of people
who are aiming to secure the support and
cooperation of their neighbors for the
common good, is strengthened by having
an actual exhibit of what they stand for.

The influence of the Birdcraft idea on
children cannot well be overestimated.
The very fact that, as Mrs. Wright says,
it is a "rural, cottage affair" is all in its
favor. A visit to a neighboring city with
its great museum may be out of the ques-
tion, but a local, village museum is always
within reach. And the chances are that,
so far as its collections go, more informa-
tion will be gained from the small local,
than from the large general institution.

So far as we are aware no large museum
in this country has solved the problem of
making its exhibits speak. Infinite
care has been devoted to labels and no
pains spared to word them intelligently
and print them clearly. But too often it
happens that he who runs does not read and,
at the best, the average mind soon tires
in its search for information. Herein, in
our opinion, lies the very e"5sence of Bird-
craft's success. Its exhibits are not ex-
pected to tell their story merely through
the printed, but also through the spoken
word.

No Birdcraft then will be complete
unless it includes, besides its specimens,
stuffed and living, a caretaker, warden, or
curator, call him what you will, who can
and will speak with authority and sympa-
thetic understanding of the student's
difficulties, concerning the museum and
sanctuary of which he has charge. Inci-
dentally, such a position offers wide oppor-
tunity for an intensive study of bird-life.

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

AWAKE TO THE TIMES

A familiar precept says: "Do the duty that Ues nearest thee." Never was
this admonition more needed than now, when duties of many kinds crowd upon
one, jostling one's accustomed habits of action, upsetting, as it were, for the
moment, all preconceived ideas of personal preference and estimates of service.
From all sides come instructions as to what to do, how to do, when to do, where
to do, and from all sides, too, come appeals so urgent that only the selfish,
indifferent, and idle can hear them and shirk the responsibility they impose.

¥ov the instant, one is swept from the familiar moorings of everyday routine,
helplessly groping for some stable anchor. The kaleidoscopic changes in world-
issues from day to day grow in number and intensity until one is forced to
"speed up" every mechanism of mind and muscle, to keep abreast of the whirl-
ing destinies of the nations. Once wide awake, however, to the fact that, shaken
as we are to the very foundations of life, a sublime reconstruction of society is
in the making, we look forward with hope to new ideals and a new goal. It is
useless to try to prop up the old life so rapidly vanishing, or to attempt to
understand the onrushing events, which outline daily more clearly the new life
ahead, by means of processes now outgrown.

The day has come when one and all must act together, think together and
bridge over together the old and the new. Are you personally awake to the times?

The scope of readjustment necessary to accomplish this personal reconstruc-
tion is very broad, so broad, indeed, that it reaches out to the small interests of
life as well as embracing the larger. In the storm of events of world-wide bear-
ing through which we are passing, there may seem to be little place for bird-
study and smaller need for effort in Audubon Society work. It is a mistake,
however, to get the idea that ])Cople are too busy to pay attention to the
birds or to nature in general either in the field or along educational lines. .\
moment's reflection will convince anyone of the importance and i)eiH'til of
pushing steadily ahead in all of these undertakings. Two items fnnii the front
are as good as more proof that bird-study and bird-work are of value tunc. Il
is stated, on authority, thai Canaries, kej)! in llie Ireiuiies, deled the onrush
of the loathsome and poisonous gases, which are a consianl menace lo millions
of lives, before any human being is aware of ihe danger, and ihat thus these
tiny songsters act as a safeguard, not only to st)ldiers, but also lo civilians in
their neighborhood.

(230)

240 Bird - Lore

Of quite as great service, also, are the migrating and nesting birds, of which
a member of an important commission, visiting the front, wrote: "In the lull
of the booming artillery I heard the birds singing in the few remaining trees
of the vicinity. It was the sweetest music that ever fell on my ears."

This observer also made the statement that from an eminence where thirty-
eight villages were visible before the war nothing is to be seen now except shell-
holes and ashes, dotted here and there with patches of green containing rows of
white crosses. Far below the surface of what once could be called the earth,
but which now bears no resemblance to soil, are soldiers in trenches, some ol
whom ha\'e not had even a day's furlough in fourteen months. What must the
songs of wild birds, as well as of Canaries, mean to these dauntless heroes!
What, too, must be the strength of the instincts of those feathered travelers from
afar, who, returning to their accustomed haunts, find only here and there a stub
of a tree, still struggling to put out leaves, where they may rest and break
forth into song. The thought of the birds' constancy and cheer in those areas
of utter desolation, where only soldiers remain, living like the cavemen of
old, fills one with wonder and gladness.

Recently, at an Audubon Society mass meeting in Tremont Temple, Boston,
especial emphasis was laid upon the relation of birds to gardens, orchards,
crops, and forests, and the unusual opportunity now before us of making this
relation better understood and more widely appreciated.

Without multiplying instances further, let the facts be accepted that birds
are of probably greater value than before the war, and that there has never
l)een a time when bird-study and bird-work were more needed, both objectively
and subjectively, than now. In this connection three matters make a particular
appeal at the moment of writing:

First, is the i mmed iale }ieed oi estahMshmg the most practical relations between
birds and man in agriculture. Thousands of home gardens are being made, in
addition to the cultivation of thousands of extra acres for cereal crops. Birds
can do much to help and somewhat to harm if left to themselves. An intelli-
gent gardener, horticulturist, farmer or forester will study the birds which find
their food and make their nests in his especial precinct, and after observing
at first-hand their habits, will seek to take advantage of their helpful methods
and to protect his fruits or crops in case he discovers any harmful practices
on their part.

To aid him, as well as to stimulate healthful competition in bird-study in
the graded schools, the scheme of charting the food-supplies grown within
stated areas, such as towns or counties, might verw profitably be undertaken.

Charts of local areas should form the basis of county and state charts.
In order to make the survey successful and the charts of value for purposes of
actual comjiarison, the following points are suggested for the consideration of
teachers or directors of Junior and Adult Audubon Societies.

The Audubon Societies 241

1. Prepare correct outline maps of the state in which you live, having as many maps
as there are counties in the state.

2. Prepare county maps on a scale corresponding to that of the state maps.

3. Indicate in different colors, on both state and county maps, the distribution of the
principal food-crops of the state, such as grains, potatoes, hay, sugar, garden vegetables,
etc., adding, also, forested areas, water areas, and orchards and forests. Study the dis-
tribution of minerals and indicate the location of mines or veins of minerals.

4. When these maps have been carefully worked out in as complete a manner as
possible, superimpose each county map, in its proper position, on a state map and
study the result.

5. Take up towns and villages in the same manner, with reference to county maps,
drawn to sufficiently large scale to be easily seen when hung on the wall.

6. Study these charts in detail, until you are clearly informed as to the natural
resources of the state as a whole.

7. When the resources of your own state are exhausted, try comparing them with
those of adjoining states.

8. So far as possible, determine the birds which are distributed in the various parts
of any particular county, keeping a record of the habits and occurrence of each species
with reference to gardens and cultivated areas throughout the state. Note particularly
the differences in distribution of forested, wet and dry, cultivated and uncultivated areas.

9. Make a state, county, and town or village record of the average annual rainfall,
snowfall, and extremes of heat and cold, and of humidity and aridity.

10. Study soils, learning to recognize different degrees of fertility by means of analyz-
ing the composition of soils, and make a village or town chart, showing the location of
fertile and infertile areas. Look up a few facts about the diiificulty of "clearing" land
and of the rapidity with which neglected farms or gardens go back to a state of nature.
If possible, assemble such village or town maps by counties, and then groups of county
maps by states. Where possible, use modeling clay to make topographic maps instead of
ordinary charts.

11. In a general way, gain an idea of the humid and arid areas in the United States
and Canada, noting the location of forested areas, large bodies of water, average rainfall,
snowfall, and extremes of temperature. Isothermal (equal heat) and isohyetal (equal rain-
fall) charts are full of interest and are not difficult to understand.

I 2. With this knowledge as a background, review the migration and nesting dis-
tribution of our native birds. Try to find out some reasons why birds frequent the
particular areas where they are most commonly found.

Reference lo the followin"^ works will be helpful:

Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Bulletin
No. 10, Division of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographical Distribution of Terrestrial Animals
and Plants, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. \'I,
pp. 229-238.

The Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America, 'S'earbook of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1894, pp. 203-214.

Useful Birds and Their Protection, and also. Game Birds, Wild Fou'l and Shore Birds,
by Edward H. Forbush, Massachusetts Department of .Agriculture.

Consult the bibliographies in Chapman's Handbook of Birds of Eastern North A merica,
and Color Key to North American Birds, Weed and Dearborn's Birds in Their
Relation to A/aw, and also, Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, as
well as bulletins and re[)orts [)ublished by State Departments of Agriculture.

242 Bird - Lore

A second matter of unusual, indeed, of pressing iniportance at this time, is
bird legislation. Scarcely a state is safe from the influence of various classes
of selfish or ignorant and wilful people who want laws sufficiently lax to enable
them to shoot, trap, or destroy birds and their eggs without penalty. Nowhere,
apparently is the feminine public as yet educated to the necessity and desira-
bility of eliminating the plumage of birds from hats.

To destroy birds for the purpose of using their plumage as trimming for
hats, or neck-scarfs and capes, is becoming more and more a crime against
which every reasonable person should enter a protest. This spring, women
of all ages and classes are appearing in hats decorated with wings, quills and
elaborate feather-garlands ad nauseam, to say nothing of a superabundance of
ornaments in the simiUtude of aigrettes, which are too inartistic to adorn the
hat of anyone who has regard to her appearance.

There is a warning we should all heed now, in the terrible and apparently
unending destructiveness of war, and that is, that part of the depravity underly-
ing such appalling waste comes from the encouragement of cruelty and
UNLAWFUL PRACTICES in the economic world, of which every purchaser of a
bird's feather on a hat, as well as of garments made in sweat-shops or by
child-labor, is as much a part as the owners of stores or factories dealing in
these articles or conscienceless dealers who profit by the plunder of natural
resources at the ultimate expense of the public.

The trade in bird's plumage is absolutely unjustifiable, involving, as it does,
not only the destruction of a valuable natural resource, but, also, cruel practices
which debase the ignorant or lawless creatures who are tempted to them for a
pittance.

Far greater progress has been made in raising the standard of conditions in
factories than most people are aware of. It is easy to find practically ideal
conditions in such places, and it is not difficult to point to very fair conditions,
but in the matter of traffic in the plumage of birds, aside from that in ostrich
plumes, nothing in favor of it can be said. It is a lasting disgrace to every
woman that such a trafiic exists. Will the girls of this coming generation put
the stamp of disapproval upon it and banish forever the plumage of wild birds
from their wardrobe?

Why not at this critical juncture lend our influence toward finding a means
of support for the thousands upon thousands of refugees and crippled soldiers,
who from now on will be forced to a restricted livelihood, by offering to adorn
hats with simple but artistic ornaments which they could make? If we create
such a demand, we might relieve an unlimited number ot cases of destitution
and assist materially in lightening the burden ot the Red Cross and other
relief societies, and even of governments. Everyone must have a chance to
live, and we must learn to help more than ever before those who have been made
helpless. The decoration of a woman's hat might become an insignia of noble
service instead of a disgraceful badge of perverted vanity. Shall we redeem the

The Audubon Societies 243

past by renouncing forever the traffic in bird's plumage and by substituting for
it one which will bring hope as well as financial return to thousands who
need our assistance?

One further matter is urgent, and that is the training of nature-study
teachers. Aside from the fact that many teachers have gone into government or
relief service, there is an increasing need for well- trained instructors in nature-
study. More than ever, the appeal of Nature comes now as a source of stable,
safe, and sure comfort. In our present overwrought condition, everyone needs
the cheer and healthful influences of outdoor life and associations.

It will be wise, therefore, to make provision for this need by assisting teachers
to take special training in l^ird- and nature- study work. ReaHzing this need,
many of our summer schools are offering uncurtailed courses, in the face of
large deficits. Will our State Audubon Societies not take up this matter and
find out ways to enable teachers to attend these schools?

This suggestion has been made before. It should not be overlooked.

A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XXXIX: Correlated with Home Gardening, Civics, History

and Field Observation

In a quaint old volume entitled 'Annals of Salem,' there are many references
to the difficulties of getting a sufficient supply of food raised to save the pioneer
population from distress in the early days when our country comprised but a
thin fringe of seaboard colonies along the bleak Atlantic. Governor Endicott
wrote to Governor Winthrop in 163 1 with reference to dismissing Court until
the "corn be set": "Men's labour is precious here in corn setting time, the
Plantation being yet so weak."

Corn became so scarce, owing to insect pests, frosts, and droughts, that
"many families in most towns had none to eat, but were forced to live of clams,
cataos, dry fish, etc." In those early days the raising of wheat was an
experiment, although the annalist observes that Massachusetts promised to
become a wheat-growing colony. Then, as now, in times of food-shortage,
"human selfishness was on the alert for gain, and benevolence cast into the back-
ground," for the ignoble prolitecr was not an uncommon member of society.

Gray squirrels were said to "devour the corn exceedingly," but no mention
seems to be made of Crows. Some of the farmers dug trenches around their
fields to protect the corn, and more especially, wheat and barley, from ravages
of cankerworms. Under date of July 30, 1770, cankerworms were extensively
destructive, even penetrating houses, rooms, and beds. "To hinder this an-
noyance, houses were tarred." Several decades earlier, the Bishop of Lausanne

244 Bird - Lore

"gravely pronounced sentence of excommunication against the multitudes of
caterpillars which desolated his diocese." The annals continue: "None of our
countrymen have believed in such means as efficacious. They have devised
measures to destroy them all they could and then waited for their disappear-
ance."

There was a general impression that cankerworms ran out in seven years.
At any rate "after 1S34 their numbers were smaller," and the apple-tree
eventually furnished their favorite food.

So destructive were some of these pests that fasts were held from time to
time on account of caterpillars and "palmer worms." That the numbers of
these insect foes were alarmingly great seems evident from the current reports
of those who journeyed from one locality to another. Even making due allow-
ance for exaggerated descriptions, it is hardly likely that anyone would write:
"This summer multitudes of flying caterpillars arose out of the ground and
from roots of corn, making such a noyse in the aire, that travellers must speak
loud to hear one another, yet they only seazed upon the trees in the wilderness,"
unless great numbers of locusts were present.

The struggles of our forefathers to establish an adequate and increasing
food-supply, we, in our day and generation, shall never be able to realize.
Without proper and time-saving implements, or sufficient fertilizing material,
and probably with very little if any idea of intensive cultivation, their labors
in productive agriculture were rigorous and more often than not, unrewarding.
How ample to them would seem the food-supply of to-day, and how simple and
easy the requirements for food-conservation laid down by our wise
administrators!

It is interesting to find references to nesting and transient birds in these
forgotten annals of olden times. Writing to the Countess of Lincoln in 1631,
Governor Dudley said: "Upon the 8 of March from after it was faire daylight
untill about 8 of the clock in the forenoon, there flew over all the towns in our
plantacons soe many flocks of doves, each flock conteyning many thousands
and some soe many that they obscured the light, that passeth credit, if but
the truth should bee written." Doubtless the "doves" mentioned were Pas-
senger Pigeons, lost to us and to all who come after us. The migration of
birds was little understood in those early days, so it is not surprising that the
appearance of such large flocks of Pigeons was thought to portend some great
event.

How great the changes are that have come to our land since its pioneer
settlement, we can grasp more clearly by studying graphic charts than by read-
ing statistics. In the editorial of this number entitled, "Awake to the Times,"
is a suggestive outline by means of which fairly accurate comparisons of pres-
ent conditions can be made. When }'ou have a general idea of these conditions,
a mental picture, as it were, of the resources of your home state and adjoining
states, add to it, from a study of early American history, such facts as will show

The Audubon Societies 245

the progress made in agriculture, horticulture, farming, forestry and the con-
servation of natural and cultivated resources. Some very startling discoveries
will be made in the course of this study and some very hopeful signs. We have
reached a point now, where everyone's duty is to become well informed as to
the sources of the world's food-supply, and measures to increase and conserve

it.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Look up the meaning of isolhcymal and isohyctal.

2. Consult the Century Dictionary under the words palmer and palmer-worm.

3. Turn to the Bible under Joel i :4 and 2:25, also Amos 4:9, for further references to
palmer-worms.

4. What is a tiiicid molh? What harm does it do to apple-trees in June? What is its
!ar\al form?

5. See, also, in Century Dictionary cuts under coni-inol/i and hear [section 6, cut of
common yellow bear-moth in its larval stagej.

6. Study the most common insect pests of our gardens and grain-fields; learn whether
they are native (indigenous) or introduced, and, also, what species of birds destroy them.

7. Which grains are native and which are introduced?

8. Why is corn of unusual value and usefulness in the United States?

The following lesson on the Blue Jay is an admirable outline to take up at
this season. Similar lessons have preceded this and it would be well to refer to
them again as well as to work out some lessons of your own. With the bulletins
which are available through the federal and state Departments of Agriculture,
no one need be at a loss to determine the common insect pests of this country.
Make a special effort to correlate bird-study with the study of insects and
\egetation. May every home-gardener succeed this season and every home-
garden vield a store of knowledge as well as of food ! — A. H. W.

Suggestive Lessons in Bird-Study
THE BLUE JAY

By WILLIAM GOULD VINAL

■Ilu' Rhode Island Normal School

1. FIELD OBSERVATIONS

There is only one jjractical use to which you can put these suggestions. Make them
the purpose for wood excursions, not for the class, but for individuals and small groups.
No one should try to teach what he docs not know, but there is a great deal about a
Blue Jay that one can know. You must catch the spirit before the lesson, and a single
excursion into the woods of autumn or winter will give it. for the Blue Jay is a jicrmanent
resident. You ought to hear his notes ring through the silence of the October frost!
Stand still and see if \()u tan discoxer liis business.

1. In what sort of a localil> do you discover him?

2. Describe his method of flight.
,5. Does he walk or hop?

4. What docs he eat?

246 Bird -Lore

5. How do the other birds like him?

6. How does the Jay break off an acorn?

7. How does he open the acorn?

8. Where does he hide the acorns?

[Birds' nests are more easily found in winter than in summer, and this is really the
time to study them, as one can collect and observe them carefully without disturbing
the tenants.]

9. Where do you find the Blue Jay's nest?

10. In what kind of a tree?

11. How high is it from the ground?

12. Where is it in the tree, on a branch or in a fork?

13. Is the nest easy to find? Why?

14. Of what material is it built?

15. How is the material arranged?

16. What holds the nest together?

17. In the spring try to find a Blue Jay building his home. Do both parents

work at the nest-building?

18. When do they commence to build their nest?

19. How does the Jay get twigs?

20. Where are the twigs obtained and how carried to the nest?

This is a kind of nature-test. It differs from most school studies in that the test comes
right at the beginning of the subject. It is a test of the power to observe nature. Again,
it gives the child an experience of his own. He has something interesting for conversa-
tion. His own experience is really the only kind of a subject for him to write about. It
gives him an opportunity for self-expression, something different from the phonograph
method by which someone else's ideas are repeated. Do not let him put on smoked
glasses or stuff cotton into his ears after he has observed these twenty points. It would be
like planting twenty seeds in a garden and never looking at them again. Some naturalists
have been observing the Blue Jay for fourscore years or more, and there are still new
Blue Jay sounds and tricks to hear and see. Here, again, is the difference between book-
study and nature-study. A test in the former ends the study, but in the latter it is simply
opening the way for a lifelong examination, besides being a great deal more fun. By the
latter method, one's failures are not proclaimed, and his successes are a point in pedagogy
for other subjects.

2. BLUE JAY EXPERIENCES. (A Character Study)

As I do not know the iiluc Jay experiences of other [)C()plc, I shall have to tell about
mine. They started on a farm in South Scituatc, Mass. The Blue Jays were stealing the
corn, and that was an unpardonable sin on the farm. There are four more chapters of
this story of which I will simply give the titles: An Old Shot Gun; Concealed in the
Bushes; Imitations of the Blue Jay's Call; A Dead Blue Jay. This paragraph would not
have to be written had I been given the opportunities that boys and girls have to-day for
bird-stud}'.

Right here I want to say that I do not belittle the ojiportunitics of the farm. One has
to know things to succeed on the farm. He must plant, harvest, prepare, and use. In
the city it is a little mone}', a store, and a can-opener. If the city boy or girl wishes to
share in the experience of the great out-of-doors, he only needs to step into the parks
and use his senses. Thus he may acquire some real knowledge by observation, a funda-
mental principle in education.

As a farmer-boy I knew the Blue Jaj^ his haunts and his failings, and could call him

The Audubon Societies

247

to any tree. What I needed was a teacher, someone to organize, direct, and guide (not
stuff) my observations.

The next notable Blue Jay experience that I recall was when I had a class on a field-
trip. We went to a field to watch some Purple Crackles. One of the Crackles flew to a
large elm tree, carrying a white grub which he had excavated from the ground. Just as
the Crackle landed, a Blue Jay flew down, snatched the grub, and flew to another
limb, where it proceeded to beat the worm against the tree. When this juicy morsel had
been devoured, the Jay flew again, this time to where its nest was located. This whole
picture was run off in about two minutes. The incident showed the thieving instincts
and "cheek" of the bird, but at the same time his fondness for grubs. Wc had his character
in a nutshell.

The Blue Jay is also a big tease, at times a bully. The house across the street has a
picket fence along the side of the lawn. One day in the fall we saw a cat sitting peace-
fully on the upper ledge of the fence. Suddenly, two Blue Jays appeared on the scene.

A CANADA JAY^ CALLER
Photographed by Mr. Wm. G. \inal

They flew back of the cat and perched three or four feet away, from time to time swoop-
ing down at it, being perhaps within a foot above it. The starting-point was a maple
tree that shaded the fence. Now and then the birds would call y<;.v-7(/y-7(;y. The whole
performance seemed to be a game, and was seen at two different times and several months
apart.

In .Si'ptcml)cr, 1916, T went on a trij) to \cw Brunswick. It was a "camera hunt,"
which is much more fun than shooting with a gun. The cruise led twenty-four miles
from the nearest house and settlement, right into ihe woods on the headwaters of the
.Miramichi. Our party found quarters at an old abandoned lumber camp. On a fishing-
ing-lrip up the Little Dungavon one day, wc cooked our noon meal at the junction of
two streams. I'rom our (ornmeal allowance wc hafi made some bannock. It was con-
sidered nil her \aluable, since we had 'luted' uur prDxisiun-. mi our bai ks, i arr\iiii: enuuL'h

248 Bird - Lore

for a week which is quite a lug. 1 hud forded one of the streams to get some dry wood for
the fire, and, upon turning toward the place where our provisions were spread out, I
saw a bird making away with our golden bannock. I decided that if it tasted as good to
the bird as it did to me, he would return, so I hid in the tall grass and focussed my camera
on a tin cup which held the disputed food. I did not have to wait long before he came
back. Without following even woodsman etiquette, this feathered messmate tried to
stand on the rim of the cup, which upset both of our plans, blurring the picture I tried
to make. Such little unexpected or unplanned incidents, however, only add to the
excitement. This was the first time that I had ever seen the bird, but I remembered its
picture and knew that it was the Canada Jay. On returning to civilization (?) we
learned that the lumbermen call it the Moose-bird. In some parts it is called Meat
Hawk, Carrion-bird or Whiskey-Jack. Kennicott suggests that its Indian name, Wiss-
ka chon, was probably contorted into Whiskey-John and thenceto Whiskey-Jack.

Many of the strange noises we heard in camp, near sundown, were undoubtedly not
bears or wildcats but the Moose-bird. We later made friends at camp. I would place
bait on one of the lumber-camp stools and sit eight feet away on another, ready to shoot
with the camera. As the picture shows, the bird had no fear of the revolver. The bird
ate a little and then would carry off a large piece. He gave a sort of whining tone as he
returned from one tree and then another.

Picking up an acquaintance with city Blue Jays is easier than one would suppose.
Last spring one sunflower seed was planted near our grape-arbor. The Blue Jays came
regularly to get the sunflower seeds. To take a picture I placed the camera near the grape-
arbor and had a thread leading into the house. When the Jays came I pulled the thread.
Next year we plan to have a row of sunflowers by the arbor for the Blue Jays.

My last experience was in a Providence park, while taking the picture of a Blue Jay's
nest. An old gate was used for a ladder, and after I had climbed up into the tree, a Jay
came and perched overhead. Soon I saw another Jay coming down the path. Both
Jays had a sort of military bearing, with their blue uniforms, white collars, and black
belts. The patrol of the branches, however, was more alert than his mate below, and
I was not called upon to explain my presence in the tree.

3. BLUE JAY ECONOMICS. (Debit and Credit Account)

My early impression of Jay morals was that they were not as 'true blue' as the bird's
dress. I am not so sure now but what the Jay had a right to some of the corn. Audubon
pictures a Jay sucking an egg and writes: "I have seen it go its round from one nest to
another every day, and suck the newly laid eggs." Barrows, however, in 'Michigan
Bird-life,' says that these robberies are restricted to particular Jays and are not general.
Forbush, in 'Useful Birds and Their Protection' says that "Jays eat the eggs of the tent
caterpillar moth and the larva; of the gipsy moth and other hairy caterpillars." He
concludes that it should not be allowed to increase at the expense of smaller birds. Prof.
F. E. L. Beal, in the bulletin entitled, 'The Blue Jay and its Food' (published by U. S.
Department of Agriculture), says: "Jays do not eat the seeds of the poison ivy {RIiks
radicans) or poison sumac {Rhus vcrnix)." The Blue Jay helps in forestation by planting
seeds of various trees, such as nuts and the like. Thus, on the whole, and aside from the
enjoyment we get from his beautiful color, his neighborliness and cheery call, we may
say that there is a great deal to be added to his credit account, and that he is a good
friend to man.

4. THE BLUE JAY IN LITERATURE

What facts do the different poets tell us about the Blue Jay?

Could you appreciate what they write if you had not heard and seen the Jay?

The Audubon Societies 249

Pick out the words that describe him.

This is what a few writers think the Jay says:

Flagg: Dilly-lily.

Hoffman: Djay djay, tee-ar tec-ar Iccrr, too-whcrdlc loo-U'hccdlc, which suggests

the creaking of a wheelbarrow.
Matthews: J-aa-y j-aa-y, ge-rul-lup, ge-nil-lup, hcigh-ho.
Samuels: Wheeo-wheeo-wheeo.
Scton: Sir-roo-tlc, sir-roo-tic, sir-roo-llr.

"Blue Jay,
Clad in blue with snow-white trimmings."

— Fr.\nk Bolles.
The Blue Jay

"Blows the trumi)ct of winter."

— Thore.'\u.
"The brazen trumj) of the impatient Jay."

— Thorkau.
"The Robin and the Wren are flown, but from the shrub the Jay,
And from the wood-top calls the Crow through all the gloomy day."

— Bryant.
"Proud of cerulean stains
From heaven's unsullied arch purloined.
The Jay screams hoarse."

GiSBORNE.

"He who makes his native wood
Resound his screaming, harsh and rude,
Continuously the season through;
Though scarce his painted wing you'll view
With sable barred, and white and grey.
And varied crest, the loncl}^ Jay!"

— Bishop Manx.

FOR AND FROM ADULT AND YOUNG
OBSERVERS

COMMUNICATION FROM CANADA

Would \'()U care to hear from a rural school in Ontario which, lhroti<,'h a
circular received from the Uniled States, got into touch with the Audubon
Association and has now a very interesting Junior Audubon Society?

We l)cgan our meetings in the s])ring of IQ16, using the leallet supplied
when in the classroom, and following our own bird friends when lime and
weather ])cTniitted working outside. All the pui)ils in tin- school who were old
enough (Iwenly-si.x) became members, but we had a failiiful and interesting
following among the younger pupils.

Last spring we held a meeting in our classroom, to which |)arenls and Iriends
were invited. The room was decorated with evergreens.'! )ird-hou.ses, a collec-
tion of nests made in the late fall, and our colored bird-pictures.

2SO Bird -Lore

The program consisted of solos and duets, both vocal and instrumental,
choruses, readings, and an address by our president (a boy of thirteen), outlin-
ing the nature of our Society and the work covered. Several pupils had colored
the drawings provided with the leaflets, and prizes were given publicly for
the three best.

The parents and friends have, as a result, taken more interest in us and the
subjects of our study.

Our 1917-18 meetings have proved more enjoyable than thoseof the previous
year, and we are planning a public meeting for this coming spring which we
feel sure will add to the interest taken in our feathered friends.

As teacher of the school I very much appreciate Bird-Lore. The children
find it most interesting. — Amelia Lear, Courtice, Ontario, Can.

[The writer of this admirable report says: "In many ways I feel a stranger to the
Association (Audubon) and its ideals, but hope to become better acquainted by the
close of 1918." It has been suggested before in this Department that an exchange of
greetings and reports of work and common interests of study between schools in this
country and other countries would be helpful and especially stimulating. Will some
Junior Audubon Society in the United States enter into correspondence with the school
in Courtice?— A. H. W.]

NESTLING CHIPPING SPARROWS

Some Chippy Sparrows built their nest in a potted tree next to the house,
and a few weeks ago they flew from the nest. It was in the morning, and as I
walked past their nest out they flopped.

I was afraid they would be hurt or even killed but they were not. I then
sat down to watch them. One of them hopped up into my lap and as it seemed
so tame I had its picture taken with the other two. There were four in all, but
we could not find the other one. The one that sat on my finger was so tame
that I could feed it bits of bread.

When I went in I set it down in the shade of a bush, and when I came
back it was gone. — Helen Grew.

[It is characteristic of many young nestlings which are just ready to fly that a slight
disturbance will cause them to spring prematurely out of the nest. When this occurs, it is
an extremely difficult matter to return them to the nest, but it is often possible by patient
care to place the nestlings where the parents can easily find and feed them. A young
Baltimore Oriole was picked up and brought to the writer recently, and although quite
a distance from the place where it was found, it was returned to a bough near the spot
where it was first discovered and after twenty minutes of "cheeping" on the part of the
little orphan, the male bird arrived with food. — A. H. W.j

INTERESTING EXPERIENCES

I thought that you might be interested to know how a female Red-eyed
Vireo once proved to me her courage and devotion.

I was out one afternoon with a party, assembled for the purpose of study-

The Audubon Societies 251

ing birds, when we ran across the Vireo's nest, about five feet from the ground
in a small tree. We moved a little closer, and focused our glasses upon the
bird, and there she was sitting upon the nest. The leader of the party moved
still further toward the tree, and although he did not wish to frighten or dis-
turb her, he did want to test her courage. I do not believe that he was more
than twelve inches from her before she flew away. Her courage, in my mind,
was remarkable, and the sense of duty which she showed in guarding and car-
ing for those eggs is a good lesson by which human beings may profit.

Just the other day I witnessed a sight about which I have often read.

The leader of the party about which I have just spoken called my atten-
tion to a female Oven-bird in the grass near where we stood. Upon approach-
ing she flew away, keeping about a foot from the ground and spreading her
right wing while she did so. I was then informed that she was making out to
be wounded, so that we should follow her and so draw our attention from her
young ones. Sure enough, there were the young birds in the grass, with onlv a
few feathers on.

It is interesting to note such incidents as these, and I think that one can
have great success in observing birds with a bird-bath. I simply purchased
a large, inexpensive pan, and put it in a place which I had dug in the ground
to fit it. Then I sprinkled a little gravel in the bottom, put a few stones around
the edge, and filled it with water. I had fixed the pan so that one end was
shallower than the other. Soon I observed the birds bathing in it. They would
very timidly hop first upon the stones on the edge, and then, gradually becom-
ing more courageous, they would plunge into the water. It is very amusing
when a particularly large Robin takes a very long bath and uses the whole
tub, splashing about, while four or five smaller birds are impatiently waiting
on the edge for this most important individual to complete its toilet. —
W. W. Hall, Jr. (Age 13 years), Buckhill Falls, Fa.

[It is always a pleasure to receive observations which have been made at first-hand
in the true spirit of inquiry. Concerning; the fear of brooding birds, Mr. Herrick explains
to us in his study of the 'Home Life of Wild Birds,' the ditTerent stages of timidity and
courage through which parent birds pass while nesting. In studying the habits of birds
always be careful not to disturb birds which are about to nest or which are just be-
ginning to brood. Later, as they become more attached to the nest and eggs, they
usually show less fear. — A. H. W.]

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

Clje Rational ^£f£(ociation of Hububon Societies;

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 96

''A ^^^^a^i^^ coming of autumn Ijrings many changes in

' I ^] the bird world. The Orioles and Tanagers depart.
I|^m4 The Warblers leave and other familiar birds of
A f I^Dl summer disappear.

■^ IflH Then comes the White-throated Sparrow, the

HB|| -^^^^ Tree Sparrow, the Sapsucker, and other visitors

^Hjjj^^. from the North. Among these new arrivals, but

^^^BP not the first to appear, is the Slate-colored

^^SJMBfe^ Junco. In thousands of dooryards they are

WSm^m^^^^ rarely seen until the first fall of snow. Upon

looking out of the window sorne morning one
- , may see a dozen or more little birds flying about

in the shrubbery or hopping around the doorway,
looking for seeds or stray crumbs. Other small
■ ^. -- . birds have this habit at times, but by the follow-

ing signs you may know the Junco:

It is very nearly the size of an English Sparrow, with this difference, its body
is not so large and its tail is slightly longer. Its general color is dark gray,
except the belly, which is white. The bill is flesh- color, and when it flies white
feathers are shown at the sides of the tail. This description fits no other bird.
Bear these points in mind, and you cannot miss recognizing the Junco when he
comes to visit you.

This little bird of the winter has many friends. Coming as it does at a
season when other birds are few, and visiting the dooryard, as it frequently
does, there is small wonder that many people know it and hail with pleasure
its appearance from year to year. 'Snowbird' it is often called.

After the summer birds, and the migrants that are with us only for a time,
have departed, and the bird-life has settled down to the usual scant winter
population, the Juncos appear more in evidence than when they first arrived late
in September. Then you will find them associated in flocks numbering from ten
to flfty or more along the roadside skirted by thickets or in overgrown fence
corners. Fields grown up in shrubbery and the borders of woodlands are also
favorite haunts for these small winter neighbors. Here you will see them hop-
ping about on the ground or alighting on limbs or stakes. Always they seem
to be in such places that upon the call of danger they can dart, by a short
flight, into the friendly cover of shrubbery or trees.

(252)

'J- y '

^h-

> / -^ i

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO
Order- Passkrfs Famlly-FKiNaii.LiD/n

Ceniis-JuNLO Spocles-HYRMAi is

National Assorlation of Aii(iiil<on Societies

Slate-colored Junco 253

As they feed they continually utter quiet little notes of contentment, which,
upon being alarmed, change to sharp hissing sounds that I have known people
to think were caused by the bird snapping its bill.

Like all birds that spend the winter where snows fall, there come times when
these Juncos are hard pressed for food, and probably never a winter passes
without many of them dying from exposure and lack of food. Thus one may see
very good reason exists why people should put food where they can readil}-
find it. These birds will often eat bread-crumbs, but small seeds are what they
prefer. The kind of bird seed one may buy at a store is good for hungry Juncos,
but seeds raised in the garden will answer the purpose just as well. I will name
some of them: sunflower seeds, poppy seeds, millet, oats, cracked wheat, and
cracked corn will readily be taken by them. A little trouble and a very little
expense is all that is necessary to tide the Juncos through a time of famine and
keep them alive and well until better times arrive.

It should be borne in mind that all small birds are in constant danger of be-
ing captured and killed by Hawks, Owls, cats, and other creatures that prey
upon them. When weak from lack of food, the Httle Junco is in poor condition
to escape its enemies. I recall one February when snow fell heavily for two or
three days and was followed by a sleet that left a crust over the top of the snow;
also it broke down and buried the weed-stalks which still held their store of
seeds. Throughout the whole country there was practically no food for the
Junco.

One evening, upon returning late to the house, I caught sight of a small Invd
that flew up to roost on the top of one of the pillars supporting the wide veranda
of my home. On the little projection, perhaps three inches wide and protected
from the wind, it crouched down to spend the night. An hour later I came
out with a light and approached close enough to see that my little visitor was a
Junco. 1 i)ut some cracked wheat on the wide veranda railing close by and
hoped the bird would find it when it awoke in the morning, but the wind in-
creased in violence and more sleet fell during the night, so I am sure not a grain
of it was left for our little visitor when he opened his eyes at daylight.

It so chanced that the next evening, just as I came up the steps, the Junco
alighted on the veranda railing and attempted to i\y up to the toj) of the pillar,
but it was now so weak that it was unable to gain its jK-rch, and fell to the floor.
Cautiously I advanced, thinking to secure the bird and feed it in the house.
It llew out in the yard, however, and was soon lost in some low shrul)l)ery. Tiie
ne.\t morning its feathers were scattered i)ver the veranda. .\ cat had caught it
and brought it there to eat.

John Janus .\u(lui)on, writing of the Junco as he knew it in Louisiana, said:

"Although the Snow-birds live in little families consisting of twenty, thirty,
or more individuals, they seem always inclined to keep uj) a certain degree of
etiquette among themselves, and will not suffer one of their kind, or indeed any
other bird, to come into inuufdialc contact with them. To prevent intrusions

254

Bird- Lore

of this kind, when a stranger comes too near, their little bills are instantly
opened, their wings arc extended, their eyes are seen to sparkle, and they emit
a repelling sound peculiar to themselves on such occasions.

"They are aware of the advantages to be derived by them from larger birds
scratching the earth, and in some degree keep company with Partridges, Wild
Turkeys, and even Squirrels, for the purpose of picking up such food as these
animals may deem beneath their notice. This habit is more easily observed in
those which frequent the farm-yards, where the domestic fowls prove regular
purveyors to them. The report of a gun, or the unexpected barking of a dog,

J L N CO - 1 K K U 1 N G U .\ W I \ DOW-SHELF
Wyncote (PaO Bird Club

causes the little flock to rise and perch, either on the fences or on an adjoining
tree, where, however, they remain only for a few minutes, after which they
return to their avocations. They are particularly fond of grass-seeds, to procure
which they often leap up from the ground and dexterously seize the bending
panicles.

"It is a true hopping bird, and performs its little leaps without the least
appearance of moving either feet or legs, in which circumstance it resembles the
Sparrows. Another of its habits, also indicative of affinity to these birds, is
its resorting at night, during cold weather, to stacks of corn or hay, in which it
forms a hole that affords a snug retreat during the continuance of such weather,
or its recurrence through the winter. In fine weather, however, it prefers the
evergreen foliage of the holly, the cedar, or low pines, among which to roost.
Its flight is easy, and as spring approaches, the males chase each other on wing,

Slate-colored Junco 255

when their tails being tuUy expanded, the white and black colours displayed
in them present a quite remarkable contrast.

"The migration of these birds is performed by night, as they are seen in a
district one day, and have disappeared the next. Early in March, the Snow-
bird is scarcely to be seen in Louisiana, but may be followed, as the season
advances, retreating towards the mountains of the middle districts, where many
remain during the summer and breed."

Near the close of Audubon's narrative he makes this significant statement:

"Their flesh is extremely delicate and juicy, and on this account small strings
of them are frequently seen in the New Orleans market, during the short period
of their sojourn in that district."

This, of course, was written many years before the Audubon Law, which
protects these birds, was enacted by the legislature of Louisiana.

The Junco passes the winter in suitable locations throughout eastern United
States from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to southern Canada on the north.
In summer it is distributed generally from New England northward thruughout
Canada as far west as Alaska. They also breed in the upper parts of the Cats-
kill Mountains and along the ridge of the Appalachian Mountains south to
Georgia. On many of the mountains of western North Carolina I have found
these birds a most abundant species in summer. In fact on some of the moun-
tains one may encounter more Snowbirds on a day's tramp than all other
species combined. Blueberries are very common in these mountains, and in
summer the Snowbird varies its usual diet of insects with these wild fruits.

The nest is built in a depression in the ground, often on the side of some
little bank or among the mingled roots and sod of an upturned tree. If, during
the summer, one comes upon a Junco with a little worm or the larvae of some
insect in its bill, he need only wait a few minutes and the bird will probably be-
tray its nest by going to feed its young. I have often had this experience. In
fact, the Snowbird's nest has been, for me, one of the easiest to find. In every
instance I have found it by watching the birds going to it. The nest itself is
usually well hidden, and the small amount of dried grass and moss of which it
is composed blends so well with the surroundings that one would hardly expect
to discover the little cradle with its four or five speckled eggs or young.

In the spring the Junco has a song. It is not very loud and is not very long,
but liearing it, as one usually does, when few other birds are giving voice to
their happiness, it makes a strong appeal to the ear of the bird-lover.

The Slate-colored Junco (Junco hycmalis) is the common Junco with which
most people are acquainted. In the southern Alleghany Mountains, and breed-
ing as far south as northern Georgia, there is a race of Juncos {J . h. carolinvnsis)
that is slightly larger and its markings are a little dilTerenl from the common
Junco. Still another race, the Montana Junco (./. //. niDnlanus), is found in the
Rocky Mountains, breeding from southern Alberta to Idaho and jxi-^sing the
winter in Ari/.ona, Texas, and Mexico.

Cije Btitrution Societies;

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

FoEii or Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

A SUMMER OUTING FOR BIRD-STUDY

Our readers have noted, from time to
time, mentions of the progress of our new
Experiment Station in applied ornithology
at Amston, Conn., where research work is
conducted in attracting, protecting, and
increasing wild birds, and in the propaga-
tion of the so-called game species and wild
water-fowl. This summer, further experi-
ment will be tried, a combination of educa-
tional and recreational lines.

This great estate, owned by Charles M.
Ams, and representing an investment of
over a quarter of a million dollars, covers
three square miles of beautiful country, a
charming glacial lake over a mile long, with
good boating, bathing, and fishing. Bird-
life is varied and abundant. Many bird-
boxes are occupied by Bluebirds, Tree
Swallows, Wrens, and other species. There
is a convenient breeding colony of the
rather rare Henslow's Sparrow near one of
Bank Swallows. Herons and wild Ducks
frequent the lake, and last summer there
was on the latter an old white-headed Bald
Eagle.

Mr. Ams, who is a Life Member of the
Association, and is willing to share the
pleasure of his estate with the reputable
fraternity of bird-lovers, has given to
the Association the use of the Audubon

(

House as headquarters, and has equipped
Amston Inn on the property, where guests
can be cared for. Last summer, visitors
were informally received and shown about
by Herbert K. Job, who is in charge of
the work, residing for the season at the
Audubon House with an assistant.

This season, Mr. Job, with his family,
will reopen the Audubon House about
June I, for the entire summer. The Inn
will also be open, at a uniform rate of $2
per day for room and board, or 75 cents for
a single meal. At the Audubon House are
collections of mounted birds and bird-
skins for study and reference, also a small
working ornithological library. Visitors
are invited to make use of these and of the
.\udubon House for stud}' or social pur-
poses. Work in attracting birds, and the
l)rccding and rearing of many kinds of
game-birds will be under way. The water-
fowl pond, with some fifteen species, gives
unusual opportunity to study native wild
Ducks. Visitors for the day or for stay
at the Inn are welcome, and will be shown
tlic work.

Beginning on Saturdaj^, July 6, a de-
finite Summer School session will open,
with classes and evening lectures by
specialists. The formal session will con-

256)

The Audubon Societies

257

tinue three weeks, and courses are offered
in general bird-study, applied ornithology
and field photography.

A moderate charge will be made, uni-
form for all, and students may take one
or all the courses, and be admitted without
further charge to all lectures. The Inn is

simple and unpretentious, the rooms small,
but everything is fresh and neat, and the
food is good. A prospectus with full detail
will be furnished on application, either to
the Association at 1974 Broadway, New
York City, or to Mr. Job at West Haven,
Conn.

STINKING LAKE A BIRD SANCTUARY

The long fight to end the killing of wild
fowl on Stinking Lake, and thus make of
it a bird sanctuary, has been won! Stink-
ing Lake is located in northern New
Mexico, and, for hundreds of miles in
every direction, probably no region exists
that harbors such a large number of breed-
ing wild fowl in spring, or offers such oppor-
tunities for gunners in autumn.

Several years ago the United States
Bureau of Biological Survey sent a repre-
sentative there to study the bird-life, and
the question at that time was brought up
of making it a United States Federal Bird
Reservation under the care of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. This was found in-
expedient for the reason that the lake lay
within the boundaries of the Jicarilla-
.\pache Indian Reservation, and therefore
was not a part of the free public domain
from which bird reservations have always
l)een carved.

Last fall the matter was brought to a
liead by the action of a company of sports-
men, centering in Colorado Springs, and
organized under the distinctly misleading
title of the "Jicarilla Wild Game Sanctuary
Association." This club took steps to
secure from the Indian Service the
exclusive shooting privileges on Stinking
Lake. In return for this favor they offered
to build a fence to keep the cattle away
from the breeding-grounds of the birds,
and employ a guard throughout the year.
They were to shoot a month in the autumn
(which meant the entire time of the fall
shooting season until the lake frcc/es
over), and they obligated themselves to
shoot only twenty-five Ducks a day, which,
we may add, is five more than the law of
New Mexico allows.

The writer, after entering a protest with
the Interior Department and receiving
no satisfactory response, went to Washing-
ton and had a conference with Mr.
Alexander T. Vogelsang, Assistant Secre-
tary of the Interior, and the official who
has oversight of several branches of the
Interior Department work, including the
Indian Service. To him was submitted
a request that the lake be not leased,
and that, using his authority, he should
prohibit all shooting on the lake. It was
found, however, that he had been so
thoroughly convinced of the philanthropic
intentions of these Colorado sportsmen
that he had already given his consent for
the leasing of the lake to them.

After an extended visit, during which
certain facts, with which he was more or
less unfamiliar, were drawn to his atten-
tion, he readily agreed to reopen the case.
Later, he stated that, upon reflection, he
had changed his former position in the
matter, and, as requested by the Audubon
Association, would in future allow no
one to shoot on this territory. He asked
the writer to make suggestions relative to
the season and bag-limit, which the
Indian Service could insert into regulations
regarding shooting on other small bodies
of water within the boundaries of this
Indian Reservation. This request was.
of course, promptly complied with.

In the meantime, pressure continued
to be brought to bear on the Interior
Department from the West. The Jicarilla
Wild (iame Sanctuary Association sent a
representative from Colorado on at least
two occasions to plead their cause. The
Slate Game Warden and another state
otTicial from New Mexico visited Wash-

258

Bird -Lore

ington and worked toward the same
end.

On March 29, 1Q18, there was filed
with the Indian Ser\ice the following
memorandum:

"Wherkas, The Jicariila Wild (iame
Sanctuary Association has sul^mitted to
the Bureau of Indian Affairs a proposed
lease for the Stinking Lake in the State of
New Mexico, and,

"Whereas, Protests have been filed
against the granting of said lease; and,

"Whereas, Pending the controversy
which has arisen, no action has been
taken by said bureau relative to said lease;
and,

"Whereas, an adjustment and com-
promise has been reached by all interests
heretofore opposed to the granting of said
lease, and concerned therewith; and,

"Whereas, The undersigned, H. L. Hall,
is the duly authorized representative of
the Chama Rod and (lun Club; and,

"Whereas, The undersigned Theodore
Rouault is the duly appointed, qualified,
and acting Game Warden of the State of
New Mexico, and the duly authorized
representative of the New Mexico Game
Protective Association; and,

"Whereas, Francis Gilpin is the duly
authorized representative of the Jicariila
Association; and,

"Whereas, The above-named persons are
the duly authorized representatives of all
the interests concerned in the matter of
said lease and desire to submit the adjust-
ment which they have reached in connec-
tion therewith; now,

"Therefore, the said representatives
herewith submit for the consideration 01
said bureau a form of lease which has been
agreed upon between them, and for which
favorable consideration is most earnestl>'
and respectfully requested.
(Signed) F. Gilpin

H. L. Hall

Theodore Rouault, Jr."

The above statements were not corrct t
in at least one particular, as the National
Association of Audubon Societies had not
withdrawn its opposition, and these gentle-
men were so informed.

Mr. Gilpin came to New York for a
conference with the writer in the hope thai
the one remaining obstacle might be re-
moved. He proved to be a very broad-
minded gentleman, greatly interested in
conservation, and in the end stated that if
he could not secure this concession from

the GoNcrnmcnl he was quite willing to
(onlribute toward the maintenance of
the warden which the Audubon Associa-
tion hopes soon to see placed on Stinking
Lake.

After this the end came speedily. Mr.
Gato Sells, Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
under date of May 2, 1918, wrote the fol-
lowing letter:

.1/y dnir Mr. Pearson:

This will refer further to the question of
granting a permit to the Jicariila Wild
Game Sanctuary Association for the
privilege of establishing a shooting pre-
serve on Stinking Lake, on the Jicariila
Indian Reservation.

I have carefully considered this matter,
and, in view of the circumstances, I do
not deem it advisable to permit any shoot-
ing whatever on Stinking Lake, and have
accordingly notified the Superintendent.
There is enclosed a copy of instructions to
the Superintendent as to the steps to be
taken with regard to the granting of shoot-
ing privileges on other lakes on this
reservation.

The letter of instructions to which he
refers follows:

Mr. Chester E. Faris,

Supt. Jicariila Agency.

My dear Mr. Faris:

The question of granting a permit to
the Jicariila Wild Game Sanctuary Associa-
tion for the privilege of establishing a shoot-
ing preserve on Stinking Lake has been
carefully considered, and it has been
decided to deny the privilege requested by
that Association.

In view of the exceptional natural
advantages afforded for the breeding of
wild birds on Stinking Lake, I do not deem
it advisable to permit any shooting what-
ever on this lake, and you are hereby
directed to prohibit all shooting, either by
whites or Indians, and you are requested to
exercise every precaution to enforce this
ruling.

You are hereby authorized to grant
jjermits to responsible parties for shooting
privileges on oilier lakes on the reservation,
such shooting to conform with the Federal
law as to the season for shooting birds, and
to conform with the State Law in respect
to the bag-limit which may be taken. It
is not deemed advisable to grant any pre-
ferred privileges to any parties or associa-
tions in the premises.

In this connection you are requested to
submit vour views and recommendations

The Audubon Societies

259

as to the promulf^ation of regulations which
may be deemed suitable for the govern-
ing of the shooting privileges under i)ermits
to be issued by you as instructed above.
Sincerely yours,
(Signed) Cato Sells, Commissioner.
Approved: April 30, iqiS.
Alexander T. Vogelsang,
First Assistant Secretary.

The Biological Survey, ever heljiful in
such matters, already has a man on the
ground trapping such predatory animals

as are injurious to the breeding wild
fowl and will, this summer, have a man
investigating further the bird-life of the
region.

Stinking Lake is now a bird sanctuary
and is the only one of the first importance
over a vast area of our southwestern
country. Its value as a breeding-place for
Ducks and as a haven of refuge for them
during migration can hardly be over-
estimated.

A BIRD HOSPITAL

By DR. W.

For a number of years my attention has
been directed to the large numbers of
maimed birds ever present here in Colorado
Springs, and greatly augmented after the
migratory waves of bird-life in the spring-
time and early autumn. That it was
within my power to e.xtend to these un-
fortunates a rescuing hand did not grasp
my mind until one day a tender-hearted
lassie brought to me a Nighthawk with a
broken wing, and with tearful voice shot
at me the question, "Doctor, can't you
make this bird's broken wing well just
as you do the broken arms of the little
boys and girls?" This opened a door into a
new world in which I have now been revel-
ing for several years, deluged with delights
and surprises foreign to ordinary mortals,
and solving the mystery of eternal youth.

A commodious aviary was erected,
answering the purposes of a general
hospital, where the aerial voyagers,
arrested in their journeys to and fro across
the country by some unfortunate accident,
are cared for as tenderly as though so
many children. When recovered from
their disabilities, these feathered patients
are given their liberty, returning to their
accustomed haunts in life, and taking up
again their numerous a( tivities in behalf
of the welfare and happiness of mankind.

These feathered patients very (iui( kly
adjust themselves to the novelty of the
shut-in life of the hospital, and, by the
lime the repair processes arc completed,
have become contented and gentle.

The intimate relationship established

■W. ARNOLD

with the birds, while ministering to the
relief of their various disabilities, reveals
phases and secrets of bird-life obtainable
in no other way and flashing with constant
surprises.

The varieties of feathered patients
brought to the hospital represent about all
the bird families of the Pikes Peak region.

STLHHV, A HLA< k HKADKI) OROSRKAK
WinK anil Ick broken l»y gunshot. Wins rccov-
trcd, foot amputated. Has been in the hospital
four or five years.

found in summer and winter, from the rare
and fairylike t'alliope Hummingbird, the
common Tern, a rare visitor of the region,
to the Raven and (iolden F.agle.

.\ very satisfactory percentage of the
injured birds recover and are sent back

WESTERN MEADOWLARK
Gunshot wound of wing. Recovered

ONE DAY'S WORK BY THE MURDEROUS CAT

(260)

YOUN'G CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD, THIRD RK( nkh I
SMALLEST PATIEM

Kl DMI Al- 11.11 I 1,11 K IK
WiriK Irokcn by contact with telephone wire. Rvcovcrc<I

f36l)

262

Bird -Lore

into their native haunts to resume their
blessed services in behalf of their greatest
enemy — man.

The task of colleiting the unfortunate
cripples is gladly assumed by the children
of the city and adjacent regions, who bring
to the hospital every disabled feathered
brother found. I endeavor to show my
appreciation of these humane services by
visiting the schools, taking with me some
of the recovered patients, and recounting
their life histories to the children, thereby
impressing upon the hearts of the children
a tremendous interest in bird-life and a
burning desire for its protection.

The character of this delightful work
naturally brings us in contact with the lost
darlings of the home nest in the spring and
summer, so an orphanage was demanded
and provided, where scores of fledglings
are tenderly cared for during the season.
This work of rescuing injured helpless
birds from the claws and jaws of the heart-
less cat and the preferable ending of
existence by starvation is my recreation,
an antidote to arlrriosrlrrosis. and has

proven a mine of such inexhaustible
pleasure that 1 am fain to recommend it
to everyone seeking to round out his life
in fullest measure of usefulness and enjoy-
ment.

There should be hundreds of bird
hospitals scattered over our beloved land,
for millions of birds perish annually from
accidents of different kinds, when a large
])ercentage might be restored to normal
condition if afTorded care and treatment
in one of these hospitals.

It is better, of course, that the conduct
of the bird hospital should be in charge of a
person familiar with minor surgery, but
almost any intelligent boy or girl can
quickly become proficient in the adjusting
of broken wing- and leg-bones and in
providing the food necessary and appro-
priate for the healthy sustenance of the
different varieties of feathered patients.
My records show an average of twenty-
five or thirty patients on hand all the time,
constantly augmented and decreased,
according to the seasonal movements of
the armies of birds.

THREE ORPH.ANED AND ST.ARVED HAIiV I'lloKHES

The Audubon Societies

263

TO STOP THE SALE OF GAME

An important bill is pending in Con-
gress, having for its object the prohibition
of the sale of game in the District of
Columbia. It is rather a significant fact
that, in more than forty states of the
Union, restriction exists on the sale of
native wild game. It is perfectly apparent
to anyone that as long as there is an open
market for Quail, Wild Turkeys, Wood-
cock, Prairie Chickens, and Wild Ducks,
just so long will these various game-
birds be hunted with the greatest energy
by men who, as a class, have little regard
for game laws, and whose desire is to make
money by marketing the products of their
skill with firearms.

Stopping the sale of game is therefore
one of the ' most important principles
involved in the subject of wild-life pres-
ervation. In Washington, however, game
can be sold openly in the markets, much as
it could throughout the country during
those days when wild Pigeons used to be
sold for six cents a dozen.

No congressman, it seems, has been
sufficiently interested in the subject to
introduce a bill in Congress to restrict this
traffic. Recently, however, Representative
Graham, of Illinois, launched such a bill.
Much credit is due Mr. W. P. Bolton, of
New York City, for his persistent efforts in
behalf of this measure. On April 23, 1918,
a hearing was given on the bill before the
District of Columbia Committee. Among
others who appeared in behalf of the bill
was Herbert K. Job, representing the
National Association. Reports of what
took place that day all indicate that the
Committee will shorth' report the bill for
favorable consideration.

Now the question is, will it be possible
to get it up for a vote before Congress
adjourns. With all the war measures
crowded in for attention, there is a pos-
sibility that it may be side-tracked until
another session of Congress. However,
the bill will be pushed if necessary for
years until success comes.

THE PENNSYLVANIA PLUMAGE LAW

.\ letter to "all licensed taxiflermists in
Pennsylvania," bearing the date of Feb.
15, 1918, has been issued by Dr. Joseph
Kalbfus, Secretary of the Pennsylvania
Board of Game Commissioners.

In this letter attention is called to a
recent change in the laws of that slate in
reference to the sale of the plumage of
wild birds. Under the old law the Presi-
dent of the Board of (iame Commissioners
had the right, at his discretion, to permit
a taxidermist to sell mounted specimens of
birds, whether legally or accidentally killed
in that state. There was also no law
against the sale of feathers of foreign
birds, unless belonging to the same
family as birds protei ted in the state. Dr.
Kaii)fus now serves notice that such sales,
either by taxidermists or milliners, are no
longer legal.

"The new law," he writes, "forbids t he
sale ol leal hers taken frnm wild i)irds, wit h-

oul rjualilication, so that at this time you
would have no right to sell, or offer to sell,
or have in possession for sale, a Crow, or a
Hawk, or a Blue Jay, or a Kingfisher, or
an\' other bird without first securing per-
mission to do so by the President of the
Board of (Jame Commissioners of Penn-
sylvania, and such permission will not be
granted, except in instances where the
Commonwealth itself may be benefited,
as, for instance, a sale to a pul)lic museum,
or to public schools, or for educational
purposes."

The new law |)rohibits absolutely the
sale of the feathers of all wild birds in
I'ennsylvania. The contention of Dr.
Kalbfus, exjircssed in a jiersonal letter,
that this i)laces Pennsylvania in the lead of
all stales in the Union in the matter of
suppressing the feather traflic, most
assuredly is borne out by the facts in the
case.

264

Bird - Lore

There was a time, before the National
Association of Audubon Societies began
its campaign to suppress the sale of
feathers in Pennsylvania, when this state
was a hotbed for the wholesale milliner)'
interests of this country that had been
driven out of New York state by the
Audubon Law. This was not so many
years ago either, and Pennsylvania is
certainh' to be congratulated on the ad-
vanced stand it has taken on the matter
of bird protection. No small part of this
is due to the long educational work of Dr.
Kalbfus, who for nearly two decades has
occupied his present position as Execu-
tive Officer of the Board of Game Com-
missioners of PennsyKania.

Summer Schools for Bird-Study

The Association will cooperate with the
following colleges and universities in
presenting courses in bird-study during
the summer of 1918:

Dr. Eugene Swope, of Cincinnati,
Ohio, Field Agent for the Association,
will give a four- weeks' course in bird-
study at the University of Florida, located
at Gainesville.

Dr. J. M. Johnson, of Brooklyn, will
conduct a four-weeks' course at the
Summer School of the South, Knoxville,
Tenn.

Miss Belle Williams, of Columbia, S. C,
will have her bird-work at the Winthrop
Normal and Industrial College, Rock
Hill, S. C, for a month.

Miss Mary Bacon, of Athens, Ga.,
will give a course in bird-study at the
University of Georgia during, the summer
session, from July i to August 3.

Mr. Ralph Hubbard, of Boulder, Col.,
a member of the faculty of the University
of Colorado, will give a course in bird-
study again this year.

Mr. Edward Fleischer, of the Brookljn
Institute of Arts and Sciences, will teach
bird-study in the Adelphi College, Brook-
lyn, during the summer session, from July
8 to August i().

Mr. J. Bowie Fernehough, of Baltimore,
will give the bird-course this summer at

tiic University of Virginia, University
P. O., Va.

Game-Law Enforcement in New York

The Stale Conservation Commission,
with headquarters at Albany, during the
present administration has been doing a
wonderful work in its various lines of
service. Particularly may be noted with
satisfaction the energetic way in which
it is enforcing all the bird- and game-
protective laws.

Its accomplishments are brought force-
fully to the attention of the public each
month by the issuance of a bulletin con-
taining a detailed account of all arrests for
violation of the conservation laws, with
the amount of fines paid where convictions
resulted. By examining the one for March,
19 1 8, for example, we find that there were
154 arrests and 127 convictions for the
month. The fines paid in these cases
amounted to something over $3,000.

The character of the offenses included
illegal killing of deer, Pheasants, song-birds,
fur-bearing animals, and rabbits. Others
were for violating the fish laws. Those who
have watched the fight to suppress the
traffic in the feathers of wild birds will be
interested in learning that the law against
the sale of aigrettes is being rigidly en-
forced. During March there were six
arrests for this offense, and convictions
resulted in every case.

First State Cat Law

What is belicx^cd to be the first state law
passed for restricting cats was recently
enacted by the New York State Legisla-
ture.

The wording of this new statute is as
follows:

Cats hunting or killing birds. Any per-
son over the age of twenty-one years, who
is the holder of a valid hunting and trap-
ping license, may, and it shall be the duty
of a game protector or other peace officer
to humanely destroy a cat at large found
hunting or killing any bird protected by
law or with a dead bird of any species
protected by law in its possession; and no

The Audubon Societies

265

action for damages shall be maintained
for such killing.

"This act shall take effect immediatel)'."

Another Bird Sanctuary

Mr. Frank Bond, of Washington, D. C,
who for fifteen years or more has been an
active member of the Audubon Societ)-,
and who by virtue of his position as Chief
Clerk in the General Land Office has been
able to exert great influence in the estab-
lishment of bird reservations, under date
of April 4, 1918, forwarded to this office
the following letter:

"I know you will be glad indeed to be
advised that yesterday I received a letter
from the office of the Engineering Bureau,
Chief of the Ordnance, War Department,
which stated:

" 'I am instructed by the Acting Chief
of Ordnance to inform you that no hunt-
ing of birds or game of any kind is jjer-
mitted on the United States reservation
known as the Aberdeen Proving Ground in
Hartford County, Maryland.

" 'The above prohibition on hunting was
issued with the idea of accomplishing
the results desired to be secured by you.'

"This, as you will understand, is action
taken similar to that which was taken by
the Panama Canal Commission. While it
does not create a game or bird reservation,
strictly speaking, the same purposes are
accomplished I think, and we are to be con-
gratulated upon our efforts in this direc-
tion."

A New Bird-Fountain

In recognition of the services rendered
by our little feathered warriors, the Los
Angeles Audubon Society, on April 18.
1918, unveiled and dedicated a handsome
bird-fountain in the Exposition Park.

Mrs. F. T. Bicknell, president of I lie
Society, in making the presentation to the
birds, said: "The little warriors of the air
arc fighting for us against enemies as
ruthless as the Kaiser." Continuing, Mrs.
Hicknell said, in part:

"To our birds, divided into great battal
ions of battle against enemies of the crops,
we make the first dedication. This
fountain is for the use of the battalion
svhich protects our wheal cro[>s for the
boys in France. It is for the battalion

which guards the cotton crop which is
used for surgical purposes and for gunwads.
It is for the battalion which saves our
forests from which we get the lumber to
build great ships and air-planes.

"The birds have been officially recog-
nized by the United States Government
for their valuable aid to agriculture and
horticulture. This fountain is placed here
as our personal recognition of their value."

The fountain is made of artificial stone.
It is five feet in height, with an octagonal
base six feet in diameter. Two Pelicans
are so moulded as to form the shaft support
for the center basin.

The bowl is three inches deep and
twenty-six inches in diameter. Within the
bowl, as if just alighting, is an American
Bittern with a tiny fish in its beak. The
water flows from the mouth of the fish into
the bowl and overflows into the octagonal
basin, which is three-quarters of an inch
deep and raised four imhcs from the
ground.

Bird Day in South Carolina

The following proclamation has been
issued by the Governor of South Carolina:

Whereas, May 5 is a popular day for
Bird Day throughout the United States,
and

Whereas, Science proves that insectiv-
orous birds arc the destroyers of iioxious
weeds and insects that injure our food and
textile crops; experience proves that game-
birds may be made a valuable adjunct to
our food-supply; and sentiment proves
that song-birds minister to our happiness,
and

Whereas, It is especially important
that we educate our children and i)rolect
our birds in order to foster our resources in
time of war:

Now, therefore, I. Richard I. Manning
Governor of South Carolina, do hereby
designate Monday, May 0. iqiS (since
.^hly 5 falls on Sunday) as Bird Day for
the current year in South Carolina, and
refpiest the Superintendents and Teachers
of the Public Schools of the State to
observe said day and to devote it to the
formation of Bird Clubs among the children
of (uir schools for the |)urposc of ct)-
o])erating with the Slate Game Depart-
ment in the protection of these feathered
friends of mankind.

?66

Bird - Lore

Given under my hand and the seal of
the State this twenty-first day of April of
the year igiS A. D.

Richard I. Manning,

Governor of South Carolina

"Bobbie in Birdland"

"Wc have just given with success the
play 'Bobbie in Birdland.' Our costumes
for this were especially effective. They
were made by the Household .\rts and
Home Economics Department of our

school, and they, together with the bird-
notes made bj' our boys behind the scenes,
made the birds seem very real. I wonder if
tlierc are not other Audubon Clubs which
would like to rent these costumes in pre-
senting the same play. Our town, which
had never taken any very great interest
in birds before, was thoroughly aroused
on the subject. The children are all
imitating the birds."

(Signed) Mrs. ¥. C. BiviNS,

Durham, N. C.

NEW LIFE MEMBERS

Enrolled from March 1 to May 1, 1918

Adams, Joseph
Ainsworth, Mrs. H. A.
Bailey, Mrs. Charles
Ball, ]Miss Susan L.
Battles. Miss C. Elizabeth
Brownson, ]Mrs. Willard H.
Bushnell, Mrs. Harriet L.
Cate, Mrs. Isaac AL
Cooper, Mrs. Theresa B.
Dietz, Mrs. C. N.
Elser, Albert C.
Emerson, Mrs. G. ]).
Fortmann, Henry E.
Garrett, Mrs. P. C.
Gelpcke, Miss A. C.
Gelpcke, Miss Marie
Gribbel, Mrs. John
Hamilton, Mrs. H. R.
Hamilton, Mrs. W. P.
Hansen, Miss Emilic L.
Henderson, William
Hubby, Miss Ella E.
Tselin, Mrs. C. Oliver
James, EUerton
Lauder, Miss E. S.

Liesching, Bcrnhard
Loring, Miss Helen
McCormick, Mrs. R. T.
McKim, LeRoy
Minshall, Miss' Helen
Morgan, J. P., Jr.
Mott, Mrs. John B.
Norrie, Mrs. E. L. Breese
Parsons, Mrs. J. D., Jr.
Perkins, Mrs. Gilman H.
Pope, Willard
Powers, Thomas H.
Procter, Mrs. Wm. C.
Rogers, Miss Julia
Sarmiento, Mrs. E. J.
Shepard, Mrs. Elizabeth D.
Short, William
Sloane, Henry T.
Smith, Erancis D.
Strong, Mrs. J. R.
Velie, Charles D.
Whiting, Miss Gertrude.

During the same period there were also
enrolled 154 new Sustaining Members and
12 new Contributors.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND

March 1 to May 1, 1918

Previously acknowledged . .

.Mien, Miss Edith H

Allen, Miss Mary P

.\nonymous

.Vuchincloss, Mrs. E. S. .

.\yres, Miss Marj' A

Babson, Mrs. Caroline W.
Bainbridge, Mrs. M. H. .
iiarnes, R. Magoon . .

Bates, Clifford L

Ba.xter, Miss Lucy W. . . .
Bird Lovers' Club (Brooklyn) .

liliss. Miss Lucy B

Bridge, Mrs. Lidian E. . . .

.$i,0oo 05

1 00

2 40
4,35 00

5 00

5 oc

1 oc

5 00

10 GO

5 00

2 00
4 00

10 00

Brown, T. Hassal $10 00

Browne and Nicholas Bird Club 18 20

Campbell, Donald 3 00

Chittenden, Mrs. S. B 2 oc

Christian, Miss Susan 10 oc

Cohen, Judge William N. . . . 5 00

Davis, \Iiss Lucy B 3 oc

Detroit Mird Protecting Club 5 oc

DeXormandie, James 5 00

District of Columbia Audubon

Society 5° 00

Douglass, Mrs. Charles .... S 00

Durham, J. E 2 00

Embury, Miss Emma C. . . . 5 co

The Audubon Societies

267

Evving, Mrs. H. E

Ferris, Miss Ida J

Flint, Mrs. Alonzo

"Friend"

Gault, B. T

Grasselli, Miss Josephine.

Greene, A. E

Gwalter, Mrs. H. L

Hage, Daniel S

Hager, George W

Hodenpyl, Anton G

Hodgman, Miss Edith M. , .

Hungerford, Richard S. . .

Hunter, Mrs. W. H

Hunter, William T., Jr. .

Jackson, P. T., Jr

James, Mrs. Walter ii.

Johnson, Mrs. Eldridge R. .

Joslin, Ada L

Knowlton, Mrs. Mvra R.

Marshall, Mrs. E. O

Milwaukee Downer ColU
Students

Moore, Robert Thomas . . .

Murray, J. Irwin, Jr

Netherland Societ\- for Protec-
tion of Birds

Oppenheim, Myron 11.

Parker, Edward L

Petty, E. R

Phinney, Charles G. . .

Potts, Mrs. William M. . .

Putnam, Mrs. A. S

Randol])h, Evan

Rca, Mrs. James C.

Reeves, Dr. William ('.

Rich, Master Howard E.

Robbins, Miss X. P. H. .

Robbins, Mr. and Mrs. R. E

Rowe, Mrs. Henr\ E. . . .

Russell, Mrs. Wiliiam \).

Savage, .\. E

Seattle .\udubon Society

Shepard, Mrs. Elizabeth 1).

Stanton, Mrs. T. (i. ...

Struthers, Miss Marv S. . .

Tate, J. M., Jr. . .' .

Topliff, Miss .\nna E. .

Varicle, Miss ReneO

Warlsworth, Mrs. W. .\ustin

Whitney, Thomas IE .

'I'olal

s°

i.S

.so

,^o

.SO

/>4l -2 5

Letters from Young Bird Students

The class is studying about i)irds. 1
will tell you how the bird I am lliiiiking
of looks. It is the Chickin Hawk. lie is
the color of the Irei's an<l nou (aniiol sec

him very well. He makes a funny noise,
and he keeps flying around in a ring by
the chicken-coop and comes nearer every
time he goes around. I would like to know
how 3'ou are protecting the birds this year.
— H.AROLD W.ARXKR, Cleveland, Ohio.

We have been studying about birds for
three days. I know some winter birds.
They are the Hawks, Sparrows, Snowbirds,
Crows, Bluebirds, and Doves. I would
like to know how you protect the birds in
the winter. I have read in the Press a
story of a Crow, and will now tell it to you.

There was a little girl who had a birth-
da)'. Her aunts gave her some books, and
her father and mother gave her some nice
gold beads. Then she was happy when she
saw them and she laid them on the table
and went out into the barn and while she
was there the Crow hid them. — Ei.e.wor
Smith, Clevelaml, Ohio.

For the last three days we have been
studying about winter birds. I was talk-
ing about the Snowbird. Its wings and
tail are black and its back is brown.
Under its wings is a white patch and it has
a red dot on its head. Will you please tell
me how you take care of the winter birds?
What is the Snowbird fed on? What do
the Eagles, Sea Gulls, and Hawks get
fed on and when will you have the ne.xt
bird pictures oui? — R.wmonu Hahnkr,
CI rvrl, 111(1. Ohio.

Man^- pcoi)!c tliink llial birds have no
love for each other, but they do. Once
there were some birds and they were jiick-
ing something from the ground, but one
could not get anything because his bill
was crossed and he was the biggest because
the other one had fed him so well.

I would like to ask you a few questions
about i)irds. What do you dt) to pri>tect
the birds? What kin«l have you? We have
been studying ab<)ut birds for three days
and I am very much interesteii in them. —
i-.nirii .\. S(iii;i.i.v, CliVilitnJ, Ohio.

JOIN THIS ASSOCIATION

AND

HELP THE CAUSE OF BIRD-PROTECTION!

The Educational Leaflets

OF THE

National Association of
Audubon Societies

^ These leaflets, 94 in number, are sold at 3 cents
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BIRD - LORE

COLORED PLATES ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF A YEAR

,a^»'^^^'

1. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Adult 2. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Young

3. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE
(One-half natural size)

2^irb=1tore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audupon Societies

Vol. XX July— August, 1918 No. 4

Notes on the Nesting of the Nashville Warbler

By H. E. TUTTLE, Lake Forest, 111.
With photographs by the Author

IT WAS mid- June at Lake Forest, 111., and a heaviness hung in the air
laden with the sweetness of the clover fields. My bird-season was draw-
ing to a close. I was strolling along a steep side hill, where birches and
azalea bushes made the walking difficult when, from between my feet, there
fluttered forth a little green bird which flew swiftly into the tops of the birches
and disappeared without a note of protest. To make assurance doubly sure I
looked for a nest and presently found it — a grassy cup set in a bit of moss under
a bunch of drifted leaves and crisp twigs. Wintergreen leaves and the withered
ends of the spring's arbutus carpeted the immediate surroundings. So well
hidden was it that I had to remove the roof of dead leaves, better to take my
pictures.

When the five eggs had hatched, I returned with an umbrella tent which I
set up within a yard of the nest and inside of w^hich I installed my camera.
Even as I did so I had my second glimpse of the bird and knew it for the Nash-
ville Warbler. Leaving the tent to convince her by its lifelessness of the
innocency of my intentions, I wandered down the side hill to an open glade
where the Towhee nested under the dead bracken, and the Indigo Bunting
among the young sprouts, and where the tiresome lay of the Chestnut-sided
Warbler rose like a fountain day and night. An hour later I revisited the bhnd
and discovered the Nashville quietly brooding. Slipping under its far side, I
was soon inserting a plate-holder, and shortly after took a ten-second exywsure
of the bird. I made other exposures of equal length, and in only one out of
four did she move, and this was because a young bird underneath tried to
change its position. A lazy little song from the birch lops, which caused the
Uttle green bird on the nest to jerk her head up quickly and fly away, led me
to believe that Nashville pire was not overmuch interested in his growing
family.

In a few moments his better half was back with a hunch of green cater-

270

Bird - Lore

pillars, all cut into short lengths— or so they seemed— and delivered them to
the open mouths that greeted her. The shutter clicked, but she no longer
minded that, for as an extra precaution I had clicked the shutter incessantly

"THE NASHVILLE QUIETLY BROODING'

until she ceased to jump at the sound, before I had inserted the first plate-
holder. Of course there were lots of failures— plates were fogged, the Nashville
moved too quickly, or the light was poor— but there were good pictures, too,
a reward for sitting hunched up under an unbrella with one knee crooked

Notes on the Nesting of the Nashville Warbler

271

about a sapling in order to stay on the hillside and endure in silence the friendly
ants which crawled down the back of my neck, not to speak of mosquitos
whose number was legion. The nest was in deep shadow during the greater
part of the day, and, in consequence, I attempted slow exposures when the
bird brooded and, of necessity, faster shots when she stood on the edge of the

•i)i:i.i\ I, Ki;ii 1 11 KM II' 1 HI

•i;\ Mori'Hs riiAT (iKr.i:ri:i) iikr ■

nest or fed the young. Once the sun struck so^full on the small l)irds thai I
had to erect a little sunshade of dry leaves to shield them from the heat.

The Warblers (for though I could not identify him positively, I am sure
the male must have shared in providing the larder) delivered food on an
average of every three and a f|uarter minutes, with an occasional interval of
five minutes or longer. The nest was cleaned e\ery third or fourth trip. I
find only one unusual habit scribbled into my lield notebook. "Sometimes the

272

Bird - Lore

bird pokes its bill deep into the grasses of the nest's bottom, poking and shov-
ing hard against the lining until I can plainly hear the impact." The Nash-
ville's chestnut crown, so prominent in the descriptions of the bird-books, is a
more or less concealed patch, like the Kingbird's, or perhaps the male alone
shows it to advantage and I was wrong in supposing that he shared in the
domestic duties. I never saw a real touch of brown, or even a suggestion of it,
except once, and then before I could make sure the bird had flown, this, too,
although my observations were made at a distance of twelve inches. The
Nashville was not an expert at broken winged tactics when driven from the
nest, but soon desisted and flew into a nearby bush, where she lisped a
monotonous protest. There were few disturbances in the bird-life of the birch
hillside. Once, at a most awful outcry among the denizens of the open
glade, I lifted the tent flap, whereat a big Red-shouldered Hawk vaulted
upward from a low birch tree and left for fresh woods and pastures new.

I used the blind at intervals during three days, and then, having secured
as many pictures as I wanted, I picked up my tent and wandered out of the
birch thickets into the dusty road. The nesting season was over as far as I
was concerned, and, in spite of the mosquitos and exploring ants, I was sorry.
But before many days I paid a farewell visit to the Nashvilles. Where the
azaleas gave way before the ranks of the white birches, there was desolation
wrought. Whether a stray cat, curiously following the trail of a man, had in
the stillness of the nighttime scooped Nashville mother and half-fledged young
from the depths of their grassy nest, only the birch trees know.

THE BLUE JAY'S WHEATLESS DAY
Photographed by Ansel B. Miller, Springs, Pa.

How I Mothered a Pair of Hummingbirds

By P. GREGORY CARTLIDGE, Oregon City, Ore.

THE trees, shrubs, and vines about my Oregon home grow in such pro-
fusion that many species of wild birds have chosen my garden for their
domain. This not only affords me the pleasure of studying them, but the
opportunity to protect them and otherwise to advance their welfare.

One lovely afternoon in June, as I sat sewing at my open window, enjoying
the fragrance from the rose-garden and the contented twitter of fledglings,
suddenly the 'S.O.S.' of bird distress sounded from a nest near me in the honey-
suckle vine on the porch. I looked cautiously about, to see if some prowler
could be annoying, but saw none; hence I attributed the incessant squeaks
(I know of no better word for the noise) to baby-bird hunger and went to
another part of the house where the distressing cries were inaudible, to remain
until their impatient wants were satisfied.

But it was not long until I returned to my delightful window and found
the cries even more nerve-racking than before. Something was wrong, but
what? I went out on the lawn and stood peering up at the nest, when sud-
denly a wee mite of a dark something tumbled to the ground near me. I tenderly
lifted it and held it in the palm of my hand. It was a tiny Hummingbird, no
larger than a bumblebee— just a wee little somber bit of life that 1 might
easily crush between my fingers.

The warmth of my hand soothed but did not cjuiet it, and with a feeUng of
helplessness I climbed to the nest to replace it, and there another little mite,
hardly as large nor as strong as the one that had fallen, but with squeaking
abilities second to none, peered up at me and opened its tiny beak so very wide
I knew it must be ravenously hungry. But where was the mother? What
could be keeping her away from her nestlings?

It did not occur to me until some time later that perhaps I could feed the
birds — I was willing to attempt anything to stop the noise. Knowing that
they liked nectar, I thinned some honey with water and was ready to begin.
Never had I seen so small a beak before. I was not a little puzzled to know
how to feed them. After some strenuous moments spent in experimenting,
from which the birds emerged wet and sticky, I was on the verge of giving up
in despair, when I chanced to spy some toothpicks. They more nearly resembled
the mother's beak than anything 1 had yet tried, so I made a final attempt
with them. The result was pleasing indeed.

What a feast that meal was! Surely the birds liad never been so iiungry
before! When they were both thoroughly satistied I rej)lace(l them in the nest,
hoping the little mother had not returned in the meantime and, linding them
gone, needlessly suffered the pangs of bereaved motherhood.

For awhile the l)irds were content, but not long. Then 1 did not know what
was best to do. The shadows wrre lenglliening on tin- lawn, and the bree/.e

(273)

274 Bird -Lore

that had been so soft all afternoon was wafting the chill from the far-oflf snow-
clad peaks. Something surely had happened to the mother. Never had she
neglected them before.

I then tried to run away from the cries of the birds, as I had done before,
but I found myself listening anxiously — the farther away I got the more intently
I listened. At last I realized that I could not leave them so, and returned to
the nest and fed them again. But I earnestly hoped that the mother would
appear before fcedimg-time again came round. How vain was that hope —
she had gone on her last errand of love !

Twilight was falling fast as I went into the rose-garden for flowers, and,
passing a climber that had fallen on one of my choice shrubs, I again attempted
what I had failed to accomplish that morning — to tie the rose up to the per-
gola. I had worked but a few moments when I found the explanation for the
neglect of the wee bird babies. There, entangled in the string, was the mother
bird, a sacrifice to mother love ! She had come to the sweet-flowering shrub to
get nectar for her precious little ones, her buzzing wings had tangled in the
string, and her little body was cold and rigid.

Just at dusk I loosed the moorings of the small but beautifully made nest
on the porch, and took the little ones into my home. But just what to do with
them was perplexing. I sought my books and turned to the chapter on Oregon
birds. But it told me nothing of the fine art of mothering such delicately organ-
ized life.

At length, left to my own initiative, after feeding, I placed them in the nest
on the mantle in the study, and covered them with softest cotton. There they
would be safe, if they lived — but would they live?

Very early the next morning I hastened to the nest, expecting to find two
lifeless forms. Carefully I lifted the cotton, and beheld two wide-open beaks
greeting me and sending in a hurry call for breakfast.

This was the first order, and it was by no means the last. I cannot count the
many meals they had that day. They averaged one about every fifteen minutes
until darkness fell. The imperative way they had of announcing the lunch
period was not to be disregarded. And what appetites they had! So greedy
were they that neither would wait for the other to be fed, so I was compelled
to take both of them in the palm of my hand and alternate the doses until
each was satisfied.

But honey became an expensive diet, and someone suggested that brown
sugar was good enough "for those ugly bugs." So I tried sugar and water, and,
to my surprise, they liked it better than honey.

As the weeks passed, the meals became less frequent but greater quantities
were required. The birds began to develop rapidly, and the little nest soon
became too small. Then I gave them a new home — a shoe-box filled with
cotton — and they were as happy in their new quarters as birds could be.

By this time they began to be very interesting. They would stretch their

How I Mothered a Pair of Hummingbirds 275

little necks and eye me from a dozen different angles; at other times they
would snuggle down in the cotton and go to sleep. But when they surveyed
me, I studied them. One discovery made at such a time startled me extremely.
Holding them to the light to enjoy their coloring, I noticed, for the first time,
that their little bodies were translucent — I could see into them, if not entirely
through them. The sunlight X-rayed them, making the fragile bone-structure
visible.

They were very active now and, in exercising their little wings, learned to
make a tremendous humming noise, which warned me that they needed a
cage. I made one, some 6 feet square, of ordinary wire window-screening,
not at all ornamental but excellent for them; and, by the end of the first six
weeks, they frolicked to the limits of their little world.

The days as they came and went found my chief delight in these birds,
so when two months had passed— busy, busy months in which my attention
had been so centered that duties in other directions had suffered — I determined
to devote less time to them. By making little grooves in beeswax and filling
them with sweets, I tried to teach them to care for themselves. But it was a
mistake; they would not touch it. Gathering deep flowers, honeysuckles and
the like, I hoped further to entice them, but this, too, was a failure. Having
provided for them in this manner, I often left them for an afternoon, in an effort
to teach them self-reliance. But on my return, the first step on the porch told
of their utter dependence on me, for I could hear their insistent demands for
refreshments. Although my needlework, music, and household cares were
neglected in my desire to raise these helpless little creatures, I did not begrudge
the time devoted to them ; I enjoyed the experience in a way I cannot relate.

It was interesting to watch the birds develop. The larger of the two became
a most beautiful bird. As he dashed wildly to the corner of the cage and hovered
momentarily over some flower I had placed there, vibrating his wings rapidly,
he seemed to diffuse an iridescent glow; becoming calm, his little body radiated
soft coppery tones with each quiet movement. The smaller bird was not so
bold in her coloring or conduct; she was by nature modest and retiring.
Although somber and delicate, she was, perhaps, as beautiful.

When they had been three months in my home, they seemed fully devel-
oped, and I thought how happy they would be if free, for their wild tendencies
had never been tamed though I cared for them so constantly. True, I found
them submissive at feeding-time, but when hunger was appeased I became a
strange monster, and when allowed a flight througli the rooms, feeding-time
must come again to recapture them. Was it right, I asked myself, to imprison
these little creatures, now mature, when they could provide for themselves —
if they ever could.

Having made up my mind, I chose a beautiful (hi\- in September in which
to free them, a splendid time in western Oregon, for flowers still l)loom and
nectar is still plentiful. I chose the morning, for many hours would pass before

276 Bird -Lore

Iwilif^lU fell, and, if in need of help after their first view of the world, perhaps
they would come home to me.

And so the last little meal of which they partook from my hands was a very
ceremonial affair. Often I paused for a loving caress and told them of the big
strange world they would soon enter and how very much I should miss them.
Little Dick seemed to sense what I said, and I fancied looked alert and eager
for the adventure awaiting him. His little companion seemed thoughtful,
anticipating imaginary troubles ahead. Did she shudder at the contact with
the world? Did she long to stay with me? Was she thinking this little home
good enough for her?

At last, the impressive meal over, I partially enclosed them in my hands
and went to the rose-garden — down to the very shrubs where the mother had
last sought sweets. With joy I noted them as perfect, as beautiful as she was.
Then musing, "Farewell, little friends, you have a mission in life as well as I;
my usefulness to you is past," I tossed them lightly to the pergola, and simply
said, "Go!"

Scarcely realizing their new strange freedom they nestled for a moment
on the sweet climber, then, with a wild humming sound as he dashed to the
right and the left to get his bearings, Dick disappeared. I never saw him again.
Then, suddenly, the little female followed, and when she too was gone, I
waited anxiously an hour or more for their return. Never had I listened more
intently to the sounds of the air, but there was no message for me.

Feeding-time came and went; the second one came — and, oh joy! with it
came the call ! Quickly I ran into the yard and found that the little one had
come home. Perched on the clothes-line, pitifully crying, I found her. And
when I raised my open hands, she fairly fell into them and nestled contentedly
once again. How lovingly I held her ! And what a big feast I gave her ! Then,
reluctantly, but hopefully, I again opened my hands to the heavens, and this
time she dashed happily away to the mysteries of her own little world.

The Black-billed Cuckoo

By C. W. LEISTER. Ithaca, N. Y.
With photographs by the Author

THE Cuckoo is a bird of mystery. He glides from place to place through
the trees with an ease and quietness that is uncanny. Along with this
unbirdlike characteristic, he is a ventriloquist. Often you hear his
repeated kuk-kuk, kuk-kuk, but it is very difficult to tell how far away or in
what direction to find him.

Sitting on a branch, he moves his head slowly from side to side ; his sharp
eye soon sees the caterpillar eating the leaves. There is a quick bob of his
beak, and the caterpillar disappears down his throat, with a gleam in his red-
dish eye, and the Cuckoo
is ready for another victim.
Always hungry, and with
caterpillars forming the
principal part of his diet
(the more hairy they are
the better he seems to like
them), he is one of the most
valuable birds we have.

Unlike the European
representative of the family,
it is not customary for the
American Cuckoo to lay
eggs in the nests of other
birds, but they have been
known to lay in other
Cuckoos' nests, and, very
rarely, they have para-
sitized other birds. Due to
this parasitic habit, so
widely mentioned, the
Cuckoo is well known throughout the country and for some peculiar reason,
probably that he is supposed to utter his call-notes before a storm, he is
commonly called 'Rain-Crow' or 'Rain Dove.'

I was eager to study this interesting l)ird, so, when I found a nest of the
Black-billed species in a small clump of wild cherry and young elm trees, I
resolved to watc li the nest and take some photographs.

The nest contained three dull bluish eggs, and the female had been incu-
bating them for they were quite warm. But she had doubtless heard my
approach and (juietly slipped from the nest. The next day a make-believe
camera, made up of three sticks and an old oil-can, was set up nearby, so that

(277)

YOUNG BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO
'i"hc- (|uill-sheaths remain close until the bird is nearly ready
to leave the nest, then open within a few hours

278

Bird -Lore

the old bird would get accustomed to it and not notice the camera that was
to be substituted later on.

In a few days all the eggs had hatched. The young grew rapidly on their
diet of tent caterpillars, and several photographs were taken of the adults
feeding them. When the old bird returned to the nest and found me nearby,
she would fluff out her feathers, droop her wings, and flutter around through
the branches, appearing three times her normal size and kuck-kucking her
alarm all the while.

Young Cuckoos are peculiar-looking little fellows, for instead of their
feathers growing out gradually, as is the case with other birds, they grow out
enclosed in a quill-like sheath. After a time these sheaths break open, and in
a few hours the young bird is fully feathered. I wanted very much to watch
this process but was disappointed, for when the young were almost old enough
to change, they seemed to get the wanderlust and would not stay in the nest.
They scrambled to the edge, hung there for a time, and finally dropped to the
ground. One was more precocious than the other two and caused the most
trouble. I found him under the nest several times by following up his call.
I took a picture of him in his suit of quills and placed him back in the nest.
When I came back the next day it was empty.

The young also have peculiar spots in the roof of the mouth. These dis-
appear after a time, and no one knows whether or not they are connected
with some body function.

BLACK-HILLED CUCKOO FEEDING YOUNG
Note the apparent pattern of marking occasioned by the sunlight and shadow

Bird Walks

By CHARLES B. FLOYD, President of the Brookline Bird Club, Brookline, Mass.

Among the most successful and popular activities of the Brookline Bird
/~% Club are the frequent afternoon walks in the field. They were first
undertaken to interest the members and to teach them where to find
birds and how to study and identify them. During the spring, autumn, and
winter these walks have been conducted every Saturday afternoon, and during
the height of the migration in May, twice a week, for several years past. They
give an opportunity for the bird student, whether he knows much or little
about birds, to observe them in the open and to impart or to receive knowl-
edge of bird ways.

Besides these afternoon walks, all-day trips are planned for holidays to
more distant places, as Ipswich, Mount Greylock, and Cape Ann. Members
of the Club who are interested in flowers, trees, ferns, mosses, or other branches
of nature study are sure to find congenial company on these excursions and
much to study besides birds.

A small committee is appointed each year by the president to arrange a
schedule of walks. This committee selects the leaders and arranges all the
details relating to the meeting-points, transportation, probable expense, and
whether or not a supper shall be taken, and a printed notice covering these
details is sent each member every three months. In making up such a sched-
ule the committee considers the possibihties of each location at the particular
time chosen and also what birds in all likelihood may be found and what the
walking conditions may be. If possible, the walk is so planned that if any of
the members wish to leave before the tramp is completed they will find them-
selves within reasonable distance of a car-line.

A leader is selected who is thoroughly familiar with the territory over
which the walk is to extend and who has a good knowledge of the favorite
haunts where particular birds may be expected. While the leader cannot, of
course, guarantee the presence of any special bird at a certain time and place,
much of the success of the walk depends upon him, and he should have the
cooperation of all those who accompany him. The functions of the leader are
to select the exact ground to be covered, keep the party together, identify, if
possible, whatever is seen, and to make sure that everyone observes the birds
that are found during the trip. He should also keep a record of the birds seen
and of everything of interest in connection with their observation.

People have various ways of searching for birds in the field. Some prefer
to select a likely spot and wait for whatever Fortune may send along. Others
walk along, quietly following up whatever birds are flushed or heard singing.
It requires some tact on the part of the leader to keep the trampers from advanc-
ing too fast while others are loitering needlessly, and he must l)c alert to restrain
any over-eagerness of this nature. All should h;i\e an opportunity to see the

(279)

28o Bird - Lore

birds found and have their field-marks and distinguishing characteristics
pointed out if they do not already know them. Slow, quiet walking, no quick
movements, modulated voices, eyes and ears alert, are the instructions that
should be given before the start. Formality should be done away with, and the
opportunity taken for self-introduction and acquaintance-making among the
members on the walks.

Having noted how the schedule is prepared and the duties of the leader, let
us now refer to the bulletins for a sample year and see how the program is
worked out. We will begin with the walks in quest of winter birds, both resi-
dents and visitors.

For the winter water-birds like the Scoters, Old-Squaw, Bufflehead, Golden-
eye and Scaup Ducks, Red-breasted Mergansers, Loons and Grebes, Squantum,
Devereaux, Nahant, Lynn, or the beach at Swampscott furnish a wide range
of possibilities. Here, too, the Snow Bunting and Horned Lark may be found,
and perhaps some of the rarer winter visitors like the Iceland Gull, Dovekie,
Murre, Red-throated Loon, or Purple Sandpiper. There is always the chance,
too, that even rarer birds will appear, which adds zest to the hunt though
wintry winds sweep in over the ocean. When, perchance, a Kumlien's Gull,
Snowy Owl, Rough-legged Hawk, or Goshawk is seen, the bowl of happiness
runs over.

For the winter land-birds one walk may be as good as another, though
thickets of berry-bearing trees and shrubs offer the greatest attraction. The
red cedars, sumac, bayberries, box elder and hawthorns each have their
devotees, attracting the Evening and Pine Grosbeaks, Siskins, Redpolls, and
Waxwings, while the stubble-fields and weed-patches draw Sparrows, Juncos,
and Goldfinches. The common insect-eating birds — Chickadees, Creepers,
Golden-crowned Kinglet, Hairy and Powny Woodpeckers — are to be found
in every favorable place, but there is always the possibility of finding a Shrike,
a rare Hawk, a Winter Wren or Mockingbird, or even an Acadian Chickadee
or Orange-crowned Warbler. A list of the summer birds that have occasionally
wintered here is interesting, including besides the Robins, Meadowlarks, Song
Sparrows and Bluebirds, Bronzed Crackles, Hermit Thrushes, Brown Creepers
and Baltimore Orioles.

When the spring walks are planned, they are arranged with the dates of
various arrivals in mind so that the migrants may be found before they pass
along on their northward journey. Since they remain longer in some places
than in others on their migration, and since the weather may retard or hasten
them, some of the rarer ones may be missed entirely. Walks near small streams
that are well bordered with underbush, or near marshy land where the sun
can beat down and arouse the insects as well as warm the air, will be found to
contain more birds than the exposed locations. Walks are taken at this season
to Arlington, Belmont, Wellesley, and the Felsway. When May arrives with
its rush of Warblers, few better places can be found than the Parkway, and,

Bird Walks 281

strange as it may seem, the Public Garden in Boston. In the Garden alone
splendid lists of birds are made each year, including a number of the rarer
species that drop in during the night to rest and feed for a few days.

In the Parkway near Longwood is a sheltered spot where a few large red
oaks grow, and, nearby, hawthorns and other small trees with a profusion of
shrubbery. The Warblers seem to be especially attracted to this spot. Appar-
ently, the swelling buds exude a sap that attracts the insects, and they in turn
make easy foraging for the northbound Warblers. Standing here in an open
spot last spring, Cape May, Tennessee, Nashville, Blackburnian and Bay-
breasted Warblers were in sight at one time, while most of the commoner
species, including the Water-Thrush, were in the immediate vicinity. When
such a favorable locality is discovered it is well to approach it quietly and then
remain in one place and identify the birds as they pass.

To see certain species that are only found locally or in favored spots it is,
of course, necessary to take special walks, and trips have been made in search
of Golden-winged Warblers, Prairie Warblers, Prairie Horned Larks, Crested
Flycatchers, Chats, and Orchard Orioles.

When the weather is sufficiently warm, suppers are carried so that more
time may be spent in the field and an early start for home will not be necessary.
The evening songs of many birds can be enjoyed while the party stops to rest
and eat supper and to wait for the nocturnal birds — the Whip-poor-will,
Nighthawk, Woodcock, and Owls. A marsh haunted by Bitterns, Great Blue,
Little Green and Night Herons, Rails, Gallinules, or Marsh Wrens, is an inter-
esting place at this time, for their activities are greatest at dusk.

During June, July, and August, when the nesting season is in full sway,
fewer songs will be heard, and at this time, too, many of the club members are
away. This is the season for acquiring an insight into the family cares and prob-
lems of the birds, and much of interest and profit can be learned. But great
care should be used at all times in approaching nesting birds, that they may
not be frightened from their eggs or young.

August brings us to the beaches for the first of the returning migrants, the
shorebirds or waders. Although the spring is the best time to look for the
Plovers, Sandpipers, and other waders, as they, like the land birds, are then
in the adult breeding plumage, without the confusing coloring of the imma-
ture birds to puzzle the observer, more varieties of shorebirds are to be seen in
August and September. The weather, too, is cooler along the beaches than in
the woods or open fields, and it is more comfortable for tramping. Duxbury,
Marshfield, Ipswich, and Nahant beaches may furnish surj^rises at this lime.

October and November with their clear, cold nights bring great waves of
returning migrants and splendid, comfortable walks can be enjoyed. A special
watch should be kepi for those birds which only make their appearance during
the fall migration, using another route during the long spring journey. Con-
necticut and Orange-crowned Warblers, Pipits, Longspurs. and Ipswich Spar-

282 Bird -Lore

rows may be found, and a study of the call-notes of the migrating birds at
night is of great interest. At this season, too, the ponds are visited for the
freshwater Ducks, and Jamaica, Fresh, and Spy Ponds and the Chestnut Hill
Reservoir are eagerly scanned for Teal, Mallard, Black, Pintail, Red-head,
Baldpate, Ruddy and Wood Ducks, Coot, and Mergansers, and occasionally
even a Canvasback, Shoveller, or Ringneck is revealed. Even after the ponds
are mostly frozen over, some of the Ducks remain in the small open spaces
and may then be observed at very close range and even photographed.

With the final freezing of these ponds the last of the migrants leave for the
south, and only the winter residents are left behind with which to begin another
year of bird-study. But each year brings new names to the list of birds and
new facts concerning the old familiar friends, and so the interest never wanes
though seasons change.

Spotted Sandpiper Colonies

By ]. W. LIPPINCOTT. Camden, N. J.
With a photograph by the Author

THAT the Spotted Sandpiper sometimes associates with others of its
kind and may be found breeding in a restricted area, is an established
fact, but I believe, however, that this habit is the exception rather than
the rule with these birds.

In the spring of 1913, I discovered Spotted Sandpipers nesting in colonies
in two widely different localities: one in the city limits of Camden, N. J., the
other in the wilds of Pike County, Pa.

There lies in the city mentioned a piece of marshland, about 20 acres in extent,
which has defied the encroachments of the contractor and builder. Though sur-
rounded on all sides by city improvements, this low meadow probably presents
about the same appearance it did fifty years ago. A tidal ditch, an extensive
mud-flat, on which for some reason vegetation does not grow, and a slight
elevation, sparsely grown with weeds, and comparatively dry, are some of
the features which make it an ideal spot for the Spotted Sandpiper.

A short time after the birds arrived this spring, they seemed to develop a
particular liking for the elevated portion of the marsh, and whenever this spot
was invaded, several Sandpipers flew up from the weeds and, with shrill pip-
ings, circled off to the flat. Suspecting that they were nesting, I made a careful
search of the surroundings, but failed to locate any nests until the last week in
May, at which time incubation had already commenced.

After locating the first nest, I discovered three others within a week, and
later on two more. Five of the nests were located within a space of one-
fourth acre, placed among weeds of rather a scattered growth. The other
nest was built in a thick growth of short grass and was the best constructed

Spotted Sandpiper Colonies

283

nest of any observed, probably because of the abundant nesting material near
at hand. All nests appeared to be composed of material, scraped together,
lying in the immediate vicinity of the nest. If in the weeds, the nest was built
of old weed-stalks; if in the grass, dried grass became the nesting material.
After the young left a nest, the first rain completely obHterated all signs of it,
and the site could only be located by the mark which had been placed by it.
The first young were seen out of the nest the second week in June, and I con-
tinued to see young birds in various stages of growth until July 15, at which

NEST OF SPOTTED SANDPIPER WITH ADDLED EGG AND TWO YOUNG

"The egg led to the discovery of the young which were not seen until I bent

over to examine the egg"

time I saw the last young bird, which was unable lo ily, running about on the
mud flat, the favorite feeding-ground for all the birds. The Sandpipers con-
tinued to occupy the marsh until the middle of August, when they all sud-
denly descried it.

It is interesting to note that, with one exception, every clutch of eggs
hatched. This set of eggs was ap]>arently deserted because of the dampness of
ihe site chosen. This, I ihink, is a \ery good percentage for the \icinit\- of
a city, where nest tragedies are liie rule. Of course, I am unal)le It) tell just
how many young were destroyed after liiey left tiie ne>l, but I observed quite
a iiuii)l)fr of N'ounsf birds after lhe\- were al)Ie to llw

284 Bird -Lore

The third week in June I spent in Pike County, PennsyK^ania, and while
there discovered the other colony of Sandpipers mentioned. It was located on
what was once the bottom of a lumberman's 'splash dam pond'. The water had
been drawn off early in the spring, leaving the ground littered with dead trees,
sticks, and other refuse. Here the Sandpipers made no pretense of nest-build-
ing, simply placing their eggs in a hollow among the sticks. During my short
stay I located three families in different stages of development, the young of
one family being almost ready to fly. I think that there were at least a dozen
pairs of birds occupying this locality, but lack of time prevented me from any
very careful search for nests. Strange to say, the young birds seemed to be
just as far advanced as the young of the Camden colony, although the season
is much later (about two weeks) in the mountains.

Two localities could hardly present a wider difference in appearance.
Over one blows the breath of the city, laden with smoke and nauseating odors
from neighboring chemical plants; over the other blows the breath of the
hills, permeated with the ozone and the fragrance of the woods. This inter-
esting little Sandpiper, however, seems to be content whether he is teetering
about on the banks of a sluggish drainage-ditch or flitting from stone to
stone in the bed of a rushing mountain stream. A safe breeding-place and
plentiful food-supply are the important factors in his choice of a nesting-site.

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

V. THE SHRIKES

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

(See Frontispiece)

NORTHERN SHRIKE

The Northern Shrike {Lanius borealis) breeds in Canada, north to northern
Unga\a (Quebec), southern Keewatin, northern Mackenzie, and northwestern
Alaska; south to southern Alaska, central Saskatchewan, southern Ontario, and
southern Quebec. In the United States it is only a winter visitor, ranging as
far south as Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and central
California.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

Earliest date of
spring arrival

Godbout, Quebec

Carlton House, Sask

Fort Liard, Mack

Fort Resolution, Mack

P'ort Simpson, Mack

2
2

April IS
April 2 2

April 4, 1885
April 22, 1827
April 2, i860
April 24, i860
April 16, 1904

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Waverly, VV'. V'a

Washington, D. C

Renovo, Pa

Morristown, N. J

New York City, N. V.
New Haven, Conn.. . .

Portland, Conn

Providence, R. I

Boston, Mass

Tilton, N. H

Ellsworth, Maine

Scotch Lake, N. B.. . .

St. Joseph, Mo

Chicago, 111

Oberlin, Ohio

Detroit, Mich

Ottawa, Ont

Keokuk, Iowa

Grinnell, Iowa

La Crosse, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn

Fort Snelling, Minn.. .

Onaga, Kans

Falls City, Neb

\'ermilion, S. D

5
5
15
4
3
4

Average date of
last one observed

February 6
.\pril 4
February 27

March 2g
March 20
March 17
March 22
April 10
April 1

March 15
February 24

.\pril 14
March 1 1
March 2^,
March 2q
March 25

March 12
March 1.^
March 20

Latest date of
last one observed

March 20, 1904
February 10, 18.
April 15, 1900
March 14, 1914
March 19, 1906
April 18, 1885
.•\pril 4, 1873
April 22,, 1907
April 8, 19 II
.\pril I, 1897
April 15, 1913
April 15, 19 14
April 7, 1896
April 6, 1900
April 3, 1899
March 15, 1903
.\pril 18, 1908
.\pril 9, 1899
March 31, 1885
March 31, 1907
March 31, 1893
April 14, 1891
.April 19, 1891
March 25, 1889
March 28, 1889

(286)

The Migration of North American Birds

287

SPRING MIGRATION,

continued

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

Las Vegas, N. M

Fort Whipple, Ariz

Boulder, Colo

Camp Floyd, Utah

Fort Bridger, Wyo

Bozeman, Mont

Carson City, Nev

Okanagan Landing, B. C

3
6

March 15

March 30
April II

February 7, 1902
February 6, 1865
March 19, 1910
March 18, 1859
April 6, 1858
April 3, 191 2
March 25, 1868
April 20, 191 2

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Fort Simpson, Mack

Fort Resolution, Mack

Montreal, Quebec

Scotch Lake, N. B

Kllsworth, Maine

Phillips, Maine

Durham, N. H

St. Johnsbury, Vt

Harvard, Mass

Block Island, R. I

Hartford, Conn

Geneva, N. Y

Morristown, N. J

Erie, Pa

Renovo, Pa

Washington, D. C

White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. . .

Munson Hill, \a

Plover Mills, Ont

Detroit, Mich

Oberlin, Ohio

Waterloo, Ind

Chicago, 111

St. Louis, Mo

La Crosse, Wis

Minneapolis, Minn.

Grinnell, Iowa

Keokuk, Iowa

Aweme, Man

Fort Pierre, S. D

Lincoln, Neb

Onaga, Kans

Hozeman, Monl

I'ort Hall, Iflalio

Henry's Fork, (Jreen River, Utah

Houldcr, Colo

I>as Vegas, X. M

Okanagan Landing, B. C

Shoalwater Bay, Wash.

Carson City, Nev

Number

of years'

record

5
3
7
3
7

9
16

Average date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

November 10
October 26

November 11
November 7

November 14

November 7
October 29
November 10
November 18

November 10
October 31

November 5

November 29
November 21
November 9

October 29
November 9
October 9

November 3
October 27

October 29
October i

November 5, 1903
October 9, 1859
December 2, 1856
October 3, 1913
September 17, 1913
October 19, 1909
November 4, 1900
November 11, 191 2
October 22, 1913
November 3, 191 3
October 20, 1906
November i, 1909
October 29, 1905
September 21, 1892
October 24, 191 2
October i, 1891
November 4, 1887
November 11, 1887
October 19, 1890
November i, 1901
November 6, 1897
November i, 1887
October 12, 1906
November 2, 1906
October 18, 1901
November 2, 1905
October 18, 1886
October 27,, 1900
October i, 1902
October 21, 1855
October 27, 1900
October 13, 1893
October 19, 1913
October 12, 1872
October 2, 1S70
October 21, 191 2
December 23, 18S2
September 19, 1908
November 18, 1854
November 5, 1883

288 Bird - Lore

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE

The Loggerhead Shrike {Lauius ludovicianus) as a species occupies prac-
licall)' all of the United Stales and Mexico and southern Canada. It separates,
however, into six subspecies, all but one of which occur in North America.
This one, the Mexican Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus) is confined to
Mexico. The distribution of the North American forms is as follows:

The Southern Loggerhead Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus) is
resident in the southeastern United States and breeds north to eastern North
Carolina, northern South Carolina, central Georgia, central Alabama, central
Mississippi, and northern Louisiana; west to Louisiana; and south to the coast
of the Gulf of Mexico and to Florida.

The Migrant Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus migrans) breeds in the north-
eastern United States and southeastern Canada, north to New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, southern Quebec, southern Ontario, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, and Minnesota; west to Iowa, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma; south
to Arkansas, western Tennessee, Kentucky, western North Carolina, and
southern Virginia; and east to Virginia, Maine, and New Brunswick. It winters
south to the Gulf States, west to Texas.

The White-rumped Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus excuhitorides) breeds in
central western North America, north to southern Manitoba, central Saskatche-
wan, and central Alberta; west to Alberta, Montana, southeastern Oregon,
Nevada, northeastern and southeastern California; south to Tepic and Durango
in Mexico, and east to central Texas, central Oklahoma, central Kansas, North
Dakota, and South Dakota. It winters south over all Mexico to the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec in the state of Oaxaca.

The California Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus gambcli) breeds in the Pacific
Coast region, north to southern British Columbia; south to northern Lower
California; and east to central eastern California, central Oregon, and Wash-
ington. It winters south to southern Lower California and through western
Mexico to the state of Morelos.

The Island Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi) is resident on the Santa
Barbara Islands in California and on Santa Margarita Island, Lower California.

Only three of these subspecies are migratory, and these three in spring,
autumn, and winter become so intermingled with other races or with each
other that it is often difficult to separate their migration notes. In the follow-
ing tabular arrangement records of the White-rumped Shrike are marked with
an asterisk (*) ; those of the California Shrike with a dagger (f) ; and all the
others refer to the Migrant Shrike.

The Migration of North American Birds

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Portland, Conn.

Auburn, N. Y

Syracuse, N. Y. . . ,

Rutland, Vt

Phillips, Maine. . . ,
Scotch Lake, N. B
Montreal, Quebec.
Wooster, Ohio. . . .

Oberlin, Ohio

Ann Arbor, Mich.

Listowel, Ont

Chicago, 111

Waterloo, Ind

Keokuk, Iowa

Orinnell, Iowa. . . .

Madison, Wis

Lanesboro, Minn .

pnaga, Kans

Valentine, Neb.*. .
Rapid City, S. D.*
Reaburn, Man.*. .
Aweme, Man.*. . . .
Qu'Appelle, Sask.*

Yuma, Colo.*

Cheyenne, Wyo.*.
Missoula, Mont.*
Flagstaff, Alta.*.. .
Chilliwack, B. C.+ .

Number

of years'

record

5
7
4
9
4
8

23
12
12

19
lO

1 1

5
6

Average date of
spring arrival

April 2
April I
April 3
April 3
April ig
April 4
April I
March 20
April 7
April 3
March 25
March 31
March 13
March 27
April 3
April I
March 24
April 1 7
April 17
April 24
April 27
May 5
April 26
May 3

April 26

Earliest date of
spring arrival

April II, 1900
March 18, 1884
March 24, 1886
March 24, 1907
March 29, 1914
March 28, 1902
March 23, 1887
March 9, 1902
March 2, 1901
March 2, 1888
March 15, 1887
March 8, 1906
March 19, 1894
February i;^,, 1890
March i'8, 1888
March 19, 1902
March 15, 1889
March 8, 1898
April II, 191 5
April 8, 1909
April 2, 1897
April 3, 1900
April 3, 1903
April 23, 1908
April 29, i88g
March 19, 1916
April 6, 191 5
April 9, 1888

Raleigh, N. C

Brownsville, Te.\.*.

Laredo, Tex.*

San Antonio, Tex.*

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
last one observed

March 21

April 18

Latest date of
last one observed

April I, 191 5
March 2, 1892
April 20, i86h
April 20, 1890

FALL MIGRATION

Scotch Lake. \. H

Orono, Maine

Phillips, Maine

Rutland, Vt

Syracuse, N. Y

New York City, N. Y.. .

Ottawa, Ont

Chicago, III

Oberlin, Ohio

Lanesboro, Minn

Grinncll, Iowa

Keokuk, Iowa

Aweme, Man.*
\'alcnlinc. Neb.*

Avera'^e flate of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

October 13

August 17
October 14

September 23
September 10
October 3
Scptcml)cr 24
September iS
September 25
October i 2
Sci)tember 2^,
Sei)tember (>

October 22
September
August 27,
October 28
September
October 22
October 4,
No\ember
October 31
October 10
October 26
October 29
October 8,
September

, 1910
6, 1890
1906

, 1915
4, 1886
, 1904
1907
II, 1906
, 1896
, 1892
, 1889
. 1893
1890
10, 1914

290

Bird - Lore

FALL MIGRATION, Continued

LOCALITY

Number
of years'
record

Onaga, Kans 10

]\Iissoula, Mont.*

Pumpkin Butte, Wyo.*

Fort Laramie, Wyo.*

Yuma, Colo.* 3

Denver, Colo.*

Number
LOCALITY of years'

record

Laredo, Tex.*

Brownsville, Tex.*

Raleigh, N. C i 16

Average date of
last one observed

.\ugust 26

September 24

Latest date of
last one observed

September 15, 191,3
October 12, 1915
November 18, 1859
September 9, 1857
October 2, 1906
November 2, 19 10

Average date of
fall arrival

September 6

Earliest date of
fall arrival

September 8, 1866
October 6, 1892
August 21, 1886

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FORTY-NINTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Northern Shrike {Lanius borealis, Figs.* i, 2). — In nestling plumage the
Northern Shrike is brownish gray above, paler and with dusky wavy markings
below; the prominent black cheek-stripes of the adult are dusky and the lores
are grayish. The wings and tail are dusky black, the wing-coverts, inner wing-
quills and central tail-feathers being tipped with rusty.

At the postjuvenal molt the wings and tail are retained and the rest of the
plumage replaced by the first winter dress. This bears a general resemblance
to that of the adult female. Breeding plumage is acquired by a limited amount
of feather change about the front part of the head and by loss through wear
of the brown wash on the back and dusky markings below. The young male
now differs from the adult male mainly in the brownish wings and tail.

At the postnuptial (second fall) molt these, with the rest of the plumage,
are shed and the second winter or fully adult plumage gained. The female
passes through a similar series of plumage changes, but it is always more or
less barred below and in first winter dress is decidedly brownish above.

Females and males in first winter plumage (Fig. 2) may be known from the
Loggerhead or the Migrant Shrike by their larger size, brownish upperparts,
and wave-marked underparts; adult males, by their larger size, paler upper-
parts, and grayish, not black, lores and forehead.

Loggerhead Shrike (Laniiis ludovicianiis, Fig. 3). — The nestling Logger-
head has the brownish wash and dusky wavy markings of the Northern Shrike.
These are especially noticeable on the underparts, but they practically disap-
pear with the postjuvenal molt which, according to Dwight, involves the tail
and the rest of plumage but the wing-quills. First winter plumage is prac-
tically indistinguishable from that of the adult. The prenuptial molt is re-
stricted to the front parts of the head, and, as the season advances, the
plumage shows the results of wear. Unlike the Northern Shrike, the male and
female are alike in plumage.

*Fig. I represents the fully adult male; I'ig. 2, the young of both sexes in first winter piuma§Q,

J^otti from iFielti antr ^tutip

Summer Records of Winter Birds in
the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

During a residence of several years in
the upper peninsula of Michigan the writer
had the opportunity of observing some
entirely new facts in regard to the habits
of some of the northern species of birds.
The northern peninsula has been very little
studied by ornithologists, but it offers a
rich field for consecutive effort in bird-
study. It seems to be a converging point
for eastern, western, northern and southern
species. The following observations upon
the northern species were made in Luce
County.

EvEXiKG Grosbeak. — The Evening
Grosbeak is common usually every winter,
arriving mostly about November and
lingering into May. But some individuals
have different habits or habitat. On July
i6, igii, a flock of a number of males,
females, and young of the year were seen.
The birds allowed close observation. On
Aug. i8, 1912, seven were seen, six being in
one flock. Aug. 10, 1913, two were seen.
July 14, 1Q15, two, and on Jul\' 20, were
again seen.

Richardson's Owl. — On July 19, 1913,
a young Richardson's Owl was captured
alive. Its plumage was carefully examined
and compared with identified plumage of
the same species. Measurements were also
made and they corresponded perfectly.
On the night of .-Vug. 15, a bird, supposed
to be of this species, was heard.

Reupoi-L. — The Red|)oll is usually
credited with being a winter visitor from
November to .\pril. It is quite true that
the greater number do come at this time,
l)ut during a long residence I seldom failed
to fmd a few jjirds in July or .\ugust.
The following are some dates of arrival:
.Vug. 5, 1909; July 16, 191 1 ; .Vug. 12, 191 2;
July 15, 1913; July 21, 1914; and young of

the year were seen on Aug. 31. Flocks of
fair size were seen June 9 and 21, 191 2,
and May 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, and 27, 1914.
The records of the Evening Grosbeak
seem particularly interesting as it seems
certain that the birds nest somewhere in
the middle west. — Ralph Beebe, 600
HiUger Aveniir, Detroit, Mich.

A Santa Barbara Hummer

This beautiful little Hummingbird chose
for her home a crape myrtle tree in a Santa
Barbara rose-garden, and all who have
been in Santa Barbara in the winter and
spring know what a feast of beauty that
meant. There, while building her dainty
nest — an inch and a half in diameter,
perfect in architecture, gray in color and
decorated with lichen, — she probably knew
that she would have daily song-recitals
of Mockingbirds such as would make
mortals despair in their vain efforts. ,

I was much surprised to find the bird
so confiding that I was able to put up rhy
camera, focus it 4 feet from the nest, and
give one-second exposure without her
moving. The nest was about 5 feet above
the ground. When the two little birds
came, I was an.xious to get a picture of
the mother feeding them, which she did
very quickly, standing on the edge of the
nest and running her long bill most
energetically away down their throats.

When the mother was away foraging, I
covered the camera with green leaves,
focused it upon the nest, then drew a
thread, which I had attached to the
shutter, into a room that looked down
u[)on the nest, and there awaited the
mother's return at dinner-hour. I am sure
that she carried a watch, for dinner was
always served promptly between 1.30 and
2 o'clock.

She was frightened on seeing the camera,
and for some time surveyed it suspiciously
from her perch on a telephone wire. Then,
knowing that iier Utile family's life

U9U

292

Bird - Lore

depended upon lier, she bravely llew all
around the camera, examining it critically
and lighting upon the edge of the nest, and
gave them the feast for which their wide-
open mouths began to plead at exactly
the dinner-hour. I pulled the thread just
as the mother lit upon the edge of the
nest. In another exposure T caught her
feeding the young bird (one had dis-
appeared when very small), but as the
light was poor, an exposure of one-fiftieth

A SANTA BARBARA HUMMER

of a second gave little detail. Unfortu-
nately, confidence and want of suspicion
in building her nest so near the earth (and
the untaught small boy) brought a sad
tragedy, as a boy took the nest and bird,
and they were both found on a path not
far distant — the bird dead.

Surely, through the splendid work of
the Audubon Society and nature-study
in the schools, together with many charm-
ing bird-books, we may hope that our
birds, our trees, and our flowers may soon
be appreciated as blessings that will need
no protection of the law, hut, until that

time arrives, let intelligent instruction in
our homes and schools go hand in hand
with enforced laws. Warnings are posted
to protect forests, and might it not be well
to have such warnings, or at least sugges-
tions for the protection of birds, placed in
our schools and libraries? — Oscar R.
Coast, Santa Barbara, Calif.

The Black-chinned Hummingbird

I had an enjoyable experience last
summer, at Eugene, Ore., with a Black-
chinned Hummingbird, which will, per-
haps, be of interest to other bird-lovers.

One day, early in May, we spied a pair
of those living jewels darting about the
loganberry bushes. The next day, the
female came often about the bushes, but
we never again saw the male. I have been
told that he never shares in any of the
domestic affairs of his kind — builds no
nest — feeds no young. Certain it is that
this one shirked all responsibilities.

Little lady bird chose a most uncommon
location for her nest, selecting a bush that
grew close beside the walk, where we passed
a dozen times a day, within 6 feet of the
kitchen door. No attempt was made to
shield or hide it, but, rather, it was placed
on the very outer stalk.

Thinking to encourage her to remain
where we might watch the process of nest-
building, my friend hung bits of cotton-
batting and silk threads in the bushes.
These the bird used almost exclusively.
I doubt the wisdom of her choice, for,
when a long rainy spell set in, the tiny
nest was soaked, and became so heavy as
to be almost dislodged from its frail support
on the stalk.

But, when newly made, a more dainty
bird-home cannot be imagined. A silver
dollar would easily cap the top. John
Burroughs tells us we should not attri-
bute any artistic sense to birds. I do not
question that high authority, but I am
glad this Hummingbird's "inherited in-
stinct" prompted her to cover the outside
of her nest with gray-green moss or bits of
lichen.

The tin\- home-builder was so industri-

Notes from Field and Study

293

ous that in a few days the nest was com-
pleted, and, directly, two pure white
eggs lay like pearls in a velvet jewel-case.
They were scarcely larger than navy
beans.

Now began an anxious season, at least
for us. The rain and cold continued.
Scarcely any sunshine ever reached the
nest, on the north side of the house. Sleet
and hail beat upon it. For days the cotton
was a soggy mass, and, worst of all, little
Betty Flewster, as my friend had nick-
named her, would be gone from the nest
several hours at a time. Repeatedly we
said in despair, "Those eggs will never
hatch."

But Lad\' lk'tt\' knew her business better
that we, though we liad declared her a
"greenhorn," both in the choice of loca-
tion and, later, in the care of her eggs, for
in just two weeks from the day the firsl
egg was laid, my friend called to me
excitedly, "The first egg is hatched I
There's a bird in the nest!" The next
morning the other egg was hatched.

Such funny little birdlings, no larger
than yellow-jackets, with no hint of a
feather on their wrinkled bodies, except
three greenish barbs on each wing.

For several days they were too weak to
raise their heads and were blind as little
kittens. We wondered how the mother
bird succeeded in feeding them during that
stage, but could never happen to be pres-
ent at mealtime. Perhaps they, like little
chickens, require little or no fcxxl for tlie
first three days.

Later, when they were stronger, and
eyes open, we had several glimpses at the
feeding process. Perched on the edge of
the nest, the old bird thrust her bill, seem-
ingly full length, into the gaping mouths
and went through a pumping, ramming |)ro-
cess that seemed certain to pierce tiieir
little bodies. Of just what the food coti
sisled, we were ne\er aliie to determine, l)ul
of whatever nature, ihe birdlings tlirived
on it.

(iraduall_\' ihi' wrinkled bodies grew
plump; the litlie greenish l)arbs on each
wing showed where feathers would later
appear. Tiu-ir backs were tirst lKiir\-, then

glossy, golden green with minute feathers.
When fully grown, the}- closely resembled
the mother.

I had always supposed that Humming-
birds were very shy, but we found this
one quite approachable and very curious.
After an hour of quiet, patient maneuver-
ing, my friend succeeded in persuading the
bird to sip honey from flowers in her hand,
and later fed her with jelly, while sitting
on the nest.

I made several unsuccessful attempts to
get pictures. The kodak excited her cur-
iosity and some fear. Again and again she
circled around it, coming closer each time,
till finally, having several times tapped it
daintily with her bill, she seemed satisfied
it meant no harm, so settled calnil\- on
her nest.

.\11 during the nesting-time. Lady Hetty
seemed to consider the berry-bush her
special property, and waged instant and
furious warfare on all intruders, big or
little, bee or bird. 'Twas quite funny to
watch her when she discovered a bee in
the flower she wished to visit. Instantly
she became a little fury. Her feathers
stood out, and the humming became
double-quick and so loud that the invader
fled in terror. Even the Swallows who were
housekeeping in a bird-house nearby,
appeared to respect her rights, and quickly
withdrew when that fiery dart hurled her-
self at them. I, too, have flinched when it
seemed aimed straight at my eyes.

I know of no way to attract Humming-
birds to build near about our homes, but
when those tiny creatures favor you as we
were favored, consider it time well spent
to watch them closely. — Kr.i.A Getchell,
Wilhiiar. Miint.

Birds and Bees

I'or tlinc seasons now we have had
ratiier unusual bird tragedies in our garden.
.\lthough our house is set on a lot of onl>
about one-half acre, we have oicupants
in the Wren, Bluebird, and .\hirlin houses,
and there are Redheaded Woodpeckers in
the soft maples. In our back yard we have
a great ma>' colonies of bees, and a (la>' in

294

Bird- Lore

May when the blooming apple trees re-
sound with their murmuring hum of
industry-, combined with the rich plaintive
warble of the Bluebirds, the joj'ous gurgle
of the Martins and the incessant singing
of the Wrens thrill the heart of a nature-
lover.

One day in the summer of 1915, when the
oldest of the Woodpeckers left the nest
and hopped and flew from fence-post to
tree, I noticed he was getting rather near
some prosperous colonies of bees, and,
thinking to turn him back, T approached
carefully, but he flopped down onto the
entrance of a very strong colony, and in
less than a minute they pounced on him.
I removed him with all haste possible,
first covering him with a burlap sack to
stop the advance of the enemy, but he soon
expired in great agony. He was a seething,
hissing mass of angry bees, and pract-call}'
covered with bee-stings. So infuriated were
the bees that those who had lost their
stings (for a honey-bee can sting only
once) were clinging to the feathers and
biting with their mandibles. The move-
ment of their wings rubbing against the
feathers made a noise not unlike escaping
steam. I did not feel so grieved about him,
as his parents had often snapped up my
virgin queens when they left their hives
for their nuptial flights, costing me $1.50
per snap. I felt that the Woodpecker
family deserved some punishment for
their treatment of royalty, though it was
rather a severe revenge.

Last sfeason, when the Bluebird family
left their home, two out of the five young
ones met the same fate as the Woodpecker.
In crossing the garden the young birds
hopped onto the doorsteps of the bee-
hives, when the occupants rushed out by
the dozens and pierced the dainty visitors
with their deadly stings.

In the winter months of 1916-17 we
spent considerable time constructing a
fancy Martin-house to take the place of
the old soap-bo.x home which had col-
lapsed in a winter storm, and erected it
with due ceremony in the garden near the
grape-vines when spring came. Our
labor was rewarded by the Martins accept-

ing it, on their arrival in .\pril, and we
enjoyed hearing their gurgles of approval.
Sometimes there would be twenty or more
inspecting all the rooms and sitting on the
roof having a friendly chat. Martins have
a way of visiting all the houses in the neigh-
borhood before accepting one for nest-
building. Later in the season we noticed
that the birds had difficulty in alight-
ing on the house, due to the bees pur-
suing them. As soon as the Martins
would circle about the house, an army of
bees would follow, but the birds always
kept ahead of them and didn't seem to
notice them while in the air. But when
they would alight on the house, the bees
appeared to settle on them, and they
would fly away with frightened squawks.
Only one pair remained in the house, and
only by rushing through the air and pop-
ping into the opening, without alighting
outside, were they able to keep house at
all. They managed fairly well until the
young needed constant feeding, when the
battle for existence began. There were
never less than a dozen angry bees hover-
ing about the entrance, and whenever a
parent bird would leave the house, more
joined in the pursuit. In returning, the
birds would sometimes make several
attempts to enter before being successful,
so persistent were the bees. Finally the
Martins became discouraged and fed the
young only early in the morning and late
in the evening, when the bees were quieter.
The birds would make several trips in the
morning, and I could hear the clamoring
of the young as they were fed. Then,
when the angry hordes gathered, the par-
ents disappeared, and I saw no more of
them all day until just about sunset, when
they would return and make a few hurried
trips, remaining with the young at night.
One of the young birds sat with his head
just showing in the doorway of the house,
chirping hungrily, for three days, but the
parents never came near, except as stated
above, and finally they failed to appear at
all. The chirping of the young grew fainter
and fainter, and on the fourth day all was
silent about the house, though several
angry bees kept up the unceasing watch.

Notes from Field and Study

295

This fall the house was taken down and
three dried skeletons gave mute evidence of
the unequal conflict that was waged under
the summer skj-. — John G. Parker,
Ilartlaud, Wis.

The "Stake-Driver" Again

I, too, have read several accounts of the
l)ooming of the American Bittern, includ-
ing that of Mr. vos Burgh in your May-
June number. Permit me to add an impor-
tant detail not mentioned in Mr. vos
Burgh's well-written description. After
concluding with the "plunk" position, the
bird rests for some time; then, as though
a new thought had suddenly occurred to
him, he begins to pump in air, appar-
ently, for his next performance. With his
l)cak in nearly normal position, he "gulps,"
his throat begins to swell, and his beak
rises to the "plunk" position (as shown in
the sketch). Another "gulp," at a higher
key than the first, increases the size of the
throat and raises the beak to the "plunk"
position. Other gulps follow, successively
nearer together, successively in a higher
key, and with ever higher angle of beak,
the throat constantly enlarging to an
immense size. The sound suggests to the
listener 60 feet away the filling up of a
jug with water. When the beak is more
nearly vertical than shown in Mr. vos
Burgh's first drawing, and the neck is
relatively as large as that of the throat of
the hylodes before peeping, the real stake-
driving begins. The bird seems to have
tapped it in before beginning the hard
echo- raising blows! — Henry Turner
Bailey, Cleveland, Ohio.

A Unique Wren Nest

It seems that birds, copying after man,
have been developing in an inventive line.
At least one pair of House Wrens at Quincy,
III., have come as far as the iron age anrl
arc constructing their nests with an idea
of having them lire|)roof.

Recently the Inivcrsity of Illinois
Museum at thampaign was the recipient
of an interesting Wren nest. It was found

by Miss Jessie Brackensick, of Quincy, in
an angle of the top sill and braces under the
roof of a chicken-house. In the fall of 1915
a tangle of rusted chicken-netting was
thrown behind the shed, and the following
spring a pair of House Wrens in search of
nesting material found that the wire would
break easily into pieces just suiting their
purpose. They used this wire to the prac-
tical exclusion of all other usual materials

WIRE-WOVEN WREN'S NEST FITTED
INTO LOCATION SIMILAR TO THAT OF
ORIGINAL.

Photographed by Walter A. Goelitz

and formed from it a very solid but rather
bulky nest. To smooth the cavity some-
what, the birds used a few grass stems and
long black horse-hairs, also one small mass
of cobweb. This completed the list of
materials. The Wrens have used this same
nest for two seasons and probably would
have occupied it again this year had it
not been collected and donated to the
Museum. — Walter .\. (ioEi.irz. Cliom-
p(tif,it. III.

The Blue Jay Will Murder

While reading the war news, the mur-
derous cry of a Blue Jay was heard, and,
at the same time, the pitiful notes of a pair
of Robins came to my ears. Upon investi-
gation I found that the Jay had hustled a
young Robin out of its nest in an adjacent
tree and as soon as it struck the ground
was pulling shreds of flesh from its breast.
When driven away, the Jay called out a
defiant note, as though it were part of its
daily duties to kill and devour young

?96

Bird- Lore

Robins. I'Or many _\cars wc haw known
that the old squawker Ja\- was ^'uilty of
stealing the eggs of other birds, but we
have never before been positive that he
was a murderer, and can only wonder if
the Blue Ja\' is a Prussian l)hu' Jay ! — (i. S.
VuuNG, Alma, Mich.

From Sunset to Sunrise with the
Martins During the Flocking-time

For a week ])re\ious to Labor Daw great
numbers of Pur])lc Martins were strung
along the telegra[)h lines and hovering
near certain abodes in North Hvanston,
111., near Sheridan Road. On Labor Day
it was decided to watch these thousands
of birds, .\rriving at the scene at 4 o'clock
in the afternoon, great numbers were
seen wheeling in the air. Following them,
we came to a woodland where vast numbers
of (Jrackles had darted into safety. On
viewing this spot from quarters, we found
that the Martins were descending in
great companies. Though the air was
literally filled with birds, and the greatest
uncertainty seemed to prevail in their
wheeling and soaring, yet at a certain
moment a command was seemingly given,
for all at once they began to take refuge
for the night in the tops of trees.

The woodland occupies nearly a square
block, and is a dense undergrowth of
elder below young trees, mostly elms.
To sa3' that the trees swayed with the
weight of the birds will perhaps give some
idea of their numbers. The sight was
such that we marveled that people did
not come from far and wide to see it, yet
so intent are human beings in pursuit of
their own particular plans that party
after party motored by without one paus-
ing to look. As the stock e.xchange sounds
from the gallery like the buzz of a million
bees, so did the whir of wings and bird
exclamation thrill and stir the air. Emi-
grants of every nation, all babbling in a
corner of Ellis Island, could scarcely have
caused such a din, yet underneath was a
sense of law, order, and definite plan.

Feeling that this was a rare oppor-
tunity, two of us ardent bird-lovers decided

to camp out all night to observe the actions
of the birds during the night. But so keen
is the instinct of self-protection, that, de-
spite all the other sounds, the moment that
human footsteps were heard, the flutter-
ing would begin, birds would fly from their
perches, and a general commotion followed.
Observations, therefore, had to be made
outside the copse. At daybreak, between,
4 and 4.30, the vast horde began their
preparation for leaving. The sound pro-
duced by their wings could be only com-
])ared with that of a huge thrashing-ma-
chine running at top speed.

There must have been some 12,000
birds falling into line leaving the wood.
So accurate, so definite was each plan that
one could almost imagine he heard the
roll called as the birds departed. These
jjerformances continued each day until
the first cold spell, when the last company
departed. — W. Cunrov Evans, Evaiislon,
III.

Swallows Flocking

The accompanying photograph was
made in the middle of October and shows
a flock of Swallows on Black River Bay,
which is an arm of Lake Ontario injefferson
County, N. Y. This flock was made up
largely of Tree Swallows, but included also
Barn and Bank Swallows, while the most
interesting member of all, to me at least,
was a single Rough-winged Swallow, for I
have not found this species at all common
in this part of the state.

This picture was made on the very edge
of a large marshy stretch known, locally, as
the 'Dexter marshes.' The extensive flag-
and reed-beds of this locality make it a
fa\orite place for Swallows and Red-
winged Blackbirds to congregate and rest
while the birds arc assembling in late
summer and early fall. Incidentally, the
plentiful growths of wild rice among the
patches of arrowhead and pickerel weed
bring many wild Ducks to the same
marshes.

I have seen the Swallows rise in a mass
from the place of their night's rest and on
investigation have found a considerable

Notes from Field and Study

297

section of the cattail bed bent down in a
continuous littered mass, as though it had
been the bed of some great bird instead of
that of hundreds of tiny individuals closely
huddled. The Swallows all leave these sleep-
ing quarters soon after daybreak, but often,
instead of leaving the marsh entirely, they
will resort to some tree or cluster of trees
and here rest for an hour or two before
scattering over the neighboring country

never seen these birds here or anywhere
else in this north country in numbers which
compare with the swarms of Swallows I
have observed near the Hackensack
meadows near New York City. No doubt
northern New York is too far toward the
northern limit of the Swallows' summer
range to ever witness flocks of these birds
of the size they form as they progress
farther southwarfl. adding to their numbers

A SWALLOW WAV-STATION
Photographed by K. J. Sawyer

to feed through the rest of the day. It
was at this time, or about 7 or 8 a.m.,
that I rowed my boat to within several
yards of the birds assemblcfl on a few low
willow trees, landed and made the picture
here shown. These birds were remarkably
lame, allowing me to approach to within
5 or 6 feet of them and to thrust my cam-
era, as it were, almost in their faces.

."Mthough the flocks of Swallows in these
marshes may well be called large, I ha\e

as they
.V. ]'.

go. — K. J. Sawvik. W'aterlowu,

A Scene from the Home-life of the
Chestnut-sided Warbler

riu- ni'^l luTc shown was found at
Ithaca, \. \'., on June 15. 1915. It was on
a hillside covered with 'slash' from old
lumbering operations. This had since
grown uj) to a tangle of scrub second

298

Bird - Lore

growth and raspberry bushes. The nest
was in one of the hitter, about 3 feet from
the ground. It was well built. The founda-
tion was made of coarse grasses and root-
lets, lined with finer grasses and fibers.
It was not so bulky and much firmer than
that of some of our other Warblers. When
we came up the mother bird flew away,
revealing four downy young about three
days old.

After taking a position near the nest, I
found that a blind would not be needed to

Both birds shared in the work of feeding
the young and keeping the nest scrupu-
lously clean. At first, until the male became
accustomed to the camera, the female was
somewhat overworked, because she had to
feed the young and keep them warm, too.
He made up for his not working somewhat
by singing almost continuously from a
favorite tree nearby. The food brought to
the young consisted mostly of plant-lice
and the larvae of leaf-eating insects. —
C. W. Leistkr, Ithaca, N. Y.

THE WHOLE CHESTNUT-SIDE lAMlLV
Photographed by C. W. Leister, Ithaca, N. Y., June 20, 191 6

watch and record the activities of the
Warbler family. The young were quite
small, and the mother bird soon came back
and began brooding them. Her parental
instinct quite overcame her fear of the
camera and of man, allowing me to come
within 3 feet of the nest and set up the
camera. With the male bird it was quite
different, for he would not come near the
nest unless I partly concealed myself in a
clump of bushes lo to 12 feet away. .\
string was stretched from the camera to
the hiding place, and most of the pictures
were taken by pulling it.

The Bandit. — A Street Scene from
Birddom

Walking in X'irginia Park one morning,
I witnessed the following amusing little
scene in bird-life, illustrating the audacity
and impudence of the omnipresent Eng-
lish Sparrow.

A Robin was working hard to get a
worm out of the ground. After much
picking, pulling, and jerking it finally
succeeded, and. raising its head high, it
held the worm in its bill ready to enjoy
a well-earned meal.

Notes from Field and Study

299

Meanwhile a pesky little Sparrow, sitting
about 5 feet away, had watched the efforts
of the Robin with interest, and no sooner
did he see the dainty morsel in its bill,
than the little pirate darted like an arrow
toward the Robin, picked the worm from
its bill and flew swiftly about 20 feet away,
to enjoy its booty undisturbed.

The Robin, on the other hand, was so
completely taken by surprise b\' this bold
attack that it stared motionless for several
seconds after the receding bandit, and
then started unruffled to dig for another
worm. — C. BoxNiG, Detroit, Mich.

The Wren, a Housebreaker

Late in March a pair of Bluebirds took
possession of a box on a slender pole in the
corner of our kitchen-garden and April 18
tjcgan to build their nest. The next day
our Robins began to build on a platform
on the southern end of the front porch.
Late in Maj- a pair of Chippies came house-
hunting and finally chose a very bushy
place in the crimson rambler, high up. in
the rose-trellis on the front porch. About
the same time a Wren came to the box be-
longing to a small boy some 200 feet away.
The Wren came into the yard occasionalh'
but was promptly chased out again by
cither the Bluebird or the mother Robin,
and sometimes cjuiet little Mrs. Chippy
joined in the chase.

June 2, the Bluebirds went away with
their four speckled babies, and then the
Wren came oftener to the yard and garden.
Several times I saw him fly from the grape-
arbor into the rose-trellis but supposed
he went there for the aphides which were
abundant on the crimson rambler. .After
the mother C'hijjpy had been sitting for
several days, I noticed one afternoon as I
sal on the porch with my sewing, that she
was not on her nest. When three-quarters
i)f an hour had passed without bringing
the Chippy to her nest, I investigated. In
the nest were two cold eggs. One was all
right, the other had a small, clean-cut
hole in it, and a third one lay on the ground
broken. I suspected the Wren, but felt
almost ashamed of myself for doing so.

The last of June the Bluebirds came back
for a second nesting, and after looking over
the new box put out for them, decided
that they liked the old one better, and the
mother bird set to work to re-line the nest.
One morning after I knew there were eggs
in the nest, 1 heard the Wren scolding
softly in the garden. The Bluebirds were
away. I stepped out on the upper back
porch to see where he was and found him on
the wire running between the two Blue-
bird boxes. I threw a stone at him but did
not frighten him at all, and he went on into
the Bluebirds' nest-box. .\s I turned awaj'
to go down and drive him off, he came to
the door of the box and threw out an egg.
I rushed downstairs and out to the garden
where I could reach the wire, gav'e it a
sharp pull, setting the box to swaying, and
the little Wren tumbled out and flew
away. On the ground beneath the box lay
three broken eggs, and the nest was empty.
Now I know why the other birds dislike
the Wren and chase him away when he
comes to the yard. I should like to ask
Bird-Lore whether this is a trait of the
Wren family or is this particular Wren a
degenerate member of the family? — Mrs.
Arthur F. Gardner, is5 Maple Avenue,
Troy, N. Y.

A Family of Brown Thrashers

The Brown Thrasher is usually a shy
uncompanionable bird, displaying none
of the friendliness for people so notable in
the Robin and Phoebe. He is frequently
seen about thickets and roadside under-
growth, which afford ample means of con-
cealment. He flits shyly about at a safe
distance from the observer, protected by
intervening brushwood, and as he is seldom
seen at rest, it is not easy to observe him
closel)'.

The presence of a pair of Thrashers
about a brushwood in my field led to the
discovery of a nest deep among the dead
branches, and it contained three newly
hatched young. Desiring an acquaintance
with this interesting family, I frequently
visited them during the day. The old birds
remained at a distance until I was within

JOO

Bird - Lore

5 or 6 feet of the nest, then the mother
darted into the brush and covered the
young while the male flitted about the
other side of the pile, trying to decoy me
away from the nest. This was repeated at
intervals during several days, while the
birds gradually grew a little less timifl al
my presence. The mother always took the
nest while the male, when I allowed him
to draw m(- to the other side of the brush

with a piece of apple which, after a tenta-
tive taste, he would peck eagerly as I held
it, even allowing my hand to touch his
breast or back. The photograph was taken
just in time, as the next day the young
birds were gone from the nest, and there-
after, though I occasionally saw the old
birds, I could never again approach them.
— Mary Galloway, 357 Hubbard Avenue,
Detroit, Mich.

TAMINC; A BROWN 111 RASH K K

would sit motionless on a twig, manifestly
afraid but determined to stand his ground
if only he could keep me away from the
nest. After repeated visits he would per-
mit me to come gradually nearer till I
stood within 2 feet of him. Hoping to
induce him to eat from my hand, I offered
him grain and angleworms, but though he
would not stir till my hand almost
touched him, he refused to be conciliated
and would peck at my hand and hiss his
desire that I should go. I won him at last

The Language of Robins

Early in the summer, a pair of Robins
nested on a corner of our front piazza,
which was in constant u«e, and many
times the mother bird acted as if we had
no right there. Perhaps she knew by
that time it was a very public place to
rear a family. However, she stuck to the
home nest, and when four baby birds came,
she took good care of them. They grew so
fast and crowded so far over the nest
that we often wondered where she found
room to stay there at night to protect
them. After they were feathered, one
little fellow tumbled down on the porch-
rug, and though he seemed almost large
and strong enough to take care of himself,
wc jnit him back in the nest. They cried
so for food that the parent birds were kept
busy finding worms and insects to satisfy
them.

One afternoon, when I was preparing the
strawberries for supper, I found a number
of soft ones and decided to give them to
the young birds myself. I stood on a chair
which raised me high enough to reach the
nest and also to see the fun. All were so
hungry and evidently all liked strawberries
for they raised up, opened those big
mouths, and I ne\er could tell which of
them got anything, for they all grabbed al
each piece I held out.

I suppose the old birds were not far
away and heard the noise and chatter, for
soon, from the pine tree whose branches
hung near the porch, came another kind
of chatter — a shrill, quick, chi, chi, chi,
chi. chid, cha, — chi, chi, chi, chi, chid, cha —
repeated again and again till the youngsters
heard and noticed it and then, hungry as

Notes from Field and Study

301

they seemed, every bird quieted at once,
shut their mouths, and lowered themselves
in the nest, till only four quiet little heads
seemed to be in it. I tried and tried, but
could not get one of them to take another
bite. I could not e\cn pry their mouths
open.

I do not understand the language of
birds, but it seems there must be something
of the kind. I really think the mother
bird said: "Don't take another thing from
that girl," and they did not. Call it what
you will, I never saw surh prompt obedi-
ence.

After a few days they were gone. I did
not see them leave the nest, but saw the
parent walk ahead, about 2 or 3 feet, and
coax one bird at a time after her till she
had taught them to walk from the porch,
back behind the garden, where they had
their flying lessons in the apple ore hard. —
RosK M. Egbert, Chatham, A'. ./.

Our Summer Visitors. — A True Story of
Some Nova Scotian Birds

i'hcy arri\cd unexpectedly, having
given us no notice of any kind. The first
intimation we had of their presence was
the sound of a great chattering outside
of the front door. "Whoever you arc," we
thought, "your tones are not cultivated,
and you are inclined to be quarrelsome."
We opened the door, and there they were,
perched on a fir tree branch nearby, and
looking very belligerent, a [lair of King-
birds, dressed in black and silver-gre_\-,
with topknots on their heads and white
rings around their tails. They had actually
built a nest, almost on a level with our
eyes, and we had never noticed them. W'c
knew they belonged to the I'lycalchcr
family, as we had seem them or some-like
them, the year before, and watched them
darting and circling after insects. N'ow wc
were to have a great opportunity of getting
acquainted; and not a day passed on which
wc did not observe them more or less.

Sometimes there would be a fearful com
motion, and wc would look out to see them
chasing a Robin from the tree, or fighting
each other with their sharp beaks. W nc

to any small bird who approached too
near; he would be routed without ceremony.
.Robins appeared to be their chief enemies,
and one day, hearing the usual riot, we
saw two Robins and the pair of King-
birds in pursuit of each other aroimd the
tree. The jjerpendicular red line in their
foreheads showed very plainly, as it always
does when they are angry. The Robins,
however, had the best of it this time.
As soon as they were driven ofT on one side
of the tree, they would dart back to the
other side. This game was kept up until
another Kingbird came to the rescue, and
the three succeeded in driving their
enemies from the lawn.

.\bout this time the nest contained eggs,
as we judged from the birds' behavior, the
male always watching the nest when the
female went in pursuit of food, which she
did at short intervals. He sat nearly
always on the same branch, so that he
could look into the nest, and waited pa-
tiently till she was on her \\&y home, when
off he went, and she would settle on the
nest in a business-like manner. Sometimes
he lingered, and she chattered away to
him, while he listened in a dignified wa\-,
and said nothing.

What conversations they had when the
young birds were hatched ! Sitting on the
edge of the nest together, and turning their
heads first on one side and then on the
other, with such an air of pride!

l'"requently the little ones must be fed
with insects. From an upstairs window we
( ould look right into the nest, and many a
poor dragonfly we saw dissected alive, a
leg to one and a wing to another. Some-
times one had the whole insect and the rest
ojiened their wide mouths in vain. One
l)oor baby bird was neglected, perhaps
purposely, for they seldom gave it a
mouthful. At last its poor little dead body
was found (Ui the lawn; whether murdered
by unnatural parents, or by some marauder
in their absence, wc never knew. There
wire \ ery few mosquitos in the garden
that year, and wc believed the Kingbirds
were our deliverers. Making a circling
flight, liny would snap up a June bug. a
liiittcrtly, or a iicc, hardly ever missing.

302

Bird - Lore

and return to their perch without a sec-
ond's pause.

At last 'Tag-rag' and 'Bobtail' (as we
called them, from their disheveled appear-
ance) were taught to flap their wings, to
sit on the edge of the nest, and, after
much exhortation and example from their
parents, to get out on the nearest twig;
then to make little flights of a few inches
over each other's back, then to fly from
branch to branch; father and mother all
the time going back and forth over the
route they wished the little ones to take,
chattering in a jieculiar language they had
never used before.

They were evidently suspicious of the
big setter who often occupied the top
veranda step, and who seemed as inter-
ested in the show as anyone; and at last
the male bird, his forehead blazing red,
flew right into the dog's face. But Dick
stood fast, and the birds continued the
training.

Thus far had their education gone one
evening when we bade them good night;
and the next morning, hearing the same
peculiar note, we looked out to find they
had accomplished the flight to a nearby
tree, and before noon they had worked
their way out of our neighborhood. Only

once more did we behold them, a few days
later, on a tree in the garden; and we
greeted 'Tag-rag' and 'Bobtail' with real
l)leasure.

Soon after, a pair of Cedar-birds came
and took away every thread of the nest,
to build one for themselves, although it
seemed rather late in the season for them
to rear a family. — Mrs. M. B. Des Brisay,
Bridj^rwalcr, N . S.

Robin Nesting on Ground

On May 8, 1918, I discovered a Robin's
nest built flat upon the ground, in a clump
of clover. It was located in an orchard, in
which there were numerous good nesting-
sites in the trees, some of which held
other Robins' nests.

The nest was of the ordinary Robin
architecture, with the usual mud, etc.,
and contained four eggs, three of which
hatched, and, so far as I know, the young
were successfully raised.

While I have before found the Robin to
nest within a foot of the ground, upon rail-
fences, I have never before heard of it
building right upon the ground, like a
Vesper Sparrow, for instance. — Ansel B.
Miller, Springs, Pa.

THE SEASON
VIII. April 15 to June 15, 1918

Two contributors to this department
of Bird-Lore have been "called to the
colors" — Charles H. Rogers, reporter for
the New York City region, and also
editor of the Department, is now in camp
in Georgia, and Dr. Winsor M. Tyler,
reporter for the Boston region, is now a
Captain in the medical service and is
stationed at Newport. Wherever they go
and whatever be their duty we may be
sure that their interest in bird-life will
prove a welcome source of relaxation
from the strenuous demands of their pro-
fession.— F. M. C.

Boston Region. — The season, delayed
by cold and rainy weather, made little

progress during the latter half of April.
On May i, it was scarcely more advanced
than the extremely late season of 191 7.
The spring remained backward until May
7, when a few days of summer temperature
stimulated such a rapid growth of vegeta-
tion that, on May 11, judged by the blos-
soming of the horse-chestnut trees, 1918
was three weeks in advance of 191 7. Ten
days later the country had assumed almost
the appearance of summer, the full-
grown leaves casting dense shade. Thus
in two weeks a backward spring was
transformed into summer.

During the last days of April, there
came an unusual flight of Yellow Palm
Warblers with the Myrtle Warblers, both

The Season

3<i3

in song; the former, in numbers far above
normal, exhibited a mariied habit of
catching flying insects on the wing. The
extreme heat following May 6 brought a
heavy flight of delayed summer residents
and transients comprising many species
but surprisingly few individuals. For ten
days birds were in active migration, but
they passed northward so rapidly and
inconspicuously that many observers
reported that there were no birds to be
seen after May 17, there was so little
evidence of migration.

In this hurried migration, the Red-
starts lagged noticeably behind; Tennessee,
Cape May and Bay-breasted Warblers,
although present, did not occur in such
numbers as they did a year ago; all
four Vireos were rare.

The Yellow Warbler is commoner than
it has been for the last few years, but
is found chiefly along the borders of
woodland and meadows instead of in
gardens. (Is this merely a local condition?)
By the first of June, the song-period of
many resident birds had begun to wane,
owing doubtless to the cares of nesting. —
WiNSOR M. Tyler, M.D., Lexington,
Mass.

Philadelphia Region. — The tempera-
ture for April was slightly above normal.
The noteworthy features of the month
were a locail scarcity of Phcebes — only
one noted .A^pril iq; the abundance of
Wilson's Snipe from the loth to the 30th
and of Yellowlegs from April 20 to May 20.
Mr. William Evans, of Marlton, N. J.,
informed me that his Martin-house was
occupied by only about half the number
of birds present last spring, and that some
houses in his neighborhood, which were
well tenanted a year ago, had none at all.
However, several places visited in southern
New Jersey seemed to have their full
quota of Martins.

Six Blue-winged Teal, two Upland
Plover and a small flock of Pipits were
observed at Salem, N. J., .\i)ril 28.

Weather conditions for May were almost
the exact opposite of those last year, the
average temperature being five degrees

above normal. The unusual warmth,
together with frequent rains, caused
vegetation to grow rapidly, and by the end
of the month it was said to be two weeks
ahead of the average. The trees were in
full leaf by May 12. Thick foliage made
birds difficult to see, and favoring weather
caused migrants to pass through without
stop. These facts may account, to some
extent, for the unprecedented scarcity of
some birds, especially Warblers. Observers
far and near all tell the same story. "Very
few Warblers seen," "Warblers very
scarce," "Very unsatisfactory Warbler
season," "Have not seen a single Magnolia
Warbler," "Hardly any Black-throated
Green or Magnolia Warblers." The
writer spent some time of each day in the
field from the ist to the 20th of May, and
the totals for the season for some of the
more common species are: Black-throated
Blue, i; Magnolia, o; Chestnut-sided, 3;
Black-throated Green, 3; Redstart, 6;
Canada, o. Black and White, Yellow,
Myrtle, Yellow Palm, and Black-poll
Warblers were apparently as numerous as
usual.

Miss Anna Deeter, of Reading, Pa.,
writes that Myrtle Warblers and Rose-
breasted Grosbeaks were more than ordi-
narily common this spring, and that the
Warbler season was disappointingly short,
practically ending May iq. Here at
Camden, the latest transient (Black -poll
Warbler) was noted May 31.

With the exception of the House Wren
and the Maryland Yellowthroat, the breed-
ing birds seem about as abundant as ever.
— Julian K. I^otter, Camden. X. J.

Washington Region. — So far as bird
migration is concerned, .April and May are
the most interesting months of the year
about Washington. Of this period the
weeks between April 15 and May 20 are,
in normal seasons, the most important.
The height of the spring migration,
individuals and species both considered,
is ortlinarily from May 10 to May 15.

The present spring has been, on the
whole, an unusuall>' good season for birds,
and both species and individuals have been

304

Bird - Lore

mimeroiis. Notwithstandiiij^ this, some
birds have been remarkably scarce. This
is notably the case with all the Swallows,
the Carolina Wren, the Solitary Vireo,
Least Flycatcher, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher,
Vesper Sparrow, Solitary Sandpiper, and
the Lesser Yellow-legs, the last mentioned
of which has entirely escaped observation.
It would be interesting to determine
whether this scarcity is merely local or
more or less general, as some species
affected are transients, others are summer
residents.

On the other hand, a number of species
have been more than ordinarily numerous;
notably the Tennessee, Kentucky, Bay-
breasted, Blue-winged and Wilson's War-
blers, Baltimore Oriole, Scarlet Tanager,
Rose -breasted Grosbeak, Olive -backed
Thrush, Bob-white, and Bonaparte's (Jull.
The first-mentioned of these is usually a
rare bird during the spring migration, but
this year it has been one of the common
Warblers.

A few birds this season have appeared
in great numbers for a short period,
apparently representing waves of migra-
tion that affected but a species or two at a
time. Conspicuous among these have been
the Purple Finch, Scarlet Tanager,
Kentucky Warbler, and Indigo Bunting.
The duration of their greatest abundance,
however, has been usually but a day or
two.

In point of time, the spring migration
this year has been about normal, though,
as is often the case, somewhat irregular.
The remnants of the great flocks of Ducks
that wintered on the Potomac River
lingered rather long in their winter haunts,
a few species longer than ever before. The
Baldpate, the latest previous spring record
of which was March 31, 1912, was seen by
Lieut. Ludlow Griscom on April 14, and
the Pintail, by the same observer also on
.April 14 (latest previous date, April i,
1842); the Canvasback remained until
March 31, which is the latest definite date,
although there is an old record for some
time in April, 1843. Mr. C. R. Shoemaker
also reported the Red-breasted Merganser
on April 12, which constitutes our only

definite s|)ring record for the species.
Another water-bird, the N'irginia Rail, was
observed on May 11, more than a month
beyond its previously recorded latest
date, .\pril 6, 1892. Some of the other
birds which remained beyond their usual
time, a few of these equaling or approach-
ing their latest records, are: Junco, seen on
May 3; Savannah Sparrow, May 11;
Wilson's Snipe, May 11; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, April 2; American Coot, May 11;
and Bonaparte's Gull, May 13.

Likewise a few were rather late in
putting in their spring appearance, such
as the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, which came
on April 16 (average date of arrival,
April 7); Tree Swallow, April 14 (average
date, April 7); Solitary Sandpiper, May 5
(average date, April 28); and the Rough-
winged Swallow, .\j)rii 17 (average date,
April g).

Early arrivals were, however, more
numerous, several of them being consider-
ably beyond previously known dates. The
Louisiana Water-Thrush was observed
on March 31 (earliest previous date,
April I, 1910); the Bank Swallow on April
4 (earliest previous date, April 10, 1904);
Lincoln's Sparrow, April 21 (earliest previ-
ous date. May 3, 1885); and the Nashville
Warbler, April 23 (earliest previous date,
April 29, 1885). A single Indigo Bunting
was noted on April 18, four days ahead of
its previous earliest record, April 22, 1917,
but no other individuals were seen until
April 30. Two of our rarest spring birds
also appeared earlier than ever before:
the Philadelphia Vireo on May 6, the
earliest previous date of which is May 12,
1902, and the Prothonotary Warbler,
which Lieut. Ludlow Griscom and Mr.
Francis Harper saw at Dyke, Va., on April
28, two days ahead of its earliest previous
published record, .\pril 30, 191 1. Other
early birds were: the American Osprey,
April 6; Barn Swallow, April 6; Henslow's
Sparrow, April 14; Yellow-throated Vireo,
April 18; Northern Water-Thrush, April
2 1 ; Crested Flycatcher, April 21 ; Tennessee
Warbler, May 5; and Bay-breasted
Warbler, May 6.

The appearance of two birds \'ery rare

The Season

305

about Washington deserves mention here.
Bachman's Sparrow was observed at
Kensington, Md., by Mr. Raymond W.
Moore on May 2. This is a species which
seems but recently to have reached the
District of Columbia, for no observers
reported.it until within the past few years,
and it is still very rare. The Caspian Tern
was seen at Plummer Island on May 5,
by Mr. A. Wetmore, which is its second
known local spring occurrence.

Another interesting manifestation of
bird-life during this spring, to which the
good weather has doubtless contributed,
is the rather unusual song activity, par-
ticularly of certain species. This has been
especially noticeable in the Olive-backed
Thrush, the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, the
Kentucky Warbler, and many of the other
Warblers. Kven on the warmest days their
singing has continued throughout a much
greater portion of the afternoon than is
commonly the case. This has aided much
in making daily observations, and is
doubtless partly responsible for the excel-
lent records of numbers of species and
individualsjnoted that many observers
have made during the 1918 migration
season in the vicinity of Washington. —
Harry C. Oberholskr, Washington, D. C.

MiNNKAPoi.is, Minx., Region. — The
unusually mild weather and the early
spring awakening of March and the first
half of .\pril was checked by a cold spell
that lasted from April 16 to May i. Heavy
frosts and freezing temperatures prevailed
throughout the state, and on the 23d the
thermometer registered 15 degrees at
Dululh, with snowfall along the Canadian
boundary. This put a check on both
vegetation and bird arrivals. Then fol-
lowed a week of very warm weather,
May 6 being the hottest May Sunday on
record in Minnea|)olis— 86 degrees at noon.
Following this came another interval of
chilly weather, terminating May 13 witli
heavy frost and ice at Minneapolis and
28 degrees up at Lake Superior. From this
time on continuous warm wcatiuT |)re-
vaiied.

Alter I lu' t nmparaliv I' (Irougiil of .March

and April more than the usual amount of
rain fell in May, which, with the hot days
that ushered in and completed the month,
caused the waiting vegetation fairly to
spring forward and burst into a rapid
luxuriance that quickly more than made
up for the delay caused by the frosty
weather. So, by early June, vegetation
was some days ahead of the normal sched-
ule, and by mid- June, white water lilies,
tiger lilies, and linden trees were in bloom
nearly two weeks ahead of time.

The following are the dates of blooming
of a few of the common flowers at Min-
neapolis: April 27, marsh marigold and
wood anemone; May 2, greater bellwort
and rue anemone. May 5, nodding tril-
lium; May 6, first plum and crab apple
trees; May 12, puccoon (hoary and long-
flowered), spiderwort, three flowered
geums, ginger root; May 16, showy orchis;
June 6, great-blossomed pentstemon and
pale larkspur.

In regard to the birds, it seems to be
the general consensus of opinion of obser-
vers in the vicinity of Minneapolis that
there has been something seriously amiss
with the customary spring movement this
year. Day after day the usual waves of
migrants filling the tree-tops and thigkets
were waited and watched for, but as the
season waned, it became all too plainly
apparent that the pitiful representation
of species ordinarily abundant was all
that we were to see. In only a few instances
were there anything like the normal
numbers. All the various species were no
doubt present but in many cases so spar-
ingly and so widely scattered that they
easily eluded observation, and it was only
by comparing notes with several observers
that their presence was made known.
The always abundant Warblers, like the
.Myrtle, Palm, Tennessee. Nashville, Black
and White, BlackpoU, and Maryland
Vellow-throal were far below the usual
number. Others less common, like the
Canadian, Hlackburnian, Hlack-tiiruatcd
(ireen, Magnolia, Cape Ma\', Wilson's
Blackcap, etc., were represenlcii by only
one or two individuals, or not at all, after
much watching in favorite haunts. Tlie

.^o6

Bird - Lor*e

same is true of the Sparrows, Fl\caUhcrs,
Kinglets, Thrushes, and other groups of
smaller land-birds. Of the water-birds the
writer can speak less definitely as oppor-
tunity for thorough observation was
limited, but it was noted that the always
common Spotted Sandpiper was almost
absent.

Since the end of the migration, con
siderable time has been spent in the field
and it is plainly evident that our land-
birds at least, with but few exceptions, arc
greatly reduccil in numbers this year.
Meadowlarks, Song Sparrows, Chipping
Sparrows, Scarlet Tanagers, Catbirds,
and Robins, are possibly nearly as numer-
ous as usual, but the woods and tields are
for I lie n\osl |)arl strangely silent and
deserted. Of course it is not intended to
give the impression that there are no birds,
for all species arc represented, but the
i)ulk of bird-life, as far as individuals
are concerned, is far below what it has
been of late years, to say nothing of thirty
or forty years ago. Why this should be so
is still a mystery but the fact remains that
but a small portion of the birds that left
the vicinity of Minneapolis last fall re-
turned this spring. Reports from other
localities are awaited with much interest.
— Thos. S. Roberts, Zoological Museum,
U iiiversily of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Denver Region. — The bird-lover who
lives in the usual haunts of the Mocking-
bird and hears each year the wonderful
exuberance of its nesting-song, can feel
with me the pleasure I have had over a
great influx of Mockingbirds to this region
during this season. It is now more than
twenty years since I have seen so many
of these birds in the neighborhood of
Denver. As I write, I hear one singing
lustily in the adjoining park — -a rare treat.
I have always believed that we would have
many more with us regularly if they were
not searched for and disturbed so per-
sistently during the nesting-season. As
soon as a pair or two appear in a neighbor-
hood, everybody seems to desire a young
bird for a pet. No suitable locality within
a radius of twentv-five miles of Denver has

failed to show a Mockingbird since the
arrival of the first wave of May 2.

There has been a singular absence of
Warblers this season; perhaps I overlooked
them, but at any rate the only migrating
Warblers 1 have seen this spring were
.Macgillivray's and Virginia, and during
the same time I did not see even a single
White-crowned or a (Jambel's Sparrow, or
a Bronzed Grackle. 1 have always seen
these species in the neighborhood of mj^
present home, without making any special
effort. There has been an unusual number
of Bullock's Orioles, House Wrens, and
Plumbeous Vireos. The nesting of the
House Wren in my vicinity last year and
its recurrence now, lead me to hope that
it will become a regular breeding bird in
our park. Nighthawks reached us about
on time (May 24), and again a Poor- will
visited Cheesman Park, the second in
eight years, coming on May 29. Our Wood
Pewee was the last of the Flycatchers to
appear in Denver, arriving May 23.

I have often wondered what would
become of an escaped Canary, and I have
had an answer this spring, for a male has
been living in the vicinity of my house
for several weeks, singing lustily, and get-
ting its own living of weed and dandelion
seeds as cleverly as our native House
Finches, with which it has consorted much
of the time.

I had looked forward with a great deal
of anticipation to the time of the sun's
eclipse (June 8), in order that I might note
the behavior of birds on the approach of,
and during, the transitory night. To our
great disappointment, the afternoon was
cloudy, and we were not treated to that
rare phenomenon which comes with a
total eclipse and an unclouded sky, the
sudden and awesome change from day to
night. Nevertheless, during totality(ninety
seconds) the mountains and plains were
covered by a striking and weird semi-dark-
ness, and as it approached, the Horned
Larks became more voluble, and the Night-
hawks took up their crepuscular ways, only
to roost again on the fence-posts, when sun-
light once more prevailed. — W. H. Berg-
told, M.D., Denver, Colo.

^ook J^t\s)^ anb llebietosi

In Audubon's Labrador. By Charles
Wendell Townsend, M.D. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York.
i2mo. xiv+354 pages; 64 half-tones,
I map.

Dr. Townsend tells us that e\'er since
his boyhood he has longed to follow
.Xudubon's footsteps in Labrador. This
volume, therefore, not only marks the
realization of an early ambition, but it
serves also the dual purpose of convey-
ing much interesting and valuable in-
formation regarding the region to which it
relates and of being an illuminating and
always sympathetic commentory on the
e.xplorations of the great ornithologist.

Doubtless there is no one better qualified
to write a book of this nature than Dr.
Townsend. .\ boy's imagination, stirred
by Audubon's graphic description of his
voyage, was doubtless further stimulated
by contact with George C. Shattuck, one
of Audubon's young companions, after-
ward a well-known Boston physician
under whom, many years later. Dr. Town-
send served as house officer at the Massa-
(husetts General Hospital. Add to these
circumstances a keen interest in bird-life
and the strong touch which comes from
personal experience, and it is evident that
Dr. Townsend, so far as Labrador is
( (incerned, is .Vudubon's lineal re])rescnta-
ti\c.

Dr. Townsend does not confine him-
self to birds, but writes also of plants and
nf people; and always there is an historical
l)ackground in which, so comi)aratively
little has the scene changed in its major
features, the past is brought singularly
near the present. — V. M.-C.

I'.iRUS OF Lkwiston-Auburn [Maink]
and Vicinity, iiy Carrie Llla Miller.
With an Introduction by I'rofessor
J. V. Stanton. Lcwiston Journal Co.,
Lewislon, Maine. i2mo. 80 pages; 2
half-tones.

This is a I horouglilN' well amiotatcd
list of 1(11 >pci ii's in wjiic h I lu- author's

1^0

enthusiastic love of birds finds frequent
expression. Her remarks, therefore, are not
confined to mere statements of manner of
occurrence with dates, etc., but show a
keen appreciation of the songs of birds and
a discriminating interest in their ways. —
F. M. C.

The Teaching of Science in the Ele-
mentary School. By Gilbert H.
Trafton, Instructor in Science at the
State Normal School, Mankato, Minn.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. i2mo. xii-|-
288 pages.

Professor Trafton, drawing on his own
wide experience, here writes a book for
teachers on methods of teaching science.
The book has six major headings as
follows: I, The Pedagogy of Science
Instruction; II, Biological Science; III,
Agricultural Science; IV, Hygiene; V,
Physical Science; VI, Outline of Science
Instruction.

There is no padding, but a wealth of
practical suggestion and information based
not on theory but on practice. We should
say that no teacher of elementary science
could fail to profit by an examination of
this volume. — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

Tm: Condor. — Five general articles
and a number of short notes make up the
varied contents of the May number of
'The Condor.' In a brief account of
'The Short-eared Owl in Saskatchewan.'
Goelitz describes the nesting of the bird
on the open prairies and the finding of
several nests, one of which, containing nine
eggs, is reproduced from a photograph.
One of the most interesting articles in
Bradbury's 'Notes on the Nesting Habits
of the White-throated Swift in Colorado,'
well illustrated with five views of nesting-
sites and one photograph of a nost and
four eggs collected June 24. u)i<'. near
Hot Sulpiuir Springs. Colo. This paper and
Ilanna's arlii le on the Swift in the niiniher

;^o8

Bird- Lore

for January, 1Q17. are substantial contri-
butions to our knowledge of the nesting
habits of this characteristic species of the
mountains of the West.

Mrs. Bailey's paper on 'A Return to the
Dakota Lake Region' is continued with an
account of the 'Birds of the Unbroken
Prairie.' The type, locality, early history,
and name of Costa's Hummingbird are
discussed by the present reviewer, who
shows that the species was described from a
a specimen collected in all probability at
Magdalena Bay, Lower California, and
that the bird was not taken in California
until twenty years later, and its eggs not
until nearly half a century after the dis-
covery of the species.

In an interesting review of 'The Dis-
tribution of the Subspecies of the Brown
Towhee' (Pipilo crissalis), based on a
study of 383 specimens. Swarth shows that
the three forms of this bird in California
{Pipilo c. crissalis, P. c. carola, and P. c.
soiicula) occupy well-defined areas which
arc outlined on an accompanying map.
It is rather remarkable that, although this
Towhee is so characteristic of the coast
region, no specimens from Lake Napa, San
Francisco, San Mateo, or Santa Cruz
counties seem to have been examined in
the preparation of the paper. In view of
the recent discussion concerning the
scarcity of the Brown Towhee on the San
Francisco peninsula it would have been
interesting to have had some explanation
or mention of the local rarity of the bird
in this part of its range.

The brief notes include Hunt's in-
genious reconstruction of certain evidence
of the presence of a Short-eared Owl near
the University campus at Berkeley (an
addition to the species of the local list) and
Bryant's summary of the contents of 18
stomachs representing 1 2 species of
Hawks and Owls from California. — T. S. P.

and years of constant noise and flames,
gases and dangers, wild birds have shown
an astonishing disregard of these supreme
efforts of mankind. They soar and vol-
plane, they seek their food, quarrel with
one another, carry on their courtship, mate
and rear families in close proximity to the
actual fighting and exploding shells. In
fact, their numbers have increased near
ruined villages where they nest in the
shattered houses and in cathedrals still
smoking from devastating bombardment."

The Twenty-seventh Annual Report of
the Royal Society for the Protection of
Birds, presented at the general meeting of
March 12, 1918, recounts the efforts of the
Society in combating the popular but
thoughtless desire to increase our food-
supply at the expense of our bird-life at a
time when birds are of exceptional impor-
tance to our agricultural, interests.

Fortunately, the efforts of the Society
were warmly supported by the public, to
which it appealed through a special leaflet,
entitled 'Birds, Insects and Crops.' The
Society remarks with much truth, "Un-
doubtedly this was a duty which should
have been fulfilled by the Government
departments entrusted with agricultural
and educational interests and with public
money for such purposes; but since these
had sj'stematically neglected it, a Society
with an income less than that of many an
individual salaried official had to come to
the rescue."

The spring and summer, 1918, issue of
the 'Audubon Bulletin' of the Illinois
.\udubon Society contains 48 pages filled
with interesting matter relating chiefly to
birds and bird-conservation in Illinois.
The address of Miss Amalie Hanning, the
treasurer of the Society, is 1649 Otis
Building, Chicago.

Book News

In the May issue of the New York
Zoological Society's 'Bulletin,' William
Beebe, writing on ',\nimal Life at the
I'ront," says that "in sjiitc of the months

The Department of Fish and (iame of
the state of Alabama, has issued its usual
'Bird Day Book,' a pamphlet of ninety-
six pages containing selections in prose
and verse on the beauty and value of
birds.

Editorial

309

^irb=1Lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX Published August 1. 1918 No. 4

COPYRIGHTED, 1918, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Bust Is Worth Two in the Hand

At last migratory birds have been
accorded full national citizenship. No
longer at the mercy of this state or of
that; no longer the victims of laws made
with a view to their destruction rather than
protection, they are now wards of the
Federal Government. And, within the
limits of the United Stales, have certain
clearly defined rights which are legally
as effective in Florida or Maine as they
are in California or Oregon.

Furthermore, these rights will be main-
tained in the interest of the birds, not of
their enemies. The species classed as game-
birds will still have to contribute their
share to gratify the love of sport which for
many generations will doubtless continue
to be an inherent human attribute. But
their contribution will be made with due
regard to maintaining the source of
supph' and not to gratify the selfish
thoughtlessness of tiic passing generation.

When on July 3, 1918, President
Wilson signed the 'Enabling Act' making
effective our treaty with Canada for tin-
protection of migratory birds, he com-
pleted the structure which for the past
third of a centurs- the friends of birds
have ;i( lively Ijeen endeavoring to build.
Only those familiar with the history of
bird legislation and who have been engaged
for a more or less prolonged period in the
fight to secure for our birds a satisfactory
legal status, can begin to realize the signiti
cance of the victory which places their care
in the hands of the National Cio\ernmint .

For years, it is true, certain of our
slates, have recognizerl the claims of birds
to tlic proleilion ol' the law. Hut sU( li

protection extended only to the limits of
the state that gave it while in the neighbor-
ing state the bird could, perhaps, not only
be legally killed, but a price might
actually be placed on its head!

With every state making its own laws —
or failing to make any — uniformity of
treatment of the subject of bird conserva-
tion was out of the question. The first
man to give public e.xpression to the
inadequacy of state game laws was
George Shiras III, who, on December 5,
1904, introduced the original 'Migratory
Bird Bill' into Congress. The ideas it
embodied were loo novel to be immedi-
ately accepted, but, at least, they were
presented for the consideration of the
public, to live or die on their merits.

Bird-protectors were quick to see the
far-reaching importance of Federal legis-
lation; while those sportsmen who think
only of the number of days of shooting
they can crowd into each year were equally
C(uick to realize how materially it would
restrict their activities. Federal bird legis-
lation, therefore, soon developed many
enemies as well as many friends. Each
side fully understood the nature of the
struggle and was determined to fight to a
finish. Fortunately the cause of the birds
has never lacked for earnest and effective
leaders. Shiras was succeeded by Weeks
and Lacey and McLean, and finally a
bill bearing the hitter's name was passed on
January 22, 1013, and ap])roved by the
President on March 4 following.

iU^aten in Congress, the enemies of the
l)ir(ls soon attacked the ((mstitutionalily
of the law. This question was finally
brought before the Supreme Court which
gave no decision but called for a rehearing.

.Meanwhile in January, iqi^, the allies
of the l)irds, represented by Senators
Root and McLean, had taken the initial
steps toward the passage of a migratory-
bird treaty which should embody the pro-
visions of the Shiras- Wecks-Lacey-McLean
law. it is the 'Enabling .\ct" making this
tri;it\ etTeclive which has become the law
of tlie Nation to i)e administered by the
Hioiogiial Sur\e> of the United States
|)eparlnient of .\gri( uil ure.

Cfje ^utiubon Societies;

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

PRACTICAL CONSERVATION OF BIRDS

The Superintendent of Public Schools in Wilmington, N. C, writes: "We
are endeavoring to make our entire county, New Hanover, a Bird Conserva-
tion County. On two sides we have the sea, and on the other, the Cape Fear
Ri\er. A number of migratory birds spend the winter here. W'e want to con-
tinue our work through the schools, and to make it effective and permanent."

In direct connection with the suggestions in the last issue for making state,
county and village census-maps of bird-populations, for purposes of study and
comparison, is this practical plan of setting about systematically to conserve
bird-life within a single county. There could be no better way to make a real
beginning in conservation than to start all the schools within a limited area in
a study of the different species of birds found there throughout the year, together
with the best methods of attracting and protecting them. Results are bound
to come more rapidly in this way, for concentrated effort is an essential point
in any successful undertaking.

Think what it would mean in any state, if individual counties or towns
determined to find out more accurately the kinds and numbers of birds present,
the kinds of food preferred by them, the enemies and dangers about them, and
the laws governing their relations to man! Within a short time the pubhc
would become far more wide awake to the conditions most favorable to birds
and man alike, and measures of protective control would be supported without
the opposition, now so unhappily and disastrously raised by ignorant or unprin-
cipled politicians. A recent Danish paper mentions the wholesale exportation
of Gull's eggs from neighboring islands, due to the unusual demands made by
the war. Just how far such utilization of a natural resource can be safely
allowed, responsible ])ersons in authority should know definitely. In our own
country, the national food-administrator, recognizing the value of birds to
man, particularly through their relations to agriculture, has urged upon every-
one the importance of conserving bird-life. We have the opportunity now, as
at no other time within our memory, to make use of every natural resource
to its fullest value. Instead of minimizing the necessity of bird-study, the
critical moment has arrived when we should strain every nerve to gain any
advantage which birds can help to give us.

It is gratifying to receive reports that birds seem unusually abundant this
season. At the moment of writing, in northeastern Vermont, Bluebirds are

(310)

The Audubon Societies 311

calling with much the same frequency that they did before their sudden
decrease. Laughing Gulls were seen along the shores of Rhode Island in early
June, while the Prairie Warbler was recorded not far inshore. Such species as
these, whose numbers or distribution are varying, are singled out simply as
interesting examples of beneficial species which show a rapid increase or
decrease, according to favorable or unfavorable conditions.

Is it not possible to take up careful limited area studies more generally, not
only in schools but also in clubs and communities, so that town by town,
county by county and state by state, we shall have a continuous link of thorough
investigation? In order to aid this movement. State Audubon Societies would
do well to get into closer touch with each Junior Audubon Society within their
limits. Not infrequently, appeals come to the School Department for informa-
tion as to how and where to get material, lectures, and organized assistance in
forming a bird club or Junior Audubon Society. Why not send a circular of
information to each school in the state from the head office of the State Audu-
bon Society and thus establish, not only acquaintance but a working relation,
between such isolated centers of interest? The 'endless chain' idea might well
be applied to bird-study and bird-conservation. — A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XL: Correlated with Music, Basket-making, and English.
Summer Bird Music. Part III

The season has come when most people fail to take the keen interest in
bird-study which they do in spring or even during June, yet there is very much
to see and to hear throughout July and August, and those who really wish
to become thorough students of bird-life should not neglect midsummer
observations.

From any single vantage-point a list of twenty or thirty species may be
listed, provided the locality is a favorable one. Should one do no more than to
follow these thirty or less species, a great deal could be learned about ihoir
daily activities, which would throw light on the habits and movements of many
other species. The following random list of birds seen or heard from a piazza
on a rainy July morning illustrates the value of hot-weather hird-sUuly. The
environment of the locality' was ])ossil)ly more than ordinarily favoral)le, since
it combined a sail-water inlet wilh a somewhat shaded roadside bordering on a
thin fringe of woodland. One or two old apple trees, several large locusts, a
few cherry trees, culti\ate(l once, perhaj^s, but now run wild, shrubs and road-
side weeds made up in general the vegetatit)n. One large locust alone otTered
sufficient op|iortuiut\- for obserxation. On its bark, the White-breasted Nut-
hatch and Downy Woodpecker and the smaller Hlack-and-white Creejier were

312 Bird -Lore

busily engaged, uttering their various calls from time to time. At this season of
the year, the Creeper gives two songs, one far less rasping than its common
wee-see, wee-see, wee-see. Should there happen to be a bevy of young Creepers
about, their notes might so much resemble those of a soft-toned Chipping
Sparrow as to deceive one unaccustomed to them.

Flitting about in the highest branches of the locust were Baltimore Orioles,
mostly silent except for a lisping call-note or brief chatter, in striking contrast
to their full-throated, ringing whistles uttered in mating-time. Dropping in
with them for a brief survey of the available food-supply on and in the weather-
worn locust were a late-nesting pair of Chickadees, than whom no bird friends
are more dear or constant. Just how frequently the pewee song of this species
is given as compared with its chkk-a-dee-dee note throughout the year, would be
an interesting point to observe. Heard in the evergreen woods of more north-
ern localities against the high, flute-like notes of the White-throated Sparrow,
the Chickadees' plaintive song takes on a distinctly minor character, but here
by the shore, in the open covers of the locust, the ear noted only major cadences.

The Yellow Warbler shows brilliantly against the soft, waving, green leaves
of the locust in the sunlight, but on this wet morning one would never have
suspected that it had any color aside from green. For a week or more during
midsummer, the penetrating song of this Warbler suddenly stops, when only
the keenest eye can detect the molting bird tucked away in some shady nook,
moping and evidently far from its normal vivacity. The Yellow-throated, Red-
eyed and occasionally a White-eyed Vireo frequented the locust and neigh-
boring shrubs, although the ])resence of all three on this particular morning
cannot be affirmed. It is always a pleasure to train the ear by timing the
number of phrases given per minute by the different Vireos. Should one luckily
discover their nests, there is an added pleasure in detecting minute differences
in the shape and construction of them as well as in the materials used in mak-
ing them. The call-notes of young Vireos, either in or just out of the nest, add
another point of interest to these leaf-frequenting species.

In the lilacs and syringas under the locust, Catbirds abounded, singing less
and less and uttering their notes in more whispered tones with the advance of
summer, while from the woods to the west the call of the Wood Thrush was
heard most frequentl\' in the early, dewy morning or toward dusk. Now and
then the note of an Oven-bird might be heard, although, after early July, this
species is seen much oflener than heard. If not too busy a thoroughfare, it
may even be found along the roadside, where overshadowing trees are thickest.
Goldfinches, now setting about mating and nesl-building, gave deliciously
sweet call-notes, as they kept unremittingly at their task of selecting a suitable
site for their home and a suitable food-supply. Back and forth on undulating
wing, these beautiful songsters constantly engaged the eye as well as the car
of the observer.

With Chimney Swifts and Ram Swallows twittering and gyrating overhead.

The Audubon Societies 313

an occasional Kingbird, or, possibly a Red-shouldered or Sharp-shinned Hawk,
the air above seemed full of life as well as trees and shrubs. The Kingbird is
especially attractive when poising high up or breaking forth into infrequent,
musical though brief song. It is likely, however, to confuse one who is unaware
of its appearance in midair or its song.

The Scarlet Tanager and Crested Flycatchers are a delight during the sum-
mer months, and the Purple Finch also, if one is so fortunate as to be in its
vicinity. The Tanager's fragile nest is rather easily discovered, and, like the
Goldfinch, the brilliant and attentive male makes a picture not soon forgotten,
as it carries food to the young, or, in the latter instance, to the female as well.
One must not forget the humble Sparrows either, for without the familiar songs
of the Chipping and Song Sparrows, a summer bird-chorus would seem thin
and lacking in quality. Up on the dry pastures. Grasshopper Sparrows give
their indistinct buzzing notes, and occasional flight-songs of more musical
value, but by the salt-water inlet which I am describing, the Chipping and Song
Sparrows most commonly represent the great family of fringilline birds.

Wrens find this environment congenial, especially House Wrens, which
chatter and scold on the slightest provocation. When a big Carolina Wren
chanced that way on its rather erratic wanderings, excitement prevailed, for
its notes awaken even the careless onlooker of Nature. The Wood Pewee is
one of our most delightful summer birds. When Phoebe has become silent and
is secretively getting off its last brood, the Wood Pewee is pursuing household
duties with unfailing care and charm. A Pewee's nest is almost as beautiful a
structure as a Hummingbird's. Forget an aching neck if the opportunity
comes to watch one in the making or the using.

Around the honeysuckle and creepers about the locust. Hummingbirds
came regularly. They seemed to have each desirable flowering plant or shrub
located, so constant were their visits. In contrast to these minute rapid crea-
tures were the slow, big Herons on the inlet at low tide, whose raucous notes
are familiar to all who visit the neighborhood. Sometimes an early migrating
Great Blue Heron chanced in the inlet. With Kingfishers and a flock of Laugh-
ing Gulls, an occasional Tern or Herring CiuU, and Spotted Sandpipers, the
water side of the road was equally attractive. Indeed there is always so nuK li
to see and to learn, one can hardly afford to give up bird-study because of
hot weather. When early fall comes, conditions change and migrating birds of
many species confuse the observer. It is wise to improve each da\- in July
and August. — A. H. W.

For and From Adult and Young Observers
MEANS OF SECURING INTEREST IN BIRD-STUDY

.\s a first step in securing interest in our spring bird-study, I suggested to
my fifth-grafle jnipils that the\- form a Junior Audubon Club. Having seen

314

Bird - Lore

some of the sample pictures and leaflets, they were glad to do this and became
enthusiastic when I allowed them to choose a name for the club by voting, as
well as to elect their own officers. Interest in the club did not lessen, because
of the regular meetings for which a program was arranged by the president
who secured the material and selected the pupils who were to take part. Short

NOVEL BIRD-HOUSES

accounts of these meetings were kept by the secretary. On one occasion we
were guests of another club which entertained us quite pleasingly.

A number of stuffed birds loaned by the Science Museum introduced to
the children birds of different families and gave them an idea of the relative
sizes of various birds which could not be obtained from pictures. The study
of these birds formed a good foundation for the outdoor excursions which
followed as soon as the weather permitted.

After considering bird-houses from the standpoint of the birds' comfort,
measurements for houses which might be tenanted, were suggested and the
method of construction was discussed. Meanwhile the children placed out
nesting material for the early builders. A few of the houses, which were made
at home, are pictured here. The results were purposely practical rather than
ornamental. One lad made a house from an old China teapot which was quite
ingenious if not altogether a work of art. It is hoped that next year the con-
struction of practical bird-houses may be included in our manual training work.

We correlated our bird-work with drawing by cutting birds out of paper
and also by drawing them, following this by coloring them. The cover of the
secretary's book was also designed by one of the pupils. Several phases of our
bird-work formed a basis for written as well as for oral work in language.
In literature Celia Thaxter's poem "The Robin" took on added meaning after
they had actually heard a Robin singing during a spring shower. The children
became familiar with the calls and songs of some of our common birds through
the entertaining medium of the victrola. This trained them to listen for bird-

The Audubon Societies

315

songs more carefully and more intelligently. The games suggested in Bird-
Lore were always enjoyed, as well as was the spare time when Bird-Lore was
the popular reading. Always when it was a case of attention to a lesson or
watching or listening to a bird from the windows, our little feathered friends
won out. But was not this the enthusiasm I had been striving for? That they
might learn to know and to love

"The bluebird balanced on some topmost spray,
Flooding with melody the neighborhood;
Linnet and meadow-lark, and all the throng
That dwell in nests and have the gift of song."

— Susan C. Dowd, Springfield, Mass.

[Several points in this admirable outline of work are important to notice particularly.
One is the correlation of bird-study with drawing. Another is the systematic organiza-
tion of the Junior Audubon Club which is so actively and interestingly managed. Profit
also by the advice that pictures of birds are deceptive in the matter of size. It is unfor-
tunate that the illustrations in many bird-books give so little idea of the relative sizes
of different species, since size is an especially good field mark. — A. H. W.]

BIRD-HOUSES

We want to make friends with the birds because they eat insects and make
life more pleasant. We can attract birds to our homes by making bird-houses,
and by putting out bread for them in the wintertime. You can have a Blue-
bird come to your bird-house or a House Wren.

You must have no cracks in
the wood where drafts may come
in. The hole must be sandpapered
so the bird will not catch any of
its feathers. The roof must come
beyond the back so the water will
run off the roof.

The house must be made so it
can be taken apart to be cleaned.
Lots of birds do not like perches
because English Sparrows can get
on and chat and bother the birds
inside.

If you are going to put your
bird-house on a pole, paint it
white; if on a tree, paint it a
dull color. — Wilfred Beaumier,
Springfield, Mass.

A HOV AND HIS UlRli.UUX

3i6 Bird -Lore

AN AUDUBON LIBRARY EXHIBIT

Because these boys in the picture are more interested in birds than they
ever were before, and because they read Bird-Lore in the children's room of
the public library where this exhibit was held, we are sending the picture to
you.

There was no prize at all, and yet many boys responded.

All the books and articles from magazines were utilized, and yet many boys
tried original models.

BIRD-BOXES MADE WITH AND WITHOUT MODELS

Now we are looking for simple bird-baths. Each one of these boys, and
many others, have gardens of their own and Mr. Fullerton told them that
each garden needs a bird-bath. Most models are too elaborate.

There never have been so many beautiful birds here before! Can it be
because boys everywhere, who used to shoot them, are now their protectors?
— A. H. Thompson, Whiteston, L. I.

[More birds than usual at this season of the year are reported in parts of Rhode
Island and elsewhere. It is to be hoped that continued protection of birds in the South
will increase their numbers in the North. — A. H. W.]

MY FIRST BIRD TENANTS

When, on June i, I reached Sorrento, Maine, where I was to spend the
summer, I was delightfully surprised to find that many summer birds had
already arrived. The Robins had begun to build their nests, and some had
laid their eggs. That same day about ten Tree Swallows came and inspected
the bird-boxes I had made r.nd put up the year before. They seemed to be
specially attracted by a box which was made out of a hollow log which I had
gotten at a nearby sawmill. By night it was plain that one pair had decided

The Audubon Societies 317

to build in it. The next day they began to bring bits of grass and straw,
although it already had sawdust in the bottom of it. The nest was lined with
feathers. I could easily make these observations, as the roof of the box was
hinged on. I did not put my hand in the box or disturb the nest in any way,
but just looked in, never leaving the top open for more than a minute. Every
day one egg was laid until there were four. Then one day, when I looked in
I saw that the red squirrels had made a visit. The eggs were broken and the
nest destroyed. I half expected something of the kind, for I had seen the
squirrels around the box and been obliged to drive them away. Another of
my boxes was inhabited by Tree Swallows. I never saw the young birds, but
when I cleaned out the box in the fall, I could find no traces of broken eggs, so
I think that brood was successfully raised.

I also made a bird-bath by digging a shallow hole of the right size and
shape, and coating the sides of it with cement. Robins, Chipping Sparrows,
White-throated Sparrows, Song Sparrows, Juncos, and a Yellow Warbler
visited the bird-bath this summer.

I had a self -filling food-box outside the window on the side of the house.
Song Sparrows came to it mostly, but I saw a few Chipping Sparrows in it.

Before I left last fall I took down the boxes, cleaned them out, and put
them up again for the birds to use for shelter this winter. I also tied suet to
the trees for them.

I saw sixty-eight species of birds last summer. Among them, at Washing-
ton, D. C, were a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Black- throated Green Warbler,
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Black-poll Warbler,
White-breasted Nuthatch, Tufted Titmouse and Brown Creeper. At Sorrento,
Maine, a Blue-headed Vireo, Great Blue Heron, and Sandhill Crane (?).

My earliest record for this year is a Robin which I saw at Yonkers, N. Y.,
on February 2. Four Robins were seen fhe following week. — Gifford Ewing,
(age, 13 years). New York City.

[Bird-work of this kind should be more and more encouraged. The list of birds given
for Washington, D. C, is not dated, but is probably a migration rather than a nesting
list, since most of the species mentioned nest farther north. The record of a Sandhill
Crane in Maine is improbable for several reasons. First, no record of this species for
that state is known; second, this Crane has become extremely rare in most localities
where it was formerly common; and, third, its normal range is not along the Atlantic
seaboard in the vicinity of Maine. It is quite likely that a Green Heron, American Bittern
or Black-crowned Night Heron was seen by the observer. A good rule to follow in study-
ing birds is to look up the normal range of a species when first identifying it, and in case of
a doubtful record, to consult as many reliable lists as possible to discover its regular
occurrence. Learn what nol to expect in any locality. — A. H. W.]

A FEATHERED PATIENT

Perhaps you would like to hear about something that haj^pcned yesterday.
I was going through a field when I saw a Robin lying on the ground. 1 ran

3i8 Bird -Lore

quickly and picked it up and looked at it. It had a broken wing. I brought
it home, but did not know what to do to help it. After awhile I thought per-
haps Doctor Michaud would be able to fix the wing. I took the bird to him
and asked him but the doctor said he could not. He told me to take the Robin
and leave it in the woods so the cats would not get it. I did this and I soon
saw three Robins come with the Robin that had the broken wing. I felt better
because I thought they would take care of it.

We have an Audubon Class in School, and like to have things read out
of Bird-Lore. — Gerard Dubois (age, lo years). Sacred Heart School,
Bathurst, N. B., Can.

[Bird hospitals are among the latest advances in protective work for our feathered
friends. It would be a good thing if someone in every community knew how to save a
bird with a broken leg or wing. — A. H. W.]

A TRUE BLUEBIRD STORY

More than threescore years ago, two little girls, Jane and Phoebe Waite,
lived in a rural district in New York. In summer they often went berrying.
Late one afternoon they discovered a Bluebird's nest in the cavity of a tree,
containing three baby birds. After admiring them, Jane and Phoebe decided
the babies would make most desirable pets. They carried them home carefully
and showed them to their mother. Mrs. Waite was shocked at the thoughtless-
ness of her little daughters. Kindness to birds and animals had always been a
principle in the household. Although twilight was deepening, the mother bade
her children take the little birds back to the nest. They found the parent
birds in great distress. When the baby birds were safe in the nest, the mother
and father Bluebird manifested so much joy and love for their babies that
Jane and PhcEbe sat down and cried, realizing how nearly they had been to
causing a tragedy in the home of their bird friends. You may be sure they
never carried away any more baby birds. — Mrs. D. Berlin, Wimbledon, N. D.

[Frequently boys and girls or even adults, pick up nestlings with the idea of caring
for them for a time. Unless the birds are injured and helpless, it is a far better way to
leave them with their parents, and to observe their habits at a safe distance. Nearlj^
everyone who has vines about a porch will discover there a Robin's nest or a Chipping
Sparrow's. These familiar species readily adapt themselves to rather close contact with
people. It is not difficult to become intimate with many shyer species, and the joy of
such acquaintance can only be appreciated by those who experience it. — A. H. W.]

A BIRD STORY

One day when I was out in the back yard, I saw a Wren and her young ones.
She was up in a tree and her young ones were on the ground. I was near the
tree. The babies thought that I was a tree, so they hopped up on my legs as
if they were trees. The mother of the baby birds did not like it at first, but

The Audubon Societies . 319

when she saw that I was not going to hurt them, she stopped scolding. Then
she called her young ones to her and they flew away and I went into the house.
This story I tell you is true.— David Loveland, (age, 8 years), Lincoln, Neb.

[The little boy's mother adds: "l saw the two baby Wrens alight on his legs, one on
each leg, as he was standing still, eating cherries from the tree in our back yard. David
is a member of our Twentieth Street Audubon Society and is much interested in birds."
This is a valuable observation with reference to the actions of young birds. — A. H. W.]

MY FRIEND, JIM CROW

Doubtless, when you read the title of my story, some of you will say, "She is not
very careful in her selection of a friend." However, in spite of the bad reputation of this
bird family, I will not change it, for, judging from my personal acquaintance with these
birds, I know that, like some human beings. Crows are not as black as they appear.
Their intelligence and cleverness cannot help but win the admiration of those who know
them well.

I have had the pleasure of taming three Crows, but I shall tell only of some of the
e.xperiences with the one that I had for over two years, the one which was so faithful
that he refused to associate with any of the Crow family who tried to coax him away,
but remained with me during two cold winters.

Our acquaintance began when he was pushed out of the nest, a baby Crow, so young
that all he knew was to open his mouth wide and call for food as soon as I appeared.
He was so helpless, he could not even walk, but would flap his wings and call until his
hunger was satisfied with a liberal supply of bread and milk.

After a time, he was able to travel, and would follow me about, but began to depend
more upon himself to find food.

He was my faithful attendant to and from school, or to the village, watching from
the pine tree in the yard, and flying to meet me at noon and night when I returned home.
If there was any special work to be done, Jim was there to superintend it and nothing
seemed to escape his bright eyes, as he sat with his head cocked on one side, closely
watching.

He was fond of bright colored objects, and nothing of the kind was safe with him,
for sad to relate, Jim was a thief.

One time, on returning from a neighbor's, I found he had entered an open window
and was sitting on the sewing-machine with a silver thimble in his bill. Before I could
rescue it, he swallowed it. Thinking about what the owner would say (for she was not as
fond of Jim as I), I grasped him by the throat and choked him until he spit out the thim-
ble. With an angry squawk, he flew away, refusing to notice me for a long time.

One kind of work, in which Jim was especially interested, was the washing, and at this
time he required watching, for no sooner were the clothes pinned to the line, than he was
after the clothes-pins, which he carried away to some hiding-place, sometimes tucking
them under (he shingles on the roof, sometimes in trees near the house, where we after-
ward found tliL-m. If discovered at this mischief, he would //(// ha! as if it were a good
joke.

Mother failed to sec the humor of it, and one washday, saying "Old fellow, we'll see I"
pinned some of the clothes to the line with common pins, thinking there wt)uid be no
more trouble. Hut Jim was equal to the occasion, and a little later, a row of pins was dis-
covered on the ground beneath the clothes-line.

Members of the family were not the only victims of Jim's thievish pranks — even the
cat did not escape. One day, Jim si)ied her playing with a mouse, and the temptation to

320 Bird -Lore

gel it was too strong to resist, but how, was the question. He strutted back and forth in
front of her, talking all the while in Crow language, but keeping well out of reach of her
claws.

This plan not seeming to succeed, he resolved to try another. Quickly slipping behind
her, he seized her tail in his bill, pinching it till the poor cat released the mouse, and
angrilj' turned to strike at him. Jim was too quick for her, however, and, with the mouse
in his possession, flew to a nearby tree, where he sat and watched the disgusted-looking
cat below him.

Like other Crows, Jim was interested in certain branches of agriculture, but, unlike
them, he turned his attention to the onion bed, watching carefully the putting out of a
large bed of onions sets, — but that was not all! As father put out row after row, Jim
was following quietly behind him, pulling out set after set, so that when father turned to
look at his work, every set lay on top of the ground. As this was the first offense of its
kind, it was overlooked, and after Jim was driven away, the onion sets were again put in
the ground as before. Several days later, when father went to look at his onion bed, he
found the sets up, nicely piled in little heaps on the top of the bed.

This was too much for the patience of any man to endure, and Jim was condemned
to death, but so strong a plea for his life was made, that the sentence was changed to
imprisonment until the garden was well started.

These were only a few of his many pranks, and yet Jim did not spend all of his time
in mischief.

He was an accomplished mimic. He would say "hello" so plainly and laugh so much
like a person as to deceive anyone. His imitation of the cackle of a hen was so perfect
that he deceived some of the family who hunted in the woodshed, from which the sound
came, to find a nest. No nest was there, but finally Jim was caught at his joke, and
upon being discovered, showed his appreciation of it by giving a loud "ha! ha!"

In only one attempt as an imitator was Jim a failure. In his case, the motto "Keeping
everlastingly at it, brings success," did not prove true, for he did his best to gobble like
a Turkey, though in vain. I have seen him, an hour at a time, follow the Turkeys about,
trying to learn how to gobble, but he never succeeded in adding this to his list of accom-
plishments.

In the early part of the second winter of his stay with me, Jim met with a misfortune,
which seemed to sober him and cause him to lose many of his bright, cute ways. One
day he failed to appear, and he was found on the hill, caught in a rabbit trap, one leg
nearl}' severed. Not a few tears were shed, for fear he would die, but with care, the
wound healed, and Jim, though a cripple, still followed me about.

The next spring, however, Jim disappeared, and in spite of all our efforts, he could not
be found, but in a few days we learned his fate. He had been found in another trap, by
a trapper, who mercifully ended his suffering.

So because of my affection for this member of the Crow family, I cannot help but
have charity for others, regardless of the questionable traits which they possess.

This is a true account in every detail. I am sorry I have no photos to illustrate some
of the amusing incidents. — Mildred H. Murphy, Treadwell, N. Y.

[If birds are kept as pets, as in this case, it is wise to select a species like the Crow,
whose habits cannot be too thoroughly investigated. Personal e.xperiences with the
clever and highly intelligent Crow prove more conclusively than argument the value of
intimate study of this much-discussed and too often misunderstood bird. In this con-
nection look up the bulletins on the Crow published by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. —
A. ri. W.l

TWO SCL;M;S in a kUsl.-llKliA-.! I.l) OKO^UKAK. HoMK
Phiilc.graiihed by A. A. Allen

^i^t Bubution Societies!

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, ig74 Broadway, New York City.

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwicht, Jr., Treasurer

Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$i,ooo constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Societ

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
ieties for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

THE ENABLING ACT BECOMES A LAW

The Enabling Act to make operative the
treaty between the United States and
Great Britain regarding migratory birds
of Canada and the United States, after a
final, bitter, two days' fight in the House
of Representatives, recently was passed.
On July 3, 1918, it was signed by President
Wilson and is now a law. Thus ends the
struggle to secure Government control of
migratory birds which began away back
in 1904 when the first migratory bird bill
was introduced in Congress by Representa-
tive George Shiras 3d, of Pennsylvania.

No complete history of the long struggle
that has since ensued for the support of
this measure will here be given, but briefly
it may be stated that, although the bill
advocated by Mr. Shiras did not become
a law, others were inspired to follow his
example in the succeeding sessions of
Congress, and the McLean bill finally was
enacted, and signed by President Taft
March 4, 1913.

In the minds of some people there was
doubt as to the constitutionality of this
measure. At least two Federal judges took
this position in cases that were brought
before them. One case finally went to the
Supreme Court. This body, apparently
unable to agree, referred the matter back

to the United States Department of
Justice with the suggestion that it again
be brought before the Supreme Court at a
later date.

In the meantime a movement had been
set on foot to secure a treaty between this
country and Great Britain, covering the
protection of migratory birds in Canada
and the United States, the opinion being
given by lawyers of high standing that
after a treaty covering the principles in-
volved in the McLean Law should be con-
summated, it would take the place of the
McLean Law and would not be subject to
revision by the Supreme Court. This
treaty was finally ratified by the Senate
August 29, 1916. But this did not end
the matter, for until Congress should pass
an 'Enabling Act' there would be no funds
available for enforcing the provisions of
the treat)', nor would any department of
the Government be authorized to admin-
ister it. This Enabling Act, which has
been hanging fire in Congress for the
past two years, is the one which has just
become a law.

This new statute gives authority to the
Department of Agriculture to employ
wardens and to make and execute regula-
tions for carrying out the provisions of the

22)

The Audubon Societies

323

treaty. Automatically it takes the place
of the old McLean Law, and the machinery
created under that law, therefore, comes
to an end.

In the history of this country there has
never been a conservation matter before
Congress which has attracted such wide
attention and has brought to its support
such vast numbers of organizations and
individuals connected with conservation
as has this one for Federal protection of
migratory birds.

Bitter opposition, cunningly marshaled,
and effectively hurled against the move-
ment has time and again blocked its
progress. The writer, who has been inti-
mately associated with practically all the
moves that have been made by friends of
the measure the past fourteen years, is in
position to know of the real forces which
have been behind it. Offhand I can
name at least sixty organizations and sev-
eral hundred people who time and again
have worked arduously for this Govern-
ment control. I hope someone with an
impartial pen will write the complete
story, and thus permanently record the
efforts made by public-spirited men and
women to help win this fight.

To my mind, towering above all others,
stand three men whose names we should
always hold in grateful remembrance.
First, George P. McLean, United States
Senator from Connecticut, who, by his
great influence collected the forces in
Congress and passed his original migratory
bird bill. Although a Republican and
<)I)crating in a Democratic Congress he was
able later to guide to a successful conclu-
sion the ratification of the Migratory Bird
Treaty, and finally, at the very last mo-
ment, when the Enabling Act was about
to be passed, his watchful eye fell upon
two very harmful amendments that had
l)een injected by the Conference Com-

mittee, and by prompt action he secured
their withdrawal.

Second, John B. Burnham, President of
the American Game Protective Associa-
tion. He, more than any other man out-
side of Congress, has been responsible for
the success of this vast campaign. He or-
ganized the first important hearing given
on the bill in Washington, and for six
years has made the matter his chief work
in life. He visited Canada and, more than
any other person in this country, was
responsible for getting a correct under-
standing of the principles involved before
the Canadian authorities and securing
their cooperation. Mr. Burnham has led
to a successful conclusion the most impor-
tant measure ever enacted in the world
for the protection of migratory birds.

Third, E. W. Nelson, Chief of the Bur-
eau of Biological Survey. Through him
and his assistants invaluable aid has been
furnished the workers for this measure
from the very beginning, and his aid to
Senator McLean, Mr. Burnham, and other
workers has been of the utmost importance.

If time permitted, other senators and
congressmen should be mentioned, who at
various times have rendered most valuable
aid. Especially should be included Con-
gressman Charles M. Stedman, of North
Carolina, without whose splendid efforts
in the House of Representatives the Enabl-
ing Act would not have been passed at
this session of Congress.

The National Association of .\udubon
Societies has, of course, always been ac-
tively interested in this work, and through
the home oflice, field agents, afliliatcd
societies, and general membership has
lime and again labored to bring pressure
to bear on Congress, and to arouse the
public sentiment of the country to a
better appreciation of the importance of
the measures involved.

A JUNIOR CLASS IN THE MOUNTAINS

The Kiil)in junior .\u(lul)()n (lass, which The afternoon session was given to the

comprises pupils from the three district exercises. The entertaining school had

schools in the valley of the Catskills, held decorated the room attractively with

its fourth annual nueling on .\i)ril i(), lyiS greens. Hags, and Liberty Loan posters.

324

Bird - Lore

Good work was reported of winter feed-
ing and bird-observation. One i)upil had
noted twenty-one varieties of birds this
spring; another twenty-one; others less.
Calendars had been kept up. Recitations
were given and compositions read on the
subject of birds and their service to us.
The second part of the program was given
to patriotic exercises, reviewing work that
had been done already, and suggesting
further effort, in Red Cross work, food-
saving, gardening, and buying of Thrifl

Stamps. On a poster showing our soldiers
going 'over the top' for us, had been
lettered "Give Them Wheat — Eat Pota-
toes," and this suggestion was emphasized.
At the close of this brief address the whole
society took the pledge: "I promise to
serve my country in her time of need!"
Admirable compositions on patriotic
service were read by the pupils. After
election of officers, the exercises were fol-
lowed by games and refreshments.^
i>i;ii,A .\llen Dimock.

JLAiUK ALivLDUA cL.Ass l-UK.\ii.U li i MR^. A. U . UIMOCK, PEEKAMObE, N. Y.

ELGIN, (ILL.) AUDUBON SOCIETY'S ANNUAL EXHIBIT

The Elgin Audubon Society held its
second annual exhibit from April 19-22
in the parlors of the Young Women's
Christian Association building, during
which time it is estimated that at least
2,000 interested visitors availed them-
selves of the privilege of examining the
hundreds of specimens.

Besides numerous cases and collections

of native birds, there were interesting
groups of birds from Mexico, Australia,
South America, Europe, and India.
Through the influence of one of our mem-
bers, who is on the staff at Field's Museum,
Chicago, we had the loan of a very fine
collection of fifty-three bird-skins.

The part that bird-study is taking in the
schools was shown by the display of bird-

PART OK A LARGE COLLECTION OF BIRD-BOXES AND MOUNTED BIRDS SHOWN

AT THE ELGIN (ILL.) AUDUBON SOCIETY EXHIBIT

Photographed by Henry Groneman

BUTTERFLY COLLKCIION. ELGIN (ILL.) AUDUBON SOCIETY EXHIBIT
Photographed by Henry Groneman

(3-^5)

326

Bird - Lore

houses, paintings, and short essays on
birds — all work done ^by the school chil-
dren.

The exhibit was not confined to ])irds,
but included a beautiful collection of sea-
shells collected from all over the world,
loaned by Field's Museum, Chicago, sev-
eral collections of well-mounted and classi-
fied moths, butterflies, insects, shells, fish,
fossils, minerals, fungi, and plants. A
collection of hornets' nests, varying from
the size of a peach to that of a half-bushel
basket, were arranged on a tree, together
with several nests. There were photo-
graphs of birds taken by some of the
members, and a group from the Laysan
Islands taken by Homer Dill, curator of
Iowa State University. There were three
collections of eggs, one of which bore a
sign saj'ing they were collected over twenty
years ago, before the value of bird-protec-
tion was realized, and that it was now

against the law to rob the nest of any
bird except for scientific purposes, for
which a license has to be procured.

Hill's nursery of Dundee contributed a
box of bushes attractive to birds; the
National Association of Audubon Societies
sent quantities of free literature which was
distributed; and the local book-stores
furnished samples of all their bird-books
and bird-records for the victrola.

On the walls were many signs calling
attention to the value of protection of our
feathered friends, and the aims of the
Audubon Society.

Thirty-seven new members were added
to the club which brings the membership
to no.

The Elgin Society justly feels its annual
exhibit was a great success, and that out
of it has come, and will continue to come,
an added interest and appreciation of all
wild life.

BIRDS AND CATS

The nesting season of the birds has
arrived. Whether or not there will be the
desired increase in birds this season de-
pends very largely on thf protection which
will be received by the adult birds during
the hatching period, and the young birds
until they can fly and have learned to
shift for themselves.

One of the greatest menaces to the bird-
life of the country today is the house-cat.
There are very few cats which, if given
the opportunity, will not kill a mother
bird on the nest or a helpless fledgling
fluttering around on the ground. The
•zreat tragedy is as likely to occur in the
clematis along the porch, or in the flower-
garden, as it is in the remote places fre-
quented by the so-called 'wild' hunting
house-cat.

This is no attempt to indict the cat. We
have great sympathy for and appreciation

of the affection between Tabby and her
owner. We are simply asking that at this
crucial period the birds be given all benefit
of the doubt.

We earnestly ask the owner of every
house-cat during the next three months to
assume the responsibility of seeing that
the cat will not be given an opportunity
to kill birds.

The country is at war. To win the war
we must have food. It is common knowl-
edge that the birds are a tremendous factor
in the protection of the food-supply from
insects. Cats, if unrestrained, especially at
this season, will tremendously weaken that
protection. The logic is simple. The birds
are trying to do their bit. Let us all help
them. — Issued bj' the Commissioners on
Fisheries and Game for the State of
Massachusetts, May 15, 1918.

The Audubon Societies

327

REPORT OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASSES

Despite all the distracting influences the
past year, the formation of Junior Audubon
Societies has gone steadily on as hereto-
fore. The systematic plan of supplying
children with first-class material for doing
simple elementary work in bird-study is
appreciated by school men and women in
every state in the Union and in Canada.

One evidence of how the Junior Audubon
work holds in a school where it is once
established is shown by the many teachers
in the grades who have formed a Junior
Society every season for the past five or
six years. Usually the classes move on so
that the teachers have a new set of children
each year, but their interest in the work
causes them to encourage each group
coming under their care to organize for
bird-study. In many other instances,
where a Junior Class has been formed in
one of the lower grades, the children have
insisted on reorganizing year after year,
although the class continually passes on to
the care of different teachers.

This year, as heretofore, immense num-
bers of bird-boxes have been built, and
around thousands of schoolhouses birds
have been fed in winter. Many attractive
programs have been rendered, and the
local interest in bird-preservation kept
alive and stimulated by the little folk at
school.

For the school j-ear enfiing June i, 19 18,
classes were formed and members enrolled
in the dilTerent states and Canada, as
shown in the following summary:

Summary for Year Ending June i, 1918
State Classes Members

Alabama 5 147

Arizona 4 74

Arkansas i 31

California 197 5,678

Colorado 48 1,487

Connecticut 324 7, 608

Delaware 3 51

District of Columbia . . . i 33

I'lorida 21 483

(icorgia 30 938

Idaho 57 1,530

Illinois 247 7,285

Indiana 109 2,999

Iowa 118 3,021

State Classes Members

Kansas 65 2,009

Kentucky 29 851

Louisiana 7 212

Maine 37 856

Maryland 46 1,421

Massachusetts 329 8,210

Michigan 196 5,099

Minnesota 261 6,375

Mississippi 16 484

Missouri 100 2,658

Montana 66 1,620

Nebraska 78 i,99S

Nevada 30

New Hampshire 92 2,221

New Jersey 174 4,885

New Mexico 3 92

New York 891 24,448

North Carolina 48 1,245

North Dakota 30 938

Ohio 815 18,227

Oklahoma 26 814

Oregon 90 2,716

Pennsylvania 460 14,169

Rhode Island 19 548

South Carolina 24 901

South Dakota 33 889

Tennessee 26 693

Texas 45 1,269

Utah 37 826

Vermont 37 797

Virginia 25 715

Washington 214 5,339

West Virginia 39 1,260

Wisconsin 161 3,981

Wyoming 5 147

Canada 381 8,763

China i 15

Totals 6,071 159,083

Never in the history of our country have
school children been called upon to con-
tribute to so many projects, and so con-
tinuously, as of late. The campaign in the
schools for War Saving Stamps, for mem-
bership in the Junior Red Cross, seeds for
war gardens, and other war activities, have
been tremendous. Giving continually to
these most worthy causes has had a very
decided effect on the enrollment of the
Junior Audubon members. Scores of
teachers have reported that they found it
absolutely impossible to collcrt the 10
cents necessary for the Junior fees.

In one large school building in the Middle
West, a teacher who had asked that the
children in the various grades bring their

328

Bird - Lore

Audubon fees to send in on a certain date,
found when she went to collect them that
the children had brought their money, but
that at the last moment the principal of
the school had instructed them to give
this money to the Red Cross.

This is only one of many instances of a
more or less similar character. As a result
of these causes, enrollment of the Junior
members showed a marked falling off from
the year previous when the number reached
the high- water mark of 261,654.

This work with the young people was
made possible by the following contri-
butions:

Unnamed Benefactor .
Mrs. Russel Sage . . .
General Coleman duPont
George Eastman ...
Mrs. Frederick H. Alms
Mrs. E. B. Dane . . .
James H. Barr ....
Mrs. T. J. Emery . . .
Richard M. Hoe . . .
Edward L. Parker . .
Mrs. Elbridge Torrey .
H. O. Underwood . . .
Miss Edith G. Bowdoin
Miss Mary Drummond
Albion E. Lang ....

E. W. Mudge ....
Miss Mary Mitchell
Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman
Miss Mary I. Corning .
Mrs. Denning Duer . .
John R. MacArthur . .
Mrs. John C. Phillips .
W. E. Roosevelt . . .
Mrs. Ezra R. Thayer .
Mrs. William H. Reed .
John D. Williams . . .
Miss Louise W. Cate

F. Coit Johnson . . .
Mrs. C. R. Sanger . .
Miss Rosina C. Boardman
John L D. Bristol . .

Total $26,080 00

$20,000

2,500

1,000

250

200

100

New Life Members

Enrolled from Maj' i to July, 1918.
Baldwin, S. P.
Dunbar, F. L.
Harriman, Mrs. J. Low
Huntington, Howard
Lancashier, Mrs. J. H.
Lippitt, Mrs. C.

Merriam, A. Ware

Rumsey, Mrs. Charles C.

Speed, Mrs. J. B.

Warren, Mrs. E. Walpole

Watt, Mrs. Henry C.
During the same period there were also
enrolled 114 new sustaining members and
23 new contributors.

Contributors to the Egret Fund
May I to July i, 19 18

Previously acknowledged . . . $2,641 25

Anderson, F. A 3 00

Anderson, Miss M. B 3 00

Auchincloss, Mrs. H. D. . . . 5 00

Audubon Society of Skaneateles 5 00

Ballantine, Mrs. Robert F. . . 25 00
Biddle, Elizabeth, Caroline and

Clement M 5 00

Bishop, Miss Abigail H. . . , 5 00

Breed, S. A 2 00

Brewster, Mrs. Benjamin ... 10 00

Carroll, Elbert H 10 00

Case, Mrs. James B 10 00

Cochran, J. D 5 00

Conner, Miss M. A. .... . 5 00

Curtis, Clara K 2 00

Gushing, Miss Margaret W. . . i 00

Evarts, Miss Mary 5 00

Garst, Julius 3 00

Henderson, Alexander .... 2 00

Hessenbruch, Mrs. H 5 00

Hupfel, J. C. G 5 00

Lang, Henry 5 00

Levey, W. Charlesworth (In

Memoriam) 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. August 10 00

Luttgen, Walther 5 00

Mansfield, Miss Helen .... 2 50

Marsh, J. A 5 00

Mason, Mrs. George G 10 00

Mosle, Mrs. A. Henry .... 5 00

Pennoyer, Mrs. P. G 5 00

Potter, Hamilton F 3 00

Raht, Charles 5 00

Redmond, Miss Emily .... 10 00

Richard, Miss Elvine 15 00

Roesler, Mrs. Edward .... 2 00

Sampson, Miss Lucy S i 50

Stewart, Mrs. Edith A 10 00

TurnbuU, Sarah A 2 00

Upham, Miss E. Annie .... i 00

Wagner, W. A 5 00

Walker, Mrs. A. H 5 00

Warfield, Mrs. W. S., Jr. . . . 5 00

Watrous, Mrs. Elizabeth ... i 00

Whiteside, T. H 5 00

Willis, Miss Adeline 15 00

Wright, Mrs. William P. . . . 5 00

Total $2,900 25

-. iwiwitfv-

1. ISLAND HORNED LARK 4. PRAIRIE HORNED LARK. Summer

2. RUDDY HORNED LARK 5. PRAIRIE HORNED LARK, Winter

3. BLEACHED HORNED LARK 6. HORNED LARK

(One-half natural size)

2^irb=1Lore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audufon Societies

Vol. XX September— October, 1918 No. 5

The Oven-bird in Minnesota

By THOMAS S. ROBERTS, M.D., Minneapolis
With photographs by the Author

SOME years ago, while strolling quietly, on the last day of September, by
a long since abandoned and overgrown wood-road that skirted one of
the back bays of beautiful Lake Minnetonka, I startled from the path a
small, dull-colored bird. It flitted silently to a tangle of fallen branches not
far distant in the thick underbrush. Following carefully, and peering intently,
glass in hand, I soon discovered the unknown, creeping cautiously away. Its
prettily banded head and its dainty, mincing walk disclosed at once its identity.
Carefully it went over the soft, new-fallen leaves, availing itself now and then
of a half-buried log or branch as a convenient pathway, until, believing itself
concealed behind a little tuft of faded ferns and twigs, it paused, ever eyeing
me intently through the netlike interstices of the tangled growth that inter-
vened between us. Without the glasses it was entirely invisible, but with their
aid the suspicious little eye, with its lighter setting, revealed the whereabouts
of its always anxious owner. Thus we stood for some time, silently studying
each other. Goldencrown wearied first, or, becoming reassured, resumed his
jjretty walk, this lime more openly and rapidly, until at last he took wing and,
by short flights from bush to bush, passed out of sight and away from the fancied
danger. His crown was bright and his plumage fresh, suggestive of springtime,
but the fall woods, with their eddying leaves and odor of decay, were silent and,
despite his presence in their midst, no longer reverberated with his ringing
crescendo or knew his wonderful flight-song. These fading woods and shorten-
ing days and chilling winds thai make life hard and dangerous, warn him thai
it is time to hie himself away to that far southern home where, with spirit
tamed and ])ipe not attuned, he awaits in silence fresh promptings to begin
life anew. When the warmer suns and softer winds of the late vernal season
have again made green and joyous and fragrant the wooded hillsides in the
Northland, he will come once more with quickened pulse and swelling breast
and instinct wild that will send him madly chasing in liot jiursuil amid the

330

Bird- Lore

bursting trees, impelled by a spirit of ecstatic love that finds vent ever and
anon in as joyous and triumphant and melodious an outburst as the wild
woods know.

Such is the Oven-bird or Golden-crowned 'Thrush' or Accentor or 'Teacher
Bird,' as it is variously called. A plain, modest little bird, shy and suspicious
in the presence of man ; a lover of the deep woods, from the protecting shades
of which it rarely ventures; often heard, seldom seen, except by the initiated; a
graceful walker instead of a hopper; and possessed of a voice and exuberance
of spirit during courting-time that marks it among its fellows. Difficult as it

()\ i;.\-i;iRi) AS lOLXi). lU'ii/r, u

INSTANCE, OF FINE GRASSES

may be, time is well spent by the bird-lover in making the intimate acquaint-
ance of this phantom bird of the woodland depths.

The Oven-bird comes to southern Minnesota about the end of the first week
in May, sometimes a little later, less frequently a little earlier. Two April
records in 1884, one from Red Wing and one from Lanesboro, are very unusual,
and that same year it was not reported from Elk River until May 10. The
'teacher' song commonly comes from the budding spring woods just as they
are thickening sufficiently to cast their first faint shade upon the newly opened
bellworts, wood anemones, and yellow violets below, and usually on the very
day that the rich notes of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Baltimore Oriole
and the cheery song of the House Wren are first heard in the land. The main

The Oven-bird in Minnesota

331

Warbler wave is still a little way behind, though spring must be well assured
before the Oven-bird ventures to appear. If the data at hand are to be relied
upon, its progress northward is unusually slow, for ten days or two weeks elapse
before it reaches the Canadian boundary. It is an abundant breeding bird
everywhere in the wooded portions of the state. Farther northward many
individuals penetrate the fur countries, even to Hudson Bay and westward to
Alaska, while eastern Canada and Newfoundland are the summer home of
the far travelers through the eastern states. The courting season is as brief
as it is ardent, for during ordinary seasons mating is accomplished, nests built,
and eggs deposited by the third week in May, in the vicinity of Minneapolis.

y^tgg^r'

THE SAME NEST, OPENED TO SHOW THE TWO EGGS OF
THE OWNER AND THREE OF THE COWBIRD

The nest is always on the ground, more or less buried beneath fallen leaves
and withered grasses, and is usually in a little opening in the forest or along a
trail or abandoned wood-road. As Frank Bolles says in his pretty poem
about this l)ird:

"To the forests, to the leaf beds,
Comes the tiny oven builder.

"Daintily the leaves he tiptoes;
Underneath them builds his oven;
Arched and framed with last year's oak leaves,
Roofed and wailed a^^uinst the raindrops."

332 Bird -Lore

The nest is constructed of dead leaves, dry grasses, and slender weed-stalks,
sometimes almost entirely of one or the other material; the lining is fine grass,
rootlets, and hair. It is completely roofed over, spherical or short cylindrical
in outline, and is entered by an opening in one side, thus resembling a minia-
ture Dutch oven, whence the common name of the bird. As it forms only a
slight and inconspicuous mound above the general leaf-bed, it is almost im-
possible of detection unless the bird is flushed from the nest. Seeming to realize
her security, the mother bird is a very close sitter and will not fly until almost
stepped upon. Then, if the eggs are near hatching or there are young in the
nest, she will often flutter out and run away over the ground with trailing
wings and complaining note, feigning injury, in the hope of enticing the intruder
from her treasures in a vain chase after herself. This same ruse is also resorted
to for some days after the young have left the nest, if their retreat be intruded
upon.

[ The eggs are three to six in number, commonly four; they are white with
chestnut and lilac-gray markings, sometimes small and evenly distributed, at
other times more or less aggregated about the larger ends, forming irregular
blotches and occasionally wreaths. The acuteness of the Cowbird as a nest-
hunter is shown by the frequency with which its eggs are found beside those of
the Oven-bird. Indeed, in my own experience it has been an unusual thing to
find an Oven-bird's nest without one or more of the parasite's. Two or three
alien eggs, besides an equal number of the owner's, are often found. A friend
reports finding an Oven-bird incubating two eggs of her own and three of the
Cowbird, but when a fourth Cowbird's egg was deposited the affront was too
great, and she deserted the nest. As many as five in one nest have been reported.

The ordinary song by which the Oven-bird commonly announces his pres-
ence in the woods is an emphatic, ringing series of notes, beginning low and
deliberately, increasing in pitch, intensity, and rapidity of utterance until it
ends with a vigor that sends the last notes echoing among the tree-tops. Mr.
Burroughs' happy rendering of this song long ago in 'Wake Robin' has ever
since met with the approval of nearly all writers and has given to the species
its name of 'teacher-bird.' When one of these birds starts to sing in the quiet
of the deep woods, it is at first difficult to locate him, as the song has a marked
ventriloquous character, caused, perhaps, by the great increase in intensity as
the song proceeds. To quote Bolles again:

"Strange, ventriloquous his music,
Far away when close beside one;
Near at hand when seeming distant;
Weird his plaintive accrescendo."

But the Oven-bird has another very diflerent utterance which is its true
song — its love or passion song. It is known to but comparatively few, though
some observers believe that in proper season and place it is to be heard as often

The Oven-bird in Minnesota

333

as the crescendo call. It has been stated that it is delivered only at nightfall
and above the tree-tops, but this is not quite true, for it may be heard in deep,
damp woods in the height of the love season at any hour of the day, as the
impetuous lover pours it out in snatches of variable length as he goes dashing
about under the forest canopy. When thus delivered it may either be preceded
or followed by the 'teacher' call; most frequently, however, these fragments
are given alone. It is always uttered on the wing, and it is probable that in its

'r^^

THE OVEN-BIRD AT HOMK

full development it is always an accompaniment of a soaring llight above the
tree-tops. Lynds Jones says ('Warbler Songs,' 1900): "I have seen the Oven-
bird suddenly vault into the air, mounting to the tree-tops on ciuivering wings,
then dart back and forth in a zigzag course swift as an arrow, and linally burst
into a song as he floated gently down. The song seems to swing once round a
great circle with incredible swiftness, but perfect ease, ending in a babbling
diminuendo as the performer lightly touches the perch or ground with half-
rigid wings held high." I have seen the Oven-bird, early in July, thus disport-
ing itself of an evening above the cathedral-like, terraced spires of the tall

334

Bird -Lore

spruces on the west shore of Lake Itasca, minghng its dashing melody with the
wonderful, serene anthems floating down from the Hermit Thrushes perched
aloft in the great pines. Ernest Thompson Seton ('Birds of Manitoba,' 1890)
states that "this lark-like song may be heard at almost any time of the night
in the grove where a pair of these birds have settled for the love season;" and
BoUes relates:

"When the Whip-poor-will is clucking,

When the bats unfurl their canvas,

When dim twilight rules the forest,

Soaring towards the high star's radiance,

Far above the highest tree-top,

Singing goes the sweet Accentor.

The middle of July closes the song-season, and thereafter the Oven-bird is
rarely observed.

Most of the Oven-birds leave during the month of September, and by the
close of that month only stray individuals, like the one mentioned at the
beginning of this article, are to be encountered. They are then wending their
way leisurely to their winter abode in Mexico, Central America, the West
Indies, and southern Florida.

'TERRACED SI'I!.!.

RED-BACKED SANDPIPER

A Day's Sport with the Red-backs and Greater Yellow-legs

By VERDI BURTCH, Branchport, N. Y.
With photographs by the Author

OCTOBER had arrived with its reds, golds and browns; the day was
warm and mellow. It was the thirteenth of the month, and the most
of the birds had already passed on to the southward. The soft, muddy
shores of the marsh, where a month ago numbers of Solitary, Least, Semipal-
mated, and Pectoral Sandpipers, Yellow-legs, Killdeers, Semipalmated Plover,
Green Herons, Mourning Doves, Crackles, Cowbirds, Red-wings, Robins, and
a host of Song, Swamp, and Savannah Sparrows were feeding was now almost
deserted. Only in the early evening did it show signs of its former activity,
when the Red-wings, Cowbirds, and Crackles stopped there to get a lunch
before retiring to their roost in the cattails. But during the day only a few-
Pectorals and Yellow-legs that had escaped the gunners were seen.

It was much too nice a day to loaf around home, so, taking my Craflex,
I mounted my bicycle and rode two miles down the lake to a small marsh which
is cut oiT from the lake by a long gravelly bar. Earlier in the season this marsh
is very beautiful, with its great masses of yellow water-lilies and floating alga
all through the center, and sedges, cattails, great burr reed, sagittaria, sweet
flag, and water plantain reaching out from the shores into the shallow water.
But at this time the water was low, leaving wide, muddy shores which were
covered with the stranded algic and various water-weeds.

As the shooting season was on and most of the sh()rc-l)ir(ls were gone, I

(335)

33^

Bird - Lore

hardK- exjwcted to see any birds, or, at most, one or two watchful Yellow-legs

or Pectorals. But, as I neared the swamp, three Red-backed Sandpipers were

feeding along the shore of a little shallow lagoon. Dismounting, I worked my

way slowly through the bushes

and cattails on the border of the

swamp and obtained my first shot

when they stood in a row facing

me from the opposite side of the

little pond. They had seen me,

however, and began to move off,

slowly. Cautiously following and

expecting them to fly every

moment, I made two more shots

as they were in retreat and was

rather surprised that they did not

fly. As they were now well aware

of my presence, I crossed boldly

in the open and sat down on the

clean gravel of the bar where I

could watch their every move. They went calmly on with their feeding,

working back and forth in front of me, probing in the mud with their long,

black, slightly curved bills and seemingly ignoring my presence. However,

when they passed they would shy out around me, watching me closely from the

tails of their eyes. I had been seated but a short time when I heard the soft,

musical whistle of a Greater Yellow-legs, and it came wheeling down from the

upper air and alighted gracefully on the beach some ten rods away. There

it stood, bowing with quick little jerks and eyeing me suspiciously for a

MARSH HAWK

GREATER VKI.I.dW l.i;( ,

A Day's Sport with the Red-backs and Greater Yellow-legs 337

moment, and then flew away, to alight farther up the beach, then, seeming to
gain confidence it began to work toward me. Never having been able to
photograph this wary bird, and expecting that it would fly away, I wasted

several plates on long shots, but
it came steadily on and joined
the Red-backs scarcely a rod away
from me. Many times before had
I tried to photograph a Yellow-
legs but without success, and now
as it mingled with the Red-backs
I had my chance. It was not a
question of getting near enough,
but rather of catching a good
pose and of getting one bird out
alone or all of them in the same
plane so they would all be in good
focus. Always active, with little
jerky moves, the Red-backs went
about probing in the soft mud or
wading out in the shallow water and sometimes swimming a little. The Yel-
low-legs was more deliberate but always moved with infinite grace. One of
the most graceful moves of a bird is the stretching of the wings by a Yellow-
legs or Solitary Sandpiper, and some day I hope to catch it on a photographic

MARSH HAWK PURSUED BY RED-WINGED
BLACKBIRD

GREAlEk V1;LL(J\\ hl.UM MAKl.NC K1M,.> Ul RIPPLES I.N lllh (JLILI U A 1 l.R'

338 Bird -Lore

plate. Before noon I had used all of my dozen plates, and when I left the beach
the birds were quietly feeding.

When I came back with plate-holders reloaded, they were still there, and
I took my position on the bar without disturbing them. The Red-backs always
kept close together, so all show in each of my pictures, except one. This time
they all came along the beach toward me, hesitating as they drew near, then
made a detour out into the water, filing past in front of me and so close that I
could hardly rack my lens out far enough to get them in sharp focus.

The Yellow-legs kept mostly to the little lagoon close inside the bar where
it scampered zigzag after the minnows or pollywogs, or probed in the muddy
bottom, causing rings of ripples in the quiet water.

As the shadows lengthened across the clear waters, I used my last plate,
but still I was loth to leave. I had spent more than seven hours with these
interesting birds, and made twenty-four shots, and, as development afterward
proved, had bagged fifteen beautiful pictures, and my game was still alive to
enliven the shores of other lakes and marshes, and let us hope that they reached
their winter homes in the far South without accident.

A Tragedy

By LOUISE FOUCAR MARSHALL. Tucson, Ariz.

THE House Finch bride stood for a moment on the fig tree before taking
a drink from the bucket of water under the dripping faucet. Perhaps it
was a Hummingbird, poised before a rosebud, or a Wren slipping in and
out of the rose-vine, that persuaded her to fly over and investigate. A little
spot at an intersection of the trellis, hidden by rose-leaves, seemed an ideal
building-site. She started immediately to homestead it by bringing in a few
sticks which she arranged for the bottom of her nest, -unmindful of the fact
that the trellis was but eight inches from the porch window, and that her nest,
just at a convenient height, had no protecting leaves to shield it from full view
from within the porch.

The next morning (March 28, 191 7) she came again, and with little twigs
built up half of the skeleton framework of her cuplike nest. She worked until
noon, alone and untiringly, her mate sitting on the fig tree singing his delight.
Then they disappeared until evening, when she came to see if all was well.
The next morning she was at work again. The place seemed more enchanting
than ever, for there were strings cut at various lengths hanging all about the
trellis, and wonderful buds of cotton- wool on the rose-thorns; even a few stray
horsehair and downy chicken feathers were miraculously convenient. She toiled
until noon finishing the framework, now using sticks, strings, and horsehair.
Before bedtime she came to see that nothing had been disturbed.

The third day she worked from morning till night, strengthening the frame-

A Tragedy 339

work with twigs and string, stuffing the Httle cracks and hollows with wool
and feathers, covering every rough twig. Many times during the day she would
slip into the nest to try it, that it should be the right shape and size and height.
This seemed an important part of her work, for after these trials she would
remedy some defect, working and weaving with the materials already in the
nest. She now evidently considered the nest finished, as she came but few times
during the next few days, then only putting in a few downy feathers or adjust-
ing the cotton-wool lining. She built her nest entirely alone, her mate coming
no nearer than the fig tree, where he sat singing incessantly while she was
at work.

On the morning of April 3 she came early and sat quietly on the nest, her
mate as usual singing lustily from the nearby fig tree. About 7.30 she hopped
from the nest, calling loudly for her mate, every fiber of her body aquiver with
excitement. He came like a shot, embraced her with great fluttering of wings
and excited twitterings, and then they looked into the nest. Wonder of won-
ders! A pale bluish green egg with a few dark brown spots and lines at the
larger end. She went on to the nest, twittering snatches from lullabies, while
he went back to the tree to tell the world of the great event. Was there ever
so much excitement, tenderness, and romance contained in such a little scrap
of flesh and blood! In about an hour they both left, returning two or three
times during the day to look at the wonderful egg.

The next morning she was on the nest again, and at 8.15 she called her
mate to see the second egg; and after sitting for a half hour upon the eggs,
twittering and crooning, she left with her mate, returning from time to time
to admire her eggs. The next day at about 9.15 the third egg was laid, and the
program of the previous days repeated. The fourth and last egg, which was a
trifle smaller than the others, was laid the next morning at 8 o'clock.

Each time that she laid her egg she called her mate with excited, urgent
chirps. Always he came like the wind from his perch nearby; always they
met with fluttering of wings, twitterings, and embraces before flying up to the
nest to inspect the eggs; always, after the inspection, she would sit on the nest
for about a half hour, whispering and twittering, while her male was announc-
ing the good news to the bird-world and singing his gratitude and joy to his
little bride.

After the fourth egg was laid she settled down to incubate, calling her mate
every few hours, and then with a distinctly dilTerent note asking for food. She
always hopped off the nest to meet him whenever he came to feed her. If he
saw anyone approach the rose-vine, or when within the porch we would come
near the window, he would allay her fears with encouraging messages and she
would answer with brave little chirps.

On the afternoon of .\pril 8 a severe windstorm came up, with a downpour
of rain and hail. She was exceedingly frightened at the \i()lence of the wind
and the large hailstones striking her nest and herself. She called anxiously;

340 Bird - Lore

her male came and sat beside the nest during the whole storm, sat in an un-
sheltered spot in the very teeth of the gale, bruised by the hailstones and wet
to the skin. After the storm was over and the sun came out again, he perched
in the tree, drying his feathers; she called to him; he tried to sing his little
roundelay, but only two notes came. The next morning his cold, lifeless body
lay beneath the fig tree. The rain and hail and cold had proved too much,
and his love and devotion to his mate had cost him his life.

It took some time before the little bride realized that she was now a widow.
In the morning she began calling, insistently, impatiently, then anxiously, and
finally hopelessly. Whenever she saw a scarlet-capped Finch come to the
drinking bucket she would call to him and fly into the fig tree voicing her hunger
and sorrow. Many, many times during her days of incubating did she fly out
with her tale of hunger and grief, but never was there a response from the
passing males. A little food-shelf with canary seed and bread-crumbs was
hung near the nest, but only twice was she seen to eat anything. Every day
she grew weaker and more dejected. Could she hold out until the eggs were
hatched?

Ten days had passed since she began incubating, and there seemed no hope
for those four eggs, for they had often been chilled, as the weather was un-
usually cold; and did not Coues say that eggs were usually kept at a tempera-
ture of loo degrees and hatched in about ten days? Fortunately she had not
read about it and stayed on her eggs until the thirteenth day, when one little
bird emerged from the shell; the next day two more came out to gladden the
little mother's heart, for she who was always so chatty, always twittering and
bubbling over with joy, had become sad and silent, and even when the little
birdlings came her broken heart could whisper no welcome, only feed them
and keep them warm.

On the second day after the little ones were hatched she met another mate
on the fig tree by the water bucket, a somber, joyless mate. Perhaps he, too,
had suffered until his voice was silenced, or perhaps his sense of duty or his
bereavement impelled him to feed the widow and orphans. For two days he
silently fed both mother and babies, and then during the night something
happened, — for in the morning the nest was empty — no trace of birdlings or
mother. No doubt she, too, shared the same fate as her family, for she never
returned. The falling rose-leaves have filled the nest, and the rose- vine is
deserted.

NEST AND EGGS OF BLACK DUCK
Photographed April i2, 1914, at Ponkapog Pond (about 10 miles from Hustunt M;

(341)

Some Notes on the Ruffed Grouse

By H. E. TUTTLE, Simsbury, Conn.

OVER the ridge that brimmed the glade a hen Partridge was hurrying.
She did not walk with noiseless step nor did she keep a constant watch
for possible enemies. Her footsteps on the dry leaves rustled loudly;
her head swung forward and back as she walked, like a barnyard fowl. Twice
she stopped, but only for a moment, then the noise of pattering footfalls began
again as she ran toward a laurel thicket that flanked the glade. The glade was
a bowl-shaped hollow, free from underbrush, with here and there a good-sized
chestnut tree. On one side was the laurel thicket, interspersed with birches,
behind which rose the steep sides of the bowl. One might have said that it
was an amphitheatre set for a play, and not have greatly erred.

The only spectator was lying flat beneath the low-spreading fronds of a
young hemlock which grew near the laurels, halfway up the bowl. He held a
bit of cord gripped tight in his hand, and in spite of his difficult position on the
hillside he did not move. He had lain there four hours. Had you been there to
see, you would have noted, on following up the length of cord, a bunch of
leaves supported by a three-legged branch. The bunch of leaves was a camera,
the three-legged branch a tripod.

The Grouse had reached the laurels and had stopped within their shade to
reconnoitre her position before traversing that last ten feet in the open, to the
spot that had claimed her sole attention for the past half month. The nest
with her ten eggs lay in the hollow at the foot of a little rotted stump. It
faced the open woods, and in front stood the three-legged bunch of leaves, with
its baleful glass eye glaring down into the hollow. The bunch of leaves, like a
Cyclops, had stood guard over the nest for a week, and the hen Partridge had
begun to regard it as a natural part of the scenery. She was a bit timid still;
sometimes as the cord tightened she spread her tail and with ruffs extended
hissed into the glass eye, while, unknown to her, the spectator under the hem-
lock frond was hoping and praying that she would step back into focus.

This time she stepped out of the laurel thicket with just a touch of defiance
in her pose. The watcher from where he lay lost sight of her after she went
under the stump, so that his shots were in a large part lucky, if they were in
any way successful. He saw her disappear under the stump, threw a loop of
slack down the cord in the hope of provoking a new pose, then drew it tight.
The shutter clicked, and the Grouse ran out from the stump and roared up in
flight.

I had been trying for two days to secure a picture of the Ruffed Grouse as
she approached her nest. It was quite easy to snap the brooding bird; that
merely involved leaving the camera for an hour, to return at the end of that
time and pull the shutter by means of a long thread. I had secured some good
pictures in that way a week previous. This new game, although it included

(342)

Some Notes on the Ruffed Grouse

343

mosquito-bites and personally conducted tours by ants, was more fraught with
failures, but more exciting.

I was very much surprised when I first saw this hen return to her nest, her
footsteps were so noisy. She was not at all the 'each-step-taken-with-care' kind
of bird that I had always pictured. She reminded me very much of a broody

RUFFED GROLSK
PhotoRraphed by H. E. Tullle

Plymouth Rock. (Later observations have persuaded me that individual
birds differ very greatly in this. One Grouse that I watched and photographed
last spring approached her nest so cautiously that I was unable to detect her
slightest footfall until she had approached within ten feet of the spot where I
was hiding.) 1 watched her for an hour one day as she budded a poplar tree,
climbing parrot-like from liml) to limb willi the aid of her stout beak, nearly
losing her footing on more than one occasion as she reached for a catkin high

344 Bird - Lore

above her head. I watched how, when the camera was pointed a little to the
left of the nest, she invariably entered on the right, and vice versa. She
apparently appreciated the territory swept by the lens.

Once when I had seen her approach as far as the laurel thicket and had
heard no further footsteps for half an hour, I pushed aside the hemlock branches
to see, if possible, what had frightened her. There was a rush of air through
stiff wing-quills as I showed myself, and a Red-shouldered Hawk left the dead
limb where he had been sitting, to wing his way swiftly out of the woods.
At another time I surprised a fat woodchuck within a yard of the nest. Whether
he intended harm or not I do not know, for he beat a hasty retreat before I
could satisfy my curiosity. I watched this Grouse in her efforts to overcome
her fear from ii o'clock in the morning till 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and out
of four shots got one good picture. She was not absent from her nest during
this entire time, for in order that the eggs should not get cold and that she might
acquire confidence, I allowed her to brood at intervals. The weather was warm
and the eggs were due to hatch in a few days. (It seems necessary to note here
iJiat all the eggs hatched in due course of time.)

I have, in the not very remote past, walked the crisp autumn hillsides with
my gun held in readiness, and, though a poor shot, have enjoyed my occasional
kills with the pleasure of an amateur and the ensuing repertoire of a veteran;
but birds are scarcer now, and the Ruffed Grouse, even in districts where it
could for years wage an equal battle in the fight for existence, must inevitably
go the way of the Heath Hen and the Prairie Chicken, unless, in addition to
laws adequate to protect it and an honest effort to enforce them, there is a will
to abide by the closed season which shall become part of the traditions of ever\'
man who calls himself a sportsman.

As the bird disappears from the coverts that knew it of old, the salt of
shooting loses its savor, and there is little pleasure in exchanging the roar of
its wings as it bursts from cover and rockets upward through the birch-tops,
or bores its way, bullet-like, through a tangle of underbrush, for the fading
colors of a reminiscence. For the Ruffed Grouse is an inspiration; his spring
drumming wakes the old desires toward a life in the open, and the foar of his
wings among the dry leaves of the November woods quickens with secure
delight the hearts of wayfarers on the upland trails.

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

VI. HORNED LARKS

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

The Horned Larks are among the most puzzling as well as most interesting
of North American birds. They are the only native Larks in North America,
but have not the usual gift of song that has made famous some of the European
members of the family. All the American Horned Larks belong to a single spe-
cies and exhibit geographic variation to a degree shown by few birds. No less
than twenty-three subspecies of Otocoris alpestris inhabit America, and they
range as far south as Bogota in Colombia, and north to the Arctic Ocean.
All but five of these forms occur in North America proper, and there are others
to be described. The distribution of the North American races is as follows:

The Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris alpestris) breeds in northeastern
North America, north at least to Hudson Bay; west to Hudson Bay; south to
the southern end of James Bay and to Newfoundland; and east to Labrador.
It winters west to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Louisiana and South
Carolina; and is of casual occurrence in Greenland and the Bermuda
Islands.

Hoyt's Homed Lark (Otocoris alpestris hoyti) breeds in middle northern
Canada, north to the Boothia Peninsula; west to the valley of the Mackenzie
River; south to Lake Athabaska; and east to Hudson Bay. It winters south to
Nevada, Kansas, Ohio, and Long Island, N. Y.

The Pallid Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris arcticola) breeds in north-
western North America, north to northern Alaska; west to western Alaska;
south to southern Alaska and central British Columbia; and east to Yukon
Territory. It ranges in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and Montana.

The Saskatchewan Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris enthymia) breeds
north to central Saskatchewan; west to eastern Montana, eastern Wyoming,
and eastern Colorado; south to northwestern Texas; and east to central Kansas,
central Nebraska, and central North Dakota. In winter it ranges south to
southern Texas, and casually west to Utah and Arizona.

The Prairie Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris praticola) breeds in the north-
eastern United Stales and southeastern Canada; north to souihwestern (Quebec
and central Ontario; west to western Manitoba, eastern .North Dakota, and
eastern Kansas; south to central Missouri, central Ohio, and Long Island. .\. \ .\
and east to New Brunswick. It winters south to Te.xas and South Carolina-
casually southwest to Colorado and .\rizona.

The Texas Horned Lark {Otocoris alpestris t^iraiuli) is a permanent
resident in I lie coast region of Texas and northeastern Tamaulipas.

The Desert Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris Uncolaevia) breeds in the

U4S)

BREEDING AREAS OF THE AMERICAN RACES OF THE HORNED LARK

1. Andean Horned Lark

2. Oaxaca Horned Lark

3. Tamaulipas Horned Lark

4. Mexican Horned Lark

5. Texas Horned Lark

6. Chihuahua Horned Lark

7. Scorched Horned Lark

8. Sonora Horned Lark

Q. Magdalena Horned Lark

10. Island Horned Lark

11. California Horned Lark

12. Mojave Horned Lark

13. Bleached Horned Lark

14. Montezuma Horned Lark

15. Ruddy Horned Lark

16. Streaked Horned Lark

17. Merrill's Horned Lark

18. Desert Horned Lark

iQ. Saskatchewan Horned Lark

20. Prairie Horned Lark

21. Horned Lark

22. Hoyt's Horned Lark
2.?. Pallid Horned Lark

(346)

The Migration of North American Birds 347

interior of the western United States, and north to southern Alberta; west to
western Montana and western Nevada; south to south-central Nevada,
southern Utah, southern Colorado, eastern and central southern New Mexico,
and central western Texas; and east to central northern Texas, central Colorado,
central Wyoming, and central Montana. In winter it ranges south to south-
eastern California, Sonora, Chihuahua, and southern Texas.

The Montezuma Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris occidentalis) breeds
in central New Mexico, west to central Arizona. It ranges south in winter to
northern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, and central western Texas.

The Chihuahua Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris aphrasta) is resident in
the southeastern corner of Arizona, the southwestern corner of New Mexico,
and southeast through Chihuahua to Durango and southern Coahuila.

The Scorched Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris adusta) breeds in central
southern Arizona and winters south to northern Sonora and northern Chi-
huahua.

The Bleached Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila) is resident
in the southwestern corner of Arizona, the northeastern corner of Lower
California, and north through the extreme western edge of Arizona, and the
southeastern border of California to southern Nevada.

The Mojave Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris ammophila) breeds in south-
ern California from the Mojave Desert north to Owens Valley, and winters
south to the Mexican Border.

The California Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris actia) is resident in middle
and western California, north to San Francisco, and south to the Pacific side
of northern Lower California.

The Magdalena Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris enertera) is resident on
the Pacific side of central and southern Lower California.

The Island Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris insularis) is resident on the
Santa Barbara Islands, Calif.

The Ruddy Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris rubea) is resident in the mid-
dle portion of the Sacramento Valley in central northern California.

Merrill's Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris merrilli) breeds in the north-
western United States, and north to south central British Columbia; west to
central Washington and central Oregon; south to northeastern California; and
east to northwestern Nevada, central Idaho, and northwestern Montana. In
winter it goes as far south as central California.

The Streaked Homed Lark {Otocoris alpestris strigata) breeds in western
Washington and western Oregon. It ranges south in winter to northern Cali-
fornia and east to eastern Washington and eastern Oregon.

The accompanying map shows more graphically the breeding ranges of the
various North American Horned Larks. Some of the western races seem to be
strictly resident ; but most of the others arc more or less migratory; and several
subspecies thus may be found at the same season in one h)cality. Owing to

348

Bird - Lore

great seasonal and other variation among the Horned Larks, their migratory
movements are in most cases impossible to trace except by the examination
of specimens.

In the following tables records of the typical Horned Lark are marked (*) ;
Hoyt's Horned Lark (f); the Pallid Horned Lark (+) ; the Prairie Horned Lark
(II); and the Desert Horned Lark (^). All the other records are not with
certainty subspecifically determinable.

SPRING MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Greensboro, Ala.* ||. .

Kirkwood, Ga.*

Charleston, S. C*. . .
Raleigh, N. C* ||....

Raleigh, N. C

French Creek, W. Va
Washington, D. C. . .

Philadelphia, Pa

Hackettstown, X. J..
New Haven, Conn.*.
Portland, Conn.*. . . .

Providence, R. I

Woods Hole, Mass.. .
Harvard, Mass.* ....

Boston, Mass

Pearl River, La.*. . . .

Athens, Tenn

Lexington. Kv

Oberlin, Ohio*

Oberlin, Ohiof

Plymouth, Mich.*. . .

Austin, Te.x

Lincoln, Neb.f

Cando, N. D.f

Chilliwack, B. Ct . .

Number

of years'

record

5
13

Average date of
last one observed

February 3

February 25
March i

March 25
March 9
April 15
April 6
March 26

March 26
March 24
March 2
P'ebruary 18
February 23
March 27

Latest date of
last one observed

Januar}' 20, 1893
January 20, 1893
January 20, 1893
February 20, 1895
February 20, 1895
February 15, 1891
April 7, 1889
March 12, 1791
March 21, 1916
April 15, 1882
March 30, 1899
March 31, 1900
April 20, 1890
April 17, 1909
April 10, 1909
February 22, 1895
April 26, 1909
April 8, 1906
April I, 1899
February 24, 1904
March 10, 1895
April II, 1894
February 4, 1899
April 22, 1895
April 29, 1889

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Average date of
spring arrival

Earliest date of
spring arrival

Scotch Lake, N. B

Pictou, N. S

Montreal, Quebec

Ciodbout Quebec

17
3
9
4

March 6
April 10
March 8
April 9

February 7, 1908
March 21, 1894
February 23, 191^
March 16, 1888

Paradise, Labrador

Fort Simpson, Mack.t

Fort Simpson, Mack.f

Forty-mile, YukonJ

April 22, 1913
April 28, 1904
May 10, 1904
May ID, 1898

The Migration of North American Birds

349

FALL MIGRATION

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

Ticoralak, Labrador
Scotch Lake, N. B..
Montreal, Quebec. .

Ottawa, Ont

Listowel, Ont

Ft. Simpson, Mack..
Indian Head, Sask.t

.\veraKe date of
last one observed

Latest date of
last one observed

November 2
October 30
October 24
November 19

October 12, 191 2
November 27, 1913
November 15, 1908
November 11, 1898
November 24, 1900
October 3, i860
November 25, 1890

LOCALITY

Number

of years'

record

.\verage date of
fall arrival

Earliest date of
fall arrival

Boston, Mass

Harv^ard, Mass.*

Woods Hole, Mass

New Haven, Conn.*

Princeton, N. J

Washington, D. C

Washington, D. C.||

French Creek, W. Va

Raleigh, N. C.||

Raleigh, N. C

Clayton Co., Ga.||

Ottawa, Ont.*

Isle Royale, Mich.*

Plymouth, Mich.*

Oherlin, Ohio*

Lexington, Ky

Athens, Tenn

Okanagan Landing, B. Ct

Chilliwack, B. C.J

Lincoln, Neb.*

Giddings, Te.\.!l

Austin, Tex

October 22
October 25
October 23

December 5
October 24
December 9

November 15
December 9

October 16
September 11
August 28

October 9

October 7, 1909
October 19, 1907
October 7, 1889
October 29, 1888
November 12, 1905
October 29, 1889
August II, 1889
October 12, 1891
December 7, 1886
November 21, 1888
November 30, 1907
September 27, 1890
September 13, 1905
November 13, 1891
November 14, 1896
November 12, 1904
September 29, 1903
August 25, 1907
August 28, 1889
December 24, 1908
November 3, 1889
October 8, 1893

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FIFTIETH PAPER

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

In its distribution and geographic variations the Horned Lark is among
the most interesting of North American birds. The facts that it is the only
American member of a family of some 200 species, and that, in spite of its
j)lasticity. none of the American races have l)ecome specifically distinct from
each other or, as a group, from the Old-World species, leads us to believe that
the Horned Lark has reached this country in, geologically speaking, compara-
tively recent times.

350 Bird -Lore

Nevertheless, it has become widely distributed, and where local conditions
are suited to its peculiar needs as a terrestrial bird, it thrives in widely varying
climatic surroundings from the cold, moist Arctic tundras to the burning deserts
of Mexico.

It is common even on the Andean plateau of Bogota, Colombia, though
between this distant locality and southern Mexico no form of the species is
known. And here we have an ornithological index of climatic changes, the
significance of which strongly tempts speculation. With birds which vary
geographically as much as do the Horned Larks, the problem of field identifica-
tion becomes difficult and its solution is apt to be far from satisfactory. Fortu-
nately, however, many of these forms are restricted to certain areas, and while
in the winter the more northern races invade the ranges of those to the south,
the student may, at least in the nesting season, name the bird seen by the
locahty in which it is found. I make no attempt, therefore, to describe racial
differences but refer the student to the map accompanying Dr. Oberholser's
paper. As the race which will doubtless come to the attention of the largest
number of Bird-Lore's readers, I describe the plumage changes of the Prairie
Horned Lark.

Prairie Horned (Shore) Lark {Otocoris alpestris pralicola; Figs. 4, 5.) In
nestling plumage a Horned Lark looks more like the chick of some gallinaceous
bird than the young of a passerine species. Or, expressed technically, it sug-
gests a precocial rather than an altricial bird. This juvenal plumage is brownish
above, the feathers being tipped with buffy spots, the breast is paler, with an
admixture of black, the throat and abdomen whitish, the former being some-
times slightly tinted with pale yellow.

The postjuvenal (first fall) molt is complete. The first winter plumage
resembles Fig. 5. Male and female are much alike, but the former has more
black on the forehead and usually fewer streaks on the breast. There is no
spring, or prenuptial molt, and the summer dress is acquired by wear which
more clearly reveals and more sharply defines the black areas of the breast
and head.

With the fall molt feathers are acquired with fringes which partly conceal
these areas. There is now little or no difference between young and adult
birds, but the latter, as a rule, have fewer streaks on the breast.

As the frontispiece shows, the Prairie Horned Lark (Figs. 4, 5) is a slightly
smaller bird than the Horned Lark (Fig. 5), from which it further differs in
having the forehead postocular region and line over the eye white instead of
yellow, and there is less yellow on the throat.

The character of the variations of the other races of this species are indicated
by the remaining figures in our plate, from the bleached race of the desert to
the deeply colored ones of more humid regions.

/^oteg from ifieltr anb <^tutip

Memories of the Passenger Pigeon

The last flock of Passenger Pigeons that
I remember seeing was about 1886-7.
It was in the late autumn, after the leaves
had fallen from the trees. There were
about 120 birds in the flock. They
lighted in the top of a large beech tree;
and, finding that the beechnuts had fallen
out of the hulls, dropped in rapid succes-
sion from branch to branch till all had
reached the ground. I never have seen
more intense activity or seeming system
in feeding than those birds displayed.
They worked in a wing-shaped group,
moving nervously forward in one direc-
tion around the tree, gleaning the entire
nut-covered space as they went. Those
falling to the rear of the flock, where the
nuts were picked up, kept flopping across
to the front so as to get the advantage of
the unpicked ground. A few that wandered
apart in search of scattered nuts kept
scurrying about and tilting as they
picked them up and then hurried back to
the flock as if they feared that the flock
would soon be through feeding and off
on the wing. This restless, voracious
activity was continued till the flock took
fright and burst into the air, to fly away
and disappear as a small cloud. Will
they ever appear again? — Hibbard J.
Jkwett, X cilia, Ohio.

Notes from Canandaigua, N. Y.

There appeared in the Brigham Hall
grounds, May 18, 191 7, a bird seldom
seen north of New Jersey — the Blue-
gray Gnatcatcher, — a male in fine plum-
age.

This Cinatcatchcr is a tiny bird, not
much over 4 inches in length, having aTi
exceedingly long tail, which has white
outer feathers. Like its Kinglet relatives,
it had the same habit of flitting ncrvousl_\'
from twig to twig.

\\\- n()te<l ills lljiatihing iuibit of lak-

(35

ing insects on the wing with wonderful
dexterity, and saw that, at all times, he
kept his tail sticking up in the air. The
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, seemingly, is a
bird of the tree-tops, for he remained in
them most of the time he was under our
observation. At times, he was not un-
willing to show oiT his delicate, trim body,
which was whitish underneath and blue-
gray above, by coming down among the
lower branches and to the shrubberj'. It
was then we could plainly distinguish the
narrow black band over the forehead and
eyes.

The Gnatcatcher sang its rather feeble
but exquisitely finished song, many times.
The call-note was heard, too. It is Usee,
Isee, Isee', and sounded a bit like the
squeak of a mouse.

Its dainty coloring, sweet, whispered
song, graceful posture, and constant
motion would be sure to attract attention
at any time.

Former Canandaigua records of this
uncommon summer visitant, given in
Eaton's 'Birds of New York,' are of two
birds secured June 3, 1886, and one seen
.■\pril 25, igo6.

This year's record would seem to prove
beyond a doubt that the lilue-gray
Gnatcatcher was seen by the same
observer, Dr. H. C. Burgess, at Brigham
Hall last season. Because amateurs see
rare birds not seen by experienced ob-
servers, they say: "Oh, no! You could
not possibly have seen that." Dr. Burgess
detected the presence of the bird again
this spring and spread the good news by
the telephone, so that many bird-lovers,
including the 'experienced' observers,
were given opportunity to be convinced
tiiat the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher was really
in our midst. It remained three days.

,\ pair of Red-i)cllied Woodpeckers
made their first ai)pcarance in Canan-
daigua the latter part of December, 191O,
an<l sjuMit the winter. They visited two
feeding- stations in the city. The male

352

Bird -Lore

was found dead on our Main Street, hav-
ing perished in a sleet storm March i6,
igiy. The female was about until late in
May.

On February i6, 191 7, the European
Starling made its first appearance in our
city in below-zero weather. It was found
in an exhausted condition on the porch
of the home of A. P. Wilbur, Gibson
Street. It was feeding on woodbine
berries. Bread-crumbs were thrown on the
porch floor. It partook of these freely.
It remained all day. The following morn-
ing, with mercury at six below zero, it
breakfasted at the same place. After
satiating its appetite it flew away and
was seen no more.

Carolina Wrens (May 23), Saw Whet
Owls, a young Golden Eagle, and an
American Three-toed Woodpecker (May
20 to 23) were rare birds observed by
Ernest H. Watts and Addison P. Wilbur
about the grounds at Sonnenberg, Mrs. F.
F. Thompson's estate at the edge of the
city, during the spring migration. —
Georgia B. Gardner, Canandaigua, N. Y.

Mockingbird in Iowa

One day, about the middle of May, my
husband and I were visiting Cottonwood
Cemetery. It was a sunny afternoon, and
a number of us had gathered there to
clean up the grounds for Decoration Day.
As I was wandering about the grounds I
was attracted by a bird singing on the top
of a tall pine tree close by. I supposed the
bird to be a Thrasher and sat down to
listen to his song, but soon discovered that
it was no Thrasher this time. Becoming
more interested, I ventured nearer, and
after a long wait I found that my bird was
a Mockingbird, trilling, warbling, whist-
ling and calling like a Jay, a Crow, and
mocking many other birds. Being a bird-
lover, I stood spellbound as I listened to
the wonderful medley of song, and after
seeing the bird and his manner of flight,
color, etc., I was convinced that it was a
southern Mockingbird, and no doubt had
a nest in the pine and a mate sitting, but 1
could not discover the nest. On Decora-

tion Day morning we visited Cottonwood
Cemetery, and what was my surprise and
delight to again see and hear my beautiful
bird. Although he seemed much excited
and nervous, he stayed by and bravely
sang. He sometimes gave an alarm-call
but soon seemed to gather courage and try
to assure himself and mate that all was
well in spite of the commotion going on, the
beating of the drum, the shrill music of
the fife, the marching of men, women, and
children, and the parting salute of the
rifles. I have heard since that the young
birds have hatched and are now out of the
nest. I hope to be able to go to see the
family again before they leave us. I claim
the honor of being the discoverer of these
Mockingbirds, the first I have ever heard
or seen. — Mrs. John Freeman, Lake
City, Iowa.

Feeding the Blue Jays

Since the days of John J. Audubon the
Blue Jay has been considered a thief,
robber, and undesirable citizen, but its
beautiful plumage and modest habits make
it really attractive.

Last winter a pair of Blue Jays afforded
a great deal of amusement and taught me
many things of interest. Having observed
two Blue Jays flitting about in the trees,
and listening to their shrill screams, which
was a real pleasure to me, and thinking
they might appreciate a change in their
place of boarding, on October 14 I put a
small shelf on the sill of my window and
placed on it a few peanuts. On October
18 the Blue Jays visited the food-shelf
for the first time and ate or carried away
all the peanuts. They continued to fre-
quent the shelf as long as any feed was
placed on it. The birds were just social
visitors, frequenting the food-shelf at
irregular intervals and becoming rather
tame. Snow began to fall on the evening
of November 12. The next day there were
about two inches of snow on the ground,
and it was very cold. Early in the morn-
ing I placed about a dozen peanuts on the
food-shelf and noticed that the Blue Jays,
first one, then the other, then both, came

Notes from Field and Study

353

to the food-shelf. In a short time the pea-
nuts were all gone and I put out more. I
continued to feed them until they had
eaten, as I supposed, a pint or more of pea-
nuts. I noticed that each bird flew away
with one or two peanuts in its bill and soon
returned. Thinking that there must be
something wrong with the birds' appetites,
I went out to observe where they went
when they flew away and what they did

One day I tied several peanuts on a string
and left them on the food-shelf. The
first Blue Jay to arrive took the string of
nuts and flew away to a nearby house-roof
and ate them. No other birds found the
food-shelf until December 20, when a Red-
bellied Woodpecker began coming for
feed, but it was always shy. Nuthatches
found the shelf late in January. — A. J.
Dadisman, Morgantown, W. Va.

liLL'E JAV AT THE FOOD-SHELF

with the peanuts. I found that the birds
were working diligently, carrying the pea-
nuts away and hiding them. They hid
them under the snow, on the ground under
a few leaves, under some weeds close to
the side of a house, under loose shingles
on a house-roof, and under leaves in an
eave-trough. I scraped away the snow
where I saw one of the birds hide a pea-
nut and found several which had been
hidden. When there was no food on the
shelf the birds would search out the pea-
nuts which they hid se\eral da_\s before.

Nighthawk in New York City, March 28

A Nighthawk was observed by the
writer, flying about over the Pennsylvania
Railroad Station in New York City late on
the afternoon of March 28, 1918. The
call-note was also heard several times. This
is a month earlier than the earliest date
recorded for the species near Orient, L. I.

Mr. Forbush, in the extremely inter-
esting 'Bulletin of Information,' No. I\',
reports one in Demarest, N. J., on March
20, 1Q18. — Roy Latham, Orinit, L. I .

354

Bird- Lore

Are Starlings as Hardy as English
Sparrows ?

There was a llock of Starlings about
Kingsbury Street during the season of
ic;i6. They had probably been there some
time, and early in December were trying
to drive the English Sparrows from the
belfries of the churches and the school-
house. There is also another flock that
nests or roosts about Pattens Mills,
perhaps in the belfry of the church, three
or four miles west of Kingsbury Street.

During the winter of 19 16-17 — not a
severe winter here — Starlings would occa-
sionally come about the house and orchard
trees, and a flock of twenty-five birds came
the latter part of January for frozen apples.
They were rather shy and easily frightened
away. Dec. 28, 1917, there was a flock of
thirty Starlings about, and, two days later,
two birds came. Nothing more was seen
of them until March 13, 191 8, when two
birds came and remained about the orchard
trees for half an hour.

The extremely cold wave of the winter
of 191 7-18 was from December 29 to
January 5, when the mercury went as low
as 40 degrees below zero in this vicinity,
and only a few hours during that interval
of time registered above zero. At the
village of Fort Ann, Miss Hattie T. Burn-
ham said several Starlings were found
perishing from the extreme temperature,
and although brought into the house near
a fire, the birds very soon died. I am
under the impression that many of the
Starlings in this region succumbed because
of the severe cold weather of the past
winter. This section is about 43.5" north
latitude, and I doubt very much if the
Starling can hold its own, thrive, and do
well at a much higher latitude, as the
English Sparrow most certainly does.

The Starling is a more attractive bird
than the English Sparrow. Near Hudson
Falls, I have been told that the Starling
drives away and usurps the nesting-
places made by the Woodpeckers. At
Shushan, the southern part of Washington
County, Mr. Frank Dobbin writes me that
the Starlings, during January, 1918, were

seen feeding on the 'bobs' of the staghorn
sumac, and that a Starling had been seen
to pursue and kill an English Sparrow.

The winter of 1917-18 has been made
notable here by the presence of a Northern
Shrike or two, which occasionally would
come about the house and drive the Tree
Sparrows up from their 'hayseed' table
in the garden. — -Stewart H. Burnham,
Hudson Falls, N. Y.

Two Corrections

The August issue of Bird-Lore contains
two errors for which the Editor is re-
sponsible: (i) the author of the article
entitled 'Spotted Sandpiper Colonies' is
Julian K. Potter, not J. W. Lippincott
as given. (2) H. E. Tuttle's Studies of
the Nesting Habits of the Nashville
Warbler were made at Simsbury, Conn.,
not Lake Forest, 111., as stated. — Editor.

House Sparrows Robbing Robins

In the July-August number of Bird-
Lore is a note by C. Bonning, of Detroit,
Mich., telling of seeing a House Sparrow
steal an angleworm from a Robin — a
common sight this summer on the lawns
of this city. Not infrequently several
Sparrows, instead of one, gather about a
feeding Robin and accompany it as it
runs from place to place. While digging
operations are in progress, the 'bandits'
sit expectantly around, not far from the
Robin's head, watching for results and
ready to swoop in the moment the worm
appears. Sometimes the Robins are so
annoyed by the pestiferous band that they
give up the quest and gt) hungry for the
time. It is strange that a bird as big as a
Robin has no more 'spunk.' Once in awhile
they will resist and a rough-and-tumble
fight will take place, but the Sparrow is
more than likely to come off victor, with
the booty in its bill.

I have also seen the Robin systemati-
cally robbed by the Red-winged Black-
bird in exactly the same way when it was
digging the big white grubs of the cock-
chafer from an infested lawn. In this case

Notes from Field and Study

355

the Blackbirds waited close by until the
holes were finished, when they 'rushed'
the Robins, which always retreated, and
pulled out the grubs themselves. I fear
that the Robin, despite our love for him,
is but an arrant 'pacifist' at heart. — Thos.
S. Roberts, Minneapolis, Minn.

An Oregon Oriole

The place is a veritable paradise for
birds. An old brown house, half hidden
by giant rose bushes climbing to the roof;
wide lawns with open stretches, where sun-
shine and shadow play hide-and-seek;
sleepy firs, towering maples, locusts, and
poplars for shade; hedges of roses and
sweet peas to shut out the dust of the
street; basins of clean, cool water under
a dripping tap, where the birds come often
to drink and bathe.

There I first heard of the Oriole, not an
Oriole, but the Oriole. Six summers
before, a boy threw a stone at him and
broke his wing. The brown-house people
found him in time to save him from
prowling cats, bound up his broken wing,
and now receive yearly reward, for he
returns each season and builds nearby.
They know him by his wavering flight
and the cluster of white feathers that
never lays smoothly on the broken wing.

I was calling at the brown house one
May afternoon, when a flash of yellow past
the window caught my eye, and an instant
later a bird's voice rang out a song of
greeting. The lady of the house ran to
the window, saying, "That must be our
Oriole." I asked why she said "our Oriole,"
and got his story.

This is about as she told it to me:

"For several weeks following his injury
we fed the Oriole from a window-ledge,
and until the going-away time in the
fall he seldom failed to appear at a regular
hour for his breakfast.

"The ne.xt spring my iuisl)an<l l)uill
a cooler-cupljoard over the north kitchen
window, and for a lemiwrary protection
lacked a moscjuilo netting loosely over the
exposed side.

"It was early strawijcrry season, and I

had a dish of choice ones set there beside
a bowl of cream, ready for lunch. Going
to the cupboard on some errand, I saw
my luscious berries all nibbled raw, and
the cream spotted with pink. 'A mouse,'
I cried. We searched cupboards, pantry,
and closets but found no four-footed thief.
The strawberry and cream episode re-
mained a mystery.

"I think it was the next morning as we
were eating breakfast, a slight tapping on
the window glass made us glance that
way. There on the ledge sat an Oriole, his
cocked head and twinkling eyes seeming to
say, 'Don't you know me? Don't you
know me?'

"Our first thoughts and words were,
'Can it be our Oriole?' We cautiously
opened the window, and he promptly flew
away, though only to the nearest tree.
That settled our doubts, for he flew in the
old zigzag manner.

"We were pleased as two children and
immediately laid out a tempting tidbit
for our traveler. Meanwhile he watched
from the tiptop branches, pouring out his
joy in the clearest, purest notes you ever
heard. A flash and twitter, and, lo, two
Orioles were where one had been before.
He had brought his mate, but we couldn't
be sure whether she was the old wife or a
new.

"One morning, a little later, my
neighbor's little daughter was playing
about the kitchen while I did my morn-
ing work. Suddenly she gave out a funny
little squeal, and cried, 'Oh, look Auntie,
look ! look !' A chubby finger pointed to the
cooler-cupboard. There, in the very center
of a fresh currant pie, stood Mr. Oriole,
filling his 'tummie' and likewise that of his
more timid mate, who fluttered and coaxed
and chirped just outside the danger-
line. The mystery was solved; but what
was to be done with the beautiful, daring
rol>ber?

"Well, we i)ul up a wire netting, for
such impudence was past our endurance.
For days he fought that netting like a
thing alive, beating it with beak and claw.
In some way we discovered that if a lierry
were placed close against the screen, the

356

Bird- Lore

bird managed to get the greater part
through the mesh of the wires.

"Since then he and his mate have come
every season to be fed from the cooler-
cupboard, and every year they have
raised a family in their hanging-nest some-
where herein the yard." — Ella Getchell,
Willmar, Miun.

Memories of a Rainy Day

Today as 1 sit thinking of many things
and listening to the patter of the raindrops
without, the character of the day calls to
my mind another rainy day in the spring
when I spent two of the most delightful
hours of my life looking in upon a center of
bird activity.

It was about 3 o'clock in the afternoon
when Sam and I set out to a pond nearly
2 miles east of town which is known as the
'Lily Pond' because of the large water-
lilies found there in summer. We 'plopped'
along in the mud and water through a
slow, drizzling rain. A great many heavy
rains had fallen that spring, and every
little depression in the ground was stand-
ing full of water.

After nearly an hour of wading through
the mud we arrived at the pond, which,
on account of the heavy rains, was higher
than usual. It is a shallow, marshy pond
200 yards long and 50 yards wide. The
water extends 20 to 30 feet back among the
masses of sedges and rushes. It is an ideal
place for marsh birds. About 6 feet from
the north bank, projecting out of the water,
is a ridge 3 to 4 feet wide and over 50 feet
long. Upon this ridge, and about 30 feet
from a small branching willow tree, is a
large pile of brush.

We crawled along through the sumac
bushes and high grass on the north until
we got close to the pond. Hiding behind
a clump of little scrubby trees near the
edge, we saw a large number of Coots and
five Spoonbill, or Shoveller Ducks, —
three drakes and two hens.

A great amount of bird-life was on the
pond. Looking east I could see the Ducks
and down in the west end I discovered an
old Mallard hen. I counted the Mud-hens

or Coots. There were between twenty-five
and thirty. As I looked across the pond
a large Bittern came over from the river
and alighted among the sedges. From
time to time I could see him stepping
about, searching for his evening meal, and
once or twice I heard his hoarse squawk.
Hearing a noise at my left I turned and
saw a reddish brown bird with a long bill
and moderately long legs sitting upon the
brush-pile. His head was drawn down
against his shoulders, and he appeared to
have a very short neck. He sat there
calmly gazing out across the pond and
often uttering a single, short, nasal call-
note, similar in quality to that of the
Nighthawk, but of shorter duration. He
was a puzzler to me. I had never seen one
like him nor heard the call before.

About this time it was getting darker.
The rain had slackened. Bird-notes sprang
up from everywhere. From all parts of the
marsh came the rapid rattlings and duck-
ings which I knew to be the call-notes of
the Rails then feeding. Twitterings and
peepings of Sandpipers and Phalaropes
could be heard along the ridge. Across the
pond from me a flock of lesser Yellow-
legs walked about searching for food.
Their long, stilt-like legs seemed almost
too weak and unsteady to hold up their
weight. I heard a splashing from the east.
A flock of birds, twelve in number, came
out from the weeds along the north bank,
and sitting low in the water, their backs
hardly showing, glided out toward the
middle of the pond. They swam in the
shape of a large V, a large one leading.
Again a splash and they could not be seen.
In a few seconds they appeared again,
widely scattered over the surface of the
pond. The.y continued the leaping, splash-
ing, and diving as if they heartily enjoyed
it and were having a good frolic. I recog-
nized them as Pied-billed Grebes.

The Coots scattered and some came so
close that I could have touched them. The
Spoonbills came back down the pond and
passed me not 15 feet away. Another
splash, as a muskrat, cleaving the water,
swam up the pond, carrying a piece of a
sedge for his house. I could see the Caro-

Notes from Field and Study

357

lina and Virginia Rails now. They were
daintily picking their way along the edges
of the rushes, gathering seeds and insects
(for Rails do nearly all of their feeding
toward dusk). The brown bird on the
brushpile stopped his calling, stretched out
his neck, and, with the most fastidious
placing of his feet, stepped off the old
dead limbs. Behold, a King Rail! I
recognized it instantly, although it was
the first that I had ever seen. I then got a
better view with my naked eye than I
ever e.xpect to have again, for he walked
down to the edge of the ridge, swam across
to the main bank, and came down along
the edge, not 6 feet away! What a
beauty ! He walked along without con-
cern, hardly giving me a glance, closing the
toes of each foot as it was raised and slowly
opening them again as they were carefully
placed upon the ground. He looked like a
creature from another world. Could any
bird be as smooth, as neat, as clean, or as
beautiful?

It grew darker and the rain increased.
The bird-songs gradually ceased. One
by one the birds disappeared. The Grebes
returned to the sedges, the Ducks to the
other end of the pond, and the Rails and
Sandpipers sank back into the rushes.
The Bittern could be seen no more. The
Coots drew into the weeds for the night and
all was still. The surface of the pond was
calm and unbroken, save by the steadily
increasing full of the rain. — Howard K.
Gloyd, Ottawa, Kaiis.

Wild-Fowl of the Susquehanna Flats

On December 5, I revisited, after an
absence of five years, that great paradise of
the wild-fowl, the Susquehanna Flats.
Situated at the head of the Chesapeake,
where the Susquehanna broadens out
into the bay, the Flats are a somewhat
obscurely defined tract of waters about
200 scjuare miles in area, 3 to 6 feet in
depth when the tide is in; and the whole
region is practically one vast bed of wild
celery. The Susquehanna Flats have been
famous as ducking grounds ever since
Colonial days, not only because of the

great abundance of wild-fowl which the
natural food of the waters attracts, but
because of the prime quality of the celery-
fed game.

I have looked in vain through my
unbroken set of Bird-Lores for a note or
record about the region by some orni-
thologist who is closely familiar with the
wild life of the Susquehanna Flats. Surely
there are few regions in the United States
which offer greater scope for observation
and study of water-birds of all kinds.

To me an expedition to the Flats,
50 miles from my home, is an event pre-
ceded by days of happy anticipation and
followed by permanent memories. I go
as a sportsman, but most of the thrills of
my day in the boat come to me from the
birds that are not shot. To get the real
spirit of the Flats it is necessary to be on
them before the hills of the eastern shore
are sharply defined against the brighten-
ing sky. Then, in the vanishing gloom, a
consciousness of the presence of the wild
life about almost imperceptibly passes
into glimpses of shadowy movements, until
a swish of wings helps the eye to a vague
flock in the gray. Gradually the picture-
esque scene unfolds. There are Canvas-
backs, and again and again Canvasbacks,
thousands upon thousands of them, in
curving, reforming lines; there are quick-
beating Blackheads (Scaups), Black Ducks,
Bull-heads (Golden-eyes), South Souther-
lies (Old Squaws), and several other
species restlessly moving about over the
feeding-grounds; there are many rigid
formations of Canada Geese; and there
are scattered flocks of Swans moving along
like great snowy aeroplanes. It is all a
joyously impressive sight. The voices,
the forms, the spirit of bird-life are
gloriously staged at sunrise in December
on the Susquehanna Flats.

.\ strong element of my pleasure on
my recent visit was the notable increase
of wild-fowl since I had last been to the
region. Canvasbacks seem to be four or
five times more plentiful. Even the market
hunters of Havre de Grace, who at first
bitterly opposed spring shooting laws and
who looked upon federal regulations as

358

Bird - Lore

encroachment upon their time-honored
rights, are enthusiastic about the increase
in Ducks, and attribute it solely to the new
legislation. In spite of widespread decoy
shooting during the season, in spite of the
sink-box man who brags of his 200 head
per day, and in spite of occasional 'big
gunning' of the Ducks at night (an evil
practice that still persists), the Ducks are
not only holding their own in numbers but
they are obviously increasing.

The Federal Government, which has
done so much to bring about improved

conditions among wild-fowl, is now to
subject the ducking ground to a supreme
test. For 20 miles along the western shore
the land has been taken over and is being
made ready for an ordnance proving-
ground. It will be interesting to watch
the efifect of the heavy cannonading on
the wild-fowl. Will the birds be driven
away or will they be as unmindful of the
crash and roar as were the Blackbirds
along the battle-torn Yser, about which
Major Brooks has told Bird-Lore's
readers? — H. H. Beck, Lancaster, Pa.

THE SEASON

IX. June 15 to August 15, 1918

Mr. John T. Nichols, of the American
Museum of Natural History, has consented
to assume Mr. Rogers' duties as Editor of
this Department and reporter for the New
York Region, and Dr. Glover M. Allen
replaces Dr. Tyler in the Boston Region.
— F. M. C.

Boston Region. — Early summer was
notable for the absence of long-continued
storms, and so has been favorable for nest-
ing. The occasional severe thunder-
storms that followed in late July and
August seem to have done no noticeable
harm to the birds, despite their fury.

By the third week of July an interesting
Robin and Bronzed Crackle roost was dis-
covered at Lexington, to which already
nearly 200 Robins nightly resorted as well
as somewhat less than half that number of
Bronzed Grackles. The spot selected was
a dense clump of small red maples and gray
birches, bordered by shrubs, and nearly
surrounded on three sides by open meadow.
The Grackles arrived, mainly in a body,
a few minutes before sunset, followed
shortly by a few late individuals in groups.
These either lit on neighboring tree-tops
and, after a brief rest, betook themselves
to the densest part of the roost, or some-
times kept on past and returned after a
brief survey of the country. Meanwhile,
Robins were already arriving singly or in

small scattered groups of three or four,
coming mainly from the direction of the
center of the town or the thinly built-up
portion to the east. Few came from the
open country to the west. Some pitched
at once into the dense growth and soon
settled down; others alighted, first in
nearby trees and, later, after preliminary
challenging notes, betook themselves to
rest. The last birds came in early twi-
light. The whole company took barely
three-quarters of an hour to assemble for
the night. These were apparently birds
from the immediate vicinity, within a
radius of perhaps a mile or two. The
Grackles had nested in the pines less than
a mile away earlier in the spring. Among
the Robins, the voices of young birds of the
year, now strong on the wing, were occas-
ionally distinguishable. Apparently the
Robins that still were busied with young
in the near countryside did not join in the
flocking to this roost at the time. Absence
from town prevented further observation.
Starlings have been seen in small flocks
throughout early and late summer in the
lowland market-garden country of Bel-
mont, but are seldom seen back on the hills
to the north of Boston. They feed much
on the ground and seem to find consider-
able insect food. No reports of damage to
small fruits have been received from this
vicinity. In late August they are found

The Season

359

with the Robins and Cedar-birds, eating
the wild black cherries.

Bluebirds are in fair numbers and seem
to have brought their broods through well.
Chipping Sparrows appear more abundant
than usual and in August are seen in flocks
of old and young, with the Bluebirds, in
pastures and fields or along the roadsides.

Apparently more Herring Gulls than
usual have been seen on the waters of the
Back Bay Basin this summer. In previous
years one or two have drifted in to rest on
its quiet surface after summer storms, but
this season few days have passed when
from one to half a dozen might not be
seen swinging in or out again to the harbor.
Many of them, as was true of numbers
seen on the coast at Essex in late August,
seemed immature birds.

The fall migration of Warblers has
already started at this writing (August 27)
in normal fashion. On the coast multi-
tudes of White-bellied Swallows are notice-
able. The continuous fair weather should
be favorable for their safe passage south.
— Glover M. Allen, Boston, Mass.

New York Region. — After a cold spell
in April, the spring and summer came on
gradually and steadily until June. June
and July were cool and backward, there
being little hot summer weather until
about August i.

Summer resident birds arrived on time
and were present in about their usual num-
bers. Every year more Laughing Gulls
summer in this vicinity. July 6 and 7 of
this year a flock of about fifty were noted
at Mt. Sinai, L. I.

Waves of spring transients. Warblers,
etc., were notably absent. Two hypotheses
have been advanced in explanation: That
these birds are actually decreased in num-
ber, or that there were lacking warm waves
to stimulate the rapid advance of the mi-
grants and cold waves to hold them up in
this latitude.

The most notable bird phenomenon in
this vicinity was the abundance and late-
ness of north-bound shore-birds, several
species lingering through June, the last of
this spring flight being a single King-neck

Plover at Long Beach on July 3 (E. P.
Bicknell). As the Least Sandpiper had
returned there from the North on that
same date (about its usual time of arrival),
north- and south-bound birds actually met
in this latitude. It is assumed that the
Ring-neck of July 3 was a straggler from
the northward flight, as that species had
been present through the month of June.
It would be interesting to know whether
this individual continued northward until
it met members of its own species return-
ing, remained in this vicinity until they
arrived, or turned southward at this point
with Least Sandpipers and other birds
with which Ring-necks associate. The
late summer occurrence of young Little
Blue Herons on Long Island is greater
than that of last year (a flock of eight
observed at Mastic, 60 or 70 miles east,
August 3), but there have been fewer
American Egrets reported from near New
York. — ^JoHN T. Nichols, New York, N. V.

Philadelphia Region. — June and July
averaged about normal as to weather con-
ditions. On June 14 a severe thunderstorm
occurred, accompanied by hail, yet in spite
of this occurrence several nests which I had
been watching were unharmed. A mother
Killdeer must have endured a severe pelt-
ing but apparently with no ill effect to her
eggs, which all hatched, or to herself.

Purple Crackles, mostly immature birds,
were first noticed flocking in considerable
numbers June 8.

On June 16 a small Night Heron colony
near the city, containing sixteen nests, was
visited. That they had done very well
was shown by the fact that twenty-eight
young were counted perched about near the
nests. Some flew away at my approach.
Only one dead youngster was discovered,
probably having fallen from the nest.

July produced few interesting features.
Bank Swallows first appeared flying over
the marshes in conspicuous numbers
July 8.

The abundance of Nighthawks flying
about the city this summer is worthy of
mention. Their harsh cries could be heard
in almost any part of the city from twi-

3 Go

Bird- Lore

light on through the night. — Julian K.
Potter, Camden, N. J .

Washington Region. — Ornithological
happenings about Washington during
June and July were scarcely out of the
ordinary. A very hot wave during the
last week of May sent practically all the
northern migrants in search of a more con-
genial climate, so that by June i almost
none but summer resident birds -remained.
A few notes, however, seem worthy of
mention.

The Least Bittern appears to be rather
unusually numerous this summer, for many
were seen at Wellington, Va., and Dyke,
V'a., by Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Miner on
June 24 and July 6. An American Bittern
was also heard by them, pumping in a
marsh at Wellington on June 24, an occur-
rence of some interest, since this species
has been uncommon here in summer dur-
ing recent years. The same observers
report a Pied-billed Grebe seen at Chevy
Chase, Md., on July 2; and an adult male
Horned Grebe at Wellington, Va., on
June 24, the latter doubtless a crippled
bird. They also saw the Prothonotary
Warbler at Dyke on June i, and observed
it at Warwick, Va., June 15, which dates,
taken together with reports from other
observers this summer, seem to indicate
that the species is breeding in this vicinity.

On July 19 the writer found several
Long-billed Marsh Wrens in an unim-
proved part of Potomac Park. The ground
here is entirely dry, with no ponds or cat-
tails, but is covered with a rank growth of
weeds 4 to 7 feet in height, composed
chiefly of various species of goldenrod, in-
cluding the giant species, Solidago altis-
sima. Here the Wrens were quite at home
and in full song, though it is a place much
more suited to the Short-billed Marsh
Wren than to the other species. These
birds have been here through June and
July, and inquiry among local ornitholo-
gists developed the fact that many years
ago birds of the same species inhabited
the same place when it was damper than
at present and interspersed with a few
little ponds that had a sparse growth of

cattails. Thus it appears that the Wrens
have clung to the same habitat ever since,
notwithstanding the changes that it has
undergone, or returned to it on account of
the destruction of much cattail marsh by
the dredging operations now reclaiming the
river-flats in the vicinity of Washington.
The Purple Martins have again begun
to roost in Washington, somewhat earlier
than last year. They first appeared on
July 19, and since that time have been
steadily on the increase in numbers. —
Harry C. Oberholser, Biological Survey,
Washington, D. C.

Minneapolis, Minn., Region. — The
portion of the summer covered by this
report has been unusually cool and delight-
ful, broken by only an occasional really hot
day or two. Rain has fallen in sufficient
quantity so that the whole state has been
green and beautiful, and, as a result, crops
of all essential kinds have developed be-
yond the ordinary, both in quantity and
quality, and are just now, when of all
times they are most welcome, being gar-
nered in glorious abundance.

It may be interesting to note a curious
freak spell of weather that occurred July i
up along the northwestern border of our
state. Snow fell there on that date to the
depth of 4 inches, and photographs pub-
lished in the papers at that time show men
shoveling the snow from the sidewalks and
streets of Fargo as in wintertime.

Much of my last report was devoted to
a consideration of the exceptional scarcity
of birds in this locality the present year.
Further observation confirms this impres-
sion. Certain usually common summer
residents have been almost entirely absent
hereabouts. As examples: The writer has
not seen or heard this year a single Tow-
hee, the notes of which ordinarily come
from almost every suitable woodland; and
the frequent haunts of the Oven-bird have
been silent and deserted. True, an occa-
sional lonely individual of these species
has been reported, but the normal resident
population failed to appear. A careful
observer reports that the White-throated
Sparrow and the Junco were much less

The Season

361

abundant than usual in their summer
homes in our northern forests, and this
tallies well with the report that they passed
through the southern part of the state this
spring in greatly reduced numbers.

As an offset to this general paucity of
birds, it is a pleasure to record the unusual
abundance of a few species. Never before
have I seen such numbers of Grinnell's
Water -Thrush. From May 7 to May 23
they were constantly abundant along all
wooded streams and bushy lakesides, the
height of the migration being about May
14, when often several could be seen at
once in some favored haunt, daintily wad-
ing and wagging along through the shal-
lows or flitting from stone to stone, for all
the world like tiny Sandpipers. This
Water-Thrush is a migrant in southern
Minnesota, passing northward to the
evergreen forests to nest in company with
the Canadian Warblers and Sparrows.
Southeastern Minnesota is, however, the
summer home of a considerable number of
Louisiana Water-Thrushes which push
northward from the normal Carolinian
surroundings of the species, through the
wooded bottomlands of the Mississippi
River, to establish themselves at posts well
within the Alleghanian Fauna of the
Transition Zone. Not a few of these pio-
neering birds leave the Mississippi and
turn into the valley of the St. Croix River,
between Wisconsin and Minnesota, dis-
tributing themselves to nest along this
deep gorge as far north as Taylor's Falls,
about latitude 45 degrees, 20 minutes
north, just on the southern edge of the
Canadian Zone at this point. Curiously
enough, only a rare straggler now and then
continues the direct course up the Missis-
sippi. There are only two or three stray
records for the vicinity of Minneapolis,
and this year, for the first time, the nest of
the Louisiana Water-Thrush was found in
this region. This nest was situated in the
bank of a brook running through a wooded
ravine some 10 miles south of Minneapolis.
When discovered by the writer, on June 6,
it contained nearly fully fledged young,

indicating a surprisingly early date for
the arrival of this species in this latitude.

Another bird that was unusually com-
mon this spring was the Solitary Sand-
piper, in contrast with the scarcity of the
ordinarily abundant Spotted Sandpiper.
Hundreds of this species were to be seen in
mid- May along the wooded waterways.
They leave here to nest in the Canadian
Zone farther north. There was also, for a
few days, a great flight of Wilson's Snipe,
coming about April 16. A few of these
remain to breed in this vicinity. The
Lesser Yellow-legs was also common in
migration, and, as usual, a few stragglers
have remained through the summer— un-
mated or barren birds. On August i two
Least Sandpipers were seen feeding on a
mud-flat along the Minnesota River, either
very early returning migrants or unmated
birds summering far south of their nesting
fellows. These summer vagrants among the
Waders are of frequent occurrence and
caution must be exercised lest exceptional
breeding records be thus established. Thus
in mid-June of 1915, the writer found a
Ruddy Turnstone at Lake Mille Lac, Minn.
When shot, on June 22, it proved to be a
non-breeding female, summering amid the
colony of Common Terns nesting on
Spirit Island in that lake. Four Bona-
parte's Gulls in immature plumage were
also present. Again, on June 22, 1916, two
Sanderlings were found on Gull Rock in
Lake of the Woods, at home, apparently,
among the breeding Herring Gulls and
Double-crested Cormorants. One of them
was shot and showed no signs of being a
nesting bird.

Very few of the returning migrant land-
birds have reached the southern part of
Minnesota before the middle of .\ugust.
An occasional Tennessee Warbler may be
found during the first days of the month
and, a little later, the first Magnolia and
Blackburnian Warblers. These birds nest
in the northern part of the state; the
first species sparingly, the others com-
monly.— Thomas S. Roberts, Minne-
apolis, Minn.

2^oofe Jl^etosf anb fUebietusf

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — The July issue of 'The Auk '
opens with an article of historical interest
by Mr. S. N. Rhoads, entitled 'Georgia's
Rarities Further Discovered in a Second
American Portfolio of John Abbot's Bird
Plates.' A volume containing 122 hand-
colored plates has been found in a private
library, and our curiosity is aroused as to
the chances of other bits of the work of this
early portrayer of birds and insects turn-
ing up. Two of the plates are reproduced
in half-tope as a frontispiece.

One's attention will be arrested by a
careful study, accompanied by tables, of
the 'Home Life of the Vesper Sparrow and
the Hermit Thrush,' by E. M. and W. A.
Perry. It is concise, omitting non-essen-
tials that often burden similar studies, and
it is a clear statement of facts that speak
for themselves, and should be of interest
to many of us. Another readable contri-
bution is, 'Further Notes and Observa-
tions on the Birds of Hatley, Stanstead,
Quebec, 1916-1917,' by H. Mousley, a list
annotated in considerable detail.

'The Distribution of Nuttall's Sparrow
in California,' by Mr. C. L. Hubbs, shows
this race to be closely confined to humid
coast areas which are not swampy, but
regularly swept by moisture-laden winds.
He points out the abrupt change that takes
place at Point Concepcion. Another con-
tribution to the northwest coast orni-
thology is by J. H. Bowles on 'The Limi-
colse of the State of Washington,' a group
of birds about which information is always
welcome. There is also an annotated list,
by Mr. J. K. Jensen, entitled 'Notes on
the Nesting Birds of Wahpeton, North
Dakota,' a region that has received little
attention of late years; and one of rarities
in southern New England, by A. A. Saun-
ders, entitled 'Some Recent Connecticut
Bird Notes.'

'The Birds of Desecheo Island, Porto
Rico,' by Mr. A. Wetmore, includes eleven

(36

species. A brief sketch of the island is
given. 'Notes on the Anatomy of the
Cuban Trogon,' by Prof. H. L. Clark, also
describes the pterylography of this species.
The reviews of special important works
should not be overlooked by those who
seek to keep in touch with the progress of
ornithology. — J. D.

The Condor. — The July number of
'The Condor' is divided into three nearly
equal parts devoted to general articles,
reviews and minutes of the Cooper Club,
and a 'Directory of Members.' The first
article, containing 'Notes on the Nesting
of the Redpoll,' by Lee R. Dice, includes
records of three nests observed in 191 2 on
the north fork of the Kuskokwim River in
Alaska. Less than thirty days intervened
between the time of the completion of the
nest and the date when the young birds
left the nest. Because of a trip elsewhere
just when the eggs were hatching, the
precise period of incubation was not deter-
mined. A third part of Mrs. Bailey's
'Return to the Dakota Lake Region' is
devoted largely to experiences with White-
winged Scoters, Golden-eyes, and Prairie
Hens. Joseph Mailliard contributes a
description of a new subspecies of Fox
Sparrow, the Yolla BoUy Fox Sparrow
(Passeiella iliaca brevicauda), the type of
which was collected near South Yolla
Bolly Mountain, Trinity County, Calif.,
Aug. 7, 1913.

The reviews contain critical comments
on several recent publications, including
Dwight's paper on 'The Germs Junco' and
Cory's 'Catalogue of Birds of the Americas.'

The steady growth of the Cooper Orni-
thological Club is shown by the 'Directory
of Members' which contains the names of
600 members, six of whom are honorarj^
members. The club now has nearly one-
third more members than the British
Ornithologists' Union and two-thirds as
many members as the American Orni-
thologists' Union. — T. S. P.

Editorial

2>^i

25irli=lLore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor, MABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX Published October 1. 1918 No. 5

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United states, one dollar and fifty cents a year
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1918, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in t be Busb Is Worlb Two in the Hand

To many of the Editor's friends it has
never been quite clear why an ornithologist
should have been called to serve in the
Red Cross, though reflection will show
that the editorial problems presented by
technical publications are not unlike,
whether the subject matter relate to birds
or to surgical dressings. However, in a
new position in the Red Cross to which the
Editor has recently been appointed, the
relation between his profession and present
duties is somewhat clearer.

Knowledge of the country gained during
ornithological explorations in South Amer-
ica, in combination with experience ac-
quired during the past year in the Red
Cross, has, in the opinion of the War
Council, fitted him for the post of Red
Cross Commissioner to South America,
and in that capacity he leaves this country
Octooer 3, for an absence of several
months, to visit the Chapters of the
American Red Cross which have been
formed in the South American republics
and to further the interests of the Red
Cross generally. During this period his
editorial labors for Bird-Lore will be
performed by Mr. John T. Nichols, of the
American Museum of Natural History.

While it is not expected that a Com-
missioner of the Red Cross will have much
time at his disposal for the study of bird-
life, one's inherent interests and the habits
of a lifetime cannot be overcome, even by
the absorbing character of Red Cross
work, and it is proposed, therefore, to

send to Bird-Lore some account of the
bird-life of the countries visited as it
appears to the ornithologist en route. Our
itinerary leads from Havana to Panama
and thence to Lima, Valparaiso, Santiago,
Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Rio de
Janeiro, with detours into the interior, and
should therefore afford wide opportunity
for casual observations of the most char-
acteristic birds of land and sea.

These sketches will be illustrated by Mr.
Louis A. Fuertes. We regret to say that Mr.
Fuertes will not be a member of our party,
but his own wide experience in tropical
America has given him a large fund of in-
formation concerning the appearance in life
of many species of South American birds.

The soldier members of the ornithologi-
cal department of the American Museum
will recall with regret that the American
Ornithologists' Union will hold its annual
Congress at the Museum in November of
this year of their absence. But visiting
members may be assured that Messrs.
Allen, Waldron Miller, Dwight, and
Nichols will accord them a hearty wel-
come to the department of birds. Mean-
while let us hope that all members of the
A. O. U. absent on war duty may answer
the roll-call at the meeting of 1919.

The Biological Survey has issued explicit
regulations regarding the enforcement of
the laws protecting migratory birds. Due
provision is made for the issuance, to
properly accredited persons, of permits to
collect specimens for scientific purposes.
It should, however, be clearly understood
that these permits do not do away with
the necessity of a state permit, but are
required in addition to the permits issued,
as heretofore, under state laws. The regu-
lations are printed on a succeeding page.

Under the head, 'Our Native Birds,'
the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph pub-
lishes, each Saturday, articles on birds of
general and local interest, replies to ques-
tions, helpful suggestions, etc. The estab-
lishment by bird-dubs of similar depart-
ments in their local press would do much to
arouse and extend an interest in bird-study.

C^e Klutiubon ^ocietiesf

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

PRESENT AND FUTURE RESPONSIBILITIES

One has only to glance through the pages, or even the tables of contents,
of most of our weekly and monthly papers and magazines to realize that the
press is striving unremittingly to acquaint the public with changing conditions
and responsibilities, in the endeavor to educate as well as to interest its readers.
Running through The Scientific Monthly, for example, appear such articles as
'Education of the Public and Conservation of Native Fauna;' 'Modern Natural
History Museums and Their Relation to Public Education;' 'The Banana, a
Food of Exceptional Value;' 'The Conservation of Platinum;' 'Snow and Its
Value to Farmers;' 'The Cheapest Source of Increased Food Supplies;' 'Insects
and National Health;' 'Zoology and the War;' 'The Girasole, or Jerusalem
Artichoke, a Neglected Source of Food;' 'A National Park Policy;' 'The Work
of Museums in Wartime ;' 'The Application of Organized Knowledge to National
Welfare;' 'Beekeeping and the War;' 'Plant and Animal Life in the Purification
of a Polluted Stream,' etc. These few titles are cited to illustrate the range of
subjects which affect human welfare and in which everyone ought to take an
interest. It is not necessary to refer to a publication bearing the name 'scientific,'
to find articles dealing with topics of this nature, since, in some form or other,
they appear increasingly for the benefit of all classes and ages of people. The
significance of this condition is that in times like the present, it is a national,
yes, and an international necessity that everywhere, even in the remotest dis-
tricts, enlightenment along broad lines with reference to future responsibilities
be furthered in the most practical and beneficial way. "The future of any
nation is secure, if it lives up to its possibilities. Its national problems will be
solved and solved thoroughly and intelligently," says an English writer. Con-
sidering that, on the average, without special incentive, nations as well as
individuals do not attain to half their possibilities, it becomes clear that in
periods of stress like the present, not only nations but also every individual
member of them must rise to a higher level of intelligence, training and activity
if the problems and responsibilities so constantly multiplying are to be met
sanely and successfully. Through education alone, "without any unusual
incentive" it is stated that one may improve to the point where he may attain
to 60 or perhaps So per cent of his possibilities, by the aid of trained experts
upon whom would devolve the task of mapping out a system sufficiently flexible
and thorough to attain such a result.

(364)

The Audubon Societies 365

Not only is this forward look alluring in its promise of results, but it also
reflects the radical changes which must come about in our somewhat conserva-
tive ideas concerning the meaning and aim of education. A keen observer
recently wrote: "Few teachers realize the instrumental character of ideas, or
that the activity of knowing arises either to satisfy a need or to meet a new
situation and that the failure of education is due largely to the neglect of these
considerations. . . . The one reform needed at present is to form a clear
idea of what education really is, to understand that it takes place only when
our pupils are being trained to think out solutions to real problems, or to
devise means to meet real situations.

"Generally, we must ever keep in mind that education is taking place only
when the pupil is thinking; that thinking arises only when there is some problem
to solve, some new situation to meet or some obstacle to remove, and that
when these conditions are absent, all instruction becomes and must become,
mere unintelligent memorizing which develops neither the intellectual powers
nor the ability to meet the after demands of life."

Should this dictum appear to minimize the purely cultural side of educa-
tion and to savor too strongly of utilitarian ends, recall the instructions that
Pasteur gave to his students:' "Your business, your especial business, must be
to have nothing in common with those narrow minds which despise everything
in science which has no immediate application." Somewhere between the
extremes of the mind narrowed strictly to practical, visible ends and that of a
creative imagination with which one in ten thousand possibly, like a Pasteur,
may be endowed, must our ideal system of education for the masses be moored,
and let us never overlook the fact that while the narrow mind can never solve
the problems of the larger world, the creative vision of a Pasteur encompasses
not only large but small problems, even those of humblest needs. It was such
a master-mind as his that opened up vistas of research leading to modern
surgery, and, at the same time, "taught the vinegar-makers of Orleans how to
increase their output, instructed France how to prevent the souring of her
wines, and helped the brewers of London" by showing them the importance of
pure yeast, all practical problems in his day.

A great deal of discussion is going on just now about what shall be taught
and what shall be omitted in a thorough education. This is especially true of
science. We are confronted with great needs in scientific training and attain-
ment, but there is altogether too much uncertainty as to how best to accomplish
the tasks before us, and, in consequence, our schools fall below the standard of
efTiciency demanded of them. Without jiroposing to settle the disagreement as
to whether general science, elementary science, or a single science is the l)esl
means to the end, or whether nature-study shall be confined to the so-called
"natural history" method or be based more ihoroughlx' upon a fouiidati(»n in
touch with science, for the moment let tlie need of training be emphasized.
At this instant, in a single one of the allii-d nations, 50,000 specialists await

366 Bird -Lore

the call of their country or are already in service along lines for which long and
thorough training has prepared them. The supply of such workers for public
welfare must be augmented. Many teachers are leaving schools and colleges to
lake up Government service, but instead of fewer teachers, more are constantly
needed to carry on the program called for in a complete education. Vocational
training has possibilities as yet only beginning to be fulfilled. Whether it be
pupils in public schools, or the teachers guiding their education, vocationalists,
industrialists or, higher up in the scale of training, specialists of university and
research grade, everywhere more workers and better training are demanded.
By better training is meant not only a firmer grasp of the facts underlying
knowledge but also a breadth of vision which applies that knowledge, not
alone to physical and mental development but to spiritual upgrowth as well.

Criticizing present-day methods, especially of training in science, Sir H. H.
Johnston addressed to the Association of Public School Science Masters these
expressive words: "It is almost universally agreed that the education of the
impressionable young cannot be confined to the cultivation of the muscles
and the steadying of the nerves, to the care of the teeth and removal of ade-
noids, to the initiation into the mechanical arts and the decorative arts, nor to
the fiUing of the mind with an encyclopedia of useful information. You have,
in addition to caring for mind and body, to impart such education as may here
with great, there with only partial success, turn the raw material of your
pupils into good men and women, honest servants of the state, enthusiastic
patriots and law-abiding citizens, obeying, however, wise and humane laws
which they are competent to frame and understand.

"Into this third great branch of education (that of the education of the
soul) science, founded on demonstrable truth alone, must enter; superstition
must be banned. The scientific basis and authority for temperance and chastity
must be explained; children must be shown that wrongdoing against one's self
or the community does not pay in the long run; that against one's own body
and mind it is rapidly punished; that against the community not only are
there unpleasant consequences through the enforcement of laws which we have
made for the protection of the community, but, also, that the wrongdoer him-
self would suffer in security and happiness were there no such laws."

It is, perhaps, due as much to this one great lack in the educational system
of our present foe, namely, the neglect of the education of the soul, as to any
cause, that mental perspective has become so out of alignment and spiritual
sympathy and common humanity so startlingly absent among a people for
many of whose methods of training universal respect has hitherto been enter-
tained. There is much to criticize in our own system, so much, indeed, that we
will do well to take the matter up intelligently and conscientiously. Have the
schools in your vicinity been brought up to as high an average standard as is
consonant with the needs of the times? Are you resting satisfied with bodily
and mental training, the removal of adenoids and condensed, encyclopedic

The Audubon Societies 367

curricula? Are you quite sure that you are converting the raw material of
youth into citizenship of vision, a sense of duty, responsibility, creative thought
and spiritual understanding? Are you teaching children the value instead of
the dread of laws, the inevitableness of the results of transgression instead of
fear of those results? This is not a sermon nor is it intended to be one. It is
a plea for the highest standards of education by means of the application
throughout the world of knowledge to human welfare.

Especially urgent at this time seems the need of training with regard to
the relation between natural resources and human welfare. On every hand we
are asked to conserve without always understanding the reason. A carefully
prepared brochure from the Conservation Department of the General Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs states that "these resources touch every phase of our
national and individual life at some point of contact," and "that they are vitally
essential to the prosecution of the war." Enumerating soil, forestry, water-
ways, water-power, minerals, natural scenery, birds and flowers and wild
animal life, as well as related matters such as good roads and the planting of
the Lincoln Highway, food production and the conservation of human as well
as material resources, an appeal is made for a "practical, comprehensive study
of nature as a formal part of the public school course," on the ground that
"in children, the study of natural objects of the outdoor world is essential to
a well-balanced, rational mental development."

The opportunity to broaden our educational basis is certainly at hand, and
not alone boards of education, but you and I, as citizens and as members of
societies for the betterment of conditions, should stand ready to help this
movement. Audubon Societies are particularly responsible in this matter of
conservation and education for present needs and future demands. — A. H.W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XLI: Correlated with Geography, Elementary Agriculture,

and Conservation

A striking example of the need of some imperative necessity to awaken us
to the possibilities within our grasp is the relation of the war to agriculture and
conservation of resources. In 1898 a report of existing conditions in the United
States showed that "for several years prior to 1897 the price of wheat in the
North and West was so low as hardly to cover the cost of harvesting, while in
the southern states not enough was raised for local consumption," so that the
[)rice was more than double in that section of the country'. .\{ the same time,
cotton, the staple croj) of the South, was so low in price as "to yield noprolit,"
while wheat was so high "that if a fair division of acreage had been made

368 Bird- Lore

between the two, the southern planters would have realized handsome profits
instead of suffering financial distress."

At the same time, in the North, in New York and Wisconsin, for example,
dairying, and especially cheese-making, were chiefly relied upon by farmers,
although the price of cheese was only eight or nine cents a pound, and a few
}ears earlier, even as low as four cents. Most of the same land which was
exclusively devoted to feeding stock for dairy purposes lay in the sugar-beet
belt and was also suitable for growing wheat and other paying crops.

Today, owing to the requirements of war measures, a farmer must become
informed correctly as to what to plant and what not to plant, as well as to how
to plant, when to plant, and when to change crops. The Government furnishes
an almost endless amount of information with regard to these matters, besides
having established in every state a thoroughly equipped school of agriculture
in which some of the finest instructors anywhere are to be found.

The United States Department of Agriculture, under the Division of
Biological Survey, does a work so invaluable that every scholar in every school
should at least know of its existence and have some idea of the benefits to be
derived from following its suggestions.

Take a geography and look at a map of North America, one upon which
no states or territories are marked. What idea have you concerning the nature
of the soil, the amount of forested area as contrasted with great plains or
cultivated land, the relative amount of rainfall or the extremes in temperature
at any point which this map represents?

Perhaps you know the names of large cities, of important seaports or navi-
gable rivers, of mountain ranges and lakes of considerable size, but do you
know where wheat can be successfully grown, and, if so, what kind of wheat,
or where cattle can be raised to advantage, or the sugar-beet, fruits, cereals of
all kinds, and upon what conditions the nation's supply of fish and shell-fish
depends?

These are questions of very great interest to every man, woman and child
today, and, as time goes on, they will become far more imperative because, as
people increase in numbers, here as well as all over the world, a food-supply
must be produced which will keep them strong and in constant health. At the
same time, this food-supply must be grown with such attention to its proper
distribution that the possibilities of each particular soil and climate be taken
advantage of to the utmost. In this way, all classes of people, wherever they
may live, will be able to get food of healthful quality and in sufficient amount
to meet their necessities, and, particularly, by this means will the distressing
complications of transportation, which now cause hardship to many, be largely
avoided.

The time and place for every boy and girl to make a start in this extremely
valuable kind of knowledge are in our public schools. With an isothermal map
of North America and a handful of colored crayons at hand, a class can quickly

The Audubon Societies 369

trace the so-called "life-zones," that is, the land areas where crops can be grown,
throughout North America, with especial emphasis upon the arrangement of
those zones in the United States. Bulletin No. 10, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam,
published in i8g8 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Biological
Survey), contains a map of the United States upon which these life-zones are
traced in color, and on which the humid and arid portions of them are also
indicated.

We find three great divisions of temperature: cold (boreal) in the North,
and high up along mountain-ranges even into Mexico; temperate (austral)
throughout the United States and Mexico, except on the cold mountain heights
or in the hot lowlands; and hot (tropical) in southern Florida, the edges of
Texas, and Southern California, the tip of Lower California, and m;)st of
Central America, with a part of Mexico.

Within these regions of heat, cold, and partial heat and cold, only certain
kinds of vegetation will grow or particular forms of animals thrive. To the
far North there are almost endless stretches of ice and snow, along the southern
limit of which, during midsummer, the temperature rises to about 50° Fahr.
Below this frigid zone, which may be described as Arctic-Alpine, and where no
trees can grow, and only a few rugged, dwarfed plants, beautiful beyond de-
scription during the period of bloom, comes a broad transcontinental belt of
evergreen (coniferous) forests that bears the name of the great bay, the southern
shores of which it only partially surrounds, namely the Hudsonian Zone. Here,
also, it is too cold to raise any but the hardiest crops. Indeed, in a climate
where the highest summer temperature is only a little over 57'^ Fahr., one would
hardly expect to find crops of any amount or value. So, vast as the land-area
in these zones may appear on the map, they are as yet of little value to man in
producing food-supplies beyond fish or wild game, and these only in limited
quantity. The great Canadian Zone, which forms the extreme southern part
of the Boreal Region, except along mountain-heights farther south yet, is
where we may begin a survey of agriculture. Before making a list of the dilTerent
kinds of food-supply found in this zone and the more temperate ones, it will
be helpful to make a simple study of the kinds of soil in which crops grow. So
important is this matter of soils that the U. S. Department of Agriculture has
a special staff of workers whose business it is to chart different kinds of soil on
large colored maps. You will find it interesting to look at such maps, where the
prominent feature is the soil. Here you will imd the location of swampy areas,
tidal marshes, coastal beaches, meadows, muck-beds, rough stony land, tine
sandy or gravelly loam or varieties of these types of soil. On page S42 in Mrs.
Anna B. Comstock's 'Handbook of Nature-Study,' you will discover a heljiful
method of becoming acquainted with the earth beneath you, and if you will, in
addition, bring from your own home grounds a few handfuls of earth to compare
with samples which your state boards of agriculture will doubtless be glad to
loan or give you, in a short time you will bi- able In tell one soil from another.

.^7o Bird - Lore

SUGGESTIONS

1. In what region do you live, boreal, austral, or tropical?

2. What is your idea of a life-zone?

3. Where are the coldest parts of the United States? The hottest? The temperate?

4. Will wheat and other cereal crops grow anywhere? What kind of soil do they
need?

5. What determines their distribution? IIow much frost, rainfall, and drought will
they survive?

. 6. Does wheat grow where you live? Do you know how much wheat your state
produces annually? How much of other cereal crops?

7. Do you know how many bushels of these various crops are raised to the acre in
your state? Does the amount vary from year to year? Is it possible to increase the
amount raised on an acre? How?

8. Where are the largest wheat-belts of the world? Where is the largest amount of
wheat to the acre raised?

9. Is it possible for the United States to raise all the wheat needed at home as well
as what is demanded for export to other nations? Should we try to raise as much as
possible or just what is needed? What is a surplus? Do you know how large a surplus
of wheat our Government hopes to have this year? Will it want more yet in 1919? Why?

10. What birds injure cereal crops? What birds protect them?

ir. Can you name all the countries and states as well as the water highways over
which the Golden Plover flies in its annual migration? Where is it not well protected?

12. Why would it pay to protect this as well as all other Plovers and shore-birds
generally? Are there Plovers in the eastern hemisphere? Golden Plover? Do they ever
meet our Golden Plover? If so, where do you think it might be? Does anyone know
wh}^ the Golden Plover goes so far north to nest and so far south to winter?

13. What do you know about the insects upon which it feeds? Does it have any
other kind of food? Can you tell the difference between different kinds of grasshoppers
and locusts? Have you any idea how many kinds there are in the United States alone?

14. Compare the habits of the Bobolink in the North and in the South, also in the
spring, summer, fall, and winter. When and where should it be always protected?

In 1865, 1869, and 1886, locusts appeared in devastating numbers in Nebraska, at
places so many as to darken the sun. Without the aid of such birds as the Yellow-
headed Blackbird, Plover, Quail, Curlew and Prairie Chicken, cereal crops would have
been lost. A farmer in Fremont, Neb., wrote, "In answer to your question about the
birds and the locusts, I must say this: 'Every farmer that shoots birds must be a fool.'
I had wheat this spring on new breaking. The grasshoppers came out apparently as
thick as the wheat itself, and indeed much thicker. I gave up that field for lost. Just
then great numbers of Plovers came, and flocks of Blackbirds and some Quail, and com-
menced feeding on this field. They cleaned out the locusts so well that I had at least
three-fourths of a crop, and I know that without the birds, I would not have had any.
I know other farmers whose wheat was saved in the same way."

From Fall River, Mass., comes this surprising record of the beneficial work of the
Spotted Sandpiper in a garden and orchard about 1,500 feet from the shore: "Three
pairs nested in a young orchard behind my house and adjacent to my garden. I did not
see them once go to the shore for food, but I did see them man\' times make faithful
search of my garden for cutworms, spotted squash bugs, and green flies. Cutworms and
cabbage worms were their especial prey. After the young could fly, they still kept at
work in my garden and showed no inclination to go to the shore until about August 15.
The}' and a flock of Quail just over the wall helped me wonderfully." — A. H. W.

The Audubon Societies 371

For and From Adult and Young Observers
OUR BIRD EXHIBIT

A bird exhibit was held by the Junior Audubon Society of Grades V and VI,
at Fields School, Wollaston, Mass., on May 6. Bird records were played on
the victrola, and the children enjoyed them very much.

Stuffed birds were loaned by Henry Jones, and four or five came from the
Wollaston School. Among the birds there were the Blue Jay, Flicker, King-
fisher, Loon, Rail, Barred Owl, Cedar Waxwing, and many others.

MASSACHUSKTIS FIKLUS SCHOOL. (JRADES \ AM) \ I

There were some nests brought in by the children, although Miss Thayer
ijrought most of them. There were nests of the Baltimore Oriole, Robin,
Hummingbird, Barn Swallow, Chipping Sparrow, and others, too.

On the wall there were pictures from the Audubon Leaflets and drawings
colored by the children. Booklets written by the class on "How Birds Will
Help to Win the War" were displayed.

Five dollars was received from the exhibit. Half of it was donated to the
Junior Red Cross and half to the Massachusetts Audubon Society. — Eliz.v-
BETH Morris (age 11 years).

[The teacher of these pupils writes: "The boys and girls have cnjoyeti very much
our work on birds this year. Meetinj^s have been held every weeic since the last of March.
The pujjiis look forward to Tuesday afternoons when one of their members presides.
We have found the Audubon leaflets and the outline drawings very helpful." In another
column of this Department special reference is made to the value of these outline draw-
ings. Any teacher who grasps the significance of form and proportion in identifying

372 Bird -Lore

birds has gone a long way in solving the problem of teaching others how to become
most certain of bird neighbors in all conditions of adverse light, distance, and unusual
phases of plumage.

The exhibition described al)o\e has an added interest for our readers because of the
judicious and patriotic disposal of the proceeds of the entertainment. There cannot be
too much of this cooperation between Junior and State Societies. — A. H. W.]

BIRD EXHIBITS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Marian A. Webb, of Fort Wayne, Ind., writes of a proposed i)lan to
hold bird exhibits in the pubhc hbraries of Indiana. The idea is an excellent
one.

[For many reasons, public libraries, and particularly the children's dc])artments in
them, are most advantageously situated for the display of bird-exhibits as well as for
reaching a large number of people in a short time. Now that the public needs graphic
instruction in many essential points relative to national welfare and conservation, the
libraries throughout the land would do well to discuss some form of concerted action
in this connection. Food conservation exhibits are not infrequent in public buildings
like museums and libraries, and attract large numbers of interested persons who really
wish to learn the essential facts about present methods and needs in establishing regula-
tions which shall insure safety to ourselves and all nations now dependent upon us for
food. As time goes on, and the requirements of all the allied nations are being more care-
fully systematized, it becomes the duty of every thinking and patriotic person to obtain
information which is entirely reliable. Many who have neither time nor patience or,
perhaps, who cannot read the various conservation bulletins which are going broadcast
through the land, will grasp the truth and heed the warning conveyed by a carefully
arranged exhibit. Not alone birds but many other natural resources must be studied
with a view to wise conservation, and, for many persons, an exhibit which silently pre-
sents the actual state of affairs now existing, without comment or antagonizing argu-
ment, is more effective than lectures, bulletins, or personal appeals. Undoubtedlj',
thousands of adults and children came into sympathetic touch with the national situa-
tion last year, as well as with future national necessities, through the clear and truthful
presentation of the matter in the detailed exhibit shown in the main entrance hall of
the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Any exhibit, however
small its scale, can reach the public if it illustrates a fact truthfully. The cooperation
of libraries and museums is greatly to be desired at this juncture. — A. H. W.]

ATTRACTING BIRDS TO MY HOME

I would like to tell readers of Bird-Lore my lovely experience in tr\-ing
to attract the birds to my home.

Our home, with its yard of trees, shrubbery, vines, and garden, faces a
small lake. The first summer we lived there we had very few birds. The
next year we put up nesting-boxes and began feeding the birds to make them
feel we were their friends. The food we used was only the left-overs from the
table, such as cereals, crumbs, and dry bread, which they carried away to their
babies as fast as we put it out. This summer we had thirty-six varieties, so you
can see what protection and food means to the birds.

The Audubon Societies 373

After having that number visiting our feeding-place, we could go to the
nests of seventeen different kinds of birds.

I am a little girl ten years old, and a member of the Audubon Society of
Findley School, Akron, Ohio.

I have found the colored plates a great help in studying the birds. I wish
every little girl could be a member of this Society. — Elizabeth Foust, Akron,
Ohio.

[Perhaps no more appreciative comment could be made upon this attractive, though
unembellished statement of home experiences with birds, than to add a letter from a
little girl farther west who is taking up bird-photography with the same pure and sane
enthusiasm of the real nature-lover. In both instances, home surroundings are made the
starting-point for acquaintance with birds, and, in both instances, that apparently nar-
row horizon is rich in results. It was Gilbert White who as long ago as 1768 wrote of his
quiet English garden: "All nature is so full that that district produces the greatest
variety which is most examined." It is quite safe to say that patient observation in
very limited areas leads eventually to records and discoveries of secrets apparently
hidden from those who survey Nature only superficially here, there, or anywhere fancy
or chance may lead. The summer bird-population with which the writer is most familiar
might almost be compared with that of a strictly home-plot, so intimately associated
are the birds with particular and probably preferred nesting and feeding areas therein.
Possibly circumstances may never again combine so favorably as to make another
opportunity for acquaintance with bird-neighbors as fortunate as this. Surely they can
never duplicate this particular spot. — A. H. W.]

A \\ki;.\ AM) lis IlDMK

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Not until yesterday did 1 know lliat such a profitable magazine as Bikd-
LoKK existed, and now I am anxious to contribute some of my kodak pictures
to it.

1 am a true ioxcr of nature and am es])ecially fond of birds. My camera,
lor years, has Ijeen my favorite comi)anion, but not until last year did I realize
the real value of bird-pholograi)hy. Now that I know how to get Hiro-Lork,
I am more interested than ever. After my experiences, and m\- failing results

374

Bird- Lore

along this line of work, I have learned that to obtain a good bird picture,

requires one to have the patience of Job.

' I shall enclose a picture of a little Wren and its house, which took me two

hours before I was able to get it, but when finally I saw the result of my effort,

I think it was worth all my time and trouble.
There is never a bird too small nor too tame to
be unworthy of my attention; I love especially
the little Wrens.

I was never so surprised in my life as
when a companion and myself took a stroll
through a woods, and without any trouble
were able to obtain the picture of an Owl,
whfch seemingly sat on a tree-stump posing
for us.

I hope that other bird-lovers will direct
their interest to bird-photography, as the re-
sults, when good, are an everlasting pleasure.
— Frieda E. Nolting, Indianapolis, Ind.

[The contributor does not give the species of the
Owl and Wren photographed, but apparently they
are the Screech Owl and Bewick's Wren. However,
it is better to know a Wren simply as a Wren, and
know it well because of its family characteristics
than to think you know the difference between a
House and Bewick's Wren, without first being able
to distinguish the Wren cut of bill, tail and wings,

form of head, motions and quality of song. Once acquainted with a Wren as a Wren,

the task of deciding its specific name becomes simplified. — A. H. W.]

YOUNG SCREECH OWL

BIRDS OF THE FAR WEST
I

I have seen a great many birds in this eastern Oregon country — ever so
many more than I expected.

We started on Wednesday afternoon, June 20, and went as far as Hood
River that evening. The birds seen that far were about the same as in Port-
land. The ne.xt morning we got an early start, and motored, on a side trip, to
the 'Devil's Punch-Bowl,' a beautiful waterfall in the shape of a punch-bowl,
not far from Hood River. It was here that I had the first of my interesting
experiences. Near Hood River I saw a kind of Junco that, so far, I have not
been able to identify. A little farther along we saw several beautiful speci-
mens of the Lewis' Woodpecker. At the 'Devil's Punch-Bowl' in which the
water is very swift, we saw a Dipper 'swimming' in and out. I was really a
little anxious for its safety in that swift falls, but it seemed not to mind it in
the least.

The Audubon Societies 375

After making the 'Devil's Punch-Bowl' as a side trip, we went on to Maupin.
We stopped at The Dalles for lunch, and that was about the beginning of the
sagebrush country. Here we began seeing several new birds not found in the
Willamette Valley. Crossing the Cascades I had my first, and very enthu-
siastic acquaintance with the Mountain Bluebird. Though I had always
thought it beautiful, I had no idea it was as beautiful as it really is. The
picture in Reed's 'Western Bird Guide,' is not at all accurate, and even the
descriptions did not paint to me such a pretty picture as it proved to be. There,
also, I had my first acquaintance with Say's Phoebe and Cassin's Kingbird.
Both were very plentiful, though the bird that was the most numerous, I
think, was the Meadowlark. One peculiar thing that came to my notice was
the nesting-site of the Cassin's Kingbird. The telegraph poles in this district
are braced by smaller posts some five feet high, directly alongside, and I saw
two nests ot Cassin's Kingbird, placed on the top of the smaller post with
absolutely no protection from wind or rain. Along in this district, through
Wasco County, I also saw several Mourning Doves.

Wasco County abounds in rolling plateaus covered with low sagebrush and
small, fine grass. Shortly before reaching Maupin I saw the first Dusky
Horned Lark on the trip and one Rock Wren, the first I had ever seen, and it
was very obliging and allowed me to get a good look at it.

We arrived at Maupin shortly after sunset, and as it grew dusk I went
down to the river to "see what I could see." About six Nighthawks were sail-
ing over the water, catching the many mosquitoes.

The following day we motored to Heppner from Maupin. Not far from
Maupin I saw my first Northern Shrike. The rolling plateaus continued here,
and now the more desert types of birds became abundant. Cassin's Kingbird,
the Dusky Horned Lark, Vesper Sparrow, Mourning Dove, and Mountain
Bluebird were abundant, while several Burrowing Owls, Cowbirds, Bank
Swallows, Rough- winged Swallows, and Killdeer were seen. Going through a
mountainous region covered with Pine, I saw my first White-headed Wood-
pecker.

About sunset we came to a place called 'Buttermilk Canon.' This caiion
is aljout si.x miles long and very winding. A number of birds were seen here,
including Brewer's Blackbirds, (among these I saw a freak with a white tail),
Mourning Doves, Robins, and Dusky Horned Larks. I do not think, however,
that I ever saw such a magnificent sunset. The effect on the rolling plateaus
surrounding us was wonderful, and just as dark nearly closed in art)und us,
coming up a hill, we came into full view of Mt. Hood, half enveloped in dark-
ness, but with a beautiful pink haze covering the summit, and Ml. .\dams
was a solid mass of glowing color — orange, pink, blue, purple, and gray, all
blended together.

The next day, having stopped for the night at Heppner, we went on to
Pendleton. It was here that we met many Magpies. We also saw a number

376 Bird -Lore

of Burrowing Owls, Brewer's Blackbirds, Kingbirds {Tyrannus tyrannus)
Cowbirds, Cassin's Kingbirds, Mourning Doves, Crows, and Ravens. Just
out of Pendleton, much to my surprise, I saw several Ring-necked (or Chinesfe)
Pheasants.

On the 25th we went to LaGrande, crossing the Blue Mountains. The
birds were about the s;ame here, with the exception of another White-headed
Woodpecker.

The following day we went on to Baker. The most common birds were
Brewer's Blackbirds, though Redwings, and Barn and Cliff Swallows were
abundant.

On the 28th we started back for LaGrande but were marooned by the Rock
Creek flood caused by the dam breaking. The entire town of Rock Creek was
washed away, and the country for five miles around was flooded, so we decided
to return to Baker. The only things I noticed which were disturbed in bird-life
were the Barn Swallows. They seemed much disturbed over the flood and flew
about, dipping into the water now and then. On the way back to Baker, how-
ever, I saw something which made me feel well repaid even for being marooned
by the flood, and that was four Bobolinks not far from Baker. They were the
first ones I had ever seen, and I understand they are quite rare in Oregon.
I saw them very well, and had the good fortune to hear them sing.

Today we came on to LaGrande, and saw the Bobolinks again. Another
bird I saw not far from Cove was the California Quail which I had not seen
before in eastern Oregon.

So far this year (since Jan. i, 191 7) I have seen 112 varieties of birds,
and I'm going to raise that number before I get home. — Mary E. Raker,
Portland, Ore.

I live in Vancouver, Wash., on the Columbia River.

Since the new interstate bridge is finished between Oregon and Washing-
ton, we often go to Portland in our automobile, it is such a lovely drive. As
we cross the sloughs of the river we see the Great Blue Herons catching fish.
They seem to like it there, and we usually see two or three every tirne we pass.

Mother and I go out into the woods to watch the birds in summer. They
are so interesting.

The Oregon Towhees are plentiful out here, and the Willow Goldfinches are
nearly as thick as the English Sparrows. I have two bird-houses on our garage,
and there is a family of Bluebirds that build there every year. They have been
building there for four years now. They usually raise several broods a season.

The little Martins also build in one of my boxes. They go into my garden
and keep it clear of all insects that would harm my plants. Last summer I
raised and canned twenty-one quarts of tomatoes and had all we wanted to
eat fresh, from a dozen plants of tomatoes, while some of my neighbors had a

The Audubon Societies 377

very few on account of some kind of an insect that ate the tomatoes. I think
it was my Martins and Bluebirds that kept mine free from insects, because
I did not use anything to keep the insects off.

I have just put up a Wren-house. I am hoping some Httle Wren will make
its home there next summer.

We have a vine on our front porch, and a Robin built there last summer
and raised four little Robins. We are hoping that they will come back again
this year.

The Oregon Chickadees are very numerous here. You can hear them almost
any time you go out.

Meadowlarks stayed here all winter, and so did the Bluebirds and Rol)ins.
It snowed for about a week here, but we fed them and they just swarmed around
the back porch where there was food. As we are only 100 miles from the coast,
and on a river, Sea Gulls stay here for the smelt in the river.

I have a kodak and try to take pictures of birds but have never had very
much luck.

The Flicker, or more commonly known Yellow-hammer, is a familiar bird
in these parts. We also have the Allen Hummingbird, as well as the King-
fisher. There are also lots of Thrushes here and plenty of Sparrows. — Mary
C. Denny, (age, 13 years), Vancouver, Wash.

[It will be instructive for Eastern readers to look up the species and varieties of the
common birds noted in these letters from the Far West, e. g., the Chickadee, Goldfinch,
Towhee, and Bluebird, and, also, to study the occurrence and distribution of Humming-
birds in North .Vmerica, and more particularly, in the United States. Especially note-
worthy is the mention of the beneficial food-habits of birds in the garden. The tomato-
worm may have been the pest injuring the plants. — A. H. W.]

NESTING RECORDS

Last year I found seventy-one nests. Fifty-four of them were found back
in New Jersey before the middle of June, when I came home. There, although
it was rather late for nests, I fotmd seventeen nests, exclusive of two large ClitT
Swallow colonies.

I have a notebook in which 1 keej) a record of all the nests that I tind. I
give each nest a number and record each observation of that nest under its
own number. In the first entry for each nest I describe the location carefully
for future reference. Here is just a sample, showing the records of the first
six nests that I found.

1. .\i)ril 23. Robin in ajjple tree ni'aresl barn in back orchard. .Saw her la>' the first

piece of string in the crotch.

2. April 24. Phfjebe on steel girder under first bridge west of iKwpitMl. Two ei,'i,'s. East

year's nest on another girder.

3. .April 25. Robin in bush in front i>f ("line house. No eggs.
1. .\pril 25. liig bunch of grass, no mud lining.

4. .\pril 2(>. Purple Ciracklc in small ( cdar on edge of our orchard, liirio eggs.

378 Bird -Lore

2. April 28. Four eggs.

5. April 28. Robin in the big maple. One egg.

6. April 28. Song Sparrow in Reed's hedge. Three eggs.

1. April 29. Two eggs, but no mud lining.

3. May I. Cat killed one of the birds and pulled nest down.

2. May 2. Five eggs. Sitting.
6. May 2. Four eggs. Sitting.

4. May 3. Five eggs. Sitting.

1. May 8. Four eggs. Sitting.

5. May 13. Nest empty. Think they were stolen.

2. May 13. Three young just hatched and two eggs.

1. May 16. Three young just hatched and one egg.
4. May 16. Young three or four days old.

6. May 20. Only three young; pin-feathers ready to burst.

2. May 23. Feathers not out yet.
6. May 23. Ready to leave nest.
2. May 24. Feathers all out.

4. May 24. Left nest.

1. May 24. Three young left nest. One unhatched egg in nest.

2. June 3. Four young left nest. One unhatched egg left in nest.

To find the history of any nest, first find its number and then go down the
hst, reading wherever that number is repeated. In this manner I have all my
nesting records in a compact form, where they are readily accessible.
At the end of the year a summary may be made:
3 Robins i Song Sparrow

I Crackle i Phoebe

This shows how much more common the Robin nests are than any others.

A Robin takes five days to build a nest.

Phoebes build under the same bridge year after year.

A Song Sparrow builds its nest, incubates, and young leave nest in about
a month.

A Phoebe lays an egg every other day.

These and more facts can be obtained from the records of these six nests,
so it is easy to see what records can be obtained through a study of seventy-
one nests. — James W. Clise, Jr. (age 15 years), Willowmoor Farms, Red-
mond, Wash.

[Observations of nesting operations are especially instructive. Do not disturb the
parent birds. It is excellent practice to keep brief records like the above, which can be
easily tabulated for reference. — A. H. W.]

BIRDS

Birds are a help, especially to the farmers. They help by eating worms and
insects. Then, too, everybody likes to hear their sweet songs. All birds are
pretty, even the little English Sparrow which we hate so much.

The birds help us, why not let us help the birds? We can tie a bell around
the cat's neck so that when it chases birds the bell will ring and give the

The Audubon Societies 379

birds a warning. In the winter the birds have to have food as well as we, so
let us throw out the crumbs when we brush the table-cloth. Another way to
help birds is to put out horse-hairs, because they like them for their nests.
There is another that boys do not very often pay any attention to, that is,
not to rob their nests. You shouldn't do it, boys. Do not shoot or throw stones
at birds. If you see anybody doing harm to birds, tell them that they ought to
be like Mr. Audubon and love and care for them instead of harming them. If
you see a bird with a broken wing or leg take it and care for it as though it
had always lived with you. — ^Dorcas Davis, (age 10 years). Fourth Grade,
Delavan, Wis.

[If we could only get the feeling that birds have always lived with us we should feel
much more interest in them and we should certainly protect them with far greater care.
—A. H. W.]

AN OPPORTUNITY FOR HELPFUL EXCHANGE
CORRESPONDENCE

I am forwarding to you under separate cover three school papers, and the
supplement of the official organ of the Education Department of South
Australia. They may interest some of your members, in so far as they indicate
the steps we are taking in our schools to educate the 'young idea' up to bird
protection.

What are our American cousins doing in this direction? Could any of them
send a written message of encouragement, to be printed in the Children's Hour
in this state? I'm sure our boys and girls would be most appreciative. Yours
sincerely.— Alfred Geo. Edquist, z\delaide High School, Education Depart-
ment, Adelaide, South Australia.

A STRAY VERSE

"Oh Goldfinch!
Oh, happy Robin !

Who taught you how to smooth your pretty feathers !
Who gave you hay to stuflf your breast out with !
'TwasGod! 'twas God!
He done it."

[Written by a little girl of eight, whose name was not sent. Without changing the
grammar, let us all catch the spirit of these charming, naive lines. — .\. H. W.)

LEAST TERN

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

'^e Rational Msaotiation of Hububon ^octetie£i

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 97

One of the daintiest and most confiding of our sea-birds is the Least Tern.
Except where they have been extensively shot or otherwise disturbed, they
often exhibit a lack of fear that is astonishing.

On the North Carolina coast I have frequently seen them light on the
beach within 15 or 20 feet of where I was standing in the open. Their aggres-
sion, when one approaches their nests, is equaled only by their near relative,
the Arctic Tern.

LEAST TERX FEEDING ITS MATE ON IHi; \KM
Photographed by E. H. Eorbush on an island off the Massachusetts Coast

Forty years ago Least Terns were among the most numerous sea-birds
inhabiting the North American continent. Their colonies, situated on islands
or points of sandy peninsulas, could be found with great frequency as one
traveled along our eastern coast from Maine to Texas. They were also found
interiorly in some places, especially up the Mississippi River and, to a limited
extent, its tributaries. Here the birds bred on small shoals in the rivers. In
those days they ranged as far north as Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa.

Their beauty of plumage, the ease with which they might be killed, and their
vast numbers all contributed to their popularity with the feather-trade, and

(380)

LEAST TERN
Order-LoNGiPBNNBS Famlly-LARio.t

Genus-SxERNA Specles-ANTiLi.ARUM

National Association of Audubon Societies

Least Tern 381

during the '8o's, before the Audubon work became effective, their slaughter
constituted one of the blotches on our American life.

It was the custom in those times for men to fit out vessels with provisions,
ammunition, and collecting materials sufficient to last them for days, or even
weeks. These piratical crews sailed the coast, killing and skinning the Least
Terns and, incidentally, many other birds for the New York millinery houses.

This shooting was carried on almost entirely in spring and summer when
the birds were gathered in colonies for the purpose of rearing their young. It
was very easy to kill them in numbers, as they flew in screaming clouds low
over their eggs and young that dotted the breeding territory. In fact, it was not
always necessary to use a gun. So dense were the clouds of birds that the
hunters frequently would hurl clubs or short poles among the flying hosts.
From two to a half-dozen birds could easily be disabled at a stroke. A half-
hour's work at clubbing and shooting by two or three men was often sufficient
to secure several hundred birds — all that the crew could skin during the
remainder of the day.

By this method the colonies on Long Island were exterminated in a short
time. A big killing went on along the coast of Virginia. On Cobbs Island,
10,000 specimens were taken in a single season. A woman representing a New
York millinery house directed this work. She took with her two or three
skinners and employed the local gunners to kill thp birds, paying them ten cents
for each one brought in.

So rare had the Least Tern become on Cobbs Island in 1892 when the writer
visited the place during the height of the breeding season that less than a half-
dozen individuals were seen. The terror of man was so strong upon them that
when they caught sight of two of us coming down the beach they flew with
startled cries toward the open sea, and we did not see them again during our
subsequent excursions along the beach the next three or four days.

Two inhal)itants of Morehead City, N. C, Augustine Piner and Joseph
Royal, were famous slaughterers of birds in those days, and the numbers of
Terns and Egrets that these two men and their crews gathered for the feather
business ran into the hundreds of thousands.

By both of these men I have been given intimate, detailed descriptions of
their killing and skinning cruises. From them I learned that they frec[uently
found the shooting of Terns protita])le at other ])laces than on the breeding-
grounds. The Terns often gathered in numbers about inlets to the sea where
the constant ebb and flow of the tide evidently furnished excellent oppor-
tunities for feeding.

As soon as one bird was shot down on the water, tlie others in tiie neighbor-
hood would come n>ing about overhead, dipj)ing down and shouting at the
strange api)earance of tlieir hel])less comrade. It was then easy to make a
large bag of birds in a few niiiiutcs. If the tlock was wild and ditlicult\- was
experienced in getting down the first bird, all they needed to do was to tie a

382

Bird -Lore

handkerchief to a stick and throw it in the air. This decoy, falhng to the water,
was sufficient to bring the nearest Terns quickly within range of the guns.
Because of its small size, the entire skin of the Least Tern was usually worn for
hat-decoration. In the case of the larger Terns it was often customary to use
only the wings.

For many years the killing of these birds has now been illegal, and the
wardens of the National Association of Audubon Societies and, in two cases,
the wardens of state game commissions have been guarding the summer colonies

of Terns along our
coast. In some sec-
tions the Least Tern
is recovering its
numbers to a limited
extent. For ex-
ample, when the first
Audubon warden
began guarding the
colonies on the
North Carolina
coast, which was in
the year of 1903, so
scarce had the Least
Tern become that
only fourteen eggs
were laid that year.
By careful guarding, the birds increased until three years later, by fairly
accurate count made by the warden in charge, 577 Least Terns are believed
to have been raised. The numbers steadily increased another year or two,
when heavy storm-tides, sweeping the low-lying islands, destroyed the eggs and
young alike and for a time prevented further increase.

The Audubon Law in North Carolina put an end to this slaughter, but only
when the Least Tern had decreased almost to the point of extermination and
the other Terns of the region had become vastly reduced in numbers.

This killing also went on along the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
and Louisiana. In fact, wherever the Least Tern was found there came men
with guns, ammunition, arsenic, and plaster of paris, ready to transform the
living bird into a hat-decoration.

On the coast of Massachusetts, chiefly as a result of numerous cats brought
by summer residents, the Least Tern appears to be passing away. According
to E. H. Forbush, who in 191 7 carefully examined the few remaining Massach-
usetts Tern islands, the principal colonies are now located at Cape Cod and on
and in the neighborhood of Martha's Vineyard.

There is a small colony on the sandy point of Raccoon Island, S. C, and a

NEST AND EGGS OF LEAST TERN
Photographed by H. M. Kerth

Least Tern 383

few are breeding at Dry Tortugas, Fla. In June, 1918, Carlos Earle reported
that there were a number of Least Terns breeding on one or more islands near
the mouth of Tampa Bay. On June 30, 191 8, I found a group of perhaps fifty
pairs feeding their young on a small sandy island in Caxambas Pass, Lee
County, Fla. There are some colonies on the islands in Mississippi Sound, and,
on June 16, 1918, while cruising with Stanley C. Arthur, I found about one
hundred birds that had their nests on some small islands in Calcasieu Lake,
Cameron County, La. A few still persist along the outer islands off the coast of
Texas, especially in the neighborhood of San Antonio Bay. Some fairly healthy
colonies exist on the coast of southern California. Outside of the United States
the birds breed in limited numbers in the Bahama Islands, West Indies,
British Honduras, and Venezuela.

The nest of the Least Tern, like that of many other sea-birds, is of a most
primitive character. It consists chiefly of a slight hole in the sand, without any
attempt at lining. Most authorities give the number of eggs deposited as three
or four. Of the hundreds of nests that the writer has examined, more contained
two than four. Occasionally single nests of drift-weed or grass are found.

When the Least Terns select as a breeding-place an island occupied by
other Terns, their colony is always, as far as I have observed, situated in an
area quite to itself. In other words. Least Terns seldom, if ever, lay their eggs
in close proximity to nests of other birds. The eggs are about an inch and a
quarter long and nine-tenths of an inch wide. In color they are brownish white,
spotted and dotted with chocolate.

In common with the Black Tern, these exquisite little birds at times feed
to some extent on insects, but their food in the main appears to consist of
minnows and small shrimps. I have often watched them along our southern
coast as, in little companies, they flit along over the creeks and wind for miles
through the extensive salt-marshes. They wander into the southern bays and,
at times, up the rivers, but along our Atlantic seaboard appear never to breed
except on outer sandy islands and spits.

They begin their migration northward in April, and by the middle of May
are usually well distributed throughout their summer home. June and July are
the months when the duties of rearing young go forward. Apparently these birds
do not rear two broods in a season, but if the eggs or young are destroyed by high
tides, Fish Crows, crabs, or other causes, a second laying shortly takes place.

As the accompanying illustrations will show, the general appearance of the
Least Tern suggests a white bird with a black cap. In reality the wings, back,
and tail are of a pearlish gray and the underparts are pure white.

In length from bill-tip to tail-tip it is 9 inches, or an inch shorter than the
average Robin. Its wing expanse, from tip to tip, is 20 inches, or 4 inches more
than the expanse of the Robin's wings.

The Least Tern belongs to the order of Longipcnnes, the long-winged
swimmers, and to the family Laridae.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Butcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer

Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome. , v> • r ii;-i 1

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
Si ,000 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

ANNUAL MEETING

Notice is here given of the fourteenth
annual meeting of the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies which will be
held in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York City, on October 29,
1918.

The business session will open at 10
o'clock A.M. After luncheon the Educa-
tional Conference will convene at 2 p.m.

It is planned to hold a public meeting

in the main lecture hall of the Museum
the evening before, viz., October 28, be-
ginning at 8 P.M. At this gathering no
business will be discussed. The program
will be of an entertaining character.

All members and friends of the Associa-
tion who can find it convenient to attend
any or all of these sessions are urged to be
present.

A REDDISH EGRET COLONY IN TEXAS

The Reddish Egret is today undoubtedly
one of the rarest Herons in the United
States. Occasionally a few are seen in
Florida and Louisiana, but these reports
are rare. No breeding colony of the birds
has, to my knowledge, been discovered of
recent years. It was, therefore, a source of
much satisfaction to find a large colony of
them the past summer.

On June 20, 1918, I visited the "Chain-
of-Islands" lying between Mesquite Bay
and San Antonio Bay, Tex. This is 20
miles north and east of Rockford. Twelve
islands constitute the group, ranging in
size from i to 2 acres. They are composed
of mud and oyster shells. The most notice-

able vegetation is stunted mesquite,
prickly pear cactus, and Spanish bayonet
(yucca). Water-birds were nesting on nine
of these islands. Egret and Herons' nests
were everywhere in the cactus or mes-
quite, at heights varying from 8 inches to
7 feet from the ground. I estimated the
following numbers of birds breeding on
these islands: Louisiana Herons, 3,000
pairs; Reddish Egrets, 1,250 pairs; Black-
crowned Night Herons, 600 pairs; Ward's
Herons, 200 pairs; and American Egrets,
3 pairs. Probably 100 pairs of Great-tailed
Oracklcs were also breeding there. On a
small strip of beach I counted 85 nests
of the Black Skimmer containing eggs.

(384)

The Audubon Societies

385

Other birds noted were: 3 Texas Night-
hawks, 6 Royal Terns, i Forster's Tern,
10 Black Vultures, and i Scissor-tailed Fly-
catcher. This appeared to be at the height
of the breeding season, as many 3'oung of

all the Herons were found, and numerous
nests containing eggs were examined.

The characteristic note of the Reddish
Egret is of a melodious trumpet-like
character.

NEST AND EGGS OF REDDISH EGRET, EiGHT INCHES FROM THE GROUND IN
CLUSTER OF PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS, CHAIN-OF-ISLANDS, TEXAS
Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson

REDDISH E(;RET NEAR CENTER OF PICTURE. LOUISIANA HERONS IN BACKGROUND

C H A I N-OF- ISL AN DS, TEXAS
Photographed by T. (lillx-rt Pearson

BLACK. \ll,ilRK^ AxND RtUDl^H EGRET, CHAIN-OF -ISLANDS, TEXAS
Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson

NEST OF GREAT TAILED GRACKLE AT THE LEI'T, NEST OF WARD'S HERON TO THE

RIGHT, CHAIN-OF-ISLANDS, TEXAS

Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson

(386)

The Audubon Societies

387

MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT

[Approved July 3, 1918. Public, No. 186, 65th Congress— S. 1553]

AN ACT To give effect to the conven-
tion between the United States and
Great Britain for the protection of
migratory birds concluded at Wash-
ington, August sixteenth, nineteen
hundred and sixteen, and for other
purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled. That this
Act shall be known by the short title of the
"Migratory Bird Treaty Act."

Sec. 2. That unless and except as
permitted by regulations made as herein-
after provided, it shall be unlawful to hunt,
take, capture, kill, attempt to take,
capture or kill, possess, offer for sale, sell,
offer to purchase, purchase, deliver
for shipment, ship, cause to be shipped,
deliver for transportation, transport, cause
to be transported, carry or cause to be
carried by any means whatever, receive
for shipment, transportation or carriage,
or export, at any time or in any manner,
any migratory bird, included in the terms
of the convention between the United
States and Great Britain for the protection
of migratory birds concluded August
sixteenth, nineteen hundred and sixteen,
or any part, nest, or egg of any such birds.
Sec. 3. That subject to the provisions
and in order to carry out the purposes of
the convention, the Secretary of Agricul-
ture is authorized and directed, from time
to time, having due regard to the zones of
temperature and to the distribution,
abundance, economic value, breeding
habits, and times and lines of migratory
flight of such birds, to determine when, to
what extent, if at all, and by what means
it is compatible with the terms of the con-
vention to allow hunting, taking, capture,
killing, possession, sale, purchase, ship-
ment, transportation, carriage, or export
of any such bird, or any part, nest or egg
thereof, and to adopt suitable regulations
permitting and governing the same, in
accordance with such determinations,
which regulations shall become effective
when approved by the President.

Sec. 4. That it shall be unlawful to
ship, transport, or carry, by any means
whate\-er, from one State, Territor\-, or
District to or through another State,
Territory, or District, or to or through a
foreign country, any bird, or any part,
nest, or egg thereof, captured, killed,
taken, shi[)pe(l, transported, or carried at
any time contrary to the laws of the Slate,
Territory, or District in which it was

captured, killed, or taken, or from which
it was shipped, transported, or carried. It
shall be unlawful to import any bird, or
any part, nest, or egg thereof, captured
killed, taken, shipped, transported, or
carried contrary to the laws of any
Province of the Dominion of Canada in
which the same was captured, killed, or
taken, or from which it was shipped, trans-
ported, or carried.

Sec. 5. That any employee of the De-
partment of Agriculture authorized by
the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce the
provisions of this Act shall have power,
without warrant, to arrest any person
committing a violation of this Act in
his presence or view and to take such
person immediately for examination or
trial before an officer or court of competent
jurisdiction; shall have power to execute
any warrant or other process issued by an
officer or court of competent jurisdiction
for the enforcement of the provisions of
this Act; and shall have authority, with a
search warrant, to search any place.
The several judges of the courts established
under the laws of the United States, and
United States commissioners may, within
their respective jurisdictions, upon proper
oath or affirmation showing probable
cause, issue warrants in all such cases.
.\11 birds, or parts, nests, or eggs thereof,
captured, killed, taken, shipped, trans-
ported, carried, or possessed contrary to
the provisions of this Act or of any regula-
tions made pursuant thereto shall, when
found, be seized by any such employee, or
by any marshal or deputy marshal, and
upon conviction of the offender or upon
judgment of a court of the United States
that the same were captured, killed,
taken, shipped, transported, carried, or
possessed contrary to the pro\'isions of
this .^ct or of any regulation made pursu-
ant thereto, shall be forfeited to the
United States and disposed of as directed
by the court having jurisdiction.

Sec. 6. That any person, association,
partnership, or corporation who shall
violate any of the provisions of said con-
vention or of this .\ct, or who shall
violate or fail to comply with any regula-
tion made pursuant to this .\ct, shall
i)e deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and
upon conviction thereof shall be fined
not more than S500 or be imprisoned not
more than six months, or both.

Skc. 7. That nothing in this .\ct shall
be construed to prevent the several Slates
and Territories from making or enforcing

388

Bird - Lore

laws or regulations not inconsistent
with the provisions of said convention or
of this Act, or from making or enforcing
laws or regulations which shall give further
protection to migratory birds, their
nests, and eggs, if such laws or regulations
do not extend the open season for such
birds beyond the dates approved bj' the
President in accordance with section
three of this Act.

Sec. 8. That until the adoption and
approval, pursuant to section three of this
Act, of regulations dealing with migratory
birds and their nests and eggs, such
migratory birds and their nests and eggs
as are intended and used exclusively
for scientific or propagating purposes may
be taken, captured, killed, possessed,
sold, purchased, shipped, and transported
for such scientific or propagating pur-
poses if and to the extent not in conflict
with the laws of the State, Territory,
or District in which they are taken,
captured, killed, possessed, sold, or pur-
chased, or in or from which they are
shipped or transported if the packages con-
taining the dead bodies or the nests or eggs
of such birds when shipped and transported
shall be marked on the outside thereof so
as accurately and clearly to show the
name and address of the shipper and the
contents of the package.

Sec. 9. That the unexpended balances
of any sums appropriated by the agri-
cultural appropriation Acts for the fiscal
years nineteen hundred and seventeen
and nineteen hundred and eighteen, for
enforcing the provisions of the Act
approved March fourth, nineteen hundred
and thirteen, relating to the protection

of migratory game and insectivorous birds,
are hereby reappropriated and made
available until expended for the expenses
of carrying into effect the provisions
of this Act and regulations made pursuant
thereto, including the payment of such
rent, and the employment of such persons
and means, as the Secretary of Agriculture
may deem necessary, in the District of
Columbia and elsewhere, cooperation with
local authorities in the protection of
migratory birds, and necessary investiga-
tions connected therewith: Provided, That
no person who is subject to the draft for
service in the Army or Navy shall be
exempted or excused from such service by
reason of his employment under this Act.

Sec. 10. That if any clause, sentence,
paragraph, or part of this Act shall,
for any reason, be adjudged by any court
of competent jurisdiction to be invalid,
such judgment shall not afTect, impair, or
invalidate the remainder thereof, but
shall be confined in its operation to the
clause, sentence, paragraph, or part
thereof directly involved in the controversy
in which such judgment shall have been
rendered.

Sec. II. That all Acts or parts of Acts
inconsistent with the provisions of this
Act are hereby repealed.

Sec. 12. Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to prevent the breeding of
migratory game birds on farms and pre-
serves and the sale of birds so bred
under proper regulation for the purpose of
increasing the food supply.

Sec. 13. That this Act shall become
effective immediately upon its passage
and approval.

MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT REGULATIONS

[Effective July 31, 1918]

BY THE president' OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A PROCLAMATION

Whereas, section three of the Act of
Congress approved July third, nineteen
hundred and eighteen, entitled "An Act
To give effect to the convention between
the United States and Great Britain for the
protection of migratory birds concluded
at Washington, .Vugust sixteenth, nineteen
hundred and sixteen, and for other pur-
poses" (Public, No. 186, 65th Congress),
provides as follows:

That subject to the provisions and in
order to carry outj^the purposes of the

convention, the Secretary of Agriculture
is authorized and directed, from time
to time, having due regard to the zones of
temperature and to the distribution,
abundance, economic value, breeding
habits, and times and lines of migratory
flight of such birds, to determine when, to
what extent, if at all, and by what means,
it is compatible with the terms of the
convention to allow hunting, taking,
capture, killing, [possession, {sic)], sale,
purchase, shipment, transportation, car-
riage, or export of any such bird, or
any part, nest, or egg thereof, and to
adopt suitable regulations permitting and
go\erning tlie same, in accordance with
such determinations, which regulations
shall become effective when approved by
the President.

The Audubon Societies

389

And, Whereas, The Secretary of
Agriculture, pursuant to said section and
having due regard to the zones of tempera-
ture and to the distribution, abundance,
economic value, breeding habits, and times
and lines of migratory flight of migratory
birds included in the terms of the conven-
tion between the United States and Great
Britain for the protection of migratory
birds concluded August sixteenth, nine-
teen hundred and sixteen, has determined
when, to what extent, and by what means
it is compatible with the terms of said con-
vention to allow hunting, taking, capture,
killing, possession, sale, purchase, ship-
ment, transportation, carriage, and export
of such birds and parts thereof and their
nests and eggs, and in accordance with such
determinations has adopted and submitted
to me for approval regulations, which the
Secretary of Agriculture has determined to
be suitable regulations, permitting and
governing hunting, taking, capture, kill-
ing, possession, sale, purchase, shipment,
transportation, carriage, and export of
said birds and parts thereof and their nests
and eggs, which said regulations are as
follows:

REGULATIONS, MIGRATORY BIRD
TREATY ACT

Regulation 1. — Definitions of Migratory
Birds

Migratory birds, included in the terms
of the convention between the United
States and (ireat Britain for the j^rotcc-
tion of migratory birds, concluded August
16, 1916, are as follows:

1. Migratory game birds:

(a) Anatidae, or waterfowl, including
brant, wild ducks, geese, and swans.

{b) (iruidac, or cranes, including little
brown, sandhill, and whooping cranes.

(d) Limicoiae, or shorcbirds, including
avocets, curlews, dowitchers, godwits
knots, oyster catchers, phalaroyjes, plovers,
sand[)ipers, snipe, stilts, surf birds, turn-
stones, willet, woodcock, and yellowlegs.

(e) Columbidae, or pigeons, including
doves and wild pigeons.

2. Migratory insectivorous birds: Hobo-
links, catbirds, chickadees, cuckoos,
flickers, flycatchers, grosbeaks, humming-
birds, kinglets, martins, meadowlarks,

nighthawks or bull-bats, nuthatches,
orioles, robins, shrikes, swallows, swifts,
tanagers, titmice, thrushes, vireos,
warblers, waxwings, whip-poor-wills, wood-
peckers, and wrens, and all other perch-
ing birds which feed entirely or chiefly
on insects.

3. Other migratory nongame birds: Auks,
auklets, bitterns, fulmars, gannets, grebes,
guillemots, gulls, herons, Jaegers, loons,
murres, petrels, puffins, shearwaters, and
terns.

Regulation 2. — Definitions of Terms

For the purposes of these regulations
the following terms shall be construed
respectively, to mean —

Secretary. — The Secretary of .Agriculture
of the United States.

Person. — The plural or the singular, as
the case demands, including individuals,
associations, partnerships, and corpora-
tions, unless the context otherwise requires.

Take. — The pursuit, hunting, capture,
or killing of migratory birds in the manner
and by the means specifically permitted.

Open season. — The time during which
migratory birds may be taken.

Transport. — Shipping, transporting,
carrying, exporting, receiving or deliver-
ing for shipment, transportation, carriage,
or export.

Regulation 3. — Means by which Migra-
tory Game Birds May be Taken

The migratory game birds specified in
Regulation 4 hereof may be taken dur-
ing the open season with a gun only, not
larger than number 10 gauge, fired
from the shoulder, except as specifically
permitted by Regulations 7, 8, q, and
ID hereof; they may be taken during the
open season from the land and water,
from a blind or floating device (other than
an airplane, powerboat, sailboat, or any
boat under sail), with the aid of a dog,
and the use of decoys.

Regulation 4. — Open Seasons on and
Possession of Certain Migratory
Game Birds.

I''or the i)urposc of this regulation, each
period of time herein prescribed as
an open season shall l)e construed to include
the first and last days thereof.

Waterfowl (except wood duck, eider
ducks, and swans), rails, coot, gallinules,
black-bellied and golden plovers, greater
and lesser yellowlegs, woodcock. Wilson
sni|)e or jacksnipe, and mourning and
wliile- winged doves may be taken each
day from half an hour before sunrise to

39°

Bird -Lore

sunset during the open seasons prescribed
therefor in this regulation, by the means
and in the numbers permitted by Rcguhi-
tions 3 and 5 hereof, respectively, and when
so taken, each species may be possessed
any day during the respective open seasons
herein prescribed therefor and for an
additional period of 10 days next succeed-
ing said open season.

Waterfowl (except wood duck, eider
ducks, a>id swans), coot, gallinules, and
Wilson snipe or jacksnipe. — The open
seasons for waterfowl (except wood duck,
eider ducks, and swans), coot, gallinules,
and Wilson snipe or jacksnipe shall be as
follows:

In Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, New York (except Long
Island), Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, Wis-
consin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Mis-
souri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne-
braska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Idaho, Nevada, and that portion
of Oregon and Washington lying east of
the summit of the Cascade Mountains
the open season shall be from September
16 to December 31 ;

In Rhode Island, Connecticut, Utah,
and that portion of Oregon and Wash-
ington lying west of the summit of the
Cascade Mountains the open season
shall be from October i to January 15;

In that portion of New York known as
Long Island, and in New Jersey, Dela-
ware, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, and California the open season
shall be from October 16 to January 31;

In Maryland, the District of Columbia,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana the
open season shall be from November i to
January 31 ; and

In Alaska the open season shall be from
September i to December 15.

Rails {except- coot and gallinules.) — The
open season for sora and other rails
(except coot and gallinules) shall be from
September i to November 30, except
as follows:

In Louisiana the open season shall be
from November i to January 31.

Black-bellied and golden plovers and
greater and lesser yellowlegs. — The open
seasons for black-bellied and golden plovers
and greater and lesser yellowlegs shall be
as follows:

In Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,
and Virginia the open season shall be
from August 16 to November 30;

In the District of Columbia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Ar-

kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona,
California, and Alaska the open season
shall be from September 1 to December

15;

In Vermont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West
Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Min-
nesota, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Idaho, Nevada, and that por-
tion of Oregon and Washington lying east
of the summit of the Cascade Mountains
the open season shall be from September
16 to December 31 ;

In Utah and in that portion of Oregon
and Washington lying west of the sum-
mit of the Cascade Mountains the open
season shall be from October i to Janu-
ary 15; and

In Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Miss-
issippi, Louisiana, and Texas the open
season shall be from November i to
January 31.

Woodcock. — The open seasons for wood-
cock shall be as follows:

In Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri,
Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, the open
season shall be from October i to Nov-
ember 30; and

In Delaware, Maryland, the District of
Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, Texas, and Oklahoma the open
season shall be from November i to
December 31.

Doves. — The open seasons for mourn-
ing and white-winged doves shall be as
follows:

In Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Okla-
homa, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado,
Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and
Oregon the open season shall be from
September i to December 15; and

In North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
and Louisiana the open season shall be
from September 16 to December 31.

Regulation 5. — Bag Limits on Certain
Migratory Game Birds

A person may take in any one day dur-
ing the open seasons prescribed there-
for in Regulation 4 not to exceed the
following numbers of migratory game
birds:

Ducks {except wood duck and eider ducks).
— Twenty-five in the aggregate of all kinds.

The Audubon Societies

391

Geese. — Eight in the aggregate of all
kinds.

Brant. — Eight.

Rails, coot, and gallinulcs. — Twenty-five
in the aggregate of all kinds.

Black-bellied and golden plovers and
greater and lesser ycUowlegs. — Fifteen in
the aggregate of all kinds.

Wilson snipe, or jacksnipe. — Twenty-
five.

Woodcock. — Six.

Doves {monrning and white-winged). —
Twenty-five in the aggregate of both
kinds.

Regulation 6. — Shipment and Transpor-
tation of Certain Migratory Game
Birds.

Waterfowl (except wood duck, eider
ducks, and swans), rails, coot, gallinules,
black-bellied and golden plovers, greater
and lesser yellowlegs, woodcock, Wilson
snipe or jacksnipe, and mourning and
white-winged doves and parts thereof
legally taken may be transported in or
out of the State where taken during the
respective open seasons in that State, and
may be imported from Canada during
the open season in the Province where
taken, in any manner, but not more by
one person in one calendar week than the
number that may be taken under these
regulations in two days by one person;
any such migratory game birds or parts
thereof in transit during the open season
may continue in transit such additional
time immediately succeeding such open
season, not to exceed five days, necessary
to deliver the same to their destina-
tiork; and any package in which migratory
game birds or parts thereof are trans-
I)orted shall have the name and address of
the shipper and of the consignee and an
accurate statement of the numbers and
kinds of birds contained therein clearly
and conspicuously marked on the outside
thereof; but no such birds shall be trans-
ported from any State, Territory, or
District to or through another State,
Territory, or District, or to or through a
Province of the Dominion of Canada
contrary to the laws of the State, Terri-
tory, or District, or Province of the
Dominion of Canada in which they were
taken or from which they are transported;
nor shall any such birds be transported in-
to any Stale, Territory, or District from
another State, Territory, or District, or
from any Stale, Territory, or District into
any Province of the Dominion of Canada
at a time when such State, Territory, or
District, or Province of the Dominion of
Canada prohibits the possession or trans-
portation thereof.

Regulation 7.— Taking of Certain Migra-
tory Nongame Birds by Eskimos and
Indians in Alaska.

In Alaska, Eskimos and Indians may
take for the use of themselves and their
immediate families, in any manner and at
any time, and possess and transport
auks, auklets, guillemots, murres, and
puthns and their eggs for food, and their
skins for clothing.

Regulation 8.— Permits to Propagate
and Sell Migratory Waterfowl

I. A person may take in any manner
and at any time migratory waterfowl
and their eggs for propagating purposes
when authorized by a permit issued by
the Secretary. Waterfowl and their eggs
so taken may be possessed by the per-
mittee and may be sold and transported
by him for propagating purposes to any
person holding a permit issued by the
Secretary in accordance with the pro-
visions of this regulation.

-h ^ person authorized by a permit
issued by the Secretary may possess, buy,
sell, and transport migratory waterfowl
and their increase and eggs in any manner
and at any time for propagating purposes;
and migratory waterfowl, except the birds
taken under paragraph i of this regulation,
so possessed may be killed by him in any
manner except by shooting, and the un-
plucked carcasses and the plucked car-
casses with heads attached thereto of the
birds so killed may be sold and trans-
ported by him in any manner and at anv
time to any person for actual consumption,
or to the keeper of a hotel, restaurant, or
boarding house, retail dealer in meat or
game, or a club, for sale or service to their
patrons, who may possess such carcasses
for actual consumption without a permit.

3. Any package in which such water-
fowl or parts thereof or their eggs are
transported shall have plainlv and con-
spicuously marked on the outside thereof
the name and address of the permittee,
the number of his permit, the name and
address of the con.signee, and an accurate
statement of the number and kinds of
birds or eggs contained therein.

4. Applications for permits must be
addressed to the Secretary of .\griculturc,
Washington, D. C, and must contain the
following information: Name and address
of ai)i)licant; place where the business is
to be carried on; number of acres of land
used in the business and whether owned
or leased by the a|)i)licant; number of
each species of waterfowl in i)ossession of
api)licanl; names of species and number of
birds or eggs of each species if permission

,392

Bird -Lore

is asked to take waterfowl or their eggs;
and the particular locality where it is
desired to take such waterfowl or eggs.

5. A person granted a permit under this
regulation shall keep books and records
which shall correctly set forth the total
number of each species of waterfowl
and their eggs possessed on the date of
application for the permit and on the first
day of January next following; also for the
calendar year for which permit was issued
the total number of each species reared and
killed, number of each species and their
eggs sold and transported, manner in
which such waterfowl and eggs were
transported, name and address of each
person from or to whom waterfowl and
eggs were purchased or sold, together with
number and species and whether sold
alive or dead; and the date of each trans-
action. A written report correctly set-
ting forth this information shall be fur-
nished the Secretary during the month of
January next following the issuance of the
jiermit.

6. A permittee shall at all reasonable
hours allow any authorized employee of
the United States Department of Agri-
culture to enter and inspect the premises
where operations are being carried on
under this regulation and to inspect the
books and records of such permittee relat-
ing thereto.

7. Permits issued under this regulation
shall be valid only during the calendar
year of issue, shall not be transferable, and
may be revoked by the Secretary, if the
permittee violates any of the provisions
of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act or of
the regulations thereunder.

8. A person engaged in the propagation
of m.igratory waterfowl on the date on
which these regulations become effective
will be allowed until September 30, 19 18,
to apply for the permit required by this
regulation, but he shall not take any mi-
gratory waterfowl without a permit.'

Regulation 9. — Permits to Collect Migra-
tory Birds for Scientific Purposes

A person may take in any manner and
at any time migratory birds and their
nests and eggs for scientific purposes when
authorized by a permit issued by the
Secretary, which permit shall be carried
on his person when he is collecting speci-
mens thereunder and shall be exhibited to
any person requesting to see the same.

Application for a permit must be ad-
dressed to the Secretary of Agriculture,
Washington, I). C, and must contain the
following information: Name and address
of applicant and name of State, Territory,
or District in which specimens are pro-

posed to be taken and the purpose for
which they are intended. Each application
shall be accompanied by certificates from
two well-known ornithologists that the
applicant is a fit person to be entrusted
with a permit.

The permit will authorize the holder
thereof to possess, buy, sell, and trans-
port in any manner and at any time
migratory birds, parts thereof, and their
nests and eggs for scientific purposes.
Public museums, zoological parks and
societies, and public scientific and educa-
tional institutions may possess, buy, sell,
and transport in any manner and at any
time migratory birds and parts thereof,
and their nests and eggs for scientific pur-
poses without a permit, but no specimens
shall be taken without a permit.

Permits shall be valid only during the
calendar year of issue, shall not be trans-
ferable, and shall be revocable in the discre-
tion of the Secretary. A person holding a
permit shall report to the Secretary on or
before January 10 following its expiration
the number of skins, nests, or eggs of
each species collected, bought, sold, or
transported.

Every package in which migratory birds
or their nests or eggs are transported
shall have clearly and conspicuously
marked on the outside thereof the name
and address of the sender, the number of
the permit in every case when a permit
is required, the name and address of the
consignee, a statement that it contains
specimens of birds, their nests, or eggs for
scientific purposes, and, whenever such a
package is transported or offered for trans-
portation from the Dominion of Canada
into the United States or from the United
States into the Dominion of Canada, an
accurate statement of the contents.

Regulation 10. — Permits to Kill Migra-
tory Birds Injurious to Property

When information is furnished the Sec-
retary that any species of migratory
bird has become, under extraordinary
conditions, seriously injurious to agri-
culture or other interests in anj' particular
community, an investigation will be made
to determine the nature and extent of the
injury, whether the birds alleged to be
doing the damage should be killed, and, if
so, during what times and by what means.
Upon his determination an appropriate
order will be made.

Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wil-
son, President of the United States of
America, do hereby approve and pro-
claim the foregoing regulations.

^uiS OfffTUz'

1 and 2. MAGPIE

3. YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE
(Nearly one-third natural size)

2^irb=1tore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XX November — December, 1918 No. 6

Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

I. DOWN THE COASTLINE TO CUBA*

IN these days of submarines, the coastline route to Cuba, by way of Key
West, has certain obvious advantages over the voyage by sea. The
necessity of stopping at the Marines' Training Camp, on Paris Island, off
Beaufort, S. C, however, left me no choice in the matter, though I am free to
confess that a strong desire to avoid meeting a submarine, added to a keen wish
to see the southern states in October, — -even if only from a car-window, — would
have prompted me to make the journey by land. To paraphrase Dr. Van Dykei's
remark to the effect that he did not care to climb a mountain unless there was
something very pleasant at the top and something very disagreeable at the
bottom, a sea-voyage offered only objectionable possibilities, while the trip
by rail promised to be exceptionally interesting and attractive. Most of my
many journeys to and from Florida have been made in the winter or early
spring, when some of the most characteristic trees are leafless and the crops
of the country have been gathered; in short, when the region through which
one passes is at its worst. It was a surprise to me, for example, to see sugar-cane
and well-developed banana plants near Beaufort^ though I assume that the
latter do not bear fruit — while the cotton-fields, with their green leaves, pop-
corn-like cotton-bolls and occasional corn-colored blossoms, possessed small
resemblance to the dreary rows of brown stalks, with an occasional wisp of
cotton, which the winter traveler sees.

Fallow fields and waysides were yellow with goldenrod, wild sunflowers, and
numerous flowering plants new to me; there was an abundance of green grass
instead of brown sedge, and this general air of greenness was the dominant
note which everywhere impressed me. Cypress, china-berries, and scupper-
nong grape-vines, all of which are leafless in winter, were fully foliaged, and the
turkey oaks, which flutter their dead leaves depressingly in the winter, were
clad in rich yellow-green.

♦The first of a proposed series of letters by the Editor of Bird-Lore, written while on a mission

L propo
for th

to South America for the American Red Cross.

394 Bird -Lore

There is no reason to be surprised at all this; it is simply the difference
between winter and late summer, but many persons who go south in the
winter express disappointment in the vegetation. Florida, for instance, as
a "Land of Flowers," is expected to be in a perpetual state of inflorescence;
but even in the tropics vegetation must have its periods of rest. A tree cannot
bear blossoms and fruit continually, any more than a bird can nest through-
out the year.

The bird population of the southern states is probably smaller in early
October than in any other part of the year. The migration is nearly over, the
summer residents have gone, and, like the tourists who later will flock south,
the winter residents have not come.

Mourning Doves, which are doubtless more often seen from car-windows
than any other North American bird, flew, usually in pairs, as though they
were hurrying to keep an appointment somewhere. Sparrow Hawks and
Loggerhead Shrikes, both of which hunt in the open, were not uncommon, and
there were occasional Turkey Buzzards. A scattered company of about twenty
White Herons animated the marsh near Beaufort; doubtless they were im-
mature Little Blues. About a charming old hotel in this quaint city of the
real south, Mockingbirds were singing delightfully — not the passionate out-
burst of nesting-time, but a subdued melody as though, so to speak, the birds
were 'running over the keys' reminiscently. Here, too, were Boat-tailed
.Grackles, feeding on the berries of a tree which grew in the hotel yard. From
the wide second-story, with its broad outlook over the bay to the sea islands,
one could almost touch them.

The journey down the east coast of Florida was made at night, and when I
awoke at sunrise we were already in the Keys. The floral change is striking.
We had gone from the Subtemperate to the Subtropical. If the earth here were
as favorable to plant-growth as is the air, what superb forests we might have !
As it is, the growth is dense and luxuriant, if low, but when it is cleared only
limestone is revealed, and one marvels that the trees can find either foothold
or food.

Under the best conditions for exploration I have never found birds abundant
in Florida Keys, and it is therefore not to be expected that many species would
be seen from a train. Ospreys and Herons were the characteristic birds.
Of the latter I saw Little Green, Louisiana, and Yellow-crowned Night Herons;
Ward's and the Great White Heron; while one individual, quite near the train,
had the whitehead which marks the puzzling intermediate between these two,
so-called, 'Wuerdemann's Heron.'

There was but a single Brown Pelican, one Duck Hawk, numerous Sparrow
Hawks and Florida Red-shoulders; a few Gulls (evidently Laughing), and, on
the upright boards driven to the water's edge, which retain the grading on this
remarkable railroad, were occasionally perched rows of Snipe. I identified,
with reasonable certainty, Dowitcher, Turnstone, and Black-bellied Plover,

Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics

395

but the birds were so near — not more than 20 feet from the train — that we
passed them too quickly to permit a satisfactory view.

The beauty of the morning hour, the lure of an unnamed bird darting
from one thicket to another, made me long to be afoot, but the sight of two
negroes standing near a smudge and making violent, and significant, gestures
about their heads, indicated that life on the Keys is probably not as rosy as it
looks from a car-window.

As we neared Key West, a flying form of wide wing-spread, swept over-
head, and soon I counted five hydroplanes, adjuncts of the military Aviation
School at which man is learning to master the air.

FRIGATE OR MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS ROOSTING ON THE .MA.\GRO\ES.
THOSE WITH WHITE HEADS ARE YOUNG

When I was last in Key West, twenty-six years ago, I doubt if the most
enthusiastic prophet of the city's future would have ventured to predict that
my next visit would be by rail, or that on arriving I should find men soaring
over the town like Frigate Birds !

The voyage from Key West to Havana was made at night. Early morning
revealed no birds off the coast or in Havana harbor. The Prado, parks, and
playas of Havana contain, apparently, only House Sparrows, introduced at an
early period in this bird's American history, I believe, from Spain. The sur-
roundings of the city are almost equally unattractive for the bird student.

Fortunately, my mission called me to the Isle of Pines, 60 miles off the
southern coast of Cuba, opposite Havana. A motor-ride of 38 miles across
the island to the Port of Batabano, over a road continuously lined with arching

Bird - Lore

trees, in the hills winds through forests of royal palms with some under-
growth, and although the early tropical morning had passed, enough birds
were heard and seen to indicate a place of promise.

In view of the character of the coast, with its shallows and mud-flats and
abundance of fish-life, there were surprisingly few birds off the coast at Bata-
baiio, and fewer still near the Isle of Pines. Indeed, the lack of water-birds
everywhere suggested some seasonal reason for their absence. Three Brown
Pelicans, three Man-o'-War Birds, about fifteen Laughing Gulls, and half a
dozen Cormorants constituted the entire list.

THE ANI. ONE OF THE COMMONEST CUBAN BIRDS. THEIR LONG-DRAWN,
WHINING WHISTLE WAS ONE OF THE MOST CONSPICUOUS BIRD- NOTES

Motors and excellent roads permitted me to see a large part of the northern
half of the Isle of Pines, but nowhere did I observe an apparently more favor-
able place for birds than the immediate surroundings of the home of William
L. Pack, at La Ceiba, near Santa Fe, where it was my good fortune to spend
three days. In the prevalence of birds and the general flatness of the land, the
Isle of Pines suggests parts of Florida. There are, however, small hills which,
singly or in short ranges, arise abruptly to a height of several hundred feet,
giving, in some cases, a suggestion of mountainous horizons. The exceptional
charm of Mr. Pack's home is due to the hilly surroundings and the richer, more
tropical growth, with numerous royal palms which flourish along the streams of
the narrow bottomlands.

The house itself is set in a grove of grapefruit and orange trees, frequented
by numerous Prairie Warblers, with occasional Yellow-throated Warblers

Notes from a Traveler in the Tropics 397

(whether dominica or albilora I could not distinguish), while in the high grass
between the trees were Grassquits (Tiaris) and a few Maryland Yellow-
throats. Large 'Red-bellied' Woodpeckers (Centurus) hopped around among
the bunches of fruit which they are said to puncture, though I did not catch
them in the act. Pitirris {Pitangus) took the place of Kingfishers, and Bobitos
(Blacicus) equally suggested Wood Pewees.

A large mango overhanging the house made a one-night dormitory for a
flock of about fifteen Anis. I found them there early one morning, roosting so
closely together that a peck-measure would have covered them all. Their daily
range was evidently limited, and their long-drawn, whining whistle was one of
the most conspicuous bird-notes. It is to me one of the few thoroughly un-
pleasant, disagreeable birds' voices, wholly in keeping with the appearance of
the bird, and without one redeeming feature.

The beautiful blue Thrush (Mimocichla) was tame and common, and cheer-
fully uttered a series of squawking calls exactly resembling the distress notes
of a captive young Robin struggling to regain its freedom. In the Bahamas
I have heard a closely allied species sing delightfully; but October is apparently
no more the song-season in Cuba than it is in the United States, and the early
morning hours were comparatively quiet. Ground, Zenaida, and Mourn-
ing Doves cooed softly; the Cuban Meadowlark sang its brief wee-chur-chee-
chuggle-chee, far less musical, but suggesting in tone and form the song of our
Eastern Meadowlark rather than that of the Western species (neglecta) ; the
Great Cuban Cuckoo (Saurothera) , like a Yellow-billed, but half again as long
and four times the bulk, sprang his weird rattle, while, at intervals, there was
a sudden and surprising outburst of screams and calls from a flock of rose-
breasted Parrots, White-crowned, climbing about in the pine trees — pines and
Parrots are not commonly associated. The first is here at the southern limit of
its sea-level range; the second goes but little farther north, but, from force of
circumstances, the birds frequent this tree of boreal origin more often than any
other.

Seeing a little flock fly from a pine into a small tree, thinly branched, but
with rather dense foliage at the ends of the limbs, we decided to inspect the
birds at close range. At a distance of 30 yards, close examination, with and
without a glass, revealed only five birds, but as we clapped our hands seven-
teen birds flew from the tree !

I should like to return to the Isle of Pines in April, when the Thrushes are
doubtless singing and possibly thousands of north-bound migrants make it
their resting-place.

Havana, October 17, iqi8

When the North Wind Blows

By A. A. ALLEN, Ph D., Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University
With photographs by the Author

THERE is something incongruous about birds and snow that appeals to
one. The association of birds with flowers and green trees is so much a
part of man that when a flock of Larks whisks by in a snowstorm, or
when a tiny Chickadee perches on an icicle near his window, it gives him a
thrill quite out of keeping with the weather. So strong is the association of
ideas in the human race that it is difficult to convince some persons that there
are birds that really thrive in cold weather and that prefer braving a northern
winter to migrating to the sunny South. Some even think that the birds found
in winter are the poor weaklings that have been left behind, which must there-
fore be cared for until spring.

If most of us were asked the best time to study birds, we would answer,
with one accord, May, the month of migration, when the woods and fields are
teeming with birds and the air resounds with their songs. Perhaps it is, at
least for those who need the inspiration of balmy air and music and abundance
of life. Certainly none of us can escape the charm of bird-migration. But the
student of the home-life of birds can hardly wait for the migration to cease and
for the birds to begin nesting. And when the nesting-season is about over, in
August and September, and song-birds become uninteresting to most people
during their molting, there are the mud-flats, the marshes, and the shores that
attract the water-birds. What joy it is to lie in wait for the returning Sandpipers
and Plover and to stalk the Herons and the Rails! Then comes the fall migra-
tion, often with many surprises, and, following it, the winter, the time to get
out the camera and the time for the beginner to practise to his heart's content.
For the winter birds and the feeding-stations offer numberless opportunities,
and there is no chance for the catastrophes to young birds that sometimes
result when inexperienced persons try to learn bird-photography in the summer.
Each winter brings something new, and the sport never becomes monotonous.
What if one has photographed a Chickadee fifty times before? Each winter it
behaves differently, and one can always improve on the pictures he already has.
One year there is an invasion of Evening Grosbeaks; another year if is Lapland
Longspurs; last winter it was Northern Shrikes. It is never twice the same,
and the problem of getting the different birds to pose for their pictures will
occupy more than the leisure of even the most resourceful, winter after winter.
There are two general methods of procedure in winter photography:
The one, baiting the birds up to you at permanent feeding-stations, and the
other, going after particular birds and baiting them on their own ground at
tcm{)orary feeding-stations. In the first metliod we usually establish a number
of feeding-stations early in the season in promising places and keep the food
replenished. The regular winter birds soon find these, and if any unusual ones

(399)

400

Bird - Lore

pass in the vicinity, they are apt to follow the other birds and remain with
them. If the feeding-stations are properly scattered about the country, nearly
every bird can be secured in this way. On the tip end of one log in a city yard,
where we kept food for two years, we secured photographs of seventeen dif-
ferent kinds of birds, and a few others, that we did not succeed in photograph-
ing, visited the log.

The other method is to wait until one discovers where the desired birds are
feeding and then replenish their supply with as nearly the same kind of food
as convenient. Usually they will keep returning to the same spot until the food
is exhausted, and will even come back to it from time to time if one forgets to

"THERE. IS SOMETHING INCONGRUOUS ABOUT BIRDS AND SNOW THAT
APPEALS TO ONE." A WINTER CHICKADEE

replenish the supply. For example, a small flock of Prairie Horned Larks,
containing a single Lapland Longspur, was discovered feeding in a patch of
weeds. The weed seed would soon have become exhausted and the birds
have gone elsewhere before becoming accustomed to a camera had we not
tramped down the snow in the vicinity and sprinkled chick-feed. This supply
was maintained from day to day, and the birds soon formed the habit of coming
there to feed. Others followed them until there was a flock of over a hundred
Larks, five Lapland Longspurs, and a few Snow Buntings. Had we at this time
put up a camera focused on the grain, in an attempt to photograph them, we
would probably have frightened them all away. Instead, a box was placed
in the snow when the feed was first put out, and the birds were accustomed to
it from the beginning. Another box, with a hole in one end through which the

When the North Wind Blows 401

camera could be pointed was placed upon it. When the camera was put in place,
the birds never noticed the difference. They were not frightened away, and
no time was lost waiting for them to become accustomed to it. It was merely
necessary to wait for the birds to arrange themselves properly before pulling
the thread.

Another occasion arose during the past winter. A Northern Shrike was
observed to dash into an arborvitae hedge near the house in pursuit of some
House Sparrows. Investigation showed the wings of four Sparrows on the snow
beneath the hedge, proving that the Shrike had been there before and would
probably come again. A dead Sparrow was, therefore, fastened to the tip of a

'Mir.

LAPLAND LONGSPURS AND PRAIRIE HORNED LARKS AT A FEEDING-STATION.
EVERY WINTER THERE ARE NEW BIRDS TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED

branch near the hedge. Two weeks passed, and the frozen Sparrow dangled
in the wind until one morning all but the leg by which it was fastened dis-
appeared. Later in the day the Shrike was seen fluttering at the tip of the
branch, trying to pull off the leg. No more Sparrows were available, but a
Duck that had died furnished a piece of flesh with feathers attached. This was
fastened in the place of the Sparrow, and the camera, covered with its gray
box, was focused upon it. The Shrike soon returned, but since it was beginning
to snow and the branch was swaying in the wind, conditions were impossible
for photography. A 4-foot stake was therefore driven into the snow below the
branch, and the piece of Duck nailed to the top of it, so that there would be no
motion. It was now snowing hard and so dark that an exposure of one-fifth
of a second with the diaphragm at stop//6.3 was necessary, but when the Shrike
returned, he remained quiet enough to give a fairly satisfactory picture.

402

Bird -Lore

The Shrike seemed unable to hold the food beneath his feet and tear off
pieces as do the Hawks and Owls, or even the Chickadees. The post was not
large enough for him to perch l^eside the meat as he would liked to have done,

A NORTHERN SHRIKE AT ITS FEEDING-STATION
The bird could not pull off the bits of suet when standing upon it. It is here seen
resting between bites

SO in order to get it, he either hovered before it like a Hummingbird or clung
to the post like a Woodpecker, as shown in the accompanying photograph.
Later on, he gave us many opportunities to observe this habit, for we fed him

When the North Wind Blows

403

mice and Sparrows for two weeks. In every case he perched at one side of the
food instead of directly upon it. When he secured a piece too large to swallow,
instead of holding it beneath his foot, as might be expected, he flew to a nearby
pear tree and wedged it in a narrow fork so that he could get sufficient leverage
to pull it to bits. It occurred to me
that this might be the origin, if not the
immediate cause, of the habit shared
by his relatives, of impaling food upon
thorns, that is ordinarily spoken of as
'storing.' We, therefore, brought in a
small thorn tree and impaled a mouse
upon one of its thorns, thinking it might
serve by auto-suggestion to inspire him
to do the same. He relished the mouse
but seemed rather clumsy in the bush,
as though he did not care for thorns,
and even when opportunity offered, he
did not take advantage of them but flew
to the pear tree and wedged his food in
the narrow forks according to his cus-
tom. The southern Migrant Shrikes
and Loggerheads, however, are more
partial to thorn trees and may have
learned to use the thorns as more con-
venient than the forks.

The Shrike finally made regular visits
to our meat-market and did not mind
the appearance of an umbrella blind,
nor even the rattle of a motion-picture
camera. Thanks to his fearlessness, we
now have a permanent record in motion-
pictures of just how the Shrike eats, as
well as a partial record of just how he
catches a Sparrow, by making a head-
long dash at it, relying upon the surprise
of his onrush to put the victim at a disadvantage. If he misses his prey in the
first rush, he seems to realize that he has lost his best chance and docs not carry
the pursuit further. On one occasion he made a dash at some Sparrows in a
wire trap and, when unsuccessful, he did not persist and try to get at them
through the bars, as a Sparrow Hawk would have done, but immediately flew
back to his perch and waited for the excitement to die down.

It was interesting to see the reactions of the different birds to his presence.
The House Sparrows all rushed for the hedge and hopped about in its thick

Tin: sMRiKi. i\ im; act OF eating

There was uot room on the post to perch
beside the food, and in order to tear off bits, it
had to hover like a Hummingbird or perch
like a Woodpecker, as here shown.

404

Bird- Lore

branches, chippering excitedly, but the native birds, at the first alarm, froze
immovable wherever they happened to be. A Song Sparrow on an open feeding-
shelf, a Junco on a bare branch, and several Juncos on the open snow remained
motionless for twenty minutes and as long as the Shrike was quiet. As soon
as he moved or darted at a bird, they all made for the hedge, except the one
pursued, which made off through the open. The Chickadees, among the native
birds, were an exception. They could not remain quiet for more than a few
minutes without getting nervous, when they would fly to the tree over the
Shrike's head and scold him.

That the freezing method had its advantages was evidenced by the fact
that all of the birds captured by the Shrike, in so far as any traces were left,

were House Sparrows.
Strangely enough they
were all male Sparrows.
Apparently their flut-
tering drew attention
to themselves, and
since they never left
the hedge, they were
more easily cornered
than the native birds
that took to flight in
the open when pur-
sued.

The permanent
feeding-stations have
many advantages over
the temporary ones
that one establishes in
going after some par-
ticular bird. One ad-
vantage is that a per-
manent shack or
'Chickadee barn' can
be erected in which
one can sit with his
camera and photog-
raph to his heart's con-
tent without scaring
the birds away. If one

FEEDING-STATIONS OFFER ENDLESS OPPORTUNITIES doeS not wish tO build

TO THE PHOTOGRAPHER a bluid of boards, one

To show all of the distinctive marks of a species in one photograph , ,.

requires a good deal of ingenuity and patience. Tree Sparrows Can USC an Umoreila

When the North Wind! Blows

405

DOWNY AND HAIRY WOODPECKERS AT A SUET-STATION
'Double-headers' offer a new field for those who have photographed all the birds that come

to their feeding-stations

blind, though it is rather cold and cramped for winter use and does not
last long if left in a permanent position. A box to conceal the camera, which
is manipulated from a distance by a thread or electric device is the next most
satisfactory way. At any rate, the blind or box should be kept permanently
in place so that the birds will be accustomed to it and no useless waits ensue.
The first ambition of the winter bird photographer is naturally to secure
as perfect a picture as possible of each bird that comes to the feeding-station.
When these have been secured, however, one has really only begun. One pose
of a bird will not show all of its distinctive marks. If one wishes to show well
the spot on the breast of the Tree Sparrow, for example, he must take a front
view of the bird, but this will not reveal the conspicuous wing-bars nor display the
bird to advantage. Again, photographs of the Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers
look very much alike, because there is ordinarily nothing in the photograph by
which one can judge size. We took a good deal of pleasure, therefore, at one
feeding-station, in drilUng a hole clear through a small sapling and filling it
with suet so that a bird could feed on one side of the tree without disturbing
the bird on the other, and both be in focus at the same time. In this way many
double-headers' were taken, but it was some time before we got the Downy
and Hairy together and showed, photographically, the difference in size of
the two birds. (To be concluded)

Homeland and the Birds

By MABEL OSGOOD "WRIGHT

ALL the land is astir, and every loyal heart in it is striving for the winning
/-% of the Great War that shall make the earth safe for its people. From
college, laboratory, workshop, field, hospital and home the people
are flocking to make the winning sure and lend aid to the fighters. Men,
women, children, all eager to do their part in the way that seems best, those
who cannot go over seas, often doing double tasks to release those who can
go forth.

We are lending our money for our country's need; we are denying ourselves
sugar to help the shell-shocked soldier boys grow strong again ; we are conserv-
ing every scrap of food that it may be used as a bulwark against grim famine;
but are we stay-at-homes, whose part is equally necessary in the great wartime
fabric, doing all we can to keep the Homeland at its loo per cent value? Are
we doing our best to keep alive the organizations for its conservation upon
which so much time, money, and personal effort have been lavished during the
past score of years?

Last spring, at twilight, a mother stood in her garden near here, waiting for
the coming of her son just grown a man, who was to say goodbye before going
'over there.'

The flower-beds showed bare spots; such blooms as were there looked
straggly and uncared for. Presently a step came behind her and the strong
arms that at first nearly crushed her relaxed and led her to one of the garden
seats, while in the content of being there, the young man's eyes scanned the
home acres.

"Why, what is the matter with the garden. Mother? You don't seem to
have gone at it at all, and you've always been so keen. You're not ill, are you?"

Avoiding his searching eyes by shading them with her hand, she answered
with a forcedly steady voice:

"You will not be here to see them, so I meant to let the flowers go this year;
or else plant food-stuff in their place. It seems to be right these days that we
should only give our time to useful things, my son."

"Useful things! Nonsense, Mother. Home is always useful and something
that will help a fellow as much as food. That is, I know that they will help me.
Wherever I am I want to be able to close my eyes and see you here in your
garden. I want to see the breakfast table with the roses on it between you and
as much of dad's head as can be seen above the newspaper. And, for heaven's
sake, Mummie, watch out for the Quail that nested down beyond the brush-
lot — draw them up this way by feeding and later don't let those scamps across
the river break up the covey! If I didn't think someone would look after my
real home country, I couldn't bear to leave it."

(406)

Homeland and the Birds 407

This mother made her garden in the between times, when her fingers were
cramped with knitting and her eyes too full to see the needle's eye. While as
to that dreaded "across the river" crowd, they fell and kept away after one
experience with an irate little woman who was feeding the Quail as a lure to
a winter shelter of cornstalks, set up with her own hands on the wood-lot
edge. The poachers, finding to their cost that at least when it comes to keep-
ing faith with a son at war, the most gentle "female of the species is more
deadly than the male."

All this is a lengthy text to a very short sermon that I would preach to
my fellow workers for the preservation of the Homeland of the men and women
who have gone forth; that on their return they may find it the land of joy,
beauty and promise as it lives in their memory. Most especially do I make a
plea for the bird and its preservation and the trees that give it shelter.

Very few person in general understand the double menace to bird-life that
is coming with the approach of the winter of igiS-ig^the withdrawal of
many game-wardens (who were also the chief legal protectors of song-birds)
from the field and the very great cost and difiiculty of obtaining suitable
material for the feeding of our winter-residents or visitors.

Coupled with these two dangers may return that of last year, when the
below-zero winter drove a starving horde of birds of prey from the north, the
Great Horned Owl to feed on the game-birds, and the Northern Shrike to prac-
tise, even in the confines of Birdcrajt Sanctuary, his butcher-bird habits, that
purely sentimental bird-lovers seek to deny.

The money, such as it is, that allows the Fish and Game Commission
to be efiicient here in Connecticut, tor example, comes from the licenses of
hunters, a class of men almost wholly drawn heretofore from those of draft
age, who either are or will be absent, and I must suppose that the same is the
case in the majority of states. Also, already, in several states, protective laws
are trembhng in the legislative balance and pretended sportsmen who are
poorly disguised pot-hunters at heart, are whimpering for the "right to
increase the food-supply" by literally killing the source of all future game-
bird life in the same way as the Passenger Pigeon was slaughtered.

Federal migratory bird-protection is now a law, as well as the Enabling Act,
but who shall see that these are live and not dead measures?

We, the people to whom circumstances entrust the care and conservation of
the Homeland of the United Stales of America, the trust left us by our soldier boys,
should do this work, not in the place of other necessary war requirements, but as
a mentally necessary rest from them.

The tendency among many ardent patriots is to rush to something newly
organized, if it particularly appeals to their craving for the heroic, rather than
to give a little time to the keeping up of old, well-considered and time-tried
institutions.

"What can 1 do?" you ask, and "How shall wc do it?"

4o8 Bird - Lore

In the first place, when necessary, put the case of lack of funds for ga^ne-
ivarden service fairly before your various legislatures, asking for a wartime
appropriation for the deficit.

Try to bring influence to bear upon all those who, from necessity, not choice,
are cutting down woodlands and brush lots for fuel, asking that they exercise
reasonable care against the destruction of mere saplings that have no value
other than for bird shelter. Divide your home district among the bird-lovers
of the place for the purpose of winter feeding, and send out appeals to others
to do likewise.

In regions infested by Starlings, or in windswept and birdless stretches of
country usually snowed under, make up parties to gather sumach and bay-
berries, also the seed-cones of the composites of the sunflower tribe that are
relished by all the winter birds.

In short, double all your former efforts to cherish these our Sky-sweepers,
Seed-killers and Weed-warriors, in their perpetual and hard-fought battle to
do their work of keeping the Homeland green and fruitful.

Then let those of you who have the gift of compelling or silver-tongued
speech go into the schools and gathering-places of your neighborhood, telling
and repeating again and again the story of the beauty and worth of our
birds and their wartime necessities, weaving into your talk the duty to the
Homeland itself, to its soil, as the foundation of all lasting patriotism. And do
not ask them for money for this thing or that in connection with bird-protection
at this time — this year the pennies belong to Uncle Sam. Ask them for personal
service — for a bit of their time — the bit of themselves that is most worth while
and will count for more than their pennies in the end.

Friend, save the birds during the stress that is even now upon them! We
need their presence to keep our courage up, the courage it takes to live to win,
the courage to keep the even balance when victory is won. Help for the birds
is help for our soldiers at their home coming.

"The birds that make sweet music for us all
In our dark hours — as David did for Saul."

JU/ % ^xji*

^ ()1 M, - WDHII.L CRANE
Photographed by H. ami K. Piltman, Manitoba, Canada
The differences between Cranes and Herons arc much more pronounced in the young than in the
adults. Cranes have a downy natal plumage and can run about soon after hatching, while Herons
are born comparatively naked and spend several weeks in the nest.

(409)

)tiifc-^£^.3^*'i- '^''-^A- ^r-" :^■^''

CANVASBACK DUCKS BRANCHPORT, MARCH 3, 1914

A Wild Duck Trap

By VERDI BURTCH, Branchport, N. Y.

With Photographs by the Author

THI*^ harbor at Branchport, N. Y., on Lake Keuka, is cut off from the lake
itself by a long sand-bar through which a channel has been dredged to
enable the boats to enter. This channel does not freeze entirely over,
even in the coldest winter, as there is a strong current continually flowing in
and out, keeping a small area free from ice all through the winter. This open
area is a veritable trap for the wild Ducks, as in nearly every winter, after the
lake is frozen over, a few Ducks stay on here and starve to death.

The winter of 191 1-12 was particularly disastrous. January was very cold,
and the lake froze over early in the month, zero weather marking early Feb-
ruary, when I heard from the fishermen that there was a large flock of Ducks
in the channel. On the 12th I went down and found that there were about
fifty Ducks, mostly Canvasbacks, with many American Scaups and American
Golden-eyes and a single Bufflehead, in the channel. As we neared them, the
Canvasbacks took to wdng, the Scaups and Golden-eyes crowding to the
opposite side of the channel. The Canvasbacks soon came back, circled around
a few times, and dropped in with the others. One female, however, was weak
and could not sustain her flight long enough to reach the water, but dropped
on the ice and flopped along until she was again in the water.

February 13, there were about 150 Ducks in the channel, including one

(410)

A Wild Duck Trap

411

American Merganser. A large box with sides of strawboard, in which holes
were cut for observation and for the lens of my Graflex, made me an excellent
blind. This was pushed out to the edge of the ice February 15, disturbing but
a few of the flock, which now had increased to more than 500. I had but just
concealed myself when a bunch of Scaups came back, circling around, and my
camera caught a female Scaup coming to the water on a turn, wings fully
extended, feet wide apart, with the toes spreading the web to the utmost
as she back-pedaled to the water. Then came the Canvasbacks, circling again
and again, a few dropping in each time around, their wings forming a parachute
as they neared the water and the toes turning up as they tobogganed into it.

We made several attempts to feed the Ducks with wheat, corn, and chopped
cabbage. This was thrown out into the water, and while we did not see them
feeding, I think that they did get some of the corn and wheat. One day I
took a dead Golden-eye from one of the fish-lines that was let through the ice
near the channel. It was hooked through the wing, evidently having struck
the hook while searching for food.

Sometimes a large flock of the Ducks would sit out on the ice in the middle
of the lake for davs at a time, and one dav we went out to them. .As we drew

AMKklCA.V SCAUP (lEMALK) ALIGMTI.VG IN A ILOCK Ul- ^LAL1•^ A.ND C ANVASRACK
DUCKS. BRANCHPORT, FEB is, 1912

near, all flew away except a female Scaup. She was too weak to fly and we
carried her home and fed her some minnows and scraps of beef. The first
minnow was forced down her throat, and as soon as she swallowed it she became
ravenous, picking at our fingers and clothing, and took the minnows from our
fingers the moment they were offered; however, the feeding came too late, and
she died the next day.

412 Bird -Lore

Coming back to the channel, we found one poor Canvasback floating on
the water, dead, and another struggling to keep her head above the water,
but she soon gave up, turned on her side, and after a few gasps was still.
Every day, now, there were more dead Ducks. They floated to the edge of the
ice, the Herring Gulls and Crows coming and dragging them out on the ice,
where they picked the meager flesh from their bones. Some animal must have
carried the bones away, for after a few days a few feathers were all that
remained on the blood-stained snow. It has always been a mystery to me why

^ * *>^ *

^m, «• *4A-i» ^Jii* -Aa^ -'--Hto^piris. V *

CANVASBACK DUCKS. BRANCHPORT, FEB. 13, 1912. "THEIR WINGS FORMING A
PARACHUTE AS THEY NEAR THE WATER, AND TOES TURNING UP AS THEY
TOBOGGAN INTO IT"

these Ducks remained here, slowly starving to death, when Seneca Lake, with
its open water, was only 1 2 miles away, and it would seem that they could see
this water when they were up in their flights.

February 21 brought a thunderstorm which was followed by high winds
and intense cold. Many of the Ducks must have been up in the air and got
caught in the wind and blown away over to Seneca Lake as, when the calm
came on the 23d, there were but forty or fifty Ducks left in the channel. I
picked up three Canvasbacks (two drakes and a duck) that were stranded on
the ice, and soon had them eating oatmeal gruel. They were fed and cared for

A Wild Duck Trap

413

until the middle of April, when they were sent to the New York Zoological
Park.

Only 19 Ducks were in the channel February 25: 12 Canvasbacks, 6
American Scaups, and the Bufflehead. March 5, the little Bufflehead was the
sole survivor from the flock of 500 or more Ducks that were in the channel
early in February. Here she stayed on, and on March 10 was flushed from the
water and made a sustained flight of five minutes' duration. At this time there
was a Holboell's Grebe with her which stayed until the i6th. The Bufflehead
was last seen March 17, when the ice began to break up, and, as other Ducks
(Mallards, Scaups, Baldpates, Mergansers, and Golden-eyes) were then arriv-

AMEKICAN SC.-VUP DUCK AND HULiHiLL s GREBE. MARCH ig, igio. THE BACK-
GROUND IN THIS AND THE SUCCEEDING PHOTOGRAPH IS SNOW-COVERED ICE

ing, I have no doubt but that the little Bufflehead fully recovered and joined
others of her kind on their northern migration.

Never, since 1912, have so many Ducks been caught in this trap, but a
few do get caught there every winter. Canvasbacks and Scaups are the prin-
cipal victims, and sometimes we find dead Golden-eyes and Black Ducks.
Gadwalls, Pintails, and Redheads sometimes stop in the channel for a day or
two, and sometimes after a severe storm a Holboell's Grebe is found there.

The first half of March, 1916, was very cold, with high winds and much
snow. A HoHkvU's Grebe was brought to me the i6th that was found on the
snow in an orchard. I fed it scraps of beef anrl minnows, but it survived only a
few days. .Another Grebe was in the channel the 19th. It was very cold, the
thermometer registering only a few degrees above zero, and the open area in

414 Bird -Lore

the channel was the smallest that I ever saw it, being only about 3 rods long and
I rod wide. An American Scaup drake was out on the ice, and as we came up
he managed to fly back to the open water. The water was shallow, so I could
wade out and crowd the Scaup to one end of the opening until he was forced to
pass close by me, making a fine target for my Graflex. The Grebe would not
consent to be crowded, but would dive, remaining under water for a long time,
sometimes so long that I was afraid that it had got caught under the ice.
However, it always managed to come up in the open.

Before the shooting season was shortened (closing January 15), any Ducks
that remained after the lake was frozen were soon killed or driven away by the
hunters, so it is only of late years that they have remained here to starve. The
winter of 1911-12 was the one year in which the fatalities were greatest.

AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK (MALE)
BRANCHPORT, MARCH 19, 1916

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

VII. MAGPIES

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey

AMERICAN MAGPIE

The American Magpie {Pica pica hudsonia) breeds in western North
America, north to southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, central Alberta,
middle Yukon, and the eastern Aleutian Islands in Alaska; west to the islands
of southern Alaska, Vancouver Island in British Columbia, western Washing-
ton, western Oregon, and eastern California; south to northern Arizona and
northern New Mexico; east to western Kansas, western Nebraska, and central
North Dakota. In nearly all parts of its range it is resident, except possibly
in the northernmost areas; but in winter it wanders more or less, south to
central western Texas, and east to Indiana, Michigan, and Ontario. It also has
straggled to Montreal, Quebec; Albany Fort, northern Ontario; and York
Factory, northern Manitoba.

Some of the eastern records are: Parker's Prairie, Minnesota, December,
igio; Winnebago County, Iowa, spring, 1875; Corning, Missouri, April 23,
1911; Saline County, Missouri, November i, 1890; Bailey's Harbor, Wisconsin,
November 15, 1849; Dunn County, Wisconsin, February, 1884; Chicago,
Illinois, October 17, 1892; Knoxville, Illinois, May 16, 1896; Bicknell, Indiana,
February 10, 1908, and December 24, 1909; and Odessa, Ontario, March 12,
1898.

YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE

The Yellow-billed Magpie {Pica nuttallii) is confined to the state of
California, where it is a permanent resident, though apparently less numerous
and less widely distributed than in former times. Its principal range is now the
valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, but it has been reported
north to Tehama County; west to San Francisco and Monterey County; south
to San Diego; and east to Placer County.

Note. — For a photograph of a Magpie at a winter
bird-table, see Bird-Lore, November-December, 19 10.

(41.S)

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FIFTY-FIRST PAPER

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

American Magpie {Pica pica liudsonia, Figs. 1,2). The male and female
Magpie are alike in plumage, and the young bird when it leaves the nest differs
in color from its parents only in having all the black areas dull instead of glossy,
the white scapular patches tinged with buffy, and more or less white showing
through the black feathers of the throat and breast. The wing- and tail-quills,
while not fully grown, resemble those of the adult, and at the postjuvenal molt
these feathers alone are retained, while those of the body are shed. The young
bird is now indistinguishable in color from the adult. There is no spring molt,
and summer plumage closely resembles that of winter. The postnuptial molt,
as usual, is complete but produces no change in appearance.

The plumage and plumage changes of the Magpie are therefore as simple as
are those of anv other bird.

Bird-Lore's Nineteenth Christmas Bird Census

BIRD-LORE'S Annual Bird Census will be taken as usual on Christmas
Day, or as near that date as circumstances will permit; in no case should
it be earlier than December 22 or later than the 28>th — in the Rocky
Mountains and westward, December 20 to 26. Without wishing to appear un-
grateful to those contributors who have assisted in making the Census so remark-
ably successful, lack of space compels us to ask each census taker to send only
one census. Furthermore, much as we should like to print all the records sent,
the number received has grown so large that we shall have to exclude those that
do not appear to give a fair representation of the winter bird-life of the locality
in which they were made. Lists of the comparatively few species that come to
feeding-stations and those seen on walks of but an hour or two are usually very
far from representative. A census-walk should last four hours at the very least,
and an all-day one is far preferable, as one can then cover more of the different
types of country in his vicinity, and thus secure a list more indicative of the
birds present. Each report must cover 07ie day only, that all the censuses may
be more comparable.

Bird clubs taking part are requested to compile the various lists obtained by
their members and send the result as one census, with a statement of the number
of separate ones it embraces. It should be signed by all the observers who have
contributed to it. When two or more names are signed to a report, it should
be stated whether the workers hunted together or separately. Only censuses

(416)

Bird-Lore's Nineteenth Christmas Bird Census 417

that cover areas that are contiguous and with a total diameter not exceeding
15 miles should be combined into one census.

Each unusual record should be accompanied by a brief statement as to the
identification. When such a record occurs in the combined list of parties that
hunted separately, the names of those responsible for the record should be given.
Reference to the February numbers of Bird-Lore, 1901-18, will acquaint one
with the nature of the report that we desire, but to those to whom none of
these issues is available, we may explain that such reports should be headed by
the locality, date, hour of starting and of returning, a brief statement of the
character of the weather, whether the ground be bare or snow-covered, the di-
rection and force of the wind, the temperature and the distance or area covered.
Then should be given, in the order of the A. O. U. 'Check-List' (which is followed
by most standard bird-books), a list of the species noted, with, as exactly as
practicable, the number of individuals of each species recorded. A record should
read, therefore, somewhat as follows:

Yonkers, N. Y. (to Bronxville and Tuckahoe and back). — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 4:30
P.M. Clear; 5 in. of snow; wind west, light; temp. 38° at start, 42° at return. Eleven
miles on foot. Observers together. Herring Gull, 75; Bob-white, 12 (one covey); (Sharp-
shinned?) Hawk, i; . . . Ruby-crowned Kinglet, i. Total, 27 species, about 470
individuals. The Ruby-crown was studied with 8x glasses at 20 ft.; eye-ring, absence of
head-stripes and other points noted. — James Gates and John Rand.

These records will be published in the February issue of Bird-Lore, and
it is particularly requested that they be sent to the Editor (at the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City) by the first possible mail. It will
save the Editor much clerical labor if the model here given and the order of the
A. 0. U. 'Check-Lisf be closely followed.

Those readers who take part in the Christmas census this year will find
it very interesting to examine the censuses from their part of the country
in years gone by, which will be found in back volumes of Bird-Lore, and
to note how the northern birds vary in the different winters. Reference to
'The Season' Department of the present issue will show that up to the mid-
dle of this October there had been no incursion of the Pine Siskin or other
northern Finches, as during some autumns, and observers fortunate enough
to find these on the Christmas Census should take particular pains with
their identification. The Red-breasted Nuthatch, on the other hand, has
rather generally moved south. We also would call to the special attention
of observers who are able to be in the field this winter, the article on winter
birds, by Dr. A. A. Allen, published elsewhere in this issue of Bird-Lore, —
J. T. N.

jpoteg from ifieltr anb ^tutrp

Red Crossbills in Seattle

Seattle has had an unusual visitation of
the erratic Red Crossbills this year. Flocks
of these birds have been in and about the
city for the entire months of May and June
and are still to be found this first week in
July. They are often seen in gardens on
the shade and orchard trees, and have been
heard many times flying overhead, their
metallic link link being unmistakable.

Their presence here seems to be another
proof that the birds come when we need
them most. The aphis have been swarm-
ing over all forms of vegetation this year,
and in every case where the Crossbills
have been found feeding, they were eating
aphis. In the elm trees and the fruit trees
the aphis injure the leaves, causing them
to curl up. As I stood under an elm tree,
where the Crossbills were feeding, these
leaves kept dropping at my feet, and in
every case they had been cleaned of the
aphis by the birds. In holding them to
get a better grip they had torn the leaves
off.

The birds are in various colored dress,
but many are in the mature plumage, and
one wonders when and where they will
nest this year, if at all. No single pairs
have been noted, the birds always being in
flocks of from ten to twenty. — M. I. Comp-
TON, Seattle, Wash.

Maine Notes

This has been a fme year for birds in
Maine. All the usual species are abundant,
while several rarer ones have been seen.
On my premises there are three trees; each
was occupied this season, one by a pair of
Bluebirds, the second by Robins, and the
third by Cedar Waxwings. I have en-
joyed watching these birds for hours, and
all have safely raised one brood, and the
Waxwings and Robins are feeding their
second (August 8).

Probably the place that is resorted to

most by bird-lovers of this section is
Riverside Cemetery, along the banks of
the Androscoggin River. It is a beautiful
spot and ideal for bird-study. On one of
my walks there I identified forty-one
species. On this walk I saw and identified
the Golden-winged Warbler, which is a
very rare bird for Maine.

I am glad to be able to report that Bob-
white are on the increase in this section
of the state. While I was camping at
Takoma, Me., I saw and heard a great
many of them, while last year they were
quite rare. — -Haydn S. Pearson, Lewis-
Iflii, Me.

Golden-eye Duck Carrying Young

The following observations upon the
method by which tree-nesting Ducks bring
their young down to water may be of in-
terest. I have a summer cottage on Hop-
kin's Point, on the St. Lawrence River, in
the township of Dundee, province of Que-
bec. Early in June a pair of wild Ducks
were observed nesting in a tree some 30
feet from the front door of my cottage.
The nest was in a hole in the tree about
18 feet from the ground, the opening being
barely large enough to admit the parent
bird. The Ducks were easily identified as
the common Golden-eye, called also Whis-
tler, from the sound of their wings in flight.
The drake had a black head and back,
with the neck, lower parts, and a patch on
the cheek of white. The Duck had a red-
dish brown head and the upper portion of
the body mottled gray instead of black.
Both had white patches on their wings and
bright yellow eyes. I think it is impossible
that there was any error in regard to
the species. This Duck not infrequently
breeds in this section, though not a com-
mon summer resident.

I had every opportunity, together with
other members of my family, to observe
the Ducks closely, but we did not make
the matter public lest the birds might be

18)

Notes from Field and Study

419

disturbed or the nest robbed. The brood-
ing Duck would frequently sit absolutely
motionless, apparently without winking
an eye, with her head out of the entrance
of the hole, for some length of time. She
soon grew accustomed to the presence of
the campers, but when, she left the nest
temporarily she circled warily around the
tree-tops several times before re-entering
the nest. One Sunday afternoon, while the
two Ducks were feeding in the bay in front
of the cottage, some miscreant fired at the
drake with a rifle, whereupon he squawked,
rose with his mate, and the drake was seen
no more. Whether he was injured or not
it is impossible to say. In July it is com-
mon for the drakes of certain species to
flock by themselves, and this might pos-
sibly explain why he left his mate.

The Duck, however, was seen attending
to her duties as usual, and the incubation
was uninterrupted. On the afternoon of
July 7 the old Duck was seen at the foot
of the tree, standing on the ground. She
gave severa low quacks or calls, and out
of the hole in the tree overhead promptly
tumbled about a baker's dozen of fledgling
Ducks. The}' were unable to fly but were
sufiiciently grown to be able to ease their
fall to the earth, and, not unlike a flock of
butterflies, they came down pell-mell,
fluttering and tumbling, some of them
heels over head, until they reached the
ground, unharmed. The tree was nearly
but not quite perpendicular, so they were
unable to scramble down. The old bird
gathered them in a bunch and piloted
them along the fence for some 3 or 4 rods
to the river. Down the rocky shore they
went anfl into the water. The old Duck
then sank low in the water and the duck-
lings gathered over her back in a compact
clump, She took them across the bay to
a bed of rushes, some 10 rods distant,
where they disappeared from sight. An
attempt was made to count the brood Init
their movements were too rapid, and,
naturally, during the incubation period
no effort was made to inspect the nest for
fear of frightening the birds away. Since
no evidence of unhatched eggs was ob-
tained, the inference would be that the eggs

were all successfully hatched. Whether the
method adopted of bringing down the
young was the usual and customary one
or otherwise, I am unable to say, but that
this was the plan adopted in this particular
instance is established beyond question. —
W. N. Macartney., M.D., Ft. Coving-
ton, N. Y.

The Birds I Watch frorn My Window

A few years ago, when we moved from
the village to a new house on the hill, the
only tree of any size that graced (or dis-
graced, some people thought) our lawn,
was a weather-beaten old apple tree, so
old that the trunk was split through the
center clear to the ground, causing each
half to lean drunkenly in an opposite
direction. It was so rotted and worm-
eaten that scarcely anything but the shell
remained — too far gone to be cemented
and reclaimed. In spite of "fuel conserva-
tion," the old tree still stands, and though
every fierce wind shakes it to its roots, it
still serves as a fine lunch-table to all the
birds that come for food. I fasten suet on
a lower limb; also, a lid from a tin pail
was nailed fast to the same branch, and
makes a fine container for crumbs, cracked
corn, and the like. The knot-holes and
many cracks in the bark I fill with pea-
nuts, cracked hickory nuts, and other
nuts, and the feast is ready. From early
morning until sundown there is scarcely
an hour that from three to five different
kinds of birds may not be seen feeding hap-
pily together. Last winter (1916 and 1917)
was the banner year as to variety. From
December i to March 15 I identified fif-
teen different kinds. On the morning of
December 30 a lone Robin made his first
appearance. It was extremely cold, and
poor Redbreast looked decidedly unhappy,
as though he realized he had made a ser-
ious mistake in experimenting with a
northern winter. He came occasionally
after that, but was not a regular visitor.
Of course there are flocks of English Spar-
rows, but, unlike many other observers, I
have never seen them drive away other
birds, though they quarrel fiercely among

420

Bird - Lore

themselves for a coveted morsel, so I wel-
come even the English Sparrow — for with
it comes the dainty Tree Sparrow, and
also the Song Sparrow, that in cold weather
seems willing to chum with its English
cou'^in.

I have been much amused when
watching a pair of Downy Woodpeckers.
Evidently equal suffrage has not become a
fact in the bird-world, for when Mr. and
Mrs. Woodpecker come together for lunch,
if my lady tries to get a crumb from the
opposite side of the suet from which her
lord and master is feasting, he flies at her
in such a threatening manner that she
hurriedly takes refuge on an upper branch
and patiently waits until his majesty is
satisfied and flies away. Then Mrs. W.
flies down and eats as fast as she can. I
have watched this instance of family dis-
cipline many times, and never has the lady
of the family been allowed to eat at the
same time as her husband — though he
never interferes with the Nuthatch or
Chickadee that perch by his side and peck
away so sociably at the frozen suet. All
day long the Nuthatches will work, pick-
ing nuts from the shells, seldom stopping
to eat, but flying away to hide their treas-
ure in the bark of a neighboring walnut or
cherry tree, then hurrying back for an-
other morsel. The cheerful little Chicka-
dees are constant visitors, and as I watch
them — even though they wear a black cap
and necktie — I always think of a dainty
old-time Quaker lady^they are so trim
and neat in their soft gray garb. I have
been unable, as yet, to coax the Meadow-
lark to mj' tree, though I often hear him
calling in the neighboring wood. This year
the Blue Jay has come several times and
taken an early breakfast, and though he
hasn't a very good reputation, he is so
very handsome that I am willing to for-
give his many sins, and even his harsh call
sounds good to me.

Following is a list of winter birds that
have come more or less regularly to par-
take of the hospitality of the old apple
tree, some even coming to the window-sill
and peering with bright ej'es into our din-
ing-room, as though asking us not to for-

get that we have hungry neighbors wait-
ing outside for crumbs.

List of Winter Visitants. — Robin, White-
breasted Nuthatch, Red-breasted Nut-
hatch (one pair). Downy Woodpecker,
Chickadee, Hairy Woodpecker, Tree Spar-
row, Fox Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow (one).
Song Sparrow, English Sparrow, Starling,
Junco, Goldfinch, Purple Finch (flock of
about twenty) Kinglet, Blue Jay, Crow. —
Mrs. F. W. Gorham, Katonah, N. Y.

Bird Horizons in the San Francisco
Bay Region

A summary of what birds can be seen in
the San Francisco Bay region in a series of
spring trips afield may be of interest to
bird students. One section of the Univer-
sity Extension class, taking the course
'Six Trips Afield' in the spring of 1918,
was successful in noting 90 different spe-
cies of birds. The trips taken with the
total number of birds seen on each trip,
were as follows: March 2, 1918, University
of California campus, Berkeley, 26 species;
March 16, 1918, Bay Farm Island, near
Alameda, 27 species; March 30, 1918, Red-
wood Canyon, Alameda County, 13 spe-
cies; April 13, 1918, Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, 20 species; May 18, 1918, Tun-
nel Road Canyon, Berkeley Hills, 32 spe-
cies; May 30, 1918, Mill Valley to Man-
zanita via Big Lagoon, 52 species.

All trips occupied three to four hours on
Saturday afternoons, with the exception of
the last one, which was an all-day trip.

A composite list of the birds seen is as
follows. Species, the nests of which were
inspected, are marked with an asterisk (*).

1. Western Grebe.

2. Pied-billed Grebe.

3. Eared Grebe.

4. Pacific Loon.

5. California Murre.

6. Glaucous-winged

Gull.

7. Western Gull.

8. California Gull.

9. Herring Gull.
10. Forster Tern.
ii.Farallone Cormo-
rant.

12. Mallard.*

13. Canvasback.

14. Lesser Scaup Duck.

15. Bufflehead.

16. White-winged

Scoter.

17. Surf Scoter.

18. Ruddy Duck.

19. Black-crowned

Night Heron.

20. California Clapper

Rail.

21. Coot.

22. Northern Phala-

rope.

23. Western Sandpiper.

24. Hudsonian Curlew.

25. Killdeer.

26. California Quail.*

Notes from Field and Study

421

27.

Western Mourning

59.

Intermediate Spar-

Dove.

row.

28.

Turkey Vulture.

60.

Golden-crowned

29.

Marsh Hawk.

Sparrow.

30.

Cooper Hawk.

61.

Western Chipping

31-

Western Red-tail.

Sparrow.

32.

Sparrow Hawk.

62.

Thurber Junco.

33-

Barn Owl.

63-

Santa Cruz Song

34-

Belted Kingfisher.

Sparrow.

35-

Willow Wood-

64.

Salt Marsh Song

pecker.*

Sparrow.

36.

Red-shafted

65-

Marin Song Spar-

Flicker.

row,

37-

Anna Humming-

66.

English Sparrow.

bird.*

67.

San Francisco Tow-

38. Allen Humming-

hee.

bird.

68.

California Towhee

30-

Rufous Humming-

69.

Black-headed

bird.

Grosbeak.

40.

Olive-sided Fly-

70.

Lazuli Bunting.

catcher.

71.

Cliff Swallow.*

41.

Western Wood

72.

Cedar Waxwing.

Pewee.

73.

California Shrike.

42.

Western Flycatcher

74-

Western Warbling

43-

Black Phoebe.*

Vireo.*

44.

California Horned

75-

Hutton Vireo.

Lark.

76.

Lutescent Warbler.

45-

Coast Jay.

77-

California Yellow

46.

California Jay.

Warbler.

47-

Western Crow.

78.

Audubon Warbler.

48.

Bicolored Redwing.

79.

Pileolated Warbler.

49.

Western Meadow-

80.

Pipit.

lark.

81.

Vigors Wren.*

50.

Brewer Black-

82.

Western House

bird.*

Wren.

51-

California Purple

83.

Plain Titmouse.

Finch.

84.

Santa Cruz Chicka-

52.

House Finch.

dee.*

53-

Green-backed

85.

Marin Chickadee.

Goldfinch.

86.

Coast Bush-tit.*

54-

Willow Goldfinch.

87.

IntermediateWren-

55-

Pine Siskin.

tit.

S6.

Bryant Marsh

88.

Western Ruby-

Sparrow.

crowned Kinglet.

57-

Western Lark

89.

Russet-backed

Sparrow.

Thrush.

58.

Nuttall Sparrow.*

90.

Western Robin.*

— Harold C. Bry.ant, Berkeley, Calif.

A Record of the Bald Eagle from
Champaign County, HI.

Early in May a puir of Bald Kagles
appeared northeast of Rantoul, 111., and
remained in the vicinity until one of the
pair was shot.

They were first noticed on May 3; after
that they were seen several times in the
vicinity of an old orchard and a big grove
which they frequented. .\ farmer in the
neighborhood finally shot one of them on
May 7, when it perched in a low tree near
a hog-pasture, after it had tried to take
one of his small shoals. The wing-spread
of the bird was over 5 feet.

A few weeks later, a second Kagle was

shot about 5 miles south of the place
where the first was killed. Presumably
these two birds killed were mates, for the
Bald Eagle is not such a common visitant
to the central Illinois prairies that three
would likely be seen within such a re-
stricted locality in so brief a time. The
last previous record was in 191 5. — Sidney
E. Ekblaw, Rantoul, III.

The Blue Grosbeak in Central Illinois

Early on the morning of May 3, this
year, while our family was at breakfast,
we heard bird-notes new to us, so often
repeated that they could hardlj'^ be unfa-
miliar notes of any of our known bird
friends.

Upon investigation, a quick flash of
dusky blue in a low plum bush attracted
my attention to the bird from whence the
notes came. Careful stalking brought not
only this bird, but another of even brighter
blue, into plain view, so that I had no
difficulty in identifying them. They were
the Blue Grosbeak.

For five days they stayed about the
place, as leisurely at home as if they had
selected the place for summer residence;
then they were gone again.

This was the first time in many years of
observation of birds about my home that
we had recorded this bird, so I was elated
at my good fortune in seeing them —
Sidney E. Ekblaw, Rantoul, III.

Our Summer Boarders

Last winter I hung the usual piece of
suet on a tree near the porch of our house,
but we had very few winter birds — an
occasional Downy, but no Chickadees or
Nuthatches. I left the suet hang during
the summer, and it has certainly been a
source of enjoyment. One family of
Downies, two Catbird families. Blue Jays,
and Red-headed Woodpeckers have feasted
upon it, which shows it does not alto-
gether serve as winter food.

The suet is suspended from a brancii on
a siring, and the Downy, in his Wood-
pecker fashion, hangs on the suet while

422

Bird- Lore

eating. The Catbird looked at the swing-
ing suet many times, and at last, to our
amazement, perched on the suet as did
the Woodpecker, but perhaps not with
such firmness. — Mrs. A. W. Brintnall,
Glencoe, III.

Our Winter Bird Neighbors

Are you feeding the birds these snow-
bound, zero days? I often wonder which
is in the greater need — the birds in the
grip of the cold wave or we in the grip of
these heart-chilling wartimes. But when
it comes to the question of which receives
the greater reward, there is no doubt in
my mind — the birds pay a big rate of
interest.

This is the way it began. The house is
responsible for the first suggestion, for the
architect, some eighty years back, startled
this little village by departing from the
Colonial and daring French windows and
Italian balconies. What could be better
adapted for feeding the birds? In fact, do
not balconies in the light of their being
otherwise impractical for everyday use,
proclaim themselves, above all, bird-
feeders?

The next suggestion came from the
birds themselves when, upon the first soft
fall of snow, just before Thanksgiving,
there was disclosed from the dining-room
a lacework of tiny footprints on the bal-
cony, leading right up to the window. To
disregard such an appeal seemed out of
the question, and I made all haste to tie a
small chunk of suet to a corner balcony-
post. In less than ten minutes a pair of
White-breasted Nuthatches were vora-
ciously tearing out tiny chunks, flying off
to the maple-pole, lodging them to fit in
a crevice in the bark, and 'hatching' at
them fiercely with their long bills. When
the tray of mixed bird-seeds found its
way outside the window, however, they
transferred their interest at once and
daintily chose the sunflower seeds, pajang
attention to the suet only rarely. During
our own Thanksgiving dinner we watched
them with great satisfaction and agreed
that their yank, yank on arrival and

departure was their formal thanks for the
sunflower seed received.

Close upon the heels of this success, two
other dining-porches were installed, one on
the south and one on the west side of the
house. The balcony first commissioned,
being on the east, serves as their sunny
breakfast-porch. As our own breakfast
appears on the table each morning, out
goes the tray of seeds, newly replenished
and generously sprinkled with the hand-
some, striped sunflower seeds. Can you
imagine anything more delightful than
breakfasting with the birds? What could
put one in a better humor for the day than
to be able to mingle with the delightful
taste of the breakfast coffee the still more
delightful sight of the arrival of the dap-
per, friendly, little Nuthatch who never
fails to greet you with courteous thanks
as he arrives and departs? It serves to
strengthen one's lurking suspicion that it
is after all the guest who should receive
the thanks rather than the hostess.

Their midday meal is spread upon the
southern balcony and supper on the west-
ern, where the chill of the coming evening
is tempered by the last rays of the sun.
They attend a sort of movdng-feast, you
see, or might we not say that they chase
their meals around the house? That
reminds me of the story of a husband of
the modern wife who, after having been
dined in all the rooms in his house in rota-
tion, was reported to have said in a re-
signed tone, "Well, I suppose we will be
eating in the cellar next."

The first days I spent breathlessly tip-
toeing about the house and cautiously
peering from behind curtains to see whom
my guests might be. The whole house took
on an expectant attitude. Even the cook,
obdurate soul, became infected. She
whose first pose was that of pitying toler-
ance toward a household of feeble minds,
was discovered, during the pursuance of
her daily routine, directing furtive glances
at the bird-trays. Of course, we have not
extracted an admission from her but, on
the other hand, there have been subtle in-
dications of a change in temper that could
point only one way. The birds did it!

Notes from Field and Study

423

The Downy VV'oodpecker, the Nut-
hatches' boon companion, was our next
guest attracted by the suet, which he still
favors. He was an arresting sight. Such
style to his black-and-white costume of
contrast, set off the more vividly by the
splash of blood-red on his head! Is it a
case of hereditary nerves in the Wood-
pecker family which occasions the feverish
glancing and swaying of the head from
side to side before the vigorous attack
upon the suet, or do you think that it is
all done for effect — to display to full ad-
vantage that flashing crest in the sunlight?
Does the fact that his spouse does not
possess that distinguishing brilliance make
it more valuable in his eyes? Of course, we
will have to admit, will we not, his eyes in
this case are her eyes, for how could he
know about his superior marking if she
did not tell him?

The Chickadees we have watched for
early and late, knowing them to be asso-
ciates of both Nuthatch and Downy, but
not until today did they put in their
appearance. Cousin Nuthatch brought
them down from the woods and intro-
duced them to the suet right before my
eyes. Veritable puff-balls of feathers!
Small wonder they seek shelter in the
pines against the winter gales. While I
write I can look out upon the large maple
facing the window and see the Downy
mounting high up the tree-trunk, holding
himself regally, with lofty crest. Just
below him is the Nuthatch, head down,
vigorously claiming with his long bill the
attention of some grub imbedded in the
bark, while out on the end of a branch
hang the two Chickadees, giving a demon-
stration in tumbling that would take the
heart right out of a Swedish gymnast.

You see I have begun with our feathered
aristocracy, whom we love but who do not
begin to afford us the real amusement
which we derive from the proletariat of the
air, the English Sparrow. They, as could
be expected, were right on hand to receive
everything coming their way, but all the
lime ready to duck when signs of life
appeared at the window — like guilty con-
sciences in dirty-faced little ragamuflins,

all ready to cry, "Cheese it, the cop!"
and be off.

The most amusing thing about them
was the apparent utter astonishment they
displayed at being treated so well. For a
week after our trays went out they stood
singly and in groups, gaping in at the win-
dows and chattering discussions as to the
probable meaning of such a phenomenon.
I think their conversation must have run
something like this: "Gee whiz! What's
struck these folks anyway. We've been
living in these parts long enough to lose
our cockney accent and nothing has hap-
pened like this before. Rumple our feath-
ers ! if we can make out what's up. One
thing's sure we've got to keep our weather-
eye out for any minute they might turn
and scatter us!" — Katrine Blackinton,
Blackinton, Mass.

Northern Shrike Visits a Feeding-shelf

I have a bird feeding-shelf just outside
my window, attached to the window sill,
where Downy Woodpeckers, Chickadees,
and Nuthatches are daily visitants. Yester-
day (Dec. 12, 191 7) I noticed an excite-
ment among my Canaries which were on
a table just inside the window. Upon
investigation I discovered a Northern
Shrike trying to get through the window,
evidently determined to make a dinner of
one of my birds. I stood by the window
and watched him for nearly five minutes —
within 3 feet. After making persistent
efforts without success, he perched on the
feeding-shelf, cocking his head on one side
and the other, turning himself about as
much as to say, "Look at me if you want
to, I will bear inspection" when, suddenly
as if in disgust, he flew away. — Mrs.
Clark Pierce, Putnam, Conn.

Observations on a Food-ShcH

The shelf measures 3 by 2 feet, is 2}^ feet
from the ground, 8 feet from a corner of
the house formed by my study and an en-
closed porch (into whose open door many
a bird flies hastily, only to be examined
by me at leisure), and is 30 feet from a

424

Bird- Lore

Ijalsam hedge (partly dead). From the
windows of study or porch I have seen
exactly seventy different species, a num-
ber which would be slightly larger if I
could have differentiated the Ducks that
have flown by overhead. Thirty-four have
eaten from the shelf, with an additional
seven which have either eaten from the
crumbs that fell from this rich birds'
table or have bathed in or drunk from the
bath placed halfway between the shelf
and the hedge.

One of the curious things about such a
shelf (after three years' observation) is the
frequency with which one species is seen
one season and the scarcity or absence of
it in the same season of the succeeding
year. In the winter of 1916-17 a pair of
Cardinals never missed a day (after the
first week when the male tested the food
alone before allowing his more sober-
colored mate to eat thereof) from Jan-
uary 22 to March 21. In a similar fashion,
the little Red-breasted Nuthatch ('Mouse-
bird' we call him in our household, so
much does he resemble that animal as he
runs over the shelf) was an occasional visi-
tor in 1915-16, and unintermittently the
next year from November 22 to May 3.
But neither of these has been seen at all
during the last winter (though at least
four pairs of Cardinals have wintered in
the village). The Chickadees were con-
stant friends the first two years, but this
year they stayed with me a scant week in
December. The Evening Grosbeaks can
never be depended on, except to avoid the
•shelf itself, though profiting by what falls
from it and by the bath. Similar varia-
tions are recorded of the Hudsonian
Chickadee, the Redpoll and the White-
crowned Sparrow. The White-throated
Sparrow, that companionable little min-
ister with his small white necktie, is nearly
as dependable as the calendar.

In the early summer the variations de-
pend on what is nesting in the neighbor-
hood, and one season I can see on the shelf
what the next year I will look for in vain.
This was noticeably true of the Red-
headed Woodpecker. My shelf has fur-
nished nothing more comical than a

mottled young of this species, peering over
the edge as it clings to the side; nor has
m^' camera caught anything more pleasing
than the same young being fed, unless it
is a whole family of Bronzed Crackles
being fed in turn. The Catbird, the
Thrasher (whom I could stroke on the
nest), the House Wren, the Hairy Wood-
pecker (how unapproachable compared
with his replica in miniature, the friendly
Downy, friendly the year round), the
Mourning Dove, the Rose-breasted Gros-
beak and the Wood Thrush, are among
those whose nests, being near, have been
regular visitors to the shelf one year and
entirely unseen the next year.

The early days of Maj^ see the bushes
and trees alive with Warblers (nineteen of
them, which is nearly equivalent to seeing
thirty-eight, so different are the two sexes,
in color at least), and yet only five have
taken a meal at my restaurant: the Black-
throated Blue, the Black-throated Green,
the Myrtle, the Magnolia, and the Red-
start (the latter most frequently). That
is not as long a list as the Sparrows, and
the difference is due, of course, to the dif-
ference in food enjoyed by the different
families. The Finches delight in the sun-
flower seed, millet, hemp, and suet which
are the staple articles of food I provide,
with side-dishes of nuts, bread, meat, and
the like. And, oh, if only the Flickers
would grace the table instead of limiting
their attentions to probing my lawn, nest-
ing in my trees, and tapping on my roof.
And why did it take the Robins, nesting,
several of them, within 50 feet of the lilac
tree against which the shelf is attached, a
summer and a half to care, or dare, to
eat of the delectable suet? On the other
hand, why should the Cowbirds come in
from the fields, a mile or more away, to
spend so much time eating millet in the
center of a city-like village? Is the lazy
habit seen in its egg-laying spreading to
its eating habits? These are questions I
cannot answer, but their very mystery
makes the presence of the shelf an unfail-
ing delight.

But I must pass on to telling a few facts,
curious or otherwise, concerning my

Notes from Field and Study

42;

feathered friends attracted to the neigh-
borhood of my windows. And, most cur-
ious of all, to me, is the frequency with
which Jay feeds Jay Why, in the dead
of winter, or early in the spring (April 7
and 17, to be exact in two cases), should
one Jay give another Jay a sunflower seed,
the latter being apparently as well able to
help himself (or herself) from the table as
the former? Or why should one Hy off to
a lower branch in the hedge to be promptly
approached, as if by prearrangement, by
another to which he gives some morsel
taken from the shelf? I cannot tell; I only
know it is done. Sometimes the recipient
immediately eats the tidbit; sometimes it
takes it between its feet to crack it open.
And, again, when the camera has caught
from three to five Jays feeding together,
why there should be times when there
seem to be two laws, well-observed: "One
at a time, please," and "The line forms on
this side?" That is, one Jay feeds for
from thirty to forty seconds and then flies
ofT; immediately it is succeeded by a
second that has been perched just above
the shelf; when this one has finished a
third comes down and takes its place; and
this may go on for as long as twenty min-
utes— a veritable bread-line. That other
birds should keep off when the Jays are
feeding is not to be wondered at; and yet
it is not a universal rule — the Jays do not
seem always to inspire terror. One summer
day a Jay hastily left its bath when a
Robin came to drink; one May 23 a single
female Rose-breasted (Irosbeak success-
fully kept three Jays (apparently not
young ones) from coming on to the shelf,
and her belligerent si)irit continued when
a male and female of her own species later
appeared; but she soon relented and the
three fed in peace together. For June 4
my journal records: "Male Cowbird sue
tessfully and repeatedly drives off, and
keeps off, Jay from shelf; then, proud of
his powers, he also drives off a male Rose-
breasted (irosbeak." The Doves proved
equally successful in keeping the Jays
away, and the young ones, in July, even
followed their parents' e.xamplc. (What a
difference between a family of noisy, cry-

ing, whining Jays, looking too old to be
fed, and a family of silent Doves, looking
too young to feed themselves!) To revert
to the Jays, I find that the Crackles are
not afraid of them at any time, and that
the Jays prefer to vacate when a Crackle
appears. In fact, most birds leave the
shelf when the metallic-headed, evil-eyed
Blackbirds come to eat, save the Cowbird.
to whom color resemblance may perchance
allow an entree. And the White-breasted
Nuthatch, who almost runs between their
legs in his clumsy little way of trjdng to
walk horizontally after ceaselessly running
vertically, up or down, is unafraid in the
presence of these swarthy and larger
birds. And shall I ever forget the comical
expression on the face of a Nuthatch which
flew on to the shelf when a J unco was feed-
ing. The hycmaUs promptly dropped to ^i
lower branch, and the little Nuthatch
turned and looked at him, as if to say,
"You were not afraid of me, were you?"
and then went about his business of eating.

Some time in 191 5 a young Crackle
appeared one day (when the shelf was at
my window) with a sore foot. A little
later a second one appeared with the same
afflict on. Later in the summer one of
them had entirely lost the foot; the other
seemed unaltered, and the foot seemed
'withered' and was never used. They were
both frequent feeders until November.
In 1916 the one with the 'withered' foot
returned and was here all summer. It kept
constantly by itself, and in October (after
I returned from a month's absence) I wrote
of it: "It has grown quite white on the
shoulders and upper back, and looks like
a patriarch." This year I ha\'e not seen it.

.\nd so one could go on almost endlessly.
What a red-letter day when two sprightly
little Ruby-crowned Kinglets (whose song
had been so often heard earlier) decided to
try my restaurant. What a banisher of
spring-fever the sight and sound of 'I'ow-
hee and Fox Sparrow scratching among the
dead leaves. What music to the ears the
lirst-heard Pcabody song of the White-
throat, even though when lirsl heard it is
never completed. How unusual to see a
Downy suddenly leave the sucl on the tree-

4^6

Bird- Lore

trunk to catch a passing insect in a veri-
table flycatch; g method. How interesting
(not monotonous!) the Brown Creeper,
nearly as silent as the Waxwing — a mod-
esty in feathers. How can one be annoyed
when he looks out and sees the hulk of a
gray squirrel squatted on the shelf, or the
English Sparrows that my bullets have
missed eating food not set out for them;
and yet it is because of what they displace
that one does become angry, and must be
rid of them in order to enjoy one of God's
greatest gifts to men: birds around the
house, useful, beautiful, companionable. —
George Roberts, Jr., Lake Forest, III.

Snowy Owl in Iowa

On December 12, 191 7, during a typical
Iowa blizzard, I chanced to look upward
and just above the chimney-tops, seem-
ingly born out of the throes of the storm,
I saw a great white bird with a wing-ex-
panse of about 3 feet. Later, during
Christmas week, a record of another
Snowy Owl was telephoned me from a
farm some 12 miles east of Osage. —
F. May Tuttle, Osage, Iowa.

American Egret in Pennsylvania

Bird-Lore readers will be interested to
know that the writer had the good fortune
of identifying an American Egret on July
23, 1916, at Blue Marsh, Berks County,
Pa. (about 7 miles from Reading, Pa.).
The Egret was first observed in flight, com-
ing stoically winging along with its char-
acteristic Heron like flight. The sun being
propitious, I had an admirable oppor-
tunity to identify the bird for an American
Egret — with its yellow bill, black legs,
and white plumage.

I also wish to report that a friend and
the writer identified eighty species of
birds on May 19, 191 7, at the same Blue
Marsh (from Sinking Springs to Blue
Marsh and return, 7 to 8 miles). Such a
list, as you may suppose, was the making
of an interesting day! (Will be delighted
to furnish the list if it can be of any use.)

And again may I report that a Black-

crowned Night Heron colony is situated
near Bridgeport, Pa., possibly the one
referred to as being at Red Hill in the July-
.\ugust, 1917, Bird-Lore. The birds had
a very successful season, and there are
sixty-five nests, with as many pairs breed-
ing, by a conservative count. — Conrad
K. Roland, Norristown, Pa.

Bird-banding

As a part of certain investigations now
being carried on by the Department of
Biology of the Western Illinois State
Normal School, at Macomb, 111., 250 young
birds were marked during the past sum-
mer. A small, white celluloid ring was
placed upon the right leg of each bird.
Most of the birds are Robins, but several
other migratory species are included in the
list. All were reared upon, or within one
block of the campus. It is hoped that
some data concerning the movements and
habits of the young birds after leaving the
nest and during the next year may be
obtained. If anyone who observes a bird
marked as indicated above will let us
know, it will be very helpful to us. Address
any communications to C. W. Hudelson,
Macomb, III.

[Certain kinds of valuable and interest-
ing data (relative to age and migration for
instance) can best be obtained by marking
individual birds. The American Bird-
Banding Association, Howard H. Cleaves,
Secretary, Public Museum, New Brighton,
N. Y., issues aluminum bands suitable for
placing on the legs of wild birds. Each
band bears a serial number, with request
that in case of recovery, the American
Museum of Natural History, New York
City, be notified. A record of each band
placed is kept by the Association in card-
catalogue form, and can be referred to if
a band is recovered. It is expressly stated
that under no circumstances should a
bird be killed for the purpose of recovering
a band, but a certain number of bands are
recovered from birds killed by accident,
etc. If you find a dead bird in the fields,
look at its legs. It may be the bearer of a
band which will establish some valuable

Notes from Field and Study

427

scientific fact. We understand that Mr.
Cleaves is at present preparing a report of
the work of the Bird-Banding Association

which will present much interesting data
already obtained by bird-banding in
America.— J. T. N.]

THE SEASON

X. August 15 to October 15, 1918

Boston Region. — The fine summer
days of late August passed with little note-
worthy to the general observer. The fall
rains began in early September, storm fol-
lowing storm, with dull weather between
for much of the month. The first heavy
frost came September 11, but otherwise
the month was not unusually cold. In dis-
tinct contrast have been the many clear,
cold days, with occasional frosts, of late
September and early October.

The gradual withdrawal of the summer-
ing birds through August and early Sep-
tember, and the apparent absence of mi-
grants from the north may have con-
tributed to cause the seeming great dearth
of birds throughout most of the latter
month. As a means for determining the
appro.ximate time of departure of the local
Robins and Bronzed Crackles, the dis-
appearance of those that summer on the
Public Carden and Common in the heart
of Boston is important. A number of
pairs of each species live constantly on
these green oases during the summer, rais-
ing their young in the midst of the city
noise. Their numbers gradually dwindle
in late summer, but a few individuals of
each species were seen up to September 16.
familiarly hopping or walking about on
the grass, sometimes accompanied by full-
grown young. It was at about this same
time that a Robin-roost, previously noticed
at Lexington, was abandoned, though up
to the end of August it had become the
nightly resort of nearly a thousand birds.
The recrudescence of song in several species
before they lea\c for the south is a pleas-
ant reminder of si)ringtime. .\ last Balti-
more Oriole was heard bugling .August .^1
at Cambridge. On September i, a Warb-
ling Vireo sang gaily from the village elms
at I-exington and was hearfl by another

observer a few days later. A Yellow-
throated X'ireo was heard in full song Sep-
tember 12, near the same place. Both
species have been rare with us the last two
years, a result, in part, perhaps, of the
thorough spra>-ing of orchard and shade
trees to destroy the insect pests or bene-
factors. The old elms about Boston ha\'e
particularly suffered of late years so that
the few still remaining in Cambridge have
long since ceased to attract the Warbling
Vireo.

On September 15, two Myrtle Warblers
were seen at Lexington, feeding in the red
cedars at the edge of a pine wood, the first
northern migrants to be noticed. It was
not, however, until September 27 that
migrants appeared with a rush, when, on
the wings of clear weather following a suc-
cession of rainy or inclement days. Myrtle
Warblers, Black-poll Warblers, Juncos,
and White-throated Sparrows, and a num-
ber of Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers appeared
suddenly, and with them a few Red-
breasted Nuthatches, a bird of irregular
appearance here. In the first half of
October, the two species of Warblers just
noted have swarmed over the country,
every birch thicket having its quota of
birds. Juncos abounded in the weed-fields
and by the roadsides. Bluebirds have been
markedly common, their notes being con-
stantly in the air, as small flocks passed
over in the early mornings. In feeding
they haunt the pastures and gather with
Chipping Sparrows and Myrtle Warblers
about the open brooks and rills. Yellow
Palm Warblers in small numbers have at
times accompanied them. The first one
seen was on October 2, with a flock of
Bluebirds, Chippies, and .\Jyrtle Warblers.
Like the last species, it was scon feeding
on the smooth, l)r<)wnish caterpillar com-

428

Bird- Lore

mon among grass and weeds at this sea-
son. A second bird was seen October 12.
Brown Creepers were seen on October 2.
The sunny days of early October seem
to have favored the late stay of several
birds. A Nighthawk was seen at Lexington
on October 5, and a second reported the
following evening, in characteristic flight
over a meadow. Phoebes were in evidence
at least till the second of the month. A be-
lated (ireat-crested Flycatcher was found
on the morning of the 12th, and was
watched for half an hour as he busily caught
flying insects from a perch in the topmost
twigs of a maple. A few Sharp-shinned
Hawks have passed through, taking toll of
the migrating hosts the last few weeks.
Song and Savannah Sparrows swarm to-
gether on the edge of weed-fields, Titlarks
in small flocks have lately appeared in
plowed grounds, and a few Rusty Black-
birds have been seen. Altogether, the first
half of October has fully redeemed the
poverty of September in its hosts of mi-
grating birds. — Glover M. Allen, Boston,
Mass.

New York Region. — Except for a short
hot period in August, the summer was, on
the whole, a cool one, and signs of autumn
appeared at about the customary dates.
On Long Island, the Black Tern, generally
present in late summer, were very late in
putting in an appearance, and the birds
were there a comparatively short time,
although one, seen on September 22 (at
Mastic), is later than they generally re-
main with us. The Red-breasted Nuthatch
almost completely absent last year, has
been present in fair numbers, a single bird
recorded from Long Island on September 2,
and a flight of them rc]jortod from various
points by various observers in ("onnecti
cut, New York, and New Jersey- the end
of September. The White-throatid Spar-
row, in the end of September, was some-
what niort' common and more generall\'
distributed than usual at this time. The
southbound flight of small arboreal birds,
especially Warblers, was less scant than a
year previous, the usually abundant Black-
poll Warbler being fairly numerous (in

October), and the Magnolia apparently
scarcest of those which should have been
common. The Myrtle Warbler has arrived
generally and is common This species
was absent from its usual winter haunts the
latter part of last winter, and was every-
where unusually scarce in the spring. —
John T. Nichols, New York, N. Y.

Philadelphia Region. — August has
brought the hottest day ever recorded in
the historj' of the local weather bureau,
when the thermometer soared to 106 de-
grees (August 7). At this time the tem-
perature averaged from 10 to ig degrees
above normal for about a week. Such
heat had a decided effect on the birds,
scarcely a note of any kind being heard,
even English Sparrows being much less
noisy than is their habit. Toward the
end of the month cool days prevailed, and
some few migrants were noted. However,
the first perceptible Warbler movement
was not observed till September 5. From
that date, the Warblers were present in
their usual numbers, the scarcity this
spring having no apparent effect on the
numbers this fall, which would seem to
indicate that the birds were not as scarce
this spring as they were reported, or that
the breeding-season was very favorable
for the increase of this family of birds.

Herring Gulls were first noted Septem-
ber 25. Red-headed Woodpeckers and
Goldfinches were somewhat more nu-
merous than usual the latter part of Sep-
tember.

It might not be out of place to mention
that there is a ver\- apparent increase this
fall in unlawful shooting in this region.
I have not only observed a good deal of
this myself but several people have told
me the same thing. I am glad to say that
our local game-warden, Charles Folker, is
very much alive and has already appre-
hended a number of these indiscriminat-
ing and lawless shooters. — Julian K.
Potter, Camden, X. J . ^

Washington Region. — The city of
Washington, though situated in the valley
of the Potomac River, is apparently off

The Season

429

the main north and south route of bird-
migration, which lies considerably nearer
the Atlantic coast. Thus we get here only,
as it were, the overflow trafiic from the
main highway. As a consequence, during
August and September, the vicinity of
Washington is not a verj' favorable place
for bird-observation.

During these two months in the present
year there have been three definite mi-
gration waves: one about September i,
another about the middle of September,
and still another during the last week of
the same month. These waves brought a
number of birds down from the north
earlier than common, yet no earliest
records were broken. The Lesser Yellow
legs appeared on August 24, three days
ahead of their average date of arrival; the
Pectoral Sandpiper, on September i
(average date of first appearance, Septem-
ber 5); the Slate-colored Junco, on Sep-
tember 28 (average, October 8); the
Myrtle Warbler, September 28 (average,
October 7); the Black-poll Warbler, Sep-
tember 14 (average, September 24); the
Connecticut Warbler, September 14 (aver-
age, September 23). The Red-breasted
Nuthatch came on .\ugust 31, nearly a
month in advance of its time, which is
September 24; and it was fairly common
during the month of September, which is
welcome information, as it was almost
wholly absent during last fall and last
winter.

The mild, pleasant weather of Septem-
ber evidently induced some species to
overstay their allotted time. The Balti-
more Oriole, the latest previous date of
which was August 26, 1887, was observed
by Raymond W. Moore on September 7;
the Purple Martin remained until Septem-
ber 20, its latest previous date being Sep-
tember 14, 1889; and the Olive-sided Fly-
catcher was observed by L. I). Miner and
Raymond W. Moore on September 14, the
only other autumn record being an indi-
vidual noted in September, 1881. Fur-
thermore, the .\nurican Redstart re-
mained until September 29, although ordi-
narily it dejiarts about the 19th of this
month; and the (Irccn Heron stavcil until

September 28, whereas its average date of
departure is August 27.

With the migration wave of the middle
of September came a large flight of Ameri-
can Robins, and this species was very
abundant in the city on September 14. On
September 22 Miss M. T. Cooke observed
a flock of about a thousand Broad- winged
Hawks, and another of some two hundred.
These birds were driving in a southerly
direction at a great altitude over the city,
and apparently made part of the south-
ward migration of the species. The Pied-
billed Grebe first appeared on September
24, and since then has been uncommonly
numerous for this season of the year. The
Black Tern, first observed on August 17
at Chesapeake Beach, by Dr. A. K. Fisher,
has likewise been present on the larger
streams near Washington in unusual
numbers during the latter half of .\ugust
and most of September. The American
Egret, which has been rare of late about
Washington, was seen on the Anacostia
River on September i by Raymond W.
Moore, but only three individuals were
noted.

.\n interesting incident was observed by
the writer on September 14 in the wooded,
hilly country along Scott's Run, near the
Potomac River. A fine, adult Bald Eagle,
sailing about majestically at a moderate
height, was spied by a big Red-tailed Hawk,
soaring at a much greater altitude. After
circling about for a time over the Eagle,
the Hawk suddenly closed its wings and
plunged almost vertically, with incredible
swiftness, directly at the Eagle, checking
himself only when a short distance away.
He then proceeded to chase the Eagle out
of sight.

There were in the city, during .\ugust
and September, the customary Purple
Crackle roosts, but none of them seemed
to be as well populated as usual. There
were no large roosts of European Starlings
observed, such as were noted last year.
During the month of .\ugusl, however, a
few birds, never o\er seventy-five, roosted
near the I'urple .Marlins; they later dis-
appeared from this vicinity, possibly tak-
ing up tiu'ir abode elsewhere, as a few

430

Bird- Lore

resorted to the Capitol grounds near the
secondary Purple Martin roost. The
Purple Martins returned this year in much
greater numbers than in August of 191 7,
but they roosted in another place, as will be
more fully described later in Bird-Lore. —
Harry C. Oberholser, Biological Survey,
Washington, D. C.

Minneapolis Region. — The weather
during the last two weeks of August con-
tinued cooler than usual. Early in Sep-
tember heavy frosts began to appear in the
northern part of the state, ice forming in
Itasca Park on September 3, and freezing
temperatures prevailing throughout the
northern counties on the loth. On Sep-
tember 1 2 the first frost occurred at Min-
neapolis, but it was light, and even the
tenderest garden plants are still uninjured
in this locality at the present date. In the
middle of September, just before the
opening of Duck-shooting, the southwest-
ern part of the state experienced several
sharp, frosty nights which, at Heron Lake,
were supposed to account for the scarcity
of local birds, especially Teal. During the
third week of September, cold, raw days
predominated all over the state, followed
by beautiful, warm "Indian Summer"
weather that has continued to the present
time. Aside from a few local heavy down-
pours in August, there has been but little
rain. Lakes, streams, and sloughs are ex-
ceptionally low, and the uplands dry and
parched, which conditions have prepared
the way for the widespread and terrible
forest fires that are at present causing the
greatest loss of life and property in the
history of Minnesota. The devastated
area extends over several large counties in
the heart of the Canadian Zone, and every-
thing in the path of the fires has been swept
clean. In addition to the destruction of
vegetation, the loss of animal life in such
conflagrations must be enormous.

The crop of wild rice this year has been
unusually large and luxuriant. Even in
the almost dry sloughs it stands tall and
dense and heavy with seed. It would seem
as though this should have a beneficial
effect on the vast numbers of birds, both

aquatic and land, that prefer this to any
other food. Unfortunately, it comes too
late to save the farmers' crops from the
devouring hordes of Blackbirds. The
damage is wrought by these birds while the
corn and grain are 'in the milk.'

The most interesting phase of bird-
study in the fall is the return of the
migrants. In this connection it is a per-
ennial surprise to see how quickly many of
the far northern breeding waders are
back again at their old spring haunts. On
August 24 a flock of eleven Least Sand-
pipers was seen feeding in company with
many Lesser Yellow-legs on a mud-flat
along the Minnesota River, not far from
this city. On the 25th a couple of Baird's
Sandpipers had joined them. These two
birds kept much by themselves and did
not seem to be in particularly good favor
with the others. In general actions they
resembled very closely the Least Sand-
piper. Both ran quickly about, searching
for their food by a rapid, vertical probing
with the slender bill instead of picking it
up in a leisurely fashion as did the larger
species present. August 25 a single Green-
winged Teal was seen on the mud-bar in
company with a brood of ten or twelve
Blue-wings. The former species is now a
rare breeder in southern Minnesota, and,
as a migrant, the bulk comes rather late.

A flock of twelve Horned Larks, old and
young, and several single birds were seen
near the city on September 2, this being
worthy of note because this bird has been
strangely scarce in this vicinity in recent
years.

Late in August the usual miscellaneous
assemblages of migrating and resident
birds appeared in the woodlands, roving
about, feeding and calling to one another
as they drift hither and thither through
the tree-tops. The composition of these
groups is always a curious and fascinating
study. Often they number several hun-
dred individuals and thirty or forty
species may be represented, ranging all the
way from Woodpeckers to Kinglets.
Young and old are alike present. Warblers,
\'ireos, and Flycatchers predominate.
These loitering migrants are here closely

The Season

431

associated for the time with such perman-
ent residents as Nuthatches, Downy and
Hairy Woodpeckers, Brown Creepers,
Chickadees, and even an occasional Blue
Jay. In the earUer collecting days of the
writer, these heterogeneous autumn flocks
were fruitful sources of many fall speci-
mens. Tamarack swamps, growing as cir-
cular fringes of trees around central open
areas, were favorite haunts, and as the
birds went round and round it was an
easy matter, by heading them off by quick
movements to and fro across the open
space, to become fully acquainted with the
entire personnel and many a choice find
in species or new plumage was the result.
With the falling of the leaves in late Sep-
tember and early October these parties
are broken up and the migrating portions
pass on their way to their winter homes in
the South.

In view of the limited numbers that were
observed in this locality last spring, it was
interesting to see the abundance of White-
throated Sparrows, Juncos, Fox Sparrows,
and Myrtle Warblers that passed here this
fall. These irregularities in the seasonal
representation of birds are rather puzzling
problems.

A word in regard to the Ducks this fall.
At the opening of the season in mid-Sep-
tember but very meager bags were secured
at all i)oints of the state, and it was the
opinion of both hunters and guides that
local Ducks were less numerous than
usual. Just at this writing it is reported
that the northern birds are coming down
in considerable numbers but it is too early
to report in regard to relative abundance. —
Thos. S. Roberts, MI)., University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Oberlix Region. — Purple Martins left
the vicinity on the last day of August.
Baltimore Orioles were in full song until
the middle of September. Chimney Swifts
left September 7, which is unusuall\- carl\-
for them to go.

Olive-backed Thrushes arrived on Sep-
tember 8 in numbers. On October 7, the
first Ulack-throatcd (Ircen and Ha\
breasted Warblers were noted, and, on

October 14, the first Hermit Thrush,
Myrtle Warbler and Slate-colored Junco.
Red-breasted Nuthatches and White-
throated Sparrows were first noted on
September 29, but they probablj- arrived
a few days earlier than that.

It has not been possible for the writer to
keep careful note of the birds during the
summer and autumn, but the general im-
pression which he has gained is that the
singing of most of the Sparrows and the
Orioles has continued much later than
usual, and that the departure of the insect-
eating birds, notably the Swifts and Swal-
lows, came much earlier than usual —
which latter was the case last year.

Birds have been about as numerous as
usual during the summer, and Robins and
Bronzed Crackles have been so abundant
that many hundred dollars worth of gar-
den fruits and corn must be credited to
their insatiable appetities. English Spar-
rows damaged the wheat to a less extent
than usual. — Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio.

Kansas City Region. — The most not-
able event of the season was the finding of
a nest of Blue Grosbeaks about a mile
east of the southeast corner of the city.
The nest was 10 to 12 feet from the
ground, in a peach tree, and contained
young. The owner of the orchard would
not allow of a close inspection of the nest,
but the bobbing heads of at least three
young could be seen in open-mouthed
clamor for food on each arrival of the
female. The male sang almost continu-
ously for nearly an hour, and came near
the nest several times with food, but was
too timid at our presence to feed the young.
This bird, like the Bewick's Wren, is
known to be extending its range northward
in western Missouri, but this is the first
authentic nesting record for the Kansas
City region. It has been observed in this
vicinity only twice previously.

.\s reported in previous notes from this
district, the increase in Ducks has been
very noticeable since the new law went into
ctTcct. Especially is this true of the species
that formerly nested here. Fortunatcl.w
tlu-y are still able to find suitable nesting-

432

Bird- Lore

sites in the Missouri Valley, in northwest-
ern Missouri and eastern Kansas, where
they may rear their j'oung with some de-
gree of security. It is reported from several
points in this up river country that Blue-
winged Teal and Wood Ducks have nested
in numbers this season, and a few favor-
able reports have been received as to Mal-
lards, Pintails, and Shovellers. It is re-
gretted that no apparent increase in the
Geese can be noted. R. P. Holland, of
Atchison, reports that a pair of Canada
Geese remained to breed near the Iowa
line this summer, and that while the male
was killed by some unknown farmer, there
was evidence that the female brought off
her brood of young. All this is very en-
couraging to the very few well-wishers of
this law in this region.

The flocks of migrating Pelicans usually
looked for on the Missouri River from
September 13 to 25 did not appear until
October 4, when the first of these majestic
birds was seen making their way south,
high overhead, like a string of glistening
war-planes.

Several small, scattered flocks of Lin-
coln's Sparrows were seen on September 29,
an unusually early date for these birds in
this region, as they usually arrive near the
middle of October. — Harry Harris,
Kansas City, Mo.

Denver Region. — The writer's - ^w
duties in the service do not take him en
tirely out of the Denver Region, but thej'
hav^e curtailed considerably his chances of
noting bird-life since August 15.

The early impressions of the \'ear, that
some birds were not up to the normal in
number, and also queer in distribution, has
been confirmed during the past weeks.
Thus, only one large flock of Bronzed
Grackles was seen, to wit, on August 27,
and, again, the writer was surprised to see
a Hairy Woodpecker in his yard on Aug-
ust 24, a very rare o'_currence for that

date in this place. This period has shown
in an interesting manner the difference in
the visiting habits of two different species
of Warblers, both of which breed not more
than 20 miles away from Denver, in the
higher foothills; thus, the Virginia Warbler
appeared about my yard on August 26, and
was last seen in the neighborhood on
October 15, while the Macgillivray's
Warbler was detected only on August
28 and 30.

On August 22 a brood of young Robins
was noted, all barely able to fly, and
plainly Just out of the nest; this is a very
late date for this species to finish the
season's nesting work. Late in August,
and early in September, several Gold-
finches were seen, all having been what
were called Mexican Goldfinches years ago,
while at the same time the writer saw none
of the Arkansas species, though they were
common breeders earlier in the season.
This observation is but one of a similar
nature made in the past, and lends support
to the suggestion made by E. R. Warren
that this form is not with us early in the
season, and probably is really a distinct
species, not a form of the Arkansas Gold-
finch. I do not see the previously called
Mexican Goldfinch here until late in the
summer or early in the fall, and I, too,
feel dubious as to its being a form of the
Arkansas Goldfinch.

On September 9, many large flocks of
Robins were seen flying southward; this
could not have been due to severe
weather driving them south, for the sea-
son here has been mild and exceedingly
pleasant.

The writer has seen, this fall, more Barn
Swallows, often in considerable flocks,
than in several years past.

Our winter birds have begun to arrive,
the Grey-headed Junco getting here on
September 13, and today (October 15)
some Tree Sparrows were seen in the
suburbs. — -W. H. Bergtold, Denver, Col.

^ook Ji^ehjsf antr Ctebietosf

Jungle Peace. By William Beebe.
Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1918.
8vo. 297 pages; 16 full-page plates from
photographs.

This book is a picture. Its theme is the
beauty of the South American jungle as
seen by the philosopher-naturalist. It is
not a picture of birds, but there are birds
in the picture. Of the eleven chapters
which comprise it, the central one of seven-
teen pages gives a vivid, careful descrip-
tion of 'Hoatzins at Home.'

In the author's words, "The hoatzin is
probably the most remarkable and inter-
esting bird living on the earth today." The
colony of Hoatzins studied was over the
edge of a river in "an almost solid line of
bunduri pimpler or thorn tree. This was
the real home of the birds, and this plant
forms the background whenever the
hoatzin comes to mind." The methods of
the reptile-like young of this bird using the
clawed digits at the bend of the wing in
climbing, and also of diving into the water
beneath to escape capture, are described
in detail.

The student of bird-life in temperate
climes will find in the many allusions to
birds of the tropics the tang of the unfa-
miliar, yet much that parallels and gives
fresh meaning to things which he knows
well. We are all acquainted with the
heterogeneous association of Chickadee,
Downy, Nuthatch, Kinglet, etc., which
drift through the winter woodland, and
read with interest (page 249) "Little
assemblages of flycatchers, callistes, tana-
gers, antbirds, manakins, woodhewers, and
woodpeckers are drawn together by some
intangible but very social instinct. Day
after day they unite in these fragile fra-
ternities which drift along, gleaning from
leaves, flowers, branches, trunks, or
ground, each bird according to its struc-
ture and way of life. They are so held to-
gether by an intangible gregarious instinct
that day after day the same heterogeneous
flock ma\- be ()l)servcd, identiriabU' bv

peculiarities of one or several of its mem-
bers. The only recognizable bond is
vocal — a constant low calling; half-uncon-
scious, absent-minded little signals which
keep the members in touch with one
another, spurring on the laggards, retard-
ing the overswift."

'Jungle Peace' is delightful reading in
part or throughout. The thread which
binds it together is subtle, perhaps the
author s personality, or perhaps the many-
sided spirit of the jungle itself. We are
told that most of the chapters have ap-
peared independently in the Atlantic
Monthly, and that the one on the Hoat-
zins is adapted from a publication of the
New York Zoological Society. In any
event, they form an harmonious whole
from the initial ones which carry the
reader southward into the tropics, across
the Sargasso Sea and through the West
Indies, to the final 'Jungle Night,' which
leaves him in moonlight stillness of the
jungle with the weird cry of the big goat-
sucker-like poor-me-one ringing in his
ears. Looked at as a picture, the light
and shade values are the elements best
executed. — J. T. N.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — In the October issue we may
read a valuable contribution on 'The
Nesting Grounds and Nesting Habits of
the Spoon-billed Sandpiper' by Joseph
Dixon, who shows us a half-tone of the
country and of the eggs and nest of this
little-known bird, as well as diagrams of
its nuptial flight and a sketch map of
northeastern Siberia. This very rare
Sandpiper, with its peculiar, spade-shaped
bill, is accidental on the .Vlaskan coast, but
it has been taken in migration as far south
as Rangoon, Burma. In contrast to this
study of a rare bird in the far north, we
have observations made on the common
Crow in Massachusetts by Dr. Chas. W.
Townsend, under the title, 'A Winter

(433)

434

Bird- Lore

Crow Roost.' Let no one despair of oppor-
tunity, for if one is denied Arctic explora-
tion, one may find something new about
home, and Dr. Townsend shows us what
may be learned of the humble Crow when
he gathers nightly by the thousand in a
"river of black wings." We learn that
"Crows take no interest in food conserva-
tion" and eject pellets like the Owls, rich
in nutriment when berries are plentiful in
the fall, but consisting only of skins and
husks when food becomes scarce in the
winter. Aithur T. Wayne, with 'Some
Additions and Other Records New to the
(Ornithology of North Carolina,' also
shows how much may be learned in a
limited area by constant and careful
observation.

Chauncey J. Hawkins reviews at great
length some of the pros and cons in
'Sexual Selection and Bird-Song,' adding
some theories of his own which, although
they are not altogether convincing, are,
superficially at least, as plausible as some
others that have been advanced in the
past.

Prof. Hubert L. Clark discusses 'The
Pterylosis of the Wild Pigeon' based on
material in the Agassiz Museum which is
fortunate in possessing alcoholic specimens
of an extinct bird.

In a 'List of Birds Collected on the
Harvard Peruvian Expedition of 191 6'
are included a number of new forms. A
sixth paper of 'Notes on North American
Birds' by H. C. Oberholser briefly dis-
cusses and summarily settles the status of
the Belted Kingfishers, the Barn Owls, the
Brown Creepers, the Redpolls, the Myrtle
Warblers, and the Carolina Chickadee. He
also, in another extensive paper, resusci-
tates 'The Subspecies of Larits liypcr-
boreus, Gunnerus' (i. e. the Point Barrow
Gull), which the present reviewer had the
temerity to lay at rest a dozen years ago.
It is merely a question of opinion as to
how much difference in size we care to
recognize !

The departments of Notes and of Re-
views are filled with items showing the
interest of numerous observers and work-
ers in many channels of activity. — J. I).

The Condor. — The contents of the
September number of 'The Condor' are
unusually varied and interesting. Brad-
bury's 'Notes on the Nesting of the
Mountain Plover,' illustrated with eight
excellent photographs, contains an account
of the finding of six sets of eggs of this
bird, in May, 191 7, on the open rolling
prairie about 20 miles east of Denver, Col.
A brief autobiography of Frank Stephens,
accompanied by a portrait, will be read
with much interest by the many friends of
this veteran field naturalist. This article,
the first of "a series of autobiographies of
the older ornithologists of the West," will,
we hope, be followed by others at frequent
intervals. A subject somewhat different
from those based on ordinarj' field expe-
riences is discussed in Willard's 'Evidence
That Many Birds Remain Mated for
Life.' The evidence presented concerning
Flycatchers, Hummingbirds, Warblers,
Woodpeckers, Doves, and other species
nesting in southern Arizona, while stronglj'
presumptive, suggests that more con-
clusive data for certain species might be
secured by banding birds and observing
them from j^ear to year. The fourth chap-
ter of Mrs. Bailey's 'Return to the Dakota
Lake Region' is devoted to a most inter-
esting description of the habits of 'the
Grebe with the Silvery Throat,' commonly
known as the Western Grebe.

Warburton contributes a suggestive
article on 'Some Oceanic Birds from off the
Coast of Washington and Vancouver
Island.' Auklets, Albatrosses, Murres,
Puffins, Shearwaters, Skuas and Fork-
tailed Petrels were observed during a
week spent on a halibut fishing-launch
from June 26 to July 3, 1917. If such
means of transportation were utilized more
frequently, a valuable series of observa-
tions on the sea-birds of the fishing-banks
could readily be collected.

Two rather more technical papers are:
Oberholser's description of a new sub-
species of Blue-throated Hummingbird
based on a specimen from the Chiricahui
Mountains, Ariz.; and Taverner's list of
forty species of 'Summer Birds of .\lert
Bay, British Columbia.' — T. S. P.

Editorial

435

25irti=1lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor, MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XX Published December 1. 1918 No. 6

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, one dollar and liib- cents a year ;
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy -five cents,
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED. 1918, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in the Busb Is Worth Two in the Hand

With the publication of this number,
Bird-Lore completes its twentieth year.
While this volume, like the nineteen it
follows, is the lineal descendant of its
immediate predecessor, each one has
given birth to its successor without loss to
itself, and Bird-Lore at two years re-
mains as tangible an entity as Bird-
Lore at twenty now becomes. So we may
perhaps be permitted to express the satis-
faction with which our eyes rest upon the
row of volumes that mark the years of
Bird-Lore's life, with their thousands of
pages of text, their several thousands of
photographs, and their hundreds of colored
plates. They form not only a permanent
contribution to our knowledge of bird-life,
but they also contain a detailed history of
how our birds have gradually won their
proper place in the hearts of the people and
have finally been accorded their rights as
citizens. The twenty years of Bird-Lore's
existence almost cover the entire second of
the two periods which mark the actual
awakening of the country to a realization
of the value of its assets in bird-life.

The first of these periods was in-
augurated by the formation of the Ameri-
can Ornithologists' Union in 1884. It
included also the organization of the
first Audubon Society, in effect a branch
of the Union, and lasted until 1895. Then
began the second movement, which, under
the inspiring leadership of William Dutrhcr,
dcvclo[)cd into the National Association of
Audubon Societies.

ll was the A. O. U., with its direct off-
shoot, the Biological Survey, that laid the
foundation on which this structure could
be raised; it was the Audubon Society
which brought a knowledge of birds to the
people; it was the response of the people
that made bird protection possible.

With the Federal Migratory Bird Law
an accomplished fact, the National Asso-
ciation is now relieved of the necessity
of watching the legislation of every state
and of combating the numberless attempts
to legalize the destruction of birds for
private gain. It can, therefore, devote its
efforts largely to the most profitable field
which it has before it — the development
of its work with children. Prior to the war,
the growth of the Association's cooperation
with schools was advancing at a phenom-
enal rate, but with the establishment of the
Junior Red Cross the attention of the
children has naturally and properly been
focused on various phases of war-relief
work.

The Red Cross, however, reminds
teachers, through its 'Teachers' Manual,'
of the importance of studying conservation
problems and, in this connection, it com-
mends the efforts of the National Associa
tion to place a knowledge of the value of
birds to man within reach of every child.
Even before the end of the war, therefore,
we may expect to see our work in the
schools develop at its former rapid rate of
increase, which means that the limit of its
growth will be marked only by the extent
of the resources of the National .\ssocia-
tion.

The influence of the work itself cannot
be overestimated. The school is often the
most direct and effective road to the home.
Nesting-boxes and feeding-stands made in
the schools find their natural resting-places
in home-gardens, and with them come all
the delightful possibilities of making friends
with the birds.

Here and there will llame up the divii^^'
spark' which is the priceless heritage of the
born ornithologist, but everywhere we may
hope to see that intimacy with our more
familiar birds which makes them the most
potent bonds between man and nature.

'^i)e Butiubon Societies!

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by ALICE HALL WALTER

Address all communications relative to the work of this depart-
ment to the Editor, 67 Oriole Avenue, Providence, R. I.

CHRISTMASTIDE REFLECTIONS

Most of ihe harvest of the war-gardens upon which I have looked through
shortening autumn days is now safely under cover, but here and there a frost-
nipped stick or crackling stalk that has escaped the brush-heap fire of the
empty lot in which the gardens were made, attracts a pair of persevering Jays
or a flock of acquisitive English Sparrows. One lone cornstalk recalls to mind
the lines of the poet Lanier, to whom every swaying bough or growing blade,
every glow of color in sky or sea or on flashing wing, conveyed Nature's truth
in measures of his universal language — music.

"l wander to the zigzag-cornered fence
Where sassafras, intrenched in brambles dense.
Contests with solid vehemence

The march of culture, setting limb and thorn

As pikes against the army of the corn.

"Look, out of line one tall corn-captain stands
Advanced beyond the foremost of his bands,
And waves his blades upon the very edge
And hottest thicket of the battling hedge."

— From "Corn," by Sidney Lanier.

On the walls of the early home of a more familiar American poet are these
words, written by Stephen Longfellow in 1824 to his son, Henry, who was then
in college: "I am happy to observe that my ambition has never been to
accumulate wealth for my children, but to cultivate their minds in the best
possible manner and to imbue them with correct moral, political and religious
principles, believing that a person thus educated will with proper diligence be
certain of attaining all the wealth which is necessary to happiness."

To the stranger looking, as the poet so often did, out upon the narrow,
walled-in garden of this simply furnished home, comes back the glow of contact,
even through the medium of these treasured relics of his past, which such a
lover of nature felt as he watched the falling leaf or mused upon the misting
rain. Seen through the poet's eyes, how clearly is the truth revealed !

(436)

The Audubon Societies 437

NEW STANDARDS IN A NEW ERA

In an illuminating and, as it seems, prophetic address given by President
emeritus Eliot of Harvard University, entitled "Certain Defects in American
Education and the Remedies for Them" (later published as Teachers' Leaflet,
No. 5, Bureau of Education), eleven points were frankly stated and discussed
with reference to the betterment of our educational system, and particularly
that part of it represented by the public schools.

Briefly, the defects noted were classified under eleven headings, of which
the last three are: (g) No manual skill, the remedy for which is the develop-
ment of "some kind of ocular and manual skill, which may be attained not alone
through mechanical drawing and the elements of free-hand drawing, both of
which are desirable in elementary and secondary schools, but also, the elements
of chemistry, physics, and biolog}^ in an experimental and concrete manner,
partly for the reasoning of these sciences, of course, but also for the training of
the senses which comes through the proper study of them;" (lo) little
TRAINING OF THE SENSES, again the remedy for which lies in systematic train-
ing, and (ll), NO HABITUAL ACCUR.A.CY OF OBSERVATION AND STATEMENT, for

which what better training could be offered than nature-study? Indeed, the
last three defects enumerated find much of their antidote in nature-study.

President Eliot observes that "it is the men who have learned, probably
out of school, to see and hear correctly, and to reason cautiously from facts
observed, that carry on the great industries of the country and make possible
great transportation systems and international commerce," and although we
may take some exception to this opinion, it is nevertheless based upon a wide
and imj)artial estimate of actual conditions.

Inspected thus critically, our school-systems, admirable as they seem in
organization and equipment, must be subjected to a very searching investiga-
tion, if they are to fulfil the needs of a new era. It would be well if in every
school might be posted, for the benefit of each pupil, these words of President
Eliot: "Every boy and girl in school should learn by experience how hard it is
to repeat accurately one short sentence just listened to, to describe correctly the
colors on a bird, the shape of a leaf or the design on a nickel," and for each
teacher "every child should have had during its school-life innumerabk' lessons
in mental truth-seeking and truth-telling."

The pity is that we do not recognize the unlimited opportunity in bird- and
nature-study for this much-to-be-desired training, and enter into this inheri-
tance so long withheld from us in its entirety.

Not only our public schools, but normal schools, colleges, and universities
need awakening and are rapidly coming to it through the exigencies of the war.
To-day between five and six hundred of our higher institutions of learning are
in affiliation with the War Doparlnicnt, having in charge the Studenls' .\rmy
Training Corps. Tinu-honorc-d curriculums arc being completely revamped,

4^8 Bird -Lore

in ihc interests of overcoming some of the defects emphasized above. If our
colleges and universities can so willingly and rapidly meet the demand for a
more practical and concrete training, why should not our public and normal
schools follow their patriotic example? They are leading the way as President
Eliot prophesied they must, and we may look for "a new sort of teacher and
much new apparatus" also, thus ''broadening hit not excluding hook work.''
—A. H. W.

JUNIOR AUDUBON WORK

For Teachers and Pupils

Exercise XLII: Correlated with History, Geography, Physiology,

and Conservation

"The Wild Turkey should have been the emblem of North America, and so thought
Benjamin Franklin. The Turkey is the national bird, truly indigenous, and not found
beyond the limits of that continent; he is the herald of the morning, and, around the
log-house of the squatter, must convey associations similar to those produced by the
crowing of the cock around the cottage of the European farmer. 'I was awakened,'
says Bartram, 'in the morning early, by the cheering converse of the wild turkey cocks
saluting each other from the sun-brightened tops of the lofty cypress and magnolia.
They begin at early dawn, and continue till sunrise. The high forests ring with the
noise of these social sentinels, the watchword being caught and repeated from one to
another, for hundreds of miles around, insomuch that the whole country is, for an hour
or more, in an universal shout, or in the poetry of Southey,

'On the top
Of yon magnolia, the loud Turkey's voice
Is heralding the dawn; from tree to tree
Extends the wakening watch-notes, far and wide,
'Till the whole woodlands echo with the cry.' "

— From The Naturalist's Library, Vol. III.

THE MEAT-SUPPLY OF THE WORLD

Note. — -Referring to the preceding exercise, let emphasis again be placed upon the
value to both teachers and pupils, of becoming famiUar with the work and publications
of the United States Department of Agriculture. As the public need for information
and instruction becomes more urgent, not only with reference to the food-supply of the
world, but also to much of the essential business of living, the Bureau of Education
under the Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the United States Food
Administration, has undertaken a series of "Lessons in Community and National Life,"
graded from the intermediate classes of the grammar school to the upper classes of the
high school.

This fundamental subject of food involves a great deal of the business of the world,
as well as matters pertaining to business organization, national standards, the origin
and development of large industries, national institutions and methods and pro-

The Audubon Societies 439

cesses of government. In these Bulletins is a simple, clear presentation of facts which
every American citizen and every future citizen of America should know. The Com-
missioner of Education at Washington, D. C, has charge of these Bulletins. They
should be widely studied and discussed.

Those who have taken up the matter of the world's supply of cereals, such
as wheat, for example, will have discovered how complex the subject is, whether
viewed from the point of natural and cultivated varieties, distribution and
demand from country to country, and by race to race, or the gigantic business
mechanism which controls the production and trade-distribution of this prac-
tically world-wide essential of human diet.

A second important subject is the meat-supply of the world. It is true that
many people, not vegetarians by habit, are learning to eat less meat and more
vegetables, but meat has become so favored an article of diet that, generally
speaking, it is an essential food. There are important substitutes for meat
which we should learn to use, but so long as meat remains on our menus, it is
well to study its history and use.

Familiar as we are with the appearance of cooked meat on the table, and
of "cuts" of meat in the market, perhaps no one of us could correctly locate or
describe the most notable meat-producing centers of the world or properly
explain the origin of our present meat-supply. We have heard, perhaps, of the
vast cattle-ranges and large ranches which a generation ago occupied the great
plains of the United States; we may have pictured rather dimly in our minds
the rich pampas-lands of South America or the far-straying flocks of Australia,
but could any of us write down or mark on a map the places where beef, pork,
and mutton are produced in large quantities? Could we name even a few of the
different stocks of cattle, sheep, and hogs which furnish our meat-supply, or
tell where they come from? When you see a cow, a lamb, or pig, does it occur
to you that each has a history worth looking into, and not only a history with
reference to your food-supply, but also a history in connection with animal
creation and human civilization?

You may sometime have had on your table a thick, juicy steak which you
heard described as a piece of "Texas beef." Could you have watched Columbus
loading his frail ships for a second voyage to America in 1493, or, later, colonists
starting for the newly discovered West Indies, you might have seen the ancestors
of this so-called Texan stock being taken from the Old World to the New,
where they spread partly in domesticated and partly in wild state, at last reach-
ing the mainland, both north and south of the Isthmus of Panama. By 1525
this stock had reached Vera Cruz, Mexico, and thence doubtless found its way
gradually into Texas. Travelers and settlers returning to the Old World,
tradition tells us, carried the native Wild Turkey of North America to Spain,
whence it probably became domesticated as far north as Great Britain, and was
in later times retaken to America by colonists who very likely knew nothing of
its origin. In 1836, Sir William Jardine, Baronet of Scotland, wrote: "The

440 Bird -Lore

Turkey has now been domesticated in almost every civilized part of the known
world, and it is probable that it will be sooner extirpated from the greater part
of its native wilds than from the poultry-yards of the opulent and luxurious.
Bonaparte observes, that it is now extremely rare, if, indeed, it exists at all,
in the northern and eastern parts of the United States. In New England, it
even appears to have been already destroyed one hundred and fifty years back.
. . . We may anticipate a day, at no distant period, when the hunter will
seek the Wild Turkey in vain."

It seems a long step from our common barnyard fowl to the jungles of
India where some of its ancestors had their native haunts, or from the sociable
grunting pig of our farms to the fierce wild boars of Europe and Asia. It is,
perhaps, not quite so difficult a stretch of the mind to associate the quiet
cattle and sheep of our pastures with the huge musk-oxen of the frigid north
and the water-buffalo of the Philippines and East Indies, or with the graceful
pronghorn of the Rocky Mountains, and even with the more familiar goat. One
has only to study the origin and distribution of any domesticated animal to
learn much of interest and value in the history of mankind. Whether other
animals than those already domesticated might have been tamed to the ser-
vice of man, we can only test by experiment. Those animals and birds
which man has thus far trained to live under his care are the ones upon
which we most depend for food. It will be useful in your nature-study work
this coming year to read all you can about these food-producing creatures,
and to write compositions describing their native haunts and nearest rela-
tives, as exercises in English, geography, and history.

Many boys and girls nowadays are joining Pig Clubs or Poultry Clubs,
to help themselves and others learn to properly conserve and increase these
valuable sources of meat-supply. All that you can find out about pigs and
poultry, for example, will add to the interest of your Club meetings and
aid your own intelligence in selecting and breeding good strains or stocks.
It might be stated as a rather important point that many of the failures of
poultry-raisers and stock-owners are the result of lack of knowledge. If there
were space to make this matter more emphatic by giving statistics and detailed
illustrations, it would be delightful to go more deeply into the history, let us say,
of a Jersey cow, a Shropshire sheep, or a common black pig and Plymouth Rock
hen. But this you can do for yourself, if you will take the pains to ask your
public librarian to assist you, or write to the U. S. Department of Agriculture
at Washington. In any case, remember how much there is to be learned about
LIVE ANIMALS before they become part of our marketable food-supply.

Considering now these same animals as a source of meat-supply, we may
first lay stress on their value as food for man, as compared with the value of
cereals, vegetables, fruits, or various other accepted articles of diet.

Meat is rich in protein and fat, but lacks carbohydrates, while cereals
contain the latter and protein, but lack fat. In determining the value of dif-

The Audubon Societies 441

ferent kinds of food, other chemical ingredients, such as water, mineral matter,
and refuse are tested before it can be known exactly how much fuel-value
may be reckoned to each pound of a given food. This fuel- value is set down in
terms of calories, a convenient method of getting at the relative fuel-value of
such different kinds of food as we are accustomed to eat. In studying physiology
you will learn about the organs of digestion, their proper use and the harmful
results of their abuse, with reference to these foods.

Since the science of physiological chemistry has made it possible for us to
know beyond any doubt what kinds of food are needed to make up a whole-
some diet, and what kinds are not necessary, or are possibly harmful, and also,
how much is needed of certain kinds of food to maintain health, it is extremely
important that every boy and girl should learn something about these matters.

Just because we may like some kinds of food much better than others is
not in itself a reason for eating them instead of other kinds, although one's
taste is usually a fair indicator, in health, of desirable foods for the system. It
is a good thing to be adaptable and to learn to eat a variety, so that if one thing
fails, another may be substituted in its place.

When the supply of meat in England was cut down suddenly by circum-
stances attending the war, it was decided by the Food Administration Commit-
tee to find out who needed meat the most and then to make it possible for
the scanty supply to be distributed where it would do the most good in produc-
ing human energy. It was found that "before the war, the consumption of meat
in England was as follows:"

Meat consumed per week, per person:

Group I, artisans, mechanics, laborers 2 lbs.

Group II, lower middle class 2^ lbs.

Group III, middle class 3>^ lbs.

Group IV, upper class s^ ^bs.

Average consumption per person 2>^ lbs.

Under Lord Rhonda's food-regulations, the meat-ration of all groups was
cut to i}4 LBS. PER WEEK PER PERSON, and in no case could anyone get more,
except certain people in Group I, such as munition workers, who are known
definitely to need a larger meat-ration.

When we recall that only 35 per cent of the food eaten in Great Britain
is bread, while in France it is about 50 per cent and in some other countries
on the continent 60 per cent, or even 70 per cent, we begin to realize what a
remarkable change the English people made in their diet, and to realize that
the small sacrifice we are called upon to make, in decreasing our accustomed
ration of meat, is hardly to be compared with so radical a cut as that to which
they agreed.

In finding out just how much a nation needs for l\)t)(l-supply, many factors
enter in, which we are not in the habit of thinking about. For example, we are

442 Bird - Lore

told that we must give up the highly fattened prize beef, mutton, and pork,
which have made our markets famous, because the fodder or food of cattle,
sheep, and hogs must be reckoned more carefully in relation to its use. Beyond
a certain point in fattening stock for market, it is wasteful to feed so large a
ration as is necessary to add still more fat to the animal, already sufficiently
fattened for food-purposes.

Not only must we learn to cut down our ration of meat at need, but we must
also learn to give up over-fattened meats and to take substitutes, as well as to
add new kinds of meat to our present variety. In Peary's arctic bill-of-fare
appear walrus and seal meat, which he describes as making a "healthy diet
not relished by white men as much as by Eskimos' ' ; musk-ox, reindeer, and polar
bear meat, "all delicacies for any table;" harp and square-flipper seal meat,
which is not as strong as the walrus and other seal meat; and among birds, a
variety of northern species upon which human life depends at certain times for
existence in latitudes where no cereal crops are known. Fish also enters into
this arctic diet.

The possibilities of the prairie-dog, the muskrat (sold under the name of
"marsh rabbit"), of horse-flesh, and even of the hippopotamus, are to-day made
known to us. Some of the North American Indians found dog-meat wholesome,
while we recall thebirds'-nest soup of the Chinese made from the nest of a species
of Swift, and the cultivated taste of the Boers in South Africa for Ostrich eggs.
One Ostrich egg weighs from two to three pounds and is equivalent in quantity to
two dozen hens' eggs. Daniel Lewis Noyes, writing about "New Meats for the
Wartime Table" says that eggs of the Ostrich are being canned, without the
shell of course, and shipped to London to be used as a substitute for hens' eggs.

This leads us to call attention to the possibilities of adding to our meat- and
poultry-supply by proper means of rearing certain edible birds in domestica-
tion, in addition to the common forms of fowl now in use. Such artificial pro-
pagation calls for much skill and knowledge and is worthy the ambition of the
careful student. At present, every boy and girl on a farm should at least
learn to care successfully for a dozen or more hens, or for enough to supply home
needs. Here in town, some people are producing their own egg- and poultry-
supply by using the portable houses which shelter a dozen fowls. The results
are remarkably good, and one looks with envy at the young woman whose daily
record shows that from the middle of December to the first of September 2,316
eggs were produced from twenty-two hens, kept in a small chicken-house on
the back of a narrow city lot.

By actual tests, boys and girls who have become active members of Poultry
Clubs, as well as of Pig Clubs, have improved in so many ways that too much
cannot be said in favor of these Clubs where they are conducted by an in-
formed and responsible person.

In our study of the meat-supply of the world, there are still other points
of great interest and value, namely, the investigation of diseases among cattle

The Audubon Societies 443

and poultry, and the inspection of meats for tlie market in relation to human
welfare and health. If you will look in the Yearbook of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture for 1915, and read the article entitled, "Animal Diseases and Our
Food-Supply," you will find many facts desirable to know. The discovery of the
carriers of malaria, yellow fever, and bubonic plague was led up to by investiga-
tions on cattle-tick fever, for instance, while the figures of annual loss from
diseases of animals and poultry, with statistics of work already done in sup-
pressing them or producing immunity to them, show what a great opportunity
many a bright student of these common creatures may have, in adding to knowl-
edge, economic resources, and human welfare. Begin now to study with a
desire to find out the truth of the world about you in a practical, thorough
manner; learn to eat properly a sufficient amount of wholesome food, and, above
all, cultivate happiness in whatever you undertake. These three maxims of
right living and right thinking will do much to assure you perfect health,
contentment, and joyful anticipation of each coming day. — A. H. W.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Make a series of charts to represent the distributions of cereals. Have a wheat-
chart, a corn-chart, a rye-chart, etc. Hang each one up in turn, with a picture of the
growing crop, and pass around a bottle of the seed, showing what part or parts are used
in making flour, meal, cereals, etc. Make this study a preparation for Bird and Arbor
Day exercises incidentally.

2. What is a ruminant? an ungulate?

3. How many different animals can you name which are ruminants?

4. How many breeds of cattle can you name?

5. Where do Ayrshire and polled Angus cattle come from? What is each most useful
for in our food-supply?

6. Describe Jersey and Guernsey cattle and give their history.

7. Which breeds of sheep have fine wool? Which are most used to produce mutton?
Name some of the best-known breeds and tell something about the value of each one.

8. To what kinds of birds does the term poultry apply? Is poultry a meat, or a
meat substitute? Look up the use of the term "meat."

9. Which is easiest to raise, turkeys, chickens, ducks or geese? What are guinea-fowl?

10. Look up the development of agriculture in Argentina. What was the original
breed of cattle there? Why were Durham, Shorthorn, Hereford and other breeds intro-
duced? How much wheat and corn are produced there?

11. How are cattle used in India? Did you ever see cows used in the harness? or
trotting bullocks attached to wheeled carriages? Have the great famines of India
affected the supply of cattle there?

12. Do you know of any cattle with humps on their backs? Where are such cattle
found? What other kinds of animals are humped? Are they related to cattle?

13. How are cows cared for in Holland? What is much of their milk used for?

14. Look up the history of the pig in Servia, of poultry in France, sheep in Australia
and of goats in Switzerland. (See "Encyclopedia Hritannica.")

15. Do any birds protect or help protect cattle from the insects which annoy them
and often cause disease?

16. How did the Cowbird get its name?

17. Learn something of the life-history of cattle-ticks, shcfp-ticks, and of "black-
head" among poultry, especially among turkeys.

444 Bird -Lore

1 8. Learn something about the regulations of our federal inspection of meat. What
is good meat? bad meat? Be careful to define the latter correctly.

19. How much do you know about the artificial propagation of wild birds?

20. What is the National Association of Audubon Societies doing in this direction?
Private game-preserve holders? The Government of this and other countries?

Get all the information you can at first hand through public libraries, and the federal
bulletins already mentioned. Failing in these sources, the School Department will
try to refer you to other sources. — A. H. W.

For and From Adult and Young Observers

ROBIN

Black back, wings, tail and head,
Has Mr. Robin, with breast of red.
His nest is in that little tree,
With Mrs. Robin and babies three.

If you want to see him, just remember,
From early April till 'round September,
He stays in the north and is so gay.
Caring for his wife and family.

When the babies learn to fly
Way up into the bright blue sky,
Then to the south the Robins go
To get away from the ice and snow.

— Donald H. Robinson, Audubon School, Scranton, Pa.

\VORD FROM SCRANTON, PA.

Being a teacher in Audubon School and an organizer of Junior Bird Clubs
in Scranton, I am very much interested in the School Department of
Bird-Lore.

Our Club in Audubon School consists of over sixty members, and all are
very enthusiastic. We have made bird-boxes and placed them in Nay Aug Park.
We have a feeding-station there, and each club member takes a turn in placing
tood there during the winter months. Our last meeting was held in the park,
and more than a hundred attended. We launched a floating bird-bath on
Lake Everhart. Several boys gave bird-calls. The older pupils were given the
privilege of joining the Scranton Bird Club, which is for adults. — Helen J.
Hay, Scranton, Pa.

[The Robin is so much beloved by the majority of observers, both young and old,
that the verses sent by this teacher from one of her pupils will give pleasure to other
readers of Bird-Lore.

The Audubon Societies 445

Once more President Eliot's words should be recalled with reference to the difficulty
of describing the colors of a bird's plumage. As a test, see how many of us, teachers as
well as pupils, can describe with some degree of accuracy the colors and markings of
the Robin without consulting a book or picture. The School Department would
welcome a picture of the floating bird-bath as well as one of the Club who launched
it.— A. H. W.

HOW WE STUDY BIRDS IN OUR ROOM

The way we study birds in our room is very interesting. Last fall we made
bird-books of colored paper. At the top we printed the word "Birds" and on
the bottom our own names. We selected a bird we liked, painted and cut it
out, then placed it in the center of our covers. Each week we add a plate to
our books. The plate consists of a piece of drawing paper with an inch margin.
We divide the paper into two parts, the upper half for the bird's picture and
the lower half for the description. We draw the bird and paint it in natural
colors. In the descriptions, we write out all we have learned about the color,
size, diet, use, habits, and range of the bird. We get a great deal of help from
the little sets of birds that Church and Dwight Soda Company, of 27 Cedar
Street, New York, issues. By sending them six cents in stamps or money, they
will send a set of thirty colored birds, with descriptions. We took up a col-
lection in our room and bought a bird-guide. We also get help from Bird-Lore,
which we get because we are members of the Junior Audubon Society. On Fri-
days we have oral composition on the bird we drew. On the following Monday
we have written compositions on our bird. We pick out the best essay by vote
of class, and the winning ones are sent to the different local papers to be
published. It is a great honor to get your essay in the paper, so every one tries.
— Elizabeth Wyatt (age 12 years), Seventh Grade, Emerson School, May-
wood, III.

[The teacher writes: "This plan has been such a success in arousing interest in birds,
and has caused the pupils to accumulate such a fund of information concerning birds,
that we decided to tell others about it through the pages of Bird-Lore. The special
advantage of this plan, it would seem, is the correlation of bird-study with composition
and hand work. Simple as the books may be which are thus made, they ofifer considerable
opportunity for skill and neatness, in addition to mental drill." — A. H. W.]

SEEN FROM THE WINDOW OF A RURAL SCHOOL

IN VERMONT

To attract the winter-slaying of birds, a doughnut had been shpped on to
an apple tree branch, far enough from the tip to prevent its being blown or
shaken off. This delectable morsel was duly discovered by the birds, who had
come to e.xpect little feasts from cruml^s, scattered by the school children, on the
top of a near-by stone wall. In a short time a lordly Blue Ja\- came to regard the
doughnut as belonging solely to him. One day an unusual commotion called

446 Bird - Lore

us to the window. The Jay was alternately scolding and pecking vigorously
at the doughnut, while a red squirrel, on the under side of the twig, was
gnawing the wood just at one side of the cake. Suddenly the twig fell apart,
the doughnut slipped off, and was caught in a twinkling by the squirrel. He
ran over the apple tree, leaped upon another tree, and from that to a stone wall,
and, still running on the wall disappeared from view over a hill, — all the time
pursued by the Jay shrieking, "Thief! Thief!" and making vicious thrusts at
the victorious maurauder.— Lella J. Webster, East Roxbury, Vt.

[Here is observation and composition "on the spot" one might say. A delightful
method of teaching birds is to seize any opportunity for observation, even though it
disturb the school routine for a few moments. Such an observation is likely to make the
pupils remember the day, the lesson taught by Nature as well as the one given out by
the teacher, and the schoolroom with pleasure. — A. H. W.]

A FEEDING STATION

I think you may be interested to know some things we observe that the birds
do while eating crumbs. The birds that come most frequently are: English
and Chipping Sparrows, Robins, Brown Thrashers, Starlings, and Crackles.
I think I have read that Brown Thrashers are shy, but they come once in
awhile. This morning I noticed the English Sparrows were flying around very
excitedly and a Robin was chasing a Blue Jay, and I suppose when the Blue Jay
flew away from the Robin the Sparrows thought he was chasing them, which was
the reason for the excitement. About a week ago mother called my attention to
a female Robin with four fairly young birds around her. Two she was feeding,
one she chased away, and the other didn't have any attention paid to it at all.
We have had Robins and Sparrows feeding young birds in front of the window.
The Robins seem tamer than Sparrows and come very close to the window. We
had a Chipping Sparrow's nest about ten feet from the porch in the front. We
used to be out on the porch a great deal and the birds were remarkably tame,
even allowing us to approach about one and a half yards from the tree while
feeding was going on. Last year Starlings were in a nesting-box put up in
our yard by a boy who lived in the next house.

I want to end the letter by telling how much I enjoy Bird-Lore and I do
wish it would come oftener. — Noel Sauvage, Glen Ridge, N. J.

[The home feeding-station is perhaps the most attractive form of bird-study for those
who have only spare moments to give to it. An intimacy hard to duplicate elsewhere
soon springs up between the observer and his bird-pensioners.

In the above communication, dates are not given as to the precise time when the
birds ceased frequenting the feeding-station, but it was presumably a little later in the
season than usual, owing to the cold, backward spring. The actions of parent birds
toward their j'oung just out of the nest are less generallj' understood than those of nest-
lings, especially with reference to birds raising more than one brood. In the case described
above, lacking the actual identity of the four young birds, one might hazard a guess
that the parent paid most attention to those leaving the nest last, although individual

The Audubon Societies 447

birds vary so much in what we may call their intelligence, that their actions are not
always to be explained in the same way. Robins vary greatly in their nest-building
instinct. For example, one finds their nests at almost any distance from the ground up
to 50 feet or more in height, and the nests themselves in all degrees of completeness and
perfection of construction, from a shallow, hastily fashioned structure, with so little
mud as to puzzle the observer, to a high, shapely nest, made solid with a plaster-like
foundation. Our readers send us many contributions on the Robin. Next spring let us
try to follow with sharp eyes the movements of the parents and young as the latter
leave their nest. — A. H. W.]

ACTIONS OF A CHIMNEY SWIFT

I have seen lots of Chimney Swifts and Icnow where there are lots of nests
but never had a Swift in my hands until the other day. There is a pair that
have built in our chimney. One of them got down the stove-pipe and flew about
in the pipe for a whole day. Then I became curious, so I rapped on the pipe
and it began to flutter. I turned the damper off. The little fellow was frightened
and flew around inside the stove. I caught him and got a good look at him and
let him go. He was not hurt and flew away. — Roger D. Pinkham, Lancaster,
N.H.

[Young Chimney Swifts are far from beautiful objects, and they are extremely diffi-
cult to feed, but their actions are of much interest. — A. H. W.]

NOTES ON THE FLOCKING OF SWIFTS IN FALL

We are all watching for the return of the Chimney Swift, which has been
noted as early as April 10. He is an April comer that never fails us. October 12
was the last night he spent here. Before that there had been a remarkable sight
every night at dusk. Scores of Swifts circled around one of the tall chimneys
of Giles Hall (a brick school building four stories high), at first in wide sweeps —
they had been gathering in the neighborhood since five o'clock. They came closer
and closer to the chimney, until there was an unbroken, moving, twittering
ring. At every round a dozen or more would sink into the open mouth of the
chimney, until all had vanished and stillness reigned. — Miss Lucy Upton,
Providence, R. I.

[Miss Upton's reminiscences, besides giving us pleasure, always add to our knowl-
edge.—A. H. W.

PREFERENCES OF CLIFF SWALLOWS IN NESTING

I read in Bird-Lore last fall that a man who was lecturing said Cliff Swal-
lows never built their nests on painted buildings, so I have watched to see, and
this spring I happened to notice where they had built on six or seven different
buildings.

There is a barn here near our schoolhouse where there are seventeen nests
under both eaves, and the l)arn is painted red. and I know five other buildings

448 Bird -Lore

painted red and white where there are several nests on each of them. — Clifford
R. Grky (age 13 years), Lancaster, iV. //.

[Have any of our readers information to ofTer on this matter? Cliff or Eave Swallows,
let us remember, are now very rare as compared with their former abundance in the
East— A. H. W.]

LITTLE BIRD STORIES

THE CARDINAL

One afternoon I was sitting on the porch when a mother Cardinal flew up in
a tree right near our house. I hunted in the woods and found the nest. There
were three eggs in it. When we came back home we saw the father Cardinal. —
Emily Hillyer (Grade 5A).

THE CROW

One day we were out in the woods. We were walking and we saw a baby
Crow. Then we took it in our hands and we played with it. Then it cawed and
some Crows came and then we let it go. — Norman Androbette (Grade 5A).

OUR BIRDS

We had honeysuckle near our fence. There were many birds around our
house. A pair of Sparrows built their nest in the vine. The mother bird flew
away and left the little birds there. One day I went there and looked in. I
found the little birds in the nest. They had very few feathers on their
backs.

Later I looked into the nest again. I found the nest covered over with a big
spider's web.

We took the nest from the honeysuckle and found the little birds all dead.

What do you think killed them? — Mary Burns (Grade 5B).

[Lack of food, if the parents met with an accident, may have caused the birds' death,
or possibly some form of bird disease due to parasites, but more likely, they died of
starvation. — A. H. W.]

THE RABBIT

One day when I was out in the woods I saw a young rabbit. It crossed
the path in front of me. I followed it and saw it go into a hole in the ground
under a stump. I watched there a little while and saw another one come and
go into the same hole. — Thomas Tully (Grade 5A).

[The family of hares and rabbits has at least twenty different species in North
America. Some make burrows, others sleep on the flat ground, while others make
"forms" in herbage and there squat to rest, sleeping with eyes open, it is said. They
may be found in marshes, dense swamps and canebrakes, in woodland and dry, briery
places or even in prairie wastes and sterile deserts, or in alpine areas. — A. H. W.]

The Audubon Societies 449

THE SIGNAL

One day my mother walked part way to school with me. As we were walk-
ing along, mother called my attention to a gray squirrel which had an enormous
toadstool in his paws. He was nibbling away at it as though his life depended
upon finishing it.

A little way off another squirrel, evidently his mate, had scampered up a
tree. All of it we could see was the tail, for the tree hid the rest. It was wildly
waving its tail as though signaling to the mate to hurry and get away from us. —
Francis Dury (Grade 5B).

[The writer knows of a box turtle that was seen to eat part of a toadstool. — A. H. W.]

THE TANAGERS

One day I had a pleasant experience with birds. It took place in the woods,
and while I was walking. I suddenly noticed, sitting on a tree in front of me,
a couple of Scarlet Tanagers, one large and the other smaller. I walked quite
close to them before they flew to a near-by tree. They stayed around the place
a few minutes, as if wishing to be friends with me, but not knowing how to begin.

When they had made up their minds that no good was to come from a
strange little creature like me, they flew away without further investigating
the matter, — Mary Betts (Grade 5A).

[It is pleasant to imagine that the birds recognize us, but it is safer not to attribute
to them any human actions. — A. 11. W.j

THE STORY OF A ROSE

I was once a little seed and I grew and I grew until I was out of the ground.

Then the sun warmed me and I grew and I grew until all of a sudden there
were leaves on my stem.

The next morning there was a bud. The next day the sun warmed me, and
that afternoon it rained on my head till I was wet.

At night I went to sleep. Then in the morning the sun warmed me again
till at last my bud was a full-grown rose.

I bloomed all summer. At last it began to grow cold, then all my leaves
fell off and I slept all winter till next spring. — Agnes Flynn (Grade 5A).

[These little stories of Nature come from fifth grade pupils in a school in Great
Kills, N. Y. They illustrate the range of observation and imagination which pupils of
this grade have, and also indicate the variety of objects likely to attract the attention
at this age. Space does not permit printing all of the stories. — A. II \V.]

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON. Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to
the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Treasurer
Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome. , t^ • r «.-ij

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
Si, 000 constitutes a person a Patron
$5, 000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby Rive and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild' Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

NO ANNUAL MEETING

The annual meeting of the National
Association scheduled for October 28
and 29, 1918, was not held because of the
seriousness of the widespread epidemic
of influenza.

Quite aside from the question as to
whether it would be wise to ask a large
number of people, many of these from a
distance, to come to a public meeting,
there was also the very strong probability
that either the State Board of Health,
or the New York City authorities would
prohibit public gatherings, as was being
done in many other states at the time.
Due notice of this action was sent in
advance of the date to all members of
the Association, and, from the many
words of commendation we have received,
it is evident that the decision of the Board
met with the approval of the members.

The annual convention of the American
Ornithologists' Union, scheduled to meet
in New York City the week beginning
November 10, was called off for the same
reason. Many of us exceedingly regret
the necessity of such action, for attending
meetings of this character alwaj^s results
in much inspiration and a general quick-

(45

ening of interest on the subject of orni-
thology.

The Board of Directors of the National
.\ssociation met on October 29, when it
passed on the reports of the Secretar}^ and
Treasurer, reelected the officers of the
previous year, and transacted much other
business in connection with the Associa-
tion's welfare.

The reports of ofl&cers, field agents,
and a large number of organizations
affiliated with the National Association
will be found published elsewhere in this
issue of Bird-Lore. If anyone is labor-
ing under the impression that war activi-
ties the past year have seriously inter-
fered with the movement for bird-study
and wild-life conservation in this country,
let him turn and read these reports. It
will be seen that groups of people in all
parts of the country have been active in
carrjnng forward their bird-work very
much as heretofore.

We should like particularly to call
attention to the large number of life
members enrolled the past year. The
number was 161. This means that from
this source the sum of $16,100 was added

The Audubon Societies

451

to the permanent Endowment Fund.
No bequests were received during the
year, although the Association was made
the residuary legatee by the will of Edwin

Reynolds of Providence, R. I. We are
informed, however, that there will prob-
ably be no residuary estate after the
specific legacies have been paid.

THE COMING YEAR

The bird-study and bird-protective
organizations of this country occupy a
strong place in the hearts and minds of
the people. Their practical value is
demonstrated in the growing crops of a
million farms, and the flowers and vege-
tables of ten million gardens. In the
great national struggle through which we
have been passing, as Dr. Swope says,
"The pro-Ally birds have valiantly
fought the pro-Hun insects."

Bigger crops mean more food for insects,
and more food for insects means more
insects, and more insects mean the need
for more birds, and to have more birds
there is a need for more bird-students
and bird-protectors and for those engaged
in propaganda for bird-protection.

One of the most unpopular words in the
English language is duly. When a man
says he does a thing from the standpoint
of duty there is an implied intimation that
he is not doing it for pleasure. Happy
is the man or woman who can get pleasure
and a sense of duty performed both out of
the same activity. A well-organized
Audubon Society or Bird Club that is
doing effective work is not only discharg-
ing a solemn duty to the less enlightened
part of a community, but is also doing
work that its members enjoy. A well-
known writer once said of Ambassador
Page that he was a man who, "Sang at
his work." I have known few bird-
students concerning whom the same
might not be said.

That good-fellowship is developed by
association with others of like tempera-
ment has long been recognized, and the
getting together of members of bird-
protective societies is one of the most vital
ways of stimulating a deeper love for the
subject of their mutual interest.

I have just been impressed anew with

this fact as a result of a visit from W. A.
Eliot, who is leaving for France to engage
in war-work. Mr. Eliot has for two years
been chairman of the Educational Com-
mittee of the Oregon Audubon Society.
His account of the method by which they
have aroused interest in bird-study in
Portland should stimulate others to similar
measures.

Two years ago they engaged the use of
a room in the Y. M. C. A. building, to
which they invited members of the
.\udubon Society and others to attend bi-
weekly meetings. During the first year
the attendance rarely reached over about
15, and sometimes not a third of this
number. The next year they started in by
holding their meetings every Saturday
night and ran a column in the local paper
every Friday afternoon. They secured a
Balopticon by means of which they could
throw pictures on the screen, either from
slides or from photographs. The attend-
ance at once began to increase, and it
was soon necessary to move to a larger
hall. During last winter, and until late
in June, the hall, seating 250, was packed
every Saturday night by the people who
came to hear and learn about birds and
take part in the discussions that followed.

As a result, there is in Portland and the
surrounding country today a very wide-
spread interest in bird-study and bird-
protection. If it were possible to address
in one audience the officers of all the
Audubon Societies and Bird Clubs of the
country, I should certainly insist strongly
for the consideration of two suggestions to
be borne in mind during the coming year:
First, the great economic importance of
keeping the organization going, and,
second, the great pleasure and profit to be
derived by frequent gatherings of the
members and their friends.

452

Bird - Lore

WALTER FREEMAN McMAHON

Killed in France, August 28, 1918

This Association has sustained a great
loss in the death of Walter Freeman
McMahon, who formerly occupied the
position of Chief Clerk in our New York
office.

Mr. McMahon left his duties here to go
into camp on March 15, 1918, and in less
than sixty days his company was ordered
to France. He saw much active service
in the trenches, where he was connected
with a machine-gun squad. Because of
his knowledge and experience in outdoor
life, he was quickly chosen for the
dangerous position of scout for his pla-
toon. It was while on a desperate
mission, alone, in No-Man's Land that

he met his death from the bullet of a
German sniper.

Mr. McMahon was born in Chelsea,
Mass., in 1889. He early developed a
great interest in natural history. For two
years he served as secretary to Edward
H. Forbush, and for a year as Secretary
of the Massachusetts Fish and Game
Protective Association. This latter posi-
tion he resigned to come with the National
Association in January, 1917.

In addition to being one of the most
promising of the young ornithologists, he
was a writer, speaker, and artist of
ability, and gave great promise of useful-
ness in the cause of wild-life conservation.

Annual Report of the National Association of
Audubon Societies for 1918

CONTENTS

Report of T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Introduction. — Field Agents. — Affiliated Societies and Bird Clubs. —
Summer Schools.^Audubon Warden Work. — Report of Junior Audu-
bon Classes. — Miscellaneous Facts. — Finances.

Reports of Field Agents

Winthrop Packard. — Dr. Eugene Swope. — Arthur H. Norton. — William
L. FiNLEY. — Edward H. Forbush. — Herbert K. Job.

Reports of State Audubon Societies

California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, East Tennessee, Florida,
Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
West Virginia.

Reports of Affiliated Organizations

Audubon Club of Norristown (Pa.). — Audubon Society of Buffalo (N. Y.).—
Bird-Lovers' Club of Brooklyn (N. Y.). — Brookline (Mass.) Bird
Club. — Burroughs- Audubon Nature Club of Rochester (N. Y.). —
Burroughs Junior Audubon Society of Kingston (N. Y.). — Cayuga
(N. Y.) Bird Club. — Chautauqua (N. Y.) Bird and Tree Club. — Cocoa-
nut Grove (Fla.) Audubon Society. — Columbus (Ohio) Audubon Society.
— DuBois (Pa.) Bird Club. — Elgin (III.) Audubon Society. — Erasmus
Hall (Brooklyn, N. Y.) Audubon Bird Club. — Forest Hills Gardens
(N. Y.) Audubon Society. — Franklin (N. Y.) Marsh Wren Club. —
Hartford (Conn.) Bird-Study Club. — Kez-Hi-Kone (Conn.) Campfire
Girls. — Los Angeles (Cal.) Audubon Society. — Maywood (III.) Bird
Club. — Meriden (N. H.) Bird Club. — Minneapolis (Minn.) Audubon
Society. — Minnesota Game-Protective League. — Natural History
Society of British Columbia (Can.). — Neighborhood Nature Club
(Conn.).^New Century (Utica, N. Y.) Club. — Oil City (Pa.) Audubon
Club. — Pasadena (Cal.) Audubon Society. — Rhinebeck (N. Y.) Bird
Club. — Rockaway (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Rumson (N. J.) Bird Club- — St.
Louis (Mo.) Bird Club. — Saratoga (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Seattle (Wash.)
Audubon Society. — South Bend (Ind.) Humane Society. — South Haven
(Mich.) Bird Club. — Spokane (Wash.) Bird Club. — Sussex County
(N. J.) Nature Study Club. — Vigo County (Ind.) Bird Club. — Washing-
ton (Ind.) Audubon Society. — Watertown (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Welles-
ley College (Mass.) Bird Club. — Wild Likk Protective Society (Wis.).
— Wyncote (Pa.) Bird Club.

List of Affiliated Societies and Bird Clubs

Report of the Treasurer

Lists of Members and Contributors

Benefactor, Founder and Patrons. — Life Members. — .Vnnual Mem-
bers and Genf.ral Contributors. — Contributors to the Department
of Applied Ornithology. — -Contributors to the Egret Fund.

(453)

DR. FREDERIC A. LUCAS
Acting-President of the National Association of Audubon Societies

(454)

REPORT OF T. GILBERT PEARSON, SECRETARY

INTRODUCTION

Mr. Herbert C. Hoover, United States Food Administrator, writing the
Editor of the People's Home Journal some time ago, said, "I hope the people
of the United States reaUze how closely related to this whole question of food-
saving is the question of the protection and encouragement of insectivorous
and migratory birds."

This same feeling has been prominent in the minds of the members of the
National Association of Audubon Societies and the various organizations
associated with it in the work for bird-protection the past year. Increased
acreage under cultivation very naturally means more insects, and more insects,
in turn, means the need for more birds to combat them. Hence, perhaps greater
than ever before in this country, there has been a need for Audubon Society
service.

There has been determined effort on the part of certain land agents in
Oregon and California to wrest from the Government the title to Klamath
and Malheur Bird Reservations, in order that these vast bird-refuges may be
drained and converted into ranches. The Association is combating these
efforts with the greatest energy, and Mr. Finley, our Oregon agent, is now
working with the Biological Survey to secure a law in Oregon which will save
these Reservations for all time.

A great cry has arisen of late that the sheep-raising industry on the islands
off the coast of Maine is being ruined because of the presence of the Herring
Gull colonies. Arthur H. Norton was sent to investigate the matter, and
his reports thus far received tend to show that the presence of the Gulls
on the islands is responsible for improving the grass-supply rather than
destroying it.

In response to a request from the United States Food Administration, the
Secretary, in June, investigated the feeding-habits of the Brown Pelican along
the Gulf Coast of the United States from Corpus Christi, Texas, to Key
West, Fla. In this work he had the cooperation of the Conservation Com-
missions of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Every known breeding colony of
Pelicans on the Gulf Coast was visited. The birds were found to be far less
numerous than reputed, the number of adult birds being estimated at 65,000.
Their food was found to consist almost wholly of fish never eaten by man.
A more extended account of these investigations will probably be published in
the near future. The expense of this undertaking was borne by the income
from the Mary Dutcher Memorial Fund.

The Secretary also engaged in a lengthy controversy witli inlluciilial inter-
ests that sought to get possession of Stinking Lake, N. Mex., as a private shoot-
ing-preserve. In the end, the Department of the Interior, which controlled the

(4SS)

4S6

Bird- Lore

territory involved, decided to follow the course urged by the Association and
made of it a bird sanctuary.

Much effort was put forward by the Association and cooperating organiza-
tions in helping to secure the passage by Congress of the Enabling Act to give
force and power to the treaty for the protection of migratory birds between
the United States and Canada. The final triumph of the measure on July 3,
1918, marks a most important turning-point in the history of American bird-
protection.

The Association has also been active in other matters which at various
times required the presence of the Secretary in Washington. One was the
bill, which passed Congress, to prohibit the sale of game in the District of

YOUNG BROWN PELICANS ON A "MUD LUMP" AT MOUTH OF MISSISSIPPI
Photographed by T. Gilbert Pearson

Columbia, and another concerned the prohibition of shooting on the Aber-
deen, Md., Testing Grounds. During the year much correspondence has been
carried on from the home office, and literature, cloth warning notices, bird-
charts, and other material distributed. All departments of the Association's
undertakings have gone forward as in former years, despite the many dis-
tracting influences due to war and its attending activities.

The Association and the cause of bird-protection in general has sustained
a severe loss in the death of Walter Freeman McMahon, who has recently
fallen in France. Mr. McMahon was born in Chelsea, Mass., June 17, 1889.
He early developed a strong interest in bird-study and for several years before
his death was actively engaged in work of this character. For two years he
served as secretary to E. H. Forbush, State Ornithologist of Massachusetts.
Following this, for one year he was Secretary of the Massachusetts Game and
Fish Protective Association. He resigned this position to come with the

Report of the Secretary 457

Association in January, 1917, and served in the home office in New York until
he joined the Army on March 15, 1918. Mr. McMahon was not only a man
of varied accomplishments, but possessed a most unusually attractive per-
sonality. As far as can now be ascertained, the date of his death was Aug-
ust 28, 1918. He was killed while on scout duty at the front.

FIELD AGENTS

An extremely important part of the Association's work has long been the
efforts of the men and women who have officially represented our work in
various parts of the country. During the year that has just closed, Edward H.
Forbush, Supervising Field Agent for New England, has continued his exten-
sive lecture and correspondence work, and was of very great service for the
passage of the Enabling Act in Congress.

Winthrop Packard, Agent for Massachusetts, again directed the state
activities in Junior organization, successfully solicited many members for the
Association, attended to a large correspondence, gave lectures, wrote articles
for the press, and made trips to Washington and elsewhere in the discharge
of his duties.

Dr. Eugene Swope, Agent for Ohio, directed the campaign in Ohio for
Junior Audubon Classes, solicited and secured adult memberships, lectured
and carried forward a heavy correspondence in addition to giving a four weeks'
bird-course at the University of Florida.

William L. Finley, of Portland, Ore., Agent for the Pacific Coast states,
was active for the Junior work, lectured all over the state, took more moving
pictures of birds, and has been tireless in his efforts to save, as Federal bird
reservations, the lakes of Malheur and Klamath.

Mrs. Mary S. Sage continued her lecture-work in New York state until
she left the employ of the Association in March, 19 18. She is now engaged in
Government work in Washington, D. C.

Herbert K. Job, working, as heretofore, in "Applied Ornithology," has
conducted the experimental farm at Amston, Conn., run a successful summer
school of bird-study at the same place, lectured, written, made moving pic-
tures, and has given much advice to people desiring to engage in the j^ropaga-
tion of wild birds and game.

Arthur H. Norton, Agent for Maine, has been carrying forward an im-
portant investigation of the feeding haljits of the Herring Gull on the coast of
Maine, as well as a study of the relationship of the colonies of these birds to
sheep-raising on the outer islands.

It is with much regret that we record the death of Mrs. Granville Ross
Pike, our Agent for the state of Washington. Her death occurred at her home
in North Yakima, Wash., on August 20, 1918. She was one of the most suc-
cessful bird-workers among chilchen tliat we have ever known.

4s8 Bird -Lore

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES AND BIRD CLUBS

The numerous demands of various war activities have adversely influenced
the efforts of the organized bird-workers of the country much less than was to
be expected. Especially has this been true of the older and better-established
State Audubon Societies, where the feeling prevailed that now more than ever
was their work needed.

Various local organizations have ceased to function for a time, but this
was to be expected in view of the great demand for active agents in war- work.

The organizations now affiliated with the National Association number 137.
About 60 of these have submitted reports of good organized work done the
past year, and these will be found published with this report.

It is well worth the time of any conservationist of wild life to read these
carefully; in fact, only by so doing can one get an idea of the tremendous
amount of fine effort for bird-study and bird-protection now being put for-
ward by these numerous organizations.

Recently the Association has been pleased to contribute to two worthy
efforts of afl&liated institutions. One was a gift of $500 to the Wisconsin Game
Protective Association, to aid in putting a lecturer in the field. The other was
a contribution of $250 toward the expense of a Museum for the Meriden
(New Hampshire) Bird Club.

On the other hand, some of the societies have contributed to the expense
of the Association's work for Egret-protection.

SUMMER SCHOOLS

During the summer, for the fourth year, the Association arranged with the
directors of summer schools for courses in bird-study. The plan, as heretofore,
provided for the expense of the course being borne jointly by the Association
and the educational institutions where they were given. This instruction was
given as follows with good results:

Dr. J. M. Johnson, of Brooklyn, N. Y., gave a four-weeks' course at the
Summer School of the South at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Sev-
eral illustrated evening lectures were also delivered to the entire Summer
School.

Miss Mary Bacon, of Athens, Ga., represented the Association in a course
of enthusiastic bird-work at the University of Georgia, Athens.

Miss Belle Williams, of Columbia, S. C, conducted a four-weeks' course
at the Winthrop Normal College Summer School, Rock Hill, S. C.

Ralph Hubbard continued his bird-work of last year at the University of
Colorado, located at Boulder.

Dr. Eugene Swope, of Cincinnati, again worked at the University of
Florida, conducting bird-courses and giving illustrated public lectures.

Report of the Secretary 459

J. Bowie Ferneybough, of Richland, Va., was again at the University of
Virginia, located near Charlottesville.

Many hundreds of teachers gathered at these various centers of learning
received this instruction and had their interest in bird-study and bird-protec-
tion greatly quickened.

AUDUBON WARDEN WORK

Wardens to the usual number have been employed during the year to
guard important breeding colonies of water-birds. There are three groups of
these agents. First, there are those engaged by the Association in cooperation
with the United States Biological Survey. These men protect certain Federal
Bird Reservations. Second, there are the wardens who guard Egret colonies,
and third, the general bird-colony wardens who are mainly located on islands
along the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Maine, inclusive.

The past season appears to have been only an average one for the nesting
birds. At some stations they have done well; at others, owing to various natural
causes, the hatch and development of the young were seriously interfered with.
The following quotations from wardens' reports will indicate something of
the conditions that prevailed in various protected colonies.

Great Duck Island, Maine: "The young would have done better if food
had not been so scarce. I helped feed them as far as I was able."

Metinic Green Island, Maine: "Herring Gulls this year drove all the Terns
(Arctic and Common) off the island. However, they settled near by."

Cone Island, Maine: "On the night of June 22-23 from 900 to 1,200 eggs
and young Herring Gulls were destroyed by a heavy sea that broke o\'er the
island."

Gott's Island, Maine: "Owing to the scarcity of food this summer the
Gulls killed many of their young."

Dry Tortugas, Fla.: "There has been a great increase of Sooty Terns this
year. I estimate the number at 100,000. There were about 15,000 Noddy
Terns."

Virginia Coast Islands: "High tides destroyed most of the eggs and young
of the Laughing Gulls, Terns and Black Skimmers."

Wepecket Island, Mass.: "The Terns are gradually decreasing. There
were about 2,500 of them this season."

Islands of Mississippi Sound: "All the birds seem to be increasing. I esti-
mate, for the season, breeding birds as follows: Laughing Gull, q4,ooo; Royal
Tern, 52,000; Black Skimmer, 61,000; Cabot's Tern, 16,000; Caspian Tern, 600;
Forstcr's Tern, 16,000; Least Tern, 96,000; Black-crowned Night Heron, (),6oo;
Louisiana Heron, 63,000; and Brown Pelican, 50,000. '^Total, something
more than 450,000."

The Egret colonies, as a whole, fared better this year than did the sea-

460 Bird -Lore

l)ir(ls. Very little killing of our protected birds was reported. The drying up
of many of the feeding-grounds in central Florida caused some birds to leave
their accustomed haunts and seek nesting-places in new territories.

In protecting the hard-pressed Egrets, guardianship is also extended to
many other water-birds that assemble with them in their rookeries. Thus, on
the Association's Bird Island in Orange Lake, Fla., in addition to 350 large
Egrets and 300 Snowy Egrets, large numbers of Louisiana Herons, Black-
crowned Night Herons, Green Herons, Little Blue Herons, Ward's Herons,
Water Turkeys, Boat-tailed Grackles, Purple and Florida Gallinules, Least
Bitterns, Florida Ducks, and White Ibis received protection. A pair of the
rare Glossy Ibis (probably the White-faced) also occupied this wonderland of
bird-life. In all, forty-seven wardens were employed this year.

REPORT OF JUNIOR AUDUBON CLASSES

Despite all the distracting influences the past year, the formation of Junior
Audubon Societies has gone steadily on as heretofore. The systematic plan
of supplying children with first-class material for doing simple elementary
work in bird-study is appreciated by school men and women in every state in
the Union and in Canada.

One evidence of how the Junior /\udubon work holds in a school where it
is once established is shown by the many teachers in the grades who have
formed a Junior Society every season for the past five or six years. Usually
the classes move on so that the teachers have a new set of children each year,
but their interest in the work causes them to encourage each group coming
under their care to organize for bird-study. In many other instances, where a
Junior Class has been formed in one of the lower grades, the children have
insisted on reorganizing year after year, although the class continually passes
on to the care of different teachers.

This year, as heretofore, immense numbers of bird-boxes have been built,
and around thousands of schoolhouses birds have been fed in winter. Many
attractive programs have been rendered, and the local interest in bird-preser-
vation kept alive and stimulated by the little folk at school.

For the school year ending June i, 1918, classes were formed and mem-
bers enrolled in the different states and in Canada, as shown in the following
summary:

Summary for the year ending June i, 19 18:

State Classes Members State Classes Members

Alabama 5 147 District of Columbia . . . i t,^

Arizona 4 74 Florida 21 483

.\rkansas i 31 Georgia 30 938

California 197 5,678 Idaho 57 1,530

Colorado 48 1,487 Illinois 247 7,285

Connecticut 324 7,608 Indiana 109 2,999

Delaware 3 51 Iowa 118 3,021

Report of the Secretary

461

State Classes Members

Kansas 65 2,009

Kentucky 29 851

Louisiana 7 212

Maine 37 856

Maryland 46 1,421

Massachusetts 329 8,210

Michigan 196 5,099

Minnesota 261 6,375

Mississippi 16 484

Missouri 100 2,658

Montana 66 1,620

Nebraska 78 i,995

Nevada 30

New Hampshire 92 2,221

New Jersey 174 4,885

New Mexico 3 92

New York . 891 24,448

North Carolina 48 1,245

North Dakota 30 938

State Classes Members

Ohio 815 18,227

Oklahoma 26 814

Oregon 90 2,716

Pennsylvania 460 14,169

Rhode Island 19 548

South Carolina 24 901

South Dakota 33 889

Tennessee 26 693

Texas 45 1,269

Utah 37 826

Vermont 37 797

Virginia 25 715

Washington 214 5,339

West Virginia 39 1,260

Wisconsin 161 3,981

Wyoming 5 147

Canada 381 8,763

China i 15

Totals 6,071 159,083

Never in the history of our country have school children been called upon
to contribute to so many projects, and so continuously, as of late. The cam-
paign in the schools for War Savings Stamps, for membership in the Junior
Red Cross, seeds for war gardens, and other war activities, have been tre-
mendous. Giving continually to these most worthy causes has had a very
decided effect on the enrollment of the Junior Audubon members. Scores of
teachers have reported that they found it absolutely impossible to collect the
10 cents necessary for the Junior fees.

In one large school building in the Middle West, a teacher who had asked
that the children in the various grades bring their Audubon fees to send in on
a certain date, found when she went to collect them that the children had
brought their money, but that at the last moment the principal of the school
had instructed them to give this money to the Red Cross.

This is only one of many instances of a more or less similar character. As
a result of these causes, enrollment of the Junior members showed a marked
falling off from the year previous when the number reached the high-water
mark of 261,654.

This work with the young people was made possible by the following con-
tributions:

Unnamed Benefactor $20,000 00

Mrs. Russell Sage 2,500 00

General Coleman duPont 1,000 00

George Eastman 1,000 00

Other Subscribers 1,580 00

Total $26,080 00

MISCELLANEOUS FACTS

During the year wc have issued four new ICducational Leaflets, publishing
(hem first in Hird-Lork, and afterward separately. These were Leaflet Xo. 94,

462

Bird- Lore

Pileated Woodpecker; No. 95, Raven; No. 96, Slate-colored Junco; No. 97,
Least Tern. Our Department in Bird-Lore occupied 241 pages. Of Educa-
tional Leaflets, reprints were made to the number of 611,400. Circulars
announcing the plan of our Junior work to teachers 100,000, letterheads and
envelopes 255,111. Other miscellaneous items such as gum labels, member-
ship blanks, Pigeon folders, and notification cards amounted to 187,000.

Stereopticon slides to the number of 795 have been sold at a little above
cost, and our moving-picture films on various occasions have been sent out at
a nominal rental.

FINANCES

The Association enrolled during the year 161 life members at $100 each.
The funds received from this source, together with $375 in gifts and partial
payments on life membership fees, makes a total of $16,475 added to the per-
manent Endowment Fund.

During the year the Investment Committee invested $10,000 of this
amount in Third and Fourth Liberty Loan Bonds.

The sustaining membership, the fee for which is $5 annually, has this
year numbered 3,890. The total income of the Association for the year has
been $121,335.28.

NESTS OF BROWN PELICAN, GRAND '

Photographed by T. (.iillHil r

LOUISIANA

Reports of Field Agents 463

REPORTS OF FIELD AGENTS

REPORT OF WINTHROP PACKARD, FIELD AGENT
FOR MASSACHUSETTS

The good work that the National Association of Audubon Societies has
done in past years throughout Massachusetts certainly has a firm foundation
in the hearts of the people, for, in spite of war conditions, the interest in the
welfare of our wild birds continues.

Your agent has been able, during the past year, to add to the membership
list of the Association 31 life members and loi sustaining members. In the
Junior Class work, 8,210 new Juniors have been added. The interest of the
public in the cause has been shown in the continued calls for lectures, exhibi-
tions, information, and personal advice and assistance in bird- work. In this
the office has worked with various influential and important societies. It gave
an exhibition at Worcester in conjunction with the State Society and the State
Board of x\griculture; at Horticultural Hall at Boston it joined with the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society in its exhibition and instruction work for home-
gardens, making a display of bird-protection material during the spring and
summer months. It joined with the State Grange and State Audubon Society
in a Bird Day exhibition and lectures. The requests for traveling exhibits
of bird-protection material to be shown in various parts of the state, and
indeed throughout New England, have been numerous. These requests have
been invariably filled, as have those for bird-lectures.

Legislation throughout New England has been carefully watched, and
your agent is glad to state that no bills adverse to bird-protection have passed.

New England, last year, passed through the severest winter in its history.
Your agent feels that the request sent out by him that the birds be fed with
more than usual care, and which received a hearty response, was effective in
saving the lives of many of our winter birds which seemed to have come
through the inclement weather successfully.

The office, with its exhibitions, has been very popular with visiting Junior
Classes and their teachers, and the mutual good-will that is established has
helped greatly in the Junior work.

Your agent had the honor to represent the Ijird clubs and Audubon Societies
of New England at Washington during the campaign for the passage of the
Enabling Act, and was present when the House finally voted in favor of this
great measure for bird-protection. He is proud to say that there was no dis-
senting voice among our New England representatives.

In closing, he wishes to express his appreciation of the unfailing wisdom
and friendly guidance of T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary of the National .\ssocia-
tion, and that of Edward Howe Forbush,the New England Agent for thc.\sso-
ciation, to whom such measure of success as has been achieved is largely due.

464 Bird - Lore

We feel, here in Massachusetts, that bird-work is war-v/ork, and do our best
to carry it hopefully forward toward the winning of the war.

REPORT OF EUGENE SV^OPE, FIELD AGENT
FOR OHIO

December 15, 1917, the Junior Class work in Ohio surpassed all former
records for the state up to that date. This was accomplished at the same time
that Liberty Loan, Thrift Stamp, Red Cross, and relief-fund drives were in
progress. Then came the severe cold, fuel shortage, closed schools and sus-
pended Audubon work for nearly three months.

With the coming of spring, your agent again pushed the Junior work as a
"win the war" measure and was able by the close of the school year to show a
record not much behind that of the previous year.

Valuable assistance was rendered by county and city superintendents,
and especially by Dr. J. C. Hambleton, Nature-Study Supervisor of Columbus
schools, and President of the Columbus Audubon Society. Dr. Hambleton
edited the State Superintendent's annual publication, which in former years
had been largely devoted to Arbor Day exercises, and made it a Bird Day book.
It was almost wholly devoted to appeals and arguments for a better knowledge
of wild birds and for their protection. The editor intentionally cooperated with
the Association's work and greatly aided it, for which he deserves the thanks
of all bird-protectionists. This publication contained articles by Dr. Frank M.
Chapman and T. Gilbert Pearson.

Many newspapers of the state published such news items and reports as
your agent sent them, thereby keeping the work of the Association before the
public. One point urged was bird-conservation as a protection for war-gardens
against pro-German insect ravages. This received wide attention and did much
good.

During the year, there have been more than the usual number of miscel-
laneous calls upon your agent for assistance and advice in the matters of
attracting, feeding, and protecting the wild birds. These calls came from every
conceivable source and give evidence of the widespread influence and of the
confidence in the Association. Every call was answered promptly.

In all probability, attempts will be made in the next legislature to repeal
certain protective laws. For instance, the lake fishermen have recently dis-
covered that Terns, Kingfishers, and Blue Herons consume "tons of choice
fish." As early as July they began a campaign of education advocating the
"extermination" of these birds.

Ohio Audubon people saw to it that their representatives at Washington
favored the Enabling Act.

One summer month was devoted to conducting a large bird-study class in
the Teachers' College at the Florida State University and giving public lectures

Reports of Field Agents

465

there. So enthusiastic was the class that five members earned college credits,
which apply on their degrees. A number of others earned the regular summer
school credits. The class was composed of teachers from every section of
Florida. Five of the summer school instructors regularly attended the field-
work classes. It seems that the Association's efforts in Florida might give a
new impetus to the study and protection of the wild birds of that state.

At no time, and under no circumstances, did your agent fail to disseminate
cat-control propaganda.

DR. EUGENE SWOPE LISTENING TO BIRD-SONGS IN FLORIDA

REPORT OF ARTHUR H. NORTON, FIELD AGENT
FOR MAINE

The winter of 19 18 was one of unusual severity, in low temperature and
vast quantity of sea-ice. With the closing of Bach Cove, Portland, and the
adjacent Presumpscot River, the greater part of the thousands of Black Ducks
which annually winter there left for the outer islands. Still, a few hundreds
remained at their usual resorts and were fed daily for about five weeks by the
loca Audubon Society and a considerable number of individuals. As a result
of this constant attention, relatively few perished. Not only in the vicinity
of Portland, where this large number was under constant observation, but

466 Bird - Lore

from the Penobscot region, came reports and inquiries as to methods of provid-
ing for the Ducks.

Probably due to the exceptionally warm, dry weather of May, the Terns laid
in very large numbers a week or more earlier than usual. Though later the
season was wet and lacking in sunshine, it is known that a fair number of young
reached maturity. Herring Gulls have done well, and this summer a few nested
within IS miles of the city of Portland, a range extension of about 60 miles.
Laughing Gulls have been seen at several points some distance from their
breeding-place, indicating a slight increase of these birds. An inspection of the
colonies of Herring Gulls in the region of Jericho Bay was made August 13.
At this date none of the young Gulls had left the rookeries, and the abundance
of both old and young Gulls showed the result of a season free from molestation
by man. The birds have increased considerably in the region since the last
general inspection of 1914. With the advance in the prices of wool and mutton,
the once profitless custom of keeping sheep on the outer islands seems to
promise a fair return. With this promise has arisen, in the region of this
inspection, a claim that the sheep will not feed upon the vegetation that the
Gulls have fouled by their presence, and that Gulls therefore menace the sheep-
raisers' interests.

It was found that much of the soil of these islands is very sterile, composed
largely of poorly decomposed wood, many of the deposits being over 2^ feet
deep, entirely destitute of mineral soil. By visiting several different islands
where the Gulls were abundant, and others where none or very few were
nesting, it was possible to make a comparison of the conditions prevailing
at the two different locations. On the islands where there were few Gulls,
the vegetation was poor, closely grazed, and struggling hard for existence;
moreover, the sheep there were eating the coarser forms of vegetation, left
untouched on the islands where the Gulls were numerous. On those islands
where the Gulls were numerous, the vegetation was invariably luxuriant.
On each of the latter were areas nearly free from Gulls, yet the sheep showed no
preference for those locations, but were found to feed in the midst of the
colonies as much, or even more, than in the parts where the Gulls were nearly
absent. On these islands the coarse flags, sedges, rushes, and grasses were not
touched by the sheep.

One cause for the alarm-cry, that the Gulls are ruining the pasture, may
be found in the fact that many of these outer islands produce an abundance
of a native chickweed {Cerastium arvense), which is partial to sterile, or "sour,"
soil. Its habit is low and matting, forming large areas, but its color and low
growth, cause it to attract no attention in the grazed pasture. With the "sweet-
ening" of the soil, this native chickweed has begun to disappear, and in its
place has come an introduced relative, Siellaria media, a lover of rich soil, which
here reaches a length of nearly 2 feet, and is of a yellow-green color, in strik-
ing contrast to the color of the grasses. This is an annual plant, and should the

Reports of Field Agents 467

land occupied by it be reseeded with grass or clover, the improvement of the
pasture would no doubt be excellent. Indeed, it is a striking fact that nothing
has been done to improve these pastures, though grazed by sheep for yea rs .

REPORT OF WILLIAM L. FINLEY, FIELD AGENT
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST STATES

During the past year, sixty-live lectures, mostly illustrated with moving
pictures, have been given by your agent through the Pacific Northwest. A
number of these have been given for the benefit of the soldiers in the canton-
ments in this part of the country and were enthusiastically received. Lectures
were also given under the auspices of the Red Cross and the Junior Red Cross
in the schools. Approximately $1,000 was raised for these organizations.

Among many of the schools, there has been very creditable bird-work
during the past year. In Portland, the pupils of the Kenton School reproduced
the bird masque, entitled "Bobby in Birdland" which appeared in the Nov^em-
ber-December, 1Q17, issue of Bird-Lore. Moving pictures were taken of
this play as it was acted in the woods. Moving pictures were also made of some
of the manual training classes building bird-houses and the children putting
up these houses along the Columbia Highway. These, with other pictures
of Audubon work, are to be used for educational purposes in the schools.
The Junior work among the school children during the past year for the Oregon
Audubon Society has been in charge of Mrs. A. L. Campbell. She has visited
many different schools, giving bird-talks and organizing societies.

Under the direction of Walter P. Taylor, of the Biological Survey of the
Department of Agriculture, a systematic survey of the bird and animal life
of the state of Washington is being carried on in conjunction with the different
educational institutions. During the past summer, Mr. Taylor has been work-
ing in the field with Prof. W. T. Shaw of Pullman College. Inasmuch as the
wild antelope are rapidly disappearing, and since there are approximately
not more than from five to seven hundred of these animals in the state of
Oregon, an effort is being made to secure an area of land, partly in southern
Oregon and partly in Nevada, where these animals range and set it aside as a
permanent reservation. This area is also the home of large flocks of Sage
Grouse. The details of this plan are being worked out by Dr. George W. Field,
of the Biological Survey.

For the past two years, Malheur Lake Reservation in southeastern Oregon
has been in jeopardy. Certain promoters have been trying to get the right to
drain this body of water and dry up the surrounding marshland, advocating
that this would make a valuable area for agriculture. On the other hand, this
area is very alkaline in character, and experiments on similar areas by the
Department of Agriculture show that it is of little or no value from the
agricultural standpoint. If it were once drained, the whole place would

468 Bird - Lore

soon revert to a desert and Oregon would lose one of its most valuable assets.
At the coming session of the Oregon legislature an effort will be made to secure
the passage of a law ceding all state jurisdiction over this area to the United
States.

It is very interesting to note that the only colony of Egrets (Ardea egretla)
nesting in Oregon have at last taken up their permanent home on Malheur
Reservation. In my annual report, published in the November-December,
191 2, issue of Bird-Lore, I told of a visit to this colony which had a short

PINTAIL DUCK. THIS SPECIES BREEDS ABUNDANTLY ON KLAMATH AND

MALHEUR BIRD RESERVATIONS, OREGON

Photographed by H. T. Bohlman

time previously been discovered on an island in Silver Lake. There were eleven
or twelve Egret nests at that time. Two or three years later. Silver Lake dried
up and they moved. In 191 7, they were reported to be nesting in the willows
in the northern part of Malheur Lake Reservation. George Willett, who was
in charge of the reservation during the past season, reported that the number
of nests had doubled since our visit to the colony in 1912. The water on Lower
Klamath Lake Reservation has been lower this year than at any previous
time, on account of closing the dyke between the lake and Klamath River.
In order to prevent the destruction of Klamath Lake Reservation also, it will be
necessary to get a law passed in both the Oregon and California legislature
ceding jurisdiction to the United States.

Reports of Field Agents 469

REPORT OF EDWARD H. FORBUSH, GENERAL AGENT
FOR NEW ENGLAND

Your representative for New England has devoted most of his energies
applied in your service to the task of securing the passage of the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act, the most imperative matter regarding bird-protection for
the year. In this he has merely assisted the well-directed efforts of your
Secretary, who has reported in detail upon the campaign and its successful
result. An attempt has been made also in Massachusetts to secure better
protection for the Terns that have colonized on our shores. The Least
Tern, which now has been reduced to comparatively few individuals in the
Northeast, has been decreasing in numbers during the past three years. The
larger species have been troubled by encroachments on some of their breeding-
grounds, and may have been crowded off Muskeget Island to some extent by
the increase there of the Laughing Gull, although no direct evidence that the
latter molests them has been submitted. About thirty years ago, this Gull is
said to have been reduced in New England to some twenty pairs of birds —
the remnant left on Muskeget Island. Under protection they have since
increased so that now there are many thousands breeding there, and they
now appear along the coast in the breeding-season from Connecticut to
Maine.

In the meantime, the Terns on this island have rather decreased in numbers.
In the winter of 191 7-18, Wm. C. Adams, Chairman of the Massachusetts
Commissioners on Fisheries and Game, proposed to give some of the principal
Tern colonies special protection during their coming breeding-season. It was
recommended that wardens be allotted to guard five of the principal colonies
and to destroy cats and skunks that were decimating them. This was done,
and, apparently, as a result of this treatment, the birds have increased in
number and at least two new colonies have been started on Cape Cod, where
many young birds were successfully reared this season. Many of the eggs were
destroyed by a storm and high tide but the birds nested again successfully.
There has been a noticeable increase in the numbers of Common and Roseate
Terns and a lesser increase of Least Terns. Arctic Terns also have been re-
ported from time to time. The increase of Herring Gulls along the Maine
Coast probably is responsible for an accession to the number of this species
summering in Massachusetts. Many hundreds now remain on our coast all
summer and a few breed here.

REPORT OF HERBERT K. JOB, DEPARTMENT
OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

During the past year requests for practical informatiou about attracting
or propagating birds, or both, have continued to come from all over this

47° Bird - Lore

country and Canada, and even from abroad. In reply, Bulletins 2, 3, or both,
are sent free under the Applied Ornithology Fund, and letters accompanying
often are extended "specifications." For instance, a gentleman in California
wrote that he had a "farm" of 180 acres, enclosed with wire fence, including a
20-acre pond. He wanted to breed various upland game-birds and wild fowl,
and to try to make the place a wild-bird paradise. After describing it carefully,
he asked me to write him what I would do if I owned it myself and were embark-
ing on such a plan. The variety in these inquiries may be indicated by quoting
another from a woman in Pennsylvania, who desired light on how to get rid of
a Whip-poor-will which came every night to her domicile and kept up such a
noise that her summer boarders could not sleep, and there was danger of it
breaking up her business !

As usual, a number of estates have been personally inspected. The last,
at present writing about to be visited, is the Hewlett Bay Park project on
Long Island, which is to be laid out as a wild-bird sanctuary. Public lectures
have been given from time to time, including a course of three on game prop-
agation at Cornell University, two lectures at Oberlin College, two for a Bird
Day celebration at Toledo, Ohio, and others for various schools, bird clubs, and
other institutions.

The Experiment Station and Summer School project at Amston, Conn.,
has developed in an encouraging manner. Pupils came from various localities,
as far away as Cleveland, Chicago, and Cincinnati, and expressed themselves
enthusiastically. Mornings were spent afield, returning to the Audubon House
at II o'clock, where instruction was given until the dinner hour, using a practi-
cally complete collection of New England birds. Afternoons were spent on,
in, or at the lake, or in photographing birds. There were occasional picnic
suppers at the lake, and moonlight boating excursions, listening to music and
night sounds. About one hundred species of birds were found and studied in
the Amston sanctuary in July, The experimental work was successful. The
bird-boxes were well occupied, and young Quails, Pheasants, and Wild Ducks
were reared, the latter including Wood Ducks, Redheads and Canvasbacks.
Ninety per cent of the ducklings hatched were reared to maturity. Much
credit for this is due to the careful work of the assistant, Richard E. Harrison,
son of Prof. Ross G. Harrison, of Yale University, whose keen sight and
hearing in locating bird subjects on field excursions were also greatly
appreciated.

The lack of proper intelligent help during the winter months has hitherto
been the one drawback to the full success of the experimental work, but this
fortunately, has now been overcome. Through the organization of a number of
influential men, R. J. McPhail has just been installed at Amston as resident
game-keeper and naturalist. Mr. McPhail was brought up on great British
game-preserves, and is one of the best professional game-keepers in America.
To pay the considerable expense of this experimental work, he is to conduct

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs

471

a model commercial game-farm, which will also serve as the basis for another
Summer School session in August, following the bird-study session in July,
as a training-school for professional game-keepers and estate workers. The
receipts of the Department for the year have covered all expenses, with a
balance in the treasury. The finances of the Amston work are managed sep-
arately, otherwise the financial showing would be on a considerably larger
scale.

472 Bird - Lore

REPORTS OF AFFILIATED STATE SOCIETIES
AND OF BIRD CLUBS

REPORTS OF STATE SOCIETIES

California. — During the year the Society has been carrying on its usual
activities, being materially helped by the various local organizations, each of
which has been looking after the needs of its own neighborhood. More than
ever have we been called upon to investigate cases of bird-killing. This is
because some birds pick fruit and vegetables, and some people have overlooked
their economic value. The small boy, too, imbued with the spirit of war, has
made use of the sling-shot and air-gun, and the birds have been the targets. In
an effort to counteract these conditions, we have distributed many of our own
cloth warning-cards, as well as those of the National Association. We are
looking forward to a legislative year and trying to be ready to meet the adverse
bird bills which we feel sure will be introduced.

We are fortunate in having added to our ranks two splendid workers who
have come to make their home in California. One, Mrs. William Falger, for-
mer president of the North Dakota Audubon Society, is living in Modesto, in
the heart of the big San Joaquin Valley, where she is lecturing before schools
and clubs, and organizing the children. In this region of grain fields and
orchards she can be of the greatest service. The other is Mrs. G. M. Turner,
former secretary of the Buffalo (New York) Society. Mrs. Turner has located
in Riverside, in the southern part of the state, and is chairman of bird-work
for the women's clubs in her district. With her illustrated lectures she is
doing much good.

Because of war conditions, there has not been quite so much lecture-work
as usual; still, our slides have been used in several parts of the state. It is
with sorrow that I report that the English Sparrows are getting into the
South, there being many of them in Los Angeles and neighboring cities. As
yet I do not see that they are driving out the other birds. — Harriet Williai^^s
Myers, Secretary.

Connecticut. — Though the educational activities of this Society have
been none the less during the past year, on account of war conditions and the
pressure of more direct patriotic work, the social element has in a great degree
been omitted. There have been seven meetings of the Executive Board,
and, in spite of the severity of the past winter, a quorum was never lacking.
Forty of the Audubon Charts of winter birds were added to the sets now cir-
culated for us by the Connecticut State Board of Education. We paid half
of the cost of rebinding and cleaning necessary to traveling libraries, as well as
transportation one way for the libraries sent to teachers, the Board of Educa-
tion paying the other half. Two new traveling libraries were voted to be pur-

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 473

chased as memorials to two faithful workers who have passed on — Miss Mary
Burr Kippen, the Society's treasurer for nineteen years, and Miss Martha
Burr Banks, an ardent nature-lover and worker who furnished the text for
one of our popular illustrated lectures, "The Orchard Playroom." At the
moment of writing this report the choice of the books is being made, in coopera-
tion with Mrs. B. H. Johnson of the State Board of Education, so that the>'
may be fitted to special needs.

A new lecture, 'The Connecticut Homeland— Its Birds, Flowers and Trees'
with loo colored slides by Wilbur F. Smith and text by Mrs. Wright, has been
prepared and would have been given for the first time at our annual meeting
on October 26, but the influenza caused the cancellation of all but the business
part of the program — our first break during the twenty years of the life of the
Connecticut Society, in the pleasant social gatherings where all the members
of the Society meet for interchange of ideas and the personal 'keeping in touch'
so necessary to all successful endeavor.

The work of Miss Frances A. Hurd, the School Secretary, has been most
faithfully carried out, notwithstanding bad weather and the fact that the vari-
ous war activities must of necessity draw from the dimes that the children of
the Junior Audubon Classes might have spent for the necessary set of study
leaflets. She reports: towns visited, 21; schools, 75; talks given, 320; pupils
addressed, 30,000; classes formed, 324; Junior Members gathered in these
classes, 7,608. Last year the class membership was 12,546, but in spite of
this falling off, Connecticut still stands well in the front ranks of the work of
bird-protection.

Birdcraft Sanctuary still continues to more than hold its own in attracting,
not only the interest of the general and more or less curious public, but the care-
ful study of many people from all parts of the United States, who are about to
form sanctuaries and wish to see at first hand what may be done within the
limit of 10 acres. The warden reports that 5,576 persons have visited the place
during the year, a very remarkable showing when it is considered that for
three months the country was icebound and that we did not have the members
of the conference of the spring of 191 7 to swell the number. Cold as was the
winter, not a single week passed without a few guests. The number of species
of birds observed in the Sanctuary was 134. Within its bounds, 26 species
nested, and 11 1 individual nests have been located up to date, many more
always being added to the list after the leaves fall. We have added to our
collection 82 birds picked uj) dead and brought in by friends. These have
either been mounted to replace less perfect specimens in the habitat groups
or prepared as 'skins' for study or exchange. A pair of the Pheasants given
by our State Fish and Game Commission nested in the Sanctuary and ])r()Ught
out a brood.

Owing to the pressure of time in printing the reports by the National
Association, the report of our traveling libraries and lectures, al\va\s written

474 Bird - Lore

up in such an interesting way by Mrs. Johnson, is not yet available, but will
appear in a later issue of Bird-Lore.

As it is, while much more might be said of our work, we will abide by the
present demand — Conservation of space, time, and energy — while today the
working motto of our Society is, ''Conserve everything beautiful for the delight
of men's eyes on their home-coming," hence the title of our lecture, 'The
Connecticut Homeland — Its Birds, Flowers and Trees,'' for surely this is one of
the most vital ways of keeping the home-fires burning and the home-love alive.
— Mrs. W. B. Glover, Secretary.

District of Columbia. — At our annual meeting we had a most interesting
lecture by Dr. Oberholser, his subject being "Common Birds about Washing-
ton." In spite of the very upset condition of Washington, owing to the war,
we were able to hold our five bird-study classes under the valuable leadership
of Mrs. Florence Merriam Bailey, and to take our always delightful spring
bird-walks with such fine leaders as Dr. Palmer, C. R. Shoemaker, Mr. and
Mrs. L. D. Miner, and Mr. Raymond Moore. Just a few years ago the
latter was one of our Junior Members, now he has proved himself one of
our most careful and accurate observers. (Keep up the work among the
Juniors !)

The walks were well attended, and a large variety (139) of birds was seen,
the most unusual being Laughing and Bonaparte Gulls, Barred Owl, Warbling
Vireo, Nashville and Tennessee Warblers, Wilson's Snipe, Black and Common
Terns, and Alder or Traill's Flycatcher. Cooperating with the powers that be,
we have secured a strip of land along Rock Creek, in the Zoological Park, as
a Bird Sanctuary, and, with the consent of the authorities, have placed a
num])er of nesting-boxes. Through the generosity of one of our members, and
the consent of the officers of one of our most beautiful cemeteries. Oak Hill,
we hope to make that another Bird Sanctuary. On Decoration Day a few of
us went there, and Dr. T. S. Palmer took us to the graves of six ornithologists,
or those interested in bird-protection, and gave us short, but interesting
accounts of the work accomplished by each. One day in August, a member of
our Executive Committee called me up and said, "Have you seen the Purple
Martins that gather near the Red Cross headquarters every evening? They
begin to gather about ten minutes before 8 and are gone by 8.30." Mr. Ober-
holser computed the number at about 35,000.

A few evenings later my sister and I went down. It was just 7.45, and not a
bird was to be seen. I was bitterly disappointed and thought they must have
left. In a minute or two I saw one, then two, and by 7.50 they were coming
thick and fast, until the wires were black with them. A large gilt ball seemed
to be a favorite lighting-place, and they appeared to knock each other off the
ball in their desire to obtain a foothold on this desirable perch. After a few
minutes of restlessness they began rising, skimming, and circling around, and

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 475

at 8.23 not a bird was to be seen, all having gone to roost in the nearby trees. ^
Helen P. Childs, Secretary.

East Tennessee. — In spite of the fact that our hearts and hands are full
to overflowing with war-work, we still keep in mind our feathered friends
and never let an opportunity pass to arouse interest in behalf of the birds by
talking in schools, before farmers' conventions, and instructing Boy and Girl
Scouts. Four courageous members of the Society, Dr. McDonald, Mr. Alton,
Mrs. Walter Barton, and her sister, Miss Stephenson, arranged an exhibit at
the East Tennessee Division Fair. One corner of the Land Building at Chil-
howee Park was decorated with autumn leaves and pine branches. The walls
were covered with colored pictures of birds, the table was spread with litera-
ture, while Bird-Lore was advertised extensively, as was Mr. Pearson's
latest book.

Miss Hargott, of the Young Women's Christian Association, loaned us a
large collection of birds' skins. Our Health Officer closed the fair prematurely
on account of the Spanish influenza. We were entertained and instructed by
Prof. Johnson of the Summer School, who met with us while he was here and
talked to us on western birds. A copy of Bird-Lore, sent the Society because
of its affiliation with the National Association, is placed in the Lamson McGhee
Free Library so "he who runs may read." — (Miss) Magnolia Woodward,
Secretary.

Florida. — During the past year, war activities have absorbed popular
attention in Florida, as elsewhere, and the State Audubon Society has not made
its former headway. The work in the public schools, especially, has suffered.
At the end of the war, however, we shall endeavor to revive this interest by an
organized field campaign. Since our last report, two branch societies — the
Miami Audubon Society and the Winter Park Bird Club — have been organized,
and by regular meetings and bird-lectures and talks, with some field-work,
have accomplished encouraging results. The Society has continued the cir-
culation of warning cards, leaflets, and game-law digests, and has also cir-
culated a large edition of a booklet in defense of the Brown Pelican. Li the
face of strong sentiment of press and public favoring and demanding better
protective laws for the wild game, Florida continues in old ruts without state
means of enforcing the game laws, turns the hunting-license money into
channels having no connection therewith, and attempts, by antiquated and
farcical methods to protect the game by county authorities. The Society will
make vigorous efforts to remedy, or at least improve, this unhajip)- condition
at the legislative session next April.

The Society has made efforts to keep in touch with and rec('i\f» the co-
operation of the various county wardens, but the result has not been encourag-
ing. One notable exception, Warrlen Thompson, of Lee Countv, has made a

476 Bird -Lore

fine record for his convictions of violators. Now that the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act is in force, the Society is expecting good results from the activities
of the Federal Inspectors in this service. As in the past, the Florida Federation
of Woman's Clubs has splendidly cooperated with the Society in its efforts to
save the bird life of the state. The Winter Park Bird Sanctuary continues to be
a conspicuous success, a large increase in the bird population being noticeable.
More than forty species were noted as nesting on the Sanctuary this year. The
farmers on lands adjoining the Sanctuary, fully informed of the value of the
Quails and other birds as the best means of crop insurance, have greatly
helped in this protective movement. It is notable that during an army-worm
invasion of the state the past spring and summer, only those localities suffered
where bird-life has been inadequately protected. Thousands of dollars were
spent in fighting this pest, but not one cent was required for this purpose on
lands within or near the Winter Park Sanctuary, where a large acreage of cotton
and castor-beans was grown, the latter for the Federal Government. — W.
Scott Way, Secretary.

Illinois. — Interest in bird-conservation has lagged somewhat this year
on account of war activities, but a fairly normal season's work has been accom-
plished. The membership list has held its own, losses being offset by new names,
and a goodly number of members have changed from the active to contributing
class. The officers remain the same, with one exception. In June, Miss Amalie
Hannig resigned. She has long been devoted to the cause of the birds, and her
faithful services to the Society were deeply appreciated. Mr. Roy M. Langdon,
the energetic secretary of the Maywood Bird Club, which has made more than
a local name for itself, has been elected a director of the Society. A generous
amount of new material has been added to our sets of slides, bringing them up
to a higher standard of excellence. That the educational value of these lectures
is appreciated, is evidenced by the constant demand for their use by schools and
colleges. Our president, Mr. Schantz, has given illustrated talks on birds to
various schools in Chicago and suburbs.

Two numbers of the Audubon Bulletin have been issued, "Winter 1917-18"
and "Spring and Summer 1918." This small magazine, full of interesting
articles and informing material, proves to be the Society's most valuable
educational medium. While exerting every effort to disseminate facts relating
to the economic importance of our bird-life, the Society is also striving in various
ways to arouse interest in forest preserves, state parks, and wild-life refuges,
since every bit of protected woodland and waterway means conservation of
bird-life. The Cook County Forest Preserve, now including some 15,000 acres
of woodland, is, in effect, a bird sanctuary. Recently the Board of the Sani-
tary District, through the influence of the Audubon Society and other bird
organizations, also declared its territory, comprising 40 miles of waterway,
a bird sanctuary. In addition to the Bulletin, the Society has printed and dis-

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 477

tributed hundreds of copies of a unique and valuable "Cat Circular" by Roy
M. Langdon. These circulars, a truly patriotic appeal to control cats and help
save birds and food, are for sale. Order for quantities have already been
received from State Audubon Societies and other bird organizations.

The second spring lecture-course, held in Central Music Hall on Saturday
afternoons in March, was well attended. Ernest Harold Baynes talked on
"Birds in the Nesting Season;" Norman McCHntock gave "American Birds
in Motion Pictures;" Edward Howe Forbush spoke on "How Birds Help Us
Win the War;" and Louis Agassiz Fuertes, new to a Chicago audience, lectured
on "Birds and Bird Music." From a purely financial standpoint our lecture-
course was not as successful as that of last year, but the keen interest in such
lectures is so apparent, that we now consider the course an annual affair. —
(Mrs.) Bertha Tracer Pattee, Secretary.

Indiana. — April 26, 1918, marked the twentieth year of the existence of
the Indiana Audubon Society. A vast amount of good has been accomplished
for bird-protection during this period. Since the war has come, with all its
demands for food, we have dedicated ourselves toward the greater service of
having the young people, and public at large, see and learn the vast importance
of protecting and loving our useful birds. It was thought best to postpone the
annual meeting this year until 1919. This was the opinion of the Committee
on Arrangements at Washington, Ind., where we had planned to meet, and of
the members from whom a vote was taken. The interest in bird-life in the state
has in no way diminished. This is evidenced by the numerous questions sent
in about birds, by the bird-boxes, bird-shelters, bird-baths, and feeding-devices
which may be seen in the school yards of towns, cities, and along the streets,
all through the country.

Talks have been given, with and without slides, before children of the
graded schools, high-school and college students, at clubs, farmers' institutes,
and before local and Junior Audubon Societies. No doubt it will be written
in history that the birds have been, and are, a very imj)ortant asset in winning
this war for freedom.

Miss Margaret Hanna, of Fort W^ayne, has given many talks and has
organized classes for bird-study, not only in Indiana, but in some of the southern
states where she was called to speak to the young ladies in private schools. One
boy who is in the trenches wrote home: "When I am off duty I find the birds
of great interest, and one avenue by which I can rest my mind and have relief
from the awful roar of the infernal machines of war."

A course in bird-study is given in the Teachers' College of Indianapolis.
The past year has shown the largest number of students in that course of any
previous year. These are sent out as teachers over Indiana and other states,
preaching the gospel of bird-study and bird-protection.

The Boy Scouts are adding (heir support to bird-protection, and have

478 Bird -Lore

offered to feed the birds in winter, when they take their hikes over the country.
Posters relating to the open season, which have been sent by the National
Association of Audubon Societies, have been mailed to the members to be
used where they will do the most good. Articles on birds have been published
in the newspapers and in the Indiana Educator- Journal during the year.
Last April we published the following leaflets: "The History of the Indiana
Audubon Society;" "How to organize an Audubon Society;" and a "Checking
List of the Birds of Indiana." Five hundred of each were printed and distrib-
uted. The memorial to David Worth Dennis, so beautifully written by Alden
HadlcN', was this year printed in the "Proceedings" of the Academy of
Science.

We will be represented at the annual meeting in October of the Federation
of Clubs of which this Society is a member. The Society lost a good bird-
student when Mrs. Etta S. Wilson moved to Detroit. Mrs. Wilson was Field
Secretary of Indiana. Michigan has gained a valuable bird-student and bird-
defender. What the next year may demand of us we do not know, but one
thing seems very evident, and that is, that the birds, the soldiers of the soil,
will need our protection in a way we never yet have known, in order that we
may have food for ourselves and some to spare for the people of Europe. —
(Miss) Elizabeth Downhour, Secretary.

Massachusetts. — The Massachusetts Audubon Society takes pride in the
progress of the work at its Bird Sanctuary, Moose Hill, Sharon, during the
past year. Mr. Harry G. Higbee is now established as resident warden in full
charge of the wild bird-life of the 265-acre estate. A daily survey of the ground
is made, each nest and species is card-catalogued, and it is proposed to keep
minute and definite records of all individuals. The farmhouse which is the
warden's headcjuarters is rapidly being made into a museum of the natural
history of the region, especially of its bird-life, the plan being to make the
Bird Sanctuary a model and an object lesson for all students of bird-protec-
tion methods. The region is admirably adapted to the purpose, and the estate,
lying as it does within the great state reservation of some 2,000 acres, is a
natural nucleus of wild life. Bird-students are encouraged to make use of the
Sanctuary for observation purposes, and the number of \isitors steadily
increases.

On May 18 the Society held its first Annual Bird Day Outing there, and
all were charmed with the beauty of the place and the great numbers of the
birds seen. Fifty-one species were noted on that day, some of them rare,
eighteen pairs of eleven species nesting.

We rejoice, also, in the final passing of the Enabling Act, the culmination
of legislative work for the Migratory Bird Treaty for which the Society, both
as a whole and through individual members, has worked untiringly for a
number of years and toward which it has directly contributed over $3,500.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs

479

We appreciate the wise and vigorous leadership of the National Association
in this work.

The Society is glad to report the cooperation and good will of the State
Fish and Game Commission and the Legislative Committee on Fisheries and
Game in all its work for legitimate bird-protection, as a result of which there
were few undesirable bills brought forward in state legislation and none passed.

New sustaining members added during the year have totaled 298; life
members 95, making a total of sustaining members since the founding of the
Society of 3,486, life members 536.

There was an average attendance of 1,500 at the annual lecture course,
the lecturers being Stanley Clisby Arthur, of Louisiana; William Lovcll

MUSEUM AND WARDEN HEADQUARTERS ON rHE M ASSA( II USErPS
AUDUBON SGCIETN BIRD SANCTUARV

Finley, of Oregon; Norman McClintock, of Penns\l\ania. Charles Crawfoid
Gorst gave whistling imitations at each lecture.

At the great annual mass meeting in Tremont Temple, the speakers were
the Rev. Manley B. Townsend, Secretary of the New Hanii-)shire Slate .\u(lu-
bon Society, anrl Edward Howe I-'orbush, Stale Ornilhologisl. Charles K.
Mouiton ga\e bird iinilalions.

The mullitude of varied activities annuall\" reported have been vigorously
carried on. There is no space to enumerate them here. Tliey have covered
not oiil\- the state, l)ul in many instances ha\e extended to the farthest corner^
of the nation. Win i iiRnr I' ack \rd, .SV(7(7(//'v-7V<'(/.v/r/7/'.

480 Bird -Lore

Michigan. — In consequence of the war, no new work has been at-
lemincfi, iiolhing but the usual distribution of hterature, the correspondence,
placing of charts and plans of work in schools, and a few lectures given
in new territory. Many of the cloth posters have been sent out, and an
exhibit is ready to go to the annual meeting of the Federation of Clubs, to
convene in Battle Creek on October 15 and 16. Two sources most helpful
in passing on material for bird-protection are the Federation, which sent out to
all the clubs of the state a plan of work prepared by us, and the Wild Life Con-
servation Department of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National
Defense, which sends bulletins, leaflets, and the like, into every township in
the state.

Grand Rapids is to be congratulated on having so educated its people with
its cat license law that where two years ago they were willing to pay licenses
on more than 4,000 cats, this year only about 800 were willing to invest money
for the protection of their tabbies. Not only our Audubon Society, but the
whole state, has sufifered a great loss this year in the death of Charles K.
Hoyt, of Lansing, Vice-president of our Society, who died last July. Mr. Hoyt's
naturally judicial mind, combined with his extensive knowledge of our game
laws and his kindly helpful spirit, made him invaluable to the cause of bird-
protection, and our Society can erect no better memorial to him than to "carry
on" along the progressive lines he always advocated.
Let us take heart.

For through the grim gray clouds of war

We still can hear the Bluebird's song afar. — (Miss) Gertrude Reading.

Missouri. — The annual meeting was held December 21, 1917, at the
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. A paper by Otto Widmann, "Bird
Clubs and Other Societies for Bird-protection" was presented, and an exhibi-
tion on the economic value of common birds of Missouri, of nesting-boxes,
feeding-devices, and literature was a feature of the programme. The following
officers were elected: Dr. Herman von Schrenk, President; Mr. Ralph Hoff-
man, Vice-President; Dr. R. J. Terry, Secretary-Treasurer. During the year
a small increase in membership, including several life members, has taken
place. It is to be regretted, however, that the membership roll is still only the
nucleus of what our Society should develop into. The "War" posters have
been distributed and put up in many sections of the state. Considerable effort
was made by the Society toward the passage of the Enabling Act for the
Bird Treaty. Affiliated with the Audubon Society of Missouri are: The Science
Section of the Wednesday Club of St. Louis; the Parents' and Teachers'
League of W'ebster Groves; and the St. Louis Bird Club. In January, Ernest
Harold Baynes was the guest of the Society, with the St. Louis Bird Club and
St. Louis Garden Club, lecturing on "Birds in the Nesting Season." — R. J.
Terry, Secretary-Treasurer.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs

481

New Hampshire. — Despite war conditions, our Society has enjoyed a
successful year. Some members have felt unable to continue their help, but
these losses have been more than made up by others. Our membership now
totals 756, including 69 life members. The total receipts for the year were
$1,626.34 and the disbursement, $1,457.50.

MAXLEY B. TOWNSEND (AT THE LEFT), PRESIDENT OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRi:
AUDUBON SOCIETY, IN CAMP IN THE NORTH WOODS

A large correspondence has been maintained, over 14,000 circulars and
bulletins urging bird-conservation have been sent out to selected names, and
more than fifty lectures, most of them illustrated, have been given before all
sorts of gatherings. No call has been neglected. Many schools were visited and
the interest of the young in bird-study stimulated. In these times it has seemed
a golden opportunity to call public attention to the aid alTorded the agricul-
turist, orchardist, and forester by the insectivorous and weed-seed eating birds.
Articles have been prepared and published in the daily papers, pointing out
that increased bird-life means fewer pestiferous insects and, consequently,
more food for a world hard pressed for it. A lecture on "How the Birds Can
Help Us Win the War" has been prepared anrl frequently given.

Our Society took active part in the campaign to secure the passage of the
Enabling Act to put teeth into the Federal Migratory Bird Law. .\ large
number of our members, urged by this office, telegraphed or wrote their

482 Bird - Lore

representatives in Congress. New Hampshire's congressional delegation voted
right on the question. We mourn the death of Senator Jacob Gallinger, one
of our honorary vice-presidents, and ever an intelligent friend of bird-conser-
vation. We shall make a determined effort to secure the passage of a cat license
law in this winter's legislature. The promise of substantial aid from other
organizations gives ground for hope that we may succeed. — Manley B.
TowNSEND, Secretary.

New Jersey. — The activities of the New Jersey Audubon Society during
the past year (its eighth) have been more along lines of routine than any start-
ling developments. In common with many such organizations, it has felt the
handicap which war conditions imposed, notwithstanding the fact that bird-
protection is truly a war-work, as well as a peace-work.

In the legislative field, the Society, at the request of one of its members,
had introduced and secured the passage of a state law removing protection
from the European Starling, and successfully combated an effort to amend
the bill so as to remove protection from Gulls. It also aided in the passage
of a bill extending for three years the closed season on Wood Ducks. The
fight for a cat license and for a closed season on Quail was unsuccessful. Hav-
ing taken part in the effort in behalf of Federal legislation, it joined in the
general rejoicing over the enacting of the Enabling Act, giving effect to the
treaty with Canada. One patron, five life members, 35 sustaining members,
148 members, 16 associate members and 4,933 Junior members have been
enrolled.

The New Jersey Audubon Bulletin has been issued at regular two-month
intervals — six issues. Newspaper publicity work has been more satisfactory
than ever before, including a number of special feature, illustrated articles.
Twelve lectures have been given during the year by the Secretary, at schools,
farmers' institutes, clubs, and other gatherings, and the Secretary has also
acted as one of the judges in two bird-house contests. During the year
373 School Bird Clubs were organized with a total membership of 8,419.

The eighth annual meeting was held in the Free Public Library, Newark,
October 8. The business session was at 4 p.m., immediately followed by a meet-
ing of the Board of Trustees; public session at 8 p.m. Herbert L. Thowless, of
Newark, was elected a member of the Board of Trustees in place of George
Batten, deceased; otherwise the membership remained the same. The officers
were reelected. At the public session the Secretary gave an illustrated address
on "Our Wild Birds and Their Place in the War. "— Beecher S. Bowdish,
Secretary.

Ohio. — Despite the fact that war-work of various kinds has occupied much
of our time during the past year, the work in the interest of bird-protection
has not been neglected by our Society. We realize, as never before, what an

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 483

important factor our birds are in winning the war. We aim to impress this
fact upon the general pubhc. We have had many splendid lectures during the
past year, dealing with the value of birds as an economic factor, as well as the
best method of attracting and protecting them. The "cat question" has been
debated a great deal of late in one of our evening papers. At last, it seems, a
goodly number of people are beginning to realize what a terrible menace cats
are to our bird population. We expect to make renewed efforts during the
ensuing year to induce our City Council to pass an ordinance providing for
the destruction of stray cats and the licensing of all other cats. Our Society
invested almost all its funds in Liberty Bonds.

Last winter we had the extreme pleasure of presenting to the public several
reels of films depicting the home-life of our wild birds. These films, which are
rented by the National Association of Audubon Societies for a nominal sum,
are of the greatest value in instructing the people in bird-lore. They deserve
to be shown in every city and village in the country. Our aim is to make the
coming year even more successful than the year which is past. — William G.
Cramer, Secretary.

Oregon. — Our educational work has been carried on as usual during the
past year. The plan has been continued of holding public meetings each Satur-
day night in the public library at Portland. These have been under the direc-
tion of the Bird Study Committee, of which W. A. Eliot was chairman. A
systematic study of birds has been taken up, and, each week, lectures have
been given, illustrated with stereopticon slides and moving pictures. By the
aid of these lectures and the many bird-walks beginners have been able to get
a good knowledge of our common birds.

A contest in building bird-houses was held among the members of the
Junior Audubon Societies last spring, and a large number of houses were made
and put up in the woods. The various classes who won in the contest were taken
on an automobile trip up the Columbia River Highway, and the best bird-
houses were placed in the trees along the highway to attract songsters.

At the annual meeting of our Society, held October 5, the following officers
were elected: President, William L. Finley; Vice-President, Willard A. Eliot;
Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Emma J. Welty; Recording Secretary, Mrs. R.
H. Horsfall; Treasurer, Herman T. Bohlman. Dr. Welty gave a short history
of the Audubon movemenl. Dr. George W. Field and Dr. A. K. Fisher, l)oth
of the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture, gave interesting
talks on the work of the Survey. — Dr. Emma J. Wf.ltv, Secretary.

Rhode Island, — A record of the work of the Audubon Society of Rhode
Island lor the past year consists of activities through the circulating library,
through field-trips, and through lectures.

The books of tlir library iia\c been used 1)\- i,04() individuals and have a

484 Bird - Lore

circulation of 6,735. This cumulative work of the library throughout the state
is an important factor in making for the permanent protection of birds and
wild life.

There have been twenty field-trips during the year, with a total attend-
ance of 206. The personnel of these trips consisted of school children, school
teachers, and adult members of the Audubon Society.

The Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian have given twenty-one lectures
about birds to a total of 1,265 individuals, grouped as classes of school chil-
dren, audiences at state granges, and as clubs and other organizations in and
about Rhode Island. In this connection, the Secretary has given four lectures
to the enlisted men at Camp Devens, under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A.,
to the approximate total of 300 men. It should be of interest to members to
know that from 1912 to 1918 inclusive, officials of the Audubon Society of
Rhode Island have given 307 bird-lectures to a total of 38,350 individuals. —
H. L. Madison, Secretary.

South Carolina. — In the press of war-work, the purposes for which the
Audubon Society exists have not been entirely neglected. Letters have been
answered promptly, and a few talks and illustrated lectures made. A set of
bird-lessons, prepared by the Secretary for use in an elementary textbook on
agriculture, has been printed in leaflet form for free distribution by the State
Game Warden.

A six weeks' course in bird-study, offered by the National Association of
Audubon Societies in cooperation with Winthrop College during the summer
session, was taught by the Secretary. The connecting up of the inquirer
(individual, institution, or community) with the National Association is per-
haps the most valuable service of a State Society. — Belle Williams, Secretary.

West Virginia. — Our Society has not been so alert and active this year
as could have been desired, but some good, tangible results have been achieved.
Our Secretary has been appointed a deputy game warden for Wood County,
and several others in different localities in the county have been commissioned.
It is hoped that this will be the means of inspiring better respect for existing
bird laws. Our Educational Committee has done much work in the schools of
Parkersburg and vicinity, by distributing literature and getting the teachers
interested in Junior Audubon work. The cloth bird-conservation notices,
issued by the National Association, have been mailed to all the post offices in
this county, and also to other towns and gun clubs throughout the state.
Action has been taken to have them distributed to all farmers who will agree
to post them on their lands. During last winter, when we had an unprece-
dented period of snow and ice, the daily press was freely used to urge the
necesssity of maintaining lunch-counters for the starving birds. It was a hard
winter on the Bob- White, and our Society was instrumental in saving some of

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 485

them by timely distribution of grain in the fields and fencerows. In addition
to several minor walks for bird-study, we had a delightful field excursion in
May in the vicinity of Beloit, Ohio, conducted by P. W. Athey, an accom-
plished ornithologist, and a valued member of our Society. On this trip of
three hours' duration thirty-eight species of birds were seen and identified. —
Walter Donagho, Secretary.

REPORTS OF AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS

Audubon Club of Norristown (Pa). — The Club has had a very enjoyable
and instructive year. The advantage of having the opportunity to hold its
meetings in the Regar Museum has made it possible to study bird-life with
mounted specimens and moving pictures, as well as to seek them in the woods
and open fields. H. Severn Regar, Vice-President of the Audubon Club, and
owner of the fine collection of birds classified in the Regar Museum, has provided
an up-to-date moving picture and stereopticon machine. In March, Samuel
Scoville, Jr., spoke to the Club on the topic, "Byways and Skyways," and
brought pictures and nature-study most effectively before the Club members.
On May 30, by the generous hospitality of Col. William Henry Wetherill, the
owner, the Club made its annual field-day outing to Mill Grove Farm, on
the Perkiomen Creek, the former home of John James Audubon, and studied
birds in their native haunts.

At the September meeting of the Club, Mrs. S. Louise Patteson gave a
most instructive and interesting talk on "The Birds, Our Allies in the Food
Campaign." At the June meeting, J. Fletcher Street addressed the Club on
"Local Birds in Their Haunts." All these talks were illustrated with lantern-
slides and were followed by moving-picture reels showing "Birds of Prey,"
"The Owl Family," "Birds of the Home Garden," "Birds of the Southlands,"
and others. Previous to each meeting, in the afternoon, the members of the
Junior Audubon Club were entertained by the first showing of these moving
pictures, and from seventy-five to a hundred young people attended. — Helen
A, BoMBURGER, Secretary.

Audubon Society of Buffalo (N. Y.). — The Society completed its ninth
year wilh a paid-up membership of 262 members. Mrs. Turner, the retiring
Secretary, who had served for eight years, was presented with a life member-
ship in the National Association in appreciation of her services. Owing to the
severe weather and the inefficient street-car service, only one meeting was
held (luring the winter. .Vt that time Mr. Hoot, of Rochester, gave an interest-
ing lecture entitled, "Hunting without a Gun." Mr. Avery, our President,
lectured on :\\n\\ 26 on "Our Feathered Allies'" and showed many beautiful
j)ictures which he had made. He spoke especially of the economic value of birds
and showed that it is necessary to protect them in order to conserve the crops.

4.S(i Bird -Lore

The bird articles and migration calendar in the Sunday Express were
resumed during the spring months, and besides attracting wide attention to
bird-studw netted the Society about S50. The Almanac Committee, consisting
of iNliss Crump and Mr. Avery, prepared a most interesting bird almanac, of
which a thousand copies were printed and ready for distribution earlier than
in pre\ious years. The j)rice of the almanac was 50 cents, and they had a
wide distribution throughout the country. Unsold copies were presented to
Junior Audul)on Classes in the schools. The membership in the Junior Audubon
Circles was not so large as usual, many children giving all their money to the
Red Cross or spending it for Thrift Stamps.

Perhaps the most successful, and certainly the most pleasurable, part of
our work was a series of excursions held on Saturdays to the following places:
.April 27, Williamsville; May 11, Springbrook; May 18, Fort Erie; May 25,
Abbott's Pasture; June i, Hamburg; June S, Athol Springs; and June 29,
Niagara Glen. Mr. Avery was the leader. The smallest number present was
eight and the largest thirty-four. These trips were announced in the daily
papers and several interested persons learned of our Society and asked to
become members. — (Miss) Caroline 0. Doll, Secretary.

Bird-Lovers' Club of Brooklyn (N. Y.). — We hold our meetings the first
Saturday of each month, from October to June, inclusive. At each meeting
some member gives a talk on birds. These are very helpful and are thoroughly
enjoyed. On the first Saturday of each month, from October to June, a field-
trip to Prospect Park is conducted by a meml^er of the Club. A list is kept of
the birds observed, and this is posted in the Children's Museum, where the
Club holds its meetings. From September, 1917, to August, 1918, the number
of birds seen in the Park was 117. Each year the Club holds a contest for
members of the Children's Museum. For three months the children study the
migration, nesting habits, and enemies of the birds. They also study the bill,
feet, wings, and feathers of various types of birds and their uses to the birds.
Then an essay is written and the winner is awarded a jxiir of field-glasses. —
Howard E. Whitlock, Secretary.

Brookline (Mass.) Bird Club. — Our membership remains about the same
as kisl year, but the interest in bird-life and protection is steadilv growing.
We have had our regular meetings, with lectures, which have been well attended,
and our field-walks on Saturday afternoons and holidays have been so popular
that it has been almost impossible to conduct them the way we would like to.
Our bulletin for the winter walks and lectures is already issued and includes
a lecture this month by Herbert Parker, former attorney-general of Massachu-
setts, on his aviary at Lancaster, Mass; also an illustrated lecture on Labrador
by Dr. Charles W. Townsend. — Cilvrlks B. Floyd, e.x-Presidcnt.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs

487

Burroughs-Audubon Nature Club of Rochester (N. Y.). — We have had
a very interesting year. Our President, Wm. B. Hoot, had spent the preceding
winter in California, and on two different occasions he entertained the Club
with illustrated descriptions of the West, concluding each talk with a delight-
ful account of his ''Six Weeks in Sparrowdice." Sparrowdice was his own name
for one of the many bird-haunts in California, and the bird pictures which he
secured there were unusually line. Mr. Calvin C. Laney, Vice-President of the
Club, and superintendent of Rochester's park system, gave a very interesting
and instructive description of the Arnold Arboretum. The Secretary-Treasurer
gave his illustrated lecture, "Personal and Intimate Experiences with the Birds,"
using about 150 hand-colored pictures which he himself had taken. The out-
of-door tramps through woods and fields were among the most pleasing and
profitable of our meetings, and in this way many a member had his first intro-
duction to some of Nature's rarest treasures. — Clinton E. Kellogg, Sec-
retary-Treasurer.

Burroughs Junior Audubon Society of Kingston (N. Y.). — We held the

first meeting for the year on September 18, at which time officers were elected.
Meetings have been held once a month. At one meeting our Manual^T raining
Director explained how to construct bird-houses and feeding-stations; at
another, one of our faculty gave an address and imitated the calls of about
fifteen birds very accurately. One trip was made to the home of John^^Burroughs,
and it was a very interesting and instructive one. Last spring we celebrated

KINGSTO.V (.N. Y.) BURROUGHS JUNIOR AUDUBON SOCIETY

488 Bird -Lore

Bird Day in chapel. At that time prizes were awarded to Helen Carroll and
Donald Church for the best original compositions on "Bird Protection as a
War Measure."

Cloth posters, received from the National Association of Audubon Societies,
have been put in the woods about Kingston, permission having been obtained
from the Mayor to place the posters anywhere the Society deemed wise.
Lectures were also given, with the aid of colored slides obtained from Albany.
A collection of about thirty mounted specimens of our common wild birds was
loaned to the Society for study. We hope to continue our interest and do more
work in the open. — (Miss) Elizabeth Richards, Secretary.

Cayuga (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Owing to the many calls upon our time and
money the past year, we made no special plea for funds nor introduced any
innovations. The inauguration of a course of public lectures on the "Conserva-
tion of Wild Life" by the Cornell College of Agriculture brought to Ithaca
so many of the leading ornithologists of the country that it was unnecessary for
the Bird Club to hold any public lectures. The usual field-trips during the
migration period of April and May were kept up and were well attended. The
trips were taken in the Sanctuary every Saturday morning from 6 to 8 a.m.

Another bird-box competition was held among the school children, and
about ICO well-built boxes were entered. Assurance that the boxes were all
put up was secured by not announcing the prizes until the children brought
back word that all of their houses were in position and ready for tenants. The
regular feeding-stations in the Bird Club Sanctuary were maintained during
the winter, and an increasing number of birds patronized them. The diet
of millet and sunflower seed was somewhat more expensive than the usual one
of chick-feed or cracked grain, but was deemed advisable. — Arthur A. Allen,
Secretary.

Chautauqua (N. Y.) Bird and Tree Club. — While originally a summer
organization, the Club has, for two years, held meetings during the winter at
the Museum of Natural History in New York City, being most fortunate not
only in its place of meeting, but also in the cooperation of T. Gilbert Pearson,
who as Vice-President is seldom allowed to miss a meeting, the members always
being eager to hear of his work all over the country. At one meeting Prof.
S. C. Schmucker, after a preliminary lecture in the Hall on the evolution of
the birds from the Reptilia, conducted the members about the Museum, show-
ing from the splendid collection of fossils just how closely the great Dinosaurs
were related to the earliest birds. Of especial interest was a fossil of an extinct
bird which shows two rows of well-developed teeth. Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, of
the American Museum of Natural History, has also lectured to us delightfully.
Besides paying especial attention to the utilitarian value of birds as a war
measure, the Club is helping the Committee for Devastated France in their

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs

489

work of replanting the fruit trees of France, 60,000 or more having been ruth-
lessly cut down by the retreating enemy. — (Miss) Henrietta O, Jones,
Corresponding Secretary.

Cocoanut Grove (Fla.) Audubon Society. — This year three active depart-
ments have been added: Legislative, Educational, and Study. The first is
busy with important reforms; the second is doing fine work in Sunday and
public schools; while the chairman of the third has created an unusual interest
in the study of home-birds.

lilKD-IOL.N r.\iN

(liV i;i'lS(OI"AI, CHLRCIl Ki;CI()K\j KKKCTKl) BV THE CUCOAXUT
GROVE (KLORIDA) AUDUBON SOCIETY

We have secured a county game-warden and have presented two bird-
fountains, one to the Episcopal Church and one to the Christian Science
Temple. Both have been appreciated by the birds and are very attractive.
Our bird poster at a poster exhibit (of "Help Win the War") held by the Dade
County Federation of Women's Clubs was the center of attraction. It showed
some of the l^rds that cat the boll-weevil. We have interested two of the county
farming organizations to the extent of gaining their promise of protectors for
county birds. Our membership continues to increase; it now numbers 120. We
own a Liberty Bond. — Mrs. Kirk Munroe, Secretary.

490 Bird -Lore

Columbus (Ohio) Audubon Society. — Interest in birds, more as a relaxa-
tion than the doing of any special work, characterized the Society the past year,
owing to the stress of the times. Interesting lectures, to only two of which an
admission fee was charged, were given by the Club. In October, Mrs. S.
Louise Patteson urged the boys and girls to put up bird feeding-stations and
nesting-boxes, showing pictures of those used on her own place. In December,
Prof. R. C. Osburn, of Ohio State University, traced the evolution of bird-life
in an illustrated lecture which opened the eyes of many bird novices. The
January lecture by E. H. Baynes was interfered with by zero weather and
limited car service. Mr. Baynes, however, generously gave his "Wild Animal"
talk the next afternoon, and went to Camp Sherman in the evening, repeating
the talk and pictures for the boys in the camp. In February, Prof. J. S. Hine,
President of the Society, took his audience to Alaska, showing the pictures and
telling his experiences on the trip with the National Geographic Society
explorations in the Mt. Katmai district. In April, C. C Gorst celebrated
the migration season by migrating with his audience from the Western Meadow-
lark to the Eastern Hermit Thrush and the Southern Mockingbird, through
inimitable bird-calls.

Besides the annual fee, a subscription was made to the National Associa-
tion to aid in bird-protection. In order to meet requests of bird clubs in the
vicinity, the constitution was amended, and a club of forty girls from St. Mary
of the Springs was the first to become affiliated with the Society. Only members
of the Society were allowed on the field-trips, which were made on Saturday
afternoons from March till June. These meetings varied from a few enthusiastic
ones on rainy or windy days to thirty or more when hospitable members of the
Club opened their summer cottages. — Lucy B. Stone, Secretary.

DuBois (Pa.) Bird Club. — During the first year of its existence the Club
was increased from an original membership of eight to about sixty, largely
through a lecture by Ernest Harold Baynes. This was delivered in the high-
school auditorium, and as a result a much greater interest in bird-life was
awakened and numbers of bird-houses were placed throughout the city.

Our greatest difficulty has been to arouse enthusiasm; people will join the
Club but it is difficult to find dependable workers. Much of the success of Mr.
Baynes' lecture was due to the efforts of two of the busiest women in the com-
munity, Mrs. Julia Long and Miss Sweeny, the former a teacher of domestic
arts and the latter a teacher of mathematics in the city high school, who were of
great assistance to the President of the Club in this matter. Mrs. Long, through
her work among the school children, was instrumental during the severe winter
weather in having hundreds of birds fed. The D \iBois^M ornin^ Courier printed
a number of bird articles by the Club's President.

Encouraged by the results already obtained, we expect to do something
really worth while next year by showing the economic value of birds, their

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 491

need in agriculture, and the like. We would appreciate inquiries and sugges-
tions.— -W. D. I. Arnold, President.

Elgin (111.) Audubon Society. — This Society, organized in 19 14, has a
membership of 120, of whom 95 are on the active list, 16 on the associate list,
and 9 on the Junior list. Meetings are held at the homes of the members.
Last October, in cooperation with the Garden Club, we sponsored a musical
lecture by Professor Olds for the benefit of the Red Cross. With the follow-
ing slogan, "Crops will save the Allies; Birds will save the crops," the annual
exhibit was held April 19 to 22, 1918, during which time it was estimated there
were 2,000 visitors. No admission was charged, the purpose of the exhibit
being solely to interest the people of Elgin in the need of bird-protection.

The Club has placed posters in regard to the conservation of birds and
flowers in all the public parks, and now has twenty more printed on oilcloth,
with a special appeal, to be placed this fall. One of the Club members, a taxider-
mist, prepares for the club collection any bird which comes to accidental death.
The two issues which the Club is at present working on are, first, an ordinance
restricting stray cats, and, second, the repairing of the city museum. — Char-
lotte Weatherill, Secretary.

Erasmus Hall (Brooklyn, N. Y.) Audubon Bird Club. — We have been
active the past year, and have conducted bird contests in the schools, one an
Essay Contest, the essays of which were written on some phase of bird-life,
and the other, a Poster Contest, the posters of which showed the importance
of birds to agriculture. The winners of these contests were awarded school
medals. The Club has voted to hold these contests each year. A Reed "Bird
Guide" was won as a prize by Jerome Allen for identifying the greatest
number of birds between March i and June i . His list numbered 69 species.

The Club does most of its field-work in Prospect Park, although some trips
are made to Sheepshead Bay and Staten Island. Members of the Club helped
maintain a feeding-station in Prospect Park during the early part of last
winter. — (Miss) Grace Seelig, Secretary.

Forest Hills Gardens (N. Y.) Audubon Society. — The idea of the con-
servation of our natural resources has always been back of the Audubon move-
ment, which has two aspects, the economic and esthetic. Since the war began,
Forest Hills Gardens Audubon Society has emphasized the economic value of
bird-life in preventing the terrible damage done to our crops by worms and
insects. This damage has reached almost unbelievable figures, and there are
only two ways of cutting it down. One is by constant spraying or dusting with
chemicals, which entails expense and labor, and the other is attracting the
birds around farms and gardens and letting them do the work.

'J'o protect our beautiful gardens, where the trees shrubberx', and fiowers

492

Bird -Lore

are our greatest assets, cultivating the birds is not only a privilege but a neces-
sity. If extra food, such as millet, rye, oats, and sunflowers are planted in
vacant lots and in the individual gardens and if fresh water is provided in
shallow basins, and nesting-boxes put up, the birds will come of themselves
and destroy enormous quantities of injurious insects. Every opportunity has
been taken to bring home the wartime lesson of conservation. It was urged last
spring and summer, in our exhibit, in lectures to the children, in notices in
the regular fortnightly bulletin, and in the small lamp-post bulletins. It was
still further emphasized when Ernest Thompson Seton gave his lecture on
"Wild Life" under the auspices of the Audubon Society on April 26, 1918.
Even the annual bills for dues carried the slogan, "Attract the Birds and
Save the Gardens.'' — Mary Eastwood Knevels, Secretary.

Franklin (N. Y.) Marsh Wren Club. — Our Club was organized in the
summer of 1907. We are intensely active in the study of bird-life. Our Society
motto is "Protection." Our native birds are well known to nearlv all the

BRIDGET, THE RUFFED GROUSE
Special pet of the Marsh Wren Club at Franklin, New York

members, not only by sight but by their songs as well. At present we are making
a systematic study of the birds. Recently we studied the "Bills and Beaks"
of birds. Our last meeting was given to the "Tongues of Birds." The material
for this study was presented to our President by Dr. F. A. Lucas.
J We have been made happy by the visits of several birds which are rare in

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 493

this locality, among them a flock of Evening Grosbeaks and the Red-breasted
Nuthatch. Last May a Red-faced Warbler was closely studied by two of our
members. Study classes are well attended and many outings have been enjoyed
by the Club. Bird-houses have been erected and many of our members have
window-shelves for feeding winter birds. The accompanying photograph is
that of a female Ruffed Grouse, which, through the kindness extended her by
some wood-cutters, became very tame and has afforded us and other visitors
many enjoyable experiences. — Marcia B. Hiller, Secretary.

Hartford (Conn. ) Bird-Study Club. — Our meetings have been carried on
much as usual during the past year, although, owing to inclement winter
weather and the increasing demands of war-work, the attendance at both indoor
and field meetings has been somewhat smaller than in former years. Twenty-
three indoor meetings have been held, including illustrated lectures by Dallas
Lore Sharp, S. C. Chubb, and Dr. C. C. Beach, and seventeen field meetings.
Among the many interesting birds seen on our field-trips, the Black Tern,
Shoveller Duck, and Bonaparte Gull may be specially noted.

On May 25 the Club entertained the Connecticut Federation of Bird and
Nature Clubs on the occasion of its first annual field meeting. Reports from the
Clubs and a talk by Clinton G. Abbott filled the morning session, and after
luncheon excursions were made to some of the city parks, that under the leader-
ship of Mr. Abbott being particularly enjoyed. A Brewster Warbler was the
rara avis of the day. The Chairmen of both our Educational and Sanctuary
Committees are in the service, so that work along these lines has been neces-
sarily deferred for a time, and as most of our members are giving much time to
war activities, nothing new has been attempted. Our new Year Book has just
been issued, and with the interesting program laid out we hope to keep alive
interest in bird matters until the coming of happier and less strenuous days
releases our time and energies for more progressive work. — (Miss) Helen
C. Beckwith, Corresponding Secretary.

Kez-Hi-Kone (Conn.) Campfire Girls. — For four years the girls have
studied birds with me on all our liikes and at our house meetings. We all have
bird-houses and feeding-trays and bird-baths. We plant sunflowers and other
things purposely for them. We sent our plea to Congress for the bird-protec-
tion bill as you requested, and heeded all other requests. Naturally we have
seen some interesting bird-sights, and I think we are all glad that on our trip
to and fro from Red Cross work and other war activities we can see a bird,
possibly identify it at once, enjoy its beauty, be cheered by its song, and know
what kind of a bird sings it. — Mrs. C. L. Berger, Guardian.

Los Angeles (Calif.) Audubon Society. — We have had a most satisfactory
year. In the beginning we seemed to be threatened with a loss of members,

494

Bird- Lore

due to outside, war, and other work. Our Membership Committee at once
started such an efficient campaign that at the close our mernbership reached
the highest mark in our history. We now have 88 paid members.

Another incentive to greater work was given by our President at the open-
ing meeting in October, when she gave a stirring call to action, especially in
the "war work" of protecting the "farmer's allies," the birds.

We have had nine interesting indoor meetings, with speakers from all parts
of the country. Also nine field-days spent in fascinating canons or on beaches,
and at the same number of business meetings much has been accomplished
relating to the needs of the Society.

ROARD OF MANAGER

1H1-: i.u.-^ a-\(-,l-:lk,-^ AUbuiioN .socii-:t\

Some of our activities have been legislative work for Blackbirds and other
so-called "destructive" species; preventing hunting licenses being issued to
children ; compiling the history of the Society for publication; causing the keeper
of Silver Lake to lose his license for illegal shooting; having a beautiful and
ornate bird-fountain, designed by a well-known Pasadena sculptor, erected in
Exposition Park; purchasing a fine United States flag, to which allegiance is
pledged anew at each indoor meeting. We also have a service flag containing
thirteen stars. On Arbor Day we planted a vigorous young California Oak in
Exposition Park, with appropriate ceremonies. We sent a written communica-
tion to the School Board, Park Commissioners and Playground Committee and
suggested that bird-tables and drinking-pools be placed in the schoolgrounds,
the same to be made and cared for by the children and supplied with crumbs
and scraps from their lunches; this has met with hearty endorsement.

A War Committee was formed and a ten-dollar life membership campaign
carried on in conjunction with it, with the result that ten life memberships were

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 495

secured, the hundred dollars being used to purchase two Liberty Bonds. Our
President has been appointed District Chairman of Bird-work, an honor we
feel she justly deserves. She has given twenty-three addresses, using slides of
her own photographs, and has represented our Society at the district and state
federation conventions.

Our official speaker has answered requests from schools, clubs, and Boy
Scout meetings, and has spoken mainly on bird-migration, birds in their
economic relation and their domestic and esthetic values. Our library chair-
man has worked untiringly through the year, and her efforts have been rewarded
for we now possess the nucleus for a good library. Our custodian has accumu-
lated a valuable collection of government pamphlets, magazines, bird-nests,
and the like.

Our press chairman has had the honor of having her line article on "Hawks"
printed in the Sunday magazine section of our leading newspaper. She has also
conducted twenty-eight "trail-trips" through the year, these being in addition
to our field-trips, and has taken Saturdays to accommodate school teachers
who were desirous of studying the birds. Some of our members conducted a
vigorous campaign during the holidays and again secured the largest annual
Christmas bird census.

Our average attendance at indoor meetings has been 36, the largest being
several hundred, at our Reciprocity Day, when the bird-fountain was dedicated.
The largest field-day attendance was loi, at our annual "pilgrimage" to Fellow-
ship Hill. We have had other large and enthusiastic field-days, those in winter
having many eastern visitors.

The largest number of birds observed at any one tield-day was forty-eight. —
Mrs. G. H. Crane, Corresponding Secretary.

Mayweed (111.) Bird Club. — The Club's second year was devoted princi-
pally to launching a nation-wide campaign against the stray and unrestrained
cat, in the interest of bird-protection and food-conservation. A circular was
issued in April, which was emphatically indorsed by eminent authorities. The
Illinois Audubon Society is printing and distributing this document. The
Detroit Zoological Society and the Florida Audubon Society have distributed
1,000 and 500 copies respectively. It has been sent to Audubon Societies, bird
clubs, and individuals in the United States and Canada. No interested organiza-
tion or person can allow to pass unheeded this golden opportunity to help win
the war by eliminating the cat-menace to bird-life and food-supply.

Four Junior Audubon Classes, with an enrollment of 176 children, were
organized. The school children, under the leadership of a Maywood Bird Club
director and the auspices of the Maywood Twentieth Century (Woman's) Club,
rendered excellently, on two occasions, before 1,800 persons, Ella Padon's bird
mascjue, "Bobbie in Birdhind." Letters were written to congressmen in behalf
of the Migratory Bird Treaty Fnal)ling .\ct and protesting against opening

496

Bird - Lore

certain reservations to iiunting and grazing. The reversal of an order to wardens
to Ivill all Hawks and Crows in the forest preserve, Maywood vicinity, was
secured through the elTorts of the Club. President Harper has published a
book, "Twelve Months with the Birds and Poets." Secretary Langdon was
elected a director of the Illinois Audubon Society.

Last December, under the auspices of the Club, O. M. Schantz and Edward
Hulsberg, bird whistler, gave an illustrated lecture entitled, "Birds and Food

ROy M. LANGDON
Secretary Maywood (111.) Bird Club

Conservation." The Club's honorary membership includes Charles B. Cory,
Ruthven Deane, Ned Dearborn, Stephen A. Forbes, Benjamin T. Gault,
Edward W. Nelson, Robert Ridgway, and Frank M. Woodruff, sons of
Illinois who have contributed immeasureably to bird-lore. Maywood's con-
stantly increasing interest in birds, evidenced by the extensive housing
and feeding of birds and growing number of bird-baths, is assurance that
the local work of the Club is permanently effective. — Roy M. Langdon,
Secretary.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 497

Meriden (N. H.) Bird Club. — ^All the regular activities of the Club have
been carried on as usual during the past year. "Bird Sunday" was observed in
the village for the fourth successive year, and the congregations of both churches,
with many visitors, gathered in the Bird Sanctuary to hear Rev. Noble 0.
Bowlby preach a sermon on birds. We have had three lectures: "How to Have
Bird Neighbors," by Mrs. S. Louise Patteson; "Wild Birds and How to Attract
Them," and "Animals Used in Modern Warfare," both by Ernest Harold
Baynes. We also had an entertainment by Miss Matthews, who sang folk-songs.
In August we opened an exhibition of war posters, in charge of Mrs. Wilfred
Barnes, a member of the Club.

The Secretary has kept in touch with the numerous bird clubs which have
been founded through our influence, and our General Manager has organized
sixty-four new clubs within the year. Most of these were established during a
lecture tour in New York and New England. We have raised, chiefly by sub-
scription, about $2,300 for the purpose of converting an old colonial house,
standing in the Bird Sanctuary, into a museum of bird-conservation. Work
on the building has been proceeding all summer under the direction of Miss
Annie H. Duncan, a member of the Club, and will soon be completed. —
(Miss) Elizabeth F. Bennett, Secretary.

Minneapolis (Minn.) Audubon Society. — During the past year the Society
has continued to hold its regular meetings, although the attendance has been
affected by the many pressing demands of war-work.

It has also maintained the Bird Museum — a permanent exhibition of bird-
study materials opened in 191 7. The Public Library Board has kindly given the
use of two rooms in a fine fireproof Branch Library, where our collection of 500
mounted birds of the Northwest has been installed, together with a growing
collection of model bird-houses, nests, eggs, charts and books, a Bausch &
Lomb balopticon, and 50 slides relating to bird-life. With the Museum serving
as a nucleus, we hope to stimulate more interest in birds among the people of
our city. Junior Audubon Classes have been organized in about thirty of
the public schools. A strong desire was felt for a bird-study class, but no
leader was available during the winter months, so a specially welcome feat-
ure of last spring was a series of twenty lectures, illustrated with slides and
films, on "The Bird," given to our members by Dr. T. S. Roberts, State
Ornithologist and long-time bird-student. — Gertrude P. Wicks, Secretary.

Minnesota Game-Protective League. — We have not put forth any effort
during the past \ear to increase our membership or start any new work, but
have just done enough to keep the organization intact and to keep close
watch on wild-life conditions so that no opening uj) of the laws will he brought
about by those who would destroy the wild life with the excuse_that,'due to
the war, the game-birds and animals could be made to supply the people with

THE 'QUERCUS' BIRD-BATH, DESIGNED BY MRS. LOUIS SAINT-GAUDENS, AND PRE-
SENTED TO THE MERIDEN (N. H.) BIRD CLUB BY HELEN FOSTER BARNETT

(498)

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 499

an abundance of food. The State League convention, which was booked for
St. Paul the last week of August, was canceled, due to war conditions which have
taken hundreds of our members into the Government service. Although the
convention was canceled, it does not mean that the League will go backward,
but rather that it will hold its present position and use its powers during the
19 19 session of the state legislature to bring about such changes as are thought
necessary to better conserve and increase the wild life in the state.

Our investigations of the conditions of the various species of wild life in the
state show that the Quail, which are found in the southern portions of the
state, have come back in fine shape, due to weather conditions being in every
way satisfactory this past year and the last winter not being a bad one in
Minnesota. The cutting in half of the bag-limit and season by the last legis-
lature has, of course, helped considerably in conserving the Quail. The Ruffed
Grouse seem to have increased, the closed season, which started in 19 17 for
three years, having already produced results. Pinnated Grouse have shown a
nice increase. Aquatic fowl, so far, do not seem as plentiful as last year, which
is no doubt due to many of our best breeding- and feeding-grounds being dried
up. However, no fairly accurate account can be made until the season is over.

The increase in upland birds can be credited to the following: Shorter
seasons; smaller bag-limits; better law-enforcement; ideal weather conditions;
and probably the most credit is due the game refuges, which now cover approxi-
mately 2,000,000 acres of land. The latter cause has without doubt saved
the moose, as they are quite plentiful in the great Superior Refuge in north-
eastern Minnesota. Deer are quite plentiful. Briefly — game conditions in
Minnesota are quite satisfactory. The game refuges and better control of the
predatory species has not only helped the game, but has had a wonderful effect
upon the song and insectivorous birds. Farmers in the refuge districts tell me
that they lost less through the ravages of insects the past year than any pre-
vious year, due to the enormous increase in the insectivorous species.

Blackbirds, in some districts, destroyed an immense amount of corn this
year, but I notice that there have apparently been more people that have eaten
Blackbird potpie this past season than any previous time that I know about.
As the deliciousness of this dish becomes better known, I feel that the Black-
birds will be brought down to the place, within a very few years, where they
will do but very little damage. It has, of course, been fortunate that the Black-
bird is not protected. The Minneapolis Branch of the League still maintains
warden service on the refuges in this district, and is in about the same position
as it was at this time last year, excepting that many of our best workers are
now in the army. — Frank D. Blair, Secretary.

Natural History Society of British Columbia (Can.). — As wc do not hold
meetings in the summer, it is rather hard to get hold of news from members
until the fall meetings begin. However, J. R. .\nderson has obtained from \V. F.

500 Bird - Lore

Burton, a member, the following notes made by him: At Oak Bay (suburb of
Victoria), while watching an Audubon Warbler this season, in May, I was sur-
prised to see an 'imported' Blue Tit fly at the bird I was watching and drive it
awav. Its actions made me think it was nesting nearby, and, after a careful
search, I was delighted to find its nest in a hole in a dead fir tree. The place
chosen for the nesting-site was a bad one for me, as the tree was alongside a
heavy-foliaged tree, which made it difficult to watch the birds. I soon discovered,
however, that the setting bird was a native Chickadee. I watched the pair of
birds every few days until the young had flown, but had no chance to see if
they showed any markings of the imported English Blue Tit. It would be
interesting to know whether the progeny of these birds will breed in the future.
The Dusky Horned Owls have been giving us great trouble here for the last
two winters, and it seems they are to be here again this year, for I have already
seen one and heard of others. I am told that there is a great scarcity of food
up North, so we can expect them here where they will find plenty. In the last
two years they have done much damage to game-birds, domestic fowls, and
geese. Two cases have come to notice of domestic cats having been seized, one
of which was dropped in the sea.

Purple Martins have been almost entirely driven away by the English
Sparrows. Many pairs used to nest in this city, but only two cases are reported
this season. With regard to the preservation of game, I might say that a
Game Conservation Board has been formed, consisting of: The Curator of the
Provincial Museum, ex officio Secretary, the Chief Game Inspector, and three
members appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Administration
of the Act is under the Superintendent of Provincial Police who is, ex officio,
the Provincial Game- Warden, and all constables are ex-ofiicio game-wardens.

Orders-in-Council were passed as follows: Willow Grouse, no open season
in Western District (the Coast) ; sheep, no open season south of the main line
of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. During 19 18 the two lakes north of Vic-
toria, namely Elk and Beaver Lakes, were created a bird sanctuary. And
Mount Douglas Park, covering a small hill of that name, was made a game
reserve. A. S. Barton reports large flocks of Band- tail Pigeons seen this fall
at Salt Spring Island, where they were feeding largely on acorns. — Harold
T. Nation, Honorary Secretary.

Neighborhood Nature Club (Conn.). — Our Club was formed about three
years ago, by Miss Martha Banks, of Westport, to interest bird-lovers more
deeply in winter feeding and protection and to increase the number of bird-
protectors. The Club numbers about 30 and meets monthly for exchange of
experiences with birds, for readings, and sometimes, as in May, 19 18, for a
delightful treat, such as an early breakfast with one of our Club members,
followed by a wonderful walk in the woods where the birds seemed to welcome
us by their willingness to sit and be watched for minutes at a time.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 501

Our President, Miss Martha Banks, passed on from this Hfe in December,
191 7, and we feel her loss keenly as a friend as well as a leader and teacher in this
work which she had begun. We are trying to carry it on as best we may, and
feel that these small soldiers of Uncle Sam, the birds, will most surely help
to win the war. The Club has made a donation of $10 to the National Associa-
tion of Audubon Societies, and our members aim to obtain new subscribers
each year for membership in this and the National Association. A vote was
taken at our last meeting for the Neighborhood Nature Club to become a sus-
taining member of the National Association.

When the need seemed apparent for supporting the Enabling Act for the
protection of migratory birds, our members wrote to the state representative,
asking his influence in passing this bill. The Club is planning a lecture, with
lantern-slide views of birds, to be given soon, and, perhaps, before winter is
past, a film at the local moving-picture house. So, in many ways, we hope to
forward the work. — (Mrs.) H. P. Beers, Secretary-Treasurer .

New Century (Utica, N. Y.) Club.— The New Century Club has re-
sponded to the requests of the National Association of Audubon Societies
to further, as far as possible, right legislation for bird-protection. The
Club posts on its bulletin board the leaflets the Association sends. Reports of
birds seen and any interesting facts about birds are given at every meeting of
the Science Department. We expect to continue the membership of the Club
in the National Association. — Elizabeth G. Brown.

Oil City (Pa.) Audubon Club. — Our Society has not yet been organized a
year, only since last spring, yet we feel that it has been very much worth while.
We have twenty-six members, some of them very enthusiastic, several being
especially well posted on bird-lore. At one meeting we took up the study of
the migration of birds. This proved a most interesting session. Another time
we enjoyed an evening with the stereoplicon, showing the conservation of our
forests and the important part taken by our birds in this very necessary work.
Our May meeting was held in the woods, and a pocket-lunch was taken along
so we could stay for the cxening songs. — (Miss) Hattie Goold, Secretary.

Pasadena (Calif.) Audubon Society. — Five meetings were held during the
season, at one of which Prof. Alfred Cookman gave a talk on "Ten Days
Observation on the Bird-Life of the Coronados Islands.'' These islands are
three small mountain peaks in Mexican waters off the coast of Lower Cali-
fornia. At another meeting, Prof. Charles L. Thompson read a paper entitled
"The Lake of Lingering Death," the lake in question being La Brea, a curious
oil-deposit near Los Angeles in which have been found countless remains of
prehistoric animals and birds. At this meeting papers were also read by the
President and V^ice-President of the Los Angeles Audubon Society. The other

$02 Bird -Lore

three meetings were taken up by papers read by our own members, by lantern-
slides of birds, with accompanying descriptions, by talks by Mrs. Harriet W.
Myers, and by music.

Mainly through the generosity of the late Mrs. E. W. Brooks, we were
enabled to donate $200 each to the California Audubon Society and the Cali-
fornia Humane Association, to help forward legislative bills for bird- and animal-
protection. The sum of $150 was contributed to the National Association of
Audubon Societies in response to its appeal for funds. We trimmed a tree in
Library Park as a bird Christmas tree, which we hope had an educational
influence upon the public. — (Miss) Frances K. Walter, Secretary.

Rhinebeck (N. Y.) Bird Club. — With its President and one of its Vice-
Presidents in military service, its Treasurer a member of the Local Draft Board
and County Fuel Administration, and its Secretary away from Rhinebeck in
state conservation work, the activities of the Rhinebeck Bird Club have been
somewhat curtailed during the past year. Since the last report in Bird-Lore,
the Club has held, besides its annual business meeting in December, two pubUc
lecture meetings. At the first, Capt. A. Radclyffe Dugmore, well known as an
ornithologist in this country before he entered the British army, gave an
illustrated war lecture. At the second, Warwick S. Carpenter, Secretary of
the New York State Conservation Commission, told, with lantern-slides and
motion-pictures, how New York state is conserving its wild life and other
natural resources.

The membership in the Club, both junior and adult, has remained about
the same, and Audubon work in the schools has received the same prominence
as in previous years. The Club's sales of winter food for birds and of nesting
boxes shows that interest in these subjects has not abated. A contest in spring-
migration records was instituted in the schools, and the list which won the
prize (Reed's Bird Guide) was made by a boy of thirteen who showed a very
definite and accurate knowledge of birds. In the campaign for greater pro-
tection to the diminishing Ruffed Grouse, the Rhinebeck Bird Club submitted
to the Conservation Commission a petition signed by some of its members,
which, with similar petitions from other clubs, was instrumental in reducing
the open season and bag-limit on Ruffed Grouse by one-half.

Rhinebeck is still a "bird village," even though the Bird Club's activities
are, for the time being, somewhat overshadowed by more immediate war and
Red Cross interests. — Clinton G. Abbott, Secretary.

Rockaway (N. Y.) Bird Club. — From fall until late in the spring, the
main activity of the Club was centered in keeping feeding-stations and drink-
ing-fountains supplied and in persuading non-members to place such helps
about their home-grounds. On April 30, Clinton G. Abbott, of the State Con-
servation Commission, gave the Club a most interesting lecture, illustrated by

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 503

stereopticon views. On May 4, a number of our members made a pilgrimage to
'Slabsides' and had a delightful visit with John Burroughs. Our next meeting
was a 'Burroughs Evening' w^ith anecdotes and extracts from his writings, show-
ing the various phases of his character and charm. Other papers prepared by
members for our monthly meetings have been unusually interesting: 'National
Forest Reservations,' 'National Bird Reservations,' 'Causes for Migration,'
and many others covering a wide scope. Most of these were printed in
our town papers, and the result has been to simulate local interest and public
spirit.

So valuable have our 'bird-guessing contests' been that mention of them
here may prove of use to other clubs. We borrow collections of about twenty-
five specimens from the American Museum of Natural History, and each
member writes the names of as many as known on a numbered list. The correct
list is then read and unfamiliar birds looked up. Books are always at hand, and
experienced members see that no query goes unnoticed. For one contest. Miss
Broomall and Miss Prescott wrote a 'Conservation Stor\%' having various words
identical with bird-names scattered throughout. Each member was given a
copy with blanks for the bird-names, and the results were amusing as well as
instructive. The Committee on Junior Clubs has been active, organizing new
groups, holding bird-walks, and interesting the children, and through them the
parents. Several motion-picture reels were borrowed from the State Conserva-
tion Commission and were shown at special children's matinees.

By far the most important event of the year has been the decision of Joseph
S. Auerbach to convert Hewlett Bay Park into a bird sanctuary. Mr. Auerbach
has become very much interested in the work of the Rockaway Bird Club and
has authorized his lawyer to make a game- and bird-preserve of his entire
estate, consisting of about 400 acres, the Club being invited to cooperate. The
estate was thoroughly examined and notes made. Herbert K. Job, of the Na-
tional Association, has consented to go over the tract and make suggestions
as to its development. Mr. Auerbach's sanctuary, like that of Mrs. Lord's,
reported last year, borders on the ocean. The severe winter killed thousands of
Sparrows, many being found in the hedges in the spring, but with their usual
tendency to overcome conditions, they are, so far as we can observe, as thick
as ever.

The Heronry at Mrs. Lord's 'Sosiego' has nourished. There the Green Heron
and the shy Black-crowned Night Heron tind a paradise. At the slightest
movement of the watcher, they rise from the woods in a huge flock and ily otT
over the salt marshes, uttering their coarse quawk. Although all of our members
are working in some of the many war activities, and there are many demands
upon the time of the most active ones, the Club has had a fair attendance at
all of its meetings and enters upon its third year with bright prospects for future
usefulness. — Margaret S. Green, Secretary.

504 Bird - Lore

Rumson (N. J.) Bird Club. — The Club has Httle to report in regard to its
activities for the past year. A majority of our members have been so engrossed
in war-work that they have not had much time to devote to the interests of
their friends — the birds. We have merely tried to keep the organization intact,
hoping that after the war we may resume our activities. We have had but few
resignations and have a fair balance on hand. We defrayed the expenses of
a lecture by E. H. Baynes, whose topic was "Wild Birds and How to Attract
them." The lecture was held in the high school in the borough of Rumson and
nearly every seat was filled. A Bird-House Contest was set on foot by the
Club, and B. S. Bowdish was engaged to come to Rumson and prepare the
way for the Contest. Five prizes were awarded. Ten or fifteen houses were
constructed by the pupils of the schools. Annual subscriptions to Bird-Lore
were presented to each of the teachers in the borough. — John B. Lunger,
Secretary.

St. Louis (Mo.) Bird Club. — During the year 1917-18 the following work
was accomplished by our Club: Bird-lists for the months of April and May
have been compiled for certain parks and suburbs of St. Louis and placed in
the Public Library. Nesting-boxes, to the number of 90b, approximately,
built by pupils in the manual training departments of the public schools, were
distributed and set up in the parks throughout the city. The Club now enjoys
the privileges of membership in the National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, the Audubon Society of Missouri, and the Missouri Fish and Game League.
Literature from the United States Biological Survey, pertaining to birds, is
received regularly and cared for in the Public Library. The collections of
mounted birds in Washington University have been made available for study
by members of the Club.

The Commissioner of Parks and Recreation, Nelson Cunliff, besides giv-
ing his cordial cooperation in many plans of the Club relating to the parks,
has undertaken to develop a new addition to one of the parks as a bird sanc-
tuary, in accordance with the plan and recommendations submitted by officers
of the Bird Club. The tract comprises about 8 acres and is well located. The
work of laying out and the making of a small lake is now under way. During
the year, the following lectures were delivered: "Birds of St. Louis and Vicin-
ity" (illustrated) by Ralph Hoffman, Headmaster of the St. Louis Country
Day School; "Birds in the Nesting Season" (illustrated) by Ernest Harold
Baynes. The latter was given before the Audubon Society of Missouri, the
St. Louis Garden Club, and the Bird Club; "Federal Game Reservations"
(motion-pictures), by Jack Miner, Kingsville, Ont., before the Missouri Fish
and Game League. Bird-walks in the parks and suburbs were conducted dur-
ing the spring. Membership is growing, especially the Junior list; several life
members were added. — (Mrs.) Kelton E. White, Secretary.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 505

Saratoga (N. Y.) Bird Club. — Our Club has met monthly throughout the
last year. Readings have been given from Burroughs, Lowell, and Jefferies. A
lecture by Ernest Harold Baynes at the Skidmore School of Arts (in collabora-
tion with our Club) was a great treat. January brought us a letter from S. R.
Ingersoll, of Balston Spar, who was in Florida, telling us of the southern birds.
In April we had a paper on "Bird Day" by one of our local editors. One inter-
esting evening was spent with the President of our Club, who showed us a
collection of Thrushes which he had made. They were stuffed and so arranged
that we could hold them and examine their beauty. July gave us "Bird Notes
and Songs" through the medium of our hostess' victrola. Dr. Calvin S. May,
of New York City, read a paper at our August meeting, and a collection of
the following birds' nests which the hostess had found were shown: Goldfinch,
Baltimore Oriole, Orchard Oriole, Vireo, and Marsh Wren. One of our great
subjects has been "Moulting and Migration." We have planned to have a
"hike" several times, but it is still to be, owing to the "unpropitious ele-
ments."— (Miss) Caroline C. Walbridge, Secretary.

Seattle (Wash.) Audubon Society. — In spite of the war and a resultant
decrease in the number of our active members, we feel that we have accom-
plished more for the birds during this year than in any other year of our
organized history. Reenforced by Mr. Forbush's cat bulletin and various
other agencies, the Seattle City Council was persuaded to pass a Cat License
Ordinance. This will greatly decrease the destruction of bird-life within the
city limits.

The Park Board has given us permission to use Seward Park for a bird
sanctuary. This is situated on the shores of Lake Washington and is admir-
ably adapted for such a purpose. We have posted nearly 1,000 of the National
Association's "War" posters and have distributed 500 bird leaflets and 150 cat
bulletins. Two large Junior Audubon Societies have been established at branch
libraries, and plans have been made to increase this number. The cooperation
of the Boy Scouts, who are Junior Game Wardens, helps greatly in this work.
Bird-talks to both children and parents have been given in our pubUc schools.
We find the museum of the State University very generous in furnishing
material for these lectures. Cooperating with the sportsmen, we are working
to secure additional laws for bird-protection at the coming session of the Leg-
islature. We are determined that our Society's slogan, "Bird-Protection Means
Food-Conservation," shall bring increasingly good results next year. — (Miss)
Maymk Farrar, Corresponding Secretory.

South Bend (Ind.) Humane Society. — The report of the year shows that
we ga\e ihrcc awards for i\ ideiicc which convicted of the killing of birds.
During tlie summer we kcj)! a standing advertisement in our daily papers,
offering a reward of $5 for information which would convict ol the killing of

5o6 Bird - Lore

birds. Thirty-nine members of our police force and twenty-seven of the mail
carriers' association of this city have signed the Humane Pledge and are ever
on the alert to report violations of the bird-law. We have a standing offer
with the police and postal service of $2 for information which shall convict.
These awards we pay into their pension fund. The Secretary has shown
stereopticon views of the birds in a number of the public schools. — H. A.
Pershing, Secretary.

South Haven (Mich.) Bird Club. — One year ago we, a Uttle club of 36
members, were quite proud of our little selves and the progress we had made
during our little life of one year. Now we are two years old, but instead of
our growing better as we grow older, the weight of cares seems almost to have
crushed us. Still we live! Have dropped from a membership of 36 to that of
25, but hope to climb up again some day. We did give another bird-program
at "The Scott Club," a local literary club. May 21, sixteen ladies spent the
day in the woods near a small stream and identified fifty-five species of birds.

Last year there were quite a number of books on birds added to those
already in the local Public Library. This year the librarian reports no interest
in the subject. So far we have not succeeded in securing an ordinance for the
control of stray cats. — (Miss) Florence L. Gregory, Secretary.

Spokane (Wash.) Bird Club. — The annual business meeting of the Club
occurs on the first Tuesday in January. Our activities for the year may be
said properly to begin on that date. About that time, too, after a short spell
of exceeding quietness in birddom, the winter birds from the Arctic prairies
and Alaska commence to arrive in earnest, impelled by increasing cold and
greater snowfall. As many as 3,000 Bohemian Waxwings, it has been esti-
mated, have been seen at one time, cleaning up the mountain-ash and other
winter berries within the confines of a couple of city blocks. These were accom-
panied by predatory Hawks, decimating their ranks like wolves around a
caribou herd on the prairies of the North.

By the middle of March, with the commencement of nest-building in the
pine woods, field-trips were arranged and undertaken. Pine Siskins were seen
building on March 13, and a few weeks later they were sitting on eggs. These
field-trips were taken periodically until the middle of June, every week or two,
when our activities as a club ceased until the first club meeting on Septem-
ber 17. Individual members, however, carried on their pursuit of bird knowl-
edge and fresh experiences during the summer months. Many new and inter-
esting notes and photographs were taken in this vicinity for tales and lantern-
slides during the coming winter. There will be three or four lantern-slide
exhibitions during the next few months by members of the Club. Several
hundred slides are already prepared, mostly by the writer, and future enter-
tairmients of this sort are looked forward to with keen interest and anticipa-

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 507

tion. One of the most instructive of these field- trips was taken on May 12, to
Meadow Lake, 16 miles from Spokane by electric car. This trip was selected
on account of a current report that Yellow-headed Blackbirds were in this
neighborhood in large colonies, a statement we fully verified. Photographs of
Mallard, Coot and Killdeer nests and eggs were taken, also half a dozen nests,
more or less completed, of a single pair of Marsh Wrens which had not yet set
up housekeeping. But young water-fowl, swimming with their parents in the
open water of the lakes, showed that other species had not been idle. Forty-
seven species of birds were observed.

I could recount many other summer experiences of bird-life in the woods
and by field and stream, but the space allotted for this article forbids. I shall
conclude by merely saying that we renewed our Club gatherings on Septem-
ber 17, when we listened, among other interesting things, to a paper by Thomas
A. Bonser, of the high school, on the various tame and wild shrubs and plants
and their berries in this region known to be favorite food of the winter birds.
Our meetings occur twice a month, on the first and third Tuesdays, and, at
the next meeting on October 15, the writer will give a lecture on the habits
and activities of birds during the nesting-season, illustrated by lantern-slides
made by himself from his own photographs taken during the past summer in
the woods. — Walter Bruce, President.

Sussex County (N. J.) Nature Study Club. — During the year ourmembers
have been doing their "bit" in war-work, yet interest in nature-study has been
sustained. As usual, our meetings have been held once each month, the
attendance comparing favorably with other years. We are not strictly a bird
club, but the birds receive their full share, and more, of our attention and
care. One of the most pleasant meetings of the year was our "Warbler-time"
picnic. Our special reward was a closer acquaintance with the worm-eating
Warbler, which we have always considered rare in our section, and whose song
we learned for the first time that day. A very fine view of the White-crowned
Sparrow also added excitement to our hunt.

Our frequent articles in the county papers keep the public more or less
interested in our Club and its activities. We have responded to all appeals
for legislative assistance from the National Association of Audubon Societies
and the State Audubon Society. — F. Blanche Hill, Secretary.

Vigo County (Ind.) Bird Club. — ^A greater effort toward bird-pro-
tection was evident in the second year's work of the Vigo County Bird
Club, for, while excellent papers were read and talks given at each of its monthly
meetings, more plans were made to protect birds in the vicinity of Terre Haute
than had been attempted during its first year's existence. Posters were dis-
tributed, the aid of the Junior Bird Clubs enlisted, and the cooperation of the
Park Superintendent secured. .\n interest in birds among children has been

So8 Bird- Lore

fostered, the result being a number of Junior Audubon Clubs whose members
are eagerly doing all they can to save the birds. One Junior Club has secured
signed pledges from farmers to protect birds and designate their farms as
"bird sanctuaries." Over 600 acres have been so pledged by the farmers.
Numerous bird-houses all over the city attest to the fact that the Club has
awakened an interest in birds never before known, except by a very small per-
centage of the town dwellers. — -Mrs. John T. Latsiiaw, Secretary.

Washington (Ind.) Audubon Society. — Our Societ\-, formerl\- named
"The Bird Lovers Club," closed a very successful year's work on June 21, 1918.
This was our second year, and while there was not so large a membership,
owing to war conditions, the members, who numbered thirty active and
associate, were much interested and enjoyed some fine meetings. A social
meeting held at the home of the President, Mrs. Cameron Hyatt, in October,
started the year's work. Eight regular meetings, with programs, were held
during the year, on the third Tuesday of each month.

J. N. Barber, Junior Superintendent, conducted a large and flourishing
Junior Club during the year. In March, the senior Society held a successful
Bird-House Building Contest, with the boxes shown in a downtown show-
window, and prizes were awarded. A number of interesting field-trips were
taken, and much was learned about birds. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Feagans
entertained the Club in July with a pleasant social evening at their beautiful
suburban home. — Cameron Hyatt, Corresponding Secretary.

Watertown (N. Y.) Bird Club. — During the year we held seven regular
meetings and one social meeting. Mrs. George W. Knowlton opened her home
for the September meeting. E. J. Sawyer gave a most interesting and instruc-
tive lecture on "Bird-migration," illustrating his talk by numerous charts
which he had prepared for the occasion. In February the Club met with Mrs.
E. P. Elitharp for a social evening, the program being in charge of Mrs. Everett
Rogers. Great hilarity was aroused by the extemporaneous bird-drawings
made by each member and named by his left-hand neighbor. Miss Antoinette
Rogers directed the members in the art of folding paper in bird-forms.

At the April meeting, P. B. Hudson, our Vice-President, exhibited and
explained a very complete collection of birds' eggs which he has been collect-
ing since his boyhood days. At the May meeting each member submitted a
short description of his favorite bird, following a suggestive outline prepared
by Mr. Sawyer.

At the June meeting, F. S. Tisdale, the Club President, and superintendent
of our city schools, gave an illustrated lecture on water-birds. The slides were
procured from Albany. As Mr. Tisdale is an ardent sportsman, he was able to
interpolate many interesting personal reminiscences in connection with the
birds shown. This meeting was thrown open to the grammar-school children.

Reports of State Societies and Bird Clubs 509

A donation of $10 was made to the local chapter of the Red Cross. It was
voted to have a Martin-house constructed and erected upon the grounds of
the Flower Memorial Library, in an effort to conserve to Watertown its valu-
able Martin colony. Twenty-five of the Sawyer "Bird Books" were presented
to the High School Library for the use of the biology class. The Bird Club
feels that the success of its year's work was largely due to the interest and devo-
tion of its President, F. S. Tisdale, who, in spite of many and varied interests,
has given unstintedly of his time and energy in support of the Bird Club. The
Secretary-elect is Miss Grace B. Nott. — Nina Ballard Elitharp, Secretary.

Wellesley College (Mass.) Bird Club. — The activities of the Club for the
year have consisted in measures for stimulating interest in bird-study and con-
servation. Meetings have been held throughout the year to discuss topics of
interest, bird-walks have been directed through the spring, and prizes have
been offered for the best lists of birds observed. In March, Winthrop Packard
gave the Club an illustrated talk on "Wild Bird Friends." On the conserva-
tion side, the birds have been fed through the winter, and the nesting-boxes
have been kept in order. Forty per cent of the boxes were occupied during the
season of 19 18. As a result of the severe winter, only one English Sparrow was
found nesting in the boxes. A Crested Flycatcher, for the first time, occupied
one of them. Tree Swallows' nests have increased, and those of Bluebirds
have decreased since the previous year. Owing to the war-needs, the Club has
made no permanent gift this year toward conservation. — -(Miss) Madeline
E. Almy, Secretary.

Wild-Life Protective Society (Wis.) — During the twelve months ending
October i, 19 18, the activities of the Society were aimed at objects different
from preceding years. Owing to the press of all kinds of war-work, it was im-
possible to conduct our school bird-club program as previously hoped. Junior
Red Cross work in the schools crowded out all new work, and all we could do
was to try and keep Clubs organized the previous year from going out of
existence.

In the iiifaniimc, we were able to give considerable attention to the Wis-
consin Game Protective Association, an incorporated league of sportsmen, rod
and gun clubs, and conservation societies, for the protection of wild life, and
we have furthered, as far as possible, the Association's plan of employing a
paid field secretary to canvass the state, to organize clubs and secure them as
members of the Association, and to arouse old organizations. We succeeded
in raising considerable money here in addition lo the $500 donated by the
National Association of .\udubon Societies, and our members have given time
and effort to hel|) the work along. We now have the satisfaition of knowing
thai a capable fiel<hnan has been at work since the latter i)art of March and
has bi'en successful in reawakening interest and in in(hu ing |)e<>])le to sul)seril)e

5IO

Bird- Lore

for the work. We are keeping
up our small bird refuge but
have no definite report on it
to offer. — Clarence J. Allen,
Acting Secretary.

Wyncote (Pa.) Bird Club.

— We have passed another
successful year, although not
so much has been accom-
plished as usual, because the
war has claimed so much of
our time and energies. Our
two most notable lectures of
the year have been by Mrs. S.
Louise Pattison, who gave us
a most delightful illustrated
talk on "The Birds, Our Allies
in the Food Campaign," and
by George B. Kaiser, who lec-
tured on "Our Native Wild
Flowers," illustrated by the
exquisite colored slides of the
Pennsylvania State Museum.

We held the usual frequent
spring bird-walks and summer
picnics, and in September the
Club went by an automobile
truck to visit the Philadelphia
Zoological Gardens. A good
many Wren and Blue-bird
houses were made and erected,
and some were occupied. Feed-
ing in individual gardens was
continued, but little feeding in
the woods and outlying dis-
tricts was done, because our
President, E. H. Parry, who

has heretofore done most of this, is now in the army. — (Miss) Esther Hea-

COCK. Secretary.

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH ON FOOD-STICK
EATING SUET. WYNCOTE (PA.) BIRD CLUB

State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 511

STATE AUDUBON SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION

California Audubon Society:

President, Dr. David Starr Jordan, Stanford University, Palo Alto.

Secretary, Mrs. Harriet W. Myers, 311 North Ave. 66, Los Angeles.
Colorado Audubon Society:

President, Edward R. Warren, 20 West Caramillo St., Colorado Springs.

Secretary, C. S. Robbins, 1903 Alamo Ave., Colorado Springs.
Connecticut Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield.

Secretary, Mrs. William B. Glover, Fairfield.
District of Columbia Audubon Society:

President, Hon. Job Barnard, 1306 Rhode Island Ave., Washington.

Secretary, Miss Helen P. Childs, Chevy Chase, Md.
Florida Audubon Society:

President, Dr. W. F. Blackman, Winter Park.

Secretary, W. Scott Way, Winter Park.
Illinois Audubon Society:

President, O. M. Schantz, 10 South La Salle St., Chicago.

Secretarj^, Mrs. F. H. Pattee, 2436 Prairie Ave., Evanston.
Indiana Audubon Society:

President, Prof. Stanley Coulter, Lafayette.

Secretary, Miss Elizabeth Downhour, 2307 Talbott Ave., In(iianai)olis.
Kentucky Audubon Society:

President, Miss Isabel Clay, 445 West Third St., Lexington.

Secretary, Victor K. Dodge, 173 Bell Court West, Lexington.
Maryland Audubon Society:

President,

Secretary, Miss Minna D. Starr, 2400 North Charles St., Baltimore.
Massachusetts Audubon Society:

President, Edward Howe Forbush, 136 State House, Boston.

Secretary, Winthrop Packard, 66 Newbury St., Boston.
Michigan Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. Edith C. Hunger, Hart.

Secretary, Miss Gertrude Reading, Hart.
Missouri Audubon Society:

President, Dr. Herman von Schrenk, St. Louis.

Secretary, Dr. Robert J. Terry, 5315 Delmar Ave., Si. Louis
New Hampshire Audubon Society:

President, Gen. Elbert Wheeler, Nashua.

Secretary, Manley B. Townsend, 9 Mt. Pleasant St., Xasiuia.
New Jersey Audubon Society:

President, Clarence B. Riker, South Orange.

Secretary, Beecher S. Bowdish, 164 Market St., Newark.
North Carolina Audubon Society:

President, Dr. R. H. Lewis, Raleigh.

Secretary, Placide C. Underwood, Raleigh.
North Dakota Audubon Society:

President, Daniel Freeman, Fargo College, Fargo.

Secretary, O. A. Stevens, Agricultural College, Fargo.

512 Bird -Lore

Ohio Audubon Society:

President, Dr. Robert C. Jones, 2373 Park Ave., Cincinnati.

Secretary, Prof. Wm. (i. Cramer, Woodward Ili^h School, Cincinnati.
Oregon Audubon Society:

President, Wm. L. Finley, 651 East Madison St., Portland.

Secretary, Dr. Emma J. Welty, 321 Montgomery St., Portland.
Pennsylvania Audubon Society:

President, Witmer Stone, Academy of Natural Sciences, I'hiiadclphia.

Secretary, Miss Elizabeth Wilson Fisher, 2222 Spruce St., Philadelphia.
Rhode Island Audubon Society:

President, Ur. H. E. Walter, Brown University, Providence.

Secretary, H. L. Madison, Park Museum, Providence.
South Carolina Audubon Society:

President, Dr. A. C. Moore, Columbia.

Secretary, Miss Belle Williams, Columbia.
Tennessee (East) Audubon Society:

President, Rev. Angus McDonald, 1322 Tremont St.. Knoxville.

Secretary, Miss Magnolia Woodward, Chestnut Hill, Kno.xville.
West Virginia Audubon Society:

President, Miss Bertha E. White, 1609 Latrobe St., Parkersburg.

Secretary, Walter Donaghho, Emerson Ave., Parkersburg.

CLUBS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION

Bird Conservation Club (Bangor, Maine):

President, Mrs. J. C. Buzzell, 11 Hudson St., Bangor, Maine.

Secretary, Miss Alice Brown, Conit St., Bangor, Maine.
Blair County (Pa.) Game, Fish and Forestry Association:

President, John H. Winters, 1609 Eleventh Ave., Altoona, Pa.

Secretary, Dick Heverly, 1609 Eleventh Ave., Altoona, Pa.
British Columbia (Canada) Natural History Society:

President, Hon. A. R. Sherwood, 410 Jones Block, Victoria, B. C, Canada.

Secretary, Hon. J. R. Anderson, 410 Jones Block, Victoria, B. C, Canada.
Bronxville (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, Roy C. Andrews, Bron.xville, N. Y.

Secretary,
Brookline (Mass.) Bird Club:

President, Dr. J. B. Brainerd, 57 Monmouth St., Brookline, Mass.

Secretary, Mrs. George W. Kaan, 162 Aspinwall Ave., Brookline, Mass.
Brooklyn (N. Y.) Bird Lovers' Club:

President, L. F. Bowdish, 903 E. 35th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Secretary, Howard Whitlock, 448 E. Twenty-sixth St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Budd Lake (N. J.) Nature Study Club:

President, Miss Amy R. Brown, 257 Ridge St., Newark, N. J.

Secretary, Mrs. Martin L. Cox, 320 Clifton Ave., Newark, N. J.
Buffalo (N. Y. ) Audubon Society:

President, Dr. C. E. Beach, 236 Herkimer St., Buffalo, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Caroline L. Doll, 387 Ellicott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

BURROUGHS-AUDUBON NATURE StUDY ClUB OF ROCHESTER (N. Y.) :

President, Wm. B. Hoot, 203 Monroe Ave., Rochester, N. Y.
Secretary, Clinton E. Kellogg, 76 Gorseline St., Rochester, X. Y.

State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 513

Burroughs Junior Audubon Society (Kingston, N. Y.):

President, Miss Ruth Scott, Kingston High School, Kingston, X. Y.
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth Richards, Kingston High School, Kingston, X. Y.
Cayuga Bird Club (Ithaca, N. Y.):

President, L. A. Fuertes, Ithaca, X. Y.
Secretary, A. A. Allen, McGraw Hall, Ithaca, X. Y.
Civic League (Saginaw, Mich.):
President,

Secretary, Miss May Turner, 1702 Court St., Saginaw, Mich.
Cleveland (Ohio) Bird Lovers' Association:

President, Mrs. E. C. T. Miller, loio EucHd Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
Secretary, Mrs. William G. Pollock, loio Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
Cocoanut Grove (Fla.) Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. Kirk Munroe, Cocoanut Grove, Fla.
Secretary, Mrs. Florence P. Haden, Cocoanut Grove, Fla.
Colorado Museum of X^atural History (Denver, Colo.):

President, Frank M. Taylor, Colorado Museum of Xatural History, Denver, Col.
Secretary, P. M. Cooke, Colorado IMuseum of Xatural History, Denver, Colo.
Columbia (S. C.) Bird Club:

President, Prof. A. C. Moore, Columbia, S. C.
Secretary, Miss Mary Carr, Columbia, S. C.
Columbus (Ohio) Audubon Society:

President, Prof. C. Hambleton, Columbus, Ohio.
Secretary, Miss Lucy B. Stone, 533 Franklin Ave., Columbus, Ohio.
Cumberland County (Maine) Audubon Society:
President,

Secretary, Amy B. Baker, 199 High St., Portland, Maine.
Danville (III.) Bird Club:
President,

Secretary, Mrs. T. W. Klliott, Hawthorne Place, Danville, 111.
Delta Duck Club (Xew Orleans, La.):

President, John Dymond, Jr., 1005 Maison Blanche Bldg., .\cw Orleans, La.
Secretary, C. A. Burthe, Cottam Block, Xew Orleans, La.
Detroit (Mich.) Audubon Society:

President, Chas. W. Bear, People's State Bank, Detroit, Mich.
Secretary, Ralph Beebe,
Detroit (Mich.) Bird Protecting Club:

President, Mrs. J. I). Harmes, 332 Hamilton Ave., Detroit, Mich.
Secretary, Miss Agnes Sherman, 572 E. Lavin .Vvc., Detroit, Mich.
Detroit (.Mkii.) Zoological Society:

President, Edwin Denby, Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Mich.
Secretary, Richard, E. Follett, Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Mich.
Doylestown (Pa.) Xature Club:

President, Mrs. I. M. James, Doylestown, Pa.
Secretary, Mrs. Thomas Haddon, Doylestown, Pa.
Dubois (Pa.) Bird Club:

President, \V. I). I. Arnold. 20S South Mrady St., DuBois, Pa.
Secretary,
El(;in (III.) Audubon Society:

President, B. E. Berryman, Klgin, 111.

Secretary, Charlotte Wcathcrill, 255 Villa St., I'.lgin. 111.

514 Bird -Lore

Englewood (N. J.) Bird Club:

President, Robert S. Lemmon, Englewood, N. J.

Secretarj', Miss I^lizabeth A. Dana, Englewood, N. J.
Erasmus Hall Audubon Bird Club (Flatbush Ave., Erasmus Hall High School
Brooklyn, N. Y.):

President, Joseph McGoldrich, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N. V.

Secretary, Miss Grace Seeling, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Evansville (Ind.) Audubon Society:

President, George S. Clifford, Evansville, Tnd.

Secretary, Miss Edith O. Trimble, 1040 South Second St., Evansville, Ind.
FiTCHBURG (Mass.) Outdoor Club:

President, Miss Margaret W. Fosdick, 128 Prichard St., Fitchburg, Mass.

Secretary, Miss Grace F. Barnes, 59 School St., Fitchburg, Mass.
Forest Hills Gardens (N. Y.) Audubon Society:

President, Fritz Hagen, 54 Slocum Crescent, Forest Hills, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Mary E. Knevels, Forest Hills, N. Y.
Fort Smith (Ark.) Audubon Society:

President, Dr. C. E. Laws, 803 Garrison Ave., Fort Smith, Ark.

Secretary, Rev. Edward Wilcox, Fort Smith, Ark.
Frankfort (Ky.) Bird Club:

President, Rev. John J. Gravatt, cor. Broadway and Washington St., Frankfort Ky.

Secretary, H. G. Bright, 208 Campbell St., Frankfort, Ky.
Franklin (N. Y.) Marsh Wren Club:

President, Edson C. Stewart, Franklin, N. Y.

Secretary, Mrs. Marcia B. Hiller, Franklin, N. Y.
Garden Club of Evanston (III.):

President, Mrs. W. E. Nichols, 1307 Ridge Ave., Evanston, 111.

Secretary,
Glens Falls (N. Y.) Local Bird Club:

President,

Secretary, Mrs. M. S. Potter, 169 Ridge St., Glens Falls, N. Y.
Glenville (W. Va.) Normal Bird Club:

President, Edgar Hatfield, Glenville, W. Va.

Secretary, Miss Pansy Starr, Glenville, W. Va.
(iROTON (Mass.) Bird Club:

President, Rev. Charles B. Ames, Groton, Mass.

Secretary, Mrs. William P. Wharton, Groton, Mass.
Hardy Garden Club (Ruxton, Md.):

President,

Secretary, Mrs. John Love, Riderwood, Md.
Hartford (Conn.) Bird Study Club:

President, A. J. Moody, 469 Farmington Ave., Hartford, Conn.

Secretary, Miss Irma R. Meigs, 26 Huntington St., Hartford, Conn.
Irwix (Pa.) Audubon Society:

President, R. T. McCormick, Irwin, Pa.

Secretary, Bert H. Rylander, Irwin, Pa.
Indiana Audubon Bird Club (.\nderson, Ind.):

President,

Treasurer, S. R. Dunbar, Anderson, Ind.
Kez-hi-kone Camp Fire Girls:

President,

Secretary, Miss Jean Grumman, 165 Meadow St., Naugatuck, ("onn.

State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 515

Lake Placid (N. Y.) Club:

President, Melvil Dewey, Lake Placid, N. Y.

Secretary, Godfrey Dewey, Lake Placid, N. Y.
Little Lake Club (402 Hennen Bldg., New Orleans, La.):

President,

Secretary,
Long Island (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Oyster Bay, N.Y.

Secretary, Mrs. E. M. Townsend, Townsend Place, Oyster Bay, N. Y.
Los Angeles (Calif.) Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. F. T. Bicknell, 319 South Normandie Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.

Secretary, Mrs. George H. Crane, 1217 West Santa Barbara St., Los Angeles, Calif.
Manitowoc County (Wis.) Fish and Game Protective Association:

President, E. L. Kelley, Dempsey Building, Manitowoc, Wis.

Secretary, Fred Carus, 1402 Washington St., Manitowoc, Wis.
Maywood (III.) Bird Club:

President, Samuel A. Harper, 220 South State St., Chicago 111.,

Secretary, Roy M. Langdon, 709 North Third Ave., Maywood, 111.
Meriden (Conn.) Bird Club:

President, Judge Frank L. Fay, 591 Broad St., Meriden, Conn.

Secretary, Mrs. W. C. Homan, 168 Curtis St., Meriden, Conn.
Meriden (N. H.) Bird Club:

President, Dr. Ernest L. Huse, Meriden, N. H.

Secretary, Miss Elizabeth F. Bennett, Meriden, N. H.
Miami (Fla.) Audubon Society:

President,

Secretary, Mrs. W. H. Mclntyre, 1409 Ave. C, Miami, Fla.
Millbrook (N. Y.) Garden Club:

President, Mrs. Oakleigh Thorne, Millbrook, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Katherine Wodell, Millbrook, N. Y.
Minneapolis (Minn.) Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. Phelps Wyman, 5017 Third Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn.

Secretary, Mrs. Judson L. Wicks, Fourth Avenue Library, Minneapolis.
Minnesota Game Protective League:

President, C. N. Odell, N. W. National Life Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

Secretary, Frank D. Blair, Room 26, Court House, Minneapolis, Minn.
Miss Hattie Audubon Society (Louisville, Ky.):

President, Mrs. Pierce Butler, 1303 First St., Louisville, Ky.

Secretary, Miss Adrienne Thum, 1236 Garvier Place, Louisville, Ky.
Missoula (Mont.) Bird Club:

President,

Secretary, Miss C. Wells, 233 East Pine St., Missoula, Mont.
Neighborhood Nature Club (Southport, Conn.):

President, Miss Elizabeth H. Banks, Westport, Conn.

Secretary, Mrs. H. P. Hcers, Southport, Conn.
New Bedford (^L\ss.) Bird Club:

President, Miss Editii V. Walker, High School, New Ik'dfunl, .Mass.

Secretary.
New Bedford (Mass.) Woman's Club:

President, Mrs. T. F. Tillinghast, 37 F-:ighlh St., New Bedford, .\Liss.

Secretary, Miss E. B. France, 174 Mt. Pleasant St., New Bedford, Mass.

5i6 Bird -Lore

Newburyport (Mass.) I^ird CLUi$:

President, Miss Harriot W. Colman, 14 Harris St., Newburyport, Mass.
Secretary, Mrs. Wm. C. Moore, 186 High St., Ne\vl)uryport, Mass.
Ni;\v York Bird and Tree Club:

President, Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 17 West Forty-fifth St., New York City.

Secretary, Miss Henrietta O. Jones, 230 W. losth St., New York City.
Norristown (Pa.) Audubon Club:

President, Willis R. Roberts, 800 DeKalb St., Norristown, Pa.

Secretary, Miss Helen A. Bomburger, 556 Sloncl)ridge St., Norristown, Pa.
North East (Pa.) Nature Study Club:

President, N. S. Woodruff, North Pearl St., North East, Pa.

Secretary, Miss Alice Moorehead, 55 Gibson St., North East, Pa.
On. City (Pa.) Audubon Club:

President, Miss Grace Robinson, 304 Orange St., Oil City, Pa.

Secretary, Miss Hattie Goold, 106 W. First St., Oil City, Pa.
Osceola (Wis.) Field Club:

President, Mrs. Jane A. Hansen, Osceola, Wise.

Secretary, Mrs. Grace P. Bloom, Osceola, Wise.
Pacific Audubon Association (San Francisco, Calif.):

President, C. B. Lastreto, 260 California St., San Francisco, Calif.

Secretary, W. A. Squires, 3852 23d St., San Francisco, Calif.
Pasadena (Calif.) Audubon Society:

President, Dr. Garrett Newkirk, Pasadena, Calif.

Secretary, Miss Frances K. Walters, 1085 North Raymond Ave., Pasadena, Calif.
Peoria (III.) Audubon Society:

President,

Secretary, Miss Minnie M. Clark, 514 Western Ave., Peoria, 111.
Philergians (The) :

President, Mrs. Walter A. Poore, 94 Liberty St., East Braintree, Mass.

Secretary, Mrs. Winthrop T. Case, 140 Adams St., Braintree, Mass.
Port Huron (Mich.) Bird Club:

President, S. J. Watts, Port Huron, Mich.

Secretary, Mrs. John Gaines, 2638 Stone St., Port Huron, Mich.
Racine (Wis.) Bird Club:

President,

Secretary, Miss Louise M. Collier, 1308 Main St., Racine, Wis.
Randolph Bird Club of Westfield (N. Y.):

President, Mrs. J. H. Kinney, Westfield, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Clara W. Koepka, Westfield, N. Y.
Resolute Circle of the King's Daughters (Ivoryton, Conn.):

President, Mrs. Elizabeth Rathburn, Ivoryton, Conn.

Secretary, Mrs. L. Behrens, Ivoryton, Conn.
Rhinebeck (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, Maunsell S. Crosby, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Secretary, Clinton G. Abbott, P. O. Box E, Rhinebeck, N. Y.
Richmond (Ky.) Bird Club:

President, Mrs. Robert R. Burnam, 252 The Summit, Richmond, Ky.

Secretary, Miss Bessie Dudley, Water St., Richmond, Ky.
Rockaway (N. Y.) Branch of the National Audubon Society:

President, Arthur Cooper, 7 Lockwood Ave., Far Rockaway, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Margaret S. Green, Cornage Ave., Far Rockaway, N. Y.

State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations 517

Rock Island County (III.) Bird Club:

President, P. S. McGlynn, Moline, 111.

Secretary, Miss Nellie E. Peetz, Rock Island, 111.
RuMSON (N. J.) Bird Club:

President, Ira Barrows, 15 Maiden Lane, New York City, N. Y.

Secretary, John B. Lunger, 120 Broadway, New York City, N. Y.
Sagebrush and Pine Club (North Yakima, Wash.):

President, J. Howard Wright, North Yakima, Wash.

Secretary, Miss Carrie Grosenbaugh, North Yakima, Wash.
St. Louis (Mo.) Bird Club:

President, Dr. Robert J. Terry, 5315 Delmar Ave , St. Louis, Mo.

Secretary, Mrs. Kelton E. White, 4354 Maryland Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Saratoga (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, Dr. J. Manning Spoerl, 514 Broadway, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Caroline C. Walbridge, 109 Lake Ave., Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
Savannah (Ga.) Audubon Society:

President, H. B. Skeele, 116 West Gaston St., Savannah, Ga.

Secretary, Dr. J. T. Maxwell, 102 East Liberty St., Savannah, Ga.
Scituate (Mass.) Woman's Club:

President, Mrs. Eva L. Granes, North Scituate, Mass.

Secretary, Mrs. Mary A. Doherty, Scituate, Mass.
Seattle (Wash.) Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. C. N. Compton, 625 12th Ave. N., Seattle, Wash.

Secretary, Dr. J. Dean Terry, 710 Joshua Green Building, Seattle, Wash.
Sewickley Valley (Pa.) Audubon Society:

President, C. B. Horton, 21 Centennial Ave., Sewickley, Pa.

Secretary, Mrs. M. G. Rose, 123 Meadow Lane, Edgeworth, Sewickley, Pa.
Shaker Lakes Garden Club (Cleveland, Ohio):

President,

Secretary,
Skaneateles (N. Y.) Audubon Society:

President,

Secretary, Miss Sarah M. Turner, Skaneateles, N. Y.
Smithland (Iowa) .\udubon Society:

President, Mrs. Kate Rahn, Smithland, Iowa.

Secretary, Miss Nellc I. Jones, Smithland, Iowa.
Somerset Hills (N. J.) Bird Club:

President, John Dryden Kuser, Bernardsville, N. J.

Secretary, Walter F. Chappell, Bernardsville, N. J.
South Bend (Ind.) Humane Society:

President, Mrs. F. E. Hering, 909 East Jefferson St., South Bend, Ind.

Secretary, H. A. I'ershing, South Bend, Ind.
South Haven (Mich.) Bird Club:

President, Mrs. A. I). Williams, Suutli Haven, .Mich.

Secretary, Mrs. S. H. Wilson, Route No. j. South liavcn, .Mich.
Simjkane (Wash.) Bird Club:

President, Walter Bruce, 813 Lincoln Place, S|)okane, Wash.

Secretary, Mrs. Cora Roberts, Brcslin .\|)arlments, Spokane, Wash.
Staten Island (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, Mrs. Charles M. Porter, 224 Davis Ave., West New Hrighton, \. \'.

Secretary, Howard H. Cleaves, New Brighton, S. I., N. Y.

5i8 Bird -Lore

Sussex County (N. J.) Nature Study Club:

President, Mrs. Wm. G. Drake, 33 Halsted, St., Newton N. J.

Secretary, Miss F. Blanche Hill, Andover, N. J.
Twentieth Century Club of Detroit (20TH Century Club Building, Detroit
Mich.):

President,

Secretary,
Utica (N. Y.) New Century Club:

President,

Secretary, Miss Elizabeth G. Brown, 1004 West St., Utica, N. Y.
Yassar Wake Robin Club (Poughkeepsie, N. Y.):

President, Miss Mary K. Brown, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Mary Home, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Vermont Bird Club:

President, Dr. Ezra Brainerd, Middlebury, Vt.

Secretary, Mrs. Nellie Flynn, Burlington, Vt.
Vigo County (Ind.) Bird Club:

President, Mrs. Leon Stern, 669 Oak St., Terre Haute, Ind.

Secretary, Mrs. John T. Latshaw, Terre Haute, Ind.
Wadleigh General Organization (New York City):

President, Miss Frieda Finklestein, 233 West 112th St., New York City.

Secretary, Miss Mildred Bunnell, 235 West 135th St., New York City.
Washington (Ind.) Audubon Society:

President, Mrs. Cameron Hyatt, 702 Walnut St., Washington, Ind.

Secretary, Cameron Hyatt, 702 Walnut St., Washington, Ind.
Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs:

President, Mrs. Solon Shedd, Pullman, Wash.

Secretary, Mrs. Ira D. Cardiff, 302 Oak St., Pullman, Wash.
Waterbury (Conn.) Bird Club:

President, R. E. Piatt, 36 Chapman Ave., Waterbury, Conn.

Secretary, C. F. Northrup, 138 Concord St., Waterbury, Conn.
Watertown (N. Y.) Bird Club:

President, P. B. Hudson, Watertown, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Grace B. Nott, Watertown, N. Y.
Wellesley (Mass.) College Bird Club:

President, Miss Isabel D. Bassett, 17 16 Newkirk Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Secretary, Miss Madeline E. Almy, 21 Morgan St., New Bedford, Mass.
Western Pennsylvania Audubon Society (Pittsburgh, Pa.):

President, Charles B. Horton, 902 Standard Life Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Secretary, John W. Thomas, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Wild Life Protective Society of Milwaukee (Wis.):

President, Clarence J. Allen, 12 10 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Secretary, Adolph Biersach, 1219 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Williamstown (Mass.) Bird Club:

President, Prof. S. F. Clarke, Williamstown, Mass.

Secretary, Mrs. O. M. Fernald, Williamstown, Mass.
Winston-Salem (N. C.) Audubon Society:

President, Col. W. A. Blair, care of Peoples liank, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Secretary, Miss Helen Keith, 32 Brookstown Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.
Wisconsin Game Protective Association:

President, Dr. A. T. Rasmussen, La Crosse, Wis.

Secretary, E. P. Trautraan, Stevens Point, Wis.

State Societies, Clubs and Other Organizations

519

Woman's Club (Seymour, Conn.):

President, Mrs. E. B. Hobart, 40 Maple St., Seymour, Conn.

Secretary, Mrs. L. C. McEwen, 106 West St., Seymour, Conn.
Wyncote (Pa.) Bird Club:

President, E. H. Parry, Wyncote, Pa.

Secretary, Miss Esther Heacock, Wyncote, Pa.
Wyoming Valley (Pa.) Audubon Society:

President, Dr. H. M. Beck, 68 West Northampton St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Secretary, H. W. Bay, 66 Pettebone St., Kingston, Pa.

VARIOUS KINDS OF BIRD FOOD
TREE BY THIS JUNIOR

II A\l JUST BEEN PLACED ON THE SYCAMORE
AUDUBON CLASS OF PERU, NEBRASKA

520 Bird -Lore

JOHN H. KOCH & COMPANY, Certified Public Accountants
55 Liberty Street, New York

New York, October 25, 1918.
Thk Audit Committee,

National Association of Audubon Societies,
1974 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Gentlemen: — In pursuance with engagement, we have made the customary
examination of the books, accounts, and records of the National Association of
Audubon Societies for the year ended October ig, 19 18, and present herewith
the following Exhibits:

Exhibit A — Balance Sheet as at October 19, 1918.

Exhibit B — -Income and Expense Account, General Fund.

Exhibit C — Income and Expense Account, Egret Fund.

Exhibit D — Income and Expense Account, Children's Educational

Fund.
Exhibit E— Income and Expense Account, Department of Applied

Ornithology.
Exhibit F — Statement of Receipts and Disbursements.

Our examination embraced a verification of all disbursements made, which
were substantiated either by approved receipted vouchers or canceled endorsed
checks.

We attended the Safe Deposit Company's vaults and examined all invest-
ment securities, which we found in order.
Submitting the foregoing, we are,

Very truly yours,

JOHN H. KOCH & CO.

Certified Public Accountants.

Report of the Treasurer 521

The Report of the Treasurer of the National Association
of Audubon Societies, for Year Ending October 19, 1918

Exhibit A

ASSETS

Cash in Banks and at Office $26,456 84

Furniture and Fixtures —

Balance, October 19, 191 7 $2,024 42

Purchased this year 31 70

$2,056 12
Less- — Depreciation 205 61

1,850 51

Inventory of Plates, etc. {Nominal Value) 500 00

Bird Island Purchase, Orange Lake, Fla 250 20

Buzzard Island, S. C 300 00

Audubon Boats — •

Balance, October 19, 1917 $2,788 30

Additions this year 45 50

$2,833 80

Less — Depreciation 283 38

2,550 42

Investments, Endowment Fund —

Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate $390,050 00

U. S. Mortgage and Trust Co. Bonds 3,000 00

Manhattan Beach Securities Co 1,000 00

U. S. Government Liberty Bonds 20,000 00

414,050 00

Investments, Mary Butcher Memorial Fund —

Bonds and Mortgages on Manhattan Real Estate 7, 100 00

S453-057 07
LIABILITIES

Endowment Funds —

Balance, October 19, 1917 $399,684 89

Received from Life Members 16,180 00

Received from Gifts 295 00

$416,159 80

Mary Butcher Memorial Fund —

Balance, October 19, 1917 7.737 70

Special Funds —

Egret Protection F'und, E.xhibit C $i.437 84

Children's I'lducational Fund, Northern States, Exhibit 1) 16,235 52

Department of Applied Ornithology, Exhibit E 131 50

17.S04 .>()

Surplus —

Surplus beginning of year $8,043 95

Balance from Income Account, Exhibit H 3,31 1 57

11,355 52

$453,057 97

522 Bird -Lore

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT— General Fund

Exhibit B

EXPENSE

Warden Services and Reservations —

Salaries $1,525 84

Launch expenses 861 08

Reservation expenses 21 90

$2,408 82

Educational Ejforl —

Administrative expenses $7,178 83

Field Agents, salaries and expenses 4,726 71

Bird-Lore, extra pages and Annual Report 2,425 13

Printing, office and Field Agents 144 50

Traveling, local workers 32 67

Flectros and half-tones 503 54

Library 244 13

Slides 829 00

Educational Leaflets i,934 15

Bird-Lore to members 4,254 55

Bird Books 1,886 24

Colored plates in Bird-Lore 507 86

Drawings 308 00

Field-glasses 356 50

Contribution to Meriden Bird Club 250 00

Contribution to Wisconsin Game Protective Association . . 500 00

Song-bird campaign, posters, circulars, and publicity 210 00

Summer School work 640 00

Legislation 90 86

Publicity and press information 535 19

Investigating Pelican rookeries 360 79

27,918 65

General Expenses —

Office assistants $8,212 47

Telegraph and telephone 280 09

Postage 2,447 08

Office and storeroom rents i,945 00

Motion pictures 319 72

Legal services 401 56

Auditing 184 00

Envelopes and supplies 284 60

Miscellaneous 593 85

Cartage and expressage 146 03

Insurance 124 17

Electric Light 39 34

Sales Department expense 537 41

Depreciation on boats 283 38

Depreciation on office furniture 205 61

Exchange on checks 34 20

$18,038 SI
Amount carried forward $30,327 47

Report of the Treasurer 523

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT— General Fund

Amount brought forward $30,327 47

Expenses brought forward $18,038 51

General Expenses, continued —

Annual meeting expense 374 36

Stencil addressograph machine 47 95

Multigraphing 49 05

New members' expense 6,688 34

23,198 21

Total expenses $53,525 68

Balance surplus for Year (Exhibit A) 3,311 57

156,837 25
INCOME

Members Dues $19,450 00

Contributions 7,469 50

Interest on Investments 21,51641

Sales —

Educational Leaflets sales $3,033 33

Field-glasses 580 15

Sales of slides 795 80

Bird-Lore subscriptions 1,005 73

Bird-Book sales 2,986 33

8,401 34

$56,837 25

524 Bird -Lore

EGRET PROTECTION FUND
INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT

Exhibit C
Income —

Balance unexpended October 19, 1917 $870 15

Contributions 2,505 60

$3,375 75

Expenses —

Egret wardens and inspections $1,685 °o

Postage, printing envelopes, and circularizing 129 12

Miscellaneous 123 79

$1,937 91
Balance unexpended October 19, 1918 i,437 84

$3,375 75 $3,375 75

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Exhibit E

Income —

Contributions $2,291 00

Earnings by H. K. Job from public lectures 675 36

Miscellaneous 50 00

$3,016 36

Less — Deficit October 19, 1917 118 99

$2,897 37

Expenses —

Agent's salary and expenses $2,631 25

Motion-picture films 14 16

Miscellaneous 1 20 46

$2,765 87

Balance unexpended October 19, 1918 131 50

52,897 37 $2,897 37

Report of the Treasurer 525

CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL FUND

INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Exhibit D

Income—

Balance, October 19, 1917 $16,541 69

Contributions 26,275 00

Junior members' fees 16,180 80

Refunds by express companies 45 27

$59,042 76

Less — Deficit October 19, 1917, in Sage Fund 852 53

Expenses — •

Administrative expenses $1 ,000 00

Field Agents, salaries and expenses 3,132 15

Stenographic and clerical work 3,820 90

Ofl&ce supplies 78 98

Expressage on literature 912 91

Postage on circulars and literature 5,o6o 00

Printing leaflet units for Junior Members 10,900 00

Audubon Cabinets 5,704 00

Soliciting for Junior funds 210 10

Printed circulars to teachers 633 81

Bird-Lore for Junior Classes 4,257 14

Half-tones for publication 424 90

Reports and publicity 3,151 01

Buttons for Junior members 1,365 10

Colored plates in Bird-Lore 511 07

Printed envelopes 89 90

Oflfice rent . . 540 00

Miscellaneous 162 74

$41,954 71

Balance unexpended October 19, 1918. . 16,235 52

$58,190 23

J, 190 23 $58,190 23

526 Bird -Lore

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 19, 1918
Exhibit F

Receipts —

Income on General Fund $56,837 25

Endowment Fund 1 6,475 0°

Egret Fund 2,505 60

Children's Educational Fund 42,501 07

Department of Applied Ornithology 3, 016 36

Total receipts, year ending October 19, 1918 $121,335 28

Cash balance October 19, 1917 27,843 94

$149,179 22
Disbursements —

Expenses on General Fund $53)036 69

Investment on Endowment Fund $34,800 00

Less — Amount received on account of

Mortgages 11,850 00

22,950 00

Egret Fund 1,937 91

Children's Educational Fund 41,954 71

Department of Applied Ornithology 2,765 87

Furniture account 31 7°

Addition to boats 45 5°

Total disbursements for year ending Oct. 19, 1918 $122,722 38

Cash Balance, October 19, 1918 26,456 84

>i49,i79 22

New York, October 19, 1918
Dr. F. a. Lucas,

Acting President,

National Association of Audubon Societies,
New York City.

Dear Sir: — We have examined reports submitted by John H. Koch & Com-
pany, certified public accountants, on the accounts of the National Association
of Audubon Societies for the year ending October 19, 1918. The accounts
show balance sheets of October 19, 1918, and income and expense account for
the year ending the same date. Vouchers and paid checks have been examined
by them in connection with all disbursements, and also the securities in the Safe
Deposit Company. Yours very truly,

J. A. ALLEN,
T. GILBERT PEARSON,
Auditing Committee.

List of Members

527

LISTS OF MEMBERS OF AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIETIES

BENEFACTOR
Albert Wilcox 1906

FOUNDER

Mrs. Russell Sage 191°

PATRONS

William P. Wharton 1909

Miss Heloise Meyer 1912

Anonymous 19^5

Gen. Coleman duPont 191?

LIFE MEMBERS

Abell, Edwin F

Abbott, Clinton G

Ackley, Adeline E

Adams, Edward D

Adams, Joseph

Adams, Thomas M

Agassiz, G. R

Agnew, Alice G

Ahl, Mrs. Leonard

Ainsworth, Mrs. H. A

A M. C. 'From a Friend'

Allerton Mrs. S. W

Alms, Mrs. Frederick H. . . .

Ams, Charles M

Anderson, Frank Bartow . . .

Andrews, Mrs. E. B

Andrews, J. Sherlock

Armstrong, Dr. S. T

Arnold, Benjamin Walworth

Arnold, Edward W. C

Ash, Charles G

Ashman, Mrs. B. I

Auchmuty, Mrs. R. T

Ault, L. A

Austen, Mrs. Isabel Valle . . .

Ayres, Miss Mary A

Babcock, Mrs. Perry H

Bacon, Mrs. Robert

Bailey, Mrs. Charles

Baldwin, S. P

Ball, Miss Susan L

Bancroft, Wilder D

Bancroft, Wm. P

Barljcy, Henry G

Barr, Mrs. Cornelia Basset

Barr, James H.

Barrows, Ira

Barticlt, Miss Florence

Barlol, Mrs. J. W

Bassell, Mrs. Ri)l)(.rt J

Batchellcr, Robert

Bates, Mrs. Ella M

1917
1910
1918
1916
1918
, 1916
,1917
. 1916

191S
,1918
.1918
.1917

•1913
. 1916
.1917
.1914
. 1916

■ 1913
.1914
. 1916

■ 1913
.1918

•1913
.1917
.1914

•191S
. 1912
. 1912
.1918
.1918
.1918
.1917
. 1906
.1914
.1917
. 1916
.1917
. 1916

■ 1915
.1918

• 191 7

■ i9>4

Battelle, J. G

Battles, Miss C. Elizabeth

Baylies, Mrs. N. E

Beebe, Mrs. J. Arthur ....

Beech, Mrs. Herbert

Bell, Louis V

Bemis, Albert F

Bennett, Mrs. Alice H. . . .

Berwind, John L

Bigelow, Dr. Wm. Sturgis
Bingham, Miss Harriet . . .

Black, R. Clifford

Blake, Mrs. Francis

Blanchard, Miss Sara H. .

Blanding, Gordon

Bliss, Robert Woods

Bliss, Mrs. Wm. H

Boardman, IMiss Rosina C.

Boericke, Harold

Boettger, Robert

Boiling, Mrs. Raynal C. . .
Borden, Miss Emma L. . .
Borden, Mrs. William . . . .

Bourn, W. B

Bowdoin, Miss Ethel G. . .
Bowdoin, Mrs. Temple . . .

Bowles, H. L

Brackenridge, George W. .

Branch, Miss Eihc K

Brewster, Frederick F

Brewster, William

Bridge, Mrs. Lidian E

lirookcr, Charles F

Brooks, A. L

Brooks, Miss Fanny

Brooks, Gorham

Brooks, Peter C

Brooks, Shei)her(i

Brooks, Mrs. She|)lierd . . .

Brown, Mrs. .Vddison

Brown, .Miss .\nnie M. . . .
Brown, T. Hassal

,1917
.1918
. 1912
.1907
.1914
.1917
.1918
.1914

•191S
. 1912
.1907
. 1916
. 1916
.1918
.1917

•1915
. 1912
. 1916
.1917
. 1916
.1909
.1914
.1917
.1917
.1911
.1911
.1917
. 1916
.1917
. 1916

•1905
.1907
.1917
. 1906

•1913
.1911
.19H
.1907
. 1906
.1917
IQ14
1913

528

Bird - Lore

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Browniii}^, J. Hull 1905

Browninj;, Mrs. J. Hull 1918

Urownson, Mrs. Willard H 1918

Hriiun, Cliarlcs A 1918

Hiihi, .\rthur H 1917

Burnham, William 1916

Burr, I. Tucker 1915

Burrall, Mrs. E. M 1918

Bushnell Mrs. Harriet L 1918

Butler, Mrs. Paul 1916

Butterworth, Frank S., Jr iQiS

Buttcrworth, Mrs. William ■. . . . 1916

Cabot, I\Irs. A. T 1913

Camden, J.N 1914

Camden, Mrs. J. N 1914

Campbell, Miss Helen Gordon 1909

Campbell, John Boylston 19 16

Carew, Mrs. Lucie B 191 7

Carhartt, Hamilton 1916

Carr, General Julian S 1907

Cary, Miss Kate 1916

Case, Miss Louise W 1914

Gate, Mrs. Isaac M 1918

Chahoon, Mrs. George, Jr 191 7

Chapin. Mrs. Charles A 191 7

Chapin, Chester W 1910

Chapman, Clarence E 1908

Chase, Miss Helen E 1918

Chase, Mrs. Phillip A 1913

C , E. S 1913

Childs, Eversley 1916

Childs, John Lewis 190S

Clark, George H 1916

Clark, Hopewell 191 7

Clarke, Mrs. W. N 191 2

Clementson, Mrs. Sidney 1916

Clow, W^illiam E 191 7

Clyde, William P 1905

Cockcroft, ]\Iiss Elizabeth V 191 7

Codman, Miss Catherine A 1918

Coe, Miss Ella S 1918

Coe, Thomas Upham 191 7

Colburn, Miss Nancy E 1915

Cole, Miss Ella M 1918

Colfelt, Mrs. Rebecca McM 191 7

Colgate, Henry A 191 7

Colgate, Richard M 1916

Colgate, William 191 7

Collins, Charles H 1918

Collins, Thomas H 1916

Comstock, Miss Clara E 1914

Comstock, Robert H 1918

Converse, Mrs. Costello C 1915

Converse, E. C 1916

Coolidge, J. Randolph 1913

Coloidge, Oliver H 191 2

CooUidge, T. Jefferson, 3rd 1907

Coolidge, T. Jefferson 1918

Cooper, Mrs. Theresa Bissinger 1918

Coorigan, James W 191 7

Cotton, lilrs. Elizabeth A 1915

Covell, Dr. H. H 1916

Cowl, Mrs. Clarkson 1916

Crabtrce, Miss Lotta M 191 2

Cranston, Miss Louise 1918

Crocker, C. T 191 7

Crocker, Mrs. Emmons 191 2

Crosby, Maunsell S 190S

Cross, Airs. R. J 191 5

Crozier, Mrs. J. Lewis 1908

Cudworth, Mrs. E. B 191 1

Curtis, Mrs. Anna Shaw 191 7

Curtis, Roy A 1917

Cutting, Mrs. W. Baj'ard 1913

Cuyler, Miss Eleanor DeGraff 191 7

Dabncy, E. L 191 7

Dahlstrom, Mrs. C. A 1916

Dane, Edward 1912

Dane, Ernest Blaney 1913

Dane, Ernest Blaney, Jr 191 2

Dane, Mrs. E. B 1913

Daniell, J. T 1917

Davis, David D 1911

Davis, William T 1910

Davol, Miss Florence W^ 1916

Day, Mrs. Frank A 1915

Dean, Charles A 1916

Deering, Charles 1913

Deering, James 191 7

Depew, Chauncey M., Jr 19 15

DeWolf, Wallace L 191 7

Dick, Albert B 1917

Dietz, Charles N 1917

Dietz, Mrs. C. N 1918

Dimock, Mrs. Henrj^ F 191 7

District of Columbia Audubon Soc. . . 191 5

Dobyne, Miss Margaret M 1917

Dodge, Cleveland H 1916

Doepke, Mrs. W'illiam F 1916

Dommerich, Otto L 1917

Dows, Tracy 1914

Draper, Mrs. Henry 1913

Drummond, Miss Mary 191 5

Ducharme, William H 191 7

Duer, Mrs. Denning 1915

Dunbar, F. L 1918

duPont, Ale.xis 1 191 7

duPont, H. A 1917

duPont, P. S 191 7

Earle, Carlos Y. Poitev-ent 1905

Earle, Miss E. Poitevent 1905

Eastman, George 1906

Eddison, Charles 1906

Edgar, Daniel 1908

Elliot, Mrs. J. W 191 2

Ellis, Ralph 191 7

Ellis, William D 191 7

Ellsworth, James W 1915

Elser, Albert C 19 18

Emerson, Mrs. G. D 1918

Emery, Miss Georgia Hill 1918

Emmons, Mrs. R. W^, 2nd 1908

Endicott, H. B 1908

Erbe, Gustave 1917

Eustis, Mrs. Herbert H 191 7

Everett, Edward H 191 7

List of Members

529

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Everett, Miss Dorothy

Falk, Herman W

Farrel, Mrs. Franklin

Farwell, John V

Fay, Dudley B

Fay, Mrs. Flora Ward

Fenno, Mrs. L. Carteret

Field, Cortland deP

Fincke, William Alann, Jr. . .

Flattery, Miss Anne L

Fleischmann, Julius

Flint, Mrs. Jessie S. P

Follansbee, B. G

Follin, M. D

Folsom, Miss M. G

Forbes, ]\Irs. William H. . . .

Forbush, Edward Howe

Ford, Mrs. Bruce

Ford, James B

Fortmann, Henry F

Frackelton, Mrs. R. J

Freeman, Alden

Freeman, C. H

Freeman, Mrs. James G. . . .
French, Miss Caroline L. W.

Frothingham, John W

Frothingham, Mrs. L. .\. . . .

Gallatin, F., Jr

Gardner, Mrs. John Lowell. .

Garneau, Joseph

Garvan, Francis P

Garrett, Mrs. P. C

Gavit, E. Palmer

Gazzam, Mrs. Antoinette E.

Gelpckc, Miss A. C

Gelpcke, Miss Marie

Gifford, Dr. Harold

Gifford, James M

Gifford, Mrs. Robert L

Gladding, Mrs. John Russell

Glasscll, Andrew

Glazier, Henry S

Godfrey, Mrs. Abbie P

Godfrey, Miss Adelaide E. . .

Goodwin, Waller L., Jr

Gordon, Mrs. Donald

Gould, (ieorge H

Grant, W. W

Grasselli, C. A

Gray, Miss Elizabeth F

Graydon, Mrs. Clendeny, . . .

Greene, Ste[)hen, 2nd

Green way, Mrs. James C. . .

Grew, MVs. H. S

Gribbel, Mrs. John

Griswold, Mrs. E. S

Guggenheim, Hon. Simon

Haehnle, Keinhold,

Haggin, Mrs. J. B

Haggin, L. T

Hamilton, Miss Elizabeth S.

Hamilton, Mrs. H. K

Hamlin, Mrs. Eva S

I9I6

I9I7

I9I3

I9I7

I9I3

1905

I9I3

I9I5

I9I6

I9I7

I9I3

I9I7
I9I8
I9I8

I9I4

I9I0

I9I7

I9I3
I9I8

I9I7
I9I8

I9I7

I9IS

I9II

I9I3

I9I6

1908

I9I7

I9I3

I9I7
1918

I9I7
1908
I9I8
I9I8

I9I7

I9I7
1908

I9I4
I9I8

I9I6

1917
I9I8

I9I4
1918

I9I7

I9IO

I9I7

I9I5

I9I3

I9I7

X9I2

I9I3
I9I8

I9I5

I9I7

I9I2

I9I7

I9I7
I9I8
I9I8

I9I6

Hancock, Mrs. James Denton.

Hanna, H. M., Jr

Hanna, Mrs. H. M., Jr

Hanna, Miss Mary

Hansen, Miss Emilie L

Harbeck, Mrs. Emma Gray . .

Hardy, Mrs. Richard

Harrah, Mrs. Charles J

Harral, Mrs. Ellen W

Harriman, IMrs. J. Low

Harrison, Alfred C

Hasbrouck, H. C

Haskell, J. Amory

Havemeyer, Mrs. H. O., Jr. . .

Hawkins, Rush C

Hayes, Edmund

Hearst, Mrs. P. A

Hecker, Frank J

Hemenway, Augustus

Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus. . .

Henderson, William

Hentz, Leonard S

Higginson, Mrs. James J

Hill, :\Iiss Clara A

Hill. Hugh

Hill, Mrs. James

Hill, Mrs. Susie R

Hinckley, Mrs. M. V

Hitch, Mrs. Frederic Delano .

Hoe, Richard M

HofT, Mrs. Grace Whitney . . .

Hoffman, Samuel V

Hopewell, Frank

Hornbroke, Mrs. Frances B.. .

Hostetter, D. Herbert

Houghton, Miss Elizabeth G. .

Howard, Miss Edith M

Hubbard, Joshua C, Jr.,

Hubbard, Richard

Hubby, Miss Ella F

Hunnewell, Mrs. Arthur

Hunnevvell, H. S

Hunnewell, Walter

Hunter, Anna F

Huntington, .Archer M

Huntington, Howard

Huntington, H. E

Hyde, Mrs. Clarence M

Iselin, Mrs. C. Oliver

Iselin, Columbus O'D

Jackman, Edwin S

Jackson, Mrs. James

Jaflray, Robert

James, Ellcrton

Jamison, Margaret A

Jenkins, Mrs. Jos. W.

Jennings, Oliver G

Jones, Jerome

Jones, Mrs. Lawrence

Jordan, Miss Jcannctte .\

Joslyn, Mrs. (ieorge .\

Keen, Miss Florence .
Keith, Mrs. D. M

. 1916
.1917
. 1916
.1917
.1918
. 1916
.1918

•1913
.1914
.1918
.1914

•1915
. 1916
.1907

• 1913
.1917
.1909
.1917

• 191S
•1905
.1918
.1914
. 1916
.1917

•1915
.1917
.1917
.1918

■1915
1917

•1915
.1907
.1911

•1913
.1907
.1914
•1915
1915
•1915
.1918
.1918
■1905
•1915
.1917

■1905
.1918
.1917
.1917
.1918
.1917
. 1916
.1908
.1917
.1918
.1914
. 1916
.1917

1915
.1917

1017
. 1916
. igitt
. 191O

S30

Bird -Lore

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Kent, Sherman

Kettle, Mrs. L. N

Kidder, Nathaniel T

Kilmer, Willie Sharpe

Kimball, Mrs. Arthur R

King, Miss Ellen

Kingsbury, Miss Alice E

Kinney, Morris

Kittredge, Miss Sara N

Knight, Miss A. C

Kuithan, Emil F

Kuser, John Dryden

Lancashier, Mrs. J. H

Lane, Benjamin, C

Lang, Albion E

Langdon, Woodbury G

Lansing, Mrs. G. Y

Lauder, Mrs. E. S

Lawrence, Emben

Lawrence, Rosewell B .

Lawson, Victor F

Lefferts, M. C

Liesching, Bernhard

Lippitt, Mrs. C

Logan, Stuart

Longyear, John M

Loring, Miss Helen

Loring, Mrs. W. Caleb

Low, Miss Nathalie F

Loyd, Miss Sara A. C

McClymonds, Mrs. A. R

McConnell, Mrs. Annie B

McCormick, IMrs. R. S

McCormick, Mrs. R. T

McGraw, Mrs. Thomas S

McKim, LeRoy

McLane, Guy R

McOwen, Frederick

Mackey, Clarence H

MacLean, Mrs. Charles F

Mallery, Mrs. Jane M

Markle, John

Marmon, Mrs. Elizabeth C. ...

Marshall, Louis

Marshall, Thomas K

Martin, Mrs. Bradley

Mason, Miss Ellen F

Mason, Miss Fanny P

Mason, George Grant

Massachusetts Audubon Society

Mead, Mrs. Charles Marsh

Meloy, Andrew D

Merrill, Mrs. Mary E

Merriam, A. Ware

Merriman, Mrs. Daniel

Mershon, Hon. W. B

Meyer, Mrs. August R

Meyer, Charles F

Meyer, Miss Heloise

Miles, Mrs. Flora E

Miller, Charles Kingsbury

Miller, Mrs. E. C. T

Mishall, Miss Helen

917
913
90s
907
918

915
916

913
914

913
918
911
918
909
916
916
916
918
916
916
917
914
918
918
917
917
918

913
916
914
914
908
917
918
908
918
916
917
908
916
914
917
916
906

915
918

913
912
914
915
915
910
917
918

915
914

917
917
910
916
917
916
918

Mitchell, Mrs. John G

Mitchell, Miss Mary

Moore, Clarence B

Moore, Mrs. William H

Morgan, Miss Caroline L

Morgan, Mrs. J. P., Jr

Morison, Robert S

Morrill, Miss Amelia

Morris, EfRingham B

Morse, Mrs. Waldo G

Morton, Miss Mary

Mott, Mrs. John B

Mudd, Dr. Harvey G.

MuUiken, Alfred H

Munson, Mrs. W. D

Murphy, Franklin

Neave, Miss Jane C

Nevins, Mrs. Davis

Newberry, W. F

Newcomer, W^aldo

New Jersey Audubon Society . . . ,

Newman, Mrs. R. A

Nichols, Mrs. William G

Norris, Mrs. E. L. Breese

North Carolina Audubon Society .

Noyes, Mrs. Davis A

O'Brien, Mrs. Michael W

Oldberg, Mrs. Emma

Olds, R. E

Oliver, Mrs. James B

Osborn, Frederick

Osborn, Professor Henry Fairfield

Osborn, Mrs. William C

Pagenstecher, Albrecht

Paine, F. W

Parker, A. H

Parker, Mrs. Gordon

Parker, Edward L

Parsons, Mrs. J. D

Parsons, Miss Mary W

Peabody, Geo. A

Pearson, T. Gilbert

Peck, Mrs. Walter L. . ,

Perkins, Miss Ellen G

Perkins, Mrs. George C

Perkins, Mrs. Oilman H

Perkins, William H

Peterson, Arthur

Phelps, Mrs. J. W

Phillips, Mrs. Eleanor H

Phillips, John C

Phillips, Mrs. John C

Pickman, Mrs. Dudley L

Pierrepont, Anna J

Pierrepont, John J

Pierrepont, Mrs. R. Stuyvesant . .

Poland, James P

Pomeroy, Mrs. Nelson

Pope, Willard

Porter, Mrs. A. B

Powers, Thomas H

Pratt, Geo. D

Prentiss, F. F

List of Members

531

LIFE MEMBERS, continued

Prime, Miss Cornelia 1909

Procter, Mrs. William C 19 18

Quier, Mrs. Edwin A 191 7

Quincy, Mrs. H. P 1915

Rainsford, Dr. W. S 1913

Rathborne, Richard C 1916

Reed, Mrs. William Howell 1905

Remsen, Miss Elizabeth 1916

Renwick, Mrs. William W 1914

Reynolds, R. J 1908

Richardson, Mrs. Charles F 1918

Richardson, S. O., Jr 1917

Riker, John J 1916

Roberts, Miss Frances A 1914

Rockwood, Mrs. George 1 1918

Rockefeller, Wm. G 19 12

Rodewald, F. L 1916

Roebling, Mrs. John A 1916

Roebling, Washington A 191 7

Rogers, Charles H 191 2

Rogers, Dudley P 1914

Rogers, Miss Ella A 191 7

Rogers, Miss Julia 1918

Ropes, Mrs. Mary G 1913

Rosengarten, George D iQi?

Ruf, Mrs. Frank A 1917

Ramsey, Mrs. Charles C 1918

Russell, Mrs. Gurdon W 1914

Sage, Mrs. Russell 1905

Saltonstall, John L 1908

Sanger, Mrs. C. R 1916

Sarmiento, Mrs. F. J 1918

Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L 1906

Schrofder, Miss Lizzie H 191 1

Seebury, Miss Sara E 191 5

Seaman, L. W 191 2

Sears, William R 191S

Seton, Ernest T 1916

Severance, John L 1916

Sharpe, Miss Ellen D 191S

Shattuck, Mrs. F. C 1906

Shead, Mrs. Lucia W 1918

Shepard, Mrs. Elizabeth D 1918

Sherman, Miss Althca R 1909

Short. William i9i8_

Sibley, Hiram W 1915

Silsbee, Thomas 1918

Simpson, Alexander, Jr 1917

Slattery, John R 1916

Sloane, Henry T 1918

Smith, Francis Drexel 1918

Smith, Frank A 1918

Smith, Mrs. Heber 1917

Spaulding, S. S 1917

Speed, Mrs. J. B 1918

Speed, William S 1917

"Iowa Friend" 1916

Stahl, Adolfo 191 7

Stambaugh, H. H 1917

Starl weather, Mrs. J. N 19 18

Stetson, Francis Lyndc 1916

Stewart, Mrs. Edith .'\ 1913

Stillman, B. G 1916

Stillman, Chauncey D 1916

Stone, Charles A 191 7

Stone, Miss Ellen J 1914

Strong, Charles Hamot 1917

Strong, Mrs. J. R 1918

Stuart, F. A 1916

Sturgis, Mrs. F. K 191 7

Swift, Charles H 1917

Swift, Louis F 1917

Taft, Elihu B 1911

Talbott, H. E 1917

Talcott, George S 191 7

Taylor, Charles H.. Jr 1908

Thaw, J. C 1916

Thayer, Mrs. Edward D 191 7

Thayer, Mrs. Ezra R 1909

Thayer, John E 1909

Thompson, Mrs. Frederick F 1908

Tingley, S. H 1914

Torrey, Mrs. Elbridge 1913

Troescher, A. F 1917

Tucker, Carll 1917

Tuckerman, Alfred 191S

Tufts, Leonard 1907

Tuttle, Arthur J 191 7

Turner, Mrs. George M 1917

Turner, Mrs. William J 1917

Tyson, Mrs. George 1915

Underwood, H. 0 1916

Upham, Frederick W 191 7

Upmann, Albert 1917

Upson, Mrs. Henry S 1916

Van Brunt, Mrs. Charles 1912

Vanderbilt, Mrs. French 1914

Van Name, Willard G 1905

Van Norden, Warner M 191 7

Vaux, George, Jr 1905

Vaux, Miss Meta 1917

Velie, Charles D 1918

Voss, Miss Alice McKim 191 7

Wadsworth, Clarence S 191 1

Wakeman, Miss Frances 191 5

Walker, Miss Alice L 1918

Walker, Mrs. Cyrus 1917

Wallace, Mrs. Augustus H 1914

Wallace, Col. Cranmore N 1917

Warburg, F. M 1917

Ward, Charles Willis 1916

Ward, Marcus L 1908

Warner, Lucien C 191 7

Warren, George H 191 7

Warren, Mrs. E. Walpole 1918

Watson, Mrs. J. Henry 1916

Watson, Mrs. James S 191 1

Watson, Mrs. Thomas J 1916

Watt, Mrs. Henry C rgiS

Webb, J. Griswold 1913

Webster, F. G 190$

Webster, Mrs. Sidney 1913

Weeks, Henry I)e Forest 1909

Weeks, Hon. John W 1917

Weld, Miss Elizabeth F 1916

Wells, Mrs. Frederick L igil

532

Bird - Lore

LIFE MEMBERS

Welsh, Fruncis Ralslon 191 7

Wcstcott, Miss Margery D 191 2

Wetherill. S. P 191 7

Wclmori.', ('leorRe Peabody 1914

Wharton, William P 1907

White, Windsor T 1916

Whitfield, Miss Kstelle 1917

Whiting, Miss tiertrude 1918

Whitman, William 1917

Williams, ^Irs. C. Duane 1918

Williams, John D 1909

Wilson, M. Orme 191 7

Winchester Repeating Arms Co 1918

Wiman, Dwight Deere 191 7

Wistcr, John C iQi?

Wood, Mrs. Antoinette Eno 1913

Wood, Walter 191 7

Woodman, Miss Mary 1914

Woodward, Mrs. George 1908

Woolman, Edward 1916

Work, Mrs. A 191 7

Wyman, Mrs. Alfred E 1914

Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius 191 7

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE GENERAL FUND

Abbe, Miss II. C. . .
Abbe, Dr. Robert. . .
Abbey, Mrs. F. R. . .
Abbott, Miss M. S. .
.\bbott, Elizabeth T.

and Hope

Abbott, Mrs. F. V...

Abbott, Holker

Abbott, Mrs. John J.
Abbott, Mrs. T. J.. .
Abert, Benjamin. . . .
Abrams, Mrs. A. E..

Achelis, Fritz

Achilles, Mrs. G. S. .
Acton, Miss A. A... .

Adams, Brooks

Adams, Mrs. Brooks

Adams, C. Q

Adams, Miss E. B.. .
Adams, Miss E. L.. .

Adams, Mrs. F

Adams, H. W

Adams, Mrs. J. D.. .
Adams, Mrs. M. W.
Adams, William C. .
Adger, Miss E. J.. . .
Adler, Mrs. Leon N..
Adler, Mrs. Max. . . .

Adler, Max A

Adt. Albert A

Agassiz, Rudolph L.
Agnew, Mrs. M. W.

Aiken, John A

Aiken, Miss S. C . .
Aims, Miss FMith M.
Ainslic, Miss Maud .

Akin, Thomas

Alden, Miss F. E.. . .
Aldred, Mrs. W. E. .
Aldrich, Mrs. B. F. .
Aldrich, Frank W. . .
Aldrich, Miss G. M.
Aldrich, Spencer. . . .
Aldridge, George W..
Alexander George. . .
Alexander, James. . .
Alexandre, Mrs. J.E.

3F5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

25 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

5 00
S 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00
10 00

5 00

2 00
I 00
5 00

Alexandre, Mrs. J. J. $5 00

Alges, James W i 00

Allen, Atkinson 5 00

Allen, Miss C 10 00

Allen, Clarence J.. . . 5 00

.\llcn, C. L 10 00

Allen, Miss E. H.. . . 5 00

.\Ilen, John H 5 00

Allen, Dr. J. W 5 00

Allen, Miss Lucy E. . i 00

Allen, Miss M. W. . . 10 00

Allen, Miss Mateal . 5 00
Alley, Mr. and Mrs.

George H 2 00

Allison, Mrs. M. D.. i 00

.\lter, Mrs. F 5 00

Althouse, H. W 35 00

.\ltschul, Frank 5 00

.\merman, Rev. J. L. 5 00

Ames, Mrs. Hobart . 5 00

Ames, Mrs. J. B 10 00

Ames, John S 5 00

Amory, John S 5 00

Anderson, Andrew. . 10 00

Anderson, Mrs. B.. . 5 oc

Anderson, John 5 00

Anderson, J. C 5 00

Anderson, Mrs. J. C. 5 00

Anderson, Mrs. J. W. 5 00
Anderson, Misses

Kate L. and Sallic 10 00

Andre, Mrs. F. B... . i 00

Andrews, Mrs. H. E. 5 00

Andrews, Col. J. M. . 5 00

Andrews, Mrs. J. M. 5 00

Andrews, Miss K. R. 5 00

Andrews, Rev. T.. . . 5 00

Andrews, Mrs. W. L. 5 00

Angier, Roswell P. . . 5 00

Angstman, Mrs. C.S. 6 00

Anonymous 5 00

Anthony, Prof. A. W. 5 00

Anthony, Miss E. J.. 5 00

.Vnthony, G. W 10 00

.\pp, Miss O. L 5 00

Appleby, Mrs. J. S. . 5 00

Appleton, Miss M.E. 5 00

Appleton, W. S

Archer, Mrs. G. A.. .
Arent, Miss G. E.. . .
Armitage, Lucius. . .

Armour, A. V

Armstrong, H. I

Armstrong, J. G

Arnold, Mrs. A. H...
Arnold, Clarence M..
Arnold, Mrs. G. C. .

Arnold, Miss M

Arnold, W. J

Arnold, Mrs. W. R. .
Arthur, James B. . . .
Asch, Mrs. Paul. . . .
Ashley, Miss E. M. .

Ashley, J. S

Aspinwall, John ....

Astor, Vincent

Atherton, E. H

Atkins, Edwin F. . . .
Atkins, Mrs. E. F. . .
Atwater, Charles B..
.A.uchincloss,Mrs.E.S.
.A.uchincloss, J. W. . .
Audubon Association

of the Pacific

Audubon Bird Club

of Erasmus Hall . .
Audubon Bird Club

of Indiana

Audubon Society of

Buffalo

.\udubon Society of

Evansville (Ind.)..
Audubon Society of

Ft. Smith

Audubon Society of

Irwin (Pa.)

Audubon Society of

Missouri

Audubon Society of

New Hampshire. .
.\udubon Society of

Sewickley Valley. .
Audubon Society of

Skaneateles

$5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00

1 00
10 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00

5 00
1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

List of Members

533

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Audubon Society of

South Carolina ... $5 oo
Audubon Society of

Western Pa S 00

Auerbach, Joseph S.. 5 00

Augusta Bird Club. 5 00

Augustus, A. A 5 CO

Austin, Francis B.. . 5 00

Averill, Miss F. M... i 00

Averj^, Mrs. M. S. . . 5 00

Averj^ Samuel P.. . . 10 00

Avis, Edward 5 00

Ayer, C. F 5 00

Ayres, Harry M 5 00

Baber, Miss C 5 00

Babcock, K. C 5 00

Bachmann, X. H.. . . 5 00

Bachrach, L. F 5 00

Backus, Alexander. . 5 00

Bacon, Miss E. S.. . . 5 00

Bacon, Mrs. F. E... . 10 00

Bacon, Miss H. R.. . 5 00

Bacon, The Misses. . 2 00

Bacon, Miss M. P.. . 5 00

Badeau, Joseph N.. . 5 00

Bacr, Harry E 5 00

Baetjen, Mrs. F. H.. 5 00

Bagle}-, George G. . . 5 00

Bailey, Mrs. A. T. . . 5 00

Bailey, Mrs. C. E.. . 5 00

Bailey, Henry T 5 00

Bain, Hugh A 5 00

Bainbridge, Mrs. M.

H 5 00

Baird, Wyllys W.. ., 500

Baker, Mrs. C. M.. . 10 00

Baker, George L. . . . 5 00

Baker, Ira H 5 00

Baker, W. E 5 00

Balch, Henry G 5 00

Baldrige, J. M 5 00

Baldwin Mrs. A. D.. 5 00

Baldwin, A. H 5 00

Baldwin, Mrs. C. R.. 5 00

Baldwin, Mrs. E. E.. 3 00

Baldwin, George J... 5 00

Baldwin, Miss M. E. 5 00

Baldwin, Miss S. R.. 5 00

Balkam, Mrs. W. F.. 5 00

Balke. R. F i 00

Ball, -Miss Alice E.. . 5 00

Ball, .Miss Helen A.. 5 00

Ball, T. Arthur 5 00

Balhintine, Isabel A. 5 00

Ballard, S. M 5 00

Ballin, Hugo 5 00

Bamberger, Miss. ... 5 00

Bancroft, Mrs. W. V. 10 00

Bangs, !•'. R 10 00

Banks, .Mr. and Mrs.

George \V 10 00

Banks, The Misses. . 5 00

Banning, Leland G.. 5 00

Baralt, Luis A., Jr... S5 00

Barber, Mrs. H. M.. 2 00

Barber, W. V i 00

Barbour, W. T 5 00

Barclay, Miss E 5 00

Barden, Ed. T 5 00

Baring, Thomas. ... 5 00

Barker, .A. O i 00

Barker, Mrs. L 5 00

Barker, Miss Nellie . 3 00

Barksdale, H. M.. . . 10 00

Barlow, Mrs. F. R... 5 00

Barnard, Hon. Job. . 5 00

Barnes, Miss A. H... 5 00

Barnes, H. B i 00

Barnes, J. Sanford. . 5 00

Barney, Mrs. C. T... 5 00

Barney, Mrs. J. S. . . 5 00

Barnstein, Lydia. ... 5 00

Barnum, W. M 5 00

Barnum, Mrs. W. M. 5 00

Barr, Miss C. F 6 50

Barr, Mrs. T. F 3 00

Barrell, Finley 5 00

Barrere, Masters

Claude & Gabriel, i 00

Barrett, Mrs. R. R.. 5 00

Barrett, W. H 5 00

Barri, Mrs. John A.. 5 00

Barrie, Mrs. E. S.. . . 5 00

BarroU, H. C 5 00

Barroli, Joseph R... . 5 00

Barron, (ieorge D. . . 5 00

Barrows, Mrs. F. K.. 5 00

Barrows, Mrs. M.. . . 5 00

Barstow, Mrs. F. Q.. 5 00

Barstow, Mrs. M. W. 4 00

Bartlett, Mrs. C. T., 5 00

Bartlett, Clay 5 00

Bartlett, Mrs. H. . . . 10 00

Bartlett, Mrs. J. \V.. 5 00
Bartlett, Master W.T. i 00

Bartol, Miss E. H.. . 5 00

Bartol, Mrs. H. (;.. . i 00

Bartol, Mrs. J. \V. . . 5 00

Barton, Mrs. Boiling 5 00

Barton, Miss E. R... 1000

Barton, Mrs. F. O.. . 5 00
Barton, Mrs. H. H.,

Jr 5 00

Barton, Mrs. N. B... 5 00

Bartow, Mrs. H. B., 5 00

Bass, Mrs. I'erkins. . 5 00

Bassford, Mrs. L. C. 5 00

Batchelor, Miss Inez 5 00

Bates, Miss K. L.. . . 5 00

Bates, V. W 5 00

Haulch, .Mrs. J. I*. . 5 00

liausch, William ... 5 00

iia.xtcr, H. F 5 00

Bayard, .Mrs. T. F... 5 00

Bayer, Mrs. E. S.. . . 5 00

Baylies, Edmund L.. 5 00

Bayne, Mrs. H

Bayne, Mrs. L. P... .

Bayne, Paul

Beach, Mrs. H. H. A.
Beadle, Miss L. R.. .
Beaham, Mrs. G. T..

Beal, Mrs. J. H

Beall, Mrs. LA

Beals, Mrs. P. P. . . .
Beardslee, Mrs. L. R.
Beardsley, Mrs. O. D.
Beaux, Miss Cecilia .
Beckett, Mrs. C. H.

Beckwith, T., Jr

Bedford Audubon

Society (The)

Beebe, Walter

Beebe, Mrs. W

Beebe, Mrs. W.H.H.
Beemer, Mrs. W. H..
Beer, Mrs. Edwin. . .

Beer, Mrs. G. L

Beer, Mrs. Julius. . .
Behrend, Dr. O. F...
Behrens, L. H., M.D.

Beitz, R. A

Belknap, E. W

Bell, Mrs. D. M

Bell, Mrs. Gordon.. .
Bell, John C, Jr. . . .
Beller, William F....
Bellinger, Miss M.

Belloni, Mrs. L. J.. .

Bement, Mrs. G

Bement, Mrs. W. P..
Bemis, Mrs. F. B... .
Bemish, Mrs. W. H..
Benedict, Annie L.. .
Benedict, Mrs. C. E.
Benedict, Miss C. J..
Benedict, Theo. H.. .
Benedict, Mrs. W. L.

Beneke, Henry

Benet, Miss Lillian. .
Benjamin, Mrs. .\. B.
Benjamin, Mrs. J... .
Bcnkard, Harrv H...
Benkard, J. Phillip..
Bennett, Mrs. I). C.
Bennett, John H. . . .
Bennett, John Ira. . .
Benninghofen, Miss

Carrie

Benson, Miss Mary.

Bent, Arthur C

Bent, Miss C. M.. . .
Bcntley, Mrs. S. M..
Benton, Andrew .\...

Bercovich, II

ikrgo, .Miss M. T. . .
Berlin, Mrs. D. B.. .
Bernheim, H. J

$5 00
5 00
5 00

ID 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

1 50
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

15 00
2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 50
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

534

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Bcrnhcim, Mrs. I. J.

IJernhcim, I. W

liernheim, Mrs. Lee.

Berrien, Mrs. I-". 1)..

Berry, Miss K. M.. .

Berry, Miss L. 1).. ..

Belts, Alfred

Belts, Mrs. K. K.. . .

Belts, Samuel K

Beveridge, Mrs. A. J.

Bevier, Miss K

Bevin, Leander A. . .

Beyer, Eugene O.. . .

Bickmore, Mrs. A. S.

Bicknell, Miss E. C.

Bicknell, Mrs. E. T..

Biddle, Miss E. W...

Biddlc, Mrs. George.

Biddle, William C. .

Bidwell, Addison B..

Bidvvell, Mrs. M. B..

Bierwerlh,Mrs. H. A.

Bigelow, Miss E. B..

Biggar, Dr. H. F.. . .

Bigler, Mrs. F. S.. . .

Biglovv, Mrs. L. H...

Bijur, Abraham

Bill, Nathan D

Billard, Mrs. J. L. . .

Billings, Elizabeth . .

Billings, Franklin S..

Bingham, Miss M.. .

Binne)', Mrs. John. .

Birch, Hugh T

Bird, ]Miss Anna C. .

Bird, Charles S

Bird Club of Long
Island (The)......

Bird Conservation
Club (The)

Bird, Mrs. J. B

Birdlovers' Club of
Brooklyn

Bishop, Miss A. H...

Bishop, Dr. L. B.. . .

Bishopric, Mrs. A.. .

Black, Mrs. Frank S.

Black, George P

Blackburn, N. T.. . .

Blackinlon, Mrs. R..

Blackmer, Mrs. F. B.

Blackstone, Jessie E.

Blade, Mrs. William
M., Jr

Blagden, Miss L

Blair Co. Game, Fish
and Forestry Asso-
ciation

Blair, C. Ledyard. . .

Blair, Gist

Blair, T. S., Jr

Blake, Miss Isabel . .

Blake, Mrs. S. P. . . .

§5 CO

2 GO

2 OO

lO OO

5 OO

1 GO

5 oo

5 OG

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5 oo

I oo

5 oo

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5 oo

2 oo

S oo

Blake, Mrs. T

Blake, Mrs. T. W.. .
iilakeslee, Theron J.

(In Memoriam). . .
Blakislon, Miss E. . .
Blanchard,Miss Anne

Blanchard, Mrs. E. J.
Blanchard, John A. .
Blaney, Miss H. C...
Blashfield, Mrs. E.H.
Blatz, William C. . .

Bliss, Harriet M

Bliss, Mrs. W. P.. . .
Block, Dr. E. Bates.
Blocki, Mrs. F. W...
Blodgett, Mrs. W. T.
Blood, Mrs. CO....
Bloomingdale, Miss

Laura A

Blue, Mrs. C. E

Blumenthal, F

Boardman, Miss C.

Boardman, Miss E.

Boardman, Mrs. L...
Boardman, Miss S...
Boardman, Mrs. W.

Boericke, Mrs. G.. . .
Boericke, Mrs. J. J. .
Boesmann, Henr}'. . .
Boettger, Mrs. T.. . .

Bole, Ben P

Bole, Mrs. Ben P... .

Boiling, R. C

Boiling, Stanhope. . .
Bolter, Miss A. E. . .
Boltz, Miss Clara M.

Bond, Henry

Bond, S. N

Bonnett, Charles P..
Boocock, Miss M... .
Boodj', ]\Irs. Edgar..
Booth, Mrs. H. M...

Booth, H. W

Borden, Mrs. E. L...
Borg, Mrs. Sidney C.
Borland, William G..
Borne, Mrs. John E.

Borsl, George H

Bosworlh, Mrs. W.

Bouer, Mrs. E. A... .
Boulton, William B..
Bourne, Frederick G.
Bourne, Mrs. H. E. .
Bouton, Mrs. E. H. .

Bovvden, J. G

Bowdish, B. S

Bowditch, Charles P.
Bowditch, Edward. .

$5 GO

5 oo

lO GO

5 oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
I oo

GO
OO
GO
OO
lO OO

S OO

5 OO

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

15 GO

10 00

10 GO

5 00

I GO

5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 oo
5 00
5 00
5 oo

10 GO

5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00

5 OG
25 GO

5 00

Bowditch, James H..
Bovvdoin, Miss E. G.
Bo wen, Mrs. J. A. . .
Bowen, Miss J. H. . .

Bower, C. P

Bowles, Miss E

Bowles, Mrs. H. L...

Bowles, Mrs. S

Bowman, James. . . .

Bowstead, H. G

Boyd, Mrs. H. W. . .
Boyd, Dr. James P..
Boyd, Mrs. John Y..
Boye, Mrs. F. N. . . .
Boyle, Edward J. . . .
Boyles, Mrs. C. D.. .
Bradford, Miss E. F.
Bradford, Mrs. C. M.
Bradford, Miss D. S.
Bradford, Mrs. G. C.
Bradlee, Mrs. E. C. .

Bradlee, F. J

Bradley, A. C

Bradley, Almira T. .
Bradley, Mr. and

Mrs. E. A

Bradley, E. R

Bradley, Mrs. M. A.
Bradley, Dr. M. S...

Bradley, Peter B

Bradley, Robert S.. .
Bradley, Mrs. W. B.
Bradley, William P..

Bradshaw, F

Brady, Dr. J. E

Brady, Paul T

Bragden, J. W

Brakele}^ Joseph.. . .
Brandegee, Mrs. E.D.
Brandegee, Miss E. S.
Brandegee, Miss F. S.
Brandegee, Miss K. .
Brandcis, I\Irs. A...

Brandes, Julius

Brandt, Mrs. Carl.. .
Braylon, Mrs. H. A.

Brazen, Jacob

Brazier, H. BartoL. .
Brazier, Mrs. J. H.. .
Brecher, Leonard C
Breckenridge, Miss

Annie L

Breed, H. L

Breneiser, S. G

Brett, Everett J

Breuchaud, Mrs. J...
Brewer, Edward M..
Brewer, Mr. and

Mrs. Joseph

Brewer, Miss L. S.. .

Brewer, Miss R

Brewington, Julia R.
Brewster, Mrs. B. E.

List of Members

535

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Brewster, Mrs. F. F.
Brewster, Mrs. W. S.

Brewster, W. T

Bridge, Edmund. . . .

Bridge, Mrs. E

Bridge, F. W

Bridges, Miss F

Briggs. Mrs. L. V. . .
Briggs, Mrs. P. D.. .
Brigham, Mrs. C . .
Brightman, Mrs. H. I.

Brill, Dr. A. A

Brindell, C. A. (In

Memoriam)

Bristol, Mrs. E. S.. .
Bristol, John I. D.. .
Brock, Mrs. R. C. H.
Broderson, Andrew..

Brokaw, Irving

Bromley, Joseph 11..
Bronk, Mrs. Henry..
Bronson, Dr. E. B.. .
Bronson, Mrs. J. H..
Bronxville Bird Clu"b

Brookes, II. J

Brookline Bird Club

(The)

Brooks, Miss M. W..

Brooks, Paul A

Brooks, W

Brooks, Walter D.. .
Brooks, Mrs. W. T. .

Broome, Mrs. T

Brower

Brown

lirown

Brown

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

ID oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
S oo
5 oo
5 oo

Miss L. S.. .

Abbott

Mrs. A. M...

Mrs. B

Mrs. C. A.. .

C. M

Mrs. C. S. . .
Clarence H..
Davenport. .
Elisha R. . . .
Miss Ella . . .
Mrs. F. G.. .
Mrs. F. F.. .

I'-Q

Mrs. F. Q.. .
Mrs. G. A.. .
George W. . .
Harry W.. . .
J. .\dams. . .
Mrs. J. S...
Mrs. J. T... .

Dr. 1

L. S

Miss M. B...
Miss M. C...
Dr. M. M...
Nathan C. . .

I'hili|) G

Ronald K. . .
Samuel B... .

5 oo
3 oo
5 oo
S oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

20 oo

5 oo
5 oo

1 oo
5 oo
5 oo

2 oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

5 oo

6 oo
2 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

2 oo
lO OO

5 OO
5 OO

I OO

5 OO
5 oo
5 OO
5 OO
5 oo
5 oc
I oo
5 oo
I oo
I oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

Brown, Mrs. T. M... $s oo

Browne, D. L lo oo

Browning, Mrs. J. H. 5 00

Browning, Mr.^. K.. . 5 00

Browning, W. C 5 00

Browning, W. H 5 00

Bruce, Mary A 5 00

Bruen, Frank 5 00

Bruette, William. ... 5 00

Bruner, Mrs. H. L... 5 00

Brunsman, Mrs. A. G. 500

Brunswick, Mrs. E. . 5 00

Bryant, Dr. C. H... . 5 00

Bryant, M. L 5 00

Buckner, M. N 5 00

Buel, Miss K. L 10 00

Buffum, Mrs. W. P.. 2 00
Bugbee, Mis.= E. D.

and E. H. B kcr.. . 15 00

Bulkeley, Alpl.eus T. 1000

Bulkley, Jonathan . . 5 00

Bull, Archibald H . . 5 00

Bull, M 5 00

BuUard, Mrs. E. P . 5 00

Bullard, Miss K. L.. 5 00

Bunce, James H 5 00

Bunn, C. W 5 00

Bunting, W. M i 00

Burckhardt, Miss E.. 5 00

Burden, James A.. . . 10 00

Burdick, Miss M. G. 10 00

Burgess, John K 5 00

Burgess, Miss S. K. . 5 00

Burgoyne, C. L 5 00

Burke, Mrs. A 2 00

Burke, Mrs. S 5 00

Burnett, Mrs. F. M.. 2 00

Burnett, Miss F. H.. 5 00

Burnham, Mrs. C. L. 5 00

Burnham, Mrs. E. F. 10 00
Burnham, Mrs. G.,

Jr 5 00

Burnham, Mrs. J. A. 5 00

Burnham, J. B 5 00

Burnham, Mrs. J. K. 5 00

Burnham, Miss M. C. 5 00

Burns, Olivia P 5 00

Burpee, David 5 00

Burr, Winthroj) 10 00

Burrill, Prof. A. C. . 5 00

Burrill, M. S 5 00

Burritt, Mrs. C. P... 5 00
Burroughs- .\udubon

Nature Club 5 00

Burroughs Junior

Audubon Society.. 5 00
Burroughs, Miss L.

C 5 00

Burt, Miss Edith. . . 3 00

Burt, Mrs. John H. . i 00

Burt, Miss M. T. . . . 5 00

Hurtch, V'ercti 5 00

Burton, Mrs. E. F... 2 00

Burton, Master H.. . $5 00

Burton, Robert M. . 10 00

Bush, W. T 5 00

Bushnell, Mrs. H. L. 10 00

Bushnell, Robert G. . 5 00

Bushnell, Mrs. W. G. 5 00

Butcher, Howard. . . 5 00

Butler, Mrs. A. W... 5 00

Butler, Miss E. O.. . 5 00

Butler, Miss F. C. . . 5 00

Butler, Mrs. H. R.. . 5 00

Butler, Willard P... . 5 00

Butterworth,Mrs. W. 2500

Button, Mrs. W. H.. 5 00

Buttrick, Helen B.. . 5 00

Butts, Mrs. E. P.. . . 5 00

Byers, J. Frederic. . . 5 00

Byington, Mrs. L. J. 5 oc

Byrne, James 5 00

Cabot, Amy W i 00

Cabot. Henry 5 00

Cabot, Mrs. H. B. . . 10 00

Cabot, Mary R 5 00

Cabot, Powell M ... 5 00
Cabot- Ward, Mrs

George 5 00

Caduc, Eugene E... . 5 00

Cad}', Mrs. G. W. . . i 50

Cady, Walter G . . . . i 00

Cady, William H.. . . 5 00

Caesar, Henry A. ... 5 00

Cahoone, W. B i 00

Caldwell, Mrs. J. H.. 5 00

Caldwell, R.J 15 00

Caldwell, Dr. S. L.. . 5 00
California .\udubon

Society 5 00

Calkins, Mrs. A. H.. 5 00

Calkins, V. G 2 00

Calkins, Mrs. W. ... i 00

Callaway, W. T 5 00

Gallery, Mrs. D 5 00

Cammann, Missl. M. 500

Campbell, Donald.. . 8 00

Camjjbell, MrsT. B.. 5 00

Canby, .Mrs. E. T. . . 5 00

Candee, Lyman 5 00

Cannon, (iabriel. ... 5 00

Carey, Arthur A 3 00

Carey, H. T 5 00

Carey, Miss M. DeP. 5 00

Carlisle, Mrs. W. .\.. 15 00

Carlton, Gen. C. H.. 5 00

Carmalt, Mrs. W.. . . 5 00
Carman, Mr. and

Mrs. C. W 5 00

Carman, Mrs. X. G.. 3 00

Came, Mrs. C. E.. . . 3 00

Carnes, W. F 5 00

Cams, Arthur I). . . . 5 00
Carola and Her bro-
thers 5 00

Carolan, Francis. ... 5 00

536

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Carpenter, Alice E...

Carpenter, C. L

Carpenter Mrs. E. M.
Carpenter, Mrs. G.

Carpenter, Raljih G.

Carr, Moses F

Carr, Mrs. S. C

Carson, Robert I). . .
Carstens, Dr. J. H.. .
Carter, Mrs. E. A., .

Carter, F. H

Carter, Howard W. .

Carter, John E

Carter, Mrs. J. W. . .
Carter, Mr. and Mrs.

Richard B

Carter, S. T., Jr

Carter, S. T., Sr. . . .
Carver, Mrs. Charles

Cary, Fred A

Case, Mrs. Frank C.

Case, Mrs. G. B

"L. L. C."

Case, Miss M. R.. . .

Casebolt, E. T

Casement, Mrs. F. M.
Casey, Edward P... .

Caskey, Paul D

Casney, R. C

Castle, Dr. F. E

Castleman, Mrs. G.

Catlin, Miss L. E... .

Caulkins, B. B

Cayuga Bird Club

(The)

Cazzam, Olivia

Ceballos, Lieut., J.

Cerf, Mrs. L. A

Chace, Fenncr A. . . .
Chadbourne, Mrs. T.

Chadwick, E. D

Chafee, Mrs. Z

Chalfanl, Miss I. C.
Chamberlain, C. W.
Chamberlain, E. F...
Chamberlain, H. P. .
Chamberlain, Mrs.

Joseph P

Chamberlain, Miss

Mary L

Chambcrlaine, Mrs.

C. F

Chamberlin, Miss A.

Chamberlin, Mrs. E.

F. P

Chamberlin, G. N.. .

Chambers, F. R

Chandler, Alexander.

$5 oo

lO GO
2 OO

5 OO

5 oo

6 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
I 50
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

4 00
10 00
10 00
10 00

1 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
2 00

5 00
5 00

5 00

5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
I 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

25 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Chandler, Mrs. J. B. $5 00

Chandler, Miss Jane. 5 00

Chapin, Mrs. E. F... 5 00

Chapin, Mrs. H. B. . 5 00

Chajiin, Homer C. . . 5 00

Chapin, Mrs. H. C. . 5 00

Chapin, Miss M. B.. 5 00

Chapin, Mrs. Rufus. 5 00

Chapman, B. G 5 00

Chapman, Mrs. E.. . 5 00

Chapman, Dr. F. M. 5 00

Chapman, H. H 5 00

Chapman, John D.. . 5 00

Chapman, Mrs. J. J. 10 00

Chapman, Silas, Jr. . 2 00

Chapman, Mrs. S. H. 5 00

Chappell Mrs. D.. . . 5 00

Chappell, Wm. S.. . . 2 00

Chase, Mrs. F. M. . . 5 00

Chase, Frederick S. . 10 00

Chase, Mrs. H. E... . 5 00

Chase, Irving H 5 00

Chase, Mrs. M. C. B. 5 00

Chase, Sidney 5 00

Chase, Mrs. T 5 00

Chatard, Miss E. A.. 10 00
Chautauqua Bird and

Tree Club 5 00

Cheesman, M. R.. . . i 00

Cheever, James G. . . 5 00

Chene}^ Mrs. A 5 00

Cheney, Frank, Jr. . . 5 00
Cheney, Mr. and

Mrs. George L.. . . 5 00

Cheney, Mrs. Howell i 00

Chenej^ Louis R. . . . 5 00

Cheney, Miss Mary. 5 00

Cheney, Mrs. M. R.. 5 00

Child, Mrs. A. D... . 100

Child, Rev. D. R.... 100

Child, John H 5 00

Childs, Mrs. C. H. , . 5 00

Childs, Mrs. H. B.. . 5 00

Childs, S. W 5 00

Childs, William, Jr. . 5 00

Chiles, R. A 5 00

Chilton, H. P 10 00

Choate, Miss C 5 00

Choate, Miss Mabel. 5 00

Choate School (The) 2 00

Chouteau, Pierre, Jr. 5 00

Christian, Arthur, . . i 50

Christian, Miss E. . . 5 00

Christian, Mrs. ISL H. i 50

Christian, Susan. ... 1 1 00

Christie, Mrs. R. E.. 5 00
Christ Memorial

Church School. ... i 00

Church, C. T 10 00

Church, E. D 10 00

Church, F. S 5 00

Church, Mrs. G 5 00

Church, Morton L... s 00

Cimmons, Mrs. T. .

Civic League

Civic League o
Beaufort

Clapp, George H.. .

Cla[)p, Miss Helen .

Clark, Miss .\nna B

Clark, Miss A. M. .

Clark, Mrs. CD...

Clark, Mrs. C. E.. .

Clark, Mrs. C. H...

Clark, Dr. C. P. . . .

Clark, Mrs. D. R...

Clark, E. F., Jr. . . .

Clark, Miss E. M. .

Clark, Edward H...

Clark, Mrs. E. H.. .

Clark, Miss E. B.. .

Clark, Miss E. M. .

Clark, Emily L

Clark, Miss E. V.. .

Clark, F. Ambrose .

Clark, George H. . .

Clark, Mrs. G. M. .

Clark, Grace E

Clark, Henry A. . . .

Clark, Howard L.. .

Clark, Dr. John D..

Clark, Mrs. J. D.. .

Clark, Mrs. L. E.. .

Clark, Miss L. E.. .

Clark, Miss L. H...

Clark, Mrs. N

Clark, Walter L... .

Clarke, Mrs. F. M..

Clarke, Miss H. E.

Clarke, Miss L. F. .

Clarke, Mrs. P. O. .

Clarke, Mrs. T. B.
Jr

Clarke, Thomas S. .

Clarke, Dr. Wm. C.

Clarke, iMr. and Mrs
W. H

Clarkson, David A.

Clary, Miss E. T.. .

Claudcr, Rudolph. .

Clayburgh, Albert..

Cleaver, Mrs. A. N.

Clements, Mrs. G. H.

Clerk, Mrs. A. G.. . .

Cleveland Bird
Lovers' Associa-
tion

Cleveland, Mrs. C. .

ClilTord, Mrs. F. H..

Clift, Mrs. C. E

Clinch, Judge E. S.

Clise, J. W., Jr

Clock, Fred H

Closson, E. W

Closson, H. B

Clowes, F. J

2.=;

List of Members

537

ANNUAL M

Clyde, Mrs. G. W.. . $s oo

Cobb, Miss A. W... . 5 00

Cobb. Edward H,. . . i 00

Cobb, Mrs. J. S 5 00

Cocheu, Dr. L. F.. . . 5 00

Cochran, G. D 5 00

Cochran, IMrs. I. W.. i 00

Cochrane, Alexander 5 00

Cochrane, W. S 5 00

Cock, Charles A 5 00

Cockcroft, Miss M.

T 500

Cockerill, Charles G. 5 00
Cocoanut Gro\'e

Audubon Society. 5 00

Codnian, Miss C. A.. 5 00

Coe, Mrs. Kate F. . . 2 00

Coffel, Hal H 500

Coffin, I. S 5 00

Coghlin, Peter A. . . . 5 00

Cogswell, Miss M. E. 10 00

Cohn, Mrs. J. M.. . . 5 00

Coker, Major J. L.. . 5 00

Colburn, Miss N. E.. 10 00

Colby, Mrs. F. B.... 5 00
Cole, Mrs. Adelina A.

(In Memoriani). . . 10 00

Cole, ]\Irs. Ansel ().. 5 00

Cole, Mrs. C. J 5 00

Cole, Mrs. R. C 5 00

Coles, Miss J. \V. ... 5 00

Colgate, Mrs. A. W.. 10 00

Colgate, Hope H.. . . 5 00

Colgate, K. R 10 00

Collar, Mrs. ^lillon. i 50

Collard, Miss Clara. 5 00

Collier, Barron (J... . 5 00

Collier, Robert J.. . . 5 00

Collins, E. S 5 00

Collins, Homer i 50

Collins, Mrs. L. D... 5 00

Collins, Miss M. C, 5 00

Colman, Mrs. L. A.. 1 00

Colon, George E. . . . 5 00
Colorado Audubon

Societj' 10 00

Colorado Museum of

Natural History, . 10 00

Colton, Miss C. W. . 5 00
Colton, Mrs. Sabin

W., Jr. . . . 5 00

Columbia Bird Clul). 5 00

Comfort, Miss .Annie 5 00

Comly, kol)crt R.. . 5 00

Comsloi k, Miss E.. . 5 00

Comstock, Miss E. C. 5 00

Comslock, J. F 5 00

Comstock, Mrs. R. I{. 5 00

Comstock, W.J 5 00

Conant, Miss ('. H. 5 00

Conanl, lOrnist I,.. 5 00

Concord School 5 00

Cone!, Mrs. I . I •.. 5 00

EMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Coney, Mrs. G. H.. .
Coney, Miss K. E. . .
Congdon, Mrs. H. L.
Conklin, Mrs. W. B.

Conley, Louis D

Connecticut Audubon

Society

Connell, Herbert S...
Constable, Mrs. F. A.
Converse, Miss M. E.
Cook. Mrs. A. E. . . .
Cook, Mrs. C. T.. . .
Cook, Frederic W. . .
Cook, Mrs. H. N... .

Cook, Mrs. Jos

Cook, Mildred E.. . .

Cook, Paul

Cook, Mrs. R. H.. . .
Cooke, Mrs. H. P. . .
Coolev, Charles P. . .
Cooley, Miss E. S. . .
Coolidge, Elizabeth

and Lawrence. . . .
Coolidge, Francis L..

Coolidge, J. R

Coolidge, Mrs. L. A.
Coolidge, Miss O. P.

Coonley, Mrs. P

Cooper, Howard M..
Cooper Mrs. J. C. . .
Cooper, Rev. J. F. . .

Coors, A

Cope, Miss E

Cope, F. R., Jr

Cope, Mrs. Walter. .
Cope. Mrs. W. B... .
Copcland, Mrs. C. . .
Corbin, Richard B.. .
Corbin, Mrs. W. H..
Cordcs, William ....

Core, John I)

Coriethers, Mrs. ^L.
Corlies, Miss M. L. .
Corlies, Mrs. S. F. . .
Corliss, Miss M. L. .

Cornell, H. P

Cornell, Mrs. H. P. .
Cornet, Henry S. . . .
Cornet t, Gardner. . .
Corning, Miss E. A..
Corning, John H. . . .
Corning, Miss M. I..

Cornwall, (i. H

Cornwall. H. C

Cor\', Daniel W

Cotting, Charles 10...
Cottinghum, Mrs. W.

Coulby, Mrs. Harry.
Couscns, John A. . .
Cover, Harvey S. . .
Cowdin, Winthrop .
Cowles, W. H

$5 00

5 00

2 50

I 00

5 00

25 00

2 00

5 00

S 00

5 00

2 00

I 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

S 00

5 00

3 00

10 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

50 00

2 00

5 00

Cowperthwait, J. H.. $5 00

Cox, Douglas F 5 00

Cox, John L 5 00

Coxe, Mrs. Brinton . 10 00

Coxe, Mrs. C. B 5 00

Coykendall, Mrs. E.. 5 00

Coyle, Miss C. L.. . . 10 00

Coyle, Mrs. J. E.. . . 5 00

Coyle, Mrs. W. R. . . 5 00

Crabb, Robert 5 00

Crabbe, Miss L. R... 5 00

Crabbe, Miss ]\L G.. 5 00

Crafts, John W 5 00

Cragin, Miss C. L.. . 5 00

Cramer, Mrs. A 5 00

Cramer, Mrs. Joseph i 00

Crane, Mrs. A. A.. . 5 00

Crane, Miss C. L.. . . 20 00

Crane, Mrs. C. R... . 5 00

Crane, Mrs. Ellen J.. 5 00

Crane, Mrs. H. W.. . 2 00

Crane, Mrs. J. H.. . . 10 00

Crane, R. T., Jr 5 00

Crans, Miss L. C. . . 5 00
Cranshaw, Mr. and

Mrs. J. T SCO

Cranston, Miss L.. . . 5 00

Craven. Frank 5 00

Crawford, G. E 5 00

Crawford, R. L 10 00

Crawford, William . . 5 00

Crawford, W. H 5 00

Creevey, Mrs. J. K.. 5 00

Crehore, Miss E. T.. 5 00

Crehore, Frederic ^L 5 00

Crehore, Miss Sybil. 5 00
Creighton, Miss E. S. 5 00
Crenshaw, Mrs. W.

G., Jr 5 00

Cristadoro, Alex. ... 5 00
Crittenden, Miss V.

E 2 00

Crocker, David 5 00

Crocker, Mrs. D 1000

Crocker, G. A., Jr. . . 5 00
Crocker, Mr. and Mrs.

Kendall F 5 00

Crocker, W 10 00

Crocker, Wm. H.. . . 10 00

Crocker, Rev. W. T. 5 00

Crockett, Mrs. J. B.. 5 00

Cromie, Mrs. G. H. . 5 00

Crompton, Miss C. E. 5 00

Crompton, Miss AL. 5 00

Crosby, G. \ 5 00

Crosi)y, John C" 5 00

Crosby, Mrs. S. \'. R. 5 00

Crosljy, William S. . 5 co

Cross, Mrs. H. P. . 5 00

Crossell, Mrs. L. .\. (> 00

Grouse, (U-orge, Jr.. 5 00

Grouse, J. Rol)erl . . 5 00

Crow, I'rof. J. W. . . 5 00

538

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

C'rowcll, Mrs. ('.. K..
C'rowninshield, Mrs.

I'rancis H

Cruft, (ieorKC T

Cruikshank, Warren.

Crum[), B. F

Crump, Dr. Walter

Gray, Jr

Culbertson, Ur. E. B.
Cullman, Miss Z. . . .
Cumberland Count}'

Audubon Societj'..
Cummings, Mrs. C.

A., Jr

Cummins, Miss Anne

Cummins, Miss E. I.

Curie, Charles

Currier, B. H

Curry, Mrs. J. B.. ..
Curtis, Mrs. C. B....
Curtis, Frederick B..
Curtis, Mrs. F. S... .
Curtis, Mrs. J. B., . ,
Curtis, Mrs. M. :M..
Curtis, Mrs. Warren.
Curtis, W^illiara E. . .

Curtis, A. S

Curtiss, Louis L

Curtiss, Miss Sophia
Cushing, Mrs. E. F..

Cushing, F. W

Cushing, J. C

Cushing, Miss M. W.
Cushing, Milton L...
Cushman, Miss A. . .
Cushman, Mrs. H. I.
Cutler, Mr. and Mrs.

Dwight

Cutler, Edward H.. .
Cutler, Elbridge G...
Cutler, Mrs. R. W...
Cutler, Miss S. B... .
Cutler, Mrs. T. D.. .
Cutter, Dr. G. W... .

Cutter, Ralph L

Cutting, A. Wayland
Cutting, Robert F.. .
Cuyler,Mrs.T.DeW.

Daft, A. C

Dake, Mrs. Wm. W.
Dalton, Mrs. Wm. . .
Dana, Miss Ada. . . .
Dana, Miss E. A.. . .

Dana, E. S

Dana, Mrs. H. W. . .
Dana, Miss M. T... .

Dana, R. H

Dana, S. F

Dane, Mrs. F. S

Danforth, Mrs. G. H.
Danforth, Mrs. H. G.
Danner, Mrs. M. S..

>5 °°

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

s oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

15 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
2 00
S 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

1 00

2 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
7 00
I 00
5 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Danville Bird Club..

Danziger, J. M

Danziger, Max

Darlington, Mrs.C.F.
Darlington Mrs. H.S.
Darlington, Miss M.

O'Hara

Daunt, J. H

Davenport, Mrs. E.

Davenport, Fred.

Dav
Dav;
G
Dav
Dav
Davis
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav
Dav

idge, William H.
idson, Mrs. G.

•,Jr

ies, Mrs. H. J. . .
ies, Mrs. J. C. .

Miss Alice. . .

Mrs. A. P... .

Mrs. A. R...

C. H

E. R

George

George P

Mrs. H. G. . .

Henry J

Mrs. Jeffrey..

Mrs. J. C. . . .

Mrs. J. E.. . .

J. Stuart. . . .

William T....

Winfield S... .
ison, Miss A. M.
ison, Miss E. T..
ison, Mrs. S. T..
Davol, Charles J. . . .
Davol, Mrs. Joseph .
Dawes, Miss E. B. . .
Dawes, Miss E. M...

Day, Mrs. A. M

Day, Miss Carrie E..
Day, Mrs. G. H., Sr.

Day, Joseph P

Day, Miss K. S

Day, Miss Mary E. .
Day, Miss Sarah J...

Day, Stephen S

Daykin, E. B

Dean, Mrs. W. J.. . .

de Barry, A

Decker, Mrs. F. A...
Decker, Robert G. . .
de Coppet, Mrs. E. J.
DeForest, Charles S.
De Forest, H. W.. . .

De Forest, Lee

Degener, J. F

DeGraff, James W...
deGroot, Miss E. P.,

De Hart, Miss K. S..

Deibel, F'red

deKoven, Airs. John.
Delafield, Mrs. j. R.

$5 00
S 00
2 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
S 00

5 00

6 50
5 00
5 00

1 50
5 00
S 00
5 00

2 CO

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
S 00

25 00
10 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

15 00

10 00

5 00

5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
2 00
10 00
5 00

Delamar, Miss Alice. $5 00
Delano, Mrs. F". A... 5 00

Delano, Lyman 5 00

Del Drago, Giovanni 5 00
Dellenbaugh, Mrs. F.

S., Jr 10 00

DeLoach, Prof. R.

J.H

Delta Duck Club. . .
DeMilt, Miss A. R. .

Deming, L. C

Dempsey, James H..
Denegre, William P..
Dennen, Rev. K. J...
Dennie, Miss M. H..
Dennis, Mrs. C.C.R.

Dennis, Dr. L

Dennison, Henry S..
Denny, Miss E. L.. .
Denslow, Rev. H. M.,

D.D

DePree, Dr. S. B... .
Derby, Mrs. G. S....

Derr, Miss K

deSchenensee, R. M.
DeSola, Mrs. J. C. .

Despard, C. L

Despard, W. D

Detroit Audubon

Society 5 00

Detroit Bird Protect-
ing Club 5 00

Detroit Zoological

Society 5 00

Dettmer, J. G 5 00

Devereaux, R. 1 5 00

Devlin, Mrs. J. E... . 5 00
DeVon, Miss M. R.. 3 00
Dewey, Dr. C. A.. . . 10 00
Dewey, Mrs. G. T.. . 5 00

DeWolf, Halsey 2 00

DeWolf, Mrs. H.. . . 5 00
Dexter, Mrs. W. D.. 5 00
Dibble, Mrs. R. W. . 5 00
Dick, Miss E. M.. . . 5 00

Dick, Master S 5 00

Dickey, Donald R.. . 5 00
Dickinson, Mrs. C.P. 5 00

Dickinson, F. R 5 00

Dickson, William C. 5 00
Dietz. Mrs. C. N.. . . 5 00
Dill, Mrs. James B.. 5 00
Dillingham, Mrs. T.

M 5 00

Diman, Miss Louise. 2 00
Dimock, George E... 5 00

Dimock, S. K 5 00

Disston, Mrs. J. S.. . 5 00
Ditson, Mrs. C. H.. . 5 00
Dittmann, Mrs. G.

W 500

Dixey, Mrs. R. C... . 5 00
Dobbins, Miss L. E.. 5 00

List of Members

539

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Dobie, Richard L... .
Dodge, D. Stuart. . .
Dodge, Francis P.. . .
Dodge, Mrs. J. M.. .

Dodge, Louis L

Dolfinger, Emma. . .

Dolph, F. C

Dominick, Mrs. M.

Donald, Mrs. F. C...
Doremus, Mrs. R. P.
Dorman, Mrs. F. W.
Dorr, John V. N. . , .
Dorrance, Lt. S. M..
Doubleday, F. N.. . . i
Doughtj', Mrs.W. H.
Douglass, Miss E.. . .
Douglas, Mrs. James
Douglas, Mrs. W. L.
Douglass, Mrs. C . .

Douglass, R. D

Dow, Miss C. B

Dowd, Heman

Dows, Tracy

Dows, Mrs. Tracy . .
Doylestown Nature

Club

Drake, Isabel A

Draper, C. A

Draper, George A. . .
Draper, Wallace S.. .
Drayton, J. Coleman
Dreier, Theodore.. . .
Drennon, \Vm. M.. .
Dresser, Mrs. H. \V..

Drew, John

Dreyer, Charles

Driver, W. B

Drost, Miss H

Dryden, Miss E. M..
Dryer, Miss L. M. . .
DuBois Bird Club

(The)

DuBois, Mrs. G

DuBois, Dr. M. B. .

DuBois, W. I

Ducharme, F. T

Ducker, Miss Stella.
Dudley, G. E., Jr... .
Dudley, Miss L. F...

Dudley, Mrs. T

Dudley, Mrs. W. B..

Ducr, Miss S. G

Dumaine, F. C

Dumont, Mrs. J. B..
Dunbar, Miss L. H..
Dunbar, Oliver E... .
Duncan, A. Butler. .
Dunham, .Arthur L..
Dunham, Mrs. C. . .
Dunham, Kdward K.
Dunham, Horace C.
Dunlap, D. A

$5 oo
lO oo

5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

5 oo
I oo

25 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
25 00
5 00
5 oc

15 CO

5 00
10 00
5 00
I 00
S 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
8 00

5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Dunn, Mrs. G. B....
Dunn, John W. G.. .
Dunshee, Mrs. W. H.
DuPont, Eugene. . . .
DuPont, Mrs. P. S. .
duPont, Mrs. T. C...
DuPont, Mrs. V., Sr.
duPont, Miss W. H..
Durand, Mrs. W. . . .
Duryee, Miss A. B. .
Dutcher, Abram S...

Dutton, Harry

Du Villard, H. A.. . .

D wight, John E

D wight. Dr. J

Dyer, Mrs. G. R

Dyer, Mrs. Ruth C.
Eager, Mrs. Olive G.

Earle, Henry M

Earle, Osborne

Earle, Samuel L

Eastman, Miss S. C.
East Tennessee

Audubon Society.,
Eaton, Mrs. D. C. .

Eaton, Howard

Eaton, Mary S

Ebeling, Willi H

Eckstein, Mary E. . .
Eddy, Mrs. F. W....
Eddy, William H....
Edgar, William C. . .
Edmands, Mrs. F. . .
Edmonds, Mrs. W.

Edson, W. L. G

Edwards, Mrs. A. D.
Edwards, Miss E. S.
Edwards, Miss H. C.
Edwards, Henry A. .
Edwards, Miss L. J..

Edwards, L. S

Edwards, Mrs. L. S..
Eells, Mrs. M. S.. . .

Ehrich, Robert

Ehrich, Mrs. W. J...
Filers, Miss Meta. . .
r^imer, Mrs. M. L. . .
lusig, Miss Kale. . . .

Eldert"ield, C. J

Elgin Audubon

Society

Eliot, Charles W. . . .
Eliot, Mrs. C. W.. . .
Eliot, Mrs. Ellsworth

Elliot, George B

Elliott, G. F

Ellis, Mrs. L. E

Ellsworth, J. M

Elsworth, Mrs. E. W.
Ely, .Mi.ss Anna W...
Emanuel, J. H., Jr...
Embury, Miss E. C.

$5 00

5 00

10 00

25 00

S 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

3 00

5 00

50 00

5 00

10 oc

5 00

I 00

5 oc

5 00

5 oc

3 00

5 00

IC CO

20 00

5 00

17 oc

5 oc

I CO

5 00

2 00

5 oc

10 00

5 oc

I cc

5 00

2 00

5 00

I oc

5 oc

5 00

Emerson, Mrs. E. W.
Emerson, Julia T.. . .
Emerson, Lowell P. .
Emerson, Sarah H...

Emery, Miss A

Emery, A. H

Emery, Frederick L..
Emery, Miss G. H...

Emery, Miss G

Emery, Miss L. J... .
Emmerich, Miss M..
Emmet, Mrs. L. F...
Emmet, W. L. R.. . .
Emmons, Arthur B..
Emmons, Mrs. A. B.
Enggass, Mrs. B. . . .
Englewood Bird Club

(The)

Ennis, General Wm.

U. S. A

Enos, Louisa I

Erbacher, Mrs. F. H.
Erbsloh, Rudolph. . .
Erickson, Mrs. A. W.
Erlanger, Abraham..
Ernst, Mrs. H. C. . .
Ernst, Richard P.. . .

Erving, W. A

Erving, Wm. V. R...
Eshbaugh, Mrs. M.

Eshbaugh, T. K

Eshner, Mrs. A. A.. .
Essick, William S... .
Estes, Webster C . .
Ettorre, Mrs. F. F...
Eurich, Mrs. E. F. . .
Eustis, Frederick A..
Eustis, Mrs. George.
Eustis, Mrs. M. H...
Eustis, The Misses. .
Evans, Dr. Edward.

Evans, Frank C

Evans, Mrs. L N.. . .
Evans, Miss Mildred
Evans, Wilmol P.. . .

Everett, J. E

Evers, Rev. S. J

Ewart, Richard H..
Ewen, Miss Eliza ^L
Ewing, Mrs. Charles
Fabricius, Dr. J. R. .
Fackler, David P.. . .
Fahnestock, Wiiliani
Fahy, Mrs. John . . .
Fairbanks, Miss C. T.
Fairbanks, Mrs. N.B.

Fairchild, B. T

Fairchild, Mrs. C. S.
Fairchild. Fred R...
Falck, .Mcxander I)..

Falk, H. A

Farley, Arthur C. . .

$5 00
5 00
5 00
I cc
5 00

10 oc

10 oc
5 00

IC cc

IC CO

5 00
5 oc
5 oc
50 00
10 CO
s cc

5 oc
5 oc
I 00
5 00
IC cc
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 CO
5 oc

5 00
5 oc

1 CO

2 00
5 oc
2 cc
5 00
5 oc
5 oc
5 oc
5 00

5 CO

5 00
5 00

2 00
IC cc

5 00
5 oc
5 oc
5 oc
5 oc
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 oc

3 oc
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

540

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Farmington, Henry . S5 00

Farnham, Wallace S. 5 00
Farnsworth, Mrs. C.

1 5 00

Farnum, Henry W... 5 00

Farnum, Mrs. H. W. 5 00

Farquhar, ,\rthur. . . 5 00

Farrar, Miss E. W... 5 00

Farrel, Miss Estelle . 5 00

Farrel, ]\Irs. I'"., Jr. . . 5 00

Farrel, Miss L. E... . 25 00

Farrcll, Mrs. C. P.. . 5 00

Farrell, James C. . . . 5 co

Farrington, L. W.. . . i 00

Farrish Dr. R. C. . . 5 00

Fassctt, J. S 5 00

Fassitt, JNIiss M 10 00

Fassitt. Dr. T 5 00

Faulkner, Miss F. M. 10 00

Fauntlero}', Miss J. . 5 00

Fa.xon, Henrj^ M.. . . 5 00

Fay, Frank S 5 00

Fay, Mrs. H. H 5 00

F , Ormond 200 00

Fay, S. Prescott .... 10 00

Fearhake, Mrs. E. R. 5 00

Fearing, Daniel B.. . 5 00

Fearing, Mrs. M. P.. 5 00

Fearon, Mrs. Charles. 5 00

Fell, Emma T 5 00

Fendall, Mrs. R 5 00

Fenenden, R. G 5 00

Fentress, Mrs. C. . . . 5 00

Ferguson, A. L., Jr.. 5 00

Ferguson, Miss E. D. 5 00

Ferguson, Forrest. . . 5 00

Ferguson, Mrs. H.. . 5 00
Ferguson, Mrs. M.

Van E 5 00

Ferguson, Mrs. W.. . 10 00

Ferris, E. S i 00

Ferris, Miss L J i 00

Fessenden, Judge F.

G 5 00

Feustman, L. P 5 00

Fiebing, J. H 5 00

Field, Charles H. ... 5 00

Field, Miss Elizabeth 5 00

Field, E. B ^00

Field, Mrs. W. B. O. 10 00

Finck, .\bbie H. C 5 00

Finegan, Mrs. T. E.. 5 00

Finley, William L. . . 5 00

Finney, Mrs. E. S.. . 8 00

Firth, Airs. John. ... 2 00

Fischer, Dr. W'm. J.. 6 50

Fish, Albert R 5 00

Fisher, Miss E. W.. . 5 00

Fisher, Frederic A.. . 2 00

Fisher, G. Clyde. ... 5 00

Fisher, Mrs. L T. .. . 5 00

Fisher, Miss Maud . 5 00

Fisher, R. T 10 00

Fisk, .\rlhur I vSs 00

Fisk, Mrs. E. G 5 00

Fisk, Mrs. H. G 5 00

Fiske, E. W 10 00

Fitch. Miss I). C. . . 5 00
Fitchburg Outdoor

Club 5 00

Fitz, Mrs. W. Scott. 20 00

Fitzgerald, M. C. . . . 5 00

Fitzhugh, John D.. . 5 00

Fitzpatrick, T. B.. . . 5 00

Flagg, Miss E. L.. . . 5 00

Flagg, Dr. Elisha ... 5 00

Flagg, Miss H. v.. . . 5 00

Flagg, Mrs. S. G., Jr. 5 00

Fleek, Henrv S 5 00

Fleet, Mrs. J. M. L.. 10 00

Fleischer, Edward.. . 5 00

Fleischmann, Mrs.C. 6 00

Fleisher, Edward.. . . 5 00

Fleitmann, H. C . . 5 00

Fletcher, ]\Iiss A. C 5 00

Fletcher, ISIrs. J. L. . 10 00

Fletcher, Mrs. T. G.. 5 00

Flinn, Mrs. Ralph E.. 5 00

Flinn, William 5 00

Flint, Mrs. Austin. . 5 00

Flint, Charles R 5 00

Florida Audubon

Society 5 00

Flovd, Mrs. E. D... . 2 00

Floyd, Mrs. W. T. . . 5 00

Floyd- Jones, E. H.. . 5 00

Fluhrer, Dr. Wm. F. 5 00

Fobes, William H. . . 5 00

Follett, Richard E. . 5 00

Folsom, Elizabeth K. 5 00

Folsom, Mrs. G. W.. 5 00

Foot, Dr. N. C 5 00

Foot, Sandford D. . . 5 00

Foote. Mrs. E. B.. . . 5 00

Foote, George L 5 00

Forbes, Mrs. A 5 00

Forbes, Edward W. . 5 00

Forbes, Ellen 10 00

Forbes, Mrs. J. M.. . 5 00

Forbes, Mrs. M. J.. . 10 00

Forbes, Mrs. P. R.. . 5 00

I'^orbes, Ralph E 5 00

Ford, A. E 15 00

Ford, Edw. R 5 00

Ford, Mrs. John B. . 10 00

Fordj-ce, George L... 5 00

Fordyce. Mrs. J. A.. 5 00

Foreman, IMiss Grace 500
Forest Hills Gardens

Audubon Society.. 5 00

Forsyth, Mrs. H 5 00

Fortnightly Club

(The) 2 00

Fosburgh, James W.. 5 00

Foshay, Dr. P. M.. . 5 00

Foster, Miss Alice. . . 5 00

Foster, Mrs. C. O. . .
Foster, Miss E. P... .
Foster, Miss Fanny .

Foster, Frank B

Foster, Miss J. R... .
Foster, Miss M. C. .

Foster, M. G

Foster, Miss S. C . .
Foster, William B.. .

Fowle, Seth A

Fowler, Mrs. E. M..
Fowler, George F... .
Fowler, Mrs. M. K..
Fowler, Ralph N.. . .
Fowler, Robert A... .
Fowler, Mrs. R. L.,

Fowler, Mrs. T. P.. .

Fox, Mrs. A. J

Fox, Miss Hannah . .
Fox, Dr. Henry ....

Fox, Mrs. H. W

Fox, Mrs. M. J

Fox, W'illiam

Francis, Henry S.. . .

Frank Brothers

Frank, Mrs. F. J.. . .
Frankenheim, Samuel
Franklin, Miss L.

Franklin Marsh Wren

Club

Franks, R. A

Franzen, Aug

Frasch, Mrs. Herman
Eraser, Miss J. K... .

Eraser, Miss M

Fray, John S

Freeman, Edgar A...
Freeman, Miss H. E.

Freeman, W. W

Freer, A. E

French, .\llen

French, Miss C. A...
French, Daniel C . .

Frenoys, Mrs. G

Freschl, A

Freund, John C

Frcy, Miss C. D

Friend, T. W^

Frisscll, A. S

Frost, Edward I

Frothingham, E. V. .
Frothingham, Mrs. J.

Frothingham, Dr. L.
Frothingham, Mrs. L.
Frothingham, Mrs. R.
Fry, Mrs. Henry. . . .

Fry, H. M

Fuessenich, F. F. . . .
Fuguet, Stephen. . . .
Fuller, Mrs. A. G... .

I.")

List of Members

541

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Fuller, Mrs. A. O....

Fuller, B. A. G

Fuller, Mrs. Eugene.
Fuller, Mrs. G. A... .
Fuller, Mrs. G. F. . .
Fuller, Horace A. . . .
Fuller, :Mrs. H. A.. .

Fuller, \V. E

Fulton, :\Irs. W. S...
Funk, Mrs. C. W...
Furness, Prof. C. E..

Gaff, Z. E

Gage, Miss ^Slabel C.

Gage, Mrs. S. E

Gaillard, Mrs. W. D.

Gale, C. C

Gale, Charles H

Gale, Philip B

Gale, Mrs. T. K

Galle, Miss Louise. .

Gallogly, E. E

Galium, Mrs. A. F...

Galpin, H. L

Gamble, James X.. .
Gammell, Mrs. R. I.
Garber, ^liss L. J. . .
(iarden Club of

Evanston

Ciardiner, C. C. Jr..
Gardiner, Miss S. D.
Gardner. Mrs. A. P..
Gardner, Dr. C. H...
Gardner, Mrs. E. P..
Gardner, Mrs. G. W.

Gardner, P. H

Gardner, Mrs. T. V..
Garitt, Miss E. \V.. .
Garrett, Mrs. E. \V..
Garrett, Miss H. S. .
Garrett, Mrs. P. C...

Garrett, Robert

Garrett, Mrs. T. H.
Garrettson Mrs. V. V.
Garrison, Mrs. \V. V.

Garver, John A

Gates, Dr. A. F

Gates, Mrs. John . , .
Gates, M. H., D.I)..

Gates, R. F

Gauss, Charles E.. . .
Gavit, Mrs. E. P.. . .
Gavit, Miss J. \. . .
GavTtt, William S. . .
Gaylord, Mrs. F. H..

Geddes, F. L

Goer, Mrs. Walter.. .
Geier, Frederic A.. . .
Geicr, Miss Helen. .

Geisenheimcr, T

Gcisscr, Miss M. '1'. .

Gellally, John

Gelpcke, Miss A. C.
(iemmell, R. C

$3 00
10 00
10 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00

6 00
5 00

lo 00
5 00
■5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
00
00

5
5
5
15 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00

4 00

5 00

6 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
1 50
5 00
5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00

George, Edwin S. . . .
George, Mrs. W. W..

Gerdtzen, G. A

Gere, Mrs. K. G

Gerry, Mrs. M. J. H.
Gest, Mrs. Wm. P..

Gherardi, B

Giauque, Florien. . . .

Gibbs, George

Gibbs, H. E. A

Gibbs, Mrs. R. M.. .
Gibson, Mrs. J. H.. .
Gifford, Miss M. N..

(JilTord, Paul C

Gilbert, Miss A. H. .

Gilbert, Mrs. C

Gilbert, Mrs. L. D...
Gilbert, William A...

Gilberston, J. S

Gilchrist, Miss A. T.
Gildehaus, H. W. . . .

Gilholm, Elgin

Gillett, Dr. H. W... .

Gillett, Lucy D

Gillette, Mrs. C

Gillmore, Frank ....
Gillmore, Mrs. James
Gil man. Miss C. T. .

Gilman, Miss C

Gilmore, Clinton G..
Gilmore, Mrs. A. F..

Gilpin, F

Gilpin, Mrs. J. C. . .

Ginn, Frank H

Gladding, John R. . .
Gladwin, Harold S...
Glazier, Mrs. W. S. .

Glenn, John M

Glens Falls Local

Bird Club

Glenville Normal

Bird Club

Glessner, Mrs. J. J. .
Glidden, Mrs. F. A..
Glidden, Mary G.. . .
Goadby, Arthur. . . .
Goddard, Mrs. F. X.
Goddard, Mrs. F. W.
Goddard, Mrs. G. H.
Goddard, Miss J.. . .
Goddard, Mrs. W. . .
Godfrey, Mrs. W. H.

Godwin, Mrs. H

Goetze, Mrs. Otto. .

Goff, Mrs. F. H

Goggin, John

Goldi)erg, Paul

Goldfrank, Mrs. M..
Goler. Mrs. V. U.. . .
(lonzalcs, William E.
Godd, Miss M.J...
Goodale, Levi C

$5 00

5 00
2 00
5 00
I 00
S 00
5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
I 00
5 00

10 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
10 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
15 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
-5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00

Goodell, Mrs. J. F...
Goodenough, E. W. .
Goodfellow, Mrs. A.

Goodhue, Mrs. F. A.
Goodin, S. Horace. .

Goodman, J. C

Goodrich, Miss M. I.
Goodrich, Mrs. X. L.
Goodspeed, Mrs. W.

Good Willie, Mrs. M.

Goodwin, Miss

Goodwin, Dr. A. H.
Goodwin, Mrs. H. M
Goodwin, James L...
Goodwin, Miss M. S.
Goodyear, Mrs. C.W.
Gordinier, Dr. H. C.

Gordon, J. R

Gore, John K

Goss, Mrs. C. P., Jr.

Goss, Elise F

Gottheil, :\Irs. Paul .
Gotthold, Arthur F..
Goucher, John F. . . .
Gould, Charles A.. . .
Graflfiiin, Mrs. W. H.
Graham, Charles E..
Graham, Charles J...
(iraham, Mrs. E. J. .
Graham, Mary D. , .

Gramer, W. A

Grammar, Mrs. ^L

W. P

Grandin, Mrs. G. W.
Grandin, Mrs. J. L.,

Grant, Claudius B...
Grant, Mrs. >L K.. .

Grasselli, Miss J

Gratwick, W. H

Gravenhorst, F. W. .
Graves, Mrs. E. A.. .
Graves, Mrs. H. S.. .
Gray, Charles H. . . .
Gray, Miss Emilj'. . .

Gray, CJeorge M

Gray, Miss I. E

Grav, Mrs. Morris. .
Gray, Mrs. P. H. . . .

Gray, Roland

(irav, Russell

Graydon, Mrs. F. W.

GreclT & Co

GreelT, Donald C. . .

Greclev. W. R

Green, Mrs. B. R..
(ireene, Arthur D. . .

Greene, A. E

Greene, Miss C. C...
(}rcene, Miss C. S. . .

S5 00
5 00

5 00
2 50
25 00
5 00
5 00
2 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00

5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 OD

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

542

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Greene, Gardiner. . .
Greene, Miss M. A. .
Greene, Mrs. R. H. .
Greenebaum, Mrs.

James K

Greenough, D. S. . . .
Greenwood, Miles. . .
Greer, Mrs. Almira. .
Gregory, Mrs. A. K..

Gregory, C. F

Gregory, Mrs. R. B..

Greim," Albert P

Grew, Mrs. E. W....
Griffin, Mrs. E. C. .
Griffin, Mrs. S. B... .
Griffith, Miss S. D...

Griscom, C. A

Griscom, Mrs. C. A..
Grissinger, Elwood. .
Groesbeck, Telford. .
Grossmann, Mrs. E.

Grosvenor, G. H. . . .
Groton Bird Club. . .
Grover, Mrs. A. B...

Grunder, M

Guernsey, Henry W.
Guild, Mrs. C. E., Jr.
Gund, Mrs. G. A... .
Gunderson, Mrs. G.

Gunn, Elisha

Gurnee, Mrs. W. S. .
Gurney, Mrs. M. S..
Guthrie, Mrs. T. W..
Gutman, DeWitt. . .
Haas, Mrs. C. W... .
Haass, Mrs. L. H... .
Hadden, Alexander..
Hadley, Miss M. H..
Haerle, Mrs. G. C. .

Haeussler, H. A

Hafer. Miss E. N... .
Hagaman, Miss E. A.

Hager, Karl

Hadley, Mrs. A. P...
Hagerty, George V. .
Haggin, Mrs. B. A...

Haigh, Henry A

Haight, Miss F

Hailman, J. D

Haines, Charles D.. .
Haines, Miss Emily .
Hale, Mrs. A. M. P..
Hale, Mrs. Clarence.

Hall, A. Neely

Hall, Miss CM

Hall, Edward E

Hall, Gaylord C

Hall, Lewis S

Hall, Miss M. E

Hall, Orlando

Hall, Mrs. Sarah C.

>I GO

5 oo
5 oo

5 oo

I oo

5 oo

I oo

S oo

5 oo

lo oo

5 oo

lo oo

2 OO

5 OO

5 oo

I oo

4 oo

5 oo

25 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

10 00

I 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

Hall, William L

Hall, W. W., Jr

Halle, S. Portland.. .
Hallett, Mrs. E. F...
Hallelt, William R. .
Halsey, Mrs. F. R...
Halsey, H. V. W. . . .
Halstcd, Dayid C. . .
Hamann, William A.
Hambleton, Mrs. Jos.

Hamersley, L. G. . . .
Hamill, Mrs. E. A...
Hamilton, Mrs. C. S.
Hamilton, Miss E. S.
Hamilton, Mrs. H.R.
Hamilton, Mrs. W...
Hamilton, Mrs. W.P.
Hamlen, Mrs. J. C. .
Hamlin, Mrs. C. S...
Hamlin, Mrs. E. F. .
Hamlin, G. P., Jr... .
Hamlin, Mrs. H. L. .

Hamlin, T. O

Hammond, Mrs. E.P.
Hammond, Mrs. J.H.
Handy, Mrs. M. A. .
Hanks, Miss L. T. . .
Hanna, Miss M. M..
Hannaford, J. M.. . .
Hannah, Charles G..

Hannum, W. E

Harbison, Ralph W..

Harbison, W. A

Hardenbagh, Miss

Adelaide C

Hardenbergh, Mrs.

W. P

Hardon, Mrs. H. W.
Hardy, Mrs. E. C. . .
Hardy Garden Club

of Ruxton

Hardy, Mrs. R

Harkness, Miss C. R.
Harkness, Dayid W..
Harkness, Edward S.
Harkness, Miss M.G.
Harmon, Mrs. C. . . .
Harmon, Mrs. F. D..
Harmon, Judson. . . .

Harmon, J. M

Harmon, Miss L

Harn, O. C

Harriman, Mrs. H.

Harriman, Mrs. J. L.
Harrington, C. M. . .
Harrington, G. \Y. . .
Harrington, M. H. . .

Harris, Alfred

Harris, Miss A. E. . .
Harris, A. H., 2nd.. .
Harris, Miss F. K. . .

*5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

^ 00

5
5
5
5
5
5

10 00
5 00

1 00

2 00
5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
5 00
10 00

5 00

2 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
lo 00
10 00
25 00
10 00
5 00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00
10 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

Harris, George W. . .

Harris, Mrs. J. C

Harris, John F

Harris, Mrs. J. F... .
Harris, Lement U. . .

Harris, Tracy H

Harris, Mrs. W. H...
Harrison, Archibald.

Harrison, B. J

Harrison, George L..
Harrison, G. L., Jr. .
Harrison, Master H.

Harrison, Miss J. . . .
Harrison, Mrs. M. J.
Harrison Mrs. M. L.
Harrison, Mrs. P.. . .
Harron, Master H. I.
Harroun, Mrs. A. K.
Harry, Mrs. Joseph.
Hart, Mrs. Harry. . .
Hart, Mrs. Jay H. . .

Hart, Lane S

Hart, Miss M.T.. ..
Harte, Mrs. R. H. . .
Hartford Bird Study

Club. : '.

Hartness, Mrs. Jas. .
Hartshorn, H. Ira. . .
Hartshorn, Mrs. S.. .
Hartwell, Mrs. C. S..
Haryey, Edward J...

Haryey, J. S. C

Haryey, LeRoy

Harwood, G. F

Hasbrouck, Mrs. H.

Haselton, ]\Irs. A. S..
Haskell, Miss H. P. .
Haskell, Mrs. L. A.

(In Memoriam). . .
Haskins, Miss S. F. .
Hasler, Frederick E..
Hastings, Miss A. O.
Hastings, Mrs. C.

(In Memoriam). . .
Hastings, Mrs. M. J.
Hastings, Mrs. T.. . .

Hastings, W. R

Hatch, Miss C. C. . .
Hatch, Mrs. H. R.. .
Hatch, Walter, E... .
Hathaway, Mrs. H. .
Hathaway, Miss M.

V _.

Hauck, Louis J

Haueisen, William. .

Hauge, W'm. C

Haupt, Dr. Louis. . .
Havemeyer, Mrs. H.
Hayemej'er, John C.
Hawkes, Miss Eya. .
Hawkes, Mrs. McD..

$5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5
5
I

5
5
5

20 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

00
00
50
00
00
00

20 00

10 00

5 00

List of Members

543

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Hawkins, Mrs. E. D. $5 00

Hawkins, James. ... 5 00

Hawkins, Mrs. R.. . . 5 00

Hawley. Mrs. J. L.. . 10 00

Hay, O. P 2 00

Hayden, Mrs. H. Y.. 5 00

Hayes, Mrs. O. H.. . 5 00
Hayes, Mrs. W. Van

V 5 00

Haynes, Miss C. C. . 5 00

Hays, E. V 5 00

Hays, Kaufmann &

Lindheim 5 00

Hayward, Mrs. M. E.

Smith 9 00

Hayward, T. B 5 00

Hayward, Miss T. L. 2 50

Haywood, T. H 5 00

Hazard, R. Gibson. . 5 00

Hazen, Miss E. H.. . 5 00

Heacock, Miss E.. . . 5 00

Head, Mrs. W. L 5 00

Healy, A. Augustus . 5 00

Heard, Mrs. D. B.. . 5 00

Heard, Dr. Mary A.. 5 00

Heasley, Mrs. P. O.. 5 00

Heath, J. A 10 00

Hebard, Miss H. E.. 5 00

Hedge, Henry R. . . . 5 00

Hedstrom, Mrs. A.E. 5 00

Heft, Mrs. N. H.. . . 500

Hegeman, Mrs. M. A. 5 00

Heide, Henry 10 00

Heilner, Van Campen 5 00

Heinrichs, John B.. . 5 00

Helm, Louis 5 00

Helme, Mrs. G. A. . . 5 00

Henbach, Mrs. G.. . . 5 00

Hencken, Mrs. A. C. 5 00

Hendee, Geo. M 5 00

Henderson, Yandell . 5 00

Henderson, William. 5 00

Hendrickson, J. H.. . 5 00

Hcndrickson, W. F. 5 00

Hendry, Mrs. E. W.. 5 00

Henn, Richard L.. . . 5 00

Hennig, Mrs. H. E. . 5 00

Henry, S. J 5 00

Henry, VV. G 5 00

Henshaw, F. W 10 00

Henshaw, H. W 5 00

Hcntz, Henry 5 00

Hentz, Leonard S... . 5 00

Herget, John 5 00

Hering, W. E 10 00

Heroy, Miss A. P... . 5 00

Herr, Edwin M 5 00

Herrick, Francis H. . 5 00

Herrick, Harold 15 00

Herrick, Newbold L. 5 00

Herrick, Mrs. \V. \V. 5 00

Hersey, The Misses. 5 00

H ,2 Wall St.... 500

Herthel, George W. . $

10 00

Herz, Mrs. F. W. . . .

5 00

Hess, Victor R

5 00

Hessenbruch, Mrs. H.

5 00

Heurtlev, Arthur. . . .

5 00

Hewitt, Miss E. G...

% 00

Heydrick, Miss H. . .

5 00

Heyn, Miss Emma. .

5 00

Hevwood, Mrs. H. B.

5 00

Hibbard, Mrs. A. S..

5 00

Hibbard, Mrs. L. B..

S 00

Hibbard, Thomas. . .

2 00

Hibben, Mrs. T

S 00

Hibbs, Mrs. R. A... .

5 00

Hicks, H. M

I 00

Higbie, James S

5 00

Higgins, Charles M..

5 00

Higgins, James L.. . .

5 00

Higgins, Mr. and

Mrs. John W

2 00

Hildebrandt, John J.,

Co.

5 00

6 00

Hildreth, Emily E...

Hilken. Henrv G.. . .

5 00

Hill, Donald M

10 00

Hill, James A

5 00

Hill, Mrs. Lysander.

5 00

Hill, Miss Susie E.. .

10 DO

Hill, Dr. William P..

5 00

Hillard, Miss M. R..

5 00

Hillard, Oliver C. ..

5 00

Hilliard, Thomas G..

5 00

Hills, Mrs. Geo. F...

I 00

Hills, Mrs. James ^L

2 00

Hines, D. L

I 00

Hinkle, Mrs. A. H...

5 00

Hinklev, Mrs. A. G..

2 00

Hinman, Miss E. . . .

5 00

Hinson, W. G

5 00

Hippach, Mrs. Ida S.

S 00

Hippach, Miss Jean.

5 00

Hittingcr, Jacob. . . .

10 CO

Hoadbv, H. A

5 00

Hoadley, Frank E.. .

5 00

Hoag, Mrs. Ella W.,

5 00

Hobbs. Mrs. C. A.. .

5 00

Hobson, S. S

5 00

Hockaday, R. M.. . .

5 00

Hodcnpvl, Mrs. A.G.

^ 00

Hodcmjilv, Mrs. E. .

S 00

Hodgdon, Mrs. A. S.

^ 00

Hodgdon, F. M

15 GO

Hodge Mrs. W. F. , .

4 00

Hodges, Harrison \i..

S 00

Hodgman, Marshall.

5 00

Hodson, Mrs. H. P..

5 00

Hoe, Mrs. R. M

5 00

Hoe. William J

5 00

Hocning, Mrs. C. . . .

5 00

Hofer, Miss E. J.. . .

5 00

Hofor, Walter B

<; 00

HofTecker, Mrs. G. K.

S 00

Hoffman, Mrs. C. A.

u) 50

00
00
00

5°
00
00
00
00
00

Hoffman, F. B $5

Hoffman, R. C 5

Hogan, Miss L. P 5

Hogeman, Mrs. E. J. 3

Hoggson, W. J 5

Holahan, Thomas. . . 5

Holbrook, Mrs. Edw. 5

Holbrook, Mrs. F. . . 5

Holbrook, Mrs. X.D. 5
Holcombe, Mrs. J.

M 5 00

Holden, Miss E. M.. 5 00

Holden, Mrs. L. D. . 5 00

Holden, Miss M. A.. 5 00

Holland, R. A 5 00

Hollenbach, Miss A.

B 10 00

Hollenbach, J. W... . 5 00

Hollerith, Herman . . 5 00

Hollister. Mrs. H. C. 5 00

HoUister, Miss M. T. 5 oc

Holmes, Mrs. C. B. . i 00

Holmes, C. L S 00

Holmes, E. T 5 00

Holmes, Mrs. H. D.. i 00

Holmes, Howard. ... 5 00

Holmes, Mrs. J. R... 5 00

Holt, Miss Celia. ... 5 00

Holt, Mrs. Henry. . . 5 00

Holt, H. C 5 00

Holt, Mrs. R. S 500

Holt, Sidney S 10 00

Holter, Mrs. S. S.. . . 5 00

Holzer, Mrs. P. L. . . 5 00

Homans, Mrs. John. 5 oc

Homer, Francis T. . . 5 00

Homer, Mrs. F. T.. . 5 00

Hood, Mrs. C. H.. . . 5 00
Hood, Mrs. J. M., Sr. 5 00

Hooker, Mrs. K 5 00

Hooker, Mrs. T., Jr.. 5 00

Hooper, Miss L R.. . 5 00

Hooper, Mrs. J. R.. , 5 00
Hooper, Mrs. Newlin 5 00

Hooper, William F. . 10 00

Hoopes, Mrs. M 5 00

Hoopcs, Mrs. T. \\'.. 5 00

Hoot, William B.. . . 5 00

Hoover, Joseph W... 5 00

Hoover, W. H 10 00

Hope, J. L 20 GO

Hopcdale Park Com-
mission 5 OG

Hopckirk, Mme H... 5 00

Hopkins, Mrs. E. L.. 5 00

Hopkins, Mrs. J. C. 5 og

Hopkins, R. Brooks 5 og

Hopi)in, Charles A... 5 og
Iloppin, Mrs. S. C.

W 5 00

Hopson, Mrs. W. F.. 5 00

Hord, John H 5 00

Hornblower, Henry . 5 go

544

Bird -Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Ilornhrook, .Miss K.

Hornby, Mrs. A

Horner, Charles S. . .
llorsfall, R. Bruce.. .
Horsford, Miss C. C.

Horsky, L. O

Horsman, Edward I.,

Horton, L. M

Morton, Mrs. M. B..
Ilorlsman, Miss I. 1'',.
Hosmer, Mrs. IC. deP.
Hotchkiss, Frank A..
Ilotchkiss, Henry L..

Houghton, C. S

Houghton, Miss E.(i.
Houghton, :\Irs. G.N.

Houscr, H. M

Housman, Mrs. A. A.
Hove J', Burton M.. .
Howard, Jerome. . . .

Howd, F. E

Howe, Albert

Howe, Mrs. G. D... .
Howe, Prof. H. M...
Howe, Mrs. Lucien..

Howe, S. H

Howe, Mrs. Sarah P.

Howes, F. L

Howes, Alary E

Howland, Miss C. E.
Howland, Emily. . . .
Howland, Miss I. . . .
Howland, Dr. John..
Howland, Mrs. J. G.
Hoxie, Mrs. J. R.. . .
Hoyt, Mrs. Alex. C.
Hoyt, Mrs. A. M....

Hoyt, George H

Hoyt, George S

Hoyt, Gerald L

Hoyt, L. Landon. . . .

Hoyt, Miss R. S

Hoyt, Theodore R...

Hoyt, Miss V. S

Hoyt, Walter S

Hovt, Mrs. William.
Hubbard, Mrs. C.W.
Hubbard, MissM. E.
Hubbard, Miss M.W.
Hubbard, Miss M. G.
Hubbard, Walter C.

Hubbard, W. P

Hubbell, James T. . .
Huber, Mrs. J. M. . .
Hudnut, Mrs. R. A.
Hudnutt, Miss M.M.

Hudson, P. K

Hueter, E. L

Hufnagel, B. M

Huger, Miss M. E. 3d

$2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
25 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00

5 00

2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
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5 00
5 00
5 00
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5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
2 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Iluidckoper, Edgar. .
Huibert, G. Bertram
Hull, Mrs. Baker. . .
Hulsc, Margaret H. .
Hulst, Mrs. G. I)... .
Humphrey, .\. L. , . .
Hun, Mrs. L. M. H..
Hungcrford, Mrs. L.

Hunneman, Wm. C.

Hunt, Dr. E. W

Hunt, Dr. Emily G.
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas.
Hunter, A. M., Jr.. .
Hunter, A. M., Sr.

(In Memoriam). . .
Hunter, Mrs. W. R..
Hunting, Mrs. N. S..
Huntington, Mrs. E.

Huntington, F. J.. . .
Huntington, Mrs. R.

Hurd, Miss E

Hurd, Miss H. J

Hurd, Dr. Lee M... .
Hurlburt, Miss A. M.
Hurst, Miss P. B.. . .
Hussey, Mrs. C. B...
Hussey, Frederick K.
Hussey, William H. .

Huston, Mrs. M

Hutchins, Mrs. E. W.
Hutchinson, J. B.. . .
Hutchinson, J. P.. . .
Hutchison, Mrs. M.

Hutzler, George H...

Huxlev, J. S

Hvde, Mrs. A. S

Hyde, Mrs. E. F

Hyde, E. Pratt

Hyde, Dr. F. E

Hyde, Miss M. L... .
lasigi, Mrs. Oscar. . .

Ide, Henry C

Ide, Mrs. J. M

Ill, Dr. E. J

Illinois Audubon

Society

Imbrie, Mrs. James. .
Indiana Audubon

Society

Ingalls, Fay

Inness, Mrs. G., Jr. .
Inslee, Stephen D. . .
Ireland, Aliss C. I.. .

Irvine, Frank

Irving, John

Irwin, A. D., Jr

Irwin, John V

Isaac, Mrs. I

Iselin, Mrs. A., 2d . .

555

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

26 00

20 00

2 00

5 00
5 00

DO
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
I 00

5 00
5 00

54 50
5 00

5 00

S 00

15 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Isclin, Mrs. C. O. . .

Iselin, Miss G

Isclin, Mrs. W. E...
Isham, Mrs. F. S.. .

Isidor, Joseph S

Isom, W. H

Isscnhuth, E. C

Jack, Dr. F. L

Jackson, Miss A. P.

Jackson, B. A

Jackson, Mrs. C

Jackson, Miss M. C.
Jackson, Martin F.. .
Jackson, Miss M. L.

Jackson, S. Y

Jackson, Mrs. T. G..
Jacob, Lawrence . . .
Jacobs, Dr. H. B.. . .

Jacobs, Miss M

Jacobs, Samuel K.. .
Jacobs, S. K., 2d. . . .

Jacobus, John S

James, Miss A. A... .
James, Mrs. E. F.. . .

James, Mrs. W

Jameson, Mrs. S. B..
Jamieson, Mrs. J. W

Janssen, Harry

Janssen, Mrs. H. W.
James, Miss A. A... .
James, Henry, Jr.. . .

Jaqucs, H. P

Jaretzki, Mrs. A

Jarves, Miss Flora . .
Jay, Mrs. .\ugustus .
Jenkins, Mrs. A. C..

Jenkins, A. W

Jenkins, Miss E

Jenkins, Marion G...
Jenkins, Robert H...
Jenks, Miss C. E.. . .
Jenks, Miss Lydia D.
(In Memoriam). . .

Jenks, William

Jenks, Mrs. W. F... .
Jenness, Charles G. .
Jennings, Miss A. B.
Jennings, Edward B.
Jennings, Mrs. F. C
Jennings, Dr. G. H. .
Jennings, Mrs. O. G.
Jennings, Walter. . . .

Jensen, Jens

Jeremiah, J

Jermain, Miss M. C.
Jesup, Charles M... .
Jesup, Richard M.. .

Jewett, E. H

Jewett, William K.. .
Jilson, Miss E. B.. . .

Job, Herbert K

Johnson, Rev. A. E..
Johnson, Miss A. R.

$20 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
10 00
5 00
5 00

, 10 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
5 00
2 00

5 00
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5 00
5 00
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5 00
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■ 5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 0°
5 00

30 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
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10 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
2 00
5 00
00
00
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5
5
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5
5
5
10 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

List of Members

545

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Johnson, Mrs. A. S..

Johnson, B. F

Johnson, Mrs. C. H..

Johnson & Co., C. J..

Johnson, Mrs. C. S..

Johnson, Mrs. C. M.

Johnson, Edward C

Johnson, Mrs. E. R..

Johnson, Mrs. F. S. .

Johnson, Miss H. E..

Johnson, Mr. and
Mrs. H. H

Johnson, J. M

Johnson, Lewis J.. . .

Johnson, Miss JVI. A.

Johnson, Miss M. \V.

Johnston, John W.. .

Johnston, Norwood..

Jonas, James A 5 oo

Jones, Mrs. .\. L.. . . 5 00

Jones, A. W., Jr 5 00

Jones, Miss A. H.. . . 5 00

Jones, Miss A; D.. . . 2 00

Jones, Arthur E 2 00

Jones, Arthur G 5 00

Jones, Boyd B 6 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00

1 00
5 00

10 CO

2 00
^ 00

5°

Jones, Charles H.

Jones, Mrs. C. W... .

Jones, Miss E. C. . . .

Jones, Miss Grace A.

Jones, Mrs. H. K.. . .

Jones, Miss H. L.. . .

Jones, Mrs. J. B

Jones, Dr. J. W. L...

Jones, Josephine G. .

Jones, Laura G 5 00

00
00
00

Jordan, Charles L. .
Jordan, Pomeroy.
Jordan, Mrs. W..

Joseph, Isaac 5 00

Joseph, Mrs. J. G.. . 5 00

Joseph, Mrs. L i 00

Judd, Harold Lee. . . 5 00

Judd, Mrs. M. E.. . . 5 00

Judson, Mrs. E. B... 5 00

Judson, Menry 1 5 00

Jungbluth, Karl 15 00

Justice, Henry 5 00

Kaestner, Edward., . 5 00

Kahn, .Albert 5 00

Kahn, Otto H 10 00

Kahn, Dr. R. J 8 00

Kail), ("haries K 5 00

Kanousc, Miss ^L !•". 5 00

KaulTman, R. K., Jr. 5 00

Kean, Mrs. H. F.. . . 5 00

Kcator, Mrs. J. F. . . 5 00

Keck, Sliss M. \V. 5 00

Kechn, (Jcorge \V. 5 00

Keclcr, Miss H. L. 1 00

Keep, Charles M. 2 00

Keep, Mrs. C jo 00

Keep, Mrs. F. A 5 00

Keidel, Mrs. Charles S5 00

Keith, Edward D... . 5 00

Keith, Harold H.. . . 5 00

Keith, Mrs. H. P.. . . 2 00

Keith, iMrs. L. K... . i 50

Kelley, Mrs. A. F. . . 5 00

Kellogg, C. V. W.. . . 5 00

Kellogg, Francis J.. . 5 00
Kellogg, Frederick R. 5 00

Kellogg, Howard. ... i 00

Kellogg, Miss M. W. 2 00

Kellogg, William .S. . 5 00

Kellogg, Mrs. W. S.. 5 00

Kemeys, Walter S.. . 5 00

Kempstcr, James. . . 5 00

Kendall, Miss G 5 00

Kendall, Mrs. S. D.. 5 00

Kennard, Frederic H. 5 00

Kenned}', David .\. . 5 00

Kennedy, Elijah R. . 5 00

Kennedy, Dr. Harris 5 00
Kennedy, ^Irs. N.

Van R 5 00

Kennedy, W. M 5 00

Kemerly, Mrs. C. S.. 5 00

Kent, Edward G. . . . 5 00

Kent, Edwin C 5 00

Kentucky Audubon

Society 5 oc

Kenworthey, E. M. . 5 00

Keppel, David 5 00

Kerfoot, Mrs. S. B. . 5 00

Kerlej', Dr. C. G.. . . 5 00

Kerr, Mrs. John C... 10 00

Kerr, ^liss Lois 5 00

Kcrwin, Mrs. A. S... 5 00
Ketterlinus, ^Irs. J.

Louis 5 00

Kettle, Mrs. L. N. . . 50 00

Keuffel, W. G 5 co

Keyes, Mrs. E. L., Jr. 5 00

Keyser, Leander S.. . 5 00

Keyser, AL .V 5 00

Kez-hi-kone Camp

Fire Girls 5 00

Kibbe, Mrs. H. G. . . i 00

Kier, Mrs. W. L 5 00

Kilmer, Mrs. W. S... 5 00

Kilner, S. E 5 00

Kimball, Mrs. D. P.. 25 00

Kimball. .Mrs. E. P.. 5 00

Kimball, Fred M.. . . 5 oc

Kimi)all, Helen F... . 5 00
Kimball, .Mrs. L. C.

(In MemoriamJ... 1000

Kimball, Miss L. S. . 5 00

Kimball, Miss ^L S.. 5 00

Kimball, Mrs. R. B.. 5 00

Kimball, Rosamond. 1 00

Kimball, W. V 5 00

Kimball, .Mrs. W. L. 5 00

Kimberlin, Dr. A. C. 5 00

Kimbcrly, Miss M... 5 00

King, Burnham W..
King, Miss Carol . .
King, Miss C. W.. . .

King, Charles S

King, Mrs. David. . .

King, E. F

King, Miss M. D.. . .
King, Mrs. Ralph. . ,

King, R. N

King, Mrs. W. V.. . .
Kingsford, Daniel P.
Kingsley, Mrs. W. L.
Kinne, Lucius M.. . .
Kinney, Mrs. L. A...
Kinne)% Mrs. Warren

Kirk, Walter R

Kirkham, Mrs. J. W.
Kirkham, William B.

Kite, Miss A. E

Kittredge, S. D

Kletzsch, Dr. G. A. .
Klingenstein, Mrs. C.

Knapp, ]Mrs. M. H..
Kneeland, Frances. .
Knight, Mrs. A. S.. .
Knight, Mrs. H. E...

Knight, Mrs. W

Knocdler, Roland F..
Knowlton, Eben B...
Knowlton, Mrs. M.R.
Knowlton, W. M.. . .
Kno.x, Francis H. . . .

Koch, A. W

Koch, Mrs. H

Kochler, H. J

Kohlcr, Mrs. M. E. .
Kohlsaat, Miss E.

Kohn, Miss C. M. . .
Kountze, Luther. . . .
Krausse, Emil B. . . .
Kretz, George H. . . .

Kretz, George O

Krohn, Irwin M

Krumbhaar, G. D.. .
Kudlich, Miss M.. . .

Kuehn. Otto L

Kuscr, .\nthony R..
Kuser, Mrs. .\. R... .
Kuser, Miss C. G.. .

Kutz, Miss L. .\

Kyle, William S

.acev, Milton S

.a Fargc, Mrs. C.
^agowitz, Miss H.
vaidlaw, James L.
.aird. Mrs. W. H.

.ake, B. G

-ake Placid Club
,ake, .Mrs. W. E.
.ami), (Wlbert !).,
..amont, Miss G..

S5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 °o
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
25 00

5 00
2 00

10 00
5 00

ID 00
5 00
5 00
.S 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00

0 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 o<^
S 00

546

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

La Montagne, Mrs.

Lamprecht, T. H.. . .
Laniprecht,Mrs.T.H.
Lamprey, ]\Iiss M.E.
Lanahan, Krank J...
Landers, Mrs. C. S. .

Lane, David H

Lane, Henry B

Lane, James W., Jr.
Lane, Miss ^L L.. . .
Lane, Mrs. W. B.. . .

Lang, Henry

Lang, H. H

Lang, Louis P

Langmann, Mrs. G..

Lanier, Charles

Lansing, Gerritt Y...
Lapham, Mrs. E. M.
Lapham, Mrs. L. H..
Larkin, Charles H.. .
Lathrop, Mrs. Bryan
Lathrop, Mrs. W. A.

Law, Mrs. B. \V

Law, Rev. Marion . .
Lawrence, Miss E. A.
Lawrence, Mrs. G. R.

Lawrence, H. V

Lawrence, Mrs. J... .
Lawrence, John B.. .
Lawrence, John S. . .
Lawrence, Miss M. S.
Lawrence, Townsend
Lawrence, Mrs. W.H.
Laws, Mrs. H. L. . . .
Lawton, Frederick A.
Lawton, Mrs. R. M..
Lawton, Mrs. W. . . .
Leach, Mrs. A. E... .
Lecompte, Frank E..
Ledoux, Mrs. A. R. .
Lee, Mrs. Arthur.. . .

Lee, A. and J. F

Lee, Miss Florence. .

Lee. Prof. F. S

Lee, Mrs. George B..

Lee, Mrs. J. C

Lee, Joseph

Lee, Miss M. T

Lee, Samuel

Lee, Mrs. \V. C

Leggett-Abel, Miss

May

Lehman, Miss Emily
Lehman, Meyer H...
Lehmer, Mrs. L i\L .
LeHuray, Miss L.. . .

Leidy, Carter R

Leigh, B. Watkins. .
Leigh, Mrs. E. L. . . .
Leiper, Mrs. J. G.. . .
Leister, Mrs. B. P.. .
Leiter, Joseph

$5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo
5 oo

5 oo
b 50
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I SO
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
7 50
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
S 00

Lciand, Mrs. Amorj-. $5

Lcland, Wilford C. . 5

Lemp, Mrs. W. J.. . . 5

Lentz, William ().. . . 5

Leonard, Charles A.. 5

Leonhard, A. F 5

Leonhard, J. Henry. 5

Lester, Miss CD... 5

Lester, Miss M. E.. . 5
Lester, William C.

and A. Edw 5 00

Leveson-Gower, Mrs.

H. M 500

Levey, Mrs. W. M... 5 00

Levine, Edmund J... 5 00

Levinson, E. D 5 00

Levis, Nelson 5 00

Lever, G 5 00

Levy, Mrs. E. J 5 00

Levy, Harry M 5 00

Lewis, A. N 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. C. E.. . . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. E. W. . . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. F. E.. . . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. H. D. . . 5 00

Lewis, Miss H. G... . 2 00

Lewis, Miss H. R... . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. H. E... . 5 00

Lewis, Mrs. J. F 5 00

Lewis, Miss N. F.. . . 5 00

Lewis, Richard V.. . . 5 00

Lewis, Shippen 5 00

Lewisohn, Samuel A. 5 00

Lewistein, Mrs. E. . . i 00

Lichtenstein, Paul.. . 5 00
Lidgewood, Miss H.

.B 5 00

Lieb, Dr. Charles C 5 00

Liesching, Bernhard. 5 00

Ligget, Mrs. G. S... . 5 00

Lilienthal, J. W., Jr.. 5 00

Lilley, Mrs. L. S. . . . 5 00

Lilly, James E 10 00

Lilly, Joseph T 5 00

Limbert, Miss C. T.. 5 00

Lincoln, Alexander. . 5 00

Lincoln, Mrs. F. W.. 5 00

Lincoln, Mrs. L 5 00

Lincoln, Mrs. R. P.. 5 00
Lindemann, O., and

Co.. 5 00

Lindenberg, Miss C 5 00

Linder, Mrs. George. 10 00

Lindley, Mrs. M. P.. 5 00

Lindsley, Stuart. ... 10 00

Linn, Mrs. W. R.. . . 5 00

Linsley, Mrs. Noah., i 00
Lippincott, Mrs. J.

Bertram 5 00

Lippincott, J. W. ... 5 00
Lippincott, Mrs. R.

C 5 00

Litchfield, Mrs. G.D. 5 00

5 00
5 00

Littell, Hardin H.
Little, Miss A. A..

Little, H. W 5 00

Little Lake Club. ... 5 00
Littlefield, Miss M.

H 5 00

Livermore, Robert . . 5 00
Livingston, Miss. A.

P 20 00

Livingston, Mrs. H.. 5 00

Lloyd, Mrs. F. H 5 00

Lloyd, John Uri 5 00

Lloyd, N. Ashley. . . 2 00

Lloyd, Walter 5 00

Locher, Mrs. M. McC. 5 00
Lochman, Mrs. L T. 5 00
Lockwood, Henry S.. 5 00
Lodge, H. Ellerton. . 5 00

Loesch, Frank J 5 00

Logue, Mrs. Ida L... 5 00
Loines, Miss Barbara 5 00
Loines, Mrs. M. H... 10 00
Lombard, The Misses 3 00

Lombardi, C 5 00

Long, Charles 1 5 00

Long, F. 1 5 00

Long, Harry V 5 00

Long, W. H 5 00

Longfellow, Miss A.

Lord, Mrs. A. M.. .
Lord, Miss Couper.
Lord, Miss M. W...
Lord, Mrs. Samuel.
Lord, Mrs. W. W...
Loring, Miss Helen.
Loring, J. Alden. . .
Loring, Lindsley. . .

Loring, Mrs. L 5 00

Loring, Mrs. W. C... 5 00
Los Angeles Audubon

Society 5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
i; 00

Louis, Charles H.. . .

5 00

Lovell, George B.. . .

5 00

Low, Mrs. C. E

5 00

Lowe, Mrs. Frank . .

5 00

Lowell, Carlotta H. .

S 00

Lowell, Miss G

2 00

Lowell, James A

5 00

Lowell, Lucy

5 00

Lowell, Miss M

I 00

Lowell Paper Tube

Corp

5 00

Lowell, Sidney V.. . .

2 00

Loweree, Mrs. A. F..

I 00

Lowrie, Mrs. W. C. .

5 00

Lowry, Mrs. R. J... .

10 00

Lucas, Dr. F. A

5 00

Luce, ]\Irs. F. P

5 00

Luce, Matthew

5 00

Luchsinger, Mrs. F.

5 00
5 00

Luden, William H.. .

List of Members

547

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Ludington, Mrs. C. H. $5 00

Ludlow, Mrs. E. L... 5 00

Luening, F. W 5 00

Lummis, B. R 5 00

Lummis, J. H 5 00

Lungstras, E. W 2 00

Luquer, Lea S 5 00

Lutz, C. R 5 00

Lyle, Mrs. L. T 2 00

Lyman, Arthur 5 00

Lyman, Emily R.. . . i 00

Lyman, F. W 5 00

Lyman, Theodore. . . 10 00

Lyman, Mrs. W. L. . 2 00

Lynn, Charles J 5 00

Lynn, Miss E. deV. . 5 00

Lyon, Miss B. C . . i 00

Lyon, Charles 0 5 00

Lyon, Mrs. J. A 5 00

Lyon, Mrs. P. W... . 5 00

Lj'on, Mrs. T. R. . . . 5 00

McAlpin, Charles W. 5 00

McAlpin, Dr. D. H.. 5 00
McAlpin, Dr. D. H.,

Jr I 00

McAlpin, Mrs. D. H.

Jr 5 00

McBride, Mrs. Lee.. 5 00

McBride, Robert \V. 10 00

McCampljell, Thcron 5 00

McClary, Mrs. M. J. 5 00
M.Clellan, Hon. G.

B 5 00

McClintock, A. IL. , 5 00

McClintock, Norman 5 00
McClure, Mrs. C. B.

J 5 00

McCord, Miss Belle. 5 00

McCord, Mrs. W. E. 5 00
McCormick, Mrs. R.

Hall 5 00

McCormick, R. T. . . 5 00

McCreery, ^Irs. W . . 5 00
McCulloch, Miss M.

G. B 5 00

McCulloch, W. F... . 1 00

McCulloh, J. \V 5 00

McCurdy, R. H 5 00

McDonald, J. H 5 00

McDonnell, Mrs. T.

F. T 5 00

McDougall, Mrs. \V. 5 00
McEldowncy, Mrs.

H. C 5 00

McFaddcn, J. F. . . . 5 00

Mc(iinnis, kcv. W.F. 500
McGonagic, Mrs. W.

A I 00

McGowan, Mrs. J. E. 5 00

McCranc, H. I) 5 00

McGraw, T. .\., Jr. . . 5 oc
McGregor, Mrs. (J. n. 1 50

McGregor, T. \\ . 5 00

Mcllhenny, E. A.. . . $5 00

Mclntire, Mrs. H. B. 5 00

McKee, Mrs. J. R.. . 5 00

McKee, Mrs. W. L.. 5 00

McKelvy, Mrs. R. . . 5 00

McKeon, Mrs. J. C 10 00
McKinney, Mrs. H.

N 5 00

McKittrick,T. H., Jr. 5 00
McKittrick, Mrs. T.

H 5 00

McLane, Miss C. M. 10 00

McLane, Miss E. . . . 10 00

McLane, Thomas S.. 5 00
McLauchlan, Mrs. W. 5 00

McLaughlin, Miss E. 5 00

McLean, Hon. G. P. 20 00

McMahon, Walt. F.. 5 00

McMillan, F. W 500

McMullen, Mrs. J.. . 5 00

McMurray, W 5 00

McNeil, Mrs. A 5 00

McNeil, Charles F... 500

McNider, Mrs. C. H. 5 00

McPhail, L. C 5 00

McQuade, Mrs. G. T. 5 00

McQueen, Finley R.. 5 00
McQuesten, Mrs. G.

E 500

MacDonald, J. A... . 5 00

MacEnroe, J. F 5 00

MacFadden, C. K.. . 5 00

MacGovvan, W. L. . . 5 00

MacKay, Mrs. M. S. 5 00

Maclay, M. W., Jr... 5 00
MacLeod, Mrs. F.

N I 00

Macnamara, Charles 5 00
Macpherson, W. A.,

Jr _ 500

Macy, V. Everit. ... 5 00

Macy, Mrs. V. E.. . . 5 00

Maddock, Miss E. . . 5 00

Maddock, Mrs. J. B. 5 00

Madeira, Mrs. L. C 5 00

Maehl, Mrs. L. R.. . 5 00

Magee, Mrs. E. S... . 5 00

Magcc, Michael J.. . 5 00

Maghee, John IL ... 5 00

Magnes, J. C 5 00

Maher, C. A 5 00

Mahl, William 5 00

Milliard, J. W 500

Main, Frank M 5 00

Mailland, R. 1 5 00

Mahom, Mrs. A. V.. 5 00

Maliery, Otto T 5 0°

Maliickrodt, Fdward 5 00

Mallory, Mrs. J. ^L. 5 00

M alone, Mrs. C. I{. . 5 00

Malonc, Mrs. L. H.. 13 00

Manchcr, H 5 00

Manicrrc, George. . . 5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

•Pa

5
10 00

5 00
50 00
10 00

5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Manitowoc Co., Fish
& Game Protective

Association

Mam, Miss C. L. . . .

Mam, F. P

Mam, Miss J. A

Manning, Mrs. L. L.
Maples, James C . .
Marburg, Miss E —
Marckwald,Mrs.A.H.
Markley, J. E. E....
Markoe, Mrs. John..
Marling, Alfred E. . .
Marmon, Mrs. E. C.

Maron, Otto

Marrs, Mrs. K

Marsh, Mrs. E. T. T.

Marsh, Ruth

Marshall, Mrs. C. H.
Marshall, Mrs. E. O.

Marshall, F. C

Marshall, W.A.(Ga.)

Marshall, W. A

Marston, Thomas B.

Martin, Mrs. E 10 00

Martin, Mrs. J. H.. . 5 00
Martin, Mrs. J. W... 10 00
Marvin, Charles D. . 10 00
Marvin, D wight E... i 00
Maryland Br. Nat'l

Association 5 00

Mason, Mrs. CO... 5 00
Massachusetts Audu-
bon Society 100 00

Massey, Mrs. R 5 00

Masters, Francis R.. 5 00
Mastick, Mrs. S. C. 10 00

Mather, Dan 3 50

Mather, Miss K. L. . 5 00
Matheson, William J. 5 00
Mathews, Dr. F. S... 5 00
Mathews, G.S., M.D. 200
Mathews, Mrs. J. R. 5 00

Mathews, W. M 5 00

Matz, Mrs. Rudolph 5 00
Maund, Miss ^L E.. 5 00
Mauran, Mrs. J. L. . 5 00
Maurer, Mrs. Oscar. 5 00
Maury, Mrs. A. C.

deP. P 5 00

ALaury, Dr. R. B.. . . 5 00
^Llxwell, Miss M... . 5 00

NLiy, Miss E. G 5 00

May, George H 5 00

Mayer, Mrs. B 5 00

^L1yer, Louis 5 00

Mayer, Mrs. R. ilcL. 5 00
Maywood Bird Club 5 00

Mead, Henry 0 15 00

Mead. Miss M 2 00

Means, Charles J.. . . 5 00

Mears, B. F 10 00

Mebane, B. Frank. . lo 00

548

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Meech, H. V $s oo

Meeker, Claude 5 oo

Meinrath, Mrs. J..
Meisselbach, A. F.
Melish, Mrs T. . . .
Mellick, Mrs. ('.. V
Mendenhall, Rev. 11.

Meriden Bird Club .
Merkle, Mrs. G. M..

Merriam, F

Merriam, F. L

Merriam, Mrs. W. H
Merrick, IMiss B. V..
Merrick, Florence I).
Merrill. Arthur \V.. .
iMerrill, Mrs. C. W. .
Merrill, Edwin G.. . .
Merrill, Mrs. H. W..
Merriman, Miss H...
Merriman, Mrs. M..
Merriman, Mrs. M.

A..

Merrimann, E. L.. . .
.MerriU, Mrs. D. F. .
Merrill, Mrs. J. H...

Merz, Carl

Melcalf, Mrs. J. T...
JSIetcalf, Manton B..
Metcalf, Stephen O..
Meyer, Miss H.. . .1,
Meyerkorl, Mrs. J...

Meyn, Mrs. H

Miami A u d u b o n

Society

Michigan Audubon

Society

Micth, George W... .
Milburn, John G.. . .
Mildrum, Henrj- G. .
Millbrook Garden

Club

Miller, Arthur E. . . .
Miller, Miss B. S... .
Miller, Burr C, Jr...
Miller, Clifford L....
.Miller, Mrs. C. R. . .

Miller, Carl W

Miller, Mrs. 1). H.. .
Miller, Mrs. Eliza. . .
.Miller, Mrs. G., Jr...
Miller, Miss Matilda
Miller, Paulina C... .
Miller, Mrs. R. F... .
Miller, Mrs. R. T. . .
Milligan, IMrs. R.. . .
Mills, Dr. Adelaide..

Mills, Enos A

Mills, Frederic C..^ . 5 00

Mills, Mrs. F. V 500

Mills, Dr. H. R 5 00

Mills, Miss Jean. ... 5 00
Mills, Rev. John N.. 5 00

• 5

000

Miner, E. G

IMiner, W. H

Mink, Miss H. C... .

Minneapolis Audu-
bon Society

Minnesota Game Pro-
tective League. . . .

Minor, Mrs. C. G. . .

Minshall, Miss H... .

Miss Haltie Audu-
bon Society (The).

Missoula Bird Club .

Mitchell, Mrs. A. O..

Mitchell, J. K

Mitchell, Mrs. J. M.

Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds

Mitchell, Dr. M. P..

Mitchell, Wcslev C. .

Mitchell, William. . .

Mitchell, Mrs. W. . .

Mi.x, Robert J

Moch, Mrs. C. S. . . .

Moderwell, H. M... .

Moehlenpah, Marion

Monck, Miss C. A...

Monroe, Mrs. L. B..

Montague, C. D

Montgomery, M. A..

Montell, Mr. and
Mrs. F. M

Moon, Miss R. T... .

ISIoore, Alfred

Moore, Mrs B

Moore, Mrs. E. C. . .

Moore, Miss E. M...

Moore, Mrs. G. W...

Moore, Mrs. H.V.D.

Moore, Miss K. T.. .

Moore, Mrs. Paul. . .

Moore, Mrs. R. P. . .

Moore, Mrs. T. L. . .

Moorhead, H. R. . . .

Moos, Mrs. J. B

Mora, Mrs. Edward.

Morewood, Mrs. A. P.

Morgan, C. C

Morgan, Mrs. E. S. .

Morgan, ]\Irs. J. S.,Jr.

Morgenthau, Mrs. M.
L

Morison, George B. .

Morley, Mrs. W. G..

Morrill, Miss A

Morrill, Miss A. W..

Morris, Miss Anna. .

Morris, C. W

Morris, Charles C. . .

Morris, Mrs. D. H...

Morris, Dudley M.. .

Morris, Miss Ellen . .

Morris, Dr. Fred W.

Morris, Harrison S. .

Morris, Mrs. J. A. . .

$5 00

10 00

3 00

ID 00

■S

Morris, Mrs. J. B... .

Morris, Dr. L. R.. . .

Morris, Miss L. T. . .

Morris, Robert ()....

Morris, Dr. R. T.. . .

Morris, Mrs. T. E.. .

Morris, Mrs. W

Morrison, R. T

Morrison, Miss S.. . .

Morrison, Mrs. T... .

Morse, C. T

Morse, Miss F. R... .

Morse, Henry Lee.. .

Morse, Miss V. M.. .

]\Iorse, \Vm. F

Morton, Miss E

Morton, Mrs. L. P..

Moschcowitz, Mrs.
A. V

Moseley, Miss E. F..

Moseley, F. S

Moses, Bert M

Moses, Mrs. E

Moses, Mrs. James. .

Mosle, Mrs. A. H....

Mosman, P. A

Motley, Thomas. . . .

Mover, Albert

Mudd, H. S

Mudd, John Ale.xis. .

Mudge, E. W., Jr....

Mudge, Leonard S...

Mueller, Walter J. . .

Muendel, Miss C . .

Muhleman, W. G... ,

Mulford, Mr. and
Mrs. Ren, Jr

Mulhauser, F. P

Muller, Adam

Muller, Carl

Mulligan, Mrs. E.W..

Munro, Miss A. B.. .

Munro, Miss M. H..

Munson, Mrs. E. G..

Murdock, J. B

Murison, Mrs. C. E..

Murphy, F., Jr

Murphy, William H.

Murray, Miss C

Murray, F. F

Muther. L. F

Myers, Mrs. H. W...

Mvers, Mrs. H. E.. .

Myers, J. R., Jr

Mygatt, Mrs. R. K..

Myrick, Dr. H. G.. .

Naramore, W. W.. . .

Natural History Soc-
iety of British Col-
umbia

Nature Study Society

Nazro, Mrs. A. P

Neely, James C

$5 00

5 00
25 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

1 00

5 00

5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 0°
5 00
5 00

2 00

I 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

4 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
S 00

5 00

17 00

5 00

List of Members

549

Neighborhood Nature

Club $io GO

Neilson, Mrs. E. C. . 5 00

Neilson, Mrs. F 15 00

Neilson, James 5 00

Nelson, Charles W... 5 00

Nelson, E. W 5 00

Nesbitt, Miss P 5 00

Nesmith, Miss Mary 5 00

Nettleton, A. E 5 00

Nettleton, C. H 10 00

Nettleton, E. S 2 00

Nettleton, Harry E.. r 00
Neumann, Mrs. G.A. 5 00
Neustadt, Mrs. S.. . . 20 co

New, Miss E. R 5 00

New Bedford

Woman's Club.. . . 5 00
Newberry, Mrs. W.

Newburyport Bird

Club

Newcomb, C. A., Jr..
Newcomb, Dr. W.W.
Newcombe, Mrs. C.

Newcomer, Miss N. I
Newell, Mrs. E. T...
Newell, Mrs. J. E. . .
Newman, Mrs. R. A.

Newman, Theo

Newton, C. C i 00

Newton, Mrs. C. P.

Nichols, C. W

Nichols, Mrs. F

Nichols, John W. T..
Nichols, Mrs. J. W.T.
Nichols, Mrs. M. C.
Nicholson, Rebecca

and Sarah 5 00

Nicoll, Mrs. B 7 00

NicoU, Mrs. Fanchcr 5 00
Nisbet, Mrs. T. B.. . 5 00
Nitob^, Mary P. E. . 5 00

Nixon, H. L 5 00

Noonan, W. T 5 00

Norcross, G. H 5 00

Norris, Mrs C. W.. . 5 00
Norristown Audubon

Club 5 00

North, Annie W 5 00

North Dakota .Audu-
bon Society 10 00

North East Nature

Study Clul) 5 00

North, (icor^c H. . .
North, Mrs. R. IE.
Norlhrup, Mrs. J. E
Norton, Mrs. C. I).
Xorlon, Charles W .
Norton, Miss E. M.
Norton, Miss Ida M
Norton, Mrs. Jean C. 10 00

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Norton, Miss M. V..
Nowland, Mrs. O... .
Nugent, James R.. . .

Nulsen, F. E

Nutting, Mrs. E. Z. .
Oakley, Thornton. . .

Oakley, Mrs. T

O'Brien, David

O'Brien, Mary E.. . .
Oettinger, Dr. P. J. .
Ogilvie, Prof. I. H.. .
Ogborn, W. Howard.
Ohio Audubon

Society

Oil City Audubon

Club

Olcott, Dudley

Olcott, Mrs. Marvin.
Oldberg, Mrs. Emma

O'Leary, P. J

Olin, Stephen H

Oliver, Dr. Henry K.
Opdycke, Mrs. E.. . .
Opdycke, Mrs. L. E.
Oppenheimer, Mrs.

M. E

Oregon Audubon

Society

Orr, Mrs. E. N

Orr, Miss E. von F,..

Orr, Ulysses, G

Orrman, H. L

Osborn, Mrs. J. B.. .
Osborne, Arthur .\...
Osceola Field Club. .

Osterholt, E

Ostrom, Mrs. H. E. .
Oswald, Edward. . . .
Otis, Harrison G. . . .
Otis, Mrs. J<)sci)h E.
Overton, Dr. Frank.
Ovington. Mrs. E....
Owen, Miss J. A. .. . ,

Owen, Samuel

Owen, Stanton

O.xley, Edward M.. .

Pabst, F

Pabst, Mrs. F

Pabst, Mrs. Gustave

Pack, Mrs. C. L

Packard, Mrs. G. R.
Packard, Horace. . . .

Page, A. H

Page
Page
Page
Page

AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

5 PO

5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
; 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

A. 1)

Mrs. IE \V. . .

Miss M. C.. . .

Parker \V.. . . .
Pagcnstecher, Mi.ss F

Pagenslechcr, (i

Paine, A. G., Jr

Paine, Mrs. A. G.. . .

Paine, Cyrus F

Paine, Miss E. L.. . .

$5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 0°
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00

3 00
5 00

5 00
25 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
7 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

3 00
15 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
20 00
5 00
3 00

Paine, Mrs. F. W... . $5 00

Paine, Rev. G. L.. . . 10 00

Paine, Mrs. R. P.. . . 5 00

Paine, Mrs. R. T., 2d 5 00

Pairce, Miss H. W... 5 00

Palache, Whitney. . . 5 00

Palmer, Annie L 2 00

Palmer, Mrs. E. L.. . 10 00

Palmer, Miss M. T. . 5 00

Palmer, Nicholas F.. 5 00

Palmer, Dr. T. S.. . . 5 00

Palmer, Mrs. W. P.. 5 00

Pardee, Wm. S 5 00

Pardon, Ella F 5 00

Paris, Mrs. F. U 5 00

Parke, Louis H 5 00

Parker, A. S 5 00

Parker, A. W 5 00

Parker, ]\Irs. A. W... .? 00
Parker, Edward L.. . 250 00

Parker, Miss E. S. . . 5 00

Parker, Mrs. C. F.. . 5 00

Parker, Mrs. H. J.. . 5 00

Parker, James F 10 00

Parker, Mrs. J. J.. . . 5 00

Parker. Neilson T. . . 2 00

Parker, Mrs. Robert. 5 00

Parker, Mrs. W. L... 10 00

Parker, ]\Irs. W. N.. 5 00

Parker, IMrs. W. R. . 7 00

Parmelee, Robert M. 5 00

Parrish, James C . . 6 00

Parrish, M. L 5 00

Parsons, Miss Alice.. 2 00

Parsons, l-xlmund H. 5 00

Parsons, Miss K. L.. 5 00

Parsons, Robert E.. . 10 00

Partridge, M. E 5 00

Paterson, Mrs. A. W. 1 00

Patten, ISIrs. H. J.. . 5 00

Patterson, Miss E.C. s °°

Patterson, T. H. H. 5 00

Patterson, Mrs. \V. A. 5 00

Patterson, \V. F 5 00

Paul, Mrs. D'.Vrcv. . s 00
Paul, Prof. H. M.'. U.

S.\ s 00

Pauly, J. P., Jr 5 00

Peabody, Rev. E.. . . 10 00

Peabody, George F. . 1000

Peabody, Mrs. IE. . . ^^ 00

Peabody. Wm. W.. 5 00

Pearmain, Barbara I'. 5 00

Pease, Mrs. .\. D.. 5 00

Pease, IE R 5 00

Peck, Mrs. C. C 5 00

Peck, Miss Dorothy. 5 00

Peck, Mrs. F. T s 00

Peck. II. H 5 00

Peck, Staunton H.. . 5 00

Peckham, M., Jr. . . 5 00
Pederson. i'rof. F. .M. s 00

Peel, Mrs. W. C 5 00

550

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

PcKram, Mrs. K. S...

Peirson, Waller, Jr. .

Pell, James D

Pellew, Miss M. J.. .

Pendleton, Miss E. F.

Penhallow. C. T

Pennie, John C

Pennington, Mrs. A.
G

Pennsylvania Audu-
bon Society

Pentz, A. M

Peoria Audubon
Society

Perin, Mrs. F. L

Perkins, Mrs. E. R. .

Perkins, Miss E. S...

Perkins, Mrs. F. E...

Perkins, Mrs. G. W..

Perkins, Harrv A.. . .

Perkins, H. F'

Perot, T. M., Jr

Perrin, Marshall L...

Perry, George P

Perry, Mrs. J. G. . . .

Perry, Mrs. W. A... .

Peskind, Mrs. A

Peter, Julius C

Petermann, G. H.. . .

Peters, Miss E

Peters, Theodore. . . .

Peters, Mrs. Theo. . .

Peters, W. E

Peters, William R. . .

Peterson, Charles S..

Peterson, Mrs. W... .

Petty, E. R

Pfaelzer, Mrs. O. D..

Pfarre, Mrs. A. E....

Pfeifer, Frederick . . .

Pforzheimer, C. H...

Phelps, Drj'den W...

Philergians Club. . . .

Philipp, P. B

Phillips, A. V

Phillips, W. A

Phillips, Dr. C. E. H.

Phillips, Mrs. C. E.H.

Phillips, E. S

Phillips, Hon. J. M.,

Phillips, Stephen W..

Phinney, Miss M. A.

Phipps, Miss Ada. . .

Phvpers, C. J

Pic'kard, Mrs. M. V..

Piel, Mrs. M

Pierce, Mrs. F. A... .

Pierce, Frank L

Pierce, Henry C

Pierce, W'illiam L... .

Pilling, James H

Pilling, John

Pilling, William S....

$S oo

lo oo

5 oo

S oo

5 oo

IS oo

5 oo

lo oo

5 oo

25 00

5 00

I 00

5 oc

5 00

2 00

5 oc

5 00

10 00

2 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

2 00

I 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

I SO

2 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

I'illsbury, A. E Si 00

Pilsbury, Frank O.. . 5 00

Pinney, Lucius 5 00

Piquet, Miss Lily S.. 5 00

Pirie, G. L 5 00

Pirie, Miss Isobel. . . 5 00

Pithin, Mrs N. W... 5 00

Pitman, Miss E. H. . i 00

Pitman, Miss AL A., i 00

Plantcn, W. R. J.. . . 5 00

Piatt, Ada L 5 00

Piatt, ]\Iiss C. M... . 5 00

Piatt, Mrs. Dan F... 5 00

Piatt, Miss L. N. . . . 5 00

Piatt, Lewis A 5 00

Plumb, Mrs. Julia D. 1 00

Plummer, Dr. C. G.. i 50
Plummer, Mrs. C. W. 2 00

Poe, Margaretta. ... 5 00
Polhemus, Miss R. A. 5 00

Pollock, George E.. . 5 00

Pollock, Mrs. W 5 00

Pomeroy, Daniel E.. 5 00

Pomroy, H. K 5 00

Pomroy, Mrs. H. K.. 5 00

Pond, Miss F. L 5 00

Poole, Miss G. H... . 5 00

Poole, Mrs. G. S. . . . 5 00

Poole, Ralph H 5 00

Poor, INIiss Ella S... . i 00

Poor, Roger M 5 00

Pope, Mrs. Albert S. 5 00

Pope, Miss Edith A.. 5 00

Pope, Harriet B 5 00

Pope, Willard 5 00

Porter, A. Kingsley. . 5 00

Porter, Alex, S., Jr. . 10 00
Porter, Mrs. Clarence 5 00

Porter, H. K 5 00

Porter, Mrs. \V. H... 5 00
Port Huron Bird

Club 10 00

Post, Abner 5 00

Post, A. S 5 00

Post, Mrs. A. Y 5 00

Post, Mrs. C. J., Jr.. 5 00

Post, Miss E. M 5 00

Post, Mrs. James H.. 5 00

Post, John R 5 00

Post, Sylvester 5 00

Post, William S 5 00

Potter, Miss C 5 00

Potter, Frederick G.. 5 00

Potter, F. M 5 00

Potter, Hamilton F.. 10 00

Potter, Julian K 5 00

Potter, L. B 5 oc

Potter, ALabel L 2 00

Potter, Mark W 5 00

Potts, Mrs. F. M.. . . 5 00

Potts, Mrs. G. C. , . 5 oc

Potts, Master Harrv. 5 oc

Potts, Robert B... .'. 5 00

Potts, Mrs. W. B... .
Potts, Mrs. W. M. ..
Pounsford, Harry. . .
Powell, Mrs. S. A. . .
Powell, Mrs. T. C. .

Powers, T B

Powers, Thomas H .

Pratt, B

Pratt, Mrs. C. M... .
Pratt, Miss Elizabeth
Pratt, Miss E. A. . . .
Pratt, Miss Florence
Pratt, Mrs. F. B.. . .
Pratt, Mrs. F. L. . . .
Pratt, Miss Harriet .

Pratt, Laban

Pratt, Samuel

Pratt, Miss Sarah E.
Prentice, Miss Clare.
Prentice, Miss J. P. .

Prentiss, F. F

Prentiss, Mrs. F. F..
Prentiss, W'illiam A..
Prescott, Mrs. C. H.
Preston, Mrs. F. L...
Preston, Mrs. W. L..
Preston, Mrs. W. . . .

Price, L. B

Priest, Miss E. M.. .
Prince, Mrs. F. H. . .

Prince, F. M

Printz, Mrs. A

Procter, William. . . .
Procter, Mrs. W. C.
Proctor, Mrs. C. E...
Proctor, Thomas R..
Prosser, Mrs. Seward

Provo, W. F

Provost, Mrs. C. W..

Pruyn, R. C

Puffer, Miss Isabel. .
Purves, Mrs. A. M..
Pusey, Mrs. Howard
Putnam, Mrs. A. S..

Putnam, Miss E

Putnam, George P...
Puxton, Mrs. M. W..
Pyle, James AIcA... .
Pyne, Mrs. M. T... .
Quan, Mr. and Mrs.

J-E

Quinby, W. H

Quincy, C. F

Rabe, Dr. R. F

Racine Bird Club .. .
Rackemann, C. S... .
Radcliffe, Mrs. W. . .

Rahlson, K. J

Rahe, Mrs. R

Ralph, Mrs. C. F....
Ramsev, Mrs. W. G.
Rand, "Mrs. H. S. . . .
Rand, Dr. J. P

15 00
5 00
5 00
5 oc

10 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
I 00
5 00
5 00

00
00
00

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

10 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

10 oc
5 00
5 oc
5 oc
5 oc
5 00
5 oc
S 00
oc

CO
CO
CO

cc
00

00
5 00
5 00

I 00
5 oc
5 00
5 oc
5 00
5 oc
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

IC CO

5 CO

I CO

List of Members

551

ANN

Randerson, J. P

Randlc, Mrs. C. H. .
Randolph, Mrs. E.. .
Randolph Bird Club

of West field

Randolph, Evan ....
Rankin, Miss C. A. S.
Rankin, Mrs. Hugh .
Rankine, Mrs. \V. B.
Ranney, Mrs. J. R. .

Ratcliffe, F. H

Rauh, A. S

Rawitser, Fred

Rawlinson, Miss E. .
Raymond, Mrs. C. E.
Raymond, Mrs. J... .
Raymond, M. H. . . .
Raynolds, Mrs. G. F.

Rea, Mrs. H. R

Rea, James C

Rea, Mrs. James C

Recknagel, J. H

Redfield, Miss E. W.

Redfield, H. W

Redfield, Mrs. H. G.
Redwood, Mrs. F. T.
Reed, Miss Clara . . .
Reed, Mrs. G. M.. . .

Reed, J. J

Reed, Mrs. L. H.. . .

Reed, Lewis B

Reed, William E. . . .
Reese, John S. 4th . .
Reese, Mrs. R. (i.. . .
Reeves, Miss R. N. .
Regar, H. Severn , . .
Reichardt, Arthur C.
Rcichenberger. Mrs.

Victor M

Reichert, Louis

Reid, Miss C

Reisinger, Curt H. .
Remak, Mrs. G., Jr..
Remick, Mrs. E. W..
Remington, Seth F*.
Rcmy, Schmidt and

Pleissner

Renshaw, Mrs. A. H.

Renwick, E. B

Renwick, Mrs. L IL.
Renwick, Mrs. W... .
Renwick, Mrs. W. C.
Resolute Circle of the

King's Daughters.
Rey, Miss Marie \'..
Re\n()lds, Dorrance.
Reynolds, Mrs. G. W.
Reynolds, Waller S..
Rhein, John Jr., . . .
Rhinel)eck liird

Club

Rhoadcs, Miss IL . .
Rhoades, Mrs. L.. . .

UAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

$5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
■5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00

2 GO
10 00

5 00
5 00
I 00
I 00
I 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

3 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
I 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
S 00

Rhoades, J. S $5 00

Rhoads, Miss L. W. . 10 00
Rhoads, Mrs. S. W. . 5 00
Rhode Island Audu-
bon Society 5 00

Rice, Miss E. J 5 00

Rice, Miss E. P 5 00

Rice, H. L 5 00

Rice, William G i 00

Rice, William N 5 00

Rich, Mrs. J. A 5 00

Rich, William L 5 00

Richards, Miss A. .\. 5 00

Richards, Miss A. M. 2 00

Richards, Anna M... 5 00

Richards, Mrs. E. F. 5 00

Richards, Miss H. E. 5 00

Richards, Henry. ... 10 00

Richards, Mrs. L. S.. 5 00

Richards, T. D 5 oc

Richards, Mrs. T. D. 5 00

Richardson, Dr. E.P. 5 00
Richardson, Mrs. G.

F 5 00

Richardson, H. H. . . 5 00

Richardson, W. D.. . 5 00

Richie, Miss Sarah. . 5 00

Ricketson, Walton . . 2 50

Ricketts, Miss Jean. 5 00

Ridgway, Robert. . . 5 00

Riggs, Mrs. Austen F. 5 00

Riggs, George C 5 00

Riglander, Mrs. M.

M 5 00

Riley, Mrs. W. W.. . 5 00

Ripley, Ebed L 5 00

Ripley, Miss J. T... . 20 00

Ritchcy, Miss M.. . . 5 00

Rittenhouse, E. S... . 5 00

Rives, Dr. W. C i 5 00

Robb, Mrs. John T. . 5 00

Robbins, Allan A.. . . 5 00
Robbins, Miss N. P.

H... 5 00

Robbins, R. C 5 00

Robert, Samuel 5 00

Roberts, Mrs. A. B.. i 00

Roberts, Mrs. E. B.. 5 00

Roberts, Owen F.. . . 5 00

Roberts, Thomas S.. 5 00

Robertson, Miss J.. . 5 00

Robertson, R. H.. . . 15 00

Robertson, Mrs. R..\. 5 00

Robertson, R. H.. . . 10 00
Robertson, Mrs. W..\. 2 00

Robinson, Miss ,\. H. 5 00

Robinson, C. A 5 00

Robinson, Mrs. C.L.F. 5 00

Robinson, E. P 5 00

Robinson, IC. S 5 00

Robinson, Miss H. B. 0 00
Roijinson, S. Mary

and E. S 5 00

Robinson, T. W

Robinson, T. A

Robinson, Wm. A. . .

Robison, Dr. A. A.. .

Robison, A. R

Roblee, Mrs. J. H.. .

Robotham, Cheslar..

Roche, Mr. and ]\Irs.
A

Rochester, Miss E.. .

Rockaway Branch of
the National Asso-
ciation of Audubon
Societies

Rockefeller, J. D., Jr.

Rockefeller, Mrs. J.
D.,Jr

Rockefeller, William.

Rock Island Count v
Bird Club '.

Rodewald, F. L

Rodman, Miss E.. . .

Roebling, Mrs. J. A..

Roessler, Mrs. F

Rogan, Mrs. John. . .

Rogan, Mrs. M. K. .

Rogers, Archibald. . .

Rogers, Mrs. F

Rogers, George J. . . .

Rogers, Mrs. G. S.. .

Rogers, James

Rogers, Mrs. J. G. . .

Rogers, Miss Julia. .

Rogers, I\Irs. H. E...

Rogers, Misses

Rogers, Richard ....

Rogers, Mrs. T. W. .

Rogers, William B.. .

Rolando, Miss A. N.

Rolfe, Mrs. P. B.. . .

Rolle, A. J

Romer, Alfred

Ronault, T., Jr

Rood, Miss Mary W.

Roome, William P.

Roosevelt, Mrs. PL
I

Roosevelt, Mrs. J.. .

Roosevelt School. . .

Root, Elihu

Root, Towner B

Root, Miss W. E.. , .

Roi)kins, M rs. !•;. L..

Rose, Mrs. A. S

Rose, Mrs. J. H

Rosebault, Mrs. W.
M

Rosenbaum, Mrs. N.

Rosenfeld, Mrs. E. L.

Rosenheim, Mrs. .\.
F

Rosenthal, Mrs. O.. .

Rosenwald, Mrs. J...

$5 00
5 00

1 CO

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 GO

2 GO

T 00

5 00
5 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00
5 OG
5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00
5 00

lO GO

5 00

5 OG
2 GO

5 00

2 OG

5 00
5 00

5 OG

5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 CO
5 00

5 OG
IG 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL M

Ross, Dr. I.. II $5 oo

Ross, Rcuhi'ii J 5 oo

Rotch, Mrs. Morj^an 600

Rotch, Mrs. W. J... . 1 :; co

Roth, J. K 5 00

Rothcrmcl, J. J 6 00

Rothwell, J. K 5 00

Rottschacfcr, Mrs. II. i 00

Rowland. Thomas. . 5 00

Rowley, John 5 00

Roycc, J. C 5 00

Ruliel, Master (". .\.. 5 00

Ruddock, C H 5 00

Ruf^gles, Mrs. T. Iv. 5 00

Rumsey, Mrs. T). P.. 5 00

Rumscy. Mrs. L. 1).. 5 00

Rumson Hird Clui). . 5 00

Ruijerti, Justus 5 00

Rujiprecht, F. K. .. . 5 00

Rusch, Mrs. II. .\. . . 5 00

Rushmore, IMary I).. 5 00
Ruskay,Mr. and'Mrs.

Cecil I 00

Russ,;Mrs. 1'^. (' i 00

Russell, B. F. \V. . . . 5 00
Russell, Mrs. C". L. V. 5 00

Russell, Charles H... 5 00

Russell, Mrs. F. L.. . 5 00

Russell, Miss M. L., 1000

Russell, T. M., Jr.. . 5 00

Russell, Mrs. \V. A.. 5 00

Russell, Mrs. \\'. I).. 5 00

Rust, David W" 5 00

Ryerson, Mrs. F. L.. 5 00

Ryman, J. J 5 00

Sabin, Mrs. I). I) 5 00

Sabine, Dr. G. K.. . . 5 00

Sackett, Mrs. F. M.. ^00
Sackett, Mrs. F. M.,

. Jr 5 00

Sage, Mrs. Homer.. . 5 00

Sage, John H 5 00

Sagebrush and Pine

Club 5 00

St. John, Fdward P.. 5 00

St. John, Mrs. Jesse. 5 00

St. Louis Bird Club. ^ 00

Saltonstall.Mrs. P. L. 5 00

Saltonstall, Robert. . 5 00

Saltonstall, Mrs. R. M. 500

Sampson, Mrs. .\. A. 5 00

Sampson, Alden .... lo 00

Sampson, John .\.. . . 5 00

Samuels, Mrs. F. S. . 5 00

Sanborn, Mrs. C. F.. 5 00

Sanborn, Mrs. F. L.. 10 00

Sanborn, Mrs. W. R. 5 00

Sanders, J 5 00

Sanderson, F. F 5 00

Sanderson, Miss M.. 5 00

Sands, Mrs. Philip J. 5 00

Sanford, Mrs. C. (;.. 5 00

Sanforri, Dr. L. (J. . . 5 00

EMBERS AND CONTR

Sanford, Mrs. R. B..

Saratoga Springs Bird
Club

Sargent, Mrs. Francis
W., Jr

Sargent, Mrs. J. B.. .

Sargent, Mrs. S. W..

Sarver, Mrs. Jessie M .

Saul, Charles R

Saunders, W. V.

Sauter, Fred

Savannah Audutjon
Society

Savillc, Mrs. .V. H...

Savin, William M. . .

Sawtelle, Mrs. E. M.

Sawyer, Mrs. C. A.. .

Sawyer, E. B

Sawyer, Mrs. H. F. .

Sayles, Mrs. R. W...

Sayre, Mrs. C. D

Sayre, R. & Co

Scarborough, R. B.. .

Schaefer, Mrs. Ella L.

Schaefer, George (i..

Schaefer, Oscar F. . .

Schall, William

Schanck, George E. .

Schattgen, William. .

Scherer. Mrs. .\. G. .

SchiefTelin, Mrs. H.
M

Schirmer, Mrs. R. F.
Schley, Grant B.. 2d.
Schmidt, C. Tessa.. .

Schmidt, Hans

Schmidt, William H.
Schmieden, Mrs. E.G.

Schow, A

Schreiter, Henry. . . .
Schroder, William H.
Schroeder, Arthur. . .
Schroeder, Mrs. A. W.
Schultz, John D. H..

Schurz, Miss M

Schuster, Mrs. C . .

Schutz, B

Schwab, Louis

Schwab, Louis E., Jr.
Schwarz, George F.. .
Schwarz, IMrs. H. F..
Schwarz, Herbert F..
Schwehm, Harry J. .
Scituate Woman's

Club

Scofield, Miss Marion

Scott, Albert L

Scott, Clement

Scott, Donald

Scott, Mrs. John Wm.
Scott, Mrs. L. G.. . .
Scott, Mrs. M. B.. . .
Scott, Mrs. Robert T.

IBUTORS, continued
00

10 00

5 00

5 oc

5 00

I 00

25 00

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2 00

10 00

5 00

15 00

I 00

5 00

5 oc

3 00

5 00

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5 00

5 oc

5 00

3 00

5 00

5 oc

5 00

10 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Scovill, Mr. and Mrs.

Henry W $5 00

Scribner, Mrs. A. H. 5 00

Scuddcr, Miss S. J.. . i 00

Scully, Henry R 5 00

Seabrook, Mrs. H. H. 5 00

Seabury, C. W 5 00

Seabury, Miss S. E.. 2000

Seaman, William W. 5 00

Searle, Mrs. A. L. .. . 2 00

Sears, Miss A. L. . . . 5 00

Sears, Miss Mary P.. 5 00

Sears, Mrs. P. S 5 00

Seattle Audubon So-
ciety 5 00

Seaver, Benj. F 5 00

Seaverns, C. F. T. . . 5 00

See, Alonzo B 5 00

Seeley, Mrs. C. B.. . 5 00

Seelye, L. Clark. ... 5 00
Seinsheimer, Mrs.

Henry H

Seipp, Mrs. C

Selden, Mrs. E. G. . .
Selfridge, Mrs. G. S..
Seligman, George W.
Seligman, Mrs. I. N.
Sellers, Frank H. . . .
Semken, Miss K. E..
Semmes, John E. . . .
Serrill, William J.. . .

Severance, John L.. . 10 00

Seward, W. R 5 00

Sexton, Mrs. E. B.. . 5 00

Sewall, Miss Helen D. 20 00

Seymour, L. H 5 00

Shaffer, Miss Alice B. i co

Shailer, William G.. . 5 00
Shainwald, Mrs.

Ralph L 5 00

Shaker Lakes Garden

Club (The) 25 00

Shannon, Mrs. W. C. 5 00

Sharpe, Miss E. M.. 5 00

Sharpe, Henry D.. . . 5 00

Shattuck, A. F 5 00

Shattuck, Dr. G. C. 5 00

Shaver, Mrs. B. F.. . 2 00

Shaw, Miss Eleanor. 5 00

Shaw, Francis 5 00

Shaw, Mrs. Ci. IL. . . 5 00

Shaw, Mrs. George R. 500

Shaw, Henry S., Jr.. 5 00

Shaw, Mrs. John C 2 00

Shaw, Louis Agassiz. 25 00

Shaw, Mrs. Q. A. . . . 5 00

Shaw, Mrs. Robert Ci. 500

Shaw, S. P., Jr 5 00

Shead, Mrs. Lucia W. 5 00

Shearer, Mrs. Wm. L. 5 00

Shearman, MissM.H. 2 00
Shearman, Mr. and

Mrs. W. H 10 00

List of Members

:)Do

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Sheble, Mrs. Frank J. S5 00

Shedd, Mrs. J. G... . 5 00

Sheffield, G. St. J.. .. 5 00

Sheldon, Mrs. E. B.. 5 00

Sheldon, James 10 00

Shepard, Miss A. R.. 5 00

Shepard, Miss Clara. 5 00

S , C. S 25 00

Shepard, Miss E. B.. 5 00

Shepard, Mrs. E. E.. 5 00

Shepard, Finley J. . . 5 00

Shepard, W. Hubbard 5 00

Shepardson, A. O.. . . 10 00

Shepherd, Mrs. C. J. 10 00

Shepherd. Mrs. Owen 5 00

Sheppard, Miss M.. . i 00

Sheppard, William B. 5 00

Sherer, George J. . . . 5 00

Sheridan, Mrs. L. A. 5 00

Sherlock, Mrs. J. C 6 00

Sherman, Mrs. E. J.. 5 00

Sherman, Mrs. (i.. . . 5 00

Sherman, Mrs. J. D. 5 00

Sherman, John P. R. 5 00

Sherman. Mrs. J. P. R. 5 00

Sherman, Miss J. F.. 5 00

Sherrill, A. P 5 00

Sherry, A. G 5 00

Sherwin, Miss A. F.. 5 00

Sherwin, Mrs. H. .\. 5 00

Sherwood, Clyde C. 5 00

Shillaber, William. . . 5 00

Shipman, Richard D. 5 00

Shiras, Hon. Geo., ^d. 5 00

Shober, Mrs. S. L. . . 5 00

Shoemaker, C. W. . . 5 00

Shoemaker, Mrs. H. P. 5 00

Shoemaker, Henry W. 1500

Shoemaker, Miss M. 5 00
Shoemaker, Miss

Mary W 5 00

Shoemaker, Thos. H. 5 00

Shores, Dr. H. T.. . . 5 00

Shortall, Mrs. J. L.. . 5 00

Shove, Miss Ellen M. 5 00

Shove, E. P 5 00

Shriver, Mrs. H. T. . 5 00

Shumvvay, Ellen M.. 10 00

Sibley, Mrs. R. \. . . 5 00

Sidway, Ralph H.. . . 5 00
Sicdenburj,', .Mrs.R.,Jr. 5 00

Siegel, William 5 00

Sill, Miss .Annie M.. . 5 00

Sills, Henry J 5 00

Silsbee, Miss E. W. . 5 00

Simcs, Mrs. William. 10 00

Simmons, H. F 5 00

Simmons, Mrs. E. I). 5 00

Simmons, John S. . 5 00

Simon, .Mfrcd L 5 00

Simon, Charles 5 00

Simon, Charles C. . 5 00

Simonds, Ray 5 00

Simonds, Miss S. L.. S5 00

Simons. William C . 5 00

Simonson. Mrs. W..\. 5 00

Simpkins, Miss M.W. 10 00

Simpson, Miss Helen 15 00

Simpson, Miss J. W.. 10 00

Simpson, John B.. . . 5 00

Sinclair, Miss E. T. . 5 00

Sinclair, H. R 5 00

Sinkler, Mrs. W., Jr. 5 00

Sisler, L. E 5 00

Sitgreaves, Miss M.J. 5 00

Skae, Mrs. Edward A. 500

Skeel, Mrs. Frank D. 5 00

Skeel, Mrs. R., Jr.. . 10 00

Skidmore, Samuel T. 5 00

Skijiner, Albert 5 00

Skinner, M. P 5 00

Skoglund, Walter L.. 5 00

Slade, David F 5 00

Slade, Mrs. F. H 2 00

Slade. PVancis L 5 00

Slater, William A.. . . 10 00

Slingluffs, Mrs. K. . . 2 00

Sloan, Dr. Earl S.. . . 5 00

Sloane, Mrs. William 5 00

Slocum, William H. . 5 00

Slosson, Mrs. A. T.. . 5 00

Slosson, Mrs. H. L. . 5 00

Small, Miss C. M i 00

Small, Miss Cora. . . 2 50

Smiley, Daniel 5 00

Smiley, Mrs. Emily. 5 00

Smillie, James C . . 5 00

Smith, Mrs. A. G. . . 15 00

Smith, Miss A. M.. . 5 00

Smith, Mrs. A. J.. . . 5 00

Smith, Mrs. Byron L. 5 00

Smith, Carlile B 5 00

Smith, Charles F.. . . 5 00

Smith, Mrs. Chas. H. 5 00

Smith, Mrs. C. C. . . i 00

Smith, Mrs. C 5 00

Smith, Dr. C. Ernest 5 00

Smith, Mrs. DeCost. 5 00

Smith, Delavan 6 00

Smith, Dudley W. . . 5 00

Smith, Prof. Frank. . 5 00

Smith, Frank .\ 5 00

Smith, Mrs. F. C., Jr. 5 00

Smith, Mrs. F. D.. . . 5 00

Smith, F. I". 5 00

Smith, Mrs. Frank J. 5 00

Smith, Mrs. F. H.. . . 2 00

Smith, Mrs. I'red W. 5 00

Smith, (ieorge A. . . 5 00

Smith, (ieorge (i. . . i 00

Smith, (ieorge G. 5 00

Smith, H. A. H 5 00

Smith. Henry I* 5 00

Smith, .Mrs. H. 1 5 00

Smith, H. Monmouth 5 00

Smith, Mrs. Jos. N.. 5 00

Smith, Judd

Smith, Laura I

Smith, Miss Lilian . .

Smith, L. F

Smith, Mrs. Louis F.
Smith.Mrs.Louise^L
Smith, Mrs. Mary B.
Smith, Miss Mary F.

Smith, .\ellie M

Smith, Pierre J

Smith, Mrs. R. P., Jr.
Smith, Samuel W., Jr.

Smith, Sinclair

Smith, Mrs. S. Lewis

Smith, Theo. H

Smith, Mrs. Wallis C.
Smith, Walter E. . . .
Smith, Wilbur F. . , .
Smith, William H. . .
Smith, W. Hinckle. .
Smith, William W.. .
Smithland Audubon

Society

Smock, John C

Smyth, Ellison .V.. . .
Smvth, Henrv L., Jr.
S my the. Mrs'. A. B. .
Smythc, Mrs. Hugh.
Snodgrass, John H.. .
Snook, Mrs. T. E.. . .

Snyder, Mrs. J

Snyder, Mrs. M. S.. .

Snvder, Watson

Soiley, Fred W

Somerset Hills Bird

Club

Somerville, Robert . .
Soule, Mrs. E. P.. . .
South Bend Humane

Society

South Haven Bird

Club

Southworth, Mrs.O.S.
Sovereign, Miss E. P.
Sowash, Dr. W. H.. .
Spafford, Joseph H..
Spalding, Mrs. P. L.
Sparks, T. .\shley .
Sparks, Thomas W.
Sparre, Mrs. .Ma_\' H.
Sparrow, .Mrs. V.. W.
Spaulding, Waller M.
Spear, Mrs. L. Y. .
Speare, Mrs. L. R. .
Speers, Mrs. Jas. M.
Spcir, Louis Dean. . .
Spelman, Mrs.L.L.E.
Spencer, Mrs. .\. W.

Spencer & Boss

SiH-ncer, Mrs. lidw. .
Spencer, .Mrs. Robert
Spencer. Theodore. .
Spcrr>-. Hon. Lewis. .

S5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
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5 00
5 00
5 00
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5 00
5 00
7 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

5 00
5 00
.=; 00

5 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00

554

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Spcvcr, Mrs. James.
SpolTord. Paul C. . .
Spokane Hird Club. .
SponK. Mrs. J.J. R..
Spooner Miss E. O..
Spooner, Miss M. L.
Sprague, Dr. F. P. . .
Spraguc, Howard B..

Sprague, 11. L

Sprague, Mrs. Isaac.

Sprague, Shaw

Spring, Mrs. Isabel H.
Spruance, Lt. Col.

W. C, Jr

Staeffler, Mrs. K. F.,
Stafford, Mrs.Wm.F.

Stallman, F. L

Stanley, Mrs. M. R..
Staples, Frank T. . . .
Starr, Miss Minna T).
Staten Island Bird

Club

Statham, Mrs. Noel.

Staudt, John

Stearns, Alfred E.. . .
Stearns, Charles H. .
Stearns, Mrs. K. D..
Stearns, Mrs. W. H..
Stebbins, Miss A. C.
Steedman, Mrs. C. J.
Steele, Miss Grace. .
Stehr, Mrs. F. W....
Stearns, Mrs. F. K. .
Stearns, Mrs. F. W..
Stearns, William S.. .

Steinberg, M. C

Steinmetz, Charles P.

Steinway, F. T

Stephens, Miss .Ada .
Stephens, Mrs. N. S.
Stephenson, Fred M.
Stephenson, Mrs. I..
Stephenson, Rob't. S.
Sterling, Willis B . .
Sternberg, Mrs. .\nna

Sterne, Alfred J

Stevens. Miss B. T. .
Stevens, Mrs. J. W..

Stevens, Leo E

Stevenson, Miss A.. .
Stevenson, Mrs. R.H.
Steward, Campbell..

Steward, Miss S

Stewart, A. M

Sticklcy, Mrs. B. F..
Stickney, Mrs. E. C.
Stillman, Mrs. J. F..
Stiilman, Miss Liska.
Stillwell, Mrs. L. B..
Stilwell, Miss M. C.
Stimson, Louis A.. . .
Stimson, Miss M. A.
Slinchi'ield, Mrs. C. .

$5 GO

5 oo

25 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
II 00
5 00
2 00
2 00
5 00
2 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
5 00

1 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

3 00
5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Slinsom, Mrs. C. E..

Stix, A. I

Sti.x, Ernest W

Stoddard, Miss E. I.
Stoddard, Prof. F. H.

Stoehr, Max Wm

Stokes, Mrs. Ellen O.
Stokes, Mrs. I. N. P.
Stokes, J. G. Phelps.
Stone, Miss Abbie M.
Stone, Mrs. Arthur L.
Stone, Miss E. B.. . .
Stone, Mrs. E. M.. .
Stone, Mrs. F. H... .
Stone, Herbert F.. . .
Stone, Mrs. R. B... .
Storey, Richard C .
Storey, Mrs. R. M.. .

Storrs, Mary R

Stout, Andrew V. . . .
Stout, Mrs. C. H... .

Stout, F. C

Strader, BenJ. W.. . .
Straight, Mrs. W.. . .
Strasburger, Mrs. E.
Strattan, Mrs. G. W.
Stratton, Charles E..
Stratton, J. Ford. . . .
Straus. Mrs. H. N.. .
Straus, Mrs. H. G.. .

Straus, Oscar S

Strauss, Albert

Strauss, Charles

Strauss, Frederick. . .
Strauss, Mrs. William
Strawbridge, Miss

Mary D

Streater, Miss K. J..
Street, Mrs. K. A.. . .
Street, Mrs. W. D. C.
Strenli, Charles A. . .
Stringer, Mrs. E. C.
Strong, Mrs. Edw. A.

Strong, E. E

Strong, E. W

Strong, Mrs. H. A.. .
Strong, Richard A...

Strong, Selah B

Strong, Theron G. . .
Strong, Thomas W. .
Struthers, Miss M. S.
Stryker, .Miss E. W..
Stuart, Mrs. C. C. . .

Stuart, F. A

Studebaker, C, Jr.. .
Studlej', Helen E.. . .
Stump, H. Arthur. . .
Sturges, Frederick,Jr.
Sturgis, Dr. E. M.. .

Sturgis, J. H

Sturgis, Miss L. C .

Sturgis, S. W

Stursberg, Julius .\. .

$5 oc
5 00
5 oc
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
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5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
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5 00
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5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

ID 00
10 00

5 00

5
5
5
S
5
5
5

10 CO

5 00
I 00
5 00

50 00
5 00
1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 CO

Sturtevanl, MissM.L.
Stutzer, Miss E. W..
Stutzer, Herman. . . .
Stutzer, Mrs. Herman

Sudduth, W. H

Sugden, Arthur W.. .
Sullivan, Mrs. E. S..
Sullivan, Mrs.N.L.W.
Sundslrand,Mrs.G.D.
Sunny, Mrs. B. E. . .
Sussdorff, Louis A.. .
Sussex County Na-
ture Study Club . .

Sutcliffe, A. S

Suydam, H. W

Swales, B. H

Swan, Charles F. . . .

Swan, Mrs. J. A

Swan, Mrs. R. T.. . .
Swan, Thomas W. . .
Swan, William D.. . .
Swann, Mrs. A. W.. .

Swarts, S. L

Swartz, Mrs. A. M..

Swasey, E. R

Sweet, Miss Ora D..
Sweet, Mrs. P. P.. . .
Swezey, Mrs. F. A.. .
Swift, Mrs. James. . .
Swift, Mrs. Louis F..
Swift, Mrs. Sarah J..

Swift, W. E

Swinerton, Miss L.D.
Swope, Dr. Eugene. .
Swope, Mrs. M. M..
Sylvester, Mrs. H. F.
Symmes, Amelia M..

Taber, Henry

Taber, Miss Mary. .
Taber, Mrs. S. R... .

Tag, Albert

Taggart, Rush T.. . .
Tagliabue, Charles J.
Taintor, Charles W..
Taintor, Henry S.. . .
Taintor, Mrs. H. S. .
Talbot, Dr. Fritz B..
Talbot, Miss Marj-. .
Talbot, Richmond. .
Talcott, Mrs. James.
Talley, Haskell B....
Tall man, Mrs. F. G..
Tanenbaum, Clara. .
Tanenbaum, Moses .
Tapley, Miss A. P...
Tappan, Mrs. W. H.
Tappin, Charles L.. .
Tate, Miss Mary D..
Taylor, Mrs. A. A., .

Taylor, F. M. P

Taylor, Dr. James W.

Taylor, John

Taylor, Mary I

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
2 00

1 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
5 00
5 00
2 00
5 00

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2 00
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5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 GO

5 00

IG GO
I GO

5 00

5 OG

5 00
5 00

I GO
I GG

5 00
5 00

s OG

List of Members

0^0

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Ta\'lor, Samuel L. . . $5 00

Taylor, Mrs. Wm. R. 5 00

Taylor, Mrs. W.R.K. 5 00

Temple, Miss A. B.. 5 00

Tener, Mrs. George E. 500

Tennev, Dr. Benj. . . 5 00

Terrell', Clyde B 5 00

Thacher, Mrs. T. D. 5 00

Thaw, Mrs. Wm., Jr. 5 00

Thaxter, John 5 00

Thayer, Mr. and Mrs.

Frank B 2 00

Thayer, Mrs. Geo. A. 5 00
Thayer, Mrs. George

A. (Ohio) I 00

Thayer, Mrs. G. R.. 5 00

Thayer, H. B 5 00

Thayer, Mrs. S. E... 5 00

Thibaut, Mrs. N. J.. 5 00

Thieme, Theo. F. . . . 10 00

Thomas, Miss B. H.. 5 00

Thomas, Mrs. F 5 00

Thomas, Mrs. G. C 5 00

Thomas, Dr. H. G.. . i 50

Thomas, Mrs. H. N.. 5 00

Thomas, Miss M. P.. 500

Thomas, Mrs. Theo. 5 00

Thompson, Mrs.D.B. 5 00

Thompson, Mrs. E.F. 5 00

Thompson, Miss G.S. 5 00

Thomjjson, H. Oliver 5 00

Thompson, Mrs.J.W. 5 00

Thompson, MissL.C. 5 00

Thompson, Dr. L. M. 5 00

Thompson, MissM.B. 500

Thompson, R. B.. . . 5 00

Thomson, Mrs. J. L.. 10 00

Thorndike, Albert. . . 5 00

Thorne, Edwin 5 00

Thorne, Jonathan. . . 5 00

Thorne, Samuel., Jr.. 500

Thorne, W. V. S. . . . 10 00

Thornton, Miss M.C. 10 00

Thorp, Mrs. J. G.. . . 5 00

Thowless, Herbert L. 5 00

Thrall, Mrs. W. G... 500

Thresher, J. B i 00

Thurlburt, Mrs.F.B.. 500

Tibbals, Mrs. S. J.. . 5 00

Tibbits, Dudley 20 00

Tibbits, Mrs. N. L.. . 2 00

Tibbits, Miss S. B... 5 00

Tiemann, Miss E.W.. 500

TilTany, Mrs. C. L.. . 5 00

Tillinghast, Mrs.G.F. 5 00

Tinkham, Julian K. . 25 00

Titus, E., Jr 5 00

Tjader, Miss M. T.. . 5 00

Tobin, B. F 2 00

Tod, J. Kennedy. ... 10 00

Todd, A. M 5 00

Todd, George \V. ... 5 00

Tompkins, SlissE.M. 500

Tooker, Edmund C
Topliff , Miss Anna E.

Tough, John S

Tower, Mrs. Kate D.
Tower, Mrs. R. G. . .
Townsend, Mrs. C .
Townsend, J. B., Jr..
Townsend, J. Henry.
Townsend, Mrs. R.. .
Townsend, William S.
Townsend, Henry H.

Tracy, C

Tracy, Mrs. J. J., Sr.
Trafton, Mrs. F. D..
Trainer, Charles W..

Traut, G. N

Traut, George W.. . .
Travelli, Mrs. C. I..
Trostel, Albert I. . . .
Trotta, Dominic .\..
Trowbridge, Mrs.N.F.
Trowbridge, Wm. B.
Truber, Mrs. W. E. .
Trussell, x\rthur J. . .
Tucker, Miss B. H..
Tucker, Gilbert M.. .
Tucker, Mrs. H. St.

George

Tuckerman, Alfred. .
Tuckerman, L. C . .

Tufts, Mrs. J. A

Tullsen, H

Turle, Mrs. Walter..
Turnbull, Mrs. R....
Turner, Aliss H. I. . .
Turner, Mrs. H. S.. .
Turner, Miss Mary E.
Tuttle, Carlisle B....
Tuttle, Miss Jane. . .
Tuveson, Nels A. . . .

Tweedy, Edgar

Twentieth Century
Club of Detroit. . .

Twining, Julia

Twitchell, Mrs. H. F.

Tyler, H. W

Tyler, Mrs. Victor M.
Tyler, Mrs. W. G...
Tyzzer, Dr. E. E.. . .
Ueland, Mrs. Andreas
Uihlein, Edward G. .

Ulman, Ludwig

Ulmann, Mrs. C. J. .
Underhill,Mrs.W.M.
Underbill, W. P.. . . .
University Society,

Inc. (The) ;.

Upmann, H

Upson, Mrs. Wm. H.
Uptegraff, Alex. G.. .

Usher, C. J

Usher, R. C

Utlcy, Mrs. Samuel.

00
5 00
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5 00
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5 0°
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5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00

5 00
5 0°
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00

5 00
5 00

1 00
5 00

5 00

2 00
S 00
5 00

5 00
ID 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
I 00
5 00

Vail, Carl M

Vail, Miss Sara A.. , .
Valentine, Miss Myra
Valentine, Dr. W. A.
Van Antwerp, Rev.

F.J

Van Antwerp, Miss

Gertrude A

Van Bergen, R. E.. .
Van Brunt, Miss C. .

Van Brunt, J. R

Vanderbilt, Miss L. .
Vandergrift, S. H. . . .
Vanderpoel, A. E.. . .
van Dyke, Dr. T. . . .

van Eck, B. A

Van Gerbig, Mrs. B..
Van Ingen, Mrs. E.H.
Vann, Hon. Irving G.
Van Name, R. G.. . .
Van Name, W. G.. . .
Van Norden, O. H.. .
Van Santvoord, S. . .
Van Sinderen, Mrs.
A. J,

V^an Sinderen, Mrs.

H. B

Van Sinderen, Mrs.

W. L

Van Voorhis, Mrs.

H. N

Van Wagenen, Mrs.

G. A

Van Wagenen, H .W.

Van Wagenen, Mrs.
H. W

Van Winkle, E. B.. .

Van Winkle, Miss
Mary D

Van Wyck, Philip...

Van Wyck, Prescott.

Varick, Dr. and Mrs.
William R

Varicle, Miss Renee.

Vassar Wake Robin
Club

Vaughan, Mrs. H. G.

Vceder, Curtis H.. . .

Velie, Charles D.. . .

Venill, John

Vermont liird Club.

Vernon, Miss M

Vernon, Mrs. R. R. .

Vezin, Charles, Jr. . .

Viberl, C. W

\il)crt. Miss Eveline.

Vickery, Mrs. H. F..

Victor, Edward W.. .

Victor, Mrs. E. C... .

Vigo County Bird
Club (The)'

Voigt, Frederick ....

Volger, M.C,

*5 00
I 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

ID GO

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 CO
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
35 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

S 00

2 00
5 00

5 00
5 00

5 00
10 00
10 00

10 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
lO 50
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

556

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

von Arnim, Miss A.,
von lirecht, Chas. E.
von Brecht, Frank . .
Vonncgut, George. . .

Von Saal, R. E

Von Stade, V. S

von Wetlbcrg, E. V..

Vosburg, Paul S

Vuilleumier, Dr. J. A.

Wade, J. W

Wadleigh General

Organization

Wadsworth, C. S.. . .
Wadsworth, R. C. W.

(In Memoriam). . .
Wadsworth, Samuel.
Wadsworth, William.
Wadsworth, Mrs. W.

Austin

Wadsworth, W. M...
Wagner, Prof. Geo.. .
Waid, D. Everett. . .
Wainwright, Miss

Abigail E

Waite, Frank A

Wakeley, Dr. W. A.

Wakeman, S. H

Walcott, Frederic C.
Walcott, Mrs. M. V.
Waldeck, J. C. C...
Walden, Mrs. P. T. .
Wales, Edward H. . .
Walker, Carrole D.. .
Walker, Charles C .

Walker, C. R

Walker, Edwin H. . .

Walker, Grant

Walker, Miss H. D..
Walker, Miss M. C..
Walker, Miss M. C.

Walker, Mrs. T

Walker, W.I

Wallace, Frank B.. .
Wallace, Miss H. E..
Wallace, Herbert I. .
Wallace, James N.. .
Wallace, James S.. . .
Wallace, Mrs. L. H..
Wallner, Louis W.. . .
Walter, Mrs. A. M..
Walter, Clarence R..
Walter, Mrs. H. E...
Walton, Frank S. . . .
Walton, Miss Lily E.

Wampler, F. C

Wanamaker, John.. .
Warburg, Mrs. F. M.
Ward, Mrs. Edgar B.
W^ard, Edward L.. . .

Ward, John

Ward, R. E

Warfield, Mrs. W.

S.,Jr

$5 oo

lo oo

5 oo

2 OO

5 oo

35 oo

15 00

5 00

2 00

10 00

5 00

I 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

50 CO

3 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

6 50

5 00

10 00

5 00

Waring, Edw. J

Warner, Edward P. .
Warner, Frederick W.
Warner, Mrs. G. M..
Warner, Mrs. H. A..
Warner, Mrs. I. DeV.
W^arner, Mrs. L. C .

Warren, Miss C

Warren, Mrs. E. K..
Warren, George C .
Warren, Mrs. H. M.,
Warren, Mrs. S. I)..
Warren, Mrs. W. P..
Washington, Mrs. B.
Washington Indiana

Audubon Society..
W^ashington State

Federation of

Women's Clubs. . .
Wason, Lawrence W^
Wason, Leonard C .

Wasson, E. A

Waterbury Bird Club
Watcrhouse, Mrs.F. A.
Waterman, Miss M.E.
Watertown Bird Club
Watkins, Miss F. . . .
Watmough, Miss A.C.

Watres, L. A

Watrous, Mrs. E.. .
Watrous, George D
Watson, Miss E. C.
Watson, Mrs. J. S..
Watson, Jane S. . . .
Wa tson, Mr. and

Mrs. J. V

Watson, Mrs. R. C.
Watt, Mrs. H. C. .
Wattles, Mrs. R. W.

Wead, E.J

Wearne, Henry. . . .
Weaver, Mrs. B. P.
Weaver, Dr. W. B..
W^ebb, Dr. Gerald B
Webb, Mrs. John W
Webb, Mrs. J. W. S

Webber, R. H

Webber, Mrs. W. G
Webster, Edwin S..
Webster, Mrs. E. S.
Webster, George K.
Webster, Janet S.. .
Webster, Mrs. J. E.B

Webster, L. F

Weeks, Andrew G..
W^eeks, Dr. John E.
Weeks, W. B. P.. .
Weeks, Mrs. W. W.
Wehrhane, Charles.
Wehrle, August. . . .
Wehrlc, Augustine T
Weil, Mrs. Harriet
Weiler, Hcnrv C. .

S5 00

5 00

25 00

5 00

3 00

I 50

5 00

2 00

10 00

5 00

I 00

2 00

I 00

10 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

I 00

Weirs, Mrs.AmeliaK.

Weiss, Mrs. Carrie S.

Weitling, Wm. W. . .

Welch, Mrs. A. A. . .

Welch, Charles W. . .

Welch, Dr. George T.

Welch, H. K. W

Welch, Lewis S

Welch, Miss Mary C.

Welch, Pierce N

Welch,Mrs.P.N.,Sr.

Weld, Mrs. C. Minot

Weld, Mrs. Edw. M.

Weld, Rev. Geo. F. .

Wellesley College
Bird Club

Wellington, Mrs.
Helen M

Wellington, Sarah W.

Wells, Mrs. John

Wells, W. S

Welsh, Robert F. . . .

Welton, H. A

Welton, Miss N. M..

Wemple, W^illiam Y..

W^endell, H. F

Wentworth, Mrs.C.F.

Wentworth, Ellen L.

Wentworth, Mrs. T.
F

Weschler, Anita N.. .

Wessell, Arthur L. . .

Wesson, Mrs. W. H..

West, Albert S

West, Mrs. Charles L.

West, H. J

West, Dr. William. .

West, Dr. Wm. E.. .

Westcott, Mrs. R. E.

Westervelt, Leonidas

Weston, Dr. Edward.

Westover, M. F

West Tennessee Au-
dubon Society. . . .

West Virginia Audu-
bon Society

Wctmore, Mrs. C. W.

Wetmore, Miss E. M.

Wharton, Wm. P.... 5

Wheat, Mrs. Corydon

Wheatland, Mrs. Ann
Maria

Wheeler, C. W^ B.. .

Wheeler, Frank P. . .

Wheeler, Harvey C.

Wheeler, J. D

Wheeler, Mrs. L. F..

Wheeler, The Misses.

Wheeler, Mrs. O. A..

Wheeler, Mrs. S. H..

Wheeler, S. H

Wheelock, Chas. B. .

Wheelock, William E.

List of Members

557

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Wheelwright, Mrs.

Andrew C I

Wheelwright, Miss

M. C

Whipple, Caroline A.
Whipple, Mrs. H. B.
Whitbeck, Mrs. C. H.

White, A. M

White, Alfred T

White, Miss Alice. . .
White, Benj. V., Jr..

White, Charles E

White, Miss H

White, Mrs. H. C. . .
White, Miss H. H. . .
White, Mrs. H.K., Jr.
White, Mrs. J. Wm..
Wh i t e Memorial

Foundation

White, Roger S

White, Mrs. Thos.H.
White, Mrs. W. C. .
White, William M...
White, Mrs. W. T.. .
Whiteman,Mrs.J. H.
Whitin, Mr. and Mrs.

Arthur F

Whiting, Sarah E.. . .
Whiting. Miss G. . . .
Whiting, Mrs. J. K..
Whiting, Mrs. S. B..
Whitney, Alfred R...
Whitney, Caspar. . . .
Whitney, David C...
Whitney, Mrs. Eli. .
Whitney, Frank. . . .
Whitney, Mrs. G. G.
Whitney, Mrs. H. O.
Whitney, Joseph B..
Whitney, Thomas H.
Whiton, Miss Mary

B. and Miss Bangs.
Whiton, Mrs. S. G...
Whitson, Abraham U.
Whittemore, Miss G.

Whittemore, Harris..
Whittemore, James..
Whittemore, J. Q. A.
Whittlesey, H. C. . .
Wiard, Mrs. F. L....

Wiborg, F. B

Wicke, Miss Louise..

Widmann, Otto

Wierman, Miss Sarah
Wigglcsworlh, Geo..
Wigglcsworlh, Mrs.G.
Wigglcsworlh, S. W..
Wilbour, Theodora. .
Wilbur, Mrs. F. M..
Wilbur, Mr. and Mrs.

H. O

Wilco.x, F. B

lO CO

5 CO

2 CO

5 oo

I oo

5 oo

25 oo

S oo

lo oo

5 oo

I oo

20 oo

5 oo

lo oo

5 oo

15 00

2 00

5 00

lo 00

3 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

10 00

5 00
2 00

Wilcox, Mrs. F. L. . .

Wilcox, Mrs. F. P. . .

Wilcox, F. P

Wilcox, Mrs. J. T.. .

Wilcox, T. F

Wilder, Charles P. . .

Wild Life Protective
Society of Milwau-
kee

Wilkerson, Miss G. S.

Wilkins, H. A. J

Willcox, Miss K. A..

Willcox, William G. .

Willenbrock, Mrs. F.

Willets, Mrs. J. T.. .

Willets, S. P. Taber.

Williams, Alex. A. . .

Williams, Mrs. B. T.

Williams, C. E

Williams, Mrs. D. W.

Williams, E. A

Williams, ISIiss E. F.

Williams, Dr. E. R..

Williams, Mrs. F. H.

Williams, Frank C .

Williams, Mrs. G. H.

Williams, George L..

Williams, Mrs. G. R.

Williams, Gibson T..

Williams, Martha T.

Williams, Moses, Jr..

Williams, Ralph B...

Williams, Mrs. S. M.

Williamstown Bird
Club

Willis, Miss Adeline.

Willis, W. P

Williston, Mrs. M.
L

Willson, MissL. B...

Wilmarth,Mrs.H.xM.

Wilson, Miss A. E.. .

Wilson, Miss A. M. .

Wilson, Mrs. Etta S.

Wilson, Mrs. Frank.

Wilson, Mrs. G. G...

Wilson, M. Orme. . .

Wilson, Mrs. M. O. .

Wilson, Orme, Jr.. . .

Wimsatt, W. A

Wi nchendon Wo -
man's Club

Winchester Repeat-
ing .-\rms Co

Wineburgh, M

Wing, Asa S

Wing, DeWitt C. . . .

Wing, John M

Winn, Herbert J. . . .

Winne, Mrs. C. K.. .

Winsliip. C. N

Win slow, Miss I.
(In Memoriam). . .

$5 00

10 00

5 00

I 00

10 00

I 00

10 00
5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
S 00
10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
10 00
10 00
5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

10 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

10 00
5 00

15 00
5 00

10 00
5 00
5 00

I 00

5 00
5 00
S 00
20 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

Winslow, Miss Maria
L. C

Winston, Owen

Winston - Salem Au-
dubon Society. . . .

Winthrop, Beekman

Winthrop, G. L

Winthrop, H. R

Wisconsin Game Pro-
tective Association

Wister, Mrs. Jones. .

Witherbee, E. W. . . .

Witherspoon, Mrs.
Eleanor E

Wittraann, Joseph. .

Witwer, Mohler

Wolf, Martin J

Wolff, Mrs. L. S

Woman's Club

Wood, Mrs. A. B.. . .

Wood, Rev. Charles.

Wood, Guilford S....

Wood, Henry H

Wood, Miss Juliana.

Wood, Miss Sarah L.

Wood, Mrs. R. L....

Wood, Mrs. W.A.,Jr..

Wood, Mrs. W. D.. .

Woodbury, Mrs. W.L.

Woodcock, John. . . .

Woodcock, Miss M..

Woodruff, Mr. and
Mrs. Frederick A..

Woods, Edward F.. .

Woodsome, Mrs.C. W.

Woodward, K. N....

Woodward, Lemiel F.

W^oodward, Miss Q..

Woodward, Miss S. I.

Woolley, Mrs. P. M.

Woolman, H. N., Jr.

Worcester, Mrs. A...

Worcester, Wm. L.. .

Wotherspoon, Gen-
eral W. W

Wrenn, Philip W.. . .

Wright, A. B

Wright, Mrs. E. K...

Wright, Miss E. M..

Wright, Glen

Wright, Miss Harriet
H

Wright, Miss H. H

Wrigiit, .Mrs. Jas. N.

Wriglit, Mrs. John D.

Wright, Mrs. M. A..

Wright, Mrs. M. O..

Wright, Mrs. M. R..

W'righl, .Minium T..

Wriglit, .Mrs.Thco. F.

Wriglit. W. H. G....

Wriglit, Mrs. Wm. L.
Wulsin, Mrs. L., Jr..

$5 00
5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

1 00

2 00

10 00

.T 00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00
10 00

1 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
I 00
5 00
S 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00

5 00
30 00

5 00
10 00

5 00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00
12 00
5 00
S 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

Bird- Lore

ANNUAL MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, continued

Wvalt, W. S $5 oo

WyckotT. Mrs. P. H.. 500
Wymun, Mrs. C. L.. 5 00
Wyncote Bird Club. 5 00
Wynne, iMrs. T. A.. . 5 00
\\'yominp; Valley Au-
dubon Soiiet\'. ... 5 00
Yule, Mrs. \V. t.. . . 500
Vardley, Miss K. W. 5 00

York, Miss Georgia.
Young, Miss Annette

Young, Bcnj. L

Young, C. E

Young, Miss E. W.. .
Young, IMrs. F. B. . .
Young, Frank W.. . .
Young, Horace G.. . .
Young, Miss M. R.. .

Zabriskie, Mrs. \. C. $5 00

Zastrovv, George W.. 5 00

Zech, Miss Lillian. . . 5 00

Zicglcr, Frank P 5 00

Zicglcr, Mrs. Henry. 5 00

Zimmermann, John.. 5 00

ZoUikolTer, Mrs. O.F. s 00

Total $26,916 50

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ORNITHOLOGY

Ams, Charles M... .$300 00
Boulton, VVm. B... . 50 00
Cerio, Mrs. George. 20 00
Davis, Julian T. . . . 25 00

Dows, Tracy 200 00

Ewart, Richard H.. 100 00
Frothingham, Mrs.

L. A 25 00

Gibbs, George 50 00

Harriman, W. A... . 50 00
Harrison, Alfred C. 300 00

Haynes, W. DeF. . . $50 00
Hooker, Mrs. E. H. 10 00

Kahn, Otto H 25 00

Lancashire, Mrs. S.

H 25 00

McCracken, Mrs. J.

H I 00

Meyer, Miss H 100 00

Miscellaneous 50 00

Pagenstecher, Miss F. 10 00
Proceeds of Lectures 675 36

Robbins, Mr. and

Mrs. R. E

$5 00

Robertson, R. H. . .

10 00

Schermerhorn, F. A.

750 00

Scoville, Robert. . . .

100 00

Sears, Miss A. L. . .

3 00

Sprague, Mrs. I.. . .

5 00

Thornc, Edwin ....

50 00

Walcott, F. C

27 00

5,016 36

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND

Balance unexpended

October, ig iqi7.$87o 15
Adams, William C... i 00

Albright, J.J 5 00

Allen, Miss E. H.. . . i 00

Allen, Miss G 15 00

Allen, Miss M. P.. . . 17 40

Ames, Mrs. J. B 5 00

Anderson, F. A 3 00

Anderson, Miss M.

B 3 00

Anonymous 435 00

Auchincloss, Mrs. E.

Auchincloss, Mrs. H.

Audubon Society of

Skancatelcs

Avres, Miss M. A. . .
Babson, Mrs. C. W..
Bainbridge. Mrs. M.

Ballantine, Mrs. R. F
Barclay, Miss Emily
Barnes, R. Magoon.. 10 00
Baruch, Bernard M.. 10 00
Bates, Clifford L. . .
Ba.xter, Miss L. W..
Bcall, Mrs. L A.. . .
Benninghofen, Miss

Carrie 5 00

Biddle, E. C. and C.

M S 00

Bignell, Mrs. Eflie. . i 00
Bird Lovers' Club of

Brookljn 2 00

5 00

10 00

I 00

5 00

25 00

=; 00

5 00
5 00
.=; 00

Bishop, Miss A. H...
Blackwelder, Eliot . .

Bliss, Miss L. B

Bond, Miss M. L.. . .
Bonham, Miss E. M.
Bonham, Miss E. S..
Bonham, Mrs. H.. . .
Boynton, Mrs. C. H.

Breed, S. A

Brent, Mrs. D. K.. .
Brewster, Mrs. B.. . .
Bridge, Mrs. L. E. . .
Brock, Mrs. R. C. H.

Brooks, Mrs. S

Brown, U. J

Brown, T. Hassal. . .
Browne, and Nicholas

Bird Club

Burgess, E. Phillips .
Burt, Miss Edith.. . .

Bush, W. T

Busk, Fred T

Button, Conyers. . . .
Campbell, Donald.. .

Carroll, E. H

Carse, Miss Harriet.
Case, IMrs. James B.
Chittenden, Mrs. S.

Christian, Miss S.. . .
Clark, Mrs Louise.. .
Clarke. Mrs. E. A. S.

Cochran, J. D

Cohen, Judge W. N..
Colton, Miss C. W...
Conner, Miss M. A..

$5 00

I 00

4 00

I 00

25 00

5 00

25 00

I 00

2 00

10 00

5 00

2 00

10 00

iS 20

3 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

3 00

10 00

2 00

10 00

2 00

10 oc

2 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

Co.x, John L

Cristy, Mrs. H. W...

Crosby, Maunsell S..

Cummings, Mrs. B..

Cummings, Mrs. H.
K

Curie, Charles

Curtis, Clara K

Gushing, IMiss M. W.

Cutter, Ralph Ladd.

Dabney, Robert ....

Daniels, Mrs. E. A. .

Davis, Aliss L. B.. . .

Day, Miss Carrie E..

DeForest, Mrs. R. W.

de la Rire, Miss R...

Dennie, Miss M. H..

DeNormandie, James

Detroit Bird Protect-
ing Club

De.xter, Stanley W...

District of Columbia
Audubon Society..

Doering, O. C

Douglass, Mrs. C . .

Durham, J. E

Dwight, Mrs. M. E..

Eaton, Mary S

Edwards, Miss L. M.

Embury, Miss E. C.

Emery, Miss G. H...

Emery, Miss G

Emery, Miss L. J. . .

Emmons, Mrs. A. B.

Emmons, Mrs. R. W.
2d

$5 00
2 00

10 00
I 50

1 00
5 00

2 00

1 00
5 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

2 00
.^ 00

5 00
5 00

50 00

10 00
5 00
2 00
2 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

25 00
I 00
I 00

10 00

Contributors to the Egret Fund

559

CONTRIBU

Ensign, Charles S.

(In Memoriam)... $2 00

Estabrook, Arthur F. 10 00

Ettorre, Mrs. F. F... 2 00

Evans, William B.. . 4 00

Evarts, Miss Mary. . 5 00

Ewing, Mrs. H. E.. . 2 00

Faulkner, Miss F. M. 10 00

Feaster, Miss F. G... 20 00

Fergusson, Ale.x C . 2 00

Ferris, Miss Ida J. . . i 00

Flint, Mrs. Alonzo. . i 00

Forbes, Mrs. M. J.. . 5 00

Foster, Mrs. Cora D. i 00

Franklin, Mrs. M. L. 10 00

Friedman, Mrs. Max 2 00
From a "Friend"

(M. C. A.).. . ... . 500

Fries, Miss Emilie.. . i 00

Fuguet, Stephen. ... 5 00

Galpin, Miss Ruth. . 5 00

Garst, Julius 3 00

Gault, B. T 200

Gilbert, Miss Marie.. 2 00

Gilbert, Mrs. F. M.. 5 00

GodeiTroy, Mrs. E.H. 10 00

Goodwin, George R.. 5 00

Gould, Edwin 100 00

GrasscUi, Miss J 2 00

Greene, A. E 3 50

Griffin, Mrs. S. B... . 3 00

Gwalter, Mrs. H. L.. 4 00

Hage, Daniel S i 00

Hagcr, George W... . 3 00

Hall, Mrs. F. A 5 00

Harkness, Miss C. R. 2 00

Harkness, David W.. 2 00
Harkness, Miss M. G. 2 00

Haskell, Miss H. P. . 2 00

Hathaway, Harry S.. 2 00
Henderson, .Me.xander 2 00
Hcssenbruch, Mrs. H. 5 00

Hills, Mrs. J. M 300

Hodenpyl, Anton G.. 10 00
Hodgman, Miss E. M. 3 00

Holt, Mrs. Frank. . . 3 00

Hopkins, Miss A. D. 3 00

Horr, Miss Elizabeth 5 00

Horton, Miss F. E... 2 00

Hoyt, Miss G. L. . . . 5 00

Ilugleson, Mrs. W. . . 10 00

Ilungerford, R. S.,.. 1000

Hunter, Mrs. W. 11.. 2 00

Hunter, W. T.. Jr. . . 2 00

IIui)fel, J. C. (; 5 00

Jackson, P. T., Jr.. . 25 00

James, Walter H. . , . 10 00

Jewett, William K... 5 00

Johnson, Mrs. E. R.. 10 00

Jones, .Miss Ella H. . 3 00
Jojison, Dr. and Mrs.

John n I 00

Jordan, i\. II. \i 2000

TORS TO THE EGRET FUND

Joslin, Ada L $2 00

Kennedy, Mrs. J. S.. 10 00

Kerr, Mrs. J. C 5 00

Kerr, Mrs. T. B i 00

Knowlton, Mrs. M.

R 13 00

Kuhn, Arthur K 5 oc

Kuithan, Emil F. . . . 25 00
Lagowitz, Miss H. L. i 00

Lang, Henry 5 00

Lehman, Meyer H... 2 50
Levey, W. C. (In

Memoriam) 5 00

Levy, Ephraim B... . 2 00
Lewis, Mrs. August. 10 00
Lewis, Edwin J., Jr.. i 00

Lewis, J. B 2 00

Lincoln, Mrs. Lowell 2 00
Luchsinger, Mrs. F.

B 2 00

Luttgen, Walther. . . 5 00
McGowan, Mrs. J. E. 5 00

Mann, James R i 00

Mansfield, Miss H... 2 50

Marrs, Mrs. K 5 00

Marsh, J. A 5 00

Marsh, Spencer S... .
Marshall, Mrs. E. O.

Mason, G. A

Mason, Mrs. G. G...
Mason, H. L., Jr.. . .

May, I\Iiss A 2 00

Melius, J. T 2 00

Miller, Ernest L 2 00

Milwaukee Downer

College Students. . 15 00
Montell, Mr. and Mrs.

F. M 2 50

Moore, Alfred 5 00

Moore, Henry D. . . . 100 00
Moore, Robert T.. . . 50 00
Mosle, Mrs. .'\. H.... 5 00
Mott, Miss Marian
Murray, J. I., Jr. . .
Netherland Society for

Protection of Birds

Nice, Mrs. M. M

Oppenheim, M. H.. .
Osborne, Arthur A...
Parker, Edward L.. .
Parker, Mrs. W. R. .
Patton, Mrs. M. S...

Peck, Dr. F. I

Penfold, Edmund. . .
Pennovcr, Mrs. P. G.

Petty,' E. R

Phel])s, Miss Frances 10 00
Phi!lii)s, .Mrs. J. C.
Phinncy, Charles ('■
Potter,' Hamilton l"
Potts, Mrs. W. M..
Putnam, .Mrs. \. S.
Rahl, Cliarles S 00

1 00

2 00

5 00

10 00

5 00

.SO

continued

Randolph, Evan. ... $5 00

Rea, Mrs. James C 2 50

Redmond, Miss E.. . 10 00

Reeves, Dr. W. C . 10 00

Renwick, E. B 5 00

Rhoads, S.N i 50

Rich, Master H. L... 5 00

Richard, Miss E 15 00

Richards, Mrs. L. S.. 5 00

Righter, William S... 5 00
Robins, Miss N. P. H. 3 00
Robbins, Mr. and Mrs.

R. E 30 00

Roesler, Mrs. E 2 00

Rowe, Mrs. H. E.. . . 20 00

Russell, Mrs. W. D.. 2 00

Sampson, Miss L. S.. i 50

Saunders, Charles G. 2 50

Savage, A. L 5 00

Schweppe, Mrs. H.M. i 00

Scofield, Miss M.. . . 15 00
Seattle Audubon

Society 50 00

Sexton, Mrs. E. B.. . 5 00

Shaw, Mrs. G. H.. . . 5 00

Shepard, Mrs. E. D.. 50 00

Shoemaker, H. W. . . 10 00

Simpson, Miss J. W. 5 00

Small, Miss A. M... . 3 00
Spachman, Miss E. S. 2 00

Spaltcr, Mrs. F. B... i 50

Spong, Mrs. J. J. R.. 50 00

Stanton, IVIrs. T. G.. 2 00

Stewart, Mrs. E. A.. 10 00

Struthers, Miss M. S. 10 00

Sturgis, F. K 5 00

Swan, Mrs. J. A 5 00

Tate, J. M., Jr i 00

Thomas, Miss E. H.. 10 00

Thorndike, Mrs. A... i 00
Timmcrman, Miss E.

l'--; I 50

TopclilT, Miss A. E. . 5 00
Toussaint, Mrs. L. H. 3 00

Tower, Miss E. M... 5 00

Tower, Mrs. K. D... i 00

Townley, Mrs. J. L.. i 00

Treat, Aliss N. F.. . . 2 00

Turnbull, Sarah A... 2 00

Tyler, W. G 2 00

Ujiham, Miss E. .V. . i 00

V'aillant, Mrs. (i. II.. 3 00

van Dyke, Dr. T.. . . 5 00

Van Name, W. G... . 30 00

Varicle, Miss Renee. 2 00

Vermilye, Miss J. T. 2 00

Von Zcdiitz, .Mrs. .\. 2 00
Wadworth, R. C. W.

(In Memoriam)... 500
Wadsworth. Mrs W.

.\uslin 5 00

Wagner, W. .\ 5 00

Walker, .Mrs. A. H. . 5 00

56o

Bird- Lore

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EGRET FUND, continued

Walker, Miss M. A.. $2 00
Warfield, Mrs. W. S.,

Jr 5 00

Watrous, Mrs. E.. . . 1 00
Wharton, William P. 100 00
Wheeler, Wilfred. ... 5 00
Whiteside, T. H 500

Whitney, Miss E. F.. $1 00
Whitney, Thomas H. 5 00

Wilkins, Miss L i 50

Willcox, Miss M. A.. 10 00
Williams, George F., 5 00
Williams, Mrs. S. M. 2 00
Willis, Miss Adeline. 15 00

Wilson, Mrs. G. G... $3 oc
Woodward, Dr. S. B. 5 00
Wright, Miss M. A.. 2 00
Wright, Mrs. W. P. . 5 00
Young, Miss E. W... 10 00

$3,375 75

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL FUND

Alms, Mrs. F. H..
Anonymous Bene-
factor 20,000 00

Barr, James H

Boardman, R. C .
Bowdoin, Edith G.
Bristol, J. I. D.. . .
Gate, Louise W... .
Coe, Richard M. . .
Corning, Mary L. .
Dane, Mrs. E. B...
Drummond, Mary.

27s

000

100

2.=;

200

Duer, Mrs. D. . . .
DuPont, Gen. C
Eastman, George.
Emery, Mrs. T. J
Johnson, F. Coit .
Lang, Albion E.. .
MacArthur, J. R.
Mitchell, Mary.. .

Mudge, E. W

Parker, Edward L.

Phillips, Mrs. J.

S45

OGO

GOO

lOG

■SO

2,S

ICG

lOG

100

Pickman, Mrs. D.

L $50 OG

Reed, Mrs. W. H. . 20 00

Roosevelt, W. E.. . 25 00
Sage, Mrs. Russell. 2,500 go

Sanger, Mrs. C. R. 10 go

Thayer, Mrs. E. R. 25 go

Torrey, Mrs. E... . 100 go

Underwood H. O... 100 00

W^illiams, J. D 20 00

Total $26,275 00

EIGHTEENTH CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS

VOL. XX
No. 1

JANUARY— FEBRUARY, 1918

30c. a Copy
$1 .50 a Year

K R I T K I> H Y

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Pl.'HI.lHUKO KOH TUB AUOUKON SoOIETIKB
KT

!>♦ ^ppleton & Company

HARRISBURG. PA.

NEW YORK

vf? ci-nV?

X^OvC;^^^

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COPYRIGMT. lyiH BY FMANK M CHAPMA

i&irli - lore

January-February, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES pack

Frontispieck in Color. Scarlet and Louisiana Tanagers Louis Agassiz Fuerles. .

I'lIOTOGRAPHS OF FALKLAND ISLAND BiRD-LlFE Rollo H. Bcck. . I

'Pauperizing' the Birds Henry Oldys. . o

A New Feeding Slais. llkistruU'd Win. E. Saunders. . i,s

Camera Portraits of the Junco C. F. Stone. . 15

The Migration of the Scarlet and Louisiana Tanagiors II. C. Oberholser. . 16

Notes on the Plumage of tile Sc.\rlet and Louisiana Tanagers 19

THE SEASON. V. October 15 to December 5 21

IVinsor M. Tvler; Clias. II. Koi;rrs; Julian K. Polirr; flarrv C. Oberholser;
' Lynds Jones; Tlios. S. Roberts; 11. //. Jier^tol'd.

BIRD-LORE'S EIGHTEENTH CHRISTMAS CENSUS 25

BIRD-LORE'S ADVISORY COUNCIL 51

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 55

Birds of America; Herrick's 'Audubon'; The Ornithological Magazines

Snowy Ovtl — Photograph //.//. Fill/nan . . 55

EDITORIAL 56

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 57

A Step Forward, .1 . //. W.; Junior Auduuon Work; For and From Adult and Young
Observers.

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 70

A Warning!; Cornell to Teach Conservation of Wild Life; Bird Lectures; Reports
of Affiliated Societies.

*t* Manuscripls intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
to the Editor, at the A mcrican Museum of Natural History, yyth St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

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A NeWf Revised Edition of the

Color Key to
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With 800 drawings by C. A. Reed

This work with its concise descriptions of
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The second is a Faunal Bibliography contain-
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are so arranged that one can readily tell what
are the principal publications relating to the
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344 Pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. Postage 22 cents

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AUDUBON

THE NATURALIST

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MARCH— APRIL, 1918

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:^t>sr?j:v- -.;■'■:; ■

I'll)' ^

10}

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ISirli ^ tore

March-April, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES pacf.

Frontisimix K IN Coi.OR. SuMMER AND Hepatic Tanagers Louis Agassis Fufrtcs . .

Why Not Kstablisu a Purple Martin Colony This Year? Grace ReShore. . 125

Some Town Martins. lUus R. F. O'Neal. . 127

The Size of Rooms in Martin Boxes /. /. Sheridan. . 130

High Mortality among the Purple Martins in April, 1917 . ..Titos. L. McConnell. . 130

A Collapsible Martin-House. IUus G. Ililler. . 131

Notes on the Tree Swallow, lllus Verdi Burtch. . 13,3

To the Song Sparrow. Verse. lllus Edmund J. Sawyer. . 136

How to Make and Erect Bird-Houses. IUus Hubert Prescotl. . 138

Photography .\t Feeding-Stations. IUus C Breder, Jr.. . 140

Holbcell's Grebe in Connecticut. IUus Wilbur F. Smith. . 143

The Migration of North .\merican Birds. III. The Summer and Hepatic Tanagers,

Martins and Barn Swallow Harry C. Oberhohcr. . 145

Notes on the Plumage of North Americ.\n Birds Frank M . Chapman. . 153

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 154

A Census from Fr.vnce, E. W. Calbert; The Warbler Wave of the Spring of 1917,
Verdi Burtch; Spring Notes from a New Hampshire Farm, Katharine U pham Hunter;
Our Back-Yard Visitors, Mr. and Mrs. William S. Wood; Robins Repeatedly Using
THE Same Nest, Horace W. Wright; Notes on Robins' Nests, Elizabeth Lawrence
Marshall; A Sanctuary within a Sanctuary, A'. Hollister; A Winter House Wren,
Conroy Evans; Three Winter Mockingbirds. Elisabeth P. Stycr, Annie B. McConnell,
Louise de F. Hayncs; Cardinal in Wisconsin, N. C. Otto; A Bl.\ckbird Chorus,
Jessie I. Carpenter; An Industry Awaits a Captain, //. .1/. Howe; Some Ruffed
Grouse Notes, John B. May.

THE SEASON. VI. December 15 to February 15 163

Winsor M. Tyler; Charles H. Rogers; Julian K. Potter; Harry C Oberholser; Thos. S.
Roberts; Harry Harris; W. H. Bergtold.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 167

Beebee. H.\rtley and Howes' 'Tropical Wild Life,'; Harper's 'Twelve Months with
THE Birds'; Henshaw's 'The Book of Birds'; Patteson's 'How to Have Bird
Neighbors'; The Ornithological Magazines.

EDITORIAL 169

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 170

Are You Doing Your Part? A.H.W.; Junior Audubon Work; Suggestions for Bird
and Arbor Day; F^or and from Adult and Young Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 95. The R u-en. With Colored Plate by Bruce Horsfall

T. Gilbert Pearson. . 190

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 194

Death to the Pelican! F2gret Protection Threatened; New Life Members.

* J' Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Important Notice to All Bird-Lore Subscribers

"DIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June,
■*^ August, October, and December. Failure to secure the copy due you should
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Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

A BIRD BOOK

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25irb=1lifc

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is especially adapted to the use of teachers. There
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birds. The Biographies are so arranged that they
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and its relations to man, including its esthetic and
economic value; the wings, tail, bill, and feet of birds
and their uses, the colors of birds and what they mean,
bird migration, the voice of birds, birds' nests and eggs.

An Appendix throws all this matter into the form
of lessons, reviews the bird-life of a year, tells of the
more interesting events of each month, and gives lists
of the birds which may be looked for at certain seasons.

There is a Field Key, 'local lists* for various places,
and an outline of classification for those who want it.

12mo, cloth. 300 pages. Pact $2.25 net

D. Appleton & Company

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NeWy Revised Edition of

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenclature and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates for
every species, and many biographical references have
been added; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

In addition to possessing all the features which made
the old "Handbook" at once popular and authoritative,
the new "Handbook" contains an Introduction of over
loo pages on "How to Study the Birds in Nature,"
which will be of the utmost value to all students of liv-
ing birds.

The subjects of distribution, migration, song, nesting,
color, food, structure and habit, intelligence, and allied
problems are here treated in a manner designed to arouse
interest and stimulate and direct original observation.

A Biographical Appendix, giving the titles to all the
leading works and papers (including faunal lists) on the
Birds of Eastern North America, shows just what has
been published on the birds of a given region, a matter
of the first importance to the local student.

j6i Pages. Cloth, $3.73 net, flexible TJorocco, $4.2$ net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

VOL. XX
No. 3

MAY— JUNE, 1918

30c. a Copy
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EniTKT> BT

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

PUHI^IKHRU K<JH Tan AULIUKON SOUIKTIKM
BY

2D. 3lppltton Si. Conipanp

HARRISBURG, PA

NEW YORK

\^(ji

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-OPYRIGHl. lUlU, Ur I HANK M L.HAfMA

JBirli ^ Core

May- June, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

I'KONTISl'lKCE IN COLOR— PhAINOPEPLA, BOHEMIAN AND CeDAR WaXWINGS

Louis Agassiz Fiicrtes. .

Three Years After. Illus Mabel Osgood Wright. . 201

A Blameless Cat William Brewster. . 211

The Lark. Verse. Illus Edmund J. Sawyer. . 213

The Whip-poor-will. Illus MeUcent Eno Humason. . 214

My Nuthatch Tenants and a Pair of Red-headed Ruffians R. W. Williams.. 217

The Migration of North American Birds. IV. The W.\xwings and Phainopepla. .

Harry C. Oberholser. . 219

Notes on the Plumage of North /\merican Birds. Illus Frank M. Chapman.. 222

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 224

Booming of the Amkkican Bittern (Illus.), Geo. W. //. vos Burgh; Spring Migration
IN THE "Ramble,' Blanehe Samck; Sparrow Hawk and Starling, //. /. Ilartshorne;
Yellow Warbler vs. Cowbird (Illus.), E. S. Daniels and Geo. F. Tatuvi; The
Evening Grosbeak in Minnesota in ^Midsltmmer, D. Langc; Pine Siskins near
Edmonds, Wash., Mrs. Eugene D. Lindsay; IIow We M.ade a Bird-B.\th, Maud
Stan-i'ood; Notes from London, Ont., C. (/'. Watson, Sec.

THE SEASON. VH. February 15 to AprU 15, 1918 230

Winsor M. Tyler; Charles //. Rogers; Julian K. Poller; Harry C. Oberholser; Lyndf, Jones;
Thomas S. Roberts; W. II. Bergtold.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 235

Arthur's 'Birds of Louisiana'; Pearson's 'Tales fuom Eir.DLAXD'; The Orni-
thological Mag.vzines; Book News..

EDITORIAL 238

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 239

Awake to the Times, A. H. W.; Junior Audubon Work; Suggestive Lessons in
Bird-Study; The Bute Jay, William Gould Vinal; For and from Adult and Young
Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 96. Slate-colored Jraco. With Colored Plate by

Bruce Horsfall T. Gilbert Pearson. . 252

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 259

A Summer Outing for Bird-Study; Stinking Lake, a Bird Sanctuary; A
Bird Hospital (Illus.); The Pennsylvania Plumage Law; Sutmmer Schools for
Bird-Study; Game-Law Enforcement in New York; First State Cat Law;
Another Bird Sanctuary; A New Bird Fountain; Bird Day in South Carolina;
New Life Members; Contributors to the Egret Fund.

*^* Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museuin of Natural History, 77th St. and Sth Ave., New York City,

Important Notice to All Bird-Lore Subscribers

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•^^ August, October, and December. Failure to secure the copy due you should
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Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to BIRD-LORE,
HARRISBURG, PA. Each notice of a change of address should give the old address as well as
the new, and should state whether the change is permanent or for just one or two issues.

Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa.

A BIRD BOOK

FOR TEACHERS

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

There is a Field Key, 'local lists' for various places,
and an outline of classification for those who want it.

l2mo, cloth. 300 pages. Price $2.25 net

D. Appleton & Company

NEW YORK CITY

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON SETON

)6i Pages. Cloth, $3.7^ net, flexible TJorocco, $4.2<i net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

JULY— AUGUST, 1918

30c. a Copy
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FKA.Mv M. CHAPMAN

I'r HI.IHII Rl> |-€)H lltB AUUIMIOM SOOIKTIKfl
IJ Y

2D. 3tppleton & Company

HARRISBURG. PA

NFW YORK

O ((S

■■■-..a

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Mxt} - tore

July-August, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

!• RONTISPIF.CF. IN COLOR. NORTHERN AND LOGGERHEAD SllRIKES. .. Loilis A gassiz Fuerles

Notes on the Nesting of the Nashville Warbler. Illuslrated H.E. Tuttle.. 269

The Blue Jay's Wheatless Day. Illustrated Ansel B. Miller. . 272

How I Mothered a Pair of Hummingbirds P. Gregory Carllidge. . 273

The Black-billed Cuckoo. Illustrated C. W. Leiskr. . 277

Bird-Walks Charles B. Floyd. . 279

Spotted Sandpiper Colonies. Illustrated /. W. Lippincolt. . 282

NiGHTHAWK Leaving Nest. Illustrated 285

The Migration of North American Birds. V. The Shrikes //. C. Ohcrholser. . 286

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds. Illustrated. Frank M. Chapman. . 290

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 291

Stmmkk Riccokds of Winter Birds in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Ralph Beebe;
A Santa Barbara Hummer, Oscar R. Coast; The Black-chinned Hummingbird, Ella
Getchell; Birds and Bees, John G. Parker; The 'Stake-Driver' .\gain, Henry Turner
Bailey; A Unique Wren Nest (IUus.), Walter A. Goelitz; The Blue Jay Will Murder,
G. S. Young; With the Martins in Flocking-Time; Flocking Swallows (Illus.),
E. J. Sawyer; Scene from the Home-Life of the Chestnut- sided Warbler (IUus.),
C. IF. Leister; The Bandit — A Street Scene from Birddom, C. Bonnig; The Wren,
a Hoi^se-Breaker, Mrs. Arthur F. Gardner; A Family of Brown Thrashers (Illus.),
Mary Galloway; The Language of Robins, Rose M. Egbert; Our Summer Visitors,
Mrs. M. B. Des Brisay; Robin Nesting on the Ground, Ansel B. Miller.

THE SEASON. VHL AprU 15 to June 15, 1918 302

Winsor M. Tyler; Julian K. Potter; Harry C. Ohcrholser; Thomas S. Roberta; W. H. Berglold.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 307

Townsknd's 'In .\udubqn's Labrador;' Miller's 'Birds of Lewiston-Auburn;' Traf-
ton's 'The Teaching of Science in Elementary Schools;' 'The Condor;' Book
News.

EDITORIAL 309

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 310

Practical Conservation of Birds, .1. //. I!'.,- Junior Audubon Work, A. H. W.; Means
of Securing Interest in Bird-Study; Bird-Houses; .\n .\udubon Library Exhibit;
A True Bluebird Story; A Bird Story; My Friend, Jim Crow; .\ Rose-breasted
Grosbeak Family.

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 322

Tin: I-Lnahi.ing Acr Becomes a 1>\\v; A Junior Class in the Mountains; Elgin (III.)
Audubon Society's .\nnual Exhibit; Birds and Cats; Report of Junior Audubon
Classes; New Life Members; Contributors to the Egret Fund.

* if* Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, /■~th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Important Notice to All Bird-Lore Subscribers

"DIRD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June,
■^ August, October, and December. Failure to secure the copy due you should
be reported not later than the i8th of the months above mentioned. We cannot
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Notices of changes of addresses, renewals and subscriptions should be sent to BIRD-LORE.
HARRISBURG, PA. Each notice of a change of address should give the old address as well as
the new, and should state whether the change is permanent or for just one or two issues.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa., under Act of Congress of August 24, 191 2

The Warblers Are Coming I

THEWARBlFRSo/^
NORTH AMHRICA

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN and others

Twenty-four colored plates by Fuertes
and Horsfall, illustrating male, female
and immature plumages.

Three hundred and six pages of text
treating of the color characters, field-
marks, range, migration, haunts,
songs, nest and eggs of each species.

' f ^HE book is an indispensable guide
to every student of these, the ''most
beautiful, most abundant, and least
known*' of our birds.

8vo. Cloth, 5.'?.2i; net. Postage, 20 cents

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

29 West Thirty-second Street NEW YORK CITY

Handbook of Birds

of Eastern North America

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History

With Plates in Colors and Black and White, by LOUIS
AGASSIZ FUERTES, and Text Illustrations by
TAPPAN ADNEY and ERNEST THOMPSON SETON

The text of the preceding edition has been thoroughly
revised and much of it rewritten. The nomenchiture and
ranges of the latest edition of the "Check-List" of the
American Ornithologists' Union have been adopted.
Migration records from Oberlin, Ohio, Glen Ellyn, 111.,
and Southeastern Minnesota, numerous nesting dates tor
every species, and many biographical references have
been added; the descriptions of plumage emended to
represent the great increase in our knowledge of this
branch of ornithology; and, in short, the work has been
enlarged to the limit imposed by true handbook size and
brought fully up-to-date.

361 Pages. Cloth. $3.7^ net. Flexible TJorocco, $4.2 s net

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 West 32d Street, New York

VOL. XX
No. 5

SEPTEMBER— OCTOBER, 1918

30c. a Copy
SI. 50 a Year

EniTKn BY
FRANK M. CHAPMAN

PUBI.IKllKII KJH MIK Al'ItI'MOM SOCIKTIBB

2D. :appIeton Si Companp

HARRISBURG. PA.

!l^^^

NEW YORK

^ N.^;

;^4?^f

■S.^i'i'

JPYHli^HT. luio. Ur FHANH

I&ix'o - tore

September-October, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page

Fkontispilce in Color. Horned Larks Louis Agassiz Fuertes. .

The Oven-bird in Minnesota. Illustrated Thomas S. Roberts. . 329

A Day's Sport with the Redbacks and Greater Yellow-legs. Illustrated. Verdi Burtch. . 335

A Tragedy Louise Foucar Marshall. . 338

Nest and Eggs of Black Duck. Illustrated 341

Some Notes on the Ruffed Grouse. Illustrated H. E. Tutlle. . 342

The Migration of North American Birds. VI. Horned Larks, .//arrv C. OAcrAo/ier. . 345
Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds. Illustrated. Fiftieth Paper...

Frank M. Chapman. . 349

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 351

Memories of the Passenger Pigeon, Ilihbard J. Jrwett; Notes from Canand.\igua,
N. Y., Georgia B. Gardner; Mockingbird in Iowa, Mrs. John Freeman; Feeding the
Blue Jays (Illustrated), A. J. Dadisman; Nighthawk in New York City, March 28,
Roy Latham; Are Starlings as Hardy as English Sparrows? Straiart H. Burnham;
Two Corrections, The Editor; House Sparrows Robbing Robins, Thos. S. Roberts;
An Oregon Oriole, Ella Gelchell; Memories of a Rainy Day, Howard K. Gloyd, Ottawa,
Kans.; Wild-fow^ of the Susquehanna Flats, H. H. Beck.

THE SEASON. IX. June 15 to August 15, 1918 359

Glover M. Allen; John T. Nichols; Julian K. Potter; Harry C. Obcrholser; Thomas S. Roberts.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 3O2

The Ornithological M.\gazines.

EDITORIAL 363

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 364

Present and Future Responsibilities, A. H. W.; Junior Audubon Work, A. H. W.;
For and From Adult .a.nd Young Observers.

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET No. 97. Le.\st Tern. With Colored Plate by Bruce Horsfall

T. Gilbert Pearson. . 380

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 384

Annual Meeting; A Reddish Egret Colony in Texas; Migratory Bird Tre.^ty Act;
Migratory Bird Treaty Act Regulations.

*tf* Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review, and exchanges should be sent
to the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Important Notice to All Bird-Lore Subscribers

BntD-LORE is published on or near the first days of February, April, June,
August, October, and December. Failure to secure the copy due you should
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HARRISBURG, PA. Each notice of a change of address should give the old address as well as
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checks and money orders payable to BIRD-LORE.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Harrisburg, Pa., under .Vet of Congress of August 24, 1912

TALES FROM BIRDLAND

By T. GILBERT PEARSON
Eleven plates and thirty-five text illustrations by Charles Livingston Bull

THE stories range in setting from the rocky coast of Maine to the barren cactus
deserts of Arizona. The subjects of the stories are our familiar friends, Longtoe
the Gypsy Robin, Jim Crow, Hardbeart the Gull, the Monlclair Kingbird, Robin
Hood the Jav, Old Bill Buzzard, the Black Warrior oj the Palisades, the Quail oj Mesquite
Canyon, Baldpale the Widgeon, and the Ghats oj the Lipsey Place, who turn out to be
a couple of solemn, monkey-faced owls. Birds act from instinct, and the author has
been careful to avoid conveying false ideas about their actions. There is, moreover,
no attempt to make the birds talk — with the exception of Jim Crow, and even his vo-
cabulary is limited. The human element is added through the inclusion of Billy
Strong, old Pete Wagstaff, and many other interesting characters. The illustrations
are a most important feature. Charles Livingston Bull is so well known as a Nature
artist as to need no further comment than the mention of his name. This is an ideal
book for young readers. p^j^E, 70 CENTS, POSTPAID

For^saie jj^^ National Association of Audubon Societies

1974 Broadway, New York City

THE GUIDE
TO NATURE

A Magazine of Commonplace
Nature with Uncommon Interest

BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED
MANY NEW FEATURES

"It ia all very well to be a specialist, but it
is bad to b« nothing but a specialist."

— Dean Coulter, Purdue

EDWARD F. BIGELOW
ManaitinK Editor

.Subscription. $1 a year; single or sample copy,
10 ctnKi

The Agassiz Association

ArcAdiA : Suuud Brach CoDDecticut

Bird-Lores Wanted

(The publishers 0/ BIRD-LORE respectfully
urge suoscriiers who desire to have unbroken
files of the magazine to renew tbeir subscrip-
tion at the time 0/ its expiration.)

Vols. I-IX. Brooklyn- Mlskim
Library, Eastern Parkway and
Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Vols. I-III, complete; or Vol. II,
Nos. I, 2, 3, 5. Cash or exchange.
Philip Dowell, Port Richnioml,
N. Y.

Who's the "Mr. Hoover" for ihe Birds?
Why EVANS BROS, of course

shcl- I^^^P^^^H
ters and grain all ^^^^^ ^^^^H
reaiiy for the birds ^^_/ ^^
that prf)tectcd your Hjj^^ ' jHI
vcuictahlcs and fruits ^^T - i^l

(i-iils for folder ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
230 MAIN ST., EVANSTON, 1 I.I.I NOIS

BIRD BOOKS

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Handbook of Birds of Eastern
North America

Revised and enlarged edition, umo, f6o j)anes, fully illustrated.
Cloth, $3.7 S, net; flexible morocco {pocket field edition), $4.25, net

The Standard work on the birds of eastern North America.

Bird -Life:

A Guide to the Study of Our Common Birds

i2mo, 26Q pages, yy Jull-page colored plates. $2.2^, net

Especially adapted for beginners, and with an appendix making
it an admirable textbook for teachers.

The Warblers of North America

8vo, 314 pages, 24 colored plates. $}.2i, net; postage, 20 cents

With full biographies; the standard monograph.

Color Key to North American Birds

J44 pages, Hoo illustrations. $2.~s, net; postage, 22 cents

An illustrated dictionary of North American birds.

Bird Studies with a Camera

l2mo, 2 1 fi pages, over 100 photographs jrom nature. $2, net

Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist

Svo, 44S pages, 2fo photographs Jrom nature. $3.2^, net

Adventures of a bird student.

Travels of Birds

1 2mo, 160 pages. 4^ cents

The story of bird migration, designed especially for supple-
mentary reading.

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 WEST 32d STREET, NEW YORK

NOVEMBER— DECEMBER, 1918

30c. a Copy
SI .50 a Year

KniTKt) KT

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

I'l- KI.I "i II ril KOH TIIK AlIKITKON S

or 1 Kii 1

2E>. :appltton ^ Companp

HARRISBURG, PA.

NEW YORK

MxX} - tore

November-December, 1918

CONTENTS

GENERAL ARTICLES page
Frontispif.ce in Color. American and Yellow-billed Magpies. . Louis Agassiz Ftiertes. .
Notes from a Tr.weler in the Tropics: I. Down the Coastline to Cuba. Illustrated. .

Frank M. Chapman. . 393

When the North Wind Blows. Illustrated Arthur A . Allen. . 399

Homeland and the Birds. Illustrated Mabel Osgood Wright. . 406

A Wild Duck Trap. Illustrated Verdi Burtch. . 410

The Migration of North Americ.vn Birds. VII. M.\.gpies 415

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds. Fifty-first Paper. Frank M. Chapman. . 416

Bird-Lore's Nineteenth Christmas Bird Census John T. Nichols. . 416

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY 41S

Red Crossbills in Seattle. .1/. /. Compton; Maine Notes, Haydn S. Pearson; Golden-eye
Duck Carrying Yoi'ng, W. N. Macartney, M.D.; The Birds I Watch from My Window,
Mrs. F. W. Gorham; Bird Horizons in the S.A.N Francisco Bay Region, Harold C. Bryant;
A Record of the Bald Eagle from Champaign County, III., Sidney E. Ekblaw; Our
Summer Boarders, Mrs. A. W. Brinlnall; The Blue Grosbeak in Central Illinois,
Sidney E. Ekblaw; Our Winter Bird Neighbors, Katrine Blackinton; Northern Shrike
\'isiTS A Feeding-Shelf, Mrs. Clark Pierce; Observations on a Food-Shelf, George
Roberts, Jr.; Snowy Owl in Iowa, F. May Tuttle; .\merican Egret in Pennsylv.^nia,
Conrad K. Roland; Bird-Banding, John T. Nichols.

THE SEASON. X. August 15 to October 15, 1918 427

Glover M. Allen; John T. Nichols; Julian K. Potter; Harry C. Oberholscr; Thos. S. Roberts,
M.D.; Lynds Jones; Harry Harris; W. H. Bergtold.

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 433

Beebe's 'Jungle Peace'; The Ornithological M.\g.\zines.

EDITORIAL

435

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 436

Christmastide Reflections, .1. H. W.; New Standards in a New Era, ^. H. W.; Junior
Audubon Work, .1. //. W.; For and From .Adult and Young Observers.

THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 450

No Annual Meeting; The Coming Year; Walter Freeman McMahon.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON SOCIE-
TIES FOR 1918 453

* it* Manuscripts intended for publication, books, etc., for review and exchanges, should be sent
the Editor, at the American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and 8th Ave., New York City.

Important Notice to All Bird- Lore Subscribers Whose
Subscriptions Expire with This Issue

piRD-LORE regrets that it cannot send its next issue to subscribers whose sub-
■*^ scriptions expire with this number, until they have renewed their subscription.
The size ot the edition of each issue is determined by the number of actual subscribers
at the time of publication, and if you would have your set complete we would advise
an early renewal. Should you decide not to renew, will you not kindly notify us?

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Harrisburg, I'a., under .\ct of Congress of August 24, 1912

tr.

BIRD BOOKS

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Handbook of Birds of Eastern
North America

Revised and enlarged edition. i2mo, ;6o pages, JuUy illustrated.
Cloth, $3.7S, net; flexible morocco {pocket field edition), $4.2;, net

The Standard work on the birds of eastern North America.

Bird -Life:

A Guide to the Study of Our Common Birds

i2mo, 26g pages, yy jull-page colored plates. $2.2;, net

Especially adapted for beginners, and with an appendix making
it an admirable textbook for teachers.

The Warblers of North America

8vo, 214 pages, 24 colored plates. $3.2^, net; postage, 20 cents

With full biographies; the standard monograph.

Color Key to North American Birds

J44 pages, Hoo illustrations. $2.7 j, net; postage, 22 cents

An illustrated dictionary of North American birds.

Bird Studies with a Camera

I2mo, 2iS pages, over loo photographs j mm nature. $2, net

Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist

Svo, 44S pages, 2 ^u photographs jrom nature. $}.2i, net

Adventures of a bird student.

Travels of Birds

I jmo, !()(> jxiges. 4-; cents

'ihc Story of biril migration, designed especially for sup]->lc-
mcntarv rcailinu.

D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers

29-35 WEST 32d STREET, NEW YORK

Dr. Chapman's New Book — Just Published

cA Companion to
"The Travels of 'Birds
by the same cAuthor.

OUR WINTER BIRDS

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

The extraordinary, but not unexpected reception
accorded to Dr. Chapman's little volume on "The Travels
of Birds" has led to the preparation of this work, which
is designed to form an introduction to the study of birds.
The author believes that winter is the best season in
which to begin the study of ornithology, for the reason
that there are fewer birds and they may be more easily
identified, and they are generally hungry and conse-
quently more approachable. The birds have been
separated into three easily-grasped groups of field birds,
forest birds, and home birds, and in an entertaining
manner the author discusses their habits and chief
characteristics. There are numerous illustrations.

i2mo. Cloth, $1.25 net per copy. By mail, $1.35.
Also an edition in slightly abridged form for use as a school reader.

This is an Appleton Book

D. APPLETON & COMPANY

Publishers 35 West 32d Street New York

AMNH LIBRARY

00102105

tr»

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